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 iBiilliiiil 
 
 
 i 
 
 »Wi4^»*-^l■*«^^ 
 
 MILITARY 
 
 « 
 
 COLLECTIONS 
 
 AND 
 
 REMARKS, 
 
 Lafortime d'tfpofe des ntiSnrtsi mms unjt^mtnt mur, Mut 
 prudenct /age, it P txperience, /avtni fids apprindH /*. 
 tjfage qu* il/aM in fturt% 
 
 TORTBNSQV* 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Ma-orDONKIN. 
 
 
 •^-m 
 
 N E W , Y O R Sj 
 
 pH&tcd b/ H. 6 A I N B, at the Bible and CtQWn, fil 
 Hanover-S<^arE| ,: 
 
 M|DCC|1.XJC,VIK ^-^ 
 
 m 
 
 } 
 
 
 A'j 
 
 ■■*J 
 
i 
 
 f( 
 
To the Right Honorabj-e 
 
 HUGH, Earl PERCY, 
 
 Colonel to his Majefty's Vth re- 
 giment of foot, lieutenant ge- 
 neral of the king's armies, now 
 ferving in America, and com- 
 mander in chief of the forces 
 in Rhode Ifland, &^c. &^c. &c. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 HAVING had frequent oq- 
 cafions in the fubfequent 
 treatife to quote the grand aftions 
 of the moft renowned ca^ptains of 
 antiquity^ it was natural for me 
 to look at home for a iModem 
 equally brilliant. Britannia holds 
 forth Percy 1 Fame founds, 
 
 ^^ Great in the war," arid great in ' 
 •1 ** arts of ftate I" Iliad. 
 
 "HI 
 
 
 A 2 
 
 But 
 
I 
 
 DEDICATION; 
 
 But nature having denied mc 
 the neceflary talents to record the 
 exploits of the Augujle Houfe of 
 NoRTHU BERLAND, in which the 
 Hero and State/man have been 
 time immemorial fo eminently 
 confpicuoiis, I efteem myfelf hap- 
 py in the honor of being permit- 
 ted to make aix oftering of the 
 following fheets, and to lay them 
 at the feet of the Heir of that 
 illujirious family^ in whom con- 
 centre all the ^virtues of his glo-- 
 rious ancejlors. 
 
 I am, mod refpeftf ully, 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Your Lordlliip^s, 
 
 Moft devoted, and 
 
 Moft obedient fervant, . 
 
 R. DONKIN. ] 
 
 |Viw;-r<?//c, ifi March, 1777. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
id mc 
 rd the 
 u/e of 
 :h the 
 
 been 
 nently 
 f hap- 
 ermit- 
 of the 
 
 them 
 f that 
 i con- 
 
 tnt, , 
 IN. 
 
 ACE. 
 
 >4h<i^'(^«i^4*'4'4>*'^4*'4^'^ 4^4*'4>'4'4*4>*4^ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 <J^HERE have appeared in the Jpace 
 -^ of thirty years (the time of my fer^ 
 vieej fo many books on military fubjeSis^ 
 that one would imagine nothing left to 
 treat upon : but the matter is inexhaujli^ 
 ble^ as the art of war varies with every 
 age. 
 
 I neither pretend to give things entirely 
 new, or prefume to offer the following 
 Jheets wholly as my own i no : I am in- 
 debted for moji of them to the late Earl of 
 Granard, under whofe command I had the 
 honor of ferving many years ; bis natural 
 talevJs and acquired abilities were fo un^ 
 commonly extenjive ; his application to his 
 profejjion and hi^ory .fo unbounded, that 
 his military as well- as polit ' al knowledge 
 amufed and infru5ied at tbc fame time. 
 His plan for the defence of Ireland (if 
 ever invaded) merits the particular atten-' 
 tion of government, it being the only ra- 
 tional well imagined and properly digejled 
 
 A 3 projeSi 
 
 f^ft 
 
 ^■s 
 

 \ ' 
 
 projeB on the fuhjeEif and perhaps hitherto 
 unat tempted by others : but as we muft not 
 teach our enemies the fort and i,he foible 
 of that nurfery and a<:ademy of Britijh 
 troops f I lave lodged a copy of it with 
 the adjutant general of England (for the 
 public good) if ever fuch an event may 
 take place, who was pleafed to thank md 
 for the valuable deport* 
 
 My publifinng then the remarks and 
 collcdiions of his lordjhip may appear to 
 my brother officers (who will eafly difcern 
 the matter treated of to- be " au deflus 
 ** dc ma portee)" either to proceed from 
 a dejire of fame, or vanity to Jhew forth 
 in the literary world upon the reputation 
 of another, by having my name prefixed to 
 a work not of my own compofition I but. 
 my motive hath quite another objeSt in 
 view : the firfi is, not to foffer fuch well 
 feledled remarks to be buried in oblivion ; 
 the fecond I took the hint of from the 
 mother country- \ 
 
 '* Since the breaking out of the prefeni 
 ** unnatural rebellion, and the bloody 
 *' maffacre* committed on his majefiys 
 
 ♦• trqop^ 
 
 • The canting words made ufe of every 5th March 
 by the Boftonian orators from the pulpit, in commei^i^ 
 ,ation of a man accidentally fhot by a (entry there.— i 
 gee captain Preilon's tryal. 
 
4t 
 i€ 
 «t 
 C< 
 << 
 €< 
 €( 
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 ( iii ) 
 
 troops peaceably marching to and frot\ 
 Concord the igth April , 1775, begun 
 and injligated by the Maffachufetians, 
 moji . of the capital trading towns in 
 Great Britain and Ireland, holding 
 thefe murderers in themtmoft abhorrence 
 and detejlation, all at once opened fub'* 
 fcriptions to relieve and fupport the in^ 
 nocent children and widows of the vali-^ 
 ant foldiers inhumanly* and wantonly 
 butchered that day, as well as for thofe 
 that ghrioujly fell in their country t 
 caufe at Bunktr-hill the \Jth ^unA 
 ^ollowingn* 
 
 • •» . NJ ^■^ 
 
 t ^hefe voluntary donations at home put 
 me upon folliciting the officers of the navy 
 and army fever more generous than many 
 of them can afford J to raife a fund for 
 the fame charitable purpofes, abroad, ac^ 
 cording to every ones ability* Now the, 
 printing this book cannot come ta much 9. 
 but the printer mujl be paid ; and after 
 his demand is di/charged, the remainder /r 
 to be difpofed of at the difcretion of a 
 cammittee of fubfcriber^ (from time : to, 
 
 • There was one foldicr fcalpcd and hh ear* out off 
 (thongk not quite dead) ^t Concord-bridge by thefe. 
 barbarians : tw'o captains, who faw him wallov ' g ia 
 blood will prove this, fhould any rebel dare deny it... 
 
 
 t 
 
 ''I 
 
 M 
 
IE . 
 
 UimcJ in fdvor of the fatberlefs and huj^ 
 bandlejs of the navy and army at fo much 
 child and fo much a widow. 
 
 ; But here it may be confideredy what caii 
 ie afforded to he given to each of the 
 aforementioned unfortunates ? l^hat wilt 
 depend on the ftrength of the bank, Lon-^ 
 don raifed upwards of twenty thouf and 
 founds^ but that city comprehends in a 
 manner the whole world! Brijiol ("Ufithin 
 itfelf) above as many hundreds ; and not 
 onfy fentjhoes with other neceffaries to the 
 foldiery in America^ but gave and continues 
 togive, every widow two guineas ^ every 
 child half d guinea 9 on their arrival there, 
 and producing a proper certificate. . 
 
 • / mufi here beg the favor of my readers^ 
 not to look contempt uoujly on the diminu"^ 
 tivenefs of this work^ but to conjider it 
 according to the 4efgn and contents ; and 
 as from the hurry of a campaign^ Jhme (if 
 not many) itfoccuracies will unavoidably 
 appear 9 which woud otherwife have been 
 better attended ta^ that they n/oill make a 
 large allowance on thai account : And as 
 I have referred them to different authors 
 for further iriformations, let me recommend 
 the young (if they be not converfant in the 
 
 ■i D^LV) 
 
 i I 
 
<k 
 
 €t 
 
 ( k ) 
 
 grfek anJ laiift criginah) to addrefs tbeinh 
 Jelves to frencb tranflations ; wherein 
 they will find more lofting fatisfadiion and 
 real amufement^ than in the fajhionable 
 boil tpn of thefYefent age I ^^ for in war 
 •• (fi^s the duke de Sully J if a young man 
 ** cannot improve his genius, he may hit 
 *• morals ; as even the hurry andconfufion 
 *• of arms offer excellent fchools of virtue 
 ** and polite nefs to him that is defirous of 
 
 *' P^^fi^l^^S h ^^^^ ' ^^^ miferable (and 
 that during his whole life J is he, wba 
 engages in aprofejfion fo fatal to youths 
 ** without having firength or inclination 
 ** to refifi bad examples : though hejhould 
 '* have the good fortune to preferve him" 
 ** f elf from being tainted with any Jhame-' 
 ** ful vice, how will he be able to infiruSi 
 ** and fortify his heart in thefe principles 
 *' which wifdoni dictates as well to a pri^ 
 ** vate man as a trince^ but by making 
 *' virtue habitual by pradlice ? fo that any 
 *' good aBion may never become painful i 
 " and, that if reduced to the neceffrty of 
 ** faving all by a crime, or lofing all by a 
 ** virtuous deed, he may fnd his duty and 
 ** inclination the fame.* 
 
 In gratitude to lieutenant D urn ford of 
 the corps of engineers, I acknowledge my^ 
 
 r ^i ii n T '• ' f^if 
 
 M 
 
tl 
 
 ill 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ( rf ) 
 
 fdf tnucb indebted to his friendjhip for 
 many ufeful UJjhns to the partisan: and 
 if I have not detailed the a6iions of our 
 modern Englijh heroes with that brilliancy 
 of thought^ and elegancy of Jiyle, fuch 
 noble exploits ought to in/pire, I hope at 
 leafl to have fketched a plan for fom^i 
 future genius to fug the 
 
 . •*, 
 
 Arma, virofquc anglicanos, Gfr. 
 In the fublimenefs of Heroics I 
 
 XnVWCCA ^l\ ^•'.V.^^ii . 
 
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SUBS.CR1BERS NAMES. 
 
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 ROYAL NAVY. 
 
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 ICE Admiral ^ ord Suldham 
 
 £330 
 
 CRcynor - 
 
 Captains. < Ommany - - 
 
 ^Moiroy - , , • 
 
 - fDouglafs 
 
 Lieutenants.^ j^^gg^j . ^^ 
 
 (.DVAuvcrgnc 
 The Reverend Mr. O'Beirnc, Chaplaift to 1 
 Vice Admiral Lord Howe, Commander J. 
 
 iR Chief - " „ r -^ 
 
 Mr. John Markhsm, Midfhipman, Perleiw 
 Mr. Hope, Purfer, Raven • . 
 
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 Sir George Ofborne, Br. 
 
 ja^e 
 
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 Cojonel. Martin . r 
 
 ^ Sir J. WrotteHy, Br. - 
 
 Cox - 
 
 ^Grenville * 
 
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 Dyer - - 
 
 Stephens, Ms«or of Brigadq 
 
 J Leigh '• - 
 
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SXTASGRIBEHS^^ NA^Eifc 
 
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 Captains. J Lamb ' - ' 
 
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 I.ieutcnants.|p^g.gj^^ . * 
 
 7th Regiment, or Fufileers. 
 
 Major General Prefcott 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Clark 
 
 Major Stopford - - • , 
 
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 €aptain«X B^ili^ 
 
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 •Lieutenants.--^ Hughes 
 
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 I Haymore 
 ^Honorable Barrington 
 
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 -SirlsGRiBERs Names; 
 -- loth Regiment. 
 
 Brigadier General Smith 
 Major Vattas 
 Captain fiotet 
 
 j Green 
 Xieutenants. << CarnH«hel 
 < I €ands 
 
 ISdrke . 
 
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 Chaplain, Montgomery • 
 Surgeon's Mate, Thompfon 
 
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 ^ 15th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 lieutenant Colonel John Bird 
 
 "Andrew Cathcart - • % 
 
 James Leilie - " 
 
 Chriftopher Meachel 
 
 Captains. -{ John George Goldfrap 
 
 James Douglas > 
 
 Hdward Madden 
 
 ^ Henry Ditmas 
 
 'Conway Courtenay - , . 
 
 James Pierfe 
 
 J. Peter Franquefort 
 
 Honorable John Rawdon 
 
 Charles Leigh 
 
 Lieutenants. •{ George Cle wlow 
 
 Kingfm. Pennefather 
 
 George Thomas 
 
 B. Gage Barbutt 
 
 Hon. Wrlliam Falconer 
 
 Charles Brown . 
 
 rRichard North 
 
 I William Clark 
 
 t?«fi»«« J Guftavus Hamilton 
 Enfigns. ^ ^^^^^^ Frederick 
 
 ' 1 Thomas Newburgh 
 
 (.Robert Walker - . 
 
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 Staff. < Quarter Mailer, Elias Bowler 
 
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 1 6th Regiment,, 
 
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 2 2d Regiment. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Campbell 
 
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 Enfigns. i ^l^X \ _ "* 
 
 •Quarter Mailer, Abercrombie 
 Surgeon, Mace — ^ 
 
 Mate, M' Alpine - — ' 
 
 23d, or Royal Reg. of Welch Fuzileers, 
 
 His Excellency Sir William Howe, Com- J * * q 
 
 mander in Chief, &c. - S 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Bernard ^ 
 Major Blakeny, - . • ' 
 
 fFcrgufon » 
 
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 Captains. < Mackenzie - 
 
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 liieiiienant Coloiiel Prefcott - £> 
 
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 Captains. < Cathcart 
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 lieutenants, k Dalton m * m 
 
 (^ Magrath 
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 29th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Lieutenant Vaughan 
 
 33d Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Lieu^-^rant Colonel Webfter 
 Major York 
 
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 Captains. < Cornwallis • 
 
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 Xictttenants. ^ ^^f* / Z 
 
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 Enfigns. 11"^^ 
 
 Surgeon, Hill 
 
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 37th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Major CouiTeau 
 
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 38th Regiment of Foot, 
 
 Major General Pigot - - - 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Butler 
 Major Difney - 
 
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 Captains. < Lumm •»• 
 
 C Honorable Henry Fox - . 
 
 40th Regiment of Fo9t 
 
 Captain Bamford, Town Major, New-Yo^k" 
 
 43d Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Captains. U^/'l^' • 
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 44th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Brigadier General Agnew 
 
 Major Hope - - • - 
 
 ro«»o:«, i Norton - - - . 
 
 P^P'^»"«- \ Loftus . ' ' - 
 
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 46th Regiment of Fopt. 
 
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 Lieaten^nt Colonel, Sir Henry Calder, Br. 
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 5 2d Regiment of Foot, 
 
 Captain 'Symes - - 
 
 53d Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Enfign Rogers - - 
 
 55th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Major Cay ler, Aid-de-Camp 
 
 Captain Sutherland -— — 
 
 60th, or Royal American Regt. of Foot. 
 
 Major lt,emble, Deputy Adjutant General i 1 o 
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 Major General Jones 
 
 630! Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Lieutena. ''olonel Patcerfon, Adj. General 
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 64th Regiment of Foot. 
 
 The Honorable Major General Leflie 
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 71ft Regiment of Foot. 
 
 Major Laroont - , «► 
 
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 Corps of Engineers. 
 
 Major Dixon, chief engineer - 2 2 
 
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 Hit Excellency Governor Brown 
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 17th Regiment, Captain Scott 
 
 22d 
 
 23d — 
 35th-. 
 
 37tl»- 
 
 Captain Grant 
 Lieutenant Wil&n 
 Lieutenant Gordon 
 Lieutenant Colonel Aber- 
 
 cromby' 
 Captain Boyd 
 Captain Mackenzie 
 Lieutenant Evans 
 Major Craige 
 Captain Armftrong 
 Captain Lewis 
 Lieutenant Millet 
 Captain Monro 
 His Excellency Governor Tryon 
 His Excellency Governor Wentworth 
 His Excellency Governor Martin 
 
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 .Peter Paumier, SfqrDejnicy Commiffary 1 
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 Thomas Barrow, Efij; Deputy of the Pay 
 
 Matter General of His Majefty's 
 
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 Idichael Morris, Efq; M. D. Phyfician 
 
 General - 
 
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 Superintendant of His Majefty's Pro- 1 o -lo 
 
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 Page. - 
 
 Brought forward, i^. 377 3 9 
 
 GENERAL Harvv, . ^. 5 ^ ^ 
 
 Lieut. General Edmonflone, - ] 
 
 loth Regt, Dragoons. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Mordaunt, 
 Major Morrice, 
 
 f Lewis, 
 
 Captains } H«"ch«»an, 
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 C Newton, 
 ["Barlow, 
 J Cart Wright, 
 Lieutenants •{ Dayrolles, 
 1 Portal, 
 LSotheby, 
 fLumley, 
 Legge, . . 
 
 Cornets J ^}^'^'''' 
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 I Gregory, 
 
 L Rowley, 
 
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 -^M- 
 
 CONTENTS; 
 
fl 
 
 I 
 
 'V:'': 
 
 w 
 
 .ll 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 "* 
 
 t \\ 
 
 h 
 
 Mt 
 
 ■ f. i. ' 
 
 1; hn: -^ 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
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 ii^;[ 
 
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 ^'ik 
 
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 '-,nF>i:o^.i '^ttuA-iiid nl 
 
 C O NT'T E N T 
 
 MILITARY conftitution^ 
 Legion, 
 Levies, 
 Cavalry, .. 
 War in general, 
 Order of battle, " 
 War, 
 
 Of generals, 
 Science in war. 
 Stratagems of war> 
 Vidtory, 
 
 Qualities^ ' ' ; 
 Plan, 
 
 Preparations of war, 
 Money, 
 Ammunition, proviiion. 
 Bread and corn*- ,\iu;.iU ni i;;: 
 
 Suftenance, ' 
 Liquor, 
 Hofpitals, 
 Guides, 
 Spies, 
 
 Military adions. 
 Duties and obligations, 
 Merit, records, rewards. 
 Triumph, 
 
 Reflcdions on Caefar, 
 Pompey, 
 Heroifm, 
 Emulation, 
 .Geometry, 
 
 PAOi 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 37 
 68 
 
 78 
 83 
 
 lor 
 306 
 
 108 
 
 112 
 114 
 116 
 117 
 119 
 
 128 
 129 
 136 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 150 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Sieges, 
 
 Invafipn, 
 
 Tadique, 
 
 Cadence, or tadt, 
 
 Mufic, 
 
 Dance, 
 
 Exercife, 
 
 Marches, 
 
 Retreats, 
 
 Plunder^ 
 
 Bridges, 
 
 Officers, 
 
 Queftor, 
 
 Pretpr, 
 
 Wages, or pay. 
 
 Flints, 
 
 Brevets, 
 
 Bows, 
 
 Animadveriions, 
 
 Honor, 
 
 Patriotifm, 
 
 Scheme for new modelling the 
 
 Britifh army. 
 Royal artillery. 
 
 Royal artillery, military academy. 
 Marines, 
 Invalids, 
 La petite Guerre, 
 
 Paci 
 152 
 
 i6i 
 162 
 164 
 166 
 
 174 
 179 
 
 180 
 
 i8i 
 
 184 
 
 185 
 
 186 
 
 189 
 
 192 
 
 190 
 
 200 
 
 202 
 
 203 
 
 204 
 211 
 212 
 215 
 218 
 222 
 
 I? 
 
- r 
 
 
 K O' :> 
 
 j iMtiWinininiiitrrrfrTTritti-r' 
 
 :ii- 
 
 Errata, 
 
 «5 Read, Sangiart. ^ 
 
 37 Re-id, Antilochus. 
 
 4.8 Line i5tli» luaSf inftead of, rofe Aiperior, S;c. 
 
 V67 L iftLine but one, No viftnry, Sec- -uj, inttead erf, ii. 
 
 yt Line 5th, tbatt muney with victory, inltead of, that. 
 
 85 Line i4.th, an hero, infteadof, a hero. 
 '95 Line Sih, read, /zMhe river Alia. 
 ^t?8 Line 51^, comparing , not compairing. 
 809 Line i8th, Soldier accommodated, &c. not, foIdlerSt 
 /SIX Laft Line but one, FlonverSf not, flowres. 
 J 17 In the note, 1 ft line, ^i/#», proevient. 
 «%4. In the note, hii line but one, bribe, pro bride. 
 JS5 Line i4tb, yj/d, not, Alcybyades. 
 134. L ne 6ih, has tlie privilege, not, have. 
 146 Line nth. Among the many ^ not, them any* 
 J70 Line nth, oi'/'^r^dcftroying, pro were. 
 17-.- 8 hours, &c. ^ 
 24-— 50 miles. 
 25— 19 hours, 
 iisa X.ine 7th, Princas, pro prinrefs. 
 •54 Line ift, CuerrUrs, not, Guerrieni* 
 
 Military 
 
X 
 
 ) 
 
 ^^._^_.^— .jj._.,jl-f— l|l-—. ^— ^— ^— A. 
 
 
 
 0« 
 
 T 
 
 — ^•— ^ — ij — ^ 
 
 ""••«"—— •■K"—-'>i""--"M-'--'n---— "«•••-— •«•■-% 
 
 Military Conftitution, 
 
 VEGETIUS tells us, <* Tisim- 
 pradticable. to difcipline troops 
 well, whofe military conflitution 
 is bad ', nor is every country capable of 
 a good one ; and in proportion only as 
 the civil and military arc congenial." 
 Ours, perhaps, is an exception to the 
 above remark 5 for though it be the 
 worfl on the globe, yet what ftate has 
 produced abler generals, or better fol- 
 diers? coniidering then* that the Ro- 
 mans conquered the world without {land- 
 ing forces, but by troops raifed occa- 
 fionally, it mud have been by the ex*, 
 cellence of difcipline, and this from the 
 goodnefs of their military conftitution, 
 according to the obfervation aforemen- 
 tioned, 
 
 B Anp 
 
 Pi 
 
 iii^i 
 
 
 
 
Il 
 
 •li! ■ 
 .11 
 
 ^:>ii 
 
 .11 
 
 I ''■I 
 
 'lii-'i 
 
 
 m% 
 
 ?; 
 
 
 liliiii 
 
 ( ■ ) 
 
 Akd it appears further that the civil 
 and military conftitution of Rome (as 
 the founders of that city) were Twins 
 fo alike, that every citizen was a foldicr, 
 every foldier a citizen ; nor were any 
 capable of a civil, fcarcc an cccleliaftical 
 employment, who had not ferved fo 
 many campaigns ; and when they folli- 
 cited cither, their wounds were recom- 
 mendations.' The annual magidratea 
 prelided in city or camp, according to 
 lot ; every legion had it's fcnate : courts 
 of juflice and police were held in the 
 field as in the capitol. 
 
 If the Romans cou'd conquer without 
 ftanding acmies, by virtue and vigor of 
 this excellent conftitution, but not pre- 
 serve thofe conquefts with thoufands of 
 regulars who had loft all regard to it, 
 we may wonder much the caufe has not 
 been more fought after, as it is a known 
 truth, " that the Emperors, who were 
 
 capable of reviving the firft fyftem, 
 
 protraded the fate of the empire fo 
 
 long as it was adhered to." 
 
 <( 
 
 4C 
 
 4t€ 
 
 Though It be a great advantage to 
 have ? good military conftitutiotj, yet 
 troops often exercifed in war muft excel 
 - thofe 
 
t 3 ) 
 
 ihofc that arc but rarely employed; this 
 i$ one rcafon why Icgins occafionally 
 levied, and conftantly kept on fervice 
 while they flood, were better than (land- 
 ing forces enervated by a long peace* 
 
 Anciently war and politics were not 
 fcparate profeilions ; Phocion endeavour- 
 ed to bring it to this again at Athens ^ 
 but at Rome, Minerva was no Icfs re- 
 vered as politic than as military, and the 
 officers no lefs (iiligent to fludy the art 
 of governing, than that of conquering 
 States ; for they, from a concurrence of 
 circumdances excelled us in the art of 
 war. 
 
 ■*). .J 
 
 
 
 
 Kv 
 
 
 I ft. Filial obedience, fo early in- 
 culcated and univerfally efteemed among 
 them, wa« equally required and regarded 
 in all other relative fubordination^ civil 
 and military, and a main caufe of fucceis 
 in their arms. 
 
 2d. Their civil and military govern- 
 ment were fo happily blended together, 
 that magiftratcs were generals and officers 
 in the camp ; the general and officers 
 were magiftrates in town -, which feems 
 a principal reafpn why they won the 
 
 B 2 world 
 
 

 «' 
 
 iP^ 
 
 I 
 
 '( % ^ 
 
 ... • . 
 
 %orld Without, and loft it with regular^, 
 
 in which this concurrence no longer 
 
 exiftcd. 
 
 ^d. Their manner of living, therr 
 education gave them a fuperiority in 
 martial feats; fewer things were neeef- 
 fary for their fuftenarice; they were more 
 frugal, "Xheir iludics and cxercifes more 
 ufeful and manly than outf : all which 
 produced a clearer aud more certain 
 knowledge in the fpeculative, and more 
 addrefs in the adtive war. 
 
 «( 
 
 ^4 
 
 Both Greeks and Rortian?; had the 
 advantage of good military conflitutionsf, 
 the energy of which confifted in perfed: 
 'dhediencc, the pure, never-failing Source 
 of difcipline. Xenophon fays, ** whom^ 
 *« foever you appoint to command, be af- 
 fiired I will obey; for he that oppofes 
 his general in matters of war, oppofes 
 *' his own fafety.'* The delicacy of Lu-*- 
 cullus, with regard to obedience, is re- 
 Tnarkable, in declining to go to fee the 
 wonders of Memphis. Caefar, rather 
 than purfue the Swifs, though greatly 
 to his advantage at that time, made the 
 fignal to defift, becaufe continuing to 
 follow might have reduced his army to 
 ^- ■■ ' a fcarcity 
 
A fcarcity of corn; and in Britain he 
 ceafcd the purfuit on another occafion, 
 kft he might hazard lying in the field 
 without intrehching the camp; both 
 which were breaches of difcipline: great 
 care was alfo taken to prevent idlcncfs, 
 that parent of vice and difeafe, more 
 deftrudlive to armies than ficknels I 
 
 The fate of empires dependson the 
 fortune of war ; fuccefs in arms on 
 difcipline; good difcipline makes good 
 foldiers ; good coft no more than bad ; 
 and fewer* will do, which is oeconomy. 
 But. the impradlicability of having good 
 troops in a bad military conflitution, is 
 a confideration totally overlooked by the 
 moderns ! the Grecian ftates, on every 
 check or fuccefs in war (the citizens all 
 concerned in the adminiftration) made 
 careful enquiry into the caufe thereof : 
 what fault in their condudt had procured 
 the one, or excellency in th^ir conftit^i- 
 tion, the other. 
 
 B 3 The 
 
 • Small armies have decided the greateft events. 
 Ciefar had but 2200omen at Pharfalia; Pompey more 
 than twice that number, yet apprehended an engage- 
 ment, becaufe the troops of his rival were more 
 experienced and better difciplined than h'.j own ; ufed 
 to conqueft, and were invincible when they fought 
 tOjjether, from a confidence in each othtr,— -the fu reft 
 
 pledge 
 
 '■it' ' 
 
 13 
 
 ,.j..r 
 
 j'f " 
 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 This fepubllc of Rome had armies al 
 command without keeping them ftand« 
 ing ; and their troops juft levied were 
 fooner fit for any fervicc in war than 
 thofe of other nations : they were better 
 than the regulars of Philip or Antiochus^ 
 owing entirely to the excellence of the 
 military conftitution, which was of fuch 
 efficacy when exadly obferved, and as 
 often as revived, that the foldier was 
 invincible when the general was not 
 overmatched. 
 
 |ii;!i! 
 
 PoLYBius, fpeaking of the fiege of 
 Agrigeiitum, fays, ** the. Sortie was fo 
 ** luddea and impetuous that the Romans 
 ** had been forced into their camp, but for 
 '* that admirable difcipline of their fol- 
 ** diers, which had faved them fo often!'* 
 Caefar feems co exprefs as much with 
 regard to the excellency and efficacy of 
 the military conftitution, by the words 
 ** fcientia atque ujus militumJ* And again, 
 
 " quid 
 
 pledge of viftory. They v.ho have a regard for onc- 
 another are generally vidlorious ; always deferving to 
 be fo. 
 
 Miltkdes had only 10,000 men at Maxathon. 
 
 Epaminondas 6oco at Leu^ra. 
 
 Themiiloclcs 200 Gallies at Salaniig. 
 
 GonfalvuS^' yety few at the pafl'age of Garillan ; 
 againft others inAnitely more numerous. 
 
 Xerxes with hundreds of thoufands, could not force 
 the pafs of Thermoypylac, defended only by 300 Greeks. 
 
 I; ! 'il 
 
< 7 ) 
 
 *' quid populi Romani difciplina atque 
 " opespqff'unt /" What Plutarch fays of 
 Pompey is Hill more wonderful ; '« that 
 he, a private man without authority, 
 cou'd raife three legions and take the 
 field with them, fo well equipt in fo 
 ihort a time !" 
 
 
 The famous partizan St. Croix, did 
 very extraordinary things with his free 
 company, con lifting of between three 
 and four hundred men ; but never could 
 perform the like with the fame number 
 of volunteers taken from the fcveral corps 
 of (he army : that they were indeed men 
 and foldiers like others, but with this 
 difference, they had not the fame Subor- 
 dination as if they had all belonged to 
 a commander to whom they were attach- 
 ed; for 'tis certain a foldier doing duty 
 from his own company never performs it 
 with the fame refolution as with his ufual 
 comrades. 
 
 
 .•■<>.■• ■ -i- i-T 
 
 
 'Tis an inconteftible maxim in war 
 (fays Saxe) that every troop which is 
 not fuftained, is beaten ; and fo is an 
 army that is taken in flank : for every 
 man that thinks he is not fupported, 
 adts timidly. Men cannot place that 
 
 contidenca 
 
 ' *i''^-"^*^ 
 
 ^1 
 
h^i: 
 
 (8 ) 
 
 confidenc- in one another, and officers 
 they don't know, as in thofe they are 
 ufed to and have a regard for ; of courfe 
 it will be greater among a number in one 
 corps, than among the fame number 
 from feveral bodies : however detach--' 
 ments may be made from large armies 
 (as occafion requires) without prejudice 
 to this regard and confidence. 
 
 But it is quite otherwife when four 
 or five battalions are united in one bri- 
 gade, although they fpeak the famelan-* 
 guage, and have the fame beat of drum, 
 which is not always the cafe. Great 
 corps are firmer in difcipline, and pre- 
 ferve it better than fmall ones. 
 
 It fhould be confidered and deter- 
 mined with refped: to conftitution, wiiv,- 
 ther large bodies (as the Roman legion 
 of 5000 men) or lefs ones (as modern 
 regiments) contribute mofl to the uni- 
 formity, exadtnefs and prefervation of 
 difcipline ; ^0 union, emulation, confi- 
 dence, oeconomy, and prevention of 
 punctilious difputes between corps : or 
 whether armies compofed of legions or 
 battalions, have the advantage in march^ 
 ing, crimping and imbattling ? 
 
 The 
 
 'Mr lii: 
 
 tit 
 
( ^ ) 
 
 ' The Roman foldiers ufed to pitch 
 upon the generals they thought fitted 
 to .command; for they knew all the 
 candidates from having often ferved un- 
 der them, and were feldom miftaken in 
 their choice : and in fome parts of Eu- 
 rope at this day, when men are fent on 
 parties a la petite guerre, they chufe, 
 without favor or afFedlion, the ableft 
 among them for their leader. 
 
 LivY tells us, the Conful incamped 
 within a thoufand paces of the enemy, 
 but declined fighting, becaufc his army 
 juft raifed and compofed of levies from 
 different parts, did not know one ano- 
 ther fufficiently to place confidence in 
 themfelves. 
 
 There feems to be no provifion in' 
 the military conftitution of the moderns, 
 to make men vie with each other, which 
 alone can exert them to the utmoft, and 
 improve them in addrefs, ftrcngth and 
 genius : it fhould be fo moulded as to 
 encourage an exertion of every power 
 of body and mind fpontaneoufly in the 
 foldiery; for the moft and beft fervice 
 is that which is done voluntarily : but 
 corporal puniihments never produce wil- 
 ling 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 .i:(ij'j 
 
 4 '^'J 
 
 .V*? 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 
w:^i 
 
 m 
 
 WM 
 
 ( to ) 
 
 ling deeds; are ever odious and Icfs 
 powerful than the dread of ihame, to 
 fouls feriible of glory ! 
 
 When people can be brought to con- 
 tend with each other in their duty, 
 neither the vigilance of the officer, or 
 any chaftifement will extra<fl fuch dili- 
 gence from them as this emulation ; but 
 the pundlilious altercations which too 
 frequently happen to the hindrance of 
 the fervicc, often to the prejudice of it, 
 fhew that no military conftitution now 
 is fo contrived ; but the Romans were 
 perfuaded theirs was fo compleat that it 
 ' contributed more than all other efforts 
 to the fuccefs of their arms : nothing 
 eflablifhed a general's reputation fo much 
 as his exadt obfervance of it, and maki-^g 
 the troops do the fame. 
 
 Let us now refle£l upon the military 
 eflablifhmcnts of Europe ; the conftitu- 
 tion of all is defedtive, to fay no more : 
 witnefs thofe volumes of ordinances in 
 addition to, explanation or abolition of, 
 former ones, in that martial people the 
 French ! fo that it feems as if conftitu- 
 tion had never been thought of in the 
 formation of the whole; and that all 
 
 warlike 
 
( " ) 
 
 warlike operations partake of it's defedl ! 
 our arms are fo far from being incon- 
 fiftcnt with the beft military confti^ution 
 and difcipline, that they are preicrablc 
 to thofc of the ancieats : theirs were 
 etninus' et cominus-, we have combined 
 both with greater force and conveniency 
 in the firelock and bayonet. But I have 
 fufficicntly obferved before, 'tis imprac- 
 ticable to difcipline troops well, as to 
 flrcngth, activity, fitnefs for fcrvice in 
 any operations of time or place, whofe 
 military conftitiuion is bad, and which 
 is not contrived to imprefs a love of glory, 
 create emulation, efiablifh confidence, 
 and promote union* 
 
 v: 'W'i ' ' 
 
 HM 
 
 ■ ■■'■',* > 
 
 
 
 ■.'■1.'? .4 'Ji' 
 
 
 1^^,^^ 
 %*1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 LEGION. 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 
 ''I i' ;t'! 
 
 LEGION. 
 
 VEGETIUS, in rapture with the 
 appointment of the legion, cries 
 out, " a God had invented it \" nor can 
 we refufe it our admiration, confidering 
 how fuddenly the Romans raifed armies, 
 took the field inftanlly with them ready 
 for battle and prepared to fuftain a war ! 
 the virtue and vigor of their divine con- 
 flitution confifled in obedience, than 
 which nothing was more facred ! they 
 made it the firft ftep to preferment, and 
 a fure recommendation to the higheft 
 civil or military ftationsjand difobedi- 
 ence a bar to either : no tranfgreflion 
 was mor^e certainly or fcverely punifhed; 
 as obedience was the foundation, difci- 
 pline the caufe, of fuccefs in arms : and 
 their troops occaiionally raifed were fo 
 immediately fit for fervice, and equal in 
 worth to the ftanding forces of Kings, 
 For this admirable eflablilhment was 
 founded on a thorough knowledge of 
 nature, and efi^edlually contrived to beget 
 and nourifli the tetnpers mofl defirable 
 in military corps, viz. 
 
 Love of Glory, 
 
 Emulation, 
 
 Confidence in themfelves, one ano- 
 .*. ther. 
 
 lifli 
 
 ;.;t'l 
 
( r^3 ) 
 
 thef, and officers (the furefl pledges' of 
 vidlory and union) which flrengthen 
 armies more than thoufands ; cities more 
 than walls : but the means of begetting 
 and nourishing thofe qualities in all not 
 fo certain, as fome are more remarkable 
 for them than others ; but the conftitu*. 
 tion of the Romans eifFcdled thcfe purpo- 
 ifes with greater fuccefs than any other : 
 by it, the gentry were to ferve all toge- 
 ther in the cavalry 'till made tribunes in 
 ithe legions j the commonalty in the 
 infantry 'till they came to be centurions 
 of one of the three orders of foldiers, 
 and of courfe tribunes fellows ; but 'till 
 then, all ftruggle for preferment between 
 them was prevented. As noble revenge 
 and emulation are of equals on equal 
 terms, both one and the other ferved in 
 the ranks 'till merit diftinguifhed and 
 preferred them, as regifters of their 
 actions were kept by every legion for the 
 purpofe ; which created fuch a defirc of 
 glory that exerted every power of body 
 and mind in officers and foldiers, and 
 made the worth of every one known : 
 this knowledge gave confidence in one 
 another and their officers; conftant la- 
 bour and exercife, confidence in them- 
 fclves. 
 
 This 
 
 ■i '-,1 
 
 
 
 m 
 
ii.'n:-' 
 
 ( H ) 
 
 ThIs vie for promotion made every 
 private man keep fo ftridt an eye on his 
 own and behaviour of others, that no 
 admonition or attention of officers could 
 have effeded ; for rank was only obtain- 
 able by defert ; and the door to the 
 higheft employment being opened to 
 the plebeians, (by preventing all emula- 
 tion between them and the gentry, *till 
 both were on an equal footing) fed them 
 with the moft flattering hopes I to which 
 that remarkable patience of labour, and 
 obflinacy in ftfife, were owing. Obliging 
 all (without exception) to ferve in the 
 ranks 'till called out by merit, formed 
 them to perfect obedience, (that pure 
 fource of difcipline) on which fucccfa 
 fo abfolutely depends ! 
 
 :,The pains of making good foldiers 
 were thought to little purpofe, if care 
 was not taken to preferve them ; to ef- 
 fedt which the utmoft fkill and huma- 
 nity were extended to the fick and 
 wounded : and as want was deemed a 
 principal caufe of difeafe, the general 
 was to anfwer that the army never had a 
 fcarcity of corn, and to order the troops 
 before they entered on a<5tion to prepare 
 
 for 
 
 iiilii 
 
 i ! 
 
 .Mill 
 
( »5 ) 
 
 for it, by taking reft and nouri(hment|^ 
 for the accidents that befel particulars 
 were reckoned among the loffes of the 
 Public, and imputed to him ; the honor || 
 done thofc who faved a citizen's life in 
 battle, faved many an ufeful one to the 
 ftate. 
 
 The firft legion confiftcd of 3000 
 foot, and was the whole Roman army 
 at that time; it had all the armaments 
 belonging to one, as a body of horfe, 
 train of artillery, &c. which were conti- 
 nued to every fubfequent legion though 
 the number of men varied according to 
 the importance of the war, and increafed 
 to four, five, nay to 6000 5 but whatever 
 was it's eftablifhment, the foldiers were 
 diftributed into three clafles, called, ^r/;>- 
 dfes, haftati and triariif each of which 
 was divided into ten manipules or com- 
 panies ; the whole legion into ten cohorts 
 or battalions, confifting of one company 
 of each of the three orders of foldiers, 
 which in the beginning were differently 
 
 weaponed, 
 
 • Ulyflcs fays to Achilles, don't lead your men fad- 
 ing to attack the enemy ; for if their courage does not 
 .fail them, their (Irength will if long under arms : 
 inftances of which vv« find in the battle of Trebia, and 
 ■others. 
 
 11 They were honored with a civic crown. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 •1,1-, .:i. I ■ 
 
 'm 
 
 mm 
 
4 
 
 l! 'i* 
 
 III 
 
 ^ 
 
 ( »« ) 
 
 ^*veaponed, but in the crtd all armed 
 alike, except the triarii, who retained 
 their half pikes, which they ufed with 
 botli hands j the other two orders had 
 javelins to throw at the enemy. Every 
 manipule carried an enlign, every cohort 
 a ftandard, and the legion an eagle. The 
 officers were fix tribunes, with an aqui- 
 lifcr or eagle-bearer j 30 firfi; centurions; 
 30 fecond centurions and vexilifers or 
 cnfign carriers ; fo that the number of 
 ,men only fludtuated, the other confti- 
 tuent parts never varied during the time 
 of the republic. Every man of the army 
 rwas an engineer and pioneeri by which 
 means the works were fooner and better 
 done; for each individual had an expe- 
 rimental knowledge in all military ope- 
 rations, as their admirable confi;itution 
 intended he fhould. See how inventive 
 and indufi:rious the foldiers were at the 
 fiege of Marfeilles, and how Csefar (who 
 excelled in every martial branch) aded 
 as engineer himfelf at Aiife, 
 
 The foldiery, in their civil capacity, 
 chofe the magiflrates, confequently the 
 generals who were to command the 
 troops, of the commonwealth ; the con*- 
 fuls chofe the tribunes for the legions, 
 
 and 
 
( '7 ) 
 
 ftnd the people frequently a part of them ; 
 the tribunes chofe the centurions, and 
 thefe the officers inferior to them, pro- 
 vided the parties eleded had ferved fo 
 many campaigns. The choice being in 
 thofe who were perfedly acquainted with 
 the abilities and merit of thechofen, and 
 whofe intereft it was not to eledt ami Is, 
 with fome other fundamentals, made the 
 Roman milita«'y conflitution the moft 
 perfedt of any ; and gave them fuch ad- 
 vantages in war, that no power in arms 
 lince has been capable of. 
 
 The reputation of the Roman legion, 
 put Francis the ill of France, on. form- 
 ing corps upon the fame plan, and giv- 
 ing them that appellation, in hopes they 
 might be as virtual; nay there is a 
 fcheme by an officer of merit, for con- 
 verting the whole French infantry into 
 legions : nothing is ealier than to give four 
 or five thoufand men th? name, but nobo- 
 dy has thought of providing any military 
 eftablifhment of the moderns, with the 
 animal fpirit and oeconomy that actu- 
 ated the Romans during the fplendour 
 of the republic, by which they fubdued 
 the world ; but loft all in the time of 
 the emperors, with legions of legions 
 
 C who 
 
 
 Xi 
 
 .■*•■ 
 
 I r . '-'/ %', I 
 
 ,■,'■.• ■•■IN 
 
 ■^W^'H 
 
 i 
 
 
 
¥' 
 
 r 
 
 1 ' 
 
 \Mr 
 
 4 
 
 f 
 
 ( tZ ) 
 
 who all wore whiikers, and had entirely 
 fupprcfled the animal fpirit and occo-» 
 nomy which Simulated the republicam 
 legions, without which the name and 
 image were inefFedual ! 'tis natural to afk 
 here what this elTence was that wrought 
 fuch wonderful effeds, it was a contri- 
 vance that confequently produced union, 
 emulation and confidence; and framed 
 them to perfedt and ready obedience, 
 which is the bafis of difcipline^ 
 
 This alfo will prove how irrcfiftiWe 
 fuch a clofe compadl body of infantry 
 (where every man is fure of being afiift- 
 ed by his neighbour) is to the loofe irre- 
 gular attacks of a multitude, where no 
 one has any reliance on another > there- 
 fore the common apprehenlion of our 
 teaching the Indians to beat us, is void 
 of foundation ; not that they want natu- 
 ral courage, but becaufe they have no 
 real motive that unites, no military con- 
 ftitution and difcipline that regulate, awe 
 or encourage them. Men, that have no 
 dependnece but on the ilrength of their 
 own arms, are more cautious, never fo 
 daring as when every one is certain of 
 being feconded by his comrade. 
 
 Romulus, 
 
( '9 } 
 
 Romulus, his legion confifted of 
 3000 foot J each of the three clafles of 
 loldicrs of 1000, and each manipulc of 
 100. Folybius dcfcribcs one of 4200, 
 as follows, 
 
 Principes, ■ 1 200 
 
 Haflati, — 1 200 
 
 Vclites, » 1200 
 
 Triarii, confequently 600 
 
 
 ■ ' "I 
 
 .1 ''■■ 
 
 4200 
 
 from whence we may conjedture the 
 triarii were confined to half the num- 
 ber of the others -, but leaving out the 
 light infantry, and fuppoling the vete- 
 rans always 600, the remaining 3600 
 will divide equally rmong the other 
 twenty companies of the legion, and 
 did fo when it was augmented to 6000 
 men : belidcs confidering the arms of 
 and ufe the triarii were intended for ; 
 and that they were always compleated 
 from the other two orders of foldiers, 
 it wou'd make them too ftrong to exceed 
 600, and the other clalTes too weak ; 
 and in fadl the velites were dropped as 
 foon as the Romans perceived that it 
 was better to employ the light troops 
 of other nations than their own. That 
 knowing they employed none but citi* 
 
 C 2 zens 
 
 a.*. 
 
 ■.■'.''r*',ik' 
 
 
 H-\'- 
 
im -iiiv 
 
 iK;: 
 
 ( 20 ) 
 
 2cns and allies in their armies, yet hav- 
 ing feen in their camps ftrangers that 
 were light armed,* he had therefore fent 
 them a thoufand archers and ilingers to 
 oppofe rhe Balearii and Moors of Han- 
 nibal. 
 
 i^A 
 
 In a large body of people more geni- 
 ufcs, talents and difpofitions, will be 
 found than in a lefs. At the time of 
 the inflitution of the legion, there were 
 iixty plebeian families for one patrician; 
 the difference in number between one 
 order and the other, is greater among 
 us than H was among the Romans, but 
 our private foldier is not fo encouraged 
 to merit, or fo certain of preferment, 
 fhou*d he deferve it, as theirs. This is 
 the rock we fplit upon ! for neither our 
 officers or rnen can ever be fo ufeful to 
 the public as they might, if emulation 
 was as much encouraged, judicioufly 
 managed,, and well rewarded as in the 
 legion : this would make the worth of 
 every one known, a teft abfolutely ne- 
 celTary among us : capacities and abilities- 
 would then be difcovered, fit to com- 
 mand thegreatefl enterprizes, inperfons, 
 
 who 
 
 * See LIvy, lib. 22, page 37, 
 
( " ) 
 
 who from our fyftei-n feldorn get highet 
 than captains of companies ! 
 
 An<:iently all freemen without ex- 
 ception, were obliged to fervc in the 
 war; and in France at this day no lady 
 of family will confent to receive the ad- 
 drefTes of a gentleman that has not made 
 a campaign. Men of birth and fortune 
 that afpire at command, Ihould fludy 
 morals, politics, geometry and theories 
 of war ; but too many go into the Ser- 
 vice from a fpirit of liber tinifm ! and this 
 fpirit is even flattered iii beating up 
 for, and raifing recruits ; witnefs ferjeant 
 KiteV fpecch, and the French dragoon 
 march!!! the ancients abhorred fuch 
 means ! rewarded, promoted and ho-j 
 nored them, and them only actuated 
 by Boble and commendable motives, 
 Whicl) of thefe is mofl to be depended 
 upon? 
 
 
 mi 
 
 CBnsidering an army as a body of 
 men animated by a number of various 
 pafTions, 'tis a confufed multitude of 
 libertines to be taught obedience -, of 
 
 C 3 rafl) 
 
 II Les Dragons n'ont point d'argent, 
 
 Pour entrer en Campagnel 
 ]Les Paifans nous en fourniront, ^ 
 
 £t Nous baiferons leurs femmes ! &,'C. 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
i ili, . 
 
 «m 
 
 w,i 
 
 1 1' 
 
 j|';:?( 
 
 ( 22 ) ^ 
 
 tafli to be retrained; of bafhful to be 
 encouraged; of impatient to be inured to 
 the greatefl fufferings : what prudence, 
 what abilities muft a man have who 
 condudls and unites fuch different views 
 and wills to the fole intereft of the pub- 
 lic ! what his cares and difficulties in the 
 mean time ! all which would be pre-» 
 vented, removed and furmoiinted by a 
 \ycll contrived military eftablifliment. 
 
 ' None but citizens and fuch as had 
 land, were chofen or admitted into tha 
 legion; flaves and impreffed men were 
 deftined to the navy. The privileges 
 cf a legionary foldier were, " that every 
 *' one of them was capable of any pre- 
 *' ferment; had a right to pay; a (hare 
 ** in booty and military rewar-ds, and 
 *' qualified to make a will in the life 
 ** time of his father : what he gained 
 ** by the fword was not fubjedt to par- 
 *' tition, as part of the goods or eftate of 
 *' his parents ; neither could he be called 
 ** to appear before a magiftrate, or any 
 *.* other but his officer, while under his 
 *^ military oath :" yet neither this, or 
 any other priviledge was any way pre- 
 judicial while the republic had no /land- 
 ing armies, but turned to great abufe 
 
 afterwards. 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 afterwards, according to Juvenal ! Caefar 
 offers to make Cicero one of his legates 
 in Gaul, to fcreen him from a profe- 
 cution! 
 
 Thc army was furnifhed with corn 
 for man and horfe by the general, before 
 pay was allowed to the foldier, who then 
 ierved at his perfonal expence, as all had 
 lands of their own 5 but ftoppages were 
 made from this fubfiftence money, for 
 certain things. Their officers were few, 
 but they were highly authorized in their 
 feveral ftations in every thing relating to 
 the fervice. In all that regarded military 
 duties they were fevere ; gentle and fa- 
 miliar with the fellow citizens, and a 
 kind of equality fubfifted with the power 
 of commanding. 
 
 Holding two military employments 
 at one time was difcountcnanced among 
 them, as it occafioned difcontent, maim- 
 ed the fervice and created an abufe ! 
 Ariftotlc, in his republic, is againft plu- 
 ralities in civil affairs, for reafons therein 
 given, and to ftrengthen them with pre-* 
 cedents, fays, <* they were never allowed 
 ** in either the army or navy:'* and Cicero 
 
 tells 
 
 m^rm 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■Mw 
 
 11 
 
 ''Mm 
 
 $mi0 
 
 
i 
 
 H 
 
 i'.i] 
 
 ■m 
 
 t 24 ') • 
 
 tells us, it was contrary to law to cxer-«' 
 cife two callings at once. 
 
 Formerly generals, at the head of 
 legions, had more unlimited powers in 
 the field than ours. We know what a 
 vaft advantage kings, who command their 
 own forces in perfon, have over thofe 
 headed by a fubje'r. though equal in 
 every thing elfe except this power. No 
 general commanded two armies 5 no ad- 
 miral two fleets. 
 
 •*■■'» 
 
 The ancients prepared for war by giv- 
 ing the youth a mafculine and robuft 
 •education ; for there is an art of form-' 
 ing the body as well as the mind, of 
 which indolence hath deprived us I but 
 they ftudied and pradi fed races on horfe- 
 back and foot; fwimming themfelves 
 and horfcs ; leaping fi'ngly, and by ranks 
 on foot and horfeback; making long 
 marches with heavy burthens: thefe were 
 their fports, paftimes and fhews. Their 
 military conftitution was {o wifely fram- 
 ed, that much lefs fervice in war, than 
 what is now necelTary to make good fol- 
 dicrs, made tl^em fo ; and all other parts 
 of the gymnaftic or paleflra, that did not 
 tend to give the body folid ftrength with 
 
 robuft 
 
{ 25 ) 
 
 robuft health, were totally defpifedj; 
 therefore mulic was regarded not only 
 as ufclefs but pernicious, as it foftened 
 the mind. The Lacedemonians allow- 
 ed the meafures of Terpandcr only in 
 dancing. 
 
 So long as the Romans preferred their 
 military fyftem, they improved in the 
 fcience of war proportionably as they 
 did in letters, comparing the times of 
 Cat.illui:, Papyrius Curfor, Scipio, Sylla 
 and Caefar : after Auguftus's days it was 
 negledted ; now and then revived, *till 
 (like brewed wine) there was nothing 
 lefs than the juice of the grape in the 
 mixture : at laft the military conftitution 
 died, and with it difcipline perifhed I 
 
 
 
 .. /'ArtiiA.i, 
 
 
 I 
 
 site, 
 
 
 LEVIES. 
 
 
 ■'W\ 
 
 -/for 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 LEVI E S. 
 
 Im 
 
 •j.i 
 
 
 4 
 
 THE moderns diflribute thcfe in* 
 to troops, companies, battalions, 
 /quadrons and brigades 5 every one of 
 which (hould confili: of the fame nuqiber 
 of officers and men ; for it is by no 
 liieans indifferent what that number is ; 
 chance, or mere imitation fhould not 
 determine it, but rcafon and experience 
 only with regard to convenience and 
 advantage in evpluting, marching, in^ 
 camping, &c. 
 
 Great corps arc thought more ca- 
 pable of difcipiine, to preferve it better 
 and lefs fubjetSl: to accidents than fmall 
 ones; during the republic, her legions 
 were flronger or weaker, according to 
 the neccffity of the times ; if we then 
 prefer large bodies, by formin ' batta^ 
 lions into brigades the moment they take 
 the field, why not make regiments equal 
 to them at once ? there would be this 
 advantage in it, " they would have con^ 
 ** fidence in each other and their offi-- 
 ** cers," which docs not always happen 
 
 in 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 in brigades. The Grecian phalanx* ex- 
 ceeded the Roman legion in number, as 
 much as the latter (which in the meri-» 
 dian of difciplinc in Cacfar's time was 
 5000) did our battalions : four of which 
 however at 800 men each (grenadiers 
 and light infantry being detached) com- 
 pofe irrefiftible bodies, fufficiently pow- 
 erful to bear down all before them. 
 
 After a certain number of years in 
 war, a Roman could not be compelled 
 to fervc any longer, but might inlifl 
 himfelf again -, the French have adopted 
 this fyflem, and many think were we 
 to follow the fame plan our army would 
 be fpeedier and better recruited ; for 
 feveral, after a five or feven years feeing 
 the world, would enroll again ; and they 
 that inclined to return home, by recount- 
 ing their exploits and rewards, would fo 
 influence the peafantry, that upon a royal 
 proclamation, we fhould foon fee our 
 corps voluntarily compleated with the 
 flower of the three kingdoms. 
 
 What Diodorus relates of a Mace- 
 donian argyrafpides of 3000 men is a 
 
 little 
 
 • Properly fignifies a Body of Macedonian Foot 
 (i6,GOo in Number) drawn up in y^ity clofe Order, 
 armed with Shield and Spear. 
 
 ^'(^•^ 
 
 
 
 
 Ml '.y 
 
 ':<l^f^ 
 
 ■ ;^in: 
 
 
 *!,?K^I 
 
 i 
 
 
 :t« 
 
 
i4' ' '„' ' 
 
 's;-r"!.i 
 
 1 ' : 
 
 |i I 
 
 il!r 
 
 ( 28 ) 
 
 little marvellous ! he makes the youngeft 
 of them to be fixty years of age ! the 
 greater part 70, and feme older ! that 
 they were vigorous and irrefiftible in 
 fight, matchlel's in fkill and dexterity 
 from long pradlice with dangers they 
 had efcaped. Caefar's flory of Craftinus 
 fcems a breach of difcipline, 'till it is 
 better explained. Read what Tacitus 
 relates of the courage of Cecina from 
 forty years fervice in the war ! 
 
 During the commonwealth, the fol- 
 dier was ported in the legion according 
 to merit; rofe by it, or was pafTed over 
 by greater 3 fize at that time was out of 
 the queftion, though fo much regard was 
 paid to it then, that they entered none 
 under 5 feet 10 inches, except in cafes 
 of extremitv : but that in Roman mea- 
 fure is not quite 5 feet 7I in English :* 
 fix feet ih thofe days was leckoned a 
 very high ftature, and hardly anfwered 
 to our 5 feet 9^. Some of the empe- 
 rors preferred fize to merit; moderns 
 have done it (ince : but if it fhould be 
 made a requifite, there are fo few of a 
 privileged height, that armies, in war 
 time, could neither be compofed of^ 
 or recruited by fuch. De 
 
 f Tlie Roman foot is to the Britiili as 3 q to 29, nearly, 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 De toute taille bon levrier. Health, 
 hardinefs with a difpolition to the bu- 
 iinefs, any of thefc is preferable to fiz;e 
 without one of them : hufbandmen, of 
 all others, make the befl: foldiers, being 
 more acftive, obedient, enduring of grea- 
 ter fatigue, and thinking lefs harm than 
 the bourgeois \ befides their manner of 
 life is more conformable to a foldier's 
 in the field than that of any other. 
 
 As all men were rcgiflcred to ferve in 
 the war, confequently all fizes were taken 
 ' formerly ; they that are enamoured with 
 tall armies, and they that prefer numbers 
 to worth, both think the fame way (i. c.) 
 wrong ! for military endov/ments and 
 acquirements are not confined to fize, or 
 vidtory to numerous bodies. 
 
 They, who don't care to admit or 
 retain any one in their troops that mea- 
 fures more about the waift than the chefl, 
 fay, '* that a prominent belly is a {\gvi of 
 floth and intemperance :" that all excefs 
 of body or mind is a violation of difci- 
 pline, and a great impediment to the 
 overcoming an enemy by induftry, which 
 Caefar has declared to be no lefs the duty 
 of a great captain than conquering by 
 the fword. The 
 
 
 »■'».' 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 w 
 
 ■■^. 
 

 I'lil 
 
 mi&. 
 
 'ir 
 
 v : 
 
 11^':' 
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 The Roman youth were enrolled for 
 fcrvicc in war immediately on com- 
 pleating tht"- 17th year; obliged to 
 ferve fo long - time, then dilcharged 
 and rewarded : they who chofe to re- 
 main in the corps more than the term, 
 were treated as evocati, (volunteers) held 
 in high efteem with the army, as many 
 of them in it clearly proved how much 
 the general was beloved. Ca^far's troops 
 were fo affedlionate to him and willing, 
 that they became invincible, rufhcd head- 
 long into the greateft danger, with a 
 refolution nothing could reiift ! 
 
 Pyrrhus fays to the commiiTaries ap- 
 pointed to raife recruits, ** fend me men 
 ** with found and good bodies, and I 
 ** will make them good loldiers :" which 
 the excellency of their military conftitu- 
 tion contributed to bring about in lefs 
 time than is poflible with us. 
 
 The Romans had no ftanding forces 
 'till the laft age of the republic ; they 
 raifed them fo readily becaufe all capa- 
 ble of bearing arms were regiftered and 
 equipped fit to appear when called upon: 
 They took the field fo expeditioully,- 
 being all armed, exercifcd and perfeded 
 
 at 
 
 iiiii 
 
 ll^;!':i- 
 
( 3' ) 
 
 at home In the ufe of their armour and 
 weapons : they ended wars fo quickly, 
 it being the common interdl to do fo: 
 and difbanded fo immediately, becaufe 
 every one had an houfe and family to 
 return to. 
 
 mi' 
 
 Tuning the fiddle takes up more 
 time with us than performance did with 
 them ; an enquiry into the caufe might 
 be as invidious as curious : The ftandard 
 of moil nations excludes thofe whom 
 reafon and experience agree to be fitteft 
 for fervice, and eftiniates men as cannon, 
 *' by the weight of metal." 
 
 The beft ufe to be made perhaps of 
 the hackneyed mode of difcipline now 
 in vogue, is opportunity to drop it ; as 
 any unexpeded manceuvre, however im- 
 perfedt, will occafion more diforder in 
 hoftile troops, than the regular attempts 
 of which they have continually beea 
 forewarned. 
 
 '' '■''. ■>'■ ''".In 
 ^'■1 
 
 • ll 
 
 "I y- i 
 
 - ' • -J r 
 
 Mm 
 
 ^ 'I 
 
 mm 
 
 The fault found with the equilateral 
 fquare by Xenophon, and his remedy 
 propofed, is well worth contemplating : 
 yet CrafTus formed one, each fide of 
 which confifled of 12 cohorts or bat- 
 talions. 
 
 .',i 
 
 
( 3^ ) 
 
 talions. Anthony, in his engagement 
 with the Parthians, was forced to retreat 
 in a fquarc ; but Cxfar preferred the 
 orb when 15 cohorts were inverted by 
 the enemy on their march : nay 300 of 
 his foldiers being furroundcd, threw 
 themfelves into a circle and made their 
 way good ! indeed we have already laid 
 afide the fquare, and it is to be hoped 
 other ufelefs evolutions and manoeuvres 
 will (hare the fame fate. 
 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 'il * 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 THE Patricians fcrvcd in this corps 
 till they became tribunes of the 
 legion ; the public provided horfes and 
 maintained them : 'tis probable that 
 1200, or the complement proper for four 
 legions, were always kept in pay, be- 
 caufe they could not be dreflcd fit for 
 fervice fo cxpeditioufly as their riders. 
 See what Xcnophon, general of cavalry, 
 fays to encourage his troops, who ap- 
 
 Erehended the ihock of the enemy's 
 orfe. 
 
 Cavalry are for difcovering and giv- 
 ing intelligence of the adverfary's coun- 
 try, ports, pofitions and movements : for 
 fpoiiing and deftroying what belongs, or 
 might be ufeful, to him; and to pre- 
 vent his doing the like to you : For re* 
 tarding his nidrch by falling on his rear^ 
 and in the day of battle to beat the ene- 
 my's horfe that attempt the flanks or 
 rear of the infantry. MarQial Turennc 
 fpeaks much in favor of the valour, fldll 
 and dexterity of the Rozen dragoons, 
 /hewn in their attack of count Mercij ; 
 and the comte de Saxe is worth readiii^ 
 on the fubjedl of cavalry, 
 
 D In 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 '.m 
 
 
 m^h 
 

 
 111 
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 In an attack of fquadrons, the dif- 
 abling an horfe being at leaft equivalent 
 to the deftrudion of a trooper, and to be 
 executed with much greater facility, it 
 is at thefe generous animals that infan^ 
 try {hould be directed to aim their efFec-* 
 tuai blows. 
 
 The Turkifh militia refembles in fe- 
 veral things the armies of the ancients ; 
 the janifaries arc not differently cloathed 
 from the people, except in their head- 
 drefs, which diftinguiiflies them ; neither 
 do they wear arms in the city ; even the 
 grand Seignor's guard do not handle 
 them but in cafe of alarrris ; the centi- 
 iiels at the gate and guardroom walk to 
 and fro before them with a ftaiF only in 
 their hand. They live in barracks, and 
 fo many of them to a chamber ; to each 
 of which there is an officer or chief of 
 the room or tent, as alfo a cook or caterer. 
 
 When a company marches, ajanlfary 
 attends them with a fkin full of water, 
 and fcveral cups to give drink to them 
 that are thirfty, and this bufinefs is fo 
 honorable that it prefers him to be cap- 
 tain or chia-bachi of a company, which 
 is only obtained by merit, a§ the oda- 
 
 bachi. 
 
 !■''!!■:, 
 
{ 3^ > 
 
 bachr, or chief of- the chamber Is by 
 fenority, 
 
 Tirp aga of thejanlfanes -fuppofe tq 
 be a tribune j for. when any complaints 
 are made to him of them, he enquires 
 what chamber they are of,, then fend^ 
 for the chief of it, delivers the delin-« 
 quents to him, with orders to punifh 
 capitally, or otherwife, as they deferve* 
 
 The janifaries are diflributed into 
 tens, hundreds and ihoufands j each tea 
 have a tent and a chief as beforementi- 
 oned ; the boluc bachi commands an 
 hundred, as the chijai does a thoufand ; 
 and every morning the officers go to 
 receive orders from the aga. 
 
 The grand Seignor can raife 300,000 
 men in a very fhort time, by ordering in 
 the bafhas and fangiaes only with their 
 fervants and tenants, without any addi- 
 tional expence being incurred, for all 
 maintain themfelves : Such exadt difci- 
 pline is kept in their camp, that they 
 draw a market wherever they are, be- 
 caufe they pay punctually for whatever 
 is brought. Travellers pafs fecurely 
 through their armies, and without an^ 
 
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 4:1 
 
 
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Kfk of being plundered; the foldiers 
 live on a fmall matter, never weary by 
 long marches, and chufe rather to be 
 cut in pieces than retreat, unlefs out 
 numbered. They are arned with a 
 mufket, fword and other fuitable ac- 
 coutrements, and believe they can't die 
 before their time comes, though fur- 
 rounded by millions ! 
 
 / 
 
 r .' 
 
 f >■ A. i • , 
 
 
 iiu^:. 
 
 ,. .a 
 
 WAR 
 
 «!; 
 
X 37 ) 
 
 jWAR IN general; 
 
 PLUTARCH tells us, '' war is an 
 evil, and the caufe of injuftice and 
 •< bad anions," However it has laws 
 and rules which honeft men regard : a 
 good general founds his reputation on 
 his own abilities and virtue, not on the 
 wickednefs and perfidy of others. 
 
 •* That civil war is an hundred times 
 ** worfe than the moft unjufl monarchy.'* 
 
 " That war and politics (hould never 
 ** be two feparate employments.*' 
 
 Lycurgus forbad waging war on the 
 fame enemy too often; therefore Anit- 
 iochus, feeing Agefilaus lying wounded 
 by the Thebans, told him ** it was what 
 *' he deferved, for making them good 
 ** foldiers againft their will." 
 
 Three things neceflary for war, are 
 good troops, a fufEcient fund, and a 
 faithful adminiilration of the expence. 
 
 D 3 The 
 
 • X La, guerre fous fes pieds foule toute la terre ; 
 ba Louche eR un brafie^ , fa voix eft une tonnere ; 
 Chaque doigt dc fa main eil un canon bruyant| 
 Chacan de fes regards un eclair flambo)rant I 
 
 
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 The allies would fain have had the con-* 
 tribution limited, but Crotonius the 
 orator told them, ** that war was not 
 ** to be confined to a certain and fixed 
 « fum/* 
 
 It is an allowed propofition, that the 
 art of war is only to be learned in war; 
 the Romans then muft have excelled in 
 this fcience, becaufe for near 700 years, 
 from Numa to Auguftus, the temple of 
 Janus was never fhut but twice ! the 
 Greeks indeed were earlief mafters of thd 
 •art military, for cities at firft were all 
 ieparate ftates, each rivalling it's neigh- 
 hour by- trying his genius in peace, and 
 ilrength in war. This produced fuch a 
 perfedl military conftitution, difcipline 
 and fcience, that fome think theirs to 
 have been the beft : and no wonder, if 
 the men, who learn thefe virtues from 
 necefiity and the things themfelves, 
 know them better than fchools and fyf- 
 tems can inftrud:. A good education 
 and theory afiift greatly, and (horten the 
 way to that knowledge we endeavour at 
 by fervice in war. 
 
 Without a theory founded upon 
 principles, whatever is done, is done by 
 
 chance. 
 
i 39 ) 
 
 chance, as Vegetius expreffes it, *« cafus 
 «* non arte:'* but he that would war 
 with fuccefs, mufl: adt on principles, not 
 by chance. " ^iz fecundos opt at even-' 
 *« tus, dimicet arte, non cafu.*' " Thes 
 «.* enemies faults, rather than our abili- 
 «' ties, were the caufes of our fuccefs, 
 «* and yet we take glory to ourfelves for 
 
 
 <f 
 
 It. 
 
 Mr. PuYSEGUR recommends reading 
 to all warriours : v/e judge from bare 
 circumftances ; and when good and bad 
 fucceffes are equal between contending 
 generals, that they are well matched : it 
 jnay prove that, but nothing more. 
 
 Beware, when you march to the 
 attack, that your columns be not fepa- 
 rated from each other by rivers, woods, 
 ravines, &c. but when thefe impediments 
 are not in the way, it is neceflary to 
 keep them at a diftance, that the army 
 may the fooner form it's line of battle, 
 on arriving irt the prefence of an enemy. 
 The order of march, the manner of draw* 
 ing up, ought to be executed in all the 
 rules of geometry, and according to the 
 local knowledge of the country. The 
 generals conduding columns j(hould al- 
 ways 
 
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 ( 40 ) 
 
 ways lead at the fame height, keepltlg 
 diftances between them in proportion as 
 the terrein widens or narrows, to the end 
 of quickly forming : therefore how re- 
 quifite is it to arrive at the given line 
 together, and in the exadt time ordered ! 
 
 When all the columns are near enough 
 to the enemy, the general (having re- 
 connoitred the ground as much as is in 
 his power) will halt them in the centre, 
 firft ordering them to form the line.* 
 
 Those on the flanks he will probably 
 extend to right and left, by faying, ** gain 
 " fuch an height, windmill, tree, houfe, 
 ** &c." which being done, a iignal of 
 cannon is to begin the battle, the 2d 
 line forming about 300 yards in the rear 
 of the firft. 
 
 Suppose now the firft line march* 
 ing in front to the adverfary, can it be 
 performed ftraight without opening or 
 breaking ? no ; not without rules : all 
 thefe movements are not even to be ex- 
 ecuted with rules, without great prac- 
 tice ; of courfe without both, the march 
 will be all confufion in a large army, 
 nay even in a fmall one ! 'tis not fuffi- 
 
 cient 
 
cient that the generals leading columns 
 know what to do, if the commanding 
 officers of fquadrons and battalions (as 
 well as their troops) be not thoroughly 
 broke to and cxeicifed in thefe different 
 manceuvres. 
 
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 ORDER 
 
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 ( 4« ) 
 
 ORDER OF BATTLE; 
 
 THE French always make their 
 front line flronger than the fe- 
 cond, becaufe the firft advantage or check 
 among them is generally the gain or lofs 
 of the battle; befides, outflanking the 
 'finemy gives great fuperiority. 
 
 At all times that armies form lines 
 of battle in plains, whether they march 
 in front to, or along, the front of, the 
 adverfary, by extending themfelves by 
 flanks or any other manner, it frequently 
 happens that fome clofe the fquadrons 
 and battalions, and others halt them to 
 leave great intervals, fo that corps may 
 move forward, and afterwards be obliged 
 to retrograde : this is one reafon why 
 the line is fometimes fo ill formed. The 
 enemy (who has drawn up fooner) taking 
 advantage of this diforder, falls upon 
 and beats you ! which has occafloned the 
 proverb that fays, " many battles have 
 ** been loft, from not knowing how to 
 ** form the crc/er of battle'' If this 
 was an allowed truth in the times when 
 armies were but fmall, how much is it 
 '. '1 . confirmed 
 
t 4i ) 
 
 • 
 
 confirmed now a days by Jafal cxperi* 
 cnce, when ours are fo numerous! judge 
 then, how dangerous it is to adt indiffe- 
 rently in a matter of fuch importance ! 
 there^ fliould be rules ^ftablifhed in this 
 point, fuch as fo many yards to a bat- 
 talion and fquadron, leaving an interval 
 of twenty yards between each of the 
 former, and twelve between each of the 
 latter; as it is equally hazardous to 
 charge too open or too clofe : the firfl 
 admits of being flanked ; the i c< "d 
 throws you into a confufed heap ! briik 
 artillery, properly diftributed, will enable 
 lines to be formed in face of an enemy, 
 and contribute greatly to win tl battle. 
 
 The diftance between the firft and 
 fecond line fhould be as aforementioned, 
 that fpace being found moft proper to 
 perform all manner of movements upon, 
 from the one to the other without con- 
 fufion, according to the exigencies re- 
 quired : moreover, when the front line 
 charges, the other fees coolly all that 
 paffes, and has time to fuftain all toge- 
 ther, or in part, at the will of him that 
 commands, who (hould not expofe him- 
 felf too much, but take his pofl fo as to 
 difcern how to remedy this check, or 
 
 make 
 
 
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 ( 44 ) 
 
 make advantage of that imprcffiort : but 
 fhould hills or woods interfere to obflru(fl: 
 his viewing the whole fcope, he then 
 fends the moll experienced of his aides 
 dc camp to reconnoitre and wait the 
 ifTue of affairs, who, on every important 
 change, gallop back and report the event. 
 Three hundred yards between line and 
 line can only be given at fight if the 
 ground will admit of it; but you can- 
 not be too exadt in that betwixt flank 
 and flank of battalions and fquadrons. 
 
 
 ilk'''/ 
 mi''' 
 
 When troops attack, they fhould 
 move forward in a flraight line, regulat- 
 ing their advances from their centre, not 
 their right as many pretend ; for if the 
 line be long, dreffmg by the right is 
 impradlicable : whereas guiding your- 
 felves by the centre removes one half of 
 the difficulty. It will therefore be ne- 
 celfary in marching up to keep a kind of 
 convex, and let the centre belly out a 
 little, (not too much ;{;) ^/jat when the 
 whole is ordered to halt, the right and 
 left dreis eafily on it. If the terrein 
 will allow it, 'tis not amifs to halt now 
 
 and 
 
 X The gaining' ground too far i\ head by the centrci 
 iliould it be neceffary to fall back, t could not be done 
 wiihout going to right about ! and what would be the 
 confequence in the face of s.n cr.ein/ ? 
 
 iS-.-'i 111 
 
 
 m 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 and then to pradife, and the centre 
 ftiould always begin the march and halt. 
 
 When any body of your troops has 
 beat that oppofite to it, inftead of per- 
 mitting the whole wing, brigade or fqua- 
 dron to purfue, fend only a part to hin- 
 der the enemy rallying ; and make the 
 reft fall upon the flanks of thofe that 
 may ftill maintain the fight againft you. 
 This is the way battles are gained ; but it 
 is requifite commanders of battalions and 
 fquadrons fhould be apprized of this in- 
 tended manoeuvre before the adion begins : 
 for as the general officers cannot imme- 
 diately be every where, fo commandants 
 of corps fhould not wait for orders to 
 purfue, left the enemy get too far off to 
 be overtaken. Thefe are the true func- 
 tions of fecondary generals, and not like 
 fome that poft themfelves at the head of 
 the cldeft corps, and engage perfonally 
 like a captain of cavalry : they ought 
 likewife to have none but officers of ex- 
 perienced capacities for their aides dc 
 camp, that know how to deliver dif- 
 tindlly and properly what they are the 
 bearers of, that thofe who receive their 
 orders may eafily and without hefitation 
 comprehend and obey them. 
 
 When 
 
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 ( 46 ) 
 
 When two armies are going to tn* 
 gage, our attention (hould be to con- 
 template their countenance, order and 
 difpoiition. Epaminondas inarched in 
 the order of battle he intended to fight, 
 that he might not be obliged (upon ar- 
 riving in prefence of the enemy) to loofc 
 time in breaking the difpofition of his 
 troops, which one cannot regard too 
 much in great enterprizes. 
 
 In Plutarch may be feen what advan- 
 tages there are in war from opportunity, 
 place, arms, &c. that knowing how to 
 make ufe of time has been of more fer- 
 vice than arms ; that there are occafions 
 lofl hardly to be remedied, which is the 
 greatefl expence of all, 6cc. 5cc. 
 
 MoNTECUcuLLi and Turenne fre- 
 quently mixed cavalry and artillery with 
 the foot, that they might naturally fup- 
 port each other, and gave this reafon for 
 it 5 " that as armies were compofed of 
 ** thefe three parts, they ought to be 
 ** fo placed as to fuftain and a6t together, 
 ** their united forces in a manner being 
 ** invincible ! whereas, if ported at dif- 
 ** tances on right, left and centre, they 
 ** could not be in time to aflift one ano* 
 r «< ther, 
 
 4 
 
( 47 T 
 
 '* thcr, cfpecially if the wings be rouN 
 •< ed ; for then the infantry (having both 
 ** flanks uncovered) cannot fail to un- 
 <« dergo the fame fate !" notvvithflanding 
 this found dodtrinc, yet as the faihion 
 of Europe prevails otberwifc^ we muft 
 blindly give into the mode. 
 
 ^i terre a, guerre a ; fays the pro- 
 verb : therefore all governments ought 
 to be provided before-hand for this un- 
 avoidable event, with men, money, a few^ 
 equally fit to advife and execute; but 
 above all, with a good military conftitu- 
 tion and difcipline. A writer obferves, 
 ** the Catti took the field only prepared 
 ** for war ; but the reft of the Germans 
 *' prepared to fight." 
 
 ^^.4^ 
 
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 ( 48 ) 
 
 WAR. 
 
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 Jiift:fe 
 
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 THEY that have addrefs enough to 
 harafs an enemy much fuperior 
 in (Irength, and perform it without lo(s 
 to themfelves, deferve indeed the appel- 
 lation of ** mafters in the profclliun," 
 and their advcrfaries *' that cf appren- 
 ** tices." As adverfity (hews grcatnefs 
 of mind to the be ft advantage, fo does 
 ading with an inferior army moft fure* 
 ly difcover the ability of a general.' 
 Places well fortif id are preferved by the 
 merit of their works;* ill garrifoned, 
 hy the merit of thofe that defend them.- 
 
 CmsAR excelled in all kinds of war! 
 and rofe fuperior to the greateft captains 
 that preceded him. Sertorius, Philo- 
 paemenon and Eumenes in particular, 
 in defenfivc war oftfy. Knowledge in 
 ground, and the utility to be made of it, 
 are abfolutely neceffary in all kinds of 
 war, but chiefly in defenfive. 
 
 Some troops are better in adions of 
 pofts, than in general engagements : 
 when this is the cafe, the commander in 
 
 chief 
 
 * See G. Carlelon's defence of Quebec, further on. 
 
chJef will put t!iem to the ftryice they 
 arc beft adapted* Gylippus, ty cha^^> 
 ing his order of battle, beat the. cn^uiy 
 (that had defeated hto the preceding 
 day) on the fame grqtahd. Caf^r kl^:^ 
 beyond any man/hPW to lay hoI4:piX 
 every advantage in wajr,. and above aU tQ 
 feiz^tim^ by thp %ielQck I. ,: • . f^r,i^^r^f^ 
 
 ]yloNT^Pu.ct;n-i aavifes (when the 
 
 armyijs weak,.or cprnpofe^ oi)ly of qa^' 
 valry)"to fave all you qa^ in ypwrplapea 
 " of ftrength, and burn, alt fubfiftpope 
 ** in thbfe at the e;ieniy*$ niercy. Cpver 
 **: yourielvc5 with, int jrenchoicnts ; extend 
 ** them, if yoa perceive he intends tQ 
 ** inclofe you. Change politiori or poftsi 
 */renr;ain not in fjtuatipns to be f»4r- 
 ** rounded without fighting, or unable 
 ** to retire fi'om . dlftribuxe yourc^valrv 
 ** in feparate diftridls to incomnjode hiui 
 V inceilantly. Either fecure all bridges, 
 "pafies, &c. cr break and deftroy them) 
 "flood the country, cut down foreil^ tp 
 '* make abbatis to cover yourfelves." 
 
 •Hi.' "f^'iTa 
 
 :i 
 
 > 
 
 I'. 
 
 ■.t: 
 
 
 
 'IV 
 
 A GENERAL confummate in the fci~ 
 cnce of war, with an excellent coup d' 
 ceil, reduced to twenty thoufand men 
 againft thrice that number of equal good- 
 
 ■M>f, 
 
 

 i: 
 
 liiiir 
 
 C so ) 
 
 nets, will be cautious in adling ofFen- 
 Ifivcly in the open field : but always 
 lofing ground to avoid adion, is not to 
 tinderftand the art military. To cover 
 a certain diftri(ft of importance to the 
 nation, to abandon that which is lefs fo, 
 and to reduce the adverfary to a fmall 
 portion with his treble army, fhcw un- 
 common abilities i but a great comman- 
 der will go farther. He will preferve 
 the whole ; protedl the towns ; hinder 
 the enemy from inverting any, by con- 
 tinually keeping him in fufpence, upon 
 a line of frontier always parallel, with- 
 out fufFering him to pafs over its bounds 
 and penetrate. 
 * . ' . ' 
 
 It being then neceflary to occupy 
 jftrong holds in a defenfive war, there is 
 no country whatever in which you will 
 not meet with fome of them ^ more 
 efpecially if mountainous : therefore the 
 fpade, fhovel, pick-ax and wheel-bar- 
 row, &c. fliould never be wanting, with 
 abundance of other implements, as they 
 are the. needful refources to intrench, and 
 put yourfelves out of all apprehenfions 
 of a couj) de main, " ^ ' 
 
 
 .r 
 
 .i»iiirf I*'; a* 'y.'A'Vx\\ Ji 
 
 4^ 
 
 The 
 
( 5^ ) 
 
 The fcience of pofts is none of the 
 leafl qualifications in a chieftain, the 
 ftudy of which is too much negledted : 
 burying onefelf up to the ears like a 
 mole, without fcheming any thing be- 
 yond the intrenchment thus occupied, 
 is merely refembling that animal ! for 
 if it can be turned by means of rivers 
 (ever frequent in mountainous countries) 
 how fhamefui would it be to depend 
 upon fuch a work, and difgraceful to be 
 left behind in it by an enemy ! whoever 
 eftabliflies himfelf in fuch like places, 
 fhould be able to communicate from one 
 valley to another, and extend himfelf 
 according to the movements made by 
 the aflailant, who, no doubt, will at- 
 tempt to pradtice all rufes de guerre to 
 give him, the Hip, or put the change 
 tipon him by a counter march, to parry 
 which (againll: a fuperior force) requires 
 the uimoit vigilance with extraordinary 
 genius. 
 
 All military perfons ought to know, 
 that there are few mountains (be they 
 ever fo horrible) which have not reverfes 
 where men may pafs; therefore avoid 
 getting far into vallies ; and beware of 
 a retiring enemy in fuch a fituation, who 
 
 E 2 defigns 
 
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 d^figns perhaps only to oiAv; you mort 
 and more into dcnlec by n pr';tended 
 flight, in order (if yo^i iwallow tlie bait) 
 to cut off your retreat and provilions, 
 whenever he finds himfelf on a fpot 
 convenient for the coup I 
 
 When you are reduced to the laft 
 extremity, the moft hardy rrfolutions 
 fhould be executed even if they border 
 upon raflinefs ! but above all things no 
 occafion (hould be loll: to force a paflage 
 with your chof^n troop?, before the ene- 
 my eftablifhes himfelf,. attempting all his 
 pofls that are pradicable at the fame time, 
 and forming many falfc attacks to amufc 
 and divide his attention: but night* ia 
 much fitter than day for thefe hazardous 
 i^nterprizes, by concealing your order and 
 difpofitioii. 
 
 The b-^^l expedient to be exadbly in- 
 formed L he nature of the country yoir 
 would draw the enemy to follow you 
 into, is to gain the peafants with large 
 rewards and promifes ; who will condu<fl: 
 you through all the windings, reverfes of 
 mountains and ports the moft difficult to 
 be forced from : fhepherds and iportfmen 
 
 are 
 
 * Sclpio obferves that attacks made in the dark will 
 iflrike greater terror into the enemy ; nor dare theiv 
 allies venture to fiiccour them in the night time* 
 
 aree 
 
 with 
 
 and ( 
 
 incaf 
 
 tellig 
 
 himii 
 
 couni 
 
 alw?) 
 
 perpe 
 
 latin e 
 
 occuj: 
 
 to wY 
 
 paths 
 
 reverf 
 
 with 
 
 were i 
 
 thofe 
 
 an en( 
 
 himfe 
 
 many 
 
 ** ban 
 
 *' in f] 
 
 Sup 
 
 vallev, 
 ing an 
 dig a 
 where) 
 contin 
 
 
>u more 
 'tended 
 lie bait) 
 3vilions, 
 a fpot 
 
 the laft 
 "olutions 
 y border 
 lings no 
 a paffage 
 the ene- 
 ng all his 
 me tiine> 
 to amufc 
 night* is 
 azardous 
 Drder and 
 
 :adly in- 
 ntry yoir 
 ow you 
 th large 
 condud: 
 verfes of 
 fficult to 
 ^ortfmen 
 are 
 
 Bie dark will 
 dare thcif 
 ume« 
 
 ( 53 ) 
 
 arc excellent guides on fuch ccra^ ms . for 
 without an enijrc knowledge of the fj-vOi; 
 and environs to be defended, )ou become 
 incapable of ad:ingl upon fuch like in- 
 telligences then, a general determines 
 faimfelf; efpccially !n a mountainous 
 country, marching (as it may be faid) 
 always with hJ'? plummet in hand, in 
 perpetual diffidence and miftrufl ; regu- 
 lating his motions from his difcernment; 
 occupying heights ?.z much as pcflible; 
 to which, fhould there be any roads or 
 paths for the enemy to afcend on the 
 reverfes, he ought to make detachments 
 with faithful guides to feize them : for 
 were it known, how great the advantage 
 thofe that defend high ports have over 
 an enemy, he would not lightly engage 
 himfelf in fo perilous an adventure; as 
 many inftances can be quoted, " of an 
 *• handful of men flopping whole armies 
 " in Situations of this nature/* 
 
 Suppose you intrench yourfelf in a 
 valley, the flrongeft method is by furm- 
 ing an abbatis of trees ; behind which 
 dig a ditch of eight or ten feet wide, 
 wherein throw numbers of men to fire 
 continually at, or oppofe with their /^y- 
 cnnettes, thofe that attempt to penetrate. 
 
 E ^ Or, 
 
 
 
 K-'M 
 
 m 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
'ijit; i, lltflSj . 
 
 
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 h'H 
 
 ( 54 ) 
 
 Or, if you have a defile to pafs between 
 mountains, detach (according to the 
 neceffity) a body or bodies to pofTefs 
 themfelves of the iflue? and heights that 
 command it : thefe precautions taken, 
 proceed to repair and make the roads all 
 of an equal breadth to prevent filing off, 
 which will retard your march too much ; 
 and if you meet with rivulets, lay bridges 
 over them. 
 
 A DISCERNING general will beat up 
 heights and bottoms at the fame time, 
 not only to employ the adverfary in every 
 part, but to hinder little pofts from fall- 
 ing on his flank or rear during the con- 
 flidl : befides many attacks are generally 
 more fuccefsful than one, flriking grea-r 
 ter terror and caufing more confufion -, 
 for although he may be repulfed in fome, 
 yet there's almoft a certainty of fuccced- 
 ing in others, which often leads to a total 
 deroufe, as various examples can teftify. 
 I may add, that where a fingle attempt 
 is only made, fhould it happen to fail, 
 the ardour abates to aiTault others, who 
 will be animated to defend themfelves 
 vigoroufly from the advantage thus 
 gained. 
 
 That 
 
 W^ 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 That heights|| are commonly cafier 
 carried than other ports, I believe, will 
 appear from this reafon ; their pofitions 
 are generally regarded to be To ftrong and 
 domineering that few men (perhaps the 
 worfl) with a young officer are left to 
 protedl them : on this fuppoiition alone 
 an able general feldom negleds attempt- 
 ing fuch places ; and it is rarely found 
 that he mifcarries. This maxim is one 
 of the befl that can be employed, as an 
 hundred remarkable events will prove; 
 one of which makes againfl as great an 
 hero as any of the age, viz. his own 
 letter runs thus, " M. Daun having at- 
 *' tacked me on an hilly ground, where 
 ** only half my army could adt, I retired 
 ** about half a league from my camp." 
 In another he adds, " you will fee by 
 ** this detail, that this was not a battle, 
 <* but an affair of polls onlyt by which 
 
 " the 
 
 II In forcing paiTages ov«r hilly countries, many good 
 leiiens are to be found in the memoirs of M. Villars ; 
 how he a£led in 1703 to traverfe the black iBountains 
 to join the eledlor of JBavaria ; alfo the meafures count 
 Tallard took the year following to arrive with fuccours 
 to the fame prince, by ;he gorge of St. George, are ytxy 
 curious and ufeful IQ iludy : There one may read alfo 
 in what manner he paifed the fame mountain- that 
 campaign by the gorge of Waldkirk with his whole 
 army. Dilirenci a.nd Jurfrize will effed fuch marches j 
 but it is of the laft importance to be always able to 
 retire, and this muft be fecured by leaving fuft«aent 
 guards to command difficult polls, defiles, &c. 
 
 
 
 *:' 
 
 
WW 
 
 I5i, 
 
 
 i;« 
 
 Ifiu 
 
 
 ( S6 i 
 
 «' the Auftrians gained fto other advahtage 
 *^ th^n that of diflpdging my troops from 
 " ah eminence Without daring to follow 
 *' mc, and without being able to forc« 
 " me tlo retire above halt a Icaffue."* 
 
 • All this partakes too much of the embHiTafllhtiit 
 that ittien^s an attempt to difgirifii truth, and reconcile 
 allerlions with circumftances that contradict them ! M. 
 Baun'a glory here is confciTedly great ! 
 
 1 
 ■ i 
 
 5 ^V:. , 
 
 i one 
 
 T 
 
 * . •' ' 
 
 Jf'fi'- 
 
 V-. , 
 
 Op 
 
( 57 ) 
 Of generals. 
 
 IT is not every one that can tJecide 
 whether a general of confummatc 
 bravery with a moderate capacity, or of 
 the moft extenfive abilities and middling 
 courage, is fittefl to command. Cardi- 
 nal Richlieu gives it in favor of the firft, 
 becaufe from his intrepidity, he will 
 coolly make ufe of all his little judgment 
 without being afraid : whereas the fe- 
 cond will not be able to exert his fupe* 
 rior talents, as fear and diffidence will 
 intrude upon his ideas ! 
 
 Marshal Turenne thought him the 
 beft general who committed the fewed: 
 faults ; the fame may be faid of the befl 
 of men. The real merit of a comman- 
 der confifts in marching, incamping, 
 fubfifting and conducing an army well ; 
 he is to make himfelf beloved by his 
 troops J ufe them to advantage ; forefee 
 the enemies fchemes ; harafs and baffle 
 their projed:s -, take meafures from their 
 miAakes; and feize the beil fituations. 
 
 The greateft part of the art military 
 is to know how to form a plan for a 
 
 whole 
 
 
 ui 
 
 1 r. I 
 
Mn 
 
 I :1 " * 
 
 r**^ 
 
 ( 58 ) 
 
 whole war ; for from fuch a general fyf- 
 tern there refult many particular inci- 
 dents which regard the different coun- 
 tries defigncd to be fupported or invaded. 
 'Tis true, all the world cannot attain this 
 knowledge, neither is it neccifary but 
 for fuch as aim to arrive at the highefl: 
 degree of military preferment. The 
 gaining a battle does not depend folely 
 on the chief, he contributes only in part; 
 but to form the plan of a war, to follow 
 and execute it thoroughly, the honor is 
 his, without a fliarer, that commands 
 and condudts it. 
 
 I?'- 
 
 I' ■!• 
 
 lii 
 
 
 Among the Romans, the general was 
 not to purchafe vidtory too dear, but to 
 vanquish by induftry rather than by the 
 fword i and this was fo fucred, that, who- 
 ever negledled it, difhonored himfelf! 
 therefore Caefar (the moft jealous of all 
 men of his military reputation) avoided 
 fighting when he could conquer by ad- 
 drefs, becaufe the latter was his duty; 
 and the army would have (bared with 
 him the glory of the one ; the other was 
 more entirely his ! 
 
 In 1 76 1, general Hodgfon, comman- 
 der in chief of the britifh forces at 
 
 Belleifle, 
 
 ;n a 
 
 o^ 
 
%! 
 
 ( 59 ) 
 
 Bcllciflc, having made a breach in the 
 citadel of Palais, fo as to infurc it's capi- 
 tulation, was twice importuned, by flags 
 of truce from the governor St. Croix, to 
 florm it, that he might furrender with 
 glory ! but the Englilh general (like the 
 Roman heroes, preferring to conquer by 
 addrefs) returned for anfwer, ** that he 
 *' knew the citadel could not hold out, 
 " but muft fall into his hands ; the 
 ** having pofTeflion of which a day or 
 ** two fooner than neceffity would give 
 ** it, was not worth rilking the life of a 
 " britifh foldier !" St. Croix furrendered 
 immediately, without being indulged in 
 wantonly killing a few Englifhmen to 
 fatisfy French vanity. 
 
 Louis the xivthfaid to the prince De 
 Conde, ** you fent my troops to be 
 '* butchered!" no, Sire (replied his high- 
 nefs) ** I led them !" this pafTed as a 
 i^on motj but would have difgraced a 
 roman Conful. The prudence of Tu- 
 renne is more to be elteemed than the 
 rafh adlions of Conde; notwithftanding 
 the former, without ever expoling him- 
 felf tnal a propos^ was killed by a cannon 
 ball ! the other, after having braved death 
 in a thoiifand mad attacks, died in his 
 
 bed 
 
 ^- >| 
 
 n 
 
 ' -I: 
 
 ►■{•>■ 
 
 WM 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 tatTA |25 
 itt Bii 12.2 
 
 1.1 
 
 Is HIM i'-^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
 
 ^v- 
 
I ■ 
 
 rfr^i; 
 
 1. -li'-' 
 
 MM ' 
 
 (' 60 ) 
 
 bed in a very advanced age! the waysdf 
 providence are impenetrable ! 
 
 ij- 
 
 SciPio fays to Fabius, you are ho« 
 nored with the title of Maximus, for 
 only having kept an army together! 
 while I (who have beat the enemy ink 
 pitched battle) am iimply ftiled Magnus! 
 true, fays Fabius ; but had I not knowil 
 how to prefcrve troops, and harafs the 
 adverfaries at the fame time, you could 
 never have had them' to fight with aftd 
 overcome I 
 
 The principle irt a commander of ern 
 army is to know how to force the enemy 
 to fight, when he himfelf is ftrongeft; and 
 to avoid being drawn in to engage when 
 weakeft ! but to be provoked to come to 
 action, when it was not bis intereft, by 
 the jibes and raillery of impertinent 
 people, is inexcufable in Pompey. — 
 See Plutarch.. 
 
 None knew better than Hannibal how 
 to range an army in order of battle to 
 advantage, according to the nature of the 
 ground ; or how to employ troops to the 
 purpofes they were fitteft for ; or drefs 
 an ambufcade; or Hnd expedients in mis- 
 fortunes ; 
 
( <il ) 
 
 fortunes ; or keep up difciplinc among 
 people of fo many various nations.* 
 From himfelf alone he drew the fubfift- 
 cnce of his troops, the pay, the remount 
 of cavalry and recruits of infantry, with 
 all that was neceflary to maintain § a 
 great war in a remote country, againft a 
 powerful enemy for fixteen years! in 
 fpight of^faBioH at. home that thwarted 
 him in all things ! 
 
 Maxim. Don't fuiler any thing fu- 
 perfluous, becaufe it certainly deprives 
 fomebody of what is neceffary, and great- 
 ly increafes the impedimenta belli, 
 
 ^ , Cambyses fays to Cyrus, did your 
 taBique mafter give you any leflbns of 
 ©economy I ' 
 
 Not any; he inftrudled me only in 
 fundry orders of battle, replied Cyrus.; 
 
 The greateft knowledge in that was 
 to little purpofe (faid his father) if the 
 army Aould want provifion, healthy ad- 
 drefs or obedience : then mentioned the 
 following^ heads,, viz. 
 
 ift. 
 
 * Th0 duke of MarUjoroagh excelled in this art of 
 governing different and oBftinate national troops. 
 
 § The king of Pruffia feetns to knew the fecret of 
 making the war j^aiatain itfel^ bcttftr than all the 
 jprinces of Europe. 
 
 ■ *i 
 
 '' ''MM-) 
 
 ' "i. -* '♦» .1' 
 
 
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 /"■■. ' 
 
 
 
 
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 in "■ ■ 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 . .1 
 
 l'^''' 
 
 I}" 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 r9y 
 
 
 
 .(« 
 
 ^^ '■:. 
 
 { 62 ) 
 
 I ft. How to order a march by day or 
 night through fields, defiles, mountains, 
 •plains, 6cc. and incamp. 
 
 
 2dly. How, going to the enemy, or 
 returning in fight of one. 
 
 ; 3dly. The order to be obferved in 
 paffing by an enemy's fortrcls, , , : 
 
 4thly^ Hoy^r . to affault a breach, or 
 diiTengage youtfelf properly. ' 
 
 5thly. WkAf is to be done in pafCng 
 a river*. 
 
 r V 
 •■.■■■..• •♦ -• , 
 
 6thly. How to guard a£ainft light 
 cavalry and infantry. 
 
 7thly. How to put yourfelf fuddenly 
 in order of battle (on fight of the enemy) 
 when on the march. 
 
 • ■ ' ' - • . . 
 
 8thly. When in order, how to receive 
 hini, fhould he charge your flank or rear, 
 
 9thly. How to difcover his fecrets 
 and conceal your own, 
 
 Arrian 
 
 * See Xenophoh% contrivance in pafllng a river in 
 fight of the Cadutians aiTemblcd to fall on Kis rear, as 
 foon as he began to pafs. 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 Arrian celebrates a manoeuvre of 
 Alexander's in pafEng a river. 'Tis a 
 pity he has not laid hold of the occafion 
 in that place» or in his ta&iques, to de- 
 fcribe more intelligibly fo fine an opera- 
 tion. It is more difficult to conftrue than 
 Caefar*! dcicription of his bridge|| over the 
 Rhine; moreover, he leaves us in the 
 daA, by barely faying, " that Alexan- 
 der covered his retreat by placing hisr 
 artillery on the bank of the river.-'—' 
 The only fingle inftancc oi the. fort wp 
 meet with among the ancients. - 
 
 
 « 
 
 «< 
 
 .-I'll 
 1 J 1 
 
 r, 
 
 "^ExPERiiNCE taught the ancients that 
 there were advantages in time» place, 
 order, armour and ,arms; all which 
 ifaould be iludied. 
 
 
 A GENERAL (hould have acquired 
 j^^^t experience § by long fcrvice; for 
 the Science of war is only to be learnt 
 
 "-•r--; ■;.•-.■. , . in 
 
 II CadTsr't latin being in' th^ ddbiption truly meph^h. 
 nicaJk/tis difficult to tranflate it into Engliih, with the 
 prope/ technical terms. Arrian is ftill tfiore obfcure. 
 
 $ 'Til faid^ the marquis de Spiaola (h6wever) Jiad ilcf 
 cxpci-feqce in war, when he took the command in the 
 Netherlands. \V 
 
 Had^ the king of Prufiia fkenzfif &fvkti but that o^ 
 the parade, when he put himfflf at ||^e hcadof h^s army 
 in 1740? 
 
 WhairCitero fays of Lucullus feems without foun« 
 dation^ ^fbr he had fervcd in'tk0 MatfiC war, and after 
 that with Sylla. : . 
 
 1 "*m^3 
 
 
 
 
 - .' - - 
 
 'im 
 
 \] 
 
 
 X): '■■> 
 
 f\- i ;';■ 
 
 ■■Kb .ii'-''i" 
 
 
 
 

 m 
 
 
 
 lr:';iV 
 
 
 ;ll«l'iK ;i-| 
 
 ( 64 > 
 
 in war : he Jhauld perfeStly know rtht 
 country and the genius of the people* 
 where he is to carry it on ; the art mili- 
 tary in theory and pra<ftice, as well as 
 that of haranguing^ and commanding. 
 The French even think it of importance 
 to be of noble cxtra(5lion ; for the mor« 
 illuftrious the birth is, the more xefpe^il 
 it infpires in inferiors; but the.Bngliih 
 have no occafion for any ruf:h infpirAtipa 
 to do their duty. Cyrus teJU us, tliax 
 it does not f^ew Xuch great taknjts to* 
 form a line pf battle in front pr depth*, 
 as in detaching many fmall parties, a 
 fropost to faU: upon: and har^fs ^hor ^dver* 
 fary, which,diftingui£bes a gen^ra^ 
 
 I3fl? 
 
 iv 
 
 r r ' 
 
 • 'T'T 
 
 Although officers are fuppoled. |;p 
 embrace the profeflion of arms from a 
 itootive of hon6r,i , yet it does not. opejrgte 
 equally upon all* ' Troops are; UP longer 
 formed of thoft ancient RQmaftS>:^Qm 
 Hiftory treats of as fo many heroes ! 
 fome a^ from the iibbleft of principles^ 
 Vhile others ^r;e only excised tfp virtue 
 by ordinary fenttments : example^ friend* 
 fhip, gratitude and fometinies int^rtil:* 
 will infpire middling genius.*s witfil^^^s 
 and adtions misch above themfelves; 
 ..J - thf^efore 
 
 ^ «* Imperator, qui eioquendam cam prudtnti^rJ^lH 
 junxerit, quid incxercitu praeftaire non pQtfd^ '-;w ;^- . 
 
( «5 ) 
 
 therefore a ikilfdl general will fooh 
 difccra the proper ufes to be made of 
 thefe different characters. To under- 
 hand them more thoroughly, he fhould 
 Eertnit an officer of talents to approach 
 im witheafe and freedom; hold fami-^ 
 liar conwrfation with him on his bufi- 
 ncfs; praife him after an exploit; con- 
 dole wiih him upon any mifhap ; ano- 
 ther, much inferior in abilities requires 
 a$ much jtnanagcmentj the general ftibuld 
 liilen to his ill told detail with patience, 
 help him in it, and encourage him ; em- 
 ploy him properly in the cneniy's coun- 
 try, and reward him for fuccceding thro* 
 meer dint of pains. 
 
 -hTHiJSE are the principal means to gain 
 the a;ffedions of the officers; I will' add 
 that Qf an opch! tabic, which fhould ra- 
 ther be plentiful than delicate ; of eafy 
 accefs; free at all times to officers that 
 cortie from diflant quarters, under the 
 hon^ft pretence of paying their refpeds 
 to his excellenpji . . 
 
 ^ ' ' . . ■ ■ , - ' *■ 
 
 The general having once gained the 
 hearts of his officers, .will foon become 
 mafter of thofe of his foldiers, whofe 
 good opinion of him is not Ufs neceffary. 
 
 F This 
 
 
 •, h 
 
 
 ,■,.»• 
 
 
 .•-'i-T' 
 
 ; •'. *'. "' 
 
 ' ■■; "Sy.': ^■ 
 
 
 ii*'"- 
 
 
I" r '° "'' 
 ■t '" 
 
 i 
 
 •'ijl 
 
 ( 66 ) 
 
 This h fecured by his attention to all 
 their wants ; examination into the qua- 
 lities of bread, meat, and every thing 
 relating to their fubfiftence ; viiiting the 
 hofpitals and medicines ; never expoiing 
 hi men but in neceflity ; rewarding good 
 behaviour j never refuiing to receive and 
 anfwer letters or petitions; pardoning 
 with plealbre and punifliing with regret. 
 
 , I. I i '5 
 
 
 li'kl ■ H 
 
 
 i 
 
 1' ' • I 
 
 Marshal Ttircnne hath often attri- 
 buted the fuccefs of his plans to the 
 practice of thefe maxims ; and one can-* 
 not draw this great man, without paint-^ 
 ing them in tlie portrait. 
 
 To enumerate the qualities tliat form 
 a Caefar or a Marlborough (beyond dif- 
 pute as true born heroes as ever exifled) 
 the pen of Homer would be infufHcientl 
 all other generals have been juflly found 
 fault with, in fome one or other part of 
 their political or miHf.ary condudt ; but 
 thefe two were of fuch fuperior abilities 
 to all that preceded them, that their 
 flips in politic or war (if any known only 
 to themfelves) remain hitherto impene- 
 trable to others ! I (hall tlierefore difmifs 
 this article before I am irrecoverably loft, 
 as I feci myfclf finking out o'my depth ! 
 ?ir i ' with 
 
( 67 ) 
 
 with remarking a piece of very bad ma- 
 nagement, as well as impolitic for flates 
 to recal their commanders from a coun* 
 try they have adlcd in with eclat for 
 many years^ (the pofts» produce and po* 
 licy of which they arc thoroughly makers 
 of) either to pleafe an haughty miniiler 
 who wants to favour anothei*, or for any 
 court intrigue whatever! it being no 
 eafy Liatter foi* the fucceflbfs to acquire 
 the fame local ideiH, befides taking a 
 con (ider able while to attain them ! fuch 
 a change can't be otherwife than preju- 
 dicial to the prince, as it is a given up 
 point, " that one of the firfl qualities 
 ** neceflary to generals, is a pcrfed: 
 knowledge of the country wherein 
 they wage war." What a (habby 
 figure did England make all over Europe^ 
 after fuperfeding the vidlorious duke of 
 Marlborough, out of party pique ! the 
 Dutch bavejDot yet forgot it, or entered 
 heartily into any of our alliances fince I 
 and the £ngli(h grenacliers made a re- 
 gretting fong» the burthen of which was 
 
 No vidory can grace is now—. 
 Since we have loft our Marlborough I 
 
 u 
 
 iC 
 
 ■:^..vj 
 
 
 J*. ■■ 
 
 .» >• 
 
 
 ■■■ :»>^; 
 
 :'■ * ' »■ 
 
 ■? .■ .if' ■■' .;• a 
 ■■, (■■/ •i'-.* .1..* 
 
 Fs SCIENCE 
 
(I 
 
 H-!'-^ 
 
 i.'ii 
 
 
 ( 68 ) 
 SCIENCE IN WAR, 
 
 IS that of the grcatcft of men, fuch 
 as genius, talents, education, expe* 
 rience, and a fort of infpiration; but 
 the mechanical part, which is the foun- 
 dation of the other, may be reduced to 
 a demonOrable fyftem in regard to for- 
 tifying and expunging places ; inflitutes 
 of experimental fortification being an 
 efTay toNvards briif|[ing this bfanch of 
 military fervice to a regular fcience, by 
 (hewing it's objedt, end and means, to- 
 gether with thofe principles fubfcrviently 
 neceifary. Such contemplations on war 
 would point out and Shorten the way to 
 martial ikill, deliver it from the tyranny 
 of mode, and confequently from taking 
 things upon trufl. 
 
 :.: rfHE ancicnts had thcforles on this art 
 that were taught as other fci«nces; flatef* 
 imen (ludied war, -and warriors politics, 
 as they were not feparate employments 
 at that time: men of letters, who in- 
 tended to write hiflory and relate military 
 tranfa(5lions properly, apphed themfelves 
 ciofcly to the theory of war, notwrth- 
 Aanding all of them had fervcd according 
 to the cuflom of the age, 
 
 w s/ r, *.i :: , ThIS 
 
( 69 ) 
 
 This fcicnce, taken in the largeft 
 fcnfc, is of two forts ; the one abftrac- 
 tcd and cool, the rcfult of great fearch 
 and knowledge : the other genius and 
 infpiration (as it were) a pamon not in 
 our power ! the firft of thcfc may be cal- 
 led artlHcial ; the fecond natural ; the 
 one, an acquifition obtained by learn- 
 ing; the other, a faculty that cannot be 
 acquired, but like other natural powers, 
 admits of culture and improvement. In 
 a word, nature and arr muft concur to 
 make the ablcft of men a perfed cap- 
 tain, which (with refpedt to Sir William 
 Temple*" opinion) ** doth not happen 
 ** in centurfes of years!" but on the 
 whole, war is a fcience not to be per- 
 fedly learned,* although much pradticc 
 will make very good generals. 
 
 • The foldier of Turcnnc*s army, that declined dif- 
 accoutring himfelf, or pitching his tent on arrivina; in 
 camp at 12 at night, may be faid to have learnedthe 
 fcience of war in war. The marftial pafline by him, 
 »fked; why he did not go to r^ft f he replied, becaufe 
 I know, fir, that you don't intend to remain here three 
 hours ! 7 urenne gave him his purfe, rode off, and de* 
 ^mped in two hours afterwards. 
 
 
 '•':-f ■■■.■', I 
 
 ■' ' 4. t " 
 
 
 
 
 ■ »■ ■ m . 'VIU if , I » 'i (v I 
 
 F3 STRATAGEMS 
 
 'n 
 
 
 m 
 

 
 ( 70 ) 
 
 STRATAGEMS of WAR, 
 
 AGESILAUS fays, they 4on't fuc- 
 ceed but when the adverfary ^as 
 a fufpicion that they are intended, and 
 counterplots (hem ; bv which he may hp 
 drawn into the fnare he did not expedt ; 
 but they who thinly nothing about them, 
 give no handle to be taken bv. Might 
 not cloathing your men in the enemy's 
 uniforms be pradtifed on occaiions with 
 eclat ? Cimon, the farne day he beat the 
 Barbarian fleet near Cyprus, clad his men 
 in Perfian garments, furprized and cut 
 off the land army of Xerxes, at the rivef 
 ^urymodon. 
 
 (^^#*^ 
 
 X 
 
 VICTORY 
 
 SCl; ''it"'']i 
 
 \ 
 
( 71 ) 
 ' VICTORY, 
 
 MAY be cmbcHi(hcd by the manner 
 of ufing it; and is the confe- 
 quence and enTcift of good difcipl'ne : 
 therefore' (hould rather be bought with 
 money, that money with vidlory ! 
 
 Malo me fortuna peniteat, quam vic^ 
 toria pudeat^ fays an author for AJexan*- 
 dcfi this thought fhcws a grandeur of 
 foul above the common run of mankind, 
 and worthy of that conqueror, if he was 
 fo great an hero as hi(lorian$ have hand- 
 ed him down to us ! 
 
 There's a proverb which goes ''that 
 ** Hannibal knew how to win, but ^ot 
 ** improve a vi^kory." Casfar, after his 
 at Pharfalia, retired to his tent, to con- 
 iider maturely of the plan to be purfued 
 to reap the advantage of the fuccefs; 
 and it is faid, he wrote there on his ta- 
 blettes thefe words I ** it is to day that 
 ** I begin to enter into the path of glory, 
 ** in which, if I don't fupport myfelf, 
 ** by making proper ufe of this vidory, 
 ^* my fall will be greater than Pompcy'sl 
 *• perfonal reputation increafes or dimi- 
 f * nifhes in proportion as one knows how 
 
 to 
 
 i 
 
 I- 
 
 ,1 .'„ • 
 
 , ... . , .., ' 
 
 if.''!*.-'' i;!'- 
 
 ■''*.. i 
 
 m 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 4'.../? 
 
 «.->> 
 
 Ai. 
 
 1 -^'^ *'l 
 
 'f<Bi.£>.»S'.^l 
 
 rfm 
 
 ff:.'i 
 ■ » ".,4 
 
 ■ f...V] 
 
r.; 
 
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 1H 1 
 
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 VH 
 
 U'M' ^- J, 
 
 
 
 ^!? ':_•'* 
 
 i 
 
 wmv 
 
 ' I 
 
 ( 72 ) 
 
 ** to bear fortune. All my Enemies, 
 ** now pri/bncrs, (hall be pardoned ; Ti- 
 
 (( 
 
 '* burdus fhall have the confulion to fee 
 me, for I will go into his tent and 
 ** majce vc\y peace with him face to face! 
 f*:I will offer to every nian of confe- 
 *' quence that hath followed Pompey'^ 
 *' party, the fame conditions I did ye- 
 ** fterday before the battle, on account 
 *' of their friends that have adhered tq 
 V mine. Power exercifed to excefs grows 
 *' we k.butufed with moderation, ftrong. 
 ** Galbipus is haughty and would be ca- 
 ** pricious in employment; Stertinvis is 
 ** modeft, and his virtue deferve^ thq 
 ** favor fortune throws in his way: in 
 ** this manner will I acfl, and take my 
 f*, precautions and meafure§ fp, as to be 
 f* in a (ituation to-morrow to rejoice 
 "with the whole army; for he, that 
 f* expofes his perfon in acjtion like pri- 
 ** vate foldiers, is only aHv ordinary ge- 
 ** neral; bithe, who after vidlory, does 
 f* not teftif) iiqre joy thai^ they, is much 
 *^^|Tiore beloved!'* 
 
 
 yFrom the foregoing refle<flions it is 
 clear, that Caefar thought nothing of 
 what he had done 'till then, becaufe he 
 reparks^ " it is to day that I begin,'* 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 &c. Fortune no fooner flattered him 
 with hopes of arriving at the point in 
 view, than prudence infpired him to 
 think of the means to obtain it ; we 
 have rea ^ of many captains winning 
 battles, out very few that knew how to 
 profit by them ; Caefar obferves here, that 
 fortune difpofes of victory; but a ripe 
 judgement, a wife conduct and experi- 
 ence ojily know how to make the beft 
 ufe of it. 
 
 His natural generosity, which appears 
 in the pardon meditated for the prifo- 
 ners of war, hath fomething iriexpreffi- 
 bly ftriking ! but what fets it above all 
 praife is, that he does not even except 
 his moft implacable enemies : grand 
 ftroke of politics ! for with this cle- 
 mency he difarms the remainder, " as 
 " a drop of honey will catch more flies 
 f* than a ton of vinegar.*' 
 
 The renewing of friendfhip in pri- 
 vate witli Tiburtius, to fpare hiin the 
 confufion fuch a meeting would have 
 produced in public, (hews that he had 
 a noble foul capable of diftinguifhing an 
 enemy of merit in the middle of a croud, 
 Pfis moderation in brillant profpcrity, 
 
 appears 
 
 t • 
 
 
 n 
 ■t'^ 
 
 ^m 
 
 1^ 't 
 
 ' ,«..'< 
 
 
 \"i- 
 
 
 ' '...'"if*! V' ^ 
 *■ ;5 -'^ ''<:'- •'•■| 
 
 ' ■ '■* ■■.•■EU''' -' *ll 
 ..*.''»t'' "Vv.lp'l 
 

 ( 74 ) 
 
 '^pears in this, *^ that he changes no« 
 *♦ thing of the iconditions propofcd before 
 •* the battle, although the viftory enti- 
 *f tied him to give laws to the adherents 
 *f of Pompey !'* this coup is totally pe- 
 culiar to Caefar, and J believe has no 
 imitator, but one, I kno\y riot whether 
 there be a better maxin) among all thofe 
 pra6tifed by the moderns, potvy^ithftand- 
 jlng their unwillingneft to yield to the 
 ancients in politics ; as it is certain, that 
 he who holds the reins of government 
 will not be long obeyed, \{ Y\t doe§ every 
 day what he can ! || 
 
 iMiiii 
 
 
 u 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 iif ;j. ;,■,■, ['il 
 
 We may further notice from thi^ 
 great man, that he was an enemy to vain 
 glory, becaufe he t^lames it in Galbinus^ 
 as on the contrary he was charmed with 
 the modefty that rendered Stertinus 
 worthy his friendfliip ; but his clemency 
 towards his particular enemies perfuadcd 
 the people, that neither ambition or ha-r 
 tred induced him to take up arms, but 
 the good of the republic on/y ; conceal- 
 ing by this admirable artifice his plan, 
 
 under 
 
 }| I have read of a buiFoon of Philip's the lid, of 
 Spain, who faid to that king one day, •♦ ^ue ftrois-tUy 
 *' Pbilippet Ji tous tes Jujets j' wvi/aiint tie dire non, toutts 
 *' lesfois que tudis oiii V* reflexion fqll of wifdoni, and 
 worthy of an origin more grave. 
 
 ;.it J ;. 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 pnder the fpecious pretence of the inte- 
 fcft -of his country. 
 
 Lastly, he puts off all rejoicings 
 and facrifices, 'till next day, as he would 
 not lofe the critical* minute for contem^ 
 plation, by giving way to an unfeafon- 
 ablejoyl ^ ' ^ 
 
 The little reflexion man generally 
 makes previous to his undertaking, cau- 
 fes the frequent repentance of it, which 
 is only a natural confequence ; an hafly 
 refolution is often thp fofe-runner of 
 misfortune; if a man employs fome days 
 to compofe a fpeech to be made in pub- 
 lic, ought he not with much greater 
 reafon take a longer time to meditate on 
 an affair, in which depends the glory of 
 his king, or the welfare of his country? 
 Demetrius, fon of the great Antigonus, 
 anfwered his general one day, while he 
 was impatiently teizing to give battle to 
 Ptolomy, " know, Patroclus, that every 
 " event, where being forry for it after- 
 ^* wards ferves for nothing, ought to be 
 *' wifely confidered, and concluded with 
 
 "judgement." 
 
 • Circumftantia tnim hac temporis validijjima in a£ii»- 
 nibus bominum efiy ad:o ut quod nunc tptimum tjfet ngere, eras 
 forfun (mutsttitnt temporis) inufile et malum Jit futurum.'-T 
 Tfcitus. 
 
 
 . "^ T T! 
 
 
 k: 
 
 ^v,.. 
 
 
 
 P:- 
 
 
 1.1. i.llt*i»*i t ■•«l 
 
 
 t..r. 
 
 ■■'■ i^i 4.,- >'• 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 

 
 fc.4 
 
 J. ' I;"*"'? 
 
 la-' Hf. 
 
 
 •:} .!' •^:f 
 
 
 (76 ) 
 
 "judgement." Sertorius was flow to 
 refolvc, but firm in his rcfolutioh ! this 
 is being a great man : for though it be 
 allowed on certain occafions, that a quick 
 determination is beft, yet it muft be 
 weighed, the neceffity has no law, which 
 obliges fuch hafty meafures to be adop- 
 ted : for if precipitation in defign and 
 flownefs in execution produce favorable 
 confequenccs, they can only happen by 
 chance ; and whoever rifks in this man^ 
 ner, makes his life, (as well as that of 
 others) a lottery, where for one that i$ 
 lucky, ten will be found the contrary, 
 
 After the battle of Chaeronea, Phi-, 
 lip difmifled all the Athenian prifoners 
 without ranfom ; giving cloaths to fuch 
 of them as had been (tripped after the 
 aftion ; by which (Poly bins fays) he 
 gained a fecond triumph over them, 
 more glorious than the firfl, and more 
 advantageous. ** For in the battle his 
 " condudb oply conquered thofe prefent ; 
 '* his bounty and clemency gained the 
 ** whole republic of Athens." This is 
 truly embellifhing a vidlpry ! 
 
 The ConfuFs moderation after the 
 vidory at Chalcis was much more com- 
 mendable than the victory itfelf. 
 
 Antigonus 
 
< 77 ) ' 
 
 Antigonus, ufing his viftory with 
 difcretion, ftnt back Pyrrhus's head and 
 body to his fon, that they might be 
 buried in his native country. 
 
 It being ufual with troops to be off 
 their guard after a vid:ory ; then is tht 
 time for the beaten army (with a body 
 of frefh men) to attempt a furprize by 
 efcalade on fome capital city or poft. 
 
 ^♦^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,..,, 
 
 ■ , .■"»«•■ 
 
 ,■-.*■■■■* - ' >r 
 '' '"•J'JIC'*!-"'' ■'? 
 
 QUALITIES, 
 
 »»'S 'v.' T'' 
 
 
 
I.;' 1. 
 
 ( 78 ) 
 
 I 
 
 
 ij.'.ii'i 
 
 (QUALITIES. 
 
 At^'uhd for particulars (abrolutefy 
 ncccflary for thofc in any com- 
 hiand) and from which none that endea- 
 vour are excluded, is that of benevolence 
 and clemency : 'tis inripofiabie to difpenfe 
 benedls to all I were we always giving^ 
 we (hould foon be exhaufted 1 but good- 
 nefs, humanity and fweetnefs of temper 
 are univerfal and perpetual obligations* 
 
 The language of the graces (as lord 
 Chefterfield terms it) is underftood by 
 a^ nations; and although one cannot 
 do good to every body, yet one may be 
 gracious, it being a coin many are con- 
 tented with> and more pleating, to noble 
 minds, than mottey ! the efFed, the ami- 
 able charadler of Teluthius, had on the 
 Lacedemonian feamen, may be found in 
 Xenophon. 
 
 'Tis the chef d* suvre of a general 
 to engage the obedience of his troops by 
 their afFedlion for him : a talent fo noble^ 
 that if Lucullus had joined it to his 
 many and great qualities, 6cc. 6cc. Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 Thougii 
 
,t> r r 
 
 folutefjr 
 
 f com- 
 
 crwiea- 
 
 iifpenfe 
 giving, 
 t good- 
 temper 
 Rations* 
 
 [as lord 
 :ood by 
 
 cannot 
 may be 
 :e coa- 
 o noble 
 le ami- 
 
 on the 
 bund in 
 
 HOUGH 
 
 ( 79 ) 
 
 i 
 
 Though nothing gains more on the 
 ioldier than an ex tempore eloquence, 
 for which there is fo often occaiion, and 
 what we are obliged to pradife daily in 
 ci"il life ; yet how rartly do we meet 
 with any that excel in it ! in Xenophon» 
 you will &rid Proxeus the Bseotian giving 
 a confiderable fum to Gorgias Lcontinus, 
 for teaching him tofpeak and command* 
 The above hiftorian § was intruded by 
 Socrates, and excelled in doing, fpeak* 
 ing, and writing, 
 
 Alexander corifeiKS Hom^ to have 
 been his mafler in the kingly fcience of 
 war ; but was inflrudted by Ariftotle in 
 thoib lefTons necefiary to a great eaptain : 
 He is faid, always to hav« had the iliad 
 under his ^illow^ and bis favourite line 
 was what alludes to Agamemnon. 
 
 Cesar's fpeech to his army^ unwiK 
 ling to march againft Arioviftus, is the 
 ijafterpiece of military ciloqucnce, and 
 had ii wonderful cfFedt f and for fuch 
 purpofes, there was a tribunal raifed m 
 every camp, on which the general moun- 
 ted, when he harangued his men. Plu- 
 tarch 
 
 i Socr»tei docuit X«nophontem ic Platonpm. 
 
 »'* FT'*. M 
 
 V ?■• *^ 
 
 
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 ., n 
 
 :t 
 
 ■ . r ' 
 
 ■ ■■ % ■ 
 
 
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 ■ .■■ufx?.. ■' 'J 
 
 '- ■■■' ^' vkm 
 
 V\l 
 
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 t ,1 
 
_, . )* 
 Pi*'*- '' I 
 
 {80 ) 
 
 tarch mentions the influence Cato's 
 fpeech had on the foldiers at pyrac- 
 chium. , 
 
 
 
 ■'-ft ,■' 
 
 11 ^-rr- 
 
 rig- ■• ■' 
 
 W, .'-i 
 
 7'hose of Hannibal and Scipio, be- 
 fore the battle of Ticinus are fine; but 
 as Livy and Polybius relate them difFe- 
 j-cntly, 'ti$ likely they are the author's, 
 and not the generals. — The ihortefl to 
 foldiers are certainly befl, for they are 
 incapable of retaining long fpecches. I 
 am mjch delighted with one made by 
 a French king to his army, while he was 
 leading it to battle, viz. **je fuis votre 
 'f^ rot, et vous ttes franpis / 
 
 Manners cbara<fiterize the age in 
 which we live, are the fources of adtions 
 ai3id cbndudt of our lives : they alone 
 diflinguifh men ; inclinations or habits 
 can not, but as they are fenfible and 
 vifible by deeds. One (hould have a 
 difpofition fittedto the bufinefs, and join 
 the proper helps to the difpofition, it 
 bejng impracticable to force one's way 
 againfl wind and tide ; we make but a 
 flow pjifTage when cither is adverfe ! the 
 necelSaria that: form great captains are 
 thofe that teach them to think, reafon, 
 fpeak and write: for who can govern 
 
 themfelves 
 
*i:U: 
 
 Sato's 
 )yrac-. 
 
 10, bfc- 
 5 ; but 
 i difFe- 
 ithor*s, 
 teft td 
 ley are 
 hes. I 
 lade by 
 ; he was 
 is voire 
 
 age in 
 adtions 
 alone 
 habits 
 3le and 
 have a 
 and join 
 tion, it 
 e's way 
 e but a 
 fe! the 
 ins are 
 reafon, 
 govern 
 tmfelves 
 
 ( 8i ) 
 
 themfelvcs or others, that are ignortnt 
 of the reciprocal duties of foii ty ( h >W 
 can they judge of the enemy's probable 
 intention, without knowing his conlU- 
 tution, intered:, means and refources? or 
 what is beft for thcmTelvcs to do with- 
 out a pcrfedt knowledge of their own ? 
 without thcfe qualities, a man at the 
 head of an army is in the fame circum- 
 flan es with a (hip at fea, without a 
 compafs I 
 
 General Gage, endued with every 
 talent that conftitutes a great captain, 
 excels in the art of thinking, reafoning 
 and writing well ; — See his letters to 
 Trumbull, Randolph and Wafhington. 
 They are as capital pieces as any of anti- 
 quity. He has alfo the art of command- 
 ing :o pleafe all ! for if he could not 
 difpenfe favors to every one, his refufal 
 was accompanied with the language of 
 the graces. From thefe rare qualities, 
 his excellency was intruded by his coun- 
 try with the civil and military govern- 
 mei.t of America at the fame inftant | 
 which though rivals and fo jeplov^vly 
 oppofites to each other among us y? t 
 his addrefs and fkill united both ;* and 
 
 G rendered 
 
 • Hancock and the Telefl-men of Bofton (the bittereft 
 cnemici of adminiilration) in all their frequent rrmon- 
 
 ilrance$ 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 
 .-ft-- 
 
 •'- . • ' .1. 
 
 ' '.•■i*#lvi,-..,, ' .1 
 
 '. ■'."*■■ i'--"t'" »l.'l 
 
 
 
 r^' 
 
 
 M 
 
 
'1' 
 
 ,* '<• 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■ J 
 
 , : 
 
 ili' 
 
 ifer 
 
 ( «J ) 
 
 fenciered war and politics congenial in a 
 
 Britiih conditation ! the mofl difficult 
 
 ^k an Englifli general can undertake I 
 
 Urancei to his excellency never failed to acknowledge 
 kow fcnfible the inhabitants were of his trtention for 
 their preservation— -"and prevention of quarrels Wr 
 fween them and the foldicryf by the wiie msthodi b« 
 look CO govern both ! 
 .11 ■ ■ 
 
 ji 
 
 :l 
 
 't ■ . 
 
 r ■ . 
 
 J / 
 
 i^-n 
 
 
 :}ii 
 
 I ^ua 
 
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 ■ the 
 
 XV 
 
 ■ war 
 
 
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 ik.-TIM'* 
 
 ■ Were 
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 f 
 
 1 Alexa 
 1 but w 
 
 , 
 
 1 precat 
 1 inarch 
 1 adlcd ( 
 
 P LAN. 
 
 1 ^iunic; 
 
 
in a 
 iculs 
 
 on for 
 cU Vtr 
 
 ( 83 ) 
 
 PLAN. 
 
 T^RICLES tells the Athenians of 
 'X^ two things ncccflary for war : 
 MONEY and a PLAN, and lays before 
 them the propercft to be followed. Long 
 before this, Hecataeus, the Mllefian, dif* 
 fuades the lonians from taking up arms 
 agaioft the king of Perfia ; but oppofition 
 prevailing, to (hew that he was mailer 
 of the argument, lie laid before them 
 the very beft plan for carrying on the 
 war : but they, notpurfuing his advice 
 in cither, were undone ! as the Athenians 
 were by doing what Pericles had warned 
 them againfl I 
 
 -There are excellent plans of war in 
 Demoilhenes's orations ; fome of which 
 miicarried by the people giving the com- 
 mand to thofe unequal to the execution.* 
 
 Some have prefumed to charge all 
 Alexander's entcrprizes with rafhnefs ; 
 but with r<^gard to the Perfian war, the 
 precautions taken before he began his 
 march, and his condudt in Afia, (hew he 
 aded on a plan, part of which he com- 
 municates to Parmenio, and the whole 
 
 G 2 afterwards 
 
 
 .1. " 
 
 
 i. ' . 
 
 I ' 
 
 ■1' 
 
 ■.^•■^* ■ 
 
 •■■■ ■ • ( -r • I - 
 
 
 ,■<■.' 
 
 
 .mm 
 
 
 
 
 5«'' 
 

 ]t '! '«' 
 
 
 
 
 ( 84 ) 
 
 • 
 
 afterwards to his generals : by which the 
 extent of genius in him, and folidity in 
 the plan, is very apparent. ( Arrian,) 
 
 The king of Pruflia, in order to judge 
 of each man's abilities, and what com- 
 mand he was fitteil for, that he might 
 avail himfelf of what was good in each 
 plan, ordered his generals to draw up 
 feparatc ones of the operations for the en- 
 luing campaign, in which was to be 
 comprehended the defigns the enemy 
 might be fuppofed to form, and the 
 forces to be employed in the execution 
 of each. 
 
 *Tis a maxim incontcflably true, that 
 on fecrecy and diligence depends the 
 fuccefs, or good fortune oi all military 
 cnterprizes. A Prince, or his minifler 
 ought not to commit their plan to any 
 but him that is to command and execute 
 it. A general that eftablifhes a plan for 
 a war, upon the knowledge he has of 
 the country, the ftrength of the enemy, 
 of the fkill of his antagonift, and of the 
 intelligence to be drawn from the inha- 
 bitants, is a great officer : however cor- 
 rect maps may be, he will find little 
 dependence is to be placed on them for 
 
 the 
 
 :-^'! 
 
 :;?!! 
 
.( 85 ) 
 
 \he operations of a campaign ; for pofls, 
 defiles, rivulets, fords, rivers, &c. arc 
 often found, to be laid down wrong, 
 when the army arrives on the fpot. 
 
 One cannot regulate the ftate of the 
 war upon the ftrength and quality of the 
 troops oppofed to the enemy, as there 
 are certain countries where the weak may 
 adl againrt: the flrongj where cavalry is 
 of Icfs life than infantry : an able com- 
 mander much over-ballanccs fupcriorily 
 of numbers, or advantage of ground ; 
 and the enemy (though three to one) 
 will ever be (by to let a hero get at 
 them. 
 
 *Tis thecouncil* athomethat regulates 
 the plan, upon the advices given by their 
 general, of whofe abilities they foon 
 conceive a jufl: judgment, by the intel- 
 ligence he fends, and correfpondence he 
 holds with them : inflead therefore of 
 one, there fliould be feveral PLANS 
 formed; that if fome be difconccrted, 
 others may be fucccfsfiil ; a letter inter- 
 cepted, a fecrct divulged, a word let (lip 
 improperly without reflexion, caufes the 
 miicarriage of the projedt (when there is 
 
 G ^ only 
 
 . • Parvi funt arma fori?, r.iii fit ccni:!iuT. .lomi. 
 
 mm^ 
 
 ■'^$t- 
 
 V 
 
 * 'i 
 
 -;,'' 
 
 'I ' ' ■■.; : 
 
 ,■ ' 'I ',■ "M . ■I 
 
 Mm 
 
 
 m 
 

 
 
 .Jf-^ 
 
 ( 86 ) 
 
 only ONE) of a wholccampaigh : arrorder 
 executed too foon or too late ruins an 
 hundred defigtis that neceflarily conca- 
 tenate and link together from the firft 
 meafures fchemed in the cabinet : in 
 fhort, the mercfl trifle may fo chaftge 
 the face of affairs, as to oblige you to re- 
 gulate the flate of the war contrary to the 
 original PLAN. 'Tis (after having taken 
 the precautions afore-mentioned which 
 regard the mechanifm of war) that we are 
 to concert the manner of carrying it on. 
 
 A PERFECT knowledge of the enemy's 
 frontier is indifpenfably neceffary ; a^ 
 without it nothing can be undertaken, 
 let the PLAN be ever fo advantageous.- 
 A ftate (I believe) feldom engages in war 
 with fuccefs, without preconcerting the 
 operations with it/s moft experienced 
 officers ; a military projedt is delicate in 
 the fmalleft of it's parts, each of which 
 muft be agitated with circumfpedlion ; 
 it is not all to have wcil placed your 
 pieces at chefs ; it is not all if your jBrft 
 movements have furnifhed a probability 
 of winning the game. No. So a coun- 
 cil of war mufl let nothing be wanting 
 to follow it to a coiiclnfion, as money, 
 troops, &c. It fl:iou'd not lefs confider 
 
 what 
 
v^hat to do when vidorious, than when 
 the revcrfe may happen j to regulate 
 matters for the good, as well as the bad 
 fortune ; and to have refourccs ready for 
 pushing on the one, as well as prevent-* 
 ing the fatal efFeds of the other. 
 
 Before you attempt to regulate 
 PLANS for a country you are utterly 
 flrangers to, fend perfons (unknown to 
 each other) to reconnoitre and fee if they 
 agree in their obfervations : few are to be 
 found capable of this kind of bufinefs, 
 which requires uncommon talents I many 
 will follicit to be thus employed that arc 
 entirely unfit for fuch a commiflion I 
 which is of fuch great confequence, that 
 whoever recommends, (hould be made 
 accountable for the performance. 'Twill 
 be prudent to fend others after the firft 
 come back, and all to make ivritten re-- 
 ports : this is the touchflene of ability 
 or ignorance. 
 
 Few know, the roads that arc to be 
 taken in good or bad fortune. Had Earl 
 Percy returned to Bollon b) vlie fame 
 way he marched out to Lexington in 
 1775, probably his brigade (with which 
 he fe judicioufly covered the grenadiers 
 
 and 
 
 
 *>(: 
 
 i.'.-^i*i .. '',,„■, I 
 
 "''"!*1'i 
 
 
 ■it. 
 
 ■ 'X 
 
 Ma 
 
I' ny :)';i 
 
 v'. '• .'' . 'S' 
 
 *',, '^ 
 
 If.-- 
 
 )»: 
 
 :^ 
 
 ; „ilj^/^ 
 
 ■, (m 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 '^m- 
 
 ^jVl... 
 
 ( 98 ) 
 
 and light infantry of the army) might 
 have been cut afF! His lordfliip wifely 
 forcfccing this confequence, with a 
 quicknels of penetration peculiar only to 
 mafters in the fcience of war, gave the 
 rebels (who had way laid him, and cut 
 down the bridge ;it Cambridge over 
 which he had pafTed in the morni.ig) 
 t&e change, by turning off towards 
 GharL flown ; thereby avoiding the roads 
 that were lined wth concealed thoufands^ 
 and filing off by thofe where he was leaft 
 ecpv<fled, gained the important heights 
 oa Bunker-hill, where they durftnot any 
 longer harrafs him ! Thus extricating a 
 body from fu;.h a dangerous fituation, 
 into whi».h, nothing but the treachery 
 and perfidi(>ufnefs of rebels cou'd have 
 plunged it, wou'd have puzzled the he- 
 roes of antiquity i and the more the 
 manoeuvre is examined into, the more it 
 will be admired by the prefent age and 
 pofterity ! This proves, that not only 
 generals, but all officers, that incline to 
 render themfelves ferviceable to their 
 country, ought to be fully acquainted 
 with every detour and bye^road in the 
 neighbourhood of the place where they 
 are waging war ; but it requires a certain 
 greatncfs of mind and talents, which 
 
 neverthelefs 
 
 lit. . 
 
 
 'i^'l 
 
( 89 ) 
 
 ncverthelefs may be attainfed bydiligcncc, 
 being nothing elfe than a paffion for arms. 
 he cowb dceil, once thought not to be 
 reduced into method, is now found to 
 be learned by pradice. With thefe two 
 fciences then (fo confpicuoufly abound-, 
 ing in his lordfhip) where is it you can- 
 not penetrate ? You are with them ena- 
 bled to regulate prccifely the PLAN of 
 a whole campaign upon certain principles. 
 
 When you undertake great things, 
 you (hou*d think of the means, by which 
 the army is to fubfift ; and to have your 
 rear free and open to prevent the enemy 
 from intercepting your convoys. Small 
 armies move with eafe, the general being 
 at hand to fee every thing either on a 
 march, in the field of battle or incamp- 
 ment : he can give his orders every where 
 at will, and is never forced to quit an 
 auvantageous polition from want of pro- 
 vifions, as he can find fubfiftence any 
 where. In war, the alternative is fuch, 
 ** that what is of fervice to us diftreil'es 
 " our adverfary, 6c vice verfa/' All the 
 projects poflible to form can have no fe- 
 curity, 'till you have moil; minutely re- 
 volved in your mind every obflacle ^n 
 enemy can throwin your way, to fruftrate 
 then), CAMPS, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ri • >! ,1.' 
 
 
 ■ ■■■■' iv^.^m 
 
\i -f 'hi 
 
 I 
 
 i, • -.t 
 
 
 .■fi 
 
 ( 90 ) 
 
 CAMPS, TENTS, 8cc, 
 
 ^HOSE of the Hebrews arc the moft 
 ancient of any we have account 
 of; the difpoiition is worth confidering : 
 rt was quadrangular, about twelve miles 
 in circumference, and inclofed. 
 
 The roman camp was generally fquare 
 or oblong; though we fometimes find 
 them of a different form, for the fake 
 of fome greater advantage of ftrength or 
 conveniency from the nature of the place. 
 
 The Lacedemonians made theirs 
 round, as the moft capacious of any 
 geometrical figure, and more defenfiblc 
 by equal numbers, than the fame quan- 
 tity of ground in another fliape. 
 
 The forts (fo very common in Ire- 
 land) called Danifh, are round with a 
 ditch, rampart and frequently a vault 
 under the area within, large enough to 
 contain the women, children, infirm 
 and whatever was combuftible, in cafe 
 of an attack ; fome of them cou'd lodge 
 from an hundred to 150 families. ^ 
 
 . The 
 
{ 90 
 
 The Romans had a regard to health ; 
 cfpecially of the two elements, air and 
 water ; to clcanlincfs, by the choice of a 
 declivity; to convenicncy of fuel, forage 
 and a market, if they were to abide any 
 time : an afpedl fouth-caft was moft dc-' 
 fired with an open view ; their tents held 
 ten men ; theAlgerinc contain twenty : 
 the latter count the flrength of their 
 army^by the number of them: thofe 
 for the foldiery anciently were made of 
 Ikins, very ufeful for other purpofcs ; 
 and at this time in Alia the erratic tribes 
 ufe fuch. In Barbary, the people, who 
 live always in tents, have them of cloth 
 made of camel's or goat's hair. The 
 Kalmuc tartars cover theirs with foft 
 thick felt, each piece about the fize of a 
 dcer-flcin, but lighter. 
 
 ( . 
 
 ■*io- 
 
 Arrian tells us, Alexander ufed the 
 foldiers tents to pafs his army over any 
 river that lay on his march, by fewing 
 the'fkin clofe and fluffing it with ftraw i 
 ** that hepaffed the Ifter by thefe means." 
 
 ■j*."' 
 
 
 -■•-■J-;**'!;.," 
 
 .'.■■.\ ■■ V- ' : ; i), <^' 
 
 Thevenot defcribes the manner of 
 making floats of Ikins 5 and went down 
 the Tigris in one of them, which carried 
 paffengers and merchandizes. 
 
 Xenophon, 
 
 
 
* ^ 
 
 MM 
 
 
 ilSb 
 
 ( 92 ) 
 
 : "Xfnophon, in his mbft famous retreat, 
 mentions a propofal made to Terry his 
 army over the Tigris on (kins, as if the 
 invention was then new : it is flill in 
 pradtice, for very lately feme of our offi- 
 cers, that made an excurfion /rom Gib- 
 rahar to Barbary, in their road from Te- 
 tuan to Fez, were ferried over rivers on 
 ikins; and in Spain it is common to fee 
 hogfkins full of wine fo weli fcwed, that 
 no cafk can be made tighter. ' 
 
 It may not be foreign to obferre, that 
 in Portugal they make bottles for liquor 
 of pliable leather, which are the beft of 
 all others for foldiers. 
 
 Arrian informs us of another ufc 
 made of their tent necelTaries, ** that 
 the^ took the iron pins fitted for pitch- 
 ing, fluck them into the walls and 
 " fcaledthc town !'* 
 
 The moderns are governed by mode, 
 tind the manners of the times force us 
 to give into other people's tafte ! May I 
 not aik here, whether hair, wool or 
 linen keep out and throw off water beft? 
 which is lighteftof carriage in wet wea- 
 ther : v/hi^h is apt to be moft damaged 
 
 by 
 
 €( 
 
 4€ 
 
it 
 
 it 
 
 f€ 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 €t 
 
 ( 93 ) 
 
 by being packed up moid ? and which 
 is chear-eft ? 
 
 It is wonderful with what eale and 
 difpatch they put on and take off the 
 baggage of the beafts of burthen in Tur- 
 key ! " five or fix men only unloaded at 
 night, and re-loaded in the morning 
 150 beafts (of which our caravan con- 
 fifted) fo readily, with fo much eafc 
 and quiet, that we hardly perceived it ! 
 three men will charge an hundred 
 camels in about a quarter of an hour !" 
 Belon fhew.s how it. is performed. 
 
 Long experience hath made the Mo- 
 gul's army fo prom.pt in pitching, ftrik- 
 ing and loading their tents, 'tis incredi- 
 ble! and for the fame reafon cf prac- 
 tice, his camp has all the order and con- 
 venience this way of lodging is capable 
 of. Therefore officers fkilled in caftra- 
 metation are to confider, whether art can 
 make any improvement with us ? One 
 particular of the Mogul's troops is, 
 " every perfon, according to his ftation 
 •* and bulinefs, has the fame fpace and 
 " place in every camp," as the Romans 
 had. 
 
 
 'V;t ■ '■'. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 I ■.• 
 
 ♦ ; 
 
 1 * jh!" ■ . J ■ 
 
 
 ^^ i \ 
 
 
 
 •?--r;^^ ,;. 
 
 Roman 
 
!{'rK 
 
 Z I 
 
 ( 94 ) 
 
 RoiviAN arnTilcs were not to Ilea night 
 in the field but in camps intrenched, the 
 advantages of which were, 
 
 1. They were not to be furprized. 
 
 2. They flcpt in fecurity with fewer 
 guards. 
 
 3. Order and quiet were better pre- 
 fervcd.' 
 
 i V4. The lick arid wounded were better 
 attended to, and out of danger of the 
 enemy. 
 
 5. Their cavdryhad no night guards. 
 
 6. Discipline and the fecret better 
 kept. 
 
 7. The country was lefs harraffed. 
 
 8. The araiy had a flrong-hold 
 wherever they were in the enemy's coun- 
 try ; and a fure retreat in cafe of any 
 misfortune in battle. 
 
 Constant pradice had made them 
 fo expert in field fortificatipn, that it 
 was done in two hours by the number 
 gf men the camp was defigned for, and 
 Pompey's at Pharfalia contained 55,000 
 infantry with 7000 cavalry, &c. &c ! 
 
 As 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 As it was a fundamental of their mi- 
 litary conflitution not to hazard a battle 
 'till they had compleated their camp, 
 Paulus iEmilius fufpended the ardour of 
 the troops from engaging, for the reafon 
 principally that his was not fortified; 
 therefore the military tribunes, that com- 
 manded the river Alia, were reproached 
 for fighting before they had chofen 
 camp, or intrenched themfelves. Cxfar 
 reftraincd his met. from purfuing the 
 enemy, becaufe it was nigh dark, and he 
 wou'd not have time to intrench and 
 fortify ; but, on another occa£on, hav-^ 
 ing routed them, while the purfuit laft* 
 cd, he drew oiF a legion in order to lay 
 out and prepare the camp. 
 
 Each foldier carried on a inarch a pal- 
 lifade, which was a ftrong branch ; in the 
 trimming of it h^ left 3 or 4 boughs ot 
 twigs on one iide, fliarpencd to a point 
 and hardened in the fire ; the camp being 
 marked out, the whole (only quitting 
 their ihields) fct about digging the ditch, 
 commonly nine feet deep when near an 
 enemy : of the earth flung up they made 
 atampart 4 or 5 feet high, which was 
 ftrengthenedon the outfide by fixing thefc 
 pallifades deep in the ground fo clofe, 
 ■' that 
 
 
 « ■ 
 
 : .Hi 
 
 ■:,h- ..•■H3; 
 
 ■),♦' 
 
 4 
 
 
 'M',t3\l 
 
4> 
 
 
 
 
 ( 96 ) 
 
 that the (harp boughs might cfofs ob- 
 jiqucly with their points outwards j in 
 this manner they fupported each other, 
 and formed an hedge bridling with 
 thorns very difficult to penetrate. Poly- 
 bius (from whom we have this defcrip- 
 tion) agrees that the Greeks were not 
 comparable to the Romans in this ref- 
 pedl. The camp forming always a 
 fquare, there was a gate,* or fally-port 
 on each face leading acrofs the rampart 
 and ditch where guards were ported, the 
 being abfent or flraggling from which 
 was puniflied with Death; befixies 
 thefe, a number of foldiers were ordered 
 as a picquet ready to march on the 
 fhorteft notice. We admire with juftice 
 the order, difcipline and detail of the 
 fervice of the Romans, as well as their 
 attention to inllrudt ; who, from the 
 triburc to the centinel, knew precifcly 
 their duty on every diTerent occafion. 
 
 Polybius 
 
 * See Jofephus as to the order of a Roman jamp. 
 Tacitus mentions the augurial gate, whick it iuppofed 
 to be fame with the 
 
 Prffitorian, 
 
 5?. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 £♦ 3 
 
 
 tr n 
 
 ^• 
 
 7P^ 
 
 
 Ha"' 
 •n-S 
 
 =^ o 
 
 ♦•5 
 
 # 
 
 Decumen, or gate in the rear, 
 through which Pompey redi 4 in hafte after Pharfalia ! 
 
fs ob- 
 is ) in 
 other, 
 r with 
 ' Poly- 
 cfcrip- 
 :rc not 
 lis rcf- 
 wvays a 
 lly-port 
 rampart 
 led, the 
 I which 
 
 befides 
 ordered 
 
 on the 
 
 fjuftice 
 of the 
 as their 
 •om the 
 recifcly 
 ccafion. 
 olybius 
 
 lan camp. 
 [ii iuppofed 
 
 # 
 
 In the rear, 
 Pharfaiia I 
 
 ( 97 ) 
 
 Polybius lays down this model to all 
 belligerent powers. 
 
 . The moderns encamp in lines ; the 
 referve (when the general is pleafed to 
 have one) is either in front, rear,' right 
 or left of the army, as it may befl: afford 
 protedion to the people bringing provi- 
 fion to fell. Wherever it be, it is ari 
 invariable practice, that it is not only 
 out of all infult, but in perfedl fecurity. 
 The court of France (not the commander 
 in chief) always nominates a favourite 
 general to command this body, wh6 is 
 not removeable from it, but by the fame 
 authority J formerly there was no infan- 
 try in this Corps, as cavalry more ex-^ 
 peditioufly gained the poft ncceflary : 
 but experience hath taught us, in the 
 late wars, of what importance it is ta 
 have battalions interlined therewith, 
 
 ■f » ' • 
 
 The incampment never devances the 
 troops, when there is any probability of 
 it's being molefted by the adverfary ; but 
 accompanies them till fuch time rs the 
 whole approach the terreln to be occu- 
 pied, when the army will halt in co- 
 lumns or otherwife, while the ground is 
 
 marking out. 
 
 . . H Camps 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r,y.r- 
 
 
 

 ( 98 ) 
 
 Campb of abode ought to be fur- 
 rounded with cavalry and infantry inter- 
 mixed ; thofe of paHagc depend on the 
 general's will for their fccurity. A guard 
 of horfe, well pr fled and vigilant, isfeU 
 dom carried off; it may be attacked, 
 nay beaten, if the officer engages in an 
 affair, in (lead of prudently retiring, 'till 
 on his intelligcnc*; the piquets arrive to 
 fuftain him : the carrying of a guard is 
 rather of eclat to the individual than ad- 
 vantage to the public, 
 
 A CAMP generally receives the name 
 of the village marked for head quarters, 
 which (hould (if pradicable) be behind 
 the centre of the lines, out of cannon 
 fhot of the enemy, and not liable to be 
 invefted ; to obtain the one and avoid 
 the other, prefer an indifferent bourg to 
 a grand one : the.incampment to be nigh 
 rivers, brooks, to get water abundantly 
 convenient, and the field of battle in 
 front of the firfl: line ; but neither com- 
 manded by heights or eminences from 
 whence artillery may incommode them. 
 To prcferve fufficient water for a nume- 
 rous body out of a fmall rivulet requires 
 great attention ; no horfes admitted to 
 ride in ;' no linen waihed there ; no ket- 
 tles, 
 
c fur- 
 in tcr- 
 on the 
 i guard 
 , is fcl- 
 tacked» 
 s in an 
 
 ,g, 'till 
 
 irrivc to 
 guard i« 
 .han ad- 
 
 f cannon 
 ble to be 
 nd avoid 
 bourg to 
 be nigh 
 undantly 
 attic in 
 er com- 
 es from 
 c them, 
 a nume- 
 requires 
 itted to 
 no ket- 
 tlesi 
 
 ( 99 ) 
 
 ties, or any thing dirty to approach it ; 
 but every one to draw in clean buckets 
 what is wanting. To have this obeyed 
 with flridnefs and punctuality, place 
 centinels on purpofe : by incamping al- 
 ways in the fame manner (as much as 
 the ground permits) the troops will be 
 acculiomed to their flations, and readier 
 in turning out when required : but take 
 care (wherever you pitch) to have it in 
 your power to decamp at a moment, as 
 well as not to be overflowed by the ene- 
 my* or torrents from mountains. 
 
 A CAMP fhou*d never be too near a 
 narrow river, unlefs you poflcfs both iides 
 of it i for othcrvvife the oppofite fmall 
 arms wou'd greatly annoy it; there ftiou'd 
 be feveral avenues in the rear to retreaf 
 by without embarraffment. For which 
 purpofe, 'tis material to guard veil all 
 defiles leading that way ', but if you are 
 compelled to remain in one againd your 
 will, and want water, experience teaches 
 us to dig wells ; and by dint of labour^ 
 it \yiU be fov^nd : if muddy, you mufl 
 then decamp at all hazards to avoid 
 jicknefs. Hilly grounds are the healthieft 
 and ftrongeft, becaufe the alTailants are 
 generally out of breath in forcing them : 
 
 H 2 but 
 
 
 !1 
 
 •'•■'■"If 
 
 ■■■'.i.r ■.'■ t 
 
 

 
 
 ^%m 
 
 ( i<50 ) 
 
 but the fafeft camp is that under the 
 cannon of a town. 
 
 Every officer knows (or ought to 
 know) what is proper for the interior 
 police of a camp, where the army is to 
 remain ; alJ filth from butcheries, dead 
 horfes, dogs, and the old neceflary houfes 
 to be covered and filled up with earth : 
 thefe cares fall upon the majors of re- 
 giments. The count^-y people fhou'd 
 be prohibited from fleeping flax or hemp 
 in the waters that run by your ground^ 
 for at leall 20 miles about it. Stagnated 
 ponds or marflies fhou'd be drained ; and 
 what is flill of more confequence, the 
 foldiers kept in from flraggling, or ma- 
 rauding : they will either delert, or be 
 murdered by the peafants ; frequent roll- 
 calling only can prevent thefe lofTes. 
 
 • If the fcene of adlion lies in an open* 
 level country, it is neceflary that one 
 fourth of your army be compofed of 
 cavalry : but if in a mountainous, woody, 
 and clofe diftridl, then a feventh part, or 
 Icfs may fuffice. 
 
 it'll *^fi • *j|; 
 
 PREPARATIVES 
 
( 
 
 lOl ) 
 
 /••■■A, 
 
 PREPARATIVES of WAR* 
 
 THESE are difciplined men, money, 
 ammunition, provifion, hofpitals, 
 guides, fpies, &c. &c. but firft of dif* 
 cipline, on the exadl obfervation of 
 which depends the prefervation of an 
 army, that of a country and fuccefs of 
 cnterprize. Severity ought never to be 
 relaxed on this article, for vi^ithout it 
 troops are more pernicious than ufeful ; 
 more formidable to their friends than 
 foes ! it requires time indeed to difci* 
 pljne and make men martial, but the 
 trouble is amply requited by the confe- 
 quencts ; they obey and fight better for 
 it. Soldiers ftiou'd very rarely be par- 
 doned a crime ; the fear of punifhmeut 
 reftrains them more than clemency : at 
 the fame time, any great action of theirs 
 fhould not be buried in oblivion, but 
 praifed andrecompenfed. Crimes capital, 
 among all regular armies in Europe, are 
 facrilege, treafon, murder, defertion, 
 theft, difobedience in important matters, 
 mutiny, &c. &c. — In corporal punifti-. 
 ments, fome reg^'ments drum out the 
 delinquent immediately after inflidlion. 
 
 H 
 
 It 
 
 
 ^^{ 
 
 « ': 
 
 
 
 f^J, 
 
 
 
 >.l 
 
 
 '* 
 
 V 
 
 -1. 
 
 
 
r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ii:fe:'i4 
 
 
 Mil' ' '^^^ 
 
 ( 102 ) 
 
 It 18 of equal importance that foldiers 
 appointed to the battering and field pieces 
 fhou'd be thoroughly inftiafted and well 
 trained to them i as it hath been fre- 
 quently remarked, the guns arc feldom 
 well pointed or ferved ; which will oc- 
 cafion unequal firings, and of little efFedt: 
 to fire true, the platforms fhou'd be fo- 
 lidly firm, not pliant ; the powder all of 
 one fort ; which if you change the fliot 
 varies. 
 
 The advantage of good, and the fa- 
 tality of bad are fo certain, 'tis amazing 
 difcipline ihould be fo negleded among 
 us, by contenting ourfelves with evolu- 
 tions and the manual exercife, which 
 compofe but a part of it ! and in which 
 the ufe of the legs is perhaps of more 
 utility than, that of the h^'ids ; as we 
 find Caefar (in a cafe of extremity) teach- 
 ing his men a ftep they had not before 
 been accuilomed to. 
 
 m 
 
 III dffciplined troops confine the ta- 
 lents of :he general -, good ones give 
 fcope to his genius ; as for inftance, Peter 
 the great and his Mufcovites : a great 
 captain will do fomething with bad, 
 while the beft are of fmall fervice under 
 
 an 
 
C 103 ) 
 
 ^h infafficient commander. The roman 
 youth vied with each other in valour, 
 obedience and difcipline : the latter pre- 
 ferves armies ; the want of it has deflroycd 
 many. Misfortune in the field was paffed 
 over gently by the ancients, but n^glcdk 
 and tranfgrefiion of difcipline were un- 
 pardonable and punifhed : no fufFcring 
 was thought too fevcre for them who en- 
 deavoured to perfuade others to a con- 
 tempt of it, or relaxation from labour ; 
 or who openly or fecretly ftirred up dif- 
 content. The fpirit of fedition or cabal, 
 (which is a fpecies of madncfs) fhou'd be 
 extirpated ; as nothing is more pernici- 
 ous to armies, whether the patient be of 
 rank or not : for we know as well as they 
 did in the days of yore, that any conta- 
 gion which afFedts difcipline weakens 
 troops more than ficknefs ; but we are 
 not fo careful to prevent, much lefs to 
 avoid the contagion of mili^^^ary virtues, 
 as we do that of diftempers. Our exer^ 
 etfe, how feeble is it in comparifon of 
 theirs ! they never taught any motion but 
 what was neceflary in adion or in march- 
 ing ; they {hewed the eafieft way of per- 
 forming it ; and diftinguiflied them who 
 joined addrefs to valour ; preferred con- 
 dudt to bravery and the wifdom of pre- 
 venting 
 
 
 w. ' ^\ 
 
 '•&• 
 
 
 iS* 
 
 
 i:^^ 
 
 \i. 
 
 ■A iL, 
 
 •■■: «■ 
 
 
 :'*.-';■ "■■' ■ 
 
 4 
 
 ■ 'A 
 
 ^r'-::.\ 
 
 1 . i . I, 
 
 
 ; ^V^. 
 

 
 { 104 ) 
 
 venting faults to the difagreeable remedy 
 of punifhing them. It was their Gonftant 
 maxim, that war fliou'd in fome degree 
 fupportitfelf ; not to make peace but when 
 vidtorious, and to fubjedt as well as fub-» 
 due ; therefore they never deftroyed the 
 people or wafted their country : They 
 were not to kill an enemy that fubmitted, 
 or even to fell him ; fenfible that the 
 power of the ftate confifted more in the 
 number of the people than in the extent 
 of territory, and that they could never 
 ' want land who had troops fufficient to 
 conquer it. 
 
 
 1:? 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Obedience is the foundation of dif- 
 cipline, and there was no other way to 
 preferment among the Romans, than 
 through this rugged path 5 it was made 
 the firft ftep towards command, and that 
 over one's felf is'^a great recommendation 
 to the command of others. Marius re- 
 marks, " They envy the dignity which 
 ** the free choice of the people has con- 
 ** ferred upon me ! Why don't they envy 
 ** the pains and perils I have gone 
 *' through ? the wounds I have received 
 *' in battle ? I have obtained command 
 ** by long obedience, they wou'd com- 
 ** mand without having obeyed !" Livy 
 
 ^ tells 
 
( '^os ) 
 
 tells us of 40 Knights being degraded by 
 the cenfors for difobedience ! and Pliny, 
 ** that the cenfors deprived a reman 
 ** knight for a pert anfwt , which was 
 ** difobedience to refpedt eftablifhed by 
 " authority." From good difciplinc and 
 the manners of the times, the ancients 
 had fewer wants and were more abfte- 
 piious.. 
 
 
 r-' 
 
 ♦.: 
 
 
 ■t. 
 
 ,',»1 
 
 (*i- 
 
 ^;1- 
 
 
 
 ^ii,.&^ 
 ^4* 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 4 A > TO/, 
 
( 106 ) 
 
 M O N E Y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 U'^, jK 
 
 
 ALL the world acknowledge this 
 article to be the finew of war, for 
 without it all is flagnated ! it ought to 
 be proportioned to the confumption ne- 
 celTary, for the French fay, *' foirtt 
 d' argent point de fuijje /" and we, ** no 
 " longer pipe no longer dance !" and fo 
 I difmifs this ingredient, with what 
 Pericles told the Athenians, " that war 
 ** muft be carried on by a flock of mo- 
 *^ ney, and not by the tardy donations of 
 •* allies or fuch taxes as they could col- 
 *' led: ; that want of a fund wou'd be the 
 ** enemies greateft hindrance, as it muft 
 ** come in lo flowly; and the having none 
 ** beforehand, retard their operations 
 *' and /ruftrate opportunities : for that 
 ** fuccefs* depended on a ftore of coin/* 
 
 ^ ;*''/-| 
 
 h\ 
 
 It 
 
 
 Formerly ftateslaidbyanannualfum 
 facred to war alone. Glory was made 
 a fund among the ancients ! it fpared 
 the public treafure ; lengthened out pro- 
 vilions J fhortened painful marches ; 
 lightened labour, and was inexhauftible ! 
 
 ' but 
 
 " • Tkc rebels then muft ever be unfaccefsful \ 
 
( ^«7 i 
 
 but when gold became preferable to 
 glory, both were rendered Icfs ferviceable. 
 
 Oeconomy is a fund, without which 
 the greateft provifion and income will 
 be infufficient, and is of more advan- 
 tage in war than in any other caufe of 
 expence : goqd difcipline with a fmall 
 bank will do more than the largeft trea« 
 fure without it ! 
 
 " ' ^ .'I. V 
 
 J 
 
 
 ■J] 
 
 ' C .: ".■■■' 
 '■''■,' 
 
 
 ■(».,>; •"' 
 
 -■■;,• , i: 
 
 ';..- * . -J: 
 
 .? 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 .3'i , 4. »,| 
 
 AMMUNITION, 
 
( io8 > 
 
 I: 
 
 Ik 'r'^tTi 
 
 
 Jit; <^ h -^ ■? ■ '■■■', - I 
 
 
 
 l'*i! 
 
 ll! 
 
 AMMUNITION, PROVISION. 
 
 THEREb'eing partlcuhr diredors 
 for thefe departments,! (hall only 
 remark, that the commiffaries and pro- 
 voft form regulations in regard to the 
 latter, compairing the firft coft, and 
 making allowances for danger and trou- 
 ble. Every fuccefs may be expedted from 
 troops well fupplied with both. A 
 French officer fays, " an army is a mon- 
 ** flcr for whofe belly you muft provide 
 ** nourifhment before it can move !" 
 Defertion, ficknefs, negledl of duty, ani- 
 mofity of the peafant defending his pro- 
 perty will be the effeds of want, fcarcity 
 or bad provilions ! ammunition bread to 
 be made particularly good ; therefore 'tis 
 bed to have portable ovens of iron (like 
 the Pruffians) to bake on the march, as 
 a waggon will carry in flower three times 
 the quantity that it can in loaves. 
 Butcher's meat never to be ferved to the 
 foldiers frefh killed, becaufe it is heavier 
 hot than cold, by which they are cheated 
 ill their weight ; beer and fpirits are not 
 fo necellary, as both may be difpenfed 
 with : but profit draws retailers of each 
 after a camp. 
 
 BREAD 
 
[ON. 
 
 rectors 
 ill only 
 id pro- 
 to the 
 I, and 
 d trou- 
 :d from 
 :h. A 
 a mon- 
 provide 
 move I 
 ty, ani- 
 lis pro- 
 fcarcity 
 
 EAD 
 
 ( 109 ) 
 
 • • ■ • 
 
 BREAD AKD CORN. 
 
 I^SAR follovi^ed the Swifs for i^ 
 days together in fuch a manner, 
 that his van and thc'ir rear were hardly 
 more than five miles afunder at any time ; 
 but as the period for delivering out corn 
 approached, the foldiers having only for 
 three days remaining about them, he gave 
 up the purfuit. What a weight muft 
 each man have carried ! for every one 
 •was allowed a modus oi wheat for 8 
 days, which amounted to two pounds 
 and an half per dieni 5 and Pliny au- 
 thorizes me to fay, ** a modus weighed 
 ** about twenty pounds,'* and the brCad 
 made of it one third more than the corn ! 
 the allowance was large, becaufe it was 
 the readied, wholefomeft and heartieft 
 food for mankind, and the foldiers ac- 
 commodated it feveral ways for his ufe : 
 he baked cakes, drefTed frumety, and 
 boiled it in milk or water with other 
 things mixed ; it is faid, what we call 
 howiy wheat derives from this. 
 
 Every legionary always carried 8 
 days bread, twice and thrice as much on 
 fuch extraordinary occalions as a forced 
 
 march. 
 
 
 r ( 
 
 ,i ' 
 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 -w 
 
 '^s*s- 
 
 'i ' 
 
 i ■ 1 
 
 
 
 ,t ,.'■ *;■- • 
 
 
 -Mm 
 
 -■■^. 
 
 '■''y"A 
 
 !■■ '.— HI 
 
 '■■'i ■'■ ■'.-■'TE: |li 
 

 ( n© ) 
 
 march, or fudden irruption into an ene- 
 my's territory j by which the charges of 
 the army were much Icflened, and the fol- 
 diers readier for any enterprise than thoCe 
 who rely on mills, bakers and oveps ; for 
 they were bred to depend on themfelves 
 in feeding and fighting, and as little on 
 others as pofTible ; befides all difcovery 
 of their lituation was obfcured by having 
 no fires in their camp to drefs vidtual^ 
 with. 
 
 Marshal Turenne acknowledges, 
 ** that as the french troops under hi§ 
 ** command were accuflomcd to have 
 •* bread found them, and cou*d not leavei> 
 **it themfelves as the germane did, he 
 ** was not able to follow and h^^rafs the 
 ** enemy," the Ruffians at this time 
 ferve their armies with wheaten meal 
 inflcad of bre^d. 
 
 The Romans that received orders to 
 take 22 days corn with thep, 6cc, 6cc. 
 it is imagined to be a miilake, and the 
 burthen too much for the foldiers to 
 fupport together with their arms and 
 neccfTaries : though Livy and Cicero both 
 mention their carrying a month's allow- 
 ance 1 Vegetius alfo recommends exer- 
 
 cifing 
 
 
 '1 ^ 
 
 L. 'y 
 
 1* 
 
n cne- 
 rges of 
 he fol- 
 [1 thofe 
 )s i for 
 jifelvcs 
 ttlc on 
 fcovcry 
 having 
 vidtual^ 
 
 fledges, 
 der hi^ 
 :o have 
 a leavei> 
 did, he 
 Lrafs tUc 
 is time 
 III meal 
 
 ( "1 
 
 
 cifing the young recruits, with fixty reman 
 pounds weight, a jufl days march, which 
 was twenty of their miles. 
 
 (( 
 
 «( 
 
 ** As foon as the (lorefhips arrived, 
 the proconful fent the cohorts one after 
 ' another to the port by the fhorteft 
 foot-path ; there they loaded themfelves 
 •* with corn, and foon reftored plenty." 
 
 In queen Anne's war two pence wa« 
 flopped from each man for a ration or 
 two days bread, which only coft the 
 government feven farthings ! In Flanders, 
 the general (it was faid) took the farthing 
 to himfelf ; in Spain, the duke of Argyle 
 let the captain have it ; but in both cafes 
 the foldier was wronged ! which fhou'd 
 never be fuiFcred ! 
 
 , : T^i 
 
 
 4^ "' 
 
 ■' i. ♦! 
 
 ■■'■ -i- '\- ''■ «■' \ 
 
 SUSTENANCE; 
 
 f,'^. 
 
 .^tw&:^i:'d4 
 
 'Si; 
 
 
 
 -smMm 
 
( 112 ) 
 
 ( SUSTENANCE. 
 
 THE Lacedemonians fuftained their 
 army at great hazard and expence 
 in the ifland of Sphadteria ; and, amongft 
 other nourifhments, lent them bottles 
 full of poppies tempered with honey and 
 pounded Jinfced ; .which mufl: have 
 been of vaft efficacy, confidering the coft 
 and difficuky of traniporting them. 
 
 While Protogches was painting the 
 celebrated picture of lalyfas, he lived 
 upon boiled lupines only, which fatisHed 
 hunger and thirit at the fame time. 
 
 In Sardinia, the Romans found a root 
 called Clara, of which they made bread ; 
 they afterwards difcovered it about Dy- 
 racchium, and put it to the fame ufe. 
 May not this be the yam of the Weft 
 Indies ? 
 
 In the mertiorable retreat of the 
 10,000 Greeks, they met with quantities 
 of beehives in fome of the villages they 
 quartered in, and eat greedily of the ho- 
 ney ! Xenophon will inform you of the 
 ftrangc eife^s of it. The flowres, the 
 / . bees 
 
E. 
 
 4 , 
 
 led their 
 expcnce 
 amongft 
 L . bottles 
 Dney and 
 ft have 
 the coft 
 em. 
 
 ting the 
 be lived 
 fatisfied 
 ne. 
 
 id a root 
 e bread; 
 out Dy- 
 me ufe. 
 le Weft 
 
 of the 
 uantities 
 ges they 
 
 the ho- 
 
 i of the 
 
 res, the 
 
 bees 
 
 fT»n J vegetables ? Confulf n 
 ^^^n, and particulirlu ok ~"'^'t l^r. 
 
 feed on any roots they Su'lfi 7"' '° 
 
 that cat it, and killed ,1 • '"^'no"'/ 
 time ! I rememhit ^^"^ '" » kittle 
 
 after •he meal T^ T"''-' .""'"^'^"tely 
 and giddine? ' ^fttrin ' ^''^^"^^ 
 
 E^'od fubftitute for Lytn "T ^T ^ 
 was very fcarce in iTrr ^°"°"' ^^'^J* 
 
 r 
 
 (^ 
 
 LIQUOR. 
 
 ■■• :^« 
 
 
 •if 
 
 '^y^m 
 
 ^ -^'I '-.'i.v'J 
 
 
 IP/. .- '■•''i.-'Sj 
 
 
( tH ) 
 
 iimm 
 
 ■«' ''^■'i•'fc'• 
 »^•^;^'li■ 
 
 [ft: P;] ?;»"•■ 
 Ijil','' t ■* ,i 
 
 mi 
 
 mm 
 
 LI Q^U O Ri 
 
 PLATO and Ariftotle acquaint ii^ 
 that the Carthaginians prohibited 
 drinking wine in their army ; the foldi-* 
 cry were only allowed water except on 
 cxtraordjnafy occalions ; when they un- 
 dertook any painful labour a little vine-* 
 gar was ferved out to them : Hannibal 
 was forced to cut ways through the Alps 
 ty inccflant toil and fatigue of his troops^ 
 for which he frequently refreihed them 
 with vinegar, which gave rife to the 
 fable of fplitting rocks with that acid ; 
 and for the fame reafon it became one 
 of the articles of provifion in the roman 
 camp; but long before thefe time j the 
 Jews recruited the fainting fpirits of la-* 
 tourers in harveft-feafon with vinegar* 
 See the ftory of Boaz and Ruth, in the 
 bible* 
 
 Wii^E given to them mnch fatigued 
 and fpent is hurtful ! therefore Hedlor 
 lefufes the juice of the grape which He- 
 cuba tendered to him after a long com- 
 bat, and gives the above reafon. Moft 
 of the moderns are entirely of a contrary 
 
 ^» , opinion i 
 
( "5 ) 
 
 Opinion ; for if we wou*d ufe it in mode- 
 ration, wc (hou'd have no occafion for 
 any other medicine. 
 
 j^mh de la bouche & du ceeur^ 
 Aimable & Juperbe Vainjueur ! 
 
 
 V',: 
 
 ■ t 
 
 -'^!lF 
 
 1 .1 
 
 ♦«£/• •jy* ^f•»* nA^ "iV* 
 
 
 I2 
 
 HOSPITALS; 
 
 ,l» ,, 
 
 
 ,■ 
 
 . *'•',•,* 
 
 
 
 t 
 4'- 
 
 :;"•;'•;■;;-- 1|-( 
 
 
 
 
 K,:-''ii 
 
 
 ^j--X^;' ^jlj^^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 
U : 
 
 ( n6 ) 
 
 '^*-^'j'j 
 
 iff i»^ "V ., 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 
 LYCURGUS was the firft among 
 thcgrecians that introduced hospi- 
 tals for the comfort of his fellow crea- 
 tures ; and an army without them will 
 perifh very foon, from the aftions in a 
 campaign and diflempers attendant on 
 camps ! they are of two kinds, thofe 
 cftablifhed in towns, and thofe that fol- 
 low the troops ; the latter ought to have 
 many more furgeons than phyiicians or 
 apothecaries, as well as anumber of wag- 
 gons for conveying their implements, dref- 
 iings and every thing ufeful. When the 
 carriages bring bread to camp, it is ufual 
 to fend back in them, to the hofpitals in 
 garrifor , fuch of the fick and wounded 
 as have the worft cafe§ ; for which reafon 
 they are ordered to alTemble at the pro- 
 viiion park at the time of delivery ; but 
 as the drivers too frequently treat them 
 ill on the road, nay fometimes abandon 
 them flicking in floughs, it will not be 
 amifs to fend careful people with them 
 to prevent this barbarous inhumanity. 
 
 I 
 
 GUIDES. 
 
 I'. IV 
 
 Wl^ t •' 
 
 
nong 
 ofpi- 
 crea- 
 L will 
 
 ia a 
 It on 
 thofe 
 It fol- 
 )have 
 ans or 
 "wag- 
 ,dref- 
 en the 
 s ufual 
 itals in 
 unded 
 reafon 
 pro- 
 but 
 
 them 
 
 andon 
 hot be 
 them 
 
 ity. 
 
 ^i 
 
 ES, 
 
 ( 117 ) 
 GUIDES, 
 
 IN an army, are as the eyes to the body ! 
 feed well and pay high to thefe ne- 
 ceflary people : there is always a captain 
 of the guides furnifhed with a number 
 of horfes to mount them when they are 
 to lead cavalry ; and you change and 
 renew them as faft as you penetrate into 
 countries they are ftrangers to. After 
 they have been examined y^/»^r^/^^ about 
 the roads you intend to march by, they 
 fhou'd be guarded afunder, but not to 
 create fufpicion, left they efcape and give 
 intelligence. Each, column is to have 
 one of them at it's head, who fhou'd be 
 carefully watched on night-marches for 
 the ^bove reafon ; and if you fall in with 
 the enemy, he fhould be tied,* bccaufe 
 
 I 3 the 
 
 • We have fo many examples of guides (fome event 
 fent by the adverfary) conducing detachments in dark- 
 nefs, leading them de^gnedly into deilrudtion, and 
 giving the flip at the time of execution, that on& can- 
 not be to vigilant on fuch occafions — Appian relates, 
 ♦* The fenate having employed Cervilius to march 
 " ag-iinrt the Lufitanians, Pompedius (a general in the 
 ** enemy's fervice) difguifing himfelf, comes and ofters 
 " his affiftance to the roman to carry off a: large body 
 " of the rebels. Cervilius takes the bait, follows his 
 ** falfe guide into an ambufcade, where he is nofooner 
 <* arrived, than furrounded ; and all his people cu( 
 *' to piecej l*J 
 
 Ik 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 "H 
 
 
 it':'-; 
 
 , " .. i 
 
 
( "8 ) 
 
 the apprehenfion of danger will make 
 him try every effort to get out of it. The 
 captain ought to be an officer of ability, 
 convcrfant in many languages, and al- 
 ways attendant on the commander ia 
 chief when he rides out. 
 
 i%VK||il. 
 
 In 1691, Feuquircs ; vaging Savoy, furprized Sa- 
 villan, which ought to have ftood a fiege. The Sa- 
 voyards nettled to the quick, hired an able country- 
 fellow to go to the french general with particular intel- 
 ligence how he might carry ofF the garrifon of Veil- 
 lane, which relieved every fifteen days : The Marquis 
 immediately formed the plan ; but, upon reiterated 
 queftions to the peafant, fo^nd him fo well inilru£le4 
 in his leffon, that he began to diftruf^. Neverthelefs, 
 fixing the day of execution, he dn the morn of it gavo 
 
 {)rivately counter orders, and put it off for fifteen days 
 onger ; and going himfelf to reconnoitre the motion? 
 of the enemy, found them in every efTeflual diijpofitio|i 
 utterly to exterminate himfelf and men. 
 
 lr!t'' 
 
 SPIES. 
 
'-": m 
 
 < "9 ) 
 
 SPIES. 
 
 REFUSE none, but miftrutt all f 
 for if it be a dangerous profeflion^ 
 'tis equally hazardous to him that dei!> 
 pends on their intelligence. This is a 
 large field to treat of, for you ought to 
 have ffom the court to the cabbin ; 
 ftatefmenjf foldjers, clergy and country-* 
 men : fow them in the enemy's camp 
 without their knowing each other ; and 
 when you write to one of them, fign il 
 with the nam^ of his relation, that in 
 cafe the letter be intercepted, it may 
 appear to come from his own family, 
 who only en(|uire after him« desiring ^ 
 little news. 
 
 
 '■t ■ • . .'.''kligi, 
 
 " '.¥m 
 
 I 
 
 Spies fliou'd infinuate themfelves into 
 the fervice of the commander in chief^ 
 and other officers of diflindlion, who 
 are generally fond of englifh horfes and 
 grooms ; But beware they have not re-r 
 ceived Joui/e fees \ for this js fometimes 
 the cafe in armies, as well as elfewhere I 
 if you find their reports agree with thofc 
 of the country people coming to market, 
 execute your enterprize without further 
 (neiitation* I fliall clofe this boundlefs 
 
 fubjeft 
 
 
 v^\ 
 
 % , 
 
 ■*'fci 
 
 I '■ »■.'• '■ ■■■■ V; 
 
"•Hill 
 
 lir- 
 
 
 ./ 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 .":^-*i; 
 
 ■!JS.« 
 
 
 <;M: '(fl 
 
 t 120 ) 
 
 fubjedt by a few obfervations (viz.) that 
 an engineer may be employed in this 
 dangerous errand, with great fafety and 
 no dij(credit (it being for the public-weal) 
 by attending an officer with a flag of 
 truce asi his livery fervant, whofe horfe 
 he may lead about during the parley, 
 pretending left by hard riding he may 
 catch cold ; and in that manner make all 
 the obfervations he can for the fcrvice of 
 his country.' 
 
 'Tis not impolitic, when you appre- 
 hend a traitor among your Spies, to ap- 
 pear to believe him ; as you may thro' 
 him deceive the adverfary, by employing 
 hini in a matter you have no intention 
 to execute, and which he will not fail 
 to communicate to your antagonift» — 
 Other things to be guarded againft, are 
 thofe fkulking about your own camp, 
 who fhould alfo be informed of the di- 
 red: contrary march or enterprize you 
 intend to undertake : thefe methods anf- 
 wer better purpofes than hanging them. 
 They muft be all well paid, either by 
 the lump or annual penlion, if their fer- 
 vices merit one or t'other ; and if it be 
 true that the great duke of Marlborough 
 once gave £, io,ooo, to a Spy, I wou'd 
 ; •' advife 
 
( t2I ) 
 
 advife his fucceflbrs in command and 
 council, " never to lofe the hog for an 
 ** halfpenny worth of tar !" 
 
 Having run over the neceflaria pre- 
 mifed to preparative war, I beg leave to 
 touch a little en pajjanty on a few of it's 
 concomitants. Viz. baggage in general, 
 fauvegardes, pafleports, fecret money, 
 contributions and prifoners. Under the 
 firft head I include the whole impedh" 
 menta bellif the march of which muft be 
 fo regulated as never to interfere|| with 
 the lines, and wheel-carriages reduced 
 in number as much as pofTible, becaufc 
 they break up the highways ! Mules and 
 pack-horfes are eafier moved from camp 
 to camp, for they can crofs moors and 
 places impradlicable to the former. The 
 hardeft and beft roads to be alTigned the 
 artillery and waggons, as their weight 
 cuts deeper into the ground 3 having 
 
 « this 
 
 'f 
 
 . '■■ V 
 
 II Prince Loiiis de B«iden ordered that all baggage* 
 which went out of the line it ought to keep in, Ihou'd 
 be immediately plundered, not even excepting his 
 own : and the generals, that were dircdled to fee this 
 order obeyed, put it in execution fo putdually as not 
 to fpf i theirs. This was the only method he ever 
 cou'd find to prevent his army's being obftruded on 
 it's march. Might not this pillaging create a confufi- 
 on ? And an enemy in ambufcade take advantage of 
 the difordj^r i 
 
Hi 
 
 ]■'■ ■ 
 
 ■I'jjrui I'. I it'-' Ji*" 
 
 >\ ■ 
 , ft 
 
 ( "2 ) 
 
 tills regard always, not to fend them at 
 any time too great a diflance from the 
 columns. 
 
 With refpedl to fauvegardes, none 
 but the commander in chief can properly 
 grant any; and, *' whofoever of our 
 ** forces employed in foreign parts fhall 
 ** force afauvegarde, (hall fuSer Death," 
 fays the 17th article of the 14th fedliou 
 of the articles of war. 
 
 Passeportes granted to individuals 
 by the powers at war, are by agreement 
 among thefe princes alfo facred. 
 
 Secret fervice money, whereby in- 
 telligences are gained, {hou'd never be 
 enquired into by the government ; for 
 he is unfit to command that wou'd abufe 
 this confidence. 
 
 By the cuflom of war, you may oblige 
 the conquered countries to furnifh la- 
 bourers for working parties, when you 
 have either lines, redoubts, roads to make 
 or repair : you mufl put them under the 
 diredlion of flri(fl: officers, or they won't 
 work in danger. I only mention this, 
 gs I faw it once attempted to be put in 
 
 pradice 
 
i: 
 
 them 2l% 
 roni the 
 
 :s, none 
 
 properly 
 
 of our 
 
 irts fhall 
 
 'EATH," 
 
 I fedtiou 
 
 iividuals 
 jreemen^ 
 
 reby in- 
 
 never be 
 
 ent; for 
 
 'd abufe 
 
 ay oblige 
 rnifli la- 
 hen you 
 I to make 
 nder the 
 ey wpn't 
 ion this, 
 )e put in 
 pradtice 
 
 ( J23 ) 
 
 EraAice at the ficgc of Palais ; but th^ 
 oors were ftubborn, and wou d not ftrikq 
 s^ flroke, 
 
 PosTHUMius, being ftrengthene4 by 
 the alliance of Hiero, reduced one half 
 of his Army ; which made the campaigns 
 lefs expenfive, but their operations iefs 
 adive ! 
 
 Montesquieu obferves, that it is 
 political and oeconomical for princes to 
 keep foreign mercenaries in their fervice, 
 if their dominions be too extenlive for 
 their own ^ but with this caution, they 
 never fhou'd exceed one third of the na- 
 tional troops in the flate, camp, garrifoa 
 or quarters at any time. 
 
 Prisoners of war are allowed by all 
 civilized* nations a ration pf bread per 
 
 day 
 
 * The ravage, barbarous and mod torturing cruel- 
 ties (far exceeding thofe excercifed by papils upoi^ 
 proteftants ia England, Ireland and France) of the 
 american rebels to the king of England's liege fubjefls, 
 totally excludes thefe mifcreants from any chriilian 
 appellation whatever ! \ will only mention one inftanco 
 ^mong many, which is more infernal than tarring and 
 feathering ? viz. dripping a man naked, putting hinv 
 crofs legs oh a rail full of fplinters (cleft triangularly) 
 the fharpeft edge upward, then carrying him oa 
 jhouldert 'till he expires (for they won't let him fall 
 off*) huzzaing, a tory, a tory ! Monjirum / horrendum i 
 
 
 -l-<^:;( - -Ml 
 
 
 
 1 
 
i.'-<-55«',; 
 
 
 
 H, ■: if- 
 
 1i 
 
 ...'! * 
 
 ( 1^4 5 
 
 day each, and money on account to the 
 Ofiicers ; hen they are numerous, the 
 power, to * horn they belong, generally 
 appoints a perfon to he depended upon 
 among them to pay the reft their daily 
 fuhfiflence, deduding the price of the 
 bread. 
 
 Officers are always allotted a certain 
 extent of country for health fake ; there- 
 fore never fhould exceed their bounds, as 
 it might give a pretence for a clofer con- 
 finement. None, out of frolick, fhou'd 
 ever attempt making their efcapc, as 
 their comrades that remain are in confe- 
 quence (hut up for a while afterwards 1 
 But here, I am fpeaking of the poli(hed 
 potentates of Europe, Alia and Africa 
 only ! 
 
 - An army fhou*d never incumber itfelf 
 with prifoners, *till the battle be over, 
 unlefs fome of high|| rank be taken ; as 
 great incpnveniencies obvious to every 
 body might happen therefrom. 
 
 MILITARY 
 
 II A french Fantaffin having made a prifoncr of con- . 
 fequence, was much importuned by the captire to let 
 him efcape for a purfe of Ducats : to wkich the foldier 
 replied, •* Were you my prifor.er, yotir ranfom fliou'd 
 •' coft you nothing ; but as you are my king's hoftag^, 
 ** neither gold or jcv^els fhail bride me 1" Leiih pr«- 
 ferred him to a regiment ior his ne^It laay of thinking. 
 
every 
 ["ARY 
 
 r of con- 
 ire to let 
 
 e foldier 
 )m Ihou'd 
 & ho flag?, 
 LouJ3 pr«- 
 
 thinking* 
 
 ( "5 ) 
 MILITARY ACTIONS, 
 
 THEIR execution depends on the 
 troops, and fuccels on the good- 
 nel's more than on the number of men ; 
 for bad foldiers confine the talents of a 
 general, are as expenfive as the beft ; on 
 the contrary, genius in a chief, and a con- 
 fidence in the army of themfclves, com- 
 rades and officers, reckon for thoufands 
 and ten thoufands in the day of battle. — 
 Much fervice, with variety of good and 
 bad fortune in many adions of war, will 
 create this confidence, and produce this 
 genius, which are ever improveable by 
 education. 
 
 At the battle of Potidea, Alcybyades 
 being grievoufly wounded, Socrates (who 
 lodged always in the fame tent with him, 
 and fought by his fide on that occafion) 
 defended him when he fell, prevented 
 the enemy from flripping off his arms 
 and getting pufTefTion of his body ! Eight 
 years afterwards, at the battle of Delium, 
 Socrates being hard pufhed in the retreatj 
 Alcibyades ftuck by him and brought 
 hirn off. In the firfl of thefe adtions, 
 that general ferved on foot, in the fecond 
 
 on 
 
 »- 
 
 
 
<«,'• 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 r- 
 
 
 ( I4fl ) 
 
 on horfeback, and Laches higtily cotil* 
 mends the philofopher's valour. 
 
 It hath been remarked that the french 
 armies in germany in 1760, and the hit 
 war loft more men by furprizing pofts, 
 parties, &c. than by general engage- 
 ments : indeed the good will of the 
 people, that fervcd their countrymen as 
 fpies and guides, contributed as much 
 to the misfortune of the french, as the 
 vanity attributed to that nation. The 
 romans were fo vain of doing their duty, 
 that they wou'd not furvive the fhamc of 
 having negledled it. 
 
 Military virtue, or the art of com* 
 manding, like all other ufeful things, is 
 to be reduced to pradlice and exercifed 
 continually. Who can admire a king, 
 that at his age amulec himfelf with ftu- 
 dying inftead of (hewing what he has 
 learnt of war ? Philopicmen fpeaking of 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 A COMMANDER in chief ought not 
 to content himfelf with being virtuous, 
 but (hou'd render thofe fo under his 
 command. The duty of him that go- 
 vcriis is never to advance weak or bad 
 
 men. 
 
 ;mi,- 
 
 m^ 
 
( »i7 ) 
 
 Jllcn, Of give his confidence to fuch as 
 are likely to abiife it, and this lefToa 
 fhou'd be got by heart. 
 
 They that know the fccret, or the 
 fort and foible of the enemy, are better 
 able to hurt him, th^n thofe that are 
 ignorant of it. 
 
 Severity is not feared or appre- 
 hended but by fuch as do amifs, and 
 may be the cfFedt of goodnefs and hu- 
 manity. Plato remarks, ** that the belt 
 general was of little ufe, if his army 
 was undifciplined and difobedient,** 
 thereby intimating, " that the virtue of 
 ** obedience, as that of commanding, 
 «* was owing to a good education," 
 
 ff< 
 
 «< 
 
 % 
 
 ''m 
 
 
 s 
 
 DUTIES 
 
 iit'; ,*r 
 
 
t( I«& J 
 
 
 
 £)UTIES AND OBLIGATIONS, 
 
 MAKE the common good but once 
 a Jh/kwn» and people will give 
 their minds to it, vie w^ith each other in 
 iexpence for it as they do now in gaming, 
 entertainments, equipage and frequent* 
 ing all public places. Read what Simo- 
 Hides fays to Hieiro on the occafion ; and 
 how Philopaemen turned the luxury of 
 the times to the fervice of his country I 
 What prize would they deferve that pro- 
 pofe the moft advantageous fcheme for 
 Converting our vices to the benefit of the 
 community ? What a figure do fomc 
 pations make by a mifapplication of ac- 
 tions, which otherwife might be of the 
 greatefl utility ! 
 
 
 't !l 
 
 IS 
 
 MERIT. 
 

 [ONS, 
 
 lut once 
 ill give 
 other in 
 gaming, 
 equent* 
 It Simo- 
 )n ; and 
 ixury of 
 ountry I 
 hat pro- 
 leme for 
 it of the 
 io fomc 
 n of ac- 
 e of the 
 
 RIT, 
 
 (^29) 
 
 MERIT, Records, Rewards. 
 
 IT^VERY legion kept a regifter of 
 _^ merit, in which the exploits of 
 individuals were recorded I After the 
 taking of Jerufalem, Titus ordered them 
 to be read in full AfTembly, and with 
 praifes, gifts or promotion rewarded each 
 according to defer t- Had we this encou- 
 ragement, what great men wou'd our 
 army produce ! but which among us 
 without intereft (a paltry word indeed) 
 can expedt to be more than a lieutenant 
 colonel after 40 years fcrvice, with pro- 
 baibly the mortification of having fcen 
 many younger officers of power and 
 credit fkip over our heads in that period ? 
 'Tic only in war where talents ecli'pfe 
 favor, and merit takes rank of interefk ? 
 See Liguflius his fpeech for military 
 honors, rewards and a noble way of 
 thinking. 
 
 Cjesar placed a lieutenant at the head 
 of every legion, to be an eyc-witnefs of 
 each man's valour in order to reward itn 
 and then began the battle. What honors 
 he conferred on Scaeva the centurion for 
 his gallant behaviour ! 
 
 K ' When 
 
 
 v!i>f 
 
 • •',*., 
 
 
K' 
 
 
 1^*^53 
 
 *■ • , 
 
 
 i i, »i,', 
 
 'X ?• 
 
 m:. 
 
 Si 
 
 ( «5<^ ) 
 
 WtfEN the Gonful MancJnus fetlfedy 
 the enemy made themfelves mafters of 
 his camp, and among the booty found 
 Ihe public regifters and papers of merit. 
 Is there any trace of the form, purport 
 and method of keeping thefe books, and 
 by whom ? Arrian mentions, feveral that 
 were picked up after the adtion of Gun- 
 gumela, containing orders and difpoli* 
 tions for the troops that day : alfo a book 
 in which was the order of march and 
 battle againft the Alani. When M. Nu- 
 midicus was accufed of extortion, and 
 wou*d have produced his books in hi^ 
 juftification, his reputation Was fo great, 
 that his word was taken without exa- 
 mining his accounts 1 rara avis I 
 
 The prefent king of Portugal re- 
 tvarded the count de la Lippe, for his 
 important fervices, in a new but mofl 
 honorable manner, by prefer ting him 
 with fix pieces of golden cannon and 
 carriages of fuch a weight, that a ftrong 
 man cou*d not fuftain one of them at 
 arms length horizontally, without being 
 ©ver poized. 
 
 The Vth regiment of foot has three 
 diflferent orders for their private men, 
 
 (viz.) 
 

 ( 131 ) 
 
 (viz.) a gilded medal larger than a Jo- 
 hannes hanging on a button at the left 
 lapel by a ribbon (as the Croix de St, 
 Loiiis of France) in the moft confpicuous 
 part, with St. George and the Dragon 
 (the ancient badge of this corps) on one 
 fide, Qver which is this Motto, 
 
 ^0 fata 'vocant ! 
 
 On the revcrfe, Vth. Foot. Merit. 
 Seven years good behaviour entitles a 
 foldier to this honor, with which he is 
 invefted at the head of the battalion, by 
 the hands of the commanding officer. 
 
 The 2d Medal is of iilver as large as 
 a three and four penny piece, and differs 
 only in this rcfpedl from the other. Re- 
 ward of fourteen years military merit. 
 
 The 3d is alfo of filver with this 
 addition. " A. O. after twenty one 
 «* years good and faithful fervice as a 
 " Soldier t hath received from his com- 
 manding officer this honorable tefti- 
 mony of his merit,** He alfo has an 
 oval 43adge of the colour of the facing 
 on his right breaft, embroidered round 
 with wreaths of gold and filver, and in 
 the centre, Merit, in letters of gold. 
 
 K 2 ' The 
 
 cc 
 
 it 
 
 .Mr 
 
 ' -it 
 
 
 AM 
 
 
 ■-■{^ 
 
 ' • .1-. .; 
 
 ' ■■ 
 
 { 
 
Mm/:t^^ 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 km 
 ywm 
 
 ■ , t : 
 
 
 
 ll"i^[.;M 
 
 1" 
 
 
 
 •'B 
 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 -^'1 
 
 ;. 
 
 
 i;.s: 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Mr- 1:1 r 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ( 134 ) 
 
 The foldicrs thus diftinguifficd arc! 
 fuch only as never have in 7, 14 and 21 
 years incurred the cenfure of acourtmar- 
 tial ; andfhould any of them by mifbeha- 
 viour (which rarely happens) forfeit his 
 fretenfions of being longer enrolled a- 
 mong the Men of Merit, the medal is cut 
 ofFby the drum-major in the fame public 
 manner it was conferred. Earl Percy, 
 the prefent Colonel, ever foremoft iri 
 meritorious deeds, keeps up this order 
 with all the proper dignity it deferves ; 
 and from the good efFedts produced by 
 it in this corps, it were to be wifhed 
 others wou*d follow and attend to fo 
 laudable an example^ 
 
 The 2d regiment 'of foot had three 
 colours as adiftinguifhing mark of honor; 
 his Majefly's arms were in the centre of 
 the firft ; the Queen's cypher in the 
 centre of the fecond 1 both of which 
 were in other refpedts Unions : the third 
 was fea-green (the original facing of the 
 corps) 2nd to the beft of my recolledlion, 
 the Colonels arms or creft were in the 
 centre. On otir marching over ifland 
 bridge into Dublin duty in 1750, this 
 laft mentioned colour (I being then third 
 cnfign) was, by order of general Fowk«, 
 
 take a 
 
■i^^ m 
 
 J 
 
 ( 13s ) 
 
 taken out of my hands, furled and never 
 flew fince ! The men grumbled ejfceed-j. 
 ingly, I felt myfelf hurt at being deprive4 
 of an honor no other corps then enjoyed j 
 and which this • had carried fince it's 
 creation in 1661. Whenever the King rer 
 views it, as foon as thecoloncl prefcntsthc 
 return, his majefty moft gracipufly hands 
 it to his royal confort (if there) it being 
 the ^eens own royal regiment of foot ^ 
 of which her Majefty is colonel. 
 
 The royal regiment of welch Fuzv-. 
 leers has a privilegeous honor of pafling 
 in review preceded by a Goat* witji 
 gilded horns, and adorned with ringlets 
 of flowers 5 and although this may not 
 ^Qine ii ".mediately under the d^npniina-. 
 
 . J^ 3 ^^^ 
 
 ♦ Every ift March being the anniverfary of their 
 tutelar Saint, David, the officers give a fplendid enter- 
 tainment to all their welch brethren ; and after the 
 cloth is taken away, a bumper is filled round to his royal 
 highnefs the Prince of Wales, (whofe hialth is always 
 d^-imk to firft that; day), the band playing the old tune 
 of, ** The noble race of Shenkin" when an handfome 
 drum-boy, elegantly drefled, mounted on tjie goat 
 richly caparifoned for the occafion, is led thrice round 
 the table in proccffion by the drum-major. It happened 
 in 1775 ^' Bofton, that the animal gave fuch a fpring 
 from the floor, that he dropped his rider upon the table, 
 and then bouncing over the heads of fome officers, he 
 ran to the barraqks with all Ijis trappings, to the «0 
 (mall joy of thegarrifon and populace. 
 
 m 
 
1% 
 
 -^M 
 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 I' fill; , 
 
 'i 134 ) 
 
 Ifon of a rfward £or Merit, yet the corps 
 values itfelf much on the ancientnefs of 
 the cuftom. 
 
 '^^The 3d regiment of foot, raifed in 
 1665, known by the ancient title of the 
 old Buffs, have the privilege of march- 
 ing thro' London, with drums beating:, 
 colours flying ! which the city difputcs 
 not only with all other corps, but even 
 with the King's guards, going on duty 
 to the Tower ! It happened in the year 
 "1746, that as a detachment of marines 
 were beating along Cheapfide, one of 
 the magiftrates came up to the officer, 
 requiring him to ceafe the drum, as no 
 foldiers were allowed to interrupt the 
 civil repofe. The captain commanding 
 (an intimate friend of mine) immedi^ 
 ately faid, fir. We are marines — Oh ! 
 fir, replied the alderman, I beg pardon ; 
 I did not know it 1 pray continue*your 
 ijoute as you plcafe. 
 
 In I759» the french king-jnftituted a 
 military order of Merit to dignify pro- 
 teftant officers, who cou'd not be ad- 
 mitted into the clafs of the Croix de St, 
 Louis, which is only open to roman ca-^ 
 tholics, Puring my A ay in Faris in 
 
 J764, 
 

 "' ;<«• 
 
 i'',;i*. 
 
 ( 135 ) 
 
 1764, 1 knew an Englifli officer to whom 
 one of thcfe was offered for five Zjoiiis 
 don ! but as he cou'd not (hew caufe, 
 wherein he had been any way ferviceable 
 to that ftate, the bureau wou'd not ifltt^ 
 jbe medal* 
 
 ■At 
 
 ■ 1, 
 
 ki 
 
 '■''M 
 
 
 ■rift 
 
 TRIUMPH- 
 
 M ■ M 
 
 
 
 
{ 136 ) 
 
 * Is", . . '.i^'fj 
 
 ^'iftill ■■■■' 
 
 
 TRIUMPH. 
 
 IT is not in the leaft to be wondered 
 at, that virtue had fo many partizans 
 of old, when we confider the recompen- 
 fes which followed the pradlice, or that 
 it is fo rare in the prefent age from the 
 fnall encouragement given to the pur- 
 fuit of it ! for although virtue is faid to 
 have it's own reward, yet it is natural 
 + li men to wi(h to fee their merit taken 
 notice of by the great. Qvid was cer- 
 tainly not in the wrong, when he fung 
 
 Non facile invenies, mult is in millibus^ 
 
 ' unum, 
 yirtutetn pretit4m> qui put et ejje fuum. 
 
 The virtuous in thefe ancient days 
 were not only honored with prefents 
 from the moft illuftrious Princes, but 
 even the public eredted ftatues to, and 
 went fo far at times as to deify them ! 
 but I find nothing fp properly invented 
 in thefe diftant ages to infpire men with 
 the true fentiments of virtue, as the 
 triumphs of the romans ; and here I 
 intend to regale piy readers with tha|: 
 j:eremony» 
 
 Epm^ 
 
 V* n 
 hi "' 
 
( 137 ) 
 
 Rome had two methods to honor 
 conquerors ; the one called Triu?nphus, 
 the other Ovatio, The firft was decreed 
 to heroes by the fenate, army and people, 
 from whence originates the word, and 
 was performed as follows. 
 
 When any great Captain had gain'd 
 a confiderable advantage by fea or land, 
 or had taken any city by aflault, he made 
 his entry into Rome (amidft the accla- 
 mations of the populace) in a triumphant 
 car of exquilite magnificence, cTC /ned 
 with gilded laurels, arrayed in royal 
 robes of purple embroidered with golden- 
 ftars, holding in one hand a branch of . 
 laurel, in the other an ivc y fceptre. 
 Four pearl coloured horfes drew his 
 carriage, which was preceded by trum- 
 pets and clarinets adorned with gar- 
 lands : after thefe came waggons of an 
 elegant conftrudlion laden with fpoils, 
 which were followed by cities and cita-^ 
 dels wonderfully carved in wood ! thefe 
 rcprefented the places that had been takea 
 from the enemy. Then four white bulls 
 were led in proceffion with the elephants, 
 at the head of the captive kings and 
 generals, attended by the archers of 
 ^ome clad in purple. Among thefe apr 
 
 pearc4 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 'I 
 
 it. i 
 
 n 
 
 ... V 
 
 
 
 
•• ''1.' - 'vS^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 l! 
 
 i^>^i 
 
 .ijr 
 
 r > ■ * 'ft. 
 
 •1 
 
 tit' 
 
 C «38 ) 
 
 peared a kind of buffoon drefled in roy- 
 alty covered with precious ftones $ his 
 bufinefs was to infult the prifoaers and 
 «iake the mob laugh ! the fenate next 
 advanced before the hero, and the foldicrs 
 crowned with laurels followed the car. 
 In this pompofity they reached the capi- 
 tol, where the four bulls were facrificed 
 in the temple of Jupiter ! and the whole 
 ended with a fplendid feaft, where the 
 triumpher, his relations, friends and ^ 
 fenate were nobly entertained, and pre-? 
 fented with medals of gold and filver ii> 
 commemoration of the occafion ! This 
 was the higheft hopor Ronjc cou'd confei* 
 on her heroes. 
 
 The Ovatio, or ad manner of triumph 
 was to dignify thofe that had conquered 
 without bloodflied, or defeated rebels and 
 pirates ; Plutarch defcribes it thus. 
 " The Hero walked in flippers crowned 
 ♦* with myrtle, preceded by hautbois and 
 *• flutes. When arrived at the capitol, he 
 •* made an ofi^ering of a flieep (which 
 ** in Latin is Ovis, thence Ovatio) to 
 *• Jupiter." All this was regulated in 
 fuch a manner as to dillinguifli the two 
 ways of triumphing over the enemy (viz.) 
 mildnefs and force ; for the flute was an 
 emblem pf joy and the myrtle of love. 
 
 REFLEXIONS 
 
 
( 139 ) 
 REFLEXIONS on CiESAR. 
 
 THIS illuflrious roman appears to 
 me much fupcrior in all things to 
 Alexander ; for from a private citizen 
 of the mofl powerful republic that ever 
 exifled, he acquired an abfolute autho- 
 rity over thofe high fpirited conquerors 
 of the univerfe ! Can we form an idea 
 of merit above that, which knew how 
 to guide it's ambition to fuch a point, 
 and had the neceflary addrefs to fucceed 
 in fuch a defign ? Alexander found the 
 road to an empire much eafier; fon of a 
 fkilful and well experienced king, formed 
 under his father's eyes, encouraged by 
 his example, heir to a flouri(hing king- 
 dom, at the head of an army inured to 
 the hardfhips of war, commanded by 
 generals confummate in the art military, 
 and moreover favoured with the moil 
 conftant and rapid of all fortunes ; is it 
 furprizing that the conqueft of Afia, 
 (undertaken as rafhly as Hannibal's in- 
 vafion of Italy) became fo eafy to him ? 
 
 No man ever received from nature an 
 aflemblage of fo many rare qualities as 
 Cfefar ! he cou'd read, write, didtate and 
 
 give 
 
 *' 
 
 
 
 
*!* 
 
 m:f^ 
 
 
 ( H^ ) 
 
 give audience at the fame time ! he fpoke 
 inoft fluently fevcn different languages, 
 bcfides under/landing many others ! He 
 was fully endued with mofl of the fci- 
 cnces, he wrote upon feveral fubjedts, 
 but unfortunately for us none but his 
 commentaries remain ! he fought fifty 
 pitched battles, in which were flain more 
 than 119,000 men, exclufive of the acr 
 tions during the civil war. He reformed 
 the calendar, and fixed the year at 365 
 days as it now ftands. At length the 
 Roman nobility being jealous of his 
 grandeur, fixty-two of the principals 
 confpired againft his life, and a(ra{Enatc4 
 him in full fenate by giving him ^3 ftabs ! 
 This fatal cataftrophe had been long be- 
 fore predicted by Spurina ; nay on the 
 evening preceding the unlucky day CaU 
 purnia his wife gave him a pre-fentiment 
 pf his death ! but Caefar was pofitive ^n4 
 loft hi3 life! 
 
 k^' 
 
 
 POMPEY. 
 
( HI ) 
 
 P O M P E Y. 
 
 FORTUNE is never more to be 
 feared than while (lie is prodigal 
 of her favors ; there is often nothing but 
 a flippery ftep from the h eighth of pro- 
 fperity to the bottom of difgracious ad- 
 verfity ! Such are the amufements of this 
 blind goddefs, more worthy of our con- 
 tempt by her capricioufnefs, than of our 
 acknowledgement by her kindnefs ! The 
 grand Pompey alone is fully fufficient to 
 demonftrate this truth : Of high birth 
 and family, from his perfonal qualities, 
 adlions and employments, he faw nothing 
 that cou'd equal him ! But how did he 
 iinifh his brilliant career ? Fortune, the 
 moft determined coquette that ever exift- 
 cd, forfook him ontheplains of Pharftlia, 
 to run after Caefar ; (lie purchafed the 
 good graces of this new lover with the 
 blood of 1 5,000 of her old favourite's! 
 foldiers, and 24,000 of his prifoners ! 
 Pompey, reduced to fly, difguifed like 
 a peafant, rode out of the decumen or 
 rear gate of his camp with his wife and 
 one fon, and gained the coaft of Egypt, 
 from whence he implored the protedion 
 oi: Ptolemy the king : but this unnatural 
 
 monarch. 
 
 V^ 
 
 !'?i--> 'I ■ 
 
 ■■'**» 1 
 
 
( H^ ) 
 
 monarch, after promilin'T; it In general 
 and equivoc'il terms, coaxed him on 
 fhore, and forthwith inhumanely had 
 him murdered in fjght of his diftrelTed 
 family and friends ! This barbarous 
 prince carried his cruelty ftill farther, in 
 hopes of obtaining Caefar's favor, for he 
 fent him the head of his competitor ! 
 who, inftead of tellifying any joy at 
 being v^elivered from fo dangerous a rival, 
 was forced to (hed tears at the tragical 
 death of his illuftrious enemy ! We may 
 add to this example of the inconftancy 
 of human aifairs, that of the emperor 
 Valerian prif • aer of Sapor king of Periia j 
 and of Bajazet, taken and fhut up in an 
 iron cage by Tamerlane ; and both of 
 them (as hiftory informs) were compelled 
 to ferve their conquerors as running 
 footmen, whenever their mafters rode 
 out. 
 
 Fortuna, cito repojctt quod dedit t 
 
 ^'^fe 
 
 \l. 
 
 HEROISM. 
 
(. H3 ) 
 HEROISM. 
 
 ■' "I 
 
 "i ' 
 
 • ) 
 
 ■ A- 
 
 ID O N*T recoil c'ft to have read or 
 heard of a nobler kind than that ex-' 
 hibited by the carl of Peterborough at 
 the liege of Barcelona in 1705 ; and al- 
 though Voltaire ungenerouily fliles it 
 temerity and ^itxotifm, yet I take upon 
 me to rate it before the piety of if^neas, 
 the courage of Alexander, the humility 
 of Theodofius, or the contincncy of 
 Scipio, 
 
 ** This nobleman was commander of 
 the Englifh,, as the prince of D'arm- 
 ftadt was of the Germans, both in 
 alliance : his lordfhip propofes to force 
 the retrenchments that covered the fort 
 and city ^ they are taken fword in 
 " hand ! and a IhcU buriJng blows up 
 " the fort ! the city capitulates." While 
 the governor was treating with Peterbo- 
 rough at the gate, there arofe fuch 
 fhricks and cries within that the Spaniard 
 hallily faid, " You betray us while wc 
 " capitulate with integrity ! foi your 
 ** troops are robbing, murdering and vio- 
 ** lating !" you miftake, replies the con- 
 quering hero, they are not my men, but 
 
 the 
 
 C( 
 
 << 
 
 C( 
 
 <( 
 
 (< 
 
 '■m\ 
 M 
 
 m 
 

 %^^^m 
 
 
 
 ( Hi ) 
 
 the Germans : there is only one way to 
 favc this city ; let me in with my Eng^ 
 lifhmen, I will reflore tranquillity, and 
 afterwards return to this gate to finifh 
 the capitulation. He fpoke this with 
 fuch a noblenefs of foul and air of truth, 
 that the gates were opened, and his troops 
 fuffered to Follow him. He flew every 
 where with his officers ; found the Ger- 
 mans and Catalonians ranfacking the 
 houfes of tile principal inhabitants ! dif- 
 perfes them, and reflorcs the plunder 
 they had taken : meets the duchefs of 
 Popoli in the hands of thefe Germans 
 who were going to difhonor her ! and 
 delivers her fafe to her huiband. Thus 
 having appeafed the tumult, he returnfi 
 with his men to the outfide of the' city 
 gate, renews and figns the capitulation ! 
 The Spaniards were aftonifhed and con- 
 founded to find fuch magnanimity in 
 Englidimeij whom their priefts called 
 heretics, and had taught them to believe 
 were a fet of hardened barbarians. There's 
 a fine pidture at full length of this hero 
 at fir John Mordaunt's near Southamp- 
 ton, which is as well worth admiring as 
 any Pieman flatue. 
 
 Marcus 
 
■iif 
 
 ■ (■ 
 
 ( 145 ) 
 
 Marcus Curius being one day at 
 home, wafhi ng fomc roots to boil for 
 his dinner, received ambafladors from 
 the Samnites, who came to offer him aa 
 immcnfe fum for his yote and intereft ia 
 the fcnate, in favor of a petition they 
 were about prefenting : but this noble 
 Roman, with all the coolnefs imaginable, 
 replied, " Gentlemen, you muft endea- 
 vour to bribe fome one that does not 
 think himfelf happy with this kind 
 of food; for I dcfire no greater riches 
 than the power of commanding a na- 
 tion pofleiTed of fo much wealth." 
 This is being a true-born hero, when 
 a man knows how to draw as much 
 glory from a few legumes, as laurels by 
 his grand exploits, and famous vidtories : 
 for he was not lefs illuftrious in his 
 kitchen chimney corner, than redoubt- 
 able to the enemies of Rome at the head 
 of her armies. Let a great man have the 
 fortune of Ciefar, or the riches of Crce- 
 fus , yet if he negleds to cultivate and 
 honor wifdom, he is not only an enemy 
 to himfelf, but defpicabJe in the eyes 
 of thofe that have any difcernment, 
 
 Charles the 5th may be ranked in 
 the front of this clafs. — His power, 
 
 L bravery. 
 

 
 
 >t. '■ 
 
 
 ( h6 ) 
 
 bravery, capacity a^d fortune were a1! 
 in the fuperlative degree : zp^\ tertainiy 
 this monarch had as true/* peribnal me- 
 fit as knowledge in the art of command- 
 ing. On this account, the mufes of his 
 time facrificed to him all the incenfe of 
 Parnaflus. — Heaven itfelf feemed inte- 
 reftcd in the grandeur of thiv prince, in 
 beftowing on him the moft conftant good 
 fortune that ever man had ! 
 
 Major ab AUguJli non vixit tempore Cofar^ 
 Cut tarn conjianter fors magts ceque fuit ! 
 
 Among them any great adlions in this 
 emperor's life, there is none more worthy 
 of admiration, than his double abdication 
 of the empire and kingdom of Spain f — • 
 For it reqrires as mach noblenefs of 
 foul, to take leave of fortune, as merit 
 lo find her, or wifdom to keep her ! it 
 is plain from the condud of this hero, 
 that he was thoroughly intimate with the 
 falle bniliancy of courts, and pomp of 
 the woiid! and that he knew thefe vani- 
 ties were unworthy the attachment of a 
 man of his underflanding • therefore he 
 preferred (on mature deliberation) the 
 retreat of St. Juft in Spain to the impe- 
 rial palace ! 
 
 Christina, the young, beautiful 
 queen of Sweden religned her crown at 
 
 the 
 
 fhe af 
 prayer 
 comm( 
 ment -, 
 with n 
 of thai 
 
 Alie) 
 of maJ 
 riting j 
 at time 
 a fea c 
 noring 
 nefs wl 
 remedli( 
 now h 
 neceffit 
 could n 
 
 defende 
 or died 
 Deity, 
 death, \ 
 were r 
 broughi 
 give up 
 to mend 
 always j 
 the tim 
 
 * Ther< 
 By valoi 
 Wpve fa 
 And !jai 
 
 
cereal! 
 ertainijr 
 [lal me- 
 nmand- 
 js of his 
 :enfe of 
 d inte- 
 ince, in 
 int good 
 
 e C^fany 
 ue fuit ! 
 
 IS in this 
 I worthy 
 )dication 
 Ipain f — ■ 
 enefs of 
 as merit 
 her ! it 
 [lis hero, 
 with the 
 pomp of 
 efe vani- 
 lent of a 
 •efore he 
 ion) the 
 le impe- 
 
 jcautiful 
 rown at 
 the 
 
 ( 1+7 ) 
 
 ^ fhe ag« of 26, contrary to the viflies, 
 prayers, eritrcaties of hei lioWxity and 
 common rlity, to ipend her life in relire- 
 ment; I therefore clofe this fubjed:; 
 with referring my readers to the hiflory 
 of that heroine by Vertot. 
 
 AUeni appetensy that infatiabh defirfe 
 of making money, and that mean difpi- 
 riting pafllon, love of pleafiire, render us 
 at times incapable of conducing either 
 a fea or land war ! feekiftg out and ho- 
 noring ability, courting public* fpirited- 
 nefs wherever it is found, are the only 
 remedies ; and I hope this is the time, 
 now America gives the opening -, for 
 neceffity will iftake us do what reafon 
 could not. 
 
 lU days of yore, he who had bravely 
 defended his city, enlarged it's dominions, 
 or died in it's caufe, was revered as a 
 Deity. Love of liberty, contempt of 
 death, honor, probity and temperance 
 were realities, and may probably bt 
 brought into fafliion again : we fhou'd 
 give up our enjoyments, and think how 
 to mend our condition. Fears from abroad 
 always produce regulations at home for" 
 the time. L 2 EMULA^ 
 
 * There have beeil heroes, who, by virtuous care. 
 By valour, difcipline and (kill in war, 
 Hwe f:7rccd the powers to fave a finkinig l>ate, 
 And fjained at length the glorious odds of tate 1 
 
 I . 
 
 -4 
 
 
* 'i -iM-f 
 
 
 
 
 ( 148 ) 
 EMULATION, 
 
 UNDOUBTEDLY contributes to 
 the perfedtion of ^very art and 
 fcience, and is not of greater ufe in any 
 than in that of war. All our adtions 
 ihou*d be direded as much as poflible to 
 the benefit of the public ; our relaxa- 
 tions and pleafures (at lead; all that any 
 way tended to the prejudice of it) fhou'd 
 be forbid, and tranfgreffion that way 
 inexorably correded. What a deal of 
 punifhments wou'd this exhibit within 
 the bills of mortality ! the Olympic, 
 Pythian and Ifthmian games, thofe that 
 ilrove at them, what pains did they take 
 to prepare for the glorious ftrifc ; for 
 the prizes otherwife were of trifling value. 
 Emulation, not only between man and 
 man, but between company and company 
 in battle, bore down every oppofition. 
 
 It is remarkable that the Romans 
 perfeded their military fkill and extended 
 their empire with troops only raifed oc- 
 cafionally ; and yet in the fpace of 400 
 years, while the patricians were in pof- 
 feffion of the magiftracy and dignity of 
 ftate they had not added four miles to 
 
 their 
 
'I; 
 
 ( 149 ) 
 
 their dominions on any fide : but in 200 
 years after, when the Plebeians became 
 eb'gible to thefe employments, they were 
 mafters of the world ! a convincing 
 proof of what public utility emulation is, 
 when encouraged and rewarded. Read 
 the generous ftrife between Pulfio and 
 Varenu$ in Caefar. 
 
 1!' 
 
 ^^4i^ 
 
 U'. 
 
 L ^ GEOMETRY, 
 
 

 
 ( 150 ) 
 
 
 
 Ki^!ei^^ 
 
 
 > 1> 
 
 '. ''l^^l 
 
 /%',-l^ <* 
 
 *'#«.. "^l- 
 
 G EOMET R Y, 
 
 IS the true knowledge of the tiniQ 
 and fpace rcquifite in motions and 
 evolutions, marches, campings, intrench- 
 ing, fortifying pofts and places ; ths 
 meafuring acceffible diilances of length, 
 breadth, or height of land, water or 
 buildings : for if thefe are barely vifible, 
 they are obtainable by geometry, in fo 
 much, that whoever is ignorant of the 
 particular requifites for thefe purpofcs, 
 will be defei^tive in the purpofcs them' 
 felves ! 
 
 x 
 
 Practical geometry aids greatly in 
 judging of the CoCirfes of rivers, roads 
 and mountains, as well as of the inteU 
 ligences of country people, guides and 
 fpies, with relation to thefe— 
 
 The ufefulnefs of that part of ma- 
 thematics which comprehends arithmetic 
 and pradical geometry, effedually exer- 
 cifes not vainly deludes, or vexatioufly 
 torments ftudions minds with obfcure 
 fubtleties ; but plainly demonfirates 
 |;hings within their reach -, draws certain 
 
 conclufions. 
 
 1 1 '. 1 
 

 m% 
 
 ( »5» ) 
 
 conclufiions, and inftru<fts by profitable 
 rules 5 delivers us \yholly frocn a credu- 
 lous fimplicity j fortifies us againfl the 
 vanity of fccptifm ; reflrains us from rafh 
 prefumption, and perfedtly fubjcdts us tq 
 the government pf right rcafon.-r^ 
 
 , i. . 
 '1 
 
 A * X 
 
 mmtmmf 
 
 
 SIEGES. ' 
 
 m 
 
 '3.|i 
 

 ( tJ2 ) 
 
 MM. 
 
 ^ - f ■ , if. . 
 
 if .•■| •. 'Vv'". 
 
 I? 
 
 r^.a 
 
 'I ',1 
 
 ■•.i '''^ 
 
 II 
 
 SIEGES. 
 
 THAT of Athens by Sylla is the 
 fineft antiquity hath left us any 
 memory of, except the fiege of Alexia 
 by Caefar. What rank does that of Je- 
 rufalem hold by Titus f 
 
 The fiege of Candia in modern times 
 was far more wonderful and bloody than 
 that of Troy ! the Turks inverted it in 
 1645 j and it*s Venetian garrifon, after 
 bravely defending itfcif till 1669, made 
 an honorable capitulation : the befiegers 
 lofl 180,000 men ; the befieged 80,000 ! 
 
 General Carleton*s defence of 
 Qnebec (befieged by two armies of 
 American rebels, pofl'efTed of the whole 
 province of Canada without, and amply 
 provided with all munitions of war) when 
 duly confidered, is as great a coup de 
 waitre as any extant in ancient or modern 
 hiftory. Having only a few merchants, 
 inhabitants fomc of vi^hom were difaf- 
 feded, an handful of brave failors from 
 the tranfports, with a lefs number of the 
 royal emigrants, his excellency (contrary 
 to all probability of fuccefs) determined 
 
 to 
 
( 153 ) 
 
 to defend the place to the lad : and aU 
 though it was vigoroufly aflaulted on all 
 fides at break of day the i ft of January, 
 1776, yet, with a refolution and forti-* 
 tude unparalleled, the afTiilants were 
 repulfed with great lofs, Montgomery 
 their leader flain, and Arnold (fecond in 
 command) wouaded. However the fiegc 
 and blockade were continued through a 
 very fevere winter, the little garrifon 
 prcfTed with hunger, cold, fatigues, and 
 every diftrefs attendant on fuch dcfperatc 
 undertakings 'till about the 6th of May, 
 when part of the 29th regiment landed 
 from England. The general having re- 
 frefhed about 2co of them (like Cicfar, 
 who thought it better to fall on the 
 enemy at Arminium with a few, thaa 
 wait a reinforcement of troops) fallied 
 out at their head, drove the rebels en- 
 tirely from their works, who were fo 
 affrighted, that they not only left all 
 their cannon and ftores behind, but even 
 their dinners ! and fled to Mc jtreal nigh 
 60 leagues ; from whence they were foon 
 diflodged and driven out of the province ! 
 An otflccr of penetration will quickly 
 difcern what anxieties of mind, appre- 
 henlions of diftrull muft have continually 
 agitated the governor's breaft, from fuch 
 
 a mixed 
 
 1'. 
 
^ 
 
 -f^^. 
 
 
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 HiotDgraphic 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716) 872-4503 
 

 
 Sfj 
 
f*'. 
 ^M^'' 
 
 ( »54 ) 
 
 a mixed garrifon, ftraogers lo one ano- 
 ther, and without any confidence in them- 
 felves or neighbours ! but will rate his 
 talent of uniting this motky body, keep- 
 ing them Co long unanimodfly together to 
 perfevere in and pcrfift through dangers, 
 Icarcity and hardfhip (which was not 
 their bulinefs to encounter) among the 
 iirfl qualifications of a great captain. 
 
 In juftice to the governor's whole 
 condu<3: during this mofl unparalleled 
 defence, the world muft acknowledge, 
 that had Quebec been taken, the fmall 
 garrifon then in Boflon cou'd never have 
 extricated itfelf, as all Canada would 
 have joined in thje rebellion, and poured 
 her thoufands into New England towards 
 the finifhing flroke I the confequence of 
 which cou'd have been no lefs than the 
 total lofs of America I Great Britain 
 ftands therefore indebted to Carleton 
 alone for the pofTeflions fhe at prefent 
 retains in this vaft continent, 
 
 V..' 
 
 
 INVASION. 
 
 -.'♦'-it' "-"-^ 
 
( 155 ) 
 
 
 I N V A S I O N, 
 
 PERICLES endeavouring to perfuade 
 the allies to carry the war into 
 Lacedemon, compares the forces of 
 Sparta to rivers, which increafe in flrength 
 and grealnefs in their courfe, but at their 
 fource are weak and fin all. < 
 
 ' H'' 'I 
 
 
 ;. 
 
 Hannibal was conftant in his opi- 
 nion, that the Romans were to be van- 
 quifhed only by attacking them at home ; 
 and long after in all councils, to which 
 he was called by Antiochus, perfifted in 
 the fame fentiment ; and yet his advice 
 was not followed ; notwithflanding it 
 was much eafier for Antiochus to carry 
 the war into Italy and fupport it, than 
 for Hannibal when he executed that de-* 
 fign, the moft daring, difficult and ha- 
 s^ardous perhaps, that ever was attempted, 
 to pafs through an enemy's country, and 
 then the Alps to invade a people, amongll 
 whom be had no place of arms, maga- 
 zines, fuccours, aflurances of friendfhiji, 
 or hopes of remedy or retreat ! the Ro- 
 mans all fre{h and prepared for the war, 
 but by his diligence were difappointed in 
 the theatre of it. 
 
 Whil^ 
 
 ,1 
 
 4 ' 
 
 ■ ■i-:^- 
 
 ■ I, « 
 
 
T 'Li-: 
 
 1; "<!-l^ 
 
 
 Iw 
 
 ^1 
 
 ( IS<5 ) 
 
 While Hannibal was yet in Italy, 
 Scipio carried the war into Africa, an 
 entcrprize neither fo dangerous or diffi- 
 cult by a good deal as Hannibars. How*- 
 cvcr what followed thereon ferves to con- 
 firm the maxim, ** that armies are more 
 ** cafily conquered in their own than 
 ** another country." 
 
 The year of Rome 552, P. S. Galba 
 haranguing to perfuade the people to agree 
 to and decree war with Philip of Mace- 
 don, faid, ** We know by experience 
 ** our forces are more powerful and for-^ 
 ♦* tunatc in foreign ftatcs than in Italy y* 
 and Marius obferves, *' the Romans 
 ** who were the moft valiant people in 
 " the world, when out of their own 
 •* country, were perhaps the moft timid 
 ♦* and apprehenfive at home V* 
 
 Scipio, in his difpute with Fabius on 
 the occafion, inftances that incredible 
 one of Agathocles, or Livy does it for 
 him : but marvellous as it may feem, it 
 probably put Scipio on ihe enterprize. 
 
 . rl^ 
 
 TACTIQUE, 
 
( ^^ ) 
 
 T A C T I Q^U E, 
 
 IS the method of performing the fc- 
 veral military motions and evolutions, 
 as well as difpoiing of troops to the bert: 
 advantage in order of battle, with regard 
 to the ground and pofture of the enemy. 
 In a limited fenfe, Tacitus means exer- 
 cife ; but in a larger, it comprehends 
 the whole military fyftem ; as the Cy- 
 ropoedia of Xenophon, and the tadtiques 
 of the emperor Leo. 
 
 The Greek churches have books con- 
 taining orders and regulations for divine 
 fervice which they call tadiques 5 but in 
 refpcdt to military tadiques, and how 
 neceffary that a commander (hould be 
 well grounded in them, and know when 
 and where to mi '-. proper ufe of them, 
 read the life of Philopcemon in Plutarch« 
 
 We have a tranflation of the Cyro- 
 poedia by the honorable Mr. Maurice 
 Aftiley; and of the tadtiques of Leo in 
 Italian by Pigafetta, both very well done, 
 but the books are fcarce. ^lian and 
 Arrian have wrote more confinedly on 
 tadtiques : major Bingham has tranllated 
 
 tlic 
 
 • ' 1 , 
 
 ■'1- 
 
 '1 
 
 i 
 ''f 
 
 Mm\ 
 
 !t .^ 
 
 Ni 
 
 
 

 ■ ( 158 ) 
 
 the former ; as hath alio a French gen- 
 tleman whofe name I forget, which is 
 much valued for the cuts and figures : 
 but Arrian was a general, and is done 
 into French by monfieur Guifchard, a 
 very good officer in the Pruflian fervice* 
 
 • Knowledge in ground, and the ad* 
 vantages to be made of it to accommo- 
 date onefelf, to diftrefs and difconcert 
 an encmy^ is one of the principal abilities 
 of a general ; and a fuperiority this way 
 is of more confequence than in a number 
 of troops. Sertorius, in order to defend 
 Spain, and prevent the forces arriving 
 that might be fent againfl him from Italy, 
 fecured thepaffes in thelquani: Afranius, 
 (who was one of Pompey's lieutenants in 
 that war) muft have known of what im- 
 portance they were ; yet afterwards when 
 he was appointed to protedt that country 
 againft Caefar, he negleded to take pof- 
 fcflion of thofe very pafTes, which was a 
 blunder inexcufable in him ! 
 
 In 1652 'i.'urenne, with an handful 
 of men itopped the Prince of Conde 
 and his vid:orious army, by the excellence 
 of a pofl he had feized of a fudden. 
 
 Datames 
 
 I'. 
 
( 1^9 ) 
 
 Datatnes the Perfian was renowned for 
 his knowledge and (kill in ground. 
 
 Tnfi Ruflians are remarkable for au 
 attention to their officers fuperior to that 
 of an Highland clan ; their artillery is 
 allowed by all Europe to be in complcat 
 order, an * fo numerous withal, that 
 marfhal Saxe's words may perhaps be 
 verified one of thefe days, namely, •* that 
 " all battles will in time be determined 
 ** by heavy cannon." In the department 
 of their ordr^ance (as a reafon why they 
 fo excel) they encourage all foreigners-, 
 and reward them according to their me- 
 rit : many of their engineers are French, 
 Italian, Auftrian, fome Irifh and Scotch. 
 The king of Pruflia felt the weight of 
 this argument at Francfort on the Oder 
 from count SoltikofF, having but too 
 much flighted artillery to fhine in the 
 tadliquc or manoeuvres of fmall arms. 
 
 And now that I have mentioned that 
 heroic Monarch, give me leave here to 
 infert an anecdote to fhew how wonder- 
 fully, and by what unforefcen means pro- 
 vidence pleales to bring about great 
 events ! His prefent Pruflian majeily 
 (every one knows) was a (late priibner 
 
 at 
 
 
 
 
 
 na| 
 

 
 
 , 
 
 m % 
 
 mlhm 
 
 If 
 
 ( i6o ) 
 
 at the caftle of Clullrin ; from the win- 
 dows of that lofty building, the whole 
 adjacent country is vifible ; but as the 
 ienfe of/ his crime abated » he was in- 
 dulged with the liberty of riding about 
 in the day, and r urning at night : by 
 being confined to this fmall circuit, no 
 doubt, he was a better mailer of the 
 pafTes, defiles and other circumflances 
 attending this particular diflridt. It fo 
 happened many years after, or fuch was 
 the will of heaven, that the place of his 
 misfortune and forrow fhou'd be the fpot 
 of his glory ! for no battle was ever 
 more gallantly fought, or more lignally 
 obtained. 
 
 It is moft likely, as this country is 
 rather fwampy and unpleaiant, the king 
 might never have feen it but kn pajjmt 
 to other cities and places : it is well 
 known he gained the vidory by under- 
 {landing the terrein better than his ad- 
 verfary ; the fburce often of more con- 
 quefls than artillery ever fo well pointed, 
 or mufketry ever fo nimbly manoeuvred. 
 
 CADENCE 
 
 i 
 
( ^6t ) 
 
 ■•ll 
 
 CADENCE, OR TACT. 
 
 COUNT Saxe recommends the 
 tadfj or marching }n cadence. 
 Wou*d any method of footing taught 
 for dancing of minuets, contr^dances, 
 &c. be of ule to foldiers, or the fi- 
 gures in books of inftrudtions compofed 
 by dancing mafters ? jBallaft is hove 
 aboard of (hip by a tune ; the negroes on 
 the coa^ of Senegal and Gambia till 
 their ground finging, dancing and >vork- 
 ing in cadence; the mafons at Ifpahan, 
 while employed in their calling, demand 
 brick, mortar or v/hatever they want, 
 finging ; Plutarch not only mentions 
 the inftrument of mufic by which the 
 voice was regulated; but alfo the Am- 
 brones * marching in cadence : and 
 Cicero, in one of his letters to Atticus, 
 propofes military thefes on this fubjed. 
 
 * People of France who lired upon pillage ! 
 
 '. 1 
 
 rt "«' ■ <i 
 
 'tl 
 
 
 
 
 l^H 
 
 w 
 
 
 . ■ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 J^B^^^^^^^^H 
 
 ^^'h^ 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 V 'i' 
 
 M 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 " ' KB 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 -'jb. 
 
 
 1 
 
( i62 ) 
 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 THE cfFc<ft of it on the voice and 
 paflions is finely dcfcribcd by 
 Plutarch : the Lacedemonians went on 
 to the charge by the found of Eutes> that 
 marching by meafure they might pre* 
 fervetheevennefs and order of their ranks, 
 according to Thucidydes. When foldiers 
 are brought to lift their legs and ftep 
 together in time, if any one breaks it, 
 by fetting down his foot fconer, the 
 officer is fenfibk of it immediately. 
 
 Thevenot tells us, camels are cheered 
 up in travelling by the fongs of their 
 drivers ; do we not dance a whole night 
 to the found of mulic without being 
 fatigued ? when half that motion wou'd 
 tire us beyond meafure without thefe 
 melodious inftruments ! I'll anfwer for 
 myfelf never to think any march too 
 long, provided a band accompanies the 
 corps ! Nay how infpiring even is the 
 fife and drum ; yet I have known and 
 l€en very good company officers that 
 neither cou'd ftep to time, or diftingui(h 
 the grenadier's march from any other 
 beating 1 
 
 To 
 
 K'-'i 
 
( i63 ) 
 
 To conclude this harmonious topic, 
 I will only fuljoin how feamen arc 
 manceuvred by the boatfwain's whiftle i 
 and the boors in Germany ring changes 
 with their flails in threfhing corn, which 
 delight themfelves and the ilanders by I 
 
 i.M 
 
 m 
 
 " Music hath charms to footh the 
 ** favage breaft, &c." and is the only 
 one of terreftrial pleafures that we have 
 prefumed to place in Heaven, where it 
 holds an illuftrious rank in the pompous 
 defcriplions of the joys of the other 
 world, which one might imagine in- 
 compleat, were it not for the coeleflial 
 concerts performed by the Angels, in 
 iinging the glory of the great creator of 
 all things I 
 
 
 '•\ -i ( 
 
 1^3 
 
 DANCE. 
 
 
 IS< '><•' 
 
 fj|H 
 
 '-. ' ' ■ Hi 
 
< i64 ) 
 
 
 
 D A N C R 
 
 DANCING is not a late invention, 
 but hath been the recreation of 
 mankind tinie immemorial ! Antiquity 
 recommends it as falutarv and ufeful to 
 ivarriors, as thefe words intimate, 
 
 *' Slut reB^fciv^re cboris decorare deor^ 
 '* hi optim} et in bello" 
 
 Samuel fpeaks of David dancing 
 before the ark ; and that Judith did the 
 fame after killing Hoiofornes I Accord- 
 ing to Xenophon and Cicero it was one 
 of the Gymnaftics and a military exer- 
 cife ; not that they thought it neceflary 
 to fight in cadence, but euential in giving 
 the foldiers agility of body and nimble- 
 nefs of feet to march in clofe order with 
 equal pace ; the former will fhew you, 
 that even the Greeks in their dances for 
 paflime always performed them with 
 arms. 
 
 Homer ftiles dancing, a gift divine, 
 Socrates exercifed much in this way 
 according to Lucian j Pyrrhus invented 
 thofe particular interchanges, which are 
 
 dlAinguiihed 
 
Si 
 •r 
 
 ( 165 1 
 
 dlftinguiflied by the appellation of Pyr« 
 rick dances ; and the great Antiochus 
 we h.^d was a lover of this Amufement. 
 All which prove, that no age or country 
 (the New-Englanders excepted) ever 
 held this innocent recreation in contempt. 
 Louis the XlVth, excelled in the grave 
 Dance ; one wou'd naturally expert the 
 reverfe in a Frenchman. Do not tho 
 Indians perform a war dance ? 
 
 I* 
 
 
 
 i<l- 
 
 .M 
 
 i| 
 
 
 M3 
 
 EXERCISE 
 
 Lii-' ',? 
 
 mi k. :a ri'l 
 
 .1, M 
 
X^'r I 
 
 ( 
 
 166 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 THEY, who accuftom tbemfelves 
 to it, arc generally very robuft, 
 and feldom fubjedt to difeafe 5 for which 
 reafon the wifdom of antiquity appointed 
 rewards for them that excelled in the 
 gymnaftic games, which hardened the 
 bodies of their youth to the toils of war. 
 It is the 'jnhappinefs of human nature, 
 that it's defires infinitely exceed it's 
 endeavours ; we wou'd fain enjoy the 
 good we wi(h for, without taking the 
 necefTary pains to come at it ! but as we 
 hold life on condition not to poiTefs any 
 profit without labour, youth (hou*d be 
 early exercifed in the end propofed. 
 
 Practice, after a while, makes ex- 
 crcife eafy^ when it becomes eafy we 
 take pleafure in it; when we take plea- 
 fure therein we excrcife mo* t frequently j^ 
 frequent practice becomes habitual ; con- 
 firmed habit is a kind of fecond nature ; 
 and fo far as any thipg is natural, it is 
 iieceflary, and we can hardly do without 
 it. *' Train up a child in the way he 
 ♦* fhould go," &c. &c. The greater any 
 affair is, fo ought the means be to cffed: 
 
( '67 ) 
 
 it: affiduky joined with prudence will 
 carry every fchcme they have in view s 
 they Create unanimity which bears down 
 the powers of prejudice, felf-intereft, 
 ignorance and pride, th . often defeat 
 well laid plans and flip opportiinities. 
 
 Industry is the beginning of any 
 bufinefs with carneftnefs, carrying it on 
 with vigour, and iinifhing with fpeed ; 
 fparing no pains or labour through the 
 whole procefs. Prud^^nce, diligence, 
 friendship, the public good, love of 
 fatigue, oeconomy, temperance, all the 
 virtues of an hiTC of bees, ought to be 
 thofe of an army ; and the fame incli^ 
 nations to fociety and order in the one? 
 ihould be cultivated in the pther. 
 
 Frugality, or the art of fparing, 
 to make every thing go as far and - laft as 
 long as it can, is the fkill of contriving 
 and managing whatever comes under our 
 care and concernment ; fo as to make the 
 moft of every thing, and wafte as little 
 as poflible : Induflry and frugality were 
 deemed heroic virtues by the Romans, 
 and made a rule in private life, as well 
 as in the government of the republic. 
 
 \ 
 
 i"" ;i 
 
 
 r::':j:: 
 
 I ' r 
 '' ''J 
 

 i i 
 
 ( »65 ) 
 
 The five games, dr cxercifes fo much 
 celebrated in Greece were, leaping, run- 
 ning, throwing the difk, boxing and 
 wreftling. The courfe confided of 600 
 feet only ; the other of 34 ftadia. 
 
 Socrates difcourfing with Pericles, 
 fays, you can give an account when it 
 was you began to learn the duties of a 
 captain, as certainly as when you were 
 taught to wreftle ; if this be not fpoken 
 by way of comparifpn, it (hews that the 
 youth of the greateft families learned the 
 pancratium or five games : but the 
 Athenians exercifed Qt the oar, and 
 thought rowing a$ commendable as any 
 of the others/ Philopaemon efl.eemed 
 wreftling improper for a foldier, and 
 why, may be known in Plutarch. Give 
 me leave to hold boxing much more fo ! 
 anciently the (hews and games coft the 
 fpedtators but little ; the performers in-r 
 deed put thenifelve$ to vaft expence and 
 pain5. 
 
 ■' ' f 
 
 MARCHES, 
 
 N:'*' 
 
( i69 ) 
 
 MARCHES. 
 
 THOSE of Cyrus, mentioned by 
 Xenophon who accompanied him, 
 fccm too large, if there be not fomc 
 miftake in us or him with regard to the 
 meafure : but men in high exercife uled 
 to fatigue (with the very wholefome 
 hearty diet of that time) were capable of 
 performing what we can't believe. Mar- 
 Ihal Turenne's long march (which we 
 all know of) was of fo great extent, that 
 it appears impradlicablc now-a-days to 
 make fuch another in fo iliort time. 
 
 Of. all enterprizes in war, none arc 
 more wonderful or more worthy of at- 
 tention than thofe very long ones of 
 retiring from, or going to an enemy 
 (viz.) the memorable retreat of the 
 10,000 Greeks ! of Alexander and Kculi- 
 Khan to India ! of Hannibal over the 
 Alps ! fuch undertakings being ufually 
 attended with all the obflaclcs one has 
 to furmount in every other part of tiie 
 moft defperate wars; and with many 
 that do not occur in them : for in fuch 
 expeditions, not only the reliilance of men 
 
 is 
 
 m 
 
 mi 
 
( 
 
 IJO 
 
 ) 
 
 js to be overcome, but that of places and 
 the elemeints. 
 
 Is it any way mal a propos to throw in 
 here the march of the light infantry and 
 grenadiers of the Britifh army, detached 
 by his excellency general Gage from 
 Bofton, 19 April 1775 ? They had their 
 provilions, neceflaries and 72 rounds of 
 ball* cartridges per man to carry, and 
 were not fairiy on their way before one 
 in the morning : they advanced to the 
 bridge beyond Concord, were deflroying 
 fome magazines concealed for the ufe of 
 th? rebels, they began to return home, 
 when to their great aftonifhment they 
 were Hred upon from every rock, houfe 
 hill, tree or place (out of thfiir power to 
 get at) for the fpace of hours, and 
 
 without being able to fee their intended 
 murderers ! notwithftanding this dan- 
 gerous fituation, in the greateft order 
 they attained about fun-fet the heights 
 of Bunker's-hill, and lay in their quar- 
 ters at Bofton that fame night \ the 
 whole diflance was about miles, and 
 pet formed in lefs than hours ! I have 
 before related how opportunely and cri- 
 tically Earl Percy came up with and co- 
 vered 
 
 * 14 bullets weigh 16 ounces. 
 

 ( '7' ) 
 
 vercd thefe companies, (though not 
 without fome lofs) fiom entire de- 
 Arudtion ! 
 
 The rapidity and fecrecy of tho 
 marches of the Greeks and Romans, and 
 how much lefs ground theyencamped on, 
 than we can with equal numbers of men, 
 are altonilhing ! the fimplicity of the 
 ancient manner of life made the imfe- 
 dimenta M/ilcis ; temperance, the means 
 of fubfifting eafierj and both contri- 
 buted to readinefs in marching ; a juft 
 days march was 20 common miles, 
 or 20,000 paces ! the foldiers carried 60 
 pounds weight, and were to intrench the 
 camp before the day ended. 
 
 When Thurot landed near Carrick- 
 fergus in February 1760, the Xth regi- 
 ment of foot, cantoned in the vicinity 
 of Kilkenny, began their march at twelve 
 at night, under lieut, colonel Gjfborne, 
 and the greater part reached Dublin in 
 24 hours (notwithftanding the inclement 
 feafon) which is a diftance of 56* Iriih 
 miles at 2240 yards each ! 
 
 Agesilaus, 
 
 • Upwards of 70 Englifh miles and a hjvlf. 
 
 t.t'; 
 
 is 
 
 
 i 
 
 i.'. \ 
 
 ... "if I 
 
 M'', 
 

 ( 172 ) 
 
 Agesilaus, returning with his^rm^? 
 from Afia to the defence of his country, 
 ufed fo much diligence, that he marched 
 in thirty days, what Xerxes was a whole 
 year about ! 
 
 Having thus far treated of the 
 long marches of ancient and modern 
 troops in genera]!, I fhall clofe the fubjedt 
 with a few remarks on particulars. A 
 foldier (fome time ago)''-«ndertook to 
 walk 15 times from St. Giles's church to 
 the bell in Weft Smithiield and back 
 again in twelve hours, with a bag of 
 halfpence on his back, weighing twenty 
 one pounds : he performed it with great 
 cafe, having an hour and half to fpare ; 
 ^tis computed to be near forty eight miles. 
 
 Thomas Wright of Hale, in the 
 county of Chefter, walked fifty computed 
 miles for a confiderable wager, and car-*- 
 ried 33 pounds weight all the journeys 
 he was allowed fourteen, but did it in 
 twelve hours and 46 minutes ! 
 
 I REMEMBER to have feen a man 
 walk 50 times round St. Stephen's green, 
 Dublin, in 175 1 : he began at 7 in the 
 morning, and fipifl^ied auout 5 in the 
 
 afternoon. 
 
T>\ 
 
 ( »73 ) 
 
 afternoon.' His comrade cleared the way 
 for not^iing cwcry ••ound but one, jump- 
 ing, bawling and flourifhing a. flick be- 
 fore him 5 but neither carried any weight. 
 The green is reckoned an Engli(h mile 
 about on the outfide of the svall^ but 
 they marched within it. 
 
 Mr. Powei, that lately walked from 
 London to York and back again in 
 days is a greater march (I believe) than 
 any quoted, the diftance being 402 
 miles — ! 
 
 The Porter's work at Liege is moftly 
 carried on by women, called des Boue' 
 tereJJ'est by thv^ir trudging continually in 
 the dirt^ from thence to Spa (being fix 
 (hort leagues) thefe viragos come to 
 market daily, carrying burthens from 
 thirty to forty pounds weight ; and re- 
 turn at night laden in the fame manner. 
 Might not the foldier's wives of our army 
 (generally very numerous) be made more 
 ferviceablc to the Line than they com- 
 monly are ? Bat<, women would greatly 
 increafc the column of fighting men; 
 nor can I fee any impropriety in the ap- 
 pointment, provided, ** not too far gone 
 " with child to hurt it,** 
 
 RETREATS. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
( 174 ) 
 
 R E T R E A 1 
 
 
 ARE of two forts, voluntary and 
 forced. Nothing diftinguiflies a 
 general fo much, and many great cap- 
 tains have acquired more glory from k 
 well conduvfled retreat, than a number 
 of vitflories ! That of the 10,000 
 greeks (as perfcdly defcribed by, as glo- 
 rioully performed under Xenophon) is 
 the moft renowned that ever was made. 
 
 Sometimes it is nece/lary to retire 
 with a view to bring on a general cn- 
 gagement> by obliging the enemy to 
 abandon a ftrong poft in order to follow 
 you ; or to attack him with more advan- 
 tage in another quarter, as G. Howe 
 did from Bofton in 1776, which he ef- 
 fedted in a maf^erly manner, and without 
 lofs, notwithftanding his fmall garrifon 
 was furrounded by 30,000 rebels ; .^000 
 difaffedted people in the town ; above 100 
 pieces of cannon were to be drawn off; 
 500 families, attached to government, 
 with their eifefe to be imbarked ; with 
 a numberlefs train of all kinds of obfta- 
 clcs ! yet the malecontcnts dur/l not 
 fliew themfeivcs 'till all were on board, 
 
 as 
 
( ^7S ) 
 
 as they perceived from the order and rc-- 
 gula»-ity with which every mana^uvre wa« 
 condudted, there was no chance on their 
 fide in attempting even toharrafs the rear 
 divifions of ihe royal army. Earl Percy, 
 covered the whole retreat at the head of 
 the grenadiers ! 
 
 It wou'd be ungrateful to omit men- 
 tioning here the unanimity that fubfifted 
 between his mdjefty's k:' and land officers 
 on this important occafion, vice admiral 
 Shuldham, commander in chief of the 
 fleet, exerting every ability in the povvxr 
 of man to cover and protefl the imbark- 
 ation, which he timed to fuch a critical 
 nicety, that getting under way a quar- 
 ter of an hour too foon, or too late wou'd 
 have defeated the whole evacuation 1 with 
 fuch rapidity and fuddennefs does the 
 tide flow and ebb in fnat fhallow har- 
 bour ! His indefatigability and condudt 
 in this ftation, afterwards at Halifax, 
 and in forcing a paflage up to Ncvv-York 
 with Frigates amidft innumerable batte- 
 ries, and funken che^mux de frizey to 
 facilitate the operations on ihore, fhevw 
 him equally great in fupporting a defceni 
 or in covering a retreat I talents feldon:^ 
 conjoined in the fame perfon ! But 3; 
 
 much 
 
 • ' . ■ I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 k 
 
 ■ 
 
 , 't 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 }' 
 
 t i 
 
 iij 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 - i 
 
 Miii 
 
 
 
( '76 ) 
 
 much abler pen fliou'd handle thefe mat- 
 ters to do bare jufticc to the genius and 
 merit of this commander*. His majefty, 
 fcnfible of bo. hath been gracioully 
 plcafed to confei .. .e dignity of a peerage 
 upon him, by the ftile and title of lord 
 Sbuldham, baron Shuldham of the king- 
 dom of Ireland ! 
 
 The event of this voluntary evacua- 
 ting theMafTachufTets, clearly proved the 
 meafure taken, and the plan|| formed for 
 the general's future operations* to have 
 been founded on the moft folid politics : 
 for in the fpace of 3 months, he drove the 
 rebels from Staten, Long and New- York 
 iflands; followed them into the Jerfeys 
 as far as Trentown on the Delav^rare, over 
 which they retired with precipitation, 
 
 when 
 
 • When governor and commodore on the Newfound- 
 land ilation in 17741 being informed by a private letter 
 tn ami of the want of forces at Boilon, he» with a truly 
 noble tatriotic Jpirity and without waiting to be aiked, 
 tock It upon himfelf not only to difpatch the Rofe fri- 
 gate to vice admiral Graves, but two companies of the 
 65th regiment to general Gage.— This little mite (all 
 he couM afford) was of fingular importance to hit ma- 
 jefty*8 Service : but the manner of giving it fo promptly 
 and unexpectedly charadlerize and diilinguifh the true 
 patriot, gentleman and oiEcer in the fuperlative degree* 
 
 11 This plan was formed by general Gage the pre- 
 ceeding Winter, and highly approved of by government 
 at home. 
 
( ^n ) 
 
 wl^n (cvere wintef onfy put an ^nd to 
 the purfuit I f Were any one to aft: how 
 it was poflible to extend conqueft fo far 
 in fo ihort a time, againfl ten to one, it 
 might be anfwered (as Alexander did on 
 a iimilar quedion) " By not deferring 
 " 'till tp-morrow what could be done 
 •* to-day." This talent of never lofing 
 occafion is among the firft qualifications 
 of a general, 
 
 • * 
 
 ^* Nil a^um reputansyjt jutd Juperejfet 
 •* agendum.'' 
 
 Troops (hou'd never be told cither 
 before, or whiUl in adHon, where they 
 are to retreat to in cafe they are beaten : 
 'Tis the general only forefees the proper 
 place, without difcovering it ; nay he 
 knows the very roads the right, left and 
 centre are to march through, ihou'd fuch 
 a misfortune happen ! in fome fituations, 
 ncceflity may oblige him to facrifice a 
 part of his army to fave the reft ; but 
 this hardy refolution i$ never taken except 
 ^n the laft extremity. 
 
 •n 
 
 % 
 
 
 4: 1 
 
 N 
 
 Hanno, 
 
 K 'Tis hard to determine, whether the campaign was 
 puftied- on okore vigorouily by the royal army, or more 
 simoroully \jy the rebels. 
 
 "».! 
 
 .,ni 
 
( '78 ) 
 
 Han NO, unable to relieve Hannibal 
 fon of GifcOf befieged in Agrigentunn by 
 the Romans (altho' he held the befiegcrs 
 cut off from all communication with 
 their allies and provifions) was obliged 
 to give up this advantage and rifk a battle 
 with Pofthumius. Polybius gives no 
 reafon for the ina(flivity of Hannibal 
 during the engagement ; but only fays, 
 ** while the Conful was making rc)oic- 
 ** ings for a compleat victory, that the 
 **' Carthaginian garrifon retreated under 
 ** favor of the night ! and it was day 
 ** before the Romans knew of it. How- 
 ever they purfued, and came up With 
 Hannibal ; but his experience in wai* 
 ** made him facrifice part of his rear- 
 «• guard, to fave the remainder !'■ 
 
 4« 
 
 «< 
 
 0<^ 
 
 *'i 
 
 eitt^ 
 
 PLUNDER. 
 
• 
 
 M 
 
 ( 
 
 }>0 
 
 1 
 
 ) 
 
 
 W 
 
 'i 
 
 L 
 
 ^ ^ ^ « 
 
 U 
 
 , I 
 
 N 
 
 i . 
 
 D 
 
 • 
 
 E 
 
 R, 
 
 i 
 
 T TA V I N G been the caufe of fatal 
 I X accidents to vidorious armies, the 
 Romans brought it under difcipline ; 
 executed it orderly ; diftributed it juftly 
 among the prefcrit, abfent, fick and welL 
 See theirs and the jewi(h regulations 
 On this article. 
 
 t !■ 
 
 4€ 
 
 «< 
 
 «< 
 
 t( 
 
 *^ Wi^ATSOLVE^ officef or foldJer 
 (after vidtory) fhali quit his poft to 
 plunder and pillage; every fuch of- 
 
 ** fender, being duly convidled thereof, 
 fliall be reputed a difobeyer of military 
 orders^ andfuffcr Deaths &c." — 13th 
 
 art. 14th fedt. article of war. • 
 
 So many ancient, nay recent examples 
 can be given of the dangerous confc- 
 quences of plundering, that it were to 
 be wifhed no pardon was ever granted to 
 thofe found guilty of it ! 
 
 , J 
 
 Na 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 !!C \'i^':iit 
 
 l^f^^l . 
 
 I liliU 
 
 III 
 
 
 11 ''Jim 
 
% 
 
 
 ■i; ' -j 
 
 l' 
 
 V 
 
 f""'-*j 
 
 
 H 
 
 '■i- ■, 1 
 
 
 :f 
 
 ^;<i 
 
 i' 
 
 '1^ 
 
 
 '■A 
 
 ■ ^7 
 
 
 m 
 
 ill*' 
 
 ( ^.8? ) 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 If 
 N the year 1648, the French ariny 
 under marfhal Turenne, and the 
 Svveedifli commanded by Wrangle, adting 
 together ; the latter were fo expert at 
 throwing bridges over rivers, that the 
 artillery officers of France learned the art 
 from them. 
 
 In our war of 1740, I have been cre- 
 dibly informed, there was not a man in 
 the Britifli army in Germany knew how 
 to lay Pontoons, 'till lieut. col. Dean, , 
 who had ferved tinder the duke of Marl- 
 borough, was found to inftrud: them. ! 
 TheRoman method of conftrudling float-p 
 ing bridges, as defcribed by Arrian, qiay 
 be of uie. . - 
 
 C^sAR mentions a bridge he made 
 to pafs the Baetis in Spain. That which 
 he threw acrofs the Rhine is a mafler- 
 pfece, and the more, admirable, fince 
 there is none now on that river ! The 
 one Niceas had put . together at Athens, 
 brought from thence to Rhene, and in 
 one night paffed it over the channel 
 which feparates that ifland from Delos, 
 was about 410 years before Chrifl ; but 
 Xerxes's bridge acrofs the Hellcfpont, 
 was long before this ^ra ! 
 
 OFFICERS, 
 
:,;jl 
 
 ( i8i ) 
 O F F I G E R S. 
 
 i . - . -^ 
 
 fTT^HE Romans had no word to ex- 
 J[ prefs thcfc ; the conful and people 
 chofe the tribunes, who cledted the cen- 
 turions, and thefc appointed and formed 
 the feveral manipules : the conful name(J 
 the legates of the army. 
 
 In Plutarch's life of Cicero we find 
 that in his confulate he made one Vitris, 
 2 Sicilian, captain of artificers ; from 
 whence mcy be inferred, that the conful 
 (to whofe lot Italy fell) was Mafter of 
 the ordnaqce for the year; 
 
 The!<:e were two inferior officers 
 called, Optioncs and Teflerarii, both for 
 the cavalry and infantry : the firfi: carried 
 the petitions of the foldiers to their 
 captains ; the fecond received the parole 
 (wrote upon a chip of wood) from the 
 Tribune, and diftributed it 5 but after-? 
 wards this bufinefs was eredled into a 
 particular office, and then the Tefferarii 
 were changed into Scultores, or fcouts to 
 liften to the converfation of the men ia 
 their tents ! This was a very mean em-» 
 ployment indeed ! 
 
 N 3 Tacitus 
 
 iiPi' 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 'Ir. 
 
 !»#< 
 
 m 
 
 • . \ 
 
■■ '!, * ft.v, 
 
 Mi 
 
 :m: 
 
 ":ft«*^ 
 
 8.V'. 
 
 ir^^ 
 
 <c 
 
 «( 
 
 <( 
 
 (< 
 
 < 182 ) 
 
 Tacitus fpeaks of two Manipularii 
 that offered to majke Gtho emppEor; and 
 Pliny tells us that Bseton and Diognetus 
 were quarter mafter? general to the Mat 
 cedopi^n army; he ftyjes them, " Sur- 
 veyors of camps and marches, and 
 often qiLidtes their writings which are 
 ** not now extant : however he has pre-r 
 ferved to us the pic^^ure of Alexan- 
 der's marches as laid down by thefc 
 f two ofikefs.** " ; 
 
 In the Phalanx, every cornpany had 
 five officer? befides a captain ; viz. An 
 enfign, a rear commander, a trurppeteri 
 an adjutant and a cryer. , 
 
 'jTh^lrx was a p^rtaip age required 
 in the candidate for military as w'ell 
 as fpr civil employs ; and the ancient? 
 had fewer officers in prppprtion to the 
 men th^n we : difcipline made a fmallec 
 nupiber do, who were little expencp tq 
 the flate, and lef? incpn^brance to the 
 nvaf ; for it was fq ftriffl, that every one 
 was laid under the neceffity of either 
 fievoting themfelves entirely to the fcr- 
 vice, or letting them that did their du Jy, 
 pafs over their heads,- 
 
 */ 
 
 Tour 
 
{ ^83 ) 
 
 Tour of mounting guard came oftner 
 round to a few„ than it wou'd have done 
 to a greater number of officers i by which 
 experience, readinefs and fteadinefs wer6 
 fooner acquired ; but none were allowed 
 to hold two commiffions as with us. 
 They and the foldiers were armed alike ; 
 little diftindtion was made in their uni- 
 forms|j, or manner of living ; and they 
 of the fame company were never fcpa- 
 rated, but always fought together. 
 
 * . 
 
 Plutarch relates, that Marius was 
 of obfcure parentage; Paterculus, that 
 he was equejlri loco : be this as it may, 
 he ferved his firft campaign under Scipio 
 befieging Nuqiantia, where he engaged 
 ^nd killed an enemy in fight of hia 
 genyral, who thereupon made him cap-? 
 tain of the ward, and often* had him at 
 His table afterwards : That on a review,t 
 his horfes and mules were in better con- 
 dition than the reft of the (?orps j; by 
 which it feems probable he belonged ta 
 the cavalry. The Greelts always diftin- 
 guiflied whether a <?aptain v/as Decurio, 
 QV Centurio. QUESTOR. 
 
 II The Lacedemonian and Macedonian uniforms 
 were red ; their hoqueton or furtout, purple. 
 
 The Thracian foldieri wore furcotes of black. 
 
 Plutflirch n^en;ion^i iloppages being made from th^ 
 men for cloauing. 
 
 
 
 ,' Al 
 
 ! 
 
 \t' 
 
 ■ ^M 
 
 ii 
 
 'ml 
 
 iiiitil 
 
( 184. ) 
 
 CL U E S T O R. 
 
 TEN years fcrvicc were required in 
 them vrho afpired to this oflice> 
 which though the loweft in thfc magif* 
 trature of the city, yet he held a very 
 high command in the field. Titus 
 QuartusCapitolinus, after the confulfhip, 
 did not think himfelf degraded by thid 
 employ ; and Cato the elder accepted of 
 it, aft r having been dignified with a 
 triumph ! At length, none but confuls 
 cou'd be queftors, 
 
 Thsy who exercifed this duty had a 
 filial reverence for their fuperior magi- 
 Urates under whom they ferved : fuch 
 was the regard paid fo fubordination, 
 and to the performance of all fundions 
 with integrity and good *wilL 
 
 C. Gracchus ferved in the army 12 
 years, though only obliged to ten ; and 
 three years as queftor, notwithftanding 
 the law permitted him to retire after 12 
 months. 
 
 PRETOR* 
 
< iSs ) 
 P R E T O R. 
 
 QUINTUS CICERO, youngeft 
 brother to the Orator, held this 
 ofRde in the year of Rome 691, and the 
 government of Afia minor fell to him by 
 lot the year following. He was brave, 
 honefl and learned, but had no command 
 cf himfelfi being cafily led by thofe, who 
 accommodated themfelves to his humour. 
 Four years afterwards he ferved in Gaul 
 as one of Csfar's lieutenants, and is well 
 fpoken of by that emperor, 
 
 Lucius Afranius was one of Pom- 
 pcy's creatures, and is faid to have fung 
 better than he commanded in a province ! 
 notwithflanding he obtained the coa« 
 fulate in the year of Rome 693. 
 
 WAGES, 
 
 ■ 'j'l 
 
 'Ml 
 
:fc ;*. • 
 
 
 ( 186 ) 
 WAGES, OR PAY. 
 
 NCIENTLY the intereft of 
 money was monthly ; and all 
 fubliftencc then iflued at that period, as 
 at this time in India, where it ftill con* 
 tinues in vogue. In Greece, the fbldiers 
 and failors were paid after this manner : 
 Xenophon mentions only the general's, 
 captain's and foldier's wages ; " That 
 
 the captain's was double the men's ; 
 
 and the. general's (or they that com* 
 " manded) had twice as much pay as the 
 *' captain." But there is reafon to be- 
 lieve that afterwards there were other 
 diftindions, for Arrian mentions, *' the 
 ** iiJe-leaders and bringers up to have 
 *•* had more pay than the private men," 
 
 (< 
 
 <c 
 
 The Roman authors fpeak of the 
 fubfiftence money of the centurion being 
 double the foot foldier's ; and the horfe- 
 man's thrice as much : the gratifications 
 of plunder and pris^e fnoney were gene- 
 rally diftributed in the fame porportion : 
 but what the tribunes received is un- 
 certaiq. 
 
 Bv 
 
( '87 ) 
 
 Bv a merry ftory Pliny gives us of a 
 Candlefticky one wou*d imagine it's value 
 was equal to the annual pa of a tribune ; 
 and although the army was paid daily in 
 the tin^e of the repablic, they always 
 had a year's ftipend given them, even if 
 the war was ended, and they difbanded 
 fix months after raifing. The Velites 
 had lefs wages than the legionaries. 
 
 But it is not clear what the pay or 
 gratifications of the officers of cavalry, 
 infantry or artillery (above the degree of 
 thofe already quoted) were, or whether 
 any i yet the Romans coined money for 
 payipent of their trpops in every country 
 where they made war ; and all who had 
 ferved the time limited by law, were 
 rewarded with a portion of land§. 
 
 The fen ate refufed T. Gracchus (a 
 tribune of the people) a tent and nine 
 oboles a day, ufuajly given to thofe 
 abroad on public fervice ; but Dacier 
 afferts they objedled only to furnifh the 
 tent, and ordered him nine oboles per 
 diem by way of contempt. This I leave 
 %o the very learned in greek and latin, 
 
 who 
 
 § It is to be hoped this example will be impartially 
 followed in America, after the rebellion is quelled i 
 
 W'-' 
 
 m 
 
 'ICII 
 
 -1! 
 
 
( i88 ) 
 
 who have help at hand, and moi-e leiiurc 
 than I at this prefcnt writing. 
 
 I i 
 
 Cato wou'd not hring with him to 
 Italy the cavalry he had in Spaiti, to 
 fpsre the republic the cxpence of tranf- 
 portSng them : and while he cottimanded 
 in that province never drew rworc than 
 1 60 pounds of barley a day from the 
 magazine, for his faddle horfes and bag-< 
 gage mules. 
 
 They gave great pay and large al- 
 lowance of corn to the foldiery ; to the 
 officers, refpedl and honor y with a mo- 
 derate fhare of what was neccflary to 
 live on. 
 
 1^^^ 
 ff 
 
 T 
 
 giers, 
 in any 
 black ill 
 in the 
 
 three 
 but thol 
 pieces 
 
 At 
 times ci 
 have hi 
 continei 
 prefercn 
 it may ( 
 not forj 
 commei 
 with th( 
 mirs> an 
 
 .\ 
 
 ft " 
 
 FLINTS. 
 
I i«9 ) 
 
 FLINTS. 
 
 THE export of them is prahibiced % 
 bu^ our failors carry them to Al- 
 giers, becaufe they pafs as ready money 
 in any (hop there. I take the Norflect 
 black flint to be the befl, which are fold 
 in the neighbourhood of Graveiend at 
 three and five fhillings per thoufand; 
 but thofe made in that village for fowlinjr 
 pieces are cheap at four tinies the fum. 
 
 At Quito, in Peru, they are fomc- 
 times current for a real a piece. None 
 have hitherto been fouijd in the vaft 
 contineat of America. Many give the 
 preference to the F vench whitifh flint ; 
 it may defcrve it in point of fhape, but 
 not for effedual executioa. Let me ret 
 commend it to the foldiery to fcrew it in 
 with the flat fide up, as it will feldomer 
 mifs, and bnger give fire in that pofition* 
 
 ■ii'i 
 
 ■ iia 
 
 art 
 i 
 
 .Ji» 
 
 uL 
 
 ili- 
 
 .REVETS 
 
 ;li',. 
 
 
( I90 ) 
 
 BOWS. 
 
 f If » 
 
 IS there no cafe in which thcfe famoui 
 and ancient inflruments § of 'battle 
 may be rendered ufeful now ? Intelli- 
 gence might be fent into a beficged place 
 by means of an arrow, better than by a 
 javelin, as Caefar's letter was thrown to 
 Cicero. 
 
 The beft bows in India arc made of 
 Horn ; in fome other countries they arc 
 of difFerent woods : Ovid tells us, the 
 nymph Syrinx had her*s of the former j 
 and we may prcfume from paintings, 
 that Diana's bow was of the fame fub- 
 ilance. I have feen fleel bows made in 
 England, which, (put into what we call 
 a crofs-bow) wou'd kill deer, bullocks, 
 &c, &c, . 
 
 The battle of Chevy Chace, foug'jt 
 with thefe inflruments of Death, hath 
 produced as fine a piece of epic poetry 
 
 as 
 
 FLINTS. 
 
'( =»9i ) 
 
 as can be found in Homer or Virgil ; 
 with a thought intirely new, which 
 Addifon remarks wou'd have ihined in 
 either! 
 
 *!:-> 
 
 ;l'4 
 
 tv. 
 
 i > 
 
 ' So right his fhaft he kt, 
 The grey goofe wing that was thereon 
 In his heart's blood was wet ! 
 
 i. What ftrength of expreflion ! what 
 ftrcngth of body ! to draw an arrow 
 (generally 4 feet long) to fuch an head 
 (rather tip) as to flain the feathers at the 
 nich in a nxan's heart's blood ! 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^tj^-llb i 
 
 •fi; -iv. 
 
 
 ••-« - 
 
 I > 
 
 «i 
 
 f I r. 
 
 'l(! 
 
 
 >REVETS 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 '.■■.U' 
 
 i:^'^i- 
 
( '92 ) 
 
 BREVETS 
 
 HAVING never been thoroughly 
 undcrftood, 'till his majefty's order 
 in 1767, I Oiall tranfcribe it as given 
 out in Ireland by the late earl of Gra- 
 nard, then commander in chief for the 
 time being, . . 
 
 €i 
 
 .4€ 
 
 it 
 .<< 
 «( 
 
 4t 
 
 it 
 it 
 it 
 
 His excellency the lord lieutsn?nt 
 having laid before the king the me»- 
 morials of lieutenant colonel Tuhkqn;! 
 of 45th regiment, and of lieutenant 
 colonel Cuningham a captain of faid 
 regiment, relative to a contcft between 
 thofe two officers for the command at 
 Corke ; his majefty is pleafed (to pre- 
 vent fuch difputes in future) to dircd. 
 
 " That when corps join either in 
 '* camp, garrifon or quarters, the old eft 
 ** officer (whether by Brevet or any other 
 ** commiflion) is to command the whole. 
 
 it 
 
 That if a captain happens to have 
 ** the rank of field officer, he fhall roll 
 ** in duty with field officers, and an 
 *' overflaan (hall be allowed to the regi- 
 
 " mcnt 
 
 it 
 
 m( 
 
 it 
 
 of 
 
 
 <( 
 
 tt 
 
 wl 
 
 tt 
 
 on 
 
 it 
 
 COi 
 
 tt 
 
 wh 
 
 tt 
 
 to 
 
 it 
 
 ace 
 
 it 
 
 th? 
 
iil 
 
 t< 
 
 it 
 
 ( ^93 ) 
 
 *' ment in which he has the commiflloft 
 '« of captain. 
 
 ** And, That all regimental duties, 
 ** which are compatible with the fituati- 
 ** on either of the officer who may 
 ** command the whole, or of a captain, 
 who may do duty as field officer, are 
 to be done by fuch refpedtive officers, 
 «* according to the invariable caflom of 
 ** the army." 
 
 'Twill be necetfary herd to explalii 
 the nature of this diipute. It is ufual in 
 large garrifons in Ireland to add a captain 
 and men in proportion to the mainguard, 
 when the judges arrive to hold the affizes, 
 lieutenant colonel Cunningham being 
 the eldeft captain of all the regiments in 
 Corke, lieutenant colonel Tulikens put 
 him in regimental orders for that duty 
 (which, by the bye, he had no right to 
 do, for the brevet was the fenior lieute- 
 ilant colonel and commanded the whole, 
 confequently no reinforcement or dimi^ 
 nution cou'd be made in garrifon guards 
 without garrilbn orders) which he de- 
 clined on account of his ill ftate of 
 health ; and was thereupon reported re- 
 gimentally to the earl of Granard (to 
 
 O whom 
 
 \ • 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ m 
 
 "^ 
 
 
( 194 ) 
 
 whom I had the honor of being aid-de- 
 camp at that time) who directed the 
 fubaltern's guard to be continued, 'till 
 his majefty's pleafure (as before recited) 
 cou'd be known. 
 
 As I have heard captains fince wi/h to 
 have the words, incompatible and inva" 
 ridble cujiom of the army more fully ex- 
 plained, I will t?ike the liberty of giving 
 the idea they convey to the generality 
 of officers of diftindion, that 1 ha?c 
 converfed with on the fubjedl. 
 
 That no man can do two duties in 
 different ranks at once, exercitual and 
 regimental, is a granted point j as his 
 turn of captain and field officer may 
 happen for both on the fame day ; then 
 which duty is he to take ? the gresteil: 
 command to be fure, for rank cannot be 
 yielded up. Therefore a captain adling 
 as a field officer, or colonel, his regi- 
 mental fundlion ceafes, by being abforbed 
 in the higher ; elfe^ why wou'd his ma- 
 jefty dired: an overflaan for him, which 
 credits his corps with a captain from the 
 brigade, fo that his duty does not fall 
 upon the regiment ? And when once an 
 overilaan is ordered to any rank what- 
 ever. 
 
( 1« ) 
 
 ever, that officer is totally abfent with 
 leave from his corps, until the duty of 
 field officer, aid-de-camp, major of bri- 
 gade, affiftant engineer, &c. that he wag 
 appointed to in general orders, finally 
 deafes.— ^I fhall clofe this part of brevets 
 with two quotations only of the tnvari* 
 able rule of the army that have fallen 
 within my knowledge — viz. In 1750, 
 lieutenant colonel iir Harry Erfkine, on 
 Dublin duty (tho' regimentally a captaia 
 in the royal) was exempted from all 
 attendances on his corps, and enrolled only 
 with field officers— ♦-That the fame prac- 
 tice ftill continues, we need only advert 
 ' to the cuflom iince the American re- 
 bellion. 
 
 As I have the highefl veneration for 
 the real dignity and honor of the fervice, 
 there are fome other pundilios I wifh 
 to fee as well fettled by authority for bre- 
 vet officers, while in quarters with their 
 regiment only, and doing all duties ac- 
 cording to the rank they hold m it— ^ 
 (viz.) A captain ranking as major, lieu- 
 tenant colonel or colonel mounting a 
 guard, picquet, viliting hofpital or being 
 prefident of a regimental court-martial, 
 I (hould humbly conceive, ought not. 
 
 
 <U 2 
 
 nay 
 
 
( 19^ ) 
 
 nay cannot with propriety report, or carry 
 any thing to be approved of, to a junior, 
 becaufe he accidentally commands the 
 regiment ! Suppofe this temporary com- 
 mandant may be the youngeft captain 
 but one, and the other the youngeft with 
 rank of colonel ! is it compatible with 
 fervicc, that the fenior (who may have 
 ferved forty years) ihou'd in fuch a cafe 
 wait upon the junior (perhups of five 
 years (landing) *till he nods and fays^ 
 "'tis very well, fir ? This appears to me 
 (and muft glaringly fo to all who have 
 found judgment) acontradidion initfelf ! 
 but having never been reprefcnted, it refts 
 unredlified I For his majefty (the foun- 
 tain of honor) by conferring dignity on 
 old officers, never means it ihouM leffen 
 or humiliate them. A regimental com- 
 manding officer, let his rank be what it 
 will (if he be a man of high breeding 
 and literature) will never allow himfelf 
 to receive any report from a fenior bre- 
 vet, but in the way of amicable conver- 
 fation — This is the true etiquette. 
 
 Again; when brevets do duty as 
 field officers or colonels, is it unreafona- 
 ble to hope they fhou'd be allowed the 
 pay, baggage, bat, forage and lodging 
 
 money 
 

 ( 197 ) 
 
 money with every other emolument and 
 advantage of the rank they ferve in ? 
 For if they be entitled to all thefe, adling 
 as general officers (when the additional 
 pcrquifites are exceedingly high) why not 
 in a fubordinate degree, when the ex- 
 pence wou'd fcarcely be felt ? We all 
 know captain Bradftreet of the LXth 
 regiment was a major general, and wou*d 
 have enjoyed all the privileges and pecu- 
 niarities of a lieutenant general were he 
 now alive and ferving with this army. 
 But in contraft to this, I have feen a 
 brevet major mount at Boflon, who had 
 four captains with eight fubalterns to 
 treat (according to fa(hion) every eigh- 
 teenth day, which, coft a great deal more 
 than he could afford ! And in fome re- 
 giments, it may fo fall out, that a brevet 
 major may be upon lieutenant's pay J 
 This titulus^ Jine re is a miferable fitua-^ 
 tion indeed I but the worft is to came \ 
 
 :ii 
 
 ;;*!' 
 
 m 
 
 \% 
 
 il'iiS 
 
 If I miftake not (for I am neceffitated 
 to go by memory) the judge advocate 
 general, Mr. Gould, in his letter to the 
 Secretary at war, fets forth, ** That the 
 ** board of general officers, who fat by 
 
 O J ** the 
 
 • Even the widows of brevet officers have no incrcaf© 
 of penfion by this rank ! 
 
 
 m- '^ 
 
 
 mi 
 
( 198 ) 
 
 ** the king's command, to regulate the 
 ** prices of commiflions and rank in the 
 ** Army, proceeded in their valuations at 
 *' the rate of To much for every fhilling 
 ^* per day, and fo much for rank :" If 
 this be truly ftated, might not brevets be 
 permitted to bear fome proportion in a 
 lale where an higher rank is to be pur^ 
 chafed ? What do lieutenants pay for in 
 giving the difference to be captains lieu«p 
 tenant ? Nothing but rank and a going 
 on in the regiment, as brevets do in the 
 »rrpy. Has not the captain lieutenancy 
 been eflimated at one hundred pounds 
 more on account of this very rank only ? 
 Is the captain lieutenant any other than 
 a brevet captain till he fucceeds to a 
 company ? Can we wi(h for a better pre- 
 cedent than the opinion of fo many g^ne-- 
 rals approved of by royal authority ? And 
 his majefty's! moft gracious pleafure, fig- 
 nified here by his excellency the com- 
 mander in chief, ** for all majors prior to 
 
 ** 1773, ^'^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ willing to pur- 
 /* chaie lieutenants colonelcy, to giveja 
 **;theirnames in order to bet.ranfmittedto 
 *; the war office, that their pretenfions may 
 f|;be confidered when any promotions 
 :*^ by purchafe arc going on at home," 
 affords the moft flattering profpedl. For as 
 
 mode 
 
( 199 ) 
 
 mode totally excludes them from fuc- 
 ceeding to regimental majorities, they 
 never caa arrive at the wifhed for honor 
 of becoming lieutenants colonel, with- 
 out paying two thoufand pounds dif- 
 ference : whereas, captains becoming 
 majors without buying can purchafe that 
 honorable ftep for the fmall fum of nine 
 hundred pounds. This is a material 
 circumftance in war time, and principally 
 to thofe that have families to leave be- 
 hind them ! but I am not pleading for 
 fuch brevets as took the difference and 
 retired upon half pay, and have fince 
 been re-inftated without purchaling. 
 When thefe incongruities are impartially 
 weighed by the heads of armies, I pre- 
 dict an immediate reformation. 
 
 UT'SllaiJ 
 
 M 
 
 it! 
 
 ' ■■ il 
 
 ^'r^ 
 
 .! 
 
 i 
 
 
 I •!l 
 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 It 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
 tiii 
 
 'I 
 
 ANIMADVERSIONS. 
 
 
 M 
 
 um 
 
( 200 ) 
 
 !>■ • 
 
 ANIMADVERSIONS. 
 
 TH E extindion of duelling is be^ 
 come im practicable ! for what 
 penalties can intimidate men fuperior to 
 the fear of death ? or ftigmatize what 
 honor approves ? 
 
 Duelling fhou*d be either a manly 
 decifion of fiich differences between 
 particulars, as come not within the 
 cognizance of the law of the ftate : or 
 ^ generous punidiment of injuries irre*- 
 parablc by the magiftrate. Was a com- 
 putation to be made of all that have fallen 
 in duels for a feries of years, the incon-^ 
 liderablenefs of tho number wou'd but 
 ill juftify the extravagant clamour againft 
 them. 
 
 The Gladiators of old, tho* inured to 
 the moft defperate Jcind of combat, made 
 always an indifferent figure whenever 
 the neceflities of the times called them 
 into Roman armies I Nor wou'd a regi- 
 ^lent of our amphitheatrical boxers have 
 rivalled the gallantry of Ell-r-ot's taylors,- 
 
 Our 
 
( 201 ) 
 
 Our bruliers value themfelvcs too 
 much on the defence of hands ; and 
 ridiculoufly contemn the reft of the 
 world, who have wifely fuperfeded ft. 
 Fire-arms are the weapons that fcarcely 
 leave any inequality between combatants, 
 but that of intrepidity. Robufticity is 
 no valour, nor is debility always pufilla- 
 nimity. The Turks never fight duels ; 
 and in Denmark, even challenging ano- 
 ther is punifhed with the lofs of life and 
 eftate : nay feconds, who do not endea- 
 vour to prevent them, undergo the fame 
 fate. Any one killed in a duel is not 
 fufFcred to be buried in confecrated 
 ground — Whoever refleds on another, 
 for refufing to accept a challenge, is 
 declared infamous by a Danilh law. 
 
 '!!■ -MW: 
 
 !'.'. , 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 4 
 
 HONOR. 
 
 
 
 , '",4 
 
 m 
 
( £02 ) 
 
 HONOR. 
 
 Mx\NY have wrote on this topic, 
 but I find none that have com- 
 pared it to the eye, which can't fufter the 
 lead moat in it, without being blcmiflied ! 
 Honor maybe called a precious flone, 
 which the fmalleft fpeck makes Icfs va- 
 luable ! it is a treafure irrecoverable 
 when once unfortunately loft! Honoris 
 for this life, what good works are for the 
 other world ! the firft is preferved by the 
 greateft delicacy ; the latter by the greats- 
 eft care. 
 
 Honor and life put into feparate 
 fcales, are of equal weight ; hut take 
 out the former, and the latter weighs 
 nothing. I admire the Frenchman, who 
 remarks 
 
 Uhonneur eft comme une ijle ef car pee 
 & fans lords ! \ 
 
 On ny pent plus rentrer des <^u on en 
 eji dehors I 
 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
t H 
 
 ( 203 ) 
 PATRIOTISM. 
 
 THE ancients have faid, Dulce pro 
 patrid mori I to encourage th^ 
 people to ferve it — But what do you 
 think of Dulce pro patria viv^fre, when 
 one has fufficient ability ? For if we can 
 do no more good to our country than 
 die for her, we refemble the bullocks 
 and fheep that die for the ufe of her 
 inhabitants — A man of honor will rifque 
 his life willingly in the fervice of his 
 country, when ihe is grateful ; but hs 
 muft be a fool indeed that lays down 
 his life on any conlideration whatfoever I 
 as Marcus Curtius did ! and what was 
 his recompenfe for fo unnatural an- ad ? 
 Hiftory tells us only, there was fuch a 
 fool upon the earth ! 
 
 i 
 
 '1 • 
 
 m 
 
 ;),■ 
 
 ■).': M 
 
 SCHEME 
 
 
( 204 ) 
 
 4ki t Z 
 
 C i^,K 
 
 SCHEME for new modeling 
 rhe British Army. 
 
 THAT Great Britain hath produced 
 as many heroes, and as good 
 armies as any one flate on the globe, 
 cannot be denied ; nay, were I to affert, 
 her troops excel thofe of all other coun- 
 tries, it would not in the leaft be more 
 than they are entitled to ! Then, cry 
 Jbme, why new model them ? becaule 
 their rank, pay and promotion are at 
 prefent fo unequal, as to render a reform 
 neceilary. 
 
 That fhe as a maritune power hp.th 
 nothing to do with European continental 
 wars is alfo beyond dilpute ; they only 
 drain her of men and money, ingredients 
 ftie (hou'd now encourage and hoard up 
 for more important purpofes ; efpecially 
 fince the general rebellion of the Ame- 
 rican colonies hath laid open a fcene few 
 people in England ever dream't of! And 
 what has happened may happen again ! 
 This being granted, it will naturally 
 follow, we muft either conquer or give 
 up the weftern empire ! I vote for the 
 firft f as tamely fubmitting to the latter 
 
 would 
 
h 
 
 ( 205 ) 
 
 would argue a decadence and inability iit 
 the Emprefs of the feas, whofe fcepter 
 Ihe hath hitherto fwayed triumphant : 
 to profecute which, i will not only pro- 
 pofe, an efFedtual but oeconomical plan. 
 
 Our heavy cavalry (a weighty expcnce 
 to the kingdom) become ufelefs the 
 moment we quit continental wars iti 
 Europe; convert them therefore into 
 ferviceable infantry, excepting four re- 
 giments of light dragoons in Britain ; 
 the like number in Ireland of fix troops 
 each, for the dignity of ftate and pre- 
 vention of fmuggling : for if ever thefc 
 nations be invaded, it will be by foot 
 only. And would not fucli a redudtion 
 lower the price of butcher's meat, by 
 hay, &c. being made cheaper ? Four 
 regiments more of nine troops each will 
 be required in the growing Britifh empire 
 in America. 
 
 There fhou'd be no diftindlion of 
 rank, or difference in pay in the King's 
 army throughout ; but the whole on the 
 fame footing, according to their feveral 
 degrees. — 
 
 One hundred battalions of infantry 
 to be formed out of the reduftions, at 
 
 five 
 
 :f- : 
 
 :., i 
 
 f^": 
 
 i 
 
 I'i' 
 
 m 
 
 
 'Mil 
 
( 206 ) 
 
 five hundred men each in time of peace, 
 incrcafcd as exigencies may demand in 
 war, and to be difpofed of thus. 
 
 Great Britain having ^Battalions, 
 a large militia equal to any / 
 
 regiments that durfl invade f i6 
 her. J 
 
 Ireland - 24 
 
 Mediterranean, - 10 
 
 America -• 50 
 
 100 
 
 Hey-dey exclaims a fugar planter, what 
 is to become of the Weft Indies ? and 
 who will protect us from the negroes ? 
 There is not the Icaft: occafion for any 
 there, except invalid corps (where the 
 brave veterans will live twenty years 
 longer than at home, fo benign is the 
 climate to age !) and for thefe reafons, 
 Two regiments at Jamaica will no more 
 defend it againft an invalion, than one 
 will the iflands of Granada, Dominique, 
 St. Vincent, 6cc. What then is the 
 confequence of having fine battalions fo 
 flenderly diipcrfed there, if the French 
 and Spaniards are beforehand with us ? 
 They are made prifoners without being 
 abletorefifl at all, after having fucked the 
 flower of our army annually to keep them 
 
 compleat ! 
 
( 207 ) 
 
 compleat ! bcfides thcfc robuft recruits, 
 (from clime) grow enervated and unfit 
 for fervice in a few years — Such arc the 
 different cffcdts of the country on old 
 and young ! It wou'd therefore be eafier 
 and cheaper in fuch circumftances to 
 retake them with a thundering force from 
 the American continent, from whence we 
 can arrive at them in a fhort fpace, and 
 return the compliment by putting our- 
 felves into the pofleffion of Martinique, 
 Guadaloupc, &c. at the fame time ; for 
 whoever reigns in the weftcrn world, 
 muil in the end be fovereign of the Weft 
 Indies. I aflert this from my local 
 knowledge of thefe iflands, where I had 
 the happinefs of puffing two years in a 
 public chara^fter, in the fari.ily of one 
 of the befl of governors, general Rufane|| ! 
 
 When the cavalry and infantry rcqui- 
 fitc for London duty are there, they 
 
 might 
 
 11 This excellent man, exprefsly forbad his Maitre 
 d' hotel ever to buy any frefh provifions in the markets 
 for his own table, 'till the general hofpital was iirfl 
 ferved ; and publifhed an ordinance againft gaming, 
 which, for the fake of his majelty's liege fubjedls, he 
 exprefsly pnc into execution, except permitting mon- 
 fieur Louberie to hold a Faro bank during Lent, for 
 the fupport of the hopital des orphelines, which, by 
 our conqued of Martinique was deprived of the annual 
 allowance of Loiiis XV of about two hundred gui- 
 neas. Rufane permitted vice on/j to operate for cha- 
 ritable and virtuous purpofes ! 
 
 H 
 
 
 II 
 
 it: 
 
 , :i'i 
 
 •-'III 
 
 I'ij' IT -'' 
 
: m 
 
 ;:'?« 
 
 1*; n 
 
 ( 208 ) 
 
 mjglit be allowed additional pay (as in 
 Dublin) for the year ; by this rotation 
 the whole army wou'd have the honor 
 and fatisfadlion of being known to their 
 royal mafter, which at prefent is limited 
 to a few ! 
 
 Ti.E fecfetafy at war to be a military 
 man, if fuch employment be needful ; 
 but I humbly apprehend the adjutant 
 general to be the proper officer for this 
 department, as he is fuppofed to know 
 the merit of every one in the army : he 
 fho?5'd not be in parliament, as he will 
 have bulinefs enough without it 5 but of 
 cafy acccfs to all of the profcffion. There 
 fhou'd be only one ctiief adjutant general, 
 who is coi]ftantly to attend the king ; a^ 
 many deputies as detached expeditions 
 may require ; and the fame rule to be 
 obferved in all capital branches. This 
 is OEconomy. ' , 
 
 All fubalterns to be lieutenants at 
 five fhillings per diem each > adjutants, 
 quarter mafters on the fame pay to be 
 appointed from the beft ferjeants, and 
 never to be double commiflioned on any 
 account. Give a penlion for a noble 
 adi'on rather than break through this 
 
 rule. 
 
C 209 ) 
 
 rule. Chaplains (feldom attending, the 
 pay of abfentees to be ftopt) and furgeons 
 to be paid as captains; furgeons mates 
 as lieutenants, out of thefe lavings, 
 which will make it worth their while to 
 flick by the army. 
 
 I wou'd not here be underftood to 
 infinuate any reform in his majefty's foot 
 guards ; I fliou'd be rather inclined to 
 augment that irrefiftable phalanx to three 
 regiments of three battalions, or thirty 
 companies each ; at the fame time wish- 
 ing fome plan cou'd be hit upon, to pre- 
 ferve a greater equality of rank between 
 them and the infantry : for I have heard 
 it remarked, that from the entrance of a 
 young gentleman into that refpedtable 
 body, till he becomes a lieutenant colo- 
 nel, is generally a period frpm twelve to 
 iixteen years ! while in ours, it is a life- 
 time to arrive at that honour ! How to 
 remedy the one without infringing on 
 the other is then the queflion. I fliou'd 
 be happy to be able to form a kind of 
 congeniality between us. Suppofe they 
 wou'd permit us to call them eldeft bro- 
 thers ! and at the fame time, we were 
 to be honoured with all the regimental 
 ranks they hold, without the additional 
 
 ? pay ! 
 
 
 m^i 
 
 
 
 ?1>! 
 
 r. ; 
 
 '''■'I! 
 
 iii 
 
 
 
4€ 
 
 *t 
 
 it 
 
 €< 
 
 vm 
 
 { 210 ) 
 
 pay ! Wou'd not this be glorious for us 
 without injuring them, and (Economical 
 to the ftate ? Have I not read, " that 
 wherever honorary rewards are more 
 efteemed than pecuniary donations, 
 'tis policy in that nation to confer 
 them ?" I appeal to the gentlemen of 
 the guards themfelves, who are generally 
 of the firft and richeft families in Eng- 
 land. This, then, leads me to another 
 very agreeable propofal to that diftin- 
 guiHied corps. Are there any of them 
 that wou'd be forry to breathe frefh air 
 in country quarters now and then, with- 
 in an hundred miles of London I Are 
 there any that would regret leaving the 
 metropolis two years out of three, efpe- 
 cially as they might obtain leave (on bu- 
 iinefs or health) to go to town, when 
 neceflity urged ? Kow for the intimate 
 congeniality. One regiment, or a bat- 
 talion from each regiment of Guards to 
 be conftantly in London, and relieved 
 annually ; the reit of the necelTary gar- 
 rifon to be five marching corps ; by 
 which rotation, the whole infantry of 
 Great Britain (fuppofing a regular relief 
 not to be interrupted) wou'd have the 
 honor of doing duty on their royal maf- 
 ter once in the fpace of twenty years ! 
 
 ROYAL 
 
( "» ) 
 
 m 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY.! 
 
 As I have before mentioned Marflial 
 Saxe's prediction, " That in timet 
 ** all battles will probably be decided by 
 " thefe thunderbolts of war/* I wou'd 
 propdfe to have ten battalions of this 
 moft lifeful corps, fufficiently ftrong to 
 do their own duty ; for an army is con-» 
 fiderably weakened by furnifliing addi- 
 tional gunners, &c. to the artillery iti 
 every campaign, which are in fadt but 
 hall men in point of Utility, and much 
 fpoird for their own fei*vice a long time 
 after — Their deftination fhou*d be, at 
 the rate of one company to every battalion 
 of infantry* \. 
 
 iii.>i 
 
 It iO V 
 
 ■i/Jii1 
 
 W 
 
 ( ' 
 
 !«■: 
 
 m 
 
 ill!'' 
 
 "t , 
 
 'ir 
 
 tt 
 
 Vz 
 
 MILITARY 
 
 r, 
 
 I r 
 
 I . 
 
 :i'A 
 
 m 
 
 
 
( 
 
 212 
 
 ) 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY. 
 MILITARY ACADEMY. 
 
 Most excellent inftitution, were 
 it to undergo fome few alterati- 
 ons. It fliou'd have been founded far from 
 the metropolis and fea ports, for reafons 
 too obvious 1 Salifbury plain, diftant 
 from fafliionablc vice, wLich youth are 
 over fond of imitating, wou*d have afFord- 
 <;d a delightful retreat and commodious 
 lituation for ftudy. The tutors and offi- 
 cers immediately necelTary to relide in 
 the academy, fhould not only be men 
 of diftinguifhed abilities in their feveral 
 departments, but of the moil refined 
 manners, education and morals; that 
 their examples as well as precepts might 
 form the youth committed to their charge 
 to VIRTUE and wisdom, without which 
 their labour is vain ! 
 
 The education of youth refembles 
 the culture of plants ;vit is the foil, in 
 which the infancy of man being fown, 
 produces good or bad fruit according to 
 it's fertility ; for as the well or ill doing 
 of mankind depend principally upon it, 
 ihej^reateft care poiSble fhould betaken 
 
( 213 ) 
 
 to inftil Into the minds of our yonng 
 academicians early fentiments of love foir 
 virtue and averfion to vice ! which is 
 moft eafy to do, if undertaken in time, 
 %s they (like wax) will receive any im- 
 pr^flion wifhed to be put upon them. If 
 we examine into the caufes that per- 
 fecfkd the ancients in all parts of war, 
 it will be found that their public fchools 
 and great attention to dive into every 
 branch of the art military fpecuktivety 
 and pradlically, produced them. Whj^ 
 can*t we, i.'vC the Greeks and Romans', 
 make ufe of fuch means ? We ert€t col- 
 leges of learning, form fgcieties, to gi:ant 
 prcemia to thofe who have compofed beft 
 in verfe or profe (too often on frivolous 
 fubjedls) and negledt the like eftablifh- 
 ments for military thefes ! which ought 
 to be as ufeful in propagating the martial 
 fciences, as univerfities are for law, 
 phyfic or divinity. Nay mechanical arts, 
 and commerce (the fwpports of our na^ 
 tionj ought to have their feminaries, with 
 learned proficients to teach their pupils 
 the principles, rules and ends of the pro- 
 feffions they are deftined for, and then lei 
 us obferve, what advantages wou*d fol- 
 low from fuch inftitutions, in the pro-* 
 grefs of human knowledge. 
 
 ■■ii;lil'tr» .P 
 '! * 
 
 
 :iltj 
 
 ■■,,f, 
 
 f. 
 
 1 il'lii;!'* 
 
 «.: 
 
 (■!<■; M 
 
 M 
 
r JnTqw, if thefe young militarians Were 
 to undergo, a proper examination (as fea 
 officers do) before they we're pofted to 
 (corps ; and were only to be placed in the 
 arniy according to the proficiency they 
 had made in th? martial fludies* . . 
 
 But, as the nobleman* that prefides over 
 this corps, has every accomplifliment 
 man can be endued with, to render it 
 fsifential to the nation^, and put it on the 
 beft of foundations, the vifible defed^ 
 tnuA arife from the want of a proper 
 
 priginal military conflitution, 
 
 « 
 
 ^ Lord Townfliend. 
 
 i 
 
 t ' 'I 
 
 \n . 
 
 % • 
 
 c / 
 
 r 
 
 V \ 
 
 
 MARJNE8, 
 
( 215 ) 
 
 MARINES. 
 
 THIS corps, ferving by fea and 
 land, ought to have every encou- 
 ragement in the power of government, 
 but their conftitution is fo defedlive at 
 prefent, that it is neither fifh or flcfli ! 
 That admirals and captains of the navy 
 fhould be generals and colonels of ma- 
 rines by W2iyo^Jine'Cure, is neither poli- 
 tical or oeconomical. Thefe gentlemen, 
 commanding the bulwarks of the nation 
 very defervedly have extreme emolument- 
 ary employments in their own depart- 
 ments : Witnefs, Greenwich ; guard 
 fquadrons, and fhips i yatchts i commif- 
 fioncrs ; comptrollers j &c. &c. and I 
 dare fay, wou'd mofl willingly cede all 
 pretenfions to this corps (fo glaringly 
 hurtful to the fervice) were they follicit- 
 ed to it by the commandants, whofe 
 promotion is greatly retarded, if not 
 intirely ftopt in the general rank, by this 
 unnatural jumble. 
 
 In Juftice to the marines, no troops 
 have diftinguiflied themfelves more i I 
 have' bad thf honor nf ferving on fhore 
 witl^ them at, Belleifle, Martinique, and 
 
 never 
 
 1,1. if 
 
 h 
 
 '.;ii|t 
 
 'r:. 
 
 
 lllD. 
 
 ;tir 
 
 i! 
 
 
 m 
 
( 2l6 ) 
 
 never defire to be brigaded with better — 
 In the MafTachufets too, they dealt de- 
 flrudion at Bunker's-hill in return for 
 the treacherous ufage they, (liarcd from 
 the rebels gt Lexipgton-^I would re- 
 commend this body, either to be formed 
 into ten battalions, or loo coinpanies; 
 which ever government think ffitteft for 
 the real advantage of the nation, :and to 
 be in every refped: qn the fame footing 
 with his majefty's marching regiments 
 of infantry — Let us fuppofe (by way of 
 fEConomy to a nation) an army in the field 
 of twenty thoufand men proportioned in 
 the general method— (viz.) 
 
 Infantryi ^bpvc | or r 15,167 
 ,,; Cavalry j or ^ 4,000 
 
 : * Artillery ti or * . : 83 3 
 
 i: . . • t> 4>v .* t."«.$b,00O 
 
 Befides engineers, commiflTaries, hofpi- 
 tals, bakers, waggoners, guides^ Bat* 
 men, &.c. &c. : :: c ' hj 
 
 ^0,000 infantry on Englifh pay 1 
 at JT. 1 8 per man, fer annum^ >36.o,OQa 
 officers included — • J i .■ r:' :; 
 
 But 4Q00 cavalry and 833 ar-*) 
 tillery at £, j6 per mian,'^fr (173,988 
 
 whidi 
 
 annum^ will amount to^ 
 
 * Bat 7'^ of this corps will he foqnd nece/H^r^ iv( 
 
 WAT. 
 
( 217 ) 
 
 r 
 
 which is not much (hort of half the charge 
 for 20,ooQ foot — And for cxtraordinaries 
 of an adtive campaign, it will be good 
 management if they do not exceed the 
 perfonal pay of the army. The general 
 (whatever the fubfiftence of his infantry, 
 cavalry, and artillery comes to) always 
 demands as much more for the operations 
 pf the field : And although the perfonal 
 pay be double in fome nations, to what 
 it is in others, yet this is the invariable 
 rule. The ftate therefore, that gives the 
 highejft ftipend, always exceeds in extra-* 
 ordinary cxpences of war. 
 
 By the above calculation, forty thou-^ 
 faod foot, exclufive of the reft of the 
 troops now I'erving againft the rebel co-* 
 lonies will ftand government in only, one 
 million, four hundred and forty thou- 
 fand pounda annually, and the republi- 
 Qgns in a great deal more, from the fatal 
 coi^fequenccs that muft attend their 
 fruitlefs oppofition. How long they can 
 pay, feed, cloath and lodge rabble mul-^ 
 titude§ of 72,000 (their boafted number) 
 9t that rate, time muft devclope ! 
 
 
 i' 
 
 ii 
 
 INVALIDS. 
 
( 2i8 ) 
 
 INVALIDS. 
 
 THESE (hou'd I comfortable re- 
 treats of eafe fot -ged and difablcd 
 officers and foldiers in the warmeft cli- 
 mates of our fcttlements, for reafons 
 before alledgcd ^ totally compofed of in- 
 dependent companies of one commander, 
 four fubalterns, four fcrjeants, four cor- 
 porals, two drummers and an hundred 
 privates ; continually kept compleat that 
 fewer might do, which is ceconomy J 
 There is no occafion to fix 2l certain 
 number of thefe corps, let it fludluate 
 according to exigency : for if an officer 
 dies, there is no neceffity of filling up 
 the vacancy, as we are to fuppofe every 
 proper object to be placed at nrft fetting 
 out i and if all the officers of a company 
 die, incorporate the men info others. 
 Perhaps ' fomebody will obferve here, 
 that in a long peace the whole efta-' 
 bliffiment might expire ! The ftate 
 wou'd be a confiderable faver, who 
 need not create any more 'till a future 
 war might make it expedient! It 
 being not the utility, but the pro- 
 viding for thefe noble veterans thai 
 renders fuch an arrangement abfo-* 
 
 «• lutely 
 
 <( 
 
 4€ 
 
 it 
 
 *4 
 
 €t 
 
 ti 
 
 if 
 4f 
 
( ^^9 ) 
 
 *f lately neceflary from national grati- 
 ** tude to their fervices ; And they 
 '* might be ftyled, ift, 2d, 3d, com- 
 ** pany, 6cc. of honorable Independent 
 «' Invalids, with an order of Merit at- 
 *' tached nigh to the heart, with this 
 ^' motto — Senefcit Honor e \ 
 
 Having difcufTed thefe different con* 
 ftitations, I muft obferve, that if fomo 
 are difmounted by the propofed altf^ra- 
 tions, ample provifion is made for many 
 more; and (laall now finifh with a few 
 reafonable animadverfions pn Qur prcfcnt 
 pofture of affairs-^ 
 
 In all conquered countries, no govern- 
 ment can anfwer equal to a military one*; 
 and none is fo juft when an equitable 
 chief commands. But in America, fo 
 greatly diftant from us, 'tis trebly necef-* 
 fary, witnefs the difficulty, flownefs and 
 expence of getting and tranfporiing men 
 and horfes hither on a late emergency I 
 the incroachments and devaflations made 
 by the rebels on the king's territorities 
 and well afFedted fubjedls during this 
 (:hafm of doing nothing, with an hun-» 
 
 dred 
 
 (( 
 
 • X"* ^""^t quae evertunt rempublicam ; •' imma" 
 <' turum fo^filiumj froprium commodum U occultum odium," 
 
 1' I 
 
( 220 ) 
 
 dred advantages to the mal-contcnts, 
 and a thoufand difadvantagcs on our fide, 
 ncedlefs to enumerate ! The want of 
 power in civil governors to apprehend 
 fufpeded perfons, feize trcafonable pa- 
 pers, quell tumults and difperfe feditiou^ 
 meetings, when a ftate is in danger, is d 
 moil: ridiculous form of adminiltration. 
 Had fuch authority been lodged with the 
 chiefs of Provinces four years ago, no 
 civil war durft ever have (hewed it's 
 furious head ! Happy if we, from feeing 
 our errors now, take the proper precau- 
 tions to prevent the like in future. What 
 country fox-hunter wou'd not hang a 
 mad hound left he bite the whole pack ? 
 Or what farmer does not kill a fcabby 
 flieep to fave his flock ? 
 
 ^itTo conclude } build domineering ci- 
 tadels on the fitteft eminences, never ta 
 contain lefs than a regiment of foot and a 
 company of artillery, to command every 
 capital town, not to opprefs but protedt 
 the inhabitants. For inftance. One on 
 Dorchefter point oppofite the windmill 
 on the neck 5 one on Noddle ifland ; one 
 on Fort-hill ; one on Bacon-hill 5 one 
 at Roxhury church ; one on mount Pif- 
 gah, 6cc. &;c. for the fccurity of Bofton 
 
 (whicb 
 
( a2J ) 
 
 (which in It's prcfcnt fituatlon is eafier 
 taken than held^ with a couple of regi- 
 ments more in the neighbourhood, woa'd 
 at all times hinder a few from feducing 
 the whole into rebellion, if your gover- 
 nors (all whom I hope to fee military) 
 have power on the fpot, and are not to 
 wait 'till they report to and receive direc- 
 tions from England what to do ! I am 
 aftonifhcd our No]tAo0»iT»)r have forgot of 
 what importance it is in a flate^ 
 
 Far cere fuhjeSiis^ et debellare fupcrbos ! 
 
 For depend upon't, though matters may 
 be compromifed for the prcfcnt, they 
 won't lafl: long fo, but break out again 
 with double fury ! No natiop can fubfift 
 without fabordination ; the fupremc au- 
 thority {pi what nature foever it be) is 
 requifite to prevent anarchy and con- 
 fufion. ■ \ 
 
 , ! 
 
 w. 
 
 
 '( 
 
 ii: 
 
 hi'!. 
 
 H .1 
 
 LA 
 
 Iji 
 
 i 
 
( 222 ) 
 
 LA PETITE GUERRE* 
 
 WHICH perhaps fome may 
 comprehend in a fenfe contrary 
 to it's practice and meaning, is the gar- 
 rifon of fuch a fortified town or towns 
 in Germany or France, being ordered out 
 for the amufement of the emperor, king 
 or princefs of the blood, which the go- 
 vernor of the place arranges previous to 
 their arrival. The troops pofTefs them- 
 felves the evening before of the ports 
 affigned them ; have particular orders 
 which are to penetrate and which are to 
 give way, to avoid after difputcs, and 
 prevent quarrels. This regale is always 
 attended with a thundering train of ar- 
 tillery, which keeps up a continual fire 
 of powder, anft the mortars, &c. throw 
 fhells of pafteboard I The garrifon are 
 ever happy on this occafion, not from 
 any expected gratuity, but from a gloire 
 to pleafe ! Hence arifes the term of la 
 petite guerre, when carried on in reality, 
 in which many officers and men (hine, 
 and are of the utmoft fervice to the army, 
 that make no figure at all on the grand 
 theatre of war. 
 
 The 
 
( 223 ) 
 
 The rebellion now in America feemS' 
 to come under this head, from the nature 
 of the country, and cowardlinefs of the 
 rebels, who delight more in murdering 
 from woods, walls and houfes, than in 
 fhewing any genius or fcience in the art 
 military. I fhall therefore enter largely 
 into this fubje(5t, and produce the opi- 
 nions of the beft writers and practiti- 
 oners in it. 
 
 iii'i 
 
 iii':' 
 
 
 A PARTISAN ought at leaft to have 
 the rank of colonel, that the commander 
 in chief may be able to truft him with 
 his moil fecret affairs, and confult him 
 on any occaiion ; his conduct and adions 
 •{hou*d be well known : A*ier a campaiga 
 the general will be able to judge of his 
 capacity from what he has done. 
 
 ' His merit being known and approved, 
 he ought to have Carte blanche during 
 the war, that he may not let flip any 
 opportunity, of being ui'eful, which pre- 
 fents itfelf ; by this means he can do a 
 great deal, and obtain confiderable ad- 
 vantages, that wou'd often be loft were 
 he to wait for orders from his fuperiors. 
 He fhou'd have under his command a 
 body of looo huflars, 500 light infan- 
 try. 
 
 I ' 
 
 ittiiii 
 
 

 ( 224 ) 
 
 try, for which corps he Is anfwerable 
 upon every occafion ; furnilh himfelf 
 with all neceflaries for this party as 
 horfcs, arms, cloathing, &c. according 
 to his agreement with the miniftry, 
 thereby to prevent the captains and other 
 officers from being accountable for acci- 
 dents and lofles during the campaign. 
 
 One of the moft eflential duties of a 
 leader of ihis kind, is to have the moft 
 perfedt kv owledgc of the country which 
 forms the theatre of adtion, as well as the 
 moft: exadl plans of it ; he ought alfo to 
 underft:and fortification and artillery, that 
 when he has any enterprize to attempt 
 rgainft an enemy, either in towns or 
 fortified places, he may not expofc his 
 men mal a propos, but regulate his march 
 in fuch a manner, as to fufFer as little 
 as pofliblc from their cannon. 
 
 He (hou'd be a man of diftinguifhed 
 merit, but above all not addi&ed to 
 wine* ! left: the adverfary take advantage 
 of it, which will expofe him to a thou- 
 fand difagreeable inconveniencies ! A 
 vigilant enemy never lets flip any occafion 
 that offers of over- reaching his antago- 
 
 nift:; 
 
 * Nullum fecrctum efl ubi habitat ebrietas ! 
 
 t 
 
( 225 ) 
 
 nlft; and the partisan, whofe duty is to 
 fccure the army from being furprized, 
 will himfelf fall a vidtim» and become 
 prifoner with his corps, if he be giv^n 
 to this vice. I can cite the following 
 example ! " I was informed by my fpies 
 *' (fays the author) that a detachment of 
 •* the enemy commanded by an officer 
 •* who loved liquor, was to pafs the fol- 
 ** lowing night in the neighbourhood 
 •* where I then was ; I had nothing more 
 ^* at heart than immediately to fend a 
 «* futler with a few barrels of wines ; 
 ** fcarce was he got thither before he was 
 ** feized by my antagonill's divifion, who 
 ** immediately began to get drunk. This 
 <* ftratagem fucceeded fo well, that I 
 *« fell upon and fuirounded the officer 
 '* and his party, and made the whole 
 prifoners : therefore one can't be too 
 much upon their guard in fimilar cafes» 
 and diflruft the female fex in general, 
 but particularly women that one meets 
 *♦ witn on excurfions of this nature j 
 as a cunning enemy, knowing thefe 
 weaknefTes will not fail making ufe of 
 *^ fuch pra^iceSy if he can find no 
 " other," 
 
 ' CMt 
 
 « 
 
 «« 
 
 «< 
 
 « 
 
 «c 
 
 « 
 
 Q. 
 
 AvARICil 
 
 n^ 
 
 !:'!'. 
 
 
 V\\ 
 
( 426 ) 
 
 Avarice is another great obftaclc to 
 a partizan, becaufe, he will fuffer him- 
 felf to be corrupted by force of money ; 
 if fo he lofes all title to the name of a 
 good officer, therefore all booty is to 
 be juftly divided among the people 
 under his command, which will fccure 
 their attachment and zeal, as by this 
 mark of his juftice they will ever after 
 rely on him. 
 
 A PARTIZAN never fufFers himfelf to 
 be attacked, but makes it a general rule 
 to be beforehand with an enemy; becaufe 
 the firfl onfet prudently conduded has 
 every imaginable hope of fuccefs ; but 
 before he aflaults, both officers and fol- 
 diers are to be made acquainted with the 
 nature of the adventure, and to have 
 explained to them the different ru/es de 
 guerre that may be oppofed to theirs, 
 that thereby each individual in the adtion 
 may command himfelf according as he 
 obferves the motions of his adverfary : 
 further, it muft be pointed out where to 
 rally, and fliewn where to retreat to, 
 that if by accident the corps fhou'd be 
 repulfed and feparated, they may rejoin 
 more eafily, by having a fixed point-— 
 
 but 
 
( 2*7 ) 
 
 but a body of this foi t fhou*d alway keep 
 together and never dilband* 
 
 A CONDUCTOR of thcfc flying parties 
 (hou'd never let them dine v^rhere they 
 breakfafted ; or fup where they dined ^ 
 neither fhou'd they reft where they Tup- 
 ped, whether it be near their own army, 
 or in the adverfary*s country : This will 
 effedually deceive the enemy, and pre- 
 vent all manner of furprize. When he 
 beats up the antagonift's camp, let him 
 pafs by the firft he meets with, efpecially 
 if his deiign be to carry oif the general, 
 horfes, or any other ftroke he has pre- 
 meditated ; being arrived at the fpot, he 
 Ihou'd flay no longer than is neceflary 
 for the execution of his coup^ by which 
 he will be fure not to have his retreat 
 interrupted. 
 
 I ESTEEM myfelf happy in the oppor- 
 tunity of recounting that inimitable gal- 
 lant coup de main (or more properly coup 
 de tete) of lieutenant colonel Harcourt's 
 carrying off lieutenant colonel Lee, a 
 general in the rebel army* Our Englifh 
 hero being on the qui vive in the Jerfies, 
 with about eight and twenty dragoons, 
 in order to reconnoitre the difpofition of 
 
 0^2 a body 
 
 m 
 
 - !■ 
 
■ili 
 
 ( 228 ) 
 
 a body of rebels, intercepted a couricir 
 from Lee to Wafliington. With a quick- 
 nefs and addrefs that diftinguifh natural 
 and acquired talents, Harcourt informs 
 himfelf of every thing neceffary, and 
 immediately gallops 00*, furrounds and 
 aiTaults on all fides the quarters of Mr. 
 Lee, who, with his people (in vain 
 jtiaking a (hew of redftance) are hurried 
 away with the fame rapidity, and made 
 prifoners. This ftfoke is the more ad- 
 mirable when we know it was executed 
 in full day light, and at a time when 
 Lee was within a few hundred paces of 
 two thoufand men, whom he commanded 
 againft his king and country ! The rebel 
 generals have not fince ventured to lodge 
 themfelves beyond their advanced Sen-i^ 
 iries, hni prudently take poft behind them^ 
 
 • 
 
 If his detachment hath pillaged with- 
 out orders, and the fufFering inhabitants 
 complain to him, he fliou'd pay them 
 generoufly : As it will not be in his 
 power to hinder thefe cxcelTes (like 
 the grand army J it is more prudent to 
 aifed: an ignorance of them, rather than 
 be under the neceflity of pKinifhing with 
 feverity ; by fo doing, both fides will be 
 fetisfied, and he iiever expofed to the 
 
 " . want 
 
 Wanj 
 or c( 
 fogt 
 that! 
 
( 229 ) 
 
 Want of provifions or forage for himfelf 
 or corps. This generous behaviour will 
 fo gain the hearts of the country people, 
 that they will rather furnifh him than 
 iahy other : but he ought to lay it down 
 as an invariable maxim to buy the pro- 
 vifions for himfelf and corps, and to pay 
 ready money, or good bills of exchange 
 (not continental ones) when far from his 
 army in the enemy's country, or behind 
 theirs — Thefe expences may be eafily 
 made up by the prizes, which (liou'd 
 always be fent to the fame market to be 
 publickly fold, in order to -remove all 
 fufpicion from his people of private in- 
 tereft or partiality, and then divide the 
 whole with them. It (hou'd be alfo a 
 general rule every time he halts to pro- 
 vide provifions for the next quarter, left 
 none are to be found at it ; by this pre- 
 caution he prevents the route from being 
 difcoyered, and his people from being 
 betrayed ; he ought likewife to renew 
 his fuftenance from the neighbouring 
 villages before he departs ; and never 
 fail purfuing this method every tirtie he 
 changes fituation. He (hou'd ever re- 
 member not to flop in any townlhip 
 longer than is neceffary for his halt, and 
 procuring frefh meat fufficient for two 
 
 0^3 < meals 
 
 '1 
 
 ■ii'vl 
 
 .i''.'i 
 
 ■M 
 
 -m 
 
 
 
 
km 
 
 ( 230 ) 
 
 meals if pradicablc j always inCamping 
 in woods and bufhes for the better con- 
 cealing his ftrength and marches ; fo as 
 to be entirely free and in fafety, other- 
 wife he might perhaps be expofed tp 
 fgperior force, and unable to defend 
 himfelf or retire. 
 
 As ibon as you arrive in the evening 
 at ^^e olace intended to pafs the night, 
 imi idiasly dig an hole of about two 
 feet deep next the enemy, efpecially if 
 it be furrounded by plains, to liflen and 
 difcover if there be any troops in motion 
 in his vicinity 5 fix centinels at the above 
 hole to watch and make thefe obfcrva* 
 tions 'till the inftant pf your departure, 
 to prevent furprize ! 
 
 A CLEVER and compleat leader of 
 this kind {hou'd be mafter of feveral Ian-* 
 guages, chiefly that of the country wher^ 
 the war is, fo as to ufe it properly for 
 deceiving the country people ; and which 
 may be done fometimes by cloathing his 
 troops with the uniforms of the adver- 
 fary^— He fhou*d be his own fpy in every 
 delicate affair, and in great enterprizes, 
 thereby enabling himfelf to form his plan 
 with more precifion, and fqrprizing th^ 
 
 enemy 
 
{ 231 ) 
 
 enemy by means entirely unknown to 
 them ; for fuch a perfedt knowledge of 
 the nature of the ground, the portion 
 of the antagonift, the place of attack, 
 and retreat, cannot fail of meeting with 
 good fuccefs. Prince Eugene, the prince 
 of HilbourghaufTen and many other fa- 
 mous partizans furnifli examples enough 
 of what is here advanced ; they having 
 often hazarded their pcrfons before an 
 attack, to reconnoitre with their own eyes 
 the fituation of the terrein fo as to ob- 
 viate every impediment that might ob- 
 &X)iOi the obje& of their wifhes. 
 
 A Mentzell fhou'd never begin a 
 march, or make any detachment in the 
 day-time unlefs it be abfolutely requ. .ite, 
 avoiding plains, but not lofing a (Iroke, 
 if necelfitated to take fuch an imprudent 
 expedition : This ought punctually to 
 be obferved in aa en/emy's country, where 
 the inhabitants are always to be looked 
 upon as fo many fpies ! it will depend 
 upon his condudt to draw them over to 
 his intereft, in which he will not fail ta 
 fucceed, if he pays well ajs befpreoienn 
 Uoncd, 
 
 liWff'" 
 
 '»^ "A 
 
 '♦i' 
 
 If 
 
( 232 ) 
 
 Ir the commander of thcfe irregular! 
 is to be regarded as the helm of an army, 
 dnd its operations ; fpies are to be looked 
 upon as his fteerfmen : The fafety of 
 tlic line frequently depends on the cxadt» 
 nefs, vigilance and fidelity of a fpy ! the 
 deftrudtion of it, if he be deficient in 
 any one of thcfe three pundtilios ; he 
 may caufe alfo the ruin of both armies 
 by betraying them to each other, which 
 often happens I yet neverthelefs in time 
 of war, they are indifpenfible people, 
 arid it is ncedlefs to profecute it without 
 them ! the means of getting fpies arc 
 various ! fome will ferve through zeal 
 io their fovereignsi others from revenge! 
 but the generality have only views of 
 intereft ! to keep them fteady and faith-* 
 ful depends * upon the uprightnefs and 
 reditude df the employer. With thefc 
 two qualities, he will avoid every difa* 
 gn able difafter that can probably fall 
 out. 
 
 ini 
 
 I HAVE before faid, that a partisan 
 fhou*d be his own fpy in matters of mo-» 
 ment; particularly if he undertakes to 
 forcfc his way through a camp, or corpi 
 4e referve ; or to beat up a detachment 
 incamped 5 or in paffing a river, or feiz- 
 
 ing 
 
( 233 ) 
 
 ing a fortified port : if in fuch expcJi* 
 tions as thefe, a common intelligencer 
 was only to be made ufc of, there wou'd 
 be great rifle of the event ; becaufc fuch 
 a fellow is very fcldom converfant enough 
 to know every thing that pafles with thtt 
 enemy, fo as to dircdt operations with 
 certainty ; for a fpy is not fuppofed to 
 have either the education, penetration 
 or experience of his employer : the lat- 
 ter therefore having ocular demonftration 
 of the fituation of the ground, may take 
 advantage of a thoufand things, which 
 never cou'd enter into the head of the 
 fcout ! 
 
 « This ranger (hou'd alfo be charged 
 not only with his own fpies, but thofe of 
 the army ; he ought to engage them two 
 months at leaf): before the campaign 
 opens, and negle(^ no means of forming 
 connexions in the adverfaries country, ia 
 order to procure every neceflary corref- 
 pondence for his future operations : he 
 fhou*d communicate with trufty people,- 
 and fecure them at all events ; endeavour 
 to coax into his fervice young men of 
 the oppofite fadtion, either as officers or 
 foldiers ; and afterwards by prefents gain 
 them to inform, by their acc[uaintances, 
 
 of 
 
 ! 1 '"V. 
 

 ( 234 ) 
 
 of every thing going on in the adverfa* 
 rics towns, or villages, by promifing 
 confiderablc advantages to them and their 
 families, if they lend their afliflances to 
 fuch and fuch fchemes, and give exadt 
 accounts of what pafTes with the eneniy : 
 thefe young men fliou'd be confidered as 
 a fure channel of daily knowing the mod 
 trifling occurrences ; they {hou'd there- 
 fore be paid mod liberally and employed 
 nioft advantageoufly for the fervice. This 
 article is the fpring of all ftratagems and 
 jr<phemes that a partizan ihou'd make ufQ 
 gf op any occafion. 
 
 Although it is faid before that 
 women in general Ought to be ipiftrufted, 
 yet in time of war, they may be very 
 ierviceable on certain occafions, and aflift 
 by their clevernefs in bringing plans to 
 bear : fo that an able partizan will take 
 great care in the journey he ought to 
 make two or three months before the 
 opening of the campaign (in order to 
 reconnoitre the theatre of war) not to 
 forget giving the neceflary inftrudti- 
 ons to all his correfpondents, in what 
 ipanner the ladies may be ufeful in pe- 
 i>etrating into fuch fecrets as he may 
 want to know himfelf, or for his genQ« 
 
 ral,' 
 
( 235 ) 
 
 ral. In this tour, he (hou'd put hia 
 friends in the way to fcrvc him effectu- 
 ally, by their endeavouring to unmafk 
 female batteries againd the enemies flaff 
 officers, and aides-de-camp, who arc 
 charged with the detail ; and even to 
 the chief magiftrates, who generally re- 
 ceive the firft orders for furnifl^iog de- 
 tachments with horfes, oxen, carts, 
 guides, provifions, &c. for the convoys, 
 either for the army or fome town. By 
 thefc arts, if informations come a prophs^ 
 the advcrfary can never fend from one 
 quarter to another the lead baggage 
 without rifk of it's being attacked or 
 taken. 
 
 A COLONEL commandant fhou'd ever 
 keep fpies in the enemy's army; and 
 endeavour, if poflible to bribe fome 
 officers in it, with a view of obtaining 
 the daily orders given at head quarters 
 to the feveral regiments or detachments 
 for fuch and fuch expeditions i and at- 
 tempt to feduce the fervants of generalai 
 flaff officers, &c. The townfmen that 
 may be engaged in his fervice can only 
 infofi 1 from common report j as having 
 heard of, or perhaps feen a body of 
 foot, hoife and artillery in motion -, their 
 
 confined 
 
 1 WM 
 
 a' J 
 

 ( 236 ) 
 
 confined Ideas feldom produce any certain 
 accounts of the different ijtuations of 
 the country, &c. he therefore ihou'd 
 make no farther ufc of thefe people than 
 to carry letters and ferve him as guides ; 
 he may fend over to the adverfary the 
 moft trufty of his corps, under pretence 
 of difcontent or defertion, by which 
 means he will be fure of faithful reports ; 
 and, by adling in this manner, enabled 
 to diftinguifh the true from the falfe, 
 and to diredt his operations with pru- 
 dence. 
 
 - It is highly necefTary r r z ranger to 
 compare his feveral intelligences upon 
 the fame fubjedl, to find out if his fpies 
 are faithful ; and to be very attentive in 
 difcovering whether they are feduced to 
 deceive him, and cut off his corps, which 
 hath frequently happened ! This fatal 
 ftroke can only be effeded from the neg- 
 ligence and inattention of the com- 
 mandant, by his too great confidence in 
 them j therefore he can't be too much 
 • upon his guard againfl this event, as, 
 ** La mefiance eft la mere de la furete'* 
 It is needlefs to mention the method, 
 and fort of writing he is to make ufe 
 of in letters and anfv/ers, as every foidier 
 
 almofl: 
 
 ob 
 A 
 
 '*« 
 
». 
 
 as. 
 
 ( 237 ) 
 
 almoft Is convcrfant enough on this Tub* 
 jedt ; but the greateft caution is to be 
 obferved in what he commits to paper. 
 A particular number or iign to be agreed 
 upon in order to know if a letter got 
 fafe to hand, was intercepted or loft. 
 There are various ways of writing fo as 
 not to be decyphered but by the perfons 
 concerned ; and a partizan fliou'd exer- 
 cife his genius upon thefe different kinds, 
 fo as not to hold literary correfpondence 
 alike with any of his emiflaries, the bet- 
 ter to conceal from each other their 
 being employed upon the fame fervice. 
 
 When a commander in chief wants 
 quick intelligence from this petite guerre 
 party, the foHowing method may anfwcr 
 bis wiihes } Take a pigeon from a dove- 
 coat neareft head quarters ; or in fum- 
 mei a fwallow that has yoi^ng ones- 
 fend either by exprefs to the partizan, 
 who, on reception of the bird, writes 
 his report as concifely as poflible ; ties it 
 to one of the legs, lets the winged mef- 
 fenger fly immediately j* and natural in-* 
 flindt will reconduct the animal to the 
 place where Ihe firft was taken from ! 
 This is the ipcedieft manner bf obtaining 
 
 information^ 
 
 Wp III 
 
 
 if(i. 
 
 ":^ 
 
 '#.. 
 
 * 
 
( 238 ) 
 
 iiiformation, of which re-iteratcd expe- 
 rience is a convincing proof ! 
 
 n 
 
 .(■ •>! 
 
 
 
 1^* * 
 
 It is of confequence that a condudlor 
 of irregulars (hou'd have leave to make a 
 tour (under a feigned name) round the 
 intended fcene of adtion, the winter pre- 
 ceding the campaign, to gain every pof- 
 fible knowledge of the country, fortified 
 and unfortified towns, their ftrongefland 
 weakefl parts both without and within, 
 villages, chateaus, roads, plains, forefls, 
 paths, hollow-ways, defiles, mountains, 
 rivers with their depths, rivulets, ponds, 
 and in (hort every thing that may be 
 favorable, or difadvantageous to his fu- 
 ture operations. Being perfectly mailer 
 of thefe necejj'aria, his Ichemes^ whether 
 offenfive or defenfive, will be executed 
 with greater eafe, fafety and fuccefs. In 
 ihis journey, he might infinuate himfelf 
 as a traveller to the aobility or hour- 
 geoiiie -, particularly widi thofc who wifh 
 well to his fovereign^ either from motives 
 of inclination or interefl: ^ and perhaps 
 jcngage them to become his correfpond- 
 ents, by promifing every fuitable return 
 for their fer vices : thefe new friends will 
 inilrudt him of the rich in money as well 
 
cxpe- 
 
 ludor 
 lake a 
 id the 
 r pre- 
 
 rtified 
 
 sftand 
 
 rithin, 
 
 brefts, 
 
 itains, 
 
 ponds, 
 
 I ay be 
 
 lis fu- 
 
 mafter 
 
 hether 
 
 ecuted 
 
 fs. In 
 
 limfelf 
 
 bour- 
 10 wiih 
 actives 
 lerhaps 
 fpond- 
 
 return 
 
 ds will 
 
 as well 
 
 as 
 
 ( 239 ) 
 
 as corn and forage, thereby pointing out 
 fo many florehoufcs in cafe of need. 
 
 As foon as our traveller has eftabllfhed 
 a thorough correfpondence, he fhou'd 
 fettle the means in which it ought to 
 operate to his purpofe ; particularly thofe 
 of having the earlieft notices of the leaft 
 movements of the enemy, which will 
 afford him occalion to harrafs every ex- 
 pedition of his opponent. Thefe trufty 
 friends fhou'd be moft careful in acquaint- 
 ing him of all convoys of ammunition 
 and provifion fent by the adverfary after 
 lofing a battle ; or to an army belieging 
 a town, becaufe the fafety or lofs of the 
 place often depends upon it : the lafl 
 war furnifhes an authentic proof, when 
 general Laudon cut off entirely the king 
 of Pruffia's great convoy defined for the 
 fiege of Olmutz, which forced that 
 monarch to raife it, and deprived him of 
 the glory of marching to Vienna ! Our 
 petit guerrier fhould make the beft plans 
 he can of uW places he vifits, keep a copy 
 for himlelf, fend one to the minillry and 
 another to the general who is to com- 
 mand the army, that they may be in- 
 formed with precifion of the fituation 
 #f the whole J he ought like wife to 
 « communicate 
 
 IV." 
 
 ^ 
 
s> < 
 
 '1 i'i' 
 
 M- 
 
 ( 240 ) 
 
 communicate to them his fcvoral co^ref- 
 pondences, with the number and ni'tiirs 
 of his fpies, that meafures may hz f^.ketn 
 accordingly. 
 
 As foon as war is declared, and the 
 commander in chief has received orders 
 to commence hoftilities, it is abfolutely 
 requifite to fend for his partisan to confer 
 with upon their future operations ; elfe 
 it will be difficult for the latter at a mo- 
 ment's warning to execute to the chief's 
 fatisfa^ion what may be expedient. To 
 this end, the general will let him into 
 his defigns, that every ftep may be taken 
 to infure the fuccefs of his expeditions.) 
 
 Whenever the grand army takes the 
 field, the partizan's corps is to be upon 
 the qui vive to harafs and ruin (if prac- 
 ticable) the enemy's troops on leaving 
 their quarters ; diftrcfs them by conti- 
 nual alertes, by w^" of gaining time for 
 his own general tc^ llrm his camp : and 
 being fully inftruded by his fcouts of 
 the places where the adverfary s maga- 
 zines are, or of the day the convoy of 
 provilions and forage is to be efcorted to 
 their army, then it is, he is to e'lert 
 every fort of means to intercept, burn 
 
 or 
 
 n 
 
 r - 
 
 ■iilM^ 
 
I 
 
 
 ; the 
 •ders 
 Jtely 
 )nfer 
 
 elfe 
 mo- 
 ief's 
 
 To 
 into 
 aken 
 ons. 
 
 ( HI ) 
 
 t^r ileilroy it ; as alio to fet fire to every 
 magazine that is formed or form^rig <ilie - 
 where in the neighbourhood : by Inch a 
 ftroke the contending army is ftopt from 
 entering into the field early, and his 
 fovereign's may advance into their terri- 
 tories to begin it*s operations without 
 rifk of being difturbed. This is a maxim 
 of the greateft Iniportance, from the 
 cflcntial confequences it is produdtive of. 
 
 A PRUDENT general will do his ut- 
 moft to preferve his men ; and not ex- 
 pofe them to ufelefs and continual fatigua 
 in detachments againfl the antagonist's 
 parties that may difquiet him ; but em- 
 ploy thofe of the petit gtierrier to fuch 
 purpofes, in whom he muft not only 
 place an implicit confidence and truft, 
 but even divulge to him the grand plan 
 of operations ; by acquainting him di- 
 redtly with any alterations in the pofition 
 of either army j or if his intelligence, 
 or that of any other perfon, induces him 
 to change his intentions : in fadt, what- 
 ever occurrences come to pafs, the chief 
 (hou'd lofe no time in communicating 
 them to his partizan, that he may prepare 
 his officers, his particular duty being to 
 
 R .. fcGura 
 
'■7" 
 
 ma 
 
 4ifc''«8'' 
 
 ';<••' 
 
 '',ii' 
 
 
 ( 242 ) 
 
 fecure the army from any furprize and 
 unncceflary movements. . 
 
 A COMMANDER of irregulars, having 
 from a thoufand to 1500 men (huflars 
 and light infantry) when he underftands 
 his bufinefs, and has officers adequate to 
 this kind of fervice, is a match for any 
 enterprize ; and will effedually protect 
 the army from every infult of the rebels ; 
 of courfe he muft undergo numberlefs 
 fatigues in covering the regulars on all 
 iides, but he fhould content himfelf with 
 being amply rewarded in having ferved 
 his king and country ! Every imaginable 
 precaution will alfo be taken to hinder 
 the deflroying of his general's ftores, as 
 the very being of his army depends on 
 them ; therefore oiie can't be too watch- 
 ful, as many ill atagems may be fallen 
 upon to ruin hoards of forage; I (hall 
 only mention one which has been prac- 
 tiff d fuccefsfully : " Having purchafed 
 ** three cats from a village where there 
 ** was a magazine of hay, they were 
 •' fleeped in brandy up to their necks, 
 •' their hair fet on fire, and then let 
 *^ loofe !" it is ufual with thefe beafls, 
 take a from any particular dwelling, to 
 f etura when at liberty ; but if in diftrefs, 
 
 to 
 
 .'_i 
 
 >:!-,l^t 
 
and 
 
 ving 
 
 I (Tars 
 
 lands 
 
 ite to 
 
 r any 
 
 rotedt 
 
 ;bcls J 
 
 lerlefs 
 
 on all 
 
 I with 
 
 ferved 
 
 finable 
 
 hinder 
 
 •es, as 
 ids on 
 atch- 
 fallen 
 
 il (hall 
 prac- 
 
 Ichafed 
 there 
 were 
 1 necks, 
 |en let 
 Ibeafts, 
 ing, to 
 iftrefs, 
 to 
 
 ( 243 ) 
 
 to feek (helter in hay or ftraw : they 
 confcquently ran for fafety to this ma» 
 gazine of hay (it being their nearefl re- 
 fuge) which was fet on fire in two different 
 places by two of thefe animals (the third 
 having perifhed on the way) and totally 
 confumed to afhes ! an enterprize of this 
 nature is generally undertaken in the 
 night, and at fuch hours as you fufped: 
 the enemy to be lead in readinefs to ex- 
 tinguish the flames 1 
 
 A RANGER muft inviolably obferve to 
 keep the adverfary's light troops at a dif- 
 tance from bis own army, prevent it's 
 being fuddenly attacked, or obliged to 
 iland too often to arms; he IhouJd divide 
 his men into feveral detachments, put in 
 force every ftratagem his prudence and 
 invention can fuggeft, create continual 
 alarms in the enemy's camp, beat it up 
 on all fides frequently ; for this purpofe 
 one party mull: immediately follow the 
 other, and the commanding officers of 
 each should avoid pufhing thefe alertes on 
 the fame fide ; neither are they to make 
 any longer flay than is jufl necefi^ary to 
 alarm I 
 
 ■4 
 
 V '1 
 
 1> 
 
 I '•" 
 
 R z 
 
 -*» 
 
 Being 
 

 ( ^44 ) 
 
 Being perfcdiy acquainted with the 
 opponent's camp and fituation are the 
 principal means of profeciiting fuch an 
 attempt with fuccefs, and of undertaking 
 ^ny thing more of greater confequcnce, 
 particularly to burn the artillery wag- 
 gons and tents in as many places as poi^ 
 lible ! the flames will ferve as a fignal. 
 If the partizan be vigilant, and feize^ 
 every favorable opportunity of dilhefllng 
 the enemy's army, he may probably ruin 
 it by defertion ; the year 1744 furniihes 
 as with an inftance of this truth : the 
 king of PruiTia loft a Pafduwitz in Bo^ 
 hernia above 30,000 men by defertion t 
 becaufe they were haraffec light and day 
 hy the troops of the Auftrian ranger. 
 
 A GENERAL (bould apprizc the com^ 
 mandant of irregulars when he intends 
 to change ground at leaft 24 hours before 
 he decamps, that tht neceffary fteps, ta 
 cover the army on it's march from ihe 
 adverfe party's light corps (efpecially 
 where woods or defiles are to be pafled) may 
 not be negledled. His fpies fhould alfo 
 inform of the exadt ti«ie the enemy, or 
 any part of his lines, may be in motion^ 
 for this is the critical moment to fall 
 wpoa him to advantage in the van, rear 
 
 and 
 
 .•if < 
 
,nd day 
 
 le com* 
 intends 
 s before 
 :eps, to 
 :om the 
 'pecially 
 M)ma)r 
 uld alfo 
 ;my, or 
 motion, 
 ; to fall 
 an, rear 
 and 
 
 ( 245 ) 
 
 and flanks i to cut oiff his baggage, &c» 
 Thefe manoeuvres are frequent in fimilar 
 circumdances and well underftood by 
 adepts in this kind of fervice. 
 
 When the commander in chief de- 
 figns throwing a bridge over a river, with 
 a view to pafs it, the partizan (hould be 
 foiewarned at leaft three days in order 
 to pofTefs himfelf of every requifite pofl, 
 to prevent the adverfary to difpute the 
 paflage, elfe the army may be very much 
 annoyed, particularly when the places 
 (where you lay your pontoons) are fur- 
 rounded with woods, buflies, where an 
 ambufcade can be drefled j; or when vil- 
 lages or high grounds are near enough 
 to eredt batteries upon j; it being the 
 ranger's indifpenfible duty to reconnoitre 
 all fufpicious fituations, to force from 
 them every concealed party, and to pre- 
 ferve his own army from any difagreeable 
 event, as well as to put every flratagem 
 in ufe againft the enemy in fimilar pofi- 
 tions or movements, = that he is warned 
 not to fufter to be played upon by his 
 friend. 
 
 Experience teaches the rufes de 
 guerre moft proper in palling of rivers ; 
 
 R 3 fuch 
 
 f • ;: 
 
 ;si!:? ' 
 

 ( 246 ) 
 
 fuch as carrying of the baggage, throw- 
 ing fire into the boats j for it is at fuch 
 an attempt that an army is moft expofcd 
 particularly from irregulars, the leaders 
 of which can't be too attentive on thefe 
 emergencies, becaufe every foldier is em- 
 ployed in fome necefl'ary duty : In the 
 nudft of thefc occupations an attack 
 muft create a great deal of confufion I 
 
 The peafants that have been gained 
 over to his intereft, the petit guerrier 
 will employ to carry the enemy word 
 ('with the utmojl hurry) of the different 
 detachments he hath ported in their fe- 
 veral villages \ what numbers he has de- 
 manded, forage, provifions, waggons, 
 &c. for that the principal inhabitants 
 are endeavouring to amufe him *till they 
 receive dire(!tions in what manner to ad:, 
 or 'till he may be driven out : Such reports 
 generally fpread the alarm, and every 
 officer commanding a detachment will 
 naturally fend a part in proportion to his 
 flrength, or go in perfon with the whole 
 to fave the villages ; let what will hap- 
 pen, our partizan can't but draw fome 
 advantage from the confequence : he may 
 alfo exhibit another flratagem, by writing 
 fuppofed orders to his officers to repair on 
 
 a fixed 
 
 
 a 
 
 ' I , 
 
( 247 ) 
 
 a fixed day and hour to fuch a rendez- 
 vous, there to join certain corps, and 
 that he will be there himfelf; thefe let- 
 ters to be difpatched by knowing hands, 
 and fuch a road, that they may not fail 
 of being intercepted : then fend ofF other 
 fcouts,. unknown to the former, to ex- 
 plore if the opponent fwallows the bait, 
 and marches his whole corps, or with a 
 part only 5 and oneor moreof thefe cmif- 
 iaries muft return expeditioufly to give 
 intelligence of what they have feen ; he 
 ought promptly to determine what's to 
 be done from the reports, and by a fud- 
 den fallying forth profit of the occafion 
 which favors the execution of his pro- 
 jedt. This does not mean to confine the 
 talents of a ranger literally to thefe ma- 
 noeuvres, there are thoufands which his 
 genius will infpire him with on thefe 
 extraordinary opportunities, for he (hould 
 riik every thing to carry off the adver-r 
 fary's provifion, forage or other nece/Ta-^ 
 ries, whether they come from diftant 
 places, or are furniQied daily by the 
 neighbouring villages. 
 
 Should a non-commifiioned ofiiccr, 
 or foldier defert, who (you know) caa 
 give the enemy intelligence of your de- 
 
 figns, 
 
^%^ 
 
 
 '^r^.s^. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) •72-4503 
 
 4^ 
 
o 
 
 
 ^o 
 
 U. 
 
 m 
 
fignsy write him a letter, and dire£b the 
 ^ pcrfon that carries it, to deliver it to the 
 adverfaries commanding officer in confi* 
 dence. This will render the deferter's 
 information fruillefs, erpecially if you 
 mention, " that he muft be fure to a<ft 
 ** as concerted between you and him." 
 
 Wo u L D you drefs an ambuscade, place 
 it near a river, pond or rivulet, as men 
 on a march generally flop to drink; 
 which will afford an opportunity of at* 
 tacking them in diforder ; for this reafon 
 reconnoitre fuch fituations well, and pofl: 
 guards, before you fufFer your own peo« 
 pie to quench their thirfl. When in 
 ivant of water, the Seeing a willow^ or any 
 cquatic tree is a certain fign it may be bad 
 by digging for, , 
 
 i In marching through villages, do it 
 quick and your men feemingly much 
 mixed, in order to appear more nuTierous 
 to the peafant«. Flanking parties are 
 «bfolutely necefTary in all woody coun* 
 tries, and thefe fhould have fmailer ones 
 on their flanks : On fome occafions (par-* 
 ticularly againfl Indians) a rank of men 
 fliould be between them> thus ; 
 
 Rank 
 
tj 
 
 bad 
 
 ( 249 ) 
 
 Rank 
 
 Rank 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 •> 
 
 a 
 
 ft: 
 
 
 
 
 
 .5 >* 
 a N 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 <« 0. 
 
 <— • 
 
 •0 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ti 
 
 • 
 
 ♦^ 
 
 
 *< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 On a nxarch to furprizc the cnemyv feize 
 all people you meet on the road ; and 
 cither uke them with you, or fccurc 
 them. 
 
 Whenever the general hat commu- 
 nicated his plan to the commandant of 
 irregulars^ and that he has concerted 
 with him the exadt time and place to 
 put it in execution, nearly the fame ftra-* 
 tagem of diipatching (ham orders may 
 be played over again, which perhaps will 
 induce the enemy to believe thut he 
 means to attack them» befiege a towo» 
 or undertake ihme ether enterprize, re- 
 garding theie letters as genuine, and at- 
 tempting to countera^b them ! efpecially 
 if tkey perceive any movements, or 
 contr^ marches that tend to conroborat^ 
 the codotents. The Partifan t)ugbt at the 
 fame time to fesud into the adver&ry's 
 camp fome truAy ierjeaaits^ or perfons 
 be can coo£de in, to report to him what 
 pafles there $ to engage them to fpike up 
 
 the 
 
 lilull 
 
 
( 250 ) 
 
 the cannon, where the cavalry are to 
 charge, and corrupt (if pofliblc) either 
 by money or otherwife fome of the op- 
 ponents artillery for the fame purpofe ; 
 and (hoiild his fpies execute what has 
 already been mentioned, the enemy may 
 be forced to decamp, which will afford 
 his general (if not negle<5ted) a favour* 
 able and advantageous opportunity of 
 giving battle. . ; 
 
 As light troops, and fometlmcs large 
 detachments lie in wait, expecting to be 
 informed by their fpies of the day and 
 environs where the general propofes to 
 forage, in order to intercept and carry 
 off the foragers and their booty, efpeci* 
 ally when their efcort is not ftrong, it 
 becomes highly noceffary to acquaint the 
 ranger beforehand j that he may keep 
 off the advcrfary's cavalry and irregulars^ 
 and cover his own party from any acci-^ 
 dents. He fhould equally engage his own 
 fpies to be as attentive in difcovering the 
 time and place that the enemy fends out 
 foragers, the number of men in each 
 regiment ; alfo the ftrength of the efcort, 
 and didance it goes from their army. 
 Having got this opportune information, 
 he is forthwith to refledt how to incom-j 
 . .< mode 
 
dc 
 
 ( 251 ) 
 
 mode this body with fucccfs on their 
 return from foraging, it being esiicr done 
 at that time, than in their firfl fallying 
 forth, when frefh and full of fpirits : 
 he will have nothing but the efcort to 
 deal with, as the foragers will be too 
 much loaded to be capable of any re- 
 fiflance ; befides the lofs to the enemy, 
 the forage (thus taken) will be a gain 
 and eafe to his own army. 
 
 The />^//V^«^^rr/Vr knowing thediftancc 
 between the camp of the enemy's caval- 
 ry, and the river or pond they repair to foe 
 watering their horfes, as alfo the ground 
 adjacent to this drinking place, and the 
 time they rendezvous at it, muft divide 
 his corps into feveral fmaller ones, to 
 try to cut them off on their return : thefe 
 are .the coups th^ii will difl:ingui(h his fu- 
 periorikill, and enrich him and his ad-, 
 venturers with valua' '" prizes. Fron* 
 the above-mentioned hints how circum- 
 fpcft cavalry (hould be on a watering 
 party ! particulrr orders (hould be giver» 
 to the officers to examine well the en- 
 virons before they proceeed on this ne- 
 ceffaryduty. i- 
 
 A C9up de main officer mufl: be well 
 inilrudted, by his fpies, of the place 
 where the enemy's artillery horfes and 
 
 -. . , ^ oxen 
 
 I'lf 
 
 1 1 
 
 n 
 
( 252 ) 
 
 oxen graze and water, in order to hit ofF 
 feme expedient to feize or dcftroy them ! 
 if the fornler cari't be executed, the 
 deflrudtion will retard the march, and 
 oblige him to abandon the plan of ope- 
 rations, by being incapacitated to make 
 ufe of his artillery. If he has been fa 
 fortunate as to fucceed in fuch an adven- 
 ture, he m^ufl watch with vigilance to 
 prevent their renewing the lofs from the 
 neighbouring villages. 
 
 Having got fcent of the quarter, 
 where the adverfary has con{Vrud:ed his 
 ovens, ihe partizan muft (if poflible) 
 feduce the bakers to defert : if this can't 
 be accompliihed, try to carry them off 
 by force or ftratagem, deftroying at the 
 fame inAant the bake-houfes and flour ! 
 a flroke fo fatal will ndt only occaiioa 
 defertion, but in all probability reduce 
 the opponent to the difagrecable jicccf-* 
 fity of breaking up camp. At this cri- 
 tical time, keep a fharp look out to in- 
 tercept convoys from all quarters what-^ 
 focver ; for fliould -the cnterprize be 
 crowned with fucccfs; immediately ac-^ 
 quaint the general with it ; becaufe he 
 may have fome operation on the anvil, 
 which fuch a coup might contribute to 
 bring to an h^ppy iffue, / 
 
 mv.o ' • The 
 
{ m ) 
 
 I The partisan having I'eccivcd inftruc-i 
 iions relative to the enemy V towns that 
 arc indebted to his commander, or that 
 it ifi intended to lay them tinder contri-^ 
 butions, he is to inform himfelf of tht 
 Tcfidence of the principal nobility and 
 ficheft inhabitants of thefe cities, and 
 attempt by .very means to get them into 
 his pofibflibki, to keep as hoftages : if ht 
 fucc^^ds, gfeat advantages may accrue, 
 either by exadling a confidcrablc ranfom^ 
 or exchanging them fbr prifoners of 
 equal coftfequence : but no tirnc to be 
 throvi^h away in furprizing the antago- 
 nift's hofpital, unle(l< there be fomc offi->> 
 cer of note among the fick ; in that cafe, 
 he fhouid endeavour to carry him off 
 efiiy, as itv^ill be rudbing ei riik to no 
 purpofc to attempt the whole, by enri- 
 ploying a ftrong force and large expence 
 for carriages, horfes, £c6. belides the 
 fick and wounded will be th^rgeable to 
 maintain where provifioh ^nd other ne-;' 
 ceHaries are fcarce ; and can be of M 
 ufe tb theit foVefeigo : it would rather 
 be rendering the enem^ an important 
 fervice to eaife them of this burthen. 
 
 When a commandant bf rdngers at*- 
 tacks, he is neither to give quarter, or 
 
 take 
 
 )"* 
 
 
 ' ■<( 
 
 i! 
 
( 254 ) 
 
 take prifoncrs, unlefs his pet its guerrtens 
 are much fuperior to the adverfaries, and 
 nothing further is neceflary to be undcr- 
 lakcn i pthcrwife his corps volant wili 
 be confiderably diminifhed by the nu- 
 merous cfcofts. he muft be cceflitated to 
 detach as guards with the prifoners to a 
 place of fafety, as well as expoiing 
 nimfclf to beharafled by purfuers, who 
 may hope^ (in defeating him) to regain 
 their friends, i ;.^;,rx?5 y I Tjrlv? 
 
 ^. When the operations are ji;i the op- 
 ponents territories^ and in the rear of 
 their army, our commander ;ofirregu*7 
 lars is to levy contributions and takq 
 hoftages asbefore-nacntipnect feizing(for 
 at lead thirty miles round) a^l jiorfcs, 
 carriages, &c. belonging to thq vicinity, 
 that neither may be employed in tranf- 
 pprting provifion, forage and other ne- 
 ceflkries for their camp : this will flreigh- 
 ten them nmchj cfpecially after lofing a 
 buttle, whjcn they have mod occafion for 
 thcfe aids in ; retreating and carrying off 
 ]what may be faved after a defeat ! all 
 the forage fhquld be conveyed to camp 
 by the fafeft, though round about roads, 
 which he muft never hefiiat^ to go by, 
 •vhen there is queftion of fccurity : what 
 
 can't 
 
 \» 
 
( ^55 ) 
 
 can't be moved away, muft be deftroycd 
 upon the fpot ! 
 
 As there are feveral ways of giving 
 battle, it is expedient for the general to 
 inform his ranger of the manner he pro- 
 pofes to do it, and concert with him the 
 mode of attack, in order to infure vic-» 
 tory I which often leads to an advanta- 
 geous peace, and compels the vanquifhed 
 to accept of fuch terms as the conque- 
 rors are plcafed to didtate : when he Is 
 pcrfe<ftly acquainted with the deligns of 
 his chief to bring on a general engage-* 
 ment, he mud acquire with all fpeed a 
 perfedl knowledge of the ground encir-^ 
 cling both armies, and poil himfclf in th^ 
 rear, right or left of the antagonift, which 
 ever is moft proper for his whole force 
 to ad freely upon.: mio 
 
 , Among the different methods of en-s* 
 gaging an enemy, I Hiall begin with 
 beating him up in hie camp, intrenched 
 or open ; the partizan, in order to faci-t 
 liute the efforts of his general, rmii^ 
 pbferve the plan before laid down (in 
 page 249) taking care to execute all f ' -5 
 manoeuvres therein mentioned, or any 
 other, his invention may fuggcft. If the 
 chief lays hold of the timely advantage 
 ^f the. difordcrs'in the enemy's camp,t 
 
 occafioned 
 
 i^ 
 
 I 
 I 
 
( 256 ) 
 
 occafioncd by his irregulars, he will 
 have every reafon to cxpcdl vidtory to dc* 
 clare in his favor ! he Ihould employ all 
 his cavalry at the commencement of theft 
 attacks. 
 
 If the general is inclined to engage 
 the enemy on their march, the petit 
 guerrier may have rccourfe to what it 
 before f?id, " relating to troops in mo- 
 ** tion i* but muft be thoroughly in- 
 formed of the pofition of their army ; 
 as well as how it is circumflanced with 
 fefped: to providon and ammunition % 
 what they have, what they want, and 
 what they expeift to accumulate by chang- 
 ing £tuation : he (hould do his utmoft 
 to penetrate into their projeds aimed 
 againfl himfelf; this will enable tho 
 chief to form fome idea (on their de- 
 camping) of the roads they have taken, 
 and the places they have in view : Being 
 |, re-ad vifed of the day they are to begin 
 their march, he is immediately to dif-* 
 patch intelligence thereof to his com- 
 mander, that .the wifhed for opportunity 
 may not be mifled ; if the irregulars be 
 not fufficiently flrong for the undertaking, 
 he mud apply for a re-inforcement be- 
 fore they flrike their tents and dividing 
 bis corps into different bodies, a£ault, 
 
 all 
 
nity 
 be 
 ing, 
 be- 
 
 ding 
 ult, 
 all 
 
 ( *57 ^ 
 
 ftll at once the feverd coliimni of the ad* 
 verfe troops, in v& % flanks and rear i and 
 endeavour to ftop them by repeated at« 
 tacks, 'till fuch time as hisr main army 
 can come up with and force them to a 
 general engagement : If they have rivers 
 pn die route, then will be the time to 
 faU upon them i and if any part of them 
 be defeated, the ranger muft purfue vi* 
 goroufly and difperfe feparately. 
 
 . Thb general being pcrfedtly mafter of 
 the iituation of the ground, and every 
 circumflance for and againfl him, muft 
 not let flip the critical minute (if the 
 partisan baa been fb lucky as to create 
 confailon in the enen^y, or to interrupt 
 his pai&ge) but charge briflcly, which 
 cannot £ail of being crowned with 
 fuocefs^'^M J ■ ■ .i . '■' . . : 
 
 I MAVfi already fpoke of an army, ar-» 
 riving on the ground defigncd for it's 
 canxp> ibeing generally occupied in pro* 
 cttring .ikroefTaries, confequently little 
 prepared ;for defence, if attacked fud-* 
 denly ;. a iranger fliould therefore recon-* 
 npitre : the.^ fpot intended for this new 
 inksmipment, conceal bis men, and form 
 tmba&ades in the neighbourhood to 
 i^iO S annoy 
 
 li: 
 
 .:1!l 
 
(( ?58 )) 
 
 flhno]^ it in. different parts, by afikultiHg 
 Iwith fcvcral fniall bodies .at the fame 
 infl^nt; explaining to his general be« 
 foretrhand thd meditated proved, time 
 and place, in order: to. receive quickly all 
 reqiiifitcfuppQirt';^^ the reinforcement fen^ 
 faitiir mufl immiediatcly beat up the-xrfdmp^ 
 nfBfti the irrc/^uliii$ >tor:tl?row 'ft r: into the 
 greateft.dircrd/jr ; the chiiaf Jn)thie inter 
 rim, ihoujd arrapgc. his mekfures fo^, as 
 to arrive opportunely to force the adver- 
 fary. to an • a^Ulnn j it * is' evidently ta' be 
 conceived vyfc^t advantages muftfoJloir 
 {uokk an .uric<}ttal combat 1 ' many are the 
 mancEuvres aind iilrriEtt^gems toi'bcs|ilayed 
 off in fuch c6nfli<ais,ftm)t onlyrduriog) 
 bpt after tJic isng^gcmcnt i efpieciaUyifet-? 
 tiftg: firqlO Ihcaid qpairtors will afford con- 
 fickrabje plundt r;r/ : to do thid effedually^ 
 his corps fhould be reduced into ]man.y 
 little detachments to pillage the routed 
 on all lide$; ! io o:\rr\t '(ni'^^ln arvAi: I 
 
 •> rtS^ttt^ it beginslto. rarn ^arfly^^ter 
 n&id^ight, OF at day-break,: audi lilfely; to 
 cootiriuei the jsartiaan.fbu&jltunii i^to 
 fom^. profit, by diehiandnig a few; ((^uar^ 
 ctroas of dragoons to^ tide d6wni the. bp«* 
 p()fii)g rai\ka# carofUlly avoiding^tqinidDe 
 anyilong flop, left thdr ictrcat be >cul 
 
 a off. 
 
 
 .'f 
 
rftftCff 
 
 iltto 
 
 icul 
 
 off. 
 
 ( ^S9 ) 
 
 off,, whichmuft be fettled before hand ; 
 hav( ngi performed tberr ccmp,\hty are to 
 retire in a gallop to a convenient didance, 
 iio e^tape the ihock of the enemies cavaU 
 ryi, which indubitably will purfue themi 
 In ftiiidtly 'obferving thefe rules, a'cbnt- 
 dudlor'of irregulars will be feldom fDr<*> 
 prized, and ever jjrefcrve his own army 
 from any difader. . If the general, by fup«- 
 porting him, thinks proper to come to 
 battle, he mufl: (during the fight) detach 
 fome of his li^^ht troops into the.reaf of 
 the antagonifl, toiexplors what is doing, 
 and feize any niefTengers that may be diO- 
 -patched after all is over ! the people that 
 go upon this fervice are to fend all letters^ 
 packets, 6cc. to their leader, who is to 
 forward them without delay to the chief, 
 that from the contents he may learn the 
 &.M of the enemies a^airs, and their 
 future operations, :....• ; ^ 
 
 . Whenever the general tommunicate's 
 his intentions of beiiegi hg a place, ^ our 
 petit guerrier will obtain information 
 how the flaiE officers, mayor and magi-i- 
 flrates of thetown (land inclined towards 
 his prince ; and mud try, by all methods 
 to engage fome of them to ferve him 
 •when opportunity offers ; he fhould alfo 
 
 S 2 get 
 
( **<^ ) 
 
 g^t «it acccmint df the tnagazitiss of pfo^ 
 vifiQns and fora^ d^fliiifed fott f hc^ iup^ 
 port of the garriibn, the immber of in* 
 Jlabitants, in ordeir to calculate ho^muck 
 the whole coiifumci daily ; if their arfe*- 
 nalhe well fupplkdi wh&t quantity of 
 ^cannon, powddr^ ball* ice. with their 
 qualities, tor from fuch intelligeaces the 
 commander in chief farnds bk plan ac^ 
 cordingly, 
 
 ' ' ■ . ' 
 
 Tke time : being come to undertake 
 the fiege> the ranger furrounds the place 
 with his light troops and gets pofiiefiinn 
 of all poAs that may be ufeful to fae in*- 
 xciked^ or advantageous to the befiegers | 
 he then forms with his irregulars a fort 
 of chain round the works^ and blocks up 
 all the pafiages and avenues of commui" 
 nication even to the foot of the glacis» if 
 practicable; prevents any perfon from 
 coining in or going out 5 and learns by 
 his fpies what is doing within the walls, 
 paiticulariy whether the garrifon nave 
 any xntention of fallying out to moleft 
 and retard the carrying oo the ficgc when 
 the army arrives; and prepates every 
 thing on his part that caa forward the 
 undertaking, that his chief, upon receive 
 ing notice of aJl he has done, and bifen 
 
 able 
 
I 0/ pfo^ 
 
 ;r of in^ 
 
 leiir arfc*- 
 antity of 
 th their 
 n^es the 
 plan acf 
 
 » ■ ■ 
 
 ndertake 
 the place 
 ^offkffwn 
 to be in«- 
 eficgcrs j 
 irs a fort 
 locks up 
 commu*- 
 glacis^ if 
 on from 
 earns by 
 le walls, 
 on oave 
 ;o moleft 
 igewhen 
 cs every 
 (?ard the 
 1 receive 
 ind bi^en 
 able 
 
 ( «6» ) 
 
 able to procure, may immediately tak0 
 pc0eflion of the environs and open the 
 trenches : he muft further fignify the 
 mode fettled with his fpies to gain daily 
 (or oftner) intelligence ac ^rding to the 
 ^tuation of aifairs, and tden take pod 
 with hi$ corps in the rear of the bcfiegerp 
 to prevent their being interrupted from 
 any (Quarter whatfoever, raifing every now 
 aad then contributions in the parts con* 
 tiguous, that his general may neither 
 want money or any thing clfe he may 
 ;(land in need of: he mufl alfo drive on 
 ml black cattle, horfes, fheep, forage, &c, 
 for two or three leagues round, and above 
 all things get many hoflages, that their 
 ranfom may in fome degree defray the 
 expencd of fo burthenfome an enterprize. 
 The chief, on his part> cannot be too 
 much on his guard againft the enemy 
 obliging him to raife the fiege. 
 
 Thehe arc numbcrlefs methods of 
 holding correfpondencewith ones friends 
 in the town ; and as many fchemes of 
 getting fire fet to the magazines, which 
 will compel the governor and garriibn 
 to fiirrender through want of neceiTaries 
 to continue the defence ; we have fre- 
 quent examples of different places taken 
 
 by 
 
 .1 
 
( i6t ) 
 
 • 
 
 hy inlf'gues and ftr'jlt^l^ems, witli6iitW- 
 ing ncccffitated to facrific^ any quantity 
 of men, of expend much money- in licgesl 
 General Laud<^n* furnifhe's us (among 
 others) with an ihftance of fcizirigScheid- 
 nitz With an handful of foldicrs, in fight 
 (almoft) of the advcrfary'e army I ■ ' 
 
 I 
 
 The leader of irregulars muft there- 
 fore fludy inceflantly all the rujer de 
 guerre to fiiccced irt the execution of 
 dthtk purpofes I for it i6 generally allow- 
 ed, " that in every tbwni ot fortified 
 *' place (either among gentry or citizirs^ 
 *' it will be no difficult matter to form i 
 *' C0nne<flion with'fome of them, eithfef 
 ** diredly or indire6tly, fb as to obtain 
 *« their affiftartce in forwarding any plan 
 «* whatever ;" if he will recolledt the 
 inftrudions already mentioniedort this 
 head, and has well informed hirpfelf, in 
 the propofcd tour before the commence- 
 ment of hofiilities, of every requifitc 
 knowledge for his future operations, he 
 will have reafon to cxpedt an happy cam- 
 paign. «• Suppofe he was to fend into a 
 '* garrifon (three or four week$ before he 
 ** propofes to furprize it) about an hun- 
 " dred df the truftieft of his corps,. well 
 «« acquainted with and following" each 
 
 ** other 
 
itity 
 ges* 
 long 
 eid- 
 
 ight 
 
 'I 
 
 ( .««3 1 
 
 "other gradually, and abt)Ve dl, ild* 
 ** dreffing theml'elves to two or three 
 f< l^ople (friends to their caufe) in the 
 .*• tojwnj who are to become principals 
 ^* in the enterprise," whenever they have 
 ^gained admittance, each individual is to 
 look for employnient according to his 
 abilities, either as a jouVneyman, a fol* 
 di«ryof a fervant, &c. this being fettled, 
 •the two^^r'three lAh'abitants intended to 
 manage the affair are to know where every 
 man is to be found at a moment's warnA- 
 iijg, aiid to confer with them on the flepi 
 ncccflary. to ripen the /adventure : they 
 ifhduld examine the gates within and 
 <without, the ftrength of the guard, not- 
 ing t!he\;</ieakeft parts of the fortifications j 
 unidiltarTin^ narrowly inijpcdted the whol^ 
 X)f'theni,they muft rfefoive upon the day 
 •nd'bfOilr ©f execution ^ thenfihd fdmewa^ 
 of Jdifdofirig both tb their partizan with- 
 ciflt, that be may n«)t flail: being rtadSy'for 
 therwwOi which he w-ili arrange witll.'th« 
 gchedaiy who Oiqpld furnilh fome cavalry 
 foi;iti and every trsooper 'ought wcafry 
 a' grenadier mounted behind hina^ • J The 
 commanding officer of this re-infoTce- 
 ment;isvto fix bc^re hand with thtpHii 
 guerrier, the fpot of rendezvous, whioh 
 muft be we,ll reconncitred, and not ex- 
 
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 ^eedirig thttt miles , ftbm the' qilartar 
 prppokd to l)e furprited i they may con^ 
 jceal themfelves in a ravine^ wood or /ome 
 other cover ; wh^n arrived at the poirrc 
 given^ they arc to gajlop at the hour ap* 
 poioted to the gate afligned> virfaere they 
 will meet with. their friends ; jand^ while 
 ibme attack anddifperfe the guard as. ^4> 
 If » fly as poffibly, others fpike up the 
 cannon that defend the p^rt to be ^& 
 faulted I and a third body may attempt 
 to fei^e the governor, &c. to flop the 
 neceflary orders from being iiTued ^t fo 
 critical a jun<a:ure ! they at thegate arc 
 to furnifti the Oiliccr^ (as they * enter) 
 with 0ne of their people for a gutdje t^ 
 (hew him his pofti When a ftratiagctn 
 of this kind is wifely concerted and :pru» 
 dently condudled^ the event will; anfwer 
 for itfelf. There' are an infinity q£ olhers 
 to be playied pfF,. but ttefe I leav^ to tke 
 fertile inventiOi); of adepts: iri this Jhst 
 pfiW^v • from the fcnoiK^n aridr ^gproueii 
 experience, activity, VA^tlancea^di aht» 
 Uty jof our prcfent; partisan j (jiiajor 
 Freftch) although he has not thexank 
 hi& merit andfervices deferve, :there is 
 the greatcft reafon to expert eveuy fuxxefii 
 id th© ^nfuing campaign. ,.;. . ...j^ 
 
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