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'iJ^HKb.i' ! ■>•■ ...-^ WfM 
 
 
 \ . ' 
 
 iii 
 
[1877] 
 
 17^ 
 
 (> 
 
 APPENDIX No. 22. 
 
 rAClFICKAlLWAV. 
 Canaiuan Pacifk; Railway. 
 
 OfFICK CK THK KN(UNKE11 \S ClIIKl'. 
 
 Ottawa, .laiuiary 4, 1S78. 
 
 Sii?, — i Ii.'U'o the lioiidur Ic ro|)oi't on tho pmtfro.s- iikhIo in -nrvoj'ing operutioiis 
 and roiiKi miction to the 15 1 si ItoccmlKM-, 1877. 
 
 SURVKT.S IN TIIK EASTERN (il! WooBLANl* HeoION. 
 
 In the >ea!son ()('1S7(), :i trial locMtion survey was mndo from tlH>pi'0]»os('(! Musteiii 
 terniinii-. near Jjac Amal>le du Fund, ahnnt !';> miles -o!i!h-eust of Lak-i- Xipissitit;;;, to 
 Oantin's Bay on Freneh liivnr, and from this hiio, cx])lorations woi-e inaiJe oi' t!io 
 country cxlondiiiu;' iiorlli west ward, on :i c.oni-se a^ direct as praetieui'le to a point on 
 'lie idirfli shore of Lake Superior near tho mouth of the Kiver Pie. 
 
 These ex]ilorar.ions wei'e not completed ; and ])ortions of the trial location ah 'vo 
 leterred !(» \Y(.'iC not satisfactory, as the low g-radient-^ fh".t !v;l '""""1 e\pe''t'>d were 
 liot ohtaii.ed. • 
 
 Durini;- the past season, four survey iiii^ parties were (mh ployed in (rom)l[etin^• these 
 <'.\'plonit('ry surveys, and improving the location of the hue of the jirevious year. 
 The plans and profllos are in pr(<ijjrest<, and tho following is an outline of the results 
 of the >^ea.son's work. 
 
 Lwdfion of the line from Houth River to Cantin's Bay on French Rire.r, 
 
 This lino commences at a itoint on South River alioiit 8 miles from its mouth on 
 Lake Nipissing, ami 22 miles north-west of L:ic x\.irial)!e du Fond, where the sui-vey 
 of the previous year commenced. It follows down the loft hank of tho rivei* to the 
 shore of Lake Xipissiiiif : thence il takes a coni-se ueai-ly west to tho 20th JiV.ile, from 
 \\diicii its course is south-we.>t to the :>r)th mile, where it jmus tho survey of the ]u'c- 
 \ ions year, and then follows that line on a course nearly west to the head of Oanlin's 
 IJay, 40} miles fi'om the point of hoginnint^. If extended to tho foot of the bay, its 
 length will bo 551 miles. 
 
 Thi^ bay — a sheet of water about 5 miles in length, and averaging nearly a 
 quarter of a, mile in breadth — lies at the eonfluence of tho I'ickerol and south branch 
 of French J?iver, about 20 miles from the mouth of tho latter on tho Georgian Biy. 
 Its altitude varies from d to f! fee', higher than that of the latter; so that to extend 
 the navigation of tho Georgian Bay to Ountin's Bay, a lock would Vi\ roipiii'ijd to 
 surmount the rapids near the mouth of the river, the rest of the distance being still 
 Avater; it is. in fact, a long, narrow lake. 
 
 The eountr}- traversed is generally rocky, and broketi up wiih numerou- lakes 
 and small streams running in narrow valleys or ravines. 
 
 The altitude at the starting point on .'^outh River is estimutevl 078 foot above 
 sea level, being r;;-50 feet lower than that ol' Lac Ama1«le du Fond, and the highest 
 ])oint on tho lino is 813 feet, being 407 feet lower than the summit altitude of tho 
 line of tho ]')revious yQiw. But still the proposed maximum giadicnt of 1 in 200, or 
 2n.40 feet p)cr mile, has not been obtained. The gradients can, however, be kept down 
 to a maximum of I in 150, or 35,20 feet per mile, ri.sing eastward, without involving 
 Yovy heavy works. Of this gnidient of 1 in 150 there arc ten separate lengths, 
 
 h « 
 
 HE 
 
 r •/ 
 
18U 
 
 [1877] 
 
 makiiii; a total of iibotit 8 niilea. In dosccnding toiviintin'ts Iky, howovor, the^rad 
 is I ill 133, or 3!). GO foot p r mile ; Itn* it is oxpocted that this can bo reduced h 
 slight <loviatioii, and longthcnin*^ oi' the lino. Of the maxinuim of 1 in 100, ri 
 westward, there ai'O seven short lengths, inaking an a^<j;ro!ijato of 5.^ miles. 
 
 The works will be genorally ii^^htor than on the c(M"respoiiding length of tho 
 surveyed in 187(1. The heaviest will he in rock cuttings, running from 5 to 25 
 of maximum depth, and 300 to 800 feet in length, with einhanknionts of somew 
 larger dimensions. There will be about 12 miles on which work of this charac 
 will occur, and 14 miles on which tliere will bo rock cuttings varying from G U 
 feet of maximum depth, :pid avoraginj^ about 500 foot in lenglh. The balance wil 
 moderately light work. 
 
 Tho ])rincipal bridging will be as follows : — 
 
 Bentty's Greek. — liavine 250 feet wide with a maximum depth of 40 feet. | 
 
 Commamio Creek. — Breadth of valley G20 feet, maximum depth (i2 feet, breal 
 of stream 120 feet. 
 
 Outlet of Lake Mahmasagamisiny. — One span of 100 feet. 
 
 Pickerel River. — One span of 150 feet. 
 
 Pickerel River branch. — Breadth of ravino 220 feet, maximum depth 35 
 breadth of stream 40 feet. 
 
 In addition to these, there will probably bo some bridging required in ravi 
 where materials for embankments cannot be obtained in tho vicinity. 
 
 Surveys ami Explorations from French River to Lake Superior. 
 
 Exploratoiy surveys have been made of two lines extending westward fi 
 dift'ereiit ])oinN on the line last described, and meeting at a common point in 
 valley of tho Wahiiapita>pee. \ 
 
 The northein, and most direct, lino divorges at tho 19th mile of the located li| 
 and takes a general course a little to the north of west. Continuing the mileage fri 
 South Itiver (Lake Nipissing) it crosses tho maiii branch of French Eiver near tl 
 26tli mile, at the Chaudiore Falls, vvher< the trough of the river is conti'acted to 2f 
 feet, and the bi'oadth of tho stream to M feet. Near tho 2'.Hh mile, it strikes tl 
 north l.-ranch of this i-iver, and follows down its left bank to the 34th mile, wlioro t| 
 line crosses the river, which at this |K>int is 200 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. 
 
 At the 3!tth mile, it crosses another arm of French lliver, 200 feet wide j therJ 
 it follows a chain of narrow valleys which are separated by low rocky ridges. N 
 the Gist mile, it crosses Lake M-'skinonge, 1700 feet wide and 18 feet deep, whi 
 can however bo leduced b}- drainage. The lino re.'iches tho Wahnapit^pco Vail 
 at the 72nd mile. 
 
 There is veiy little variation in the altitude of the country throughout this secti 
 and tho gradients are generally easy. The works would be variable, as tho li 
 nltcrnatclj' runs in the valleys or across intervening ridges. There will be 
 aggregate of about 11 miles on which rock cuttings varying from 5 to 15 feet J 
 maximum depth, but in short lengths, would occur. On tho rest of tho line t' 
 works would be medium or modex'ate. 
 
 The southern line leaves the located line at the 48th mile near tlie head 
 Cantin's Bay, and within half a mile it crosses tho Pickerei Eiver, which is here 2s 
 feet wide and 5 feet deej). It then follows the north shore of Cantin's Bay, at 
 crosses the main branch of French River at tho Horse Rapids, where tlie channel 
 200 feet wide. Near the 55th mile, it crosses another branch of this river, 40 feet wid 
 and at the 57th mile it crosses the north branch, where the channel is 250 feet w'nh 
 
 Theice, the lino takes a geneially north-westward course, following a chain ( 
 narrow valley's and lake-i. It crosses the south end of Lac do ITsle at the 74th mil 
 and following another chain of valleys and fiats, separated by rocky ridges, it joir 
 the line last described near the 81st mile. 
 
 This is H| miles longer than t!'e northern line, but the whole of it would bu pa 
 of tho main line, while the northern ■\v\>uld h.-ivo a branch of 30 miles to Cantin's Ba 
 making 20J miles more line to be constructed. The gradients on this lino are vor 
 
ivcr, the grac 
 bo I'cdnccd 
 
 1 in 100, ri^ 
 
 miles. 
 
 loDiith of tho 
 om 5 to li5 
 ita of somow 
 f this chara( 
 ing from G t( 
 e balance wil 
 
 tl, 
 
 '40 feet. 
 
 (>2 feet, brea 
 
 depth 35 f 
 aired in ravi 
 
 L 
 
 nor. 
 
 M'estward fi- 
 ll point in 
 
 tlie locatec) li 
 10 mi I cage fr 
 River near 
 ntracted to 2 
 ), it strikes 1 
 mile, w.'ierel 
 > (loop. 
 st wide J thei 
 y I'idges. N< 
 it deep, whi 
 pita>peo Vail 
 
 ut this Hectic 
 •le, as the li 
 )re will be 
 to 15 feet 
 f the line 
 
 1' the head 
 :*h is here 2i 
 tin's I]aj, ai 
 the channel 
 r, 40 feet wii 
 250 foot wit 
 ig ii chain 
 the 74th mil 
 idges, it joir 
 
 would bo pail 
 ) Can tin's \\a\ 
 lino are vor 
 
IM Hr THE BURLAND OCSBWUTS LlTHOCRAPHtC CflMPANY MoHTREAL 
 
>y, nnd t 
 ttocrilx'il. 
 
 Oil Lot 
 •miiiuc, uui 
 lliintily of 
 )ij Ciintin's 
 lij)lo. 
 
 • { 
 
 Tho alt 
 he <iistanc 
 Ivor by tli 
 
 The lii^ 
 
 tit lido Ih fJ 
 est unui'HO, 
 •Qgli and 
 id iiuloMtcc 
 le lias beci 
 b Verniilit 
 niiiii:^ ill i\ 
 )ni; Lhko. 
 es^ciierall} 
 
 tilU Cl'OSHi] 
 
 6 I'c'ct. 
 
 Tlio lino 
 ■J roc Icy tva 
 tWi'Cii tlii;- 
 »liiio tortii 
 Tlio ascc 
 U7th mi 
 he will be 
 lection i\ 
 [crosses i 
 XV the w 
 imiPoi-n 
 ■hat tlio i^i 
 iTho line 
 Bcc wiih f 
 »rc--. to tj 
 ) is 1440 f 
 :h end of 
 wii»r, is CI 
 niiio, \v 
 )ri the la 
 fhei^ht ( 
 h'easod, i 
 |rom the 
 >p, keepin 
 tibo vrtliov 
 h Uivcr. 
 Ihe line, 
 at inter 
 J ^'enerul 
 i»t of cm- 
 ?i of hea 
 
[18T7] 
 
 r«i 
 
 itFV, :ui(l (ho works would bo vory Himilnr to thoHO on tho nortlicrii Iliio fli>( 
 
 iCii 1)0(1. 
 Oil both lines tliero are dotaohod truct« of land til lor oultivatioi 
 mntinic, codiU", bii'cii and ])0|)lar, which would furni.-'ii i-ailway lius 
 iilintity of honilook and pino, hut most of tho hitlor has boon i)Ui'nl oil' by bush firea. 
 )q Cantin'.s Bay and near tho Chaudioro Rapids, thoro nro largo patches of sugar 
 
 i])lo. 
 
 , with spruce, 
 Thoro is a HmuH 
 
 
 Explorations with barometer and compas,^ 
 
 Tho altitudes and distances from this forward must bo taken us aj»proximato. 
 lie (listancos horoaftor rofbrrod to ato estimated from tho starting point of Soatb 
 iter by tho northern or direct route. 
 
 The Kiver Wahnapitiopoo is 200 foot wide where tho lino cro.'^so.'j it, and the 
 tltndo is V}'A2 foot above soa lovol. Thonco tho lino of survey takes a ^onei'al north- 
 
 f course, ascending dingo la'ly tho slope or water shod of Laico Huron over a 
 h and rocky country intorsectod with numerous, narrow, tcough-liko valleys, 
 indented witli lakes and swamps, rocky ridgos intoi'voning. Still, a foasiblo 
 It has been found without vory high gradients or exceptionally heavy work up to 
 1 Vermilion River, at iho lOHth milo. At the 85th mile it crosses tho long valloy 
 i|niiig ill a south-west direction, in which lies tho chain of narrow lakes known at* 
 Luke. Tho altitude at this point is 810 fe*. Tho rocks up to the !>7th mile 
 gerioially giioissoid, but westward of this, slate is tho characloristic of the country, 
 highest jioint on this section is at tho !l7lh mile, whore tlio altitude is 1010 feet, 
 lie crossing of Vermilion River, lOOth milo, near the foot of Vormilion T,ii!<o, it is 
 jfbot. 
 
 I; Tho lino fb''ows the north shore of Vermilion Lake t miles, then cros-^t^s a hilly 
 ia-ocky tract to Spanish River, which is reached at tho KJoth ndle, altitude 1O70 feet. 
 Bv-coii this and the River Aux Sables, tho country is vory rough, and tho courso of 
 ^ino tortuous. 
 
 '!Tho ascent is by terraces, and in some places is very abrupt, more es] iaily from 
 
 1 147th milo to Rocky Rivor at the l>Oth mile, whore tho altitude is Ull feet. 
 
 are will bo some high gradients, and a largo proportion oi heavy works throughout 
 
 f ection from Vermilion River to tho River Aux Sables. At the l7")lh mile, the 
 
 >' Crosses this river near the foot of Lake Aux Sables, altitude, 15113 feet. This 
 
 lesir the water shed between Lake Huron and Hudson's Bay. Thence its course is 
 
 re uiiiforni, and thoro is very little variation in the altitude for the next 100 miles, 
 
 ■hat Iho gradients arc very easy, and the works will be goiiorally light or medium. 
 
 The line strikes Iho River Epinotto at the -:04th mile, about a mile above its con- 
 
 ?e with tho IMississagiia. Tlionce il follows up this stream, and its affluent the 
 
 ■i, to tho source of the latter in Luke Wagongat tho 220th milo, where thealti- 
 
 is 1440 feet. It crosses the River D'Hinbarrus at the 222nd mile, aiul passes the 
 
 end of Lake Winnibogon at the 235th milo. The River Montreal, Lake 
 
 fior, is crossed at the 27ith mile, altitude 1410 feet, and the Shecjuamkah at the 
 
 milo, Avhere the altitude is 1345 feet. 
 
 >n the last 12 miles tho plateau is liroken by numerous detached hills rising 
 
 Iheight of 300 or 400 feet. To avoid these, the curvature of the line would 
 
 h'oasotl, and the woi ks would bo heavier than on the rest of the plateau. 
 
 from the Slio([uamkah to Lake Superior a now lino was explored during tho l.'ist 
 
 yj^, keeping more to tho north than thatof 187<>, passing by the head of J)og Lake 
 
 tfio vnlloy of White Rivor, and thereby avoiding tho high ground east of Sand- 
 
 % Rivor. 
 
 $he line, however, is still open to objection in many parts. Tho country is inter- 
 
 4 at intervals by deep valleys and high rocky ridges, often at nearly right angles 
 
 (j general course of the line, causing groat variations of altitude and a largo 
 
 '\i of curvature, with occasional high gradients, involving a considerable pro- 
 
 |i of heavv works. 
 
182 
 
 i 
 
 [1H77] 
 
 r 
 
 Al iho ;!(»(!(li jnilc, the lino loaehcK llio valley ol' ilid .Minhi|)i('()tL'ii iioiir i lie Coot 
 t.r White Fi^li L.'iUc, tin exjitui^ion of the river, jillitii'it- !M)(» t'eet. 
 
 'riie iii\er Magjtie is cros-ed at llie ;{."J5tii niiU', when- ihe tiltilmlr i-< I'lli; toot > '^ 
 The highest iniornuMiate point \> 1,'J30 leoL lit lh(.« :;isili uuW'. "IP'^O '* 
 
 l''i'()nj the Ma;,'|'ii,' lu 'lie head of White River at llie ;i70ih mile, ihc tonrsd n 
 ;lie li«u' is tolenihly dinnM with i^eiicrally ea^y ^ladienls, ami the works would no 
 ho heavy. The altitude ut this jxjint in I.IJh'U feet. Tin lice the line lollows dow; 
 tlie valley of White Uiver lo the U7lh mile, where Ihe alliliide is l,0(i(» feet. Ther 
 iw a lar;^e anioiir.t of ciirvaliire in this soetiun, lnU with easy gi-mlionts, and the worii 
 would he nuidenitely li;^'hl. 
 
 I''rnm Whil(» IJ.'Ver to ihe Uiver Pic, al the tKllh mile, llie country is rf)u^'h Hiii 
 full c)f hills, the lino tortuous, with high yradieiiis, and the works ^feiierally Wniild l 
 i-ather heavy. ' boit<»in, 
 
 The last point is on (lie same level as liiike Sii|)eriiii', tldO fv(>|. Tiioiicc the liii^O fool 
 pas.ses through a valley to Heron Bay, and follows ilui shore of Laki! Suj»erior l 
 Pciiinsuliir llarhoiir, where il joiuH tlio survey ol 1874, al. tho 452nd mile. Thoteho) 
 of Lake Su])eri()r fi-om I'eiiinsiilar Harhour to the River N'epi^on is deeply indenti<8i<y_y^s/< 
 with numerous I'liys, coves and highls siirroiindeil hy hit;-h loi-ky hlull's, n.volviTig 
 large umoimt of (curvature on the line with oeeasional hif;h gradienlM, and, ■* ^ 
 eonstruetion, a largo <|Uaiitity of rock e.xeuvation with ;i numher of short tunne 
 ( yi<fi' Report of 8th Kehruary, 1877, pages 2()(i lo 2Ii».,t 
 
 The lino crosses the River Is'epigon near Ihe fool ol liuke iOllen, in which ll 
 Icnglli iVom South Uiver is aijll miles; and if il W(>re exlt;iid(!d to a connnon ])oir 
 
 1 
 
 Th 
 
 n . 
 len nii 
 iiverse 
 
 rpt 
 
 near 
 
 It 
 id taki 
 ing iKj 
 "owaiu 
 iHkaUd: 
 10 ve Ih 
 briw (^1 
 The 
 oui-ah 
 ovim- 
 
 Tin 
 
 the south-east angle of Luke Xijiis-ing, il would he 21! niihrs Innger than t 
 lino No. 2, explored in l.s7'>. {Vl<h: KcpDrl of I'dlh Jamiaiy, 1874, page 2t>5.) 
 
 Following Ihe e.xplorutor}' .survey of KS74 from tin' liiver .\epigon oid I)c 
 Lake to a point i>n the line under construction i'rom I'mii William westward, tl 
 total length would he, aj)]troximately, (ilil miles. 
 
 These exploratory sui'voys -.hew thai a feii'^ilile lin.', with fair gradients tiiij 
 only a moderate projtortion of rather heavy wm-ks, cun he ohiained li'oni .Soull 
 River to Vermilion f/.ike, KliJ milos. l^ul hetwccn liial p.iiiit ;iiid the liigii j>l;tle:i!(j 
 reached Ml jjake Aux Sables at the I75lh mil.', the oniniiy is not .so iavotirahle. TU . ' 
 course of the lino is tortuous, tlie ri.se oeeaaionally abrupt, ii-ijuiring high gr.tdicnt|r"^ 
 and a considerable propo,rtion of the work.s would he Iieavy. Sfi^ ' 
 
 The almost uniibrm aliitiide of thi.s plateau m- waier.-lied for a long dW-taiico t"^"' 
 the line explortid, and at ditlereiit pointn where it ha.^ been crossed by provio 
 surveys, rtUggest« the course of avoiding the heavy worlcs on the shore of Lafi 
 Sapeiior hy diverging Ir.jm tlic present line at snmc poim in the vicinity <<[' Lai 
 Winnibegon, and following the watershed whi.di trends luoiu to the northw.ird. 
 Long l.,ake, and there Joining the lino No. 2 ol the survey of 1873. Thence, it li'llol 
 that line to the cro.shing ol Riv( r Nopigon near its out lei from Lake KIU;n. 
 
 If this Vv-ere found favourable, we should then base ihe choice of two fen.sil| 
 lines between the soutli-ea.st anglo of Lake Nipissing and the River Xejiigon ; "* 
 pas.'jing iho south of Luke Nipis«ing and the w;iiershetl lieiween Lakes iiuron a, 
 Sujierior antl Hudson's Hay; the other running lo the noilb of l-d<e N'ipi.sHing. ;i 
 generally north of the watershed. 
 
 a 
 .SI.'RVKVS O.N THE eENTUAl. OK J.'ltAIHll, IlKCiloN. f<| 
 
 I 
 
 During the jju.st sea.Mjri, surveys have been made with the view ol improving i^ 
 crossings of some of the riveis and deep ravines in thi> region, with the full* iwij^ 
 
 l.^ 
 
 results : — 
 
 South Branch of the Si>sl(Ut''k<:H\in : at th/:. S'S'/t/zc'c. irnni 
 
 ;'.. 
 
 !. 
 
 /■^//•,' H7///,j//(, /,.//.■! S'lj-'ir- 
 
 The eastern approach to this river can bo improveii tioni agralifut of 0.75 1^".'*'" ''^' 
 lOU to one of ti.50 per KM), or 2(i.40 feet per mile; htit tho line will be leiigthcfW '« O" 
 :ibout a mile and one third, and tho formation level above the bottom of the valW^ug tl 
 raiseil from 88 to 95 feet. **>»• cui' 
 
[IK771 
 
 I8;i 
 
 1,, i^ ;t,;;i toot 
 
 uU«» would no' 
 . tullnw-^ tlowi 
 lilt fool. 'Vh<i\ 
 i, jiiiil tlif wtirii 
 
 IV i< I'Ollgll Hill 
 
 oriillv n'o'iiM 1' 
 
 G'ri;^ly Hear CottU ,t( the U)1^tk mile. 
 
 \\\ t'ortiiar Hurvcyn, tho hrcatltli of t!i« C'oiile •»)• tioiigli was 2200 foot, at tho top 
 ipou Ceet al lliii l)otl(nn, aixl ISj 'fcot i|«<oi)». ]iy the last Hiirvoy it i« 24O0 loet vvldo at 
 top, 1200 foci at tlio liolit)m, aii<l 125 f'tna dooj). .Voitlior tlu» ratniif tlin irnidiontH 
 )f tlio (lUHiitity of oxcavatioriM in tlm nitproiichos lia- Itooti iiicroasud. 
 
 Tlio Huinniit allitiidi!, wcist of llio (Joiilo at tlm l(»^7tli mile, Iuim Itoeii reduced 64 
 ot, and till! u,fudicii(H have heen improved. 
 
 Huffab CouUat (he 1101>v/ inilr.. 
 
 The breadth <jf this, by former »iirvcyw, was K500 foot ut the top, 70i) foot at the 
 bodoni, and lOO feot deep, which iMnHluroil by tho iani survey to 1200 foot at the top, 
 TliOiHio the liii60O feiM at the bottom, and 00 feet in (i<t))tli . 
 ]ic Superior t 
 nile. Thobhor^ 
 
 n\ti\\\.vSm'J</<'stcd (.kotution oj (fit Ime jrom Selkirk westwards, pitisnuj soxUh of Lahe Alamtoba. 
 
 (Icei'ly 11 
 
 lis, II volving 
 
 adieiiLH, ant I, i. 
 
 111 accordance with the verbal instructions of the Ministr-r, an examination hu» 
 •uuHiiLs, ini'«, jj, ^^^^ made ol' this line, with iiislriimental f<urvey« of some of the deep valleyH 
 '' '^ fcfiiveivt^l by the lino, and at. other i)laceH whore deemed nceosHar}'. 
 
 The deviation from tho located line convinences at the crossin/^ of tho Red Rivor, 
 
 d lakes a south-westerly courmo till it reaches the centre of tho ranji;e of townships 
 
 inuf north of the fourth base lino; thence it follows due west on f)r aloiiu;side a road 
 
 Owance through the eoutre of this lang'e nearly up to the valley of tho Little 
 
 Hkatehewan. Thence, continuing- westward, it crosses the Assiiiiboiiio at a point 
 
 epiL!;oii uiu ■'".move the junctiou of <iu'A])pelle lliver and through the T<nicliwood hills to the 
 
 ,1 wc-twaid, 1 1^1^^^^^ ^j.^j^^^ yiov\\\ Saskatchewan at Cacrluverock. 
 
 Tho lino throughout tho Province of Manitoba, nearly 100 miles, is very 
 r'ourable fur railway (;on>truetion, and the land is gonerally fertile. West of tho 
 oviiiic i.iiie llie riHiiiLiy i.-. tiioi'o broken, and the land becomes poorer. 
 
 The tirst serious difficulty iw the crossing of the valley of the Little Saskatchewan, 
 
 ich is nearly a niih> wide at tlie top, hloping gradually down to the rivor, whore 
 
 valley is225fcet deoji. Asit. isobviou^^ly iini)ralicablo to crossthis at right angles 
 
 ithout enormously heavy works, the course of the surveyed lino was deflected ho a» 
 
 II, ic. wlii<'b U 
 eoiiiinon j)'>i 
 
 longer than U 
 
 page 205.) 
 ipigon Did l>o 
 
 \v gl■adiout^ aik 
 ned ii'om SouiJ 
 ic liig'ii l>hi.lo^;it 
 ivourable. llj 
 • liighgiwlicn 
 
 Tiiencc. il !"II<| 
 
 Klleii. 
 
 of iwi> fensi 
 
 •er Xepigon; ■ 
 
 aUe- Huron :t 
 
 ^e NipiHsing, a 
 
 rying 
 
 vature, will increase its lengtli considerably. 
 
 The valley of Birdtail Creek, at the point cru-'sel by this route is three quarters 
 
 I mile wide, and ]I»0 feet lioep in the centre. 
 
 The valley of the Assiuiboiru! is over a mile wi le, sloping abruptly down to the 
 
 torn flat, which is over 200 feet lielow tho level ol'the plain. The river is 300 foot 
 
 "e at flood, where it is crossed l»y a bridge \wav I'ort Kllice. 
 
 No inHlruraontuI urvey was made of those valle}-s, but they could probably b« 
 
 f|>*sed in the same manner as the Jiittle SflRkatchewan. 
 
 % The valley of (Jut Arm {'reek is over 100 feel deep where the trail crosses it. 
 
 t Impruving i| 'p|,^ Touchwood Hills eould be ci-ossod M'ithoiit exfeiitionallv high gradients, but 
 
 vit.i llie loii if|^ some rather heavy exi-avations; and the line would be simioiis, and consequently 
 
 r^er, (ban if a direct course were practicable 
 
 im. L'0:< S'lj'C ' Thence, to the bend of the .Vt^rth Saskatciiewan at Caerlaverock, the country ia 
 
 .. n Qt,r^ jOililar to that traversed by th(^ located line. A large proportion of the bind on thiB 
 
 '\l ' 1 I •n^^ti-i"'^ ''■' ^"'y ^''' ^'"' piisLure, and much ot it is sandy or li^ht soil, producing ^liort grass. 
 
 '?• .L.~^»>llllou>J the Touchwood Hills, and in their vicinii\ , there are some tracts of gooj land 
 torn o me van^ W _• ■• " 
 
 ^" i for cultivation. 
 
184 
 
 [1877] 
 
 Le.vialion to Quill Lake. 
 
 An alterimtivo Hiio in (ho wimc gonenil direction, may bo thus (loscril)O(l : — 
 Following the coiu>t* of tho last lino up to tho Littlo Sjiskatcliewan, it there doflectH 
 to tho iioith-wehtwurd, cronhing the ANninii>oiiio near tho mouth of Shell River; 
 therce, pasHing to the north of tlie Touchwood Hills it joinn the located lino near 
 Quill Lake. 
 
 Tho vaMey of Bird Tail Creek, where this lino crosses, is nearly a mile wide at 
 the level of the ])lain, and slopes gj'aduall3Mlown to theriver,whcre it is 175 footdeep. 
 This could bo approached or the east side hy a narrow lateral valley, but there is no 
 corresponding valley on the woHt side. 
 
 The valley of Shell IJiver where the lino strikes it, is 250 feet deep, over a milo 
 ■W'doat tho top, and 1,000 feet on the bottom flat. It is possible to descend by tho 
 slope of this valley to the bottom flat of the Assiniboine Valley, and after ci-ossing tliat, 
 to ascend bj' ii lateral valley to the table land on the west side; this, however, can 
 only bo done by using high gradients, and with a large amountofcurv:iturc, b}' which 
 the length of the lino would be considerably increa^^ed. Some of the gradients usfd 
 on the survey were 70 feet to the milo; these, however, can probably bo reduced to 
 1 j)er 100 or 52-80 feet per mile, but only with very heavy excavatiojis. 
 
 The rest of the line to Quill Lake is favourable; a consideiablo proportion of tho 
 land is tit for cultivation ; of the balance, some is good pasture land, tho rest vovy poor. 
 
 It should be observed that tho Engineer in C^iiief fixed the maximumgradicnt at 
 0-50pcr 100 = 2G-40 feet per milo rising eastward, and 1 per 100 = 52-80 f'e(^t per milo 
 rising westward, and on the located line these gi'adicnts have boon maintained to a 
 point west of Battlef'ord. They couM not, however, be maintained on tho lino sug- 
 gested ; even with very heavy worksu gn'iient of 1 per 100, each way, is tho best that 
 can bo 1. id for many miles. 
 
 This, togethoi,- with tho increased length caused by ;;urvature and deflections from 
 the general course, would render the ''iie suggested much inferior to the located line 
 for the economic working of the tratlic, and would add considerably to thcf cost oi' 
 moving to the seaboard the produce of the large and rich agricultural tracts lying 
 farther to the north-west. 
 
 There are no data for estimating tlie difference of the cost of construction in the 
 two lines, but this is a point of less importance than economic working after cons- 
 truction. 
 
 Comparing tho extent of good lands that would be crossed by the located 
 line and the suggested deviations, tho latter have proliably the advantiige 
 for tho flrst 100 miles, viz., to the western boundary of Alanitoba, as the lands of the 
 Province are generally fertile, and in the poi-tion that would be traversed by tho lines 
 proposed, they are comparatively dry and free from timber, and jao, therefore, eligible 
 for rapid Bettlement ; a good system of drainage, however, i:< required throughout the 
 Province. 
 
 The located line also crosses large ti'acts of good land; and it should be borne 
 in mind that even the muskegs or 8wani])S, which are found on both lines, will make 
 good meadow land when drained, as they are not deep : the side ditches of the Hail- 
 way alone will effect a great improvement in this respect, as they have done elsewhere. 
 There is a considerable (j^uantity of wood lands on tho located line, chiefly" poplar, 
 which may possiblj' oppose certain difHculties to settlement, but which undoubtedly 
 offers compi.T.sating adv:intages. 
 
 Beyond the first 100 miles from Selkirk there is a long stretch of land, of iriferior 
 and variable quality on both lines. But at the valley of Swan River the located 
 line enters on a very extensive fertile tract. On the suggested dovif-tions, after 
 passing the Pj-ovince Boundary, the quality of the land becomes inferior, and only a 
 umall ])roportion is fit for cultivation westward up to the bend of the North Saskat- 
 •hcwan. 
 
 On the deviation from the Little Saskatchewan, Jiorth-wostward to Quill Lake, 
 Hiere arc considerable tracts of good land fit for cultivation. 
 
bo thus (loscril>0(l : — 
 lewan, it tliei'o doflects 
 iioutli of Hholl Eiver; 
 18 the located lino near 
 
 i nearly a mile wide at 
 'here it i.s 175 feetdcep. 
 valley, but there is no 
 
 I feet deep, over a milo 
 ble to descend by Iho 
 uiul after cro^Hing• that, 
 
 ide; this, however, can 
 .of curvatui'o, by which 
 of the gradient 8 U8f-d. 
 )robably bo reduced to 
 cnvatio.Ms. 
 
 arable proportion of tho 
 and, the rest very poor, 
 e maximum gradient at 
 
 — 52-80 fo(a per milo 
 
 1 been maintained to a 
 ained on the line sug- 
 ich way, is the best that 
 
 • >^w"j,' '4'.ii.iri«!i-.i.inp!i|jmw»ji 
 
 iru and (lefleetions from 
 LM'ior to the located lino 
 iderably to tho cost oi' 
 >;ricnltural tracts lyin^ 
 
 I of construction in tho 
 lie working after cons- 
 
 vossed by the located 
 bably the advantiigc 
 )ha, as the lands of the 
 )e traversed by tho lines 
 [1 ill 0, therefore, eligible 
 ■equired throughout the 
 
 and it should be home 
 both lines, will make 
 de ditches of the Kail- 
 3y have done elsewhere 
 id line, chie{l3' poplar, 
 but which undoubtedly 
 
 etch of land, of inferior 
 ivan River the located 
 gestod dovif'tions, after 
 nes inferior, and only a 
 nd of tho North Saskat- 
 
 ostward to Quill Lake, 
 
I(l(t 
 
 Jl)7 
 
 100 
 
 r>4 
 
 53- 
 
 32 
 
 51 
 
 -«.<* 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 
 »o> 
 
 
 
 lV.nil« 
 
 
 ,.w.^.««i*.. 
 
 I *'-«*»W • \ Jiff 
 
 .. 1 -- ^''^ihiL-n^''"' 
 
 
 .,,.:...,,p..- V^ 
 
 
 ^^iCV'-Jtu 
 
 
 "^ ^ 
 
 
 MAP 
 
 8I1KW1.\<J rilK si'(;(,E.STF,ti OKVIA TIuNS IltOM THE 
 l.OCATKH LINK IIKTWEKX 
 
 18ED IMVKR AND THK SASKATCHEWAN 
 
 Hi:n iiiHii III I.N 
 
 REl'OUT OS SURVEYS QF THK CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY 
 
 4th Jani'ary. 1S78. 
 
 ^rCiiictij vJ/iiitVA AcTiJco Ekoiseer-in-Chief. 
 
 Devialiuns nhfirn thnt "- 
 
 STAI.F OI' Mil [;s 
 
 -.=S' 
 
 _J._-. 
 
 i -y«i 
 
 
 
 '"^"!tyjy, 
 
 !7SKMnwt|J% 
 
 
 lor 
 
 106 
 
 lor. 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 102 
 
 m 
 
PMonlimiv TH( BviUNt 0»M«Ari Co.Moniaiu 
 
This scemocl 
 
 amoi'u oxtt'iided e 
 
 vtew \VH« CDuflrmoc 
 
 A iiiK- drawn f 
 
 inches* it (ho Sas 
 
 irt the iioi-tli-oast 
 
 |r.s, and pu^s 15 t 
 
 tliiis lino wcro oxto 
 
 lesser 8l;ive Lake, 
 
 itjwould ^how ihe ^ 
 
 North We.^LTonitc 
 
 t% Hoil will bo unif 
 
 iiaernoc'ted and coni 
 
 il is of variable <^\ 
 
 ith the quality of 
 
 DiH-th-woht; whilst i 
 
 dllCtive j)owors of tl 
 
 It is evident thi 
 
 a region so extensiv 
 
 bft required in vario 
 
 I A braiieh lino 
 
 tHe requii'enionts o: 
 
 pmin line, wliieh, if 
 
 illferests of the Do in 
 
 ; f From all the in 
 
 that anyaltorationsl 
 
 appears to be a lea; 
 
 takes a north-wester 
 
 aorth ond of iJuck xV 
 
 The country is 
 JOBie majjlo. ( )\\le 
 ^ extensive mai-she 
 ., The line suggest 
 ixe gradients would | 
 i^vfore, l»e somewt 
 
 SUF 
 
 Dui'ing the seasc 
 ihewan, rid the Yelk 
 O the Paeidc coast, a 
 uney. A com])lete 
 raoiio Cache to Eurra 
 vitli in lornier survoj 
 mpnnH'i. When the 
 everal classes of woi' 
 if tlio cost of constri 
 orvey by Mr. JI. J. ( 
 
 ' At the outset, it 
 keeiia suitable for a 
 iay, at (he southern e 
 Ot iinjH-acticable, to i 
 «% Atl ■ntion was tho 
 'simii^Luii Peninsula, 
 ■|» found that there a 
 ie_PeninMi!a to (hat i 
 V— 18 ^ 
 
 "i^Hli 
 
 J^ 
 
[1HT7] 
 
 185 
 
 This scemod to indicate ihiit tho fortiie belt trondi to tiie tioi-th-wost, and 
 a moro oxtoiided cxamiiKilioti of tliocouiili'v was a(.'c<)rdiiiirly made, Ij.v which thiw 
 view was con tinned. 
 
 ,: A liiK' drawn t'lom \Vinnij)e;Lj lo Fort a hi Corno near tho ronflnciu-e ot the two 
 bfhnches ot the Saskalfiievvan, would cut ott' the south-west t\M'^\v of Luito Manitol)a, 
 skirt the north-eastei-ii base of Kidiu^ Mountain, cross tiie north end of DucU Moun- 
 tair.s, and pass 15 to 20 niiU^^ nortii of Fort Polly and across the Has(iuia Jliils. If 
 this lino were extended through the Beaver Valley to Lac la Hiehe, thence by the 
 Lesser Slave liake, so as to intersect the Peace River near the mouth of Smoky Jlivor, 
 it would >how the .•>eneral course of tho gi'eat feilile bell of agricultural lands in the 
 Noith Wcrtt Territory, it is not to be expected that in a sli-otch of over 1,000 miles 
 the soil will be uniformly good. The lortilo belt is aecordingly very irregular, often 
 intersected and contract(id by mu,s/irij,s and lakes, and low '•angcs of hills on which tho 
 soil is of variable quality ; there a''e, howevei', vast tracts of extraordinary fertility. 
 Both the (jiiality of tho soil and the salui)rity of the climate improve towards the 
 north-west; whilst investigations have shown that even beyond Peace River, tho pro- 
 ductive powers of the land are astonishingly great. 
 
 ) It is evident that no single line of railway can traverse all the fertile portions of 
 a region so extensive, and that even before the trunk lino is complet«, branches will 
 be required in various directions. 
 
 A branch lino could be consti'ucted, at a comparative)}' small cost, to meet 
 the requirements of the Province of Manitoba equally well as a diversion of the 
 main lino, which, if carried out as suggested, could not fail to be injurious ti> the wider 
 interests of tho IJominion. 
 
 From all tho inlbrmation obtained u[) to this time, it does nota])poai advisable 
 thai any altoration should be made in the line as located in this district. Tlicro, however, 
 appears to bo a feasible line, which, after passing the south end of Lake Manitoba, 
 takes a noi'th-westerly course, skii'ting the eastern base of Hiding Mountain and the 
 aoi'th end of Duck Mountain, ami joining the located line in the valley of Swan River. 
 Tho country is described as level and thickly wooded with sjiruce, poplar and 
 jome maple. { I '('(/e Report of April 10th, 1872: Page 5ti.) Small lakes surrounded 
 1^ OKtensive marshes are, h(iwever, found throughout this district. 
 
 4 The line suggested wouhl bo fj'om 20 to 30 miles longer than the located litie, but 
 Ai giiidients would jjrobably bo good, and the works moderatel}- light, and it would, 
 Mi'cfore, be somewhat less open to objection than the other deviations proposed. 
 
 SURVEYS IN THE Wi STEKN OR MOUNTAIN REGION. 
 
 Duiing the season of 1877, the writer travelled over tho route from tho Saskat- 
 >hewan, rid the Yellowhead Pass, and the valleys of tho Thompson and tho Frazer 
 ©the Pacific coast, and closel}' examined the lino at most of the dilHcultpoints of the 
 ■air\-ey. A com])lete location survey was made of that portion of the line from Tete 
 ^|inc Cache to Burrard Inlet, by which son.o of the ditliculties and heavy work met 
 mm. in former surveys have been avoided or reduced and tho line genci'ally much 
 iSrovc i. When the ])lans and profiles are completed, and the (juantities of the 
 e^ral classes of work got out, they will furidsh better (f<ttit for making an estimate 
 •f the cost of construction than have hitherto been obtained. A desci'iption of this 
 urrey by Mr. H. ,1. Cambio is appended. 
 
 EXPLORATION <tK THE SKEKNA ROUTE. 
 
 . At the outset, it became evident tliat there is no harboui' at the mor.th of the 
 kfl^iia suitable for a railway terminus. A fair anchorage is to bo had in (^ardona 
 {•jI, at I he southern end of Kennedy Island, but it would bo oxtromoly diflicult, if 
 otiimjd'acticable, to reach that neighbourhood with a railway hue. 
 w,;.\tt 'Ulion was therefore directed to Port Simpson, at the northern oil of tho 
 'H^top^caii Peninsula, a well known and eX(,'ellont harbour, an I nn ex nmntition it 
 •Jllfound ttiat tliorc are no great obstacles to ''arrying a line along tho north side of 
 iMPeninsula to that point. 
 
 f 7— 1» 
 
180 
 
 [ISTV] 
 
 Tlio distance is probabl}- 10 milc» longer tlian to Curdona Bay, but, of the twioe. Tliei 
 this liiirhnnr is fai' better adapted for commercial purpoaoH, and the cost ofconstnii* cop nl' 
 ing the railway would probabl}' bo much less. ofc, < ablia 
 
 Th(f sl<jp( 
 
 Engincerinij Features. sostain a 
 
 rt*v'itio aiu 
 
 From Port Simpson, for about ,']5 miles along tho north side of the TsimptHt^rf to crop 
 Peninsula, and across the dividing ridge, 250 feet high, to the banks of the SlcoeiTbis pari 
 the works would be heavy. ier it unfit 
 
 In ascending the Skoena through the Cascade Mountains the works would goii . 
 ally be heavy, but less so than by either the Praser or Ilomathco valleyx, through t 
 ttamo chain of mountains. ^ tree co 
 
 For the tirst 35 miles the hills descend in steep inclinations to the water's eil{g|eat strei 
 and there are indications of snow slides at several points. The valley averages^aiitity is 
 mile in breadth, but the river is thickly studded with islands, and has channels \v;i.e*ieiuark 
 ing the base of the mountains on either side. . On mos 
 
 Above this, (or a distance of about 80 miles till the eastern face of the Cascaidj which r 
 range is reached, the valley narroAvs a little, but the side hills aio not so steep. Tiwood and 
 valley then opens out somewhat, and the works would be moderate for about 40 mil 
 which distance would bring the line to the Forks of the Skeena, near which theii 
 an Indian A''illage named Kitma on the nirp. Throu'di t 
 
 The elevation at this point is about 700 feet above sea level, and the gradieiet on tiie l< 
 would be very easy throughout the whole distance from the seaboard. axcrid '.^ te 
 
 The general course of the line up to this point has been north-east, but hen 
 leaves the Skeena and takes a south-east course at right angles to the former, ascei 
 ing the valley of the Watsonquah, which for the lir.st 27 mi;es is principally a cany^ Marble wi\ 
 and would require htitf gradients and heavy works in places. ^^^ Some o 
 
 The remainder of the distance via Lake Fraser to the valley of the Xechiiijjj*^l,j^,j.f,g^j; 
 would have ea>y grmlients with moderately light works. The summit altitude betwe 
 the Skeena and Nechaco, is only 2,400 feet above sea level. In this valley a juncti 
 is n\aile with the previously surveyed line from Yellowhead Pass. (VideV\.(i\M' 
 Februiiry 8th, 1877, pages 274-27C.) TPbe higldj 
 
 Several attempts were made to find a pass leading directly from the Skeeiiaor l)istrict, 
 Ltdcc I'^ratH^ois, so as to avoid the angle between the former and the Watsonqnah ;i>ugh the Pii 
 HO greath" reduce the length of the line, but without success, as the space contairCtion, Ace 
 within the angle is a compact mass of high mountains. i of Lake J 
 
 The distances from a common point at the month of the Chilacoh. near FiSnip, or sou 
 Ocorgc, are as follows :— This route 
 
 Mile.«. '■ever, a goo 
 
 To Fort Simi^son, approximately A'M) n the Xech 
 
 To Bute Inlet, by measurement 28H heiiy direc 
 
 To Dean Inlet, by measurement 231 Wjjitershed 
 
 . , . .,,..,. , ,. 1 followed d 
 
 Fort Simpson IS, however, much nearer to the Asiatic coast, the distance> jji,,.,,,,,} ^j,, 
 
 Yokohama being as follows : — ^g^l (^ Porl 
 
 Statute miles. :« d 
 
 PVom Fort Simpson 4,450 m the neig 
 
 From K:imsquot Harbour, Dean Inlet 4,7s20 .*" ^^*""'i"> 
 
 From Waddington Harbour, Bute Inlet 4,836 ^^■•., ,, 
 
 "^ ' With the SI 
 
 /^7 ^ ^ ^L -1 r ' HcLeod ej 
 
 Character of the HOH, Ac. ,a p.,,..,,,;,. \ 
 
 ' iw jr«u .snip, 1 
 
 There is a small area of land in the neighbourhood of Port .Simpson tit for ciil^ j " * .^I:'' 
 vation. In tho lower part of the Skeena, many of the islands with which jt "»f "'"'^ •^';» 
 studded, consist of ricsh alluvial soil, but they are subject to overflow .at high wato"*'!^^ ^^^^ . 
 For 15 or 20 miles below the Forks of the Skeena, and for some distance above tl, -'^ ■'^"'"!"' 
 point, tho hills do not approach the river within two or three miles on either "^i' r^?-,!] if. 
 The land is of fair (piality, and covered with a light growth of jioplar, birch a'^J y^^ 
 
 taamk 
 
 ■as 
 
[1877] 
 
 18t 
 
 Tliero arc soiiio 80ttlemonts at the Forks of tho Skoena, wboro there wa« 
 
 Icrop of oals, iiliuDst rijjo, on tho i]l»t July, and also abundant cropM of pdlaloos, 
 h, cabbage, \c. 
 ho HhjpoB of the VVatsonquah Yalloj' throui,'hout its length are, in pa-t, jtrairio, 
 stain a niagiiiticont gi'owtii of grass fit lor pasture. The roots of the grass 
 i no and form a Hod, HO that it would not bo killed otf l>v allowing cattle or 
 to crop it cU)sol3', as bunch grass is. 
 ol' the SkoetJhis part of the country is, however, subject to summer frosts, which would 
 l^i* it unfit, or at least unreliable, for purposes of agriculture. 
 
 lUt, of tho t\4' 
 <t ofconstniv 
 
 the Tsimp.s(! 
 
 ;s would geui, 
 YH, through t J 
 
 Timber. 
 
 e water's edu 
 ley avoragesi 
 channels wiVj 
 
 trcp commonly called "yellow cypress" is found on tho lowrr Skoena, which 
 eat "strength and density of fibre, and is said to be extremely dui-able, but 
 antity is so limited that it may be said to have little commercial value. Tho 
 euiark would iij)ply to hemlock, though it was seen in some j)l:ices of great 
 f On most of tho "slands subject to overflow, very tine cottonwood trees are to be 
 3f tho Cascawi^ which may be utilized at some future time for tho same ])Urpo.so to which 
 so steep. Tjudlood and whitewood are applied in the Province of Ontario, 
 about 40 mil 
 which there i; Snow Fall. 
 
 Through the Cascade mountains, the snow in ])laces lies to a depth of 7 or 
 I tho gradieie^oii the level. From the Forks of the Skoena to tho River Fraser, it is said not 
 
 eJceed a feet in cieptfi, except on very rare occasions, 
 ist, but here i| 
 former, ascci J Minerals. 
 
 pf^l'y •'* ^^''^^y Jparblo was seen in bods of great thickness, varying in colour from purple to 
 
 td^ Some ores of copper and load were also observed, but not m veins of any 
 f theXechii(,<^l,i(.j^ne„s. 
 
 titude botwe ^ 
 
 llcj^ajuncti | F.viMiOUATioN of thk J'lne JUvkr I'ass. 
 
 [1-Je Ilepo ^ 
 
 T^ho highly favoui'ablo reports received respecting the charactej' of tho Peace 
 
 k; SkoeniiOK;l)istrict, and the pros[iects held out of a satislaetory route being obtainable 
 
 sonquah a*^^' (ho Pino River Pass, made it expedient to obtain further information in tliat 
 
 ICO contair'CSo"- Accoi-dingly, tho exploration was extended from a point in the neighbour- 
 
 1 Of Tjako Fraser, rid tho oast end of Lake Stewart, trt Fort McLood on the 
 
 p,8nip, or south branch of tho Peace Eiver. 
 
 Uhis route proved very unfavourable for railway construction : subso(|uently, 
 i-efer, a good connecting lino, though more circuitous, was found by iollowing 
 n'tho Xechaco and the Stowaii Valle3\s nearly to l'"ort (ieorgo; thence, in a 
 ;h«i'ly direction, up the valleys of the l->asor and Salmon llivers, and across tho 
 •flSutorshod to Summit Lake, one of the sources of the Parsnip, which river was 
 1 fcllowcd down 1o Fort IMcLcod. 
 
 yond the cNistenco of an Indian trail ao.'oss tho Rooky Mountains from Fort 
 
 jeltl to Fort St. John, very little Avas known; nor was any information obtain- 
 
 ia the neighbourhood respecting the Pino River Pass, except through an old 
 
 att woman, who drew a sketch on the sand, and explained it to tho Do^t of her 
 
 ity. 
 
 Witlc iho scant information thus obtained, the exploration wa.> continued from 
 / AlcLeod eastward: following up the valley of the River Misinc. nca, an attluent 
 i6 parsnip, till an altitude of r),500 feet was reached Avithout any . ppearance of a 
 
 It 
 
 ■oh. near 
 
 Miles. 
 4H(> 
 28!» 
 231 
 
 distance> 
 
 lie miles. 
 
 ,450 
 
 ,7sJ0 
 t,88G 
 
 n tit: for 
 which 
 
 cuL 
 
 On descending 
 
 he river, a stream was discovered falling int > it from the 
 
 -. h, nl»out 'di} miles above its confluence with the Pai-suip. I'ollowing this up four 
 I . . ^,8^t was found to issue from a small lake named Azuzotta. This proved to bo 
 n\ oiw.,-^ i\ t^^* summit of the Pine River Pass, its altitude being estimated at 2,430 feet above 
 
 either sii ^^^^ ' 
 |. ^1 ' ., A liMlo 1)oyond this tho head waters of tho Pine River wore struck, and th« 
 1)11 cl. a ^_^^ • 
 
188 
 
 [1877] 
 
 (ho JJncky Mountiiins, is an oxtoiision of Iho Ik'aviT I'lniiis wliidi ( omicri \v led. Al p 
 great fertile l)cll, stretching fVoni Manitolia ti» and beyond the I'tMcc River Od the wt 
 
 Should the engineering chsiracter of a line hy lliis route prove on elo.-er -tnbiu, no 
 as liivouj-al'le as reported, the results from this exploration will he an\ongs* il.c ered at po 
 import ant liiat have been obtained since tlmcomtnencenicnt of ihesui veys. iSoinc 
 Kerious ditHculties in crossing the Ro^ky Mountains will Inive dis:!pi>earod, a 
 formidable chain, once held to be insuiinountable, and even now felt to be a : .. 
 obstacle to railway enterprise, can then be passed with very favourable g. a i 
 and with works not exceeding in magnitude those genei-ally reiinifod o" o''' iw-^j^^ [,'^^,.^ 
 
 ', and the 
 Bga'c of i'(\\ 
 
 ncc 
 
 oilier. 
 
 II n 
 
 line 
 
 ha 
 
 tions of the line. 
 
 In addition tn the manifest advantages olfored by this rou'.o, tlier3 is furlht 
 ini])ortant consideration that in place of a bleak sterile country, wherein .sotiicni 
 an im])Ossibility for iiundreds of miles, the line would travnrso an .area o^ i'eni;irli' 
 t'ertilit}', with but a ii'W short intervals of country untit for sotdemcnt. 'I'nis i 
 also passes between t!ie vastmineral districts of Omineca and Cariboo. Theexiii 
 naryi-esidts of recent mining operations in the lattcrgive promise, when their i ipt . 
 CCS are more fully dc elopeil — as they can only Ije with the assistance of dirt ci 
 way communication — of rivalling, it not surpassing, the far-lamed gold ami ^' ^ 
 regions of the neighbouring States, which lie in the same mountain zone. 
 
 Port Simpson may possibly be considered, at present, too lar north for ilu?'jtOi>t Koev 
 minus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but it is important that the fact shoulil lie li^lttion has 
 in mind, that by virtue of low altitudes and consequent ea.sy gradients, togeiherattfplitJs '*' 
 the comparatively moderate character of the works i-eqiiiretl to roach it, tliis t* n ■ 
 point oilers advantages which would enablea Canadian line todety competition In; ^^ 
 trade with China and Japan, Port Simpson being fully 500 milo> nearer to ^'"i< il|t^|j^ Oi-os' 
 than Holme's Harbour, at the mouth of Puget Souml, the proposed ultimate lern, J,",.,,!,^ i] 
 of the Northern Pacific liaihvay, while the advantage it posLOsses over San '''an i^b oftho 
 is corroKj)ondingl_>' greater. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 But the Pine Ilivor Pass is not merely the key to Port Simpson ; it afro ds («» (.onditi( 
 paratively easy communieution with Bute Inlet, and all the i-itermediaic ''nHyj, g^f<^, 
 between that point and P.u-t Simpson, the valleys of the rivers leading to the-e i' 'i 
 radiating from the Stewart Valley, south west of tlio Pass, with exception d lii i 
 
 ness. Thus many of the difficulties in the way of reaching Bute Inlet an 1 the ir t^ 
 to the north of it, rid the Vellowhetid Pass, can be avoided, tind this piijbubly 
 out increasing the length oftho line. 
 
 The distance from Li\ ingstone on the localo<l line, over the Yellowbead P:i 
 the confluence of the Chil leoh and Stewart Jiivers, near Fort (reoige, is \,0'2[) n 
 The distance between the amo points via the Pino River Pa.S3 measures on the 
 80 nearly the earae as the above that a survey alone can determine t!ie precise diij^ was co 
 ence between the two routes. iMhos 
 
 length 
 
 k to th 
 
 oppo 
 
 [ and tl 
 
 mile, 
 
I'. Solwyn \t;i 
 Canada, (teii 
 
 cs on'ti) the I 
 
 iH at lant, 
 
 fl'^TTl 
 
 WOlfKS OK CONSTiaJCTlON. 
 
 TKLEUIIAI'll LINK. 
 
 189 
 
 iiiuonciiig al Fort Williani, tlio liiii' i> «'itcI»'iI to a |ioiiil iiame<l • I'.ilcon," a 
 of '37 iiiilos, and is in oporation to Kn^li.-'li J'iviM*, 113 milof. Hotwoen 
 
 mil Koewatih, lG(t tnilos, coiisifloralili' <'loarin<; lias Itctdi done, and a lino 
 
 i»*l '^ido, is r;o(l |,,|. n (li-jtuntc of'31) Miilos eastward t'roni lu-evvalin. netween Iveuvvatinaud 
 
 irk, 112 miles, tlie line is eroetod and in opei'ation. It is ox[K!cled that the con- 
 
 nj)ri(.)n()f ^ all on |,(-twoon Fort William and Sidkii'k will In' completed duiing the winter. 
 
 ''""" f*^^ ^'<'<'' The lino is erected and in operation lielween Selkiikand Livin;;sl(ini', 271 miles, 
 
 niolorati'ly vheic it cros.ses certain lakes, poiid^aml mai^lies, a nnmbor oCiIk' poles reijuire to 
 
 .) J'ass, aiul I ore pi'rmanently secured. Tlio brancli iine l)etweon Sidkirk and Wintnpeg, a 
 
 ncc 1'1'2'J miles, iseompleted and in opeiation. 
 Forks is dc iXHe line is orectod, and has Ikjoii o|ieraled irom Jiivinystono to a point in 
 '■^ P'lipo-e^ ongi Hide of Fort Ivlmonton. There is still, however, a con.sidorablo amount of 
 riy in the In ing lo be done, Home inferior |»olos to Ije replaced, and some portions to bo 
 I ( onneci w led, At present, it is only in o|)eration as far as Battklord. 
 •e River Qo tlie western Section, between Edmonton and the existinij line in British 
 on clo.-er -mbia, no portion of the lino is completed, but a quantity of material has been 
 anion<;s< ilic ered at points aloni; tlie route. 
 
 veys. h<o!iii 
 pitearoil, Uh 
 felt to bo a i 
 )urablc j^ , a I' 
 i"'0(' on of li" 
 
 loro is furt 
 
 po 
 
 (JRADINO, T»ACK-I<AY1NU, &C. 
 
 Fort WiUiatn to English liinr, 113 miles. 
 
 BVom Fort William, westward, the roiulbed of the railway is graded continue 
 ', and thi^ luidiies erected to the 77th mile; beyond this point there is an 
 
 are laid for a 
 un- 
 
 _. ^^'^'"sga'c of four miles more graded in ilotached portions. The rails are laid ft 
 tein ^JtJ 'i^'i'i',n.^i ,,i (1 miles, and of this about 3() miles are partially ballasted, and in fair r 
 ■ea o^refn.Hi,,,. . i j » 
 
 lent. Tiiis 
 o. The ex I 111 
 vlion tlicii- 1 
 ICO of dircc 
 gold and 
 
 Olu 
 
 rhc 
 
 ■act, 
 
 EntjU&h Riiur to fCeaoatin {Rat Portaje,) 184 ;nt7r.s. 
 iiio has been located for construction beLween these points, but is not under 
 
 )iie. 
 
 1 
 
 Keewittin to Cross Lake, 36 miles. 
 
 )i'tl) for iln^roni ICcewaLin, westward, for a distance of 25 miles, a considerable (quantity of 
 L sliould do I'^ation has been done, consisting chiefly of rock. Fro nn the 25th to the 36th 
 s, togeihcr sup|)lies ai'o being delivered, but grailing has not been commencod, 
 it, tiiis t( , II 
 rnpotitioi) i., Qros.^ Lake to Sel/ur/,: 76 iink.<. 
 
 I •' !'t . ' ".^ ' '''*'" ^'foss Lake, westward, for a distance of 1 1 miles, there has been no grading 
 ci' "^i?'" i'i'>m the 11th to the 43rd mile llic t'radin'f is in various stJitjes or" i)rogro.ss, 
 ' leB of the distance, in doUiched portions, being roaiiy for track la\-ing. Fronx 
 
 Ibe I is 
 
 tance 
 
 s eastward from Selkirk. 
 
 . . ... , iJr^ Lo the 76th mile the gr.-idinii,- and britlging are completed, and the roadb 
 
 ' ' 'V ' ^.'oii<^''""litio'i for tracklavini-:. The railsai-e laid, but not ballasted, for a di.st 
 'rmedia:e n-a.^ „„,,.. i ft.,..„ c.„ii •„?. 
 
 Pembina Brunch. 
 
 ig to the>e if 
 'eptiofi d dii 
 el ani the ir 
 
 probably \\}\^q length of this branch is 84J miles, extending southward from the main line 
 
 kirk to the International Boundary at Emerson. Between Selkirk and St. 
 
 lowliend Pa'ace, opposite Winnipeg, a distance of 22 miles has boon graded during the past 
 
 ^, IS I,(l2i» iijq|.^ .^,,(1 j^ijQ j.jjj^^ jjjjj Qyjjj. j^jjQ gj^n^jj^ Ijut, it jy ,„jt ballasted. Prom the 22nd to 
 
 ires on the 9th mile, no grading has been done. From the 2!>Lh mile to Emerson, the 
 le precise ding wii?- completed in 1875, with the exception of the spaces left for bridges and 
 »aidhos. 
 
19U 
 
 [IH77] 
 
 KNIJINK IKHJ.SE. 
 
 A ton stall ong.ne houMo I.„h been .•(,n>,,lotod at Koit William. 
 
 KNdlNEEHs' HOIJSK8. 
 
 the Assistunti on t 7| no Vnin. !^^ "••''*•<«•• '<>'• tl.o , 
 
 fb.t.f«,wiiieo.ointJ::i^:y^.-;:;-;t-;i.;^^^^^^ n.. nno i. , 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 p. 2()5-L'08. '^'"" "* ''"" "'"'•'^'. '•"/'■ i^«I)<»H of 1876. App 
 
 CO.NTKACTS. , 
 
 I liavo tho honour to bo, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient bervunt, 
 
 P. BiLViTN, Esq., Secretary, 
 
 -Department Public Works. 
 
 MARCUS SMITH, 
 Acting li]ngiuoer in CbiefJ 
 
 1 
 
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192 [1H77]. 
 
 CANADA PACIFIC liAILWAY. 
 J{ki'(iiit (ti' JiOCATioN SunvEV FitoM Yei.lowiikad J'ass to Hi RiiAitit Ini.kt. 
 
 Ottawa, UHh DooomlKr, 1877. 
 
 iSiu,— 1 l)C>< Ifuvo to .siil)inil tlio follnwin^ iloMcriptionof (lit.' triul loralion .surv(\i 
 ol (ho liiio from Yollowiii-ml Tu.^.s to IJunani Inlet iniulu diM-iti^f the Humnior of IHTTJ 
 
 From tlir summit of Vollowliciui Puss, to ,*{8Lh mile wi'slwurd tlio lino is comiiKnia 
 to nil tlic routes through Ihitish Columi)ia. Coinmoming ul tlmt point u liinteet |H'I' nil 
 locution wan nuuio hy the Jiivors All)rc(]u uml Thompson, uml tho lower part of tin 
 ]{ivor Vrast'i' to l^uiranl Inlot. 
 
 The plans and nrotiloH arc oh yot ineonipleto aud tho Uoscription hero given niaj 
 herealtor bo (sonicwliat moditied. " Al>oiit| 
 
 Point of dit'enjmre to Cranberry Lake — .'{8 to 58 miles. "^ Then 
 
 For tho first eight miles the* woi'k is in roek ami heavy, the remainder eonslKts oiig light. 
 nine niilos of light work an(] two of hoav}', in sand and gravol. Tho ijrincipul HtreambMlk. wliiti 
 to be erosbod is McLcnnan's Crook, 100 feet wide. Tho alignment and grades another nvcr 
 easy throughout. lulntini;, .i 
 
 Cranberry Lake to ^sorth 'nhnnjison — 58 to 85 miles. 
 
 For throe milos from Cranberry liako to liivor Canoe the work is heavy, of the 
 remaining distaiK'O, eight miles, may be claH.iitiod as heavy, and the rest of tho liiu Assini 
 varying from medium to light. The material is principally sand, gravel and boulder^ jause about 
 with aiiout three miles in rock. River Canoe, 12(H'eet wide. River ('am]) 70 feet wide, jtfcer 1(! m 
 and River Alhreda 2(»0 feet wide, have to bo briilged. Tho grades are Htoap, the lM|fo stroa 
 heaviest descent being in the Alhretla valU'y where there is one strotch of 1 per 10(1 
 over 3 milew long, and two others, oatdi upward.s of a mile, and on thoHe grades there 
 are curves of 1,1 it; feet radius. Mo.^t o 
 
 North T/iompson Vatle,/-f^5 fu 102 mitvs. *»«»^y "^''^'''^ 
 
 Near the H5tli mile, tho lino erosges the River Thompson with 300 feet "l»r«<les iigh 
 l)ridging, iind then follows its west bank. IJeiiig lo a large extent on the hill side, 
 Komo sharp curvature has to lie resorted to, Ibiir curves ot 820 feel radius wore Used, , 
 but at such places tho gradients are trifling, and ai'o throughout, undulating and easy. This Hi 
 The work may be ela.'^sod as mediuiu with the e.xcejition of one point, near llietrhieh the i 
 86th mile, where the main mountain abuts on the river. mile the Sr 
 
 the North ' 
 North Thompson Valley— Wl to 120 miles. 
 
 For tho first four miles, the lino is on benches requiring heavy work. JVom that 
 point forward it is on flats and the work is light execpt at a few places where the 
 base of the hill is wa.shed by the river, causing some rock spurs to be cut through. • ^'■<>1^ 
 Tho principal streams to be bridged are Green River 75 feet, and lilue River 100 fectj'^''' ^"" \ 
 wide. The grades are light and undulating and curvature easy. Ute, (-her 
 
 120 to KiO miles. 
 
 entailing ^ 
 principal h 
 
 blMtls it w 
 
 North Thompson Valley 
 
 This section is all on side hills, and embraces tho canyon of the North Thompson ^ ,. 
 
 four milos in length. The works are generally in rock and for six miles are \ eiy**'*' '^"^ "^^ 
 
 heavy, with one tunnel of 350 feet, and another of 150 feet long. Although the ' 
 
 descent through the canyon is rapid, only 1;} miles of I per 100 grade will be necessary. - 
 
 The sharpest curves are 114C feet radius. No lai-ge streams are met. Of th 
 
 ti0o of bei 
 North Thompson Valley — I'M) to 143 miles. Miptectiot 
 
 This section is on the flats adjoining the .>?tretch of river known as Stillwater. noit large. 
 Two rock spurs and one of gravel touch the rivoi- and have to be cut through, tho iwicessitJit 
 vest of the work is almost exclusively embankment, and not heavy. No large struc- dtrves of 
 tures are required. The grades and curves are light. !ilP'^» *^*1 
 
i 
 
 [IH77] 
 
 19a 
 
 iii> Ini.kt. 
 
 North Thompson Valhi/—] 4[i to HU mih:s. 
 
 * SixmiloMol tlu>aro()n wiilo iiill.HuiKi reciuiro honvy work, ono-tliirtl of wliidi is in 
 ,o-- r<M^- Tim iTiimiiiiiij^ 1.') inilus tiro on lH>ll(■m^s and HiiIm, witii niodiuni works, pi-inci- 
 ' '' '"*'• |>aSy ill ;^r:ivol and lioiildcr.i, Several placoH have to lie protuctod ai^ainHt enuroatli- 
 'atioii survi\(nMit ot t.liu ri\t'r. and two points a;^ainst itarlii slidini; fromalKiNo in lhi> Hj^rin^ ( f tlio 
 iinor of ISTIfSr. Tlio i;ra(li's ar»Mindulal ing, with four strolclios of 1 por l(K>, tlie longest, of wliiclj 
 10 is conituoii^A miles. To avoid tunnelling, a curve of 71fi fiuit radiu-i was used on a grade of lirt 
 |)oint a trinteitjw'r mile. Mad ifivi'i, (>U feel wide, is the only stream of eonscMpieiiee to lie cro.s.sed. 
 • part of I III 
 
 Xorth ThijiiijtS'jh Vitllty iiontinued to Clcdrwater — ltJ4 tu 182 mles, 
 fogivon ma\ 
 
 Ahout four miles of this distaneo ai'e on tho sloop sido hill, cIoho to the rivoi, and 
 require protcetion in many of the bays. 
 
 There are ahout si.\ milos of heavy work, principally in sand aiwl gnivol, tho rost 
 
 or eonsiHts oils light. Near the 171sl milo the lino cro.ssos the North Thompson to its eastern 
 
 ('ipul Htrojuiihank. which is then followed to Kamlcops. This ttrossing is IS.")!) feet wido, and no 
 
 I grades another river of importance is mot with on tijo «cetion. Tlie grailo^ are easy utid uii 
 
 Ittlftting, and the cnrvatui-e is not seriouH. 
 
 heavy, of t lu- 
 st of the lin( 
 md boul(U'r< 
 70 feet wide, 
 re Hte^p, the 
 of 1 por 1(»(» 
 I'rados there 
 
 800 foot ..t 
 
 hill hide, 
 
 wore n.sed, 
 
 jf and easy. 
 
 near tiie 
 
 I Clearwater to Indian Remrrc — 182 ^> 2Ufi mUes, 
 
 Assinihoine lilulf and Homo other nido hills abut on this part ot the river 
 so about eight miles of heavy work, a l-irge proportion of wiiich is in loelc. 
 )t||or 1(! miles may lie classitiod as medium work. Curves and grades are ea.sy. 
 Itljpo streams have to bo crossed. 
 
 Indian Reserre to Head oj Rapids — 2()(J to 220 miks. 
 
 Most of this distance is on tho flata next river, whore work is light. 2^ mi 
 heftvy work occur in sa \d and gravel. Somo river protection i.s rcipiircd. The 
 largo stream to bo bridged is tho Barrioro, 850 feet wide. Tho curves aie easy 
 jmdes light. 
 
 Head of EapiJs to Kamloops — 220 to 21)5 milen. 
 
 This section includes two side hills, one five miles and the other oJ miles Ion 
 irhich the work is heavy. The rest varies from medium to light. Xear the '. 
 mile the South Thompson iliver, 800 feet wide, is eroshod chiso t<j its contlueiue 
 bh^ North 'I'hompson. Tho gratles and curves are light. 
 
 , and 
 Tho 
 N.^ 
 
 ies of 
 oidy 
 , and 
 
 254tii 
 
 witli. 
 
 {' 
 
 From that 
 
 whore the 
 
 it through. 
 
 or 100 feet 
 
 Thompson 
 es are \ eiy 
 hough (he 
 necessary. 
 
 Stillwater, 
 rough, tlio 
 arge struc- 
 
 Kamloops to Savonas' Ferry — 255 to 280 miles. 
 
 From Kamloops tho line follows tho Thompson llivcr for seven milos, with easy 
 Wtti'k and gradients to Kamloops Lake. In following down tho south shore of the 
 taJte, (Sherry Crook bluff and some others of bold, irregular outline have to bo passed, 
 eiStailing six tunnels of a total length of 2,'<50 feet. Tho w'ork along t'lo lake is 
 prtncipally in rock, all of it heavy, and eight miles of it excessively so. In passing tho 
 olnfl'^ it was found necessary to use curves of 955 foot i-adius, and gradients of 1 por 
 100 are of frequent occurrence. No largo streams have to bo crossed . 
 
 Savonas' Ferry to foot of Black Canyon — 280 to 308 miks. 
 
 Of this distance six miles may be classified as light work. All the rest is on the 
 AhBc of benches adjacent to the River Ihomp.son, causing heavy work, which requires 
 protection from wash at many points. The proportion of rock work, however, is 
 not large. Near the 307th mile a ridge of rock forming a sharp bend in tho river 
 nece.Hsitatos a tunnel 550 feet in length. No large streams have to bo crossed. 
 OurvoH of l,14fi feet radius were frequently used. The grades are undulating and 
 abort, requiring in several instances 1 per 100. 
 
Idi 
 
 [1877] 
 
 Foot of Black Canyon to Spenre's Bri<1g" — 308 to 327 miles. 
 
 This section is partiall}- similai' in character to that hisi descriheil. Tl. rough 
 nearly hall' of it the work is of a lig-lit character aiul the balance heav^', requiring 
 river protection at many places. There is btU little rock excavation. The curves 
 are numerous, 9.')5 feet radius hoi nif the sharpest The i^rados undulate. Near the 
 32Gth mile the liiver Xicola, 300 feet wide, has to he l)ridtfed. 
 
 Spence's BruUje to Lytton — 327 to 3r)0 miles. 
 
 The valley of the River Thompson, for most of tiiis distance, is narrow, and the 
 line IS located alon^ the face of sleej) side hills, advanta:i;e hcini; taken of benches at 
 a few points whore availahlc. The work may he classitiod as heavy, with a large 
 
 })roportion in sand, gravel and boulders. The River Nicomen, IftO teot vpide, and a 
 ew rocky ravines, are the only place-* re([uiring structures of importance. Several 
 curves of l,14(i feet, and two of 055 feet i-atlius, represent the heaviest curvaturo, Thf 
 •prudes ai'o undulating and easy, there being but ono milo of 1 per 100. 
 
 The worst feature in this section is a sort of mud glacier, met with near tin 
 333rd mile, known as the " Mud Slitie.'*' 
 
 At the point where the lino crosses, it is about 1,000 feet wide and slides forwarc 
 at the rate of about S feet per annum, a movement which mostly occurs in spring, 
 This movement is greatest at the centre and decreases towards the sides. The wholi 
 presents a rugged broken face, about 50 feet high at the River Thomj)son, whore i! 
 Iireaks ot^' and is washed away at time of freshet. 
 
 The head of this slide is about two miles frt/m the line and 1,000 feet above it 
 and it seems to be (•aused by springs in that neighbourhood which disappear into tin 
 ground and re-ap])ear again at intervals, making the eaith, which is strongly improg 
 nated with alkali, dissolve to the consistency of soap, and thus form a lubricatoi 
 betwet-n the bed i-ock and the mass of e*rth above. It is hoped, however, tha 
 by caj-efal drainage of the springs near iheir sources, and by diverting them v-ise 
 where the slide can lio so far stopped as to avoid any extraordinary expenditure for 
 maintaining the work. 
 
 Li/tton to Crossinj of the Rioer Fraser- -350 to 35G mites. 
 
 The liue descends gently on sand and gravel benches, with heary work and mud 
 I'.arvature for 5^ miles. It then crosses over to the right bank of the River Kraseraml 
 continues down that side all the way to Burrard inlet. The crossing of the Fraser i- 
 500 leet wide at formation level, and about 120 feet above low water mark. Immediatelj 
 Jifter passing the River and on the same sti-aight lino, there is a tunnel (iOO feet long 
 tiirough a rock bluff. 
 
 Crof-sinij of the River Frasr.r to Boston Bar — 350 to 379 mites. 
 
 Tho work is heavy thi'oughout this section, being in rock for upwards of one 
 third of the distance. The N"a-ah-latch River, 120 foot wide, and about 12 largf 
 I'avines have to be crossed The curves ai'o numerous, but none sharper than l,14t 
 feet railius. The grades undulate and tho ma.ximum 1 per 100 has often to bo intro 
 <luced. 
 
 Boston Bar to Yale — 379 to 403 miles. 
 
 At Boston Bar the line enters the canyons of the River Fraser, which extend t< 
 Yale. Five miles of the distance is over benches with medium work, and the rest on 
 a broken rocky side hill, or along the face of almost perpendicular blutfs, entailins 
 heavy rock excavation, and ton tunnels, the united length of which is about 5,<'5ii 
 feet (= I'OT miles) the longest being 1,550 feet. The largest streams on thissectioi 
 are the Skuz/.y abont SOfeet, the Spnzzum about 100 feet wide, and three other smalle' 
 Htroams. There is one curve near Yale of 820 foot radius on a level ; with this exeep 
 tioii 1,14()' feet is the shortest radius used. Iho grades undulate and there are aboui 
 seven miles of 1 per 100. Neai' the 384th mile is a ravine, down which snow some 
 times slides, but as the tirade is high and require.^ a bridge at this point, the snow 
 <jan pass underneath, and no danger need be apprehended. 
 
 vaiy 
 
 feet 
 
 ■3 
 
[mi} 
 
 l»5 
 
 ed. Tl. rough 
 
 ivy, ruquirini; 
 
 Tho ciirve< 
 
 to. Near tlit 
 
 rrow, and tin 
 of beriche« a' 
 with a lart;e 
 it wide, aud t 
 mco. Sevora 
 urvature. TLi 
 
 with near t)u 
 
 slides forwarc 
 irs ill Hpring. 
 i. The wholi 
 ^son, whore i! 
 
 ' feet above it 
 ppoar into tiv 
 •ongly imprcj; 
 ill a hibricatoi 
 liowever, tlia 
 ig them Jise 
 cpeiidituro for 
 
 ork and miicl 
 
 ver FraseramI 
 
 f the Fraseri' 
 
 Immodiateh 
 
 (iOO feet long 
 
 wards of one 
 bout 12 lari,'! 
 ler than l,14t 
 ill to bo intro 
 
 lich extend t( 
 nd the rest or 
 utfs. entailinf 
 about 5,^51 
 3n thisHOCtioi 
 (Other smalk 
 ith this excoj) 
 lore are aboui 
 'A\ snow some 
 lint, tho snow 
 
 Yale to Sister iifocAs— 403 to4\'i mites. 
 
 The work is moderate, being^ohiefly on gravel benches, with eas}', undulating 
 gradients and a small pcrcenlage of curvature ; five creeks have tobti bridged, which 
 vary in width from 40 to 80 teet. 
 
 Sister Rocks to flat bcloio Hope — 413 to 410 mles. 
 
 From the Sister Eocks, for a distance of six miles to a flat three miles below 
 Hope, the work is heavy, with a considci-able number of sharp curves on undulating 
 gradients, piincipally 1 per 100. There ai-e three short tunnels, amounting in the 
 aggregate l<> 1,275 feet. 
 
 Flat behw Hope to Harrison Rioer — 419 to 444 miles. 
 
 '•'lie M-orlcon this section is moderate, four-fifttisof it being on benches and flats,and 
 the reniaimler along bluffy and bi-oken si(le-liiii, with one tunnel 230 feet in length. One 
 creek 100 feet wide has to he crossed At tho time of high water the too of embank- 
 ments will bo subject to flood at several points, but no apprehension need be felt a« 
 to stability of line, as these banks will be of rock, and in no case subject to wash. 
 
 Harrison River to St. Mary's Mission — 444 fo4G2 miles. 
 
 Eloven miles of this work varies fi-om medium to heavy, with a small proportion 
 of rock, tho other seven miles are on a low flat, liai)le lo an overflow at extreme flood 
 of from three feet to twelve feet, etitailing heavy works. Tho principal streams to be 
 bridged aro tho Ilari-iMon, with a waterway of 900 foot, and an extreme depth of 27 
 feet; tho llatzic, l40 feot wivie, varying from (J feet to 14 foot in depth; and ono 
 other stream 100 feot wide. The grades are undulating, and curves easy. 
 
 *SY. 3rary's Mission to Pitt Meadows— 462 to 482 miles. 
 
 Five miles of this may be classified as medium, the remaining distance 
 lieavy, wiMi little rock. River Stave, 100 feet wide and 20 feet deep at centre, with 
 Kanaka Creek 400 feet wide, aro the largest rivers to be crossed. The alignment and 
 grades are easy. 
 
 Pitt Meadows to Port Moody— 4S2 to 493 miles. 
 
 This section includes the Pitt Meadows, which aro four miles wide and subject to 
 anoveiflow at extreme flood of about seven feet in depth, requiring expensive works 
 of construction. The remainder of the work varies from medium to light, without 
 rock oxcaration, so far as known. Where the lino crosses tho Iliver Pitt, it is 1,000 
 feet wide, and varies from five to 45 feet in depth. The Coquitlam, 200 feet wide, 
 is the only other stream of importance. The curves are easy and the g.aies light. 
 
 To extend tho line from Port Mood}- to FiUglish Bay, along the southern shore 
 of Burrard Inlet, the distance is 15 miles. Many sharp, rocky spurs extend to the 
 water's edge, entailing heavy cuttings with a large percentage of rock. The grades 
 aro easy and the curves light. 
 
 From the foi'ogoing it will appear that 1 per 100 is the maximum gradient used and 
 some of the heaviest works met with in the exploratory surv jys have been consider- 
 ably I'oduced; the aggregate length of tunnelling being now a little over 2] miles. A 
 considerable portion of these reductions, hov\-ever, has been effected by introducing 
 more curvature, and using sharper curves at certain points than had heretofore been 
 employed, one of those beiUif 71<! feet radius and several .S20 feet radius, but they 
 were used only in localities where the line is level or the gradients of trifling ascent. 
 
 The subjoined statements apply to the lino from the 38tli mile to Port Moody, and 
 afford information which cannot claim to bo strictly accurate, owing to the incora- 
 jilete state of tho profiles. 
 
 Level. 
 
 There are 157^nilesof li«.t jiractically level — a portion being on a grade of less 
 than five feet jtoi mile 
 
1^6 
 
 [1877] 
 
 Jlaximum Grade of 1 per 100. 
 
 Of this j^rade there are — 
 
 Miles 
 
 ♦55 stretches ascending east, aincnmting to ^^^'s 
 
 34 stretches ascending west, amounting to 2^\Va 
 
 The longest ascending east is a littU^ under 8| 
 
 The longest ascending west is a little under 5| 
 
 Classificntion of Work. 
 
 43 miles may be Btyied excessively heavy, 10(5 miles heavy, 156 miles moderate 
 and 60 miles light. 
 
 Watenmy of Itivers to be crossed. 
 
 1 Kivei- 1,600 feet in width. 
 1 '' 1,400 feet in width. 
 
 1 " 900 feet in width. 
 
 3 " varying from 350 to 400 feet in width. 
 
 5 " '•' 250 to 300 " 
 
 2 " " 160 to 200 " 
 8 " " 100 to 1)0 " 
 t " « 60 to no " 
 2 '• '•' 30 to 50 
 
 Tji paohing the Cascade Mountains on this route the ravine near the 384th mile 
 already referred to, is the only place where snow is now known to slide from an}' consid- 
 erable height across the proposed line of radway. Heavy drifts occur at various 
 points where Uie configuration of the ground favors their formation, and will entail 
 tiiO construction of snow sheds. The hill sides were carefully examined for traces of 
 inralanchcH, but none wore foand, and this result was corroborated by the testimony 
 «f people residing in the neighbourhood who travel the road continually, no danger 
 flierefore. need he anticipated from that source. On that portion of the line, how- 
 ever, in tho Fruser Valley above the Tete Jaune Cache the mountain sides are very 
 ateej), and are grooved at places by avalanches of snow, timber and loose rock. 
 
 The maps and sections are being completed with as much despatch as possible in 
 •rdor that exact and precise information with regard to the route be submitted at 
 Ml early dato. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 H. J. CAMBIE, 
 
 Deputy Engineer in C/ianje 
 Buroeys, 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 MiLBOUS ^^iAUX'II, Esq., 
 
 Acting Engineer-in-Chief, 
 Ottawa. 
 
I 
 
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