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 SCHOOL GEOGliArHY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE WORLD. 
 
 V,Y 
 
 J.4rt1-\LKIX, 
 
 AM I.All, IN>,M.. h.|; MK >r| Is Fell; KIN, , s n .fNI V. 
 
 PRESCRIBED BY THE COUNCIL Op PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 S-ov illoc in the ilublic ^rhooK.. 
 
 ACADIA COLLEGE DBkARY, 
 WOLFYILLE. N,3. 
 
 HALIFAX, N.S.: X ^ w. MACKIXLAV 
 
 l.SG'l, 
 
(I^opiirigbt .^ccuvci). 
 
 IIALIKAX, X P. : A. >\; \V. MACKIXLAV. 
 I.c.VDO.V, EDJXBrRGH, AND XEW YoUK: T. NELSON * (iONS, 
 
 A- 
 
 ^■ 
 
 TuK Am 
 
 Nova ,>>e( 
 
 Kiliicittio 
 
 I'lir till' 1 
 
 grajiliiral 
 
 I of itH lo, 
 
 waiitH in 
 
 to call ; 
 
 j^'fiifial 
 
 (staycs. 
 
 First 
 
 " Hints "' 
 
 Tt'aclioi — 
 
 the f((ll(i\v 
 
 1. Pnil 
 
 Dcscriiif ; 
 
 5. Kelati\ 
 
 7. The 1» 
 
 Soctidii ; I 
 
 11. Stiva 
 
 11. Clinial 
 
 iiiid Aiiiiii 
 
 ly. rursi; 
 
 •Jl. The ( 
 
 l:4. Linil 
 
 r.iubo— it> 
 
 It is till 
 obsi'i'ving 
 irt'ogrnpliici 
 cocilin^ st(i 
 wrvHtioii, I 
 
I! 
 
 Vn nFACE 
 
 TuK Amlidr wi.iiM l:iy tliis Imuk lieiWi-i' tlu' 'J'tjai'lu'i's <_>\ 
 
 Novii r^cutiii as a Imnililt' triluitc to tlu' I'austi nf I'uMic 
 
 Ivlncatiuii. Wliilst tlu' w.'riv may ii^it claiiu ar(,'c'[it.inL'i' 
 
 I'cir tlic rt'Vi-latii)!! nt' new I'arts .u' iirincipK's in ;^'i'o- 
 
 p:ra)iliifal scioufc, it is lielicvcil I hat a can'rul fxaiiiiuatinn 
 
 • •i' its foatiuvs will iHsouV'T sjiecial aila|ilatinu u, ,,ur 
 
 \vants in tlic sdidol-iMdni. lu this [ilace it may he well 
 
 til call attciitiim to its Icailini^ i'liara(.'t('risti(s. 'I'ln' 
 
 iTciui'al jilan im[ilics fnur '!i>tinL't au'l CMn^centivf 
 
 stau'i-'S. 
 
 First S*age — A rmMSK hk Okai, FiKssuNs, — Thf 
 
 ! "Hints" ill this (Iciiartmcnt arc L;'iv('n as an ai'l tu tlir 
 I 
 
 Teadior — not tu In' stmlii'il liy tin' I'lijiil. They cniliracL' 
 
 , the folliiwini; tupiis : — 
 
 1. Pdints fit' tin' Coiiiiiass; '_'. Tiaiii In Oliscivo ami 
 
 ])oscrilie; H. Mainiiii.t,' ; 4. Train to .Juil-c I)istaiR'os; 
 
 f). liolativc Position au'l Distance ; (>. Maji:. on a Scale ; 
 
 7. The I'lay (Jriimnl; s, Lainl Siirfacc in the Sdiodl 
 
 Section; II. Waler-sheils ; 111, A'lvantaLres ot' .Mountains ; 
 
 11. Streams; ]'2. Henelits of Streams; 1:1. liakes ; 
 
 M. Climate; 1;"). A Physical Map; It). Minerals, Plants, 
 
 and Animals of the School Section; 17. InhaMtaiits ; 
 
 1J<. I'lirsuits; 111. Kiluration; lid. Civil llivisimis; 
 
 •-'1. The County; li'J. Nova Scotia; '2:1. The W.aM; 
 
 ■Jt. Laml ami Water; 'J'). Voyages; 'Hi. 'l"he Kartli a 
 
 Globe— Its Motions; 'J7. Circles. 
 
 It is the aim, hy this cniirse, to exercise tin- Piiiiil's 
 
 ohservin.i,' powers, ami, hy shnwiii'.;' liini the nature o|' 
 
 t,'eoi^ni[iliiciil Isiiowlcilge, to lay a foumlatinii I'nr the siie- 
 
 cooding stages. From eonsidenilile t'N[ierieiiee ami ob- 
 
 Kerviition, tlie .Xuthor is persiiaili'il that dial liessonM, 
 
 >iniilar to tho>o suu''4c>teil, 'I'orm the tiii" au<l only really 
 
 -.uiTes>t'nl intrnilnction to the stmly oi (ieiiL;rHiihy. 
 
 Second Stage. — This conM>ts, tir>t. of Lkssons on 
 
 Nova Sciitia; ami, second, n\ a I.Iknki; \i, \'ik\v ob' Tin; ; 
 
 Woiii.n, iiresi-nted by an imaginary tour. It i-. intciel.'d , 
 
 to bi^ an ea>v tran>itioii iVnni oral lessons to t he I'rmal 
 
 studv <it' thr text-book. Ol'iects 1'aniiliar to the ehild, ! 
 
 .1 
 and kieiwleil-'e already possessed, are nseil as sieppiiiL,'- { 
 
 I 
 stones in the ['ur-uit ot' new knowlcd-'c. It haJiecn the 
 
 special aim to make ibis part not only inslrm;live, but 
 
 simple, t'aniiliar. and ' tel•e^tinL,^ 
 
 Third Stage. — In order that the Pupil may, with the 
 hiL,diest advantaui', prnsecnte the study nl I)es;riptive . 
 ( icii^raphv, be sbeiibl bavi,' some knowledee ol the I 
 KartlTs plain lary relations and nt' the 1,'em'ral ininciples 
 III' Phy>ical (ieoLcraphy. The twinhapters ■• Tin; Kautii 
 AS a Pi.ankt'' and *• PiivsicAi, (InocitAi'iiv " are theiel'oie 
 [ilaced at the be-inniiiL;' nt the n.nre sy,-temalie part oi 
 the 1 k. 
 
 I'nder •• Tin; Kautii a? a I'la-vkt " ilio following' topics 
 are discussed ;-- 
 
 FoiiM 111' the Ivutb ; Si/.K .'1 the Karlli ; I-hiiiT and 
 
 l[i;\r; I'av and Nniiir ; I'lieijud i. i:\irrii oi' |)av; 
 
 Clian^'O of Si:aso\s; Caii-e <<\ the Ivirth's An.mai, >' 
 
 .>IoTio\ ; CiiKi.Ks; Zonks; liVTiTim;; .^I^:\s^Kl:M^:^■r of 
 
 the Kartli; I.oN(irriiii: ; (lulline nf the Soi, \k Sr- ri:M ; 
 
 the KAiirii \ IIk\vi:ni,v Ibmv; I'i.\M:r.-; Moon-; l''i.\ed 
 
 St MIS ; the 'i'erre-liial (ii.oiu:, f I 
 
 I I 
 '• I'liYsii'Ai, (Ikoouai'Iiv ' embraees the f-llowing; — j 
 
 The Karth's CitrsT — the l.NTi:i;i"K : the Tiiki; \ori;iii;,s 
 
 (iLOUK — liWii. C'ltitinfiih, Isht.iilti^ S'ii-j\ii:<', Jli'ixr.if \\ 
 
17 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Jjiil-i'K — tlic Si;.\, its Exi'Mit, Ik'ptl', Cuiitciit^, 'JViii|)ora- 
 tiiro, Divisions, Motions, Waves, Tides. Currents — the 
 ATMK.-piri:!!!:, its Extent, (j'lniosition, I'rnpiM'ties, Re- 
 llrction, licfriu'tioii, 'rcinporntiiro, Vaiiuiir, Winds, Rain. 
 (Jliniate; T'i.ant.s, Axt>[.\t,s, IMw. 
 
 Tu tliiS'' (lejiarttuonts it lias liecn tlic aim to jirocc-oil 
 iVoni known plionoinena to prinoi[)]('s. shnuinL;- the de- 
 jicndenee liy I'aniiliar illnstrations. 'I'iic paraurapli .i 
 small type, (>inlivacin;j tlie more diflicuit parts, can be 
 omitted by heninnci's, at tlu' di<iT(_>(icin of tin- Teaclicr. 
 In order to secure tlte liii;lH'st practical lienefit, freipicnt 
 '•oference i;-; made, in the succeeding cLaptcrs. to the 
 principles of Physical (Icoyrapliy. 
 
 Fourth Stage. — This embraces Xoutii Amkricv, South 
 vSMKia-A. Krr;iirr.. A-i.v, AKiircA, and Oi t.axia. An out- 
 line of each i;reat division is L,nvcn liel'nn^ tin' conntrie- 
 Included in it are discussc^d. Ry tiiis coniprehiMi>Ive 
 view the relation of (he different parts is more clearly 
 appreliended. the Pupil cniiceivin,:^' nf them nut as isolati'd 
 eouutrics, Imt as forniini;- one .urand wlmie. Cnnnuon 
 features, alsci. are tlius learned once Inr ,'dl. 
 
 Particular attenli'iii is invil"d io the rMi'msM aiiiianui;- 
 Mi'.XT oi' Torn\-, liotli in the outlines and in the more 
 detailed desei'ijitiiu of the dit'i'ercnt ee.unti'ies. Mvery- 
 thin;:^ in thi^ part i<'( the \\nr\i is inclu'le'I under the lul- 
 liiw iu'j,' ei^'htcen lnMrlinir> : — 
 
 I. lIlSTiii;v. 
 
 II. rosnii'N. 
 
 III. FoiiM. 
 
 IV. Coast. 
 V. .\l;rA. 
 
 VI. SllilAri;. 
 
 VII. llivr.ifs. 
 
 VIII. I.AKrs. 
 
 IX. S..II.. 
 
 X. f't.IMATi:. 
 
 XI. Ml.^■^■.KAl^, 
 XII. Plants 
 
 XIII. Ammai.h. 
 
 XIV. Iniiahitant.'!. 
 XV. Pi VISIONS. 
 
 XVI. Towns. 
 
 -XVII. iNITSTIif. .:. 
 XVIII. CJoVF.I!\MI-NT. 
 
 These liendings will ]irovi^ ol' great service to the I'lipil 
 in preparing liis losoiis, anil to the Teaclier in conduct- 
 ing the vocitation. They will ho I'uund pretty exhaustive 
 in the ui ,iter of Descriptive (leography, and will iurnish 
 central points nroimd which nioro oxtciuleil Kiiowledgi>, 
 derived from books or travel, will cliistcv. A consecutive 
 
 ordu' has been sought after, so that ea^Oi topic might 
 naturally arise out of the pnjccding — or at least that 
 there shuuld bi no inversion of the true relation. With 
 certain can>al facts obtained as dat^i, the learner largely 
 anticipates those that are dependent. Thus the reason- 
 ing [lowers being culled into action, the study of 
 (ieography becomes a liigher exercise than a mere 
 nicmnrizing of isolated facts. A systematic and unilbrni 
 ;irrangemeiit will also greatly aid the memory, and will, 
 at the same time train to habits of order. 
 
 In the dirierent stages the s';KTeiii\(i of >:AI',s on the 
 slate or on paper is conteniplat(>il. 'i'his ])ractice should 
 go hand in liand with the study of (>very country. In 
 nil other way can the l\ipil acquire so nccurate and in- 
 di'lilile a mental picttire of the leailing physical features 
 of a ci iiutry. 
 
 The nr.i.ATivi; si/.r, or roi.NTiiiKs as cuiniiared with 
 Nnva Sciitia will tend much to (h'linite knowledge. 
 Areas are alsn expressed liy tiik sikk ok tiik siiCAi'E, as 
 conveying a more definite id.ea to children than s^narc 
 viifrs. 
 
 Xumei-dus UKVIKW tiiF.STinNs are givi'u thrcuighont the 
 work, which will tend tu excite interest and idicit thought. 
 
 i']\'ery endeavnur has been made to give the nmst 
 I'lKcKxr cuANiiKs ill tlic political relations of the various 
 countries of the wm-ld. and aUn the latest re-ults of ex- 
 phiiation and travel. 
 
 T1h> AIai's have liceii constimctiU) with \ vii;w to roii- 
 Ki'.cr coNCKi'Ti.'NS. Tlmse of the ,L;ri'at d'visii'iis are 
 coliiured. to di-tingnish liighlaiul fmm lowland, (luyot's 
 maps are taken as authority in this distinctiini. To 
 I'oiti'.i'.cT the FALSI', iMi'iiF.ssioxs respecting the relativ(! 
 sizes of cotmtries, arising from the use of maps on dif- 
 ferent scales. TIIK Mai- of Nova Scotia is takkx as tup. 
 INIT, by which all the others, drawn nccoivling to a 
 R])epi(ie(l proportion, are lo b(> measureil. 
 
 The TvrooHAi'iticAi, anh ilmstuativm auts luo laiil 
 under tribute to embellish and add ei. .iveness to the 
 work, ^'ariety of type has been emplnyed to catch the 
 
di topic iniLflit 
 
 i 
 )!• at least tliat 
 
 relation. With 
 learnur largely 
 
 'hiis the rcasoi\- 
 the stii'ly of 
 than a mere | 
 
 tic and nnilbrm j 
 
 eniory, and \vilL 
 
 ")F >;Ai'S on the 
 jjrai'tii'e shonid 
 ry co\intry. In 
 rciirat;' and in- 
 tliysical i'eatures 
 
 compared with 
 ite knowled'.;e. 
 
 THE StjCAKE, aS 
 
 •en than fiqiiarc 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 attention and Invalc tlw monotony .-su irk.snme to children ; 
 and the pre]iarati.)n of lessons has not b,'en rendered un- 
 necessirily impuMn- ;imi ,vj-n]<iv(. l,y ;, ,Tovvdc(l pa-v. 
 The many exeeHcnt Illustrations will have an important 
 heariny, in exciting inten-st, in yivin- rurrect and per- 
 
 nntnent ci.ncrptions. and in the cultivatinn ,,f iv|i .1 ta-tr. 
 
 'I'iie (li.iissAiiv OF (;ko,;|{ai'hicai, 'I"ki{\is and the 
 l'i;iiX(M.\( iMi \'ii('\ni r,.\ 
 
 rived tVom Cuyut's ( icngraphica! \V,,.iks. t dlnn- lK,.,ks 
 from wliieli ne.n- nr Irss aid has l„rn ol.tained ar,' :— 
 
 Lippincntt'sda/.ettcpr; Milncr's Callery ..f ( ;r,,-iaphy ; 
 -Markav's (n.n^iaphy; And,Ms,ni'. ( ;,.„oTaphy ; CanipludlV 
 (leo-raphy; Warren's (\))nmnu S,'h,M,l and I'liysical 
 (n--raplii,..: l-ovrll's (;,.,,-niphy: Srotii,], Srhuul j;,„,k 
 Associatinii (Ird-rapliy ; (io,,(!ericli's ( njn-rapjfy ; Sul- 
 livan's (;...^,ap|iy: Carh.rV Cro-raphy; i>ag,.'s I'jiysica! 
 'ieogvaphy; Kav's Outlin. .-. Suth rlaud's ( leo-niphy 
 "f WE. ].: >hn.ry's I'livHcal (leo-.aphy n\' tli,. Sra ; 
 IJaker'. AlluMt Nyanza ; ral-rave's Arabia ; A-assi/•^ 
 15ra/.i!; Collirr's Ijisiurics : Thum^on's Land and ihr 
 U- luld,sh,.rshav,. his ho^t thanlc t^.r th. cheerful I IS.nk ; and various i:,.,,..rts on Trade and K iu.ati.n.. 
 
 , . „...x,., .>, ,.x,, > ..,A.i, i.Aitv are .IrM-nrd f.^r rrfereiiee. 
 I ].ippinr,,tt and Worcester are followcl, ehi..(ly, in thr 
 
 prniiiuiciatidn. 
 
 Th>- Anthur gladly avails himsell' of this space to .'x- 
 
 liri'» his olijij^atious. 
 
 Sonir of t!„. Huh.s and Ivxrrci.M's nu i!ir C],,!,,. aro takm 
 from 'I'at,.'. Natural l')iiln>,,phy, nhich mav l„. mnsnlt-d 
 
 ■'■la nn^parIng ell.,rts with whirh tliry havr exemt^k j,, 
 
 the hi-hest style of art, tlieir part of th,. :v(irk. 
 
 ^^ 3Ianv valuchle su^-gostions have heen n.vlv.d fnuu tur further inlurmation on the suLjcC. 
 
 1 . H. Uand, Es(i., ^r.A., Superintendent of I'.duralinu. 
 
 -V large nnmher of h,,oks have keen consulted in the 
 jnvj.aration (,f this w.n-k. Mvrh .-w^ist,,,,.,. l,a. l,..,.n do- 
 
 '<IH.\ ]U"K(i|.Ns ('Af.lilX, 
 
 v::^M^ s, j7,„,|_, Tim li.i. \ s^ ]. ;vi. 
 
 throughout the 
 il (dicit thought. 
 
 give the most 
 ^ of the various 
 t ri'^ults of ex- 
 
 A VIKW TO roR- 
 
 t (''visions are 
 daml. (iiiyot's 
 stinction. To 
 ig tlie relative 
 if maj)s on dif- 
 
 - TAKi;\ AS THI^ 
 
 nccorditig to a 
 
 AiiTs nto laid 
 ivent'ss to the 
 d to catch the 
 

f 
 
 cox TEXTS 
 
 Hi.NTS ON Okal Lessons, 
 
 i.V 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 
 A Glance at the World, 
 
 THE EARTH AS A PLANET. 
 
 Form of the Eartli, 
 
 Attraotiou, 
 
 Size of the Earth, 
 
 Liglit and Heat, ... 
 
 Day and Night, .. 
 
 Unequal Length of Day, ... 
 
 Change of Se.asons, 
 
 Cause of the Earth's Annual Motion, 
 
 Circles, 
 
 Zones, 
 
 Latitude, 
 
 Measurement of the Earth, 
 
 Longitude, 
 
 (ICTLIKE OF THE SoLAR SysTKM, ... 
 
 The Earth a Heavenly Body, 
 
 Planets, 
 
 Moons, 
 
 Fi.ved Stars, ... 
 
 Exercises, 
 
 The TERRKSTRrAL Globe, 
 Problems and Exercises, 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The Earth's Crust, 
 
 The Interior, 
 
 The Terraqueous Glohe, ... 
 
 The Land, 
 Continents, 
 I.%laud.s, 
 Mountains, 
 River.'?, 
 Lakes, 
 
 Tub Sea, 
 Extent, 
 Depth, ... ... [[[ '" 
 
 Contents, 
 
 11 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 l,- 
 I,'; 
 It) 
 17 
 1- 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 18 
 
 18 
 18 
 VJ 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 22 
 23 
 2;i 
 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 25 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 2(i 
 
 Tem|ierature. ... 
 
 Divisions, 
 
 Motions, 
 
 Waves, 
 
 Tides. 
 
 Currents, 
 
 The Atmospheue, 
 Extent, 
 
 Composition, ... 
 Projierties, 
 Kellection, 
 Refraction, 
 Temperature. ... 
 Vapour, 
 
 Winds, 
 
 Origin of Winds, 
 
 Tr.ade Wind.s, 
 
 Jlonsoons, 
 
 Land and Sea Breezes, ... 
 
 Modifying Causes, 
 
 Dew, Clouds, Rain, and Snow, 
 
 <!limate, 
 
 fntluences artecting Climate, 
 
 Lines of Equal Heat, ... 
 
 The (maANic Wori,i>, 
 Plants, 
 
 Vegetable Zones. 
 Animals, 
 Man, 
 Religion, 
 Social Conditi in. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 History, &e., 
 British America, 
 
 Dominion of Canada, 
 
 Nova Scotia, ... 
 
 New Brunswick, 
 
 (Quebec, 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Prince Edward L^land, ... 
 
 Newfoundland, 
 
 Hudson Bay Territory and Labrador, 
 
 Red River Settlement, ... 
 
 ISritish Columbia and Vancouver, 
 The United States. 
 
 Walrussi.-v, 
 Mexico, 
 
 2(5 
 2(5 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 2S 
 28 
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 3(t 
 So 
 r.o 
 -■50 
 80 
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 5d 
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 05 
 6(5 
 
mM3 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Ccutial Amoriua, 
 West Indies, 
 Danihli America, 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Ilistory, kc, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Ecuador, 
 
 Venezuela, 
 
 British Guiana, ... . . 
 
 Dutch and French 'juiana, 
 
 Brazil, 
 
 Peru, .. 
 
 Bolivia, 
 
 Chili, 
 
 The Argentine Ktiiulili.^ ... 
 
 Para<:uay, 
 
 I'ruguaj", 
 
 Patagonia, 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Uibtory, &e 
 
 The British Isles, 
 
 England ami Wales. 
 
 Scotland, 
 
 Ireland, 
 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 
 
 British Empire, 
 Norway and Sweden, 
 Denmark, 
 Russia, 
 
 Prussia and North (iormany, 
 Austria, 
 South Germany, 
 
 Holland, 
 
 Belgium, 
 
 France, 
 
 Switzerland, 
 
 Spain, 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 Italy, 
 
 Greece, 
 Tur'kev, 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 History, &c., 
 Asiatic Russia, ... 
 The Chinese Eiuinre, 
 
 China Proper, 
 
 Subject Territories, 
 
 raoO 
 
 cs 
 
 70 
 
 1- 
 
 7tJ 
 
 77 
 77 
 77 
 78 
 73 
 71t 
 7!' 
 71» 
 
 to 
 
 ?0 
 80 
 
 SO 
 
 SI 
 
 60 
 
 87 
 
 <J1 
 
 94 
 
 07 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 lOi 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 107 
 
 108 
 
 109 
 
 110 
 
 112 
 
 113 
 
 iir. 
 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 
 Turkestan, 
 Afghanistan, 
 Beloochistaa, 
 Persia, ... 
 Asiatic Turkey, .. 
 
 A;ia Jlinur, 
 
 Armenia, Kurdistan, A;c., 
 
 Syria, 
 
 Palestine, 
 Arabia, 
 British India, 
 
 Dejieudent States, 
 
 Independent States, 
 Further India, ... 
 Jajian, ... 
 
 History, i:e., 
 Barbary States, . . 
 
 Marocco, 
 
 Algeria, 
 
 Tunis, 
 
 Tripoli, 
 
 Region of the Nile, 
 
 Egypt, 
 
 Nubia, 
 
 Abvssinia, 
 The .Saliara, 
 Western Africa, ... 
 
 Senegambia, ... 
 
 Upper Guinea, 
 
 Lower Guinea, 
 Central Africa, ... 
 
 Soodan, 
 Eastern Africa, .. 
 Southern Africa, 
 
 Capo Colony, ... 
 
 N.atal, 
 
 Kall'raria and Transvaal, 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 OCEANIA, 
 
 Malaysia, 
 
 Australasia, 
 Australia, 
 Tasmania, 
 New Zealand, 
 Papua, 
 
 Polynesia, 
 
 Glossahy op Geographic.vl Teh.mb. 
 
 PROXODNCINO V'uCAIlULAKY 
 
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 14<3 
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 TiiK yoiii 
 
 iie i.s isul 
 
 uut carry 
 
 very mid 
 
 that is w 
 
 )'ocoiir.su 
 
 liretatiuii 
 
 t'Vt'r may 
 
 introduce 
 
 Btandiiii,' i. 
 
 study ; an 
 
 abrupt liii 
 
 contiuuou.': 
 
 one which 
 
 Those C( 
 
 mencing tli 
 
 take the c 
 
 known— an 
 
 tliat often i 
 
 The child ii 
 
 we try to n 
 
 of reason a 
 
 leaning on ] 
 
 bridged ovc 
 
 natural feai 
 
 bilities of t 
 
 forbids the 
 
 ■iuch a syst 
 
 the plan wli 
 
 adapted to j 
 
 t'f any .selio 
 
 the mode of 
 
 what seems 
 
 accomplishe 
 
 and illustra 
 
 the least, wt 
 
 to give men 
 
 teachers whi 
 
 perici'tion ir 
 
 The teach 
 
 "•^BB ^■W>i llllll 'I'l " 
 
124 
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 HINTS FOR ORAL LESSONS OX OECh.IKAPIIY 
 
 153 
 165 
 
 The yuuug stiuleut uiiglit i^t to fnl that iu the .sclioul-ruom 
 he is isulatcd tVuiu the world oiUsiile. The teaclicr should 
 Hut earry hiui, as it were, Miudfold and st-t Iiiiii down in tiie 
 very niiilst uf the unknown, where all ou this side and on 
 that is unfamiliar and .strange, and wiiere he ean have no 
 recourse to knowledge already ae(iuirL'd, as a key of inter- 
 jiretation to the new and unsolved. Ou the eontrary, wiiat- 
 ever may be the new suljeet to whi h we are about to 
 introduce liini, we should first ascertain what is his present 
 standing ground, or knowleilge, relative to the iiro.siiL'etive 
 stu<ly ; and then eouduet him by a jiath which ascends nu 
 abrupt heights, and crosses no wide chasms, l)ut which is .so 
 continuous and plain that eacli succeeding step shows the 
 one which should follow. 
 
 Tliese common-sense princiides are ofteu violated in com- 
 mencing the .study of geography. Our text-books generally 
 take the child first to the lieavens— to things entirely un- 
 known — and end with home and things familiar. Ii is tliis 
 that ofteu makes the study so uninteresting and profitless. 
 The child is tluvjwn beyond the range of his mental i)owers ; 
 we try to make him grasp the unknown through his powers 
 of reason and abstraction when he reiiuires to feel his way, 
 leaning ou his perceptive powers. We wish to see this gulf 
 bridged over by a .system of oral lessons, varying with the 
 natural features of the school sectiou aud the mental capa- 
 bilities of the pupil. Were it otherwise i)racticable, space 
 forbids the writing out or giving a very nunute detail of 
 such a system ; but it will also lie perfe'ctly manifest that 
 the plan which would .•iuit one school might be wholly un- 
 adapted to another, and that the ever-varying circumstances 
 of any school require frciiueut extemporaneous changes iu 
 the mode of illustration. We .shall not attempt, therefore, 
 what seems impracticable and would be nearly useless if 
 acccmiplished— to give supfiosed (luestions, an,swers, ellii)se.s, 
 and illustrations ; believing that such lessons would, to say 
 the least, want the vital element, Kd'iptntion. We shall aim 
 to give merely a general outliue, as a sort of guide to those 
 teachers who have but little experience, uot claimuig for it 
 perfection in its arrangenu-nt or completeness in its parts. 
 
 The teacher should keep two objects steadily in view — the 
 
 developKiei't tif mental power in his pupils, and I'reiiaration 
 for the regular study of geography from the text-book. The 
 first of these is the more im]iortant ; and to secure it, more 
 depends on the iiiml,- of enmuuuiicatin-- than upon the/J/e/ 
 taught. Tiie following Pestalozzian jirineiples will be found 
 to have an imiiortaiit bearing on sucee.ssfid results : — 
 
 Tr;un the child to observe for himself, to discover for him- 
 self, and to do for himself IV'Velop tlic idea, then give the 
 approiiriate term : jiroceed from the known to the unknown 
 — from the I'artieular to the general. 
 
 The .several divisions are not sn)>]iosed to constitute single 
 lessons ; on the eontrary, most of them will be f mnd to 
 contain material sutHcient f 'r a nundier of Ics.sons. 
 
 (iL'TLIXL: oK a Cdfll.'SK cF OUAL LI>:SSONS, ', 
 
 lS"TlU>Iir<T(-iUV TO Tin: I ^ll^l vr. -.TCLY c.r ciKodllAl'IlV. 
 
 1. Points of the Compass.— Explain tliu eardiiial points by referenco 
 to tlio siiu at dillerciit timts of day— at sunrise in tlio east, at sunset 
 in tlie west, at noon in the south; the [iclnt oiiimsito tiie south is 
 ntatli. Next take the intei-niediate points. Let the cliililren i,'ive the 
 direction of various objects ; as their own liomes. 
 
 2. Train to Observe aud Describe. — Place various objects— a.-! a 
 book, ink Ibiinlain, and a cup— on the de.'-k. Ask tiie cliildren to note 
 and describe their relative jio.sition. Disarrange tiie olijects, and call 
 upon a pupil to jilace theni as before. Tlie others criticise. K''peal 
 the exerci.se, increasing the number of objects. 
 
 3. Mapping.— lleview the preceding' exercises, ilavinj,' arran^red a 
 iiunilier of objects, draw a representation of thcni upon tlie black- 
 board, the iiupil.i naming tlie position for each, llcpeat the exercise, 
 increasing the number of objects and varying the arraiigenient. Uive 
 tlie terra mup as the name of these pictures. Make a new arrangement 
 of a few ulijeets, and after tlie ehiklri-n have deserilied fully the position 
 of each object, ask tliein ti> draw a map upon their slates. 
 
 4. Train to Judge Distances.— Show tlie c! '.dren, by means of a 
 string or stick, an inch, a foot, a yard, and a rod. E.\ercise them re- 
 jieatedly in drawing upon the board or lloor lines of these various i 
 lengths, causing them to test their skill by applying tlie measure. 
 Vary the exercise by calling u|ion the children to judge of the length \ 
 of lines, their own lieiglit, the lieight of doors and windows, the dis 
 taiice between objects not very remote from caeli other — always ajipiy- 
 ing the measure to test the accuracy of their jinlgn. '■..'. 
 
 5. Relative Position and Distance— BoundarliS.- Cause the chil ' 
 dreu to observe tlie various objects in the school- ■■ .n ; their size, j 
 relative position, and distance from each other. Show them that the j 
 room is limited and its form determined by tlic walls. (Jive the term i 
 ?/i)»/i(/(M'(/ ;— the room is bounded by the walls, (jail for a descrijition [ 
 of the room, the objects in it, their j.osilioii and uses. Direct the 1 
 children to make a map of the room uu their slates. 
 
■kfi 
 
 HINTS FOR ORAL LESSOXS OX GEOGRAniY, 
 
 6. Maps Oil a Scale.— Dnr.v upon tlie V)l;iL'kiioard two maiis of tlie 
 Rchool-ruom, one consiiicrably laru'er tlian ilie otlier. Show that both 
 are equally eorreet ; that neither is as Iari.'e as tlie room ; ainl that it 
 would not be possilile to make a map upori tiie hoard equal in size to 
 the room. Show the crand point of raaintainini,' a linc pn^port'on in 
 tlih ma)), eorrcspondlns to the relative sizes of the ol)ject3. This may 
 lie made plain hy drawins the i)icture of a man with the arms extend- 
 ing to the feet. The children, notinp the disproportion, will say that 
 the arms are too lonsr. IWUv^ . ..t the idea of relative length, liy sliow- 
 injr that the arms in the picture are not so loin.' as their own— thr.t 
 they are too Ions; only liooause they do not correspond with the otlier 
 liarts. Show them that in making niajis it is usual to let some 
 definite short lenu'th rcjiresont a lon^rer one, and that this is called the 
 urale cf the map ; toll them that the upper part of the map generally 
 represents the north. Let them now make a map of the school-room 
 liU some given Kcale. 
 
 7. The Play-Ground.— Direct tht children to examine the play- 
 (.'round and the objects in it ; ti/ jndj^e of size and distance, testing by 
 measurement; to describe the friound, Bhowing first its jiosition with 
 respect to some prnniine'it object— as the brook, river, woods, village, 
 and church ; to give tht .oundaries, lorth, east, snuth, and west ; to 
 state the size of the ground, its surface, the objects in it, their position, 
 uses, kc. Call upon some one to make a map on inc board, according 
 to a given scale. The others criticise. Oorrect errors, etTacc the map, 
 anil let all draw it njinti tli.^ir slates. 
 
 8. School Section— Land Surface.— (Question tlu .'..ildren as to what 
 they have observed resiiecting the inequalities of the surface "f the 
 iieiglil)ourhood. Some places are level, like the floor or play-ground ; 
 in others the earth jises up in hills. Tell them of level tracts at large 
 th.at they couli! not .see across them, and give them the term phin. 
 Ask if they have seen a very high hill which it would take some time 
 to climb, — wha^ they call such a hill. If there is no mountnin near, 
 and they liavH not seen one, question them respecting the highest hill 
 in the neighboiirhood. Some object is six or ten feet high ; how many 
 such heights would equal that of tlie liill. Ten such hills, one upon 
 nnother, would make a veiy high hill, which would be called a maun- 
 tain. This would >e a low mountain ; for fur away are mountains 
 twenty or thirty times ns high, rising above the clouds. They rise 
 into the cold air so far that their tops are covered with iierpetual snow. 
 Tell them that the snow collects in vast masses; ar.d they will see 
 that, as it cannot melt, it must plip down the sides of the mountnin, 
 forming an m-dhuichr. 
 
 '.'. Water-shed. — Hy refennce to some detached hill ami lengthened 
 r.ange, show the diH'erence between un isolated mountain and a con- 
 tinuous rniige or ch: .i Draw from the children, that when they 
 luive leaiheil the top or summit of a range the ground falls oil', or 
 b1o|)CS in the opposite direction— that it is somewhat like the roof of a 
 liou.se, sloping in two ways; that when it rajus, the high ridge along 
 the top will seiiarate the water as it tails, throwing some in one 
 directir.a and pome in the opposite ;— that this ridge is called a watvv- 
 nhfil. 
 
 It'. AdvantftRCS of Mour... ,13.— If the ground were i-.ll quite level the 
 rr.in could not run off, and the earth would soon be Kiturated so that 
 the water could no longer sink in. If the children have seen a swamp, 
 it will fiiriiish a tine illustration. Show what would be the result with 
 respect to the vcgetalde kingdom— muny of the most useful plants 
 could not live; hence food would be wanting to many animals. So 
 lunch water in the soil would cause disease miuuig men. The chiliiren 
 have seen a ipring. Show Jiow it is formed, and ciuild not e.\ist if the 
 'iliole surface were a plain. Other benitilK may also be noticed, as 
 shelter against winds, and the comparative ease with which minerals 
 ran be olilnined fiom ihe side if a mountain, (^unlensatioii of clouds, 
 and •'••'vr I'liniatie beiiclits, will perhaps be loo much advanced at this 
 i>..gc. 
 
 ll. Btreauil.— Taktt the blrva'i with which lliv children are i\ tl 
 
 familiar— the brook where they have been accustomed to fish, or to .sail 
 their toy ships. Is the water still ? why does it flow t Illustrate by 
 pouring a little water upon the level lloor, and then upon the inclined 
 desk. Show that the rapidity of the stream is .n jiroportion to the in- 
 clination. Flowing water is called a stream— tht} brook is a stream ; 
 very large streams are rircrs. Does the water flow along the surface '> 
 No, but in a groove, the chiintul ;— the bottom of the channel is the 
 Kal ; along the sides are the Uinks, the rir/lu hand and the ^'/< hand 
 bank. What made the channel ? Illustrate by what they have .seen 
 along the road aftc a iicavy rain ; show how the depth of the channel 
 depends on the velorjty of the stream and the softness of the ground — 
 how the stones in the bottom of the brook have 1" cu worn .smooth. 
 As the children go up the stream, they oliserve smaller streams flowing 
 inio the main stream— giving or contributing their waters ; these are 
 trihutarkg. Followinf; up, they finally reach the Ovooklct hastening 
 away from the sjiriii;/ which bubbles up on the side of the liiil or 
 mountain; iliis is the nource of the stream. Now descending the 
 stream, they find it beeoming larger as the tributaries flow in, until 
 at length, by ^he union of many brooks, they have the rir > ; and the 
 further the river llowr, the more tributaries it will receive and the 
 larger it will become. Where does the river go ? If the children liavo 
 seen the sc.i this will be readily explained ; if not, it will be necessary 
 to give a le.sson on the vast body of salt water w hich covers three- 
 fourths of the Kartli, into which the rivers flow. Thus, coining back 
 to their homes, the little brook where they love to sport is hasting 
 away to the ocean ; the water which they see in it today is not the 
 same which they saw yesterday, and to-morrow it will be gone, ainl 
 other water will lia-t taken its jilaee. Tell the children of some of 
 the great rivers of the Kartli; and, by comparii^on, give them an idea of 
 their size. 
 
 12. Benefits of Streams.— Lead the child'-en to see the dependence 
 of springs, brooks, and rivers upon inequalities of the surface ; also 
 how they can find the highest ground by tracing the brook to its 
 source. Direct them to discover the julvantages arisin,. fioin sjiriiigs, 
 brooks, and risers, taking those benefits first which are most obvious. 
 They get water from the spring; the cattle get drink at the brouk, 
 perhaps not far distant ; the stream turns a mill. Call their attcntiiui 
 to the general fertility of the soil along the banks of streams ; remind 
 them of the dependence of vegetation upon moisture, and show the 
 absorbing power of the soil. They have seen the stream overflowing 
 its banks in the spring, and have oli.served the deiiosit of mud. They 
 have seen the Carrier spreading his top-dressing, .tc. Interval and 
 marsh might also form subjccis for lessons. Show the facilities for 
 iiilercommunic.atiou afforded by large and navigable streams. 
 
 lli. Lakes. — From some pond in the neighbourhood develop the iilea 
 of a 1,1 k(>. Tell of some <d' the great lakes. 
 
 11. Climate — Le;ul the childien to see that the sun is the source of 
 heat, and tha. .pendicular rays givt more heat than obliiiue. Allow 
 them to hold the hand to the fire, so that the rays fall perpendicularly 
 — t' en inclined ; in the former case they will feel the heat much more 
 than ::> the latter. This will afford an illustratiiui id' the cause of tiie 
 varied iiower of the sun at dill'ereiit times of day, and at different 
 seasons of the year. (Do not itttempt at this stage to c.\|>lain more 
 minutely the cause of the seasons.) Show that the mountain is colder 
 than the plain. This they can infer from the fact that there is often 
 snow there when there is none upon the low grouii '.. They can also 
 infer tlml shqie inthiences temperature, by comparing the south side 
 of u hill with the north. Show the cooling effect of evaporation of 
 water from the t arth. Various illustrations may tie used for this pur- 
 pose. A bottle of water, wrapped in a cloth kept saturated with 
 ether, may be froitcii in a lint day. (/olugiie water poured on tlie skin 
 jiroduccs cold. It requires heat to clianKe a lii|iiid to the form of 
 vapour, and heat is tiikeli Iroin the bottle or body for this purpose — 
 the liquid having combined with heat, bei'omes vapour, and escajic^ 
 into the atiuuHphere. So also tipriiiiiling water iijiou the floor un a 
 
 !o.>l 
 
1 
 
 oiiiod to linli, or to sail 
 
 I flow '> Illustrate by 
 tlieii upon tlia incliiieil 
 
 II jiroportion to the iii- 
 le brook is a stream ; 
 low along the surface '! 
 of the channel is the 
 and and tlie left hand 
 y "hat tliey havi> seen 
 3 depth of the clianael 
 (ftness of the ground — 
 re been worn smooth, 
 mailer streams flowing 
 lioir waters ; these are 
 the brooklet hastening 
 he side of the hill or 
 
 Now descending the 
 ibutaries flow in, until 
 ave the rir.) ; and the 
 t will receive and the 
 ? If the children have 
 ot, it will be necessary 
 3r which covers three- 
 V. Thi's, coming back 
 fe to sport is hasting 
 in it today is not the 
 V it will be gone, and 
 le children of some of 
 in. give them an idea of 
 
 to see the dependence 
 's of the surface ; also 
 icing the brook to its 
 s arising from springs, 
 hioh are most obvious. 
 
 drink at the brook, 
 Call their .'ittcntiini 
 
 s of streams ; remind 
 
 sturo, and show tlie 
 
 le stream overllowinji 
 eposil of mud. They 
 ig, kc. Interval and 
 
 how the facilities for 
 
 )le streams. 
 
 lood <levolop the idea 
 
 til 
 
 sun is the source of 
 Ihau obli(]ue. Allow 
 s fall perpendieidarly 
 tlie heat much nioro 
 m of the cause of tiio 
 day, and at ditferent 
 stage to explain more 
 lie mountain is colder 
 ict tbat lluMe is often 
 mil '.. They can also 
 ■ariiig the south sidti 
 'ft of cviiporntion of 
 be used for tlii.s pur- 
 l<ept saturated with 
 I poured on tlio skill 
 iipiid to the form of 
 ly f.ii this purpose- 
 vapour, and I'scajiei 
 upon the flimr on l\ 
 
 HINTS F(JH OIl.VL LESSON'S ON Gf:OGRAPIIT 
 
 hoi day cools the rooiu. Hence it can !»/ shown that jf the ground is 
 kept wet all the time, it must be cold, as all the heat v'ill pass otF with 
 the vapour; and hence the value of cultivstiou ani drainage. The 
 children may also be told that it is verv unhealthy jo live near wet, 
 boggy places, especially in Imt weather. They can- now form some 
 idea of what is meant by the climate of a country and understand 
 some of the causes on which it depends. • ' 
 
 15. A Physical Map. — Having first called ujion tie children to nb- 
 serve carefully the natural features of the school sec'ion, as the hill.s. 
 the I'lains, the valleys, tin brooks, and the poni,;5, ask for a de- 
 scription, including an est te of distances. Drav! from them that 
 these arc the features iin| lessed ujion the jdace b;| the ('reator, ami 
 I: t made by man — that they are Palled nntural oil jilnjairal (.bjects. 
 L'irect them to make a ]'hvsie;il map of the sc'Hion nv a lmvcii 
 s-ale. " J 
 
 10 Minerals, Plants, and Animals.— (tive less(}iis upon the min- 
 erals and rocks, the tires and wild plants, birds and'.vild animals found 
 ill the section. Avoid, at this stage, scientific amj technical terms — 
 eiicoiiras;e the children to bring spooiinens— teacl them to observe 
 cpialities and characteristic features — lead them to .ce adaptations and 
 uses. Teach them to observe the difference betw{|'ii the stones found 
 ill one part of the school section and those of an(;:hcr part, or of .'in 
 aljoiniiig school secti "n ; also the difiereiice in the tjrest tiees and wihl 
 flowers, in connection with varieties of soil. Refer jn exotics not being 
 able to endure our winter, but reared as house pl\.its 
 
 1". Inhabitants.— The chi'dren have seen whiti men, 1.1. nk 
 nnd copper-ciilouicd or Indi,.ns; pi 
 section. Draw from the children 
 
 Ttll them that the white men came froii' a di^Jallt country ealled 
 Kiirope, the blacks also from a distant land calljd Africa, and that 
 
 XI 
 
 have seen whitl men, bl.nk men, 
 
 |ifrha)is all are ll nnd in the selio.d 
 
 the characteriN'iC foatures of each. 
 
 laiiil caiiiii Africa, and tiiat 
 the Indians were the original inhabitants, found 'ere when our fme- 
 fathers came from Europe. Describe the coinliijon and modo of life 
 f the Indians wlun the country was discovered 'show tho dilh'ienci 
 between civilized and savage. Show that it is ili ie|iroach to liavr a 
 llack or copjier-coloured skin~tli.it be wlm fail.lto dn his !..!y is the 
 one tn feel shame— that he v ho acts uprightly, '(• he Idack ( i white, 
 should be esteemed. " Act well your part; tbpi|: all the honour lies." 
 
 18. Pursuits.— (i I vo lessons on the various (Jriipatioiis of men, as 
 arising out of their necessities and circumstaiu.'s ; the advaiit,;ges of 
 each devoting himself to a certain C'lling, as |impared with attempt- 
 ing to do the work of all the trades; the di'i/iidence of the pi.rsiiits 
 in any particular locality upon the natural ei/iditions of that locality 
 — farming, upon the ipialities of the soil uJi'uv^, upon ;'i.ii,;^'nity of 
 the sea— mining, upon mineral products- bii/ln'ring. upon the forest — 
 ship building, upon the fores; and the sea/ inaniifactures, upon the 
 iilundance of raw material and case in <inililL: market; the importiince 
 of trade, or excliaiigiiig products with otlrr i.eople , means of tiaiis- 
 jiorting goods. IIS by shippiiiL', railroails/iricks. \' .. giving an idea 
 III' the relative advantage of inch, and tl/ importance of having gmid 
 roads. Shuw the advaniai.'!' nf haviiiL; /l•la^s of persons who devote 
 tliem.selves specially to trade— niercha/is ; the eircuiimtances which 
 infliicnci' the ini'ichant in eliousiin; his/ocation — a pi, ice of resort, and 
 easy coiiiiiuiiiicatioii with other plaeei/ why the town or villiigu has 
 iirisen in one place rather than in BnoWicr, leading the children to see 
 what occupations must larg'ly engagi/the attention of the inhabitants 
 of the town, as tnidi , mannfactiiresfand tiHhing— why they could not 
 bo farmcr> 
 
 1'.'. Education.- tJivo lessons o# the edinatioii'il eiuidition nf the 
 Kclion ; the .idvanta^os of eilii/timi In the iiiuividual himself- 
 personal satisfaction, etlectiven /i ol I'llmur guided by intelligence, 
 avoidance of dangers, fn\ ; the llvaiitages of livliiK in a eoinmuiiity 
 where all are editonted-gratKleliioii iiii<l Mharpeiiiiig of mind arising 
 from iuteri'ourne, opening up lie indiistrios, furnishing honourable 
 1 inploMuenl, dliniiiishiiiu' povif y iiii<l criine, rendering property more 
 v.duablc; hence it is ju.«t foi ileryb dy to sii|iporl the school. 
 
 '2ii. Civil Divisions.— Exercise the cliildren ujioii distances ; hi liuiii 
 measiue aijuarterof a mile, and note the time occupied in walking it — 
 how long would they be in walking a mile ? how long in walking a 
 hundred miles I how far could they walk in a day * Call attention to 
 a'-titicial lionnds in thj school section, as bounds between farms— show 
 how bounds may be imaginary lines having detiiiite position, as lines 
 running through a forest or marsh, where there is no fence. Ask t'or 
 ilie name of the place where the children live— how far aronnd that 
 name extemls — what pl.iees adjoin on the various sides, north, east, 
 south and west — in what county they are situated. Direct them to 
 make a map of the sclioid section, or of a jiortion of it, l.iyiiig down 
 tho I'o.ids, the bounds between farms, and the houses. 
 
 -1. The County.— (Question the children what they havo seen beyond 
 their own schiml section and within the county, (tet i\a complete a 
 description as possible, frin ditferent children who have been from 
 home, of the luiiiintains, plains, stream'., coast-line, villages, products. 
 occupations, and trade of the county. Make a map of the county. 
 Laying down nii'iintains, streams, villages, kc, according to the dicta- 
 tion of the children — the teacher in.aking all ncc'ssary corrections, and 
 supplying oinis.sions, both in the description and on the map. and also 
 giving some iiiteres!.i:ig det.ails with resjiecl to the laily histoiy of the 
 county. Show them the importance of obstrving everything clo.sely 
 when they visit a new place ; in that way they can learn the geograjiliy 
 of the place. As oiiportiinities occur of obtaining examples and illus- 
 trations, picture out geouraiihical terms, as a bay, a gulf, a strait, an 
 i>l.inil. a cajic. a peninsula, v'^ic. IHvicI the jui/iif.i tn ninke a »i(i/) of 
 
 till full III II. 
 
 'I'l. Nova Scotia.- Nova .^coti.i may now bo takiii up .is a 'vholo, 
 givim; first some of the interesting points of its early history, nitlioiit 
 rct'erring much to preei.se dates. Tell of the Indians, tlnir mode of 
 life when the eoiiiitry was discovered— of the conditimi of the country 
 at th.it time — of the early French settlements— the name Acadia, 
 oivon by the I'lench— the capture by the Knglish — ditliculties of settle- 
 ment, iVc. (live an idea of the size of Nova Smtia by cdinparison with 
 sonic known area— give lessons on the leadiiiL' physical h'.'itiires, as 
 nioiintains and rivers— then the I'ivil albiirs, pursuits, gov«riinient, 
 and political nlatioiis. I tin ft I lie jiii/iituli) iimktn inapo/ I lie rmriiice 
 nil It i/ivi II uriili . 
 
 'J!i. The World. -A IVw incidental lessons should now be given for 
 the iiiirposo of calliiii; attention to other parts of the world. Home 
 familiar article of foreign produce will furin a good introduction. A 
 barii 1 of tlour. for instance, will le.ul to a lesson on Ontario, or tin.- 
 I'nited States; a |iieei' of broadi'loth, to one mi Kiigland ; an ostrich 
 loather, to ono on Africa ; tea, to one on ('liiiia, iSic. In this way thu 
 children w ill see that there are many coiinlrieH with which we have 
 intercourse, and they should point ;• t', direction in which the various 
 countries are situated with respt i ' Nova Scoli.a. Tlitlr interest 
 having been excited, they will be anxious to know how intercourse in 
 carrieil on with foreign countries. This will le;id to conversation about 
 long Viiyiii:i'S over the sea. 
 
 -1. Land and Water.— Lessons may now lie given on the Kurtli, as 
 coiisisliiig (d' lami and water— tin ir proportiniiH-lhe beiielit arising 
 fnuii their rehitioiiship— Imw a country is lieiiefited by inlets of the 
 sea, referring to the b-.yii and harbouis of Nova Scotia. The great 
 divisions of land and the L'leat oceans can lie pointed out. and their 
 niiliies given. 
 
 '.'.I. Voyages. (,iuestion the pupils as to the mode of represent iiiu tho 
 surface I if the Ivirlh by maps — show the Hemispheres as representing 
 the whole Kiiih ; that, althoiiidi on separate sheets and apparently two 
 Worlds, they are united Trace voyages, carrying products of ono 
 eoiiutry to niintluM'— awaken euriosity by telling of vessels pursiiliiK 
 geiiprally one course, and finally arriving' at the starting-point. 
 
 'J'l. The Earth a Olobo its Motions.- Show ;i globe as a correct 
 representation of the Iviith -that this is prove'l by uoitig uniformly in 
 I one liiructioii, and at last arriving at the stailiimpoint. (Hve other 
 
sn 
 
 HINTS FOR ORAL LESSONS ON OEOGRAPHY. 
 
 siraiile iiroot's. llliisirate the Eiiitli's ilaily rotation— its axis— tlie 
 jioles— ilay ami nlL'lit. liy canyini; a ball arouuil some central object 
 represfiitinf; the sum, ex)iiaiii the Kaith's annual nintii.ii and the 
 seasons. It can lie shown that the sun is never directly above our head 
 l.eyond tliu Lreadth uf a belt around the middle of the Kartli, equidis- 
 tant from th'j jioles, and tljat the sun crosses this belt twice a year— that 
 on account of tiie !.'l'.jliular furni of the Earth, the sun's rays fall more 
 and more obliiiuely as we ^o from the central belt toward llie poles, 
 and hence tlie cold incn.ases. 
 
 '27. Circles. — Lessons may now be ;;iven on the enuator, the tropics, 
 the noitliern and southern liemisplieres, the live zones, latitude and 
 I 'Uj-'itude. The children having jiroviously been tangiit the position 
 of the poles, the ecpiator can be shown as a circle midway between the 
 jioles, also as dividino; in two enual jiarts the belt which tiie sun crosses 
 twice a year. Show the iniiiortancc of knowing.' the dij,tance of a )ilace 
 from the i'(|iiator — that the distance bitweon the equator and each 
 p<ile is divideil into ninety equal jiarls called de;;rees of latitude — 
 that these degrees are marked by circles parallel to the equator and 
 to each other — that we count from one to ninety, commencing; at the 
 equator and eudin;: at each pole. Show that Nova Scutia is about 
 
 midway between the equator and the north ]iole. Explain how wo 
 
 dttine the position of [ilaces more definitely by lines running ii 'ith and 
 south, called iiuridiaiin, or lines of longitude, crossing tlie equator at 
 right angles and meeting at the poles— that the equator is supposed to 
 be divided into 3(30 eiiual parts by such lines— that there is no natural 
 place at which we can begin to count, but it is usual to begin with the 
 meridian which passes through London, counting ISO degrees east and 
 west. Explain the dilferencc of time of jilaces not on the .same meri- 
 dian — that it is nooTi iu the i_a>tern part of Nova Scotia earlier th.an in 
 the western, (tive the difference in time between London and Halifax, 
 and show how the longitude may be calculated. 
 
 To pivvc nt luisiiiiiivlieiisiuu resijoctiiig the lU'ecetling Oral 
 ExorcLscs, it iiuiy I"' \w]] tu rcprat, tliat it is desij^'iietl tiiat 
 tlicy slidiilil 1m' ^uwiAy j>)i'/i'(r"tori/ to tlie Ry.steuiatic .study 
 i)f o'eogi'apliy fioiu the te.vt-buolv. Great a(lvanta;,'e will aho 
 result tVoiu uuiitimiiiig sudi exerciM'.s after the book ha.s Itecii 
 lihurd ill till' Imtuls of the inijiil. 
 
 If 
 
Ex|ilaiu liow wo 
 s runiiinj,' iiHith ami 
 sbiiig the ei|u;Uor at 
 uator is huii|insf(l to 
 ; tlit'i-e is no natural 
 al to begin with the 
 ISO dfgiees east and 
 »t uu the same meri- 
 icotia eailiei- thati in 
 .undoM and Halifax, 
 
 le procoilin^' Oral 
 is elesi^'iied that 
 systouiiitic .«tii(]y 
 Viinta,i,'e will also 
 111' book lias lii'i'ii 
 
 SCHOOL (lEOGKAPlIY. 
 
 XOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 IIAMI AN. 
 
 Introduction.— 1. Tiiis book i.'* written ffipoijally for the 
 cliiiilnii wliii livi' ill Xova Scotia— to tfll tlicm not only 
 abi.iit tlit'ir own country, but nlso of many otlicr <'(Hiiitri(>s. 
 wlicro all till- people in tlic worM live. Many of you have 
 never been viiy far from home, and have not «een inueh of 
 the world ; ho you should bi' j'lad to read and learn alioiit it. 
 Yon flhonld learn tirat all you e.m altout your own in'ii;h- 
 bourhood ; then iibnut vniir own I'oiintry ; then alioiit all 
 tho eountriea on the Karth. ThJM study is ealled (,'<:,■ 
 
 2. I Mhnll not nndcrliiko to tencti ymi th» srcoanqihy f)f your rwn 
 Ki'ctioiij fir you lmvi> pyn tn m-p with, iiiid nther s-'iiiie^ tn hi.lii you 
 In Ki' knnwh'dKi', iitid ym hnvi- tVot fn entry you ororywli.TH mound 
 
 hhiinf, thi.n, if you kU not know f.ir nnro al.out the hills tho valiys. 
 tlie hrioks. tho .'<|.iin.'.<, tlio fi\'^x\<-i. th.- wild iImw.tm imd tp>..., tho 
 l)irdnand wild aniinids tho |iiodu''t.H of the tiehlH. tho ooou|i:itlHi,f( of 
 the |'eo|i|f, and many nlhor things of intcre.tt around you, timn a 
 RtraiiK>.r, 
 
 3. (In nnottiii- |.,Tao in iv ni:»ii of N .va .'^Mtia. I liopc you all know 
 soiiiothing al'uut makiiii: tiiiips, and tiiiit you will try to niako vitv 
 jjood oiiei. I liavo seon 'luite small hoy.s and girU draw ina|iA almost 
 an jtood a» this. 
 
 You oliiMivo that til" I'mviiio" of iV iva .Se tia coMHisn of two nnturiil 
 divisions, nciiarati'd by a iiair iw lasw^o of wati^r Allied tho Sinni uf 
 Citnoi). 
 
 i. Tho Inrsor divi«ioM, ealled Xora Sr^itin, and nomcliines Xurn 
 Si'i'tia Pr<>i>'i\ i* ni'arly surr^ und(?i| t>y water, and lien-i.' U cilled a 
 pfniniuht ; and the narrow n*i'k if land on ih" nnith, where tliero U 
 no wat'r, is enlliil an i-iUniitin. The Mimlhr divi^iun, naiiiod t'li/ir 
 Unl'iii, In i|uil« nuirounded hy wabT, and iMtheief>re ealled an itliiml. 
 
 your .iciuhhourhood where knowledge can l.« gained. It is a great | Them; two dirisions form the I'nn'incc of .Vor.i .SiUi-i 
 
....,,.,:^.mm«*,.,..mr^.:rij«;^A,ammSie^ 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I. History.— 5. Lung ago, our lurttathers lived far away 
 to tlie eastward beyond tlie ocean, in Europe. Nova Scotia 
 was then inhabited by Indians, the ancestors of those wlio 
 conic to our houses to sell baskets or to beg. They had no 
 cultivated fields, or fine houses with gardens and orchards ; 
 but tiiey dwelt in rude wigwams, and lived by hunting and 
 fishing. The whole country was one dense forest, the home 
 uf innumerable moo.se, caribou, and bears. 
 
 0. Nearly three hundred years ago, some Frenchmen, 
 who had crossed the ocean to sec America, tlie land of the 
 Indians, visited Nova Scotia. They were so iilea.sed with 
 the country that they determined to make it their home, 
 and accordingly formed a settlement on the shores of a 
 beautiful basin, at a place now called Annapolis. This 
 jilace, yuu will see by the map, is in the western part of 
 Nova Scotia. Tiie French, however, diil not call the ])lace 
 Annapolis, but Port Ji<>;/'(/. 
 
 7. To the whole country the French gave the name of 
 Acodie, or Acuiliu, an Indian wonl said to mean ahnndaitcv. 
 Hence the early French settlers were usually called -1 cadians. 
 
 The Acadians had scarcely got well established, when the 
 English came, claimed the country, and destroyed the settle- 
 ment at Port Koyal. The King of Em land, wiio was a 
 Scotcliman, gave the country to a friend of his, also a 
 Scotchman ; so they namevl it Vom iScifi'i, which means 
 
 8. Fur more tli.in one luuuliud ye.irs it sceiiuil uiKvrtiiiii wbtthiT 
 Fianee or liiitalii was to owu Nova Scotia, so I'lcinitiitly tliil it pass 
 from one to tlie oilier. Hut aliuut one liuiuireil and tilty years ago it 
 was tinaliy aekiiowleilfe'ed as l'iiiti.^li territory. Toil Koyal, at lliat 
 time tiie most iuiiiortant jilace in tlie coiinlry, ll.en rcotiveil tlie name 
 i{ AiiiKiiiiilis Hi'/Kil, or tlie <.'it;/ uf Queen Ainic. Tlie Acailiaiis were 
 toll! they njiglit remain in tlie LNiintry if they wouM become liritiah 
 butijects. 
 
 J'. There Were not many Hriti.sii settlers in Nova Scotia until 17-lS', 
 n, little more than one hundieil years ago, when Governor (.'oruwallis 
 came with a company of oolonistsi, selecteil a situatiou by the sen, 
 cut away tiie forest, aiul began to biiiM the city of Halifax. Y lU will 
 liml the place markeil on the iiia|i. 
 
 The Iiiiiiaiis, whu had alv^ays been friendly with the .\cadiaiis, wire 
 I'lr many jears viry hustile to the En^'lish, (h'slroyed tluir (iroperiy, 
 and cruelly murdered and scalped any persons w h lu they fuuud uu- 
 protected. 
 
 10. lu those early times the Hritish and French nations were 
 ahuost constantly at war, and they iifien sent their war vessels across 
 the Atlaiitic to America, for the purpose of destroyint; each other's 
 colonies. The Hriti-h colonists in Nova .'^cotia became very much 
 ithirmed, le-l the Acadians should join the French to do them harm; 
 for the Acadians naturally liked their owu couinruucn and king better 
 than any other. 
 
 II, Accoidiiiijly, the Governor *ent soldiers who seized all the 
 Acadians that tliey cmild find, put them on board vessels, and sent 
 theiu out of the country, 8evvral thousands of these iioor people were 
 thus taken fioin their beautiful Mttlemeiits of Ur and I're and Canard, 
 in the east uf KIuk's County. It was very hard to be forced away friuu 
 ilitir Cue farms, houses, and orchaids, and set down destitute in a 
 
 stran;;e laud. A few ran aw.ay and hid in the w oods until the danger 
 was ovL-r. 
 
 12. The French still held the Island of Cape Breton, and they h.iJ 
 built, ou the south-east coast, a very strong town called Loaisburj. 
 The British touk this town in 1753, a little over one hundred years 
 aj;o, and they have owned the island ever since. 
 
 II. Position.— 13. Nova Scutia lies on the west side of 
 a great ocean called the Atlantic. It is bounded on the 
 north-west by the Bay of Fundy ; on the north, by New 
 Brunswick, Northumberland Strait, and the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence ; and on the other sides by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Eiij;laiid is so far tast that the sun rises there four hours earlier 
 th.iu ill Nova Scotia. 
 
 III. Form. — 14. The Peninsula of Nova Scutia is like a 
 trunnjle, with the base mi the Atlantic, and the apex at the 
 isthnuis. 
 
 The Island of Cape Breton is somewiuit ovate, or fj;/- 
 fhajitd, with a triangle jutting out on the north. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Draw upon your slates the general form of Nova 
 Scotia aud Cape Breton, 
 
 IV. Coast.— 15. The land bordering on the sea is called 
 the cuUff. People who live near the sea liave the best means 
 of sending their produce to market, and ','f obtaining such 
 tldngs as they need from otiier countries ; for goods can lie 
 carried in vessels clieaper than in any other way. The 
 length of ctiast is therefore a matter of much importance. 
 
 Y'ou will see by the map that Nova Scotia is lonu and narrow ; that 
 it is nearly surrounded by water ; and that the sea often runs up 
 into the land, forming ''((.".i aiid huriuurs. 
 
 K;. Let us take an imaginary tour around Nova Scotia. 
 
 We set out at Ilai/ Viite, on the north, from which wo enter ^'of' 
 Ihiimlerland .itrait. tt iiig eist, we pass J'lii/icatli, Wallace, and 
 Txtuiitiiiiourltc harbours; also, Malu'jdnh I'yiiiit and VajiC John. 
 
 See I'irf'U /flami, with its light house. Hero are vessels coming 
 out of J'iiiiiu IJarbuitr, laden with coal fur Quebec or Slontreal ; in a 
 few weeks they will return with tlour. Yonder also comes the steamer 
 from Charlottetown. 
 
 A little farther east is Meriijumiiik J/arboiir, Cajie .Sf. O'eonjc, St, 
 (i'io)';/( j( A'l/,'/, and the .Sirait af <.'((i<so. What a number uf vessels ara 
 passing throu^di the strait I S' nie uf them are probably taking 
 potatoes and cats from I'rince Kdnard Island to Halifax ; utherii have 
 eoniedown the Uivir St. Lawrence with llour. 
 
 17. Sailing nurth around Cape Breton, »e pass J'ort lloid, MaboK, 
 and Jlroud Von; but there aro no good liarbuirs, and the shore is 
 high and rocky. (Mi the north, are St. Lnvseiicc and Afi<ii liuiis, Ciipc 
 .St. LiiicrDici and CajK XfVtli. Cape North is said to be lloo feet 
 high, This is a dangerous coast, on which vessels are frequently east 
 nway. Yonder to the north, about lU miles, is ."<', J'litil'n /.ikik/, It 
 has two light houses, and a few persons live upon it, to tend the lights 
 and (iive relief to the ship-wrecketl. 
 
 IS, We now turn south, passing iH. Atiu'a llaii, O'lCU llrat d'Oi; 
 anil Li'llc /li-itu d'(.n: Between these ehannels is the Lihtnd uf 
 Iliiulnrdiirit, about 'J2 miles long ; aud beyond the i.daiid the channels 
 meet in an irregular sen, culled Jint^ d'Or J.dU. TLise inland "attri 
 
 » 1 
 
 *! 
 
 
I 
 
 J.s until the (lander 
 
 eton, ami they had 
 1 called Loaisbunj. \ 
 one hundred jeais 
 
 the west side of 
 buuiuled on the 
 uurtli, by New 
 tlie Gulf of St. 
 tlantic Ocean. 
 
 I four hours earlier 
 
 Scotia is like a 
 the npex at the 
 
 it ovate, or e<j<i- 
 orth. 
 
 eral form of Nova 
 
 the sea is called 
 e the best iiieans 
 f obtaining such 
 or goods can be 
 ther way. The 
 li imiiortaiicc. 
 
 and narrow ; that 
 iea ofteu runs up 
 
 1 Xova Scotia. 
 
 A\ wo enter Sov- 
 all, U'dlhur, and 
 
 .1 ViijiC John, 
 
 are vessels coming 
 ur Montreal ; in a 
 cciines the siiainer 
 
 qiv 'St, Cituryc, Ht. 
 il er iif vesbels are 
 )iohaldy taking 
 ;f:ix ; ntliera liftvu 
 
 rt Hood, MaUm, 
 and the siiore is 
 ^1 .1/'.'/ lUtiii, Ciii>c 
 id to he 111"! Ctet 
 ire (re(|ninlly cast 
 'ijii/.i Ai '(()((/. It 
 tu tend the liffhts 
 
 (i /'('(( /ji'in il'Or, 
 is the Iiilaiiil of 
 -liDid tiie ehauuels 
 
 .1 i. inhmd "ater» 
 
 AT1K.\— SrHFAPE. 
 
 S 
 
 have several branches ; as, East Dai/, West Bay, ^t. Denis Basin, 
 Barra Strait, St. I'atrick's CItannel, and U'hi/koUinunjh. They extend 
 nearly across the island, leavini; only a narrow neck uf land, abuut hulf 
 a wile in breadth, called St. I'ltcr's hthmus. 
 
 19. Passing south from Little liras d'Or, we come to Siidm ii Ifarlvur, 
 which is said to be one of the best harbours in the world. Here we 
 shall find many vessels loading with coal for Halifax, Quebec, Mont- 
 real, and the United States. Perhaps, al-o, we may see the i-teamer 
 from Newfoundland, which tails here on her way to Halifax. Cual 
 is very jjlentiful near this coast, and vessels are luading with it at 
 Limjan, Olace Bay, anil Cow Boy. 
 
 Here is Mire Bay, and yonder is Si.'.darl Island, wlit-re the li.«her- 
 men cure their fish. 
 
 '20. We come now to Lonishunj Harbour, where stood the old town 
 iiuilt by tiie French. A few fishermen's houses occupy the site. We 
 pass Gat.arus Bay and come to I^le Madame, on the north of which is 
 Lcnno.c I'assaijc, and on the east St. I'itir's Bay, from whicii liie 
 Iieople are making a canal across tlie istiinius to the iJras d'Or waters. 
 On the south of Madame is C/udabucto Bay, nuttd for its mackciel 
 ti.>:hery. Ou this coast we shall see many fishing ve.--sels, whose head- 
 quaiters are at Aricliat, on Isle Madame. 
 
 21. Here is Cape Caiiso, near which there was an important settle- 
 ment in the early history of tlie country. Away to the south-east is 
 Sable Island, surrounded by dangerous shoals, on which vessels have 
 often been cast away. Mtn are statiuned upon ditferenl parts of the 
 island to give relief to the sliip-w racked. There are also druves of 
 w iM ponies ou Sable Island. 
 
 22. As we go south-west, along the Atlantic cuast of Nova Scotia, we 
 shall pass a great many fine liarbours, too numerous even to give all 
 their names. This cuas; also abound.s in tish, and we shall see many 
 fi^hing vessels and boats. 
 
 Here is HiUiJ'a.c Harbour, which is very deep, Kir^e, and wtll )iro- 
 tected from winds. The upper part of the harbour is calkd Bid/orU 
 Basin. Halifax is on the west side uf the harbour, and Dartmouth is 
 I'll the east side. Here are shijis from various parts of the worlil ; — 
 Iroin England, with 'oitoiia, woollens, silks, and various manufactured 
 g ods; from the United States, with dour; and frcim the West hulies, 
 with sugar and molasses. 
 
 23. P'orther wxst are Manjanl's Boy and .Mal<oiie Buy, witli a high 
 ridge of la'id between them, ending in Croim I'oint. We pass I.iunu- 
 bury, Linrjiool, and Sliilbitrne, where we see men engaged in building 
 vtjsbeis, or in loading those already built with lumber and lish. 
 
 Ntar Barrin;it(m in Cape Sal'lc, a small island, and the most 
 Southerly part of Nova Scotia. We come now to yarnumth, which is 
 noted for ship-buihling and traile. Further north are St. Mary's Bay, 
 I'etite Passaije, tirand I'assaye, I.on;/ Island, imd Bra r Jilaiid, which 
 is the ino.-t westerly pan of Nova Scotia. 
 
 2-1. We are now in the Bay of Fitndy, which is much the largest bay 
 uu tlie Coast. Itii/by (Jut, here on our right, is a narrovv jiussage 
 hading lo Anna/iolia Ba.iin. This is where the first Frei:ch settlers 
 ^ailed in, nearly three hundred years ago ; and the steamer from St. 
 J« lin goes through this passai,e ou her way to Digby and Aunapoli.<, 
 
 The shore along \ip the !iay is high and reeky, like a great wall; and 
 tiiere aie no harbours, but only iittlc creiks and coves, wla-re you see 
 niai.y tchouneis hading wiiii wood, potatoes, and apples. 
 
 2fi. Here is a high point called l a/ie Chinjmi'o, where the waters 
 divide into Mifias Cltimnil and Chiciimeto Bay, As we pasu along tj 
 the south, wo tind the channel beconiing very narrow between {.ape 
 </ (>r and Cape Split ; but uh we come rund Cape ItUonidim, which 
 liscii boldly near 60(1 feet, the waters widen out into Minas Basin. 
 The shore on our right, along the basin, is (|uite low, and we piiHs the 
 iiiouths of seveial sniall riviis. Tliose scho iierM coming down the 
 rivers fioni Cuunini/, Canard, auil I'ort Willtanis, aiu cairying 
 I otiitocs an<l apples. 
 
 20. Uu thu Houth uf Minus lia.^in is Lc Uraud I'ri, a, lar^e and 
 
 fertile marsh, near which many of the old Acadians once lived ; and 
 yonder, near the mouth of the 'iaspircau, they were put ou board the 
 vessels which carried them out of tlie country. 
 
 Here, at the uiouth of the Avon, is Ilantsport, noted for its ship- 
 building. Further up, at Windsor, ves.«els are lo.ading with plaster 
 and the steamer is just leaving for St. John. 
 
 Further east is Cobcqaid Bay, at the head of which are the mouths 
 of the Shnbcnacadie and Salmon rivers. 
 
 27. lUturniug now, we jass up Chiajnecto Bay and CiunUrland 
 Basin, at the head of which we .iro within 12 mile of l!ay V'erte. 
 where we set out. If a canal were cut across the isthmus, we could 
 sail entirely around Nova Scotia. 
 
 2S. There is a very curious thing about the sea. If you were to 
 stand by the shore, you would tind that the water is ever changing its 
 level — rising or falling. (.>bberving awhile, you would perceive that 
 there is a regular rise for six hours, and tlien a falling' away for the 
 same time, as if another sea wtre )ioiired in and tiieii !■ lil' d out again. 
 This rising and falling is called the tide. 
 
 The head waters of Cobe([uid Bay and Cnml'crhuid llasin are re- 
 markable for very high tiiles — the ditl'ereiice between the kvol of low 
 water iuul high water being 00 (jr 70 feet. 
 
 EXERCISE You mtiy now trace the coast line of Nova Scotia 
 
 and Cape Breton ou your map slate, marking the names of the bays, 
 harbours, straits, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area.— 20. If we could change the .shaiio uf Xova 
 Sco.ia so as to make it a iwrfrft K<iiiiiit'. with the same I'ouni 
 
 Init that it has now, 
 
 each side would uiea- 
 ;:.ire I3G miles. If 
 we divide this S(iuaro 
 into six eiiual parts, 
 five of them would 
 niiikc the Peninsula, 
 and one of them 
 the Ishmd of Caiio 
 Breton. 
 
 A line drawn through 
 the Province from north- 
 east to south-west, or 
 from Cape North to 
 Cape Sable, would measure aboui ;;70 miles ; and a line fiom the head 
 of Bay Verte to Orowu Point, 110 miles. 
 
 EXERCISE.- Suppose a man were to walk 12 hours a day. and 3 
 miles each hour, how long would he be in travelling the whole length 
 of t' ■ Province? 
 
 VI. Surface.— 3n. Wlien you go through your own neigh- 
 bourhood, you observe that the ground is not iierfcctly level. 
 1'' tlio floor, but there are hills and valleys ; ami away in 
 the distance, perhap.'*. there are higher grounds, which you 
 call mountains. So it is throughout the rrovincc— low 
 rounded /lilh, and valhi/K, with some higher ridgca called 
 7n<>i(ntain,*, The land whicli seeniM aost level has a slope ; 
 and where there is a nrook, you can tell by its course the 
 drcction of thu slope. 
 
 l.S Mllc^. 
 
*M-smwsmimf9ii!^,$i, 
 
 ■I' ' 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 31. A ridge of laud slupiiit! in oiiijosite directions, like tiie rocf of a 
 house, is called a u-atcr-shcd. If you look on the niaji, you will see 
 that there is a water-shed runnin:; throucii the middle of Xova Sooiia, 
 froin one end to the other, from which streams are tlowing in oiiprpsite 
 directions. Tiiis we may call the backbone of Xova Scotia. 
 
 32. The liii^licst mountains are in the nortli of Cajie 
 Breton ; but even liore they are not very higli, not exceeding 
 lialf a mile. The Cobe'/xid Mountains, ahing tlie nortli of 
 Mina.s Basin and Cobequid Bay, are about one-fifth of a mile 
 in height. They form a wator-slied, throwing streams to 
 the north and to the soutli. 
 
 In the western jiart of Xova Scotia are tiie .South Moun- 
 tains, forming the western l]'.i!f of tlie backbone. 
 
 "We have one other mountain range, called the Sovih 
 Mountain, whi'^h foims a wall along the south of the Bay 
 of Fundy, from Blomidon to Brier Island. 
 
 lletwcen the Nnrtli and ."^onth Jlountains is a hcauiiful and fertile 
 valley, from 5 to 10 miles liroad. it forms two gentle tlojes, one un 
 the west and one on the eas'. 
 
 33. You have .sonieliines seen sn'iw upon tlie nioiiiitains when tlier-^ 
 was none on the lowlands. This is because it is cidder on tiie niountains. 
 In some countries the mnnnt.-iins are so hi^h that they are covered with 
 snow all the year, and no (me can live uji'in them. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Mark th. mount.iins and water-sheds tipoii your 
 outline map, 
 
 VII. Rivers.— 34. ]\[ii(li of tlie rain whidi falls sinks inti^ 
 the earth ami forms springs. The springs send forth small 
 streams, which, uniting as tliry fluw over the cuiuitry, form 
 brooks and rivers. 
 
 The water-sheds in Xova Scotia run lengthwise, so that tuost of the 
 streams are thrown across the cnuntry, and very sonn re.ich tiie sea. 
 The rivers, therefore, are quite small. In some countiies the rivers 
 are «o larce and Ion::, that ves els can go up into the land fr luuulreds 
 of miles. The longest in X"va .'^cotia are not inue-h over ;"iO miles in 
 Icngtii. 
 
 3"). The following are the cliicf rivi is of Xova Scotia ; — 
 
 On the south of the central water-shod— Oiw^^v/ZArr'^oz/r, 
 St, Maiifs, Liscomh, MiilJ/'' li'ir' r, Mn.iqnoi/oboit, ,S irkril/i , 
 Goi<\ La Have, Prtilr, I'ort Medu'dn, LivrvpooJ, ,/oi'ilaii, 
 lioseway, Clijih', Tudil, and Si.i.tifioo, . , 
 
 On th(! ntirth of the central water-shed — Annapolis, Jjnav, 
 Af/tn, J/ahitant, Canar<f, Connral/is, (.nis/>firn>i, Avon, St. 
 Cvoix, KnnnHi'i'ok, I'l/if'', Slnih,naraili<; Sti'iriavki', Miihfh' 
 Jfivfi' of Pictoit, Kant J'iv'V, Sntfu'rlanii, I'vnrli llarnif, 
 Rirjhl's, Wfst, South, ntnl Pomkit. 
 
 On the north of the f'obeiiuids— //''/cr'. Marran, Xa/ian, 
 La J'lanr/n, Mis.fa'inash, Skimmivas, J'/tiUji, Pu[in\uh, 
 Wallace, Wahijh, and John. 
 
 0.1 tiic south of the Cobeiiuids — Paitriiliie Jslanil /'irn; 
 Great Villaiie, Folh/, Dn /iert,C/iiijnnois,Sort/i,n\n\Salui<in, 
 
 In Cape Breton — Maiyaiie, Jiaddeck, Middit, St. Denis, 
 Inhabitant, Grand, and Mive. 
 
 In the valley between the North and South Mountains, tlie s'reains 
 flow lengthwise the country. 
 
 VIII. Lakes.— 30. When water flows into a basin-like 
 hollow, it forms a (ale. TL-^re are many lakes in Nova 
 Scotia, along the courses of the rivers, particularly on the 
 southern slope. You see by the map tliat they are often in 
 chains, or group.s. 
 
 The most important lakes in the Province are — Possigno/, 
 Grand Lake, Shi/> Harbour Lake, in Nova Scotia ; and 
 Ainslle, in Cape Bretnu. The.se lakes are iiem 10 to l.j 
 miles in length. 
 
 In some countries there are lakes nearly twice as large as all Xova 
 Scotia. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the principal rivers and lakes on the out- 
 line map. 
 
 IX. Soil.— 37. AVe see the farmers plougiiinii-. casting in 
 their seed, and afte.' a few months storing their harvest. 
 The ground which tiny cultivate is called sod. Sume soil is 
 rocky, or cold and wet. and unthing will gncv on it ; other 
 S(i;l is fertile, and yields larue crops. 
 
 If we were to travel through Xova Scotia, we should find, generally, 
 the best farms in that jiart of the country which lies north of tlie 
 ^eniral water-shed. In all parts if the Province, the soil along the 
 margins of the rivers is ferti'e. 
 
 X. Climate.— 3'^. Snme countries far to the south, as the 
 West Indies, are very hot, so that frost and snow are un- 
 knowii ; others away to the north, as Labrador, are so cold 
 that the gn-nnd is always fruzfii or covered witii snnw. In 
 some countries, as Brazil, there is a great deal of rain ; in 
 others, lil:( Kgypt. none at all. In Sdiiie the air is jiure and 
 healthful ; in others it is poi.soiious. In speaking of those 
 things, we use the W(ird climate, and say that a country has 
 a cold or a hot climate, a moist or a drii climate. 
 
 30. As we have neither the great heat of southern countries, nor Ihi 
 severe coM of those in the north, we say that X"va Scotia has n frifi- 
 prraic climate. Our climate is also V'ny healthful, so tliat jieople live 
 to be as (lid in Nova Scotia as in any other part of the worM. 
 
 XI. Minerals.- 40. The s'unes wlii<'li you see lying about 
 the fields iire called mineral substances. CJuld, silver, iron, 
 and real are also minerals. Some of the most useful and 
 valuable niinernls nro Iniricd deep in the earth, and men 
 will are employed in digging f.ir tlum are called miners 
 Miners often go very deep, diggiiig under fields and citie,-. 
 ami even under the sea. 
 
 41. The most important minerals fouml in Xova Scotia are. 
 coal, iron, f/old, fii/iisuni, lime, granite, flale, and tjrinil-ston<:, 
 
 SI 
 
 42. 
 
 Scotia. 
 Coiintv 
 colliers 
 beneat! 
 vv here 
 eive lij 
 where 
 tub am 
 would 
 !•■ ; 
 
 have to 
 sun fur 
 fill both 
 
 xn. 
 
 a count 
 heat, I) 
 water, 
 best in 
 
 44. A 
 native i 
 These f( 
 oak, are 
 houses, i 
 
 There 
 all, no d 
 
 spring, oft 
 emblem of 
 
 45. Th 
 baeJnt'hea 
 raise iche^ 
 certain. 
 
 In the 
 valley bet 
 large orch 
 
 XIII. i 
 
 ous than 
 with fore.' 
 afraid of I 
 as lie niig 
 tigers, and 
 47. The 
 Scot;:i, liv 
 caribou ia 
 The bear, 
 weaker an 
 Jioiiltry. 
 
 There are 
 
 tt'iil'', rahin, , 
 
 fi'ivrv, (liirl:, 
 
 Insects. »hicl 
 
 ■IM. I„ |,„t 
 
 Thu huge boil 
 
 M 
 
 fey 
 
 1 
 
 "tt^r. ■ r.'i- 
 
Middlt, i>t. Ut'iis, 
 
 ^lountains, the b'rearas 
 
 s into a basin-like 
 any lakes in Novu 
 particuliivly on tliu 
 at they arc often in 
 
 ince are — Rossi'jno/, 
 Nova Scotia ; ami 
 are if n; 10 to LJ 
 
 ee as large as all Nova 
 s aud lakes on the out- 
 
 iilougliinL'. eastin;.' in 
 torins their harvest. 
 oil .<"(','. Sfime soil i^ 
 
 ill Livii-.v tin it ; other 
 
 i-e sliouM fiinl, coiierally, 
 
 Iwliicli lies north nf the 
 
 ineo, tlio s^'il along the 
 
 to the south, as the 
 
 st anil sniiw are nn- 
 
 ihrailor. are so coM 
 
 reil wit it snnw. In 
 
 eat (Iral of rain ; in 
 
 the air is juire ami 
 
 II speakini; of these 
 
 that a country has 
 
 eliniate. 
 
 ihorn oimiitrii's, nor tho 
 N^iva Sooti:\ inn a trw- 
 hful. so that veoi>le live 
 of tho "oiM. 
 
 yon see lyini,' abotit 
 Guhl, silver, iron, 
 hi' must useful nn^l 
 the cartli, and men 
 I are ealhil miners 
 er tiehls and citie.-. 
 
 Il in Xova Scotia are. 
 litf, nml ijrinil-aioiif. 
 
 I 
 
 PLAXTS— DIVISIONS. 
 
 42. Coal is very jdentiful in the casltru :ind imrtitrh parts of Xova 
 Scotia. It would be intere.stiui,' to vi.'^it tlio Ai'Ann Mines \n Pietoa 
 County, or some of the other coal mines, and see whi-re the bii.sy 
 colliers, all black with diist, arc peckin;; away at the coal seams, far 
 beneath the surface. It wuuld seen, a j;looiny jilace to stay v.'ry lon^, 
 \. here i-he sun never shines, and there is nothin;; but the dim lamp to 
 eive li^'ht. It is probable that nijst of you would be afraid to go down 
 where the men are at work. You would require to ^,et into s\ sort of 
 tub and be let throujih a small opening:, much in the same way as you 
 would 1ft down a bucket into a well, only mm h furtlu.-r. 
 
 In some countries the miners are very jiour, and their children 
 hive to work in the mines. .Some of them do not see the li,i;hi lif tlie 
 sun fur months, and ;.'mw up in i;.'norance. You should be very tliank- 
 ful both for the sunliu'ht and the li|:ht of knowlud.:,'e. 
 
 X[[. Plants.— 4,3. The trees, Howcrs, and other plants of 
 a country depend on the climate ami soil. Some love i,'reat 
 heat, others cold; .^omo cannot live witliout aluindancc of 
 water, others arc killed liy .so much moisture ; smue Hourish 
 best in stiff clay, others in lij^ht sand. 
 
 44. A large part of Nova Scotia is still covered with the 
 native forests which once overspread the wlude country. 
 These forests of pine, si>ruce, hendoek, maple, beech, and 
 oak, are very usefid, giving us fuel and material for our 
 houses, ships, aud many other tilings. 
 
 There are many beautiful wild flowers in Nova Scotia. You havi> 
 all. no doubt, seen the lovely Mit>l-Ji<iircr which blooms early in thy 
 spring, often before the snow is all t-'one. It has been chosen as the 
 emblem of Nova Scotia. Can you tell what kind of soil it loves best ' 
 
 45. The farmers of Nova Scotia raise onta, Imrlfij^ fi/i', 
 i)arl:wh<-<it, jieaxe, Imins, j>o(atu(S, and turnips. Tiiey also 
 raise wheat aud Indian cum ; but these crops are more un- 
 certain. 
 
 In the western p.art of Nova Scotia, particularly in the 
 valley between the North and South Mountains, there are 
 large orchards. 
 
 XIII. Animals. -4(1. Wild animals are luuch hss nunirr- 
 ous than they were wlien the whole country was covered 
 with ft)rest. None are very feroeious, so that one is not 
 afraid of being turn in jiieces wiu'i- he goes into the forest, 
 as he miglit be in some countries where tluie me lions, 
 tigers, and panthers. 
 
 47. The moou, whiih is the largest wild aniniid in Nova 
 Seotic, lives wholly on vegetable food, like the o.v. Tiie 
 ctirifiDii. is a smaller animal, and has now become very rare. 
 The bear, /ii,r, and fiiri/ii- mc tlcsh-onters, preying upon 
 weaker animjils, mid .sonietiinrs eafehing our shcrp and 
 poultry. 
 
 There are many dilTereiit kinds of birds, as the rmilr, hunk, mrl, 
 Ci-oii; n>''iii, ninilhiir, irooiliirrkrr. ^Hivlri'lijf. vmiir, mtipr, inmilcnrk, 
 |)'oro', iliirk-, and (/ow, .Some birds are very usoful in destroyiiiu 
 Inscets, which would do proat injury in the (j.irdoim and fifilds. 
 
 4''. In hot countries there are many larte and venonions ncrpeni^ 
 l"hu huge boa is iible to ornsli an v. to death, and then swallow him. 
 
 The reptiles of Nova Scotia are the harmless .■<it(ik(.i, toadg, and/iv>f/s. 
 The yoiiiij; of the froj;, calleil tiidjiclts, nre like fish, swimmiui; about 
 ill the frof^jionds. As they grow lar,^er they change their form, and 
 hop on the land. 
 
 It is very interesting; to notice how the form of an animal is adapted 
 to its mode of life. Look at those birds like the crane, with their 
 Ion;,' necks and Ion;,' legs, so nicely tittiiij; them for obtaining their 
 food from shallow water; or tbserve the toe.s of the w.'odpecker, made 
 for climbiiii;, and its beak and tonj,'iie fur piercing. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.- 41). There me not fewer than 
 .350, (MH) peopli' in Nova Scotia. How long wuuld you be in 
 counting them, suppose you count IdO in a minute J 
 
 You have, no doubt, observed that the people who live 
 in Nova Seotia are of three ditfereiit colours. JMost of them 
 are w/iiti', and are, generally, descendants of men and 
 women who eanie from I'^ngland, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 .Some of the white jicoplt 
 
 are 
 
 di'set'iidants of the old 
 
 Acadiaiis, and otluM's of Oeiniaiis. 
 
 I!ut we have al.so a few tlmu.sands iif b/ack people iu 
 Nova Scotia. Their forefathers were brought from Africa 
 as slaves. Then we have the rxf men, or Indians, who.se 
 forefathers were living here when t'le French discovered tho 
 country. They number about l.')(in 
 
 .'JO. There are some men and women in Nova Scotia who .are un- 
 able to read, and cannot write their own names. Now that we have 
 free schools, no boy or girl should grow up in this sad state. 
 
 Three-fourths nf the people in the woild have not the liible, and do 
 not know the true <lod who m.ade all things. ,M;iuy of them worship 
 idols. Nova .S,)„tians profess to be Vhri.slinii.'i, ami to believe the 
 Hilde as the word of (}od. They do not all think exactly .ilike, how- 
 ever, on religious matters, and hence wu see them going to dill'erenl 
 pl.ioes of worship. 
 
 X\'. Divisions. — "il. For convenience in doing public 
 business, men have divided the whole I'rovjnci! of Nova 
 Seotia into eighteen part.s, called 'Vx^/^oV.s— fuuiteen in the 
 I'eiiinsul.i, and four in Cape Ih'eton. 
 
 The counties are not g. iiei'ally siparatrd by ;u,y visible line, so if 
 yon were travelling through the coiinliy, yon mi-l.t not know when 
 you iias.sed from one county to another. There are only posts or 
 other marks In certain pl.iees, to sh iw the course of the division line. 
 
 In each county, the ciiiirts are held ami other public hnsiness is 
 done in some central village or town, wlilch is ealleil the omnlij town. 
 
 r,-!. Hen 
 
 towns : - 
 
 are tin 
 
 iiaiiiiv 
 
 if the eoiiiilirs and euiinty 
 
 <'nuiillr«. ('miiiiIv Ti.»r«. 
 
 lirvsHonoi i.u liiivslioro'. 
 
 IIai.ikax Iliiilfux. 
 
 I.iNKMii iiii I.imenhnri?. 
 
 (irKKs's Ltvuriiool. 
 
 siiKi iiiiiNK Shellmrne. 
 
 Vammiii Til Yftrrnouth, 
 
 I'niitv IMkIiv 
 
 .\sNAi'(ii.i« Viinapolls 
 
 Kiso'h Kentvlili' 
 
 r»iiiiti.'<. 
 IUnth 
 
 (I MIIKKI.ANIl. 
 rol.lllKHrKII.. 
 
 . \\ Incisor. 
 . Aniliernt. 
 ,'l'niro. 
 
 I'KTOH I'lctoll. 
 
 .\NTi(ii>Nisii AnlU'oliMi, 
 
 ISVKKNKSS |'(irt lldod. 
 
 \'iei"iiiA Diidilcck. 
 
 I'Ai'K liKKTov Mydnvy. 
 
 liii MMosK Arlelmt 
 
 EXERCISE.- Lay down tho counties and comity town* upon your 
 maps. 
 
S>E.*SS^^- 
 
 .11 
 
 I I 
 
 6 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 53. In towns, the houses and shops stand 
 very close t(j<ietlier. Farmers do not usually live iu such 
 places; they prefer t(j have their dwellings near the middle 
 of their farm.s. Cities, towns, and villages, are inhabited 
 chiefly by men engaged in trade, manufactures, and fishing; 
 hence we find them situated iu those places which are well 
 suited to one or more of these kinds of business. 
 
 54. It i.s very inijiortant to the meicliant and the luuiiufarturer that 
 tliere should be some cheap and ready wr.y of moviiii.' goods to and 
 from their jdaces of Ijusiiiess. Hence we u-suuUy find cities and towns 
 on tlie sea coast, beside a naviLtable river, or a railroad. You will 
 observe this to be the case with those of Nova Scuiia. 
 
 55. lluVifax io by far the largest town in Xova Scotia, 
 and is called nf C'Vy. It has about 3(>,(KiO inhabitants. The 
 laws are made in Halifax, and the Governor resides there. 
 It is called the capital of Nova Scotia. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— 56. It is the duty of every one to be 
 diligent at some honest lal)our. You have observeil that men 
 do not all follow the same business. It is be.st that each 
 should have some one trade or occupation, and keep to that, 
 as he will thus become more skilful, lose less time, and be 
 at less expense for tools. 
 
 57. In Nova Scotia, those engaged in tilling the soil, 
 called fannei'!<, are the most numerous class. Tii'jii chief 
 products are ditierent kinds of grain, potatoes, turnips, 
 butter, cheese, and apples. 
 
 Many of the inhabitants, particularly on the Atlantic 
 coast and in Cape Bri;ton, are ^fixJi^'.rmcii. A large number 
 in the cou.ties of Cai)e Breton, Pictou, and Cumberland, 
 are coal-uiners; a few hun<lreds in Hants. Halifiix, and 
 Guysborough, are ijii/iJ-Minci's; and some in Colchester are 
 iro)i-ml)iers. 
 
 Along the sea-coast, many (lersons are at work l.ni/dimj 
 ships; and all tl'.rougb the country we have many mechanics, 
 who build liouse.s, make waggons, and otlier useful things. 
 Tiien our foundries, .shoe factories, furniture factories, and 
 other places where manufacturing is carried on, give em- 
 ployment to many of our people. 
 
 68. The farmers and other classes have more of their own 
 produce than they can use, and each cla.ss rei|uires something 
 from the otliens. They therefore buy and sell. 
 
 Nova Scotia also produces more of some things than all 
 our iM'ojile need ; so we send away coal, fish, potatoes, and 
 other things, to fon-iun countries, aiul bring back tliinys 
 whicli our country iloes not produce, as sugar, tea, and 
 various kinds of goods. 
 
 09. This buying and selling is called tfiulf, or commerce, 
 and it gives employment to a very useful class of men 
 
 called merchants, who live in cities, towns, and villages. 
 The goods sent out of a country are called exports, and those 
 brought in are imports. 
 
 Gil It would be of little advantage to have a great deal of produce 
 for sale, if there were uo way of gettinj,' it to market, or if the cost 
 of taking it to market were as i..ueh as it would sell for. Hence we 
 see the importance of having good roads and cheap ways of carrying 
 goods. 
 
 61. Our forefathers, who fir.st came to Nova Scotia, settled in the 
 midst of the woods. They had no material to build tine houses, so 
 they made humble dwellings of logs. They had no carriage-roads, 
 
 y f.'r i , 
 
 MM 
 
 and they travelled Imit journeys on foot. In the winter, tliey went 
 over the deep snow upon siio i--sli(,r.<i. Sometimes they journeyed aloni; 
 narrow [jaths through the woudn on horseback; and a whole family 
 —father, mother, and one or t.vo ehiluren— might be seen mounted 
 on a single horse, going to church, or to visit their friends. 
 
 The trade in those early tirjes was mostly carried on by pidlers, 
 who went .ibout with 'beir wares o,i their backs. 
 
 t)2. How thing? have changed !— tuanks to ibe industry of those who 
 went bcf)re us. Now we have good roads in nearly till parts of the 
 country; we have railroads, too, which make places far apait t-eem 
 very near each other. We have comf<irtalile houses, good schools free 
 to all, and many other advantages. We .should try to make good use 
 of these advantages, and improve our country stdl more. 
 
 XVIII. Government. -03. In schools it is necessary to 
 havt' certain rules or laws, and those who wilfully break 
 them must be punished, or everything will run o disorder. 
 So men reiiuice laws to keep every one in his proper place, 
 and prevent bad i)eoi.".e from robbing and injuring their 
 lU'ighbours. Tiiere must be courts, also, to try those who are 
 eharueil with breaking the h.ws, and to see that every man 
 gets his due. 
 
 04. Some countries are m batUy gover. 'J tiiat there is no one ii 
 punish the roblier ami murdeier. The strongest party does what ho 
 
 ^V 
 
 « 
 
 I 
 
SmmJ(^ 
 
 , towns, and villam^s. 
 lied exports, and those 
 
 ve a great deal of produce 
 to market, or if the cost 
 ^oulJ sell for. Hence we 
 J cheap ways of carrying 
 
 ova Scotia, settled in the 
 .1 to build tine housjs, so 
 y bad no carriage-roads. 
 
 r.'^'' "vr-'/^ 
 
 n the winter, they went 
 nies they journeyed alon^ 
 ick; and a whole family 
 -might be seen mounteil 
 their friends, 
 y carried on by pcillem, 
 ks. 
 
 the industry of tho.se who 
 II nearly all parts of the 
 e places far apait Leeiu 
 houses, good schools free 
 Id try to make good use 
 still more. 
 
 uls it is necessary to 
 who wilfully break 
 vill run o disorder, 
 '■ in his proper place, 
 ,' and injuring tiieir 
 , to try tlio.se who ure 
 I see that every man 
 
 that there is no one tn 
 gest party dues what lio 
 
H 
 
 
 Sorth I'olp 
 
 
 THEOELTJ 
 
 :yf. 
 
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 "^•wW/i 
 
 ILU 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 /""~- --/^ ^' •?,<«<<»■<£,» /. I 
 
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 c,.i'Ai'' 
 
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 Ml 
 
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 fr' 
 
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 \ \ <. (' ,. U—--^' ' ■ I ' •"""/'•"•'•"'.rf* ft 
 
 
 ■•■ii'^' 
 
 1 frllf 
 
THEOKLD 
 
 iliUii-l^HLLiiifo;,,,, 
 
■»-'?Bi*:i&S!-" 
 
 thinks I 
 
 'liistry a! 
 
 ;^ We, ther 
 
 security. 
 
 seas of I 
 Jamaica ; 
 l)orliaps tl 
 
 67. It wo 
 Irinds; but t 
 p-eat deal ol 
 oiir kuo«le<] 
 wiiich we us 
 ( theinselve 
 nade the te; 
 
 m.„:.-<-^-^*^mmm^ 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 thinks best. In sucli countrifs tlieiv oaii be in' iuiiir'VLiui.ui. Iii- 
 ihistry and economy only reniler a man a riclier prey fa' the jilumlerer. 
 We, then, have j,'reat cause for th;iiikfiihiess fur the jiroteoliun of a trooil 
 L'overnraent, to enable us to enjoy the blessiiii;s v{ our country, in 
 security. 
 
 fi.j. The heiul orticcr in the yoveriinu'iit of Xuva Scutiu in 
 culled tlie Govenior. The hiw-s are made by the L>-;ii.<:/<(t'ire, 
 which consists of tlie Gocnior, Lefjislalive C'txiiciU and 
 House of Assemhly. 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE WORLD. 
 
 Things from Abroad. — GG. Xova Seotians use many 
 things that conic from other conntries. Thus, iierhaiis, at 
 the breakfast table we may see the i>rodncts of several 
 ditJ'erent countries far distant from Nova yeotia. The bread 
 is nuuh', it may be, of Hour wiiieh came finm (>ntario, or 
 the United States; the tea came f'nim China; the cutlee 
 fi'iiin the East or West Indies: the herrini;- from the cold 
 
 lir 'iliiif.' sun, ly the I'Oor African, far from tiic land of his fatliers, and 
 Ijerhajis a vlavt. 
 
 Bird's Eye View.— 0^. Xova Scotia is but a small part 
 of the wurld. \Vc have .seen tliat it is nearly surrounded by 
 water; but if we cross the water in almost any direction, 
 "e shall come to land — to smne one of the many countries 
 whost' jiroduets we use. Turn to the Hemispheres and tind 
 Nova Scotia, and you will see that this is the ^.ase. 
 
 0'.'. Tlic \V>-<lcrn and F.nMirn ll(.ini.<ii)i(rai represent the whole 
 world— all the land and water upon the Karth. These two maps, in- 
 deeil, look like the pictures of two worlds. If wc sliouhU sew the 
 edges of the two maps toirither, so as to have the Western Hemisphere 
 upon one side, and tin.' Eastern on the other, we should see how the 
 places on one hemisphere are joiritMl to those on the other, and how 
 the two maps f 'rm, in reality, but otif W'rld. 
 
 The Dominion of Canada.— 7<». Let us now, in imagina- 
 tion, leave Nova Scotia and make a tour through the neigh- 
 bouring' countries. Setting out at Halifax, we go to Truro 
 by railway, aiiil supposing the great I idi'V-othjuinl Liw, 
 which We are to have Soon, is tinished, we proceed north- 
 westerly throu-h the isthmus. We are now in Si'iv /inms- 
 irirk, which resembles Xova Scotia in its jirodiicbs, only it 
 has larger forests, and many of its people are lumberers. 
 
 IllLVNtll OF eoKFEE TREE. 
 
 seas of Labrador; the peiiper from the hot island of 
 Jamaica; the knives, forks, and dishes from Endand; and 
 perliaps tliere are other things which came from abroad. 
 
 67. It would be very pleasant and instructive to visit these distant 
 hauls; but this would cost a ^rc-'t deal of money, and would take a 
 f-M-eat deal of time. Most of us must therefore be content to obtain 
 oiir knowledge of the world in some otlier way. These foreign articles 
 wiiieh we use, if they had tongues, could tell us many strance thint'S 
 of themselves and their native lands. Thus, that lump of sugar which 
 iiade i;he tea so sweet, was produced by hard sweatinj; labour beneath a 
 
 
 I.IMIIEUINO. 
 
 71. Still travelling north-westerly, past />"// C/c/Zc/n-, we 
 enter another cou.itry, called Qwbec, which also has vast 
 forests. The railroad now runs along the bank of a great 
 river, the .St. Lawrence. Large ships are coming (h»wn the 
 river, some laden with lumber, some with flour; and others 
 are going up, carrying coal from Pictou. Here is Quebec 
 Citij, the capital, situated on a high blurt' beside the river— 
 the oldest city in British America. Going on further west, 
 we cross the river by the Victoria IJrid'je, which is nearly 
 
two miles ill Iiiiu'tli. ITtTi', "ii o!' islaml, is MiDifrnif, a 
 Imiui' city ('iiiitaiiiinj; lU'iiily a lliiid as many inlialiitauts as 
 all Nova Scotia. 
 
 72. We will now j^o up tlie Ot/aini Itiver to Otlnwa Cifif. 
 On tlio west side of tlic river is tlic J'roriiuy at' Onfario, 
 wiiich is one of the i^roatcst grain countries in tlie workl. 
 
 In tlio neiphhomlioocl of Ottawa arc immense forosl.<, mid large 
 (jimntitiea of liiuil' r me brnnglit liown tlie ri"cr in rafts. 
 
 73. Hut yonder are several Nnva Si'otioii>. enterini; tliat lar^'o 
 liiiildlng. Yes; 'liey are memliers of I'arliaiui^nt. You remember 
 
 tliat Nova Scotia, Now Iininswii'k, Q .ebee, and Ontario now firm one 
 j;i('at fiiuntry, called tlie l)(imiiii<iii 'J C">adii. Ottawa i.s tlicrii/i/ri/. 
 Ou tlie .south and wot of Uiitai i' are va.st lakes. Uctwecn Lake^ Ei ic 
 
 and Ontario arc llie celeliratoil \i- 
 u</(tra lulls, where a lar>;e river 
 rushes down a precipice of 100 feet. 
 
 British America.— 74. Far 
 
 to the west of Ontariw, Leyond 
 
 '<■ tlio lofty Kocky Aroiinlain.s, is 
 
 lirithh Columhin, with rich 
 
I Oi\t:irio now firm nne 
 Ottawa '\!i t.\\i-'riii>it'il. 
 
 ». ]'n.twtcii L:iki's Kill' 
 are the oelclnali'ii .\i- 
 
 , wlicre a l:ir;;e livoi 
 !i jirt'oiiiico of ICU foci. 
 
 America.— 74. Ftir 
 (if Ontariu, licyoiiil 
 
 lucky MdiiiitMiiis, in 
 htmlnii, with licli 
 
 
 Tdll.Vcii) n.AST 
 
 pi'M iiiiiios; iiinl on tlie iiorrli ^A' Ontario ami Qiiclioc is 
 Ihiihon's JiiMj Territori/, a very cdld country, wlitTc ^iiiiii 
 will not ;,'ro\v, and the few inhaliitaiits live liy Imntini.'. 
 
 Coniiiiu' to (lie cast coast, in the Gulf of St. Lav. u'lici' we 
 find the Island of Xeivfoiiudhnul, near which are the ;;reat- 
 e.st cod fisheries in the world. Kiirtlier south, separated 
 from Nova Scotia by Northiiuiberland Strait, is J'riiio' 
 J-.'ihr'ird IsldiiiL 
 
 All these countries- the Doiiiinion of Canada, Ihiti-h 
 Cuhuniiia, llinlson's Bay Territory, Newfoundland, and 
 Trinie Kdward Island -I'orni llritish Awric'i. 
 
 North America.- 7r). <»n the south of liritish America 
 is a lar^e country caUed y/c Ciiilfil Sfaffs. It has ^,'reat 
 variety of climate and jirodiictfl. In the north-east, manu- 
 facturitu; is a very imiiortaiit business; in the middle and 
 west, wheat, cori\, and tobiicco arc raised in ureat abundance ; 
 niid in the south, cotton, rice, and snuar-canc. 
 
 70. Mfwiro lies south of the United States. Slill furtluM' 
 poiith, where the laml is narrow, is Ciiifrnl Aiiicrira, from 
 which we obtain lou'wood and maIiiiL;aMy. Tiio coasts of 
 Mexico ami Cc. itral America are jnw, hot, and uidicalthy; 
 In the interior are hi^di plains, calii'd tnhb-l'iiitl, wliere the 
 climate is more auri'eable. Mexico has loHi,' been tamed for 
 its silver mines. The story of the eon(Hiest of IMexiro, three 
 hundred and fifty years a^o, by the Kretdy Simniards, is very 
 iiiti'restin^'. 
 
 British America, tlir I'liiicd Stales, ]\b'\ico, and Ci'iitral 
 America, form a yrcat division of the llarth ciUcd Xaith 
 A mrrii'i\. 
 
 The Western Continent.- 77. <>ii the map of the West- 
 ern llemispheru ymi will see North America; and on the 
 
 .south, bi'yiind the Isthmus of Tanama, S^)ntli Aiiirrli',!. 
 These two divisions form the Wi'Ktnn ('iDititifiil. 
 
 South America is j;cnera!iy a wariii, moist country, yii'ld- 
 Mii; colfci', tobacco, rice, cotton, oraiiLjcs, pine-apples, and 
 many other fine fniit.s. 
 
 7m. Heie, on the east side, is the Aimrjiii, an immense 
 river, the largest in the world. It tlows throuiili a llat 
 country, hundreds and hundreds of miles. On each sidi> of 
 the river tire marshes covered ritli tall reeds; and beyond 
 the uuirshes are vast dense forests, abmuidiim in dye woods, 
 ornament.al woods, the india-ruliber tree, and many other 
 valuable trees. 
 
 7'.'. I'lli' nf till' Ili.iSt liealltiflll |i|;ltlt<cif S'lllll .\tl|.>rii'!l in till! 17c. 
 
 I»ri,t Itiiiiii, II 1,'irL,'" wiittT-lily wliicli jjoiw-s ;il(iri',' tlu' iMr.l.-rs ,.|' ilio 
 
 •. !■ TnlirA lOKU 
 
 Aiiuijiiii. Its laicp NtroiiL' li'iiviiH, five iir hIx f ci liii.ii.l. tli.il mi iKi' 
 NMtti'r, mill in llio iniilst nf thoiii iiiu tliu roB>>.i«liii|inl il'>\i(.r«, lur^vr 
 tliitii tlic crown of II iiiairH h.it. 
 
10 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE WORLD. 
 
 80. In otlitT jiiu-ts of .Soutii Vniurica there arc iinineiise 
 [ilain.s c'uvercd with tail grass, where roam countless herds 
 of wild cattle. 
 
 Along the west of the country is a great mountain range, 
 called the Andes, the summits of which are covered with 
 jieriietual snow. IL're ami theie, cone-shaped peaks rise 
 far aliove the surrounding }ieights, tlirowing out volumes of 
 
 ViiLiASO IN ASDEH. 
 
 smoke, like tlie eliinincys of some great factory. Tiie.se are 
 V'l/ctnnun or Inu'iiim: mountains. 
 
 Crossing the Atlantic — ^L We will now take an 
 imaginary tour eastward. "Wo leave Halifax in a largo 
 steamer bound for T-iverpool in England. We are soon out 
 of sight of lan<l ; on all sides there is nothing to be seen but 
 the sea— tlie far-stretching Atlantic. (.>ur ship, which looked 
 so lame beside the smaller vessels i)i the harbour, now seems 
 very small, ns it is tossed up and down over the broail, higli 
 waves. W'v. see no path, nor any signs to direct us; but 
 the cajitain, by his knowledge c'" navigation, with hi.s com- 
 pass and chart, can take us as directly across the patiiless 
 ocean ns if lie followed a beaten trn<'k. 
 
 82, Yonder, risiiiir almve tlie wnter, nre tlie iimsts of veHScls. A« 
 we conic nciiror, the liulis licoonie vi'<ible — .<eeniinc to rise jir.idunlly 
 out of tlio wfttcr. Tills is luvnuse tlic surfnoe of llie sen Ih not level 
 or (Int likt' llie (1 lor, Iml roiiiiiit"l like tlie Hiiifiu-o of i\ liall. 
 
 These lue fishiiiif-vessi'ls. We iiro iieiir the Islimd "( Newfoundland, 
 and this pint of the uimmii is iint so deeii ns it is elsewhere. It is 
 onlled the Jlitiik» of .Wii/iumUaiid, mid is one of llie most noted cod- 
 fisheries in the world. 
 
 81). Hut l"ok, we ure surrouioled with (\ dense foe, so tlint wc cnn 
 •onrcelj' see from one end of the kh',|> to the other. There nre two 
 men on the lonk-ont, nii'l the steiiiiiwhistle is Mowinu, to winn imy 
 vi -sels that may he neio' to keep out of the «ny, lest we should run 
 iiilo them. The tipj.' hes elose to the sut; for wleii we lonk up, we 
 jt't (ilii'ipses of the olear sky. 
 
 The wnter bero ii i|uite wavni. and the enptnin snys w'e are in the 
 
 (yu//.S7;Y((ni, which flows like a L'reat river through the ocean from llie 
 (Jnlf of Mexico. The fog is caused by the steam which rises from the 
 warm water. 
 
 As we jiass on, the fog clears aw.ay and we can apain see far over the 
 ocean. That huge glittering object in the distance, like a mountain ot 
 
 glass, is an icf>icv;/. It looks very lar^'e, yet only oneci^rhth pat t of it 
 is above the wnter. It has floated d iwn from the cold regiijus of the 
 north and will soon melt in these warm waters. 
 
 Great Britain.— ^4. It is now nine days since we left 
 Halifax. "Laud ahoy I" shouts a sailor from the mast-head. 
 We on deck cannot see it yet, owing to the curved surface 
 of the ocean. Soon it comes in sight and we get our tirst 
 view of /rdmi'l, the green isle of the sea. We call at 
 (.,>ueenstown to leave passengers and tiie mail. We tiien 
 pa.ss tip St. George's Channel and iu'rcss the Iiisli Sea to 
 Liverpocil. 
 
 f-:>. We are now in A'lij/tiin/, wliich with Soil/'Uhf and 
 U'ti/is forms the Js/oik/ <i/ (Irnil /Iril'iin. CJrent Britain 
 and Ireland, with many small ishimls near them, are called 
 the JJrltli>/i /s/ts. Here is tiie home of our forefathers, the 
 central and mother country of 'J'/ie /Iritinh Kmiurey to which 
 Nova Scotia ami the rest of Dritish America belong. 
 
 Si), Knt'Iiind is a beautiful c'nuntry. Its rich areen mendowt nre 
 eiieloseil wiih thorn hcdiios, which are miii'li prettier than the crouked 
 f> lu'es we so (fteii see in Nova Scutia. It has very rich mines of coal, 
 iron, lead, and tin. It is alson u'eal niannfactiirim; country, t'nr 
 cottons, broail cloth n, cuilety, and crockery nre made here. Cotton 
 does not i:row in Hnkdaiid, but is bioiuht in a raw state from the 
 Tniied States of Aineiicn nnd other warm countries, 
 
 87. There nre ninny Inr^e cities in Kiiudaiid, LoNiioM, the inraest 
 and richei I city in the wurld. Is the capital of the enipire. It stands 
 on both sides of the Hiver Tlialies, v\liicli is like a forest of lunstB, 
 there lire so many ships fruin all pails of the world. There are 
 several large bridges ovit the river; ainl there is also n rond under the 
 river, which ii called the Thnmit Tunml. 
 
 m 
 
ougli tlie ocean t'roui tlie 
 iiu which rises from the 
 
 an afrain see far over the 
 ance, like a luouutaiu of 
 
 uily oncfi^'htli part of it 
 III tlie C(>K1 regions of the 
 
 (l;iys fiinco we left 
 Voiii tlie iiiast-liead. 
 till' curvi'd siirthce 
 111 \Vf p't (lur first 
 ' sea. We cull nt 
 le mail. We tlieii 
 .■'.s tlie Iii.sh Sea to 
 
 with Scotliinil and 
 
 nn. fJreiit I'ritaiii 
 itar tlii'iii, are calltd 
 
 (nir furefatliers, the 
 s/i Kiiipire, to wliieh 
 
 liiii belling. 
 
 ii'h ffvovn tncrnhnvn aro 
 ri'ttiiM' than the croMki'il 
 vi'ry rich niiiu's of coal, 
 
 ■tiiriiii,' eountry. tiiir 
 II' iiiaili' here. Cotton 
 
 i\ liiw Htiito fiiiiii the 
 ilrii"'. 
 
 I^wNl'iiN, thi' hiru'Cft 
 
 ilic ('ni|iirr. It Ktfiiiils 
 
 liko II fiU'VNt of lUllHtH, 
 
 III- xvnil.l. Thi-re arc 
 H iiIko n ronil uii<lei' the 
 
 EUUOPE— AFRICA. 
 
 11 
 
 WINDSOR CASII.E 
 
 A few iiiil.:s frnin Lond.in is ]\'inilfii)-, near wliich is II'ih'/i'ic 
 Cii'ilh, the iirineii^al resideiioe of the (^ueeii. 
 
 Europe.— .s8. Leavim; En.iiliiiid, we em.s.s the Strait of 
 Dover to /w'KHCc, wliieh is part of tiie ureal hody of land 
 called /•'iinij'i'. The Kouth of Franee i.s a land of vineyards, 
 yieldini; fine grapes and wine. Here al.so the ninllierry-tree 
 floiiri.shes, on the leaves of wliieh the isiiiv-Avorni feeds. 
 
 S'.i, T hire are several other gieat oniintrics in Europe, as /'I'K/i.iid, 
 A'l.tfria, ainl Hus.^ia. On the south ea^t of Fiance, lieyiiiul tlie sii ivy 
 .lll'.i, is /'nil/, coiitaiiiiiii' the ancient city of Home, wliicii once ruled 
 the wurlil. 
 
 E^'\ It ; so «e go on li aid and ure s on gliding; ovt-r 
 tlie Muiiterraiuau Urn. 
 
 Africa.— 110. On the south of the Medi- 
 terranean are the Jlarbari/ States of A/rtca. 
 onee noted for pirates who were always 
 on the look-unt for ve-ssels to phmder. 
 South of I5arliary is the Snh'.va or Gitat 
 Desert, without water, liviim plant, or 
 animal, except here and there a gushini; 
 sprini; makes a fertile spot, called au oasis. 
 Heyond the Desert is the land uf tlie 
 Negro, from wliieji tlie forefathers of the 
 eoloiu'ed people of Xova Scotia came. 
 
 ill. Africa is tlie hottest portion of the Kailh, 
 anil a large part of it has no rain. It is noted for 
 lis iiiauy targe and beautiful wild aniiiwds, as the elephant, lion, and 
 f.'irall'e. The ostrich is a huge hird which runs with great lieetness. 
 It is much luiiitcd fur its feailurs. 
 
 i'out ok >uii^KiM.i:i. 
 At Md'Hriltm, in the iotitli of Fruiiee, we tlnd n stontni r a^||,^ t,i 
 
 
 lllllAII''K itKI/.^li IIV A l.\<<\ 
 
 The inliftMtants in I lie interior of Africa aio very iunnrant and 
 liarharous. They wnj;u fiurcu wars with one unoilier lo ulitain eaptives 
 ('■r slavcu. 
 
 111'. Uiit here we are at .'l/''.m«r//'i(/, an old city, founded 
 more than two thousand years le^o. It onee iiad a line liKmry, 
 which was luiriied hy tiie .Mnhamniedans, 
 
 We iKiw u'o hy railroad to t'aii", tlir capital of Ki;ypt. 
 and the larycHt city in Africa. It docM led minli fcNeinlile 
 any city wo I'ver saw liel'ore. The stieeti :ire very narrow 
 
12 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE WOItLD. 
 
 
 and ilaik. Tlio limisi's di not seem to liuve any wiiulciwe; 
 hut if we well' to enter them, \vc would find tiie windows 
 Iookinj4 iiut upon an opun scjuare in tiie middle, called a 
 eoiirt. Amid tall palm trees and orange j^roves, t' c mos(]ues, 
 or the Mohanimeilan places of worsliip, rise with their j^ilded 
 minarets ahove the surrounding liiiil(hn,L;s. 
 
 93. Tills is Kuypt, tlio liiml into which Josi'iih was soKl as a slave, 
 ami wliL're lie nfterwanls became so unat. 
 
 Yonder is tlie /liviv .Xilc, lieside which Muses was liidileii by his 
 parents, in tiie ark of huiiushes, 
 
 It never rains in Knypt. Water is tal;en from the Nile to water tlie 
 ticlils, Tlie river also overflows its hanks ilin in^; three or four months 
 in the year, and covers the whole country with water. 
 
 94. Not far from Cairo are the Piiramidn, whicii were Imilt four 
 thousand years a|.'o, anil have been tlio wonder of all Kncoee ling n^es. 
 The lar^'est is (juite a little mountain, bein;; lOl feet liin'i and cover- 
 inn eleven acres of niimmi. 
 
 \>ti. We now i;o by railroad from Cairo to Sur:, on the (liilf af Siirr, 
 the tt.'iter thruuuh wliii'h the Israelites passed uM dry ;;reuud. Here 
 we take our leave of Afrioft, 
 
 Asia.- 111!. As wc sail down tin; ( iulf of Suez, we pass on 
 our left the desert in which the I8raelit08 wniidered forty 
 yeiirc, and M"iiiil iSiiiat wliore (Joil gnve the law to Mose.^. 
 Further nortli \x I'nlintiiu; the l'r(imise(l r,anil, in wliidi 
 the Israelites settled after they came out of the desert. 
 
 AMa resembles Africa in havinn a lai'Kc part of its surfucc covered 
 with rainless sandy plaitm or desorls. The enniel i.n one of the most 
 useful ,'iniiimls in these legiotis, for it I'an endure thirst a loiii: 
 lime. It is much used us i\ lieast of biiiihti by travellers in tln' 
 deNvrlR. 
 
 !17. Passing down the lud Sea, tlirough the Strait of 
 Bab-el-Mandeh and tiie G'u/f <]f Aden, crossing the Arah'utn 
 Sea and the Ikxy. of Jienr/al, wo arrive at Calcutta, a large 
 eity in India. There arc many sliijis here from various 
 ]iarts of the world, some of which, from America, arc laden 
 with huge hlock.-j of ice. 
 
 98. India belongs to Great Uritain. It is a, very warm, fruitful 
 country, yielding rice, sugarcane, cotton, silk, opium, indigo, colfee, 
 cinnamon, pine apples, und other line fruits and spices. 
 
 Along the north arc mountains five and a half miles high— the high- 
 est in the world. On the southorn slo]ies are vast forests, abounding 
 with elephants, lions, tigers, and other largo wild beasts. 
 
 !)f). Leaving Calcutta we ssail south-east through the 
 Strait of Malacca, and then north-east over tlie Cltina Sea, 
 to Canton, a port of the great country called China. Here 
 wo sec ships from America and Europe, taking in lea, silk, 
 and rice, which are tin- important products of the country. 
 China is s:iid to contain one-third the iuliahitaiits of the 
 Earth. The soil is carefully cultivated, and the hill-sides 
 are formed into terraei^s, on winch tea, coti'ee, and otiier 
 products are raised. In many places the rivers me covered 
 with lloating L'ardens, which an' forineil l\y covering a raft 
 of fimhcr with earth. In the gnnleiis are little houses, 
 
 \W. Asia ig larger than North and South America together, It 
 ijontains two-thirds of the human nice. Nearly nil its inhabitants art 
 heathens, destitute of Cliristinnily. In the central ]i;irt of Asia there 
 aie vnsl high plains unlit fur cultivation. The irihabilanis possc-s 
 many lnuses, cattle, and sheep; and they waniler from place to place, 
 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 1 ^•. 
 
 O 
 
 1^ 
 
 u 
 
 ^E c. 
 
 cy3; 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 <J: 
 
 t 
 
 >' 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 r 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■J 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 , •> 
 
 
 [:« 
 
 
 'Jl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i ■ 
 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
igli the at rait of 
 issiiig the Ai\tlii(tit 
 t Calcutta, a larj^t! 
 ii'i'o from variiiiis 
 ^iiu'rica, are laden 
 
 very wnriii, fruitful 
 Hiiuiii, imligo, colfee, 
 piocs. 
 
 liles hi)^li— the liipli- 
 (t fnrests, aboumliii;,' 
 beasts. • 
 
 ■ast tlinuij^h tin' 
 T the (liina Sea, 
 (tl ('/ii)ia. Here 
 ikiiij,' ill lea, silk, 
 .s of the country, 
 lahitauts of the 
 iiMJ the hill-Hides 
 ill'ee, and other 
 ivers are covered 
 ly enveriiiu a rat't 
 it tie hniiBL'S. 
 
 li'a tt'Ki'tliur. It 
 
 its inlialijlaiitfi arc 
 
 I |iiirt iif Asia then' 
 
 inliiiliitaiits piiRsoM! 
 
 from plaeu In place, 
 
I 
 
 I, 
 
 
 102. T 
 to a CiiMii 
 iiciu- Clir 
 licio. 
 
 Tlio nr. 
 
 C(],5fl'S to t 
 
 of South 
 which th 
 which hii; 
 with fur I 
 Aiistial 
 niul iiiryo 
 
 103, V 
 I'dcijic C 
 imist no 
 ( nurse ii( 
 
OCEANIA— HOME\f ARU. 
 
 13 
 
 
 TEA ri.ANTATlDX. 
 
 in search of pasturage. Tliey are notorious rolihers, and tiavelitrs 
 st'i('.om ventuvo into their country. 
 
 Kurope, Africa, ami A.sia arc ail coiinectet), ami taken together form 
 the Eastern Coiilinoit. 
 
 Oceania.— Idl. The only leiniiiiiinc! portions of the world 
 to lie seen are the Islands (.>f tiie Ocean, sometiniea called 
 Occmia. "We sail Houtii amid the hot and fertile AW 
 Inilin Islands, who.se choice sjiices scent the air far around. 
 Anion^' the rich jirodiicts of these island.", are coeoa-niit.s, 
 ciiuiamon, nutine^s, and cloves. We cross the Iinfinn 
 Ori-nn, |.a.ssin<,' the west and south coaata of Ausfi-alia. 
 Tills is the lar<,'est island on the Ivirth, and forms a j)art of 
 the wide-siiread British Km|iire. 
 
 102. There are many thiiiu's in Australia ■vhich npppar very stranirf 
 to a Canailian. Tin- .^nn is nortii of us nt ni.on; and ahlmnuh it is 
 near Christmas, wiicn we iiave winter at liinie, it is midsununcr 
 here. 
 
 Tlie native trees are niailv all evergreens, and iire.«ent their tiiin 
 cd.^cs to the sun ; so that the forests are n.a shady and dark like those 
 of South America. Alany of the aninialH liave a pouch or sack in 
 which they carry their younp. Tliero is one >ery I'loiiois animal 
 "liich has tiie feit and bill of a duck and lajs vn^s, hut i.s covered 
 with fur anil suckkii 'is yonn.' like a cat. 
 
 Anstialia lias very rich j;nld mines. Many nf ihe people tend hlieep, 
 and larj^e i|iiantilics df wiml are exported to lOnjilanil. 
 
 103, We shall cnutiniU' our courst! caslward aciuss the 
 I'acijic Ocean, which is the larnest of all the oceans. You 
 must now turn to the \Ve>itcru Hemisphere and mark our 
 course north-easterly, PiUong the numerous groups of islands. 
 
 
 ACSTKAMAN I'r.ANlS 
 
 Most of the islands of the I\icifie are very beautiful and 
 fertile, yieldiuj,' the finest fruits. 
 
 ]0J. Some of tiiese islands are inhaliited hy savajies, and it would 
 be danu'ennis to land anion;;st llieni ; in others, the natives have been 
 tau;;ht the principles of t'liri.stianity by missionaries from liritain anil 
 .America. Yon ,-,ee a pmup called the Sew llfhivlcn, where there are 
 several missiunaries from Nova Scotia. The inliabitiint.s were once 
 very fierce, and cruelly murdered Mr. Gordon and his wife, who went 
 from Nova Scotia to teach them the way In heaven. 
 
 Further on are the Sdinliricli /,^/nn<^.^, win ic (,'aptain Co.ik, the great 
 navi^'ator, was killed by savages, nearly a Inmdied \earsa>;i). 
 
 Homeward. -1(1."). Ilaviii',' crossed the Paeific, we tr.ivel 
 over the Isthmus uf Panama in the rail-cjirs, and at As/,iii- 
 tr'i//, on the Cariliheau «ca, t.ilce a steamer for New York, 
 the larL'cst city in .\mcrica. We (;ome to Boston and thence 
 to Ilalifa.v 
 
 Conclusion.— im;. Ilnw stran-c' We set out at Halifax, 
 fravcllcij an easterly course, and lii'n; wd are at Hiilitax 
 aiiain I The fact is. the Earth is a ureat b.dl. and we Iia\c 
 made a jnurncy mund the world. This explains why wo 
 always saw the masts nf a ilislant ship lirsr. 
 
 If you now trace our course on the K'ob.', which represents the 
 Kaith belter than a map, you will iniderstainl how we tiavelled cuie 
 stantly in the name direcliini, and at len^lh arrived at the place fro:u 
 which we started. 
 
THE EARTH AS A PLANET. 
 
 The Form of the Earth. — 1. R'dple (nue bclievid tlwt 
 tlio Eiirth was an cxttiKlr'l iilaiK'. There aiu many lu'ool's 
 that this is nut tht: case. 
 
 2. Xaviuatoi'j have often. Ly sailing constantly in the 
 .same ilireetion, arrived at the plaee from wliieh tiiey .set out. 
 
 Tlie first voj-iige arouiul the wuilil w.is made between luVJ and loiiii, 
 under the cominund of Ala^'ellan. 
 
 3. When a ship comes in sii^ht, we first see tlie top-masts 
 and the rii'ging, histiy tlie hidl, as if it were coining over a 
 
 i'i,-.rANr snirs. 
 
 convex surface; and when the sailor leaves the sliore, low 
 oliji'cts are the first to disajipear — the last seen are the 
 luountaiii U)\)s. 
 
 4. If a man six feet high were to stand hy the .sea-shore 
 when the water is smooth, he coidd see a boat three miles 
 distant; if he were to stand on a high rock, so as to be ele- 
 vatc'd twenty-four feet, a boat would be visible six miles 
 distant. 
 
 5. For these and various tdlier reasons, all intelligent 
 persons now believe that the Earth is a vast ball. It does 
 not appear round, because it is so large that there is but 
 little curvature in any portion of the surface which we can 
 see at one time. If we were to ascend in a balloon far above 
 tiie Earth, we wuiuld see much more of its surface' at one 
 view, and it would appear curved, as a ball. 
 
 6. An observer on the Earth's surface, or at any elevation 
 above it, always finds that his view is bounded by a circle ; 
 and that this circle, which is callcil the iSensihle Horizon, is 
 eidarged in proportion to his elevation. Could he rise sufH- 
 cicntly high, he woidd see half the Earth's surface, when the 
 circle bounding \m view wuuhl be called the Jiatiomd 
 Horizon. 
 
 7. One might suppose, at first, that the unevcniic.<!S of the 
 laud surface woidd be a Hcrious obstacle to this tiieory re- 
 
 s})ceting the form of the Earth. But the Earth is so large, 
 that the highest mountain interferes no more with its gene- 
 ral roundness, than the roughness of the rind with the 
 general sliapo of tlie orange. 
 
 8. The Earth is not an exact sjihere, but is slightly fiat- 
 tened at two opposite jioints called the l'ole$, and bulged 
 out near the middle or Equator. The .liape resembles that 
 of iin orange. 
 
 An artificial globe is the best representation of the Earth. 
 The globe does not perceptibly differ from a perfect siihcre, 
 .so .slightly are the poles of the Earth flattened. In a globe 
 two feet in diameter, the llattening of the poles would not 
 (lindnish the polar diameter one-twclftli of an inch. 
 
 9. There sire other proofs of the Earth's spherical form. 
 
 As we travel eust or west, the sun rises proporliunally earlier or 
 later; and as we go north or south, new stars come in view, whilst 
 those lieliind us disappear below the horizun. 
 
 The Karth always casts a circular shadow, which is the invariable 
 form of shadow fur spherical bodies only. 
 
 In cuttiuus for canals, a curve on the bottom of eiyht inches in the 
 mile is rtfiuireil, to keep the water at a uniform level. 
 
 10. If the Earth were an exact sphere, as one went towards titlicr 
 p'le, the stars in that ((uarter of tlje heavens would rise uniformly 
 according to the distance travelled. This is not quite the case; for 
 in the vicinity of tiie pole a grea'.er distance must be passed over to 
 obtain the same increase in the elevation of any star. Hence we infer 
 that the curvature near the poh.s is less. 
 
 Attraction of the Earth.— 11. In lifting a stone from 
 the Earth, we nuist u.se our strength to overcome the resist- 
 ance which it makes to a change of place. This resistance, 
 which we call weight, is the result of the Earth's atlrac- 
 (ion—a. force by which everything on the Earth's surface is 
 drawn towards its centre. If we raise the stone and leave it 
 iui.su[>ported, it falls, because it is pulled down by this force. 
 
 12. The weight of a body is the measure of the force witli which it 
 is attracted by the Earth. Attraction is mutual in all bodies, and in 
 proportion to the quantity of matter they contain. Thus the stiiie, in 
 juoportion to its matter, attracts the Earth, as well as the Earth the 
 stone, 
 
 13. The attractive power of the Earth acts in a right line drawn from 
 the Earth's centre to tiie body attracted; and this power diininislies 
 as the scpuire if the distance frurii the centre increases. If tiie Earth, 
 without any increase of matter, were swelled out to twice its present 
 size, a body which now weighs a pound upon its surface, would weigh 
 only oue fourth of a pound. 
 
E;irtli is so lai;:,'(', 
 mure witli its yuiiu- 
 tlie riml with tlie 
 
 but is slightly flut- 
 ; I'oles, tiiul bulnid 
 iiijjc resembles that 
 
 Liition of the Earth. 
 n a iieifect sphere, 
 tteiieil. Ill a i;lulie 
 :he poles would not 
 of au inch. 
 
 I'ical form. 
 
 ■oiiuitiniialiy earlier or 
 come in view, wliil.st 
 
 liicli i.s the invariable 
 
 Dt' eiylit inches in tlii.' 
 vtl. . 
 
 wiiit towards either 
 
 uulJ rise uniforiuly 
 
 quite the case ; for 
 
 St be passed over to 
 
 ar. Ik'iice we inter 
 
 :ni,L,' a stone from 
 •ereume the re-sist- 
 This resistanee, 
 le Earth's altrac- 
 Earth's surface ia 
 stotic and leave it 
 iwn by this furce. 
 
 I'liroe with which it 
 n all bodies, and in 
 Thus the stune, in 
 >cll as the Karlh the 
 
 iuht line drawn tVcni 
 is [lovver diminishes 
 
 uses. If the Earth, 
 to twice its present 
 
 lurlace, would weigh 
 
 MOTIONS OF THE EAKTII. 
 
 14. As a body weighs nearly the same in all places on the Earth, the 
 surface must be everywhere nearly the same distance from the centre. 
 Hence we h.ive an additional proof of the Earth's spherical form. 
 
 A body weighs sliuhtly more near Uie pules, which is a further proof 
 that those parts of the Earth are flattened. The term oblate .^phti'oid 
 expresses the exact form of the Eartli. 
 
 Cause of the Spheroidal Form.— 1.^. When we pour water upon a 
 revolving grind-stone, the water tlies olf in proportion to the raiiidity 
 of the motion; also a wagi^on-wlieel throws more mud when we drive 
 rapidly. If a iiiece of soft putty, in the firm of a sphere, bo made tn 
 revolve rapidly on an axis, the poles will become flattened, while the 
 middle, or equator, will bulge out. 
 
 liy supposing that the Earth, whilst in a semi-fluid state, revolved 
 around a line pa'^sing from one pole to the other, we can account for 
 its sjiberoidal form. 
 
 Size of the Earth.— Ifi. A railway train, movini,' at the 
 rate oi' (JtJ miles au hour, would go around the Earth in about 
 seventeen days. The distance arou: '^ the Earth is called its 
 rircumfi'vence, and is equal to 24,860 miles. 
 
 The area of the Earth's surface is 10,590 times greater than that of 
 Nova Scotia, or it is equal to a square of 14,035 miles. 
 
 The pillar diameter of the Earth is 7898 miles; the equatorial dia- 
 meter is 7924 miles. 
 
 Light and Heat. — 17. The Sun is the great source of 
 light and heat. Without this luminary the Earth woidd be 
 wiiolly uninhabitable; every animal ami i)lant would perish, 
 anil all the water upon the Earth would be congealed to the 
 hardest ice. 
 
 The Sun is so Air removed from us, that, by travelling 
 (JO lailes an hour, it would take one hundred and eighty 
 years to travel an equal distance. Light moves so rajjidly, 
 that it occupies oidy about eight minutes in coming to us 
 from the Sun. 
 
 18. The Sun is 1,400.000 times larger than the Earth ; liut, bcin- 
 less dense, it is only 3130,000 times heavier. Its diameter is 883,OUO 
 miles, and it is 91,72.'i,000 miles distant from the Earth. 
 
 Day and Night.— id. Place a lighted lamp beside th(> 
 glolte, so that it will shine from pole to pole, and turn the 
 glol)e uptm its axis. A fly standing on any jiart of the 
 globe will have light and darkness in succession. In like 
 manner, day and night follow each other in turn, by the 
 rotation of the Earth. 
 
 The Earth turns aroiuid an imaginary lino called the n.ri)^. 
 Tiie N(wlh I'ofc is at one extremity of the axis, the Smit/i 
 J'ole at the other. 
 
 20. A light shinine uimn a spherical body illuminates juit onehalf 
 of its surface at once. The Sun is always shining upon the Earth; 
 therefore nne-half the Earth's surface is in the light, the other in the 
 dark. The boundary line between the light and dark hemispheres is 
 called the Ciirlc of lUuminatiDn. A.i the Earth rotates, this circle is 
 ever changing its position. 
 
 21. When moving rapidly in a rail-car we seem to be at rest, and 
 'he objects along the track to be gliding past us in the opposite direc- 
 
 tion. The rotation of the Earth from west to east, gives the Sun an 
 apparent motion from east to west. 
 
 It was once thought that the Earth w.as stationary, and that the Sun 
 revolved around it. According to this theory, the Sun must, every 
 twenty-four hours, describe a circle having a diameter equal to twice 
 tlie distance of the Sun from the Earth ; and the stars, wliich are In- 
 conceival)ly more remote, must travel correspondingly faster in order 
 to comjilete their revolution in the same time. 
 
 22. The most direct proof of the Earth's rotation is furnished by an 
 interesting experiment with the pendulum. 
 
 Unequal Length of Day. ^2:5. In the siunmer we have 
 long days and short niglit.s ; in the winter, the reverse ; so 
 that light and darkness in the course of the year are exactly 
 eiiual. The longest day is the 21.st of Junc, the shortest the 
 21st of December. Twice in the year— the 2()th of March 
 and the 23d of September — day and night are eijual, twelve 
 hours each. At the Equator ihiy and niu;lit are always 
 equal, and the inequality is greatest near the poles. 
 
 24. At mid-summer, when the day is longest, the Sun at 
 noon is high up in the heaven.s, and much more nearly 
 over-head than in winter. Tin's is only an ai>]tarent shifting 
 of the Sun's position— the real change is in the Earth. The 
 Earth not oidy rotates \\\w\\ its axis, it also moves around 
 the Sun in a vast circle. The path in whicli the Earth re- 
 volves around the Sun is called the Enrtlts Ovh'd. 
 
 Illustration — 2.'). ri.ico a l.imp on the floor, to represent the Sun, and 
 witli tlie oliiilk ilraw a larije circle around it for tlio Kartti's orliit. I'l.-vco the 
 plolio in the orbit, on the east side of the lamp, with the north polo pointiiii? 
 to the reilin^' in the northern jmrt of the rocim, in such a manner that the 
 axis shall he parallel In the east side of the room, and inelined towards the 
 nortliern wall ahout one-fimrtli tin.' distanee lietween a vertical line and a 
 horizontal * The lanqi will now hiiie from iiole to poli?. and if the j?lohe 
 he tur ed on its axis, it will illnstrate the eiinality of day and night in the 
 spring. 
 
 Without chanKinij tlie inclination of the axis or its jiarallel position with 
 respect to the east wall, move the jjlohe thron^'h one-fourth the orbit, so 
 that it shall stand on the sonth .side! of the lanij). The rays of light will 
 extend beyond the north pole, illumi latin.; more than half the northern 
 hemisphrre, and less than half the Houtliern, We have here the position of 
 the Kartli at niid-sninnier liy movintr the globe in the same manner to the 
 west and north sides, we shall have the Karth's position in the autumn and 
 at mid-winter. 
 
 jn. The E;irtli thus makes a revolution around the Siin once a year, 
 uuriiig whieh it presents dillerent paits of its surface directly to the 
 
 /'',/. 1, 
 
 nw AMI Niiinr i-i^'ai,, 
 ^Vtrih 2o(/i ./111/ Siiili-mhir 'lArd 
 
 ' It should be Inclined 2Hi denrees from the purpondlcular. 
 
i(„ 
 
 10 
 
 THE EARTH AS A PLANET. 
 
 Sun. Hence llie ililliieiice In ilie leiigtii of day and niglit. Tlie accom- 
 panying di.igraras represent the Earth in its relation to the Sun at 
 diflferent times of year. In figure 1, the Sun is vertical at the Equator; 
 in figure 2, it is vertical at tlie Tropic of Cancer ; and iu figure 3, at the 
 
 Fl'j. 2. 
 
 ■ -.y 
 
 LONil DAVS AND SHORT NKIHTS IS THE XOUTUEllN llEMI.srilEUE, 
 
 Juni: ilii. 
 
 Tropic of Capricorn. In figure 2, the whole space within the Arctic 
 Circle has constant day ; iu figure 3, it has constant night. 
 
 Fiij. 3. 
 
 .•';^'7jT^''Z\ 
 
 SUOllT DAVS AND LONU MdllTS IN THE NiiliTHEIiN HEMISl'HEUE, 
 UiccmliLr ilst. 
 
 27. An imaginary -^lane, e.xtendiiig from all parts of the Earth's 
 orhit to the centre of the Sun, is called the Plane of the Earth's Orbit. 
 If the Earth revolved around the Sun with its axis perpendicular to the 
 plane, the plane would cut tiie Earth at the Equator, and the Sun would 
 always be vertical at the Equator, as in figure 1. lUit the axis is in- 
 clined 23.J degrees from the perpendicular, and this inclination causes 
 the circle described on the Eartii, by tlie plane, to cut the Equator at an 
 angle of 23.^ degrees. This circle is called the JCc/iptic. As tiie Sun 
 appears to move in the opposite edge of the plane, its annual path is 
 also called the Ecliijtic. 
 
 28. The axis of the Eartli always maintains the same position, so 
 that iu any part of the orbit it is parallel with itself in every other 
 part. A star situated in the northern heavens, to wiiich the Nirth 
 Pole is directed, is called the )iorllt st(tr. 
 
 29. Tho plane of the Karth's orbit may lie ilhistratod by a birgo circular 
 .sheet of tin with a hole in the middli;, tlirnuKh wliicli a lani)) i» placed so 
 that half tho flame is above the plate ami half liclow. A ball with a wire 
 thrnuKli tho middle, rciirosentinB tho Kavlli and its axis, can now be carried 
 round tho outer imIro of tUo tin, keepinR the proper inclination of tho a\h. 
 
 Apparent Motion of the Sun, —30. In the spring and autumn tiie 
 Sun is vertical at tho Equator. It then appears to describe a circle in 
 the heavens directly over the Equator. This circle is called the AV/m'- 
 
 iioctial (equa now, iqual niij)d), because day and night are then equal 
 at all places. In pursuing its apparent annual path in the Ecliptic, 
 the Sun during our summer is north of the Equinoctial; during our 
 winter, south. The Sun, therefore, crosses the Equinoctial twice during 
 the year. The points in which the Ecliptic and Equinoctial cut each 
 otlior are called Equinoxes— 1\\6 Vernal and Autumnal Equinox. The 
 Sun's position each side of the PJquiiioctial is called the Hun'a Declina- 
 tion, which is either north or south. 
 
 31. During the three months succeeding the Vernal Equinox, the 
 Sun's northern declination is constantly increasing, acquiring its maxi- 
 mum on the 21st of June — 23.J degrees. The Sun now appears to be 
 stationary for a little, then to turn back towards the Equator. The 
 northern point in the Ecliptic is called the Hummer Solstice [Sol, the 
 li'ni; and sto, to stand). In like manner, the point marking the greatest 
 declination south is called the Winter Solstice. The circles which the 
 Sun describes 23.^ degrees each side of the Equator, are called Tropics 
 {trepo, to turn) — the Tropic of Cancer on the north, and the Tropic of 
 Capricorn on the south. 
 
 32. When the Sun is vertical at either troi'ic, the rays fall 23^ 
 degrees beyond the pole on the same side of the Equator. The polar 
 circles are supposed to be drawn at this distance from the. poles — the 
 Arctic Circle at the north, and the Antarctic Circle at the south. 
 
 Change of Seasons.— 33. If we hold a board upright 
 before tlie fire, so that the rays fall periieiidicularly iiiion 
 its surface, it will receive much more heat than when we 
 incline it away from the fire. In the former case more rays 
 fall upon a given space than iu the latter. This is illustrated 
 in the annexed diagram. The rays a h, which fall periieu- 
 dicularly on c d, are spread over a space three times as long 
 by falling obliquely on </ e. If c d were bent to a semi- 
 
 Fi'l. 4. 
 C 
 
 VEliTICAL AND OBLIylK HAVS. 
 
 circle, as iu the dotted linp, a similar eti'ect would be pro- 
 duced. 
 
 ;34. If the Earth were a level plain, all parts of its surface 
 would receive an equal quantity of the Sun's rays. Its 
 sjiiierical form causes the surface to incline away from the 
 Sun, and so to receive less heat, as we go north or south of 
 that part where the Sun is vertical. Now as the Sun is ever 
 moving from one tropic to the other, the inclination of the 
 rays at any given place must be constairtly changing, and 
 consequently the temperature, at ditVercnt times of year, is 
 very unequal. Hence we have Sj/riiifj, .Summer, Auluvin, 
 and Winte)'. 
 
 35. The dilVerence of temperature, at dififerent imcs of year, is 
 much less within tiie tropics, where the Sun is alw^ja nearly vertical, 
 than near the poles. 
 
 n 
 
 Caul 
 
i uight are then equ;il 
 il path in the Ecliptic, 
 quinoctial; during our 
 quinoctial twice tluring 
 J Equinoctial cut each 
 tumnal Equinox. The 
 lied the Sun's Declina- 
 
 e Vernal Equinox, the 
 ng, acquiring its niaxi- 
 Sun now appears to be 
 ■ds the Equator. The 
 '.miner SoUtice [Sol, the 
 nt marking the greatest 
 The circles which the 
 itor, are called Tropics 
 orth, and the Tropic of 
 
 .pic, tlie rays fall 23^ 
 le Equator. The polar 
 :e from the- poles — the 
 ircle at the south. 
 
 tl a board upright 
 irpeiulicularly upon 
 leat than when we 
 •mer case more rays 
 . This is ilhistratcd 
 wliich foil perpeu- 
 I throe times as long 
 re bent to a semi- 
 
 .'ct would be pro- 
 
 mrts of its surfoce 
 Sun's rays. Its 
 ne away from the 
 north or south of 
 vi the Sun is over 
 inclination of the 
 ily chau'^ing, and 
 times of year, is 
 nmmer, Autumn, 
 
 it lines of year, is 
 • jS nearly vertical, 
 
 CHICLES. 
 
 17 
 
 CaiLoe of the Earth's Annual Motion.— sa if we whirl a stnne rapidly, 
 
 113 illustrated in the (ii.igr.im, two 
 forces are employed in producing 
 circular motion— a force given by 
 the hand in throwing ttu stone 
 forward, and the power of thu 
 string preventing it from flying otf. 
 In a somewhat similar mannir, 
 ', the Karth's revolution around the 
 '; Sun is occasioned by the nice 
 ; balancing of two forces — one im 
 .' jielling it forward in a straight 
 line, called tlie ccntrifiojul /one 
 •■i:iitnim, the centre, undfuijio, to 
 flee', and the attractive power of 
 tlie Sun, called the i-entripdid 
 J'nro: {criitnuii, and pctn, to aeeli). 
 37. The accompanying diagr.im 
 represents the Karth in its orbit 
 around the Sun. If the centri- 
 petal force were destroyed, the 
 Kartli would fly olf in the tangent 
 </, if the centrifugal force ceased to act, the Sun would at once draw 
 
 /'■'.'/. 5. 
 
 ClitCLLAR MOTION. 
 
 Fi;/. (). 
 
 E.MITII'S ANNLAL .MOTION'. 
 
 the Earth to itself. The combined efl'ect of the constant acting of the 
 two forces is to carry the Earth around the Sun in the elliptical orbit < (/ h i. 
 
 38. The elliptical form of the orbit is occasioned by the varying power of 
 the centrifugal force in different parts of the orbit. 
 
 At e the two forces act at right angles ; through the half of the orbit, 
 e (I h, the angle is less, and the two forces act more in liarmony. The Eartli 
 is now rapidly approaching the Sun, so that at h it is three millions of miles 
 nearer than at c. At thi.i rate we would soon bo dragged to the Sun ; but 
 the Creator has wisely and beautifully balanced the forces witli the nicest 
 lueoision. 
 
 3'J. The two forces, acting so nearly in conjunction, increase the velocity 
 of the Earth, and the increased velocity strengthens the centrifugal force. 
 The Earth is accordingly driven away from the Sun through the half uf the 
 orbit h i e. The forces are hero acting nearly in opposition to each other ; 
 hcneo the velocity ia diminished, the centrifugal force is weakened, and th- 
 Earth is brouTli back in obedience to the centripetal force. 
 
 40. The Earth's orbit Isnot so elliptical as it appears in the Hgure. The 
 longer diameter is about the one-sixtieth part more than the shorter. Tlie 
 Earth is said to be in perihelion when nearest the Sun, In aphelinn when fur 
 thest from It. 
 
 The Earth is in perihelion In onr winter. As It moves more rapidly In this 
 
 jiart of its .)rliit, the time from the auluiniial to the vernal ei|uino.\ is abmit 
 eight days less tlian from the vernal to the autumnal. 
 
 Circles.— -41. As tlu; Earth is a sphere, all lines drawn 
 around it are circles. Tliose circles which measure the eir- 
 (uinfereuce of the Earth, or divide its surface into two equal 
 portions, are called </reat rij'i'lcs; tluise which divide tlio 
 surface unequally arc Ifsser cirdt's. The E(piat<)r and Ecliptic 
 are great circles ; the Tropics and Pdlar Circles are lessor 
 circles. 
 
 42. Every circle is supposed to Ijc divided into 3G0 equal parts, called 
 degrees ; each degree into 60 minutes ; and each luiiiute into tJU 
 .seconds. Degrees, minutes, and seconds have their approjiriate sigiiH, 
 —thus, 49', 2,5', 30", is read 4ii degrees, 25 ininutes and 30 seconds. 
 
 The Icngtii of a degree varies according to the size of the circle of 
 which it fiiriiis a part. 
 
 Zones. — 1:5. Tlie tropics and the pular circles divide thu 
 Earth into live bolts or zoiu's, which vary in toinporaturo 
 according to their distance from the Eipiator. (See 34.) The 
 belt between the tropics, 
 
 being the most directly 
 exposed to the Sun's rays, 
 is the hottest portion of 
 the Earth, and is theroforo 
 called the Tun-id Zone. 
 
 The Sun's rays fall very 
 obliquely u{)on the por- 
 tions within the polar 
 circles and the cold is in- 
 tense ; conso(iuontly they 
 are ealied friiiid zones— 
 the iVorthFriijid and the 
 South Frigid Zone. 
 
 ''zone 
 
 North 
 
 TORRID 
 
 SOUTH TEMPER/ifg 
 ZONE 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 /•'.'/. 7. 
 
 zii.m:^, 
 
 Those belts which arc situated between the tro[iics and 
 the polar circles are free from the extromos of heat and 
 cold, and are called t(mper<de zones— Wxk^ NuvUt Temperati 
 and tlie South 'l\}aiii-rntt Zone, 
 
 44. If the Earth's .surface were divivl-^il into 100 eijual part.s, thes.i 
 liarts would he di.strilmted among tlie /.cues nearly as follows :— 40 in 
 tlie Torrid Zone, 2(3 in cacli Temperate Zo.io, and 4 in eacli Frigid Zone. 
 
 Latitude.- -io. The pu.sitiun of a place may bo given by 
 stating tlit> zone in which it is situated. We often wish to 
 bo more definite, and it is both natural and conveniont to 
 give the distance from the Equator. This distance is called 
 hditude. If a place is on the north of the Equator, it has 
 nnvth liditnde ; if oil the south, muOi latitude. 
 
 The di.stancc from the Equator to either pole is 90°, which is the 
 iiigtiest latitude any place can have. 
 46. Latitude ia indicated on maps and glohes by lines or circles 
 
18 
 
 THE EAKTIL AS A PEAXET. 
 
 i-:' 
 
 Ciilled pardlth of latitude, wliicli are (iiiiwn east ami west betwean 
 
 the equator and tlie jjoles. 
 Degrees of latitude are num- 
 bered on lines ninning noith 
 and south, or alon;; the aides 
 (if the map. 
 
 4". The most simple mode 
 of Hndini; latitude in the north- 
 ern hemisphere is by t<\liinf; 
 the altitude of the north star. 
 At the Eipiator this stiir is al- 
 ways in the northern liorizon, 
 and as we travel north it rises 
 rei,'ularly in jiroportion to tlie 
 90 '■' distance travelled, until at the 
 
 Fiii. 8. North Pole it is directly over- 
 
 rAiiAi.LK.Ls. liead. That is, at the Equator 
 
 the altitude is ; at the polo 00 ' ; and at all intermediate places it i.s 
 
 exactly equal tu the latitude of the place. Tiius at Halifax the altitude 
 
 of the north star is 44° 38', which is the latitude. 
 
 48. Latitude can also be determined from the meridian altitude of 
 the Sun — that is, tlie height at nodii. When the Sun i.s in the Kquinoc- 
 tial, the meridian altitude at the K(]uator is 90°, and the altitude be- 
 comes less as til' latitude increases, until at the jwle the Sun appears 
 in the horizon. Therefore, to ubtain the latitude, wj subtract the alti- 
 tude from 90'. 
 
 49. When 'he Sun is not in the Kquinoctial, and we are on the oppo- 
 site side, we dd the declination to the altitude, and subtract the sum 
 from 90°, for *he latitude ; if we are on tlie same side as the Sun, wo first 
 subtract the declination from tlie altitude and then subtract the re- 
 mainder from 90". The Sun'.s altitude at Halifax on the 21st of Juno 
 is (1S° 52' ; from tliis subtract 29.^', the deolinatinn north on that day, 
 and we have 45° 22'; subtract this from 90°, and the remainder, 
 44° ?i.s', is the latitude. 
 
 Measurement of the Earth. -r.n. i!y obsorvatinn, we should fmd that 
 
 tlic eleviitidn ef tlie i)nl;ir ai-.w at Halifax is 41 ;!8' ; if we go <Iue north until 
 the star lias an elevation of \t> ;!S', we sliall have travelled one degree of the 
 Kartli's cireuiiifereiiee. AVe would find liy measurement, that the distance 
 travelled was i!ll|'^ Knglish miles: wliieh inultii>lied hy iiliO-tln' numlier of 
 degrees around the Earth - give '24,87<i miles for the Earth's ciiminiference. 
 
 U\. Near the poles, a greater distance must be passed over to obtain the 
 same increase of elevali'ii in the pcilar star, hence a degree of latitude is 
 slightly greater in high l.aitndes, (Nic Furm ofllu' E<irtli, S ) 
 
 Longitude. — 52. All jilacos due north or south of each 
 
 other liavc noon at jirocisely 
 the .«anie lime ; lieiiee, liiiu< 
 drawn north and south from 
 l)ole to pole arc called vn'ri- 
 (llons or noon fines. Every 
 place is .supposed to have a 
 meridian jiassiii^ throui,di it. 
 5:5. We say that Halifax is 
 in north latitude 44' :?«' ; by 
 which we state that it is 
 situated somewhere on a 
 circle passiiit;round the Earth 
 at that distance from the 
 
 Efiuatiir. IIow shall we determine the precise point whicli 
 
 the city occupies in tin! circle t 
 
 ^\\\\ 
 
 \ 
 
 Fifi. 9. 
 
 MKIillHAS.-. 
 
 5-1. We naturally commence at the Equator in csti- 
 niatinr; latitude ; but there is no such natural lino at which 
 we can beu'in in reckoning distance east and west. We 
 therefore fi.^ upon some one meridian and name it the^)s< 
 vifyiiUon. Distance from this first meridian is called longl- 
 tuili\ which is either east or irpff. 
 
 55. It is convenient that idl rockon from the same meri- 
 dian. Accordingly, throughout the British Empire, and 
 generally in tlie United States, that which passes througli 
 London is taken as the first, and a place is said to have 
 east or -.vcsL iu^gitude according as the meridian which 
 pnsics through it is eas', or west of that which passes 
 through London. 
 
 .It?. Meridians are cornted by semi-circles ; thus, tiie first meridian 
 terminates at the pole?, and the other half of the circle, on the opposite 
 side of till- EpT^b, 'n 180° distant, which is the greatest longitude a 
 place v?in have. Degrees of longitude are marked on the equator of 
 globes and lieniispiiere maps— at the top and bottom of other maps. 
 
 57. As the meridians all meet at the poles, it will be seen that they 
 are converging lines, and that a degree of longitude becomes constantly 
 less as we approach the poles. 
 
 The Eartli's circumference east and west being rather greater than 
 from north to south, a degree of longitude at the Equator slightly ex- 
 ceeds a degree of latitude. 
 
 58. The Earth's revolution upon its axis from west to east, once in 
 24 hours, causes an apparent motion of the Sun round the Earth in the 
 same time, but in the opposite direction. The Sun thus traverses 360° 
 in 24 hours, or 15° in 1 hour, or 1 in 4 minutes. Therefore for every 
 degree we travel west the Sun will So 4 minutes later incoming to our 
 meridian; that is, noon, as well as every other hour in the day, will 
 be that much later. If we travel east, the time will be earlier. 
 
 To Find Longitude .'">!) To determine our distance east or west of 
 
 London, that is, our longitude, we compare London time with our own. 
 A nicely constructed time-piece, called a chronometer, shows the time at 
 London, and we are one <legree east or west of London for every four 
 minutes by which our time is faster or slower than the chronometer. 
 
 (iO The following table shows the length of a degree of longitude in differ- 
 ent latitudr 
 
 Ilciiree iif 
 
 (icoiji-aphltiil 
 
 hiiH.ish 
 
 lICUVOl' of 
 
 (ii.M|{in})hical 
 
 KkiiImIi 
 
 latilud". 
 
 niiUn. 
 
 miles. 
 
 1 latitude. 
 
 tniica. 
 
 Itilk-s. 
 
 
 
 80.00 
 
 00.07 
 
 50 
 
 ;W.57 
 
 44,36 
 
 .'•. 
 
 60,77 
 
 (iS.Sl 
 
 55 
 
 34,41 
 
 30,68 
 
 10 
 
 .•lO.oi) 
 
 (i7,or) 
 
 CO 
 
 30,00 
 
 34,50 
 
 ].-. 
 
 .'■>7.'.15 
 
 (;(i.(i,5 
 
 05 
 
 25,.S0 
 
 20,16 
 
 20 
 
 co,;is 
 
 (i4,S4 
 
 70 
 
 20,. 12 
 
 23,00 
 
 2.") 
 
 .'■vt.as 
 
 (i2,.'-);! 
 
 75 
 
 I6,r).{ 
 
 17,S0 
 
 ;jo 
 
 r>\.Wi 
 
 60,75 
 
 80 
 
 10,42 
 
 11,08 
 
 •^-^ 
 
 4i>,l,') 
 
 6fi,.61 
 
 85 
 
 5,23 
 
 0,00 
 
 ■10 
 
 4,".,ll(i 
 
 62,85 
 
 1)0 
 
 0,00 
 
 0,00 
 
 4'. 
 
 42, 4S 
 
 48,78 
 
 
 
 
 OUTLINE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 
 
 The Earth a Heavenly Body.— Gl. During a portion of the year r. 
 lar-e and beautiful star may be seen in the western he.avens, shortly 
 after sunset. This evening star is the planet Venus. Tiie Earth is 
 very much such a tiody as this star. It is about the same size, and, if 
 viewed from the same distance, would probably look much like it. 
 
Equator in csti- 
 ural line at which 
 it and west. We 
 I name it the frsl 
 ian is called lonr/i- 
 
 m the same meri- 
 tish Empire, and 
 :h passes through 
 ;e is said to have 
 s meridian which 
 liat which passes 
 
 IS, the first nierklian 
 circle, on tlie oi>i)Osite 
 ! greatest longitude a 
 ed on the equator of 
 ,om of otlier maps, 
 will be seen that they 
 ie becomes constantly 
 
 ; rather greater than 
 I Equator slightly ex- 
 
 1 west to cast, once in 
 ound the Earth in the 
 n thus traverses 360° 
 Therefore for every 
 ater in coming to our 
 our in the day, will 
 vill be earlier. 
 
 tanco cast or west of 
 n time with onr own. 
 ter, sliows the time at 
 London for every four 
 e chronometer, 
 of longitude in differ- 
 
 OUTI.INE OF THE SOLAR SYS'L'K.M. 
 
 19 
 
 iphjcl 
 
 Khtliil, 
 
 iCS 
 
 Illlll-.1. 
 
 t.r)7 
 
 44.3.'; 
 
 ,41 
 
 S^..-'.^ 
 
 ,00 
 
 34,riO 
 
 ..■il) 
 
 20,1-, 
 
 i,.V2 
 
 23,00 
 
 .r,:i 
 
 17,80 
 
 ,42 
 
 11,08 
 
 ,2;{ 
 
 0,00 
 
 ,00 
 
 0,00 
 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 irtion of the year a 
 ;rn heavens, shortly 
 ;nus. The Earth is 
 he same size, and, if 
 look much like it. 
 
 •:! 
 
 
 AsiruMi.iuers inform us tliat Venus, like the Earth, i-otaiBS upon it.s 
 a.\;s and revolves around the Sun. 
 
 Planets. --t)2. Tliere are many other celestial bodies similar to tiie 
 Earth and Venus, which revolve around tlie Sun. All such bodies are 
 call'd I'UiiitU. Some of the jilaneta are smaller than the Earth, and 
 S'imeare \L-ry much larger ; some are much neaierthe Sun, others are 
 greatly iii ae remote. All are Mpaque bodies. 
 
 63. The following are the eight largtist pl.inets, in the onler of their 
 distance from the Sun ; — Mcrcuri/, \'inu.i<, the llartit, Man, Juj'iUr, 
 Hutufii, L'ranus, and Xtjftuiu: 
 
 soi.AU svsrt.M. 
 
 Their orbits form coneentric circles, as in llic iliiiL'rain. 
 
 Ixtween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter are ni;iny small pl.intts, 
 usually called ;/?<nit^)«/.s. The number n"W known i.s "- ;— all liave 
 been discovered within the present ceiitury. T.ie small planet Vulcan 
 is nearer the Sun tlian Mercury. 
 
 Moons.— 64. The Moon is an opaque body, and it shines by rellect- 
 ing the light of the Sun. It accomjianies the Earth around the Sun, 
 and whilst making this revolution it revolves 13 times around the 
 Earth. It thus makes a revolution round the Earth in il days, 7ii' 
 hours ; ai\d as it turns upon its own a.\i^ in the same tiui", it always 
 presents the same face to us. It is L'fU,000 miles distant from the 
 Earth, and its diameter is 2100 miles. 
 
 65. The Moon being a spherical body, the ."^un shines upon oidy half 
 of its surface at once. It appears in dilTerent phases, according to the 
 e.vteut of the illuminated surface presented to us. When the Jloon is 
 on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, the whole illuminated 
 hemisiiliere is turned towards us. This phase is called fall moon. 
 When the Moon is so situated between the Earth and the Sun 
 that we see only the edge of the illuminated hemisphere, we call it ncio 
 moon. 
 
 66. When the Aloon passes immediately between the Earth and the 
 Sun, it cuts otf the light of the Sun from a portion of tiie Earth's sur- 
 face, causing an ecli|)se of the Sun. 
 
 Again, when the Earth, in a similar manner, interceiits the rays, 
 We nave au eclijise of the Moon. An eclipse of the Sun can take [dace 
 only at new moon ; an eclipse of the .Moon otdy at full moon. 
 
 Eclipses do not occur at every new and full moon, because the orbits 
 
 of the Earth and Aloon not being in the same plane, the^u bodies and 
 the Sun are seldom in a stiaight line. 
 
 (17. Jupiter. Saturu, l'ranus, and Neptune are also aecnm,ianii(l by 
 moon.s. The moons are sonieliuies called .■mltllitii and snotidanj ihintts. 
 By observing the eclipses of .lupiter's siitellite.s, Lnndon time can bo ascer- 
 tained in any jiart of the world where the eelip.se is visible Tlie otiserver 
 reciuires a nauti<al almanac In wliich the caleidation for the eclipse is 
 made for Lnndon, 
 
 6S. The Sun. the Planets, the Moons, and a class of bodies called 
 Comets form the.iolur •Si/.^tem. The following table gives various faci.-? 
 relative to the Planets : — 
 
 Kii^ till vs. 
 
 I'l'liiln ,■ r.oiii llio 
 Sim III Kiig iiiiUd. 
 
 Lii.rOi (ir Vcnr 
 ill ilHJd. 
 
 .Nil. of 
 .Muulir. 
 
 .Mereury. . . . 
 
 Venus 
 
 Karth 
 
 .Mar.s 
 
 .Iiipiter 
 
 Saturi 
 
 tranus 
 
 Nejitune, .. 
 
 3. 1 to 
 7,7o0 
 7,010 
 4.1110 
 
 (lO.OlMJ 
 
 7f>,oi;s 
 
 3 4.. wo 
 42,000 
 
 37,000.000 
 
 ti'.l,"00,WO 
 
 01,72.-i,OOiJ 
 
 M 1.000,000 
 
 404,000.0110 
 
 11110,000,0 10 
 
 1.^22.000,(100 
 
 2. >( .',1,000.000 
 
 22.-. 
 
 3l-.> 
 
 (i.^7 
 
 4.3:;:i 
 
 lo.7.'iO 
 
 3(1, (W7 
 
 U0,02,"> 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Fi.xed Stars.- co. The Solar Sy.stem eiimprises only a few of the celestial 
 bodies. The nthers are called KL^ed Star.i, and are distin^uished liy their 
 silvery twinklhii.' liglit. They are suppnsed to be suns forming centri'.s of 
 .sy.stems like the solai system. Light eomes from the .Sun to us in atmut 
 eight minutes ; but 1 d nearest fixed star is .so remote that light is 3] years 
 in travelling from it to the Karth. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 70. Till' I'ollowiiiy Exercises will test tlio jtupH's i<iio\vlc(l,i,'c 
 (jf'.soiue uf the principles txplaiiiud in the picci(liiiL;.s(ction.s. 
 
 1. Why should the sailor climb to the top-mast when he wishes to 
 see the distant shore ? 
 
 2.. How much does the Earth curve in a mile ? 
 
 3.; What are the two theories by which day and night can be ex- 
 plained, and give the principal arguments in favour of the true theory? 
 
 (4. Just as the 9 o'clock gun was fired at Halifax, I observed by the 
 chronometer that it was 14 minutes past 1 on the following morning 
 at London. What is the longitude of Halifax? 
 
 \5.; Find in the Northern Hemisphere a city at which the altitude 
 of the Sun on the 21st of June is 83'' 30' ; the chronometer showing 
 London time to be 5 minutes to 10, a.m., when it is noon in the city, 
 
 (G.i Find a city in which one has no .shadow on the longest day in 
 the year, and on every other day the shadow falls to the north; and 
 at which it is 32 minutes past 7, p.m., when it is noon at London. 
 
 (7.) It is said that at the poles the year is divided into two periods, 
 six months day, and six months night; also, that when the Sun is 
 vertical at the Equator, the days and nights are twelve hours long, 
 over all parts of the Earth;— explain these contradictory statements. 
 
 (8.) Find a cape in the Northern Hemisphere at which, on the 
 longest day in the year, the Sun sets and, without any intervening 
 night, rises immediately in the same part of the horizon ; and also 
 where it is 20 minutes to 1, a.m., when it is noon at Loudon. 
 
 (9.) Two sailors left Halifax on a voyage round the world, the one 
 going east, the other west, du the following Christmas they met at 
 the same place. The one who had travelled east asserted that the 
 preceding day was Christmas; the one who had travelled west, that 
 the next ''ay was Christmas. Explain the causes of the mistake. 
 
 [10.) Suppose that the travellers, in the preceding case, went round 
 the world on the parallel of 45 , how many miles did each travel ? 
 
 (11.) What advantage in resp->ct to the Sun's rays has the 
 Northern Hemisphere over the Southern, and why? 
 
■■ "<«»iipv-.;s^ft^j/. 
 
 Ill 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 '20 
 
 THE EARTH AS A PLANET. 
 
 THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 
 
 71. Tlio Terrorstrial Globe i.s a representation of the Eartli, 
 sliowinir its forn), rotatory m " >n, tlie parallels, meridians, 
 and relative situation of jilace.?. It al.so enables us to illus- 
 trate many important prineijjles respecting the Earth in its 
 relations to the Sun. 
 
 The Wooden Horizon. — 72. The irLibe is .suspendcil in a wood.*- 
 riiifr, c.illeil tliC Wiwilni llnrizon, \vliii;h ie|ircscnts the liitioiiiil Iiorizon 
 nnd (li.-idcs the nl'j'ie into tlio u)ipi.'r and I'lwcr licnHs]ilii.Mo.s. Tlie 
 upper RurlUco of the wooden liori/.ou ia divided into six concontrie 
 oiicles, one of wiiieh {.'ivcs the 32 points nf the conipas.s. 
 
 7H. Tlip Innermost circle of the wnmlin liorizon slinw-i the iniii^lilitil'' uf 
 the liu;»veii!y Imclios ; tliat is, the arc nf tlie leirizon lying lictween tlie point 
 wlii-re ii lioily rises or sets iind tlic east or west jioinls nf tlie horizon 
 
 The second circle sliows the nzimiitli of the celestial hoilies. or the arc nf 
 the horizon between a vertical circle passing' Ihrouyh the body and the 
 north or .south jinints of the horizon. 
 
 The third circle pivos the jioints of the crnnpas.s ; the fnurtli. the ]'2 sii'ns 
 of t'le zodiac ; the liftli, tlie iiioiiths and d.iys cnrresiinniling to the .signs and 
 degrees ; and the si.\lh, the \1 calendar nmntli.-i. 
 
 The Brazen Meridian.— 71. A circle of brass, passins round the 
 {jlobc at rir'ht aii;;le.s to thiMipiator, is called the Drazen Meridian, and 
 soinetiu)e.stlie I'niversiil .Meridian. It i.s divided into four diuai jiarts, 
 or quadrants, taeh f,'iaduated from to !»U'. Two of thecpiadrants are 
 nuinbcred from the equator to the poles, fir .showing the latitude ; and 
 two from the poles to the ec|uat'ir, eiiablini,' us to elevate the poles t ■ 
 any reipiired hei:^h(. 
 
 The Quadrant of Altitude.— 75. A thin slip of br.iss, coi'eaponding 
 in its graduation to the bra'cn meridian, is called the Quadrant of 
 Altitude. It is numbeied from to KO", to enable us to find the 
 distance between places; and also from to 18^. for finding the dura- 
 lion of twilij;lit. 
 
 The Hour Circle.— 70. This is a circle, either of brass or marked 
 upon liie (.jlobe, around tiie north pole. It is divided into 24 equal 
 parts, rcpresentiu); honrs. It enables I's to find the ditlereiiee uf time 
 between places, and also the len(;tli of the day. 
 
 PROBLEMS. 
 
 I. To find the latitude and longitude of any place :— 
 
 77. BrinR tlio given place to the graduated edge of the brazen meri- 
 dian ; tin; degree marked over it is the latitude ; and the degree on the 
 equator, cut by the same edge of the brazen meridian, is the longitude. 
 
 EXERCISES. -7'^. Find (lie latitude and longitmL' of the followii i? 
 places : — 
 
 In.Kilc I.oiijllii.l' 
 
 Halifax \>i>. ii ;!>■ N.; (1;^ 30' W. 
 
 Ottawa ■»r)'2.V N. ; 7.V 4,^■ W 
 
 Cliarlollctuwn U\' 14' N. ; 03' Jo' W. 
 
 Quebec 40" 4 H' N. ; 71" 13' W, 
 
 St. John 45' 14' N. ; 00' 3' W, 
 
 London ra" 30' N. ; Lon. 
 
 Paris 48' fill' N. ; 2" -'o' K, 
 
 Cairo 30' '.>' N.; 31" IT/ K. 
 
 (':ipo Town 'Yi" fill' M. ; la" '.'S' K, 
 
 .•aloutla 22" 33' N.; fS'' lU' K, 
 
 NV.isliiiigtfin ; Jeru.saluin ; North Pole; NowOrleamii 
 (^nito ; Mcliiourm . 
 
 II. The latitude and longitude being given, to find 
 the place : - 
 
 70. Find the given meridian on the eqnator and brluK it to the 
 
 brazen meridian ; find the given latitude on the brazen meridian, 
 and beneath it is the required place. 
 
 When the place is found, all others having the s.aiue longitude can 
 be found, by tracing along the ed^'e of the brazen moridian from pole 
 to pole; and by turning the globe, all jilaces having the same latitude 
 will pass under the same degree on the brazen tneridian. 
 
 EXERCISES.— 80. Find the places situated as follows :— 
 
 (1.) N. lat. 41- 54' and fi. lon. 12'' 27' Ans. Rome. 
 
 (2.) N. lat. 39° andW. lon. 2S° Azores. 
 
 (3.) S. lat. 55' 58' and W. Inn. 07" 11' Cape Horn. 
 
 (4.) S. lat. 33° 50' and E. Ion. 1,S° 2S' ("ape Tuwu, 
 
 III. To find the distance b'Hween two places :— 
 
 81. Find the nnmber of degrees between the places with the 
 quadrant of altitude ; and multiply by CO for geographical miles, 
 or by C9,'n for English miles. 
 
 If the distance is more than II'V, nieasiiro it with a tliiead, and lind 
 the iiunilier of degrees by apidyinj the thread to tlie eijuator. 
 
 EXERCISES.— 82. Find the distance in English miles between the 
 
 fnlliiwiiig places : — 
 
 (I.) Halifax and Montreal \ii.f. 41)0 Eng. miles. 
 
 (2.) (.'ape Iliirn and Cape of (iood Ilo|ie 4140 ,, 
 
 (3.) Newfonndiand and Ireland 1830 ,, 
 
 (4.) Newfoundland and Vancouver Island 2'JOO ,, 
 
 (5.) A shi|) snails from Halifax to Liverpool in England; thence to 
 
 New York; thence to Ilio Janeiro; thence to Halifax: what is the 
 
 whole distance 1 
 
 IV. Two places given and the time at one, to find the 
 time at the other ;— 
 
 83. Bring the place at which the time is given to the brazen 
 meridian; set the hour circle or index to the given time; turn the 
 gloue until the other place is brought to the brazen meridian; -the 
 hour circle will sliow the required time. 
 
 EXERCISES.— 84. The followin,' can bo verified by calculation :— 
 
 (I.) When it is 12 o'clock noon V London, what is thetiiueat Halifax ! 
 Aii.^. 7h. 40in. a.m. 
 
 (2.) When it is 1 o'clock in the afterncoa at Ale.vandria, what time ia 
 it at 1 iiiladelphia I An:'. A.M. 
 
 (3.) Wiien it is 1) o'clock in the morning in Halifax, what ia the time 
 at Ottawa ! Aiis. 8li. r2m. a.m. 
 
 (4.) When it is 4 o'clock in the afternoon at London, what is the t'lne 
 at St. IVters'iurg ? Aim. I'.M. 
 
 (5.) When :' is noon at Halifax, what time is it at Melb nirne ! 
 Aim. Ih. 54in. A.M. 
 
 V. To find the antipodes, or place directly opposite: — 
 
 35. Set the poles of the globe on the horizon ; turn the globe until 
 the given place comes to the eastern horizon ; observe the number of 
 degrees the place is north or south of the eastern point of the 
 hcizon -the antipodes will be the same number of degrees on the 
 opposite side of the western point, 
 
 EXERCISES,- 80, Find the anlipndcH of the following places :— 
 
 U.) LoniloM l/i.^ .Vntipodes I.iland (nearly). 
 
 (2.) Halifax... 41* 38" S. lat. ; 116' 24' E. Ion. 
 
 (3.) The llerniudai The south-west .<( AuHtiali.i. 
 
 (4.) C.'ipe lloin The uasl of Lake ilaikai. 
 
 VI. To rectify the globe for a given 'niace:— 
 
 8". Elevate the pole on the same side of the equator, as many 
 degrees above the wocdcu horizon as lu'c equal to the latitude uf the 
 place. 
 
 When the kIoIm' I* I. 'titled, if the given plaoo b« brntubt to the brasou 
 
 meridian 
 wooden 1 
 
 EXEK 
 
 Halila 
 (,'alcutt! 
 
 VII. 
 
 or the as 
 mediate 
 
THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 
 
 21 
 
 B brazen meridian, 
 
 same longituJe can 
 meridian from pole 
 ^ tlie suuio latiluilo 
 iilian. 
 
 jljows : — 
 lis. Rome. 
 
 Azores. 
 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 Cape Town. 
 
 places :— 
 
 e places with the 
 eographical miles, 
 
 a t!ire:ul, and lind 
 i equator. 
 
 iiiilt's between tlie 
 
 .f. VM) Eus. miles. 
 
 ....414(5 
 
 ...1830 „ 
 
 ....2y0() 
 
 wiglaiid; thence to 
 
 lifax ; what is tlie 
 
 ne, to find the 
 
 'en to the brazen 
 en time; turn the 
 n meridian; -the 
 
 )y calculation ;— 
 le time ut Halifax I 
 
 idria, wlmt time is 
 
 , what is the time 
 
 what is the t'Uio 
 
 I at AK'lljdurne ? 
 
 ly opposite : - 
 
 II the Klobe until 
 vi> the number of 
 rn point of the 
 )f dcjifrees on the 
 
 iriK plaees :— 
 nearly ). 
 C':'.r ]•;. Ion. 
 
 Aiistlali.i. 
 taikil. 
 
 i:— 
 
 uator, an many 
 L> latitude of the 
 
 iitlit to tlio bratuii 
 
 rrr^j 
 
 iii.riilian, it will Ijc in the zenitli or hi(,'iipst part of the globe, and the 
 w ooden horizon will become the true horizon of the place. 
 
 EXERCISES.-88. Rectify the nlobe fur the foUowinc; places :— 
 Halifax, St. .lolin, Mexico, Juan Fernandez, St. Helena, Quito, 
 (.'alcutta. 
 
 VIL To illustrate the three positions of the sphere, 
 
 or the aspect of tlie lieaveiis ut llie eqiiatur, lliu jiolcs, and any inter- 
 mediate place ; — 
 
 '1.) At the Equator.- s;» place the pnlcs in tlie horizon. It will he seen, 
 liy turning the globe, that the equator and p.iralk'l.'i ahviiys out the horizon 
 at right angles ; that whatever nt.ay be the Sun'n ileeliiiation, he will rut the 
 horizon at right angles at sunrise and sun.set : and that as thi^ iiarallels are 
 all divided enually by the horizon, day and nij.'lit must be e^iual throughout 
 the year. 
 
 This is the aspect to one situated at the Kiiuator.and isoalli d the rhj},f .ijiluri-, 
 
 (2.' At the Polo. - !)0 Elevate the north pole llir, Tlie equator now corre- 
 ppond.s with the horizon, and all the iiarallel.s are parallel with it. It is 
 manifest that all the celestial bodies north of the eqiiinoi'tial must be eon. 
 s antly visible anil move around in eireles, as the Karlli revolve.'', the size of 
 the circle defending on their elevation. 
 
 01. The Sun will eonie above the liori>on at the vernal eipiinox, and will 
 move around the horizon in a kind of s|iiral, rising higher every day. until 
 hi.' attains his extreme elevation iit tlie suininer solstiee, when ln' will ile- 
 .seenil, until he sets at the autumnal equinox, not to apjuar again for six 
 nionilis. 
 
 Suci. Is the aspect at the North I'olo. It Is called the iimnlh i .s/./o nr 
 
 (.3.) Between the Kquator and thd Pole.- !»■.'. Ity taking dlii'erLnt posi- 
 tions on the glolie, as 10", 'Jo , liir, nnd reotifyiiig the globe to the several 
 1 ititudes, we shall find that as we ap|iroaeh the pole, the equator, iiarallels 
 of latitude, anil the Sun at his rising and setting, cut the horizon more 
 obliquely. Any .such iiosition is ealleil an / '■/17".' c/i/oti'. 
 
 IKS. To illustrate further, elevate the north pole ^!>', the position near tlio 
 middle of Nova Seotip,. 
 
 The polar .tar has here an elevation of 4.'i''. and all the stars within that 
 ilistanee of the jiolar star will Im- constantly above the horizon, luovlng 
 urounil in eireles. It will be seen that the horizon divides the equator 
 I i|ually. and all the piirallels uneqiiiilly, and hence that when the Sun is in 
 the eqninoetlal. day and iii;.'ht must be ei|ual, and at all other times un- 
 equal , also, that from the vern.il to the antumn.il eqiiinov. when tlie Suii is 
 In the Northi'rn Hemisphere, the iliiys will be lon;.'rr than the ni^dlts, ai'd 
 during the other halt of tlie yeiir sliorler. 
 
 04. We e;in see, ton how twilL'lit is h.nger In hli'h hitlludes than neiir the 
 Kquator, for a |ilaoo unn have twilight only when the .sun Is within la uf tliu 
 horizon. 
 
 VIII. To find the length of a degree of longitude in 
 aiy given latitude : - 
 
 05. With the qnadraut of altitude take the distance between any 
 two meridians along 'he ijiven parallel, and multiply by 4, for 
 ((eographical miles. Vo convert Kcojfraphical to English miles, 
 multiply by C91, and divide by GO, 
 
 The miTldlans are laid ih wn upon the globe l.'i" ap.irt, nmki'ig Jl In all, 
 (iUe for eiieli .lOiir in the dillereiin of time. 
 K\i'relses e;in be tiikeii from the tiilih', p.i.-e Is 
 
 IX. To find the Sur/s place in the ecliptic on any given 
 day:— 
 
 90. Find thcdayof the Month on the wooden hori«on, and opposite 
 to it in the circle coutalnli k the sittus of the zodiac are the si){n and 
 decree in which the Sun is situated on that day ; lind the same slffn 
 and detfroc of the ecliptic on ii.v> globe, which is the Suns place. 
 
 EXERCISES, 07. Find the Hun'n I'laee on the following dny» 1— 
 
 (1.1 March ;|0 Ann. Arlen. 
 
 (■J 1 Miiy n Id* 'JUl doKice of Tiiiiiu* 
 
 (M. AuKuitt in 
 
 (4 ' DeerinliiM' 'i\ 
 
 (6 I'ehruary 4 
 
 X. To find the Sun's declination on any given day :— 
 
 Dd, Find the Sun » place iu the ecliptic for the given day, and biing 
 
 that place to the brazen meridian ; -the degree marked over it is the 
 declination. 
 
 I'.y turning the globe, all places to which the Sun is then vertical will j. i^s 
 under that degree. 
 
 EXERCISES —;«t Find the Sun's declination on the following days, .and 
 tlie places to which lie will then be virtieal : — 
 
 (l.)May 10 1 U.S. 17" .'to' 
 
 (2.) June 21 1 /OS. 23" 27' 
 
 X September 21 
 
 '4. .lanuary lo 
 
 XI. To find the hour at which the Sun rises and sets 
 at a given place on a given day :— 
 
 100. Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; find the Sun's 
 place in the ecliptic, and bring it to the brazen meridian. Set the 
 hour circle to 12 ; turn the globe till the Sun's place comes to the 
 eastern edge of the wooden horizon, and the hour circ'.,' will show 
 the time at which the Sun rises. Turn the j;lobc till the Sun's place 
 comes to the western horizon, and the hoi>r circle will show the time 
 of sunset. 
 
 Having the time of mnrise and sunset, the leimlli of the day can readily 
 be fouml Also, the :iiiiplilnde of the Sun can be found by nb.serving the 
 point cut In the horizon by the Sun's place In the ecliplie. 
 
 EXERCISES. 101 Find the time at which the Sun rises and sets ; als.i 
 • lie length of the day and the amplilnile of the Sun on the 21st of .luiie and 
 the 21st of Kei'einber, at the following places : - 
 
 1 Halifax ; 2 London : :t Canton ; 4 I'lipe Town ; ,''1 Lima ; li (Quebec. 
 
 /Iii.i. 1. Hises, 21st.liine, 4h. Um ; sets, 7h 4*ni 
 
 Alls, ['i.) Rises. 21st Deeember, 71i. 4,''iin. ; sets, 4h. I.'iiii. 
 
 XII. To find the duration of twilight at a given place 
 on a given day : 
 
 111-'. Rectify the globe fur the latitude of the place; bring the 
 Sun's place iu the ecliptic, on the given day, lo the brazen meridian : 
 set the hour circle to 12 ; fasten the quadrant of altitude upon the 
 brazen meridian, over the given latitude ; turn the globe till the 
 Sun's place comes to the western id^'e of the wooden horizon. The 
 hoiir circle will now show the time of the Sun's setting, or the be- 
 ginning of twilight. Continue the motion of the globe we>tward until 
 the Sun's place coincides with 18' on the quadrant of altitude below 
 the horizon, aim the hour circle will then show the tiiue at which 
 twilight ends. 
 
 EXERCISES. ■ 10:1 I'Ind the duration .,f IwiliL'lit on the " i|h Maieli, 
 21st .Mine, 2Hril Se]itenil er, and 21sl December, at tli" follnulng plaeeil : 
 
 I. Nova Scoti.i piriillel of 4.'i ; 2. Orkney islands; ;i. Noiwuy (i;il* ilo j 
 4 The Kqmilor 
 
 A11.1. The length of twilight at the iibnve pliees, on '.!iMli Minh mid 2: rd 
 s. picudier, is I Ih :ioni ; 2 2h l.'iiii. ; :i :ili l.'.m. , I Hi IJiii 
 
 XIII. To find the length of the longest day and the 
 longest night \t any given place in the North Frigid 
 Zone :— 
 
 liM. Rectify the globe to the latitude of the place; bring the hk- 
 cendiuR signs of the ecliptic that is. those going before Cancer 10 
 the north point of the horizon, and observe what degree of the ecliptic 
 is cut by that point; lind on the wooden horizon Ww, day and month 
 corresponding to that degree, which will be the commencement of 
 the longtst da) Friiig the desoemliug sii,'ns those after Canter 
 to the north point of tlie horizon, and observe what degieo uf tho 
 ecliptic Is cut by that point ; the corresponding day on tho woodou 
 horizon will show th ' time of Hiinset. 
 
 The beginning and end of the loiigciit nl.:lit can be found, by pioi ling In 
 
 the siiine manner with the ■ouHurn point of the horUoii 
 
 EXERCISK. lo.'i Find tlic 
 71 :io N 1,1 
 
 Ann Heveiily s .v.qi di.>« 'I'hi 
 I IhetWlh of.luly. 
 
 length of Hie Imigest ility nt < ipe Nmlli, 
 SUII rliieii ou the llthnf ,M,;y. and li-tn on 
 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR. 
 
 --ti 
 
 MOirXT IIKCI.A. 
 
 Tho Earth's Crust.- 1. TIio outer portion of tlip Earth is 
 cilloil till' cnisf. Near tlic mirfiico we UKiially find loose 
 niatcrials, calli'il soil, cartlis, jiravol, and stones. On di^'^init 
 tlirouuli tlieso we eonie to solid roek. 
 
 Miners linvn poni'tnti'il intn (lip RartliV crust nrnrly 40<hi fent. TIip 
 prcftU'nt ileptli renolict. below the lovel of tiio i>cn ii nbout 2000 feet, in 
 Vr\\K»\ix. 
 
 1!. The inntoriftls fnrmins tlie Kfiriti'n prnnt nrp ilivlilcd into .Siw;i/i' 
 nnA ('"mi'OKiiil. All ('iiniiKiniul bmlici vt\\\ W .ifpiiriitcil into two <'i' 
 in<iio HiMi|il<> Imillpi". (i'<ilil i» n Kiin|ili' Hiili»tiint'i>, I'pi'mikc it cnnnnt lie 
 I'PKolveil into ok'inentary |mrt», H'li^r in ii poiniiound sul)stanop, lip- 
 
 p.iuse it pon bp sp|mrntcil into tliP eloinpntR o.vfififti nnd Inidroiifii. Tlip 
 nnmbpr of ilpniPiits, or Riniplo snlmlnncPH, of wliicli cvor^tliim: is 
 potnposcd, po fur ns dispovrry liiin (Irtoriniiii'.l, iit iil>ont. si.xly. Tlioy 
 (irp KonictiniPH fonml in lliiii- Hini|iip stato ; but nimi' fii'ipipntiy I wo 
 or inniv ail' poinliiniii, tlois t'ornnn;.' tlio nmt('ii;il of wlii'li rvoiytliiiijj 
 niinrriil, vpl'c lal'lp. nnil iininm! is p(iiii|ios(i|, 
 
 !!, Tlii:< mutoiiiil )ir<in>;lit Mmli'r the )iohpi- of vouctiiblp or animal 
 life is pallril Oriiniiic Moltci'. It kopuib dtranup lliat tlio l)paulit'iil iiihI 
 fnic'ant rosp, ntul pvpn oi\r bodips, i<lionli| bo iiiontical in mbslnnco 
 with tlip parllis anil Ka»p«, SopIi in thp fiPl, TIip camp |)ivino Power 
 tliat rulli'il all IliioL's out of notliiiii: is still working in I'mt inynlprious 
 |iriiipi|ilp wo i'\\\ lil'c, pnabJiuL' pmpIi living biiiij; t" sek'it itsu|iiiioiirialo 
 food, and tiaiisform it t'l ilH own kind and slinpe. 
 
 i !• 
 
 
 4. 
 animal 
 frost, 
 kind: 
 or san. 
 
 5. 
 cuttinij 
 
 M 
 
THE LAND. 
 
 '23 
 
 
 '^vdAlA. 
 
 liHilvoi/ni. The 
 
 •li I'ver.vtliinu' is 
 
 ml sixty, Tlicy 
 
 tVciiiiciilly Iwo 
 
 rhic'li overjlliiiiK 
 
 I:i1ile or nniiM:\l 
 lii'niiiit'nl mill 
 
 ill Ml)isl;ilii'0 
 
 111' Miviiio I'dMcr 
 lliiit inyxlcriiniii 
 I iUu|i]iro|ii'i:iU 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 4. The loose earth called soil is fonneil from dicuyeJ vegetable aiul 
 animal matter, mingled with [larticles of rocks Ijroken up by rain, 
 frost, and other atmospheric influences. Soils are of three princii'ul 
 kinds, according to the prevailing rock in their composition — l:iilicioUii, 
 or sandy ; Calcareous, or limy; and AnjUlaceuus, or clayey. 
 
 5. Rocks belong to two grout classes. If we e.vmiiino a decii railway 
 cutting or a clitf, wo siiall find the ruck #.ither ar;angcd in layers ur 
 
 /■V/. 11. 
 
 U (1 INSTiUTtFIED KUCKS. 
 
 b h SXliATlFIKli Rdi KS. 
 
 sti'.ita one above another, or in irregular masses. The lirat kind is 
 called Slnitijivd, the second i'nslralijicd. 
 
 C. When loose earth is carried by streams into lakes or .seas, it settles 
 to the bottom in horizontal layers or strata, and, by pressure, becomes 
 solid rock. It i.s suppo.sed that the stratilied rock ■ have been formed 
 iu a similar manner; hence they are also called .li/iitous and Sidi- 
 lurntarii. llemaius of animals and [ilauts are often found inilieddcd 
 in these rocks. 
 
 In volcanoes vast masses of melted matter called Uira are thrown 
 out. Wheu the lava cools, it assumes the unstratilied form. Hence 
 uuslratilied rooks are supposed to have been formed by the agency of 
 lire, and are sometimes called Iijiicoit.i rocks. They contain no fossil.-i. 
 
 7. Aqueous rocks usually occupy the surface, soniciinics in horizontal 
 layers, but more freiiueiitly tilted up at various angles with the horizon. 
 iSometimcs, jiarticularly in mountain ranges, igneous rocks are fnund 
 thrust up through the aqueous. The North -Mountain iu Nova Scotia, 
 formed of Imp ruck, is an exaiuplc. 
 
 The Interior.— 8. We cannot judge with absolute certainty respecting 
 the condition of the interior of the Karth, Various facts tend to estab- 
 lish the opiniou that it is in a highly heated liipiid or gaseous state. 
 
 In many places on tlie !•'• .ih's surface there .are volcanoes, or luiriiini/ 
 moHiilfiiiis, which send out tlame, smoke, and incited lava. In other 
 places there are hot springs, ;is the ijrijmrs of Iceland, finm which issue 
 I'oiling water and steam. It is found, on digging into the Kiirth, that, 
 lifter the first 80 or HO feet, the temperature increases regularly by one 
 degree, Fahrenheit, for every (JO feet of descent. At this rate, the 
 heat at the depth of 40 or 60 miles, would be sutlicient to melt the 
 iiurdest substances. 
 
 The Terraqueous Globe.— y. If we cinild v'm' u few iiiiKs 
 iibovo tliu Eartli aiul l<iok down \\\Mn it, one of the lirnt 
 iispecta to eateh the eye would bo the land and water 
 Hurfuce. A Khinoo at the hentiupliores will shuw that iibutit 
 tliree-foiirths the surface are covered wit li water, and one- 
 fourtii with land ; aim) that about three-fourths the land are 
 on the north of the Kijuator. rurlher, liy referenee to the 
 ^tlobe, it will be Hren that tlie Kartli's mirfaee may be rh 
 divided tliat nearly all the land will be in one lieiniHiilure, 
 of whieli London will be nearly tlie eentre, 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE. -Brin^ London to the lunzon me- 
 ridian, mid clovate the north polo e(|ual to tho latitude, Most of the 
 Ituid will now be found In the upper hemisphere. 
 
 10. The boundary liuo betwueu tho land and the water— 
 
 
 
 
 «•^». 
 
 .sj 
 
 .\..'P4; 
 
 /•■/.'/. 12. 
 
 LAMi .\Mi WAlKll Hi;MISI'lir.lll;s. 
 
 that i.s, the f-fiore Hue, or codtil line — is very irregular, the 
 land jutting out into the sea, and tin; .sea running up far 
 into the laud. 
 
 The coast line is dependent on the heiglit of the land comjiared with 
 the sea-level,— elevations above that level causing a land surface, and 
 depressions a water surface. The coast line in many places is under- 
 going changes, according to the iHKililics uf the land,— the snfter pails 
 wearing away by the ever active and intruding sea, the more duiabic 
 standing out iu sharj) (loints. 
 
 11. This commingling of the ocean with the land is one of the most 
 important points to be noted in the physical features of a country. The 
 sea has a more equal tcm|ieraturo than the land, and thus modilio!) the 
 extremes of heal and cold in tlmse cnuntries which it penetrates, lint 
 tho princi|)al bcnelil arising from the breaking up of the laiiil by inlels 
 of the sea, is the ease thus albirded for intercoinmiiniiation between 
 ditl'ereiit countries. Isolation is always a barrier to prosperity and 
 civilization, and iu no way is intercourse so easy and perfect as by 
 water. 
 
 THE LAND. 
 
 Divisions. — U'. The land, eoniprising about one-fourth 
 the Earth's surface, is i7(iH times larger thau Nuva Scotia, ur 
 ei|Mal.s a square of 7lso miles. 
 
 Tho jirineipal part of tliis area is found in two great 
 bodies called Contiiifiits, tho Wislfni Coiitiiicuf, and the 
 KuMfin t'untiiini/. Tho Easteru C'outinont is alioiit twice 
 as large as the Western. 
 
 There is also a large number of smaller portions of laml, 
 siu'rotuided by water, which are eidled /n/iiiiiln, Australia 
 is by (ar tho largest island, and is sonieliuies called a con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Tho Continents.- i:i The Western Continent has its 
 greatest leiigili math and south, and coniprises two divisions, 
 
 Xnrt/i Aiiii'rifii and Smilh Ann rim, which are lonneelcd 
 by a narrow neck of land called the hiliinun of I'anniiut. 
 
 The Eastern Continent Htretehes furthest east and west, 
 and coniprises three divisions— A'kc/^'. A/tiK, and Africa, 
 
.■<wMr~tais,»' 
 
 \V 
 
 24 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRArriY. 
 
 Iiiclndiii^' Australia, we have thus six yreiit divisiuiis ut' 
 iaud, each of whicii is suinetiuies ealled a coutiueut. 
 
 A liDily of lanii Ikis heon discovered towards the Soutli Pole, wliich is 
 called the Aiildvctic ('uiitineut. Its exU-iit is not known. 
 
 14. ]'y leftieiice to tlie map, several iuterestiug features may be 
 noted resjjecting the continents : — 
 
 (1.) Tlioy siirurul out in liroad masses towards tlie north, approachinc near 
 to er.eh other and tormhiating ahniptly nem th(3 parallel of 70 ; whilst in 
 the south, they taper to points at (ape Horn and the Cape of liood Hope, 
 which are far aiiart. 
 
 (2.) The i;-re},'ularities of the e.ast coast of America c:onform generally to 
 those of the west coast of the Kasteru Continent, the projections of the one 
 oon-espondins; to the indentations of the other. 
 
 (3.) Hoth contir.ents have their irreatest extent caFt and west near the 
 jiarallel of 5u' north latitude, and their greatest extent nortli anil south 
 nearly corresponds with meridians. 
 
 '4. The peiiiiisulas, with the exception of Yucatan .America and .lutland 
 in KurojK', jiroject towards the south. 
 
 (f). 1 South .\meric,i, .\frica, aiul .Vustralia, on the south, have much greater 
 regularity of coast line than .Nortli .\merica, IJirope, and .\sia, on the north. 
 
 Mi. , Knrope and .\sia each terminates ia three penms\das on the scnith ; — 
 Spain, Italy, and (.'rcece, in tlio one ; .\rahia, Hlndostan, and Further India, 
 in the other. 
 
 Islands. —15. Tslaiuls dillVr fiDiii continents in being of 
 Rinaller size. Tiicy usiitilly occur in gioup.s near tlie con- 
 tineiit.s, as the West Indies and the British Isles. It is 
 suiiposed that many of such ishmds were unee connected 
 with the mainland. 
 
 Islands are very nmnemus in the Pacitic and Indian 
 Oceaii.s. The groiiii.s in these oceans are collectively called 
 Ocfttitia. 
 
 The fdllowing are the twelve largest islands, not including 
 Australia: — 
 
 (t'rceii/nnif, Jlonico, Papua, Mnilafjmrav, Siinia/iv, Xeir 
 Zi-afniKf, Gnat Jlrllain, Celehcg, Jisso, Jam, iSa(//ialitii. 
 
 I'i, Many islands aio of volcnnio origin. Tlif y are usiiiiUy elevated, 
 nnd some of tliem still contain active volcnnoos. Now iidiiiids of this 
 kind are oi'cas'onally tliiown iij) in llie midst of tlio sea. One ap- 
 peared in 17t^>l oil the coast id' Iceland ; and one in ISIil on the count 
 of .*^icily. Uolli these islands siil)sei)nently di.sap]jeaied. 
 
 ^7. Many islands, ptirticidarly in the trojiicul parts of the PaeiHi>, 
 owe tlieii' crk'iii tn the coral insect. Tlieso little creatures secrete lime 
 niiil other siihstiuiees from the ndter, wliich they form into roi^k. 
 They cannot live in deep water or on dry html. They therefore com- 
 mence operations on lucks and shoals within two hundieil feel of the 
 surface, and cease on reachin;; the level of the sea. Ceiallinu islands 
 are HomelimeB fiii titer elevated by volcuiiiu force, but they uru uaually 
 low. 
 
 18. The islatidn of the Pacific often prewnt a highly pictureBtitie 
 appearance. Some of llicni, as Whitsunday, coiiHist of a rinn of low 
 land with II la^;ooii in the centre; others, like Tiihiti, are snrrounded 
 hy a huooii which is Hcparated from the ocean by a coral leef. 
 
 Surface.- lO. '''he hind j.s cNceeiliii.i^ly vnrietl in respeet 
 to eli'Viuiidi above tiie sea. Sometimes the iLseent from the 
 water's edge is ;;entle; in other iilaeeH, tlit^ shore line is pre- 
 (■i|iitoHH, varying in height from a few feet to Kcvenil liiintlred 
 feet. The highest land is usutilly in the inlcrior. Tracts itf 
 
 land arc ealled jdaiuf!, plateaus, hlUs, yiountains, and vaUetjs 
 according to their elevation. 
 
 Although the land is generally higher than the level of the sea, 
 there ate di.stricts where it is otherwise. The most remarkable ile- 
 [iiessions are in Western Asia, near the Caspian and Dead Seas. The 
 surface of the Dead .Sea is 1312 feet below the ocean level. 
 
 2i). Tiiere are inanj extensive Jiiid comparatively level 
 tnict.'i, varying in elevation from a few feet to tlireo miles 
 aliove the se;i,. Wiieii under 500 or GdO ft^et high, they are 
 called phtinf, when more eleviite-l, /iluteaits or table-lands. 
 riiitcaus arc often rainless deserts, destitute of vegetation. 
 A great desert extends nearly across the Eastern Continent 
 from west to east, passing through Northern Africa and 
 Central Asia. 
 
 The most extensive jdains in tip; Western Continent are 
 in the middle of North America from the Arctic Ocean to 
 the Crulf of Mexico, and on the east of South Americti ; tin; 
 most extensive in tiie Ivistern Continent are in the north ot 
 Europe and Asiti. 
 
 21. The mountain ranges, witii few cxception.s, run in the 
 direction of the greatest length of the land. They are also 
 freiiuently on one side of the ctamtry, presenting a loiiu and 
 gentle slope towtirds the more distttut ocean <ind an abrupt 
 descent to the other. Observe the Andes of South America. 
 
 22. Lofty mountains are found in all the great divisions; 
 but tho.so of Asia surpass tlie others in extreme height. 
 Miiunt Everest, a peak of the Himalayas, 2!),(U)(J feet, is the 
 hiuhest known hind. 
 
 The mountains of Aup'rica are more easily traced than 
 those of the Eastern Continent. 
 
 23. Mouiilains do not usually consist of single narrow ridges, but 
 arc more freipiently of great breadth, sometimes comprising two or 
 more parallel ranges separated by valleys or plateaus, 
 
 24. The greater part of the Earth's surface has but a moderate 
 elevation, so that, notwithstanding the great heights of certain )iarts, it 
 has been eomiuited that if the land were icduceil to a uniform level, it 
 woiihl not exceed leOi) I'eet above the sea. 
 
 'lo. Mounlaitis and hilh are of great impoitance in promoting the 
 Ir.tinage of a country, and in sujiiilying it with per<'nnial streams. 
 The lain which falls upon their Mimmils reappears itt springs .iloiig 
 their siiles, and instead of standing in poids an \ itiarshes, exhaling 
 poisonous miasma, it tlowg down the slopes in brooks and rivers. 
 
 2(). Mountain ranges generally form the parting grounil 
 or irati>r-s/iftl between streams ilowing in opposite directions. 
 The Rocky Mountains ami Andes are water-shed.s. 
 
 Some important water-sheds are iiuito low ridges or mere swells in 
 the surface. Thu souives of tliu AlissJNNippi and Volga are cxampleH. 
 JStreanis often make their way through miMintain ranges by deep 
 gorges. 
 
 27. On mountains and table-lauds thu cold rapidly in- 
 crea.ses with the elevation. 
 
 i I 
 
 
*■, ami valUiji 
 
 ;vel of the sea, 
 reiiiiukHble de- 
 lead Seas. The 
 
 ratively level 
 
 three miles 
 liiyli, they are 
 r table-land''. 
 jf vegetation, 
 'I'll Continent 
 n Africa anil 
 
 Continent are 
 rctic Ocean to 
 America ; tlio 
 
 1 the north ot 
 
 ns, run in tlie 
 Tiioy are also 
 ng a long and 
 md an abrupt 
 jutii America, 
 eat divisions ; 
 
 .'nu; heiglit. 
 
 n Ceet, is the 
 
 traced than 
 
 nw ridges, but 
 iiisiiig two or 
 
 int a moderate 
 
 'rt:iiii jiai'tf, it 
 iiitunu level, it 
 
 lirnnuitiiij; tlie 
 iiiial streams. 
 hpriiigK aliiii)! 
 she.i, exhaliiiK 
 '1 rivers. 
 
 tinjr K''i"lf"l 
 :e directionu. 
 
 .4. 
 
 nicro bwcIIk in 
 are exaiii|iluii. 
 iiuc'it by deep 
 
 rapidly in- 
 
 RIVERS— LA KF.S. 
 
 25 
 
 It is a singular illustration of the adaptation of the Earth to its 
 inhabitants, that liii;hlands occur most frequently wliere tlie sun's rays 
 are most vertical. If the northern part of the continents were tahle- 
 hinds, they would be uninhabitable throu^rh intense cold. 
 
 23. Mountains were probably formed by ujtheavals caused by the 
 expandinji power of the great iicat in the interim r of the hearth. The 
 same cause is still at work, gradually producing similar results. 
 
 In various parts of the Earth the subterranean tires ha\ okcn 
 through the crust in volcanoes, where vast fpiantities ot i.iva are 
 poured out. About a century ago, the volcano of Jorullo burst forth 
 from a plateau of Mexico and in a single night raised a mountain over 
 4U"0 feet high. 
 
 In 1S22, a portion of the coast of (Jhili was elevated three f.ct. A 
 portion of Sweden, along the Haltic, is being gradually elevatdl at the 
 rate of a foot in twenty-live years. 
 
 Volcanoes are usually near the sea, either on islands or maritime 
 parts of the continents. Some of the most noted volcanoes are Vuto- 
 IKixi, in South America; E(ua, in Sicily; and llcda, in Iceland. 
 
 20, Earthiiuakes are movements of the ground, varying in degree 
 from slight tremors to the most violer.t concussions. They are ninsi 
 common in volcanic regions, and are supposed lo ne occasiuned by the 
 i-.ime causes as volcanoes. Sometimes ihe ground rises and falls, like 
 the waves of the sea; and sometimes It has a circular motion, like that 
 causi-d by throwing a stone into still water. 
 
 In the great earthquake of 1757, which lasted about six uiinutes, 
 almost every building iu Lisbon was laid in ruins, and 60,000 persons 
 lost their lives. CaracMS was destroyed iu ISl'J, and 10,000 persons 
 were killed in less tli,"i a luinuto. 
 
 Rivers.— 30. If all the rain wliich fails uium the Eartii 
 wore to run off innncdiatcly almiL; the .surface, tiic lowlands 
 would in the wet season he inundated, ami in seasons ot 
 drought wo would iiavc no water — neitlier streams, s])riHgs, 
 nor wells. A large jiortion of tiie rain anil melted sno v 
 .sinks into the ground, until bi.'ing arre.-^h'd in its cour.so by 
 rocks or clay, it makes its way to tlio surface again in t'le 
 i'onn of springs. Springs give rise to brot)k3 and are tlie 
 primary sources of rivers. 
 
 Some rivers iiave tlieir origin in hikes; otlicrs are formed 
 by the melting of snow and ice on iiigii niotmtain.s. 
 
 Some of the leading features to be noted vesiiecling rivers 
 are tlieir ronrtic, length, volmnr, iuid C'lucil//. 
 
 31. The course of a river depends on the hlopo of the land. Hosi<lo8 
 the pilncipal slope towards the sea, Riving direction to tli main 
 stream, subordinate slopes on each side strike inward.s towards the 
 main stream, contrnlllm; the course of the tributaries. Hence (he 
 territory drained by a river and its tribie iriea appears ns if Bcooped 
 out, anil is ciilied the rin r Imxin. 
 
 .\11 the basins inclined towards any pnilicidar ocean constitute a 
 fi'ri'r tiMem, A ridgo of land Hcparati«K ditlerent basins or systeini! 
 is called a wntershed. {Sie -Jti.) 
 
 3'J, On the watershed which parts the waters of the Mississippi 
 fiiiiu tlioRO of tiie St. Lawrence there are said lo be several iiiKtancis 
 of buildings so sitnati'd that the rain which I'alli on one side of the roof 
 runs into one basin, and that which tails on the opposite side into the 
 other liasiii. 
 
 'AX The length of a river depends upon Ihe dislaiico of the water- 
 shell from the si a, and upon the windings of the river. 
 
 The volume or siase of a river is regulated by the extent of its ImhIh 
 and the bun idity of the country within the limits of the bunin. Tlio 
 
 volume often varies greatly at ditlerent seasons of the year. This is 
 very marked in tropical countries. Tlie Nile is one of the most re- 
 markable rivers in this respect. The Ainazoii, in South America, is 
 the largest river in the world. The MississiiijU and the Ht. Lau-reiar, 
 iu North America; the YanijtscKiiin<i, ll'iang IIo, Amour, Obi, 
 Vetii.-ii, and Lena, in Asia; tlie Site, in Africa; and the Vulija and 
 Ihunihi', in I'lurope, are great rivers. All excrpt the Danube are 
 over 2IIU0 miles in length. 
 
 34. The velocity of a river ueiiends on the slope ahmg which it 
 tlow.s, on the depth of water, and its windings. A very deep stream 
 will flow rapidly, impelled by its own pressure, where there is little 
 descent. The Amazon is said to have a fall of only 12 feet in the last 
 700 miles of its course; and the Volga to have a fall of only Ooii feil 
 through Us whole length. 
 
 Frequent windings retard the vckcity. Tiie ujipcr coui'.^e of a 
 river is usually the most rapid. 
 
 35. 13rooks and rivers are bu.sy agents in changing the lace id' nature, 
 —ever tearing down and building u|). The torrent rushes doun the 
 mountain side, wearing deep ravines; the sluggish stream of the plain 
 haves the debris along its banks or bears it onward lo form dcUiiH at 
 its mouth. 
 
 lirooks and rivers ar'^ of great use lo man. They supply him with 
 I'ure water, they fertilize bis tields, furnish a motive power for 
 inachiiiery, and form a highway for the travellei and the merchant. 
 The most fruitful soil is found along the margins of rivers; here arc 
 situated tlie chief iulaud towns, and here are the most busy scenes of 
 huiuaa industry, 
 
 Lake.s.— :Ui. Lakes are usually frcsli wadr eiilli'cted iu 
 basiu-iike Imllows. Tiny ;ue dividetl into I'mir classes: — 
 
 (1.) Thoac iildch lU'i'liir rcfiiie hoc .s'c/k/ nut siriamii. 
 (2.) y7io.<c aliicli Stud uui s'n.tmn Liit nctive /kojc. 
 (3. > Those uliii'h rtfiUis .itnaiug, htit liiitr no fi.siUc oiitlit. 
 (4.) Those nhich both riuivc niid mud out xtmtinn. 
 
 "7. Lakes of the first class are often found in the craters of extinct 
 Volcanoes; they, as well as those of the second class, are usually small 
 and derive their supply fruiii springs. 
 
 33. Lakes of the third class discharge tleir surplus waters by 
 evaporation. Tiny are all salt except /.(tki. Tthud, in Africa. Such 
 lakes are most nunicrnus in Asia. Tlie (Ai.ijiiitn, Anil, and Jtcnd 
 .s'l'd.i, and (inut .S(i/< /.akc of North America, belong to this class, 
 
 3'J. Lakes of the fourth class are the most nunieious, oecurrinij 
 aloiiij the courses of rivers, particularly in northuni latitudes. The 
 great lakes of North America and of Oeiitral Africa are the largest 
 fresh-water lakes. 
 
 40. The /trad Sea. 1312 feet bi,l.,w the r-oa l.vel, is the lowest l.ike 
 known; Sir-ikol, in iJiiitial A.sia, l.'i.tioo tVot above the sea, is the 
 most elevated, TiitMai, iu South Aluericu, has .iu elvvalioii uf 
 12,S60 feel. 
 
 THE SEA. 
 
 Extent. 11. The nca cuvers iilmut thne inurtlis uf the 
 I'l.irtii's Hurl'ace. Its area is computed to be i'i|uiil tu a 
 si|Uare uf over 12,li(iO miles. 
 
 Dopth,— 42. The lieifof the Ken has all the irregtilaritici 
 of HUrface which we see on the land. Hence the depth 
 varies greatly in ditlerent parts, it is nuppuHcd that tho 
 greatest depths are not less than eight ur ..iuu mik'8. llu* 
 
i^^msuaam 
 
 26 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 WIIAI.IC HSIII.VO. 
 
 liiililo iiieasuromeuts have been made to the Jeptli of about 
 five miles. 
 
 Tlio pressure on the lower waters of the sea is very sre.it. If ;i 
 ooiked liottle be letdown empty, tlie cork >vill be forocil in. 
 
 Contents.— 1:5. Soa water contains several mintjral sul)- 
 stauees, as common salt, lime, magnesium, potassium, and 
 iodine. 
 
 Some of those substances arc extracted from tlio water, in large 
 quantities, by marine animals, in tlie formation of sliells and coral. 
 New supplies are contributed liy the rivers, so that the composition of 
 bea water remains unchanged. 
 
 Temperature.— 44. The sea maintains a more uniform 
 temperature than tin; land. 
 
 The waters of the ocean are ever ehanpinR place — flowing back and 
 firth between the jiolar and C(|uatorial rcf-'ions, so that the same water 
 is not exposed for a long time to intense lieat or cold. Also, in warm 
 regions evaporation is very copious, liy which the accumulation of heal 
 is prevented ; and iu cold regions water parts with its heat less readily 
 than laud. 
 
 Divisions. — 4,^', Althom;]! the ocean forms one iireat con- 
 nected I'ody, it is usual to consider it as separated into five 
 lirinciiml divisions: — 
 
 27ie Atlantic, Pucijic, Indutn, Arctic, and Antarctic 
 Oceans. 
 
 Branil"* of fiiese oceans, extending,' into the land, lake 
 various uumoa, va seas, bays, gn(fs, channels, and straits. 
 
 id. The Atlantic lies on tho east of America, which it separates 
 from Europe and Africa. The Polar Circles are its northern and 
 southern limits, and the Ecjuator divides it into North and Soiah 
 AVnittic. 
 
 The principal branches of the Atlantic are, on the American side, 
 Davis' ,Stmit, finffin's Bay, Iliuhon's Bay and Strait, the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, Bay of Fumly, Half of Mexico, and tlte Caribbean Sea; 
 on the eastern side, the Xortli Sea, Baltic Sea, Bvijlish Channel, Bay 
 of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Uuinet 
 
 47. The Atlantic varies in l)rea(ltli from 000 to 4000 miles It is of gre.it 
 importance in a ctiumiercial point of view, forming tlie Brcat liigliway hu- 
 tween America and Kurope A 6ul)niarino plateau in tlio North Atlantic 
 forms tho bed of tlie telegrapli cables botwoeu Newfoundland and IrelaniL 
 
 48. The Pacific is on the .vest of America, separating it from Asia 
 and Australia, and it extends from Behring's Stiait, on the north, to 
 the Ant,arctic Circle. It is divided into North and South Pacific by 
 the Equator. 
 
 The chief branches of the Pacific are the Qnlf of California, on the 
 American side; Behriny Strait, the Sea of Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk, 
 .Sea of Japan, Ydloin Sea, and China Sea, on the coast of A.sia. 
 
 llehring Strait, connecting the Pacilic with tho Arctic Ocean, is 
 about thirty-si.\ miles wide. 
 
 41). Tho extreme breadth of the raclftc Is about 10,000 miles, or nearly halt 
 the clreumfiTt^ieo of tlio lOartli. It is noted for the number of iU island: 
 'rhi.'t Kreat oci'iiii was: unltniiwn to lOurapeaiis uiifil IT)!;), when It wiis dis- 
 covered liy a Spaniard nanuil llallioa, wlio eron.ted the Isthmus of I'auania. 
 The part of Hie nceaii scrn from the iiioimtiiiiis of tlin istliinui lay on tho 
 Boulh. from which the raeidc rceiivcd tho name of thn South Soa. 
 
 MaReilan, who crossed tliis ocean in If.^l, ealliil it the I'aeiHe, bt auso ha 
 unuountuied no stormii on Ida voyaKu 
 
 50. The Indian Ocean lies south of Asia, having Afriwi on the west 
 and Australia on tho east. Tho Antarctic Circle is tho sontliern limit. 
 
 Its branches arc Mozaml'iiur Channel, Bed Sea, .\rabian Hca, 
 Persian Uulf, and the Bay uf Bengal. 
 
ft' 
 
 m 
 
 a? 
 
 hicli il si.'paiatea 
 its nortliern and 
 Xortli and Soutli ! 
 
 B Atiieiican side, 
 
 tiie Gulf of St. 
 
 Caribbean Sea; 
 
 'sh Channel, Bay 
 
 It is of great 
 rent lilRhwiiy be- 
 Ncith Atlantic 
 iiiul Hiid IrulaniL 
 
 ng it from Asia ' 
 on the nortii, to 
 
 "iouth Pacific by 
 
 I 
 
 difornia, on tlie ' 
 Sea of Ok/iotak, 
 
 iif Asia. 
 ii'ctic Ocean, is 
 
 Ics, or nearly IiaK 
 iif it.i islaiidf 
 v;\h:\\ it WHS dis- 
 iniH of I'luinnia. 
 liiim:) lay on the 
 III Sea 
 ille, Ik auno ha 
 
 -ioa on the west 
 
 I Boiitlicrn limit. 
 
 Arabian Sea, 
 
 TIIE SEA. 
 
 L'7 
 
 61. The Arctic or Northern Ocean is on the nortii of America, 
 Europe, and Asia, witliin tlie Arctic Circle. Its principal branches in 
 the Eastern Hemisphere are tlie White Sea, Sea of Kara, and the 
 Gtdf of Obi. It is much broken by islands on tiie north of America. 
 
 Tiiroughout a long winter this ocean is covered with ice of prcal 
 thickness, wiiich breaks up in the spring and drifts down in vast 
 masses, called icbcrgf, into tlie North Atlantic. 
 
 52. A navigable route from the Atlantic to the Pacinc. through the Arctic 
 Ocean, was long sought witli great ardour. The most memorable and disa.s- 
 trous expedition for the discovery of Vic Nnrtli-Wcd Ponsiirii: as the route on 
 the north of America was called, was that commanded by sir .lohn I'rankiin, 
 who sailed from England in 184.1 with two sliip.s and VMi men. None of the 
 party ever returned. One of the crew was a Nova Scotian 
 
 .OS. Whilst in the search fur Franklin, Captain M'Clure, entering by 
 Behring Strait, m.ade the whnle pass.age on the north of America to the 
 Atlantic; but he was compelled to leave his vessel frozen fast, and to go pp.rt 
 of the way over the ice. 
 
 Navigators have often m.ade unsuccessful attempts to reach the North 
 Pole. The nearest point yet reached is 82' 4;')', by Captain Parry. 
 
 t4. The Antarctic Ocean is situated within tiie Antarctic Circle. 
 Tlio colli is even more severe than in the Arciic, and tiio ico extends 
 furtlier from the pole. 
 
 The highest latitude reached in this direction is 7S' 4', I'y Sir, Tames 
 Ross. 
 
 In 1841, Kir .Tames Tioss discovered an extensive tract of land in the 
 Antarctic Ocean, tn which bo gave the name fif Victoria Land. He .-il-o 
 di.scovered a lofty volcano, 12,400 feet in height, which he called iMdinit 
 Erebus. 
 
 Tiio Arctic and Antnrctio Oceans are tlio favourite resort of wlirijes, 
 .a the capture of whicii many vessels are engaged. 
 
 Motions of the Sea.— ;")5. TIio wator.^^ of tlio dccui Iiave 
 three kinds of movements, arisincr from distinct c'lnso.s— 
 waves, tides, and currepts. Y>\ tlic unceasing .ijiitation of 
 its waters the ocean is preserved from putrefaction. 
 
 Waves.— .'iO. Waves are a.tritations of tlie surface water, 
 usually occasioned l»y the wind. Except in shallow water, 
 and when the wind is very stronir, there is iid onward How 
 of water; hut each wave communicates its motion to the 
 iie.\t. 
 
 .17. It is tliouglit th.Tt oven by the i ost vident \\ iiids the water is 
 not distnrlicd to a greater dejilh tiian iyw feet. 
 
 Tiie higliest waves are found in tlie Atlantic, oil' the Cape of (J.mkI 
 Hope, where, from the hollow or trouiik of the sea to the crcd nf the 
 wave, the height is sou'Ctimes forty feet. 
 
 The rise of waves is (distrucled by ice-c;ikes or sea-weed fi lating on 
 the water, and by dcn«f fog.s. Throwing oil iip^n the surface will al.-o 
 prevent the rise of waves. 
 
 Tides. — 58. Tiie ocean is ever clian!;iii;; its level. The 
 waters rise for about six iioiirs, tind then fall fur the same 
 time. This alternate risiiii; and fallini.' of the ocean is called 
 t/ieddc. When the water is rising,' we call it jhiod tUh' ; 
 when it is falling;, cW (iile. 
 
 6P. In the open ocean the height n; l.io tide- thai is, the difTeroncc 
 if level between hni! water and hi'jh water— \n from three to si.>t feel ; 
 but when the water is furced up narrow liays, the tide is much hi.'her. 
 in the Hristol (Jhannel tlie height is from forty to fifty feet, and in the 
 bend waters of the Hay of Kundy sivly or seventy feet. In inlaii'l 
 seas like the C;ispian, Illack Sea, and IJaltic. there are no tides. 
 
 00. The tides nre caused principully by the attraction of the moon. 
 
 They are .also considerably modified by the attraction of the sun. This 
 liody beirg more remote, is thought to exert only about one-third the 
 influence of the moon. 
 
 t1l. Water having but little cohesion among its particles is easily 
 dis|ilaced by any force acting upon it ; and as the attraction is strongest 
 directly beneath the moon, or where the moon is vertical, the water is 
 drawn to that meridian from either side to the distance of 00°. The 
 whole body of the sidid e.arth is also drawn towards the moon, whilst 
 the waters on the opposite side remain behind, f rming another convex 
 ridge.* Thus there are two meridians 180° apart, at which it is high 
 water simultaneously, and ether two intermediate, and the same dis- 
 tance from each otlier, .at which it is low water. This is shown in the 
 diagram. It is liigh water at a and li, low w.ater at c and (/. 
 
 >■.. 
 
 N\ 
 
 A -. 
 
 M 
 
 .S] 
 
 3-.-. 
 
 I M 
 
 /■•",. II. 
 
 NK.AI' HITS. 
 
 At the meni's quarters the sun and moon net at right angles, ns 
 shown in this diagram. They are then said to be in <iii/>ij.iilit)n. as I he 
 sun jiarlially counteiiu'ts the moon's inlliience. It is high water nl (( 
 and b, but the ti'h-s are low, and are called neap tides. 
 
 ' The above U the common explanation of thu oppoiiltu llilu, but it Is open 
 to obJectloDi, 
 
 sritisd TinKs. 
 
 Now, as the Earth turns upon its a.xis from west to east, the two 
 convex ridges of water, rei^resented at a and '), move round the Earth 
 as immense tidal waves from east to west, bringing high water to all 
 places twice every day. 
 
 G'2. If the moon were stationary, the time between one iiigli water 
 and another would be exactly twelve iiours ; Imt in consequence of the 
 moon's progress in its orbit, it is a little later ea^h day in coming to 
 any ('articular meridian ; hence the time between two consecutive tides 
 is about twelve and a half hours. 
 
 The greatest elevation of the tide is a little after the moon has 
 passed the meridian. 
 
 63. Sometimes the sun's influence is combined with the moon's, 
 when the two Iwdics are said to be in eonjiinrliini. This occurs at 
 new moon, when the siiti and moon are on the same side of the Kanh, 
 as shown in figure 12; it also occurs at full moon, when they are on 
 op] Obile sides of the Euth. At such times the tides are very high, 
 and are called s/iriaij tide.*. 
 
 # 
 
2H 
 
 PHjSICAL GEOGRArilY, 
 
 G4. Tlic foreftoinR theory of tlie tides is on the supposition that the Earth's 
 mrface is wholly coifered with water. It requires considerable modiUciition, 
 ill cnnsequence of the interference of the land 
 
 It will be seen, by reference to the map of Nova Scotia, that Halifax 
 Harbour and the mouth of the Shul)Bnacadie are nearly on the sar 3 meri- 
 dian. It might I)e supposed that they would liave high water at \ .le same 
 time. But it must l)e remembered that the tidal wave pas.ies around the 
 llarth from east to west. The Bay of Fiindy opens to the ocean on the west, 
 and the wave cannot flow in until it lias passed the extreme west of the 
 province. Its mution ujp the Bay is then from west to cast 
 
 As the Bay liecomes narrow near its head, the water is crowded; the tide 
 rises higher, and flows more rapidly. 
 
 Currents. — 05. Broad currents, like vast rivers, arc ever 
 Howiiig tluuii;,'li tlic sea. An excliangc of waters is tlius 
 kept u]) between tlie Eqiiator and tlie poles, and among the 
 (lift'erent ocean.s. A current ilowinj; from the polar towards 
 tiie equatorial regions acquires a westerly tendency, and one 
 flowing in the opposite direction becomes more and more 
 easterly as it advances. 
 
 (16. Navigators arc in the habit of throwing bottles into 
 the sea, containing slips of paper stating where they were 
 cast out, and when. The bottles course along with the 
 current. Every navigator who falls in with them iiote.g the 
 place and time on the paper, and sends them on their 
 voyage. 
 
 Tiie products of tlie West Indies are often cast upon the 
 phores of the Azores and Ireland ; the products of Ciiiua are 
 curried to the Aleutian Isles; and drift-wood is carried from 
 Xortherii Europe to Iceland. 
 
 Tlicse are some of the jiioofs of the existence and direction 
 of ocean current.^. 
 
 G7. The following ai'c the iiviiicipal Currents ; — 
 
 {"[,) IlumlohU's Ctiviriit, (lowing' nortlicnstii-ly froui tlic AiitJU'ctio 
 Ocean into tlie Pacific, along the west ciast of Souili A'liioiica. 
 
 (2.) The JCqi(at(}rial Current of the Pacific, tlowiiig we.stei-iy fivmi the 
 vest Coast of America to Asia aiiil Aiistiaiia. 
 
 (3.) The Mozuwli'iiie Viirrcnt. wliicli is ]U'opeily a contiiination "f 
 (lie preoeclini: aero^.s tlie Indian O.'oaii to tlie east co;i.-?t of Africa, 
 where it tlows soutlierly tliroiigh .AIiizaiiil'i(iiie Cliaiinel to the C'a|ie of 
 tiood Hope. 
 
 (1.) 7'/.c Equatorial Cvrrent of the Atlantic, flowiii^r from the Ant- 
 arctic Ocean to tiie west coast of Africa, ami thence westerly to Soiilh 
 A inerica. 
 
 (T). ) The ('III/ Strerim, flowing iioith-easiei'ly from the (lulf of Mexico 
 to Northern Europe. 
 
 (0.) The I'lilar Current, sotting down from the coasts of (Ireenlar.il, 
 R mlherly helweeii the (iiilf Slreaiu ami the coa^t of Nortli Aiiierica. 
 
 (7.) 7'he Japan Current, flowing north-easterly across the Pacific 
 from the Indian Ocean to the north-west of North America. 
 
 (8.) The Okh'it.ik- Current, (lowing southerly along the cast coa.'^t of 
 Asia inside the Japan Current. 
 
 (.8. A current Hows from the .\ll;intic into the Mediterranean; anotlicr 
 from the Indian Ocean into the \Ui\ Sea. There arc many other currents, 
 cnnie constant, ollicrs viiriuble, in illtfcrent jiarts of tlie ocean. Also, it has 
 I'cen kIiowii that where surfiice currents llow in one direction, counter 
 currents llow in the (ip|ioKite direction. Thus an under current Hows from 
 the Mediterranean to tlie Atlantic. 
 
 GO. The Uulf Stream is the tuo.st rcinaikatile ainl iiiiportant of all 
 
 the currents. An immense volume of water, eight or ten degrees 
 warmer than the surrounding ocean, passes through Florida Strait 
 with a velocity of four miles an hour. As it proceeds northerly it be- 
 comes broader, but diminishes in velocity and temperature. Near 
 Newfoundland it turns to the east, and, whilst crossing the Atlantic, 
 it divides into two branches — one passing nnitherly to the British 
 Islands, the other southerly along the coast of Northern Africa. 
 
 70. The triangular space lietween the Azores, Canaries, and Cape Verd 
 Islands, forms the centre of a great whirl of waters. It is called the Sar- 
 gasso .Sen, and is covered with matted sea-weed, whicli greatly obstructs 
 navigation. 
 
 71. The effects of ocean currents are very important. They speed 
 the navigator in his distant voyages, and they exercise a marked in- 
 fluence on climate. 
 
 The Gulf Stream warms the coasts of Northern Europe, and the 
 Japan Current has a similar effect on the western shores of North 
 America. Humboldt's Current liatlies the hot shores of Chili with 
 the cold waters of the Antarctic Ocean, The Polar Current from the 
 Arctic is le.s.^ genial on the eastern coast of Jiritisli America, retarding, 
 with its chilly north-east winds, the advance of spring. 
 
 72. All tlie eau.ses on vhich ocean currents dejiend arc not well 
 known. It is probable that the two prineiiial causes are the Kaith's 
 rotation on its axis, an<l the great heat of the Torrid Zone. 
 
 The rotation of the Earth gives rise to the centrifugal force, in obe- 
 dience to which the waters rush to that ]iart which is furthest from 
 tlie centre of motion— that is, the Equator. This tendency of the 
 waters towards the Equator is increased by the excessive evaporation 
 within the tropics. We thus have currents flowing from the Arctic 
 and Antarctic t)ceaiis, particularly from the latter, which Las the 
 most complete communication with the other oceans. 
 
 73. The w:itcr from high l.'ititudes cmnot at once acquire tlio more 
 rapid rotatory motion from west to east which it finds on approaching 
 the Equator. It accordingly becmes more and more westerly in its 
 tendency, and finally flows towards the west in the Equatori.il 
 Currents. 
 
 74. The interference of tlie l.'uid furnishes a modifying influence, by 
 which tl'.e direction of a ciurent is often changed. Thus the Equato- 
 rial Currents, striking ai-ainsl the ca^t side of the coiitinciits, are 
 nrivsted and chiuiged in their course. Jieing now turned towards the 
 p lies, the current has a more rapid rotatory motion tlian the jiarts of 
 the Earth to which it is flowing; itcousequeiitly assumes more and niore 
 an ea-^terly course, as we see in the (Julf Stream and the Japan Current. 
 
 Long-coiitiinicd high winds sometimes exercise an influence on 
 currents. 
 
 {For rarliiii.'! r Icrctfiiif; facwi and j}ri,iciiiles, ace Muurii's " IViii.si- 
 C(il Ueoijrajiliil uj (he !<ea.") 
 
 THE ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 Extent. — T.'i. The atmosiihcrc, or air which we breathe, 
 .'^uri'ounds the Eartli on all sides to the heiglit of forty-livo or 
 lifty miles. It moves with tiie Earth in its rotation on its 
 axis and in lis revolution round the Sun. 
 
 Composition.— 7(5. The atmosphero consists principally of a mixture 
 of two gases— m7/'o.'7''» and ii.i-ii;?en — in the projiorti'iii of 7!' of nitri- 
 geii ;ind 21 of oxygen in every 1(10 part". It also contains a snmll frac- 
 tion of carbonic acid gas, and a variable quantity of watery vapour. 
 
 Properties. 
 
 Air has so little cohesion among its 
 
 i 
 
t or ten degrees 
 ;h Florida Strait 
 Is northerly it be- 
 aperature. Near 
 ■ing the Atlantic, 
 y to the British 
 rn Africa. 
 
 3, and fai)e Veni 
 is called the Sur- 
 greatly obstructs 
 
 atit. They sr'ced 
 ise a marked in- 
 
 Europe, and the 
 Bhores of North 
 es of Chili with 
 lurrent from the 
 aerica, retarding, 
 
 nd are not well 
 
 3 are the Karth's 
 
 Jone. 
 
 ral force, in obe- 
 
 is fiiithest from 
 tendency of the 
 sivc evaporation 
 from the Arctic 
 
 which has the 
 
 icqiiirc the more 
 on approaching 
 westerly in its 
 
 the I'>iuatori;il 
 
 ng influence, by 
 us the Kqiiutu- 
 continetits, are 
 led towards the 
 n the parts of 
 more and more 
 'apiiii Current, 
 iulluence on 
 
 urt/'s '• I'lnisi- 
 
 we liroiltlie, 
 
 fnify-live or 
 iitidii mi its 
 
 y of a mixture 
 'f 7!' of nitr 1- 
 s n uniull frao- 
 ry VMpniir, 
 
 tllliuil<' itd 
 
 THE ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 W 
 
 liaiticles that it is eiisily displaced, and wo move about in it 
 without feeling the slightest obstruction. 
 
 Except when laden with condensed vapour, the atmosjiherc 
 is perfectly transparent, so that objects are seen through it 
 with the greatest clearness. It is not, however, quite colour- 
 less ; for when we look through a large volume of it, as up- 
 wards into the sky, or at a distant mountain, it appears of a 
 biue tint. 
 
 Air is exceedingly elastic. If we nearly exhaust it from a closed 
 vessel, the little that remains will expand and fill the whole space. 
 
 78. The air has iveigki. Its pressure at the level of tlie 
 sea is nearly 15 jiounds to the square inch. A column of 
 air of the full height of the atmosphere is equal in weiglit to 
 a column of water of equal base 34 feet higli, or to a column 
 of mercury 30 inches in height. 
 
 70. Tiy means of atmnsjilieric pressure water rises in the p\inip to the 
 height of al)Out ;U feet ; also, tlie mercury is sustahied in tlie tulie of the 
 barometer to the height of about '.M inches. Tlie pre.ssure varies witliiu 
 certain narrow limits, according to the temperature, humidity, and elec- 
 trical state of tlie air, causing a corresponding variatimi in the heiirlit .if 
 the mercury in the barometer. This instrument, therefore, becoiiies an 
 index of the condition of the atmosphere. 
 
 80. As we rif,e above the sea-level, the density and pres.sure of the 
 air rapidly diminish. At the heiu'ht of 20,000 feet, the pressure is re- 
 duced less than half. Thus the barometer is use 1 for determining the 
 elevation of mountains. In conseipionce of the diminished pressure, 
 water, mercury, and other liquids, boil at a lo.ver temperature on 
 mountains. 
 
 The density and pressure of the atmosiihere are essential to iuiimal 
 life. On high mountains breatiiing i.s ditiicult, and the blood bui'sts 
 from nnse, eyes, .and cars. 
 
 81. The oxygen of the air is the great supporter of combustion : 
 hence where there is a scanty siqiply of air, the lire goes out or burns 
 feebly. Air is also essential to animal and vegetable life. The Creator 
 has wonderfully provided that tlie two great classes of oruaiiic exist- 
 ences shall each give to the atmosphere greater adaptation to the wauls 
 of the other. Carbonic .acid, which is highly poisonous to animal iil'o. 
 and is cojiionsly thrown from tl'.e lungs in brcTlhiiig, is absorbed by 
 the plant as the most nutritious food. 
 
 Reflection.— 82. Objects become visible by the light which passes 
 from them to the eye. Some bodies, like the sun, are luminous, 
 emitting light of their own ; others are dark, and are seen by rcllect- 
 ing or throwing olV the light which they receive from some luminous 
 body. 
 
 The atmosiphere reflects the light of the stin. ami thus dilVu.scs the 
 r.iys over the Karlli. Were it not f'r this jiower of the atmosphere 
 the sun would appear as a bright spot in the licavens, whilst all el-e 
 would be as dark as night. 
 
 8:!. Twilight Is also dependent on the same eatise When the sun i.i not 
 more than Is below the horizon, the r.ays of light wlili'h strike the hiirhrr 
 'egions of the aliiios|ilii'ie are tlu'iiee relleeted to the Karlh. As more rays 
 thus lliul their way to the P'arth when the sun Is near the horlzou, day and 
 night come on gradually. iSiv Karlh <i.t u I'hiiul, 1)4.) 
 
 Refraction.— 84. If we hold a straight stick oldiciuely in a tub of 
 water, it apjieiirs broken or bent at the surface of the water. 
 
 ri.ace a coin in an emply b.isin, and stand b.ick until the coin is 
 hidden by the edge of the basin; now pour in water, ami alihmigh the 
 
 eye and the coin have not changed their position, the latter will be- 
 come visible. 
 
 These experiments illustrate the refraction of light. The rays re- 
 flected from the stick and the coin, on passing obliquely from the 
 water to the less dense air, are bent, so that the object ajjpears more 
 elevated than its real position. 
 
 85. The rays of the sun, in their passage through the atmosjihere, 
 are constantly jiassing from a rarer to a denser medium. Conse- 
 quently, when the rays are oblique, which is always the case beyond 
 the trcpics, they are so refracted as to cause the sun to ai>pear more 
 elevated than its real jiosition. Thus, when the sun's lower edge 
 appears just on the verge of the horizon, the whole body of the sun is 
 actually below, and would be invisible but for this projierty of the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Temperature. — StJ. The air receives but little heat from the sun's 
 rays on their passage through it, but is chiefly heated by contact with 
 the Earth, or by t! e r.adiatioii of heat from the land and water. The 
 teuiperature rapidly diminishes as we rise above the sea-level. 
 
 .Asa general law, temperature diminishes 1° for every 300 or S.'iO feet of 
 elevation. At the height of lO.OuO or IT.ooo feet, mountains in the hottest 
 parts of the Karth aro covered w,itli iperjietual snow. 
 
 Vapour.^87. Water, in tlie form of invi.sible vajiour, i.s 
 constantly rising from the Earth into the atnu)s])here. 
 
 In a hot day we sometimes ."^iirinkle tlie lloor witli water 
 to cool the room. In a short time the water has all di.s- 
 iippeared, for its particles absorbed the heat, expanded, and 
 lloated away. 
 
 88. Copious evaporation depends on three conditions — 
 a wet surface, stnuig heat, and wind to bear away tlie air 
 idrcady saturated with vapour. Ilriice most vapour ri.ses 
 from the sea within the tropics. As the water-inrfari' is 
 greatest south of tiie Equator, we may conclude tiiat most 
 vapt)ur will be Ibrmed in that hemispju're. 
 
 Very little watery vapour ri-,os liiyher than five or .six loiles abovo 
 the .-i.A-lcvi.1. 
 
 WINDS. 
 
 Origin.— 811. The air, owing ti, its light ii<^«s and rla.sfjrity, 
 is easily .set in motion. Winds are currents of air. They 
 arc occasioned chiefly by heat. 
 
 If the door be .<((-t open between two adjoining rooms, <»no 
 id' which is warmer titan tin; otiicr, a current of cold air 
 will lie found near the bottom of th(^ door, flowing from tiio 
 cold room into the warm; whilst near the top of tlie door 
 a warm current will flow in the opposite direetion. A 
 liuditeil taper iield in the dooi'-way will show the direction 
 of the currents. 
 
 In like manner, flicre an' eiirreiits and coiintev-eurrents 
 in the atniospliere, We often see clouds near flio Earth 
 inoviim in one direetion, ;ind others more elevateil moving 
 ill tlie opiiositc direction. 
 
 a 
 
:fm!rf:-',:)k jm'V:;mii^'^^^^''^^^^ ■■ 
 
 il 
 
 ■60 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRArHY. 
 
 Different kinds of Winds. — 90, Winds are usually divided into 
 three classes— /merman en?, periodical, and variable. Permanent wind? 
 lilow constantly from the same direction : from their benefits to navi- 
 gation, they are usually called trade icinds. Periodical winds blow 
 from the same direction during certain times of the year or day, as 
 the monKoons and /atid and aca breezes. Variable winds shift at 
 irregular intervals. 
 
 Trade Winds.— 91. The trade winds prevail over the greater por 
 tion (if the Torrid Zone, extending a few degrees each side in the Ten - 
 perate Zones. They are more regular on the ocean than on the Ian i. 
 On the north of the Kquator they blow from the north-east, and jn 
 the south from the south-east. 
 
 92. Near the Equator, between the north-east and southeast trt de 
 winds, there is a belt of calms; and there are also two other similar 
 bi.'lts bordering the trade winds on the north and south. These bilts 
 are sometimes disturbed by variable winds and violent storms. T ley 
 also shift a few degrees north and south as the sun advances in eit ler 
 <lirection. 
 
 93. The trade w'nds depend on causes similar to those which occa- 
 sion and regulate ocean currents. 
 
 The air in the Torrid Zone is more highly heated than elsewhere. 
 (Currents set in from the north and south, wiiieh, in cunsoquence of 
 the Earth's rotati"n, become north-cast and soutii-east winds. 
 
 94. In tiie region of equatorial calms, the currents from the north 
 nnd south, now greatly rarified, ascend and become upper currents in 
 the opposite hemispheres. Near the 30th pariillcis, north and south, 
 tlicse upper currents descend and lilow over the temperate regions as 
 surface currents. P>ut as they are now moving towards the poles, 
 tiicir rotatory motion is more I'apid than the parts of the Earth where 
 they are blowing, and they become south-west winds in the Northern 
 lleniisphere, and north-west in the Southern. These are the more 
 pri.-valent winds in the Temperate Zones. Their nguhu-ity is much 
 obstructed by electricity, ocean-currents, ice-fields, and other causes. 
 
 05. Monsoons are causcil by a local distiirbance of the tra<le winds. 
 In India, when the sun is south of the Equ.ator, the monsoon is the 
 regular north-east trade wind ; but when the sun has passed to the 
 north, and the air overtlie Ir.nd becomes more highly heated than that 
 over the sea, a snutli wiml sets in from the Indian Ocean, which, as it 
 travels north, becomes tlio south-west monsoon. Each nionsoou con- 
 tinues about five months. Variable winds and violent storms occur 
 at tlie change. 
 
 Land and Sea Breezes.— 00. Al-ing the coast, particularly in tropi- 
 cal countries, ali^nl the middle of the forenonii, the air over the land 
 becomes more highly heated than that over the sea, accordingly a sea- 
 bneze sets in towards the land; in the evening, the land cools most 
 rajiidly, and a land breeze blows towards the sea. 
 
 Modifying Causes.— 0". Winds are greatly modified by the region 
 over which they blow. Those that have crossed largo b-idies of water 
 are huniid ; those that have crossed a continent or a high mountain 
 are dry; those that hwe come over frozen lands or seas of ice are 
 Celd; and those from burning deserts .ire hot and dry. 
 
 The deserts of Africa and Asia give rise to hot, sulVocating winds — 
 ns the iSimoom of Arabia, the Khamsin of Egypt, and the Ilarmutlaii 
 of the west coast of Africa. 
 
 DEW, CLOUDS, RAIN, AND SNOW. 
 
 Dew.— !18. A nild iiitclior or bottle pliuvd in a warm 
 vooiu i.s soon covered witli drojis of water. The air of the 
 
 room contains iiivi.sib!e vapour, which is condensed by con- 
 tact with the cold iirface of the pitcher or bottle. The 
 formation of dew ii somewhat similar. 
 
 After sun-do'.rn i\\t .^.arth cools rapidly by radiation, tlie 
 air next tlie Earth is c. oled by contact with cold surfiices, 
 and as its capacity to hold moiistiire diminishes with its 
 temperature, it deposits a jiortion of its va|iour in the form 
 of dew. 
 
 90. Dew is most copious when the atmosphere is most fully satu- 
 rated with vapour, and when circumstances are most favourable for the 
 radiation of heat during the night. Hence there will be most dew in 
 a clear calm night after a hot day. In some tropical countries the 
 dews iire like showers of rain. 
 
 The leaves of jilants radiate lieat rapidly, and are consequently 
 laden with dew, whilst the bare earth is dry. 
 
 Clouds. — ion. When vapour is so condensed in the ujiper 
 ref,dons of the atmosphere as to become visible, it forni.s 
 cloiuls. Clouds resting on the Earth are called /of/s. 
 
 Rain, &c. — im. Wlien elomls are further conden.scd by 
 currents of cold air, by mountain ridges, or electricity, the 
 particles become large and heavy, and they fall to the Earth 
 as rain, snow, or h<(iL Snow is frozen vapour, hail is 
 frozen rain. 
 
 102, Within the tropics the rains are periodical, months of inces- 
 .s:int and violent rain being followed by a corresjionding season of 
 drought. The rainy season is on the same side of the Equator as the 
 sun, where eva))oration is greatest, Tlie calm belts have almost con- 
 stant rains. As the.se belts shift a few degrees north and south with 
 the sun, tlicy cause two rainy seasons at tho.'se places which they cross 
 twice in the year. 
 
 ]0:J. The sea is the great reservoir from which rain is derived. The 
 many large rivers tlowing to the sea show the excess of rain-fall on 
 the land .nbove the evaporation from its surface. 
 
 It is supposed by some writers that much of the rain which falls in 
 the Temperate Zones is evaporated in the opposite hemisphere. (.Sic 
 Winds, in.) 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 1(1}. Tlie climate of a country is the condition of its 
 ntuio.-^pliero. particularly in resiiect to heat, 7noisture, preva- 
 h'nt ivimh, and scdnbrittj. 
 
 Climate has an important influence on the plants and 
 animals of a country, as well as on the occui)ations, habit.?, 
 and character of its inhabitants. 
 
 PVi. The won! " clinvito " is derived from the fireek llimn, a sinpo, nml wn.s 
 usecl tiy llio earlier noodriiplier.s to (lesiu'imto llie belts Into wliicli they 
 divided the |-!i\rlli's ."urfnee by iin.itiniuy lines piii-iillel to the Kipiator Kiieli 
 lienils|iliere eoiitaineil lliirly elini.ites, twenty-lour of wliieli. called /ki'./'/moii' 
 cliiiiiiltn, were between the Kipiiilor iukI the I'oliir circle; tlie reiiminiiip six, 
 culled iii'iiilh iliiiiiit'^. were between tlie Polar Circle ami the jiole Tlils 
 divi.iion of tlie Kartli is now abandoned. 
 
 — I 
 
 InJ 
 
 are til 
 depei| 
 
 diminil 
 (2.) I 
 The! 
 
 (See l{ 
 
 than I 
 
 (4.) I 
 coasts I 
 
 (5.)f 
 the tr| 
 humid 
 (.Stc 91 
 
 (0.) 
 
 /- 
 
enscd by cou- 
 bottle. The 
 
 ■adiation, tlie 
 3okl surfaces, 
 5lies with its 
 ■ in the form 
 
 ost fully satii- 
 ■ourable for tlie 
 be most dew in 
 I countries the 
 
 ! cousequeutly 
 
 in the upper 
 lie, it forms 
 foffs. 
 
 jndonsed hj- 
 etricity, the 
 iotheEartli 
 'iir, hail i,< 
 
 It lis of incos- 
 iig season of 
 r|tiator as the 
 E almost coii- 
 1 south w itli 
 L'li tliej cross 
 
 erived. The 
 rain-fall on 
 
 lieh falls in 
 1 ill ere, i.s'ic 
 
 on of its 
 '.re, preva- 
 
 liiiits and 
 IS, liabits, 
 
 ')»'. nii'l was 
 wljich tlify 
 iiiitor. Kixoli 
 '(\li(ilf-l,,mr 
 iiiiliiinRBlx, 
 IKile Tills 
 
 THE ORGANIC WORI-D. 
 
 31 
 
 Influences affecting Climate.— lou. Heat and moisture 
 are the chief qualities of climate. Tliese qualities are mainly 
 dependent on tlie foUowinf; circumstances ; — 
 
 (1.) Heat and humidity are greatest within the tropics, and both 
 diiuinisii as we approach the poles. (See Earth as a J'lantt, 34.; 
 
 (2.) Heat rapidly diminishes as we rise above the sea-level. (.See 8t3.) 
 
 The quantity of ruin is usually greatest in mountainous regions. 
 (.^telOl.) 
 
 (3.) A maritime position gives a more hunu ' and temperate climate 
 than a continental position, (.ice 44 ami SS.) 
 
 (4.) Warm ocean currents increase the heat and humidity if the 
 coasts which they wash ; cold currents lower the temperature. {Srr 71.) 
 
 (5.) Prevailing winds have an important inlhience on climate. Within 
 the trade wind region the eastern side of the continent is the most 
 luiniid ; in the temperate region the western side has the most rain. 
 (.S(e91, 94, uvdi>7.) 
 
 ((>.) Mountain chains sometimes firotect agaii-.st hot or cold «inds. 
 Pu'gions enclosed with mountain chains, as in Central Asia an^l ^n the 
 vest side ■ f North America, have little or no rain. 
 
 (7.) A general shipo towards the Kquator increases the heat; a 
 slope towards the polo has the opposite etl'ect. (.See F.avth u3 u 
 I'lauet, 33.) 
 
 (8.) Cultivation of the soil and drainage, leaving less water to be 
 evaporated, increase the heat. (.S<c S7.) 
 
 ('.).) Trees attract and condense the vapours of the atmosphere ; hence 
 the rain-fall is diminished by clearing away forests. In some countries 
 destitute of forests, raiu has been increased by planting groves of 
 trees. 
 
 Lines of Equal Heat. — 107. Temperature neiieiuls on so many causes, 
 tliat places liaviiii,' tlie same latitude nfteii dill'er widely In respect to climato. 
 .Vi'corilinnly, lines cimneetlnt; places luivins,' the same mean tempeniture do 
 not correspiind with the (larallels, liiit iippmach the Kiiuator or recede (rum 
 it accordin'" to the inthieiice of local circuinstances. 
 
 Lines of qual mean annual teiiipenituro are called i.i'itlnTmiil tiiiis; 
 those of eipial ^uniiiier temperature, i,i"tltt:nil liim; and those of eipial 
 winter temperature, i.^'irln inntnal Hum. 
 
 lu.S. Near the Kipiator the isothermal lines correspond more nearly with 
 the jiarallels than in hinh latitudes. In the Northern Hemisphere, they 
 recede furthest from the Kiiuator on the west side of the continents. 
 
 On the west side of America the .innual heat is as (,'reat at ijj' N. as in 
 Nova Scotia at 4.')°. On the west side of Kurope the same annual tempe- 
 rature is found even furtler nortli than on tlie west uf .\merica. 
 
 
 Tiih Kituau zoNt; 
 
 TUli Xlilll'Kll.lTE ^iJSK. 
 THE ZONES. 
 
 Tin; ruiuiiu zu.Ni:. 
 
 THE OBGANIO WORLD. 
 
 109. We have seen that the Earth's 8urfi\ce is cliarac- 
 terized by great diversity — land and water, moiuitain ami 
 plain, heat and cold, moisture and drought ; but not more 
 varied are the features and conditions of dill'ereiit juirts 
 of the Earth than are the plants and animals which 
 
 live upon them. Divine wisdom is everywhere apparent 
 in the beautiful adaptatioiLs, in the various forms of or- 
 ganic life, to the climate and other conditions of its 
 abode. It is alho wortiiy of observation, that whilst most 
 plants and aninuds are limited to a narrow range, many 
 of the iiKjst useful to man seem designed as citizens of the 
 world. 
 
82 
 
 ri[YSir.\L (iEiMJUAl'lIY. 
 
 1 1 
 
 I.iiiiii I.I \'. 
 
 Siiuw Liuliuu. 
 
 Al|.i 
 
 Kiiiiit iif(-ira^' 
 
 Limit i.tT.roat Troes.. 
 
 I 
 Wli.-it ' f 
 
 I h 
 I.iiiiit of Vines ^ <. . 
 
 I-im:t nt I'crns ,'^i^*P^i- 
 
 I.i.,.,t , ! Mn.s. -y^^^g^r; 
 
 
 S;, Rernrirl 
 
 Ci. ultra I'iiic Jy^,l} 
 
 Akicr I'ine Kobc. 
 
 Nf.ruay SlTUC' 
 
 Dircl 
 Oak 
 
 L_ 4v ^^}iii\ kill 
 
 -1.') (lUO 
 
 -M,OW 
 
 -.VOilO 
 
 It ll 
 
 re 111 
 siiil 
 
 Em 
 
 croJ 
 
 the 1 
 
 \ i;(.!;iAi;i,i: /.hm..- dS .M"Iniain MaH'i;.--, 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 lid. 'J'lio miniln'r di' kimwii siicric8 nt' ]il:iiit.s is alMHit 
 120,000. 
 
 Veyetntioii is most luxuriant inid varic(l in tin" Torrid 
 Ziinc. Till' i'lircsts are eoniiiosml nf niajestie evergreens, 
 wiiose trunks and Ijranelies supiHirt twiniii;^ plants and 
 parasites in sueh profusion that it is sometimes difficult to 
 asrertain to wliieh stem tiie leaves and l.lossoms Itelonj,'. 
 
 1 1 1. Some of the most noted trees of tiu^ Torrid Zone are 
 the iin.u'e liaobab with trunk IJH feet in diameter ; the wide- 
 spreadiiiir banyan ; and the majestie jialm, yieldin.LC food, 
 di'ink, ami elothin;;. Here also we find various ornamental 
 Woods, dye-woods, gums, drugs, spices, and elmiee fruits. 
 The most iin])ortant food jtlants are rice, dhoura, liananas, 
 bread-fruit, dates, eocoa-uuts, and Indian corn. 
 
 112. Ill the Temperate Zones vegetation assumes a new 
 aspect. The oak, majile, beech, and other forest trees, cast 
 their leaves in the autumn. The most important cultivated 
 plants are wheat, rye, oats, an<l corn ; potatoes and other 
 vegetables; and such fruits as the vine, apple, pear, ami 
 plum. 
 
 1 1;?. In the wanner parts of the Frigid Zone, firs, spruces, 
 Kiul dwarf birches are the principal trees ; and barley is the 
 
 chief grain. As we ajiproach the })ole we find shrubs of 
 alder and willow, and finally the mosses and lichens, which 
 bring us to the regions of eternal snow. 
 
 Vegetable Zones.— 114. P.inie writers iliviMo tlio Knvtli into six 
 ve.;ct;»ble zones, wliioh are separated l)y isotlierinal lines; — 
 (1.) The Trnpicdl Zone, yitKlinj; spices, coffee, ami f;iini'. 
 ('-.) Tlie Sii'j tropical, yieUlinr; sugar cane, cotton, and orange. 
 (3.) Tlic Warm TfrniuriUt', yicliling tiio vine, tobacco, and wheat. 
 (4.) The Cohl Tfiiijtcyfitc, yieldini; oats, rye, and appl' s. 
 (5.) The Vohl Zone, yicidiiiL: bark^y, vegi taldi's, and pines. 
 (i>.) Tlie Arrlir Zone, yielding mosses and liidiens. 
 
 Mcnntaiu Slopes.- 115. Mountains in tlie Torrid Z^ne whose sim- 
 nuts rise above the snow line, present, within narrow conip.ass, nearly 
 all tiie variety of vegetation found between tlie Eipiator and tlie poles. 
 At tlie base of the Andes are the tropical palms; rising ont.- stage, 
 we find tree ferns; then the Peruvian bark tree, oak, and vine; next 
 the dwarf trees ; then the grasses; and finally the mosses and lichens. 
 A similar gradation is found on the slopes of the Andes and other 
 mountains in the Temperate Zones. (.*)Ve I/histi-ution, VejclaUe 
 Zona on Mountain Slopes.) 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 IIG. The 'lumber of known species of animals is about 
 2.J0,000. 
 Most animals are limited in their range by climate, and 
 
■^.'^ 
 
 
 -l'),O)0 
 
 -.•.,0;10 
 
 K 
 
 I .sliriil).s of 
 luMis, wliicli 
 
 irtli into six 
 
 aiul wheat. 
 
 whriso s im- 
 "lia.ss, nearly 
 111 the jioles. 
 S oil'. sta;;e, 
 i vine ; next 
 and lichi^ns. 
 's and other 
 >ii, Veijetable 
 
 s is about 
 
 iiKite, ami 
 
 1 
 
 ANIMALS— :\IA\. 
 
 33 
 
 it is not usual to find precisely the same species in coiuitiies 
 remote from each other, though tiieir climates may be ijuite 
 similar. 
 
 There is froquently sucli a resenihl.mce in tlio species of ditTercnt 
 continents that they are stylod represont'ilive speciei— as the crocodile 
 of Africa and alligator of South Aiueri.'a. 
 
 117. The Torriil Zone surpasses the other parts of the 
 Earth in the number, size, ami beauty of its animals. Some 
 of the most important are tiie elephant, rhinoceros, liippo- 
 potamus, camelopanl, lion, ti^'cr, Icopanl, jiantiier, monkey, 
 crocodile, alligator, boa, and ostricli. Iii.-iects arc very numer- 
 ous in this zone. 
 
 There are two species of eleidiants ; the hirjor is confined to Asia, 
 the sinalli.T to Africa. The lion is peculiar t ■ Asia and Africa; the 
 puma is its rejiresentative in America. The camel is also peculiar to 
 Asia and Africa; the llama of the Andes is the American caniel. 
 
 lis. The animals of the Temperate Zones arc less fero- 
 cious tlian those of the Torrid Zone. Some of tiie more 
 important are the l)i.son, deer, o\-, horse, boar, wolf, licar, 
 fox, beaver, and hare; and among the binls, the eagle, 
 turkey, goose, and i)heas;\nt. 
 
 ?«^'-^^=SS^ 
 
 
 9:m 
 
 
 (IKl/ZI.V 11I.AK. 
 
 119. Tlie animals of the Frigid Zones are generally of a 
 dusky colour. There are but few species. The more im- 
 portant arc tiic reindeer, musk ox, jjolar bear, grizzly bear, 
 arctic fox, ermine, sable, sea otter, whale, walrus, and seal. 
 The birds are generally waders and swimmers, found along 
 the shores in summer. Tliere are no reptiles, and but few 
 insects. 
 
 The prizzly bear is peculiar t) the Rocky Mountains of North 
 America, 
 
 riVl: IIAltlS OK MKX. 
 1, 7"*i- '■<iiir.nr'iii. • r \«h;t-- rt..-, 1'. 'f'-f M -n'j-l'ntt, \t\v\\u^ r.cc. 
 
 :: Ih' t'.l'ni'jtuin, i)r lihii-k iitt'-, 
 4, 7''.-- .>A /'ly. 01' iTi'W II I'.iic. .'». /' . .1 r,i. ri'rnt. oi rv.l i-.t:'.* 
 
 12ii. Till' tiifal luuiilicr of hinnau licings on thr Ilarlh is 
 estimated at 1,IS:2,.')(»i>,iiih>. 
 
 ]\Iiin can subsist \\\>')\\ almost all kinds id' fond. In iiie 
 tropical reiiions lie lives principally on rice, cocoa-nuts, 
 iiananas, and various fruits; in tiie tt'iuprrate ri'^ioiis he 
 lives on tlie various grains and vegetaliles, con I'iiud wilii 
 animal food ; in the frozen regions, where the earth yields 
 nnthing, he betakes liiiiLsulf almost entirely to animal food. 
 !'>y his iilialile jiliysiiMl nature, and his skill in adapting his 
 clothing and shelter to varied cirrumstances, lie iloiu'ishes 
 under every condition of climate, lie thus taki.s the whole 
 I'larth as his domain. 
 
 lil. It is only in tiiiiperati.' climes, Imwever, that man 
 attains to tin; fullest developn'.eiit nf all his powers. In- 
 tense heat, and the alisence of incentives to ai'tivity. in the 
 Torrid Zone, render him etleminate; |)inciied by cold in the 
 Arctic regions, and requiring to exert all his energies to 
 sustain the body, lie makes but little jjrogress in civiliza- 
 tion ; in temperate climates activity is both needful and 
 agreeable, a modcrati; amount (;f labour secures the neces- 
 saries of life, and there are leisure and inclination for mental 
 culture. 
 
 Diversity.— 122. We see tlie greatest diversity of physical featiirep 
 prevailing over the Earth. It is prohablo that every c miitry makes 
 itij own iin|ircss on iuinian character. The iiilial.itants of the rugged 
 mountain are not like the inhahilants (d' tlie plain; those wlio livi.* 
 
c4 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRATHY. 
 
 by the sea-siJe dillor from tliuso of the interior: hence uuti'jiial jieou- 
 liarities. 
 
 123. The nomadic herdsmen of Central Asia, who need to be ever 
 on tiie move to find fresh pasturage, seek little beyond the supply of 
 present want.'i, make no ctVurts to improve the jilace of their sojourn, 
 and never riise beyond the rude condition of their ancestors. Their 
 wandering habit.s enable them to commit crime with impunity, and 
 aocordinjily tliey are noted for outraije and rubbery. 
 
 124. Tiie inhabitants of Central Africa are isolated from the rest of 
 the world; they know nothinj; of its improveincnt.s; are uevrr stimu- 
 lated by its rivalries; never hear of its Chiistianity ; and sn, ..jver 
 awakened to struggle for anything more elevated as regards tliis life 
 or the life 'o come, they ccjntiiiue immured in barliarism. 
 
 125. In the temperate regions of Kurope and North America we 
 find a fixed population, enjoying free intercour with other countries, 
 an 1 enligntened liy Christianity. In these parts of the world we find 
 the highest civilization and the greatest power. 
 
 126. Since the inhabitants of the various parts of the world are ex- 
 jiosed to such diversified inlluences, it is not surprising to find many 
 marked peculiarities in dilVerent portions of the human fiimily. The 
 most striking physical difi'erence.s are in culoiir, form nf the a!adl, 
 fiutnres <if tliefacc, nn'iHtim of the liair, an^l t)u' stulurc. 
 
 12". It is usuiil to diviile mankiu'l into/iv ru'v.s-, or varieties: — 
 
 The t'ancusiini, or white race; the Mvii'juliuii, or vi.'llow race; 
 the Kthioiiuin, or black race; the Mttlitii, or brown race; and the 
 Jmeriean, or led race. 
 
 Th; five races are not separated by ver- sharp lines, but shade 
 irlo tacli other dirougii sulmrdinate varieties. Tlie Cauca.-ian and 
 Mongolian races each eoni|.iise.s abou: live-twelfliis of the human 
 fuiiily. 
 
 rj"*. The Cau.'asian ra.o lakes its naiuo from the Ciu.'asus Moun- 
 tains, near which is the suppo.sed centre from which the race emanated, 
 anil indeed tlie birth-place of the whole hnman family. It comprises 
 nearly all the inhabitants of Huro|)e, Western Asia, Northern Africa, 
 and America. It surpasses tlie otiier races in energy nt di.iracter, ai; I 
 it has been the dominant race from the earlio.-t times. 
 
 121>. The MoiiL'oJiiins have a low retreutiiM foielnad, broail face, 
 oblnpie eyes, and dark stiai.;hl hair, in some lesjieets resembling tiie 
 North American Indian. Tliey in 'liide the inhabitants of Kasttin 
 Asia, with the l''inns, Laplanders, .Magyais, and Tuiks of Kiirie, 
 and tlie Ksipiimaux of North America. 
 
 loO. The Ethiopian nice compiises the inhabiliints of Africa south 
 (if the Great Desert and Abu.sinia, except the K iiopcan.s of the Cape; 
 it also includes the natives of .Vu.stralia and rapim, although these 
 ilifier con.si leri'iily fiom the AlVican negio, 
 
 TliO .Mala).-, ihli.il 't the peliilioilla ol .MalacM, the i.-l.llii'.d of M;J.iysia, 
 
 Polynesia, and New Zealand. In this race the head is narrow, the 
 nose full and broad, the hair black ai'd crisp. 
 
 The American race includes the aborigines of America, with the 
 exception of the Esquimaux. 
 
 Religion.— 131. There are five principal systems of religion in the 
 world — (Jhrutiatutij, Judaiini, Mokaramcdaiiisni, JJrahiuiiiiiiii, and 
 Hii'iilhwn, All originated in Asi? 
 
 Christians are divided into three great Unlies—Protcsfaiili, Roman 
 Cal'iolic.i, and the Ureck Church. Tliey include less than one-third of 
 the human race, or about ;Ki(l,OUiJ,OUO, embracing nearly all the iu- 
 haljitants of Europe and America. The Jews number about 5,0U0,000; 
 the .Mohammedans about 100,000,000. 
 
 Social Conditions.— 1G2. The various conditions of human society 
 may be reduced to three jirincipal clashes, re|ireseuted by the iiuuter. 
 the shepherd, and the agriculturist. 
 
 IKo. In hunter life, which is the lo«est tyi'e, men wander about, 
 living ia tents and owning no property except u few movablts. They 
 are divided into small tribes, and have no regular government. The 
 Miciiiac Indians are an example. 
 
 lii'l. Pastoral life is al.-iO migratory, and there is no individual right 
 ill the soil; but hero we lind an in'ovase of property in the form of 
 domestic animals — as horses, cattle, and sheep. The iieople are gener- 
 illy subject to a central head. The nomais of Central Asia are uii 
 ev-.'.mnle. 
 
 135. In the third and highest state of society men have fixed abudes 
 and an individual ownership in the soil, from uhich they deiive their 
 eiiief subsi.stence. Here only do we lind vast accumulatii'iis of wcaltli 
 ill various firms. Tlie country is evi-r changing its aspect tiiruUsh the 
 improving hand of man. Carriage-roads, rail-ro:ids, and canals are 
 con-tnicted; manufactories are established ; trade is prosicuted; large 
 cities are built; and men ri.se to the highest condition of civilization. 
 
 130. In civilized society men are combined into Siatia, c:illed em- 
 piios, kingdoms, oi' republics. There are two iiriiicipiil foimsof goveni- 
 iiii lit— the inoiiurchi/, where tno power is vested in a single person; 
 and the di niorrari/, w here the ciilet power is in the hands of the i jople, 
 or such of theiiisulves as they shall elect for a limited period. 
 
 1137. .Monarchies are uhnuliitc or di.ipoiie, when the suvereign iiiakeD 
 suili laws ai he pleases ; they are liinUed or coi.nitutioiud, when the 
 |o;;islative power is shared by the crown and ii popular assembly, and 
 ihu sovereign is reipiired to govern according to fixul priiici| les called 
 the eoimlituttoii. This form eombines the jirinciple.s of monaichy and 
 democracy. 
 
 The fiovernmeiit of Urcut Uritain is a limited monarchy; that of 
 Russia is uu ubaolute luouarohy ; tiial of tlie United States, a de- 
 mociaey. 
 
 
 •■«« 1] 
 
 !V 
 
iiunow, tlio 
 ca, with the 
 
 ligion in the 
 minisiii, anJ 
 
 T»^», Roman 
 
 one-third of 
 
 y all the iu- 
 
 It 5,000,000 ; 
 
 mail society 
 thu hunter, 
 
 niler abnut, 
 .lilia. They 
 lUiuiit. The 
 
 vidual right 
 the form of 
 e are geiier- 
 rVsiu are uii 
 
 ixf'ii al)odes 
 leiivf their 
 s v( wcaltii 
 through the 
 
 I'aiials are 
 
 iited; large 
 
 •ili/:aiun. 
 
 oalivd em- 
 
 sof^uvirii- 
 
 (-■ pi-rsNii; 
 the |. .'uiilo, 
 
 !i;,'li iriakiii 
 
 «htii the 
 
 uihly, and 
 
 les called 
 
 aichy and 
 
 ; that of 
 Ics, a de- 
 
 NOETH AMERICA 
 
 
 h'*tt n gt»»t 4.tn ^ittt M'U h'*h* 
 
XORTIT AMERICA. 
 
 ;-i^" 
 
 r.M.i.s nr Ni.M^M;.\ 
 
 I. History. 1. Tlic C'l'iitiiicnt dt' Ainciicii tiikrs ils iiuiiic 
 
 I'll nil Aiiiciiciis Vi'sjitipiuH, a imtivc df Floivnci', who ox- 
 
 iiliiiid 11 jmrt of till' enlist of Suiitli Aincrini in tlic yoiir 141)!). 
 
 NmiIIiiih'm from Norwiiv (li^cnvcicl Norlli AiiiLiii'iv iil'^it liiiK^.li., 
 (iml ilijiiii;; iliotwo Hiii'i'rt'iliii;; ci'iitiruM tlicy viKiUil tin' oouiitry (re- 
 (luciilly, Tlicy crovscil tlic Alhintic to Nc« roiiinlliiiMl l>v way (if llnii 
 colonii'8 ill li'cIaiKl ami Unt'iilaii'.l, vinited Nova Scolm, nml laibl 
 ■oulli ni far ait MnaHncliUBett.<i. 
 
 a. Clirisfd] IiiT Cdluiiil us, n iintivc of Ooium, snilinK from 
 S|miii mull r llic |iiilrnim',:i' <if llic nuviTci^iiiH FcidiiiMiiil mihI 
 1hii1ii11;i, (Ii(<('(ivt'i('il tli<' Wi.'xt linliiH ill IIIIl', 
 
 Ciilutiit'Ui linU been confitiiieil in liii Ivlitf llial I.uk! » im not Tery 
 
 iTiiiiili' lit'Miiiil till' "i.>-liTn walt'l'^, I'V till' r:irt tliiit liiiilir* i<( iiii'ii, 
 liirtV'iiii;,' fiiiiii any knoHii rarr,', (iici'' » i>\' oarM'il win'il, atnl vnriuiw 
 ti'njiii'al |ii'cMln(<ti, xMTo (n'i|\ii'iitly ciimI U|inii tlio hlmrc,* of tlio A/nri- 
 ami Madeira l»lanils. O'cc t'hjiniail f,'t'>iii'<ii>li!i, •)'.),) 
 
 ;t. OiiliiniliMH iliiioiivcrt'il (111) iii'iulli of lliu Oriiiooo, on Uic fonot nf 
 Souili AiniTii'a, in 11'.''', ainl lln' I'nast of (.'cnlral .\iiii"ii'a in l.Vi'-', 
 111' was 111 vir a«an' lli.il lir had rtiii'l a iirw (■■ ntiiiciit, lint i<up|"i'<i"l 
 tint til'' laniln lir liad vinlti'il wcii' oiitlyih^' |inrli.iiiH if Aiia. Tin' 
 >;iaiiil aim ot llio tiliirn in wliirll lii' livt'd waH In liml a Hlimtir |iftM»a^i' 
 to Iiiil 1 than the llii'ii riMThUy di'M'uVi r.'d rmili' aniuid AlVii'a, 
 
 4, Ht'i'kiiiK a HJinrt iiavij;n>d« rmiti' lo Cliina and India, Jnliti Cali' I 
 and liin son Svlir.Htiaii, niMu^ fniMi lliixtid in Kn.lanii in 141*7, t" k 
 a iii'ji' ti'irtlivrly ooiirKu lliaii ('iiluiidiii«, and dijuiivcrcd Ni'«fuuiidlaiil 
 and III' I'liant of I.aliradiir. In tlii' fnll'irtiiiK yiar Sidianliaii C'alii'l 
 i'X|iliiri;d a lni,iP part if tin' ooasi of North Aiiii.'i iia. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 5. Tlie New World, as America was cal'"'!, presented great attrac- 
 tinns to many Kuroijcan adventurers ea^er for weallli. Many faliulous 
 stories coticeriiiiig it were believed. Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, in 
 search of a fouutdin of life to renovate his aged limbs with fresh 
 youth, discovered Florida, where he was killed by the arrow of an 
 Indian. 
 
 The sontliern part of North America was colonized by the Spaniards; 
 the central jjorlions by the liritish and French. 
 
 II. Position. — (i. Nortli America has the Arctic Ocean on 
 the north ; the Athmtic on tiio east ; tlio G'nlf of Mexico on 
 tiic soiitli-east ; and tlic Pacific on the west. 
 
 It isj<iined to South America by the htfimiis of Pannnui. 38 miles 
 in breadth ; and it is separated from A.sia on the north-west by Jiilirimj 
 .Strail, 30 miles limad. 
 
 North America is wholly in the Northern Hemisphere, and the greater 
 part of it is in the North Temperate Zone. 
 
 N. lat. T^-TS" ; \V. long. CiC" SO'-ieS". 
 
 III. Form.— 7. Tlie general outline of Xorth America is 
 triangular. 
 
 The narrow jHU-tior. in tlie south-east, between the Isthmus 
 of Panama and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is called Central 
 A mcrka. 
 
 The anL'ular points are ; — 
 
 Cape Prince of Wales, in the north-west, 05° 30' N.. and 168° W. ; 
 Cape Charles, in the nortli-easl, 52° 15' N., and 55° 30' W. ; port of 
 tiauteniiila, in the south. 15" N., and iiO° olf W. 
 
 EXERCISS,- Draw the approAiinato form of North America. 
 
 IV. Coast. — 8. The Arctic and Atlantic coasts are nearly 
 o(iual in leiioth, and are much more irre{,'ular than the lon;.;('r 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 The const line is estimated at 21.000 mih's. 
 
 f). The jnincipal Coast Waters ,\\x—Jlij(lt«>Hs Unii and 
 SimU, Davis i>/rait, Jlajliii's Baii, Strait of ]i,lle hli\ (hilf 
 of St. Lairri'iKY, /idi/ of Fund!/, Vhesajtoalcc Jiaii, f/nrldii 
 Strait, Gulf if M- >-''co, CarilJican Sea, Jiaii <f Jlnudnran, 
 G'liff of Ti'ltudntr'ici', Gulf of <\i/ifor)ila, and /'xhrimj 
 Strait. 
 
 HudRon's liny and the Oulf of Mexico nre Inr^io inlaml sens. The 
 former wna discovered by Henry HudsdU, who was uftei wards Kit to 
 perish in its waters by his mutinous crew. 
 
 The (iulf of California, runuinx iu between parallel m^tinlain ran^^es, 
 is the chief inlet on the west, 
 
 10. Tlio Peninsulas arc- /Jii'i^'iiW, Mttvillf, I.nlvmlot; .Vc/i'd ^•otia, 
 I'loriila Yio'iitiiii, /.mccr Cali/uria'd, ami Aliii.ikii. 
 
 11. The principal Capes M-c — Prinrr of Wolm, f.i.ilnifn, frii ('ii)ir, 
 Point Pitirrt'it', /liitliiivn', Chiithii, (loirlm, I'liftnill, Hacr, SalJr 
 (NovaScofin\ Aun, Coil, lliittiran, .S'd^/f (T'lorida), Calorhf, (Ivaciin- 
 n-I)ios, Malo, Vorriciito, .V. Lurii/i, MnniiKino, Fhtllivii, and 
 Romitnzor. 
 
 12. The nio-^t impi rtunt Islands nre (he fnllnwin^; — 
 
 In the Arctic (iKculmitl, Ifilaiiil, aHiuKll J.nml, or IJh»mrvc, 
 yorlh Ihvon, Cvrkbitrn, CitmlHrtanil, HouthamiUon. Thero nre also 
 various nthurs, 
 
 (>n the eAat—Nciifounilhinil, Anticosti, Prince Kdicard, Cape 
 Breton, Long hhrnd, the /icriniiilas, and the West Indies. 
 
 On tiie west — Vancowfv, (jiucn CkarloUe, Prince of Wales, Sitka, 
 Kodiak, and the Alciilian hies. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the coast line of North America, aud mark 
 the coast waters, capes, and islands, 
 
 V. Area. — 13. Xorth America is 4r)0 times lan,'er than 
 Xova Scotia, comiirising one-sixth the land surface of the 
 Earth. 
 
 The area equals a square of 2P00 miles. Tl:e extreme length from 
 north to south is JtiOO miles; tlie breadth on the 45th parallel is 3120 
 miles. 
 
 VI.— Surface.— 1 -I. North America may he divided into 
 three great nati ; d divisions: abroad ami elevated highland 
 region on the wc^t ; a narrower and less elevated highland 
 region on the east ; and a great lowland jilain through the 
 middle. 
 
 15. The Western or Pacific Highlands extend the whole 
 length of the continent, from the Arctic Oca)' to the 
 Isthmus of Panama. They are (iiiite low at each extremity, 
 and are broadest ami highest near the middle. On each 
 siilc of this high iilateau are great mountain systems ; — the 
 llnclij Miivntains, on the east, sloping gradually to the 
 central plain ; and the California S>/stem, on the west, em- 
 bracing the S'l-rra Xcrada, Cascadr, and Coast Itamjes, 
 which sh)pc aVirujitly to the Pacific. 
 
 1(J. The Rocky Mottntnins extend from the .Arctic Ocean to Mexico. 
 There they take the name of .Siirrii .Mod re, and continue to Central 
 America, whiTe they grndnally merge into the )il,itcau which connects 
 them w itii the Andes nf Sniilh Anierica. They ol'ten consist ui two or 
 mure iiaralhl ranges, s(| arated by (.luvated valleys. There nre several 
 high peaks ncai- the middle cC the sy.'-lem ;— as ,1/oh;i< P,roirii, 15,y()0 
 feet; .\fonnt Ifookcr, 15,7oO; Frnnunt'a I'enk, 13,570; F.ovijs Pmk, 
 12, (MM). J'oi'oc(iii}uil. a volcano in the south of Mexico, 17,720 feet 
 high, is the culminating ]>oint. 
 
 17. The Sierra Nevada, or ."^wor Mouatainii, and tlie Cascade Moun- 
 tains, are the pi iiicipal rniigcs on the west, The Sierra Nevada extend 
 IVnin Cap! Sun Lui'as to aliout the lOih parallel; tho Cascole Moun- 
 tains form the northern portinn of the system. North of the Frazer 
 River they ar(f sometimes called the .U/w of the Pncijir. These 
 mountains are not penerally so elevated ns the Rooky Mountains ; but 
 there are many lofty jicnks. of which several in the north are volcanic. 
 .Mount >Y. AViK.i has an elevation of M, 1170 feet ; M on at SI. J/ilms, 
 15.750; Mount I/oiid !m\ .Mi'unt ./tf mon, 15,500. 
 
 The Coast Range, near lliu Pacific, is (piite low, 
 
 IS. Tlie Atlantic Highland Region is much slmrter, 
 nnrrower, and Ics^ i h'vated tliiin the Pacific, U extemU 
 from Hudson's Strait, in the north, to within 2(X) miles of 
 the CJulf of Mexico, It is divided into two portions l)y tho 
 vidh'v of the Si. Lawrence. The general height of the tal>lo- 
 land IS not more than And dr diMi feet. The northern divi- 
 sion is tliu broadest. Tlio principal niounlains are, tliu Ap^ 
 
MOUNTAINS— CLIMATE. 
 
 37 
 
 to Mexico, 
 
 to Cl'1i'i;i1 
 
 li I'oiiiieots 
 uf two or 
 
 no Kcvernl 
 
 ni, ir.,S)00 
 ','/'.•< Peak, 
 
 r.TiiO feet 
 
 •ado Monii- 
 
 ilil OXll'lllI 
 
 lie Moun- 
 llie Frnzer 
 iV. Tliese 
 tnins ; but 
 voli'.iiiic, 
 ^7, Jliliiia, 
 
 slmrtcr, 
 cxfciuU 
 niili'« of 
 IS liy tlio 
 lie tftlilo- 
 111 ilivi- 
 tlio Ap' 
 
 i 
 
 !! 
 
 palachian, or A/le(jhani/ iiystem, in the soutliem division, 
 .sloping easterly to the Atlantic and westerly to the central 
 l)lain. 
 
 19. The Appalachian Mountains consist of several low pnrallel 
 ranges betwceu tLe Boutli bank of tlie St. Lawrence and 33° north 
 latitude. Some of the most important ranees are, tiie r>hte liuliic, tlie 
 Shenandoah Mountains, tlie AUeijhany Mountains, the Adirondack, 
 the Green Mountains, and the While Mountains. 
 
 The average height of the system is about 2500 feet. Tiie hichest 
 points are Mount Waskinijion, in thtNVIiite Mountains, 6"226 feel; and 
 Ulack Mountain, in the Blue Ridge, 6700 feet. 
 
 2i). The Central riain, between the highland rej;ions, 
 extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. It is 
 divided by a low water-shed, about 1 5(10 feet in height, near 
 the 48th parallel, and thus consists of two slopes, a nnythern 
 and a southeni. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the principal mountain ranges of North 
 America. 
 
 The pupil will observe tli.it the Itorky Mountains ari> niMvly in a straight 
 line between HO' west longitude, in the north, and tlie Istliinus of Telui- 
 nntepec. 
 
 VII. Rivers.— 21. Xorth America contains some of the 
 largest rivers in the world. TIk'V may be grouped in five 
 systems, according to the sloiies which they drain,— the 
 Arctic, the Sf. Laivirnce, the Atlantic, the (I'lt// <>/ M(\vivo, 
 and the J'acijic, 
 
 22. The Arctic System comin'ises the rivers which drain 
 the northern section ul the central plain, anil tlow ii'to the 
 Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay. The principal rivers 
 arc, the Mackenzie, Coppenninc, (,'/•< at Fm/i, C/ntir/n//, 
 Kiad-afclictcaii, llnl Hirrr, and Xihun. 
 
 Tlie streams on this siojie are of iiitli: cnminer.^ial value, ns they 
 coinmnnii'ate with frozen Sean, and arc themselves frost biiiinl during 
 a l.'irge part of the yiar. The .Mackenzie i< alioiit 21200 miles in IciikIIi, 
 niid has many lake expansi ns. 
 
 2:i. The 8t. Lawrence, iiiclmliiig the great lal<e.«, ri.«i's 
 under the name of the .SV. L(>ui,< on tiie south of llie watur- 
 siied dividing tiic ('cntial pliiin. 
 
 The inclinalion of the basin is fust south-rnstcrly, thou north- 
 cnsterly. The internal navigation nnnnled by Ihe river and lakes is of 
 the highest impcirtain'". Tlie entire length is uhout -'imil miles. 
 
 24 Till' Atliiiilic , System iiu'lnile.s llie luiiiieroii.s Ktreiiins 
 wliicii (liain the .Mlaiitic slope of the Appalachian .Mniui- 
 tains, The nio.st impurtant are, the .S7, ,hihn, CunnirHi-ul, 
 Ihnhon, Siin'/iit/iainin, I'dnnmc, Jawi. I!<>aii<iki\ Cain' 
 Fear, and Savannah. 
 
 The rivers of this slope nro eompnratively sir rl and small, but they 
 aie of great importance. Sniiie arc navigable fur considerable di.itniice, 
 iind many furnish valuable water-power for working machinery. 
 
 2fl. The Gulf Syitcni conijiriiwH the riveiu on the soulhern 
 
 section of the central plain, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 The principal arc, the Mobile and its tributaries, Mississippi 
 and its tributaries, the Colorado, and the Rio Grande. 
 
 The Mississippi (Father of Waters) is the largest river of North 
 America. It flows from Lake Itasca, about 1600 feet above the sea- 
 level. The entire length is about 320' miles. The most imjiortant 
 tributaries are, the Ohio, on the east ; and the Missouri, A rkansas, and 
 Red River, on the west. Following the Mi.ssoiiri, the river is over 
 4000 miles in length. This immense river system opens to comniercc 
 the whole southern section of the plain. 
 
 2G. The Pacific System includes the streams on the west 
 I if the Rocky Mountains, Hawing into the Pacific Ocean. 
 The most important are, the Colorado, Hacraniento, Coliim- 
 iia, Frazer, and Vitko)}. 
 
 Some of the rivers of this slope are navii;ablo for many miles; 
 in others, navigation is soon impeded by rapids and watertalls. Some 
 have a largo part (d' their course through desert regions. 
 
 VIII. Lakes. — 27. North America surpasses all the other 
 great divisions in the grandeur of its lukcH. The most im- 
 portant are the five great lakes, Superior, Iltirun, Michujan, 
 Erie, and Ontariu, in the liasin of the St. Lawrence. 'I'liey 
 have a united area about five times greater than Nova .Sentia, 
 or eiiual to a s(|uarc of :i(iO miles. 
 
 /.'(/,( of tin Wiiiiil.i, Winniprfi, Wiinii/ii'i'^i'.i, Pirr, Wntlafton, 
 Athtiliasra, tirect ,^tarr, and llvKa /Imr /.idm, are large lakes on the 
 northern slope, final Salt lAtkt is on the plateau west of the Uocky 
 MountaiiiH ; Vhaj>a/a, on the plateau <d' .Mexico ; Sicaraijna, in (Jeiilral 
 .\mericn. 
 
 •J"^. r.aki. SupiTior, thr Ian.'e''t fri'sli-water lal;<' in the wovM, ('>|U.i!« a miuar ' 
 of 1,10 mill's Huron and Mieliluan iiri' i-acli alu.ut twn-thlrds as large ; Kri.- 
 i< less llian oui' third, and (inlarlo h ^.< than orii' fiiinlh tlie nizc of SiipiTicir 
 ilieat .'^l.ivc l.itkr is iilidut half nn l;uf.-i. us Moron. Nicarat'iia iS oneciglilh 
 the size of Superior, mid (iroat Suit I.alic the one aixt.i'nth, 
 
 EXERCISE. Lay down the principal rivers and lakes of North 
 America on the outline map. 
 
 I.X. Soil. 2!'. Till' Sfijl embraces aliiiust every vari'-ty, 
 The southern shiiie m^ the f'eiitral I'iain, the valley uf tlir 
 .St. Lawrence, n iar^e part id llie .siiiitlirni scctiuii id' Ihr 
 Atlantic Hi-hlaiKl. and the I'acillc Highland west of the 
 Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mduntaiiis, are very fertile. 
 The (alile-land east of tlit^ Sierra Nevada and ( 'a.M(';ide 
 Mountains is generally desert. l\liieh of the n-'itlieru .■<lope 
 coiisistH of frozen liarren.s, 
 
 A'. Climate. -;!(i. The nnrllieni part of the eoniineiil j.* 
 very cold ; the southern, except tht! higiihinds, very liot. 
 The central part, iiieliidiiig the larger portion, ha.s ;i (em 
 pcratc climate, except on *he mountain liei-lil.x of the \ve.«l. 
 The Western Hide o| iIh' coiiijueiit, from the month of the 
 < 'olumbni iiiver iinrthwiird, i.s niiieli milder tliaii the I'astern 
 hide ill till' same lalitiiile. {Hee I'/tifsiral (,'n„jr'i//nt. 71, IdS.) 
 
38 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 31. A line drawn Boutheastcrly from the Peninsula of Aliasiia, 
 through Great Bear Lake and along the south of Hudson Bay, to the 
 mouth of the St. Lawrence, would mark the northern limit of the 
 temperate region ; a line from the nortVern point of the Glulf of Cali- 
 fornia to tlie extreme north of the Gulf of itiexico, its southern limit— 
 the highlands excepted. 
 
 32. The quantity of rain is very unequal in different parts 
 of tlie teuii)orate region. Tiio most humid portion lies 
 btitwecu tlio Pacific coast and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade 
 rani,'os. Throuj,diout the highland region cast of these ranges 
 tlie rain is chieily coiifiiiod to the more cleva<-ed mountain 
 slopes. There is thus a rainless region on eacii side of the 
 Itocky Monntnins ; — that on the east is from 200 to 400 
 miles in bioadth, ami has its northern limit near the height 
 of land dividing the central plain. 
 
 The Atlantic sidi; of the continentrtincluding the central 
 pliijii, is generally well watered. 
 
 33. The rain winds on the western side of the conli.ient blow from 
 tlio south-wost, olitainiiig their mt istiiio from the Pacific. On the 
 easteru side they lil""' from the south-west, south, and east, brinf;iiif,' 
 moisture friim the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic. (Sec I'lii/siail 
 O'cni/raplii/, i)i.) 
 
 Xr. Minerals.-;;!. Almost all the important minerals 
 are aliundant in North America, including gold, silver, ii(Jii, 
 coal, lead, copper, iind quicksilver. 
 
 (iold is plentiful iu California and British Cnhimhia ; silver in 
 Mexico , Coal and iron in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ptiinsyl- 
 vnnia ; lead near the upper course of the Mississippi ; copper near 
 Lake Sn]ierifjr; and quicksilver in California. 
 
 XII. Plants.— urj. Vegetation is diversified according to 
 the climate. 
 
 When America was discovered, the temperate regions, 
 excepting the prairies of the central plain and the rainless 
 districts, were clothed with forests of pine, oak, majile, 
 chestnut, and other trees. Many of these forests iiave been 
 cut away, and iu their place are fields of wheat, corn, and 
 other grains. Towards the south, tobacco, cotton, and rice 
 are cultivated, 
 
 .^(l, Among the trees of the hot region in the south are mahof.'aiiy, 
 rosewood, log'vood. coooanut, banana, orange, and lemon. The culli- 
 v;itei| pl.ints incluilr sugarcane, coflee, tobacco, and pine-apples. (Hie 
 J'ln/itiritl (i(o<i)'iri>lii;, 110-113.) 
 
 In the cold regions of the north trees do not grow, and the chief 
 jilaiits are lichens and liioi'ses, 
 
 XIII. Animals. -:J7. The wild animals of America are 
 not eiiniil in si/e to those of Asin and Africa. 
 
 Tlie larger animals of the temperate region are the bison, 
 moose, deer, brown bear, wolf; and in the western high- 
 lands, the grizzly bear and the iiniiiii. 
 
 iiS. The auimaU ut' Ihu uurlh aio Konrrally ululhcd with fur. The 
 
 ruusk-ox and reindeer are touud during the short summer leeiling on 
 the mosses and low plants ; in winter they retreat to the forests further 
 south. {Sec Physical Geography, 119.) 
 
 ?9. In the hot regions are the tapir, jaguar, puma, sloth, armadillo, 
 monkey, and alligator. Insects are very numerous. The cochineal ia 
 an importaat article of commerce. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— 40. The population of North Amer- 
 ica is estimated at 50,000,000. The great majority are of 
 European origin. 
 
 The south of the continent was colonized principally by 
 Spaniards ; the temperate regions by British, Irish, and 
 French. 
 
 Thero arc many negroes in North America, whose ances- 
 tors were brought from Africa as slaves. All are now free, 
 except in the Spanish West Indies. 
 
 41. Tlie aborigines include two races. The Indians, or copjier- 
 coloured race, are tliinly scattered over the continent. On some of the 
 northern coasts and islands of the Arctic arc a few called Esquimaux, 
 usually clas.sed with the Mongolians of Asia. They are of small size, 
 cliiihe tliemselvos with the skins of animals, and iu winter live in snow 
 houses, 
 
 Christianity is the principal religion. Tlie inhabitants of British 
 origin arc Protestants and Uoman Catholics ; those of Spanish anil 
 French origin are chiefly Roman Catholics. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 42, The princijial portion of the main 
 body of North America is divided between British America 
 in the north, and the i'nited States in tlie middle. 
 
 The other divisions are, Mexico, towards the south ; and 
 Cf'iitraf, AvKrira. comprising the narrow imrtion in the 
 south; the Kc^'t /«(/(f.s ''^tween North and South America ; 
 and Danish A7)ierica, comprising the islands of Greenland 
 and Iceland. , 
 
 EXERCISE,— Draw boinidary lines between the principal political 
 divisions of North America. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 43. Nearly all the princijial cities are on 
 the Atlantic side of the continent, either on the coa.st or 
 beside a navigable river. New York, in the United States, 
 with a population of M4,OiiO, is the largest city, Quebec and 
 Victoria, in IJritish America, are the most northerly towns 
 in America. 
 
 Ill Mexico and Central .Vinerica, the cities are generally on the 
 tabloland 'f the interior. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— 44, The chief occnpat'ons tire ngri- 
 cnlture, manufacturing, mining, fishing, and commerce. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— 45. The governments of North 
 America are reiiresentiitive ; tlie jieople choosing from among 
 themselves the men who make tlie laws. British America 
 IS a deiicndcncy of Great Britain, The United States is the 
 most powerful repuhlic in tlii> world. 
 
 Frequent rcvolulious have retarded the proipcrity of Mexico 
 
iiiiiiel- ieeiliiij,' oil 
 
 be forests further 
 
 sloth, armadillo, 
 The cochineal is 
 
 f Nortli Amer- 
 iiajority are of 
 
 principally by 
 ill, Irish, and 
 
 , whose aiices- 
 are now free, 
 
 ians, or copjier- 
 
 OuBomeof the 
 
 led Esquimaux, 
 
 •e of small size, 
 liter live ill snow 
 
 ants of British 
 of Spanish and 
 
 of the main 
 tisk America 
 die. 
 
 e south ; and 
 rtion in tlio 
 Uh Anioricii ; 
 if Greenland 
 
 icipal political 
 
 cities are on 
 the coast or 
 lited States, 
 Quebec and 
 dierly towns 
 
 crally ou tho 
 
 lis are aori- 
 nierce. 
 
 8 of North 
 froiii anionjf 
 ^li Aniericji 
 itates is thr 
 
 nf Afexico 
 
BRITISH A] 
 
 W. h,.i liri 
 
 
BRITISH AMERICA 
 
 IV 
 
 til f >> I l> «•■• '!• ' .•■> .H ' f- I 'f^l 
 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 3CI 
 
 ami Ccimal Ameiica. Most of the islands beloiii; to European 
 powers. 
 
 QUESTION.— To what causes may the absence of rain on the 
 table-lauds each side of the Rocky Moantaius be ascribed ? 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 I. History. —4(). This portion of North America forms a 
 part of the Briti.sh Empire ; hence its name. 
 
 \ ii;w AMDXn TiiK TiiorsANii isli:k 
 
 Tlie first Britisli settlement in Noith America wa.s made at James- 
 town in Virginia, in 1607. The exploits of Captain .Tolin Sniitli, and 
 bis rescue from the Indians by Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian 
 chief, give a touch of romance tn the early history of tlils colony. 
 
 47. Emigrants from liritai., many of whom were driven from tiieir 
 native land by religious persecution, formed several colonies along the 
 Atlantic slope. In 1733 tiie colonies numbered thirteen. 
 
 The most interesting r.cttlenient was that made in Massachusetts, in 
 1620, by the Pilyrim Fathers, wlio crossed the Atlantic in the May. 
 Jloioer. 
 
 ii. The French also established colonies— one on the Teninsula of 
 Nova Scotia, and another on the lower course of the St. Lawrence. 
 These colonies were finally ceded to (ireat Britain in 17();j, by which 
 the whole cistern side of the continent, except the Peninsula of Florida, 
 became Uritish territory. 
 
 49. In 1783, Great Britain, by acknowledj^int,' tlie inde- 
 pendence of her tliirteen oldest colonics, now included in the 
 United States, relinquished her claim to the southern por- 
 tion of her possessions in North America. The possessions 
 still retained were the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 
 wick, Canada, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and 
 Hudson Bay Territorj'. In I8o8, the .south-western part 
 of Hudson Bay Territory was formed into a colony under 
 the name of British Cohunhia. 
 
 50. In I8G7, by Act of Britisli Parliament, the Provinces 
 of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Lower Canada and Upper 
 
 Canada, wi're united into a eonfeilerate State, under the 
 name of Tltc Dommion of Canada. At the same time, 
 Lower Canada received the name of The Province of Quebec ; 
 Upi)er Canaila, The Province of Ontario. 
 
 II. Position. — 51. British America occupies the whole 
 north of the continent, exet>pt Walrussia in the north-west. 
 The greater portion is in the northern half of the North 
 Temperate Zone. {Far Ijoinnl.f, see Map.) 
 
 The i.arallii of 10' N. forms the 
 binindary between British Anierica 
 ami tlie United States, from the 
 Pacific to the Ltko of the Woods ; 
 the line then runs southerly, passing 
 ihrouiili the centre '•( the L'reat lakes 
 t'l the St. Lawrence. Fuilher east, 
 the line puisnes a very devious 
 course. Tlie meridian of Ml" W. 
 separates it in jiart from Waliussia. 
 
 N. lat. 42 -72°; W. Ion. r.5' 30' 
 -141^ 
 
 III. Forn.— r)2. The ontiin.' 
 is an irreunlar tive-sidcd fixture. 
 
 IV. Coast.— 5:5. The Atlan- 
 tic, with its inimerous bays and 
 
 *■'*] harliours, is tlie most im])ort- 
 ant coast. The United States" 
 Tt>rritory of Walrussia extends 
 soutlicily in a narrow strip 
 alony a large jsirt of the Pacific coast. 
 
 The chief inlets are, J/iu/.fon's Jiat/ and Sh-ait, the f,'ii/r' 
 of St. Lawrence, P,ay of Fmuhf ; and on the west, Qncoi 
 Char/ulles Sound and the Gulf (f (leor<jia. 
 
 54. The peninsulas are, Pmithia, MdviUc, Lu'mnloy, and .Vunt 
 Scotia. 
 
 The capes are, Bathnrst, ChkHei/, Charles, Ua'C, and Salik. 
 
 The islands are, the Arctic <!ron])S, on the north ; Scii/itiiinttaiiif, 
 Anilcosti, Prince Edward, and Caiic Breton, on the east ; Vancouver 
 and Queen Charlotte on the west. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the outline of British America, marking^ the 
 coast waters, peninsulas, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area. — Oo. British America com]iriscs about three- 
 
 oigliths of North America. It is 101 times larger than N(n;i 
 
 Seotia ; ,. n-oo -i 
 
 —equal to a si^uaro of 1|33 miles. 
 
 VI. Surface.— 50. British America embraces a portion of 
 each of the three great physical divisions id' North Aiiirrici, 
 including the wlmli! id" tlie nortliern slope of tiie ci'iitral pliiii). 
 
 The liockji Mianitains and the Ca.ica<fe lian'j>- an.' tlir 
 principal mount.iins. 
 
 Mount Brown ami Mioml Ifokcriwo the highest point.i. (S,r Xorlh 
 America, Id.) 
 
 EXERCISE.- Lay down the mountains of British America on the 
 outline map. 
 
40 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 VII. Rivers. — 57. The rivcns are included in four of the 
 river system.s of North America. {See North America, 21.) 
 
 The principal are tiie Mackenzie, Coppermine, Great Fish, 
 Churchill, Saskatchewan, lied River, Nelson, St. Lawrence, 
 Ottawa, St. John, Columbia, Frazer, and Peace. 
 
 VIII. Lakes.— 58. Numerous large lakes are a remarkable feature 
 of Biiti.sh America. Four of the great lakes in the basin of tbe St. 
 Lawrence lie between British America and the United States. Michi- 
 gan is wholly iu the United States. {See Xurlh America, 27, 28.) 
 
 On the northern slope are Lakes Winnipeg, Deer, Athafxisca, Oriat 
 Slave, and Great Ikar. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes on the map of British 
 America. 
 
 IX. Soil,— (5ee North America, '29, and the several F ro- 
 vinces.) 
 
 X. Climate. — 50. In respect to temperature, British 
 America may be divided into tliree regions •,—ihe temperate, 
 in the south; (he cold, in the mid'Me; and the frozen, in the 
 north. The cas. -n side is much colder than the western. 
 {See North A merica, 30.) 
 
 XI. Minerals.— CO. Gold is obtained in Briti.^h Columbia, Nova 
 
 Scotia, and Quebec; coal and iron are abundant in Nova Scotia and 
 New IJrunswirk; copper and petroleum in Ontario. 
 
 XII., XIII. Plants. — 61. The temperate portion yields wheat and 
 other grains ; the colder regions produce barley and vegetables ; and 
 in the extreme north, lichens and mosses constitute the principal 
 vegetation. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— G2. Tiie total number of inhabitants 
 
 i.s about 4,000,000. The majority are of British origin. 
 
 Indians are scattered throughout the various divisions of British 
 America, and a few Esquimaux are found along the northern coasts. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— G3. British America consists of the 
 following divisions : — 
 
 2'he Dominion of Canada, in the south-east ; the Provinces 
 oi Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, on the eastern 
 coast ; the Province of British Columbia and Vancouver 
 Island, in the south-west ; and Hudson Pay Territory, in 
 the north. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— G4. The cities and large towns are all in 
 
 the south-east. 
 
 Montreal (110,000), on an island in the St. Lawrence, is the largest 
 city. Quebec is the oldest city. 
 
 XVII., XVIII. — {See various Provinces.) 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 I.-IV.— 05. The Domiiiinii of Canada was formeil in 1807, 
 by the union of Nova Scotin, New Brunswick, and Canada, 
 
 inVKR HI. LAWliEXCE. 
 
 The term.'! of union wore drawn up by dolo^'atcs from the 
 various Provinces and ratiiied by the Parliament of Groat 
 Britain, 
 on. Tln,s most important divisi.oi of British America is 
 
 . 
 
va Scotia and 
 
 Ids wheat and 
 getables ; and 
 the principal 
 
 inhabitants 
 
 I origin. 
 
 ons of British 
 Lhern coasts. 
 
 sists of the 
 
 lie Provinces 
 n the eastern 
 i Vancouver 
 Territory, in 
 
 us are all in 
 
 , is the largest 
 
 cs from the 
 'lit of Groat 
 
 America is 
 
 1 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 41 
 
 situated between the yrcat lakes aiul the Atiuutic Ocean. 
 It is wholly in the temperate region. 
 
 The Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy are the principal 
 inlets. 
 
 V.-XIV.— 67. Tiie area is nearly 24 times larger than 
 Nova Scotia, or it equals a square of 6C0 miles. 
 
 The surface is generally low and undulating. There are 
 no high mountains. 
 
 68. The River St. Lawrence and the great lakes ojien 
 tlie interior to comnieroe. 
 
 The mineral and agricultural resources are very great ; 
 the forests and fisheries also yield immense wealth. 
 
 Tlie population in 1861 was 3,08C,<)(H). 
 
 XV.-XVII. — 69. The Dominion of Canada consists of the 
 Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and 
 Ontario. 
 
 70. Ottawa (15,Oon) is the capital. It is situated on the 
 Eiver Ottawa, 100 miles from its mouth. 
 
 Tlie most important building in the city is the new Parliament 
 House, which cost $2,000,000. Ottawa is connected with Lake On- 
 tario, 126 miles distant, by the Rideau Canal; and a branch railroad, 
 53 miles in length, connects it with the (jrrand Trunk line at Prescott. 
 A little above the city are the Chaudiere Fulls. 
 
 71. The principal occupations are agriculture, mining, 
 fishing, lumbering, ship-building, manufiicturing, and com- 
 merce. 
 
 The total value of exports from the Dominion is about $70,000,000; 
 imports, f 7 5, 000,000. 
 
 The numerous excellent harbours of the maritime provinces afl'ord 
 evory facility for forei};n commerce ; and tlie St. Lawrence and great 
 laken open up the interior. There are also about 2500 miles of railway 
 and 250 miles of canal. 
 
 Tiie Grand Trunk railway, extending over 1000 miles, and the 
 Great Western communicate witii lines in the United State.'i. The 
 Intercolonial Line, in course of construction, which will connect the 
 railways of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with the Grand Trunk, 
 will give 430 miles additiomil. 
 
 XVIIT. Government.— 72. Tlie government is modelled 
 after that of Great Britain. The Governor-General repre- 
 sents the Queen. He is advised by a Privy Council. 
 
 The Parliament is composed of the Governor-General, the 
 Senate, and the House of Commons. 
 
 73. The Senate con.sists of 72 members or senators, appointed by the 
 Governor-General— 12 for Nova Scotia, 12 for New Brunswick, 24 for 
 Quebec, and 24 for Ontario. A senator must he over thirty ye;\rs of 
 ase, possess property worth 310uO above all liabilities, and reside in 
 his own Province. 
 
 74. The Commons consists of 181 members — 19 for Nova Scotia, 
 15 for New Biunswick, 05 foi Quebec, and 82 for Ontario. Tiie 
 members of the Commons are elected by the people for the term of five 
 years. Tlie number of members in the Commons is to be readjusted 
 every ten years, according to the population of the various Provinces — 
 
 the number for Quebec to rciiKun at (J5, the members for the other 
 Provinces to bear the same proportion to their population as 65 to the 
 population of Quebec. 
 
 The Government has control over all matters relating to the general 
 interests of tlie Dominion, a.s trade, fisheries, postal service, defences, 
 and criminal laws. 
 
 The revenue arises chiefly from duties on imports -total, about 
 
 aitj.ooo.ooo. 
 
 The public debt is about 830,000,000. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I. History.— 75. The French began to colonize Nova 
 Scotia in the year 1605. Tlie first settlement was at An- 
 napolis. 
 
 The French called the country Acadie—9. name saiil to be derived 
 from the Micmac cadie or kitddi/, signifying "abundance " or "abound- 
 ing in," and often employed in that language as an affix in compound 
 words. Thas -Shuien-a-cadie signifies "abounding in ground nuts." 
 The syllable a is merely a connective. 
 
 The name ywa Seotia was given to the country in 1621, when it 
 was ceded liy James I. of England to Sir William Alexander. 
 
 76. By tlie Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, Nova Scotia was 
 finally ceded to Great Britain. It then included the terri 
 tory wliich now furins New Brunswick and Prince Edward 
 Island. The inliabitants consisted of Indians and a few 
 thousand French called Acadians. The first jjcrmanent 
 British settlement was formed at Halif'a.\ in 1749. 
 
 77. The Island of Cape Breton is supposed to have been 
 named by Frenchmen from Bretagne or Brittany, a province 
 of Franc^. It was ceded to Great Britain in 17G3. 
 
 Th'! French built a strong town on the south-east, named Louisburg. 
 This town was taken hy a British fleet in 1759. From 1784 to 1819 
 CJape iJrcton formed a separate province under a military government. 
 
 II. Position.— 78. Nova Scotia is situated on the Atlantic, 
 and forms the south-eastern exiremity of Canada. It is 
 separated from New Brunswick, on the north, by the Bay of 
 Fundy and the Isthmus of Chiegnecto ; and from Prince 
 Edward Island by Northumberland Strait. 
 
 The Strait of Canso, 15 miles in length and about 1 mile in breadth, 
 separates the Peninsula from the Island of Cape Breton. The Isthmus 
 of Chiegnecto is about 12 miles broad. 
 
 N. lat. 43" 25-47'; W. Ion, 69' 40'-t;6° 2.'/. 
 
 III. Form. -7!). Tiie form of the Peninsula is triangular, 
 
 the base being on the Atlantic and the ape.x at the isthmus. 
 Cape Breton is ovate, with a triangular projection on the 
 north. 
 
 EXERCISE,— Draw the general form of the Province. 
 
 IV. Coast.— SO. Nova Scotia has a great extent of sea- 
 coast compared with its area, and no part of the interior is 
 over 30 miles from the sea. 
 
NCmXH AMERICA. 
 
 IIAI.IK A\. 
 
 T'icrc arc lunny oxcelli'iit li!»rl)oiirs, iiart'o\il:.ily on tlie Atliiiitii' 
 I'oast, wliore tlu'v are, witli rare txi'iiitioiiii, oinn to iiavigatioii 
 lliroiigliout tlic year. 
 
 81. Tlio iiviui'iiial Coast Waters are— 
 
 Tilt; /liii/ 0/ ftniil/f, C/iiiijiiirtii lUiij, Ciimhfrlitnd /hisiii, 
 Minas Channel, Minus /lanin, Cohcquul lidii, llivj Vcrff, 
 Tatamagouche Inti/, J'iclou J/arhour, Ht, Geonjes Jinn, 
 Stv(tit 0/ Can Hi), As/>i/ Iniij, St. Anna Jtui/, Uratt UniK 
 (I'Or, Little lints d'th; Itnts d'Or Lake, h'asl JIa;/, Wed 
 Ban, St. Patrick's Channel, W'hi/kokojnaijh, Sijdnen llarhduv. 
 Cow r>ay, Mire Bay, Calarus Bail, St. Peters Baij, Lennox 
 Pamvje, Chcilalnieto Baij, llalifa.r llarhimr and /Irtfl'nnl 
 Jltisin, Afanjaret's Bfi//, Mnhaue Bai), St. Muri/'s Bai/, 
 Dujfiy Cut, ami Annajnitis Jlasin. 
 
 82. The H«y of Fumly is an ann cf Itio Atlanlio |><'iirtnitiM.' far 
 inland liotwecii N' vn Scfti.i and New llriinswiok. Its Blmri'ii aro 
 luiially rnoky niut I'iuvutvil, furniiii^ it ^rcat wail npiinsl the i>ta. 
 l>i)tl)y Out iH n ainiiuliir brcnk in this wnll, opening lilto a unto into 
 Annnpolin Itasin. 
 
 Tlie liiuil waters of Cobeqiiid Ray nnil rnrnberland Basin nro notui 
 for tlii'ir very liigli tiilen. (.sVe I'hi/^ienl (iiO'jrufiliij, 04. * 
 
 Mudi of tlio (VMi^t i>ii Miiia.H llaxin, ('i>li('<|iiii| Hay, ami ('iimlierlanil 
 KiMin ID low, mid tlio l>ankii uf tliu i'iv«ri fur many uiiles u|i nro beluw 
 the Itvil of lii>;li watir. 
 
 'i'lie Strait of Caiiiin in tlio gront tliorou|ilil'arc bitwccu tlie Atlnntio 
 and tiR' Uulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 BK. The |irini'i|ial Cape* arc— 
 
 l<itlil, Illvtnntoit, d'Or, Chiri/necto, Malitf/ath, John, St. Gro);it, 
 
 Miihou, ."<(. hiwroirc, Xarlh, F.iimoiit, Knfinnc, Ihilpltiu, .Icoiu, 
 Ilntoii, Ctiiino, t'lifciiitiiic, Saiiilira, I'ruint I'oint, ami Siil,lc. 
 
 Hldiiiidiin, tbo enstcrn I'xlrcnilty uf the North Mountain, is 4,'>o fcit lii^li • 
 I'oriiipiiu', on tlie Stniil of t'unso. (li'i fet't; Nurtli, m rtli o( t'a|)e Itreton, lluO 
 fci't ; Knruiiu', '2100 twt ; iiikI Crown I'oint, on the Atlantic coa^it, fiUU feet. 
 
 8-1, Small Islands arc niiiminiis, cspceiiilly on tli>' Atlaiitii.' 
 coast. 
 
 The moi'c iiiiii.iitaiit iisl.inds arc — 
 
 J'ictan Island, St. Paul, Banlardarie, Seaiori, Madnnif, 
 Cape Sable, Lomj Island, lirier Island, ami Sable Island. 
 
 8,'). Houlardarie, between Great aii'i Little Drns d'Or, Ih 2C niilci in 
 leii^tli. 
 
 Mailanie, xoiitli of ('upe Itroton, coutaini about TS tqunro miles, iind 
 li.'it a |in|iiilati(iii (if ,'tlioiit •''ifii'O, 
 
 Halile Island, al>ont KH' niilo.s soiitli rf Cape Hreton, in a low Handy 
 island, witli dan^^eroiis Hand hIioi'.Ib ui llic vant. It ih about 'J5 inilei 
 ill loii^tli and 1 niilv iu breadth. Herds (/ nild {loiiiiii ruuui over 
 the iHUnd. 
 
 EXERCISE. Draw an outline map of Nova Scotia, marking the 
 coast waters, capes, and Islauds. 
 
 V, Area.— f^ti. The I'nivincc c(|ii»1h ,t Piiunrc of l.inniilcf. 
 It coiitaiiiH uliiiiit ll,!l(il,(Hi()iicrcH. The I'ciiiiisiilii contains 
 altiiiit Hvcui.xllis of thia nmv ; Va\\w Bret' n, ono-Hixtli. 
 
 The entire Ipiigth of the Province is 370 miler ; the itri'mcst breadth 
 about lUl miles. 
 
 VI. Stirface.— 87. Tlio pcncrnl snrfa'io Ib low nml mulii- 
 
 <^ 
 
 l-H''. 
 
 en 
 > 
 
 o 
 
a^ 
 
 ■•'■■'■I 
 
 
 /(III, .llOIK, 
 
 ilk. J 
 
 l.Wfwt 1ii>.'li- ] 
 
 iwst, fiUO f' el 1 
 
 ,.Atlaiitir ' 
 
 Miiilanii', 
 
 i 25 niiK'B in 
 
 inilofi, iiiiil 
 
 low miiuiy 
 it '15 mill'!! 
 I .am over 
 
 iirking the 
 
 in(5iiiil<>H, 
 I coiiliiill.s 
 xtli. 
 cDt lircjiltli 
 
 11(1 uikIii- 
 
 V v( / ^k- ^ 
 
 
 .^ 
 
iiii . i i | ^ i ..|^|W »i^W!jgW ft'-^.--~: .-! * *,. ' 
 
 j Vild 
 ,T ' tllllli 
 
 r 
 
NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 43 
 
 lating. A low water-shed runs through the middle of Nova 
 Scotia, from which the slopes are towar'.d the north and 
 Bouth. The southern slope is often rugged aud rocky. 
 
 There are three low mountain ranges — 
 
 The South Mountain, furniiug the western portion of the 
 central water-shed ; the North Mountain, along the margin 
 of the Bay of Fundy, from Blomidoii to Digby Neck ; the 
 Cohequid Mountains, on the north of Cobequid Bay. 
 
 The mountains in the north of Cape Breton are tlie 
 highest 1.1 the Province, but the most elevated peaks do not 
 exceed half a mile in hciglit. 
 
 88. The averape licitilit of the North and Pnuth Mnunt^ains is about 
 COO feot. The North .Mountain rises abruptly on thu .«(]uth, and the 
 verge presents many beautiful views of the fertile valley below, \< jih 
 its green fields and nilvery winding streams. 
 
 The Cobequids are about 1100 feot high. They fonu a water-shed, 
 with short slopes on the nortii and south. 
 
 811. Tiie valley between the North and South Alountains is divided 
 into two gentle slopes. Tlic early French sell lenient of Port Koyal was 
 at the western ex(reniity ; Caiiaid and Le Grand I'rc at the eastern. 
 
 EXERCISE.- Lay down the mouutains ou the outline map of 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 VII. Rivers.— 90. There are no largo rivers. Tlic 
 nunicrons small .strt'anis form importanl harlioiirs near tlitir 
 mouths. The longest rivers are about 00 miles in lengtli. 
 The princijial arc — 
 
 at, Mari/s, La Jlan; Liverpool, Annnpolit:, Cornwollii', 
 Avon, iShuhiUiuadie, Salmon, rhilip, Wallaa, Lad liner 
 !i/ J'ictou, and Manjarle. 
 
 VIII. Lakes.— !»1. Small lakes are vei'y numerous, iiav- 
 ticularly on the Atlantic slope. 
 
 liossignot, (hand Lake, Ship llarh'Hir Lake, AinnUe, 
 which are from S) to 12 miles in length, are the largest 
 lakes. 
 
 P2. The lake gyslem with which ()rnnd Lake is onnnectcd is 
 drained b" the Shnlienacadie, and also by n Rtreniu flowing southerly 
 10 Halifax llarbuur. A large an»iunt has been e\|X'nde<l on a canal 
 through these Htreauia aud laketi, to connect Halifax Harbour with 
 l'obe(|uid Hay. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rireri aud laket ou the map of Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 IX. Soil." n.l. On the north of the central water-shed the 
 Koil is gen 'rally very fertile. The Noutliern nide of the IVo- 
 \in(-e is not usually so well adapted to agricidtural pur- 
 
 HUitB. 
 
 The inlcrvnl uniU along the margins of the riTcrii arc very fertile, 
 jielding largo crops of hay. Mont of tin Hlrciilhf flowing into the liead 
 walfrs of the Hay of l-'undy arc bordered alnng their lower Ciuuc by 
 nmrKh, which in prolectcd from the sea by dikeii, 
 
 It is cttiniattd that about half the area I'f the I'tovincc confinti of 
 wild or forest land o» neJ by the Uovcruuient, aud that one-aixlh of 
 lhi» in fit for cultivation. 
 
 X. Climate.— 94. The climate of Nova Scotia is temperate 
 and salubrious. The summer is hot ; the winter is long, 
 with much severe cold. 
 
 The ground is covered with snow much nf the time from the middle 
 of December to the middle of March, h-'oring advances slowly. A 
 chilly north-east wind, caused by ice in the tiulf of St. Lawrence, 
 prevails in April and May. Vegetation, promoted by seasonable rains, 
 is very rapid, there being only three or four months between seed- 
 time and harvest. Autumn is a delightful season. 
 
 The extreme of heat is 95" abo\e zero ; of cohl 21° below ; the mean 
 annual temperature 44". (See Aorth America, 33.) 
 
 XI. Minerals. —9"). Tiie minerals of Nova Scotia are 
 varied and of great importance, including coal, i'-on, gold, 
 copper, vianganese, li„ie, tji/jisuni, nalt, granite, sandstone^ 
 state, and marble. 
 
 0(i. Coal fields are very extensive in tho east and north. The most 
 inipiirtant mines are in Cape Itreton, I'letou, and Cumberland. The 
 total ((uantity raised annually is about GiiO,(KiO (ons. Tho thiikcst 
 ciial .scam known in the I'rovinco is at the AUjh :i Mina in i'ictoii 
 Counly, having an average thickness of 3s feet. 
 
 !»7. Iron ore of a superior (juality is abundant. Tho only mine 
 worked is on the south side of the Cubeciuid Mnunlains in Cok-lie.iter. 
 
 S''^. Gold is obtained from (|uart7. found on tho Atlantic blupc. 
 Several mines are worked in Halifax and Hants Counties. The aniouni 
 obtained annually is wjrth abmil $,">U(l,e(lO. 
 
 \U. Plants. -»!). The mitive forests arc yet exten.sivo. 
 The most important trees are pine, siiruee, heiulurk, l)e< cli, 
 (lak, maple, birch, and iush. 
 
 Oats, barley, rye, wheat, maize, potatoes, (uinip.s. and 
 liay are the most important tield crops. 
 
 Ti)e principal fruits are aiiplos, pears, and plums. 
 
 Wheat is most extensively cultivated in tho ea'tcrn count io". 
 Maize and apples are most abundantly raised in the valley between 
 the North and South Mo.mtains. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— 100. Tho larger wild animals, as tho 
 moose, caribou, and bear, are becoming less numerous. Tin; 
 wild cat, fox, und raccoon are among the smaller (juad- 
 ru)ied8. 
 
 Horses, cattle, and sheep arc numerous, nud largo dairies 
 are kept in many parts. 
 
 The coait waters teem with fish, including the ciHi, halibut, thmt, 
 tnacktrcl, mimon, and hcrvimi. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— 101. The population in isr.l was 
 ;{30,br)7. It is now probalily not less than ;r)(»*iMK). Tiie 
 inhabitants arc KeneniUy of British and Irisli (lese<'nt. 
 
 Tho Acftdians number about 20,000; the Ncgnes 0000; and tho 
 Indiatis 1500. In Lunenburg County there are njany of (iernum 
 origin, 
 
 102. The public schools are free to all over five yearn of age, and 
 few couiitries eaii boast < fa ujoie perfut eiluealional syntein. 
 
 The HcliooN ure suntained by provincial endowment, graded accord- 
 ing to the I'lnin of teacher ; county atiieiiiimrnt, iliiilributed accurdin,( 
 
 I 
 
44 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I 1. 
 
 to average attcnilance ; ftiid seotional assessment. The system pro- 
 vides an Acadeiiiy for eaoli county. All schools are visited semiannu- 
 ally by inspectors. 
 
 Tl.e general control of educational matters is couiinitted to a Super- 
 intendent and a Council of Public Instruction. 
 
 A Normal School for the training of teachers is sustained by legis- 
 lative endowment. 
 
 The total amount expended on the public schools in 18t>*j was about 
 jSMjUOO; tiio amount expi'ndcd on colleges was over $4(),UU0 ;— mak- 
 ing a total for education of nearly $400,000. About one-third of this 
 amount was jiaid from the provincial treasury. The amount paid from 
 the treasury in 1867 was over $100,000. It is estimated that over 
 70,000 dirterent children were at school during some portion of the year. 
 
 103. Tiiere are five Colleges : — 
 
 Kiuij's, belon','ing to the Episcopalians; Acadia, to the Hapti.st.s ; 
 Ihilhuimic, inovincial ; .SV. Mai'i/'a and .St. Fraiiris Xitiier's, to tiic 
 Roman Catholics. The Wesleyan college at Sackville, N. 15., receives 
 u grant from Kova Scotia. 
 
 104. About oiie-fourlh tlie population are Roman Calltolic!, one- 
 fiurth Pirsb;itiviaiis, onc-si.\th /ia/iiist^, one-seventh J-^iiisrtipnliaiis, 
 and one-tenth WieUi/uim. All religious denominations have cijual 
 civil jirivilcges. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 105. Xova Scotia is divided into oi<,'hteoii 
 coiiidies, loiirtLL'ii in the Pfiiinsnla and four in C'aiic Bretijii. 
 
 The counties are sniidivided into /oirnnhij,'!. 
 
 Tlie fullowin,!,' are the eighteen counties, ivith their chief towns. 
 The C'lunty tow ns arc in black letter ; — 
 
 .SIX COUNTIES ON THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 Coui.lioi. Chief PI»co«. 
 
 (iL'YsDoKoL'oii.Ouysboro', Canso, Sherbrooke, Port Mulgrave. 
 
 Halifax Halifax, Dartn^f-th, Hedford, Tangier. 
 
 LfNKNimuu.. ..Lunenburg, Chester, Rridgewater, New Dublin. 
 
 Qt'KKN's Liverpool, Port Medway, Milton, Mill Villa-e. 
 
 t^iiKLiiuuNK .. ..Shelburue, Harrington, Locke's Island, 
 Yakmol'tii Yarmouth, Tusket, Hebron. 
 
 FOL'U COUNTIKS ON TUK BAY OF KlMtV 
 
 I^IOBY Digby, Weymouth, Westport, Hear River. 
 
 Annai'oLI.s Annapolis, liridgetown, Lawrencetown. 
 
 Kino'h. (KcntviUe, Wolfvill,., Port William.s, Canning. Iki- 
 
 I wick, Kingston. 
 
 il*^«ts Windsor, Uanlsport, Mailland, Shubenacndie. 
 
 rnlMi coUNTlKS 0.\ NOUTIinMHKULANU STKAIT 
 Ci'MBKKUNi.... Amherst. Pm-wash, Wallace, Parrsboro", 
 
 j Truro, I'pper Stewiacko, Lower Stewin-k.) Station, 
 CoLciiK.sTK.ii.,^ Talam.ngouche, Acadia Mines, lircit Viikue. Follv 
 
 I Villttce. 
 
 r'°"'>' Pietou, New Olasgow, Albion Mines. 
 
 AmtiuoNIMi . ..AntlgouUh, Si. Andrew's, Tiuoadie. 
 
 Koru COL'NTIKa IN CAI'K UJIKTON. 
 
 '''^'••"''KP.'i Port Hood, Malpou, Ship Harbour, Phutor Cove 
 Vit.'T.mi,\ Iladdeck, Kii-li.h Town. 
 
 Capk HKK.n..s.. Sydney The liar, Lingan. 
 KiciiMoNi. Arioliat, Little Arichai, 
 
 EXKUCISE, Mark the division lines between the countlcii, and 
 lay down the chief places on the map of Nova Scotia. 
 
 XVI. Towns.- 111*!, Halifax, tlio capital of Xovii Scotia, 
 
 is the only city. Small towns, havinj,' from 1000 to 4000 
 inhabitants, are numerous. {See 105, Chief Places.) 
 
 Halifax (30,000) was founded in 1749. It has a large and .safe har- 
 bour on the Atlantic coast, and is strongly fortified. It is the seat of 
 Dalhousie and St. Mary'a Colleges. The Province Building or Parlia- 
 ment House is a fine stone building. The city is connected with An- 
 napolis by the Western railroad, aiid with Truro and Pietou by the 
 Eastern, and is the terminus of the projected Intercolonial road to com- 
 municate with the (iraud Trunk in Quebec. 
 
 Jjartmoutli, on the opposite side of the harbour, may be regarded as 
 a suburb of Halifax. In its neighbourhood is tiie Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 107. Luncnbiu'ij, Liverjtoul, and Shcl/jurue, on the Atlantic, arc 
 important towns, engaged in fishing, ship-building, and trade. 
 
 Yarmouth, the largest town in the west, is extensively engaged iu 
 ship-building and commerce. It is noted for its fine public schools. 
 
 Annayivlis, the /'o)'< Royal of the French, is the oldest town in 
 Nova Scotia. Roth it and Digby arc beautifully situated on opposite 
 e.\tiCMiitie.i of Annapolis basin. 
 
 108. WolfiiUe is the scat of Acadia College; Wimhov, ci{ King'i 
 College; Truro, of the Provincial Normal C(j|legc; Aittijuuish, v( St. 
 Francis Xavier's College. 
 
 I'ictou and A'tw (Jlan'jow are important commercial and ship-build- 
 ing towns. Largo quantities of coal are shipijcd from Pietou harbour. 
 
 Sijilniji. the former capital of Cape lireton, has an excellent harbour, 
 from which huge (piautities of K\iperior cial arc exported. Arickat, 
 on Isle .Madame, is the headnuarter.-! of valuable fisheries. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— loD. The principal piirtjiiits arc agri- 
 culture, lishiiii,', luiiiin^', eliip-buildins, luuiberinu', maiiufac- 
 ttircs and commerce. 
 
 The counties north of the centr.il water-shed are most extensively 
 engaged in agriculture ; the Atlantic counties and those of Cape Breton, 
 in the fisheries. Ship-building is pro.secutcd on all the coasts. In 
 ISiJt) over 400,000 tons of shipping were owned in Nova Scotia. 
 
 The manufactures are rapidly increasing. They include hardware, 
 boots and shoes, carriages, and farming tools. 
 
 110. The exports include li.-h, coal, ^old, gypsum, p(jtatoos, apjilcs, 
 ships, and lumber ;- total value, >8, 500,000. 
 
 The imports include flour, tropical produce, li((uors, silks, woollens, 
 cottons, and various manufactured goods ;— tota. .alue, #14,400,000. 
 
 111. The railroads are, the Kastern line, from ILdila.x to Pietou — 
 110 miles; and the Western line, from ILilifax to .Ann.ipolis— l.'JO 
 miles. The Intercolonial line Will connect the liastern line, near 
 Truro, with the Urand Trunk line in (Quebec. 
 
 XVUI. Government..— 11 L>. The local government i.s 
 vested in a Lieiitenant-(iovernor, appoititeil by the Gover- 
 nor-Cieiieral of Canada, and ati Kxeciitivo Council. 
 
 The liCKiHlutiire conHi.-.ts of the Lieiitenatit-liovernor, a 
 LeyisIativoCtmncilof 18 nieiul)er8, and u House uf Aasembly 
 of 38 njcmbcrs, elected every four years. 
 
 11.1. The Provincial Le;ji»laturo has control o\er local matterx, such 
 as the administiatiun of justice, eitucutioii, public lands, mines, anil 
 minerals. 
 
 Tlio rnvnnun arises from the sale of public lands, royally on mineraU, 
 and an annual urant of |r,0,0(M), id^elher with 80 cents per head on 
 the population fioui the revenue uf Canada. 
 
 QUESTION. A vessel sails trom Pietou to Wolfville; through 
 what waters does it past, lUid what freight will It prubably carry t 
 
 V 
 
 1' 
 
>00 to 4000 
 ces.) 
 
 ami safe Iiar- 
 ; is the seat uf 
 ling or Pari! a- 
 cteJ with Aii- 
 Pictou by the 
 il road to com- 
 be regarded as 
 tii; Asylum. 
 
 Athiutic, aio 
 trade. 
 
 L'ly engayed in 
 biio scliouls. 
 )Idc'st town ill 
 ed on opposite 
 
 Jsof, of King's 
 'iijunish, of St. 
 
 md ship-build- 
 itlou Iiarliour. 
 .'llfiit harbour, 
 tud. Aficlutt, 
 ios. 
 
 nits are agri- 
 :ij;, mauutac- 
 
 iht extensively 
 f Cape Urel'iii, 
 
 e coasts. In 
 Scotia. 
 
 de hardware, 
 
 tatoos, apples, 
 
 Iks, woollen.s, 
 
 14,400,000. 
 
 ,x to I'ictou — 
 
 nnapolis— 1;}0 
 
 II line, near 
 
 'riiiiieiit i.i 
 
 tlio Ciovei- 
 
 •il. 
 
 ovcriiDr, II 
 
 it' .Vweuibly 
 
 iii.ittorH, HUeli 
 ', niiiiuD, and 
 
 yonmiiicraU, 
 per head on 
 
 lie ; through 
 ably carry t 
 
 -V 
 
 1' 
 
 NE^' BRUNSWICK. 
 
 45 
 
 ST. .TiiIIN. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 I. History. — lit. Now rrmiswick lu'ciiiin' a.'ioparate Pro- 
 viiu.o in 17^1. Tlio Hist Uritisli .sittlcnu'iit.s wero fDriiU'd 
 about twenty years earlier. The jioiiulatiDii wa.-' laru'eiy in- 
 ereasiHl at tlio close of the Anierieau Kevolution liy dis- 
 lianiled soldiers and I,oyalist.s. 
 
 Some uf thi' most flourishing early si'ltlemeiits were alons the valloy 
 of the Rlirauiiehi, on the east. In l.S'Jfi this v hulu coast, iiieliidin)^ an 
 urea eijual to the third of Nova Soolin, was desolated by one of the 
 most terrible tires on record. Five hundreii ;.er»ona lost their lives, 
 iind n vast ainuunt of property was destroyed. (See .V"i'a Srntin. 7ii. ) 
 
 II. Position.— 11. ■■), New Uiun.swiek is buiuidtMl on tin' 
 north by Quebec and Bay Chaleiir ; on the east, by the (Jult 
 of St. Lawrence and Ni)rthuniberland Strait ; on tli(> .south, 
 by Nova Seotia, rhieirii(>eto l?ay. antl the Bay of Fimdy; 
 on the west, by the ll^nited Staten and (Jneliee. 
 
 It is in the same l.ilitudo an the iiiidillo of Frame, N. lut, i^-iS" ; 
 W. Ion. (13" SO'-OT" 50'. 
 
 III. Form. — 1 Ul. The form JH that of a four-sided limine, 
 huviiiK its greatest length nortii and soiitli. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Draw the general form of New Brunswick 
 
 IV. Ooast.— 117. Two sides, the eu8t und the south, are 
 
 bordered by the .sea, Kivin;; Out) uiile's of loust, and I'uiiiish- 
 ing many excellent harbi>nr.s. 
 The iirineipal Coast Waters are— 
 
 Shediac J/(ir!ti»ir, Ji<uj Vfrtf, ('liii"jn''i'lo Jinij, H/i'/hm/ij 
 /hi/, liity of Fiiinfi/, St. John I/arljour, and I'tissuma'ptoilt/ij 
 Ihu,. 
 
 \\^. Til'' Capes are. E^Hmii\<ir, T'l^'tnculiiif, Sjinirrr, ami f.ri>rtnii. 
 
 The Islands ar", Mnvntt and S/n/ijifnui, ut the Mi'Uih id' Hiy 
 Ch.ileur; (tt^(llll^ Miihuh, in the liay i f Fundy ; and VnmimUUo, in 
 r.issiamaquoddy Day. 
 
 The coast on the Hiy "^^ Fundy is (generally elevated and rocky. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the outline of New Brunswick, markiuK the 
 coaiit waters, capes, aud isiaiids. 
 
 V. Area,— 11!). New I'liinswielv is one and a half times 
 
 till' size of Nova Seotia : 
 
 — cqua! to a fipiare if ICid miles. 
 
 The lencth fr^un mrtli to nouth is nboiit 200 niiii s ; the liremith from 
 east to »e.>il, I'll) Mliles. 
 
 Vr, Surface,— liiii. The snrfaee is tjenerally undulatini,'. 
 The hiuliest mountains an.' in the north-west, rising to the 
 height of 2(M)0 feet. They fi rm the north-eastern limit ot 
 the Ai>[ialaihian System. {S'C ymih Auifilrii, li».) 
 
 The prineip.il wuti r .^hrd extends tliruUKb the country fr^n north- 
 
 I 
 
46 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 4 
 
 west to south-east, separating the streams which flow to the Gulf 
 and Northumberland Strait from those which flow into the Bay of 
 I'undy. 
 The basin of St. Johu has a general slope towards the south-east. 
 
 VI [. Rivers.— 121. The rivers may be arranged in two 
 f,'roiips :— 
 
 Those oil the Gulf slope, inchidin,!;; the Eeslhjouche, Nepi- 
 si(jiii(., und MiramlcJii; those on the Bay of Fiuuly sk)pe, 
 the principal bcin^' tlie I'tlicodlac, ,St. John, Tohiniie, 
 Salmon, and St. Croix, 
 
 122. llosti;.'()Uclio is an Indian name, si;,'nif_viiif,' the five Jiiir/crs river, 
 (lie river liiiviiig live iirineipal triluitiirics. It f rms a part of tlie 
 bouMilaiy between New Brunswick and Quebec, and is abnut 200 miles 
 in length. 
 
 The Miraniiclii, also about 200 miles lon^', is an inip.irtant stream, 
 with flourishins villages alonj; its banks, 
 
 '' 'ic I'eticodiac is iiavijiable 25 miles. 
 
 Vl'i. The St. .John is by far the larj.'i st river in New liruMswick. It 
 rises in the State uf Maine, receives several trilmtarits from Qiiebuc, 
 and has a tiital leUjitli of about -150 miles. It is navigable 85 miles to 
 Frederictiiii; and in the rainy .'■eason to (iranil Falls, 225 miles. The 
 St. John and St. C'roi-X form jiorliona of the boundary between New 
 JJruBswiek and the United States. 
 
 VII [. Lakes. — 124. Small lakes are niinicvmis. (Ira ml 
 Ijdlf, an c.xiiaiisidn of the iSalnioii IJivcr. is ahout '.]0 miles 
 in length. 
 
 EXERCISE. -Lay down the rivers and lalces on the outline map 
 cf New Brunswick. 
 
 IX. Soil.— 12"). The .soil is genonilly fertile, partieiilarly 
 in the river valley.^. 
 
 X. Climate.— 12C>. The elimate is very liealthfi;!, and 
 niiU'li like that of Nova Scotia. Winter wts in ratiier 
 earlier than in Nova Scotia, and the cold i.s more intense. 
 The l>ay of Fundy coa.st is siiliject to fo'.'s in summer. 
 
 XI. Minerals. — 127. The most imiKHtant minerals are 
 coal, iron, copper, and lime. 
 
 The coal fields are very extensive and valuable. 
 
 XII. Plants.— 12S. A lartre part of the conntry is still 
 covered with forests, .yielding e.vceilent timber. The native 
 trees ineliide pine, spruce, larch, cedar, oak, beech, majtle, 
 and birch. 
 
 Tiic products of the field are like those of Nova Scotia. 
 
 XIII. Anhnali.— 120. The wild animals are like those of Nova 
 Scotia, 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants. I.'io. The population in 1S(!1 was 
 2.12,0(10. Most ul the inhabitants arc of IJritish and Irish 
 ori^dn. 
 
 131. New Urutiswick makes liberal {iroviiiioD fur general education. 
 
 Nearly 1150,000 per annum are given from the provincial treasury 
 towards the support of common schools, academies, and colleges. The 
 amount raised by fees, subscription, and assessment, is over $100,000. 
 Teachers are trained at the Normal School in St. John, and the 
 schools are inspected by local superintendents. The Educational 
 Department is under the control of a Chief Superintendent, aided by 
 a Hoard of Education. 
 
 The higher institutions of learning are the University of New 
 Brunswick, at Fredericten ; Mount Allison Academy, at Sackville; 
 and other .ademies belonging to the Baptists, I'resbyterians, and 
 Koman Catholics. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 132. New Brunswick is divided into 
 fourteen counties: — 
 
 FIVE COUNTIES ON Tlli: KAST (;'UAS.r. 
 
 Ciunliis. CLiefriaces. 
 
 KkstiouI'Che Dalhousie, Campbelltown. 
 
 (tL"Ucesteu Bathurst. 
 
 NoKiuuMUEKLAND Newcastle, Chatham, Dougla.stown. 
 
 Kknt Ki'?hibueto, Buctuuehe. 
 
 Westmukelaku Dorchester, Jloucton, Shediae, Sackville. 
 
 TIIRKK (.'OUNTIES ON THE PfiUTII COAST. 
 
 Ai.iiKiiT Hopewell, lldlsboro'. 
 
 St. John St. John, Uarleton. 
 
 CiiAKLOTTE Si. Andrew's, St. Stephen's. 
 
 TIIKEE COCNTIES IN THE INTEIIIOI!. 
 
 K'iNd's Kingston. Hampton, Sutst-.x. 
 
 (,icEKs's (iagetown. 
 
 .^iN'iiciiv (iromcoto. 
 
 TIIKEE COUNTIES IN THE W 1>T, 
 
 YiiiK Fredericton, Stanley, 
 
 CaUIKTu.N Woodstork. 
 
 \' 1 cT" 11 1 A Ct rand Fa I Is. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Mark the county lines and chief places on the map 
 of New Brunswick. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 133. Fredericton is the capital; St. John, 
 the principal city. 
 
 Fredericton (fOOO) is beautifully situated amid encircling hills, be- 
 side the River St. .'olin. It contains the University of New Brunswick. 
 
 SI. John (25.000), on a rocky jieninsula at (lie mouth of the St. 
 Joiin, has a tine harbour open at all seasons. Large (piantities ol 
 lumber and lime arc exported from St. John. Carliton, a suburb on 
 the o[i]iositc side of the river, is connected with St. John by a susiien- 
 sion bridge. It contains the Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 V6i. Vliathnm and A'eur(i,itle, on the Miramichi, are important 
 places, extensively engaged in ship-building. 
 
 ^7. .ytijihcn's on the St. Croix, and M. Andrciv'a on Passamaquoddy 
 Hay are also important towns. 
 
 .'<iirkrilli . mar the head of Cumberland Basin, is the ^eat of Mount 
 Allison College and Female Seminary, The college receives a grant 
 from Nova Scutia. 
 
 XVII. Industries. \:\r>. The principal employments are 
 a^'ricidtiiic, Iiimberinj:, lishinK, siiip-luiildiui,', nianidiictiiriMj.', 
 ami commerce. 
 
 Since the first settlement of the country, lumbering lias formed au 
 
 rl 
 
 \\ 
 
I 
 
 'incial treasury 
 1 colleges. The 
 i over 8100,000. 
 John, aud the 
 le Educational 
 ident, aided by 
 
 rersity of New 
 , at Sackville; 
 diyterians, and 
 
 4 
 
 divided iiitci 
 
 .^town. 
 
 ic, Sackville. 
 
 s on the map 
 il; St. Juliii, 
 
 linfi; hills, iie- 
 w Urun&wick. 
 ith of the St. 
 quantitiea ol 
 1, a suburb on 
 I by « susjieii- 
 
 ire important 
 
 issamaquoddy 
 
 ■eat of Mount 
 L'civcs a grant 
 
 i.vmonts (ire 
 iiiractiiriii;,', 
 
 
 ai formed uu 
 
QUEBEC 
 
 M 
 
 t> 
 
)UEBEC AM) ONTARIO 
 
 VI 
 
 « A \- T 1, R K 1 'r U \ 
 
 
 
 
 «i* /(.» Ill 
 
QUF.BEa 
 
 n 
 
 important branch of industry. The lop3 are brought down the rivers 
 in rafts. 
 
 Tiie manufactures include woollens, cottons, leatlier, and hardware. 
 
 The principal exports are himber, A.^h, and lime ;— annual value 
 $5,500,0UO. 
 
 The imports are like those of Nova Scotia ,— value 87,000,000. 
 
 130. A railroad extends from St. John to Sliediac, on the Northumber- 
 land Strait, 115 miles ; and one from St. Andrew's to Woodstock, luO 
 miles. Tlia Intercolonial line will pass tiirough New Brunswick. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— 137. The local government is 
 
 similar to tliat of Nova Seotia. The Legislative Council 
 con!jist.s of iil members; and the House uf Asseuil'ly of 41 
 members, elected every four years. 
 
 138. The urant from the revenue of Canada is $50,000, 80 cents per 
 he.ad on the iiopulatinu, and an additiuual sum of §(J3,UU0 fur the fir.>t 
 ten vears after tiie union. 
 
 
 '^4mi ' ^'^W:^^' .S __ ^ ^u*:: lists I i^ i ^ -n 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Ql'KBEC. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 I. History. — ino. This Province was formerly called 
 Lower Canada; it received its present name in the constitu- 
 tion of union in 1S67. 
 
 The Province of Quebec was called by its present name from 17''^ 
 to 1791. 
 
 Cartier, a French admiral, sailed up the St. Lawrence in l."i35. 
 Tlie first colony was established by Ohamphiin, also a Frcnehnmn, in 
 1C08, where the city of Quebec now stands ; and during the sncciedinf; 
 century and a half many colonists from France settled aling the banks 
 of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 140. Whilst hel I by tlie FrvMn'h, the territory now included in the 
 Provinces of Quebec and Ontario formed one colony under the nanii' 
 of Canada, sometimes .ilso called New Fnuice. In 17.09, the liritish 
 took the principal places, including the strongly fortified town of 
 Quebec, which was regardeil as the key to the whole country. In 
 1763, France ceded the country to Great Britain. 
 
 At the commencement of the American Itevolution an invading 
 
 army from the revolting colonies was sent into the Province of Quelx ■■■•, 
 but was soon comiielled to retnat. 
 
 141. In 1791, (he country was divided into the Provinces of I'ppir 
 and Lower Canada. They remaint-d separate until lf^-10, when, by Act ot 
 the British Parliament, tiny were reunited into one Province. l"(jr 
 several years previou.s to this union the country had been distracted 
 liy political contests, whicii resultid in a I'ivil war of short duration 
 (1837, 1838). 
 
 II. Position.— 142. The Proviiice of Quebec lies on both 
 sides of the .'>t. Lawrence, from a slmrt distance above the 
 mouth of the Ottawa to tiie (lulf It is bounded on the 
 north iiy Hudson I'.ay Territory; on tlie east by the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence : ou the .-outli liy IJny Chalciu', Nrw I'lrimswick, 
 and the United IStiites; on tlie west by Ontario. 
 
 The Ottawa separates Quehec and Ontario, except fir a few miles 
 near its mouth, where Quebec crosses the river and includes the right 
 lank. 
 
 N. lat. 45 - 50" ■ W. Ion. 04 '-79°. 
 
48 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 f, 
 
 III 
 
 \i 
 
 III. Form.— 143. The form is tiiangular, witli one side on 
 the north, one on the south-east, and one on the south- 
 west. 
 
 EXEKCISE. —Draw the approximate form of Quebec. 
 
 IV. Coast. — 144. The coast is confined to the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence and Bay Chaleur, on the north-ea.st. 
 
 It is blocivcd with ice in the winter, so tliat navigation is 
 suspended for several montiis in the year. 
 
 The priiicii>al Bays are, Chaleur, ^fal, and GanpS. 
 The Capes arc, Point St. Ptttr, Cape Uaspi, Point de Monts, 
 Tourment, and West Point. 
 
 145. The Islands are, Anticodi, Bonaventure, and Mag- 
 dalen Is., in tlie Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Orleans, Montreal, 
 Jesus, and Perrot, iu the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Anticosti, about tliree-fourtli3 the size of Cape Breton, is cold, 
 barren, and uninhabited. 
 
 The Magdalen Islands, 50 miles north of Prince Edward Island, are 
 high and rug,;ed. The inhabitants, numbering about 3000, are chii;fly 
 of French descent. Fishing ia the principal occupation. 
 
 Montreal, at the confluence of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence, is 
 about 30 miles in length. It is generally lew, except the elevation 
 called Mount Royal. It is noted for ai'ples and pears, and contains 
 the city of Montreal. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the booudary line of Quebec, marking coast 
 waters, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area.— 146. Quebec is rather more than eleven times 
 the size of Nova Scotia : 
 
 —equals a square of 153 miles. 
 
 VI. Surface. — 147. The surface is considerably diversified, 
 but not mountainous. The principal mountains are two 
 ranges in the nortli-east, along the lower course of the St. 
 Lawrence, one on each side of the river. 
 
 148. The ridge on the south side of the river, belonging to the 
 Appalachian .'System, continues through the peninsula of (ia.spe, where 
 it is known as the yotrc Dame. Some of the peaks are nearly 4000 
 feet high. 
 
 On the north of the river are the Laurentine Hills, extending from 
 the Uulf to Cape Tourment, 20 miles below the city of Quebec. From 
 this point the range strikes north-westerly towards Lake Superior. 
 These hills ot'teii present a bold appearance along the river. Cape 
 Tourment is 2000 feet high. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the mountains on the map of Quebec. 
 
 Vn. Rivers.— 14!). Tiie noble .V. Lawrence and its 
 tributaries make much eompensatioii for the absence of sea- 
 coast. The largest tributaries are on the north. The 
 Ottawa, St. Maurice, AwX .Saguenai/ aw the most important. 
 The principal tributaries on the south are the Jitdielieu, St. 
 Fruncis, and Chaudien: 
 
 150. The St. Lawrence forms several lake expansions, as SI. Ffnnci.i, 
 St. Louts, and St. Peter. The river is navigable for large ahijis to 
 
 Montreal, 5S0 miles. In winter, vast masses of ice are formed in the 
 river, which are swept into the Gulf in early spring. 
 
 151. The Ottawa is said to be about lOOO miles long. It also form.s 
 several lakes, of which Temiscaminrf, 70 miles long, is the largest. 
 Falls and rapids are frequent. The Chaudiere Falls have a descent of 
 80 feet, and a breadth of 200 feet. By the help of canals, the river is 
 navigable to Ottawa City, 100 miles. The principal tributaries ou the 
 right are the Outineau, Le Lievre, Du ^ord, and L'Assomption. 
 
 152. The St. Maurice rises in lakes, has an extreme length of 400 
 miles, and enters the St. Lawrence by three mouths. It forms many 
 lakes and waterfalls. The Fulls of Shawanegan have a descent of 
 150 feet. The banks of the river are often elevated, and are clothed 
 with majestic forests. 
 
 153. The Saguenay flows from Lake St. John, and is about 100 
 miles long. About 60 miles from the mouth is a beautiful expansion 
 called Ila-IIa Hay. The river is navigable 75 miles. The banks are 
 often perpendicular rocks of great height. 
 
 I.'i4. The Montmorency, flowing into the St. Lawrence a little below 
 Quebec, is noted for the falls near its mouth, the water falling 250 
 feet. 
 
 The Richelieu, 75 miles long, flows from Lake Champlain. 
 
 VI I L Lakes. — 155. Lakes are very numerous. {See 
 liivers, 149.) 
 
 The most important on the south of the St. Lawrence are, Mcmphre- 
 maijotj, Temiscouata, and Mei/anfic. The northern extremity of 
 
 Champlain is in the Province of Qufbcc. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes ou the map of 
 Quebec. 
 
 IX. Soil. — 156. Tlie soil in the eastern part of the Pro- 
 vince is not well adapted to agriculture ; the west is more 
 fertile. 
 
 X. Climate. — 157. The winter is long, with steady, severe 
 cold. Deep snow jirotects the ground, and attbrds a plea- 
 sant mode of travelling. The St. Lawrence is frozen for 
 about five mouths. Tlie summer is hot, and vegetation i.s 
 rapid. The climate is healthful. 
 
 XI. Minerals.— 158. The principal minerals are iron, copper, gold, 
 lead, lime, and slate. 
 
 (iold is found along the Chaudiere. 
 
 XII. Plants. -150. The settled portion of this Province 
 is prineiiiully a narrow country along the valley of the St. 
 Lawrence. Beyond are vast forests of pine, spruce, cedar, 
 oak, maple, bireh and other trees. 
 
 The cultivated plants are the same as in Nova Scotia. 
 
 XIII. Animals. — 160. The animals are like those of Nova Scotia. 
 The moose, bear, and welfare more common. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— 161. The population iu 1861 was 
 1,100,000. Nearly three-fourths are of French origin. 
 Those of British descent are more numerous in the south- 
 eastern counties. 
 
 The French inhabitants are a people of industrious habits and simple 
 manners, similar to the Acadiansof Nova Scotia. Nearly all are Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 C 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
s formed in the 
 
 It also forms 
 is the largest, 
 ive a descent of 
 lis, the river is 
 butaries on the 
 omption. 
 
 length of 400 
 [t forms many 
 e a descent of 
 nd are clothed 
 
 1 is about 100 
 tiful expansion 
 Ttie banks are 
 
 e V, little below 
 ter falliuR 250 
 
 ■)lain. 
 erous. 
 
 {See 
 
 are, Mcmphrc- 
 I extremity of 
 
 1 the map of 
 
 t of the Pro- 
 ivest is more 
 
 toady, severe 
 rds a plea- 
 is frozen for 
 egetation is 
 
 I, copper, gold, 
 
 lis Province 
 
 }}• of the St. 
 
 )race, cedar, 
 
 a Scotia. 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 >u 18(3 1 was 
 nch origin. 
 II the south- 
 
 its and .simple 
 all are Koman 
 
 QCEBEC. 
 
 49 
 
 There are 4000 or 5000 Indians, most of whom live on reserved lands. 
 
 162. Common schools arc numerous and well sustained. They are 
 visited by twi -vseven local inspectors. There are three Normal 
 Schools, two at .Montreal and one at Quebec. The Educational De- 
 partment is under the mi; irvision of a superintendent. 
 
 163. There are three Universities in the Province of Quebec, — M'GiU 
 Cdkije, Montreal ; Laval Colkye, Quebec ; and Bishop's Colleye, 
 Lenuoxville. Classical and industrial colleges, academies, and theo- 
 logical schoola are numerous. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 1G4. The Province of Quebec is divided 
 into sixty counties:— 
 
 SIX COUNTIE.S ox THE OTT.VWA. 
 Countla. Chief riaccl. 
 
 PoNTiAC Portage du Fort. 
 
 Ottawa .\ylmer, Hull. 
 
 AuQENTKDiL Lachute, St. Andrews. 
 
 Two Mountains St. Scholastique, St. Eustacbe. 
 
 Vaudredil Vaudreuil. 
 
 SocLANOES Coteau Landing. 
 
 TWO COUNTIES ON MONTREAL ISLAND. 
 
 Jacques Cartier Lachine. 
 
 IIocHELjioA Montreal. 
 
 ONE COUNTY ON ISLES JESUS AND BIZAKnE. 
 
 Laval St. Vincent de Paul. 
 
 FOURTEEN COUNTIES NORTH OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 TKRREnoNNE Terrebonne, St. Jerome, Ste. Therese. 
 
 L'AssoMPTiON' L'Assoraption. 
 
 Montcalm Kawdon. 
 
 JoLLiKTTE Industry. 
 
 Berth lER... Berthier. 
 
 Maskikokok... Riviere du Loup. 
 
 St. Maurice Three Rivers. 
 
 Cuamplain Bati.sean, St. Anne. 
 
 PoRT.NEUF Portiie\if. 
 
 Quebec Quchee. 
 
 MoNTMoRKScr .. Cliatcau Richer. 
 
 Charlevoix St. Irujie. 
 
 ClllcoCTIMl Chiooutimi. 
 
 Saquenav Tadoussao. 
 
 THIRTY-SEVEN COUNTIES SOUTH OF THE ST. LAWRENt E. 
 
 Gaspe Perce. 
 
 Bonavkntuue New Carlis-le. 
 
 RiMousKi Riraou.ski. 
 
 Temiscouata Trois Pist'les. 
 
 Kamouraska Kamoiirask;!. 
 
 L'Lslet L'Islet. 
 
 Mi'Ntmaqny St. Thomas. 
 
 Bkllkciiassk ..St. Michel. 
 
 DoRciiESTKH St. Anselme. 
 
 Levis Pcint Levis. 
 
 LoTBiNiEKK L' tbiniere, St. Croix. 
 
 NicoLKT Becancour, Nicolet. 
 
 Yamaska Yainaska, La Bale. 
 
 RiriiuLiEU Sorel, St. Ours. 
 
 Veri'heres Vercheres. 
 
 St. Hvaci.nth St. Hyacinth. 
 
 Baoot St. Lihoire, 
 
 RouviLLii Ste. Marie. 
 
 Ideuville St. Atlianase. 
 
 Coiintip*. Chief Places. 
 
 Chahblt Chambly, Lungueil. 
 
 La Prairie La Prairie, Caughnawaga. 
 
 St. John's. St. John's. 
 
 Napierville ..St. Remi, Sherrington. 
 
 Chateauouay Ste. Martine, Chateaug;iy, 
 
 Pieauharnois Beauharnois. 
 
 Huntingdon Huntingdon. 
 
 MissisQuoi Bedford, Philipsburg. 
 
 IIkome Knowlton. 
 
 Shefford Waterloo. 
 
 DruM-Mond Drummondville. 
 
 Arthadaska St. Christoi)he. 
 
 Meoantic Inverness. 
 
 Beavce St. FraiK; lis, La Beauce. 
 
 Wolfk Wolfestown. 
 
 lliciLMOND Richmond, Sherbrooke. 
 
 CoMPTON Conipton. 
 
 Stanstead Stanstcad, Coaticook. 
 
 The last eleven are usually called Eastern Townships. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Mark the county lines and principal jilaees on the 
 rnap of Quebec. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— ICo. The cities of the Province of Quebec 
 are Quebec, Montreal, Tliree Rivers, and .SV. Hyacinth. 
 There are many small towns and villages. {See 164.) 
 
 16G. Quebec (51,000), the capital of the Province, is on the left b.ank 
 of the St. Lawrence, 400 milts from its luouih. It consiKts of an 
 upper town on the summit of a promontory, and a lower town adjoin- 
 ing the river, where the cliicf commerce is carried on. The city is 
 stronf;ly fortified. The citadel stands on Cape Diamond, which is 
 350 feel above the river. The lumlier trade and siiip-building are 
 important branches of business. Near the upper town are the Plains 
 of Abraham, the scene of the battle by which the Briti.sh gained posses- 
 sion of the city in 1750. On the oppu.site side of the river is the village 
 of Point Levis; and a little below the city are the Falls of Montmorency. 
 
 16". Montrml (IIO.OHO), the largest city in British America, is 
 situated on Montreal Island, in the St. Lawrence, 550 milus from its 
 mouth. The city stands at the head of shii) navigation, and much of 
 the produce of the surrounding country and of the Upper Province is 
 bioiight here for exportation. There are many fine public buildings. 
 Notre Dame Cathedral is said to be capable of holding; 10,000 jieople. 
 Near the city is the stupendous Victoria Bridge, by whi.'h the (iiand 
 Trunk Railway cros.'-es the river. It is nearly t'.vo miles in length, 
 and is CO feet high in the oeiitre. allowing ve.«.s'-ls to pa.^s iiiidi/r it. 
 
 Three /I'lVcrs (6000), at the threefold nioiilh of the St. .Maurice, U 
 an old French town 90 miles above Queliec. Its iron works and 
 lumber trade are imiiortant. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— Ids Tin' iirinci|ial pursuit.'* are agri- 
 culture, luniln'ring, lisliiiig, sliip-lniilding, uiamitaeturiiig, 
 and commerce. 
 
 Immense quantities of liimbi r are brought down the river.s, in rafts, 
 to .Montreal and Quebec, for exportation. 
 
 The exports are, lumber, agricultural and dairy produce, tish, furs, 
 ashes, minerals, manufactures, ,ind .^liips. 
 
 The imports are, woollens, oott"ns, silks, iron, coal, tropical pro- 
 duce, ' d various manufactured foods.' 
 
 10' . line of railway, calh-d the (irand Trunk, extends along the 
 sout' ' .nk of the St. Lawrfnce, from Riviere du Loiip, 114 miles 
 
 * T.'ial value of exports finni i^mtjon iinil Ontario, in I^ijT, wiu aliout 
 ?48,.''iOO,000 ; imports, SOO,Oi)0,i'"i' 
 
f)0 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 below (^uel)uo, to M'liitreal, ami tlienee tlirou;;li OuUiiio to Saiiiiu, at 
 till' south of Luki' Huron. A br.iiich extotuls soutlierly to Portland 
 on tliu Coast of tlie I'liitiil ,*>t:ito.>i. (.sVc A'or<i Srotia, 111.) 
 
 XVIII. Government.- 170. The sovcrnnuMit i.s .similar 
 to that of Xova Scotia. 
 
 The Legislative Council uoniii:>ts of ^4 nieuiners; and the Assembly 
 of G5. 
 
 The grant fium the revenue of Canada is $7", '^00. and 80 cents per 
 head ou the population, according to the census of 1861. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Find the distance between Quebec and Prcdericton. 
 When it is noou at Montreal, what is the time at Charlottetowu 1 
 
 -'m0^-^- 
 
 
 ■^■.£/:-.S^\ :^t^.- 
 
 ■lul.u.siu. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 I. History.- 171. At the timr it the Aiiicricaii Kcvoiii 
 tioii, inaiiy of thr iiihuliitantfl of tln' rovoltin;? oolojiics. prc- 
 foiTinK llriti.sli institutions, Rai'iilii'i d their honicM unil re- 
 moved to Canada. They were ealled i'lutn/ Kmpir- 
 /.of/ii/is/.<. Ciiiniiin eiitiniy 'lestitiite, aH all their |iro|i,'rty 
 hail liein eonfiseated, they reii ived iVee ^'nuitrt ul" liiuil and 
 fiii|i|ilie8 from the Brili.'^h tiovernniont. 
 
 172. A l.itcc number of the LnyalistH scltlcd m ng tlio upper coume 
 of iho St, I-awrcni'o and in tlio ncitzhboinliood of tho nvvnt lakes, apart 
 froin tliu Frcnoh, who were nearer the (hilf. The two coloiiii-s, diltor 
 ini; in rni'c, litnizuatT, ruHtnms, and rrliKion wore, in 17l'l, divided into 
 till' rii.vini'i'K of Upper and 1/iwer I'anada. {Sir (.iii.'.ir, K'.li 1 II.) 
 
 II. and ill.— 17:!. Ontario lies lietween thf ureal lakes 
 and the oitawa, I' is of a trinn>;ulnr form, liavinu Hud.siin 
 Hay Territory nnd Qm l>ee on the north-east; Hip St, Law 
 reiiee and I.iikeK Oiiliiiin and Krie mi the ^oiith-eant : Laki'H 
 Huron mid Suiicrior on the south-west. 
 
 Tt extendi liio miles f .iher .south th.in Nova Sootia, and 200 miles 
 further north. 
 
 EXERCISE. Draw the Rcucral form of tho Province of Ontario. 
 
 IV. Coast. 174. Ontariii i.s i|iiite lemoti' fiuni the sen, 
 liiit it has nn exteiiHive lake eoast. 
 
 The |irineiiial Bays are, Muhipicoint, Ororgiau, Aotta- 
 ird.titga, Jlurliinffi'ii, and <t>iiiiifr. 
 
 The Capoi are, .VmWA l-Wrhunl. SohIIi Foirf<iiiil,m\i\ f.ijir Ifin-il. 
 
 The lakes form a larm> peninsula in the smith went, yiiinte Hay 
 fninis the peniliHula of /'niiif AWicnn/ r.muiy, on the lioith of Ijake 
 t'ntario, 
 
 17,1, The Islands are, Mii-hlpicodii and ('•tvih,,ii, in Lake 
 Sii|ii'rior ; Mtinifuiiliii, ('ockhnni, SI. Jiun-ph, ami Fit:- 
 >ri//linii, in Huron; /'olnf Pilii' and />f/rrii'»i, in Krie; 
 \(ir;/. in Niauara Hiver; Avi/irmt, Tonti, H'o//., and //oi/y, 
 in Ontario; T/i'^unaiiif /ylrs, in the St. Liiwreii'e. 
 
 17tl. M;\iii|..tilin eoMslntx of a Hrnap, (he Inrnont of which In 80 
 Mill's Imj. with an ana Imit the size of ("uptf Hictnu. It is ocoupieil 
 b- ludiaii*. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 fe 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 (i 
 
 (III 
 
1 tilt- Assetulily 
 
 ,nd SO cents per 
 
 I. 
 
 id Fredericton. 
 irlottetowu 1 
 
 ■i4ir^ 
 
 'S . 
 
 niul 200 luilea 
 
 Ice of Ontario, 
 oil) tlie sea, 
 
 II, yo(((t' 
 
 ' ipr Ifiml. 
 
 (.^iiiiiti! liny 
 liiiitli (if Lake 
 
 \'ii(, ill Lakn 
 ami /'»>:- 
 
 I', ill Erii'i 
 Mill Jhnif, 
 
 Mch i< 80 
 1 1 IS ocoupiisl 
 
 OXTAIIIO. 
 
 51 
 
 Tlie Tliousaiil Isles -ue in tlie iii'pci- part ut ilie Jit. Luwiiiioe, 
 iiicluilin;,' ;iliout 17"0 isleta of groat beauty. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Draw an outline map of Ontario. 
 
 V. Area.— 177. Ontario is nearly ten times the size of 
 
 Nova Scotia : 
 
 — C(iual to a squire of 42." miles. 
 
 VI. Surface. -1 7S. Tiie surface is level or j,'oiitl\- nu- 
 
 (lulatin;;, witliuut imy elevations whieli eaii properly lie 
 
 called numntaiii.-*. 
 
 A ridj.'e extends we.'fterly from Niagara Uiver.and, frcniliii;,'arouiiil tin' 
 lii'ad i)f Lake Ontario, runs nurtlierly to NMlla\vas;)i,'a Uiy. A low 
 watorslied .-iii.arales llie liasins »( tlie stre.iuis llu« iii: imiiliorly into 
 (j or^iaii Hay and Laiio Siineiie, from a soulliorly slope towards Lake 
 tliiUirio. Another separates the basin of the Ottawa from an easterly 
 slope towards Georgian Hay. 
 
 \'ll. Rivers. 17;i. T!ir iiriiu'lpal rivd.^ arr. tlie SL J.-nr- 
 niirr; the Otlana, with its triluitarie.s ithe IUiIkhi. M'uhi- 
 V'tstht, /iinini'i'hii''', and I'ld'iraliiirh); I''i< iirh, M^j'ttiii- 
 t'lwaii, M imLi'tn, Sivtrii, ami Xottntnutaiid^ llowiii^ into 
 C5coL;ian l^iy; Sih/:,//, intu Lakf Huron; S'/i/> iif(<nii and 
 7'hani'ii, into Lake St. ('l;ur ; d'lMii'f, into Laki' llrie. 
 Tr')i/ ami Mi>ir^< iiitu <j>uint<' Hay. 
 
 l.>>0. The .^Y. .1/ !(•//. I'oiineeiini; Lake^« Superior and Jl uroii ; tlio .V. 
 ('/(lie, between iiakes Huron anil St, t.'lair; the Ihtrml. lietween 
 Likes St. Clai' and Krio ; the S'lmjiivn, 'i\ miles Imiu', between Hrie 
 an I Ontario, and the SI. l.tiirrcuir, furin pnrliuns of the boundary 
 lietween 'Mitario and the Ignited Slates'. 
 
 1H!. The h'lilh nf Siinjorn, It miles from l.;ike Ontario, an' tie 
 frnnilcHl and most eelobrated falls in the world. The river is over 
 half a mile in breadth. In the rapids iininwliately above the falls, 
 the desee t is f)? feet in half a mile; and .at thi' falls, the waters, rush- 
 ing over a ledu'e of reeks, fall lO.'i feet. The river is here divided by 
 (Joat Island. Tin; llm-M Slior t'lilL^, on t'l^ Canadian side, Inive n 
 breadth of I'.'iKI feet; the falls ailj'iinim! the United St;itcs aie ab.oil 
 half as wiiie. A shoit dintanee below the falls, (he rivor is spanned 
 by a HUspi'ttHJon bridge, oeiinectiiig railway lines nn opposite sides. 
 The obstruetion to navigation caused by the lalls is overeome by the 
 Wellaiid Canal. 
 
 IS'J, The Si. I,;i«reie'e, from Lake Ontario (o Ihe Onll, i^ T5o i,iile.» 
 in length. From Lake Ont.irio to .\bintroal, '_'no miles, the ileseent is 
 'JIM feet, a largo part nf whieli is ineliided in ra|ods— th.' 'td/. />.t and 
 //«»</ t'^iiiill being Ihe pri,e'i|>al. Vessels pass throui;h Ihe rapids in 
 ilenecndiii)? the liver, Ihe nppassage is aided by eanals. 
 
 \ill. Lako8,~l8;i. The lake Hyuteiu draineil l>y the St. 
 Lawrcnee i.s tin' most ii'ipnrtaiit in the world. Supti'lor, 
 II moil, >^t. Cfdir, Kill, ami (hilitrin are lietween Ontario 
 and tho 1 iiited StuteH. (.SVv .Vo/V/i Auirnca, 27. 2'^.1 
 
 Suporinr Ih (100 feet abnvo the nea and IKK) feet deep; lluron. .'iT^ 
 feet above Iho pea and 1000 feet diep; Kiie, M!'i foil abeve the sea 
 and 100 fep (loep; (Milario, '2'\'1 feel aboxe tlie sea and Un\ (ei t dvep, 
 
 181. Kxiepling Ihe bays and coasts, Ihe great lakes remain open 
 during the wi.iter. They are of liiial importanee to trude, and eon- 
 lain vttluabli lisherien, Krie is subject to »iolont nlnrinit. 
 
 There are many small I ikes in Ontario, as Simmr, .V/^kmiic/, and 
 rr>Hi'*r'(imtH{/. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes ou the map of 
 Ontario. 
 
 IX. Soil. — l!^."). The soil i.sirenerally vi'iy fertile. Ontariu 
 is one of tlu' l)est ayrieultural eoimtrie.s in the world. 
 
 X. Climate. 1m;. The cliniate i.s healtliful. Tho winter 
 is shorter, and tho extremes of heat and eold are rather le>.' 
 than in the Provinee of Oip iin-. In the Himih-wi'stern pen- 
 insula orajies and iieaeins aio cnltivatLil. 
 
 XT. Mineials. ~1S7. Coppir !.■< very abundant rear Lake Superior. 
 The dlher ii.iiier.ils are iron, lime, gyp.suiii, ami pr.at. retroleiim, oi 
 roek-nil, is abuiulant in tli ' district si'Utli ol L.ilvc lliiiuii. It is ob- 
 tained by boriiiL' iiit" the earth. 
 
 XII. Plants.- Is-^. Till' forests are of oreat extent, eom- 
 jiiisjim <i:ik, pine, walnut, maple, liireh, eherry, eedar, and 
 many otlnT trers. 
 
 \\'iieat, I'orii, ryr. and otlirr i.'rains are rai.-iid in aluiii 
 danee. Tin' fruits aro ueiuialiy ihe. same as in Nova .Smtia. 
 ■.s'l. |sr;.'! 
 
 XllI Animals. ;.<.. o//,'.,-, ir.n ) 
 
 Xl\'. Inhabitants. -I ^!». Tin- pnpulatiun in I.miI was 
 l.-tni>,(H)u. Tia' iiilialpitants ire prineipally of I'.ritish orijii. 
 
 Tlio.>e nf l-'rineli origin number abunt lii'.iimi. 
 
 The vaii'Us Indian tribes cumprisp ab..ut 7'>0o. 
 
 I'.'o. There are about •l.''iiiO common schoidsand 100 gramir ir se|in..|s 
 in the I'l'nviiii'e, snslaimd in part iViim the public treasury, ;iiel ih- 
 spocted by local superintendeiili. Teachers are trained at the Norm.il 
 Schocil, Teronti; and untraiind leaehers are lieiiised by loi'al boards. 
 
 t.'oll.'ges and seminaries are numerous. There .are feur I'niversitics 
 — the ('iiiirr.iili/ of 7'i.ro/i'o and Trini'i/ I'.illiiir, at Tomnto ; lii'/ocur 
 I'fllii/i. at Oobiirg ; and <^iin ii'n <'<ilt,fir, at Kingston. 
 
 11*1. Over four-fifths of the inhabitant.s are Protestants ; the re- 
 mainder are RiUiian Catholics. Kpiseopaliani<, Methodist-i, and I'resbw 
 terinns are the largest I'roleNtant bodie.«. 
 
 XV. Divisions, lii2. Ontario is dividid int.. icity-twn 
 'Kiiiifies: — 
 
 TWi:.\TV two ( nl NTI1.S IN THK l'|.:M.N.«»n..\ 
 
 C.imiii. . riilil l'l«.-r< 
 
 \Vki,i,.*M) WMUnd, I'ert tNdborne, Clifton, Chippaw.i. 
 
 Hai.imm.ino Dnnnville, Cayug.<. 
 
 NoHF. I.K Sinieoi', I'l.rt Itnvt •, 
 
 Ki.tiiN St. Tlionins, I'on ^'anl(y, Vienna, 
 
 Kf.nt Chatham. 
 
 KssKX ."tandttich, Windsor, A nherslliiirg. 
 
 LAMIIT"^ Sarnhi, Oil Springs. 
 
 MiMH.K.sRx London. 
 
 o.xroHii WooiUtoek, Inver^idl, 
 
 nil.\NT llraiillord, I'aris, 
 
 \VKNtW"HTll Ilamillon, iMindas. 
 
 LiNeof.N St. ('atheriiie's, Niagara, '*'hnr< Id. 
 
 HaI.TiiN tienrgetown, Oakville, Miltoii. 
 
 I'kki. ll'ainplon, Streelsville, I'orl <,'redil. 
 
 WbllinoToM <iuelph, Ulorn, Fergus, 
 
 I 
 
52 NORTH 
 
 Coimttel Chief Plnres. 
 
 Watkrluo (Jalt, Preston, Berlin. 
 
 Perth Stratford, St. Mary's. 
 
 Huron Goderich, (Minion. 
 
 Bruce Saujjeen, Kincirdine. 
 
 Gret Owen Sound, Durliam. 
 
 SiMCOE Barrie, CollinKwood, Oriilii. 
 
 York Toronto, Newmarket, Bradt'ord. 
 
 TWENTY COUNTIES NORTH OK LAKE ONTARIO AND 
 THE ST. LAWRKNC E. 
 
 O.NTAUio ...WLiiby, Osliawa. 
 
 Durham Port H^pe, Newcastle, Bowraanvillc, Milllirook. 
 
 Victoria Lindnay, Omeraee. 
 
 Petkrborocoii Peterborough. 
 
 NoHTiiUMnKHLANi' ...ColioiirK, Jirigliton. 
 
 Pkinck Kuwaiu) Pioton. 
 
 Ha!»tino8 Helleville. 
 
 Lennox Napanee. 
 
 Addington Batli. 
 
 Frontbnac Kingston. 
 
 Renfrew Renfrew, Arnprior. 
 
 Lanark Perth, Smith's Fallx. 
 
 Lkehs Urockvillo, GaiiuniMiui.'. 
 
 (Jrenville Pnsoott. 
 
 IJUNDAS Morrisburg. 
 
 Carleton Ottawa. 
 
 RrssBLL RuBHcll. 
 
 Stobmont Cornwall. 
 
 Glknoaiiy Alexandria. 
 
 I'liKsciiTT L'Oriiiinal. 
 
 Nipissing and AL''iiiia are extensive ne'-Iy isettled iliiiiriotN in the 
 north-west. 
 
 EXERCISE. Mark the county lines and chief placet ou the map 
 of Ontario. 
 
 XVT. Towns. - 1J>3. Tho cities nro Olfnim, T'>rn„/o, 
 A'»«;f«»'«, /hiiiii/tiDi, nn(\ Loh'Ioii. {For Oltairti, sn 7*'.) 
 
 ToRi>iiT«> (4.'),0flO>, formerly (Tilled Y'>rk, is the rnpital ntiil huvcsl 
 eity of Ontario. It is sitiiMti'd ^n Tor'«to Hay, iicai the west end of 
 Lake Onturi . li>r> miles from Kinuston, It contain'* many fine pnMii' 
 KtilldlnirH, nni.'Mn wliiidi are two ruilicilral*, tlui University '■( Tornnto, 
 Trinity (Inliiw, "sudiuie Hall, anil I lie Pidvincial Normal >oiioiil, 
 Tbu tmdf of Toronto i;H exicnsivc. 
 
 IW. /xiiifmlon (IJ.dOO), formerly called Fort Frontrnn'', is a forlifii'd 
 town, with a tine liarbour at the eastern extremity of Lake t)nlario. 
 It is eonneetcd with the prini'ipal places by the Grand Trunk. 
 
 Uiiinillnn (lil.notli, ut the Iniii of lliirliniitiiii Hay, and eoiinci'led 
 with the other eitii's by the tireat \Vi>lern Railway, is an impuitftot 
 cnminpreial eity. 
 
 liiji. Aoik/oii' irj.OiHM, on the Thames, SO miles west of Ilnniilton, 
 with whiidi it is eoiiiieelod by rftiUny, is surroufilod by a feiiile and 
 p.ipuloim nsrieultiiral couutry. It hasnn i-xtensire trade in jiniin and 
 lloiir, 
 
 .sv. r<illitripr'ii (tlliooi, on thn Welland Canal, has a biMiilifiil sititn- 
 tioi) in the iii'i^hbiiurhxod "f mliienil ^priiids, and is a faxowrile icsoii 
 in siiMitner, 
 
 A'i<if«ii'f?, at the iiioulh o| Ningnrn Hirer, was the Hrtt enf ilal il 
 rppcr Canada. 
 
 Siimiii, oil Lake Iluriiti, at tlo' u terminn* <'( the Giand 
 
 Trunk, is eumuetwl with a railway "u tlie opposite sldo by ferry 
 steiilners. 
 
 .WII IndUHtries, \'M'. TIip numt itnfinrtnnf imrRiiitR 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 are agriculture, lumbering, mining, manufacturing, fisiliing, 
 and commerce. 
 
 The exports con.sist prinoipally of flour, prain, lumber, ashes, 
 and petroleum. 
 
 The imports arc similar to those of Quebec. 
 
 197. The Grand Trunk Raihraij connects the principal places with 
 the other Provinces. The Onat WcsUni, liailway, crossiiiK the 
 Niagara River by a suspension bridge, and connected with the Michi- 
 gan lines at Detroit by stefimers which carry a whole train across the 
 river, affords direct communication with the United States. The Pro- 
 vinces of Ontario and Quebec contain about 2000 miles of railw.ay. 
 
 ,Sic (jiicbcc, icy.) 
 
 The ]Villa>id Cuixtl, 28 miles long, connects L.ikes Krie and Ontario; 
 the Jtiikau Canal, 120 miles long, connects Lake Ontario with the 
 Ottawa River. There are also canals along the St. Lawrence, Ottawa, 
 and Riclicdieu. 
 
 XV^II. Government.-- 198. Tlic local government is 
 similar to that of Is'ova ^ndia. 
 
 The Legislature consists of but one House, called the JtscmUii, 
 which is composed of S2 members, elected for the term of four years. 
 
 The annual grant from the revenue of Canada is $S0,000, and 80 
 cents per head on the population. 
 
 QUESTION. -A merchant in Pictou, Nova Scotia, purchases a lot 
 of flour in L'judon, Ontario, and sends a vessel to receive it at Mon- 
 treal ; what freight will the vessel carry to Montreal, through 
 whai waters will she pass, and how will the flour be brought to 
 Montreal ! 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 
 
 J. History." l: ID. IVince IMwanl Ihlaml was I'artially 
 colonized liy tjio French under the naine of St. Julin's Irilaii<l. 
 It was taken liy tlio Britinh in 17.'»8, KJiortly after the cap- 
 ture (f Loui.-slnii;.', lud wii>» ccdi'd to Britain in the Treaty 
 of 17)3. It w;!.s attached to tiie (covirnuuiit of Nova 
 .Scotia until 177(<, when it Ixranic .i Hcparate JVovince. In 
 IMK), tiie jiresent name was ^ivcu tu the Inland in iionuur 
 of Kdward, l^uk-' >>[ Knit. 
 
 2ii(). A laru'e part of Prince Ed.\ard Island was granted by the 
 Hrilish G ■»i>rumen' to about i lo luindied prrwns. These proprietors 
 •"■l;iblishrd ,he sys i?m of tenantry, and iniK'li of the ei'untry is »-till 
 "wned iiy landloiiU resident in Hn;^liind. .'■'oiue of the farms huvu 
 recently been pnroh.i'cd by the oecu|'ant«. 
 
 II. Position.- 201, Prince Kdwiird Wand in on the Koutli 
 iif llie (Itiir iif .'^t, La'.vrence, ami i* Beparatcd Irnm Nuva 
 Si'iitia and New IJruimwick l^v N'rthumlierland Stiait. 
 
 It it !t miles from Niw Bnin^rtiek, !in miles fr^m Nova Seotla, and 
 i:. irom ("ape lUelori. N. lat, t<V •- »7° «' ; W. Ion. O'i'—^i" 'M'. 
 
 ill Porm. atfj. The Island in ere«eent-Hlin|H'<i, liiivinn 
 liie ('(iiicave Hide loward.t tlii' <!ulf. Tlie south coast is 
 larallcj with the cu««t »i New liniiiHwit i» and Novii Sc- lia, 
 
 IV. OotiHt. - Stb). There ale niMii<riMi» indcntatinnH on 
 
 I 
 
 ■^ : i"Mi. 
 
 J 
 
 .\\ 
 
i 
 
 PinXCP: EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 63 
 
 m-iiiji, fisliing, 
 lunibcr, ashes, 
 
 :ipal places with 
 ly, crossiiiK the 
 1 with the Michi- 
 traiii across the 
 itates. Tiie Pro- 
 miles of railway. 
 
 Erie ami Ontario; 
 OnUrio willi tho 
 ittwreiioe, Ottawa, 
 
 government is 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 led the Jfscmhhi, \ 
 •ra of four jears. i 
 18 $80,000, ami 80 
 
 ia, purchases a lot 
 receive it at Men- 
 floutrcal, through 
 Dur he brought to 
 
 WiiH iiartiiilly , 
 
 Jdllirs IrtllUltl. ' 
 
 after tlio cuii- 
 
 in the Treaty 
 
 mi. lit of Novii 
 
 I'lovinee. In 
 
 iiul ill lioiiour 
 
 i^ratitwl by the 
 'I'Iji'so jiro|.riotorR 
 ("'Uiilry ii* >^iill 
 t,t till' farm!* huvg 
 
 I-: (HI till' south 
 itid Ipiiii Nova 
 uhI Stvait. 
 
 Ill Niivn SiTtirt, ami 
 O'J'-t!*" 'M'. 
 
 Nliixpeo, liivving 
 
 <outh oonst ia 
 
 ,11(1 Novit St" 'via. 
 
 iiiili'iitatiiiim i>ii 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 the coast. Tiie most iiniiortant are Hichmoiul Bay, Cardifjan 
 Ilay, Uillsfioro' Jiai/, Btdeque JJarboui; ami Kijmord liny. 
 
 Uichnioml Hay and Hillsboro' iJay divido the Island into three peiiiu- 
 Milai. There are many j^ood harbours. 
 
 204. Tlie primi|j:il capes are Xoith C'tpc, Kant Po'tnt, 
 Bear Cape, Traverse Cape, L^gmont, ami Wed Point. 
 
 A submarine telegraph crosses from Cape Traverse to Tormentiiic 
 in New Ilruiiswii'k. In "inter, iceboats run between these points. 
 
 EXERCISE. — Trace the const line of Prince Edward Island, 
 marking the bays and capes. 
 
 V. Area.— 'i'T). rrince Jvlwanl Islaml is um'-iiiiitli the 
 fcize of Xdva Sctitia ; 
 
 — eipial to a square of 4C niih r. 
 E.xlreine loncth, 1^0 ini!> s ; biiadi'ii, 30 milea. 
 
 VI.-X.— 2(iU. Tiic BUrface i.s L'i'iitly iiiuhilatinj,'. TIic 
 most hilly juirtion is mar the mi Ml''. The ^iiiKTal water- 
 shed extciid.s east ami wtst. 
 
 207- The strcamR arc small, but ofon have deep cstuarii's, whirh 
 are important to navi>;.aioii. The ]iriii('ipal rivors are MdhUvjih, 
 JlilUbi/fo', Jlimk, and Jllli«. Tiieie are many small lakes. 
 
 208. The soil i.s ueiicrally a Kaiidy Inam. free fmin stones, 
 ami veil suileii to ML'rienlture. 
 
 ijnii. The climate is friniMinte ainl Ik altlifol. Tlie cx- 
 
 tri'ine.s iif heiif and cdld an nut quite so ;:iear as in Nma 
 
 Seiitia. The Islniid in usually shut in hy iee tioiu tiie end 
 iif Heeetiilier till the cihI of Mnreh. 
 
 XI. -XIII,— 2ln. X,r niineraJs of iuqiorlanee have lurii 
 discovered. 
 
 The I'uliivaled plants mul foii'si (rees arc The those of Nova Si.'ulia. 
 OalH, liarley, aii<l |ioUiloug nio raJMed in ureal uliiindaiir. 
 
 The animals m<- siii.il.o' to those of Nova Scotia. Tlio iiioosc, cari- 
 bou, iiu'1'..oii, and I'ori'iipiiK' nil' not found on the I.-Lind. 
 
 XIV, Inhabitants. -i.'i I. i'iie ]io|iiilatioii in l^ci was 
 ('l.o'ni. The inhaliitaiitH are mainly deseeudaiit;^ of Hritisli 
 and Irish eohmists, 
 
 The iiiliabiiantK of l-'ieni'h oriir'n aif estimated at lii.ooo. There 
 t\ii> itboiit ;',/i(i Iiiiliaiiii. 
 
 21'2. About thiw"-m!VeiiUis of th,' popiil,itl>in arc llo?iinii t"atlioli«ii. 
 I'leHbyteriHim arp nioro nuiueiow* than all utlur ProtcNtantN <• viubiiicu. 
 Hood provision \n made f.'r penoial I'ducniion. Free dchooU wen 
 intabliiihi'il ill 1«ri2. Tliey nro I'Upporteil wholly from Iho public 
 lri'i(«»ry, exwpl in case.^ wlirre a bonus is rai«ed by voluiilary suli- 
 Kcription to Kooure MOicilor I. nclor.H, Te!icher.t niv Imiiiod at the 
 Norriinl Koliool, Cliuil>'Ui<towii, Tlnro uro nhio t«<i (,'i lloKra tit Char- 
 lotii'l'wn. 
 
 Total amount pai>l from tho treamiry for educalion, about 1*8,000, 
 
 couiitUs — Kiiiij's, (Jiutii'.^, and I'nnce. The eoimties are 
 suhdivided into /(tris/ieg : — 
 
 CoiinllM. Chief riai:c«. 
 
 KiKn's Georgetown, Souiis, MontaL'ue. 
 
 t^UEE.v's Charlottetown, Soulliport, Powiial. 
 
 Piii.vcK Summerside, Si. Eleanor's, t'a.scunipec. 
 
 The Islaml is -Abu divided into sixty-seven Ai^>- or /'*/'7(- 
 ■tfii/is. which are nuudiered from 1 to (;?. 
 
 EXEECISE.— Complete the map of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 XVI. Towns. :.'l 1. Charlottetown iToiki), tlie e.ipital, is 
 tiie only eity. 
 
 C'li.irloltetown has a yood harlxjur at tlio contlMeiici' of tliiii' i iveis. 
 
 lis iralc is important. The ni.iin stnfts are lO" feit bio;id. Tl il> 
 
 Contains four public scpiio-cs. The I'arlianienl House, a handsonic htonv 
 buililinj.', .stands on (Queen's .S(iiiare. 
 
 Siniimffiiiilf, on Uedeipie Harbour, 3.') niili's from Shediac in New 
 liiunswick, is well situated for trade with St. John. 
 
 X\'l\. Industries.— 21. V The ehief imrsuits are f':/r'.v//- 
 (nr/\fin/iiiii/, linnlieriitij, i'fii/>-/>>ilhll}iij, and r'niiiiifrre. 
 
 Till- exports consist of ajriiulinnd and il.-iiry produce, fi>li, ships, 
 :iiid lunilicr; -value, f.volusivi' of ships, i?l.HlHi,eiiii. 
 
 The imports embraei' inanufuliirod too.|>, tropical i lodiu'e, iintals, 
 I'.-al, lliiii. uid Illinois; -value, f J.li/Ojioii. 
 
 X\'lli. Government. I'lii. Tlie ..overimienl is vest<d 
 in a Lieuteiiiiiit-dovirnor a|i|'>intrd hy the Ciuwn, .ind a 
 ies|)on8ibIe I'Aeelltive ('olllieil. 
 
 The Legislature coiisistH o( the 'loViriior, a Le;.Mslative C MOicil ol 
 Ul nioinbi-is, and lOi .VsKcinbls if ll'i m<:ml>ers. 
 
 li'th iho l.f,;i>l,itivi.' <'ouiieil and the Assembly i.iu elected by llo 
 !"■ ,rif ; tlie former for titjlit years, tlie latter for four years. 
 
 The reveiiUH ari-e» principally from duties on impoitcd ;;oo(ls; — 
 ;imouni, «:!,'p<i,iHio. The public c], ht is 81 la,oiio. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 I. History. :'i:. Tiie l.sland ot Newfoundland was dis- 
 eoveretl ly ('-.imiI in 11117 Tlie iiii|Mirl!int lisheries on 
 it.s euast m hi attracted the attention of ihc I'oitiijiUcHe, 
 SpaiiiariU, Freiieh, and Diulisli. In |.'i>:), Sir lliuii|thiey 
 (iilltcrt took formal |>oHSessioii ol the inland in the name of 
 (jueen Kli/.ahelli. 
 
 218, .SettlementK were formtsi in Ni'wfouiidlaiid emly in the heveii- 
 Icenlli cenluiv, liMth by Ihi- IviikIisIi aiHJ I' ■ Krelieh. ('o|o»iju(t|o|i iid- 
 vaiiced wry sUnvly, in cnuHxpanco of Ji'al'uisieH of tin- rival I'uwiih 
 and opi'onitioii from IIioiki wIih winiied to tiioiiupoluo tliu fiiiiierii'ii, 
 
 In 17i;i, the Kifiich eedi 1 Nevvfoun Hand ti llr.at llrilaiii. It «af. 
 ii.iminally atlulied to iht; tl.iv ■riimvnl .f Nova Scoii.i until 172», when 
 ll liccame u disliiict I'lovnice. Hy lliu Toaty of I'm is, in I7'ld, iKe 
 island vtas tliially I'liiHrmrd to llntiiii. The umall i.dnndi (d' Mii|ue 
 Ion, Hi, I'iirie, ami hai^try, on th,. hoiiIIi coaul, aie nlili htld ly 1!mi 
 h'leiii'h H« fiiihinii Htaiivnis, 
 
 11. Position,- 2 1!>. Newfoundland Is nituated at thei'ii 
 XV Divisionn. - 21!». The I»land is divided into ihiee j imneu ol' the iJuU' ol" St. Lawniiee, Uinnileu norllieiwi id 
 
54 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I 
 
 tl.-IIIMI l>\ TIM- IIASKHHF .vrvvi clTNl'l ami. 
 
 Cnpp nrcliiii. It is Hi'iiarntfil fn)m Lnlirndiir l>y tlio Strait 
 of Ilcllc I^-li', wliicli (it tilt" iiiiri'iiwcst p:nt is only 1:2 iiiiltrt in 
 Itroiidtli. 
 N. Int. W n7'-f.l° Ifi' ; W. l,.n. ,V2' 11'- W'^ ni'. 
 
 III. Form.- '."-'<>. Till- i^liiinl lias llic jreiicril oulliiio fiTn tiian;:li', 
 
 IV. Coast.— i!2l. Tlip o'Hiiit lint! is very irrf;;iiliir, anil !« 
 alioiit 12(M> mill's ill lfn),'lli. 
 
 T*' oriiici|ial coast waters nro, tho Strait (]f llillr hl<; 
 /Iiirr J'djt, W'Inti' H'lji, .\iilif ihrmi' lliii, UnDnrlsId llui, 
 Tiiiillii /tii;/.('<>iirf/>(i<i„ Ihij/, /'liicnidit //((//, /•'iitiintr J'ti/i, 
 I/muitt »'• //(///, iSV. (ifoiyt /hiff, nuit Unit »/ iHlnmh. 
 
 '222. The Penlnsul-. ■ ' Avnlc; in fornicl 1} Trinity mid riocciilin 
 
 Tl.'j i)ri;ic)|)iil capes arc, Bauld, . -. /• n, 
 i'rfiU., Uonavulo.. Jircakhtari . Jinri-. May, 
 H(vi, niii- .S7 (i jri/i. 
 
 '•lie islands »io, St. Pierre, Mir/iicloii, 
 mill ..uvjtcy, oh tlie smith coiust ; Sorth 
 Ild'c 'i/'c, .ioiiiu JJcllc /.lie, and Fn'io, cm 
 the north -.^iwi. 
 
 223. Off the soutli .iml e.i.st coast.* is a 
 siilmiaiine I'laUaii, called the HaiiLs of 
 Aiii/oiindkiiiil, about 600 miles in length 
 by 200 in tireadtli. The water here is nmcli 
 shallower than i < other part.s of the ocean. 
 The lianka ''.e celebrated for their coil 
 fisheries. 
 
 A Rnbinari . telejirajiliio cable from New. 
 fiinnilland to Ireluiid, and aiinlhir from 
 NeHfoundland to Cape Breton, ennneet 
 America with Kuiope. 
 
 V. Area.— :22t. Newfoundliuid is 
 nearly twice as largo as Nova Si'otia: 
 
 —equal to a sijnare of I'.'O inile.s. 
 
 Kxtreme length, 4Uii miles; breadth, 300 
 miles. 
 
 ^ f.-X." •2-2r>. Tiic surface i.s liilly. 
 The iiiti'vior is a rci,'inu of swainiis, 
 lak'"'. .iud liari'cns. The |iriiiri|'al 
 river s the K.rjilmis. Tiic lar^fst 
 lake is di'iml I'dihI. 
 
 Miii'li of till' soil is l.anvii and 
 
 lockv. Tilt' ni'ist |iioiliictivr is la'ar 
 
 till H)Htli-oa.st ciiast. I'.y n'trtit 
 
 ■'•4 tN|'l"i'ati(iiis plod au'ricnltnral dis- 
 
 \;^ trii'tK l.avo lifeii foiuitl in the wontli- 
 
 wcst. 
 
 'liV). The climate la si'voro, luit 
 licaltiifiil. Till' severity of tlie cli- 
 mate is largely owinj; to tlie vast 
 f|iiaiifitie8 of ieo hron!.dit down 1\\ 
 liolar I'liriintH. Deiiffo fo;;s, occnsioned liy tiie eondcnsation 
 of vaiionrs froin tin- (liilf Stream, are jirevalont. (6V« 
 J'/ii/kIc'i/ (,'t iiijr<ij'/h/.) 
 
 XI.-XIU.— 227. Tlio minerals are cnal. copper, lend, and iron. 
 
 The plantti are hiicIi nii belon); to the cold rp^ion. PntntoeR, turnip*, 
 iial.'i, and birley ore eullivnted Tin- fi>rei>l trees nro cenerally of kiiiiiII 
 si/.i'. On the went eoatil 'here are (llio foreslM of pine, upruee, and 
 bireh. 
 
 Till' wild auimalt include the Jeer, boar, wolf, beaver, marten, 
 nn<1 do)>. 
 
 The Inrce eiiilv haired Newfoundland do^ is celebrate.l for nauacily. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants. --i!2S. Tlie poindation in 18(11 was 
 123,00(1. The |irinei|ial {iiirtioii of the inhaliitants arc in 
 the I'r'Miiimila of Aviilon. The interior is wholly unin- 
 haliiteil. 
 
 I ( 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 \ffm^,^ 
 
rirDsoN' r,AY territory. 
 
 fiS 
 
 , Haul J, . \ ./"'in, 
 htari. !,!•<••• : jiay, 
 
 I'irrrc, Afi'/iicloii, 
 nth co;ist ; yorth 
 '.tie, and Fi'tio, on 
 
 1(1 east coasts is a 
 le<l tiie Jliinhs of 
 (10 niik's in longlli 
 water lieie is nuicii 
 pints of tlio ocean, 
 .teil for lliiir cod 
 
 lie cable from New. 
 and anntlicr from 
 .' linlon, connect 
 
 unvfiiiui(ll:iliil is 
 
 118 Novii Si'otia : I 
 
 ; of 11»0 miles. I 
 
 liles; breailtli, 300 
 
 I 
 I 
 surface is liilly. 
 'Hidu of swamiix, '< 
 Till' iiviiii'iiiiil I 
 I /.I. Tlio liir^L'st 
 I/. ' 
 
 1 is liiirri'ii iiml 
 (Mliu'tivc is lu'iir 
 St. r>y nciiit 
 liiu'riciiltiiral dis- 
 liMl ill tlic smitli- 
 
 ii* Hi'vcro, I»iit 
 crity of till- cli- 
 |iii'4 tn till' vast 
 ■ouulit down liy 
 Itiic coiKlciisalioii 
 iii'vak'iit. ('Vci? 
 
 |, load, i\nd iron. 
 
 rolat'ics, tnrnii"", 
 
 \v ncncriilly of siiiiill 
 
 \>\no, H|iiiii(', timl 
 
 [t, licavcr, innrten, 
 
 liratod for gnuneity, 
 
 I'll ill 18(11 wim 
 lialiitaiitB iiiv ill 
 lis wliolly iiiiiii- 
 
 Nearly half tlie iniiabitarls are Koiuau Catholics, an i about, I'la- 
 third are Episcoimlians. 
 
 Liberal pr .vision is made for thu fuppor. of edieation. 
 
 XV., XVI.— 229. Ncwfouiullaiid i.-i divided iin > fiftoi'ii 
 ehclvral districts. 
 
 Tlie towns are »SV. John's (tlio capital), Ilavbour Grace, 
 Car>'0}uitar, J'urt de Grave, Brijus, Tnniti/, and Greens- 
 jtond. 
 
 230. St. John's (25,000) is the most easterly city in America, beiut; 
 li*-0 miles from Inland. It lias a fjJod harbour, and is oxttiisively 
 engaged in the seal tisherios. It has sutfercd much at dilVvrent times 
 from tire. Ilarbrur Grace '50U0) and Carboiiuear (,5UUU; rank next 
 iu importance. 
 
 XVII. L.dustries.^231. The cod, .scai, and otlicr fislicrics 
 aiv tlio chief imr.iuits. Tlie cod li-shcrics arc the most valu- 
 able in tho worKl. Tiie rich copiicr luiiics arc becoming an 
 important field of labour. 
 
 Tho prinoip.i! exports are tisii and oil. Tctul value, abnut 9i),.';on,OOn. 
 The imports iiobrace llour, tropical produce, m.iuutactund kooiIs, 
 and lumber. Annual value, «(J,tJ00,OUO. 
 
 XVIIT. Government.— 232. Tiie govcinniciit is ssiniilar 
 to that of I'rJnec Eihvard Island. 
 
 The Losislative Council consists of 12 members; tho Assemljly, uf 
 uO members. 
 The revunuc is -Imut $."j00.000 ; the | iiblic debt. $L181,000. 
 
 EXERCISE. -Find tho timo of suurisc and sunset at White Bay 
 Uat. 50 , ou the 21st of June. 
 
 HUDSON BAY TERRITORY AND LABRADOR. 
 
 I. History.— 2:5;J. This portion of l!riti:.h America de- 
 rives its name from its i^rcaf inland .,^\ , iinvhich the Kn.nli.sh 
 navigator IFeiiry Hudson lo.st liis lili in Kjio. Ilud.son 
 was placed in an open boat '.,} a mutiiioii.s itcw, and nothing 
 is known of hi.s KubBciiiicnt hitc. 
 
 This vast territory is owikmI and governed by u Kiig)i.sli 
 association, called the J/nilnun /l>ii/ ('<ini/»tn^. 
 
 234. All that portion of America drained by the Mi amx tlowin;: 
 into llu 1-uu Hay was, in 1(!70, panted by Charles 11, of Kiitfland to 
 a tradint{ company. For upwards of a hundred yoari tho company, 
 lliruUKh its monopoly secureil by royal charter, had a clear prolit of 
 liclween tU) and T'* per cent, annually un its inve^tmcntH, 
 
 'S.iy Fn 17S3 a rival company was formed, c.iMid the XnrihWrnt 
 Fur Ciimjiaii;i, which had its headipivrters at Montreal, It H<ion 
 be(!an to encroach on Iho older coinp my'* territorii's, and also extcmled 
 lis inidiiiK posts westerly to the I'acilic. A deadly utrif'j between the 
 companies ensued, and all the prollu ■! the trade wure destroyed. 
 
 In 18'Jl the two cmpanlea wt-rc amaUamHtcil, nnd a ieiwc was 
 obtained from the Hrilish (.tovernment oonfernnii the privile,<t' of ex 
 elusive trade nvr the western tenitury, nni included ii the charter 
 of I'lT". Aicasun's arc beiii); taken liy the (Jovermnent d' Canada to 
 •ecuru the auuc.xatiou of tho lerntoiy to titu lAimii.iuu. 
 
 TI.-XllI. -!•'/>, Fluilsor lir, Territory iiiehule.s all tho 
 mainland of HiiiUl) Ai' >>ije:t txccpt Mic Dominion of Canada, 
 the coast ol Labratli;!-, r'.iij l^ilish Columbia. It Cv)inprises 
 about two-thirds ' f .i\iti«h America. 
 
 237. The Eurfa if^ ^eeoraliv h.w. The general slope is 
 towards tho nor' I.. Thj Jfo k<i Mountams cross the western 
 side ; and a iu"- .iig , '^ .Hod the Wotclii^h Mountains, runs 
 north and s nith .lUii; u Labrador. Tiieiv are several largo 
 rivers and hiken, (aS-c y^rtk A merica, 22, 27.) 
 
 The soil is generally uuiit for cultivation, and the climate 
 very severe. 
 
 233. The I'eiiinsula of Labrador, and the country lyin;; ncjrth east of 
 tho valley of Mackenzie Kivrr, are fur the nio.Nt part baircn an I frozen 
 rcLjions, deriving their importance Irom the furd)earinK' animals with 
 which they abound. At Fort York, on the west siile of Hudson liay, 
 the thermometer sometimes falls to 50^ below zero, and brandy bo- 
 comes Solid ice. In winter the days are very short and dark, the sun 
 just skimming along the southern horizon for a i'ew hours. North ol 
 the Arctic (,"ircle, the longest ni.;lit exceods twenty-four hours in 
 length. The longest day in sumnitr is eipially long, when the sui. 
 makes a circle arouinl the horizon. 
 
 2:i0. \n extensive country, ntretchiiig from the I.iiKe of the Woods 
 anil Winnipeg westward to the Rocky iMountains, has a fertile soil and 
 a tempei'i'le climate. Much uf thi,-> region i.i prairie land, dcstiluto 
 of trees, and covered with tall grass. It includes the Red Rivui 
 Settlement. 
 
 The valley of the Mackenzie is generally covered with : rv t. 
 
 .-*'*>- 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 •■!? 
 
 •' Wl. 
 
 '^•;i|' 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 h.'-'ii^ 
 
 i 
 
 5A.".^-'^--, 
 
 ;;-I(i. The niont iinportaiit atilmalB aiv ihe drer, iiuisk "\, 
 bear, beaver, marten, fo\, mu.ik-rul, v.alni.s, whale, beal.uiid 
 aiiuiitic birds. 
 
 XIV. -XVIII. - ;;ii, Tlie popuiatJon -■• .^ti, • ' t 
 
 lt)l,(HH). 
 
1 
 
 fifl 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Tlu; iiiliul^iliiiitH livti iiioftly Iiiiliaii:'. Aloii^ tliu aiusts are many 
 Esqiiiiiiatix, will) .Biilisist cliiiily on fisli, (li-.-sli of tlie reiii-deer, and 
 si>al oil. Tlii^y il'itlio tlieni^clvcs in tlio hairy skin.s of animals, and 
 tlu'v sonietiii.u.s make tln'lv dttfllinjis of snow. 
 
 242. Then; iiro no towns. TlicConiimiiy l!av<' many /^z.'^', 
 wIieiT their a;,'i'iits l)arti;r witli tlio natives tor furs. 
 
 Fort Vork on Hudson I'ay, and Afnnse Fort on .lanus Hay, are tlio 
 cliief ]ioits, tl)rou,t;li which trade in carried nn with Kn^land durinL' 
 the .short summer. 
 
 2 1;3. The eliief pursuits are traiipiiiL;, lumtiii;,', and fi.sliinL:. 
 
 The cod, herriiiL', st al, and wiialo fisheries on the coast of Lalirador 
 arc very valiiiiM". 
 
 241. The exports consi.^t of furs, walrus ivory, tish, oil, and tlathcrs. 
 The a;;i'iil.s of llio Coniiiany obtain these products muidi below thi.'ir 
 v.iluc, f-'ivini; in cxehanire j^uns, ammuuitioji, knives, kettles, an.l such 
 other .articles as the natives refjuire. Noiio but the Comjiany's ajjenls 
 are idlowed to trade in the territory. 
 
 24.>. Tiic government is adinhii.steied liy otiicci-.s ap- 
 
 liuiiited liy tlie ( 'oniiiaiiy. 
 
 Tho oast coast of Lalirador, tVnni Hnll.^on ,'^trait to the (Julf ef .'^t. 
 Lartience, is attached to the (iovertinieiit of Newfoundland. 
 
 RED RIVER SETTLEMENT. 
 
 21*!. IJrd Itivor SeHlciioiit is a cidony at iifesciit williiii 
 thi^ iKUinils iif TFi.dsiiii li.iy Teiritur}*. It eiMlnaeo.s an >x- 
 tensivd traet lyiirj; ^vc.nt of Lalvc of tlie Woods ami Lalce 
 Winiiipi'L'. It was ]>i.;i'hi'.sed from the (."onijiany in IM. 
 liy I lie Ilarl of Silkirk, a.-. ., iioiuc for Sfioteli enH'.0'aiit.<. 
 .Many eojonistH arrived from .^^eotlaiid in tlio foll'>\viii!,' year 
 ••iiid .siilwiniriitly. In l>s;i."», tho Setth'tiieiit w.as repur- 
 t:ha.-(d liy the Colli] any fron. (he Ilarl"s exi enfois. 
 
 017. U'd Iiivi'r .'"idlciiiiiit is pirf «( ;\ narrow bi It i.f nndulaiin.: 
 Muntry rlrnitu'd by tlie Ued Uiver, A.s.i'iiilioin", at.'d Sahk.iti hewan. It 
 n \i Well wi'tered reyi' h, eoriHisliMK' "f t<rlile prairies I'overed with tall 
 (.r'lss, varifl -.villi |wteliiB efwocHliaiid. 
 
 Tho ellmnle, thoii<;ti ni'rn severe in winter, is (limilar to that of 
 «lii> l'r".iiue.f Ontario. AVIicat, ■■ iir, iiinl other grains yiel.l abnn- 
 ■ I'Mlly. Liir.'e heiils o| buiV.i'oeH '^Iider on the prairies, where tlh 
 r.-.nk ul'iifH rii'v!' above tho hiiows. The hunliliK > f these i»i;itnids is ,iii 
 < .si'itin;: Kport. 
 
 'J4S, Tlie iiihabltnuts -luibei' idi ,et I' .iieo, cniiiustin« of Scotch 
 ' iiiii!rniit», rt'liretl iter^ eits of the (.'ee^ji.'y, unit IiidlnnK. 
 
 The chief plaeeaiid :v\- t fguv- ■Mie'ti;, , Fnrl (I'ltrry, al Ihejntiction 
 of the AHMiiilioiiio nmi U<d Rivir. 
 
 Tilt' (tov> iMuntil of ilip .Setiltinci t ;< !i) '! e liand.s of n (Jevernor and 
 CiMUu;'!. nppolntol at the head ol'' .• of tin t;.>in|iiiny In L"iidon. 
 
 •JIO, Want of vnny coroniuiiioation with other countries i.. ,■» Kreat 
 I'liriier t ■ till- prosperity of tho eoiony, Al prudent, lb'! bent route is 
 ihiHutK't tlio ''^t'>ti f MiniiusoUi. i he Cominfiy «x«rcl»eii the closest 
 vliiilnncii over the '.iliubitants, in oi.ler to suppivMH any attempt to 
 tiidlie In fii'n. Ii iImi iliwIlowM the Importation of ^'ooiin from Kn;:;- 
 liiiiil, except thronji ilMmvii tt'ents and Khips. 
 
 It lf« prebrtbie that ' be SettlcMieiit will Koon be rrleftuwl from the ( 'om 
 IMinjr'* cniiirol, and that both it ami UriliRh Coluinbiii will )« atinexcU 
 
 to the Dominion of l.'an.ida. Wo may then look for the extension of 
 the railway to the Paiitie. A depression in the Rocky iMountains west 
 of Red River is singularly favourable for such a work. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA and VANCOUVER ISLAND. 
 I. History. — 2'iO. Britisii Coliimljia formed a part of 
 IIiid.S(jn Bay Territory until 1858, wlien the discovery of gold 
 attracted crowds of miner.s, and the country was organized 
 a.s a British cuhjiiy. 
 
 251. Vancouver Island derived its narao from Caiitain Vancouver of j 
 the l!rilii>h navy. H was supposeil to be a part of the mainland | 
 inevious to 17i'2, when this otiiccr explored the ea.it coast. It was 
 farmed into a colony in lSo3. 
 
 Ihitish (Columbia and Vancouver are now under the same govern- 
 ment, constitiitiiif,' a siuj^le colony. i 
 
 II.-XVIII. — 2.")2. British Colnnil'ia comprises tiiat portion 
 
 of British America between tho Uoeky ^lountains and the 
 
 Pacific, extending northerly from t!ie United States to the 
 
 Simii.son and Fiiday Kivers. l 
 
 2ri3. Vancouver Island is separated from Columbia hy the Gii/f uf 
 
 Ooivfiin and Qucev Chnrlottc's SohikI ; fnmi the United States, by the t 
 
 Slntit ofJiMH lie Fwa. It i.s in tho sa.ne latitude as tho central jiart | 
 
 of Newfoiindl.and. | 
 
 2j4. Tlic coast IS miieh indented l.y narrow hays. Tliere 
 
 are iiLso many small islands. Queen Charlotte Island, l.Vi 
 
 miles in length hy TjO miles i!i hifadth, is next to Vancouver 
 
 in size. 
 
 2."ri. l!riii-.ii (Johimbia is abeut 1.: times lar;;ei- than Nova Scotia, 
 bein^' cipial to a si)uare of 175 niilcK. It is about ■')()0 inih s north and 
 -iouth, and liHI cast and west. 
 
 2."i<!. Much of the surface i.s niountainou.s. Tlie J'ockf/ 
 MointlitiuA extend along the eastern side ; tiie ( \iaciKlc Rauij' 
 through the western. The general slope is toward the south- 
 
 Wl'.sif. 
 
 ■ril. The principal rivers .are, tif Sl)iii>s>ii, Fni'tt//, Fkimi; 
 7'/i(iii»/isiiii, and I'l/nniln'i. 
 
 Tho l''ras(r is about Itied miles iti kii;;tli. The rivers aliound in 
 
 lish. 
 
 .Mir-li of the soil towards the south i.* well adapted to agriculture. 
 " he climntR in this siction nl.io is temperate and humid. 
 
 2'j8. The most important minerals are gold aiid coal. 
 The gold mines in the valley.s of the Ki'a.ser and ThompBon 
 Kivein lo;ve given Ihitish Coliimlmi great ceieluily, The 
 aiiinnl yield i.s about $lt),ti(Mi,(i<i(i. 
 
 2r>li. West ef tho CapcAde Moiinlainii are inaKiiificcnl forcnU of 
 li'iuitlas pine an^l other trees, I'he various >;rHiris, vpiiotayen, and 
 fruits of the Ttiiiperate Zone are eiiliivtitcd in tho Hoiith. 
 
 2(i(V Till' whitt! population of Britisii Coliimlmi and Van- 
 couver is estiiuatod at I2,(tii(> ; tiio ludinu at i'AfOm. \ 
 Tlicie are no cttiei. AVi« WcMmintfrr. near the mouth of Ihe Fra«cr. 
 
 i-(y 
 
 I 
 
for tlie oxteiisioii uf 
 )cky Mountains west 
 ork. 
 
 VER ISLAND. 
 
 iirmod a part of 
 
 discovery of gold 
 
 :ry was organized 
 
 'iiptiiin V.ancnuver of 
 rt of till' iiiaiiilaiiii 
 east coast. It wa.s 
 
 sr tliu saiue novcni- 
 
 irisi's that jiortiou ! 
 Diintaiiis and tlio 
 ,ed States to tlio 
 
 mbia l>y the Onlf <if 
 'iiilL'ii States, by tlio 
 Ic as the coiitral part 
 
 row liays. Tlieri' 
 rlotto Island, irjo 
 loxt to Vancouver 
 
 r tliau Nova Sootia, 
 
 500 niilt's nortii anil ' I 
 
 oils. The Iiocki/ 
 tie ( 'iisc'idf /x'aiiii'' 
 iiwiini tlic Boutli- 
 
 III' livers alioiuiil in 
 
 pteii lo ativiculture. 
 luiaiil. 
 
 I' golil iiiid coai. 
 •r and Thompson 
 t cetfliritv. The 
 
 i^iiiflcent fnrexti of 
 ins, vcaotalilcR, nii.l 
 
 ROIltll. 
 
 ilnnil)ia and V'lin- 
 Tioutli of tlie Fi'aaer. 
 
 " 
 
i 
 
 UNITEB STA' 
 
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UNITED STATES 
 
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UNITED STATKF;. 
 
 
 h 
 
 I 
 
 ii tlie cliiff phijo. I'litts Laiiijley, Yale, ami LiiUuit ;iit imiioiliiiil 
 sottleiuents. 
 
 The iiriiiei|i!il pursuit is goKl mining. 
 
 2(;i. Vancouver, tlic li\rf,'ost island on tlic Pncifio mast 
 of North Aiiiorica, is aliout two-tiiirds tlie size ot' Nuva 
 Scotia. Ita len<,'tli, from north-west to south-cast, ia about 
 •27i) inik'.-i. 
 
 The surface is varied witli mountains, vallcVfi, and ]irairit'.<. 
 Tlio river.i are small, but the muueruus bays atl'urd tine 
 Imrbours. 
 
 2G2. Tiio soil is very fertile, and the elimate i.s niihl and 
 humid. There is but little fm.'St. 
 
 Tlic climate rosoml'ios tliat of Enj^laiiil, Imt is vv.armer in summer 
 and more rainy in winter. 
 
 2ti;5. The minerals are coal, coiiper, and ir^n ; all uf whirh 
 are identiful. 
 
 The cullivateil plants are similar to iliose ol' Ontario. ThL-re are 
 fine forests of pine, cellar, oak. and other trees. 
 
 2f!l. Victoria, the eai>ital (.■)(H)ii), has a fine harbour in 
 the south of the island. 
 
 yanaiino, on the cast coast, is in the ncighhourlioud of imiiortant 
 ciial mines. 
 
 The chief pursuits are ajiioultuie, mininf;, and tiahing. The coast 
 fishcrie* are very imj.nitant. 
 
 2fi.'). The government of the united eolony of r.riti.sh 
 Ciiluinbia and VancMuver Island is similar to that of the 
 other Ihitisli I'roviuiTS. 
 
 EXERCISES ON THE GLOBE. -(1.) Find the distance betweeu 
 the city of Quebec ard Victoria. 
 
 (•J.i When it is noon at Quebec, what is the time at Victoria ? 
 
 ^3.) Find the length of the lomiest day at Fort York. 
 
 (4.) Find the distance from Vancouver to Japan. 
 
 QUESTION. ~A ship sails from London to Fort York and back; 
 through V, lat water-) does she pass, and what freights will she pro- 
 bal)lv can-v ? 
 
 CVl'irol. AT WASHINUTO.V. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. History.- iCfl. The United States oriKinally consisted 
 of thirteen British colonies, situated on the Atlantio slope. 
 They declared their independence ia ITTfi; which, after 
 •several years' war, was acknowledged by the British Govern- 
 meut in 178:}. 
 
 Tiie llevdlnli'in, as the stni.'.lf f^r indtpeiidenoo is '•.•illed, was caused 
 liyan attempt in the ii;iit nf th. Imperial (iovernmiiil to impose taxcH 
 upi'n the colonics. After vainly remonstrating, the colonLsts a| pealed 
 to arms. 
 
 The thirteen colonies were New Hanipshiro, Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, Cnnnectieut, New Vrk, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North t'aroliiia. Scmtli Carolina, and (Jeorgir*. 
 
 The first battle between the colonists and the Uritish was fjught at 
 Hunker Hill, ni'ar ISiistnn, in IT'T) ; anil the last at Yorktown, Vir- 
 ginia, in 17s 1. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 [fia 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 M 
 
 2.2 
 
 t 1^ 1111120 
 
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 LA. nil 1.6 
 
 
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 7 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photopjriphic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WIST MAIN %TillT 
 WEBSTfRNY )4}|0 
 
 (716) ira^soa 
 
 « 
 
 4^ 
 
 
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 L\ 
 
 
 
 
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i 
 
 r.s 
 
 XORTII AMERirA. 
 
 2iJ7. Tlie Lliiiteil States did not orifjinaily comprise niucli over one- 
 fourth of tlie present area. The whole coautry between the Mississijipi 
 (uiil the Ildcky Jlouiitaiiis, except Texas, liulongcil to tlie French. 
 This was purchased by tl-o United States in 1803, for $15,000,0U0. In 
 1S1S\ tiie peninsula of Florida was ol>tained from Spain ; in 1845, 
 Texas, liaving previously (lained its indepenc'.ence from Mexico, was 
 annexed ; and at the close of a war with Mc'xico, in 1848, New Mexico 
 and California were ceded to the United States. 
 
 The most noted recent event in the history of the United States is 
 the Southern Rebellion. In ISOl, eleven of the Southern States with- 
 drew from the Union, anil formed themselves into a separate republic. 
 Alter a sanguinary stru,L;;:Ie of four years, they were sulij abated by 
 tiic Federal Tower. 
 
 2<;S. The United States furnish tho mo.st remarkable exanijile of 
 rajiid national ctrowth which the world has ever witnessed. The re- 
 sources are exceedinj^ly varied and prait. Emigrants have crowded 
 ill from almost every country of the Earth, and the population is ten- 
 fold greater than at the Revolution. The United States is by far the 
 most powerful state in .nierica, and ranks with the great Towers of 
 Kiirope. 
 
 II. Position. — 2(if). Vliis aroni ronntry is situated in tlio 
 soutlicru liiill'of'tlic isortli Toiiipenitu Zone. It eonijirise.s tiic 
 wliole breadtii of Nortii America, tVoin the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, and extends from British America on tlie nortli to 
 Mexico on tho soutii. {See North America, ^A.) 
 
 N. lat. 24"32'-4fl"; \V. Ion. r.7"-124°. 
 
 The Rio Urande se|iarates the United States from Mexico, from Kl 
 Tiiso to the Oulf of Mexico. 
 
 III. Form.— 270. Tiio general outline ia that of a four- 
 sided iij^iu-e, having its greatest lengtii east and west. 
 
 The enstern coast lino cuts tho meridian at an angle of about 4.') 
 degrees ; tho western coast forms the arc of a circle. 
 
 IV. Coast.— 271. Tlie coa.-^t liiK^ i.s over (looo niilen in 
 lengtii. Tlie northern jiart of tho Atlantic coast is high and 
 rocky, iire.senMni: excellent harliouns. South of the mouth 
 of the Hudson, and iiloim the (!iilf of Mexico, the coast is 
 generally low and sandy, and tlie liarliom.s are olistnicted by 
 sand bars. Tho Pacific coast is elevated and re;;iilar. it 
 has fill" harbour.'^. 
 
 27 1'. The iprincipal Coast Waters arc Ma.mu'/tHmtfy JJn//, 
 Cape Cod Jiai/, Luikj hhiuil Snuiiil, Delaimre Jiai/, Cfieitii- 
 penle linif, Alfiernuir/r Suhih/, /'itiii/ico Sumiif, A pahic/ive 
 JUtjiy San Francm'o Jiay. 
 
 273. Tlio prinelpal Capei are .lini, r..(/, Mmitituk hunt, Santti/ 
 Ifiittk; Mufi, //iilo/ini. I'/iarlt^, /Inn;/, lldltcran, I.oDkoiit, I'tiiv, 
 C<(iiartriil, Jutrida, >Siib/c, .V. !J!ai, Coiiccpliim, Mimtmuno, and 
 
 I'lltdCI'll. 
 
 27*. The eastern coiist abouml.-* in small Islands, which 
 ar(> liigh and roel<y in the north, low and Kiiiidy in the 
 south. Tiio most important iiro Mintul /Jmert, Sanliiciil, 
 Mitrlfia'n Vitiijiaiil, Linnj hlaiul, Flurida A'ri/n, and the 
 Jtr/f TortiiijaH. 
 
 LoiiK Island is over 100 luiios in Ivngtli, i\nd iiieludcs un area about 
 
 lialf the size of Cape Breton. The Florida Keys, or Reefs, consist of 
 a large number of small islands and sand-banks south of Florida. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the outliue of the United States, marking the 
 coast waters, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area.— 275. Tlie area, including the recently acquired 
 territory known as Russian America, is about the same as 
 that of British America. 
 
 The extent from east to west is about 2500 miles, and from north 
 to south 1300 miles. 
 
 VI. Surface.— 27G. This country, like British America, 
 includes portions of the three great physical divisions of 
 North America — the Atlantic lliijhlanth, the Pacific Jlifjh- 
 laiu/s, and the Ventral I'lain. {See North America, VI.) 
 
 277. Tho Ajipalachian Mountain System extends north- 
 east and south-west along tho eastern side of the country 
 for a distance of 1300 miles. 
 
 The parallel ranges are separated by beautiful and fertile valley.s. 
 In the nortli tlie mountains approach near the coast ; south of thu 
 Hudson they are further inland, a low sandy jilaiii lying between tliem 
 and the coast. The Oaskill and Ailiromlock Mvitiitaiiig of New York, 
 and the While .IA/k ii^iui.t of New ILampshire, aro noted for beautiful 
 scenery. {Sec Aorth America, 11'.) 
 
 27s. Tho iirincijial mountains on tho west side aro the 
 Rocky Mountains, Sierra Madre, Wahsatch, Sierra Nevada, 
 ('<isertJe, and Coast Mouutains. 
 
 The C.Kist RaiiL'o, near the Pacitio, is iiuite low. The (Cascade Range 
 is lolly, and eoiiiains several volcanic peaks. St. Jlikn'a has an eleva- 
 tion oi' l:),7r)0 feet ; ;./i;;"' Jfuoil, of 14,000 feet. 
 
 Yosemite Valley, in the Sierra Nevadns of California, is 10 miles 
 long and 2 mihs wiile, enclosed between granite elilfs rising precipi- 
 tously from 2000 to 4000 feet. In tho Vowihilc Falls, a stream 80 feet 
 wide descends 2000 feet in three successive cataracts, The first h said 
 to have I', descent of 13oo feet. The scenery is grand, and attracts 
 numerous visitors. 
 
 270. In the middle of the elevated plileau betwot'U the Rocky Moun- 
 tains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade li mgi's is a «m it interior 
 basin, called FrniKiiit /lasin. It is elevated aliout 5000 leet, anil sur- 
 idunded by mountains. It is a rainless, desolate region, abounding in 
 salt lakes. Thu streams which How from the Hurrounding mountaiin 
 are either absorbed by the sand or How into lakes which have no 
 nutlet. Some of the valleys on the east of the basin are made productive 
 by irrigation, 
 
 2S(t. The whole of the southern slope of the central plain 
 of North Ameriea i.s within the United States, forming about 
 half tho area. It is generally eitiier level or un(\. dating, 
 rising gradually tttwnrds tho mountains on the eu,>*t and 
 west. The vidley of the Mississippi compriseH the chief 
 part of this section. Between the Mississippi and tho 
 Ivoeky Mountains aro cxteniiivo prairies covered with tall 
 grass and destitute of trees, except along the margins of the 
 rivers. 
 
 EXERCISE.-Tracethemonntninion the outline mnpof the United 
 Status, 
 
II- Reefs, consist of 
 ,h of Floriila. 
 
 ates, marking the 
 
 :ccntly acquired 
 ut tlic same as 
 
 :s, aud from north 
 
 Iritish America, 
 cal divisions of 
 le I'ncijk High- 
 America, VI.) 
 extends nortli- 
 of tlic ODuntry 
 
 iiiiJ fertile valleys, 
 oast ; Hoiitii of the 
 ying between tliem 
 tai/(« of New York, 
 noted for beautiful 
 
 est side are tlu> 
 Sierra Nevada, 
 
 Tin; (Jascade KaiigO 
 Uku'a has auelevu- 
 
 riiia, is 10 miles 
 
 ills riHiiij; i)reoi|)i- 
 
 a Klreain 80 feet 
 
 The fir.st is said 
 
 and, mill attracts 
 
 tlie Roi'ky Mntin- 
 ^:n it interior 
 iimo n< \, and Hur- 
 >ji, abuundlii); in 
 uidln^' iniMintaiiiA 
 I ■* wliicli have no 
 ' made |iroducliva 
 
 10 ('('iitral plain 
 forming iilMiut 
 or iiiKtiilatinf;, 
 n llic east and 
 iriHCH till' diiet' 
 HHi|i|ii and tlio 
 vend witli tall 
 iiiargiiif) uf the 
 
 \n\\) of tlio United 
 
 N' 
 
 I 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 59 
 
 I t 
 
 VII. Rivers. - -n^l. The iirinripal riv(>rs <,{' the I'nitid 
 States are enniprised within llnei' of the river systems of 
 North America,-— the Al'mitii; the (In!/ nj M,.rirn, nnd tl:i' 
 /'(irltir. A few small streams lieloiiu' to the liasin (dtlic St. 
 Lawrence. (.sVf yortfi Amrrirn, ^■II.) 
 
 t.'S'2. Tiie most important rivers of the .\llantie slope nre, 
 the /'cimlismf, KeiDiehtr, Mirrliii'tt', ('>>iniir/i<-iif, //inhnn, 
 Ihhtmnr, Sii.i(jii<Iiaiiiiii, I'ddmnc, .faiiim, iKniinukf, ('ti/ic 
 Fi'ir, Piifrr, Smifci; Savainiah, and Allniiiiihii. Tin' llnd- 
 soii, Delaware, and rotomae are the most important to 
 naviji;atioii. 
 
 283. Many of thciio rivers, liavlng a rft|d.l course, flllni^ll ' .uabh; 
 water ]»nvi'r for nianufaoturpn. Wali'il'alU (d'ten o.'<'mi' wlierc the 
 MieaniH ile«.'.>nd I'mni llie iii-liliiiidi to the plain on iho onimt, Tlio 
 lliillil,iuihi\f the lliKl^a,,, Trillion /',,//(( „n tlie M^liawk, llm |iaKMa.'.} 
 of (lie r.itouiae ihrouHJi ihe Uluc llidne al J/nrjnfH J'lrri/, are anions 
 the places atlrncllvo tu travellorK. 
 
 2S4. Till' most important rivers ll'iwin.' into Ihetinlfut 
 Mexii'o are the L'haUahoocht, Aluhama, Tmndiijlnj, J'trnf, 
 
 Missi.isipjii, Sdbinr, Trimtij, Brazos, Colorado, aad llio 
 Grande. 
 
 The Mississippi is much the largest river in the United l^tnles, and 
 among the rivers of the world it is surpassed only by the Amazon. Its 
 largest tributaries on the left bank are the Wixruiinn, //linuiit, and 
 Ohio; and those on the right arc the /it.t Muiiits, MiAtoiiri, Arkaii^aii, 
 Wa.shila, and the Jird Hirer. The Missouri liranch ia ranch larger 
 and longer than the Mississippi. At the juncti'in it is a iuile in lireadth. 
 It flows with a rapid current, and its waters are turbid. It is navigable 
 nearly to (treat Kails, 'J500 miles from the junetion. 
 
 Along the lower course of the Mississippi the land is very low, and 
 is piolected fruin iniindali.ins liy enibankineiits ealhcl lines. The rivi.r 
 enters the (tulf by several ehannrls. 
 
 2S,i. The Illinois is connected with Lake Michigan by a canal. 
 
 Kcil River, in its uiiper course, (lows thr'niixli a deep narrow channel, 
 COO feet below the level of the banks. Further down, the river is 
 obstructed by the Orml Jlnt't, w-liidi consists uf drift-wood lodged in 
 the elianiiel for the distance of 70 mih's. 
 
 '2^(j. The principal rivers of the I'acilic slope an' tlio 
 C'dorado, Siicraiiienl'i, and ('oliiml>ia. 
 
 The f'olora hi fliiws (lirMijli a raiiih-ss aMd desert region. It re- 
 ceives its waters lYom tlie li eky Muuiilains. Tlii> fi'i/(( is too niist 
 important tribut.;iry. 
 
 The Sacramento llows through a fertile v,-illry. The Siiu ,f."i'/nia 
 is its laru'cst tributaiy. 
 
 The (Julumbia is the largest river on this sl.ipe. Its head waters 
 are so near the sources uf the Sask.-ilche-.viui that a travrller ha.H re- 
 innrkc. that he conid till his kettle frnin either wiihoiil niovim.'. Its 
 liasin, eoiii linu'of lalilel.mds, is general ly rugged and haiiiii. Tin le 
 are many wate; falls aint ina cessible gorges, 
 
 \1II. Lakes.— L'-7. The jireat lakes of Nortli America 
 lie lielweeii the I'liitrd States and British America. .Miehi- 
 L'an is wleilly ill the rnitcil States. {S'C ynrlh Anirrica, 
 ■27, -2^ l^:^.) 
 
 These lakes are of great iniportnii".' to ihe in'ri-nal commerce .if tlio 
 country. Tley are Ciiniiected by canals wllli the .Mississippi, llnj 
 lludsiiii, and the St, l<a«reiiee. 
 
 '2>H, The priiii'ipal other lakes !\ri' Chumii/.ihi, bilHeen New Y"ik 
 and Veriuiiiit ; /.ii.'o.i U'envije, Omiilii, ('ii//ii;/ii, and Sfiiini, in New 
 York; \\'iiiiiijii.iii«iri\ in New llniupsliiro ; .UnnDi/iriiit, in .Maine; 
 llkarhnliir, in Khirida; and (I'lnit Sn/I l.iikr, in J-'ietnont llaHiii. 
 Shallow lakes are numii.ois in Loiii.-iana. I'lhitrlniiii'din \h tlio 
 largest. 
 
 Clmmpliln Is 1-Jo miles In length, wlln an extnnie liriiicttli i.f lo mljet. 
 It lniliMln.ll l.y the l!lelielleii. wlileli lli.w.i Into llie St. I.iiwrelicii, and la 
 ennneeteil liy llie I 'liiiiiipliiln ('mill with the llinliiiin 
 
 liront Hiilt l.iiku la ;o mlluH ImiK ntnl .'lu lironil. lis witteiit nre extn no ly 
 salt. 
 
 EXERCISE, Lay down tlio rivers uud lakes on tliu map of tlio 
 United States. 
 
 I.\. Soil— ;."-'.!. livery variety of snil is found in the 
 
 rniled Slates, iVnlll the llln.-l fertile tu the liaricll (h'Si rt. 
 
 The most fruitful portions nro oomfirlsod In tlio central plain, Iha 
 valhyo of lliu Appaliii'hian Miiiititiiin>., and tha renlon »e-t of tlm 
 .•^ierra Ntvadiin, The tablelands on ihcIi nide of the Rucky .M. un. 
 
CO 
 
 NORTH AAIERICA. 
 
 tains are generally barren deserts. The Atlantic coast is not fertile. 
 South of" tlie mouth of the Hudson the sandy lowlands are covered 
 with pine forests and extensive swaiups. A marshy region in Florida 
 is called the Everglades. 
 
 X. Climate.— 290. The greater part of the country has a 
 teniperate climate. North of the 3()tli parallel the climate 
 may be consiilcred as cool temperate, south of this parallel 
 as warm temperate. Intense heat is confined to the extreme 
 south, severe cold to the mountain Innuhts of tiie west. 
 
 The climate is Iioalthful, except the low swainjiy rc^^iuns of the 
 south. 
 
 Au extensive rainless reci"n lifS taoh side of the Roeky .M'juiituint^. 
 (.Ste .yi')lli Aiiivrica, U".', \i'6.) 
 
 
 
 Jf^ 
 
 
 r\i.Mi:Tio 
 1»1. The mineral wealth is very groat 
 
 XI. Minerals. 
 
 and varied. 
 
 Tlie KoM luiiios ef (.'iilifornia aro aninnn the ri''!iost in tiio wurM. 
 Silver la nlito found la Culifonda, Nevada, Now Mexico, nnd other 
 jhnH'«, Qiiic'ksilver in almud.int in Ciilifornia. 
 
 Iron, coal, iind \\ Irnleiini mi' |ileiitilul in PennHvivania. In Missniul 
 are inou'itiiiim onnKiftina idinest wholly (if iron ore. Coiil h nlno 
 ainiiidiinl in n'Veriil of the WiNtern SiiiteM, 
 
 Oepper is pleMiil'nl in the neighbuurheod of Lake Snpcrinr; hiel in 
 
 Illillein, WiNCilllHill, Mild IdWH, 
 
 Aluindaneu of (.•ninlt* !« nhlaiiird In Miilno, New Hiiinpshire, nnd 
 Mancni'hiiKottH ; jjood niarl'le in Vermont. Salt iprhiys are numeroiiK. 
 IinineiiBt' fprnntilies of salt aiu luiinufiietund finui the i-pringn at Syra- 
 cuie, Now York. 
 
 XII. Plants.— 2!)2. The cool temperate reijion of the north 
 produces the various f,'rains, vegetables, and forest-trees 
 common in Nova Scotia. In the States lying between the 
 great lakes and the 3Gth jiarallel the most important pro- 
 ducts are wheat, maize, flax, tobacco, api)les, peaches, and 
 grapes. The forests include the oak, chestnut, and walnut. 
 Further south, cotton, rice, nuuze, sugar-cane, sweet-potatoes, 
 oranges, figs, ar.d banaiuts are cultivated ; while in the 
 forests are found the palmetto, magnolia, and live oak. 
 
 293. West of the Jlissi^sippi are vast plains called pruirUs, covered 
 with tall jirass. Tlic plateaus each side of the Rocky j\Iuuntaius yield 
 hut little vegetatiun. In the south of this region are tlie agave, or 
 century jdant, and many kinds of cactus. 
 
 In California are immeii.-^e jiints and cy|iresses, some of which are 
 300 feet high and 30 feet in diameter. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— 294. The larger wild animals are now almost 
 whully confined to the regiuii west of the Mississippi. The most im- 
 portant are the liison or l.uli'alo, moose, deer, Rocky Mountain sheep, 
 grizzly be;ir, Mack bear, wolf, and panther. 
 
 Wild turkoys, qnniis, .md imrtrldnos nro numernus on tlio prnlrlos. Alll- 
 (ratdi-s nro found in tlio marshes of the South. KiUtleBnakes iiru conimcn 
 in m;iny purts of tlie L'nitod Ritate;^ 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— 20.'). The entire population exceeds 
 ;H,00(i,0(M). The groat majority of the iuhaliitants occupy 
 the eastern side of the country and the central plain. Tlie 
 nnrtlierii halt' of these sections is more densely peopled than 
 the Houtiicrn, Tiie Southern States are divided into large 
 />/(iiiliiti"iis, and the white inhabitants are often far ajiart. 
 
 29ti. The niiijuily of the pcph; are uf Hriti>h and Irish dencont, 
 but most of the nations of Eumpe have fuini»lied colonists to this 
 ediintry. The Xi'.;ret;3 number aliuut 4,0(10,0(0. They are principally 
 Inund in the .'^^■iith, «here in some Stiites they form the majority of 
 the jiojinlati' n. They perform most of the labour on the plantations, 
 and were unlil recently held as slaves. They obtained tlieir freedom 
 in IMiO. 
 
 The Indians are siipposcd to number about 4(tO,(iOtl. 
 
 297. Tlironghoul the Northern Mates general education is regardinl 
 as one (d' the higliest inleicstd (d the e mntry. Free selio(d», HUiipoited 
 by state funds and taxes on iiropeily, )irevail. The lower einsses id' the 
 South are very ignorant, (ireat cll'orls are now being made by licne- 
 volent persons in tin; Norlliern Slates to educate the freedmen of the 
 Smith. ScininnrieN, colleKUf*, law Hchouls, medical achooU, nnd publlo 
 libraries are numerous, 
 
 Among the higher in^titntioim, Rnmo of the n^ost cclel>ratcd nto 
 l/nrrtifil I'liivi iviiii, CaiiibridLM' ; ilrmni Ciiifirnilii, Providence; 
 ym'r Cittlf'je, New Haven ; and J'l'hiirlon CnlltiK. Priiicetcin. 
 
 298. All relLious denominations have equal civil privileges. A 
 remarkable community, ciilleil .Moinions, live in the m itjiboiirhood of 
 Oreat Snlt Lake, A pluiality of wives is one feature of their system. 
 
 .W. Diviftions.— 2!il». The Uniled States consiHt of 37 
 Stdtm, the in»irict of Coliivihia, 7'errllnrics, and tlio 
 retientiy nctpiired country callecl Wnlnmia, or Riimnn 
 
 Aniirini,— iiiakilig -Is divisioiiH. 
 
 i 
 
e region of the north 
 IS, and forest-trees 
 i lying between the 
 lost important pro- 
 apples, peaches, and 
 lestnut, and walnut, 
 cane, sweet-potatoes, 
 ated; while in the 
 (, and live oak. 
 
 I called i5r«iru4, covered 
 1 llocky ]\Ioui)taiiis yield 
 legion are the ii^ave, or 
 
 ;sses, some of wliicli are 
 
 nimiils are now almost 
 
 ssissiiii'i. The most iiii- 
 
 Rocky Mouulaiii sheep, 
 
 reus on tlu' vralrlos, AUI- 
 liiUtlesnakes iiro coimucn 
 
 ic p())iulation exceeds 
 
 le inhaliitants oecupy 
 
 |ie central plain. Tlic 
 
 densely peopled than 
 
 e divided into h\rgc 
 
 luv often far ajiart. 
 
 f 
 
 Irl 
 
 iti-h and Irish descent, 
 ni^liod colonists to this 
 0. Tiiey are iirinciiwlly 
 •y form the ninjorily ol 
 liDur on tlie (.lantatinus, 
 oliUiine<l tlitir freedom 
 
 1110,000. 
 
 ill I'dueulion is rcj;arde«l 
 
 Kree isehodls, MUiipoit«d 
 
 Tlioiowerrlnsst'sof the 
 
 i(.\v Winn made l^y I'cne- 
 
 ueutu the freed men of the 
 
 I'dicul Bihooltt, and imhlio 
 
 thp noRl cohliriitod are 
 
 riiiirrHitii, Providence ; 
 
 ullitit. Princeton. 
 
 •(lual I'ivil vrivilines, A 
 
 in llic ndt liluiuriiood of 
 
 ftatiiro of tiieir Hyetem. 
 
 States conBint of 37 
 
 7'rrriliineii, and tho 
 
 • ilrutsia, or Jiimim 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 61 
 
 '4 
 
 The States are usually grouped as Sew Encjland States, 
 Middle States, Southern States, and Western States. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the boundary line between the States and 
 Territories. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 300. Washington, in the District of Co- 
 lumbia, is the capital of the United States. It is situated 
 on the Potomac River, 1 10 miles from its mouth. It con- 
 tains the Capitol, in which tho members of Congress meet ; 
 and the White House, or residence of the President. 
 
 Large cities are most numerous in tho northern half of the Atlantic 
 side of the country. New York ia tlie largest city in America. Next 
 in size, among those of the United States, are I'kiladef]iUia, Itrook/i/n, 
 Baltimore, Boston, Neii} Orleans, Cincinnati, >St. Louis, and Chicago. 
 New York and Brooklyn, which are separated by a narrow pat'jage of 
 water, have a united population of 1,200,000. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— 301. The leading pursuits are a<iri- 
 rulture, manufacturing, mining, Jishin'j, and commerce. 
 
 The States bordering on the preat lakes and in the valley of the 
 Mississipxii are among the finest agricultural countries in the noi !<1. 
 It is estimated that in 1806 the United States ju-oduced 180,000,000 
 Imshels of wheat, and 880,000,000 bushe'a of Indian corn. 
 
 302. The New England and Middle States are the jirintipal seats of 
 manufactures, commerce, and fisheries. The value of the goods manu- 
 factured in 1800 was estimated at «l,'J00,0(i0,00O, 
 
 In commerce the United States rank next to Great Britain. Tiie 
 I eatcst facility for the transport of goods is atl'orded by tiie rivers, 
 lakes, canals, and railroads of tlie country. Railroads extend from tin 
 Atlantic to the .Mississippi, and a ru.ad is now being constructed across 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 303. The most important exports are llour, grain, rice, tibacco, 
 cotton, mineral products, and manufactured goods; — total value, over 
 1300,000,000. 
 
 The chief imports are tea, coffee, sugar, ""tatocs, coal, aud fine 
 manufactures ;— total value, about $350,000,Oij.. 
 
 XVIII. Government— 304. The United States form a 
 Jlejmblic. Each State lias ita own local government ami 
 all are united under one genenl government. The govern- 
 ment is called a Dimoeravji, being wholly controlled i)y the 
 voice of the people. The head utlicer i,s styled the l'resid<iit, 
 nnd Ib elected for tho term of foiu- years. Tho Legislatinc, 
 or Vongr'ss, con-^iste of an Upper lloiih. , called the S> nat'', 
 and tho House of liepresentatives. 
 
 306. Tho people do not vote directly for the rresident, but each 
 State chooses as many rhetors an it has members in t.'iiii>;re.'>.s, and tho 
 electors cliiose the President. 
 
 The Senate consists of two members from each State, chosen every 
 six years. 
 
 The II. u«e of UpprescntHlivi^s comprise* 241 menibers, ilmseii for 
 two years, tho number from each State (lejieiidiiig on the populnlion. 
 
 The Teirilories have no represcntaUHii, liul are under the enutrol ot 
 ilio Ueiieral (Jovernment until they h.tve sullicient population to beaii- 
 IN it ted as Staten, 
 
 Thereveunu of the General (^lvernment is about ♦120,000,000; tho 
 national debt, about |3,000,iiti(i,iHiii. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 300. The colonization of the New England States was 
 eonmieneed in 1()2<>, l)y tho Engli.-ih ruritans, usually called 
 the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims crossed tho Atlantic in tho 
 Mmj-floiver, and settled at Plymouth in Ma.ssaehu.setts. 
 
 This division comprises tho fullowing six States :— 
 
 Name. 
 
 .^)7,C futll 
 
 DA rot With 
 
 N,.v. 
 Scolla. 
 
 ro,». lu- 
 ll un 
 
 (liirfTomn. 
 
 .Vaixk 
 
 n 
 
 U'JS.OOO 
 
 ) Augusta,rortliuiil;jti,ooo; 
 "1 n.-mnor , 111,000). 
 
 Nf.w IlAVrsllIKK. . 
 
 i 
 
 3'2n,ooo 
 
 1 Concord, M;uicli.>.sf|.r 
 '( v'2o,i)oo', Poi'tMinmlli. 
 
 \'i:i(.voST 
 
 h 
 
 :ii,j,ooo 
 
 ( Montpelier, nnrlinumn, 
 
 I llMtllUld. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boston 2oo,ooo\ I..UV1-11. 
 
 
 
 
 
 C'nniljiidn.', linxliury. 
 
 MASSAcnVSKTTS. ... 
 
 I 
 
 fJ.'U.OOO 
 
 J 
 
 Charli.stnwii.WiiiTi'vtiT. 
 New Hi'ilfiird, Siikiii. 
 , Lynn, liiiwiinee. 
 
 UlIOIlE Isi.ANn 
 
 1 ( 
 
 17.^>,000 
 
 
 Providence „'ii,ouo), New 
 Port, I'.ristol. 
 
 I'oNNKCTUt T 
 
 i 
 
 4iii>,ooo 
 
 
 Hartford, Newh.aven 
 
 iS'.i.ooo', \(.\v l.iHiiliin 
 
 3n7. The coast abmuid.-* in fun' h.u'boiir.H. 
 
 The surface is generally hilly. The (lr<'(n Mi'iiu/uiin 
 are in Vermont, the Whtte J/onnfains ia New IIanip.shire. 
 The latter are noteil tor lino scenery. 
 
 The soil is not gi'iierally fertih-. Tlu; climate i-i like that 
 of Nova Scotia. 
 
 30S. Maine builds moro ships tlrin any other State in the Union. 
 It e.\|iorts lumber, granite, marlile, lime, and jiotatoes. /'urtt'tinl, 
 its largest city, Ilip a fine harbour, and is couneele<l «ilh L'anad.a by 
 the Grand Troid: Railway, 
 
 3ni». New Hampshire, sonielimes called the finniilr Stiifr, is a 
 monntainoi',1 OMiintry. Its jiridiicts are cattle, butter, eliee.se, and 
 |iot,itoes. It also has itnportant cotton al!d woollen manufactures, 
 
 310, Vermont takes its name from the Green Moiiiitains, whicli ni-n 
 rendered verdant by their forestsof pino and (Ir. Agriculture, grazing, 
 atid lumbering are the chief pursuits. Large i|uantities (if m.'iplc sn^ar 
 are made, 
 
 311, Massachusetts was the first State tn npp.ise the llrjiish (iovern- 
 inent .it the lime of tlo' Rovnluiifjn, This State is among llie foremost, 
 in manul'ai'tures, producing more than half the bont* and shoes, and 
 one-third of the cntton ami woollen goiuls made in the Uniteil Stall s. 
 It also takes the leal in the fisheries, nnd ia second only to New Vork 
 in commerce. It was the first St.ile to establish freo .schooN. Hus'uii, 
 till' largest city in New KnglamI, i.n noted for ill public schools and 
 literary instilulionH, Its public library ranks as tlio second in the 
 I'nited States, l.ovi'l :ind /.(Urroivf are the iliief seats of cotton 
 and woullen mainifaeliiri's. /.//mi is nnted for shi e-fai'lorivH. A'liy 
 Jtiilforil is oxIiiiMVi'ly engaged in the whale fisheries. 
 
 312, Rhode Island i* the smallest Slate in the Union, but it is 
 densely in'oplud. Numerous maiinfacturiiig towns and villagei iiru 
 sitnatrd along llio banks of its xtreams, eoitnii and woolli n k(i)od.-! beiiiK 
 the ehief prudints, I'rnriiliiirr, the siiil of llrowti University, was 
 foiinded in h'M by Rii'ir Williams, the nuti 1 advni'iitoof pidilical and 
 religious freedom, .^'l I'luirl is a celebrated waleriiigplaee, 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
62 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 313. Connecticut ia noted for the variety of its manufactures. It 
 makes more sewing-machines than any other State. New J/areii, tlie 
 seat of Yale College, is a beautiful city. Hartford manufactures fire- 
 arms and machinery. Neio London is a great fishing port. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Sl'SPENSION niilDOE OVKR NIAUAHA. 
 
 1314. This section comprises the following seven States 
 and the district of Columbia :— 
 
 
 SItn com- 
 
 
 
 NkllK. 
 
 iinl'i'd uilli 
 
 I'.l.Mla- 
 
 thiif ro»ii«. 
 
 Nuvtt 
 
 tion. 
 
 (Citintiits 111 Ulmk Utt'T.) 
 
 
 folin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albany (0'2,000\ New Vork 
 
 
 
 
 
 (',100,000), llrooklyn (300,000), 
 
 New York .... 
 
 2.\ 
 
 8,S81,00O 
 
 
 nulfiilo (81,000), Knehc-itur, 
 Troy, Syracuse, Utica, O.s- 
 wi'K'o, Kingston, Newburg, 
 ^ I'oMidikec'iisie. 
 
 'Harrisburg, riilla<leliiliia 
 
 I'knn.svlva.ma 
 
 2A 
 
 2,900,000 
 
 . 
 
 (000,000;, I'ittsburK (.'•)0,ooo , 
 Alli'Kliany, Keadinj,', Lan- 
 casttT. 
 Trenton, Newark (72,000\ 
 
 New Jk.h.sky. .. 
 
 1/ 
 
 072,000 
 
 1 
 
 .Kisuy, I'litiTson, I'anidun. 
 
 I)ET.AWAnH 
 
 1 
 
 112,1,00 
 
 Dover, Wilmington (21, 000). 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 (Annapolis, Baltlnior'; 
 
 Maiivlanh , .. 
 
 087,000 
 
 ■) cjrj.ouo. 
 
 
 
 
 1 Richmond (li8,ooo\ Potcrs- 
 
 VinulNIA 
 
 
 1.2U1,000 
 
 \ limr. Norfolk, Vorktown. 
 
 WeMT VllUII.SIA 
 
 1:'. 
 
 a54,000 
 
 WhoelinK ill.ooo'. 
 
 CoLU.MniA 
 
 
 
 ( Wnshingtou iUl,0OO\ GooVgo- 
 \ town. 
 
 315. Tilt' surface of these States is jisreally vaiied. 
 
 Tliero are two principal iiiuiintain ranges, tlie JUtic Jxnhje 
 and tho Alh'tjhuaies, sejjurated liy a brtiad and fertile valley. 
 The coast rej,'ion is low and sandy. It is separated fVt)iii 
 tiie hijili land by a rocky ri(l,'e. Tiie chief rivers are tlm 
 Jlitilgon, Mu/i'iwk, Di/iiiciirc, Stis'/ui/itdiiKi, J'vl'niidr, Jtup- 
 jHthanmich, JamcH, tS/ienamlwth, AlUijIiaiiy, Jlouomju/uht, 
 Kaiiaw/id, and O/iio. 
 
 The climate is temperate in the north, and warm in the 
 ■uuth. 
 
 The pursuits are agriculture, manufactures, commerce, 
 and mining. 
 
 31'1 New York was first colonized by the Dutch, but was taken by 
 the English in 16(32. It exceeds every other State in population, 
 wealth, and commerce. It is also among the first in manufactures. 
 Vast quintities of talt are made from salt springs. A great deal of flour 
 i i made in this State from grain brought over the lakes from the west. 
 New York also produces more butter and cheese than any other State. 
 
 Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, and Lake George are among the ob- 
 jects of interest to touri.-)ts. 
 
 317. jS'cw Vork city, on Manhattan Island, has a fine harbour, and 
 ranks ne.xt to Loudon and Liverpool in commercial importance. The 
 chief trade of the grain-growing States of the Upper Mississippi passes 
 tlirough this city. Bruokliin is a suburb of New York. Albany, on 
 the Hudson, is conncctud with Lakes Erie and Champlain by canals. 
 At Buffalo the grain 'Vom the west is transferred from vessels to canal- 
 boats. Rochester and Osunjo are noted for the manufacture of flour ; 
 Syracuse for salt. Truij is noted for its iron-works; Wesfpoint, for 
 its Military Academy. Haralotja is a noted watering-place. 
 
 818. Pennsylvania was colonized Ijy the English Quaker, William 
 Penn. It ia a ])opulou3 and wealthy State. Its chief products are 
 grain, iron, coal, petroleum, and manufactures. It takes the lead in 
 iron manufactures, and is next to Massachu.setts in woollens anu a 'oc-:. 
 
 I'hiladdphia is noted for the regularity of its streets, and for its ex- 
 ten.-ive manufactures, /'•ttsburi/, at the head of steam navigation ou 
 the Ohio, is in the centre of the coal and iron region, and exceeds every 
 other place in the United States in the manufacture of iron. 
 
 319. New Jersey is ciiielly engaged in agriculture and manufactures. 
 Vegetables, peaches, and other fruits, are raised abundantly for the 
 markets of the neigiibouring large cities. 
 
 Newark' manufactures jewellery, patent leather, and rubber goods. 
 
 320. Delaware is situated wholly on the low, sandy coast region. 
 It is smalloi than any other State, except llhode Island. Agriculture 
 is the chief pursuit. 
 
 WUmiitijton manufactures large quantities of gunpowder. 
 
 321. Maryland is divided into two sections by Chesapeake Bay. It 
 yields tobacco, corn, and wheat. In the west are valuable iron and 
 •loal mines. 
 
 Baltinorc is a great commercial ami manufacturing city. Itii trade 
 with the valley ol' tho Mississippi is important. 
 
 322. Virginia was the seat of the earliest Engiish colony in America. 
 Large portions of the country were devastated by the recent civil wars. 
 In the south-east is an extensive marsh called the Wreat l)mnal 
 Sirainp. The Nalnral Brutije, in the valley west of tho lilue Kidge, 
 is a natural arch 200 feet high and 'JO feet wide. 
 
 Tobacco, wheat, and maize are the chief products. Iron and conl are 
 aljnndant ; but more attention is given to agriculture than to mining. 
 
 Richmond lias many tlour mills, and the largest tobacco manu- 
 factories iu tho United States, It is noted as tlio late capital of tho 
 Confederate States. Norfolk h.'iS an excellent harbour. 
 
 323. West Virginia, adhering to tho North during the rebellion, 
 wa.-i fiirmed into a separate State in 181)2, Iron, coal, salt, and 
 [letroleuni are (ilentiful. 
 
 Iliirjiirii i'evrii, at the confluence of tho Shenandoah with the 
 i'cjtoniac, is noted for its beautiful scenery, where the U!iitcd stream 
 breaks througii the llluo Riilgo. (Stc Umdncolt'a Uazcttccr.) 
 
 321, Tho District of Columbia compriscH about (ii) square miles 
 on tho east of the Potomac. It was originally 10 miles square, 
 lying on both sides of the river, ceded to tho Oemral (loverninent by 
 Maryland and Viiginia, The portion taken from the latter State wa.'i 
 rostoreil. 
 
 Columbia is under the immediate control of Cunnress, but has no 
 re)iresentulion. It cuutuins \\'a»hiiiyton, tho capital of the Uuiti-d 
 States, 
 
lufactures, commerce, 
 
 Dutch, but was taken by 
 
 lier State in population, 
 he fust in manufactures, 
 nR3. A j;reat deal of flour 
 r the lakes from the west, 
 eese than any other State. 
 George are among the ob- 
 
 ;1, has a fine harbour, and 
 mercia'. importance. The 
 e Upper Mississippi passes i 
 f New York. Albany, on j 
 iind Champlain by cauals, 
 erred from vessels to caual- 
 tho manufacture of fluur ; 
 roll-works; Wcstimut, for 
 1 watering-place. 
 English Quaker, William 
 ,e. Its chief products are 
 ures. It takes the lead iu 
 setts in woollens anu s 'oe«. 
 if its streets, and for its ex- 
 ead of steam navigation on 
 HI region, and exceeds every 
 iiufacture of iron, 
 riculture ami manufactures. 
 ! raised abundantly for the 
 
 leather, and rubber goods. 
 ,0 low, sandy coast region. 
 Rhode Island. Agriculture 
 
 es of gunpowder, 
 jns by Chesapeake Bay. It 
 st are valuable irun and 
 
 nufacturing city. Its trade 
 int. 
 
 Eiigi.sh culuiiy iu America. 
 
 ted by the recent civil wars. 
 
 called the Onat Dismal 
 
 west of tlie Blue llidge, 
 
 wiilo. 
 
 roiUu'ts. lion and coal are 
 u'lieuUure than to mining, 
 largest tobacco manu- 
 1 as the late capital of the 
 nt harbour, 
 ortli during the rebellion, 
 8()2, Iron, coal, salt, and 
 
 ey 
 
 the Shenandoah willi tlio 
 i, where the united stream 
 liincvWa 'iazitlar.) 
 8c« aliout (id 8(',uare miles 
 originally 10 miles sfiuaif, 
 the Ueiieial Ooveniment by 
 en Irom tlie latter Stale was 
 
 ml 1)1' (\)Mmv8s, but ban n<i 
 (ho capital of the United 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 0:5 
 
 I 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 COTTON-HCKINfl. 
 
 325. Tl 
 Missouri, 
 ill 1801. 
 
 lis section, together with the Stj.. js of Viri,'iiiia and 
 formed tlie Soutliern Confederacy wliich seceded 
 It c()n.sists of the following ten States ;— 
 
 
 S 7.P c<'m- 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 \r..mi »ltll 
 
 Popula- 
 
 rlliof Towlii. 
 
 
 Soil.. 
 
 tion. 
 
 C'n/iidtlam lliack Lttlir.) 
 
 N'lillTII Cakoi.ina.. 
 
 ~\ 
 
 int;i,ni)o 
 
 ( Raleigh, Wilinlnutnn, 
 1 Itoaufnrt, iMiyottoville. 
 
 
 
 
 SOITH (.'AUOMNA .. 
 
 I'l 
 
 Td.T noo 
 
 ( Columbia, Mmrleston 
 
 ) iTiLOOO , <ioor(.'i'l()wn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j Milledgeville, Suvunnali 
 •n (2'J,0001, Ail^'Ustn, At;i- 
 ' l.'iMta 
 
 ilronciiA 
 
 3i 
 
 i,or.7,ooo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Tallahassee, Key Wrst, 
 ', I'l'iisnooln. ."^t. Augii.i- 
 
 TrnniriA 
 
 3i 
 
 140,000 
 
 
 
 
 1 tine 
 
 \t.AM\.MA 
 
 
 no-i.ono 
 
 ( Montgoniery, Mnbiiu 
 1 r-",»,oiii) , •I'n.scnlonsa. 
 
 MlSHlSSIITI 
 
 2A 
 
 7!n,000 
 
 ) Jackson, N'atclifZ, \1c1<h- 
 1 linrtf. 
 
 j Baton Rouire, Nmv or 
 •\ loans l(lS,u(*o;, Aloxan- 
 1 (bill. 
 
 r.lillstAVA 
 
 2;\ 
 
 108.000 
 
 Tfxas 
 
 12ii 
 
 (iOl.OOO 
 
 t Austin, (!;ilvi'»ton, lldiis- 
 1 tmi, S;iii .\iitiniii). 
 
 AlJKANMAS 
 
 2i 
 
 ■i.'in.ooo 
 
 Little Rock. 
 
 Tunnknsp.k 
 
 '4 
 
 1,111.000 
 
 1 Nashville, Mrmphls 
 ) ia;t,o00>, Knnxvllli'. 
 
 rjjfl. The coast i.s low and inarsh.y, i.s liordcred I'y low, 
 eaiidy islands, and lias Init few harhours. 
 
 Tlie surface is v.'enerally low and level, exe(>|it the interior 
 of tlic Caidlinas, Cieorgia, and Texas. The /llurk Mmiit- 
 Utnit, in North Carolina, form the hiudiest jxution of tlie 
 Ai>iialiu'hiau System. A large part of Louisiana is alluvial, 
 
 being formed of materials brought down by the Mississippi, 
 and is subject to inundations. 
 
 The western part of Texas is on the dry barren plateau 
 adjoining the Rocky lountains. Tlie streams here flow 
 through deep gorges called canons. 
 
 327. The low coast region is covered with foreits of pitch-pine, 
 from which largo quantities of pitch, tar, turpentine, and re.sin are 
 obtained. The live-oak of Florida is very durable, and is used in 
 ship-building. The palmetto and magnolia are common tree,': in the 
 south. 
 
 328. Cotton is the stajile product. There are two kinds;— the loiisr, 
 or sea id'iixl cotton, produced chiully by the islands; and the short, or 
 upland cotton. Tobacco, rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane 
 are important products. Oranges, ]iineapples, and bananas are abiin- 
 daiit in Floiida and Tjras. 
 
 Smith rarolina yields the most rico ; Louisi.-ina, the mn.st susar-cinp ; anil 
 Mis.si.-i-ijipi tlie most cottnii. Texa.s i.s nntod fur iinnieiisu lienls nf cuttle. 
 
 3'20. The towns are generally small. W'ilnvnijlon exports naval 
 stores and tohaceo. Vhnrbston cx]iorts rice, and i-< iinted as the pl.ice 
 where the rebellion began in ISO), by the attack on Fort Sumptcr, 
 Aii;iiisfa manufactures cotton goods and flour. 
 
 ^cw Orlean? is the greatest cotton market in the world. A large 
 lart of the produce of the Mis.-isHippi valley is exported through this 
 city. J/o'/i/c is next to New Orleans in the expnrtition of cotton. 
 
 Ke>/ ]\'c.''t, on a coial island south of T'lerida, has a fine Inrbonr. 
 \'irl:x''iirft is noted for its siege in the late war. 
 
 Hut little attention is given to manuf.ioturiiig in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 WESTERN STATES. 
 
 '-<? 
 
 KA.>r\ tr TiiAiN i-Di'.iuMi Till; uiKWsAS iiivf.n. 
 
 oMo. Tills division i.s reinarkaliii^ tor the feiiiliiv nf its soil 
 
■* 
 
 ''in 
 
 W 
 
 64 
 
 NOItTH AMERICA. 
 
 and the rapid increase of its population. It consists of tlie 
 followiiit,' eleven States : — 
 
 ^■lllue. 
 
 Siz« com- 
 
 pai'Qil with 
 
 N.iv« 
 
 Scoliii. 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Chli'fToun!. 
 {Capilnla in Black Lettfr.) 
 
 Kentl'ckv. . . 
 omo 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 lo 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3A 
 
 o 
 
 l,lo(i,OOU 
 
 l'.3i0,000 
 
 1 -^MfinO 
 
 1,712,0110 
 
 71(1. 000 
 
 770,000 
 17-J,0'>0 
 67j,0o0 
 
 1,18-2,000 
 
 107,000 
 30,000 
 
 ) Frankfort, Louisville v70,000,, 
 1 Lexington. 
 
 ( Columbus, Cincinnati (101,000', 
 -N Cleveland :3i;,000;, Dayton 
 I (20,000 , Tolrdo. 
 ( Iiuliauapolis ,lt>,ooo , Madison, 
 ( 'IVrre Hantc. 
 
 ( Sprillgflold, (■hicivgo (109,000), 
 1 <;alena. 
 
 j Lansing, Detroit (io.OOO , Ann 
 ) Arbour. 
 
 j Madison, Milwaukeo (45,000., 
 ( Uacinu. 
 
 St. Paul, i cnibina. 
 ( DuS Muines, Duburine, Iowa 
 ( City, IturliuKton 
 ( Jefferson City, St. Louis 
 ( (1(!2,000\ St. .Joseph. 
 ( Topeka, Leconipton, LaTrence, 
 ( Atuliison. 
 
 Omaha. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 MiCIIIflAX.. . . 
 
 \V|S0()XSIN .. 
 MlNNKSOTA ,. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 iMissorui 
 
 Kansas 
 
 NuiiUASKA . . . 
 
 331. These States arc situated mainly in the basin of 
 the Mississii)]ii. 
 
 Tiio surface consists lai-ovly of level and rolling i)rairies. 
 The soil is generally very fertile, and especially suited to 
 grain. Tiie arid portions in the west are barren. 
 
 The climate in the northern sectit)ns is .subject to great 
 extremes of heat and ' Tlie souch is Avanu temperate. 
 
 The minerals ai' or, lead, coal, and iron. (See 201.) 
 
 332. The holding i,Vu'SUits are agriculture and grazing. 
 Tiie chief products are ulicat, maize, and other grains ; flax, 
 hemp, tobacco ; dairy jiroduce, live-stock, beef, jiork, and 
 wool. The southern port" ^ns also yield cotton. 
 
 IMaiuifacturing receives but little attention except in 
 Ohio, The trade con.sists mainly in an exchange of products 
 with the manufacturing States of the cast, 
 
 333. Kentucky Ls noleil for its caverns. Mamn otii Cave oonsi.sts of 
 !i series of uiider-grijuiul clianil>crs, wliioh liiive I'Ceii cxiilorcil to tlie 
 di.-t,'iiioe often miles. Tliis State produces large niiaiit it ies of tobacco. 
 
 Ohio is the third Slate in tlie Union in poiiulation. lis products are 
 niaize, wheat, and jirapes. Ciiwinvali cxjiorts heef, lurk, niul wool, 
 
 334. Indiana is a fertile Slate. Uiaiu and live stock are tlie chief 
 jiroducts. 
 
 Illinois consists chiefly of prairie land. It surpas.'^es every other 
 Stale in llie proiluction of wlicat and corn. Chiraijo, on Laiio Miehi.';in, 
 is a f;rcat giaiii market. In 1831 it contained hut seven or eiu'iit 
 famili^?f.. Its population is still rapidly iiicreasimj, Tlie city is sup- 
 plied with water taken from tlie lake two mile >om ttie shore, and 
 eondujied liy a tunnel under the bed of the lake. The water near the 
 shore was renderel unwholesonio by the sewers. 
 
 Oakud is in the midst of lead mines. 
 
 335. Michigan consists of two iicninsulas. Copper and iron are 
 abmidant in the northern division. Jhtmit, opposite Windsor in the 
 rroviiicu of Uiitttiio, has a large trade. {Sec Uiilarh, 107.) 
 
 Wisconsin, Minnesota, and loTra consist mainly of fertile prairie 
 land. 
 
 Milwaukee, on Lake Jlichigan, Las a good harbour and an extensive 
 trade. 
 
 336. Missouri is also a fertile prairie State. It produces tobacco 
 and Indian corn. St. Louis, on a bluff beside the Missisrippi, is the 
 depot of the fur trade of the llocky Mountains. An important over- 
 land trade is also carried on by waggon trains vs-ith the Pacific States. 
 S'. Joseph is one of the chief places from which emigrant trains set 
 out for the Slates and Territories bevond the Ro^ky Mountains. 
 
 Kansas and Nebraska are States. The eastern part of Kansas 
 resembles Missouri in surfae^ and products. 
 
 PACIFIC STATES. 
 
 337. The States on the Pacific side of the continent are 
 the three following :— 
 
 Name. 
 
 Size Goin- 
 
 purcd with 
 
 Nova 
 
 Bcoiia. 
 
 Pijpula- 
 tiuu. 
 
 Chief Ton in. 
 (Capitalt in mark Letter.) 
 
 L'ALIFOItXlA .. 
 
 OuKfiON 
 
 Nkvatia 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 sriO.ooo 
 
 53,000 
 40.000 
 
 ( Sacramento, .Sau Francisco 
 ( (57,000\ Benicia. 
 
 Salem, Portland, 
 f Carson City, Virguiia City, 
 1 C.enoa. 
 
 33S. California was thinly inhabited when it was ceded to the 
 United States in 1848. The fame of its gold mines attracted emigrants 
 from almost every country in the world. Its niiner.il and agricultural 
 resources are very rich and varied. The quicksilver mines are '^- 
 oounted the richest in the worla. The well-watered and fertile valley 
 of the Sacramento and San Joaquin yields abundance of wheat, maize, 
 and other grains. The wine grape is e.xtensively cultivated, and large 
 quantities of wine are exported. Tea, cofifee, oranges, and olives are 
 also cultivated. 
 
 San Francisco is the most important commercial city on the Pacific 
 coast, 
 
 330. Oregon has many fertile valleys west of the Cascade Mountains, 
 in which most of the white inhabitants are found. 
 
 Nevada derives its chief importance from its silver mines. It con- 
 tains extensive barren vieserts, and has many salt lakes. 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 340. The table-laml and mountainous region of the west 
 comprises the following nine Territories :— 
 
 haiiK'. CiplMl. 
 
 WAsniNQTON Olympia. 
 
 Ii'Aiio ..Boisee City. 
 
 Montana Bannock City. 
 
 Dakotaii Yankton. 
 
 CoLORAPo Golden City. 
 
 Utah Salt Lake City (SUOO). 
 
 Ahizona Prescott. 
 
 Nkw Mkxico Bantu Fe. 
 
 Imhan Teiuutuky. Tahlequah. 
 
 341. A large jiart of this rvgion is rainless i iid barren 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
mainly of fertile prairii' 
 
 harbour and an extensive 
 
 ite. It produces tobacco 
 de the Missisrippi, is the 
 ins. An important over- 
 is with the Pacific States, 
 ihich emigrant trains set 
 Rovky Mountains, 
 be eastern part of Kansas 
 
 of the continent are 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 65 
 
 Chief To»ns. 
 'apiluli in Black Lilltr.) 
 
 mcntO, Sau Francisco 
 
 001, Benicia. 
 
 , Portland. 
 
 a City, Virginia City, 
 
 Dft. 
 
 hen it was ceiled to the 
 i mines attracted emigrants 
 ,s mineral and agricultural 
 quicksilver mines are ■'«- 
 watered and fertile valley 
 buiidance of wheat, maizf, 
 vely cultivated, and large 
 oranges, and olives are 
 
 raercir.l city on the Pacific 
 
 )f the Cascade Mountains, 
 'ound. 
 
 its silver mines. It con- 
 sult lakes. 
 
 US region of tlie west 
 ',s : — • 
 
 ftpiul. 
 
 mpia. 
 
 isee City. 
 
 nnock City. 
 
 nkton. 
 
 Iden City. 
 
 It Lake City (8O00). 
 
 escott. 
 
 nt:i Fe. 
 
 ihlequah. 
 
 riiinii'ss i tul liarrcn 
 
 i i i 
 
 Much of the soil is impregnated with salt. Some fertile 
 districts are found in the valleys. Washington Territory- 
 yields fine timber. IMasts arc exported to Asia. 
 
 342. Utah is inhabited by the Mormons. The soil is made fertile 
 
 liy irrigation. Sail Lake (!ily lias broad .streets lined with trees, and 
 watered by streams led from the nei.;hl)Ouring hilKs. 
 
 ■New Mexico is ricli in silver. Ri'L'nIar trade is carried on between 
 Santa Fe ainl St. Louis in Missouri liy wagizon trains. 
 
 Indian Territory has been .assigned to the Inaians, who have re- 
 moved thitiier from various Slates 
 
 ---a?. "*w 
 
 KHiJLl.MAl :.\ VlI.l.AiiK 
 
 WALRUSSIA, OR RUSSIAN AMERICA. 
 
 343. This country was dir"overed in 1741 hy a Russijin 
 exploring expedition, conducted hy Vitus Behring. It was 
 purehdsed fi )m Rtissia by the Government of tl;e United 
 States, in 1867, for $70,000, and it may be considered a-d a 
 new Territory. 
 
 344. It occupies the extreme north-west of the continent. The 
 distance from Asia, at Behring's Sliait, is 36 miles. The principal 
 part of the country forms a compact body. A !-tri)\ 30 miles in 
 breadth, exteiuls along the Pacific cnast to 61" 40' north latitude, and 
 the peninsula of .Vliaska stretches ni'arly as far south. 
 
 345. The coast om the Pacific is generally bold and irrccular, pre- 
 senting numerous volcanic pcak.'^; on the Arct c it is generally low. 
 The west coasi ij skirtod with islands. The mos', important group i- 
 Otori/e ni. Arrhiprhvi'), including Silka Mutid. 
 
 ""\. The aiea is '21 times greater than Nova Sootia, or equals a 
 square of tiJ7 loilos, 
 
 The surface is generally an elevated nlateau, 3000 fectabcce thcsea, 
 except along the north and north-west, where it is q\iite low. Tin' 
 volcanic mountains along the Pacific have their hi(diest point in Mount 
 St. Elias (14,070 feet). 
 
 34". The climate in the narrow sonthcrn portions is teinpcratc ainl 
 very humid; throughout the main body of the country the cold is 
 severe. 
 
 Vegetation in the interior and north is (Vinfinod to shrubs, mosses 
 ami lichens. In the .south are forests of cone-bearing trees; and oats, 
 barley, .-Mid vei:etablos are cultivated. 
 
 The animals are like those of Hudson Hay Territory. 
 
 348. The population is l'^tiInated at GO, 000, coni.i.sting mainly of 
 Esquimaux and Iiiil'ans. 
 
 The Ksquini.'uix are cjf. small size. They li* tnai the coast, anil on 
 the islands. They clothe ihi'Misrlvos in the dried skin of the rein-deer, 
 making the entiie dress of one piece. Their houses aru made of drift 
 lo:;s, and sometimes of blocks of snow. Their chief food consists of 
 fish, tlesli of the reindeer, whale-oil, and seal-oil. 
 
 The iirincipal town or villaL'e U yar Atrl(ftii;iJ, on Sitka Inland, 
 eontainiiiL.' about lO'tO inhabitants. 
 
 The chief pursuits are fishing and hniitin,', 
 
 QUESTION. -A ship sails from Boston to New Orleans nud back; 
 what freiglita would she probably carry ? 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.-Whcn it is 12 o'clock noon at 
 Portland, what time is it at San Francisco ? 
 
'i! 
 
 Ill 
 
 .1 
 
 !i| 
 
 h 
 
 
 !( 
 
 it' t 
 
 C6 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 nxE-ArrLK. 
 
 T. History.— 340. At the time of the fliscovcy of America, 
 IMexico was iiiliabitod by a ]io\verfiil Tndiaii nation called 
 Adfcs, Avho were far advanced in civilization. 
 
 In 1521, after two years of cruel and treaclicrous warfare, Cortez 
 with a band of Spaniards conquered the Aztees, and destroyed Tcnoch- 
 lit/an, their capital. Tlie name Mexico is said to have been derived 
 from Me.ridi, tlie Aztec pod of war. 
 
 S50. Mexico gaii.e.l its independence from Spain in 1822, and estab- 
 lished a republican gnernuient in 1824. Since this date, nearly iialf 
 (he original territory, inciiidiiif; Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and 
 Upper California, lias been annexed to the United States. 
 
 In 18G2, Mexico was conquered by a Freiudi army, and formed into 
 an empire, under the Austrian prince Maximilian. On the with- 
 drawal of the French army in ISti", ]\Iaximilian, unable to bold hii 
 position against opposing factions, was taken prisoner and .shot l)y 
 order of Juarez. The counli-y is now in a state of anarchy. 
 
 II. Position.— 351. Mexico occuides the whole breadth 
 of the eonthient between the United States and Central 
 America. 
 
 The Rio Grande forms the northeastern boundary, 
 
 III. Form. — 352. The outline resembl(>s a ('<)r)uico/iiri. 
 EXERCISE.— Draw the appro.ri male fonn of Mexico. 
 
 IV. Coast.— 3")3. The principal iidet.s an^ the (j'h// of' 
 Campeacluj, Gii/f of Cit/i/oniiii, -awI the 6'*'// (;/' TJnutn- 
 tejKC. 
 
 Th(> best harbours are on (be west coast. 
 
 'I'he capes are Calnclic, Cnrriciilr.t, and St. l.iirnK. 
 
 Tlie peninsulas iire Yiuulun and Vabuivniti, 
 
 EXERCISE- Trace the r<iast line and Untinttiri/ liius around the 
 approximate form. 
 
 V. Area. — 354. The area is about one-fourth the size of 
 British America, or is equal to a square of 926 miles. 
 
 VI. Surface.— 355. With the exception of low lands along 
 the coast of the Gidf of Mexico, the surface is principally 
 table-land from 6000 to 8000 feet high. 
 
 In the northern part of the country there are three mountain ranges 
 ^the Cordillera de Coahula, on the east; the Cordillera de Sonera, 
 on the west ; and the Sierra Madre, in the middle. In a line east and 
 west, near the lOtii parallel, several volcanic peaks rise like colossal 
 mounds from the plateau. The most important are Orizaba (17,374 
 feet), Popocatepetl (17,720 feet), and Iztaccihuatl (15,705 feet). 
 
 The pl.ateaa rises precipitously near the Pacific coast. From the 
 bro.ader jilain on the east the ascent is less abrupt; but even here 
 there are only two carriage roads to the interior. 
 
 VII. -IX. —350. The rivers are generally mountain torrents. Tlie 
 Rio iirundc, on the north-eastern frontier, and the Colorado, crossing 
 the north-west corner, are the cliicf exceptions. 
 
 Small lakes are numerous on the plateau. Chaimla, equal to a 
 square of 30 miles, is the largest. 
 
 The soil is generally fonile, but badly culliv!ited. 
 
 X.-XIII. — 357. The climate varies according to the ele- 
 vation, from tropical heat on the low coasts, to the regions 
 of ])crpetual snow on the extreme mountain heights. 
 
 The hot, moist region of the Gulf coast, extending about 50 miles 
 inland, is very unhealthy. Tiie table-lands often suffer from drought. 
 
 358. The minerals are silver, gold, quicksilver, iron, 
 copper, tin, lead, and zinc. 
 
 The silver mines were long accounted the richest in the world. 
 They are less productive than formerly. 
 
 359. Vegetation is diversified according to the elevation. 
 
 The lowlands yield mahogany, dye-woods, vanilla, cotton, coti'ee, 
 sugar-cane, maize, indigo, jieiqier, bananas, and various tropical fruits. 
 Tlie table-lauds of the interior produce the forest trees, grains, and 
 fruits of tem])orate regions. 
 
 Various species of cactus are common. One kind fiirnisbes fuod for 
 the cochineal insect. AiiLtber, called the inaijuctj, is cultivated for its 
 juice, which is the favourite beverage of the iiihubitaiits. 
 
 300. Wild ajiimals are numerous. The jaguar and puma are the 
 mi.st formidabli'. 
 
 Imniunse herds of the bi.-on, musk-ox, and mustang or wild horse, 
 roam over the n^irthern jdains. The horse was iiitruduced by the 
 .^^paniards. Alligators, rattlesnakes, and myriads of insects are found 
 on the lowlands. The cuchineal insect is of great commercial value. 
 
 XIV. and XV. Inhabitants.— 361. The popidation is esti- 
 mated at 8,250,000, of whicii the Indians form nearly five- 
 eighths, Sitaniardii (jne-eighth, and mixed races one-fourth. 
 
 The Spaniards are generally the most wealthy class. ]\Iany of the 
 Indians arc in a very degraded condition. 
 
 Nearly all the inhabitants au Ruman Catholics. 
 
 Education is greatly neglected. 
 
 302. Mexico contains many remains of its ancient civilization, such 
 as aqueducts, statues, pyrumidg, uud other wurka of art. Tlie u>ust 
 
 ! 
 
oue-fourth the size of 
 ■e of 926 miles. 
 
 iou of low lands along 
 surface is principally 
 
 ire three mountain ranges 
 the Cordillera de Sonora, 
 ikhlle. In a line east and 
 ic peaks rise like colossal 
 rtaiit are Orizaba (17,37-1 
 Matl (15,705 feet), 
 i'acifio coast. From the 
 is abrupt; but even here 
 •lor. 
 
 ■ mountain torrents. The 
 ind the Colorado, crossing 
 
 MS. 
 
 au. Cliupala, equal to a 
 
 tivated. 
 
 s according to tlie ele- 
 ' coasts, to the regions 
 uutain heights. 
 
 e.\ten(linp; about 50 miles 
 often suller from drought. 
 
 old, quicksilver, iron, 
 
 Lhe richest iu the world. 
 
 (ling to the elevation. 
 
 vanilla, cotton, oolTee, 
 \\v\ various tropical fruits, 
 forest trees, grains, and 
 
 lie kind furnishes f'Od for 
 inr;/, is cultivated for its 
 
 iiiiiabitaiits. 
 ^uar and puma .are the 
 
 id mustang or wild horse, 
 was introduced by the 
 yriads of insects are found 
 ,'reat commercial value. 
 
 Tlie popidatiun is osti- 
 iuis form nearly tive- 
 xcd raci's one-fourth. 
 
 illliy class. Alany of the 
 
 iiolics. 
 
 ancient civilization, such 
 works of art. The most 
 
 MEXICO— CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 67 
 
 remarkable are the ruins of Chichen in Yucatan, and the Pyramid of 
 ChoMa a few miles e.ast of Puebla. -he latter is built of suudried 
 brick, is 1423 feet square at the base, and is 164 feet high. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 363. All the large towns are situated on 
 the table-land. Mexico City, the capital, is 7470 feet above 
 the sea, and is overlooked by lofty volcanic mountains. 
 
 Mexico (200,000) is a beautiful and wealthy city, containing many 
 raa^'uificent public buildings. Churches and convents are numerous. 
 The city is on the margin of a lake, and occupies the site of the Aztec 
 capital. 
 
 3(54. There ire many other lar^e cities, as Guadalaxara, La Puella, 
 Guanaxuata, Zacatccaa, San Luis, Colina, and Merida. The prin- 
 cipal ports on the east are Vera Cruz, Matamoras, Tampico, ami 
 Campe'icky; those on the west coast are Mazallati, San Bias, and 
 Acapu'co. Vera Cruz has a poor harbour, and is very unhealthy, 
 being seldom free from yellov '"over. 
 
 XVII. and XVIII.— 365. The chief industries are mining 
 and agriculture, 
 
 Tlie manufactures are unimportant. The exports embrace metals, 
 cochineal, hide, mahojiany, and medicinal herbs. Tiie imports in- 
 clude almost all kinds of manufactured goods, linuors, and fish. 
 
 36G. Tiio government is republican, but it is weak and 
 unsettled. 
 
 The want of an enlightened and steady government ha' ".eriously 
 retarded the prosperity of Mexico. 
 
 QUESTION.— A vessel sails from Halifax to Vera Cruz and back ; 
 what freights would she probably carry ? Which trip Wuuld likely 
 take the longer time ; and why ? 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 I. History. — 367. Central America, so called from its 
 position, was discovered by Columbus in 1502. It continued 
 a dependency of the Spanish Crown until 1823, when it tiircw 
 off the Spanisii yoke and formed it.sclf into a Federal lie- 
 Ijublic, consisting of five States. The union was dissolved 
 iu 1839. Since this date the various States have been dis- 
 tiubed by almost constant internal strife. 
 
 II. Position.— 3i33. Central America naturally embraces the whole 
 country between the Isthmuses of Tehuantepec and Paiuiina. Its 
 political bounds are less extensive, Yucatan belonging to Mexico, and 
 the extreme south to New Granada. It i.i wholly in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 III. Form.— 3(.i'J. The form is triangular, with a deep notch at the 
 Gulf of Honduras. 
 
 I\^ Coast.— 370. The Ou'f of Honduras is the principal iidet; 
 the most important cape h Uracius a liios ; and the chief islands on 
 the Coast aie the Bay Islands in the Gulf of Honduras. 
 
 V. Area.— 371. The area is eleven times the size of Nova Scotia, or 
 equals a square of 444 miles. 
 
 VI. -XIII.— 372. The physical features and products are 
 
 similar to tho.se of Me.vico. 
 
 The v,able-land becomes quite low towards the Isthmus of Panama. 
 Cone-shaped volcanoes are numerous. Ajua, 15,000 feet high, is the 
 greatest elevation. 
 
 373. The principal lakes are Xicaraijua, 140 miles long ; and ^fan■ 
 (ifiua or Leon. IJoth are iu the basin of the San Juan. It lias been 
 proposed to construct a ship canal through these lakes, connecting the 
 Pacific with the San Juan. 
 
 374. The climate on the low coast is very unhealthy, especially in 
 the wet season which begins towards the end of May. The interior is 
 dry and healthy, but is subject to violent earthquakes. 
 
 The minerals, plants, and animals are like those of .Mexico. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— 375. The population is estimated at 
 2,30G,0e)0. 
 
 The Indians .are the most numerous. Nearly all the inhabitants 
 .are Roman Catholics. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 376. Central America consists of tiie 
 following six divisions : — 
 
 Name, 
 
 Size com- 
 
 I>afe 1 with 
 
 .Nova 
 
 Scutin. 
 
 roiml.'i- 
 tluti. 
 
 C'tiicr To»ns. 
 {Capiluls 111 Lhuk LiUer.) 
 
 GU.VIEMALA 
 
 lIONnrilAS 
 
 .San Salvaikik 
 
 N'K-ARAGeA 
 
 Costa PiIca 
 
 BltlTISH lIoMU-ltAS 
 
 •2.1 
 
 Ol 
 
 J, 
 
 3 
 
 li 
 1 
 
 850,000 
 
 350,000 
 000,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 1 -.21;, 000 
 
 11,000 
 
 ( New Guatemala oo.ouo . 
 
 < (iuesaUoi.iingo, St. Tlio- 
 ( mas. 
 (Comayagua iis,0oo , 
 
 ( Onicia, 'rnixillo. 
 
 ( San Salvador, t'ojute- 
 
 ( lioquc, Acr.j'itla. 
 
 j Managua, Loiin ;:ir.,ooii , 
 
 S KeiiU'jo, Sail Juan, 
 (, Gruytowii. 
 
 (San Jose CiO.ooo), car- 
 \ thage, I'untas .Arena.s. 
 Balize. 
 
 377. Guatemala lies principally along the Paoitio. It contains a 
 reniai'kable water volcano. 
 
 Honduras, along the liay of Honduras, is noted for its forests of log- 
 wood and mahogany. The Bay Islands were ceded to this State by 
 Great Britain in ISiiO. 
 
 San Salvador is whnlly on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Nicaragua, including Ma.fiiuilo Territory, which was acquiied in 
 ISGO, extends from sea to sea. 
 
 Costa Rica is the mo.st southerly and the most prosperous Stair. 
 
 373. British Honduras, situateil on the west coast of the Bay of 
 Honduras, is valuable fur its forests of logwood and mahogany. 
 Negroes form the m,'\jority of the population. It is governed by a 
 Superintendent who is subordinate to the Goverrior of Jamaica. 
 
 XVI. To\ IS.— 379. As in IMexico, the large town.s are 
 (jn the table-land. ]\Iany of them have .suli'ered greatly at 
 ditl'erent times from earthiiuakes. To guard against this 
 (Linger, the houses are gcjierally low. 
 
 3S0. .Vcio Guulnnala manufactures muslins ami artificial flowers. 
 Old Guati mala, 21 miles distant, ii] a .alley lutueen two volcanoes, 
 was destroyed by an eartlnpiake in 1773. 
 
 Omoa is one of the hottest and mo.-t iitihealtliy j. laces in the world. 
 
 381. San Salrailur was visited liy an eiiitliqiiake in 1851. Mvery 
 building, with a single exception, was thrown ilowii, and 5000 persons 
 lost their lives. 
 
 Leon is one of the finest cities of Central America. 
 
 Vnrihaijc was almost wholly laid in ruins by an eaitliquake in 18 tl. 
 
 /.I'dpa, S/, Tkomiis, Omoa, Trn.vdln, Arajnlla, Lthertad Heidi jo, 
 Sua Juan, Greytown, Puidas Arenas, and Maiina, are sea-portsi 
 
68 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 XVII. and Win.— 382. T!ie chief industries are 
 
 a;,'ricultiire, miuiuf,', and the exportation of logwood, 
 mahogany, and other dye-stuti's. 
 
 The ex/orts include silver, lualuigany, logwood, cochineal, indigo, 
 sarsaparill ., gums, nnd cofl'ce. 
 
 383. The form of government in tlio five independent States is 
 republican The governments are wanting in strength aud vigour. 
 The roads nd other public works are greatly neglected, and the 
 resources are auiost wholly undeveloped. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 SraAR PLANT.VTION'. 
 
 I. History.— 384. Tiieso iniiJortant ishuids inchido the 
 first discoveries of Cohunbus in the New World. The name 
 West Indies originated thrt)ugh the erroneows'opiniou enter- 
 tained by Columbus and others of his time that the archi- 
 lielago was near India, on the south of Asia. 
 
 Tlie West Indies were snmotiinea called AnfiUcs ov Ojqioaifc McS) 
 from their jjosition with ri'speot to the continent of America. 
 
 II.-IV. Position.— 38.J. The West Indies arc .situated be- 
 t\\ceu North and South America, and are suiniosed by some 
 to be the remains of mountains whicli once united these great 
 divisions. All the more important islands are in tlie north- 
 ern half (if the Torrid Zone. They con.sist of three group.s 
 — the Jjah'tmas, the Gnat A)i(i/h-it, and the Li/t/e Ajidz/cs. 
 
 380. The Bahamas or Lucayos lie to the south-east of Florida, froni 
 which they are .separated by tiie tiulf .Stream. Including rocky isjetn, 
 they are about 500 iu number. The principal are Orcal Bahama, 
 
 Ahaco, Ekuthcra, Xew Providence, Andros, Han Salvador, Inagua, 
 Turk's, and Caicos Islands. 
 
 387. The Great Antilles, consisting of Cuba, Ilayti, Porto Rico, 
 and Jamaica, lie on the east of the peuin.sula of Yucatan, between 18° 
 and 22° N. lat. 
 
 388. The Little Antilles are on the east of the Caribbean Sea, 
 extending in a semi-circular line from the east of Porto Rico to the 
 coast of Siiuth America. They are usually divided into three groups 
 — the Vinjin hlands, in the north ; the Leeward Islands, in the 
 middle; and the ]\'ind(iard hlands, in the south. 
 
 389. The Virgin Islands comprise Tortola, Ancyada, Virgin 
 Onrda, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cm:, Culebra, and Bieque. 
 
 The Leevrard Islands— /I »i<(V/«a, AnguUla, St. Christopher, Nevis, 
 Barbuda, Montscrrat, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Maric-Oalante, Desi- 
 radc, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatia, and St. Bartholomew. 
 
 The Windward Islands— .SV. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, Oren- 
 ada, Tubaijo, Trinidad, and Martinique. 
 
 Cura<:oa, Orubu, and Bmn Ay re, lie along the coast of South 
 America. Viewed with re.-^pect to the trade-wind, the Leeward 
 Islands are properly windward. 
 
 V. Area.— 390. The total area of the West Indies is a 
 little more than five times the size of Nova Scotia, or equalt, 
 a square of 310 miles. 
 
 The Great Antilles comprise over five-sixths of the whole area. 
 
 YI.-X.— 301. The surface is varied. Some of the i.slands 
 are mountainous, others are low and of coralline formation. 
 
 The Bahamas are low and are surrounded by shoals and reefs. 
 
 An elevated mountain-chain runs length-wise through the Great 
 Antilles. The Sierra dil Cobre, in the east of Cuba, have an extreme 
 elevation of 8000 feet ; the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, 7000 feet. 
 Many of the smaller islands rise to the height of 4000 or 5000 feet, 
 anil some of them have active volcanoes. 
 
 The soil is very productive. 
 
 302. Tlie climate is hot and unhealthy. 
 
 The intense heat is somewhat modified by refreshing sea breezes 
 which prevail iu the afternoon. Frosts sometimes occur in the high- 
 lands, but snow is unknown. A long rainy season, accompanied with 
 violent tempests, coatinues from July till November A long dry 
 season prevails from November to March. 
 
 The islands are subject to tremendous hurricanes and earthquakes. 
 
 XI.- XIII.— 393. The minerals include copper, found in 
 all the Great Antilles ; gold, silver, (piicksilver, and platiiia, 
 in Hayti ; gold, iron, and lead, in Porto Rico ; salt, in the 
 Bahamas ; and asphalt, in Trinidad. 
 
 394. Tropical plants of almost every variety grow luxu- 
 riantly. The staple products are sugar-cane, coft'ee, tobacco, 
 maize, indigo, cacao, i)imento, and other spices. 
 
 The fruits include pine-apples, oranges, b.uianas, and cocoa-nuts. 
 The forests yield mahogany and dye-woods. 
 
 395. Wild animals are few and small. There are many beautiful 
 birds and insects. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants. — 390. The population is about 
 
 3,S9(),()(K). 
 
 About oiie-eixth of the inhabitants are whites ; the remainder aro 
 negroes and mulattoes. The negroes were formerly slaves. They are 
 now free in all the islands except those belonging to Spain. Slavery 
 
 I 
 
, San Halvador, Inayua, 
 
 uba, Ilayti, Porto Rico, 
 L of Yucatan, betweeu 18° 
 
 t of the Caribbean Sea, 
 
 east of Porto Rico to the 
 
 livided into tbree groups 
 
 Lecu-ard Islands, in the 
 
 south. 
 
 rto/a, Ancyada, Virgin 
 
 Jidchra, and Bieque. 
 
 a, at. Christopher, Nevis, 
 
 pe, Maric-Galante, Dcsi- 
 
 !t. Bartholomew. 
 
 ^iiicent, Barbadoes, Oren- 
 
 ilong the coast of South 
 trade-wiud, the Leeward 
 
 the West Indies is a 
 Nova Scotia, or equal.', 
 
 ha of the whole area. 
 
 I. Some of the isUuuls 
 )f coralliue foruiatiou. 
 
 by shoals and reefs, 
 -wise throu<;h the Great 
 of Cuba, have an extreme 
 is of Jamaica, 7000 feet, 
 ight of 4000 or 6000 feet. 
 
 ))• rofresliini; sea breezes 
 
 times occur in the high- 
 
 stason, accompanied with 
 
 Kovember A long dry 
 
 •ieanes aud earliiquakes. 
 
 utle copper, found in 
 kBJlvcr, and phitiiia, 
 to Rico ; salt, in the 
 
 ,if 
 
 ly variety grow luxu- 
 -caiie, coffee, tobacco, 
 ■V spices. 
 bananas, and cocoa-nuts. 
 
 I'horo are many beautiful 
 population is about 
 
 iiiti's ; the remainder are 
 I'UK'rly slaves. They are 
 ing to Spain. SUwery 
 
11 
 
 I ! 
 
 i !• 
 
 .4 , 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 69 
 
 « 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 was abolished in the ishimls belonging to Britain, in 1834, the Biiti^h 
 Government paying SluO,riOU,000 as compensation to the owners of tlio 
 slaves. 
 
 In les.s than half a century after the discovery if the West Inilits, 
 the native Indian iioiiulalion was all but exlin^'uisheil by Siiani.-li 
 cruelty, 
 
 397. Education is greatly neclectcil. Wealthy families sml their 
 chiKlren abroad to be educated. Piniian t.'atholies are most 
 
 numerous religious body. Spanisli, French, and English ai - ilie yire- 
 vailing languages. 
 
 X\'. X^'III. — 39s. TliL' West Iiuliea arc uciuly all uwiumI 
 liy Ei'i'iipeiiu l\i\v(.'i'.s, 
 
 Spain owns about two-tliirds of tliu wliule ana ; (!ivat 
 Lritaiii n\\'v ono-sovoiitli. 
 
 The following table siiows tln' iMiJitiral riinncctioii :•- 
 
 Klaiil). 
 
 liiiirArN 
 
 lMiKiM:Mii:Nr. 
 I'HAM i; 
 
 UlAM m:k 
 
 l[oLI.AM> 
 
 S\vi:iii:\ 
 
 \i:.SK/rKi.\.. .. 
 
 j i-'niia. I'ortd Ilico, east of i 
 
 ■s lliiyti, and other hiuall ■ 
 
 I, Islauil.s ) 
 
 fKahanias, Jamaica, Turtola, | 
 I Ani'naila, \'lrfriu Coi-ila, 
 I Antigua. AuK'uilla, St ' 
 
 J t'lirintiiphor, Nivis, liar- I 
 I buda, .Montserrat. li.mii- f 
 idea, St. I.u.'ia, S(. \lii- ^ 
 ' coMt. UartiaU"fs. Cniiada. 
 
 [ Toliatfi), Trinidad 
 
 Il'iyti west cuil 
 
 I (.luailuliaipj, M;iriL'-ilalantr, i 
 
 ■I liesiraiU', St .Martin '• 
 ( north eair, Martlnhiue.. ) 
 I St. Thomas, St. John's, Sa'ita I 
 
 ( ('ni« I 
 
 I St. .Martin iscnilh in;l ,Satia, | 
 
 < St. Kustatia. furayoa, • 
 
 ( Orulia. lUuii .\yru ) 
 
 St, r.an liciloniow 
 
 Mari.'ai-ita, Turiuga 
 
 Sill.' ,.r 
 
 »tlii;il-c in 
 
 inik^ 
 
 villi h 
 
 nrt'» 
 
 ci]iU4 :». 
 
 ri.|iiiln- 
 ti"ii. 
 
 !!>> 
 
 Iliil 
 
 !Il'.".,Oi.iO 1 
 
 ."ilJO.IlOO ' 
 
 ! 
 
 'iTil.OUcI ; 
 
 i 
 
 UT.liio 
 
 :;:i,iioi) 
 lii.inio 
 
 •JO.Mllll 
 
 31)!). Cuba is uliiitit 7"iii miles Iimu', aihl is lar-rr than all 
 the other ishmds coniljined. 
 
 Ilaviinn ;134,000,>, tin! cnpital, iia.s a sniierinr harbour, and ie the 
 laigest mid most commercial city in the West Indies. It i.s eoniiectid 
 with the other principal phiees liy rallroad.s. Its lalliedial contains tlir 
 rLuiains nf ('nluudius, Havana cigars havi -i. ;it celebrity. The 
 other important tuHUs are Hiinti.iiju dc VnUt, I'lmiu yci/ici'/zi, and 
 
 MllllUUtlX. 
 
 The principal exports nf Cuba are su^ar, eotree, tobacco, wax, and 
 Jnaliogaiiyj tlie imports aic tlour, llsli, beef, and maiaifai'tured yuud.N. 
 The laliour is eiiielly perfurmed by tilave.s, of «]iom lii.re are about 
 .'lOa.tMKt, 
 
 J'utia has n military (fnveiiiineiil, Thr hcid ollicer i,i ntykd Cap- 
 tain (b'ueral. A large part of the revenue is m nt to Spain. 
 
 4i'0. Porto Rico, ahdut I'o mik.i in hn;;ili, is the hmrth in si.'i,' of 
 the Oreal Antillrf, 
 
 The Moil is very fertile. .S'kii Jmiu (illl, UUH) is the capital. The 
 exports Hre similar to those of Culiit. 
 
 Th'3 laws iif I'lirlo Itlco idi|i,:e every lalmurer to keep a jnurnal id 
 eaidi day's lalniur, duly crlilled by ids cmplojcr. V"t every idle day 
 not excused by medical certifieule, the hilminer is euiupelled to woik ,i 
 day du Ihu public ruiids. 
 
 ditl. Hayti was ealled llis|ianiiila by the .Siiiiniards. 
 Tiio east end of the ishtud, cuniin'ising about three-lil'tlis 
 of'tlie whole area, is known by the name of S'ln Dniiniiijc. 
 
 The west end of the island, or Ilaijti, ivas ceded to France by Spain, 
 in 1773. The negroes of this portion, towards the end of last century, 
 mas.sacred tiiewliite inhabitants and as.serted their imlependence. It 
 still eontinuis an independent Negro Slate. I' mil recently, no wdiito 
 ni.iu was allowed to Imld real otate within its borders. I'oft ua 
 Prince {oO,WU), is the caidtal. Cufc JJiiiiliiii i.s an important town. 
 
 N(U( Ikuniiiijo was also indeiiendcnt for a number of years, but it 
 sidimilted again to Siiain in li^dl. .s<u( hmniiiiii) (h"i."""t, the 
 capital, was the first permanent Spanish seltlemoiit in Auieri'-a. 
 .S(ii^(a;/o is an important town. 
 
 Tlie un.settled coi.diliju of the .:;ivernment id thi?. island lias re- 
 tarded its pro^iierity. 
 
 ■Ici!. Jamaica was taki'U from Spain by Kn-l.ind in Ki.'i,"), 
 A negro iiisiirreetion on a portion ui' the islan<l, in Isti"), 
 Wits (nielled witii fearful lulribiition by the loeal goveiii- 
 
 meiit. 
 
 Jiiinaiea is IM miles in length, and is about onetliird the size of 
 Nova Scotia. The pnpulatioli is lU.Oet), of whieh only about ll,tHiii 
 are while. .V/»»«/.v/( 7'nini is the eaiiital. liiiiiU'luu (35,t)iMl), the 
 largest tuwn, has a fine harbour. 
 
 Tlie exports iiu hide sugar, rum, ci.lVee, e.itlun, pimento. gii.....'r, and 
 various other tr.i|iical products. The imports are lloiir, tish, lumber, 
 and manufactured gouds. The produ.ls have greatly decrea.-ed. 
 
 The government is ve.teil in a tiovernor and ("inineil. '/'(o/.'.i 
 t.ihindif, in led fur salt, loini a di pendency id Jamaica. 
 
 •1U3. Tin: Bahamas .ire belie\ed to include liie fu«t land di-covind 
 by Ciilumliiis. The iiiu.-t of the islands are b.uren rucks; but 
 wherever suil c.xists it is vtiy fertile. Tiie piwducts are arrowronl, 
 cotton, s|iunge, and fruits, .Vn.v.-not ("I't'Ol, the caldlal, is on New 
 rrovideili'c. ropiilaliiiii of Ihihainas, 'JS,l"iil. 
 
 ■U'l. Antipua, ei|u:il to a Miuareof lo.) miles is the most important 
 of the Li ew.iid I.^laiids. It has sullered naicli fruni earlhcpiaki s. SI. 
 ,/('lin'/i (Ifi.dUU) is the capital. Sugar is the chief i \port. 
 
 4ti.'. Barbatlocs i.-< noted for its fertility, and is marly all under 
 cultivation, li i i|iial.> a sipiare of Utmihs, and Inis a pnpulition of 
 l;'id.n(Ml, /;,•/(/;/. /!<('•« (:;<l,lil)m is llie eapital. 
 
 ■lod. Trinidad, situated mf the 111. iiitli of the (iiiimeo, is Ih • sc'oi I 
 in siiie of the IhilLih We.sl Indies, being nearly iis largo a^ I'riliCvi 
 K Iward I.-laiid. It is ivinarkable fir its pilch lake and mud vol- 
 I'liiioes. The popnlalioii ii ^IjUtm. I'nrl i/ SjKtin (lii.niiii) j., thy 
 capital. 
 
 •lit". The Bermudas cnii^i^l of nb.iul Ion li.v i-uialliiu. i«lets and 
 rucks, tido miles east of Capo llatteiiis. Tliey are iml pie|eily in 
 eluded 111 the \Ve>t Indie.^. Only liv of the islands are 'lihahited, if 
 uhich Muiit Ixhif'l, il miles ill leng'ii by 1^ in breadth, is the larj{e.>t. 
 The united area does not exceed ii mpmiu I'l •! iiiile>. 'I'ho p.i| illation 
 is nboiil I'J.tMin. Thu climate is like pel pelual .i|.iiii({. The piodueU 
 are iirr.wroot, potal.'es, lino friiit, and Veiielaliles, //amilloii, n|i 
 Main Island, is ihe large.ii l.iwii, .S'. ft'iocur', on mi i>latiil of tlio 
 raiiio name, is a, miliiary station, Iiehind l-l.ind is a Hiilish naval 
 ..■titiiiii, I'lirwhii'li a ca.--t irmi dock, c.ipalle of rvceiviii^ ihe lar^ji'l 
 Mar-HliipN, is being made in Kngl.iii I. 
 
 4tis. Santa Cruz and St. Thonia.s, iirloiegiiig to Den- 
 iiiaiji, are the most inipoilaiil ut tin' \ ii^in Ules. 
 
 Neirotiatimis ale now peiidilnj fur the ^ale of the i.>land« to iho 
 L'uilud btulus. 
 
 It 
 
70 
 
 XOIITH AMERICA. 
 
 St. Tlioiiiiis ecjuiils ii square of 4^ miles. It owi-i its. ohief in.,)ort- 
 aiice to its excellent harbour and central position .is a packet station. 
 JIails for tlie other islamls, as well as for Mexico, Central America, 
 and South America, are sent to St. Thomas, whicli lias re;.'uiar steam 
 communication with these jilaces. In the autumn of 1SG7 St. Tiiomas 
 was visited by a territic hurricane, followed by repeated eariuquakes, 
 rcsultinf,' iu great destruction of life aiid propeity. 
 
 40'J. Guadeloupe, equal to a .sciiuire of 20 iiiilus, is the 
 luost iinpoitiuit ot tlie French ishiuds. The iioiiulutioii i« 
 i;3rj,()0(). roint-a-l'Ure is the lai\i^est town. 
 
 Martinique contains several e.\tinct volcanoes. St. I'Um is the 
 chief port. 
 
 QUESTIONS.— (1.) A vessel sails from Arichat, Nova Scotia, to 
 Havana, and theuce to Halifax; what freights would she probably 
 carry ? 
 
 (2.) A cask of oil from a vessel wrecked off the west of Africa was 
 thrown upon the coast of Scotland; by what course did it travel? 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 41i>. Tlie Anierii'iiii pusscs.sidMs uf Denmark cuii.-ii.-st of thr 
 islaiiil.s of Greenland ami Iceland. 
 
 Iceland has usually bi.en considered as a Kuro| -.an inland, liUL it i-, 
 by iiroximity, mure clonely c ■nuccted with .Vu.er.ca. 
 
 
 GREENLAND. 
 
 I.-IX. — 111. (Ireenlaiid received its n;inie fi'nni the ver- 
 dure of the yni.s.s and mus.s i.n the Mnuhern e'last. 
 
 Tiio south-west coast wa.s ciliiiii/Ail by Nur«i.;ians in the tenth 
 century. When Ureenland was rediacuvered in L'^T, by U.iws, the 
 Norwe;;ian colony was wholly extinct. 
 
 AVI. The area is estimated at twenty times the side of N'uva S.ulia, 
 or ei|nal to a square if OIti niilcH. 
 
 413. The surface is uencrally elevated and rooky, The hii;liland.- 
 and the northern part of the country are covered with jerpetual snow 
 and vast glaciers, which often e.\tend to the Keaslmre. 
 
 Tho east coast is almost inaccessible in cunseipienee of drift ice. 
 Some suppose the cnuntry Ciinnists of a clusler uf i.^laud.'j bound l.i- 
 gctlicr by ice beneath the snows and glaciers. 
 
 X.-Xlll.— 414. Tiie climate is very severe, July i.s tlie 
 only month in wliieii snow does not fail. 
 
 415. The vci^etatlon in tho snuth-west consists nf shrub willuws, 
 alders, and birches, and various grasses. L'ulinary vcKctabloi are 
 cultivated. 
 
 4UI. The animals are tho rrin-decr, ]mi1:u' bear, fcil, U«quiiuaux 
 dof.', hare., uml fox. Acpialiu birds are numeroua. 
 
 XIV.-XVIIL — 417. The population is estinuited at 
 
 10,000. 
 
 The moHt of tho inhabitint, are E-'iUimaux, many nf wh iin have 
 Leeu couvurled to Christiuuily by Mor.iwaii niis^iunaries. They ure 
 
 '^mt.wtfnT*: -.\ 
 
 i-^n 
 
 ,,i4i. 
 
 ■"■••4^-r 
 
 ■■■'^■z%'^^mw-' 
 
 « U.lil S III NT, 
 
 found iirincipally ahin„' the west coast, and are cn):iiged chielli in 
 iiuhtinnand lishini.', Tliiir winter houses arc mostly under >;r(mud. 
 (.Vm .S'or'h A Ml rim, 848.) 
 
 41», There are several Danish viUaf^CS on the west coast. The 
 must impiirlant are ,liili(iii'.i Hurh^mr, I'rcdcrivk's i/arUnir, Uiwi 
 llarhuar. and Vi>rr,Mvik (N. hit. 7'-"' 4u'i. 
 
 41U. The exports are seal oil, seal skius, whale oil, eider dowu, 
 and furs. 
 
 ICELAND. 
 
 I,-V.— 420. leelund was diseovered by a Nor\ve>;ian soa 
 kinn in ^i7o. It was tlien without inliahituntM, but was 
 afterwanli* oeeiipied by eolnnists IVoni Norway. It has been 
 Mibjeet to Denmark siiiee VAUh, 
 
i 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 71 
 
 lt.mi-twik"-i.^ 
 
 
 ;ii'C ciiL,';iu'i'il oliifll> ill 
 
 II the west coast. Tlie 
 'crick'n Uurbuuv, Oood 
 
 wlialo uil, ciilor ilown, 
 
 
 
 r21. Icelftiul Is about 130 iiiilos from (ta-ctilaii'l, :ui>l SCO raile« from 
 Norway. N. Ijit. OS" 24'-G(J'^ 3T, 
 
 Tlif coflst, cxrcjit on the Routh-capt, is \u\\A\ iiiUiitul with ili (.p 
 inj'S, mill the ^llllrl's .ire liiioil with rocl<y islet.'.. 
 
 Tiie area is uhuut twica tiie si/e uf Nuvn ,Si;utia, 
 
 VI.-IX. — 422. The surface is riij,'i^eil and moiiiitaiuutis, 
 presentiiiL; a wild and desolate aspect. Tlie mountain sides 
 are covered with va.st glaciers, frequently extending to the 
 .sea. The.' are thirty known volcanic peaks, and extensive 
 plains are covered with fractured lava. Ba-saltic caves and 
 deep crevasses are numerous. 
 
 423. Miiiint Jhcla, tiiou.!;li not tlie most olevate<l, is the most notdl 
 voloanio I'eak in lovlaii'l. Durin;.' an eruption in 1815 and 181ti, the 
 lava stream, at the ili.stanee of two miles from the crater, was a mile 
 wide and 40 feet deep. 
 
 424. Small streams and lakes are numerous. The mowt remarkahlo 
 phenomena of Iceland are the hot springs. The most noted is the 
 O'rcat Uiiisey, near Mount Hecla. It penerally appears as a small 
 pool on the summit if a mound. At irrej.!ular interval-s liuilini; water 
 is thiv.wn to the heiiiht of lUO feet. 
 
 X.-XIII.— 42'>. The climate is severe and variaMe, Init 
 the nuaii annual temperature is liiglier tlian in any other 
 C(»untry a.s far iinrtli. 
 
 42i). The miueraU are sulphur, chalcedony, and double refraotlnp 
 pjiar. 
 
 427. The native plants include sliruhs, grass-ps, and moss. Pota- 
 toes, turnip.s, and nthor ve:;etaliles, are cuhlvatcd. Fine pasturage is 
 alVorde'l alon^' tli- south-west of the island. V.alualile drift-wood is 
 hrouudit by ocean currents. 
 
 428. Tiie animals include numerous nin-dcer and foxea. The polar 
 bear somctime.s e 'lues as a (.assenger on drift ice. .S'a-fowl are numer- 
 ous. The fislieries ire very valuable. Many sheep, i-alth', and 
 horses are reared. 
 
 XIV.-X^■IIT. — 120. The population i,s ahout (;.^,00(\ 
 The iiilialiitaiit.s nri' priin'ipally (if Xnrwegian descent, geiier- 
 ally intelligent, and jirofcss the Lutheran religion. 
 
 400. Uril.iuvlk ilMiiO^ near the south-west coast, is the ca]iital. 
 
 T!ic exports consist of wool, imtter, eider dnwn, lisli, and oil. Thr 
 Imports include manulacturrs and tlour. 
 
 4;il. The government is veslecl in a (lov.rnor, appointed iiy the 
 Kii.,' "f Piiiinaik, and a Legislative Asseinlily. 
 
 EXERCISE, - Find the length of the longest day at Upcruavik. 
 
 * ♦ 
 
 y a Niirw(';;ian sea 
 
 iihaliitiintrt, but wiifi 
 
 irway. It has been 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 |i ^ 
 
 1. History.— 1. Tlir whole of South America, except 
 Piita,!:oiiia, was ciiiii|iiercil ami coloiiizeil hy tlic rortumiese 
 and Spaiiinnls curly in the sixteentli cctituiy. The eastern 
 ])iirtii)n, or Firazil, liecaino suliject to l'orni.!L,'al ; niul the 
 rcuiainilcr from tlio Caril)lioan Sea to rata;,'onia, to Spain. 
 
 Till' r.itive Iinli.ins were trealil witli L-rcit cruelty, ami wore iiKido 
 to toil liUt! liinst-s nf liunlen, to L'r.itil'y tlic aviiiii-o nf tlioit comiuorors. 
 
 2. The Sjinniiirds ai.i! rni-tUL'iuse lnKl their ppsse^sions in Smitli 
 America aliout throe huiulred years. i)iiriiis the first quarter of the 
 iiiiietconth century, the Spanish States, alter .severe struj:Kle.i, gained 
 their inilopenilenee. JJrazil obtained ]ieaccable .«e]paration from Portu- 
 u';d in \8-2-2. 
 
 'Jr.iann, in t'l" north, is the only iinrtlnii i.f Soiitii Ameriou now 
 owned liy Kuroll(■an^^. 
 
 II. Position.—;!. Soiiili Ann rica is situated on tlie .sontii- 
 cast of Xorlii Anieiiea, with wliieh it is connected l>y the 
 [sllimus of i'anaiiia, from :iii to 7<t miles in hrendth. 
 Oil the north-west. hei\ve(>h tlie ii'ain hodlcs of the conti- 
 iieiit.s, are the Carihtx an S. a anil tin; iiulf uf .Mexico ; for 
 tile mo^f itavt, tlie South Atlantic washes the east coast; 
 the South raeifie, Ihi' west. The greater pait of thi> eonti- 
 iieiit is in the .Soiithi rn ITemis]ihcre,inid about three-fourths 
 id' its area are within the Torrid Zone. It is opjiositc to 
 Africa, in the I''astt'ni iremisphere. 
 
 Lat 11 20' N. - y, S. ; Lnn. SiV-Sl'' 3(V W. 
 
 III. Form. — t. The form is trianunlar. one side bein.; on 
 the iiorlh-ea<t, one on the south-east, and the third upon 
 the West. 
 
 If a trliiliKle 111' fonni'd liy itriiwluff lines lii'twi.itn ( ijh' Ciilliii:!^ In llie 
 mirth, lap.' St I! .|iu' in tlu' eii»t, anil i .ijio l''ruw,iril In the si. nth : ami n 
 ^nmll tvUniKle lie illipllid tu the we^t side uf tills trlaiik'li'. by lll•:lwin^' lines 
 l..'tn-1'i'ii Ciipo (iulllnas. t'npi. lUanrn, and tlie i iilf^f \il,,i. tlio appruxlinati' 
 f.inn of Simtli An'i'rli.ii will lie ulit iliied 
 
 EXERCISE. Draw tlio approximnto form of South America. 
 
 l\'. Coast, .'i The coast line j^ remarKaMy icuular. 
 There are 11(1 inland .^eas or projietin..' peniii>ulas. 
 The jirincipal Co.ist Waters are the (inf/ ni' J><iiii o, dul/ 
 
 nf Vi'tl'ilil'i and /."/' .\/ill'fti'illl/ii, (ill// lit' I'tfliil, VInllfll 
 
 I'f l/ir .liiiivi'ii, „i"iilh <>/ fif I. 'I ri'il'i, I! Ill/ i>f Siiii 
 \fiili<is, St. (,'<i>r'j''s /»'/,'/, Sfniif a/ M<iii<llini, (>ii// ;/' 
 A lira, (liili '•/ f,'>i'if/ni/iil/, lliii <>/ I^hkiiii'I. 
 
 The Capes are fr'((./((/»i.s, si. llmiuf, t'rin, S'. .\uti'ni>', llnrii, l'r<i 
 iriivil, and llhuifi\ 
 
 (\. The Islands aiv Tritiuhul and several of the smaller 
 Wt\st Indies ; Jikviui's or J/anij'o. in the month of the 
 Amazon ; J'<(l]da)ul hh's; Term Jil Fnfi(jn; Cope Horn 
 IslamJ ; a chain extending; northerly from Cape Horn, eud- 
 ini,' with Chitiv; Juan Fi-runudi-z : and (Jalnpagna. 
 
 7. The Falkland Isles, ."'OO miles east of Pataionia, consist of about; 
 200 islands, of wliieii only two, East Fiilkhiiid and Wad I'dlklaml, 
 are of considerable size. The coast is inncli indented, and its(,'ood har- 
 bours are a refuge for southern w balers and ships passing; around Cape 
 Horn. The islands are destitute of tree.s ; Imt they abound in grass, 
 wliieli sustains lai^e herds of wild cattle and horses. Tiio inliabitant.s 
 nuiuber about tjOO. The islands beloii'.' to (treat IJiifain. 
 
 S. Terra del Fuego (/,'/(«/"/ /Vri i i.s separated from the inaiidand 
 by the Strait '' !\Ia,i;ellan. It consists ot several rocky islands, eon- 
 tainiiiL! volcanic mountains. Tiie natives are of smaller stature tlian 
 the Esquimaux, and are ninong the most degraded and wretched of 
 savages. They wear little clothing, and .subsist principally on fish. 
 Their iiwclliii!.'s arc rai.serable huts, about eight feet in diameter and 
 live feet in heiglit. 
 
 VaiK llarn is the snntlu-rn point of a Iii::h black rock in the ocean. 
 
 Junn Fivnamk:, 4il0 miles west of Chili, is 18 miles in len-jlh, 
 and is celebrated as tlie solitary residence, for f mr years, of the ship- 
 wrecked mariner Alexander Selkirk, on which was based the story of 
 " Uobinson Crusoe." The island belongs to Chili, The Ijldhijuuiox, 
 T'JO miles we.st of Kcuador, consist of a grouji, the largest of which is 
 till miles long. They are celebrated for their large turtles, from 
 which they derive their name, 
 
 EXERCISE. Trace the coast line of South America, marking 
 coast waters, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area,—!). South America is a little more than four- 
 fifihs the size of North America. 
 
 The nrcft equals a square of 2i'."a miles. The kiiL'th of the conti- 
 nent is •l.')"ii» miles; tiie breadth, 320i1 iiiiUs. 
 
 VI. Surface.— lit. The surface, like that of North America, 
 coii.si.st8 of II i^reat highland region on the west, another of 
 less elevation on the oust, and a central iilain lietweeii tlieiii. 
 
 11. The Anilm, wVm^ the whole western Kide of the con- 
 tinent from the ("aribbean Sea to Cape Horn, and varyiin; 
 from .'•ill to l.'ii miles frmn the I'acilic, tonii the Krciit luimii- 
 taiii system of South America. It is emnputed that with 
 their iilatcans and slojies they cover nearly one-sixth of the 
 continent. In the north tlii're are three raii;,'eH ; throimli- 
 niit the niiddie and principal part of the continent tliero aro 
 but two raimes : and in tiieHiuilh there is luif one nuiiliv 
 
■« 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 several of tlie smaller 
 in tlie mouth of the 
 J Ftiryo; Cape Horn 
 from Ciipc Horn, cud- 
 111(1 Galapagos. 
 
 ''iitagonia, consist of about 
 '(Dill and Wfst Falkland, 
 iniloiitod, and its good liar- 
 sliips (tassin;; around Cape 
 l.ut tlicy abound in firas^, 
 , liorses. Tiio inliabitauta 
 treat IJiitain. 
 
 crated from tbe mainland 
 ■everal rocky islamls, con- 
 re of smaller stature than 
 Inunulod and wretclicd of 
 iib^i.st principally on fisli. 
 light feet in diameter and 
 
 lilaek rock in the ocean, 
 is IS miles in lenstlh, 
 fiuir years, of the ship- 
 
 h was based the story ot 
 Chili. The fialitiKiii'in, 
 
 >, the Iar;;est of rt liieli is 
 
 lioir large turtles, from 
 
 eutli America, marking 
 
 ittk' iiioiv tliau fiiiir- 
 
 Th.j kMi;tli of the eontl- 
 
 al of Xiirtli Ainovicn, 
 till' west, another of 
 ]ilain lietween them. 
 
 stern Hide of tho coii- 
 lliini, ami var.vinL; 
 
 Innn the u'l'eat nioiin- 
 eninpiiteil that with 
 ally nncsixfh of tlio 
 
 rei ran;.'eH ; tllfoilgh- 
 e eontinent tliere are 
 ■re in hut one nuiifi!. 
 
 '"'■""'■'.,., \4 
 
 
 ,^^ «t*stllUlm \t~ . r .: t . , . ■ > ^ - , 1 1 r- -x- .— . i-i • y 
 
 JH'^-^Piri.Mu, S O K T // .1 T J. A ?[J^_I_C I 
 
 • K i 1 A X )*■.■■■" \" ,."■' 
 
 Knjh*h .Vi/.-,. 
 
 f.lK <l .-III' »'»>' Ht't' *••'»' 
 
 >".•.#/*' ot'tlfO .klilr.% '*! itn hu^ 
 
SURFACE. 
 
 7-1 
 
 
 •.t, >^i^V'■ 
 
 ( l;n^.isi. 1111. AM'1.« 
 
 TIio moft olovati'il ]i(>;iks mvfdur ami a lialf miles in luijit, 
 and nro exceoded unly by the luftiost jitalcs of the Himalayas 
 in Asia. 
 
 ]'J. Till' two r,iii'-'''s iu'c s(]i;inti.l liy nn clcv.itcil valley or tiiWe-laiiil. 
 from (1,000 to Ki,t)Oo tVot in hfiL:ht. ;\iul li.iviin: an iiviTnL'i' broailili ut' 
 20 mill's ; but nttaiiiim: in tlio ]'latrau of I'lolivia an oxtremo liruailili 
 ofliiOmiloa. Tho vulley is ilividiMl into liasins by cross riilci^.s, The 
 summits are barren and rin'l^y [ijains, with numerous snow-clml iieal<s 
 ri>in« above the general levi 1, 
 
 1:'. Till! nvcniKi- lu'lt'lit of \]\f Anili'« Ix cfrof\ti"tt In ronti(l'>r ami n^'llvin, 
 mill lifiv iildo arc fimml smut' of tlic lilRhest peaks, S' rnJn ih .>..(iifi(, in 
 Iliillviii, rises to tlio liuitrlit of iJl.'i-il foot. fViiKi'i.iruM, In Kemiilnr, 1ms mi 
 lii viitlnn of 'J1,4'J'J1 foot above tl:e soalovcl. Its hoiulit almvo the viilloy 'f 
 Quito at Its hasu Is 11, (•.".■^ foot. It wasonee thought to tio the lii.-liost nioiiii- 
 ti\ln in llio world. 
 
 riirtliiT south, the (ronoral lioltlit of tbo .Vnib s Is nnuh loss ; liut flio )ii ,\1< 
 "f .Ai'oncuitua, In chili, rislii).' far almvo the orilinary lovol. lias iiu olovatiou 
 of 'J;!,!))!) foot. This is the liiKJiest known point In Amorloa. 
 
 14, The AndcR ftbounil in deep gorges, somotiines ealloil r/'o'd'c/ffo, 
 at the bottom of whioh nro rusjiim.' foninin.' sfreiiins. These breaks 
 are Rometimes from 2000 to 3000 f,.et in depth. Tliey often pre~. it 
 almost insu)ier;ible dillieulties to ilie trnvelli r in erossinu' the ino.in- 
 tains, taxini; to the utmost Ills eouraire and powers of cndnranei'. 
 Sometimea liis jmtli lies along the cd^e of rocky preei)>iee«. with sear-o 
 
 a foothold, where a 
 single false siep 
 would hurl liim into 
 the depths be'.iw ; 
 sometimes it lead.s 
 him beneath impend- 
 ing rocks v.'iiich 
 threaten to dash 
 him in pieces ; and 
 sometimes it lies over 
 a yawning chasm 
 bridged by the trunk 
 of a tree. Often thu 
 native Indian alone 
 is competent for tlie 
 perilous task, and the 
 traveller is bi-rne up- 
 on his back. 
 
 15. Numerous lofty 
 volcanoes form a re- 
 markable featnre of 
 the Andes. There 
 are about tiiirty in a 
 state of activity. Co- 
 topnj-i, 18,875 feet 
 high, is one of the 
 mo.st noted volcanoes 
 in the world. Its 
 llames arc sometimes 
 seen to rise 300O feet 
 above the crater, and 
 its roaring is heard 
 ovi;r 500 miles, /'n;- 
 c/iniff(,.^lii/i',sv//i(f,and 
 cliimbariKo are also 
 noted voli.'anoes. 
 
 The Ande.^, and 
 the regions in their 
 lieighbouiliood, are 
 often visited by tre- 
 mendous carth- 
 rpiakes, by which 
 many cities have 
 been destroyed and 
 thousands of lives 
 
 lost. 
 
 U;. Th.' Atlan- 
 tii! lli,i,dilaiid.^ nf 
 South Aniciica, 
 lilco tliii.se of 
 Xortli Aiiifiira, 
 ail' divith'd into 
 two porrion.H. Tin' 
 the two stM'tions, 
 
 twonn 
 
 The northern section, situated between the Vi Ih ys of the ( iriiiooo 
 and the Amazon, is much the st^aller ; but it contains the urentost 
 elevations. Its principal mountains are the Pnrimr ni\d the ,|cffi'r»t, 
 extending east and we«t,anil having an extreme height of 10,00ii feet. 
 
 The southern section comprises a large part of I'lrazil, It has several 
 irregular mountain ranges, generally extending north and south. Tli« 
 
m 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 highest is between the coast and the San Francisco ; but it does not 
 exceed 6000 feet. A water-shed extends across the middle of this sec- 
 tion from north-west to south-east. 
 
 17. The lowlands of South America are principally in the 
 interior, extending from the Caribbean Sea .southerly, be- 
 tween the eastern and western highlands. They also include 
 the valley of the Amazon and the eastem coast from the 
 mouth of tlie La Plata to the Strait of Magellan. The Ic v- 
 lands are generally very level, particularly towards the 
 north, where there is scarcely a water-shed between the 
 basins of the Orinoco and tlie Amazon. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down tlie mountains on the map of South 
 America. 
 
 VII. Rivers.— 1>. Tlie Andes f(irm the great water-shed 
 of South America, throwing all the important rivers of the 
 continent to the Atlantic side. The streams on the Pacific 
 slope are short and rajiid. 
 
 Tlie great rivers of South America are the Orinoco, the 
 A7nazo7i, and the liio de In lHat<i. The first two obtain 
 their largest supplies from the Andes ; the last derives its 
 principal waters from the highlands of Brazil. 
 
 Tlie important rivor? iif Sontli America not connected with eithei of 
 the three iircat systems are the Mwjdalcna, Essequibo, .San Francisco, 
 C\>!o)'ai!o, and liio \ravo. 
 
 19. Tlie Orinoco, ilic Mnallest of the three great rivers, is ICOO miles 
 in length, more than half of which is without any ohstructinn to navi- 
 gation. It drains a territory more than lialf the size of the Dominion 
 of Canada, and 'J50 miles from the sea it lia.s a breadth of four miles. 
 It enters the ocean through various channels. By the ■''nAfiV/.M'njr 
 the Orinoco has navigable communication with the Ilio Negro and 
 Amazon. The in-incipal tributaries are the O'uaviarc, the Mcta, 
 Araucn, and Apnve. 
 
 20. The Amazon is the largest river in the world, having an extreme 
 length of about 4000 miles, and carrying to the Atlantic the drainage 
 of more than a third ci South America. It has its principal sources in 
 the Andes of Ecuador, Pern, and liolivia, and drains the whole eastern 
 slo])e for the distance of 1100 miles. It llows through a remarkably 
 linmid region, acquiring such a vast body of water that for the last 
 iiih miles of its course it is never less than four miles bro.ad. It enters 
 the sea by two principal mouths, enclosing Joannes or Marajo Island, 
 and it llows with such iuipitu.s that its waters are distinguishable 20ti 
 miles from the shore. The largest niouth is about 100 miles in 
 breaiUh. 
 
 Diirin,' the rainy season, the Amazon submerges vast tracts of low- 
 land along its banks. It abounds in small islands, and is bonlered 
 with swampy regions, rendered impenetralile by the most luxuriant 
 vegetation. This g.eat river is the home of alligators, turtles, and 
 many kinds of tish. 
 
 21. The principal tributaries of the Amazon are, on the left bank, 
 the .\''rt;)n, Piifnmatio, Vaiinvn, /?io Arr/ro, and TmrnUtnit ; on the 
 right, the i'lwaiiali, I'onov/, Punts, Maikira, Taiui^ios, .Xiniiu. 
 and T(iciuiliiii>. 
 
 The .\ttiazon is navigable aboi-t 3000 miles, following the Yiicayali : 
 ami it is estimated that the whole system alVonls not less than lO.iiiio 
 miles of interior navigation for large vessels. A large jiart of its basin 
 Is covered with dense and unexplored forests. 
 
 22. The Rio de la Platu is properly an estuary of a pre.Tt river 
 
 system. It is formed by the unior. of the Parana and Crufjiiay ; be- 
 ing from the junction about 200 miles in length, and entering the 
 oceaii byan. 3uth 170 miles in breadth. Its waters are turbid, and 
 can be traced 200 miles from the ihore. It is estimated that the basin 
 comprises nearly one-fourth of South America. 
 
 Tlie princir .1 tributaries of the Parana are the Parar/uan, Pilco- 
 mutio, Vcrrncjo, and Salado. 
 
 The extreme leuL'th to the source of the Parazu.iy Is about 2500 
 miles ; and the Parana is navigable 1250 miles for large vessels. 
 
 VIII. Lakes.— 23. There are very few lakes. The prin- 
 cipal are Maracai/bo, communicating with the Gulf of 
 Venezuela ; and 'rUlcaca, on the plateau of Bolivia. 
 
 Titicaca, 12,840 feet above the level of the ocean, is, w-th the excep- 
 tion of Sir-i-Kol in A.-ia, the most elevated lake in the world. It is 
 .about half the size of Lake Erie, and is overlooked by some of the 
 loftiest pe.aks of the Andes. A stream called the Desa(,nadcro, ilows 
 from Titicaca to a small h ke on the south, but there is no outlet to 
 the ocean. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Draw the rivers and lakes on the map of South 
 America. 
 
 IX. Soil.— 24. The soil is generally very fertile, except 
 the rainless region west of the Andes and the barrens in the | 
 soath of Patagonia. 
 
 X. Climate.— 2,1 The g.-cater part of South America is 
 in the Torrid Zone, and lias a hot climate. Between the 
 tropics every variety of temperature is simictimea found in 
 .succession within a few miles — intense heat on the low- 
 lands, the mililii'i'ss of spring on the table-land, and per- 
 petual winter on the mountiiiu heights. {See riiiisical Gvo- 
 ■jraphy, 8(i.) 
 
 The extreme south of the continent is very cold. 
 
 2G. The most of South America is very humid. The 
 valley of tlie Amazon receives the largest supjily of . 'n, 
 and (luring the dry season it is watered by copious dews. A 
 rainless region is found between the Andes and the Pacific, 
 in Peru, and Xorthern Cliili. South of the 3ntli parallel 
 south latitude the western side of the Andes has the largest 
 supply of moisture. 
 
 27. Over the whole continent north of 30° S. the rain-winds blow 
 from the Atlantic— the north-east and south-east tr.ade-winrls; and the 
 year consists principally of two seasons, a wet and a dry. Throughout 
 the wet season the rain ])ours in torrents over the whole tropical region 
 east of the Andes, the cnld heights of these mountains oxha isting the 
 air of moisture. Accordingly, on the west of the Andes, from Cape 
 Ulanco to 30" S. lat., there is little or no rain. 
 
 28. North of Cape Ulanco the Andes tako a north-easterly course; 
 and the rain-winds crossing the isthmus are not obstructed liy cold 
 highlands, and accordingly bring their moisture to this part of the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 South of .30" .S, lat. tlio rain-winds blow chiefly from the Pacific, 
 and cross the region east of the Amies as dry winds. Tliis region, 
 however, is partially watered by rain brought by variable winds from 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 The heat of the tropical regions of South America is much less iu- 
 
^ 
 
 ■ana and Uruguay ; be- 
 
 3ngth, and entering the 
 
 waters are turbid, and 
 
 estimated that the basin 
 
 e the Paraguay, Piko- 
 
 Paraauay is about 2500 
 ; for large vessels. 
 
 ;w lakes. The prin- 
 witli tlie Gulf of 
 lu of Bolivia. 
 
 )cean, is, w'tli the excep- 
 ake in the world. It is 
 rlookcd by some of tlie 
 the JJesai,nadei'o, llows 
 ut there is no outlet to 
 
 on the map of South 
 
 very fi'rtile, except 
 id ilic LavTens in tlie 
 
 jf Soutli Amerioa is 
 mate. Between the 
 isometiines found in 
 
 heat on tlie hnv- 
 abledand, and per- 
 
 (iSee Phiisical Uco- 
 
 very cold. 
 
 very humid. Tlie 
 est supply of . !n, 
 ly co]iious dews. A 
 es and the Pacific, 
 f the .3i)t]i parallel 
 
 des has the largest 
 
 the rain-winds blow 
 
 trade winds; and the 
 
 a dry. Throui^hont 
 
 whole troiiioal region 
 
 int.iins exha isting the 
 
 ho Andes, from Cape 
 
 nortli-o;\sterly course ; 
 ot iibstructed by cold 
 I' 1 11 this part of the 
 
 cfly from the Pacific, 
 
 winds. This iCL'inn, 
 
 variable winds Irom 
 
 erica is much les-j in- 
 
 MINERALS— ANIMALS. 
 
 75 
 
 !i 
 
 tense than in che corresponding portions if Africa. This is probably 
 owing to t!.e greater humidity of South America, its dense forests ard 
 lofty mountains. 
 
 XL Minerals. — 29. South America has been noted since 
 it., first discovery for its a.. 'leral wealth. The most import- 
 ant mines are the iron, diamond, and guld mines of Brazil, 
 and the silver mines of Pei:i and Bolivia. 
 
 The mines of South America have been much less productive during 
 the last half century than formerly, It is thoUL.'ht that this is rather 
 owing to iut'lHcient working than to exhaustion uf the mines. 
 
 nilV/II.IAN |cl|l^.^T. 
 
 XII. Plants. — 30. E.veept the rainless regions, the ex- 
 treme mountuiu heights, and Patagonia, South America has 
 a most lu.vuriant vegetation. Its forests contain palm.s, 
 ferns, dyo-woods, cabinet-woods, and medicinal plants of the 
 greatest value. The cinchona, growing on the mountain 
 slopes, yieldi the valuable medicine called quinine; and the 
 caoutclujuc yields a juice from wjiieh Itidia-rublier is made. 
 
 One of the most remarkable jilaiits of South America is 
 the Victoria Regia, a gigantic water-lily, Ibund in the rivers 
 
 of Brazil and Guiana. Its leaves are from 8 to l"" I'eet in 
 length, and from 4 to 8 iu breadth, and the tlower is a foot 
 in diametei. 
 
 31. Some of the most important products of South 
 America are sugar-cane, coflee, cacao, mate or Paraguay 
 tea, cinnanion, indigo, vanilla, cotton, and all the tropical 
 fruits and spices. 
 
 The forests and general vegetation of the Andes vary with 
 the elevation, from those of a tropical character at the base, 
 and on through all the varieties of temperate climates along 
 the slojjcs, to the mosses and lichens of the higher regions. 
 ('SVe I'hijsical GeixjrajiJiij, 11.5.) 
 
 !32. The valley of the Amazon surjiasses every other I'ortion in its 
 majestic and dense fore.-^ts. The jilains are called filvns—i). Spanish 
 word meaning forest. Here are found tall iialiu.s uf a hundred dilfer- 
 ent species, ferns, dye-woods, and other valuable trees, intersper.-ed 
 with shrubbery, and the whole so overgrown witii clirubingiilants that 
 the traveller must cut a path before him. 
 
 33. Tlie valley of the Orinoco contains many treeless plains called 
 lUtiios. During the wet seasin they are covered with gra>s, which 
 grows to the height of 10 or 15 feet ; but in the dry season every plant 
 perishes, and the ground is parched and barren as a desert. 
 
 34. Suuth-west of the La Plata are jlains called iiairjius, treeless 
 like the llanos, but covered with a eoaraer grass, interuiingled with 
 rank trefoil. In some parts at certain scasuiis the [lampas are covered 
 with forests of thistles 10 feet liiidi, which, after coniini.' to maturity, 
 are broken dow!i and blown to puwder by violent winds from the Andes, 
 called pauipcrus. 
 
 XIIL Animals.— 3.'). South America has no animals so 
 large as some of those found in Aula and Africa. The largest 
 is the tapir, which, though much smaller, somewhat re- 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 senibles the eleiiliant. The cuiulor, which is the largest bird 
 of flight in the world, inhabits the lofty mountains. 
 
 Tlie llama and alpaca are peculiar to the liiglier slopes of the Amies. 
 The llaiiiii, which is tamed and used as a lieast of burden on the 
 mountain steejis, is called the camel of South America. The aljiaea 
 is a ki!!d of goat, and is covered with a vahialile hair or wool. 
 
 30. lu the sel'as are found the armadillo, sloth, and ant-eater, 
 which are peculiar to SouUi America; here also are the jaguar or 
 South American tiger, tlie puma, troops of monkeys, tiie boa-con- 
 strictor, iil'i^ator, various kinds of serpents, and innunieraule insects. 
 
 Vast Lords of cattle and hurses roam wild over tlie llanos an 1 
 jiampas. They do not beloni; ti. the native wild animals, but were 
 iutr jduced by the early Spanish and I'urtu^'uese colonists, 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— "7. The pnpiihition is estimated at 
 22,5( !(,),()( Ill, consisting of Indians, whites, negroes, and mixcil 
 races. Tiiey are generally ignorant and indolent. Tlie 
 In'dians and mixed races are the most numerous. In some 
 parts tlie I'ldians are the most industrious ela.ss, but tliey 
 are generally uncivilized. Those of I'atagonia are very tall, 
 live a wandering life, moving iirinciiially on horseback, and 
 sul)sistiiig on flesh of wild animals. 
 
 38. The while iMhabilants are chitlly rortuiiuese in Pirazil and 
 Spanish in the other States ; excejit a few English, llutoh, and Fiencli 
 in (iuiana. The prevailiiiir relii;ion is Roman Catholic. 
 
 The in'iiroes were ori.u'inally introduced as slaves; they are now iVue 
 except in lirazil, where they form nearly half the pupulatiioi. 
 
 oil. When America was discovered, I'eru was occujiied by Indians 
 Comparatively civilized. They hail a reL'uhir irovernmeiit, large cities, 
 temples richly ornamented with gold and silver, nionuinents, good 
 roads, and other luiblic works. There arc \et iu the cuunlry many 
 remains of this Indian civilization. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— •!< I. Soutii America cdmiiri^es fourteen 
 political ilivisioiis. as in the following table : — 
 
 
 Sill... of 
 
 
 
 
 B(|UI1I'U 
 
 
 
 Xduiy. 
 
 u Inch 
 ari.',^ 
 
 I'ulJUlfttioIl. 
 
 C^ipiul. 
 
 
 tii'ial.s 
 
 
 
 ( '(tH'^Uil \ 
 
 7-21 
 
 ri4."i 
 
 2,300,000 
 1,000,000 
 
 liopota. 
 
 (Juito. 
 
 t.'araccas. 
 
 
 VeNEZI KLA 
 
 i;,".4 
 
 l,(iOO,000 
 
 ItKrrisii t;i lAx.v 
 
 liso 
 
 lju,000 
 
 (ieorgetown. 
 
 DlTiH ClIA.SA 
 
 103 
 
 53,000 
 
 Pai amaribo. 
 
 FliKSell (UlANA 
 
 13(1 
 
 20,000 
 
 rayenne. 
 
 UUAZIL 
 
 1707 
 
 S.000,000 
 
 Kio Janeiro, 
 
 I'KIU- 
 
 70S 
 
 2,j00,000 
 
 Lima. 
 
 BdMVI \ 
 
 (IS'2 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 ( 'liuciuisaca. 
 Santiaj^Mj. 
 liiicnos Ayre.s 
 
 (.11 1 LI .... 
 
 40U 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 AniiENTiNi: ItKiM r.i.ie 
 
 diti 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 rAllA(iCAV 
 
 2.->0 
 
 1,340,000 
 
 Asuncion. 
 
 l'itl'(if \Y 
 
 ;i:i4 
 ."■ 1.". 
 
 2*1,000 
 30,000 
 
 Monte 'i idco. 
 
 l*AT.-\(inNlA 
 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the boundary lines between the various States 
 of South America, and mark the position of the capitals. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— 42. The chief occupations are agri- 
 culture, grazing, mining. 
 
 Tiie exports ui\ s, horns, tallow, beef, horses, alpaca 
 
 wool, guano, dye-^^oe .■, indigo, cabinet-woods, medicines, 
 coffee, spices, sugiu', troiiical fruits, gold, silver, and diamonds. 
 
 43. Political distractions and the want of energy in the inhabitants . 
 have interfered much with the development of the great natural re- 
 sources of South Ai.ierica. l!ut little attention is given to the cultiva- 
 tion cf the soil, and manufactures are wholly neglected. The wealth 
 of many of the inhabitants consists in cattle, which roam at large in a 
 semi-wild state, giving little trouble to their owners excejit when it is 
 required to catch the^ii. This feat is performed by throwing a lasso 
 over the head. 
 
 While the various States were governed by Sixain and Portugal, they 
 were subjected to the most oppressive restrictions, iu order to secure a 
 iiiunopoly for home products. Thus they were comjielled to cut down 
 their vines lest they should interfere with the wine trade of Siaiu and 
 Portugal. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— 44. All the States formerly be- 
 longing to Spain have re[iublican governments. Brazil is 
 a limited hereditary monarchy. Tlie three divisions of 
 (riiiana are rcsjioctively subject to England, Holland, and 
 Fiance. 
 
 The Governments of South America are weak, and exercise but 
 little iuiluence among the nations of the Earth. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 41. Kio Janeiro, tiie capital (.if Ihazil, is 
 the largest city in Soutii America. Many of the towns on 
 the western side are upon the elevated table-land. Puin'o, 
 in Peru, has an elevation of 1;3,T2(1 feet ; Foiosi, in Bolivia, 
 of 13,33(1 feet. Many of tlie towns near the Andes have 
 suffered greatly from earthquakes. 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 4.J. Columbia was mur a Spaiiisli vice-royalty. On gain- 
 ing its iiide]ieiulence in I^IU, it united in a federal repuiilic 
 with Ecuador and Venezuela. Tiiis union was dissolved iu 
 Is.'iti, each country becoming a separate reiiublic. Columbia 
 then took the name of Xew Oranada. A new organization 
 of tlie government was made in lb(J3, when the pre.'>eiit 
 name was adojitcd. 
 
 4G. (.'oliimbia is in the north-west of the continent, and 
 include.-! tlie narrow Isthmus of ranania. 
 
 The surf'aco is mountainous in the west, being crossed b}' 
 the three ranges of the Andes. The eastern side consists of 
 llano.^. The Mn'jih.ihxa, over 8<i(i miles long, is the prin- 
 cipal river. Its h.iwer course abounds in alligators. 
 
 4". The soil is fertile, and the mineral wealth is great, but every 
 branch of industry is neglected. The low ).lains are very unhealthy, 
 but the valleys and slojies of the Andes are healthful and temperate. 
 The forests are very e.\tensive, yielding cabinet and dye woods. Im- 
 mense herds of cattle feed upon the llanos. 
 
 4S. The inhabitants consist of Spaniards, Indians, negroes, a: 
 mixed races. The mixed races comprise more than half, JIauy of 
 Iiulians are uncivilized. 
 
 Towns. — The chief towns are upon the table-lands of the Andes. 
 tlnijotu (43,000) is the largest city. Its buildings are low, and have 
 
 4 
 
GUIANA. 
 
 77 
 
 tween the various States 
 the capitals. 
 
 occupations are agvi- 
 
 ,-, beef, horses, alpaca 
 lot-woods, medicines, 
 , silver, aiul diamoiuls. 
 
 energy in the inliabitants . 
 of tlie great natural re- 
 ou is given to tlie culiiva- 
 y neglected. The wealth 
 which roam at large in a 
 owners except when it is 
 ■meJ by throwing a lasso 
 
 Spain and Tortugal, they 
 tions, in order to secure a 
 ere conii'tlled to cut douii 
 e wine trade of Si'aiu and 
 
 e States formerly be- 
 iverumeiits. Brazil i-s 
 lie three divisions of 
 Inghuid, llolhuid, and 
 
 weak, and exercise but 
 th. 
 
 ice-royalty. On -ain- 
 
 in a federal repulilic 
 
 lion was dissolvud in 
 
 repuljlic. Coluniliia 
 
 A new orj^anization 
 
 ;j, wlan the present 
 
 »f the continent, and 
 ui. 
 
 ■est, beinj,' crossed by 
 istern side consists of 
 es long, is the prin- 
 ii) uUij^ators. 
 
 alth is great, but every 
 lains are very unhealthy, 
 healthful and temperate, 
 aet and dye woods, hu- 
 
 Indians, negroes, a; 
 than half. Many of 
 
 ble-lands of the Andes, 
 lings are low, and have 
 
 '3 
 
 I 
 
 thick walls, to guard against earthquakes. Cartagena is an important 
 port. Asidniadl and Panama, on opposite sides of the Isthmus, are 
 connected by a railro.id 50 miles in length. 
 
 49. Tlie chief exports are cattle, mules, hides, tallow, 
 tropical fruits, cabinet and dye woods, and emeralds. 
 
 Tlic government is similar in form to tliat of the United 
 States of Xorth America. 
 
 ECUADOR. 
 
 50. Ecuador took its name from its situation on tlie 
 Equator. It became a separate republic iu 1830. (.bVf 
 Cohanhia.) 
 
 51. The surface is mountainous iu the west, where the 
 Andes f )rm two ranges. Between these ranges arc high 
 valleys and table-lands, which comprise the principal culti- 
 vated land in Ecuador. The eastern part of the country 
 belongs to the forest plains of the Amaznii. 
 
 There arc many lofty volcanic peaks in the Andes of Ecuador, as 
 Chhiihnrn-.n, Ciilopn.ri, I'ic/iiiira, and Autitiuia. Cntopaxi is re- 
 markably .symmetrical in form, presenting tlie appearance of a vast 
 truncated cone. 
 
 52. The climate varies according to the elevation. Tlie 
 vast forests yield valuable tim1)er, tropical fruits, cocoa, and 
 the cinchona or Peruvian liark. Rice, pejiper, sugar-cane, 
 cotton, corn and wheat are cidtivatitl. 
 
 A lai-iTO proportion of the inliabitants are Indians, and they are the 
 most i.'ulustrious jiart of the population. 
 
 Towns.— 53. Quito (70,000), the largest city, is near the Equator, 
 on a plateau 9528 feet above tlie sea-level. It has a most delightful 
 climate, but is exposed to violent earthquakes. In 1850 many of its 
 buildings w-cre tliiown down, and 5fi00 inhabitants lost their lives. 
 Ouaijaquil has a good harbour, and is the principal port. Cnciira 
 ranks next to Quito in size. 
 
 The commerce of Ecuailor is very small. The chief exports are, 
 cocoa, tiib.acco, Peruvian bark, and fruits. 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 54. Venezuela, which signifies Little Venlrp, took its n mie 
 from an Indian village built on jiiles, which tlie early dis- 
 coverers fijund on the low ground near Lake Maracayljo. 
 They gave it this name from its resemblance to Venice in 
 Europe. 
 
 Venezuela has been mucli disturbed " y warring factions. 
 
 55. The surface is mountainous in tlic north-west and 
 south-east ; but a large part of the country consists of llanos. 
 
 The vegetation is luxuriant and varied. There are many species of 
 palm-trees, of which the most valuable is the sago palm. Another 
 valuable tree is called the cow-tree, which, on cuttini: into it, yields a 
 juice resembling milk. Vanilla, cocoa, plantain, strychnos, and tree 
 
 ferns are also among the prijdncts. Cotton, cotTee, sugar-cane, and 
 indigo are cultivated. 
 
 The llanos are not suited to agriculture, as tliey are at ditferent 
 ■seasons subject to the extremes of humidity and drought. They 
 sustain large herds of cattle. 
 
 The inhabitants consist largely of mixed races. 
 
 Towns. — 5*>. Cafnrras (50,000), the most important town, has an 
 elevated situation, 16 miles from the Caribbean Sea. The city wa.'- 
 nearly destroyed by an earthqu.ake in 1812. The event occurred on 
 Holy Thursday, when most of the people were in the churches, and 
 12,000 persons lost their lives. Caraccas was the birth-place nf tieneral 
 Bolivar. Marucayho and Cumuna are the chief jiorts. The lattei 
 was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1853. 
 
 57. As in all the countries of S.uth America, internal commerce i.^^ 
 impeded through want of roails. The exports consist of cattle, hides, 
 horns, sarsaparilla, and other products. 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA. 
 
 (^(jFFKK I'l.ANTATION. 
 
 58. British Guiana was settled by the Dutch in I.'so. It 
 was taken by the British in lso:3, and was finidly ceded to 
 tliem in 1814. The limits of the country on the south and 
 west are undefined. 
 
 59. The coast, from 10 to 40 mih's inland, is low, and is protected 
 from the sea by dikes. The intrridr is mountainous. The chief river", 
 are the A'.Mp/in'yo, litmerarrt, lierhirc, and Corcnti/n, which are navi- 
 gable from 51.1 to 150 miles. The Corentyn separates liritish and Dutch 
 (jiiiiana. 
 
 GO. The soil is very fertile. The climate is liot and humid. There 
 are two dry and two rainy seasons in the year. One rainy season 
 occurs in December, .lanuary, and February; the other in June, July, 
 and August. They are vf ry unliealthy. 
 
 12 
 
78 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 i 
 
 ii: 
 
 
 fil. The inosf, irnjiDrtant cultivatiMl plants aro siigav-cano, 
 coft'oe, yams, ami maize. The forests are extensive, coii- 
 taiiiint,' dye-woods, palms, and valuable timber. Tropieal 
 fruits and medicinal plants are also amoni,' the products. 
 
 (')2. The inliabitauts consist of English, Dutch, Negroes, 
 and Indians. 
 
 Tlie couMtry is JivideJ into three distri(/ts — /iirhirr, Dcmcrarn, and 
 
 (J3. ('horijtfown (^25,000), at the mouth of tlic Demor.ini. is the capital. 
 It occupies a low dani]) situation, and is sulijoct to yellow tt-ver, Tlie 
 iireat majority of tlie inhabitants are negroe.s. 
 
 ()4. The chief exports aro sucar, molasses, rum, and timher— total 
 value, S8,3(iO,(UiO. The imports are tlour, poik, bu-f, tish, butter, 
 staves, and manufactured goods. 
 
 65. The government is vested in a f'<i>ni <>f PoUrii. con- 
 sisting of tiic Governor, four official members, and five uon- 
 otlicial. Revenue, $1,500,000. 
 
 DUTCH AND FRENCH GUIANA. 
 
 ()0. Dutch Guiana is similar in physical features to Britisli 
 Guiana. It is very fertile, yielding cotfee, cutton, and sugar- 
 en ne. 
 
 ")". Nearly nine-tenths of the inliabitants are negroes. Tlie slavc>' 
 were eniaiicipatLd by the (jovumniont of Hulland in IS'il ; but they 
 were reqiiired to work for their former masters, as aiipreuticed 
 labourers without pay, for twelve years. 
 
 vjS. Paramariho (20,000), on the .'Surinam, live miles fr.im its mouth, 
 is tlie capital and chief place of trade. Its streets are adorned with 
 orange, lemon, and tamarind trees. 
 
 0!). French Guiana was first settled by the French in 
 1G04. In 17(!3, twelve thousand emigrants came out from 
 France, three-fourths of mIiuui perished frnni exiiosure to 
 the unhealthy climate. 
 
 70. This country resembles the other divisions of tiniana in surfaci'', 
 soil, and products. It aUo yields pepper, cloves, cinmunnn. and nut- 
 megs. The island of Cayenne, on the coa>t, is noted for its Cayenne 
 pepper. Guiana is used l)y France as a penal settlement. 
 
 Cayenne ^3000), ou the island of the same name, is the capital. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 71. Brazil was discovered by a Portuguese named I'iin^'on 
 in the year 1500. It is said that it derived its name from 
 a native wood of a bright red colour, which the Portuguese 
 called braza.t, or coals of fire. 
 
 72, On the invasion of Tortugal by the French in 180S, King 
 ■fohn V'l. ean\e, witli his court, to IJrazil. Durinir his residence here 
 ho greatly improved the condition of the country. In 1S21 lie re- 
 turned to Povfugal, leaving his son Pedro as regent. In accordance 
 with the wisli of the inhabitants, Pedro in the following year pro- 
 claiuied Brazil au independent State, and assumed the title of Emperor. 
 
 73. Brazil has an extensive coast and many excellent 
 harbours. The country is rather larger than the United 
 States of Xorth America. The greater portion lies south of 
 the Equator. It comprises the greater ]iart of the selvas and 
 the southern section of the eastern highlands, including most 
 of the basin of the Amazon. 
 
 74. The soil is very fertile and well watered, and the 
 climate is one of the most delightful in the world. The 
 minerals are imjiortant and varied, including gold, silver, 
 iron, and diamonds. 
 
 75. The diamond mines in the beds of the rivers of Ihazil arc the 
 richest iu the world. In 1847 a diamond was fund worth nearly 
 8200,000. These nunes yield a largo revenue to the Government, and 
 persons employed in them are closely watched. 
 
 7<!. The staple products are sugar and cofl'ce. Cotton, 
 rice, manioc, tobacco, corn, banantts, ginger, lemons, and 
 oranges are also extensively cultivated. 
 
 r>razil yit'lds more than half the cotTee jiroduced in the world. Large 
 quantities sold as Java and Mncha eotl'ee come from this country. 
 
 i\Ianioc is an inipurtant food plant. One acre of manioc is said to 
 yield as much nouI■i^llnlent as si.x acres of wheat. 
 
 77. A comparatively small i>oilion of Brazil is iiiider cultivation. 
 The whole inttrior is covered with vast forests remarkable for luxuri- 
 ance and variety. Here are found huge trees from eight to twelve feet 
 in diameter, tall and graceful palms, liamboos, and myrtles ; also, 
 liiazil wodd, fustic, rosewood, and mahogany. [Sec 32.^ 
 
 7S. Nearly all the wiM animals uf the continent are found in Brazil. 
 
 Immense herds of cattle and horses feed ou the plains, many of 
 wliicii are in a "ild state. 
 
 7!). The white inhabitaiit.s, forming about a third of the 
 population, are ]iriiicipally of Portuguese origin. Tliey are 
 generally indolent, and look upon mamial lal)our as degrad- 
 ing. In the cities a gretit deal of time is spent in street 
 processions. Many of the negroes and mixed races are in 
 a state of slavery. The slaves are allowed to jmrchase 
 their freedom, and the foreign slave trade is prohibited. 
 There are judilic schools in the towns. Most of the inhabi- 
 tants are lioman Catholics. 
 
 Towns.- SO. Rv->J(t),eiro (200,000), the caiiital, has one of the best 
 harbours in the world, and is the largest and most commercial city iu 
 South America. Jialiia (120,000) has a beautiful situation on All 
 Saints' Bay. It has a fine harbour and an extensive commerce. Per- 
 namhuco, Mavanhao, and Para are important towns. Pctropclis, 
 having a beautiful inland situation, is the summer residence of the 
 emjieror. 
 
 81. The chief pursuits are agriculture, grazing, and mining. 
 Xearly all the labour is performed by the negroes. Manu- 
 factures are almost wholly neglected. 
 
 The chief exports are colTee, sugar, cntton, tobacco, rice. India- 
 rubber, Peruvian bark, cabinet and dye w.iods, hides and diamonds. 
 Total value, $65,000,000. The imports include almost all kinds of 
 manufactures, Hour, wine, ice. Total value, $01,500,000. 
 
 4 
 
CHILI. 
 
 79 
 
 uiil many excellent 
 ;er than the United 
 portion lies south of 
 art of the selvas and 
 ands, including,' most 
 
 11 \\-atered, and the 
 
 in the world. Tiio 
 
 icliiding gold, silver, 
 
 rivers of PMazil are tlie 
 ivas t'l'und worth iieiirly 
 to tlie Goveruinent, and 
 
 and cnfiVe. Cotton, 
 gin^'cr, lemons, and 
 
 jced in tlie world. Larcre 
 
 ; from tliis eouiitry. 
 
 icre of manioc is said to 
 
 eat. 
 
 ,zil is under cultivatinii. 
 
 :s remarkalile for hixiiri- 
 
 from eiylit to twelve feet 
 lioos, and myrtles ; also, 
 , (,sVc32.1 
 .Mit are found in Urazil. 
 
 on tlie I'lains, many of 
 
 ibont a third of tlie 
 ese origin. Tlioy are 
 d labour as deo;rad- 
 ' is spent in street 
 niixt'il races are in 
 liowed to purchase 
 trade is prohibited. 
 Most of the iidiubi- 
 
 11 
 
 lital, lias one of the hest 
 most commercial city in 
 antiful situation on All 
 tensive commerce. Per- 
 ant towns. Pctropulis, 
 unimer residence of tiie 
 
 , grazing, fnidminino;. 
 the negroes. Manu- 
 
 11, tobacco, rice, India- 
 Is, hides and diamonds, 
 ude almost all kinds of 
 
 ca, 500,000. 
 
 82. The government is a hereditary constitutional num- 
 iirchy. The Legislature consists of two Houses, both elective. 
 
 The political importance of Brazil is not commensurate with its size 
 and population. The present f^mperiir of Brazil is represented as an 
 intelligent and humane soverei.L'n. anximis to improve the condition of 
 his empire. {•See .Ij/a.wir's Jounuy in IlrazH.) 
 
 PERU. 
 
 83. rem, the .scat of the ancient empire of tlie Tncas, was 
 the largest, most powerful, and most civilized State in the 
 New World at the time of its discovery. Tlie inhabitants 
 worshipjied the Sun as the supreme deity ; and the Inca, or 
 emperor, claimed to be his offspring'. The empire was eon- 
 (jiicred by Pizarro, and the reigning monarcli treacherously 
 put to death. 
 
 Peru gained its independence from Spain in 1824. The country has 
 since been much distracted liy opposing; factions and iusunectiona. 
 
 84. The coast of Peru is about ID.'ii) miles in length. Tlie 
 region between the Pacific and tlie Andes is for the most 
 part rainless and tiarrcn. The river valleys which cro.ss it 
 are the only parts capable of cultivation. These valleys and 
 the table-land between the mountain ranges form the chief 
 f-eat of the population. East of the Andes are inimeii.se 
 forest jtlains. (.SVe 20, 27.) 
 
 85. The minerals of Peru are very important, iiieliidiiij.' ^.'nld, silver, 
 ipiicksilver, copper, lead, and iron. 
 
 The mines are very inefiiciently woikeil. They are frciieially in 
 mountain districts to which it is impossible to convey macliinery. 
 
 86. The vegetable products are sutrar, cotton, tMb.acco, and various 
 fruits. The cinchona, common ou the eastern slopes e£ the Andes, is 
 one of the most important forest trees. 
 
 87. The animals include the llama, which is used by the Indians as 
 a beast of burden ; and the alpaca. But few cattle are reared .Sheep 
 are numerous. 
 
 88. The inhabitants are abmit half Indians and oiie-fmirtii 
 whites. The negroes are chieHy confined to the coast. 
 
 Towns.— 89. Lima (100,000), about seven miles from the Pacific, was 
 founded by Pizarro, whose remains are deposited in its cathedral. Its 
 university, the oldest in America, Iia.s a library of 20,000 volumes. The 
 lionses are low on account of cartluiuakes. Cnlhw, the sea-port of 
 Lima, and connected with it by railway, is a fortified town, and has an 
 imiiortant roadstead. In 1746, Callao was entirely destroyed by an 
 earthquake. The sea retired to a great distance, and then suddenly 
 returned, overwhtlminK the town. Of about 3000 inhabitants, only 
 sixteen escaped. Cnzco, in the interior, was the capital of the Incas, 
 and "ontained a magnificent temple of the Sun. A rcqiii/ia and Pasoi 
 are in the interior. 
 
 00. The want of roads prevents the development of internal com- 
 merce, (ioods are conveyed chiefly on the backs of mules, ]\lany of 
 the passes in the Andes are very narrow, steep, and dangerous. 
 
 The exports are gold, silver, Peruvian bark, cotton, alpaca and 
 sheep's wool, and guano. Guano is obtained chiefly from the Chinoha 
 Islands. 
 
 BOLIVIA. 
 
 !)1. Piilivi.i took its name from IJolivar. the litierator of 
 South America from Siianish 'lower. It was formerly called 
 Uiipcr I'eni. It formed a part of the eiii)iire of tiie Incas. 
 
 92. Tiie surface and other jihysical features are greatly 
 diversified. Tiie cuimtry between the Pacific and the Andes 
 is wild and desolate. The mmuitains are very high, the 
 western range presmtiiig ;iii almo.st impassable barriiu' be- 
 tween the coast region and tlic iilateaii. The table-land here 
 attains its greatest bivadtii, and is the chief .seat of the 
 popidatioii. It contains Lake Titicaca. 
 
 1'3. The products arc similar to those of I'eni. The silver mines 
 were formerly the most productive in the world. Tliey are now mostly 
 abandoned for want of projier macliinery to work llietn. 
 
 Towns. — '.'4. Vhuiiuinaca, or Sucre (40,000), is on an elevation of 
 i),3uu feet. It contains a maL'iiilicent cathedral. Pi'iiml was formerly 
 noted for its silver mines. /,(( /■«: (43,000) is in tho neighbourhood 
 of lofty volcanoes. 
 
 05. AL-riciilture, though greatly ncglectod, is the jirincipal occupa- 
 tion. The foreign trade is of little importance. There are no roads or 
 wlieele<l vehicles, and the cost of transporting the products to the coast 
 exceeds their valno. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 on. Cliili fiiniied a ]iart of the empire of tlie Incas. Tiie 
 Spaniard.s exiierienced great difficulty in .subduing tiie war- 
 like natives of the smdli. 
 
 Cliili became inde]i('iideiit in 1^17. It is one of the most 
 prosjierous of tlie South American Stab'S. 
 
 97. Cliili lies wholly on the west side of the Andes. It 
 extends 11.0(i miles alou',' the I'acific, .■md lias a breadth 
 varying from !)l) to Kio miles. A large part of tins country 
 consists of mountain ridges, .S(>]),'arated iiy deep valleys. 
 
 i*8. Aru)ir<i;/ii<i, the lii^'hest iiniuntain in .America, is in Cliili. 
 There are several passes across the Andes, some of which are very 
 d.'ingerous, winding along ledges so narrow that two mules cannot go 
 abreast. 
 
 Chili is noted for eartlniuakos. One of groat violence nccurred in 
 1822, when an extent of coast fifty miles in length was elevated tlireo 
 feet above its former level. 
 
 ;)!). Till! soil is generally very fertile, except towanis tlie 
 north, where rain is almost unknown. The climate is tem- 
 penito and very salul)rious, (.SV(? 2(i, 27.) 
 
 The minerals are silver, copper, ainl iron, 
 
 The vegetable products are maize, wheat, barley, liemp, and pota- 
 toes, (!liili is suii|)osed to be the native region of the imtato. 
 
 100, The inhabitants, mo.stly Spanish and Indian, are 
 more energetit; and enterprising than those of iiKJSt other 
 countries of South America. 
 
 I 
 
80 
 
 SOUTH AMEUICA. 
 
 Towns.— 101, tiantiaoo (Su.tHJO), the caiiital and lar^-cst city, is 
 situated in a fertile plain at tlie foot of t'le Andes. It contains a 
 university, a military academy, a normal scliool, and a public library 
 of 21 ,000 volumes. Vol iiaraiso—" Vale of Paradise "—(7:2,000) is the 
 chief port, and nearly all the trade of the country passes through it. 
 Concqicion and Coinapo are important tuwns. 
 
 102. The chief pursuits are mining and agriculture. 
 
 The exports are copper, silver, wheat, liemp, hides, v.ool, and 
 guano. Nearly all kinds of manufactured goods are impi^rtcd. 
 
 103. The government is republican. The Pre.sident is elected fur 
 the term of five years. The Legislature l.i f"""' ,;.,..■. Houses. 
 
 THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 HU. Tlie Aryontiuu Kt'iiublic, or L;i I'liita, liocamc imle- 
 pciuluut of Spain in ISIG. It taki's its iiiin;e from tlie La 
 Plata, or .Silver Jilver, Biicnus Ayres seceilcd and formed 
 a separate State from 1853 to ISCO. 
 
 105. Tlie surface ,1,'i'iierally coii.si.st3 of inimcn.se plains, 
 
 called iiamjKAs, wiiicli jiroduoe tall {,'rass and iiij^antic 
 
 thistles. Larye tracts of country arc so imprcynateil with 
 
 .salt as to be qnito barren. An extensive desert in the north 
 
 is called the Gran Chaco. 
 
 There is very little rain thi'dnglunit a large jiiirt of the interior. The 
 rivens arc the La Plata and its tributaries, ."^alt lakes are uunievuu.s. 
 
 ](i(i. The products inchide maize, wheat, tobacco, suj,'ni', 
 and mate. Aj,'riciilturc i« greatly nej,'lected. The cliicf 
 wealth of the country cdn.si.sts in the vast iicrd.s of cattle and 
 horses which roam over tlie plains. It is computi il that there 
 are 4,000,0(t() of cattle in the province of Duciios Ayres alone. 
 
 107. The inhabitants consist of Indians, Spaniards, and mixed races. 
 The Spaniards are iho ruling race. The inhabitants of the panip .s 
 are called O'diirliis. They spend mo.st nf iheir time on jiursiback, 
 galloping over :lii' [ilaius alter the wild cattle and hurses. lieef is 
 their cli'.i' fotxl. 
 
 ToV'Uo,— loS. lUuiiiia Aiina-" good air"— (120,0(1(1), ilio capital and 
 largest city, it . tuated on i ■ La Plata, 15" milis from the s' a, The 
 rivei is here ovir 30 niile.s broad. Il is very shallow near the shore, 
 and n.iTigntion is rendered dangerous by violent west winds, called 
 /iiiHi/)' )W. J'livaua was the capital during the independence of the 
 province of lUienos Ayres, McikIuzii has important trade with Chili, 
 carried on thruugh moiuitain passes, t'orruiifm and Sun Jttun are 
 important towns. 
 
 loy. The exports are hl<leH, horns, tallow, and jerked beuf. 
 
 PARAGUAY. 
 
 IPi. raragiiay formed part of the Spanish vicc-rnyaUy of 
 Riienos Ayres. On K"iiiiiiK it« iiiiU'iiondeuco it refused to 
 join the Argentine Confederation, 
 
 From 1814 to 1810 Paraguay was ruled by Dr. Fraucia, a native 
 C-eole. Under his government all foreigners were e.vcluded. Tliis 
 absurd policy is now abandoned. 
 
 1 1 1. Paraguay is wholly inland, between the rivers Parana 
 and Paraguay. It is hilly in the north-east, level and 
 marshy in the south. 
 
 112. The climate is warm temp(n-ate, anil is noted for 
 salubrity. The soil is very fertile. The forests yield rose- 
 wood, dye-woods, gums, and fruits. Mate, or Paraguay tea, 
 grows iu great abundance. It is extensively used in South 
 America, as China tea is with u.s. 
 
 11^!, The inhabitants are chietly of .Spanish origin. Owing to the 
 efl'urts of Dr. Franeia iu establishing schools in all parts of the coun- 
 try, the people are more intelligent than those of most of the neigh- 
 bouring States. 
 
 Towns.— IU. Asuncion (2.1,0001, the capital, is situ.ated at the con- 
 fluence of the Pilcomayo and P^iraguay. It has coiisiderable trade. 
 
 The exports consist of mate, sugar, cotton, tobacco, rice, honey, 
 cattle, and hides. 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 II-'). Uruu'uny, on becoming free iVom Spanish power, was 
 .st'ized by Brazil. It became independent in L^28. 
 
 This State formed the eastern portion of the Spanish iiossessions, 
 and hence was called Bunda Oi'kntat, or the Eastern Bound, 
 
 llfi. IMucli of the interior is hilly. There arc also exten- 
 sive plainit, sustaining large numtiers of cattle and Imrses, 
 which constitute the chief wealth of the country. 
 
 ]\laizo and wi.eat are cultivated, but agrlculturu is in a b.ici ward 
 state. 
 
 Towns.— 117.' M'mtc Video (45,000), th" capital, is le.ar the month 
 of the La Pi.it 1 aid has considerable traile. ilie exports ate hi'les, 
 horns, tallow, beef, and matO. 
 
 PATAGONIA. 
 
 llN, Patagonia was discovered and nameil by Magclliia. 
 
 /'litni/on means " large foot." The natives were accustomed t^i wrap 
 their feet in skins, which made them appear of an unnatural size. 
 
 Ill), Patiigoiiia consists of barren jihiins and IdW rocky 
 Mioiintains, It is hot in :Mimiuer, and very cold in winter. 
 There is but little rain on tlie i ast of the Andes. 
 
 The country is iniialiitcd by iinlepciident Indian tribes of Inrgr 
 ^tatiiic. Tlioy are very expert horiieMion. 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
I Dr. Fraucia, a native 
 3 were excluded. Tliis 
 
 BCD the rivers Parana 
 ortli-east, levul and 
 
 te, anil is noted for 
 he forests yield rose- 
 ate, or Paraguay tea, 
 sivoly used in South 
 
 3h orif;in. Onin^' to tlie 
 iu ill! I'arts of the ooun- 
 ise of most of tlie neigh- 
 
 al, is situated at tiio con- 
 as considerable trade. 
 on, tobacco, rice, ii'ney, 
 
 u Spanisli power, was 
 
 ont in lb28. 
 
 the S|ianisli posaesaions, 
 Easkrn Bviiiul. 
 
 Tliere are also exton- 
 f cattle and horses, 
 ! country. 
 
 culturo is in a 1 aci war 
 
 Tjiital, is le.ar tiio mouth 
 liie exports are hides, 
 
 luicd by Magrllaii. 
 
 vcre accustnined to wra]! 
 :)f an II n nam I a! size, 
 
 ains and low rocky 
 very cold in winter, 
 le Andes. 
 
 Indiim '.ribci of inri^r 
 

EUllOPM 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 
 <-f3»i«^--- 
 
 
 
 *' V -.m^^i^: 
 
 n.sA. 
 
 1. History. 1. Willi tin' ('xcoiitinii nt' Anstrulia, Kiiinix' 
 i» the smallt'Ht of tliii yroiit ilivisimis, and lias j^cnemlly \vm 
 urniuk'ur in its phyRJcal foaturcH, as nmuntains, rivers, luul 
 hikcH, It ranks first in civilizatiitn, inHnciii't', aiitl powtr. 
 
 Tlii> i>iMtH (liTlvo tlio imiiic friiin Kurnpn, \.\"- ilmiKtittT of n rinriilcliin 
 kliiK, S(im." Iriu'c It ti) an i'ii»ltrii word Hlciilfylnit mnnti, or lliu m»l 
 nihrrn ili'ilvn It fiiiiii Iwii tiri'i'k wcirdu ulimlfjliitf n-iil,- i-inr. iipplliMl llrnt 
 to till' cniiitr)' iii>i't)\ ii( (Iruoco, In itontriMt nitli iIh' niurow IIiiiIIn (it tlu' 
 l»'nlnH\ilH. 
 
 2, Euru|io «nH upttli'il nt n very riuly ik'ihmI liy i>on|ilo finin Asin, 
 who oniitimieil liiiiK in ii khvuhc Rtnk>, wliilnl I'iviliicil niul (lower- 
 I'll! imlioiiK llmirislicd in WcHtini Aniii iinii Nortln'rn AfViri\. Tlio 
 I'l'iilnsiilii i)f (liTri'c, (•iiuTi.'i'iiI f I'Nt. frciin lii\il'Ui l-im, iit ji'iiu'lii. iilmiil 
 tno yoni'h lit'l'MU tilt' I'lii'lNliaa mi, oulHtri|i|i(;il all <itliiT |iat'Uiit' tiic 
 »"orlil ill oiviliiivtii'ii, literiitiire, nml |H)«er. 
 
 ;!. Till' ofiitnil I'liiiiisiihi, or Iiily, n"M nl'tiiiiii'l iIm> iTC-i'iniiicticr, 
 ami (.'iivo 111" 1 t" till' "iirM. Itniiii', a small Slate fmiudril 7."''' li.i\, 
 exti'mk'd ilH powor jinnliially, until at tlii' Cliiistiiiri era it I'liiln'aio.l 
 within itH cniiiiro Sgulhcrn iind LVnlial Kiucii.i', WukUth Asia, iiii'l 
 Ni'rtliiTii AtVii-a. 
 
 4. Naitlnrn KiU'ipo was »till ...■cupiiil hy h:ii . 'otiii hordi'n, «lio nl 
 diUVri'iil tiiiii s had tliii'iili'ind the Kniiiaii Kiiipirottilli dostiui'liciii, 
 Finally, 47d A. P., whi'ii the citi/.i.'iiN nf lliiw onci' pcnvi'ifiil ciiipirc wnv 
 iiilV'i'ldid li\ hi Miry ami vici', tlm imrllirin lailiaiiaiiN iiinIii"! in, liM.k 
 p.icHCHsioii 111' till' capital, and ocoiipii'il tlii' varimiH pnivini'i'H. TIikiiikIi- 
 i»ut Kunipi' all wnn nnw in ii utiiii' of imri <t and aiiaichy. Civilizatinn 
 aii'l loRrniti^; wrri' wi'll-nixh ('\tin«iii»lnd, nml tliu (laikniiH uf tlit 
 Middlo Atrei etimu'd 
 
 r>, Thf Mohainnii'ilans i-nli ri'il Kiinipe hy the Siriiit of (<ilprtiltnr in 
 Til. Havinii wi/.i'd nearly all Ihu jinuthwi'stirn peniiiKulu, they 
 oriifisid till' ryrtue«», nml tnarclii'il northwanls, liid'linu' fair In over 
 
i ll^ 
 
 82 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 I r ff f 
 
 run tlie whole continent. Wlien near the raitldle of France, they were 
 i.lefeated and driven back by Cluirles Martel, 732 a.d. 
 
 6. Then {779-814) arose in the west a great conciueror, Charlemagne, 
 who brought under his power France, Germany, and Italy. On his 
 death his empire fell to pieces. During the next two centuries, the 
 jrincipal nations of Modern Europe were organized by the blending 
 together of numerous petty States. 
 
 7. The twelfth ami thirteenth centuries were remarkable for those 
 expeditions called the Crusades, sent from Western Europe to take 
 J'ak'stine from the Moh.ammedans. 
 
 8. The close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth cen- 
 turies witnessed several events which largely influenced the ptilitical 
 and social condition of Europe. Among these may be mentioned the 
 invention of printing, tlie discovery of America, tiie discovery of the 
 passage around tiie Cajje of (luod Hope, the Reformation, the over- 
 throw of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks, and the study of G.jcian 
 literature. 
 
 ','. The most n> ted disturbing inthiences wliich have allVeted the 
 general condition of Europe in recent times were the wars of Napoleon, 
 at the commencement of the present century. 
 
 II. Position.-- 10. Europe i.s principally in the North 
 Ti'nipiTatc Zone. It occi'iiics the north-western part of the 
 01(1 World, forming a large jieninsula of the eastern con- 
 tinent. 
 
 It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; nn the 
 oast by Asia; on the south by Asia, the Black Sea, and 
 I\Ie(literranonn Sea: and on the we.st by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 II. The boundary line lietween Kuro|ie and Asia is fnrmed by the 
 Ural Mountains, Uial River, Caspian Sea, Caucasnis Mountains, lilack 
 Sea, the Jtusphorus, Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles. 
 
 Cape Nordkyn, in Norway, is the most northern jioint; Tarifa 
 Piiint, near (librallar, the must smithern ; the mouth of the Kara, the 
 most eastern : and Ca\iif Roca, in I'lirtngal, the nmst western. 
 
 N. lat. M"-71" 10'; Ion. !•- Uli' W.— 68° E. 
 
 III. Form.- -12. The main body of Europe is tiiangular, the 
 angular points bciTig llie mouth of the Kara, the eastern extremity of 
 tiie Caucasus, and the southwest of France. To this must be mhled 
 the peninsulas of .Si'andinavi.i and Jutland on the north-west; and the 
 three iieninsulas, ,'>;pain. Ilaly, .and Greece, on the south ;— altogether 
 including onetliird nf llie cdntiiient. 
 
 IV. Coast. -~i;3. Europe is greatly broken by the sea, by 
 which it has much more coast, in proi)ortion to its 8i;:e, tlinn 
 any (Jthor great division. This ) ' ysieal feature gives it more 
 easy intercourse with cither parts of tlie world, jironiofing its 
 eonimcrce and civilization. 
 
 The coast-line exceeds 20,000 miles. Kxcciiting the interior of the 
 north-east, no part is over 400 miles from the sen. 
 
 14. The jnineipal Coast Waters are the Wliiff Si-a and the 
 Sfci of K(tni, on till' north ; the (\isj>i(t)i Ski, on the south- 
 ra«t ; the Sitt uf A:t[t, Krrtc/i .sVmuV, the lilnti- Sni,t\w 
 Jlonphoriis or Strait of Vnn»tnntiunplf, Sea of Marmora, 
 the Danfaur/IeK, tlic A rchiprlago, (liilfo/ Lcfiaiito, tStrnit of 
 Otranto, Adriatic Si a. Strait of Mmsiiia, diilf of d'nioa, 
 Uulj of Lyons, nnd thu UlraU qf UiOraltar, on thu soutli ; 
 
 the Bai/ of Biscay, the English Channel, Strait of Dover, 
 St. George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, North Sea 
 or German Ocean, the Skafjer Rack, Calteijat, Great Belt, 
 Little Bdt, the Sound, the Baltic Sea, and the Ga/fo of Riga, 
 Finland, and Bothnia, on the west. 
 
 15. The Mediterranean .Sea is Salter than the ocean, in consequence 
 of the great evaporation from the surface. For the same reason it has 
 a lower level than the Atlantic, and a current is constantly flowing in 
 through the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 16. The Black Sea, receiving more water from the rivers than it 
 loses by evaporation, is fresher than the ocean, and sends a current to 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 The Baltic is very shallow, not exceeding 1100 feot. It is fresher 
 than the ocean, and sends a current to the North Sea. 
 
 17. The mo>t imjicrtant Capes are .Vonll:;/!!, in Finniark ; Cape 
 yortli, on the island of Mageroe ; the AVcc, south of Norway ; the 
 .SAvKc, north of .Jutland ; Cape W'valh, on the north of Scotland ; Cape 
 Ctiav south of Ireland; Litt.iis End, south-west of England; La 
 J/oi/iii , iioith-west of France; Fini.iUrrc, in Spain : linea and St. 
 \'iiiciiit, in Portugal ; Tari/a J'viiit, on the south of Spain ; J'asmro, 
 in Sicily ; Spariireiito and J.tiiea, in Italy ; and Mafapaii, in Greece. 
 
 Is. The chief Islands on the coast are : — 
 
 In the Arctic Ocean— the Lofnden, belonging to Norway 
 and Sweden ; Spil:f'(rii< n and Nor(( Ziinbhi, to Ku.s.'^ia ; and 
 Iceland, to Denmark : 
 
 In the Vtlantie Ocean-- the /"(nw, belonging to Denmark ; 
 the liritinh /,*■/( .<f, forming an indijiendeut kingdom ; ;ind tlie 
 Amri!', belonging to Portugal : 
 
 In the Baltic — I'iha n, Seeland, Lmdiind, and Bornhulin, 
 belonging to Denmark ; Gland and Gottland, to Sweden ; 
 and Oenel, /A/(/o, and the Aland Archipelago, to Kus.sia : 
 
 In the Mediterranean— tlie Jialiaric hle», behmging to 
 Spain ; Sicihi, Sardinia, Kllia, and the Li/mri Isle$, to Italy ; 
 Corsica, to France; Malta, to (rreat Britain; the Ionian 
 hlis, Nrgrii/i'i/il or Lidnea, and tlie Cijclades, to (.irecce ; 
 Candta or I'ritt, Samothrake, and Lmuuis ur Staliini.ii, to 
 Turkey. 
 
 1'.'. The Maltese gr 'Up embraces Mal'a, Comino, nnd Oiko ; of which 
 Malta, ei|ual to a sc|uare of ten miles, is the Inrptcst. They were taken 
 from France by Great Britain, in ISUO. The surface is rocky, .and the 
 s(jil thin. The heat of summer is intense, and snow is uiiknow in 
 winter. The jiruducts are cotton, grapes, olives, figs, oranges, and 
 honey. 
 
 The inhabitants, numbering 140,000, aro mostly Roman Catholics. 
 Valvita is the capital. 
 
 20, lleligolaiKl [Iwly hind) was formerly regarded ns sncreJ to the 
 goddess Hertha. It has belonged to (Jnat P.riiain since 1807. Th" 
 islainl consists of a rockthreeor four miles in circumference, forty-six 
 miles from the mouth of the FIbe. There are between 20M nnd 3000 
 inhabitants. The chief pursuit is fishing. 
 
 I'or a (Icucriptlon of other taUndl, see tl.c countries to whleh thoy belong, 
 
 '2\. The Feninsulat of Europe are the Crinaa, the lleHctiic or 
 firieian J'lniniivln (the southern part of which is called the Moria), 
 Italj/, the Ibtriitn or Spanish J'einniiula, Jutland, and ikandiuuVM. 
 
lel. Strait of Dover, 
 Channel, Sorth Sea 
 'attejat, Great Belt, 
 1(1 the Gulfs of Riga, 
 
 lie ocean, m consequence 
 r the same reason it lias \ 
 is constantly flowiiiR in i 
 
 from the rivers than it | 
 , and semis a current to 
 
 1100 feet. It is fresher 
 ■til Sea. 
 
 •'in, in Finniark ; C»fe 
 , south of Norway; the 
 north of Scotland ; Cape 
 h-we.st of England ; La, , 
 n Spain : Ruca and .SY. I I 
 luth of S|iain ; J'asmro, 
 id Muldiiaii, in Greece. 
 
 ro :— I I 
 
 leldiigiiig to Ncirwaj' I | 
 mbld, to EiLssia ; and i i 
 
 loiiuing to Denmark ; 
 it kingdom ; and the 
 
 '<ni(l, and JJornliohn, 
 Itland, to Sweden ; 
 ij"'l<iito, to Kiissia : 
 Inles, belonging to [ 
 i/Ktri IsUs, to Italy; ' i 
 iiitain ; the Ionian 
 '//(/(/(/(.I, to lii'eece : 
 y(«A' or >'italiiniui, to 
 
 1)10, and On:o ; of whicii 
 r^icst. They were taken 
 
 lu'facc is rocky, and the 
 
 1 snow is uiil%iio« ill 
 
 Ives, fi^s, oraii^jes, aud 
 
 ostly Koinan Catholics. 
 
 i;arded as snored to the 
 
 iriiain since 1807, Tho 
 
 ciiciiinfi'ioni'O, forty -six 
 
 l.clwecu 20vjO aud 30(10 
 
 I'lcH to whivli tliey belong, 
 
 riiiita, the Jhllenic or 
 •h in called the iMoria), 
 I lid, and ^■andinavia. 
 
 SURFACE. 
 
 83 
 
 EXERCISE.— Tr.;e the coastline of Europe, marking the coast 
 waters, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area. — 22. Europe contains aliout one-fourteenth of 
 tlie land surface of the Earth. It is about one-sixth larger 
 than Briti.sh America. 
 
 The area equals a square of 1950 miles. The extreme length, from 
 south-west to nonh-east, is 3-JOO miles. 
 
 VI. Surface. — 23. Tlie main b(jdy of Europe comprises 
 two general slopes, a north-westerly and a southerly, as in- 
 dicated by the courses of tlie rivers. The continent may be 
 divided into a lowland region in the north-east, and a high- 
 land region in the west and south-west. 
 
 Without including the highlands of Pcandinavia, the elevated por- 
 tion lies generally south-west of a line drawn from the mouth of the 
 Danube to that of tlie Elbe. 
 
 24. Low Europe, embracing two-thiid.s of the whole area, 
 is an immense (ilain, bounded on the nortli liy the Arctic 
 Ocean ; on the t?ast by the Ural Mountains and Casi)ian 
 Sea; on the south by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black 
 Sea, and the Carpathian Mountains; and on the west by 
 the North Sea and the Scaiidiiiavian Mountains. Through- 
 out this whole extent, the "N'aldai Hills, wiiich rise by a 
 gentle swell to the lieii.'lit of lldo fert. furndng the parting 
 ground between tlu' two slopes, are the greatest elevations, 
 
 2;", The Scandinavian Mountains, in the uoith-castern peninsula, 
 form a wall along the Ailiuitic coast from Capo Nordkyn to the Naze. 
 The middle portion of this range is called tlie Dovrtjidd ; the northern, 
 the Kiolen Mo'inlaiiis, The system is muth broken by deep and 
 almost inaccessible ravines. The extivino height is SOTO feet ; and 
 ihe height of the snow-lin.'. jiboiit TienO f;..i.t. 
 
 20. The Ural Mountains extend from the Aictii- Ocean soiitheily 
 about loOO miles. The average height is about 'JouO feet; the extreme 
 height, 5100 feet. The range sejiarates the great plains of Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
 '11. The Caucasus Mountains stretch from the Caspi.Tu to the Iil.u'k 
 Sea, about "00 miles. TIil' aver.iL'o liei:;ht is aliDiil ^.")lt() feet. Ellnirz, 
 18,41'0 feet, is the higliot peak. The snow -line has nii elevation of 
 11,000 feet. 
 
 25, The south-west of Europe is very niotintaiiioiis, Tiie 
 Alpine system is the most important. It comprises the 
 Alps, stretching in a eiu've lini' from the (!nlf of (leiioa to 
 Vienna, (iOO miles; tiio ('arpatliimi Mi<ti)i(<iin.<, forming an- 
 other curve on the north of the Danube ; the Api'miliii's, in 
 Italy; the Jta/kaii, extending south-easterly from the 
 Adriatic to the Black Sea; and the /'iii'/i'.<, in (Jrei'ce, The 
 VoiKji's and Cevnitrn. on the west of the Khine and the 
 Iihono; and the /i/ark fmraf ,\tiiinif'tinx, on the east of the 
 Khine, may also be included in the same system. 
 
 21t. The Alps are till' grandest mountains of Europe; and, exclud- 
 ing Iho border Oaucasun, eontuin the liighcst point. They are very 
 
 wild and broken, and are celebrated for the beauty and sublimity of 
 their scenery. Many of their summits are covered with snow througli- 
 out the year. The A'os are especially distinguished for the vast 
 masses of ice called iilacicrs which a"e luund in the high valN.ys. 
 
 30. The glaciers present a very interesting study. They are formed 
 by the melting and compacting of masses of .snow. Some of tliem are 
 15 miles in length, with a breadth from 1 to :: miles, and are supposed 
 to be several liiindred feet in deplli. Tiie great pressure from above 
 causes them to move slowly down their bed, until they reach the 
 warmer lowlands, where they are changed to streams of w:rter. The 
 llhone, Rhine, and other rivers, have their origin in the glaeiirs. 
 There are often crevasses or deep tissures in the glaciers, which, wIumi 
 concealed by light snow, are very dangerous to tourists. The Mir de 
 (jllave is one of the most noted glaciers. 
 
 (.*!i't'e TyndaU's Glacuvs of the A'/m.) 
 
 31. The Alps take various names. From thi; fUiIf of Cmkiii to Mount 
 \'Ui), rtliout 100 miles, they are called tlie Maritime .Alps : tlieiice to .Mount 
 fi.'nis are tlio t'ottian Alp.s ; then follow in onlev tlie (Jialan or (Jrccian 
 Alp.?, the Pennine Alps, tlie Helvetian Alps, tlie Klimtian Alps, ami the 
 Noi-ic Alps wliich termiimto near tlie Daimlie. Tlio t iiniic, .liiliiin, and 
 IJinaric Alps extend aloun tlie nurtli-east of tlie .\ilri:itli- ."^ea 
 
 ;!'i. Tlieie are several passes over the Ilelvetlim an'i lihii.'ti.ui .\lps Tlie 
 Stilrio I'as.i, .icross the latter, liavini; an elev:ition of ',)174 feet, is the lii^thest 
 carriage road. Tlio Cul ili: (imnt ami I'irriii. both in the Pennine .\lps, anil 
 over 11,000 feet hiah, are the liiK'liest routes for font passeiiifers. The most 
 freipieiiteil carriiigo roail between Kiauee ami Italy is aeio!»s Mmmt t una', A 
 railway tunnel is now being eoiistruetei; Ihrmiuh this nioiiiit uii. 
 
 Muiit BUiiic, ir>,74-4 feet, is the highest point of the .Mp-i. 
 
 83. The Carpathian M mntains have an average e itom o( 5000 or 
 OoiiO feet. The highest peak (WJS feet) is in Tiaii.sylvaiiia. 
 
 Il;i>N IIATK iir HAM UK. 
 
 The Ilalkan i r Iln'mus .Monntiun^, in Turkey, are generally I'lollied 
 with forisiH to their summit*. Their greatest heiudil in SS"! feel. 
 Tliey throw olT various sub.r linalo ranges, one of wliicb, on the north, 
 terminates abruptly at the Danube, oppo-ite the Hiuithi rn extremity ol 
 the Carpathians, The narrow del'ile, throui^h which Vhe river llowi, U 
 called the /roii '»'ll^. 
 
 ;U. The moutitaiiiK of the Ililhoic |)enin«ula are not generally v"rv 
 eliivatoil. The snow line is about UOOO foet. Ulympvit, the labled 
 
-. ...4' ,-■ 
 
 84 
 
 EunnpE. 
 
 abode of the ancient Grecian gods, has an jlevalion of 9754 feet. 
 Further south are the l>old peaks of Os.ia and I'dinn, Between 
 Olyn^pus and Ossa is tiie beautiful and oelelirated Valr of Tcmpc. 
 
 35. Tlie Apennines e.\tend fioni tiie Maritime Alp. tliroughout the 
 whole of tue Italian peninsula. Towards the sout'i they divide into 
 two ranges ; one of which terminates at Cape Leuoa, the oi'ier con- 
 tinues to the Strait of Meisina. With a slipht interruption at the 
 strait, this range is continued through the Island of Sicily. 
 
 The average height is from 3000 to 5000 feet. Near the middle of 
 the range are several peaks from 7000 to 8000 feet high. Monte t'orno, 
 9500 feet, is the highest summit. 
 
 30. Mount Ktnn, in Sicily, one of t! e most celebrated volcanoes in 
 the world, has an elc ation of 10,S74 feet. [See \>. 81.) 
 
 Vesnrius, a di tache 1 peak near Naples, is the only active volcano on 
 tiie contir.''nt of Europ >. Its height is only 3950 feet. 
 
 37. The Spanish peninsula consists mainly of an elevated plateau, 
 with several mountain ranges extending cast and west. The i)rincipal 
 ranges are the P!jvcnees—\\\\K\\ are continued along the south of the 
 H;iy of Ilisc'iy under the name of the A-itiiriuR—iha Sierra Ovedos, the 
 Sierra Toleilo, the Sierra Murena, au'i the Sierra. Xevwla. 
 
 38. The Pyrenees, between France and S|iain, have an e:ttreme ele- 
 vation of 11,108 feet; the Sierra Gredos, of 10,550 feet; and the 
 Sierra NevM<l;i, of 11,000 feet. The snow-line in the Pyrenees has an 
 elevation of 'tOO feet. 
 
 EXERCISE.— lay down the mountains on tne map of Europe. 
 
 VII. Rivers.— .3!). The livurs of Europe drain less exten- 
 sive liasiiis, and hence are »n a smaller scale, than those of 
 the (itlier continent.^. The Vali/o, 2400 miles in Icnu'tli, and 
 draining one-seventh of Europe, is the lar,i;est river. Tiie 
 Dantihi', the second in size, is ab(nit three-fourths as lonif. 
 Smaller streams are very iinnierDus, afi'onliii^' the benefits 
 of navi^'ation to a larue piirt of tlie interior. 
 
 40. In the following tiibb - are the piinoipal rivers, arranged nccnril- 
 ing to the general slopes ol the C'lntinent. The pupil can Irani their 
 piisitiou, source, iind thewateis intowhicli they llnw, frnm the map: — 
 
 KIVER3 OK Tin: NnirniWKST .•^LOPK. 
 
 Nnltu'. 
 
 IiriKlh 
 III Klull-li! 
 mllt'i. 1 
 
 Nnive, 
 
 I.,ni:ili 
 
 III Knuhtli 
 
 liilk>». 
 
 
 (WO 
 700 
 40 
 fiOl) 
 400 
 fi-JO 
 
 r..-.o 
 
 (170 
 H.-.0 
 
 7r<o 
 
 
 criO 
 
 2'2.^. 
 4:!0 
 
 ,'-,.-|0 
 3,-|0 
 4,^0 
 62,'. 
 400 
 Itoo 
 
 
 ^('lielilo 
 
 %' ttVrt 
 
 ■<elnc 
 
 I.iilre 
 
 1 lunii 
 
 NIonuMi 
 
 Vl8t.,ln 
 
 Oiler 
 
 1 JiiroTme 
 
 Tji^UR ..... 
 
 laiie 
 
 (ivuidiiuiii 
 
 Woacr 
 
 Hhtnu 
 
 liuiididi|iiivir 
 
 itiVKUs or Till; sol Til r.A>T si.opi;. 
 
 Xtii.p. 
 
 IfTIUlll 1 
 
 111 KiiiiIIrIi , Knnio. 
 milii. 1 
 
 Li-ii||ili 
 
 III KlluHali 
 IlKli". 
 
 l''.l.vo 
 
 lihonc 
 
 TlloT 
 
 I'o 
 
 Oiimilio 
 
 iMlli'StiT 
 
 420 Hutr 
 
 4IM) Knll'lHT 
 
 is,^ , )»nn 
 
 4riO VoIkii 
 
 17fiO , frnl 
 
 Too 
 
 340 
 121 HI 
 llIK) 
 2400 
 1040 
 
 VIII. Lakes— 41. Small lakes are numerous, especially 
 in the north. Leuhxja, cast of the Gulf of Finland, con- 
 siderably smaller than Lake Ontario, is the largest lake in 
 Euroj)e. 
 
 The other ])rin-3ipal lakes of the north are Winer, Wetter, 
 and Miilar, in Sweden ; Oite'ja, Kiuima, and Pe'qnis, in 
 Russia. 
 
 42. The Alpine lakes are smaller tiian those of the north ; 
 but their beauty is the admiration of tourists and the 
 theme of the poet's song. 
 
 On the Swi.ss side of the Al]is are Geneva, Constetnce, 
 Znrieh, Lwrw, and Xriifc/i'del ; on the Itiilian side, 
 Mofjijiore, Cotno, and Garda. 
 
 43. Geneva, or Lake Leninn, in the basin .f the Rhone, is 45 miles 
 long, miles in e.\treino breadth, and is I'JOO feet above the sea. 
 Constance, in the basin of the Knine, is abnut the same length, but 
 has a greater average breadth. The rivers are remarkably clear on 
 leaving these lakes. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down tne rivers and lakes on the map of Europe. 
 
 IX. Soil,— 44. There are no extensive deserts in Europe, 
 The soil is generally fertile and carefully tilled. The frtjzen 
 regions in the extreme north are untit for cultivation. There 
 are uIm) Itarreii s.nlt tracts in tlie neighbourhood of the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 X. Climate,— 4o, Europe liii.< a milder climate than any 
 otlier part of the world at the .same distance from the 
 Eipiator, 
 
 In con-ojueiice S a niaiitime situation, the iiillueiice of the Gulf 
 Stream, and the iirevalence of south-westerly winds, the western side 
 of the continent has a more equable temperature than the interior. 
 Hot winds ficim the deserts of Africa often render the heat very op- 
 pressive in the southern jieiiiiisulis, paitieujiuly in Italy; wliil.-t a 
 iiortheily aspect and winds from the Arctic Ocean, cause severe cold in 
 the iprth. {S<i /'liiinieal d'eonrnjiliii, O'.i, 71, 94, 97,) 
 
 40, The humid siMth-westerly winds give much niore rain on the 
 Atlantic coast than in (lie interior. The quantity of rain also decreases 
 towards the north. 
 
 In the snutlicrn countries the rain falls most abundantly in winter ; 
 in the central C"untrios, in autumn; and in the northern, in summer. 
 
 On the const of PertUKiil tlie iinniml ibjitli if inin is HI liiclios ; on the 
 west iif Iieliiiiil. 47 Indies ; ami in jiasteiii Km'i>pe, only ITi Indies. 
 
 XI. Minerals,— 47. The preciuu.s metals are less plentifid 
 than in the other ^reat divisions ; but all the most nsefiU 
 minerals are abundant. 
 
 The richest gold and silver mines are in the Carpalliinii Mountain.s. 
 Giild, diamoiiilR, and pintinnm are obtained from the l^ral Moun- 
 tains, irnn is widely distributed, and is very plentiful in Uritnin, 
 Siandiiiavia, and Fninee. Cual is iii'ist iibiindant in Hrit:iin and 
 lielirinm ; copper in lliitiiin, the Ural Monniains, and Nnrwny ; lead 
 in KiiLdand and Sjiain ; tin in Isngland ; quicksilver in Spain ; marble 
 in Italy and Greece ; suliiiiiir in Italy ; and salt in liuuia. 
 
 
incrous, especially 
 F of Fiulaiul, con- 
 lie largest lake in 
 
 ire Wciwr, Wetter, 
 I, and I'eipKS, in 
 
 hose of the north ; 
 ' tourists anJ the 
 
 Geneva, Constance, 
 the Italian side, 
 
 lie Rlioiie, is 45 railcs 
 ftiet above tlio sea. 
 ; the same lengtii, but 
 e remarkably clear on 
 
 on the map of Europe. 
 
 e deserts in Europe. 
 ' tilled. The frozen 
 r cultivation. There 
 ourhood of the Cas- 
 
 r c'liniate than any 
 distance from the 
 
 iiilliieiH'o of ttie (tulf 
 iiuls, tlio weslorii side 
 lire tbau tlie interior, 
 uler tiie bent very op- 
 riy in Italy ; wliil.-t a 
 in, cause severe cukl in 
 
 '.'7.1 
 lu'li more rain on tlio 
 • uf rain also decreases 
 
 iibuiidnntly i'l winter ; 
 rlliern, in Huiiiincr. 
 
 n is 111 inches ; on tho 
 only l.'i Inches. 
 
 s are less plentiful 
 the most useful 
 
 ,u|ialliiiin Mminlains. 
 iniii the I' nil Mouii- 
 
 |ilentitiil in Hrilain, 
 iiiilant ill Ibilain and 
 MR, and iN'nrway ; lead 
 Iver in Spain ; marbl*' 
 
 in UusBia. 
 
 PLANTS— TOWNS. 
 
 p.") 
 
 XII. Plants.— 48. Tiie vegetation of the .southern penin- 
 .xulas is sub tropical, including palms, evergreen oaks, nuil- 
 berries, olives, figs, pomegranates, ' -anges, lemons, and vines. 
 
 The extreme north-east, within the Arctic Circle, is desti- 
 tute of trees, and its vegetation consists principally of mo.sses 
 and licheiLS. 
 
 41). The countries between these extremes yield almnst 
 every variety of products belonging to tlie Temperate Zone. 
 
 Between the Baltic and th Ural Mnuntains are immense 
 fiirests, in which iiiiies and other cuiie-bearing tivcs pre- 
 dominate. Extensive treeless plains or steppes are found on 
 the north of the Black and ('asjiian Sea.s. 
 
 50. lu the south uf llie main body of Kuroiie tlie iihiins and low 
 valleys are clothed witli vineyards, ^.'tain tields, orchards of peaches, 
 prunes, and pears, and uioves of chestnut, walnut, and niulberiy liees. 
 
 As we ascend the mountain slojics, we puss from fiireots of oak and 
 beech, and the wheat fields, to the sjiruccs, jiines, and lianlier iirams ; 
 tlience to the shrubs, alpine llowers, and rlerna! >ini\vs. ^Scc I'liii-iitul 
 Hcoijraiihi), 110-115.) 
 
 51. The south of France and north >.<i Italy are in llh' >ame 1,'ititiule 
 as Nova Scotia. Vines, idivcs, and silk are .staple pi'idu.'ts of thu.se 
 countries. Rict is cultivated in the valley of the V«. Wheat is culti- 
 vated as far north as the middle of Norway and tlio Valdai Hills ; 
 barley, as far as the White Sea, ainl cunsiderably furtiier iii.itli in 
 Scarulinavia. 
 
 ' Xin. Animals.— .")!'. Wild tinimtils ;ire imt ntunerous ur 
 of large size 
 
 Fur-bearing aninitds ami the reiinieer are tiie mo.st im- 
 portant in the nortliern regions. The forests uf the ci'iitnil 
 countries abound in bears, wolves, wild boars, and various 
 kinds of deer. 
 
 53. The chamois is a beautiful animal inhabiting the high pe.iks of 
 the Alps. It is noted for dexterity in liapim; from cia„' to era:; on the 
 mountain heights. Large eaiiies are also fouiul amoiij; the Alps. 
 
 ! liarbary apes are fconid in the j-onih ..f Spain. The n'ptilcs uf 
 
 i Europe are small and ^ener(\lly liarinlcss. 
 
 ' XIV. Inhabitants.- 51. The pojudation of Europe is 
 estimated at 2K),t)(i(i,(iti(). The most den.sely peopled coun- 
 tries arc Belguim and England. The inhabitants are gener- 
 ally much more intelligent i\nd more highly eivilizi'd than 
 
 I those of Asia and Africa. 
 
 .15. The ^;reat majority of the inhabitants hclonc tn tho ('aucasi.in 
 race, and are divided into four jjreat divinion.s ;— the Teutonic, in the 
 middle and north-west ; the Celtic, in the west ; the Slavonic, in the 
 ea.st; and the Oreoo- Latin in the south. 
 
 .'ill TheiT are Keyeral Rnmll trtliea of Mcirnrollani'. who n ^iihIjIc ilio Inhiibl- 
 tiliitH (if fenlnil Aula The ehlef uf thcKe arc \\w linns, Lapps and 
 ^aniolii(les, near the Arilie tU'eiin ; the KalniiKks. ninlli uf llu' Caueaims , 
 the Magyars, iu IliinKAry , hhiI the Turks, In Turkey 
 
 W. The Christian religion is embraced by marly all tliose of 
 Caucn,sian orij-iu. It is divided into three j.-real bmlies ; the Pro- 
 leBtaiit, j;eutrally in the cenlie and uuitli-west ; the Kninan Catholic, 
 
 in the .south ; and the (ireek '^Jhurch, in the east and north. The 
 Turks are Mohammedans. 
 
 Honian Catlinlics form nearly lialf the popnhitioii; IVotestants and ilruuks 
 nearly a fuurtli each. Mohammedans and heathens number about 8,000,tX)0; 
 .Iew.s, about 2,000,000. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 58. Europe is very une(in;i y divided 
 into the following sixteen political divisions or sovereign 
 States :— 
 
 Great Britain, Xorwaij and Sweden, Denmark, Ii'i(i<nia, 
 /'riiiisia, Aiixfiia, Germanii, llvUand, Jiehjiuni, France, 
 Swit:erland, S/niin, rorlmja/, Ita/i/, Tnrkeij, and Greeee. 
 
 5!). Russia inmiprises netirly three-fifths of Europe. liiissi;i, 
 France, Austria, and Turkey are called empires , Switzer- 
 land is a republic ; (n'rmaiiy a confederation of siiuiU States. 
 All the other divisions are kingdoms. 
 
 •JO. Various States which formeilyhad an independent existence have 
 been annexed to other States, or incoriiorated under one general ;;overn- 
 iiieiit. Thus Poland, once an important kin);dom in the centre of 
 Ivirope, has been divided bet'.\een Ilassia and I'liis.'-i.i ; Hungary has 
 been annexed to Au.itria: several of the ticrman States have been 
 annexed to Prussia ; and the Slates uf Italy have In en uiiiled umlei 
 une general government. 
 
 1)1. The following table !,ives the area, iiu|iulatiuii, and capitals of 
 I ill.' variuus divisions ; — 
 
 SmIc 
 ul' B'uniro 
 ttliicliar.a 
 
 t'()U»ls, III 
 
 bii^. mites. 
 
 Nil. Ul 
 
 lillUH lilO 
 
 hUe uf 
 N.nii 
 Scutia. 
 
 liiartsii Isi.Ks. ... 
 NoKWAV and I 
 
 ISWF.OKS, ) ■" 
 Dl-.N.M.MOi ' 
 
 KlSSl.A 
 
 Pill SSH 
 
 .\rsTlil X 
 
 Sol rii lilMlM ANY. 
 
 lldl.l.AMi 
 
 liKLUIl 11 
 
 FllANPE 
 
 SWITZKUI.AM).. . . 
 
 Sl'AIN 
 
 I'oliriilAI. 
 
 PrAi.v 
 
 Tl IlKEY 
 
 (IIIEKCR 
 
 :i.-iO 
 
 e,\ 
 
 KIO 
 
 1 
 
 ll.Hi 
 
 IM 
 
 •>- - 
 
 -A 
 
 
 ' 1* 
 
 ■ItIO 
 
 l:l 
 
 1S2 
 
 2 
 
 117 
 
 I 
 
 107 
 
 v 
 
 41.2 
 
 111. 
 
 12.-. 
 
 6 
 .1 
 
 42.'> 
 
 I'i 
 
 l.SS 
 
 1 
 
 ;i;t7 
 
 4fiU 
 
 11.5 
 
 142 
 
 J.'j 
 
 I'up lliiMini. 
 
 211,307.000 
 .'".,4.'.7,00O 
 
 i.noo.iKio 
 
 i^'i. 7:12, 0011 
 t2:l.ooo,(Mio 
 
 :)2,.''>oo,(ioo 
 7,«ll,iioo 
 ;i. 070,000 
 4,7:i2,iKio 
 
 :i7, 47:1, 000 
 2.alo,iioo 
 
 I'l, 700.000 
 
 ll.dOll.OOO 
 
 2.'i,oo0,ooi» 
 
 iri,r)Oo,inMi 
 
 1,34»,0(HJ 
 
 C,.|.,„l-. 
 
 London. 
 
 i <. hri.iti.inia. 
 
 ( Stocklinliu. 
 CupenliaKeii 
 St, I'etcrsburt.'. 
 I'crlin 
 Nii'iiiiu 
 
 .\iiixtiriliiii. 
 
 Iinis,ii!i. 
 
 I'aris. 
 
 ncrii 
 
 IMailriil. 
 
 Lisljiiii 
 
 riiavnce 
 
 Ciinslantiiiiiple. 
 
 Athens. 
 
 • Nt<t Iliilllilh.K llio Dlitlilri Sul>li>>i«l|l. llulnU'lli, mill Ini'i'liliui'i.'. 
 
 I .'.'.. t lntl>iil>M|{iili>iulll,i'(lll,ilUUIIi .Vi.rlllU<,'i'iijaii Htmia lniig.iul .OUi I'liunl.t, tut livl Itilly 
 
 1|K'UI|IUUIU'<I. 
 
 XVI. Towns.- fl2. lOuioiM ntaiiis iniuiy laiue and 
 
 flourishing cities. Eoiidoii surpas.ses every otlur city in tin! 
 worl ! in wealth and coimnerce, and probably in population. 
 Paris, ranking next in size among the cities of Euroiie, is 
 the first in splemlour. 
 
 /l-inni:c)\fi.it (.\. i.ii. 'ly In'., in Norway, is the mo.-t iiuitherly tuvMi 
 in the World. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.- Find the length of the longcbt 
 •lay at Hiuumerfcst. 
 
 
ir^ ^''^ f*';, 
 
 •hi 
 i I 
 
 ; f 
 ( ^ 
 
 8A 
 
 FATROPE. 
 
 XYII. Industries.— (53. The cliiet pursuits in Europe are 
 
 .'ij,'riculturc, inaimfacturint,', mining, fishing, and commerce. 
 
 Aaricultnre is prosecuted with greatest skill in Great Britain, France, 
 Beltiiuin, and Prussia; roanuf.ioturine, in Grfat Jiritain, Fra''.e, 13tl- 
 cium, Prussia, and Switzerland; mining, in Great Britain, Austria, 
 Gerujany, Spain, and Norway and Sweden, i^iie I'.iost commercial 
 countries are Great Britain, France, Holland, Prussia, and Greece. 
 (Jreat Britain lias about one-third the commerce of the whole world. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— (i4. The governments of Europe 
 
 are generallj' hereditary monarchies. The power of the 
 sovereign is more or less limited, either by representative 
 parliaments or hy i)iiblic opinion. The absolute monarchies 
 are therefore less despotic than the native governments of 
 Asia and Africa. 
 
 0,5. (jreat Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria, called the 
 Fire Great Powers, are the leading States of Europe. The kingdom 
 of Italy ranks next in importance. 
 
 I.UNOON. 
 
 THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 fM). The British I.'^Ii'S consist of (imif Ilrlfnin and frcJand, 
 with the nununMis small islamls adjacont. 
 
 It is said ill. It Iho PlKt-nicians vibitcd the British I.',land.'3 many 
 centuries before the Christian era, for the purpose of obtaining tin. 
 biltle, hnwcver, is known of their condition previous to 55 n.c, when 
 I'.ritain woa invaded by the Romans under lulius O-iar. At that 
 early time (he country was covired with forests, and the inhabitants 
 were barbaraus ("eltic tribes, who lived principally by hunting and 
 lishing, clothed tlieniselves in skins, nnd stained their bodies with the 
 juice of herbs. {Sec VoHirr's DrUinh llnitoVji—lutrodHction.) 
 
 (17. Tiio r.ritish Isles are in the northern jiartof the North 
 Temperate Zone, and nearly in the centre of the land henii- 
 sjihere. {See f'hi/sinil (,'eofiriijihi/, !>). The Atlantic Ocean 
 lies on the north and west ; the continent of Europe on the 
 
 east and south, separated by the North Sea, the Strait of 
 Dover, and the English Channel. 
 
 Ireland is separated from Great Britain by St. George's 
 ('hannel, the Irish Sea, and the North Channel. 
 
 The Strait of Dover, at the narrowest part, is 21 miles across. 
 
 OH. The islands have many excellent harbours, and are 
 most favourably situated for commerce. 
 
 The western shores are washed by the Gulf Stream; the prevailing 
 winds are from the south-west ; and the climate is mild anil 
 humid. 
 
 (!!). Great IJritain is the largest European island, and it 
 ranks as the eighth in size among the islands of the world. 
 It ccmiprises two-tliirds the entire area of the British Island.';, 
 or equals a square of 200 miles. 
 
The power of the 
 ;r by representative 
 absolute monarchies 
 ive governments of 
 
 ami Austrin, cfilleil tlie 
 Europe. The kingdom 
 
 th Sea, the Strait of | 
 
 itaiu by St. Geortrc's 
 Channel. 
 
 ,, is 21 miles across, 
 [it harbours, and are 
 
 f Stream; the provailituT 
 e climate is mild ami 
 
 iroiteaii island, and it 
 I islands of the world, 
 of the British Island.s 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
tl lii 
 
; I 
 
m a' 
 
 
 70. ( 
 
 the SOI 
 
 Scoth 
 Hills, a 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
 : j 
 
 
 
 I. Hi 
 
 1 { fdiir cei 
 
 
 feebled 
 
 
 72. I 
 
 breakiii 
 
 tlie Ani, 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 tiueiit L 
 
 i 
 
 kingdon 
 
 
 as the i 
 
 i 
 
 The 13r 
 
 i 
 
 to the mo 
 
 
 73. T 
 
 war witl 
 
 ,i Finally, 
 
 the sain 
 
 land. 
 
 74. E 
 
 foreigiiei 
 
 who we 
 
 
 
 
 
P^NGI.AXn. 
 
 87 
 
 70. Great Britain includi's three countries \—Eiiijland, in 
 the south ; Wales, in the west ; and Scotland, in the north. 
 
 Scotland is separated from England by the Solway Firth, the Cheviot 
 Hills, and the River Tweed. 
 
 The island is about 60S miles in length, and 31" miles in extreme 
 liieadth. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 VOIIK MlN.STUIi. 
 
 I. History. — 71. Britain was a Roman jirovinoo for nearly 
 four centuries. Early in the filth century Rome, now en- 
 feeliled and liasting to its downfall, abandoned the island. 
 
 72. Durinjf the unsettled period which followed the 
 liroaking up of tiie Roman Empire, three German tribes, 
 the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, crossed over from the con- 
 tinent on different occasions, antl established seven small 
 kingdoms in Britain. These kinj;doms are known in history 
 as the Saxon HejHarchy. 
 
 The Britons were dispossesse<l by ttie f?axons. Some of tliem retired 
 to the mountains of Wales, others emigrated to Brittany in France. 
 
 73. The kingdoms of the Heptarcliy were constantly at 
 war with each other, and encroaching on each other's bounds. 
 Finally, in 827, Egbert became the sui)remc monarch. About 
 the Slime time the country was called Kinjland or A ngb's- 
 land. 
 
 74. England was again invaded and subjugated by 
 foreigners iu the year 1()U(3. The Normans from France, 
 who were now the conquerors, did not expel the Anglo- 
 
 Saxons, but settled amongst them. For a few generations 
 the Normans were lords of the land, and tiie Anglo-Saxons 
 were serfs ; then the two races were gradually blended, and 
 all trace of distim-tion was obliterated. 
 
 75. Since the Nornuui Compiest, EnL,Iand has frcciuenfly 
 been laid waste by civil wars, but it has never been con- 
 quered by a foreign army. 
 
 Wales, occupied l>y the Dritona, remained an ind'^pomlent 
 State until 1283, when it was con(iuered by Edward I. ami 
 annexed to England. 
 
 7t). The Tudor Period of English iiistory (1485-1603) is noted f.r 
 tlie great religious movement called llie UefornKition. The Stuait 
 Period (1603-1714), whicii followed, was characterized by struggles 
 between the Kings and Parliaments. In these struggles originated the 
 liritijh Constitution, which more fully than any other secures dignity 
 to the Sovereign and liberty to tiie People. 
 
 77. The (iuelpli Period, from 1714 to the picsent time, is njteil f >r 
 colonial extension. .Most of the colonies iiuw connected with tlie Em- 
 pire were acquired during this period. 
 
 II. Position.— -78. England is between the same parallels 
 as the south of Laliradnr. 
 
 N. lat., i'J' Ji'~ 55' 4.5', lun., 1' 45' E.- 5' 44' W. 
 
 III. Form.— 7!). England and Wales together present tiio 
 rude outline of a triangle. The angtdar points arc the 
 mouth of the Tweed, SiAith Foreland, and Lund's End. 
 
 The northeast >ide measurts 345 miles; the south side, 317; and 
 the uortli-east, 4:25. 
 
 EXERCISE.- Draw the approximate form of England aud Wales, 
 on the scale of 50 miles to the inch. 
 
 IV. Coast.— Sil The coast line is irregular, forming many 
 bays and excellent harbours. 
 
 The total length of coast line is over iOOO miles. 
 
 Hi. The principal Coast 'Waters are— on the cast, the 
 Mouth of the Ihimbi'i; the W'd'^h, Month of the Thanu:^, 
 and the Doivns ; on the south, Spilhead, Sohnf, Tor Baij, 
 Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbour, and Mount's Bay ; 
 (jn the west, BrUtol Channel, Swansea B'lji, t'aermarihen 
 Bay, Milford Haven, St. laides Bay, (Jard'vjan Bay, Caer- 
 narvon Bay, Menai Strait, Mouths of the Dee, Mersey, and 
 Rihhle, Morecambe B"y, and S(,lway Firth. 
 
 82. The chief Capes on the east are l-lamfjonnif/h Head, .■^purn 
 Ilcwi, North Fordand, aiwi Soutli Fonland ; on the south, DuiUje- 
 tii.t.i, Ikachij Ufad, the Xicdks, I'oillund Point, Start 7'oiiit, Lizard 
 Point, and Lund's End; on the west, Hartland Point, Worm's I had, 
 .St. Jktvid'.t lliiid. lirairh ij-l'wU (snull'-w,..st of Caernarvon), Uot>/ 
 Head, Gnat Ormc's JLad, and .St. B^c's ILud. 
 
 83. The principal Islands tire Holy Island, Fame, Coquet. 
 Shcppey, and Thanet, on the east ; Wijht, Scilly hle.% an I 
 
i?l 
 
 88 
 
 PXROrE. 
 
 tlio Ckainii'l /.s7(v, on tlio S(jiith ; Liiiidi/, Ancjlrsi'ij, llohj 
 Head, ^Vahifi/, and hie of J fun, on the west. 
 
 84. rioly Island obtained its name frnm a nmnastery founded on it 
 in t!ie sixth century. {.Ser. Coltier's /Iritinh llisinrti, p. 22.) 
 
 Tlianet is now joined to the mainland. (See Collier's /f Mori/, p. 21.) 
 
 8,5. Wiijlit is a bnautifiil island, separated from Hampshire Isy Spit- 
 head and Solent. Its extreme leti;;th is 23 miles. l)re.idth 14. Xciv 
 Port is the eliief town, near whioli are the ruins of (jarislirook Castle. 
 tSte Collier's llistorti, p. 217.) (Mioriir Iluiiitc. a favourite residence 
 of the Queen, is on the north coast. 
 
 8(i. Tlie Seilly Isles consist of almut 150 islets and rocks, 30 miles 
 from Lanil's Krid. Si-X are inh.iliited. Tiie largest is about 10 miles 
 in circuit. Fisiiinc; and (iMotage are tlio chief occu|iations. 
 
 87. The Channel Ishiiids have been connected with KriLdaml since 
 the time of the Norman (Joiiquest. The chief islands of the pronp 
 are Jemrn, (hnntKeii, Alilrnicii, ni;,! Sail:. .Mderney is 7 miles from 
 I'lance and oii from Kii;:land. Jersey and (niernsey are each about 
 ill miles louK and t3 miles bro.ad. The islands are celebrated for fine 
 fruit, particularly for pears. They I're also noted for the Alderney 
 breed of cattle. The population is Oi.OliO. .S7. ndicr'n, on Jersey, 
 and St. I'ffrr'n Port, on (Jnernsey, are tl'e chief towns. 
 
 85. Anijle-icy (Ani'lcs' Island) was called Mona by the Romans. It 
 is separated from the maiidand by Menai Si'ait, which, in the nar- 
 rowest (lart, is a!. out one third of a ndle broad. The Strait is crossed 
 by tw( bridi;es. a .suspension bridire and a tubular iron bridge, for rail- 
 cars. AnsjleseN : nut 20 miles lunn and 17 in breadth. It contiiins 
 intcrcst'ni; re-,..i; .. 'f the Druids. The copper mines have yielded 
 immense wenbh. jloly Head is joined to Aniilesey by a brid^'O. It 
 is tlie station it( "? steam jiackct to D'lblin, 70 mihs distant. 
 
 89. The Isle of (an is nearly equidistant iVnm Kn^hiiid, Scotland, 
 ami Ireliind. It is 30 miles lotis, and about 10 in breadth. It yields 
 lead, copper, and iron. The inhabitants, nunibcriii)? about 50,000, are 
 of the Celtic race, and are chii tly enpaircd in minim.', tisliing, and nari- 
 cullure. l)ti niliin (10,000-, Ciinlli hnn., and /'(il, are the chief towns. 
 The island has a local ;,'ovcrnmi'nt. 
 
 V. Area. — OO. En{,'Iiind and Wales together aiv rather niiai' 
 lliim tlircc times lai'ger tlian Nova Seotia. ANule.s coniprise.s 
 al)otit oiic-i'inlitli ol tlie wlmle area : 
 
 — C(|ual to a square of 242 miles, 
 The lenuth fioin the mouth of the Tweed to Lizard Point is 420 miIo:i. 
 
 VI. Surface.— !tl. Tlie snrfaee in nioimtaiiioiis iti tlie 
 \ve.st, and level in t!i ■ east. There are tiiree ueiiera! sIopeH, 
 an eastern, ii soiitherti, Jind a western. Tli(> eastera is the 
 longest. On the east, near tlie Wash, are extensive traets 
 below the level of the sea at hi};li water. They are iirotei-fcd 
 liy (likrs, 
 
 !>2. 'J'iie nimintaiiis may he xi'')n|ied a.s the Xortln'in 
 Kinxje, tlio Soii'hfru I'augc, iin I t'"' JfonnlidiiH of' ]\'(ih\H: 
 all on th(! west side. 
 
 The Northern iJanue einhriicea \\\r Cfirrl'if Ililh, hnfweeii 
 Mnjiland am; •iruimnil; the I'lnnim Mi'iiiitiiiii»,\'\WnA\\\'i 
 IVoin the soiilli-west exireniify of the l.'lieviot Hills to tlio 
 !'( iil< (d Ib'rliv ; and the CiDiihrinn .]/i)Hii()tiii.'>, n westerly 
 I'laiieh of the reiiniiie, 
 
 The Sinitliern Kanp' is quite low, eiiiliraeiie,' \\\t' />, rt>in<iii 
 
 Mountains, in Devctn and Cornwall ; the Jfendip, Cotatvold, 
 !>,. ' }[alvern //iUs, tilong the lower course of the Severn. 
 
 The Canihrian .]f<>'n)tains cover a large part of Wales, 
 and take their name from the ancient name of the country. 
 
 03. The hiiihest peak of the Cheviot Hills has an elev.ation of 2f)8S 
 feet; /Imr Fill and Cro.^s FJI, in tlic rennine .Mountains, 2000 feet ; 
 .Verne Pel/, in the Cumbrian, 3220 leet ; and Siioinlon, in the north- 
 west of Wales, 3590 feet. 
 
 EXERCISE.- Mark the mountains on the map of England and Wales. 
 
 VII. Rivers.-!)!. Kiigland i.s well waleivil. Generally, 
 the laigest rivens arc on tiie lono; ea.slern slope. The basins 
 of tiie .southern slope are very short. 
 
 Tlie principal river.s on the ea.st are the '/'//nc, Ti'cx, 
 
 II limber (with its tributaries', the (hine and Trent), the Wel- 
 
 laml, Nni, (Ireat Oime, Yare, Stonr, and Tliann's ; on the 
 
 south, \\w Avon: on the west, the (SVt'e/'H, M'//'', l'sk,Dee, 
 
 .]fi raei/, llililile, and llden. 
 
 The Humber, Thames, (tivat Oiise. anil Severn, are the chief river 
 basins. TIk- Severn and Tliames are each about 220 miles in lennlli. 
 
 VIII. Lakes. - !)•">. The hikes are not numerous or of Itirge 
 sizi'. Ih'rn'enI II nt-'r or Kean'irk Lake, Windermere, and 
 Vlle^ieater, situiited in the Cumbrian Mountains, tire the 
 most important. Tliey tire very bciuitifiil, and are a favourite 
 resort of tourists. 
 
 Wiudermere, 10 miles in length and 1 ndlc in brcadtli, is the laifti'si 
 hike in MnLiland. 
 
 EXERCISE.- Lay down the rivers and lakes on the map of Eng- 
 land and Wales. 
 
 IX. Soil. !)(!. The .soil is generally lertile, and most (^ire- 
 fiilly cultivated. The east and soiith-eiist are best suited to 
 tillage. A lai^'e purtion of the soil is devoted to grazing. 
 
 X.— Climate. 1)7. Knglaml is rein.nL'.bly free from ex- 
 tremes of heat and cold. The winters nro oliort, with but 
 little snow. Cattle are :■' nt to pasture early in March. 
 The summers an; not sutlieiently warm to ripi'ii Indian en ii. 
 The cliniiiti' is very humid, particularly on the wi'st const. 
 
 (>n the West the avcrau'O numlier of rainy day.i in the year is said to 
 be '.'08, nnd the annual depth id' rain 100 inelieH; wliiliit uii the eant 
 llie niiiiiber of rainy days is 105, and the iiiiiiiial depth about 25 iiichcK, 
 
 XI, Minerals. !)s. Knuland and Wales contain ini- 
 ineiise mineial wealth. The ;uost important minerals arr 
 coal, irmi, copper, tin, lead, zinc, and salt. They are oli- 
 taiiii'd chii lly in the nnrlli and west. 
 
 The most important cuil lirhU are in Northumberland, PuiIiriii, 
 Voik, Slalbud, and Snuth Wales. About sivty millinni of Iniin are 
 raised annually 
 
 Copper and tin are luo^t ahnnihiMt in llevoii and ('orii«all ; lead iri 
 llio roitheni ciAintieH, in Deiby, Norlli Wulei*, and Ui n. Iron is 
 ViT,- cenerally ditlused. 
 
 XII. Plants. I)!). Till' native trees include the oak, elm, 
 
iitl 
 
 Jfendip, CoUwohl, 
 
 r of tlie Severn. 
 ije part of Wiilos, 
 ne of tlie country. 
 
 s an elevation of 2t)S3 
 ilountains, 'J'.HIO foot ; 
 loirdon, in llie nortli- 
 
 of England and Wales. 
 
 liered. (Icuerally, 
 slope. The basins 
 
 e tlie 7'i/ue, 7Vp.«, 
 1(1 Treit/), tlie Wcl- 
 l Tliami's ; on tlie 
 III, 1 1'//'') ''*'''. I^''''i 
 
 'vn. arc tlie eliicf liver 
 t -JliO miles ill ieiii^lli. 
 
 nur.erous or of laro;c 
 , Windfrmerr, and 
 Mountiiin.s, are the 
 , and are a favourite 
 
 liivailtli, is tlie iaij.'''sl 
 s oil the map of En^- 
 
 tile, and most eare- 
 it are best suited to 
 voted to i;ra/.inj,'. 
 v.'.bly flee from ex- 
 ire .;liort, with but 
 early in Mareli. 
 ) ripen Indian e >iii. 
 n tlie wi'rtt coast. 
 
 < 111 the year is sniil to 
 'H ; \>iiilHt uii liiu eiiKl 
 ileptli about '2i) iiK'lie^. 
 
 Allies contain im- 
 
 irtant minerals aie 
 
 dt. Tlioy tiro ulj- 
 
 I itiei'liuvl, |)iiiliiiin, 
 
 _V niilllolll of tnllH Mil' 
 
 iiimI Conovall ; leail in 
 , atiil Ui II. Iron Ia 
 
 liide the oak, elm, 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 89 
 
 beech, and yew. Largo tracts are kept in forest by the 
 wealthy as hunting grounds. 
 
 Tlie huraiility of tiie climate is paituMilarlj favourable to the srasses. 
 Wheat, barley, o.ats, potatoes, turnips, and liax, are important pro- 
 'Incts. The fruits are apples, pears, plums, peaches, and walmit-:. 
 Tlie south-we.stern counties are celebrated for fine orchards. Hops 
 :ire extensively cultivated in the southca.st. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— b'o. Tiie most important wild animais 
 
 are the deer, rabbit, and fox. Among the biids are the 
 
 ni,i;htingale and lark. 
 
 Cattle and sheep form a larie jiart of the wealth of the country, 
 (treat care is taken to improve the breeds. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— mi. The population of England and 
 Wales is 2(»,210,0O(). Em^Iand alone has 37-2 iidiabitants to 
 the .s.-piare mile. 
 
 102. The people of England are chielly descendants of the Ainjlo. 
 Saxons and Normans; those of Wales, of the ancient IJritons. They 
 ;ire freiierally well educated, except the lowest classes, who, particu- 
 larly in large cities, are very i'.'nnrant and de^'raded. 
 
 The most celebrated institnlions of leariiiiii; are the L'niversilies of 
 Oxf ird anil (',iinbrid.;e. Tlie fi)riner consists of VJ ■Mlle;;es, the latter 
 of 17. 
 
 10;5. The I]pisco|.al religion is established by law, ami its niinisteis 
 arc paid by the State. The Sovereiitn and Lord tJhaiici'llor must be 
 Protestants, In other respects, all Ohristiaii deiioinination.s have the 
 same privilejies. 
 
 XV. Divisions. Int. Kimland is divided into forty 
 Cutnilic: Wales into twelve 
 
 M'St of till' counties are siibdividi'd int > lliir.ilirih — n, name wliicli 
 is suppo.scd to refer to a hundred hends of familiea, oi ijiinally iiicluikd 
 in the division. York is divided into three UidiiKjn ( Tn/liinii^), 
 
 Kcclcsiastically, the country is divided into two Archbislioprii — 
 I'aiiterhiiry, eoiitainiiii.' twenty Hishi>|iries ; and York, contaiiiiii,^ six 
 liislioprics. 
 
 lii.'t. The following are the counties, with I heir eliief towns : 
 
 MX NoKTIIKliN t UVNTIKS. 
 
 (oiiiilirv Clil.f T 'i>m. 
 
 NoIlTnf.Mni;iil..\Nl> Ne«east|e,101),0(l(l; Tyiieiii..nth, 34,000; Mor 
 
 pftli, 14,01)1), lieiwiek, lo.OOl). 
 
 CiMiiKHi.ANK Carlisle, 21>,oe(i; Whiti haven, Ut,000. 
 
 \Vkstmohki,ani> Appleby, iJiMiO; Kendal, 12,(»t0. 
 
 PiiUUM Durham. 14,001); Sumleilaiid, 80,000; .>s h 
 
 .*<liields, ;i,'i,(IOO; (iaieshead. Ml, 000; .Stock- 
 ton, 10,000; Darlinu'ton, ll.iiOO; llartle- 
 po<d, 12,tiOO, 
 
 VoiiK York, 40.0110; iIull,in»,iXIO; DonoasU<r,lii,OoO; 
 
 Shrlliehl, hH,-,,000; I.reds, 207,000; Drad 
 
 ford, Idli.OiiO; Wakulield, 211,0011; liudiiem- 
 tiild, ;).'),000; Halifax, :i7, 0(10; Hcarlioroukih, 
 
 1■^.000; Wl.ill.y. 12,tMI0, 
 
 LANCAdlllHK l,aiica!tter, 14,000; Pre. ton, 83,000; Ill.i.k 
 
 burn, ti:t,(i(l(l; llurnley, 21,0(10; W'luaii. 
 Bf.oOO; Liverpool, 441,000; WiirriiiKtoii, 
 2t;.O00; Slaley llrid«e, 21,000; Ashlon 
 under Lyne. ;l.'),('00; Maneheslo.'. iCIS.OOi); 
 Salferd, 102,000; Ibiry. M^.OOO; Ohiham, 
 7;i,<K)0; IJolloti, 70,000 ; Uoohdalo, :J0,()(I(). 
 
 KIVK KASTICIIN COl'NTIK.S, 
 Counlifj. Chlc'Townj. 
 
 Lincoln Lincoln, 21,000; Boston, 14.000; Louth, 
 
 11,000; Great (5!rimsl)y, 11,000. 
 
 Norfolk Norwich, 74,000; Yarmouth, uO.OOO; L\iin- 
 
 lle^is, 1!),000. 
 
 Suffolk Fpswich, :!!<,(IOO; Hmv St. Kdmund's, 13,000 ; 
 
 Lowestoft, 7000. 
 
 ESSKX Chelmsford, (JOOO; Co. -hester, 24,000. 
 
 Kknt Maidstone, 2o,(100; Chatliai, . MiJ.tiOO; I!o- 
 
 Chester, 17,000; (Jravesend, M),000 ; Wool 
 wich, .'VJ.OOO; (Jreeuwiidi, l;>i),O0O; Canter- 
 bm-y, 21,000; Dover, 2,".,I100. 
 
 r.KillT SOfTHKUN' COlNTir.S. 
 
 Sl'SsKX.. Chichestei-, 80nO ; llasliiiKs, 2:!,000 ; Pirij^hton, 
 
 7.S.0IMJ. 
 
 Si'RiiKT (iiiildford, SOOO; lii.diinond, 4iliiO. 
 
 ll.\.Ml'siiii;F. Winchester, l.'i,t)0O; Si'Utliampton, 47,OOo ; 
 
 I'Nrtsmonth, U.l.OOO ; Newport, SOOO. 
 
 WlLTSiillii; Salisbury, 12,0(10; Trowbridge. 10,000. 
 
 DoiisKT Doivhesler, 70(M); I'.,ide, P.noO; Wesinoiilh, 
 
 11,0110. 
 SoMEitsKT Hath, r):!,OilO; l)li.l^•euater, 11, ("lO; T.iunt ii, 
 
 ];">,( 101 1, 
 Dkvon Kxetcr, 34,f.00; Plymouth, (13,000; Devon- 
 
 poit, .51,000; Toniuay, SooO ; Harn.^aple. 
 
 11,000. 
 CoiiNW.M.I Si. hes, 7000; Pi-iizaiice, OoOO ; Kalmuiith, 
 
 (KMKi; Trino, 11.000. 
 
 I'di Ii WKsri'.KN COIN rii:s 
 MoXMoFTii .M.'iimouih, (1000; Novipoit, 2:i.0oo. 
 
 llKllFFolin Hereford, l'i,(HIO. 
 
 Sllllol'SiiliiK, or S.\M)l' ..Shrewsbury, 2J,OilO; .Muc|i-\\ enlock, I.h iiiio, 
 
 CllKsiilKK. Chester, 31,000; llirkenliead. 'K^ooo ; ,Si,iok- 
 
 port, .'i.'i.OOO; Maedcstbld, 311,000, 
 
 SKVKNTKK.N .MIDLAND ( ()rNTII> 
 
 Duiinv Del by, 43,000; Helper, lo,ooO; (Jios'.triield, 
 
 10,000. 
 
 NnTTINilllAM Notliimhain, 7"'. Olio ; Newark, l:;,Oiil). 
 
 Sr.U'FuuD . SliitVord, 12,000; .N'eweasiii; • under ■ Lviio. 
 
 13,tHlO; Sloki', 101,0(1(1; Waliall, ;W,(Mlo, 
 
 Lichlield, 700(1; Woivel liani|.lon, I'll, 000; 
 
 llilslon, 24,0011. 
 LkICKSTKU Ijcieusler, ti,'',O00; Lo(l^l,lioioili:li, 1 1,1100, 
 
 Ki.TlMhD Oiikliiim, 300(1, 
 
 WoiiCKSTKli , ,, Worcester, 31,iHli); ividd'tiniiistor, i.'i.ooo; 
 
 Diidle.,, 4,"i.O(iO. 
 Waiiwii'K . .. .Warwick, ll,ooO; Li-aniinutoii, h'l.ooO; Cii\ • 
 
 ei'try, (i,oo(i; lliriiiiimliam, 21i<i,0|iO, 
 
 NnlU .AMI'ToN Njl lilOnplon, 33.0110 ; Pelerborollnh, 12,000. 
 
 HliNTIMiliiiN HioilinX'lon, 4011(1; ,St. Ivkk, 7*100, 
 
 CaMIIHIIkiK ClOllbridKO. 2(1,000; Kly, liOllO. 
 
 U',(irc»;sTKli,, ( I louecler, 10,000, jliistol, l.'I.OOO; Slioiid, 
 
 30,1111(1; I'hi'ltelil.lilll, 40,000, 
 
 OxFoui ()\(oi,|, 'JN, 00(1, K ,,n, 400(1; W CM), Nine k, SOOO, 
 
 lll'i'KiMillAH iliK koiuhuni, looii, A.Wesbiirv, 1:7, ooo. 
 
 llFiiFoiii) Iledford, 13,0011; Luton, 10,000. 
 
 lUiiTKouK, or HkuT'i, ..Ueitforil. 7'"io; Si, Alban'H, «ooo. 
 
 MiM'LKSKX .. Loinliin, 2,H03,(mo ; llienllolil, IMXIO. 
 
 Hkiikxiiiiik Ueudiiig, 20,OIJU; Windsor, 10,000. 
 
90 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 TWKLVK COUNTIES IX WALKS. 
 
 Comities. Chief Towtis. 
 
 Flint Molil, 3000; Hulywell, COOO. 
 
 Dknok;!! Uonbigli, 6000; Wrexham, 700i1. 
 
 C.\kiinaiivl>n Ciiernarvon, 9000; Bangor, 700i). 
 
 An(11.k>k,y Deauraaris, 3000; Holyhead, 6000. 
 
 Mkkionktii Uolgelly, '20uO. 
 
 MoNTOoiiKliY .Montgomery, 1000; Welshpool, 7000. 
 
 (Jahdiijan Canligaii, 4000, 
 
 I'K.MniiOKi;. Pembroke, 15,000; Haverfordwest, 7000. 
 
 Cakilmaktiikn Ciierruarthen, 10,000; Llanelly, 9000. 
 
 Glamorua.n Cardiff, 3-2,000; .Sivimsea, -13,000; Merthyr- 
 
 Tydvil, 84,000. 
 
 Bkkoknock lirecknock, 5000. 
 
 Rahnok New Radnor, 2000. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Mark the couuty lines and the chief towns on the 
 map of England and Wales. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— inc. Tin; cities and towns of Kii^'laiid aio 
 very luiuu'i'oiis, and many of tlicni arc very lar:,'e. Tlioro 
 are twelve wliicli iuive cn'er l()(t,()ii(i inlialiitant.*. 
 
 I(i7. London, the capital of the Dntitsii .Kiii|iin'. i.s .situateil 
 on the Tiiuuies, 40 miles from it.s inmitli. It is tiic wealtiiiest 
 ami moat cummercial city in tiie world. Inchulinf,' Blacii- 
 wall, Chciscii, IvcnNiii^'ton, (Ireeiiwicli, Woohvicli, and otiier 
 suijnrb.^, it occupies an area of over 100 .siinare miles, and con- 
 tains one-seventii tlieiiopnlationof En},dand. (ireenwichcon- 
 tainstlie Koyal Oliservatory from which lonyilnde is reckoneij. 
 
 AmuMn the mii.;i]ili('ent inildie imililings of Li'ndon are St. Paul':! 
 Cathedral, ri.siiig 401 feet tri-m the gruuinl the To«er, founded by 
 • William tin' Ciin(|ii 'lor; Westminster Hi'li ; Westniirinter Abbey; and 
 the Parliainciit Houses. The Tunnel under the Thanie.-t, and the 
 Waterloo and London Uridgea, are remarkable st''uetures. The 
 Zoologieal (lanlens in Regent's Park, the Itotanical Uardens at Kew, 
 mid the Crystal Palaee, aie among the interesting objeets in the neigh- 
 b'liirhood of London. 
 
 108. Liri'i'iiihil, tirar the month of the Mersoy, is the seeond city in 
 |io|)ulatiou and e'lnineree, Its do.k.>( e.steihl nearly Ihe milts along 
 the river. It is the ehief plaee of *nlry for raw cotton, an! of e.siioit 
 for cotton fabrics, Tlio trailo with America is very e.\tensive. 
 
 llrintol, »ith iinpiirtant l^a.^s ami iron I'ouiitlrieM, in the third; and 
 //nil, which can ie.4 un an extensive trails with tiiu [mU on the Rahio 
 ami North ."^^eas, is the fiiirth commercial ciiy. 
 
 109. Next in importance, us commtrcial town.'*, are the following; — 
 S'liithiviii'liiii, the chief packet si itioii fur the Meilitorranean and 
 the Kasl ami West Imlies; ynraitHi', ten miles fiom t';ii^ mouth of 
 thoTynu; '/'>nit>ii"itth M\d .Sltuldn, Siiiultiluitil, t\t ihu mouth of the 
 Wear; li'/iiVcAarni [0\i! last five export eoal) ; HivkiiihmU, on the 
 Mersey, opposite Liverpool ; and /Hmr, on tho Strait of Dover. 
 
 110. /'(iiiniiioiilh is a stronuly ftulifieil town, ainl I ho heail<|imrter.s 
 of lilt) Hrilisli navy, Its harbour is magnilicenl, and its ilocks over 
 1 '20 acres, 
 
 I'lj/moiitk mill Ihi'iiiiiit, neighbouring towns, have an extensive 
 coiiitnoi'ue, niiil form an important naval Nlalion. In Plyi- iiith liny, 
 thriu MiileH from the •liore, U a breakwater a mile in length ; and on 
 u rnck in the moiilli of the bay is tlio I'M lyi<toiie Li;ihtlioU'«e. 
 
 Sill fr lit M i>\\ .Shippey Idaiid, lliulhtini, /ti /il/uril, Wtt'liiirh, and 
 /'iiiilifiki o\\ Milfoitl HiiM'M, arenotid lor their ilo.ky:iids and arsen;iU, 
 
 yuimmidi is e> lebiatcil f<r its lieiriii^ llslieri'^. Yarmouth Roal'< 
 In a olnltered eliuniiel bitween the shore ami extensitu aainl bai.ks 
 parallel with tliu ooaiit, 
 
 111. .UaiH-huki- anil Sul/uni, leparubil by llio Irwell, form tliii 
 
 great centre of the cotton n, uiufaclure.s. The first railway in England 
 was opened in 1330 beiwei u Manchester and Liverpool, 31 miles dis- 
 tant. Preston, Blackbuiv, Dullon, and various other towns in Lanca- 
 shire, are also engaged in die manufacture of cotton goods. 
 
 Lads, IJiwlddd, Hud Ur^fidd, J/ali/a.i; and W'akijidd, are chief 
 ^eats of woollen manuf: jtures. ^tfoiid is the chief centre of cloth 
 manufacture in tho we.-: 'jf England. 
 
 fiu'wiHyZ/UHi excee.s all other places in the world in the manufac- 
 ture of hanlware, i'.cluding tire-arms and all kinds ut metallic goods. 
 
 ,'ihi'ffidd is speci.illy noted for its cutlery. 
 
 112. Ivcaii.'ick, n ar Derweiitwater, is noted for lead pencils; Xor- 
 uMi, for shawls and crapes ; /ji.iiridi, for fanning tools, iron, and soap; 
 Macdcijidd, for silks; Derby, for .silks, hosiery, and lace; XoUinij- 
 ham, for cotton hose and lace; LiiaHtr, for worsted hose; WorcefUr, 
 for gloves and porcelain; /iiddtrmin.^tcr, for cariiets aiul tapestry; 
 Covciitri/, for silks and ribbons ; Xorthumpti^n, for shoes ; O'louccKUr, 
 for pins; Lutuii, IJun.ilable, and .Sf. Alban'.i, fu'straw hats and bonnets. 
 
 .St'iki-upoii-Trint is in the centre of "The Potteries;" W'uCrer- 
 hiiiiiiilim is in the mid.-it of collieries ami foundries. 
 
 113. /kncuk is a walled town, near the mouth of the Twetd. 
 Viirliile is also a boitler town on the Etlen, memorable for its siegeii 
 
 Mor/iitk has the largest cattle market iii the north of England. Vork, 
 oil the Ouse, is an ancient town, and said to be the birth-place of Coii- 
 stantine the Great. York Min.ster, built in the MidiUe Ages, is the 
 linest cathedral in the kingiloin. Liiiroln also has a fine cathedral. 
 
 114. Canti rburii, the seat of the Primate of England, is soineliines 
 calloil the ecclesiastical capital. Its cathedral was the scene td' Thomas 
 a Reeket's murder. 
 
 W'iuchititif was the capital of England in tho time of ihe eaily 
 Saxon kings. 
 
 115. /lalli, a beautiful city, is in the neighbourhood .^f thermal 
 springs, which formeily gave the town great celebrity as a Hatering- 
 place. Jlriiiliti'ii, //antbujn, Vlult< ahum, aiul /.camiicjton are fashion- 
 able watering-places. 
 
 U./7on/ and (,'((;'i';;'i'^/r are the seats of the two great universities, 
 /Ctiii and Ikdfiivd are iiotetl f r their schools. 
 
 llij. Mcrlhyi'-Tydvil, tho largest town in Wales, is of rapiil growth, 
 owing its prosperity to its coal mines and iron works. Sunnsia is the 
 cliief place for copper smc'iing. Ucsiiles tho native ore, large ipian- 
 titles are liro.ight fioiii Austialia aiul Chili. 
 
 (\lii-iiairiiH, II sea-port town, is noted for ils ea>tle, in which 
 Elwanl II. was born, //nhiirdl is an imp-jrlant mining and inr.nii- 
 factuiing tos\ n. It takes its name from the fountain td' St. Winifred. 
 Curdiff M an important port. 
 
 XVII. Industries.- 117, The chief I'lanehes of indnstry 
 arc niiri(iiltiir(>, ininin,!;, miiniifactiiring, and commerce. The 
 greatness of Kiiuiand depends on its me.ritimo jiositioii, 
 mineral wealtii, and tiie energy of ils inhaliiiants. Kiiojiinil 
 exceeds every otlier cotinlry in the wurld in the varii ty ami 
 valiu) of its maniifaetiiies, including' cotton, woollen, silk, 
 leather, and all kinds of metallic ^oodi and earthenware. 
 
 113, Coal may bo rciarded as the ino-t important mineral; for 
 without it steam power could not bo ohlaineil, and hence the luiiiei 
 could not bo w'orkuil, or nmniifacturini^c carried ou suouuinfully, Iho 
 comnierco arl.sei largely out of the inaiiiifa';tiiie.'<, 
 
 1 19. The chief exports are Ihe iniie nils and manufactured produ 'Is, 
 einbiat'ilig cott lis, wo.illins, linens, silks, and metallic gooiN. 
 
 I'liM inoiit impottaiit imports aiu Ibmr, gr.iin, tropical proiliice, and 
 raw mnterial for iimtiufaetureii, as cotton, wool, flux, ami silk. 
 
 rill' trnitu of liieiit llrltiiin kIvck I'mployment to ikbinit ilD.iHM) HJilpi an I 
 aoo.oiio Heaincn Tl e aiinuul t'Upoi t-i iim woilli Hhoiit ♦o.jo.uoo.uisj ; liio 
 linportii, #»&0,00O.ttou. 
 
jt railway in Engiaml 
 verpool, 31 miles dis- 
 )tlior towua iu Lanca- 
 ,011 goods. 
 
 Wakt^fidd, aie cliitf 
 cliiet" centre of clutlj 
 
 arid iu tlie manufac- 
 Js of metallic goods. 
 
 ir lead pencils; Xor- 
 tools, iron, and soap; 
 ', and lace; Xuttimj- 
 stedhose; Wurcefkr, 
 arpets and tapestry ; 
 For shoes ; O'loucciittr, 
 raw liatsand bunnets. 
 Potteries;" Wulccr- 
 ea. 
 
 I of the Tweed, 
 morable for ils sieiies. 
 ii cif Kn^'land. }'ork, 
 he birth-place of Con- 
 ) Middle Ages, is llif 
 IS a fine cathedral. 
 !n;.,'land, is sometimes 
 s the scene of Tiiomas 
 
 ho liiue iif ihe eaily 
 
 )oiirhood •( thermal 
 el)rily as a waterinf;- 
 tmiiiijtoii are fasliiou- 
 
 gieat universities. 
 
 s. is nf rapid ;;roM th, 
 rlis. .>'«■(« /isfii is tho 
 ive fire, large qiian- 
 
 its cavtie, in whirh 
 t niinin'.: and nirjiii- 
 tain (if St. Winifred. 
 
 iirlica of industry 
 I'KiiiiiH'n'c. Till' 
 
 iii'.ritiiiie ]io.sitioii, 
 iiantii. Engliiiiil 
 
 II the variity ainl 
 
 nil, WOdlli'll, .sillv, 
 
 1 cartliciiwiin'. 
 
 taut ininural ; f'>r 
 an I henci' the ininei 
 II -.iiri.'ehst'iilly. lln) 
 
 iiiil'aotured produ;lK, 
 tallic KOodK, 
 ii'pical prodiii'i', and 
 i\, and hilk. 
 
 iH.Ilt ilD.OIHI »lll|") :tM I 
 
 lilt #i)Oii,uuo,uw J tint 
 
 SCOT LAND. 
 
 91 
 
 /f 
 
 
 'ii'J--*-!:- 
 
 i:|iiNiu 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 I. History.- 12(». Si'otlaihl. or North liiitaiii, was :iii- 
 riv..,i,Y callt'd ('(iliddiiiii, ami soiiictiiiirrt A/fn/n. 
 
 Toward.s tlii' end of the Konuin jiowor in IJritaiii, Scotland 
 was inliahited liy two CVltic tribes called the /^c^s and .*^co^j<. 
 The latter arc said to have crossed over from the north of 
 Ireland. In 8i;i, the I'icts and Scots were tmited into one 
 nation under Kenneth MacAIpiu ; and in tlie eleventh een- 
 t'..'y the country was called Sriilhiinl, (.SVe Coltiers Uritixh 
 llkiorij, p. 39.) 
 
 121. For niftny centuries Scotland and Kngiand wnv almost con- 
 slantly at war, and the inhabitants of tlie border lerritoricH lived in 
 llic greali'Ht insecurity. 
 
 In I'lOJi, .lames VI. of Scotland, being the nearest male heir of the 
 Tiidnrs, became King of Mngland. The two coiintrieH, however, con- 
 limied as dintinct kingdni is until 17<'7. when, by mntiial agreement. 
 Ihey were iiniled into one Ulate, under the name of (Jreat lliilain, with 
 a eiiiiinion railiameiil. 
 
 IT. Position. - Ml. Hootlaiidislietwoeii tiic»aine|mrnllel.s 
 
 as the north of Labrador. 
 
 N. Iftt. 54° aS'-CS" 4(1'; W. hm, 1' 4fi'--r 13'. 
 
 III. Form. — 123. The outline is vry irrejjidar. Deeji 
 indentations of the sou divide the country into three jionin- 
 
 Killl. 
 
 Milas. There iii'i' also srvi'val small iiriiiiisiilas nn tlie W( st 
 side. ( 'aiitii'i' aiiin'iiarlirs wiiliiii |:! nuli's nf the coast nl 
 Irflaiid. 
 
 IV. Coast.- 1-Jl. ( h\ iiu to tlic idiky ami I'lrvated cliar- 
 acter of tlie slmrfs, many of the coast watris arc of litth; 
 rommercial vaiin'. 
 
 Tiic child' Waters are nn the nnrlh. /'' nlhiml Fnlli .■ mi 
 the ea.st, l>'niiiiili Fnlh, ('KiMnii;/ Fiii/i, .Umv// Firtfi, 
 Filth oj'Taif, and Firth (>/ Fmth ; on the south, Sn/wni/ 
 Filth, l\'i<it<iii //'»//, and /.nr- /In//; on the west, Firth of j 
 Clihli', LniJi Liiti'j, L'lih Fiiii<\,X\w SdiiiiiI nf Killinnnuin, 
 luldj), .hint, and Mull, l.nh l.iinihi, l.xh Ftir>\ .^■iiinrf of j 
 Sfnit, l.iirh 7'iirrii/ini, l.urli Itrmnn, tiic .\/iiirh, and tho 
 A/V/A Miiirh. i 
 
 TJ.' The Kiiihs ol Korih and I'l^lc are nf the greatest service to 
 C'linnicice. Tin y fue connected by a (final '\H miles in length. Moray 
 
 l''iitli and Loch Liniilie ar nni'ied by the Caledonian Canal. Sub 
 
 way Kirth in very >liillii»', iml a large poiiiun of il i>< h I'l nncovvreil , 
 alebblile. I 
 
 rj(). Tlieehiif Capo* arc oti the north, ('ii/i,- W'lnlli, /iiiiiint //iml, | 
 and Itiniciiiiii'iti limit; nil the <'a»t, T'liliit Xcnn, Kiiiiininl I/nirl, | 
 Jlitrhnn-Xii>», /■'I'/r.Vi.M, itnd >/. /iW/'o llrtnl ; on the smith, Sniillirr- I 
 AVm. Iturrnir Hunt, and the .t/n// "f Uolliiinui : on the wimI, Mull itf 
 t'ltiitii'r, Afiliiiiiiiiiri'liiin I'niul, and llie l\iill nf Lmii. i 
 
 l:J7. The itrineipal Islands are the (hiiiiif.i and Shi-tlnud \ 
 liilnmh on the north ; and the /Jrhriile^ on tliu west. I 
 
92 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 jti 
 
 128. The Orkneys and Shetlands were ceded to Scotland by Den- 
 iii;uk in 1468. 
 
 The Orkneys, sejiarated from Scotland by I'entland Firth, from 
 T) to 8 inilos broad, consist of about 50 islands, 27 of which are in- 
 l..ibited. f'omoiia or Mainland, and //o.v, are the largest. The 
 islands are destitute of trees. Oats and ve;;etal)les are raised ; caltlo 
 and sheep are reared ; and the fisheries are imporlanl. Kirkitall and 
 atrumiienn, on I'oniona, are the chief |ilaces. "The Old Man uf Iloy " 
 is a hijjh rock on the Island of Hoy. 
 
 The Shetlands, 50 miles north cf the Orkneys, number over 100 
 islands, of which 30 are inhabited, and ntliers aliord pasturage. 
 .\faiiilaiiil, i'lll, and Ciist are the larfiest. The islands are noted for 
 their ponies, b'ishinj: and tlie manufacture of woulluns are the chief 
 liursuits. Lcrnirk, ou Mainland, is the principal jilacc. 
 
 129. The Helirides were once subject to Denmark, and afterwards 
 to chieftains called "Lords of the Isles." They are about 500 in 
 number, of which over 100 are inhabited. The coast line is exceed- 
 ingly irre^'ular. The Hebrides are divided by the Little Minch into 
 the Inner Uibridcn and Oiilei- llihridis. 
 
 The iiincr (.'roup lies close to the west coast of Scotland. The prin- 
 cipal are Skiic, M miles Ion.', Midi, .hire, fs/aii, Arran, nud JUiU: 
 ."Several (d' the isianils present m.-ii^Mificent scenery. S/itffa, a small 
 island west of liute, is remarkable for its basaltic eolumu.s and for 
 
 IIN(IA1,'H CAVK, 
 
 KUi^uI'm Cave, /unit contains the ruins of a nionnNtcry, a Kcat of 
 lcariiin« and ruliKion in the dark iit;cs. /'.''.'/.'/ is famous for the 
 t'ave of TranccH, in which nil the Inhabitants of the islaml were 
 smoked to death by a hostile clan. {Sir •^Utilln 'J'nle.i (i/ it (limid- 
 JiUhcr.) 
 
 The outer Ki'oup coin|iriNes Ltwit, Xurlli Vifi, JUnbfciila, Soulli 
 lU»t, and lliinv. They are separated by narrow |)iiHHa«eH, and extend 
 in a line uf about I'jo miles in len^^th. 
 
 EXERCISE. -Trace the coast lino of Scotland, innikinK the iiileti. 
 capes, aiid islandii. 
 
 V. Area.— lUO. luiluilinK tiio iMlaticUi nn tlio const, wliirli 
 
 comprise one-cightli of tlie whole area, Scotland is about 
 
 twice the size of the I'euiiisula of Nova Scotia; 
 
 — ecpuil to a square of 177 miles. 
 Length, 27(.> miles ; breadth, from 30 to 175 miles. 
 
 VI. Surface.- 131. Scotland is a uioiiiitaiiions country. 
 It is ii.siially divided into two re>,doiis ;— tlie Jliij/dands, in 
 the north and west ; and the Lowhtiuls, iu the south and 
 east. A plain call('(l StrntlimDrc, or "the great valley," ex- 
 tcndiiiu' acro.-is the country iiurtli-easterly from the estuary 
 of the Clyde, t'ornis the northern limit of the Lowlands. 
 
 Tiie i;i"iei'al .slope of the country is easterly. The basin of 
 the Clyde ha.s a westerly .slope : and a small section in the 
 .south lias a .soutiicrly slo|)c, toward Solway Firtii. 
 
 132. The mountain ranges generally extend across the 
 country south-west and north-east. The lijojilands are 
 nioi,red and wild, and are oftrn penetrated by deep glens. 
 They :ire divided into two .sections, .separated by <ilenmore, 
 or '• the great gden," wliicli stretches acro.ss the country from 
 Loch Liiinhe to .Moray Firth. 
 
 Vi'i. North of (ilcnmore, arc the XudherK Ili;ihlini(h, which form 
 a rugged plateau ; on the south .ue the (i raiiijiMiin, the hiyhett 
 mountains in the liritish l^lalllls. 
 
 In the south of Scotland arc tin' chrint, I.nirilur, /.mnincrmonv, 
 and lUntr.tiid /liH.i. 
 
 Hen Nevis, in the lirahiplaiis. tlic lil^Oiesl peak In the Itritisli Isles, )uka «n 
 elevation of 41(iii feet; lien .Miudlini, 4:!!)ii; iiiirn dorm, 401)0; l!un Lomond, 
 ;il!i-_>; lieu Allow, ill the Nortliein lliu'lilands. 4ooo; mill Hen Wyvis, 342^. 
 
 'I'lie snow line lias ,ui elevation ni .ilioiit ,"iooo feet. 
 
 VII. Rivers.- Ii'.l. Willi llif exception id the Clyde, 
 
 which Hows westerly, the principal rivers arc on the eastern 
 
 slope. The largest rivers are the Tn'ml, Fmlli, 'J'nif. /Ar, 
 
 l>(>ii, ^'pi;'/, and I'hjili'. 
 
 The Tay, 130 miles in lencth, is the lonncsl .•itreani, liu., the most 
 e.vtensive basin, and is noted for the rajiidity of its current. The 
 Clyde, noted for the 8hi[i building alon^' its banks, is about 100 miles 
 in letiKtli. Owing to the uiiev(;nne«.s of the country, must of the rivers 
 are nnnavinablc. 
 
 VIII. Lakes. 13;"). Small lakes, called /oc/m, are veiy numerous, 
 particularly in the lli;.diland regions. They are generally ni niouu- 
 tain glens, bordered by high dills, which inve^it them with beauty and 
 grandeur. The piincip.il arc l.iimnnd. hutrine, F.arn, l.cvcii, Aar, 
 Tail, Uaiiiiiirli, Kfirlit. Xm.i, /.kcIi/i, Ma rev Mn\ Shin. 
 
 I.iicli l.oniiiMil, 'il mile!* long, with hm area of about 40 aiiuuru miles, is the 
 larKeiit iHkuJn llriliiin, 
 
 EXERCISE. Lay down the mouutaius, rivers, and lakes on the 
 map of Scotland. 
 
 IX. Soil. i;i(!. Only tibout one-fourth of Scotland is 
 Hiiital)le for cultivation. The Lowlands in tlie south-cnst 
 are fertile and ugrieiiltiire is in u veiy jidvanccd condition. 
 The Highlands afford line pastuiage. 
 
 X. Climate.— 137. Tiie climate in the south-euBt is similar 
 to tiiiit of Enghind ; the Highland region is colder and moro 
 liuiuid. 
 
Scotland is ubout 
 jotia : 
 
 gs. ■ 
 
 ilea. 
 
 lutaiiums country, 
 the Jllijhlands, in 
 in tlio south and 
 ; great valley," ex- 
 f from the estuary 
 the Lowlands. 
 L'rly. The basin of 
 ;iall sectiim in tlie 
 ay Firtli. 
 
 extend across the 
 he lli.Lshlands are 
 ted by deep glens, 
 ated by Glenmore, 
 js tlie country from 
 
 ti'lhhtiiil.i, wliicli fiiiMii 
 aiojiiiiii.'i, tlie liighest 
 
 iiirllicr, l.iuniiici'immv, 
 
 tliL! Ilritisli Isk'S, Ima an 
 il'lii. 4(i'.M>; lieu l.oiiiiinil, 
 i; mill Hell Wyvis, Mtl. 
 
 inn III the Clyde, 
 
 [ire on the eastern 
 
 7, /'-/■///, Tail. Mr, 
 
 atroiuii, liii.i tlie niddt 
 
 (if its cunoiit. The 
 
 iks, is about 100 miles 
 
 ilry, iiiual of tlie rivers 
 
 s, arc very iiuiiu'rous, 
 le Koiieiully iii iiiouu- 
 iheiii with beauty iiiul 
 C F.arii, l.cvcii, Aur, 
 I SUin. 
 lit 41) !iiinuru nilleii, U tliu 
 
 ers, iiud lakes ou the 
 
 th of Scotland is 
 
 H in the Houtli-oast 
 
 dvanced condition. 
 
 south-east is similar 
 is colder and moru 
 
 KH IT LAND. 
 
 03 
 
 XI. Minerals.- i;^S. The chief minerals are coal, iron, 
 
 lead, slate, and <;ranite. 
 
 The conl fields occujiy the whole breuilth of the country between 
 Fife Ness and the Firth of Clyde. Iron is iibiiiidant iu the siiiiie 
 region. Lead is obtained from the Lo'vther Hills. 
 
 XII. Plants.— i:}!). The Highlands contain natural 
 forests of pine, birch, oak, and ash. During the present 
 century extensive forests of larches and other trees have been 
 planted on the southern slopes of the Gramiiians. 
 
 Wheat, barley, and oats are cultivated iu the Lowlands. 
 Wheat -will not ripen in the Ilighland.s, which arc ehieliy 
 ilevotcd to pasturage. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— 1^0. The deer of the Ili^'hland forests are the 
 most imimrtant wild animals. Sheep and eattie are exten.'jively 
 reared. 
 
 Xn". Inhabitants.— 141. The population in LSOl Mas 
 3.nG2,000, making about loo to the square mile. 
 
 In the IIi;.dilanils, the iioojile are mostly of the (\'ltif race, and speak 
 • taidic; in the Lowlands, they are of Saxon and Scandinavia i jii^in. 
 I'rcsbyterianism is the ]iievailinj,' religion. 
 
 The ScoU'h are industrious, brave, and intelligent. Mai.y eniigiato 
 to the Hritish colonies and the United States, where they utually aeiiuire 
 a large share t.f I'lnsperity. 
 
 Scotland has fi'ii. univeisities— /.'(/(/(/ycr////, (lliitt;iiiii\ AUvdait, and 
 .*•/. .1 iKlrcii's. 
 
 XV. Divisions. -1 42. Scotland is dividid into thirtythree 
 
 i'liitutu'i^, which are .subdivided into I'ari^liK. 
 
 Cromarty County consists of ten small del ache 1 portions, ehieliy in 
 ti,^ northern part of Ross. This .^inguLir arranLienieiit is said to have 
 oiiginalcd uith an Farl of t!romarty, who owned the.^e territories, and 
 wished to have them all grouped together, 
 
 KOIUTKKX .SOUI'IIKHX rot'\Tli;^<. 
 
 Cl'lltlOrl, Cliii'TTovtil. 
 
 LiNi.iTiitiow. or Wkst),. ,.,, ,,,,,,, 
 
 , > Linlithgow, ■1000. 
 
 Lothian j " ' 
 
 KiUNiieitoii, or iM id- t Edinburgh, 108,000; Leilh, 31,000 ; .Mas- 
 
 Lothian / selburgli, 7000; Dalkeith. 
 
 II.MHiINdro.N, or KaST 1 „ ,,• , ,f,r,n n 1 ii , 
 
 , > Hixhliiigton, ■1000; Dunbar; riistoniiars. 
 
 Lothian J f . > i 
 
 Hkkwiok (Jrccnhuv, Duiise, Coldstream. 
 
 Hoxnuiuill iledhiirgh; Hawick, 8000; Kelso. 
 
 SKI.KIHK Selkirk, 4000; Ualashiils. 
 
 I'KKiaKS Peebles, 2000. 
 
 Lanaiik Lanark; (llasgnw, nii.l.OOO ; Kutherglen ; 
 
 Airdric, );i,(iOO ; Hamillvii. 
 
 iM'MriiiKM Dumfries, 14,iieo ; Annan, 
 
 K liiKei'liiiHKiMT Kirkcudbright, HOOO ; Casllo- Douglas, 
 
 Wkiton Wigton ; Stranraer, tieeo. 
 
 AvH Ayr, IH.OOO; Irvine, "000; Kilinarnoek, 
 
 23,000; (HrvuM. 
 Hkntukw Renfrew; rortHlasgow ; (Iremnck, t'J,O00; 
 
 i'.iisley, 47,000; I'olluckolunvs. 
 HuTK Rothcuny, "000. 
 
 .NINK MIKIM.K, ColNriKS, 
 
 Fin Cii|iar, fiOdO; St, Andrewn, .MieO; Kiikcaldy, 
 
 WOO; Dunfermline, SOOO. 
 
 Cwiiitie!. CliiorTumi!. 
 
 Kinross Kinross, 2000. 
 
 (Jlackmannan Clackmannan; All' a, 6000. 
 
 .Stikliso Stirling, 10,000; Falkirk, fiOdO; Bannoek- 
 
 burn ; Kilsyth ; (yarroti. 
 
 Dcmdarto.n ' 'ubarton, (JouO; Kirkinlill-.ich, 0000. 
 
 Arqyi.k in vera ry ; Cmipbcllown, (JOOO; Dnnoun. 
 
 Pkuth Perth, 14,000; CrielV; Dunkeld; Dunblane; 
 
 DIairgowrie. 
 FuRFAR Forfar, I'OOO ; Dundee, 'lO.OOO ; Arbroalh, 
 
 18,000; Montrose, 15,000; liiechin. 
 Ki.nc;ari>i.ni: Stonehaven. 
 
 TKN N(il!Tlli:i;N fOVNTIKS. 
 
 AiiEUliEKN Aberdeen, '4,000; Peterhead, 8000. 
 
 IIankk Itanff, 7000; Keith. 
 
 Moray or Kloin KIgiu, 8000 ; Forres, 40OO. 
 
 Nairn Nairn, aOeO. 
 
 Invi.rness Inverness, 12,000. 
 
 Ro-s Dingwall, 2OU0 ; Tain, 
 
 C <oMARTy Cromarty, 2000; Stornoway (Lewis Island). 
 
 iiCTiiKRLANi) Dornoch. 
 
 Caithness Wick, SOnO ; Thurso, 3000. 
 
 Orkney and Shkti.anh.,,. Kirkwall, 4000; Lerwick, 3000. 
 
 EXERCISE. -Mark the county lines and chief towns ou the map 
 of Scotland. 
 
 XVI. Towns.- 1 i;i. Kdinlmrgh, the capital of Scotland, 
 mar the Firth of Forth, is an old city, and one of the nui.st 
 beautiful iu Euriipe. It is built on two ridges running east 
 and west, separated by a deep hollow. The Old Town 
 occupies the southern ridge; the New Town, the northern. 
 
 F.iUnhiiri''i is the seat of u distinguished university, and has several 
 lirst class publishing IijUsck. It is the place where the representative 
 peers for Scotland are elected, and where the general ecchsiaslical 
 iisscinlilies are held. The most iinlcd buildiu'js are the C.istle, on a 
 precipitous r^ek 437 leet high; and Holy rood House, the palace of the 
 Scottish Si>veiei,i;ns. 
 
 The trade of ivlinburgh is carried "ii through l.iitli, '2 miles distant. 
 
 144. O'luKi/dW, on the Clyde, is the largest city in Scotland, and the 
 lirst iu manufactures and commerce, ranking next to .Manchester and 
 Liverpool. It has a line (ioihic catlieilral ;iiid a univeisiiy, 
 
 Uftcmirk, on the Firth of Clyde, is the principal port in the west. 
 It is extensively engaL'ed in ship building, siigar-relining, and tra'le 
 with America. J'uit U/o ijuw also has eonsiileiablo foreign tiadc. 
 
 I'ai.il( II, an old town, is celebrated fir its extensive manufactures, 
 embracing shawls, f.iiicy goods, and thread. J/iti/i/iiii/ton has ii lar'.;u 
 (irair .narket. Iniuliiir and l'vt»loii)nins are noted for liatlles. (.Sit' 
 O'lHif's ilriti.ili tlinlviy, pp. 221, 281.) J/itwich, Silkirk; uml O'dhi- 
 uliiil.i have inipoitant woollen manufactures. 
 
 .]fi/r(i.<i coiil.iins the ruins of an anciciit abbey ; and 3 miles distant 
 is .llifiiili>fiii'<l, once the resiib^nce of Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Iiii)iifri(.t, the buiialplace ot the |oit Hums, has a large catllo 
 niaiket •(,'/»' ii an important seaport. Jii I mar if irk in noted lor 
 carpets. Itnllii.iini, on the iNlaiid of llute, is » favourilo waterilig'pluce. 
 
 Hf). St, Aiiiiniin \»lUe seat of tho oldest university in Scotland. 
 Diiiifi rmliiic is noted for linen manufactures. Allnu hiiH extensive 
 breweries. Sliiliini is noted for its castle. Two miles south is 
 liaiiiiiK'kliiirn w here a great battle was fought, h'ulkirk lias extensive 
 iron works and great cattle fcirs, Ihiiiilnirltiii has .in aneieiit castle. 
 I'tifh is a beautiful city, niid was furmeiiy the capital of Scotland. 
 S^'oiie Palace was the ri.yal regldetice. The famous stono on which tho 
 king sat durinii the oorenmion is now in WcBiiuinslcr Abbey. 
 
 m 
 
 ii 
 
 14 
 
94 
 
 p:uuorE. 
 
 Dundee, tlu' tliirii in size aiiinnc; the towns of Scotland, is an imi'iirt- 
 ant sca-iinrt, and a groat centre of coarse linen manufactures. Arbroath 
 and Montrose are important manufacturing and commercial towns, 
 
 146. Aherdctn, a l]and>oiiie granite town at the mouth of tlic Dee, 
 carries on extensive shipluiilding, manufacturing, and commerce. In 
 t!ie interior is lia'moral, the Queen's Iiiglilan<l residence. Pttcrkcdil 
 is largely engaged in the whale and herring fisheries, and exports vast 
 (piantities of granite. Khjin has ruins of an ancient (Toliiic cathedral. 
 JiiVfrncsg, sometimes called the capital of tiie Northern lli-.'hlandi-, is 
 an old town at the entrance I'f the Caledonian Canal. In its neighhour- 
 li'iod is Cutli.dcn Munr, where the Pretender was defe.ated in 1746. 
 Wick is extensively engaged in the herring fisheries. 
 
 XVII. Industries.— 147. Pastoral Imsbaiidry, agri ire, 
 milling, inauufacturing, sliip-buildiiig, commerce, and hsLiiig 
 are tlie chief i)ursiiits. 
 
 Immense nurahers of cattle and sheep are sent to the English 
 markets. The manufactures embrace cottons, woollens, linens, and 
 hardware. Ship-building is an important business on the banks of the 
 Clyde and other places. The exports and imports are similar to those 
 of Kngland. The fisheries are of great importance, especially the 
 salmon fisheries of the rivers, and the herring fisheries on the northern 
 Coasts. 
 
 ■ I HI. IN. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 I. History. — 14S. The Critic name for thi.s issiand \va.s 
 ]'rin, from vliich the names Icnu' and IrvJand iiave jiro- 
 lialilv been derived. Tlic Ii'inians called it llilirmia. 
 
 The island also, for a time, bore the name of Scotia or Scolhind, 
 which was afterwards transferred to the nnrllurn ]iait of Uritain. 
 
 ('Iiristianity was iiitroiluccd in the fifdi century, and for a long 
 )ieriod during; the dark itges, irehind nivs distinguished for itb 
 lilernlure. 
 
 1 l!i III the twelfth century, Irebind was the seat of 
 Bcveral jietty kin'.'doMH, v/liose diBcords resiilled in the lows 
 of iiide|icnd(>nce to the island. It \va.'< annexed to Kngland 
 liy Hi'iiry II. in 1172. The Irish |iarliaiiieiit was uholishei] 
 ill IbOl, and England, Scotland, and Ireland, with a common 
 
 liarliaiiient, were designated The CiiitiJ Kiiif/dom ofGriat 
 livitiun and Ii(/(IihI. 
 
 Irish barons at various times resisted the authority of the Knglish. 
 In consecpience of rebellion, large estates in the Province of Ulster 
 were confiscated in the reign of James I., and bestowed on Knglish 
 and Scottish colonists. {See Collier's Jirilish Jlisturii, pp. 7.1, ll'l, 
 'Jit,-), 213, 221), 207, 209, 312, 324.) 
 
 II. Position.— 150. Ireland is a little north of east from 
 Newfoiindhiiiil, with which it is connected liy Bulmiarinc 
 telcgrajih. 
 
 N. lat, f.r 26'-C.T 21'; W. Ion. f/' 26'-10° 28'. 
 
 III. Form.— I T) 1 . Ireland is elliptical in its general form. 
 
 The length, from Fair Head to Mizcn Head, is over 30U miles; the 
 tirutitest breadth is about 180 miles. 
 
^ I ' 
 
 baudry, agri no, 
 nnierce, and hsliiiij,' 
 
 sent to tlie Enirlish 
 , woollens, linens, and 
 ess on the banks of the 
 irts are similar to those 
 ortance, especially the 
 islieries on the northern 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 
 (/ Kingdom ofOnat 
 
 uithority of the KiiKlish. 
 
 tlio rroviiici' of I'lstor 
 
 unl ln'sloweil on Kut-'lish 
 
 sk llistorii, \>\K 7.1, lyi, 
 
 Ic iiiivth of oast from 
 iR'cti'd l),v Biiluuariiu- 
 
 al in its general furni. 
 il, is over 300 iiiile-H; the 
 
 IV. Coast.— 15:2. Tiic eastern coast is generally low, and 
 navigation is ob-structed by sand-l>anks ; the other sides, 
 deeply indented with bays and iine harbours, are roeky 
 ami Ijold. 
 
 The total leiigtn of coast -Hue i.s ahout 2200 miles. 
 
 153. The Giant's Causeway, on the north, is tiie most remarkable 
 f'alure of the coast. It consists of many thuusanils of closely con- 
 nected basaltic columns, or natural pillars of volcanic rock, risini; out 
 of the sea, resembling, at a diatai'je, human architecture. It forms a 
 
 UIANT S ( Al SKWAV. 
 
 platform, or pier, TOO feet in lent;ili, y.'iO in bivadth, and uO in extreme 
 hoiislit, exleniling from tiie base of a clilf 400 tVet high. Acoonling to 
 Irish legend, this natural wonder was the wiuk of giants who wished 
 to make a road to Scotland. 
 
 \:,,. Tlie prineijial Coast Waters are : — 
 
 On the north, Loinjhs Swil/y and Fni/le : 
 
 Ou the cast, Be/fust Lnin/h, Stvamj/ord L'niijh, Dnihhum 
 ll'ti/, Carliiii/fonf Luitij/i, DniKJalk Iltif, DnhUn lUnj, and 
 W't^xford llaibdUi' : 
 
 On the south, Watfi/ord, DuH'jtirrmi. Vnu'jlia/I, Cork, 
 and Kinmle I/itrbours : 
 
 On tlie west, Dmninnin.i, Ihintrii, K")im<tn\ IHiKjlf, and 
 
 Tralee Bnii^, Mutilli of the Sh<iniion, (Idhvan, (.'lew, and 
 
 lUacksod Bai/s, Broad Ilixccn. Ki/hilii, .S'/iV/o, and Duinyal 
 
 H'tifs, 
 
 Ifii"). The chief Capes are : — 
 
 On the north, IUkhIii Fhi'iUduI, Mii>hi II, ml, and l-''iif I/nul ,■ 
 On the east, l/oiiilt Iliad and Wicklow llnid : 
 On the south, Cariisove Point, CafK Clear, and Mirtii //mo/ ; 
 On the west. Crow, l)iunin<rf, Kerrji, Loop, >/.«iif, .Uliil, and 
 Krria lltud. and llii.ii«tn I'oiiil. 
 
 ICO, The IslaudB are Sorth Arran, Tor;/, and Hnlldin, on tlie 
 north; Cape Char Islaud, on the Houtli ; VahnUa, lllusktl, SoutK 
 1-ilcn of Arnni, Clare, atul Avhil, on the west, 
 
 V. Area.- - 1 .")7, Ireland is abnuf twice as large a.s the 
 I'euiusula ol' Nova Scotia : 
 
 — equal til a M|uaie of ISO mile*. 
 
 VI. Surface.— 156. Tiie surface is generally low, consist- 
 ing of an extensive central jilain, hordered by isolated 
 mountain masses near the cotists. There are two iirineipal 
 slopes — the northern and the southern. The hitter embraces 
 over two-thirds the whole area. 
 
 150. In the north are the Dmieijal Moini(atii;<, Carntogher, 
 and Muuntains uf Anlrini; in the east, the Jfniirne and 
 Wid/ow Mounfuiii.i. In the sotith-west are ^[<l<Ji/^cuddl/ 
 /ueh and several other iiarullel ranges, Ix'tween which the 
 ocean peiietrates in det>i) bays. In the west are the jVep/tiu 
 lieff, CrtKKjh Patrick, MitHrta, Couitentara, and Twelve I'tns. 
 
 The mountains of Ireland vary in height from li'iUO to 3()00 feet. 
 The highest summit is Curn-tual, 3104 feet, in .MaglUicuddy lleeks. 
 
 100. A large porliim across the midillo of Ireland, estimated at 
 one-seveiitli the whole area, ?vii.sists of bogs. The lUxj of AHfii is the 
 most extensive. Many it \ii>- !"i-i are covered fioni 2U to 25 feet, or 
 even to greater depths, with pi-al formed of decayed and eom|iies-ied 
 mosses and other vegetable matter. IVat, when eut and drieil in the 
 heat of summer, is extensively used as luel. Trunks uf oak, yew, 
 pine, and other trees, iu good preservation, are found imbedded among 
 the peat. 
 
 VII. Rivers— lOl. M;uiy <if the river.s, tlowing over a 
 level cotintry, are navig,'iblt> throughout a large part of their 
 cour.se. Tlicy often rxp:inil into lakes. 
 
 The principal rivers on the northern slope are the fhne, 
 I'liijli', /hnni. Awd Lnijijiiii ; on the southern slope, the S/mu- 
 noil, Ilnndoii, L<e, llhtek irate r, Su'tr, Barrow, and >i(aiiei/. 
 On the east are the LiJ);/ ami Jloi/ue. 
 
 The Shannon, 250 miles long, is much the l.irgest river. It is 
 naviiable to Lough Allen, ab.iut 2U0 miles. It is also counected by 
 Ciinals with Dublin Uay. 
 
 V u. Lakes. — 1'!2. Lakes, called /<ai<//is, are numerous. 
 Tlie iirineiiial arc h'riie and Xear/h, in the north ; Allen, liee, 
 and Denj, expansions of the Slianiion ; and tla; Lahe-'i of 
 A'i/larin I/, ill tiie soulh-wcfst. 1'lie hike coasts are generally 
 low, excepting those of Killarncy. 
 
 Lough Neagli, with an area of 150 square miles, is tne largest lake 
 in the ISritish Isles. Its water.s contain mineral .siib.it.mces which 
 give them petrifying ((ualities. 
 
 The Lakes nt' Killarney, thivo in numbir, upper, middle, and 
 lower, in the nei.;libouihood id' the lolty height of Caru-lual, are 
 eelebrati'd lor their pielure.--iiiie beauty. 
 
 IX. Soil.— 1(1.'5. The soil in generally fertile, but not ho 
 skilfully cultivated as in laigland and Scotland. A largo 
 part of the country is owned by landlords who re^ido in 
 England. 
 
 X. Cliiuato. Ici. The cliniafc is nealthful, remarliably 
 ti'iiiperale. and liumid. Tin' pre^alellt winds are westerly. 
 
 XI. MiucraU.— 1C5. Ireland i.s not so rieh in minerfds ii.s lirit.iin. 
 C 'al ocenrs, but is not plentiful. Iron, w hioh is more abundant, is 
 II Ml much wrought, ('■pper and lead arn obtained in the soulli. 
 Limestone, ijraidlu, maiblu, and blale aie pleiililul. 
 
''''*''^l'""TnTlfTiilTr 
 
 90 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 XII. Plants.— IGU. There arc uo large forests. The nioi.st 
 nnd mikl cliiiiate specially atlapts the country to the produc- 
 tion of fjrasses; anil the remarkable verdure of the pastures 
 and meadows has obtained for Ireland the name of the 
 Emerald hie. Anionj,' tlic grains, oats flourish best, but 
 wheat is extensively grown. Potatoes form a very import- 
 ant croi>, and Hax is largely cultivated, especially in the north. 
 
 lt)7. Pluvious to IS 15, potatoes were tlio main depenJeuce ami 
 formed tlio chief fxnl of the hiwer classes. The failure of the crop 
 resulted in a tenible faijiine and pestilence, which s«cpt olV many .f 
 the inhaliitants, and drove many others to foreif;n countries. Grain 
 and other crop.s have since received more attention. 
 
 XII [. Animals.— 163. Wild animals are small, and not numerous. 
 The t"ad is not found in ircland. 
 
 Amorjg the domestic animals are immense numbers of cattle, sheep, 
 and swine. 
 
 XIV. Inliabitants.— ICO. The poiailation in ISGI was 
 5,704,500 ; in 1811 it was 8,0(i(i,50U. 
 
 This rcniarkalile decrease of 2,302,000 inhaliitants in twenty years, 
 is chielly attrihutable to the famine from ls45 to Ibl", and to emigra- 
 tion. (See 107.) 
 
 The native Irisli belon;; to the Celtic family. Descondanls of Eiigli.sh 
 and Scotch are numeruus, furming the majority in the Province of 
 Ulster. 
 
 170. The Irish are warmhearted, witty, and excitable. Many of 
 them are very poor and ignorant. National schools have been estab- 
 lished for tlie education of the middle and lower classes. 
 
 Tiie higher inr>tilutions of leaniiiig are the (^hcch'.i CnHrtjcs at 
 lielfast, C'lik, and Galway; Triniti/ (Jul/cije and t/ie Catlto/ir L'ui- 
 irrsili/, Dublin; and St. J'aliirk's CnUtijc, Maynooth. 
 
 The Episcopal religion is established by law. Roman Catholics 
 form the great majority of the population. The Presbyterians prevail 
 in Ulster. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— 171. Ireland is dividi.'d into four Pro- 
 vinces ; — L'ldcr, in the north ; Le'uidcr, in the east ; Mun- 
 slcr, in the south ; and Connaiujht, in the west. 
 
 The Provinces are subdivided into thirty-two Counties ; — 
 KINE COUNTIES IN ULSTKU. 
 
 CoUTlllrs. Chief TuMlll. 
 
 DoNKiiAL Lilfi«i-d, 1000; Itallyshanrion, 3000. 
 
 I,oNiH).MiEiuiv...L)nilunderry, 20,000; Coleraine, HOOO. 
 
 Antiiim Belfast, 120,000; Li.^burn, 7000; Ballymena, 7000; 
 
 Carrickfergus. 
 DuWN Downpatrick, 4u00; Nowtownards, 10,000; Newry, 
 
 11,0(10. 
 
 Aii.MAun Armagh, 9000; Lurgan, 8000 ; Portadown, 0000. 
 
 Tvno.NH Omagli, 30o0 ; Strahane, 4000; Dungauuon. 
 
 pKliMANM^ii I'jiniskillen, (iooo. 
 
 .MdNAUiiA.N Monuglian, 4000 ; Clones, 2000. 
 
 Cavan Cavan, 3000. 
 
 TWI'.I.VIC rOLNTIKS IN l,i;i NSTl'.l! 
 
 LoUTII Oundalk, 10,000; Droghe.la, ir),O00. 
 
 Mhatii Trim, 2(100; Navan, 4000; KelU, 3000. 
 
 Wkst AInATn....Mullingar, 5000; Athlone, COOO, 
 
 LoNuvoni> Lonnford, fiOOO. 
 
 luiiLiN Dublin, 250,000; Kingstown, 12,000; Uowth. 
 
 C'juiilies. Cliiof Towns. 
 
 WicKLow Wicklow, 3000; Arklow, 5000. 
 
 KiLDAUK Athy, 4000; Naas, 30(J0; Maynooth, 2000. 
 
 Kixu's Tullamore, 5000; Parsonstown, 5000. 
 
 Qikk.n's Maryborougli, 3000; Mountmeliok, 3000. 
 
 KiLKENMV Kilkenny, 13,000. 
 
 Caulow <,'arlow, 8000. 
 
 WE.xFoiiii We.xford, 12,000; Enniscorthy, 5000; New Ross, 7000. 
 
 SIX L'OUNTIKS IN .MUNSTEU. 
 
 Watuhfohi. Waterford, 23,000 ; Portlaw, 4000; Diingarvan, 6000. 
 
 Coiiii Cork, 79,000 ; Queenstown, 9000 ; Skibbereen, 4000; 
 
 Kin.?ale, 4000; Bandon, 6000; Youghall, 6000; 
 
 Fenuoy, 0000; Mallow, 4000. 
 
 KnnuT Tralee, 10,000; Killarney, .WOO; Dingle, 2000. 
 
 LlMKiilcK Limerick, 45,000; Rathkeale, 3000. 
 
 Clare Ennis, 7000; Kilrnsh, 5000. 
 
 TirpKUAUV Clonmel, 11,000; Carrick-on-Suir.5000; Cashel,4000; 
 
 Thurles, 5000; Tipperary, 6000; Nenagh, 6000. 
 
 FIVE COUNTIES IN COXNAUUIIT. 
 
 (4ALWAY G.dway, 17,000; Tuam. 5000; Rallinasloe, 3000. 
 
 JIavo Castlebar, 3000; liallina, 6000; Westport, 4000; 
 
 Killala. 
 
 Si.iQo Sligo, 10,000. 
 
 LiilTKiM Carriek-on-.Slianiion, 2000. 
 
 RoscuMMuN Roscommon, 3oo0. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Draw a complete map of Ireland. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— 17:^. Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland 
 and residence of the Lord-LieutiMiant, is one of the finest 
 cities in Eurojie. It occupies both sides of the Liffey near 
 its mouth, and has an exti'usive commerce. There are many 
 magnificent jjublie buildings. Phtenix Park, in the suburbs 
 of Dublin, includes large and finely ornamented grounds. 
 Its forests are the home of large herds of deer. 
 
 KiiKjftijirii, 6 miles from Dublin, at the entrance of the liay, is the 
 steam-packet station to Liverpool and Holyhead. 
 
 173. lUtj'nxt, on li'lfast Lough, is the second city in population, 
 and the fir-it in manufactuies, of which linen and cotton are the most 
 important. 
 
 I'tjrk, at the nujutli of the Lee, has one of the best harbours in the 
 world. Its ship-liuilding, manufactures, and trade are important. 
 Agricultural produce is largely expo.ted to England. 
 
 (Juccii-itown, on Great Island, in Cork Harbour, is a port of call of 
 the mail steamers for America. 
 
 171. Liimliindcn'ii, on the Foylc, has considerable trade, and is 
 imted for its successful resist'''ice to the besieging force of James II. 
 in l(i89. (.sVc Culliiv'.'< /Iritiufi llintoyn, p. 248.) 
 
 Culcrainc, 10 mihs from the dliant's Causeway, is noted fur its 
 linen. Ariiutyh, the seat of the Archbishop, is calk'il the ecclesiastical 
 capital of Ireland. J.nnjan and Portadown have linen tnanufactures. 
 
 175. hroijliciiu, on the lioyne, manufactures linens am) cottons. 
 Two miles from the town the bailie of the lioyne was fought in 1690. 
 (.Sic VoUUr\t Jlril,.sh llintovii, p. 218.) 
 
 ]\'atn\fiivil, on the Suir, 12 miles from the sea, carries on an ini' 
 miii.'ie trade with En;;land, ex|Kirting live stock, dairy and farm jiro- 
 duce, chielly to Bristol. (Sic VvUicr'n llvUish Hialovy, p. 76.) 
 
 KUhiviieii, near one of the lakes, is the resort of tourists. In the 
 neigliliourhood of YniKjhilll, .Sir Walter Raleigh inlroduc'cd the culture 
 of potatoes into Irelanil. 
 
NORWAY AXU SWEDEN. 
 
 07 
 
 000 ; New Russ, 7000. 
 
 iiuce of the li:iy, is tlie 
 
 e best liarboiiis in tlie 
 Inule are iiiipoiliuil. 
 hud. 
 ur, is a [lort of euU of 
 
 eway, is noted for its 
 ciilk'd tlio ecclesiastical 
 ive linen rnaniifftetiires. 
 OS lini-ns anil cottons. 
 iiu «iih foii^lit in lOOU. 
 
 sea, carries on an ini- 
 k, dairy and farm pro- 
 
 //Uliiri/, \i. 70.) 
 
 it <;f tourists. In tliS 
 
 I iiiiroiluc'cd llieculliirtf 
 
 170. Limerick, on tlie Shannon, CO miles from its mouth, is an 
 ancient tiiwn, has a large trade, and is noted for the nianufacture of 
 lace. Oalaai/, the chief port in the west, is connected with Dublin, 
 over 100 miles distant, by rail. Ballinasloc has the largest cattle and 
 sheep fair in Ireland. Knnis ia noted for its Gothic abbey. CashU 
 contains the ruins of an ancient cathedral. 
 
 XYII. Industries.— 177. Ai,'riciilture, wkh dairy luis- 
 baiidry and the rearing of cattle, is tlie leading pursuit. 
 
 llauufacturing is confined chiefly to the north. Linen fabrics are 
 the most important. Muslin and lace are extensively manufactured 
 in the north-east. Tjje principal export trade is with Hiitain, em- 
 bracing grain, dairy produce, cattle, bacon, linen, and llax. 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 AND IRELAND. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— 178. England, "Wales, Seutland, 
 and Ireland, as \vc have already seen (11!)), form one king- 
 dom, having the same Sovereign and Parliament. 
 
 Tlie government of Great Britain and Ireland is a Umilcd 
 ln'reditary mou<irc/ii/. The Sovereign may be eitlier a kiwj 
 or a q It ecu. 
 
 17!). The power of the Sovereign is limited by the J'ur- 
 /iiimciit, which consists of the IJousc of Lovds and the llousi: 
 (if Commons. 
 
 The House of Lords is composed of about 470 nicmbirs : of these 
 420 are English peers, 20 English bishops; 10 Scottish peers; 28 Irish 
 peers, 4 Irish bishops. The English peers are members by right of 
 birth ; tlie Scottish and Irish are reiircsenlative. 
 
 The House of Commons ia composed of OT'S members, who arc 
 elected by the people ;— 500 for England and Wales, L'i for Scotland, 
 and 105 for Ireland. 
 
 IbO. Parliament alone has tlie jiower to make and repeal laws ; but 
 lis Acts require to be ratified by the Sovereign. All Hills relating to 
 taxes and the expenditure of the ijublic money must originate with the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 181. The Revenue of Great lirilain is between S35O,0O0,Ot)O and 
 8100,000,000, and the National Deut about #l,000,00i»,OU0, (.iu 
 tol/icv's IWitish Jli.itori/, pp. 274, 3UtJ. ) 
 
 182. An insuhir position and an unrivalh d Jh'cf render 
 fircat Britain invineible against invasion. The laiidj'ovo: 
 is much smaller tlian that of the ''CJreat Towers" on the 
 Continent. 
 
 183. The regular army amounts to about 200,000 men, of whom a 
 large number are kept in India and tlio various colonics. The militia, 
 yeomanry, cavalry, and jicnsioners comprise nearly 150,t)00; and the 
 viiluntcera about the same number. 
 
 Great liritain ranks as the lir.st naval power in the wciiKI. The fleet 
 comprises about COO war ships, the majority lunpelbd by steam, 
 carrying 15,000 guns, and from 00,000 to 80,000 men, 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 1S4. The British Empire consists of tlie I'nitcd Kingdom 
 •if Great Britain and Ireland, witii tin' Ihitish Possessions 
 
 and Colonies scattered over the whole world. In extent oi 
 territory it exceeds every other political division, and in 
 population every other except Cliiiia. 
 
 The Empire includes an art.'a eipial to the whole of Xortli 
 America, or aljout one-sixth the land surface of tiie Etirtli, 
 and the population is tibout 224,()0t»,tJi»o. 
 
 185. Below is a ttibular view of the ririti.-sh Empire. For further 
 particulars, see under the various great divi.'iious of the Earth : — 
 
 "1 
 
 Aira in 
 
 Hid'.' uf I 
 «<lit:ire ill I 
 
 «K;;;:ji — «■ 
 
 L'i)uals. 
 
 r>'|>ulntl>jn. 
 
 liritlsli Isles, Heli- j 
 
 Roland, (iil)raltar, J^ in i;iiro|i.,' .. 
 
 llaltii, anil (iozo, ) 
 liiitisli Imna, Cej- j 
 
 loll, Hong-Kong, -m .\.iia 
 
 and Aden, ) 
 
 Cape Colony, Natal, ) 
 
 .Sierra Leone, and i 
 
 other parts of | 
 
 Western Africa, \- in Africn... 
 
 Mauritius, .Sey- i 
 
 clielles.St lleleiiii, 
 
 and other islands, I 
 Dominion ofi 'anada, "| 
 
 Newfoundland, I 
 
 I'rinee I'.dward | 
 
 Lslanil, niiti.^h I 
 
 Coluuiliia and I 
 
 Vancouver, Hud- | in America.. 
 
 son's Bay Tevri- i 
 
 tory, Honduras, | 
 
 (iuiana, .lainaica, 
 
 and otlier We.st 
 
 India Islands, 
 Australia, Tasnia- 1 
 
 nia, and New in Oceania. . 
 
 Zealand ) 
 
 S.'>0 
 
 \ix:> 
 
 S.S7 
 
 Vlt.'d') 
 
 ,.'|01,OOII 
 
 l.'.0,OO0 
 
 .i.o.pl.OoO 
 
 1 ;t,ll-i,ooo 
 
 ;io,ooo,ooo 
 
 1.S2,000,000 
 
 0."i:i.Oi» 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 l,,^00,OllO 
 
 EXERCISE. Find the length of the shortest day in the year at 
 Loudon ilat. 51" 30' , Edinburgh lat. 56 , and Lerwick lat. 60" 10',. 
 
 QUESTION.- A ship sails from Liverpool, England, to Halifax ; 
 tbeuce to the West Indies; thence to Greenock. What are the pro- 
 bable freights ? Also, find the distance sailed. 
 
 NORWAY AND SWEDEN, 
 
 18(1. Norway and Sweden, comprising tlie peninsula of 
 Scandinavia, form two distinct kingdoms uiiilcd under one 
 
 sovereign. 
 
 I'ming the Saxon period of Uritish history, Norway, Sweden, and 
 Peiiniark were the home of bands of I'irate.s called vikings, who were 
 the terror of the maritime countries of Europe. I!y the Treaty of 
 K'almar, 13117. the three countries wero united under Margaret of 
 Ikiimark. Sweden recovered its iudepeiideneo uncler (iustavus Vasa, 
 in 1521. On the re adjustment of European allairs in 1»14, Norway 
 was taken from Denniark and annexed to Sweden. {iiict'olltvr'nOnut 
 j:nhU, pp. {»5, 259.) 
 
 Is7. The coast of Norway is remarkalile for its deep 
 
 ; ■ 
 
['' ^' < f f ";- "- 
 
 D8 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 UEIN-UEEK. 
 
 iiaiTDW liiiys, c;illu(l rh>r(U, which arc often bord rod by 
 rocky clitl's of great lieight. 
 
 The Lofudcn hfaml.i, off the north-west const, are noted for tlieir 
 fi.sherics. Near them is the Maelstrom, a famous whirlpool formeil 
 by opposirir; currents at certain states of the tide. Gvttland and 
 Ohinii, in the Ualtic, belong to Sweden. Small islands are very numer- 
 ous on tiie coast. 
 
 188. Tlie surface of Norway is elevated, the Scundi- 
 
 nnvian Moi/ntaitis extending throiigli the iienin.sida. The 
 
 liigliland.s generally rise boldly from the Atlantic, spread 
 
 out in broad table-land over the greater i)art of Norway, 
 
 and descend more gradually to the low i)lain8 of Sweden. 
 
 The Scandinavian highlands include the Ilavihutijf.rfichl, tiie Dovvc- 
 fivhl, and tlie Kiulcii Mountains. OSm' Kuranc, 25 : and Plii/.iical 
 (icoi/mphii, 2S.) 
 
 189. The rivers are generally rapid torrents. The prin- 
 cipal are the (Hommen, in Norway ; ai.d the Gijta, JJal, and 
 Tornm, in Sweden. All are on the en,9tcrn slope. 
 
 The most important lakes arc Wcncv, Wilier, Miihir, and Ilitlmar, 
 in Sweden. Wener is about tlie size of I'lin'-e Kdward Island. 
 
 V,)\). The climate is cold except in the .south ; but it i.s 
 les8 severe than in other couutrieu of the uime latitude. 
 The west eoaft i.s verv humid. 
 
 In the northern part of the country, iit mid-winter, the sun does not 
 appear above the liorizon for several weeks. Owing to the correspond- 
 ingly lung days in summer, the heat is great. Barley is said to come 
 to maturity ai Ilammerfest in si.\ weeks. 
 
 191. The minerals are ir(jn, eojjper, and silver. The 
 iron ore of Sweden is of superior quality, and is much used 
 in the manufacture of fine steel. 
 
 VJ-1. The chief cultivated plants are barley, oats, rye, 
 wheat, potatoes, fiax, and hemp. The quantity of arable 
 land is comparatively small. 
 
 The mountain slopes in the southern and central portions are covered 
 with vast forests of birch, pino, and fir trees. The lichens and mosses 
 of tlie north furnish food to large herds of rein-deer. 
 
 The fisheries of the coasts, rivers, and lakes are very important. 
 
 193. The population of Norway is 1,500,000 ; of Sweden, 
 3,8r)7,000. 
 
 The inliabitants arc generally intelligent and industrious. Children 
 between eight and fourteen years of age arc compelled to attend school, 
 or receive instruction at home. The Lutheran religion is established 
 by law. 
 
 194. The towns of Norway are Chvistiunia (39,000), the capital; 
 llcrijrn, an important seaport; Dront/itim, the former capital; ainl 
 llaminivfist, on (^iialde Island. Tlie towns of Sweden are iSlorkhnlin 
 (112,000), tin; ca|)ilal; IJntlicnliunj ; \ofk'ijnn(; ; ^[n!m('l ; l'i<sda\ 
 Ciirhrronii, the chief naval station; and Kalmar, noted for tlie treaty 
 of 1^97. 
 
i^S^Ci* 
 
 er, tlie sun does not 
 to the correspond- 
 tj- is said to come 
 
 ,1H. 
 
 I silver. The 
 d is much used 
 
 larley, oats, rye, 
 autity of arable 
 
 portions are covered 
 
 e lichens and uiosaea 
 
 r. 
 
 very important. 
 
 ,()()() ; of Swedeu, 
 
 \i?tviou9. Children 
 led to attend scliool, 
 ligion is establialied 
 
 0,000), the capital; 
 
 I'oiiner capital ; and 
 
 reden are /Stockholm 
 
 Mnlmii ; i'liaila ; 
 
 noted tor the treaty 
 
 DEX.MAUK— RUSSIA. 
 
 90 
 
 Stockholm, huilt on peninsulas and small islands at the jiiuctiun of 
 Lake Millar with the lialtic, has a large commerce. 
 
 195. Tiie exports are fish, timber, iron, copper, and tar. 
 Tlie imports are grain, niaiiulaetured goods, and troiiical 
 jiroduce. 
 
 196. The government is a limited monarchy. Eaili 
 kingdom has its own parliament, constitution, and laws. 
 
 197. Lapland, on the north-east of Sweden, and extending ea.ster!\- 
 to the White Sea, helonu'S i>artly to Sweden and partly to Russia. 
 The Laplanders are a nomadic race of very small stature, seldom ex- 
 ceeding 4 feet inches in height. Their haliits are generally moral, 
 except in the use of ardent spirits. Q'heir wealth consists in herds of 
 rein-deer. The flt.'.sh and milk of these animals furnish the Laplander 
 with food, and their skin with clnthing. 
 
 The island of .'^7. Hartlioloiiaic, in the NWht Indies, belongs to 
 Sweden. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 lOS. Denmark i:i one of the iWdcst monarchies of Eurujie. 
 Its history is eh)sely counecteil witli that of Norway and 
 Sweden. In the eleventh century, Canute, a Danish kir.g, 
 ruled over England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. D.'ii- 
 mark is now a small, weak State. 
 
 199. In 1814 Swedish I'omeraTiia anil Riigen were given to Den- 
 mark in compensation for Norway. In the following year these places 
 were given to Russia in exchange for Lauonburg. Denmark was in- 
 vaded, in 1SG4, by German forces, and compelled to relinipiish the 
 southern jiart of her teriiluries, comprising the duchies of Scldeswig, 
 Holstein, and Lauenlmrg. These duchies now belong to I'nissia. 
 (.SVc Norway and Snxdcit.) 
 
 The Jules and Angles, two of the tribes who established the Saxon 
 Ileiitarchy in England, c;ime from Denmark. 
 
 200. Denmark is now comprised within the peninsula of 
 Jutlaml and the adjoining archipelago. Its boimds are— 
 on the north, the Skagcr Rack; on the east, the Cattegat, 
 the Sound, and the Baltic ; on the south, Germany; on the 
 west, the North Sea. 
 
 The northern extremity of the peninsula is called the Skaic. 
 
 SOL The largest island is Sif^aiid, which is nearly as large as Cape 
 Hieton, and is separated from Sweden by a narrow strait called he 
 Sduitd. I'uiicn, about half as large, is separated from Seeland by ihe 
 (rrcat Iklt, and from the peninsula by the Littk Ik't. Lawjcland, 
 Lualand, I'alKlcr, and Afacn are next in size. 
 
 202. The total area of Denmark is al>' ut equal to the Peninsula of 
 Nova Scotia. The i.slaiuls comprise two fifths of the whole. 
 
 203. The surface is low and level. In some parts dik(^s 
 are required to keep out the sea. The streams are quite 
 small. The soil, cxcei)t in the north, is generally well suited 
 to agricidture. The minerals are unimportant. 
 
 5201. The climate is mild, and excessively humid. The 
 priiu'ipal croim are barley, rye, wheat, oats, grasses, potatoes, 
 
 turniiis, and ajipk'S. Horses, cattle, and sheep are muuer- 
 ous. Tile fisiieries are important. 
 
 205. The inhabitants have long been iiotcil as bold .sea- 
 men. They are generally well educated. Diiimark is said 
 to have a larger jiroportion of its population at scliool than 
 any other coiuitry in the world. 
 
 The Lutheran religion is estal'lished by law, but all sects are 
 tokr.ited. 
 
 Towns.— 20(). Coptnhaitcii (155,000), the capital, is situated partly 
 on Seeland and partly on the small island of Amaijcv. It is strongly 
 fortified, has a good harbour, and an extensive trade. 
 
 Khinorc, at the narrowest part of the Snund, is the [ilaco where all 
 vessels passing to and from the Daltic, except those of Denmark and 
 Sweden, were formerly coinptlleil to pay loll. Near the town is (jrun- 
 borg Castle. Aalhoi-ij -Ami Aarhuug avo sea-ports. Fi6o)\</ is a small 
 but ancient town in the interior, lincskdde, io miles from Copenhagen, 
 is the burial-place of the Danish sovereigns. The Rothschild family is 
 said to lake its name from this place. 
 
 207. The exports are agriciillural and dairy produce, beef, jiork, 
 wool, hides, and flax. Tlie imports are iron, coal, wanufacluied 
 goods, and tropical produce. 
 
 208. T'le government is a hereditary limited monareliy. 
 The J)i<J. or i'arliament, consists uf two Houses, both 
 elective. 
 
 209. The Faroe fn'nuds, north of the Shotlands, belong to Denmark. 
 There are seventeen inhabited. Population, SUUO. Fishing, tending 
 sliee)!, and collecting eiiler down, are the chief pursuits. 
 
 Denmark also owns (ireeidaiid and leel.ind ; and in llie West Indies 
 Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John. 
 
 QUESTION.-- \ vessel sails from Hull to Copenhagen and back ; 
 through what wati^rs does she pass, and what freig^hts docs she pro- 
 bably carry? 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 210. Piussia was formerly occupied by barbarous hordes 
 of Scythians, lluric, a Scaudinaviui. freebooter who ma<Ie 
 himself master of a large part of the country in 802, was 
 the founder of t!ie empire. His descendants held the throne 
 till 1598. Christianity was introduced in 9S0. 
 
 211. For two centuries and a half, commencing l^'W, Russia was 
 held in bondage by Taitars from Central Asia. It is ti the extraoidi- 
 nary elTorts of Peter the Great, who became Czar in 1082, that Rushu 
 owes her civilization ami position as one of the Five Great Powers of 
 Europe. The country was previously in a state of barbarism. Kx- 
 tension of territory has long been the settled jiolicy of the Czars, and 
 it has often been ttVected by the grossest injustice towards weaker 
 States. 
 
 Finlanil, between the Gulfs of liothnia and Finland, was taken from 
 Sweden. Poland, once a j)owerful kiiigdnm in the centre of Europe, 
 having been previously robbed of large territories by Russia, Prussia, 
 and Austria, was wholly broken up in 1795. Large jiortions of Inde- 
 pendent Tartary and ulher jiarls of Asia have been annexed to the 
 empire. The absorption of European Turkey is prevented by the 
 opposition of IJritaiu and France, (i'ce i\il/kr'a Great /ivvuls, 
 pp. 257, 271.) 
 
100 
 
 EI'ROrE. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 WINTKIt THAVKt,I,lN<l IN 111 SSIA. 
 
 •2]2. Till' coast is conipuriitively liuiitcd, ami is cliiflly 
 cciiitiiicd to sons which are ice-bound duriui,' ;i hirj^e jiart of 
 the jear. The chief polls are on tlie Black Sea and tiie 
 Baltic. 
 
 The principal islands are A<,i<a Zcinhhi and ,Sj)i(:hrr<ieii, 
 in tho Arctic Ocean ; and the Aland A rchijyekujo, Oesel,i\.nd 
 JJarjo, in the Baltic. 
 
 213. Nova Zeinbia consists of two islands separateil by a narrow 
 strait. Tlie coast alioiuuls in f-eJ and wattr-fowl. Uein-deer, jxilar 
 bears, and ermine are also nuinerons. There are no iienuanent in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Spitzberjrfn consists of a group of islands, incliidins tlic most 
 nnrtliei-lv iaiul known (80° 4S'). Tliey are often visited by tliusc en- 
 gaged in tlie whale and seal fisheries. 
 
 The Aland Archipelago, embracing about sixty islands, is an im- 
 portant naval station for tlie Russian fleet. 
 
 214. The surface of Bnssia, consists oi' a vast plain, in- 
 cluding the j^reater portion of the lowlands iu tiie north- 
 east of Europe. 
 
 Tlie Ural and Caucft.iu.t Mounlaiiia separate Russia in Kurojie 
 from Asiatic Russia. (.Vfc Europe, 24-27.) 
 
 215. The rivers are nnmerous and larj^e. Tiiey arc gener- 
 
 ally sluggish, and navigable throughout the greater part of 
 their course. The most important are the Dwina, Petchora, 
 Volga, Don, Dnieper, Vistjda, Niemen, Duna, and Xeva. 
 
 The Vol}.'a is the largest river in Europe. The Neva is the outlet 
 of the most important lake system of Eiiro[ie, including Lakes I.adiKjii, 
 Oni'ia, and Saimn. Extensive canals connect the rivers of the dif- 
 ferent slojies. (Sec Europe, 39-41.) 
 
 2IG. The soil is generally fertile, except the frozen regions 
 of the north, and the steppes or treeless plains of the south- 
 east. 
 
 The climate varies from warm temperate in the south to severely 
 cold within the Arctic Circle. The extremes are greater than on the 
 west coast of Europe. 
 
 217. The minerals are iron, copper, jilatina, and salt. Rich gold 
 mines are found on the cast side of the Ural Mountains. Salt is 
 obtained both from mines and .salt springs. 
 
 218. The central and south-western portions yield abini- 
 dance of grain, llax, and hemp. The south also produces 
 maize, the vine, olive, and mulberry. Between the parallel 
 of Str and the Arctic Circle are vast forests, in which bears, 
 wolves, and wild I'oars are numerous. AVild horses roam 
 over the steppes. (-SV*? A'. -V. Header, Ko. IV. — " Itussian 
 Serf.") 
 
 In a large forest of Pnlish Russia al)Out fifteen hundred aurochs, a 
 nearly extinct species of uild ox, aie carefully preserved by i.he govern- 
 ment. 
 
 219. The population is scattered, especially in the iinrth. 
 The lan<l is owned principally by the nobles. The lower 
 class, called serfs, including over one-third the population, 
 are very ignorant, and were until recently bought and sold 
 with tlie estates on which they lived. They were emanci- 
 pated by the Czar in 18(i;}. 
 
 The established religion is the Greek Church, of which the Czar 
 claims to be the head. 
 
 Towns.— 220. St. Pctcrsbur;/ (532,000^ the capital, founded by 
 Peter the (rreat, occupies low marshy ground near the mouth of the 
 Neva. Cronstadt, in a small island 20 miles west of St. Petersburg, 
 is strongly fortified, and a great naval station. 
 
 Ruja (72,000), a fnrtified town on the Gulf of Riga, is one of the 
 first commercial towns of Russia. llchhKjfors and Revel are fortified 
 towns. Arehanijcl, near the mouth of the Dwina, was formerly the 
 only port. Its harbour is frozen eight months in the year. 
 
 221. Jfoacoir (308,000), the former capital, is a magnificent city, 
 having a circuit of 2<^ miles. On a hill iu the rr.iddle of the city stands 
 the Fiiriiiliii, an asiemblage of towers, ramparts, churches, and palaces, 
 surrounded by a massive wall 60 feet high. One of the towers contains 
 thirty-three bells, the largest weighing sixty-four tons. A much larger 
 bell, 67 feet in circumfeience, lies unsuspended. Two-thirds of Moscow 
 was burned in 1812, when the Russians set fire to it in order to deprive 
 Napoleon of winter (luarters. 
 
 Tula is noted for the manufacture of firearms. 
 
 222. yijiti-yari/ovoil is noted for its great fair, which continues for 
 two months, and is attended by 250,000 peoiile from the various 
 countries of Europe and Asia. Juiv (60,000) was long the capital of 
 Russia. Kazan (58,000) is nn important dep6t in the trade with 
 Siberia. 
 
 I 
 
he greater r«i"t "f I 
 Du'ina, Pekhora, 
 'ana, and Xeva. 
 
 le Neva is tlie outlet 
 udiiig Lakes Lad'^iKi, 
 he rivers of the Jit- 
 
 ; the frozen regions 
 ains of the soiith- 
 
 tlie south tn severely 
 e greater than ou liia 
 
 and salt. Rich goM 
 1 Mountains. Salt is 
 
 ortioTis yiehl abun- 
 outh also produces 
 utween tlie iiavallel 
 sts, ill which bears, 
 WiUl horses roam 
 Ko. IV.-" Eussiau 
 
 en hunilreil aurochs, a 
 reserved by \.lie govern- 
 
 ocially in the imrth. 
 nobles. The lower 
 lird tlie popidation, 
 tly boULdit and sold 
 They were eniauci- 
 
 rch, of which the Czar 
 
 10 capital, fmuuleil by 
 near tlie mouth of the 
 west of St. Petersburg, 
 
 ■ of Riga, is one of the 
 •s and Itevti are fortified 
 )wina, was formerly the 
 s in the year. 
 ,, is a magnificent city, 
 n;iddle of the city stands 
 ;s, churches, and palaces, 
 ne of the towers contains 
 jur tons. A much larger 
 . Two-thirds of Mo.scow 
 e to it in order to deprive 
 
 S 
 
 rras. 
 
 fair, which continues for 
 people from the various 
 ) was long the cajiital ot 
 dep6t in the trade with 
 
 nu 
 
Mi 
 
NTRAL&- SOUTHERN EUROPE. 
 
 m 
 
 
 •■'•'».|- .«., In,l, Mf'W.y. /. 
 
PRUSSIA. 
 
 101 
 
 Witraaw {HiljOOO), on tlie Vistula, »;»« tlie oapitiil of rolaml. Vihin 
 (5(1,000) is an iin|)ort!iut commei\i:il town of PoiuiiJ. Keurly li:ilf its 
 iiiliiibitants are Jews. 
 
 223. Odessa (170,000), tiie most imiioitant port on tiie liiack Sea, is 
 stionjrly fortified. It exports Krain, leatlier, anil tallow. Rdiaxtupol, 
 ill the Crimea, is noted for its sief,'e in 1854 and 18;"5. Xiki)hiii'r is a 
 naval station. Taijanrcxj, on tlie Sea of Azov, exports frrain. Astva- 
 khaii, on an isliind at tlie mouth of the Volt;a, carries on an exloiisive 
 trade witli the countries of Asia. 
 
 221. The principal exports of Russia are irrain, tlax, 1k'iiii>, tinilur, 
 tar, iron, tallow, wool, and leather. The imports are mauufactuiid 
 j.'Oods, tea, and tropical produce. 
 
 An important overland trade i.s carried on with (.'liina. 
 
 22."). The tiovcniincnt i.s an al'.snliite hcivditary iipiiiardiy. 
 Tlie will of the Czar, or Eiiipei-or, coiitniiled only liy iMiMic 
 <i|iini(Jii, is law. 
 
 'Iho army iiuinhers ahout 800,000 nipn. The naval force is com- 
 paratively siiKill. The revenue is .-ihoul *',Ml,ii(lil,Onu. 
 
 22d. The Russian Empire is next to the liritish Kmpiiethc nii,,( 
 extensive political clivision in the worhl. Uesides the posses.sions in 
 Europe, it inclndes nearly one-third of .\sia. The tol.al area is ahoiit 
 T.SOO.OiiO square miles, or e(|ual to a sijuare of 2Sti0 miles. The 
 p pulalion is climated at 74,500,(iO(i. 
 
 Circassia lies alonn the northern slopes of the (":mcasus. lis in- 
 hal'itants, a finely formed and lirave race, who stiiiiiuled lon_' for 
 iiide|ienilciu'e, have removed in hii'.'e nunihers to Turkey. 
 
 QUESTION. -A vessel sails from New Orleans to Liverpool in 
 EiiRlaiid, thence to Odessa, and thence to London; tlirousjh what 
 waters does she pass, and what are the freights? 
 
 PRUSSIA, INCLUDING NORTH GERMANY. 
 
 il-27. rnts.sja i.s .sii|iimisci1 tn lakr its nuiiif trmu a liar- 
 lianms triln' callid tin' /liirii--:<i, wlm iivcil nrar tlu' iiiniilli 
 ot the Vistula. Tliif* rcjiiuii wad .iiilijiii.'att'(l liy the Tmitoiiii' 
 Kiii.uhtH aliiiiit the middlu of tiio tliirtceiitli I't'iitiii'y. It 
 HiilmciiiU'iitly fell under the power of i'uhiiid, luit lieeaiin' an 
 indeiieiident diieiiy in Ui")7. It aei|uired tiie raid< nf a Mn-- 
 ddin in I7'il, 
 
 Kreileriik the (Irent, who ciinic to thc> llinuie in 171". iii.i'le I'russiii 
 one of the leading poweni of Knrupo. lie ^;really enlai ;e I his dninin- 
 ionH hy the addition of Silesia and part of I'ol.uid. (V<i /'ii.i.im, 211 ; 
 and Ciilliir'n avrut K'riitu, pp. 125, 2iil-27I!.) 
 
 22S. Until lueenily I'ruhsia oonHisto'l of t> ■ poitions, sepaiiiled liy 
 Niiiall (lerinnn Stie. •<. Ilaviiii! gained a ^reut victory o\cr the Austrian 
 and (iernutii forei - in IHtid, I'runnia as.tiniieil the supreme powii over 
 the whole of Herin iiy north of the .Main. 
 
 'fill' Sliiti'.H ri'iM'iitlj UK (irponilcil Willi l'ru»niii lue lliiuincr, IIcocCuhscI, 
 lli'Kai' llomliint.'. Nhnhiiii, I'ruMkfort ontlii' Main, ^>c)iI('h\vIi(, lliil»tuiii, Hnd 
 l.'iilcnhnrK The followini; Sliili'i iirc eioHidy conililiu'd witli I'liKnlii : 
 ii|<lii|iliiirK, Mil kliMiliiiiK, llruimviek, llisni' llunimliidl iioilli ot Main. 
 Viilmit, l.ippi'. VViilili'ik. .'SaMiii> ; tlie ho' l'ltlc^ llii.ilciiK. IIivmh'Ii, and 
 l.nlivrk ; ami tl'c Tliurlni;laii statin 
 
 2-2',). I'niHsia is iioniided, mi tiu' iioitli. li\ ilie .Nrnth .Sa. 
 I'enuiai'k, and tliu iSallie ; east, liy KiinMia ; soiilii, liy 
 
 AiLstria and Soiitli Uennaiiy ; west, liy l""raiiee, Beloium, 
 and Holland. 
 
 2o0. The coast is low, varied by sandhill.s. ^titliiicr J/aff, Fri.idie 
 Huff, and Vuviachc Huff are lagoons, or shallow river estuaries, sepa- 
 rated from the Baltic by narrow ton;;ue3 of laud. The extent of coast 
 has been much increased by rcci.nt acfiuisilioiis. The principal island 
 is liuimi, ill the Baltic, once sacred to the goddess Hei tha. 
 
 •2'.il. The surface in the north is low, einlnaeinif exten- 
 sive sandy heath.s, peat nioiirs, and niai'.shes. It rise.s gradu- 
 ally to the hilly and nnmntaitioii.s regions of the south. 
 
 The principal mountains are the Siii/-fli; /I'ii'.ini-ffchinp', 
 and En-i]ebir<je, l)(!tw('eu I'ru.ssia tiiid Austria; and the 
 Ilartz, in Saxony and Hanover. 
 
 lirockcii, the hiu'hest point of the Hartz (IS'ilO feet"), is noted for the 
 I magnified iinaues of objects, called the .S/ncOr o/ thr JJrockm, bcea 
 ] occa.sionally in tin' atmosphere at sunrise. 
 
 232. The river.s are of <;reiit iidvanta^'c to interniil com- 
 merce. The principal are the Uhlue {Mosdlc, Mnin), A'ms, 
 lUcsv-/', J-J/fic [Sini/,', l/'irr/, S/tr,'f), (hhf {\\'<h(h<i}, Vi.<hfl<i^ 
 I'lrifl, and .\ i< 11)1 II. 
 
 i:y.\. Tiie soil is poor in the ndrtli. except in tla; rivci' 
 valleys. The most fertile parts are Silesia aid the Kliiiie 
 I'rovinces. 
 
 2;M. The climate is mild in the west, humid ia the north, 
 and ciild in tlie iinrtli-cist. 
 
 2''J.'). Almost all the Uoct'iil minerals arc obtained iVom tlio moun- 
 tains. The shores of the H.dtic h.ivc loii>; been celebrated for amber, 
 which is washed tip liy the wavf;«. 
 
 2;u;. Tiie ciiltiv.ilcd plants include all tlic pfudiicts of 
 cool, temperate countries. The vine is extensively eiilti- 
 vatetl aloiii,' the Ithine. 
 
 Uhcnish wine.s are celebrated for thiir supcrun ipMlity. Tine 
 foreHts cover linj^e portions of the bnndy low hinds, 
 
 2:17. The iiiluiliitaiits, ne'stly ( iirmaii, are distini^iiished 
 fur intelligence and industry, 
 
 I'niveriiities, normal schools, and ciunni n .-.Km. Is arc ntMucroiis. 
 Attendance at scho..! is oompiilsory. The niiijorily of tin. inhabit intM 
 art) I'rotestantH. .Ml deiioiniiintioiis liavo mpml |irivilot;e», 
 
 Towns, 2;ix. Ihrliii (.1|t;.oiMM, on the Spree, is the cipital and 
 lar),'cst city. It has iiupoitaiit maiiulactiires, and is noteil for its lite- 
 rary in.stitutions. Its iniivei'sily is one of the inoHt crlehratod in the 
 World. I'lilxliiin, LS miles from llerlin, in a prlnei|>iil sImiIom for tho 
 army, ami contaiiiH the royal palace of Siiim-Sniici. 
 
 /<C(.v/(i(t iH.I.OMa), on thettder, h.is It unatwoo' lair, i'mnki'iii' 
 Is a maiiillactiiriiii; .iinl coiianeiviul town, 
 
 2ai», /hi}il:ii\ II stron.'ly fortitied town near the inoulli of |hi< Vis. 
 tula, in the moKt imporlaiii port, and has a lari:o lorelun c,,mmerct', 
 ,>/t^'iH, itt the mouth ol the uder; A'r.iio/.»/>ni'/ ('.M.iiaiH, near the 
 mouth of the IVeuel; mid Mi mil, on the ('uiinehe Halt, exp>>rt .'laiii 
 and other produce. Sfi'iilmunl lit noted for itit KJeuf in Id'j", /'lim'n 
 was the biithphii'o of CopeinicuH, J'oni n, once the cupii J i' I' , hind, 
 i'XportM urain, tlax. and toUi. eo. 
 
 IA 
 
 I. 
 
''^rr 
 
 102 
 
 EUROPE, 
 
 Mtiijtlchnrii (Tl'.OilO), a stroiitrly loi'lilied town on tlie Elbe, lias im- 
 portant nianuliii'turcs. Wittciihitnj is tlie place \n wliicii the Jtefoniia- 
 tion hoL,'aii, in 1517. IfaUc is noted for its university. 
 
 210. Ilan^iccr (71,0"i)), Ooltiiir/cn, and Ehihdru, are the chief towns 
 of Hanover. Jlnnisvick, Cc'iiiri/, and \yirsh(((len are important 
 towns, Jiiif in Holstein, and Flenshorg in Schleswip, are sea-ports. 
 
 Ihanhnr'j (176,000), on the Kibe, 70 miles from its mouth, is one of 
 the fir.st roniniercial cities on the continent. Liiherk once stood at the 
 lioad of a confederation of free cities, known as the I/unnc Towns. 
 nrcmcn has a large trade. Frankfort, on the Main (7'2,OilO), was 
 nntit rocchtly the capit.il of the (Tcrinan (!onfedoration. The la.st four 
 cities were distinct States in the Confederation, and wtrc culled /)■«■ 
 towns. 
 
 Dresden (128,000), tlie capital of Pa.xony, is a beautiful city, noted 
 for its library, museum, and picture gallery. Dresden cliina is made 
 at 3/rissni, 14 iiiilcs distant. Ldjinic is celehratcil for its preat lairs 
 and book trade. 
 
 211. Cvfiviiic (120, .WO), the most commeivial town on the lihine, has 
 a masnificcnt cMthodral. Its ill -dniined streets t;ive rise to olVcn.-ive 
 odours. J)n.i.i(/(liir_f, on the Illiine, exports the cotton and silk manu- 
 factures of Ha mil n ant\ FAIrrfdd. (.'ohlcnz, at tiie coiifliirnoe of the 
 Uhine and ■Mo.'-elle, trades largely in Illienisli wines. The strons 
 fortress of Flirciihr(it--^liin is on the opjjosite .~ide of the river. Trcrai, 
 on the Mopfjlc, is noted for its Doinan anlir|uities. Awhin, or .1/.'- 
 la-C/ii'tH'lle, is famous for its liot sprinjrs. 
 
 2\-2. Tlie clijcf pursuits aro iigriciilttiiv, giaziiii;, iiiami- 
 i'actminii, iniiiui!,', and iniiin'orcc. 
 
 The exports aro grain, tlax, wo,.!, linen, woollon cloth, pottery, 
 wine, and zinc. iSaxon wool is considered tiio liest in Kuropii. 
 
 The imports arc Cotton, silk, llsh, sujar, tea, eoll'ee, and other tropi- 
 cal products. 
 
 •2iX TIio goyernment is a licvcilifaiy iippiianliy, witli a 
 Parliament of two lloiisi's. The King has hitherto exercised 
 nearl.y ahsoliito jiowcr. 
 
 Prussia coni^lsts principally of a confc b'ration of Herman States, 
 The regular army numbers about 20(J,imi(», and is thoroughly ill illrd. 
 Every man undc>r futy years of age is liable to service i' time of war. 
 The navy is unall. 
 
 I'rusMn and France arc t ho leading and rival oowcrs nn the conti- 
 nent of Kurope. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 •Jll. Till- nni'lens nl" this eniiiin was a sihmH airhihu'hy 
 ralh'tl Austria, (ir the I'lastcrn (iover-iniciit, IVom it.s |i(isiti(iM 
 with r('s|iect (d (I'l-manv. The empire iseoiniidsed oi'variiam 
 eiuiiitries, suine id' wliieli were (diee distinct and liitwerl'iil 
 nationH. 
 
 21.1. Hun«ni'y, in tlie cant, is still connlitulionally an inilopeiidcnl 
 kingdom, ntlnciied to the crown of Aimlria, U «as excited to u 
 
 vigorous but iiiiNi Hsl'iil slnigglo for Hcpaialion in 1H|1», by thi> 
 
 di''<polivni of the OoviMiiment, 
 
 The we..ti'rn )irovincrii of .Austria are within the bonnils id' Oiriii.iny ; 
 the northeastern were the Austrian share of the spoil of rolan.l. 
 Li'tnlmi'ily and Venice have been surrenileled to Italy. 
 
 Ii4tl. The pienctit dynncly of Anntrin, culled llio //uiisr o///i(/»«'ii/iv/. 
 
 began with Albert 1. in 127;-!. The Dukes of Austria were successively 
 elected Emperors of Germany from 1437 to 1804, when Napoleon sub- 
 stituted the title Emperor of Austria. Under the constitution of 
 (ierniany adopted in 1815, Austria presided at the Diet, until shorn of 
 that honour by Pru.ssia in IStJil. (See 228, 315.) 
 
 247. Ati.stria is liminded, on tlie uortli, l>y Prussia and 
 Russia ; oast, l>y Russia and Turkey ; south, by Turkey and 
 the Adriatic ; west, by Italy, Switzerland, and Bavaria. 
 
 The coast, confined to the east side of the Ailriatic, is quite limited. 
 
 24>. Tiie surface is mountainous, iiarticularly in the 
 west, Tlie jiriiieiii.il motintains are the J //w, in the south- 
 west ; and tiie ('<irp'tllii<mf, in tiie east and no' "i. 
 
 liohomia and Moravia are surrounded by mount, o — the /'*•;• 
 ijihirg'', J!icscii-;/cliiriie, Mnri.vlic-ijibiri/c, and liohmer>i'(diL 
 
 On the nortii of the Cariiathians is the plain of Galicia; on the 
 south, the great plain of Hungary, {Sec Jiiirupe, 33.) 
 
 241», The rivers embrtice the middle course of the Danube, 
 with its tributaries? the ///», Druvi', and Sure, from the 
 south, and the M'ircli, Wxut/, and '/'/k'I.is, from tiie north ; 
 and tlie ujiiier courses of tlie J'J/ljr, Odi'i; and VUttdn. 
 
 2"ii>. xW: soil is ociierally fertile, but not very cnrefidly 
 ( ullivated. The plains of Ifuimary afford pasture for larj,'e 
 numbers of cattle, hor.se.s, and sheep. 
 
 The climate, except on tlie mountains, is mild. The ex- 
 tremes arc ,1,'icater than in Western Kiirnpe. 
 
 251. The mineral resources are varied and valnabie, embracing 
 iron, coppor, coal, i|uicksilvrr, lead, salt, gold, and silver. The sail 
 mines near Cracow are considered the most extensive in the woild. 
 
 2.')2, The agricultural pnidiicts include all the eommnii 
 ;;i-ain9. The wiiu' orape and muUicrry are extensively eidli- 
 Viitcd in the sMiitli. The wines nf Hiiirgiry are eelebrated. 
 
 i'lW. Tlie inhabitants lielom,' to several dilferent races. 
 The jirincipal tire the (Jerinan, in the west; Mau'ysu* or 
 Ilunuarian, in the east ; and the Slaviuiian, in the north- 
 east. Jews are nuiinniiiH, 
 
 Till' Oormaiis are the ni'st intelliu'cnt. Three-fourths of the inhabi. 
 taiils are Uoman Catholics, but other denominations are tolerated. 
 
 Towns.'- 2.1 1. Vinnin (,100,000), the capital. Is situated near the 
 Piiiiiibi', It is till! great seat of nianiifactiiri's and eomnierce, and has 
 line literary institutions, Frinjiii- (] I2,0ll0i, tho chief city in |toliemi;i, 
 has a celebrated university and extensive maiiulactiires, 7'(7)/(/," and 
 /uirlHliiid Mv noted watei ing-|ilaces, liriinii (fiS.OiMi), in Moravia, i< 
 tlie chief Hi at of the woulleii manufactures. Twelve miles east is 
 ,1 ".«/( rlil:, tho scene of a groat Imttle in 1H(),5, 
 
 25.1. l.iw: in a fortitlcil town on the Danube, Siil:lnir>i is noted for 
 it< calt minex. t/niti ((iil.OoUi lias iron iniuiufai'tiires, /drin is an 
 uiilicallhy pirtci'. with liirge iiuicksilver mines. Trimtr ((!5,nOO), on 
 till Adriatic, is the chief port and centre of foicigti Iraile. lnnnliriti k 
 leiH I xleiisiv*. woollen and silk nianufartuies. At Trent the cplubrat. I 
 Cliiircli Council was held finiii 1515 to 16ii;i. 
 
 2f>tt. l/mhtnj ("O.UOii), the largest oily In (lalieia, has a gre.it 
 
SOUTH (JF.iniANY. 
 
 103 
 
 I 
 
 tria were successively 
 
 when Napoleou sub- 
 
 r the constitution of 
 
 le Diet, until shorn of 
 
 h. hy Prussia ami 
 itli. by Turkey and 
 1, ami Bavaria. 
 
 ■iatie, l-; quite limite<I. 
 
 )artlcular]y in the 
 Alps, in the soutli- 
 iiid no' 'i. 
 
 inoMnt, ,N — tlie Erz- 
 Jjii!i)iier>i:at<l. 
 ,iu of Galicia; on llie 
 
 )urse<)f the/A/»"'^'', 
 Ami S'lr,', fnini tlie 
 i,v'.<, from the mutli ; 
 , ami Vis(i(/'t. 
 t not very enrefnlly 
 ird pasture tor hir,;;e 
 
 IS. is niihl. Tlie ex- 
 ope. 
 
 i.l v.iiuiiMe, einbi-aoiii,' 
 ami .silver, The ^':lll 
 nsivo in tliu world. 
 
 ih' all tlie common 
 VI' extensively eulti- 
 ;.iiy are eclehrated. 
 ■ral (litlercnt race.o. 
 west ; Magyar or 
 .iiian, in the nortli- 
 
 'pf(i\irtlis of till- iiiliatii- 
 utiiinH i\ro tokratcil. 
 
 1. is situftted near tlio 
 iind ciiiMniorci', and li'i-t 
 liiMliicl'.'ityin UMlicMii;!. 
 utraclurpH. Ti'tilil: and 
 (."iH.OiMil, ill Moravia, i.< 
 Twclvi' miles (iiHl i-< 
 
 Siil'Jiiii'il in noted for 
 nifaitun's. Iili'in in an 
 H. Trifuli' (li.'i.eOin, Ml 
 iriirii Inide, l)i>ii>hi'h<k 
 At Tirut till' I'clulirali d 
 
 ' Uulioiii, has ft ureiit 
 
 annual ftiir. Cracow (41.000), tlie ancient eaijital of Pcland, lia.s a tine 
 cathedral, where many of tlie Kings of Poland wire crowned ami buried. 
 Near the city is a mouuu 150 feet hi;;h raised in honour of Kusciusko, 
 and Composed of earth culleoted fruni all his battle-i;rounds. 
 
 257. Biida (flS.OOO) and J'csth (132.00U), on opiiosite sides of the 
 Danube, form one city, the capital of IIuiiL'ary. I'nuhurij, on the 
 Danube, was the ancient capital. A'oHioJVi is suongly fortiticd. Tokaii 
 and Erhia are famous for wines; Schcmnitz and Krcmnitz for gold 
 and silver mines ; Dtbmczin and KhatKCnljunj for luaiuifaetiues. 
 
 258. The chief pursuits are atrriciilture. mining', niaini- 
 faeturiiiv', and commerce. 
 
 Manufacturing ia most e.Ktensive in tiie (lernian pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 The exports are crain, manufactures, minerals, lumber, and wine. 
 The imports are cotton, tea, coftee, sugar, and ullier trupieal produce. 
 
 259. Tiie government is desiiotie. temjienMl witli as nnirli 
 (if con.stitutional form as eircumstiiiices nialie iieeessary to 
 preserve the empire from dismemlnrnuiit, 
 
 Sevtra' of the provinces have Ion," jeeii lieM nnly by military furcc. 
 The Kinperor has lately conceded to llnniriiry her ancient onn-titutiunal 
 gdveriiment. The army numbers from 4mO,OOU to 000,000 men. The 
 navy is small. 
 
 Austria occujiies the lowest rank among the great powers. National 
 tankruptcy and diversity of races in the various proviiieei of the 
 empire are tlie chief sources of weakness. There is an increasing de- 
 sire am( ni: the Slavonic population of the ii"rtheaslein provinces for 
 union with Itiissia. 
 
 SOUTH GERMANY. 
 
 2f!i>. Germany, called Dt iitsr/i/itn-l hy tin' ii.itivrs. alihoiiuh 
 iiicludinii many States, may lie eonsidereil iiiidir three ccncral 
 divi.siouo :--tiie I'liixnidn Sf(il':<, in tiie north; tiie AaMrlaii 
 Stdtf'.i, in tlie Hotith-east ; and .South (Jermany, between the 
 1 liver Main and Switzerland. 
 
 I'or tlie first and second illvlslons, see I'i-iish'ih and An.'lri'i. 
 
 i:(il. Gernwuiy has been called the labyrinth of m'OL;raphers. 
 Composeil of many small State.^, somo in seattcnd frag- 
 ments, some connected witii non-Germanie Slates, it has for 
 a;^e8 liad a more involved political orLiaiiizatioii than iiiiy 
 otlier part of (he world. 
 
 2(52. (Jermany formed the eastern half of ('iiarlcmiiu'iic 's empire. 
 From 1U2 to 1805 the various Slates were lea).Micd to^'itlier lur mutual 
 dtfeiice, under a common (leclivo head, ulyh-il the Kmperur of tier- 
 many. This organization wan brnken up by Nap'ilciin I. From l^l,'i 
 to KS(iG the (Jeriii.inic (.'oiifederatloii ooiiKisted of lliirt>live suvereinn 
 HtiitPH. Kneh Stale had independent eonliol over its internal all'air.t; 
 wliilHtnll matters pertaining to di fence were managed by ,in a»>eiiibly 
 of representatives called the tiiit, which was eunveiied at Kralikf'iit- 
 oiithoMain. The leadiiiK Slates weio Aii.ilria and Prussia; iievt in 
 rank were llavaria, Wurleinbini;, llannver, Saxony, and llaileii. 
 Austria presided at the Diet. 
 
 i'ruMta liaviog on UilVeretit uccuitions utteiupluU tu form a new or* 
 
 ganization of Germany, has now succeeded in placing herself at the head 
 of all the Northern States. \.'<u I'l-iii'sia, 228 ; Aastria, 1 4(j.) 
 
 2(i:}. South (Jermany compri.ses the Kiinjdovis of liaiuvid 
 and Wurtcmbunj, the Grand Duvltij <>f ]>a<liii, the southern 
 half n{ IJ esse- JJ'.irmdadt, inn] the J'ruicipa/dif of Liec/ittu- 
 steiit. 
 
 Liechtenstein, south of Lake Constanci?, is noted as the .smallest Ger- 
 man State— area, (33 siiuare miles. 
 
 2(!-J Tlie surface of Smith fiermaiiv U elevated, and 
 varied with tablL'-lamI.s, luountaiiis, and dells. 
 
 The mountains are t\\o Jl'lnntvirii/it, in the east; the .l//w. in the 
 south ; and the >Sehwarl:wakl, or /Jlark Fan.it, in the west. The lat- 
 ter furiu the water-shed between the Danube and the Ulione. 
 
 2(1.'). Tlie soil is ueiierally Very fertile; and tlie climate, 
 txeejit in the mountains, i.s mild. The products are ,i,'rain, 
 llax, hops, wine, and tobacco. The mutintains ullbrd line 
 pastiiraj,'e and timber. 
 
 20i). Institutions of learning of all grades are mimerons. .\ltond- 
 ance at school is compulsory, and the inhabitants are intelligent. 
 .M innfacturing is extensively pro.secuted. 
 
 The States have constitutional governments, and are leagued together 
 for defence. They have also made a treaty, otlenaive and defensive, 
 with Prussia. 
 
 2(;7. Bavaria consists of two jiortionH, sejiarated by Laden 
 and Wurtenioiini. The western division, on the liliine, is 
 .sonictinK's eall'd the I'ahitiiiiHe. Tiie total urea is aiioitt 
 oiir and a li.di times lar.:er than Nova Seotia. Tlic in- 
 habitants are notcil beer drinkers, ropiilalion, -l.dDH.OOU. 
 
 20.S. Miiiiicli (MS, 000), the capilal, on a table land at the f-nt of the 
 Alps, has many tine public buildings. It is nuted lor the manufacture 
 of telescopes and muthematical instrumenls. Ilnhenliiiikn is a vil- 
 la.;e twenty miles east. A'ioth/'jiuv/ i02,OOO , noteil I'or its inventions 
 in the mechanical aits, is an ancient town. The other important towns 
 wwi Aii'jxfiiivii, SiniCK, Itttlidinii, /'((.v«(", and lUtiitlirii. 
 
 2(!l). Wurtemburg is about oiie-l'inutli tiie size of liavaria. 
 Population, l,T>;j,tMi'i. 
 
 Shittimrl (50,000), the capitil, has a beaiilifiil situation, siiir"iinded 
 by hills clothed with vineyards, i'lm has a fiiio cathedral. 
 
 271'. Baden, lyinu' aloiii; the ri^lit bank of the Dannlie, 
 is about one-third the size of Nova ,Seotia. I'lom its lieatity 
 and fertility, it has been eiiHed tlie I'aradisc of (Icrmaiiy. 
 I'opulatioii, I,:i7i»,t"i(i. 
 
 < iiiUrahi 127,00111, the capital, has thirty two slrnts, all of which 
 diverge like the ray* of a fan from thu ducal pahu'u in lliu centre 
 JlmUit-Ilitileii, v^itli waiiii Kprings, is a noleil watering place, Mumi- 
 /ir 11/1 has a large trade, /A o/rZ/xr;/ has a bcautilul situation. Di the 
 ci bar of a ruined caHlle is the faiiiuim tiin of Heidelberg, eapablu of 
 liol ling eight hundred hogshead.'* of wine. 
 
 JhiriiiK'iKlt, .l/(((/is(B iitr"iig military station), iroCHi*, and llin'jeii 
 urv the uhiof lowiw iu lleuu liuriiiktudt. 
 
lot 
 
 KI'Uol'I 
 
 HOLLAND, 
 
 I I Oli TtlK KI.\i;l)OM or TIIK NKTIlKUI.AMi:^. 
 
 271. Tlio niiincs of this country, si^uityiiij^ Imrlnnih, are 
 I expressive of its physical cliaractcr. 
 
 In tlifj iiiiildlo afies Ilnllanil and tlie inljuinin',' kiiiml'im of I'lclijiiiin 
 I'oiisiiaU'ii of sevenleeu siniill Suites, anions wliich l''lai)ders and Br;i- 
 lii»nt took tlio load. In 140ti they Ijocaine sulijeot to tlio !•■ !-.e of 
 llur^undy, and .subsequently were inlieritod liy tlio He ise of Austria. 
 From Cliarles V. of (ierniany tlit' Netlieilands pas.sed to liis .son I'liilip 
 of Spain. 
 
 272. Oppressed liy tyranny and pcrsoc'ition, seven of tlio provinces, 
 in \Uli\ asserted llieir freedom from tlie Spanisii yoke, and formed 
 the Reiiuljlic of ILdland, or the ^n-en United Prm-iiires. The new 
 repuMio, mr\kin:; rapid strides in prosperity, soon beoanie the first 
 coinmeroial CDuntry in Kiiroiie, and its eolniiie.s were established in all 
 parts of the world. Hidland became a inoiiarehy in 17-17. 
 
 Holland is still a pi-ospi^nms country, but its relative iniportniice has 
 )^really declined. (.Sec Cul/icr's Orcitt I'.veul.-f, p. 11*8.) 
 
 273. ITolliiinl is bniimli"! on tlio north and \vest liy the 
 North Sea; on the east by Prtis.sia ; and on the .soiitii by 
 Bel);iuni, 
 
 Tiic coast in some parts is below the level of the sea, in 
 others it is skirted by broad .saud-liills raised by the winds 
 and wave.s, 
 
 271. The rivers Sehelde, Mense, and Rhine enter the sea 
 by various channels, and their broad estuaries enclose several 
 Lslanils. The Zuiiih'r Zi-e is a ;,'idf extendin,!.; 45 miles 
 inland, formed by an irruption of the sea nearly six hun- 
 dred years a,i,'o. Olf its mouth is a chain of small islands. 
 The f.auii.'1'v Ziw iuid the J)nlUtii are ^nUs I'nrnird in a simi- 
 l;ir manner. 
 
 liy a villi, lit storm, in the early part of the lifteeiilh ci-ntury, Ihe sea 
 w;is driven np the istiiary nf the Mi.um', seventy-two vilhiaCs were 
 deslrou'd, and 20,000 people Inst their live.s. 
 
 27.". The surface id' llnlliind is remarkably lnw and level. 
 The only hills are he sand-1'aiiks (Ui sdiiie parts nl' the 
 coast. 
 
 The country is ppitecteJ fri-m inumlalidn alnn;; the low coasts and 
 livers by dikes, in Bomu caseg CO feet lii;;li. These dikes are closely 
 watched, mid a break is promptly ic|)aireil. On the dikes, wliicli ir- 
 ter.sci't the onuiitry in all diiectinna, are canals, often liordered with 
 rowB of trees, loiil sirviiij,' ihe doiiblo inirpi'sn of navigation and dr.iin- 
 le/o. Crowds of skaters c.ivcr the canals in winter. The lands en- 
 .■l.iscd within thodikis, eallnl /io'</-)v, aivdiaiiud by pumps, ::eiierally 
 worked by windmills, jMaiiy sinall lakes huvo lieen drained in a 
 Kiinilar manner. 
 
 27(1. The soil is rieh, and earefiiUy eiiltivateil. Tlie 
 climate i,-< very humid, and the bri.uht davs in tiie year are 
 f \v. Tn winter the cold is severe, 
 
 The products are rye, oat,s, biiek-wheat, ^rrass. tlax, and 
 abundance olyanleu vei;etaliles. The pastures are excellent , 
 
 hoi'ses and cattle are reared in irreat numbers ; there are no 
 forests. 
 
 277. The inhabitants are called Dutch, and arc noted for 
 intellij^ence, industrj', enterprise, and cleanliness. About 
 two-thirds are Protestants, and one-third Roman Catholics. 
 
 Towns 278. The Ilanue fS2,000), between two arms of the Rhine, 
 
 near the North Sea, is the cipital. It is a beautiful city. Am-stm/am 
 (2tJ3,000), the commercial capital, is on an inlet of the Zuyder Zee, 
 called the Y. It occupies marshy ground, and the houses are built on 
 piles driven deep into the eartli. Oaiials supply the jdace of streets. 
 Jloltcnliim (111,000), on the Meuse, is also a givat roinmercial city. 
 27!'. Schiedam is noted for its L'in. I'tccrht, noted for treaties, lias 
 i extensive wonlleu niaiiufactuies. J.r>/ilen has a tine university. As 
 a reward to the iiihabitiints of Leydeii for their heroism in resistin,' 
 the Spaniards in 1573, the Prince of Oran;;e ottered to fmiiul a uni- 
 versity in the city, or to free them from taxes. They chose the former. 
 The other important towns are llaurkm (noted for its organ), Bois 
 Ic Due, (ifoiiiiii/cii, and J/(/c^^ ,''''^ 
 
 250. The manufactures include pai)er, linen.s, woollens, 
 silks, leather, and ^'in. ^Machinery is driven ])rineipally by 
 windmills. Fisiiinj; is an important pursuit. The com- 
 merce is extensive. A larjje trade is carried on witli the 
 Dutch colonies in the East Indies. 
 
 The exports include dairy products, live stock, fiali, clover-.seed, gin, 
 and maiiufaitiires. The imports are lumber, stone, coal, lea, sugar, 
 Kpices, ai.d other tropical luoducts. 
 
 251. The government is a limitv'cl mniiarchy. The letris- 
 lature, called the S/uf's-O'ciirral, consists of two (.'hambei's. 
 
 The reveiuie is about |35,00O,O0O. The army nnmbers about G0,000 
 men. 
 
 282. The foreign possessions nf tlic Nethevlands are exteii'^ive. in- 
 cluding setllemeiits on the west cuast of Africa; .lava, Sumatra, and 
 iither islamls in the Kast Indies; Dutch Oniana; and Cura(,'oa and St, 
 lin^tatius in the West Indies. Ti'tal area eijual to a .siiuure of 830 
 miles. ri.).ill;iU.ill. IS, (1110,(111(1, 
 
 2S3. Dutch Luxembourg, snuth east of ''.el>.'iiini, is a licrmaii ;.'iaiid 
 duchy, j;iveii to tin' KiiiL' nf tjie Netheihiiids in 1814. It contains the 
 town (if I.ti.iimi iiiinj, one of Ihe stroinicst fortresses in Kuropc. 
 
 QUESTION. A sliip sails from Amsterdam to Batavia in Java, 
 and l)ack ; through wliat waters would she pass, and wliat frtii?lits 
 would she carry \ 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 2M. lielyinm is chisely eniiiicctcd wiili llnllaiid in its 
 early history. 
 
 The ti'ii provinces nf the Nrlhcilaiids wliich now furin this kincr- 
 
 iloiii reiniiini'd ninh'r Spain uiilil 1711, wlo'ii they wi're led to Au.'^- 
 
 Iriii. Dniiiii,' the Frinch HeVMltiiinn they were aiiinxed to I'lance, 
 On the diiwnfall of NapohMU, llid.'iuiii and llolhiiid were united a.s the 
 Kinndcun of the Netherlands. This union beiiii/ distasteful to the 
 I'.iluiaii-', they ttithdiiw in ]8;t(l, anil pstalili.>li"il an independent 
 monarchy under Lenpold of Saxe Cnboiirt,'. 
 
(ors ; tliLTC are no 
 
 and arc noted for 
 aiilincss. About 
 Roman Catliolica. 
 
 ro arms nf tlic llliine, 
 fill city. Aiii.itmlam 
 t of liic Zuyder Zee, 
 IB houses are l)uilt on 
 ■ tlie place of streets. 
 it eommercial city, 
 iiiiteil for treaties, 1ms 
 I fine univer.sity. As 
 • lieroisiii in re.sistin^ 
 SV-reil to f uiiil a >iiii- 
 I'lu'V i-liose tlie former. 
 ;d for its organ), Hois 
 
 •, liui'ns, woollens, 
 iven principally by 
 mrsiiit. The coni- 
 arriud on with tlic 
 
 c, fish, clover-seed, s^in, 
 stone, coal, lea, sugar, 
 
 iiKuvliy. Tlie loLiis- 
 t' two Clianiboi-s. 
 
 lumbers altout 00,000 
 
 lids are extonsive, in- 
 i; Java. Sumatra, and 
 , ; and Cura(,-oa ami St. 
 lal to a si|uaro of 830 
 
 im. is a licriuan trrand 
 1811. It contains llio 
 SI'S in Kuriipo. 
 
 ,u to Batavia in Java, 
 ASS. and what freiijlits 
 
 iilli 
 
 ll.illand in its 
 
 u iinw f.rm this kinc- 
 hi'V wi'rr- ceiled to An."- 
 pre aniii'.ved to Kram-e. 
 Iliiml wore nniieil aa the 
 >eini/ distasteful t^) th'' 
 
 ,li>h'd an iiideiiondcnl 
 
 FRANTK. 
 
 10.3 
 
 Bel(.'iuin is one of the most tlourishim; small kingdoms of Eur^jje. 
 From the numerous battles fought within its bounds, it has been 
 called the battle-field of Europe. 
 
 285. Belj,'ium is bounrled on the north-west by the North 
 Sea ; on the north by Holland ; on tiie east by Prussia and 
 Luxembourg ; and on tlie south-west by France. 
 
 The coast is fringed with sand-hills, ami is ahiut 40 miles in 
 length. 
 
 286. The surface in the north-west is low and level, 
 like Holland ; in tiie south-east it is more elevated and 
 niyged. 
 
 The prinoipal rivers are the S'hil'h and .lAvi.-ti'. 
 The soil is rendered so productive by careful cidiivation, iliat Belgium 
 has been called the garden of Europe. 
 The climate is temperate and humid. 
 
 287. Tlie mineral treasures in the .south-east are varied 
 and great. Coal ami iron are abundant. The other minerals 
 arc zinc, lead, niaii:;ane.se, marble, and slate. 
 
 The agricultural products are grain, ilax, h.ps, sugar beet, culinary 
 vegetables, and gra.-^ses. 
 
 Horses, cattle, and sheep are reared in large numln>r.s. 
 
 288. Tiie population is more dense tlian in any otiii'r 
 country, giving an average of 417 to the S(iuare niih'. 
 
 The IJelgians are intelligent and industrious. They are famed fir 
 skill in music, painting, and architecture. Nearly all are Roman 
 Catholics; but other de nmipations are tnloi'ated. 
 
 Towns,— 2S0. />rii!i.<>if.i nS2,0iMi), the capital, on the Sonne, is one 
 of the handsomest towns in Europe. It has extensive and varied 
 manufactures. Its lace and carpets are celebrated. Seven milts souih 
 is the battle-field of Wat.'iln.., «l,,.r.' N",'U"il''"n wms dcfi-ited in 1815. 
 
 
 MnM Ml MS OS WAinil.Mil. 
 
 Iir>igi:i, deriving its name from its numerou.s bridge.-:, was once a i;reat 
 commer-ial town. Ustcnd, the only maritime town, is strongly fiuti- 
 fied. Lieije, in the mining district, lias very extensive iron luann- 
 fiotures, X(tmin\ .\friii.i, Tcnnuii/. Mich'tn, Mh\ (Vrc/cct are impoi- 
 taut towns. 
 
 290. Belgium is one of the greatest niamifaeturinu 
 countries in tlie world, producing carpct.s, lace, cottons, 
 woollens, linens, tire-arms, engines, and cutlery. 
 
 The exports are manufactures, coal ami other minerals, flax, dairy 
 jiroduce, and live stock. The imports are grain, eottun, dye stutl.s. 
 tea, and tropical produce. The rivers, canals, and lailways of lielgium 
 afi'ord unrivalled advantages for inland trade. 
 
 2!»1. Tiie government is a constitutional monarchy. The 
 legislative power is vested in the King, Senate, and House of 
 Kepre.scntative.s. 
 
 The regular army numbers about 80,000. The Duchies of /.iiiibuij 
 and Liurmboiinj belong partly to Belgium and partly to Holland. 
 
 .liiZ/ccryi (114,000), on the Slicj.le, \h iI Iii.f cniMinen-ial city, and 
 
 contains u splendid c.ithedr.il. Uliiiit (120, Dim ,, js ||u' chief seat "f the 
 cotton ihunufaciiiies. In it.i enviruni are four hundred green-houws. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 202. Franee, aiuiently a Koinaii piovin idled (J.nd, 
 
 (ditained its present name from the Fninks, who eanie troiu 
 (iermaiiy in the tilth century. The Frankisii monarchy was 
 established by Clovi.s, d^ti .\.i). 
 
 The mi'st ilistinpiiislieil" nmn.ircli if rr;uii'i', in early tiiiii's. wast •'li,.rli'- 
 ni.iuiic, who;i' empire iiichnUil rriinn'. (M'rm.iny, iiinl ll.ily Tils-Sll 
 liiirini; the .Miilille .Nkcs nmny liini- wius wirc wiiniil In iwcrn I'ranci; iiinl 
 Knktlanil, piirticnliirly in the rciuns I'f llilwunl III, Henry V , iiiiil Henry \'l. 
 
 l!',»;t In recent times, France lias lieen the scene i.f three revnliition-t 
 17s',(, Is.iii, iinil ls4s . lUiriiiK the llrst revnlniiiin. I.miii .\VI iiinl liii 
 
 i|neen Marie Antoiiiette were lielieaileil ; the moniircliy win suec leil l)y .i 
 
 repiililic ; anil it ii^ain liy the empire nf .Nupnlinii I In l>:iii, ( liiirles X 
 wa.s ilethrnniil, iiinl tlie eriiwii w;i> tiveii to l.i.uis Pliilipiie In l>|s. I, mils 
 was ilepii'ieil, iinil a repMlilii'iiii unviTmnent was nrk'aiii/i'il ; wliieli in its turn 
 yieliled to the iniperi.il rule uf .Napilenii III. In Is.'cJ 
 
 2:1 1. Fr.iiK'e is liiiiiinlcil on the nm-th bv tin' i'.nulish 
 ( 'lianiirl and r.rl'gimii ; e.ist. by (Ii-rm.iiiN', Switzirlaiid, and 
 Italy; soutli, by tiir !\Ieditrrr;iiiraii and Spain; west, by the 
 I!ay of IJisr.MV. 
 
 2'.).'j, The coast line is alioMt |."ii m 1 miles in Irnutil. The 
 
 most important inlets are Sf. M iiliuJ's llnii, I he //'i// '// 
 
 lUsr,!)/^ lllld tiie (,'ii/l'it' l.ii'iK. L'l llnijif is till' principal 
 eape, and Cufsii-'i tlie iiio.-t impurlaiit i>land. 
 
 The Island nf Corsica, li"liil as the birth place nf Napnleon I,, \^ 
 lather larger thai. Cape lln lo|i. The iiiteiior is mnuiitaiii<>us. 
 
 There are "everal nmall isliind- mi the cia^l of Fiance, us I/ir'i'i.i, 
 /I, III' /.v/. , A'c, O'iruii. and f^lfuii. 
 
 21)0. Tl;o surface is geneiaily level or undulating. The 
 greater part of the coniitry ha.n n westerly slope. TIm' 
 highest iiiouiituin.'* are on the border."*, tlie /'i/ifntrfii Kepural- 
 

 
 M 
 
 106 
 
 ei'kopb:. 
 
 tUIAI'lMIATIIKlMM;. 
 
 iiii,' Fnuico fi'oiii Siiiiin ; tlie J //'.<, iR'twci'ii Fiance iiiul Italy ; 
 
 and tlie Jura, between France and Switzerland. 
 
 Towarils the east are several low mountain ratio's, including the 
 Vd.vjcs, Civciiiiis, atiii A inrriDK'. Mimt llhuic, Little tit. Dirnard, 
 ami Cdiis are border ptaks of the Al|is. 
 
 297. Tlic jiriucipal rivers are tlie Ithine {Mrusc, MoneUv), 
 lihonb ■ ' tone), Admir, (.i'<ir<iiiw\ L<nri\ and Hvim'. 
 
 liy means of its rivers France has 5o00 miles of internal navigation, 
 wliich is increascil by canals to &500. 
 
 21)8. The soil is L'enerally fertile. The climate is, fur the 
 most part, exceediiii^iy mild and deligiitful. (.SV'- Euvoite, 
 4.5, 4(i.) 
 
 The I'hief minerals are coal, iron, Uail. ami manganese. The jielil 
 of coal and imn i.-* n^l eiinai to the consnmiition, 
 
 29D. Tiie agricultural iirodnets include the conmi'in 
 f-rains, the vine; snuar heet, tobacco, olive, and nndbcny. 
 Oranges and lemons l'imw in the .smith. 
 
 The vine has been exti n>ivfly cultivated for ages. The mulberry 
 w.is introtiuced in the tifteeiitii century, 'i here are laru'e forests of 
 Piiiv, beech, chestnut, iiud jiiiie, in »liicii tears, wtijves, wild boars, 
 nnd the chamois arc nunitrons. 
 
 ."jod. Till' inhabitants are maiidy Celtic, with .some ad- 
 mixture of the Tfiiloidc race. 
 
 The French are fond of dhow and iileasure. The prasniitry are very 
 ignorant; but the hinher classes are »eil educated. Tiie ^reiit built of 
 tiie |ieo|ile are Roman Catholics ; but Protestants are loleiated. 
 
 Towns.— oOl. /Viri« (1,700,000), the cajiital, occupyinK both bunks 
 cf the Si'ine, 100 miles from its mouth, is the second city of Kurope 
 lu population, and the tlrsl in splendour. It cuntaius a university 
 
 aitendid by 7000 students, a library with 1,800,000 vulumes, .and 
 rich collections of iiaintiuL' and sculpture. Among the line buildings 
 are the Tuileries and Notre Dame Cathedral, The Parisians are 
 
 NdTlO: n.VMK, PAIIIS. 
 
 models of politeness and faishion. In the environs are Virsaillcs, 
 noted for its splendid palace; Scvrm, famed for its porcelain; and 
 Foiitdiiiclileau, for its forest. i 
 
Vfi 
 
 ,000 volumes, and i 
 tlie fine buililings 
 The rarisiaus aie 
 
 Ions are Vivaaillcs, 
 its iiorceluin ; M\i\ 
 
 g 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 107 
 
 3U2. Vlierbourg — with a preul breakwater and .strongly fortified — 
 Brest, L'Orient, Rochefort, and Toulon are the chief naval stations ; 
 Le Havre, at tlie raoutli of the Seine, is the greatest commercial port 
 of the north ; Marseille (219,()U0) is tlie most important in the south. 
 The other important ports are Dunkirk, strongly furtified ; Calais, 
 long owned by the English ; Bouhyne; JJiqipe; St. Malo; La Jtochel/c, 
 once a stronghold of the Huguenots; and yice. 
 
 303. Lyons (300,000), at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone, is 
 the greatest manufacturing town, including silks, cottons, woollens, 
 and jewellery. The following are important niaiiufacturing towns : — 
 Lille, strongly fortified ; Wilcnciennes; Vambrai; Amiens; Jloucn, with 
 a fine cathedral; Toulouse; Aimes, noted for antiquities; Besanoon ; 
 Col mar ; Mulhauscn ; A'ancii ; Jiheims, noted for its cathedral; M(t: ; 
 Tours; Limo'jes; Moulins; .'it. Etiintic ; SaiUes (108,000); and 
 Grenoble. 
 
 301. Stra.i'joury, near the llhino, is strongly fortified, and has a 
 cathedral with a spire 406 feet high. Jiordoaux (149,000), on tlir 
 (iaroime, trades largely in wines, brandy, and dried fruit. Bai/nnnc 
 is noted as the place where bayonets were first made. Moniinllicr is 
 Li'io great resort of invalids. Ai'>:inon was the residence of the I'upes 
 in the fourteenth century. Chuuiouni, in Savoy, is a village at the 
 toot of Mont Blanc. Ajaaio and Ba.ftia are the chief places in 
 Corsica. 
 
 3().j. The leading industries arc iiuriculture, maiuifactur- 
 ing, and conimenio. 
 
 Franco ranks next to Britain in iiianufacturos ami cimi- 
 
 niorce. 
 
 The chief exports are wines, brandy, silk.«, cottons, gloves, lace, 
 olive oil, and preserved fruits. The imports are cotton, coal, tea, 
 sugar, and trojiical produce. — Total value of exports, §377,000,000. 
 
 30G. The government is ponstitntinnal in form, Init the 
 Emppror lias almost alisolntc power. 
 
 France is prob;ilily the lirst military power in Europe, as the army, 
 thiHigli not the largest, is very cfi'ective. It numbers about 500,000 
 men. The naval force ranks next to that of (jreat Ihitain. The 
 revenue is about $370,UUit,oiM). 
 
 307. The foreign possessions, taken together, have an area about 
 one and a half times greater than the home territory, and a pnpnlutioii 
 of 0,000,000. The i)rincipal are : — 
 
 In America, /•'rineh h'liiiinn, (Inailalnupr. Murtinique. and some 
 otliors of the West Imlies ; ,'<t. I'icrrc and Mi'iiutmi, on liie coast ct 
 Newfoundland : 
 
 In Africa, Alytria. Sinriial, and the fslanit .. Jlmuiinn : 
 
 In Asia, a maritime district in Cochin China, Poniliclurrn anii 
 other small territories in Ilindostan : 
 
 In Oceania, the .ManjUisas, Xen: Cahjln.i.i. and Tnhiti. 
 
 QUESTION.— A vessel sails from Halifax to the West Indies; 
 thence to France; and thence to St. Joliu; what freights would she 
 carry ? 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 3(>8. Switzrrlanil. aiiciciitly calleil Helvetia, derived it.s 
 present name troiu the canton of ^chweit:. whieii took a 
 leading; part in freeim; the oonntry from the Austrian yoke, 
 in tiio hegiiiniti^ of the foiirteentii eeiitiiry. 
 
 The Swiss were arouscil to assert their independencp, by the tyranny 
 
 1 M \Mi,|s III N 1 IMi. 
 
 of Albert, Doke f .\uslria: and (b-ler, the .Au<^triaii tr'vprnT. 
 • ie.sler was slain by the patriot William Tell. (.Vrc Collier's 0'r(at 
 Events, \\ TJS.) ' 
 
 3i»l). Switzerland is luiiiiiiliil m the imrtji l.y (In'many; 
 on the east liy .Vustria ; on the sonth hy Italy; and on tiio 
 west liy Franco. 
 
 The country is wholly inland, .■>nd is niin of the smallest States of 
 Europe. Extreme length, 21") miles ; bieadth, laO miles. 
 
 31n. Tlie surface is ureatly diversilied liy mmnitaitis. 
 valleys, jilateans, siiow-tields. '.^l.aeier.s, lakes, and streams. 
 The .southern half of the eoniitry is in the lid'ry A//iiiiv 
 retjioii. The Jura Mon nl'ihi.^ are nil tiie west. 
 
 Mitiil Bl'inr is on the Eieneli Imnhr ; Jlo^n and the Multcrliorn are 
 between Suitzcrland and Italy. Other importan' pi.'aks are St. 
 (•'iilhiiril. Janofraii, Finxtn'-Aar-llnrn, and Snircfklmrn. Tlio 
 mountains are in some places cleft by gorges several thousaiul feet in 
 depth, 
 
 :ill. The hiu'hor niniintaiiis are enverrd with perpi'tiud 
 snow, which sometimes descends in immense avalanches into 
 the valley.s. Land-sliiis also occur snniPtimes. Whole 
 villat;es have tlins Iteen bnried many feet in eartii and rocks. 
 In Slimmer, the ulaeiers, pree]iiiiL; down the e|c\-ated valleys, 
 contrast stran^iely with adjacent nrehards ami urain lield.s. 
 \Sfi' l'hiri>}i(\ 3(1.) 
 
 1512. Many rivers, as the Rhinr, .\ar. Inn, /ilnmr, ;.nl Tii'ino, 
 have their nrigiri in ihi; Alpine ghu'iers. 
 
 The lakes, Geneva, Xeujehatd, Ci'nstancc, and ftlier<, are notid tor 
 their beauty. 
 
 |: 
 
 -J 
 
''•rr 
 
 108 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 ;}13. The soil capal)!!; ol' tilla^x-, which loiuia Imt a hiuall 
 [ii'opditioii, is cart't'iilly cultivated. 
 
 The climate uiul products vary with tiie (.•Icvatiuii. 
 
 The lowi'r,i,'riiuiids and valleys yield tlie vine, tlie couuuou 
 grains, jiutatoes, and various fruits. Extensive numntain 
 jiastures sustain i^reat nund'ers of eattle, slieep, and j,'oats. 
 
 314. The Swiss are lu'ave, industrious, and intelliiront. 
 It is rare to meet with a person wlio cannot read and write. 
 
 About tlu-oe-lif'tlis of tliu iiili;il'it:mti arc Frotcstuiits ; the i-ciiiiiiiiiler, 
 liomau Catliiilici. 
 
 Towns.— 315. .Switzcilaiid cDn-sifitsof tweiity-twi) in'lc)iL>ii.leiu States, 
 called Cantoim. 
 
 There are but nine tnun.s hi Switzerlainl which iiavc over lo.oiio 
 inhabitants. These are Kerne, Fribours, Lau.-annc, (ieiieva, Neul- 
 chalel, IJa.sle, Lucerne, Zurich, and St. liali. 
 
 Ikriic eJ!<,000), on the Aar, is tlie .scat I't the Federal Diet, l.'tu- 
 .w/ofc has a beautiful situation en Lake Lciuan, r.'(/U'm t41,UUU), at 
 the et11u.\ of the Rhone from Lake Leiuan, is ihe larirest city. It is 
 noted for its manufactures of watches and jewellery. JIany illustrious 
 men have resided hero at ditVerent times. BokIc is at the head of 
 steam navi.L'ation on the Khirie. /.ni-icli has been called the Athens of 
 Switzerland. Ml'^rf is neted as the I'lace whue Tell sliot the apple 
 Iroiii his son's hi-ad. 
 
 lilt;. Tlie leading- industries are agriculture, grazing, 
 ami luanufacturing. 
 
 Tlie most important mamifaeiures are watchi'S, jewellery, 
 cheese, silks, and eottnns, whirh form the chief e.vjiorts. 
 
 317. The government is a I'ederal republic. The standing; ariu\ 
 jiuujbers al/out bU.ooO men. Revenue, 6 J, 0110,000. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 31S. Spain formed a lloman province ■aiider the name id' 
 JJispaiiid. In 711, tlie ureater part of the peninsula was 
 Kiibjugiited hy the I\[ohamme(hin.-<. The ^Moorish or .Moham- 
 medan kinudom was, in 1(»:27. hroken into a numher of petty 
 states, which gradually yieldi;d to the rising powei' id' the 
 < 'hristiaii kurgdoms of Portui;al, Aragon, iind I'astile. The 
 Mohaiumodans were expelled from Spain by I'erdinand and 
 Isaliella in ll!t:2. These sovereigns hy their mariiage united 
 the kiimdonis of Aragon and Castile, and laid the fnundation 
 of the Spiinish monarchy. 
 
 ol!t. Under the patr^na^e nf Ferdinand and I-aliella, Columbus dis- 
 covered America. Spain, with her vast cohniial possessions, now be- 
 came one of the ridiest and most puwerful States of Europe. She held 
 l)enealh lier sway Mexieo. Central .America, two-thirds of South 
 America, and the Netherlands. Hy misnovernment and tyranny she 
 drove her I'^ilonics to rebcUioii, and she lias now dwindled to a second- 
 rate power. 
 
 ra 1.1. 1 1 1. II 1. 
 
 •\ the ^Mediterranean ; 
 
 and tlie Pyrenees ; east and smith 
 west by Portugal and the Atlantic. 
 
 The coast is generally bold and iv-ular. The principal 
 capes are Crtiii^e, S'l'i. P<ilu.i^ (;.i/.i. Turifa, Trafalgar, 
 Fiiii)il('rrc,in\d (>ri'<ia/. iS, r <;,/!,, ,'.< Hnd-^h JliMiirn,\). 3iH».) 
 
 The i,rincip;d islands are ilie Jlahtirir. embracing Majorat, 
 Miimmt, hi-.u, l-\,nifut<i-a,M\A (.'airc;'(i, with a united area equal 
 to two-thirds of Cape I'.reton. rroducts— wine, olives, and tlax. 
 
 •.\-l\. The surface of Spain is greatly diversitied. The 
 interior consists of a nigged talile-land from :1(Hmi to 3(iuo 
 feet high, sloping rapidly towards the [Mediterranean and 
 more gently towards the Atlantic. There are .several moun- 
 tain ranges extending east and west. [Si'i' Kiinjie, 3", 38.) 
 
 The principal rivers are the Minho. 7;.. !(/■.«, Ta'jn.i, (Imnfiamt, 
 (•'Kddiilijiiicir, K',r'i. '•inidnlnnur, Snrar. and .s'i(//o'((. 
 
 :]-2-2. The soil is generally good, but badly cultivated. 
 
 The climate on the coast and in the valleys is very hot. 
 The table-lands are stibject to drought and scorching heat 
 ill summer, and .severe cold in winter. 
 
 3'2;i, Spain is rich in minerals, including; silver, iron, lead, ipiiek- 
 silver, riK'ksalt, and coal. Through want of enterprise in the inhabi- 
 tants, the mineral wealth is lar,i;ely undeveloped. 
 
 324. The cultivated plants include the vine, olive, tlu. 
 miiUierry, wheat, rice, and sugar-cane. The forests contain 
 the cork tree, evergreen oak, and chestnut. The i.ilm grow-^ 
 
 320. Spain is bounded mi the north by tlir P.ay o|' Piscay I in tl 
 
 le souili. 
 

 tin' McilitcmiiuMii ; 
 
 -iilar. Tlie iirinciiiiil 
 T<iriHi, Tnifiihjai. 
 
 r. tiuliniciug Majorai. 
 itli a united artii ei|iinl 
 ;, olives, ami tl:iN. 
 
 y (liwi'.sitiiHl. Till' 
 (I iVoiu iiHMt to ;'j(tu(i 
 
 MriliteiTiUiean niul 
 -IV aiv sevinal inmiii- 
 
 1,1 Siijiiru. 
 
 hudly cultivati'd. 
 r villi.' Vrt is VlTV luit. 
 
 t aiiil si'di'diiii^ lii'^t 
 
 silver, iron, lend, n"!''''- 
 L-iiteipriso ill the iiiliabi- 
 
 the vine, iilivc, ti'^. 
 Thr tnivsts cOIltllill 
 ,lilt. Thr l''>llll '-^1'"^^'- 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 im 
 
 Large numbers of horses, mules, and sheep are paslureii on the 
 tablelands. The sheep are noted for the tineuess of tlieir wool. 
 
 325. The inhabitants are few in comparison with tlic 
 •size of the country. They are j^enorally very i^'norant. 
 Beggars and robbers are numerous. The bull fight is a 
 cruel but favourite national sport. The Roman Catholic 
 religion prevails exclusively. 
 
 Towns.— 32G. Madrid (302,000), the capital and largrest city, is 
 situated on a dry and barren plateau in the interior. It contains one 
 of the finest picture galleries in the world. About thirty miles to the 
 north-west is the Ksourial, a famous palace, nearly a mile in circuit. 
 
 linrccUma (252,000), on the Mediterranean, is the first city of Spain 
 in manufactures and commerce. Valencia (145,000), is nited for its 
 silks; ^l/(()r)f( (100.000), for nitre and gunpowder. ( Vu-^iyciia is an 
 ancient city with a fine harbnur and a naval arsenal. Malaga (113,000) 
 exports wines and raisins. Granada (100,000), ,SiviHe (152,000), and 
 Cordova (160,000), were noted Moorish cai)itals. Near Granada is 
 the Alhanibra, a famous i)alace of the Moorish kings. 
 
 327. Cadiz, a fortified city on the Isle of Leon, is a largo commercial 
 city. A few miles iidand is Xcrcs, where sheriy wine is extensively 
 manufactured. Coriiniia, a fortified port, contains the tomb of Sir 
 John Moore. T'crrol is a naval arsenal. Hilbaii is an imjiortant port. 
 San Sebastian is stror.gly fortified. Saragossa is a large city on the 
 Kbro. Valladolid, Salamunra, and Santia;io de ComponklUi have 
 univrsities. Scjoria is noted for its Roman a.iueducts. Tulrdo was 
 hmg famous for its sword blades. J'alma, on Majorca, contains a 
 large palace once occupied by the IiKpiisition. 
 
 
 OinilAI.TAK. 
 
 S2S. fiihraltar (15,000), on a jirojecting rock, has belonged to Great 
 lirilain since 1704. Its fortress, c(uisiclered the strongest in tlie world, 
 is 1500 feet above the sea. The chief importance of the town arises 
 from its commanding position at the entrance of the .Mediterran.an. 
 
 329. The chief industries of Sjiain arc agriculture, grazing, 
 
 and mining. Manufactures and commerce are greatly ne- 
 glected. 
 
 The \>rincipal exports are wines, brandy, olive oil, raisins, lemons, 
 oranges, cork, wool, quicksilver, lead, and salt ;— value, $15,000,000. 
 
 330. The government is a constitutional moniirchy. 
 
 The array numlters about 200,000 men ; but it is not well disciplined. 
 The navy, once the strongest in the world, is insignificant. Revenue, 
 1100,000,000. 
 
 331. The foreign possessions are CoiUi and Tftiian, on the north 
 0' ast of Morocco; the Canury Inks, Firnundi) I'o, and Annabona, on 
 the west of Africa ; Cuba, I'orto Rico, the eaat of Ilayti, and some 
 small islands, in the West Indies; and part of the l'hi/ijii)ine aiii 
 Ladrone /.s-Ziind.-i, in Oceania :— total area equals two-thirds ihe homo 
 territory. I'opulation, 4,74().oi)0. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 332. Portugal corresponds nearly with anciont Lu.sitania. 
 Its early history is closely connected with that of S|>ain. It 
 lieeame an independent monarchy in 113!). 
 
 Portugal took a leading part in the discoveries of the fifteenth cen 
 tury, and thus obtained vast colonial jjossessions. Her navigators 
 discovered Madeira, the Azores, and Itrazil, explored the west coast of 
 Afiica, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and discovered the maritime 
 route t" the Kast Indies. 
 
 From 1580 to lt)40, Portugal was subject to Spain. Since the latter 
 date, the throne lias been held by the llmise of liragaiiza. (Sec Soutli 
 Amfrira, 72.) 
 
 333, Portugal lies between Spain ami the Atlantic Ocean, 
 from the mouth of the Miniio to the mouth of the Guadiana. 
 
 The coa.st is in .some parts low and niar.shy ; in uther.s, 
 
 bold and rocky. 
 
 Cujic Jluca is the most westerly point of Europe. Oil' Ciipc SI. 
 Vincent Jervis and Nelson defeated the Spanish tleet in 1707. 
 
 3:^4. The ,1 rocct, 800 miles west of tlie mainland, consist of a nomlier 
 of Muall islands, having a uniteil area eipial to one-fourth of Cape 
 liiiton, and a jiopulation of 241,000. The islands are volcanic and 
 elevated. They are very fertile, yielding wine, sugar-cane, tobacco, 
 and oranges. 
 
 33.J. The surface of Piirtiigal is elevated in the interior, 
 
 csiieeially towards the nnrtli. 
 
 The chief rivers are tlu' .Uinbn, r>' urn, Moudci/o, Trnjuf, and 
 (inadiaiia. .M,iht of tlieni take their rist; in Spain. 
 
 33f). The soil is fertile, lait agriculture is in a very back- 
 ward state. 
 
 The climate is mild and iiealthful. The rainfall on tl:e 
 coast is very great during the winter months. Violent 
 earthquakes have sometimes occurred in Portugal. (iVt 
 /■Jiiropf, 45, 4fi.) 
 
 Iron, copper, lead, ,'inl other minerals are plentiful. Tiie agri- 
 cultural prodii(}ts are .-iimil.ir t' those of Spnin. Mul'^s. sheep, an-l 
 po.its are numerous. 
 
 16 
 
ST 
 
 > ; ! 
 
 i ;!: 
 
 no 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 3:37. The inhabitants are temiieiate, polite, and iiulolent ; 
 
 fund of music, dancing, and bull-fights. The lower clas.ses 
 
 are ignorant, superstitious, and miserably poor. The only 
 
 n '.igion is the Roman Catholic. 
 
 Towns,— 338. Lisbon (275,000), the capital, is on the estuary of the 
 Ta;;us. It was visited by an earthqualie in 1755, wiien 50,000 persons 
 lost their lives. Ojiorlo (80,000), near the mouth of the Douro, e.xports 
 lar^e quantities of wine, and manufactures hats, silks, and linens, 
 Coimhra in t\ie seat of the only university. Bva<ia, Hitahul, Evora, 
 and KIcaa are important towns. Aiiijra is the capital of the Azores; 
 I'uiita Dilyiuhi, (10,000) is the largest town. 
 
 339. The industries are similar to those of Spain. 
 
 'Ihe principal exports are wine, brandy, olive oil, oranges, lemons, 
 and silk ; —value, $iiO,000,000. The public roads in the interior are 
 very bad. 
 
 3-10. The government is a constitutional monarchy, in 
 
 which the power of the crowu is greatly restricted. 
 
 The army numbers about 21,000 men. l"he revenue is about 
 J15,000,UOO. 
 
 341. The foreign possessions are the Madeira /sl(s, Cape Verde 
 Isles, St. Tkotnas, and Prince's, on the west coast of Africa ; the 
 districts of Conyo, Amjolii, and Ucuijuda, in the west of Africa, and 
 Mozambique, in the east; Oou, and other small stations, in India; 
 Macao, in China ; I'inw, and other small places, in JIalaysia. Area, 
 about seven tiujes the extent of the home territory ; population, 
 2,310,000. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 COLOSaECM. 
 
 342. The Kingdom of Italy has been organized since 185f), 
 by the combination of various small States. 
 
 since the dissolution of the Roman Kmplro, in 470, Italy has been tlio 
 
 scene of many political changes. The Lombarils established the kingdom of 
 Lnmbarily in the north in ;'iiW. The roiiedom was established in the centre 
 of Italy abnut the middle of the eighth century The greater part of the 
 country was included in t'harlemagno's empiru, and it was subsuiiuently 
 annexed to tiermany. 
 
 34,'!. During the middle ages, Northern Italy comjirised a large number 
 of independent republic cities, the more Important of which wer"! Vuiiici:, 
 (/uiuK, Fhinnci', I'i.tti, Jkiluijnii, Milan, Crininiid, and ravin. They were 
 noted for conmiercial enterprise, and fur the animosity with which they 
 waged war with each other. 
 
 314. Napoleon I. made the States of Northern Italy dependencies of 
 France, and gave Naples to his peneral, Murat. The Congress of 
 Vienna, in 1815, divided Italy into the following States :— The A'uii/- 
 doM of Sardinia ; Austriaa Italy, including Loinbardy and Venetia; 
 the O'ruiid JJucliy of Ttiscatiii ; the Papal States; the Kitu/dom oj 
 Xujjhs and .Siri/ii ; the Duchies of Pariiia, Lvcca, and Modena; and 
 the small Jhjjitljlic of San .Marino. 
 
 315. In the recent organization of Italy, Sardinia has furmed the 
 nucleus to which the other States have been annexed. Austria, de- 
 iVated by France and Sardinia in 1859, gave up Lorabari.y ; and again 
 defeated by Prussia and Sardinia in 1800, she yielded Venetia. In 
 1800, Napli'S and Sicily were added, through the victories of Gari- 
 Ijaldi ; and all the other States, except a small portion of the Pope's 
 territory, annexed themselves voluntarily. Savoy and Nice, lying west 
 of the Alps, were ceded to France. 
 
 346. Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and 
 Austria by the Alps. A large part of the kingdom is com- 
 prised within the boot-shaped peninsula between the 
 Adriatic and the Mediterranean. It also includes the 
 important islands of Sicilij and Sardinia. 
 
 317. Sicily, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Messina, 
 is about three and a half times the size of Cape 13reton, anil is the 
 largest islaiul in the Mediterranean. Mount Etna, in the east, is eue 
 of the most remarkable volcanoes in the world, Sicily is very fertile, 
 yielding grain, vines, and olives. Population over 2,000,000. The 
 Lipari Islands, on tlie north of Sicily, are a cluster of small volcanic 
 islands, one of which, Stromboli, containing an active volcano, is called 
 the light-house of the Mediterranean. 
 
 348. Sardinia is about half the size of Nova Scotia. The interior is 
 mountainous. There are extensive marshes on the coast. The climate 
 is insalubrious. The products are similar to those of Sicily. Popula- 
 tion, 553,000. Caprira, a small island off the north-east coast of Sar- 
 dinia, is noted as the residence of tJaribaldi. Elba, separated from 
 the coast of Tuscany by the Strait of Piombino, is 18 miles in length. 
 It was assigned to Napoleon in 1814 by the Allied Powers, 
 
 349. Tlie surface of Italy is diversified with mountain, 
 plain, and valley. Tiie Alps curve around the northern 
 frontier, and tlie Apennines extend the whole length of tlie 
 peninsula. {See Europe, 31, 32, 35, 36.) 
 
 There are many beautiful and fertile valleys in Italy. 
 
 In the north, between the Alps and the Apennines, is the 
 extensive and level plain of Piedmont, Lombardy, and 
 Venetia, watered by the Aduje and the /*o, and of unsur- 
 passed fertility. Along portions of the coast arc extensive, 
 low, marshy tracts, covered with rank vegetation, and 
 exhaling pestilential malaria. The most important are the 
 Maremma, Campac/iui, and Pontine Man^/tes. between the 
 Island of Elba and the Gulf of Gaeta. 
 
bliahed the kingdom of 
 stablisheil in tlie centre 
 The (.'reater part of the 
 id it was subseiiuently 
 
 ii 
 nprlsed a large number 
 ; iif which wer") Vtnicc, 
 and I'arin. They were 
 nosity with which they 
 
 ti Italy dependencies of 
 rat. The Congress of 
 ig States :— The Kiny- 
 onibardy and Venetia ; 
 'atcn ; the Khujdoni of 
 ecu, and Modena; and 
 
 irdinia has funned the 
 annexed. Austria, de- 
 p Lorabari.y ; and again 
 lie yielded Veuetia. In 
 1 the victories of (Jari- 
 ill portion of the Pope's 
 ivoy and Nice, lying west 
 
 :e, Switzerlaiul, aiul 
 
 the kingtlom is com- 
 
 linsula between the 
 
 t ivlso includes the 
 
 ikt. 
 
 )y the Strait of Messina, 
 Cape Breton, and is the 
 Etna, in the east, is tue 
 Id. Sicily is very fertile, 
 ,on over 2,000,000. The 
 I cluster of small volcanic 
 n active volcano, is called 
 
 ■a. Scotia. The interior is ' 
 m tiie coast. The climate 
 
 those of Sicily. Popula- 
 le north-east coast of Sar- 
 Elia, separated from 
 ino, is 18 miles iu length. 
 
 Hied Powers. 
 
 iified with mountain, 
 around the northern 
 le wliole length of the 
 
 6.) 
 
 e valleys in Italy. 
 
 the Apennines, is the 
 lont, Lonibardy, and 
 the /'(), and of unsur- 
 
 le coast are extensive, 
 •ank vegetation, and 
 lost important are the 
 
 Marfhes. between the 
 
 I ! 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 350. The chief rivers arc the Po, Ticmo, Adiije, Ariw, 
 Tiber, and Volturno. 
 
 The Po has for ages brought down immense quantities of earth. The 
 town of Adria, a sea-port at the Christian era, is now 15 miles inland. 
 The bed of the river has also been .so much raised in some places, that 
 huge dikes are built to keep the water in the channel. 
 
 At the foot of the Alps are the beautiful lakes Mafjrjiorc, Coma, 
 and Oarda. 
 
 351. The climate is dcligluful and salubrious, except in 
 the coast marshes, whicli are uuiuliabitable in the hot 
 season. 
 
 Italy is noted for its clear blue sky. The south is subject to earth- 
 ipiakes, and to a hot wind called tiie .sirocco, which blows from 
 Africa. 
 
 352. The minerals are iron, sulphur, borax, and marble. 
 The vegetable products include wheat, maize, tlie vine, 
 
 mulberry, and ulive. 
 
 Mrr.BKiutv AM) ^JI.K■^^lll:^r. 
 
 Rice is cultivated iu the low river valleys ; cotton, sugar- 
 cane, oranges, and dates, in the south. 
 
 Among the domestic animals are large herds of cows. In the .south, 
 no.\ious scorpions and tarantulas are numerous. 
 
 353. The inhabitants arc nearly all Roman Catholics. 
 They are noted for their skill in music, painting, and archi- 
 tecture. Except in the north, the common jieople are 
 ignorant and indolent. Notwithstanding the genial climate 
 and fertile soil of the centre and south, in no country are 
 there more beggars. Brigandage renders travelling unsafe 
 in many localities. Education is rapidly progressing. 
 
 Towns.— 354. Fhrnire (115,000), the capital of tiio Kingdom of 
 Italy, is on the Arno, 50 miles inland. It is noted for its palace.s and 
 churches of the middle ages, and for its galleries of art. Pisa con- 
 tains many line buildings, and has a remarkable leaning tower. Lcri- 
 horn (Oti.OOO) is the chief seaport of Tuscany. 
 
 Tiivin (204,000), the former capital of Sanlinia, is noted for its 
 churches, literary institutions, and silk manufactures. Genoa 
 (128,000) has a fine harbour, ami is strongly fortified. Its manufac- 
 tures and trade are e.xtensivo. Alissaiidria is strongly fortified. 
 
 I.EANINi; TOWEP OK FISA. 
 
 355. ^filan (219,000), with extensive manufactures and trade, is a 
 walled city onntaining splendid churches and palaces. Maycnta and 
 Sol/crino are noted as places where the Austrians were defeatdl in 
 1859. Pavia, Brescia, Jlinjanw, Como, Parma, Piacenza, Modena, 
 Rc;/f/io, and Lucra are important towns. 
 
 Venice (118,000), once at the head of a powerful republic, and the 
 greatest commercial port in the world, is built on seveuty-two islands 
 in a lagoon. Canals .serve the place of streets. Venice is the birth- 
 lilace of Canova, the great .sculptor. Mantua is the birth-jilace (jf 
 Virgil. Padua, Viivtia, and Vicenza are important towns. 
 
 liolofjna (109,000), is the seat of an ancient university. Ferrara 
 was once a great commercial town. Kavenna contains the tomb of the 
 poet Dante, and many interesting remains of media'val art. A iicoaa is 
 a sea-port; Perii;/ia is an ancient city. 
 
 356. Xaples (447,000), the largest city in Italy, has ,•• beautiful .sit- 
 uation on the Hay of Naples, Its ,street8 are crowded with thieves 
 and lazariini, or begL'ars. A few miles distant are the iiarti.Uly ex- 
 cavated remains of Ucroihincvni and Poinpi'i, which were buriid 
 by an eruption of Vosuvius (A.ii. 79). (laita is a fortified sea- 
 port. Cii}iiia is also strongly fortified. Taruiito was once of great 
 importance. 
 
 357. Palermo (194,000), the capital of Sicily, is a great commerci.-il 
 city, founded by the Pho'idcians. It was the scene of the massai're ot 
 the "Sicilian Vespers" in 1282. Mcsaina (103,000) ha.s a fine har- 
 bour and an extensive commerce. Near the shore is the famed whirl- 
 I'ool of Chnrybdis ; and nearly opposite, on the Italian side, are the 
 rocks of Scylla. Catania, at the foot of Ktna, has sulicred greatly 
 from earthquakes. Trajiani is engageil in the coral fishery ; Marmla 
 exports wines; CHr^eiiti exports sulphur. 
 
 Cai/i'iri is the capital of the Island of Sardini.i. Samtri is an 
 imjiortant town. 
 
112 
 
 EIJROPK 
 
 < I 
 
 :V)8. The leiidiiig industries are agriculture aud grazing. 
 
 Manulacturing is of considerable importance in the north, 
 
 embracing silks, braided straw, artificial flowers, and kid 
 
 gloves. 
 
 The exports are olive oil, wines, fruits, raarble, sulphur, borax, and 
 straw-jjlait. 
 Kxcept in the north, the roads are alraos' impassable. 
 
 350. The government is a constitutional monarchy. 
 
 Tlie army numbers about 225,0U0 men. Revenue $150,000,000. 
 
 Tlic Ki'i^dora of Italv is rapidly risiug in importance, and takinf; 
 rank witiithe (Ireat Pnvers of Europe. Financial embarrassment is 
 the chief obstiele to its pi'>s;ress. 
 
 the world; and the Caatle of *Y. Anydo. The Viilosseum, beyond tiiu 
 limits of the modern city, is a vast amphitheatre. Rome contains piles 
 of ruins, half concealed by twining ivy and groves of cypress. Under 
 the city are subterranean galleries, called the Catacombs, from which 
 building materials were once quarried, They furnished a refuge to 
 the early Christians in limes of persecution. 
 
 Civila Vccchia (10,000), forty miles from Rome, is the chief port of 
 the papal territory. 
 
 3(>2. Tiie Pope is the sovereign of his ilominions, and also 
 supreme head of tiie Roman Catholic Cliurch in all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 BT. rKTKIl'll I'ATIir.linAI.. 
 
 The Popedom.- licti. Tiie territories uf the Pope were 
 groiitly reduced in extent by the revolutions of Ihfio. Hig 
 present jiosseHsions lie along the Inwer courHe of I lie Tiber, 
 ami liave an urea e(|Ual to about Dne-fourtli tlie size ot 
 Niiva Si'otia. A portion cd' (he tirntnry is witliiu the low 
 nniliiriii region, whicii aui h of neglect iiave rendered unin- 
 haliitalile. - Popidution, USin.noo. 
 
 ;;ill. Rmmk (HComii), iho I'Dpital, I'ncf (lit- miHlicK* of \\\c wmld, 
 wiu> fntimivd 7f*- ■)■<'. llH MKiHt important l<uildin){H iin- the Valuuii, 
 I'l rcnidpueu of the Pui*; til, I'tlrr't t'nthtdntl, the liiriteiit church in 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 303. Hellas, or ancient Greece, 
 was renowned as the seat of free- 
 dom, art, and civilization. 
 
 After submitting to the most degrail- 
 ing Turkish oppression for nearly four 
 centuries, the (Jrtcks in 1820 made a 
 bold stand for independence. After a 
 long indecisive 8tru;;gle, (Jreat Hritain 
 and other powers interfered in 182!*, 
 ;oi<l compelled Turkey to acknowledge 
 their freedom. (Sec ('(illicrts Unlink 
 lli.itnrii, p. 312.) 
 
 (Ireecebecameakingdoni inl832. The 
 15avarian Prince Othu ruled until 18(!2, 
 \v hen he was deposed, aud the crown 
 was bestowed on George of Denmark. 
 
 3(;-l. Tlie continental part id 
 the kingdom cdiisists of the 
 suiithcrn pnrtiun uf (lie Ilrlleiiic 
 ]ieninsula. 
 
 Turkey lies nn tiie iiovih of 
 (Jreeee ; the Archipelago nn the 
 east ; and tlie Mediterranean nn 
 the south and west. 
 
 SCi. The coast is veiy irre- 
 gular, and of great extent com- 
 pared with the area. 
 
 The (JuH'm of J.qiivild and .tllirtif, 
 separated by the lnlhmnt of i'orinlh, 
 cut off a peninsula mi the sniilli, lallrd 
 llie Mortn, C'ufte Miilniiiin Is the moKt southerly point. 
 
 3(1(1. Insular (ireeee coiiHiHtH of many amall isIandM. The 
 lirincipal arc liuhifa or Xcjinpnut, tliw ('i/nf(iiff», and part 
 of tlio Simrml'ii, on the east ; and the hmiun f-lninfH mi 
 the west. 
 
 ytJ". EuboBA, lITi inih'H long, but very imrrftw. In iiolcil for \l* for. 
 til'ly. The i'licliiitiK iucliidu abniil twenty piincipal iHliUids, el xvliicli 
 /'iiro$ in noted (or its mm hie, and Atiliiiinn.i for its giotto. 
 
 'MH. The louian Iilandi termed n republic under the proteetlon of 
 (Jrciit Urilain, from 1816 to 18it!}, whfii Ihoy weie ceded to Ureec*. 
 
t'litosseum, beyuud I'nc 
 Rome contains piles 
 es of cypress. Umlei- 
 alacomba, from which 
 fiirnished a refuge to 
 
 ne, is the chief port of 
 
 iloiniiiious, and also 
 mvch in all parts of 
 
 [lEECE. > 
 
 s, or ancient Greece, 
 ■d as the seat of free- 
 d eivilization. 
 tlint!totiie most (It'srail- 
 ii]iri'ssion for iiparly four 
 Hrti'ka in 1820 niaiio ii 
 
 indepomlence. After a 
 ■ stru;.rle, <ireal Hritain 
 icrs inlerfereil in 1»-!'. 
 
 Turkey to acknowUMlj;i' 
 (See ('olliirn Uritinh 
 
 2.) 
 
 ncakinploniinlSM. The 
 
 iceOtho ruletl until 18G2, 
 
 (lei.osed, and the cr.'Wi> 
 
 m (IcurKei'f Donnmrk. 
 
 ciintiuontal i>art <>i 
 (in fonsists "f tin' 
 ivtiiin nf till' llillcnic 
 
 •a nn till' iii'vlli "f 
 Ar('lii|ielapi nn tlie 
 Mtditerranean nn 
 I west. 
 coast is very irn'- 
 if ^vcat fxlent com- 
 lii' area. 
 
 (Ik 
 
 m 
 
 t 
 
 l.,,H,nti< and Athrvf, 
 
 lhi. hlhmn* of Ci'riiith. 
 
 inniila i.n the miuth, onlli'd 
 
 ii'ily |iiiint. 
 
 ly Hinall iHlnudH. TIh' 
 
 ,i< {'iirhi<l'», and part 
 
 I- Iviiiiiit /"/'(/I'/t «>n 
 
 lOw, in notfd for ilK fer. 
 |,iiniM|.iil iBhMuU, of wliiili 
 < for ilH uiolln. 
 
 (inilrr tlm protootlon "f 
 iry wt'ie "tideil I" Urecce. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 113 
 
 Thty are associated with many interesting historic events. There are 
 seven principal islands— Cor/it, I'axo, Santa Maura, Tfiiaki, Vcpha- 
 Ionia, Xante, and C'cripo. United area equal to one-third of Cape 
 13rcton. Population, 2aO,000. 
 
 360. Tlie surface oi Greece i." mountainous. Tlie J'indiin 
 Jfountaim, exteudin<,' south from Turkey, divide into two 
 ranges. 
 
 Mount Parnassus is over 8000 feet higli. The famous piiss of Ther- 
 niopylic is between the mountains and the sea on the east. 
 
 370. The climate is mild and Iiealthfid. The sky in 
 summer is remarkably clear. Tlie sirocco sometimes renders 
 the heat intense. 
 
 The |)rineipal products arc grain, the vine, olive, fig, 
 midberry, dwarf-grape or currant, date, and orange. 
 
 371. The inhabitants are a mixed race. They are tcm- 
 jicratc and slirewd. Nearly all liclong to the Greek ( 'hurch. 
 Ilducation is rapidly advancing. Tlie ancitmt (Jrecks were 
 noted for refined taste, literature, scidpturc, and architecture. 
 
 Towns.- •'!T2. Alheiui (40,000), the capit.il, is said to have been 
 fciundcd 1336 n.c. ; hut the present city is principally nioilsrn. In 
 tlie vicinity are many iriteri'stin.' antiquities, as the Acropolis and 
 I'arthenon, the Are"pa^;us, and the remains nf the Tciniile of .fu r 
 Olympus, consisting; of 1(3 columns (io feet hi;h. Tin- I'lain of Mara- 
 thon is 25 miles north-?a«t of Athens. See t'nl/ur'a UUIovii of Uno't, 
 p. 34.) 
 
 I'ofiitth and S/Ktr'n wore also noted ancient cities. The other 
 towns are .\(iiii'li(i, Xtimri Kf), Tn'iiiilil:n, /'dlrnn, and .liv/os, on 
 the mainland; ICi/yipo, in Kulnca; Siini, in the I'ydades; J/inlra, in 
 'he Sporadeg; Coi-fii and /finite, in the Ionian Island«. 
 
 373. The leading pursuits are agriciilturt , grazing, ami 
 I'ommcrce. Tiie inluilntnnts of the coast are skilled scann'ii, 
 and carry on a large jiart i.| the frath' of the .Mediterranean. 
 
 Tlio exports c<in8i«t of the asricullurHl produce, with h i.oy an<l 
 wax : the imports, of manufacturixl ^oudN. 
 
 374. The government is u constitutional monarchy 
 The army numl.crs about 11,000. Revenue, •:*, 000,000. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 37.'). The Turkish or ottoman Knipire was t'luuided by 
 Osman near the close of the thirteenth century. The Turks, 
 who n\v the ruling race in the em|iire, oijoinally migrated 
 trom Central Asia. They obtniiied their lifNt tooting in 
 Kiii'ope by the comiueKt of Adriaiio|iIe, in l.'Kll, and com 
 pleted the overthrow of the J{y/,iiiitine I'.mpiiv by taking 
 Coiintantinople, in \W.\, 
 
 I'T'l. The Turks once tlireatened the Kubjuuation of nil Ivinnpc. 
 Their proi^reNX wchtward was airenled by the JiunuarianN niid Pole:<. 
 Turki-y i> now n very weak 8tut«, and i» often railed " Tlivsick man." 
 
 All its European possessions would ere tliib have been s»allowed up 
 by Russia but for the interference of other powers. (.S(f Cul/icr's 
 Oreat Events, pji. l.';4-159.) 
 
 377. Turkey in Eurojic is bounded on the north by the 
 Hungarian provinces of Austria, and by iJussia; on the east 
 by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora; on the south 
 by the Archipelago and Greece ; and on the wist by the 
 Adriatic and Austria. 
 
 37H. On the south coast are the Gulfs of S(ti\ii>, ('oii/ci^sa, 
 KamiiKfiH, and .SWA;/m/.(. 
 
 The /liisiiliiirii.i is a strait, 17 milos loiijr and 1 mile broad, between 
 the HIack .Sea and the Sea of .M.irniora. The Ihirdanclhn, or Iltlks- 
 /Hiut, 40 miles long and from 1 to 4 miles broad, connects the Sea of 
 .Marmora with the Archipelago. A strong current flows southerly 
 through these straits. 
 
 37!). The principal Kuropean islands belnnging to Turkey 
 ixw Ciiiii/iit or ('itf(, Lvmit'is or iStuliiii'iii-, 1 luirus, Samo- 
 iliivki, and Thnso. 
 
 3S0. Crete, famous in tlreeinn fable, has Ion;; been struggling for 
 freedom frnm the Turkish yoke. It is li'iO miles lon^, and from »1 to 35 
 miles broad. The ishmd is nioiiiitainoiis. Mmad A/if is "tiOO (eet high. 
 Near it is an immense c.ivern, supposed to be the ancient Labyrinth. 
 The island is very fertile, yielding gra|>es, olives, oranges, ami silk. 
 Population, 150,000— mostly Wreeks. Capital, Ciinditt (12,(iOti), 
 
 3M. The surface ni Tiiikry is monntaiiious. in the 
 nortli-eust are extensive lowland jilafns on each side of the 
 Danube, whicli is tin- most imjiortant river. 
 
 The piincipal mountains are the llnlknn, I'lmlns, and J)ina<'ir Ali'ii 
 The high ranu'cs often render couiniunication between ditiercnt pio- 
 vinces dillicult. nliiiiiimn, /'i/o./i, ;iiii| (>.«.•»( ,"e important peaks near 
 the Unlf of Sal mikl. {.Sr, Hun.,,,-, 3.'\, 34.) 
 
 3^2. The climate in the suiithern provinces, except at 
 liigh elevutioii.'^, is mild and deliuhtful. In the north the 
 winters are very eohl. and the summers very hot. 
 
 3^3. The products ari' wheat, corn. rye. millet; Mtul in 
 the south, the vine, ulive, tubueeu, euttoji, mid fruit. 
 
 The cultivation .>f the noil is L-really neglected, mid the implements 
 of husb.mdry are <'ery rude. In many pait.'i the i Im f wealth consiHls 
 in cattle, KJM't-p, gout, nml bees. 
 
 3s4. The population is spur.se. The Turks, tlaaigh the 
 dominant laee, lonu but a Hinall proportion nf the inhabi- 
 tants. They I'ull tliemst'lves ( )ttoimins or ( ismanli, eiinsnler- 
 iim Turk a term of reproach. Greeks are numerous in the 
 south. A waiidi'ting race, ealled (iypsies, are niimeroiiH in 
 some provinciH. 
 
 About one ihiid of the inli.ibjtioitit aio Midinmniptlans ; the re- 
 mainder generally belong to (he t^ierk Church. Ivliiciitlon in greatly 
 iieLd<'c;e(l, cinristinu'. ainoiigHt the MohniniDedanN, of little ejxe than 
 the iibilitv to rr.vl the Korilli. 
 
 3sr). The country is divided into Hiveral pniviiiecR, of 
 
T 
 
 lit 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 wliicli Soi la, W'allacliiii, and I\I(il(lat'!a are uihIlt niei'i'ly 
 iiomiiii'l sultjectiun to tlie Sultan. 
 
 Towns. — 386. Conftniithinple (700,000), the capital, is situated on a 
 heautiful harbour uf the liusjiliorus, called the (}(plden TLn-n. Tho 
 houses are mostly of wood, and the streets are narrow and filthy. The 
 domes and minarets of the mosques (iresent a splendid apiiearanee from 
 the water. St. Sophia, oneo a Christ'.ui ebureli, i.s the finest mosque. 
 The Sera^jlio is an old im[iorial pair .-, the chief entrance to which is 
 called " The Sublime Porte." I'aths are very numerous iu Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 Ailvianoph (140,IM)0) lias exte'-<ive dyo- works ami tnanul'acturi-i. 
 iidtliliii'i ioO,0(M)), .Su/tniiki (70,1/00), anciently called Thossalonica, 
 llinhi.^tii, and Varnn, strongly fortified, are seaports. Other import- 
 ant towns are Jlnniia-Sirni (70,U()t)), .Sum, /'hiliiiixilin, .Voyi/n'cr, ,'iiliii- 
 tria, Rimtdiiif-.Si.tlorn. Xicopoli, W'iililin, .S7ii(»i/a, stronsrly fortiticdin 
 a pass of tiie I5;ilkan, l]iliivnili\ niirhiirf/tl. Jiinni/, Imiutil, ami inilar:, 
 a port on the i'aiiubo exportinj; lartre quantities of f,'rain. 
 
 387. Tliroiif,'li indolcnco ami want nf .sivill, (lie industries 
 arc iinpi'odtictive. Tlie inanut'actiiivs consist of eariict.s 
 iiiaut' iiy liaml, silk,'<, lu'rl'iiiniTV, and iihU'occh. The foieitiii 
 cuninioiTo is ciiirtly CDiidiictfd liy (Jrcrks and Aiincniaiis. 
 
 There are no canals or railroads, and but i'vw carriai;e roads. 
 Domestic; commerce is carried on chielly by the rivers and by 
 caravans. 
 
 38W. Tlu,' government is an alisuliito inonaidiy, tmcn- 
 linlitencd and oppres.sivo. The sovi'i'i>ii,'ii Ih called tiio Sidtiin, 
 and his chief niiniHter is styled the Grand Vi/ief. 
 
 The .Sultan is the head of the MohammeJaii roliu-i'in. The various 
 
 proviuoes ol llie empire are ^^ovcn i by Pachas, who have absolute 
 power in their res))eetive territories, ml are seldom disturbed by the 
 Sultan so lonix as they p.'iy th' Annua tribute. The Pachas are often 
 ignorant and l)ase, crushing :t 1 spiri >f enterprise and improvement 
 by their rapacity. 
 
 The army amounts to ibout 1. ,uOO men. Revenue, about 
 $ir),(J0O,O0O. 
 
 389. The Ottoman Empire embraces three great divisions— 7Hi7,fi/ 
 //( l-hiropt. Tiivkiij ill Asia, and Turkiji in Afrini. 
 
 The Turkish possessions in Asia are about three and a half time 
 larj.'er than those in Europe ; the possessions in Africa are nearly twice 
 as larire. Tlie Pacha of K^'ypt has lately lieconie indepandeut. Total 
 area of the empire, equal to a sijuare of 1'2'25 miles. Population, 
 31,000,000. 
 
 EXERCISES.— 1. A traveller proceeds from London to the Shetland 
 Isles; thence to Christiauia, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg;— re- 
 quired the distances betwep*' the stations, and the difference of time. 
 
 2. Edinburs;h and Moscow are near the same latitude. State how 
 they differ in r' jpect to climate, and give the principal causes of 
 difference. 
 
 3. What places in America are near the parallel passing through 
 London ? 
 
 4. Find the principal towns on the Danube— the Rhine- the Rhone. 
 
 5. Stat', the leading points of difference between the mountains of 
 Europe and those of America. 
 
 0. If the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were united by a broad 
 channel through Central America, what woiJd be the probable effect 
 on tho climate of Europe? 
 
 7. How was me commerce of Venice affected by the discovery of the 
 passage around the Capo of Good Hope? 
 
 8. State the chief advantages which Britain derives from its iustilar 
 position. 
 
1, wlio liave libsohiie 
 oin disturbed by tlie 
 riie Padias are often 
 ise and improvement 
 
 n. Uevcnue, about 
 
 eat divisions— yui'Aey 
 
 ir<i. 
 
 liree and a half time- 
 
 iVfrica are nearly twice 
 
 e independent. Total 
 
 5 miles. Fopulation, 
 
 jondon to the Shetland 
 . St. Petersburg ;- re- 
 the diffcreuce of time, 
 e latitude. State how 
 ,he principal causes of 
 
 rallel passing through 
 
 the Rhine- the Rhone, 
 twcen the mountains of 
 
 ere united by a broad 
 d be the probable effect 
 
 1 by the discovery of the 
 
 derives from its insular 
 
 .\l\' 
 
 J O 
 
 •^-z 
 
 ^9^ 
 
 % u 
 
 
 V .u. M>» 
 
 ?■ •. >— 
 
 ^-- 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 \\ 
 
 xn 
 
 3 -i' 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 n^ 
 
 
 ^*L JtlJL ^3i. .. 3 ii-.- 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 l£ 
 
 
W[^^^ 
 
 ^msB 
 
 r 
 
 \m 
 
ASIA. 
 
 
 
 , ^^'^^^r^ ■ 
 
 » \ ,- 
 
 
 _..^^C--'-t <>*«•» 
 
 ANIMALS (iK ASIA. 
 
 1. History." 1. Tlio name Amu was first appliiMl to u ilis- 
 trict in tlic iicniii.siilii dt' Asia Minor, and siiliM'(|Ucntly c.x- 
 tt'iidt'd Id till' wiioli' <(iiitiiii'nt. Tlic uriv'in "(' tlic term is 
 unknown. Asia is tiie liir«t'i*t ul' tin' ;.'niit tlivisionflut' tlic 
 Kartli, and ciintains nearly two-thirds of tlic liunian race. 
 
 2. Tlic western part nf tlic ediitiiieiit Ims liecn the Kenic 
 of the nidst inipdrt! "t events which ever oeciirrcd (in diir 
 llarth. Here, iirnhahly, man was created ; and In re, .sdinc- 
 where between the C'ns|iian and I'jlaek Seas, was the(hirdcn 
 tif I'llcM, when' he fell. Here, in the land of Palestine, the 
 j;re»ter |mrt of the liilile was written ; here uur tjaviuur was 
 iMini, and lived, and was enieified. 
 
 3. Ill WeRlerii Asm, tivnr tlie rivirs Ku|<lii ittex nti<l TiKri*. tluuriitheil 
 
 ill .sH''oc«xion the lun'iiTit emiiiros nf .\>.Mi,i, I!;il,_\l.iii, hikI Mcln- 
 I'lTsiii. Tlieii tliis wli..lt' rciiiiiii viclikd to iln> jiowi'r if Kuinpf; tii»t 
 t'l (iroeci', ll:!0 ii.t!. ; niul tli.n to Uoine, ,'i,1 n.c. Tlio next iiti|iorliiiit 
 eliiiiiKi'H wliic'h ihihklmI (ivcr Wustcrn Anin wi ic tln' MMlmiii!ni:>l.iii com- 
 iini'.st^, ill till! xecDiiil i|iiuiti'r of llic Novcnth criiiiiry a.h. 
 
 ('riittiil Asia hnr tViiiu timo itiinicnioriiil liicii (u'ciipicl \iy iioinailiu 
 |i!isti>riil tiilii'x, tthi) liiivi' on kwithI ocuftNioim (ivorniii K.inIi'Iii iiiiiI 
 Wi'.Mtcrn Axia, nn<l have at ililVinnl tiiini |ioii.'liatril Car into Kiiro|ie. 
 Till' Moiii:"! I'liicf III ii>;liiH Kliaii, wliii livwl in tlio laily part of llio 
 iliirtwiiili I'oiituiy and IiIn ilcsi'i'iiilantH KiiMiti Kliaii uiiil Tiiitur or 
 Tanurlano, »iiljiinnti'il li lar^!^• |iait of tliu nintinrnt, 
 
 4. Tliw Cnivailes, or wnm wa«i'i| hy tlii.> OlniHiluii |Mjwfr« of Miimik! 
 f'T the poMetisiuii of I'ldcutiiie, remilu-il in opfiiinu irailo lit'twceii 
 Miirnpotnil ArIii. InUri'oiirsr svas Ktill fmin.'r prninolcil liy llic din- 
 o ivcry nf tho ocean route to A.tia ainuinl tlie <'.i|.i' of Hooil Hope in 
 141'S. Tlie rortiiiiiiev, »lio were ttiu ili»covererH of tljio »ny, were 
 tin- tiMt to iivuil llienimlvi'M of IIm mlviuitiigcs. In the U'giniiinK of 
 
116 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 the seventeenth century the Dutch became powerful rivals of the Por- 
 tuguese iu tlie trade anil colonization of Southern Asia and its islands. 
 The French and British, also, were rivals for the occupation of the 
 central peninsula of the south, or Hindostan. The latter were the 
 victors. The battle of Phissey in 17i)7 «as the beginniuj; of British 
 triumphs iu Snutliern Asia. 
 
 II. Position. — 5. Asia is wliolly in tlic Nortlieni Heiiii- 
 spliere. It approaclies witliiii 1()() miles of tlie Eijuator, and 
 f\\tcnds over 800 miles beyond the Arctic Circle. 
 
 The Arctic Ocean lies upon tlic nortli, tlie Pacific on tlie 
 east, and the Indian Ocean on the .soutii. Tiie continents of 
 Europe and Africa lie on the west and soutii-west. Behring 
 Strait, on the north-east, separates Asia from North America. 
 {See Europe, 11 ; Africa, 4 ; North America, (i.) 
 
 N. lat., r IS'-TS" 20' ; Ion. "27° E.-170^ W. 
 
 III. Form.- (5. The Kcneral form of A.sia is that of an 
 irregular four-sided figure. 
 
 Asia has, like Europe, three great projections on the south ; hut 
 they are here on a grander scale. There are also three projections on 
 the east, and one on the west 
 
 IV. Coast. — 7. Asia has tlie sea on the north, oa.st, south, 
 and part of the west. Tlie coast line is very irregular, pre- 
 senting many deep indentations, [)articularly on the cast and 
 south. 
 
 The total length of coast line is estimated at 33,000 miles. This is 
 luuch less, in proportion to tlie size ul the uontincut, tiiau the c asl 
 line of Europe. 
 
 8. The principal Coast Waters are tlie Guff nf Obi, on 
 
 the north ; llihr-'iuj SI rait, Jlr/iriiKj Sea, (tii/f of Aixn/ir, 
 Sea of OkliDtsL, (hilf of Tartary, Sea of Japau, Strait nj 
 ('area, Yellow Sea, (fit// of Pechelee, China Sea, and the 
 (I'lil/nf TotK/uiii, on tlie east ; the f/ii/t' of Siain, Strait of 
 Malacca, /la;/ of Jii ixjal, <l;il/ of Marl(than, Uvlf of Ma- 
 uaar, Arabian Sea, (liilf if Oman, Strait if Ormaz, (inlf 
 of Allen, and the Strait of llali vl Mamhb, on the soutli ; 
 the Iteil Sea, (liilf of Akabali, dntf of Sne:, Mediterranean 
 Sen, yfJijean Sea, the Darilamlles, Sea of Marmora, Strait 
 of ConKtantinii/ile, and tlic /l/ack Sea, on the west. 
 
 !). Tlie chief Peninsulas are Kamrliutka, ('urea, A nam, 
 Malaya, the IJeccan, Arabia, Sinai, nml Asia Minor. 
 
 Tho principal Capes are Snrm, on the iHuth ; AVi.i/ Cn/w anil f.n- 
 fiiilkii, nn the o.ist ; i'limlioilin, /!"i>i<i)ii(i, ('(iiiioriii, mid A'im iif Ihul, 
 on til'..' south; and Ihihn on llie west. 
 
 10. The chief Islands on the coast are Sew Siberia, on 
 tho north ; Aleutian hlet, Kurile hies, Sai/halien, ,la/>an 
 Islanih, Loo Chno, Formosa, Hainan, ami the /'liili/>iini'' 
 hlanih, on tiie east; llorneo, Sinnla /ales, Nicotiar, An- 
 daman, Veylon, Mahlive, ami /^accadive /stands, on the 
 Buuth ; and ('y/ims on the west. 
 
 11. New Siberia emliracis a group in the Arctic Ocean. Some of 
 the islands are remarkable for fossils. 
 
 The Aleutian Isles are volcanic, and contain active volcanoes. 
 
 The Knrile Isles are also volcanic. The three southernmost belong' 
 to Japan. Tlie remainder of tlie Kuriles, together with the precedinj; 
 groups, belong to Russia. 
 
 Saghalien is a lung narrow island, nearly three times the size of 
 Nova Scotia. The northern p(jrtioii belongs to China, the southern to 
 Japan. The Loo Clioo group belongs to Japan. (For Japan stc 
 . I su(, 222-230.) 
 
 12. Formosa received its name from the Portus^uese in consequence 
 of the attractive appearance of its mountain slopes. It is about the 
 .size of tho Peninsula of Nova Scotia. It is very fertile, yielding rice, 
 sugar, and tropical fruits. It belongs to China. 
 
 Hainan, also belonging to Cliina, is about two-thiids the size ot 
 Nova Scotia. Its mountains rise above the snow line. (For tlic 
 I'liilipphie /.ilaiiilit, Ilvriiio, and .SuHt/« /.ilts, sic Mulai/sia, p. 146.) 
 
 The Nicobar Isles, in the Bay of Bengal, are very fertile. The 
 climate is humid mid unhealthy. They belong to (ireat Britain. 
 
 The Andaman Isles, also beluiiuing tu Great Britain, have a total 
 area equal to Cape Breton. 
 
 Ki. Ceylon was ceded to (ireat Britain in 1801, by the Dutch, wlij 
 had, about one hundred and tilty years previously, taken it from the 
 I'lirtuguese. The interior was ruleii hy native princes until ISIT), when, 
 at the request of the inhabitants, Great Britain assumed the sove- 
 reignty of the whole island. 
 
 Ceylcin is about 00 miles from the mainland, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Gulf of Maiiaar and Palk's Strait. It is one-third larger 
 than Nova Scotia. Some of the mountains of the interior rise to the 
 height of bUOO feet. The heat is not so great as on the mainland. 
 
 The north-west coast has lung been ciltlirated for its jiearl tisheries. 
 Sa|)pliires and rubies are among the mineral jiroducts. The soil i-, 
 Very fertile, yielding colfee, cinnamon, rice, tobacco, cocoa-palms, aiul 
 fine fruits. Elephants are numerous. Population, 1,700,000. 
 
 Coliimbi) (Ho, 000) is the capital. Triiiromalce, on the east co.ist, has 
 one of the be>t harbours in the world, liaiidy, in the interior, is the 
 uncient ca|iital. 
 
 14. The Maldivc Islands, about 1500 miles south-east of Hind'istaii, 
 jirodiire millet anil fruits. Th(! pupiihilion is al^nut l!iO,000. They 
 are ruled liy a native prince, who is tributary to the IJrilish Govern- 
 ment of Ciylnn. 
 
 The Laccadive Islands, 15o miles west of Hindostan, jiroiluce rice, 
 sweet potatoes, cocoa, ami lietel nuts. Tiiey belong to (ireat Britain. 
 
 l.'j. Cyprus was colonized by the Greeks, by whom it was' held 
 sacred tu \itius. It was taken by the Turks in 1570. The island i-) 
 about 150 miles huig, and coiitains an area equal to one-fourlh of Nnvii 
 Scotia. A range of mountains runs through the whole island— ex- 
 treme height, 7000 feet. The soil is very fertile. The staple product 
 is wino; the other important products are colt n, silk, wheat, tobacc". 
 sugar, poppies, and fruits. The populatinn is about 120,000, three- 
 fourths of « liom belong to the (ireek Church. Skusia is the capital. 
 
 EXERCISE, 
 and islands. 
 
 -Trace the coast line of Asia, markiug inlets, capes, 
 
 V. Size. Hi. Asia is twice as largo as North America, 
 and iiuiiulcH one-third tin' land stuface of tho Earth. 
 
 The nrna equals a scinaro of 41211 miloK. The extreme length from 
 the Striiit ol I'lib el Mandeb li. Bihrili.; Str.iit is OOOO miles. 
 
 VI. Surface. — 17, Asia prenents great divtTsity of sur- 
 fuce, varjiiig from one-fourth of a mile lielow the seu-level, 
 near the mouth of the Jordan, to tivc^ nml a half miles above 
 
SURFACE— UIVF.RS. 
 
 u: 
 
 •ctic Ocean. Some of 
 
 xctive volcanoes. 
 
 ;e sonttieniraost belon;.,' 
 
 lier with the preceding' 
 
 hree times tlie size of 
 (Jliina, tlie southern to 
 )aii. (t'ui' Jai»iii s^t 
 
 tu-uese in consequence 
 lopes. It is about the 
 ry fertile, yielJin-; rice, 
 
 I. 
 
 twothinls the size oi 
 i sMow line. (I'i»' the 
 see Mnhtiisia, \>. 146.) 
 
 are very fertile. The 
 ; to Great Uritain. 
 it Britain, have a total 
 
 SOI, by tlie Dutch, who 
 jnsly, taken it from the 
 princes until ISl"), when, 
 tain assumcil the sove- 
 
 1, from which it is sepa- 
 t. It is one third larger 
 )f the interior rise to the 
 as on the niaiidand. 
 Led for its pearl tisheries. 
 d products. The soil i:, 
 diiicco, cocoa-palms, and 
 latiori, 1.700,000. 
 lee, on the east coast, has 
 ill, in the interior, is the 
 
 southeast of Hindustan, 
 s ahout 180,000. They 
 to the Hriiish Govern- 
 
 Hin<lostaii, jiroduec rice, 
 ■Inn; to tireat Hritain. 
 by whim it was' held 
 in 1570. The island n 
 al to one-fourth of Nov:i 
 I ilio whole island— e.\- 
 The staple prod«i!l 
 I n, silk, wheal, tobacc. 
 ,.s about l'J(i,ti"0, three 
 .ViV'iji'i is ilie capital. 
 
 a. markiuK iulets, capes, 
 
 sv as Ni)rtli Amorii'M, 
 of the Kurtli. 
 
 The oxlrcino length from 
 it is 1)000 niiles. 
 
 n'ltt diversity i)f Riir- 
 i< below tlie Heii-level. 
 mil a hull' miles ubuve 
 
 the sea, at the siuiiinit of Mount Everest, a [lealc of tlio 
 Hima]aya.s. It thus furni.she.s the i^reatest ilepres.'iiou autl 
 elevation known on the Earth's surface. 
 
 18. The continent consists of a yroat hiuhlaml region 
 through the interior ami south, extenilini; from the ^Icdi- 
 terrancau Sea to tiie Corea, ami an immense low iilaiii on 
 I lie north. The hiuhland reuion may be consiilered tmder 
 two divisitms ; — a .south-western, lyiui,' west of tlie Indus iiiid 
 south of the Caspian and I'dack 8eas ; and an ea.-iteni, com- 
 meneini,' with the IJolnr Mount.iins. 
 
 10. The south-western highlands are le.'is extensive and 
 less elevated than tlie eastern; they einbraee thi> iijateaus 
 of Asia Minor, .-Vrmeiiia, Iran or Per.sia, ami Arabia. The 
 table-land of Arabia is .separated from that of Iran and 
 Armenia by the low v.dley of the Euphrates and Ti-ris. 
 
 2n. The table-lands of A-i,i ^liimr, Armenia, .■nn! \\:\\\ are 
 bordered on the north and .south liy mountain ranue.«. 
 
 The prineipal mount. uns are the Taiini.<, An(i-T<iiirii.<, 
 Mointdiitia ii/ Anne'iild, the ('nm-'isiis, KUnir:, and llunhm 
 Knmth. The M'liindi'nui of Lilntudn extend soiitlieiiy lioiii 
 the Taurus to the borders of Palestine. A low raiiu'e con- 
 tinues southerly to the lied Sea, terminating; in Mniuii 
 Slwii, l)etween the Gulfs of Suez and Akabiili. 
 
 21. The Tanru:! Abuintaiiis have an txtreiiie elivatioii of 1.'1,200 
 feet. The Mountains ff Armenia liave their cnlmiiiatini; point in 
 Mniiiit Anirat (17,112 feet), which is supposed to be the re>^tin,i;-plai'e 
 of Noah's ark. The hi.;he8t point of the Klliurz is the volcanic peak 
 if Dciiiiirctiil (21,500 fVetV south of the Caspian Sea. The Iliiiih d 
 Koosh have an extreme heisht of 2o,e00 feet ; the .Mountains of 
 Lil)anon 12,0(m) fctt. 
 
 22. The eastern highland re. ion includes the most ele- 
 vated table-land and the hd'tie^t mountains in the world. 
 It occupies the interior, exteiidim,' -'-ino miles east and west, 
 17t>ii north and soutli, and is bordered on all sitles by snow- 
 eovercd mountains. 
 
 The iruiiiiliiii'i Mii>iiil<ii))s (''abode of snow ") form the 
 sotithcrn border, the Altin the northern ; the Kmnlnn ,'ind 
 TliKiii Slum extend through the middle, dividinu' the hiuli 
 reition into three divisions of m'arly ( ijual breadth. These 
 four rnntres are united on the west by the llilnr Tmil,, enlled 
 by the inhabitants the Hi><^t >>/ tin- ll'o/A/. 
 
 23. The )'((AA»Mo; ami .sVi/y/'To/ Mountains extend north- 
 easterly from til" .Altai to Ilehrinu Strait. The Khhi'i'm 
 mid other rnnues, exteiidim^ north and ."onth. form the 
 eastern border of the plateau. Tiie other moiiniains of 
 I'.asti'rn Asia art. the /'iIukj and Stnilin'j in China, and the 
 iiioitntains in the pei\in8ula of Anaui. In lliiido.stnn are the 
 H'lst and ir-.v/ (Ih'iiilK. 
 
 'H. The llimnlayns are the h'vhest mountain* in tlie \\<<\U. .1/ innt 
 
 Krvrixt, the ciiii atiiii^' point, is 2'.*,000 ft-et liii-h ; and nicnf man 
 
 forty peaks e.xceed 23,0e0 feet. The passes are very elevated and dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 The Bnlor T.-iJi have an .\tr.iiio i'lev;ilini, ef 10. 000 ftrt ; the 
 Kui'idun, of 22. nod; the Tl.ian .<li:in, of 21.eiin; and ihe Altai, of 
 12,>UIJ foet. 
 
 2'). lletwein the Himalaya and Kuenhiii Mountains is the lii;.'h 
 re.:;ion of Thibet, consistin:; of mnuiitain ran;.'is and elevated valleys 
 from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea. The tableland cf t'liinh-, in 
 the north-west, is ovir li'i,!!"! tVit liijili. 
 
 On the noilh of the Ku'iiliin is an immense plain. <-alKd tlie Deceit 
 iif Oubi nr Sliamo {Sm nf S'ui'h, Its avi-nu'c i Kvatinii is il.'iOO feet, 
 its leiiLith is 12eii miles, and its bnaltli fr"m ."iHO to 7eti miles. It 
 comprises Ea.-t Turki^laii and .Mmi^iilia. The western part is sandy, 
 tlie eastern is a stuiiy di si it. 
 
 2(i. Volcanoes are very rate in Asia, exeept in the penin- 
 sula of Kiimchatka and tin i-lainN. where they are luinier- 
 lius. Deinavend is tl, ■ mily aetive vnleaiio in the south- 
 western highland re;:iiiii ; in the ea.-ti in idateaii there are 
 but two. which iire in the Thian Shan lan-e. 
 
 Earthquakes frei|Uently oeetir in the .--oiilh-west id'.Asi ,. 
 27. The low plain in the north of .\>ia is iiea-'v tw'.ee •'.:■, 
 lar^e as Etirojie, eompiisin„' the greater part id :■: :a and 
 j Turkestan. It is separated lioin the jilaiii in llie iioirh-iast 
 I of Huroiie liy the I'ral .Mniintain.s. In the iiei^hboitrliood 
 ! of the Casjiiaii Sea ;ire extensive traets of country CMiisider- 
 ! ably below the level of the ocean. The eastern part of 
 Siberia is more uneven and el'Vated than the wotem. 
 EXERCISE,— Lay down the mountains on the map of Asia. 
 
 VI 1. Rivers. — 2'^. The -nat rivers of Asia drain the 
 northern, eastern, and southern slopes of the eastern lii'.;h- 
 land rejiion. Tiio.se ol' the northern and eastern slopes are 
 amon'4 the largest rivers in the world. 
 
 21». The rivers of the north are frozen over in their lower 
 
 course duriiiL,' the ureater jiart of the year, and hence ate of 
 
 little eommcrcial value. Owiic to the sliL.'lit descent, they 
 
 hav(^ sluL'uisli currents: and, on the melliii',' of the siiow.i 
 
 in spriiii;, overflow their banks, intiiidatin'4 larue tracts of 
 
 country. The principal nver.s of this slope are the Olii, 
 
 Yi ithi'i, and A' im. 
 
 Till' obi is 2.'ieii miles in lit .tli, the YeiiiKci 2PoO, and the Lena 
 2 lull. 
 
 ;io. The rivers of the eastern slope are of L'retit coinmereinl 
 iniportance. The principal are the Amn'ir, llmhtj llu^ and 
 
 Till' Anionr is !i:l00 mih's loiiit; thu Ibiani; II", 2i;iiO; and the Vaii;<- 
 tso-Kiaiii.', wliieii is the lai.'i'»l rlvnr in Ai-in, :J2'"i. 
 
 ;H, The rivers of the southern slope are ;_'eneriilly rapid. 
 The most important are the Mihnni or (''iin')"'/iii. Sii/ir,,i^ 
 /iniiiiii/i/fi, lliiilniiiij'ii'ilviijiini'ii!', and /mf'K. The'/oi/if- 
 rrri/ and \<)h,iil,l,ili are imporlant rivers in tin' Dccciii. 
 
 1718 
 

 us 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Tlie Gariiii'M is al)Ont ll'UO miles ioiii.'. It hriti^s dnwii vast (|u;iii- 
 titios of nnul, tiy wliiiOi an oxtonsivc delta has been finineil at its 
 
 t itli. Tlie lower part of the delta is called the Sunderliunds. In 
 
 pMNsinL' thrnu;^h thedulta. the river is broken up into several ehannels. 
 which are inn -h nh»^triieted liy moving mndhanks. Tlie tide enters 
 hy a liisli wave called the Imrr, which rushes up at the rate ut ei;;iiteen 
 miles an hour. Durini; the rainy season the river overflows its hanks, 
 inundatinj: lar^ro traets «( country. Its greatest height is over 30 feet 
 ah'iVL- the ordinary level. 
 
 The liaiiL'es is held sacred by the Hindoos, and pllL'rinis come loni; 
 distances to bathe in its waters. In courts of law, witni-sses who lie- 
 Jieve in lirahminisin are snnietiincs sworn by the waters of the liaiiL'es. 
 
 The Indus is IT'"! miles in lon;;lh. It also enters the sea by various 
 months, which enclose an extensive delta. 
 
 ?,2. The rivet's (ni tlio western slope of the eastern liiu'li- 
 l;niils, as well as sonic others in Asia, do not reach the ocean, 
 litit How into inland seas or lakes, whose snriiliis waters are 
 reniovei] hy evaporatinii. Tlie chirf rivers on this declivity 
 arc the Ai/i'i') or O.nix, and the Sir-'hin<i or .laxarl '■■■<. The 
 AiiiMii liscs in the talilc-laiid of Pamir. 
 
 :);i. Till' iifiiiciiial liMTs of Western Asia are the Kiij']iral(.i, 
 Ti<jri.<, and Jardini, 
 
 The I'!u|'hi'alc>s has all entire |enL.'th of IT"-'^ ' iiles. Il rises near 
 the lllack Sea, and after aiipncichiiiL' wilhin I'm niiles of tin' Mediicr- 
 rane.-m itininstotlie sonlh-iast, and llouslolhe Persian (inlf. Its 
 twin .-li'e.'ini. the Tiji'is, is lITiO miles in lcn'.;lli. The united river is 
 called the Shul<l-Aritl,. 
 
 The I'Inphrates an>l Tigris llow thi-nn,i;h a rc.'ion ne(ed (or its early 
 civilization. Aneicnl Nineveh was on lie TIlm'Is ; liabylon, on the 
 Knphrati's. 
 
 The .Iniilan is a small, windlic.; stream, lh>«i.ii; son! herly from the 
 Mountains of bebiiion. it is iioteil for its low valley, and for its con- 
 'leetion Willi iiuinerons events in iiible history. 
 
 ^ 111. Lakes. — ;! 1. Asia has hut two fresh-water lakes of 
 l,ar'.;t.' >-\/.i:- L'lLi- Hnil.nl and Luh' Jlilbish, hcith of which 
 arc in the south of Silicria. 
 
 Itiikal i-i nearly hi!f .'is lartre as Lake Superior. It is about -leu 
 miles in leriulli, and Uao foet above the sea level. The lake is viiy 
 deep, and is supposed to occupy the crater tif an e\linct voh'ano. 
 Trade bet«een Uiissia and China is carried on bv steamers across the 
 hik... 
 
 Lake Sir i /.'"?. tln^ source -d' the <Hns, on (he table l.'uid of Pamir, 
 ]."i.i|iMl feel ab.ive (hi' sea. is the most elevated lake known. 
 
 li."). The Sill III' liiihlif, an expansion of the .'oi'dan, about II miles 
 lonii and ""'•'' feet below the li'Vel of the ocean, is noli'd for its connec- 
 tion with many (d' the events In the life of our Saviour. It is also 
 called the Sut uf 7V'.( ("/"I and the l.iikf of f>i nmtnirtth. 
 
 ;!(!. Salt laki's are \'cry iitinicroiis in Asia, some of which 
 are of '.'I'cat .^ize, 'I'hey have no outlet. The inincipal arc 
 till' ('ii</'iini Sill, the Sm i;/' Am/, the /Jt'hl Sm, l.uLi Vmi, 
 (hivniinnnh, and Ti lajr'ninr. 
 
 The r.nwj.i.iti Sea, four and a half tinier lar'.'er than Lake Snpoiinr, 
 !h thn l.'irui'.U lake in the world. Its surface is ."^1 feel below tin," ocean 
 level. It receives the waters of the VoIlni and I'ral rivers. The Sci 
 of Aral is supposed to have been once coiitiected willi the Caspiaa, 
 from which it is distant about l.'iii uiilcA. 
 
 3". The Dead Sea, in Palestine, is 4t) miles in ieiieih by 8 or 9 miles 
 in breiidth. Its surface is 1312 feet below that of the Mediterranean — 
 the i;reatest depression Vnown. Its shores are wild and desolat ', and 
 its waters are very salt. The Dead Sea is supiiosed to occupy the site 
 of the cities of the plain, whose destruction is described in O-'tnmsxix, 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes op the map of Asia. 
 
 IX. Soil. — 3s. The greater part of the northern slojio is 
 iiiiiit for cultivatioti. The central lii.i,diland region consists 
 for the most ]>ari of barren deserts, iiastiire-lands destitutt; 
 of trees, and snow-iovered mountains. The etistern and 
 southern slopes arc very fertile. The south-west, embracim,' 
 Persia and Arabia, consists hirgely of deserts and pasturc- 
 landp. 
 
 ^1. Olimate.— .39. About three-fourths of Asia lie within 
 , "\'( • Temperate Zone, the remainder is divided pretty 
 I .clly Ik iv'^oji the Torrid and the Xortli Frioid Zones. 
 
 In the ii.. ! ', inclndiiii,' the irreatcr jiart of Siberia, the 
 winter romi)ri.ses three-fourths of the year, and is intensely 
 cold ; the smiimer is hot. The central table-lands are cold 
 in winter and hot in .^uniniir, and nearly destitute of rain, 
 except on the nioiintaiiis. Tlu' eastern slope is mild and 
 moi.st. 
 
 dt>. South of the HiuK'laya IMouiitaiiis the climate is hot 
 and very hiuiiid. The year consists of a rainy season and 
 a dry. During the dry season the ground is watered by 
 heavy dews. 
 
 This ])'irlioii of Asia lies within the letrion of the nionsonns. When 
 (he sun is north of the Kqnator the rainy monsoon blows from the 
 ocean; and when the sun is south of the Equator, the dry monsoon 
 blows from the interior. Violent storms occur at the ch.uige of the 
 monsoons. [Sic /'liii.^iirnl (liiiiirajiliii, lio.) 
 
 XT. Minerals. 41. ^laiiy parts of Asia are rich in 
 minerals. 
 
 (Jold, iron, copper, and |ilatintim are found in the Ural 
 Mountains ; gold, silver, iron, lead, atul porjihyries, in the 
 .\ltai ; diamonds and other precious i;tones, in India tiiid 
 Ihirmah ; tin is found in the .south-eastern pcniiisitla ; coal, 
 in Asia ]\Imor. India, Chiiia, and .fapan ; salt is idamdant 
 in many countries. 
 
 The /{iili-i iiiiyi" mountain of li_.|i( "), the most valuable diatnond in 
 the world, was found in the year l."!."!!) on the lianks of the liodavcry. 
 It was loni; in the i.ossession of native princes, but now belongs to the 
 S.)vereign of (Jreat Hritain. 
 
 XII. Plants.— II'. The veoctatiou varies according to 
 the temperature and hnmidity. 
 
 The south of Siberia is nivered with forests of pines and 
 lirs, but a laru'c part of thia country is destitute of tieo-s. 
 liichcns and niosst's arc the chief vegetation of the north. 
 
 In the central table-lands the nio.st important products are 
 
PRODUCTS— DIVISIONS. 
 
 11 
 
 lwiif;lli by 8 or 9 miles 
 ,t' the MecUterraneM— 
 wild aiiJ tlesolatu, and 
 osed to occupy the site 
 jseribed in(ytnc8(sxix. | 
 
 1 or the map of Asia. | 
 
 ic northoni slope i.s 
 [and region consists 
 ,tnre-liUi<ls destitute 
 The eastern and 
 nth-west, enibracini,' 
 dest-rts and pasturc- 
 
 is of Asia lie witliin 
 dcr is divided pretty 
 ith Tri'^i'l Zones. 
 
 ],art of Siberia, the 
 i^ar, and is intensely 
 
 tal)le-lands are eold 
 vly destitute of rain, 
 n slope is mild and 
 
 us the eliniatc is hot 
 ,f a rainy season ami 
 round is watered l>y 
 
 the ninn'^nnns. When 
 
 lonsooii blows from tho 
 
 rnuitor. tlie dry monsoon 
 
 nir iit the ch.ui.i;e of tho 
 
 )f Asia are rich in 
 
 (. f(i\uid in the Ural 
 
 d porphyries, in the 
 
 stones, in India and 
 
 crn )ifninsida ; coal, 
 
 n ; salt is almndant 
 
 lost vnliialiliMliiimnnd iu 
 banks .d' the (jodavory. 
 but now bulonKS to tho 
 
 !3, 
 
 varies aeeordin;; to 
 
 forests of pines am) 
 in doBtit\ite of trei'H. 
 
 tat ion of tiie nortli. 
 
 luportant products arc 
 
 ;i 
 
 the grasses, ■which atibrd nourishment to numerous flocks 
 and herds. There are forests upon the mountain slojies. 
 
 43. The northern part of the eastern slope, embraein;,' 
 ]\Ianchooria, yields the products of the Cold Temperate 
 Zone ; the southern part, or Ohina, is in the Warm Tem- 
 l)erate Zone, yielding rice, the tea plant, the nudberry tree, 
 and cotton. 
 
 44. The regions south of the Himalayas— or tho central 
 and eastern peninsulas, and the islands on the coast, em- 
 l)racing the countries called the End Im/iis — liaving a hot 
 and moist climate, yield the finest products of tho Torrid 
 Zone in great abundance. Some of tho most important 
 products are rice, cotton, coflec, opium, pepper, cloves, cin- 
 namon, nutmegs, ginger, and fine fruits. Tlio forests con- 
 tain ornamental and dye woods, teak, the caoutchouc or 
 
 •■'"%->r 
 
 TMK MANVAN. 
 
 liidia-rnblier tree, tlie banyan tree, bundioo, uud many species 
 of palms. 
 
 45, Tlie banyan is a roniarkablc tree. Its widesiirendinir branchcH 
 send out routs, whi'di wmvo in tlir air until tln'y h.iv,' ;;ri)wn b'ti;/ 
 '•MiMii;h to reach tlie ground, wiien thry fix tlicinselvcs iu tlie soil, and 
 I'i'come pillars of siipimrt. A sinjile tree thus spreads over a large 
 iirua, presenting tho appearance ul a jjruvo. 
 
 The bamboo is a lai^ie hollow reed, growim,' fioiii i'lU li) ^0 feet hii;li. 
 Its stalk is uspd as a Iniildiiif; material, and its leaves are made into 
 rupes, sails, and many other things. 
 
 4(>. Asia Minor and Syria are the native regions of many 
 cultivated plants and flowers, including the grape, peach, 
 pear, cherry, fig, melon, cucumber, ro.se, and tui' 
 
 Arabia ]irodu','es gums, spiees, cidfee, and tropi d fruits. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— 47. Asia suriKUSses tlie otiier great divi- 
 sions of the Earth in tho variety and size of its wild animals. 
 It is also the native abode of the mo.st useful animals. ]\[ost 
 of the domestic animals of the civilized world have been 
 derived from Asia, as the hor.se, a.s.s, o.\, uoat, sheep, jiig, 
 cat, peacock, and barn-fowl. 
 
 •Is. Fur-bearina animals, like those in the nnrtli of Hritish America, 
 abound in the north of A.sia. 
 _ Cattle, lior.ses, assc?, and goats, roam over the hi^jhland 
 
 plains. ■ .; yak, a species of wild ox. and tho Cashmere 
 goat, are lUiu the table-lands of Tliibct. 
 
 4'J. The lar t and UMst formidable wiM animals in- 
 habit ; fori ,ts south of the Himalayas. The mo>t 
 important are the ehphant, rhinoceros, lion, tij,'er, hyena, 
 orangoutang', and larire and venomous serpents. 
 
 The ni' -t import.ant animals of tho south-west are tlio 
 camel, wila ass, antelope; and, among the birds, the ostrich, 
 pe;ic ck, and bustard. 
 
 XU'. Inhabitants.— ."iH. Tlir iniiiibn- ..!' tin- iu- 
 liabitants is not accurately known. It is esti- 
 mated at 7it(t,i>i'0,<»><i. or about thrre-fifths of the 
 human race. According tn this estiiuiiti', Asia 
 has an averaL;(> of 41 inhabitants to tlir .'•iiiiare 
 mile. 
 
 al. The Inhabitants of .\-ia hclnng to three of the f^vo 
 variiiius of the human family. The (.'aucaslan rai'c m'. 
 cupies the south-west, cxtendiiiL; cast to the I'lialiina- 
 )iootra, and north to the Himalaya and Hindoo Koo.sli 
 Mountains and the Caspian Sea; the Malay occupies the 
 Malay I'cninsula and the islands to the south; and the 
 Monnolian is s|pread over the reniaininc and nincli the 
 lar^'er portion of the continent. {Siy I'lnixirnl (•'iniir'iiihij, 
 l-';-13ii.) 
 
 .'i'J. Nearly all the inhiibitants are liealhens. .Mohain- 
 medanism prevails among the inhabitants of the west ; 
 Hiahminism among those of India; and DinMhism liinonK 
 the principal niiiaining poition, incluiling more than half 
 of the inhabitants (^f the loiilini'iil 
 
 Thus though the (/'liristian relljiou niijinated in Asia, 
 but fow of its inhabitants know unythiiiij of tlie blessings 
 which it h;i^ brought to mankind. 
 
 XV, Divisions.— .');), Asia is iisually dividod into the 
 following eleven divisions: — Asidln- Jt'iiMiu, the (.'/linme 
 Kin/^iii', Tuvk'nlin), Afyhuiiialiin, Hiliinihislan, J'n.slu, 
 .\siiilir Tin kill. Ariilti'i, J/iin/v^tmi, Fmllii'i' Iii'/iii, and 
 J<ij"iii. 
 
120 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Suiac of tliu abuvc divi.sujiis include st'V(_'ral iuclepeiiduut 
 States. 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 'I 
 
 iMvi.'iuns. 
 
 Ar 
 
 a. 
 
 ropii!atiun. 
 
 C.ipiia's. 
 
 Miln 
 si^Laro. 
 
 .v... or 
 
 tiiiic% Uio 
 
 II7.t uf 
 
 .N.iva 
 .^totia. 
 
 Asiatic U( >sia .. 
 f'liiNKsK r.Mi'iia:.. 
 
 TlJItKKSTAN 
 
 AFIillANlSTAS 
 
 HKI.ddCIUSTAS .... 
 I'EHMA 
 
 Asia rii: Ti hki;v . . 
 A u \ hi \ 
 
 •J4("» 
 ■I'M 
 
 SCO 
 4:.-i 
 
 4IIII 
 
 Tn7 
 
 7"7 
 
 I'l'.i,! 
 
 1-J17 
 
 10((0 
 
 4(10 
 
 310 
 
 •.'(;9 
 
 40 
 
 1-.' 
 
 -7 
 (l.'i 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 8,.">00,000 
 
 41f.,000,00U 
 
 .1,000,000 
 
 .i.ooo.ooo 
 
 1.000,0(1(1 
 10,(I00,0(A) 
 lO.OOU.OIK) 
 
 s.ooo.ooo 
 
 180,000.000 
 2.'>.(XIII,(I(I0 
 
 :j").oo(i.ooo 
 
 Omsk, \c. 
 IVkin. 
 Khiva, .t(^ 
 (-'aljijiil, \-c. 
 Kulat. 
 Telieraii. 
 .•Smyrna, .to. 
 .Mi'cea, iVc. 
 ( aloutta. 
 liankok, ki:. 
 Veddo. 
 
 HlNDOSTAS 
 
 KlIITIIER InIiFA. .. 
 
 Jaian- 
 
 XVI. Towns. — .j-l. Asia cdiitaiiis many lar^'c cities. 
 Ynhh, siipiKKscd to contain 2\ millions of inliabitaut.s, and 
 Peklii, 2 millions, are tlie only cities in the world wliicli 
 rival Loiiddii in iioimlatioii. 
 
 Mo.st of the cities df A.sia are .siirniMiidcd with walls of 
 nnul, or ,sun-dricd brick. In the west, the houses of the 
 wcaltliy are built of stone or brick, and have tlat roofs. 
 They usually have no wiiulow.s toward the street, but are 
 built around an open siiace or court, from wiiicli they are 
 liuhtcd. In the east, the hou.ses are low huts of mud or 
 liamb(»o. 
 
 DdiiiasfK,^, in .^yria, is thought to be the oldest city in the 
 
 worl.l, having existed in the time uf Aliraiiam. (S'tt ^/(-/uo'/.s' 
 
 XV. 2.) 
 
 ki'). South-western .\ sia contains iii.thv ruiiia uf ancient citie.'s. Pdrii, 
 tlie ancient caiiital uf Lliunia, situated in a valley callcil Waily AKmsa 
 in tliu north-west uf Arabia, is one uf tiie most remarkable. It." re- 
 mains Consist of temples, houses, and tombs, cut out of solid rook of 
 beautiful and varied culuurs. Vulmiira, or Tailiiwr ',('iiy uf Pa/ms\ 
 on an oasis in the desert, 120 niib s north-east of Damascus, was 
 founded by King Sulumun. Its remains cunijirise marble columns, 
 gateways, a(iupduct8, and sejiulchres. In the third century it was the 
 capital of tlie celelirated (^iieen Zenubia. Ditnlhic, 43 miles north-west 
 of Damascus, contains magnificent remains uf ancient temples. (Xrc 
 Ciillin''A Home, p. 13lJ ; and LiinnncoU's OazMiW : J'ulmi/ra and 
 
 .10. The ruins uf Xinn-rli, the capital of ancient .\ssyria, cxtiml many 
 uiilci iilun^' the TiKris. l'"ur many eontiiries its reuiiiiii.s were covered over 
 with (fi'',//,s- anil eartli, prcsiiitlnj,' the appearance uf ^rr.issy nioiind.s. K,\ca- 
 y.itluns were commenced in ls|:l. l)y M. Itutta. tlie French consul; and the 
 wuik has liecii mure fully prusecutcd liy .Mr. Layiird, an laiKlish traveller. 
 The e"ipliav\tiuii.s have rcsnltcd in the discuvury of cliainlicrs of «tuno 
 piilaci'S, sculptures. Inscriptiuns. and uthcr remains. Many uf ilicse anti(p 
 allies have been rcmuvcd to the llritish .Museum. .S.i' /.//./li/u'.frj, (McV/ti i\' 
 
 .'u. The ruins of Hnhiih^n, aluni; the lUiphrates, near the present town of 
 Ilillali cunsist of lar^e misses uf lirlckwurk and iiiuunds. Its materials have 
 been iart'ely pluiidiTed fur the cun«ln\etiun uf ullier cities. An immense 
 mound, called Itirs Nimiiid, i'M feet in hvlKht, suruiuuuted by a tower ;!7 
 feet 111 helifht, \t supposed to be tlie reniaius uf the luwerof Uabel .A'tu 
 Lil'i'inivll' . I ill:- ttici: I 
 
 X\'1I. Industries,— .")'-!. The inliabitiints of the Udrth 
 
 jjlains of tne interior and south-west are herdsmen ; in other 
 parts agriculture is the chief occujiatioii. Some of the 
 Asiatics excel in the manufiu.'turo of shawls, carpets, porce- 
 lain, laciiuercd ware, and carved ivory-work. The manu- 
 factures are mostly performed by hand. 
 
 XVIII. Government.— 5y. The want of good govern- 
 ment seri(jusly atlln-ts the pnjsperity of uKJSt of the countries 
 of Asia. Absolute despotism is the most common form. 
 
 In many countries there is no efBcient central Kovetcmeut. The in- 
 habitants are divided into tribes, each yielding' obedience to its chief. 
 The rovin;; herdsmen are generally lawless |ilunderers, freely api^ro- 
 priating any property possessed by those weaker than them.'jelves. 
 
 live piiiicipally by hunting and tishiiig ; ti 
 
 (f t 
 
 le arm 
 
 ASIATIC RUSSIA. 
 
 WIMKIl rilAVEI.I.IMl IN Silli;ilIA. 
 
 (JO. Ivussia Hrst obtained jjossessious in Asia towards tin; 
 end (if the sixteenth century. She has continued to extend her 
 bounds, until tliey now incliuh^ m.'arly ouc-tliird of the con- 
 tinent. The territories embrace ^iibcria ; the northern part 
 of Turkestmi, called the Kin/hiz Coiinfri/ ; the Va^/e// of tlir. 
 Ainoor, obtained fnjni China; iiiid the provinces south of 
 the (.'aucasus ]\Ii)untaiiis, or Ti"iis-('iith'ii.'<Hi. 
 
 fil. Siberia is divided into West and East Siberia. The 
 whole country is for the most jiart a vast plain, sloping 
 gradually to the Arctic Ocean. The western section is 
 geneniUy very level. The .soutii-west consists of steppes 
 often barren and iiicrusted with salt, but sometimes yield- 
 ing herb.ige for the Hocks and herds df the iioniiulic tribes. 
 
herilsuien ; in otlu'i- 
 tion. Some of the 
 awls, carpets, porce- 
 yr-\vurk. The maiiu- 
 
 lut of ^ooil >;overii- 
 most of the cuiuitried 
 st comuion furin. 
 
 al ;;oveiu!ueut. Tlie in- 
 1^ obedience to its cliiff. 
 .huulerers, freely iipi'ro- 
 ker tluiu themselves. 
 
 lA. 
 
 lUs ill Asia towards the 
 .(.■oiitiiuiedtooxteiitlher 
 
 y oue-thii<l of the coii- 
 
 ,'ri<i; the nortlierii part 
 
 o,//7/; the V'lllt-!/ of (/w- 
 
 the provinces Bouth »i 
 
 uul Ivist Siberia. Tlic 
 It a vast phiin, sloping 
 riu< western sectiou is 
 ■est consists (tf steppes 
 t, Imt sometimes yiehl- 
 s of the nomadic tribes, 
 
 CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 I'Jl 
 
 Tlu3 central parts are covered with forests of biri'li, 
 l>iiie, and fir, which abound in vari(nis fur-boarini; 
 animals. Tiie northern ]i(irtion consists of low tlat.s, 
 called iiDx/raii, covered with moss and lichens. 
 East Silieria is more rni,'u'ed and elevated. It 
 contains the Sftninroi and Ynhlouoi Moun/'iiiis. 
 
 The three cre.it river.s of Pilievi.i .ire the Oli. Vruinci, nml 
 Leiift. The l:ike.s are Am/, llnlk'txh, anil /Jail.itl. 
 
 r,-2. The climate of Sil)eria is very severe, imr- 
 ticularly in the north and east. Tiie frost jieiie- 
 trates the <,'round to a fireat (le])tli, and throu<,diout 
 a large part of the country only two or three feet 
 (if the surface are thawed diirinL,' the slun't summer. 
 The valley of the Lena i.s said to be the cohle.st in- 
 iiabited region in the world. 
 
 Tiie minerals are important. The Tml ^lonntains oon- 
 tain fjolil, silver, iilatiiumi, quicksilver, copjier, and precious 
 r.tones. 
 
 liiirley, rye, and VPL'Ptahles are cultivated in the soutiieni 
 valleys. The valley nf tiie .Vnioor is a fertile region, "ell 
 ailajiled to a;-'ricnliure. 
 
 Tlie animals include l>earR, wolves, heavers, and otlier«, 
 valuable fir their fui\ Tiie rivers and lakes aliouml in lisli, 
 
 Tiie reindeer is one of the most imjiortant animals of 
 Siberia. Witli it harnessed to tiieir sledfies, the natives 
 hound over the wintry snows. Its railk and tlesh furnish 
 food, and the skin is made into clothing and tents. 
 
 G3. Tlie inhabitants of Silieri.a are sujiposed to number between 
 four and five millions. Tiie Russian (jovernment lias lonj.' used the 
 country as a place of banislmient fur criminals and all kinds of )ioliti- 
 I'al offenders. A larye part of tiie population consists of exiles and 
 tlieir descendants. Many of tiie criminals are compelled to work in tiie 
 mines. 
 
 The Snnioyedes are a small-sized race, iiihaliitin,' the noi-tiiern 
 shores. Tliey subsist principally on fish and rein-deer. 
 
 Towns.— lU. Omsk-, in a treeh plain, is the capital <>( West 
 Silieria. 7'"''iihk ;'20,n00 , at tiie junction of tiie Irlisii and T(d«il 
 Rivers, is tiie lart'ost town, frhn'sk (19,00(M, on the AiiLMia. is the 
 ca|iital of East Siberia. Pffrojtiiulnrski {Pmi af Pitrr nml I'aiil is 
 on the coast of Kamciiatka. A'inrMa, on the Ciiinese frontier, is the 
 fin|iorium of trade between the two countries. Tea. silk, and other 
 iioiids, are broujiit on camels from China, and exchaiiL'ed for fur.s, 
 ieatlier, and woollens. 
 
 MiiiiniT, huntiiii.', and fiiiiintr are the cliief occuiatioiis. Iv..i-y of 
 f 'ssil elepiiants is olitaiiied in laiL'e niiiiiitities aloiiu' tiie siiuifs of the 
 Arctic, and forms an important article of comii.eri'e. 
 
 fl,*). The Kirghiz Country lies oast of the f'aspian. A 
 larue part of the region consists of bnrren plains and salt 
 lakes. A little barley and rye is rai.sed iirar the rivers, 
 but pn8tnraj,'c is the chief product. 
 
 Tiie Kiriiiiiz are noiiKulic Moni;ol iiordes. Tiioy are of small stature, 
 liut are stroni; and liealtiiy. Tlirir wealth cunsists in :-iieep, p.ats 
 cattle, and horses. Tiieir food is cliietly flesh. Kniimin.i, or sour 
 mare's milk, is their fav..urite drink. The men are indolent, and tlie 
 women perform most of the labour. 
 
 ^^ -5\i5e,--5?v, 
 
 >^ ■ . — J'A.' 
 
 Klla.lll/ 1 Al'irlilNO A VMII.F. 
 
 (K!. Trans-Caucasia, or tlie llussiaii tei'ritory south o( tie' 
 Caucasus, embraei's (leor.L'iii and jiart of Annniia. Tlie 
 north is mountainous. Ararat is an isolated volcanic iirak 
 over 17,<ii>n feet hi-h. 
 
 The greater part of the country is described as vny beau- 
 tiful and fertile. Forests of oaks, beeches, and other tries 
 clotiie the mountain slopes ; and the cultivated plants 
 includi' {,'rapes, ]ieaches, fius, and apricots. 
 
 Tiic men of (ieorL'ia are noted for their \veii-t'"rmed. athletic iiodies; 
 the women, for tiieir beauty. IVpuiation, l.ti'J.'i.iKiil. 
 
 Towns.— I'lT. Ti,ilis I.jS.oiiiii on tiie Knr, i> tiie capital. It iia=i 
 ni:\iiiifaetures of carpits, sliawls, and siiks. Iv-iniii and Hukn -ai' tlie 
 otiicr priiu'iii.'d phe'es. 
 
 Ancient <'olelus. eoletiriiteil for t!ir falili'il evpi-ilition nf Hie Arfnimnts in 
 seiircli of tlic Kolilen tleice, was situated nlom; tlio ua^tiiu sliori'S of tin' 
 niiiek Sea. i.^it Cnlli, r's //(.s(>>ri/ ./ t/c, . i->', chap. 1.. 
 
 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 ns. The Chinese Kinpire is of L'reat antii|uity, but its 
 early history is involved in fable. Its records extend back 
 to the tinii> (<f Confui'iu.s, atii) n.c. China can lioast of an 
 earlier civili/.ati<in than any other cxistiin,' n 'ion; but for 
 many centuries its civilization has made little progress. It 
 
r ' " ^ llfjLJiS SBmi^'migBfsi 
 
 I ! 
 
 122 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 has experienced many revulutions ; and, according to 
 Chinese records, twenty-six different dynasties have occu- 
 pied tlie throne. 
 
 69. To protect themselves from invasion of the Tartars, tho 
 Chiuese, about 200 B.C., built a great wall along their norlhern fron- 
 tier. Kublai Khan, the great Mongolian conqueror, founded a new 
 dynasty near the close of the thirteenth century. Marco Polo, a cele- 
 brated Venetian traveller, spent seventeen years at his court, and 
 on hh return gave to Europe the first authentic account of China. 
 
 The Manchoo Tartars conquered China in the seventeenth century, 
 and established the present Uynasty. Bands of insurgeuta, called 
 Taepings, have for many years endeavoured to establish a new govern- 
 ment. 
 
 70. Trade with foreigners was formerly confined to the port of 
 Canton. The wars with Britain siucc 1641 have resulted in more 
 unrestricted intercourse. 
 
 71. Tiie Chinese Empire embraces nearly a third of Asia, 
 and over a third of the inhabitants of the world. The 
 Empire consists of China Proper, TJiihct, Chinese Tartary 
 or East I'urkestan, ,'^uon'jaria, Monjolia, and Munchoona. 
 
 CHINA PROPER. 
 
 72. China Proper is tlie most important division of the 
 empire. It is situated in tiie Warm Temperate region of 
 tlie eastern slojie. It is bordered by high mountains on the 
 south and west, and includes the valleys of tiie great rivers 
 Ycnuf-ise-Kian(f and Iloang IIo. China is one of the best 
 watered countries in the world. 
 
 73. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and is cultivated with 
 
 great care. In (jrder to add dignity to agriculture, the 
 
 Emperor, attended by his nobles, at a grand annual festival 
 
 ploughs a furrow and sows some seed. 
 
 The chief prmlucts are rice, tea, cotton, wlioat, and other grains ; 
 tlie mulberry, tallow, and eainplior trees ; siigar-cime, oranges, and 
 other fruits. Tlie bamboo is one of the most useful trees. 
 
 74. Tiie inhabitants belong to tiic Mongolian race. They 
 are smaller and iiave less strength than Eumpcans ; but 
 they are very industrious and ingenious, Tiiey are very 
 vain, and claim to be the only civilized people in the world. 
 Tlie women liave small feet, caused by compression in 
 youth. The Chinese siiow great respect to old age, and 
 have many good ((ualities. 
 
 No country of the same extent has so dense a population 
 as China. 
 
 8('bniils and books are nuniernus in f'litnn, and many of the sriences are 
 ■tudieil. Tlie Cliiiiese liiiitfimKe is vory iiiu^ient, mid ilittlcult to foreiniii'r». 
 The written IniiKUiiKe has ii distinct olmriicter for every word. 
 
 Tlie I'liinese were acquainted with the use of the inurir.er's coiiipiiss, the 
 art of nmliiiiK gunpowder, paper, and porcelain, witli silk weiiviiiK ami 
 printing.', long liefore the Kuropeiin.". 
 
 'I'lic majority of tlie peojile are Ituddliists. and pau'odas or idol temjiles are 
 nuuieroua ; but uim^i liberty in allowed iu ruliKiou8 matters. The higher 
 
 classes believe in the doctrine of Confucius. There are Christian miasion- 
 aries in many of the maritime towns. 
 
 Towns.— 75. China contains many large cities. I'ekin (2,000,000), 
 the capital, is about 100 miles from the sea. It consists of two 
 divisions, each encircled by a high wall ;— the Tartar town, containing 
 the imperial palace and the residences of the nobles ; and the Chiuese 
 town, where the chief trade is carried on. It has been the capitiil 
 since the time of Kublai Khan. An allied force of British and French 
 took the city in 1860. 
 
 Vaulon (1,000,000) is on the Canton or Pearl River, 70 miles 
 from the sea. The jiopuiation is very much crowded. It is computed 
 that 200,000 live iu boats on the river, many of whom never set foot 
 on land. There are no wheeled vehicles in tlie streets. Wealthy 
 persons are carried in sedans by their servants. The trade of Canton 
 is extensive ; but it has diminished since the opening of other ports. 
 Large vessels are unable to come up to the city. 
 
 76. Xankiii (300,000), on the Yang-tse-Kiaug, is noted for its 
 manufactures of silk and nankeen cloth. The Taeping insurgents 
 
 roKCEr.Al.V TOWKR AT NANKIN. 
 
 captured the city in IS-W. jiut ni.'iny of t!ie inhabitants to death, and 
 destroyed the celebrated Porctlain Tower. 
 
 KiiKjte-cliianij (1,000,000)13 noted fur its porcelain manufactures. 
 Ifaii</chnwfoo, at the south end of the (treat Canal, and t'hdinj-clum- 
 foo (1,000,000), are noted for silk manufactures. Woochawj, Han- 
 >i<t)i(/, and y/iofAfoo are gieat commercial cities, in sight of each other 
 on the Yangtse-Kiang, said to have a united po]mlation of 8,000,000. 
 
 Cmiton, Hhaiiiihai, .''uo-chuo, Amoii, and yiiir/po are the chief ports 
 for foreign coiniiierce. 
 
 Macao (50,000), a sea-port south of Canton, was ceded to the Portu- 
 gues.. in 15SG. 
 
 77. Agriculture and manufacturing are the principal oc- 
 cupations. 
 
 The Chinese excel in the manufacture of porcelain, often called cliiiid 
 ware, silk, nankeens, embroidery, lacquered ware, and carved ivory- 
 work. 
 
 The cliiof exports arc tea, silks, and various nianufictureil good.?. 
 The imports are iron, steel, glase, opiuiu, cottons, woollens, aud ale. 
 
Iiere are Christian mission- 
 ties. I'dcin (2,000,000), 
 sea. It consists of two 
 
 I Tartar town, containing 
 nobles ; and the Ciiinese 
 It lias been the capit;*! 
 
 roe of iiritish and Frencli 
 
 Pearl lliver, 70 miles 
 crowded. It is computed 
 y of whom never set foot 
 
 II tiie streets. Wealthy 
 its. The trade of Cantc.n 
 le opening of other ports, 
 ly. 
 
 Kiau};, is noted for its 
 Tho Taepiug iusurgeuta 
 
 J?V?«^ ... 
 
 
 \SKIN. 
 
 inhabitants to death, and 
 
 ts porcelain inanufaetiircs. 
 ■at Canal, and CIiiukj-cIioo- 
 .otures. Woochawj, Ilan- 
 ties, in sijiht of each otiier 
 ed popuhilion of 8,000,000. 
 yiiir/jjo are the ciiiof ports 
 
 un, was ceded to the Porta- 
 g arc tlic principal oc- 
 
 lorcclain. often called china 
 J ware, and carvetl ivory- 
 
 rious manufiotured good.?. 
 soltoiis, woollens, uud ule. 
 
 til 
 
<■' 
 
 . 1 
 
 CENTRAL c^^ SfFTII 
 
 
ENTRAL Sc SdTHERN ASIA 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 ^^J. i|_ ly:^'^ 
 
 w^*^ 
 
 
 holiH,, '•V*'Tf$!^|, 
 
 'II I^NTT S K 
 
 ' VrirkiUiii 
 
 I 
 
 *• ;.«./i;.....)»5i''-''^'*'"'*'" 
 
 ;i;.^'''^^..<l, ^'^"^y f<£f"^^^^^' i^V-/^ "^ ^ -X 
 
 :*' 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 itf L'^i,.,,j,i 
 
 ~\, - " ,S* 
 
 4l,i.M'i 
 
 ,«.! 
 
 u ,,,„\il,,H>""r.-Q.1 at 
 
 ?Jf 
 
 
 K .• 
 
78. Ti 
 is very 1 
 j i itean for 
 
ririNKSE EMriHK. 
 
 123 
 
 Internal commerce is promoted hy the rivers ami numerous eanaJH. 
 The Imperial (Jaiial, extendiii;,' from Hang-chuw uortherly, 700 miles, 
 is tlie largest canal in the world. 
 
 78. The government is an absolute (U'si)jti.siii. The army 
 is very hirge, but (juite iin.fiuetive wheu opposed to a Euio- 
 liean force. 
 
 Tlie (ireat WiiU on tlic nortli of China I'roper, built as a dcfcnre acnlnst 
 tlie Tartars, in I-JfiO niili'H In leriKtli It is made of carlli. faciil with stunB 
 ami liricli ; varies in lieiKlit from l.l feet on tliii mountains to :iO fuel on tlio 
 plains; ami is liroail i'n<iM.;h t'l allow six liorsi'iiien to ri>li^ alueasl on Us 
 BUniinit. It tailed in the ohjeet for wliieli It was huilt, and is now l«;c<iiuinK 
 dilapidateil. 
 
 7!). Tlic Island of Hong-Kong (75,0(»o), to;;ethor with a 
 Rnmll peiiiiiHula on the adjoiuinji luaiiilaiid, beloutca to(ireiit 
 
 IJritaiii. The islaml was led in 184:i, the iieiiiiisula in 
 
 IhUl. [See CoUiti'a Jhilish Ilist'jii/, pp. wn, aJJ.) 
 
 SUBJECT TERRITORIES. 
 
 PI). Thibet embrtices the iiij.;!! tabl.'-lainl between lite 
 Hiiiialiiya and Kiieiiiiiii Mniinttiins. Its plains are two 
 miles liinii. Many of tlie i;reat rivers .>f Asia rise witiiin 
 its liomnU. The eliinate is cold tind iliy in winter, and 
 warm in summer. The Hiiowline is higher than idi the 
 •oiith sidi.' of thi^ liimalayas. 
 
 M. The eounti." is rieh in ^'old, silver, and otlier valiiabie 
 niineral-s. Uarley is extensively raised, ami lorms an im- 
 portiv'it article of iboil. Timiier is very seiiree. 
 
 The vak or Konitinu oy., the CiislilmTc ifoat, and the MiMr;il aii' hiuuiic 
 the inipnrliint iiiiiiiKiJM. The hit'er {h n kind nf iaru'o slieip, and i.i 
 the I'riiiripal Leant ol burden ii.sed iit earr^in;^ )(oods acr'i'i^i the lliii :i' 
 lay UK. 
 
 .•^2. The iiiliabitaiits are chiefly !\l(in;iols. The iilolatrons 
 system of IJiiddiiisni has its native seat in Thiliet. Tlie 
 siipvcme iii'ad of the system is called *he •Jiaiid Lama, \\\\<> 
 i> held to be the K*><1 Ihidillia in lnitnaii Ibiin, llndillii.^ts be- 
 lieve that the(lrand I/iiiia never tlies, but that liis spiiit 
 passes into soiiit! other person, who is senrc inil out by the 
 priests, The Chini'se Viceiny c.xerei-'es eoiisideruble iitlbi- 
 elice in the Beleetion. 
 
 8:). /.!(**« (rt(),000lii the rnpltnl ntid pineiMif rcnidt'neci.f ihu Chimn! 
 Viciroy, It is the Hnelnd eity of llilddliiNli. The (il'.ilnl Litnn Iim's 
 here iti a vant leniph', whieli In rieldy ad >nied wah H'dd and works of 
 nil, and idled >«ith iiiiaite^. Adjuinlnu the leniple are Neveral monan. 
 teii< s, III which the invsti'iioK id llnd<liiiMii ate laii;;lil. 
 
 M, The chief eiiiphiymeiit in Thiliel coiisiNtH in the rear- 
 ing of Hhoep and Koati4. Woollens arc manuraetui'ctl. 
 
 The elilef trnilo is with riiiiin, mid is eon luei(d hy eainvaiii. U<M 
 i« at) iniporiAiil export, 
 
 h5. Ohiaes* Tartanp, or P.a^t Turkestan. 
 
 also { 
 
 alictl 
 
 Little Hiieharia, is situated between the Kuenlun and Tbi.iii 
 Shan JIountaiiLS. The eastern jiortion is inehided in , iie 
 Desert of (Jobi. {See Asin, 2.j.) 
 
 The streams which oritiiiiate in tlie mount lin.s and Mow into land- 
 lucked lakes, render many td" the valli\« v'.ry fertile. The majority id 
 the iu laliitaiits are Mohainined.uis, w!iu are en^a;:ed either in a;:ricul- 
 tiire or the caravan trade. There are also many Mon^^ol heidhnKii, 
 who «ai.der over the country. 
 
 8i). Vnrkaud (150,ih)0) is the chief seat of cummeree, and the place 
 of residence of the Chine:<e t;uvern"r. Vu-kIi'jui; luwards the «eht, the 
 former capital, is a very ancient city. 
 
 .\n extensive caravan trade is earned on thr.iui;h Varkand, Let«eeii 
 China and ludependenl Tai tary. 
 
 87. Soongaria is situated between the Thian Slian and 
 Altai Mouutain.s. it is divcisilied with low riil^es end in- 
 tervening' valley.^. Some of the valleys, watered by moun- 
 tain .streain.s, are ca[iable of eiillivalion, Ittit the x'cater part 
 of the (•ouiitiy IS desert. 
 
 (Jrjiiint!, hunting', an<l .iKriciilture are the chief ucciipaliin.-'. The 
 ihhaliitai.'ts are .Muimid Tatt os. 
 
 //( ur 'iii'iljii (Ctj.Ouoi, the cai>ital, has cuiisideralile trade « ilh Ku.•^.'.ia. 
 
 8s. Mongolia lies east of Turkestan ami Sooiiuaria, ami 
 is prineij ally within the JJe.Hcrt (d' (bdii. It is an arid 
 country, havini,' a short warm siimiie r and a Infj. cold 
 vin'er. N'e^etati'di i-j very scanty, tli i/iiiii is iLe ehut 
 oec'ipatiidi. Till' inhabiiaiits iiave no lived dweiiiie^s, but 
 move iVoni phtci' tn place, seeking' pasture lor tinir tlocks 
 itiid henl.s, in uiiich iheir sole wealth consists. 
 
 b\). ,\t'iimaiirliiii is a small lu.v.i in iln: <iurih, i.pp,,siii< Kiaeht'i, 
 oil the l{us^i.ln fioiiliiM', lliri! the I{o>siiiiis an I t'hiie^i' e\eli;opt(ii 
 giKxiN. thifijn is the Mat < f the Midi^'ol b.iina. 
 
 Near the luiddle id' tli niilryaio tin.' riiiiis of Iv.irikk'nUiii, the 
 
 I'apitll ol 'tlKluis Khan, tin.' ^^le.tt .Moii.;<d .'ii(,<|U' lor, 
 
 !i". Manchooria, i iie native conn iryol t he rei-ninL' dy mi dy 
 
 in ' 'ililM, lle.S idl the coast west ot .Mn|lL:o|ia, A lali^e l,i;iri- 
 
 lime tract south td' the .\moor has recently Is-eu c di d to 
 UU"^!,!. The soHlliii'ii part id tie' I'uuiii i'\ yielil.1 the emn- 
 liion cereals; the we.-^t is moiinlailinu-i, and cuVered with 
 
 forehtS. 
 
 .)f.iikiUii (JilO.iMMO, il hiif eity, was tie; .Malicliu.) cjlpilal, and is 
 
 the pieRelit Heat uf ihu ('liilie''U Viceroy, 
 
 !M, Corea i.- tin- seat of a sip'trale kiin,;doni Irilmtary to 
 China. 1 1 is an c.vtensive pi iiiiiNnIa, cipial to a xijiiare of 
 i'><> miles, .Miieh iif the (i.untry is ni::L;ed and inniin- 
 taiiioiis. 
 
 Tlioiiidtli Ik eiiM, add covert 1 with forcKts ; various giaiiis aru eul- 
 tivatid in \.\tf (outli. 
 
 h'iii'i ki 101 iM tin) eupii.d. Iln trade Is ehlifly with ('hiiiik and 
 •bipnii. Taper In hii iiiiporlHiil in oinfacttiiv, uiid !« madv ihIj liuts, 
 (leak*, iiuiliielliifi, and many other lliiig^, 
 
 :>\'':i 
 
^^ ^f ;' 3Pw**>*^»fc*- 
 
 121 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 TURKESTAN. 
 
 02. Turkestan, or l,iiii<l of Ih'- 'J inkn, fn-iii' ) ;i piut of 
 Miinient Scytliiu. Tin Tiirk.s ol' i'".iiJ! c auJ V.'i-.stern Asia 
 runic from Turkc-ituu liiriii;; tin A!i,ii[le A'^cs, 
 
 Tlic country litis 'utwccn tlio (J.isi'iiin '"^<',i and tlir ( 'liincsc 
 Mniiiirc. The gu'iienil surface consists of low, unwuoilcd 
 jilains. 
 
 Til' 10 nre extensive tli'sort.s covered witli snml, wliicli if ever fliiCt- 
 ins witii lliettinti. Tr,ivelli.'rs in cr'l^;<in.' tlie iIckuiis sniVor ercallv, 
 ■iiiil sdnii'tinies i)erisli frum thirst. Tliev are al^i in lian.'cr of liuin.: 
 atlai'lied liy waii'ierin;; native tiiln^*. 
 
 !);}. AlouL' tilt' soutli ami cast arc nniuutaiu ridizi's, nniiil 
 wliicli arc numerous wcllwatcri'd ami fertile valleys. The 
 Ahi'Ki ami Slr-il<iriii arc tlic iniiifiiial ri\t'rs. Much itf tic 
 soil nil tlii'ir liaiiks is \-i'ry fertile. 
 
 Till' climate is very cnM in winlii- anil Iml in snininer. Tlii'i'o is 
 (.•real sfairity nfiain, e.\ce|it in tlio in(iiin:aiM"na rejiimis. 
 
 Tlie products me wheat, hailey, millet, i iee, fdtt 'h, .silk, apples, 
 peaches, aprienis, arul nicli'iis. 
 
 lU. The popitlntion e.msiyt.* of nevernl rnccii. The itzhiim mh the 
 jmist important ef those who have lixeil planes of nlii'ile. The niiniads 
 (if the north are ealleil Kivjhiz, tho.se uf the west Tink iiiiidk. The 
 latter are iinteil mliliers, aiiil tliey freipieiitly make iiiiU into I'ersia 
 .111(1 iillnr ailjiiiiiinu eminlries, eairyin.: ell dvl'eiieeless inhaliiunts, 
 whiilii lliey si 11 ns sl:ive^. 
 
 M iiniiimedanism l.s the jirineipal icIiL'iiin. 
 
 n.'). Turkestan ineliides several distinct |iolitical divisions, 
 called Kli'iii'ilx. 'I'lic most iiii|iortant States are /\'/ni<i, 
 cmliracinLt tlic lower valley of the .Viijno ; and Ji'i/./i-H'i, 
 Hid Khiiknii, in the cant. 
 
 Towns.- I'll, The ehief city in each of these .''(aten hears the name 
 of the khaiiat in wlilili it ii« siliiali-d. 
 
 h'I'ifii. situated ill the most fciiih' portimi of Tnrkcsliin. is a miiuII, 
 liltliy liiwn. '1 he houses are Imilt of innd, and the ti«n i.t sMnnini led 
 liy a mild wall. It i»t n noted i>lavo market. 
 
 1*7. lU'khnvtt (1(1(1,(1110) in the largest city in Turketdan. U l« famed 
 fur ilH numcriius mosr|iie)< and .Mdiammi dan whools. It has ei>;li'.y 
 cilhucs, in which little liesidis the Koran is taiiiihi. Siiiiniiviiiiil, w 
 
 small town in the s.ime .'^tato. is tiotid as tl apital of the i:r(>al 
 
 diipire ruled hy Tamerlane (1H70 -1 lu.'i), win s(! toiiih it contains, 
 lUtlkh is a Kiiiall town in the midst of tlie niiiiK of ancient liactiii, 
 which eover a dislrict 'Jd miles in eireiiinfereneo 
 
 yS. I\h«kiin (VW,i)m), niiimfed in a heaiitiful valley eovortt n larye 
 areit, the lio<i»ei heiiiK mirniiindud with orchardH, Tuilik'ml \» an 
 important cnminerciiil town, 
 
 !>!(. The wealth of the noiiiails consistR in cattle, liorwv!, 
 caniclH, nml idiecp. Tlin iliccp •, ( hiruo fat tails. The 
 Tiirkuiimn women inaku lieiiutifiil catjiota. 
 
 The trade nf Tiirkenlaii Ih eoiideetiMl hy earnvmiK. It is iirinoipally 
 with Hussia, JNii-HJa, and t.'hiiia. Cotioii, W( !. «ilk, 1 elei, iinil IViiiti 
 are exported, llardwaiu is impoiled In .a luissin; ti.i ml iiilkii are 
 hfoiitfht from (!liina. 
 
 The killing or tdiief rulers havi! ahuolui.' power. K't ■e.in«, jmrti' 
 eularly iliu Ku«tli»li, iir« ivuarded with itu*i>icion. 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 liMi. .\IVhuuistaii, or Aj\ili<iii-I<tii(l, liaa liccu the scxiio of 
 lleret' wais. In In.'J!) the JJritish .sent an army infi; tl-o 
 country to restore the ri,i;htful suvcroi;;ii, who had liecn 
 driven from the throne by a u.surjier. In Ls42 thr'>e thou- 
 sand ei;;lit liuudrcd Hritisli troops were iiiiis,sacred by the 
 natives. (.SVe L'ollitrs IJiilish JJidori/, p. ',i-20.) 
 
 liil. Af'.;lianistan lies south of Turke:-;tan, from which it 
 is separated by t\\t' J/iml'm A'nus/i and I'm i>j/t(i,il.<(t)i Moiiii- 
 /'iiiis. The northern tuid cuHtern parts nre elevated tiiid 
 iiiouiitaiiioiis ; the south ami west loiisist largely of saiuly 
 deserts. 
 
 I'l'J. Fu the nioiinlains on the nnrth is the Tinmian Pukx, leadins: to 
 Tiirktstan. It i.s leinarhahle for its onlossai tij<tire.s and cavelioiises, 
 sculptured fioin the rocks. The /iliiilur /'((.■<n, le.adin;; to Hindislan. 
 is aliiiul ;iO inileK in length, often very iiarr..w, and i iu:1os(h1 w itii hiu'li 
 elilVs. Till Itriiish truop.s entered Addiuiiistan through this paitH in 
 1SI2. 
 
 lii;j. Miiny favourcil sections aloUif the river valleys arc 
 very fertile. The heat ot summer in the valleys and Imv- 
 lamls is intense; the winters in the hi-lilaiids arc very 
 .severe. 
 
 The products :'!(• vice, cotton, tuaar-cinc. millet, (•orn, prape', 
 oran>;e.s, and other fruits. 
 
 The ehief beust.s of burden nre cainds .ind dromedaries. Th'- .iheep 
 have fat tails, weiKhitiK in or I'J pminds. 
 
 The Afghans are a warlike pvo|ile, emhraciiin' the MMli;iiiiiuedan 
 reliijioii. 
 
 Towne.— bU. Afj^lianistan Includes three iiidcpeiul'iit 
 .Stall s- Cii/ioii/, ('iiiitfii/iiii ,'mh\ llciiity the capitals of wlntli 
 have tlio Huiue iianies. 
 
 ('VlWiMrtO.DOlli, the larWf ':. s(l|iiO feet ahove the level of the 
 sea. The orch.i' Ih ill it« iieiji' I , ou.l pindiice line ft nits Tiie out 
 
 hreak a^iainst the llritisli in ls<l beuan in ('.il 1. hinniia wnn the 
 
 iMpilal of a ureat empire in the eh veiith cenluiy. J,Uil,iliv{ is iiutcd 
 for its defence hy the Jtritisli in ISl'j, 
 
 lOfi. Iltriil (15.(1(10) !» n Hlnmijly fortilied town. It wan taken by 
 I'ersia in Isri.'). Much of the tiade hetween Kasterii and Western .\>ia 
 ]ia!«Kes through Herat. 
 
 Ciniiliihiii: a forti(le(| eity. is said to have heen f.nindeil hy Alexaiidev 
 the (beat. It is intersteted hy cinaN. hy wliicli ihe gardens and 
 orchards are iiriuided. 
 
 lOtJ. The ehief trade in with In,: a. (.'Iiina, lVri>ia, Turkestan, .ind 
 RtiiiKla, condueted by emavaim. The exporti are a;.nfietida. tohnern, 
 fniilH. enrpetH, nha»!-, and liorstK, Various maniife'lniid uoDdn are 
 imp rted, 
 
 BELOOOHISTAN. 
 
 Ill" licloochiHliili, or Lmiil i>/ l/ii' /h'loiii fft'n, has Bttlfcicil 
 iiiil'li Iniiii iiilcBtiiie wiiid (luiinx the prcmeiit eeiitiiry. 
 Akxandiir the Uient, with hi* army, <ia«H'J Hir.mgli the ■lUtliDrD 
 
A^IA MINOR. 
 
 )25 
 
 I licoii till' ftcune of 
 an iivmy iiif'; tl;t; 
 
 ;n, who liitil 1"'»'" 
 a 1^4-2 tliP'O tlimi- 
 niassiicicil by tliu 
 .. ;5:io.j I 
 
 it.iii, iViim wliii'li it 
 iirojKOiiiK'Di J/"«"- 
 i are fli-vuted iiiid 
 St largely of samly 
 
 imiVdi Pnni, leiuliiis: to 
 
 ijiures and cave-lmuses, 
 
 loailiiiK to lliiiilmtaii, 
 
 ,inil 1 iii'liisi'il with lii^.'li 
 
 II lliiiiu^h tills I'liM ill 
 
 lie river valleys are 
 he valleys and low- 
 liijildandrt are very 
 
 f. ii.illft, ■•orii, in'apts 
 IrouitMlurii's. Tli- .ilu'ep 
 i)s tlif Miliuiiduedun 
 
 III 
 
 tlirec iiidi'peiid'nt 
 (• cai'itals of wIikIi 
 
 a\K>v(' tlie lovi'l 111' till- 
 ii'itincfniiU. Tliooiil- 
 linul. ilhtnmr wan thf 
 ly. Jihtliilnil is iiiiU'tl 
 
 imil. It "n» liiUf'i I'.v 
 ist.Tii 'iii'l WV^KlfniAsiii 
 
 I'll ('..iiiiilt'il liy AlKXiitiilor 
 wliii'li tie; K^r-'i''"* "'"' 
 
 r. isi:>, Tiiik('\',;»ii, and 
 :,ir :r-iil.i'tid!i. Idl'mrii. 
 I; iiiiir.'iiiiid ijoimU uri' 
 
 /;.!. ,'(■'»•.<, lias BiifVeled 
 ■nt century. 
 tlirjU(|li tb« »iutlmiu 
 
 prtrt of tli<- •■ v.i'i j 1,11 Ills leturn finin India, u"J." n.c. Timu.-and.s of 
 hi:, nieii ia'tished in the /Hto't iif (icdruifia, ficm fatiuuc and thirst. 
 i^ee Collier's llutory of Greece, p. 110. t 
 
 I 109. Belooclii.stan lies on tlienoiMi of the Arabian Sea. 
 
 The *.vh(ile emintry, e.\ee])t in the north-west and on the 
 const, is nioiintaiiioii.s. There are e\tensi\c desert.'*. Tlif 
 river valleys are fertile. 
 
 Tiie liolan J'axg is a iiarrnw defile almut SO luilos in length, kailiii': 
 to Hindustan. E.xtienic litight, 5so0 f>;tt. 
 
 lof). T!ie ti'ni|>eratnn! varies aeeordini,' to the elevation. 
 Tlie maritime rej,'ion, ealled M''Lrnii, is erid .ud exce.-.- 
 sively hot. 
 
 The iirodiii^ts are similar t'l tli'>;e of Afjihani(>tan. Th.' [laliii tt(f 
 i< llie most itiii>urtaiil prodin't uf the d'M-its. 
 
 The coiintiy is uccupied l,y hcxeial pastoral tiihes, all of w Imiu aif 
 M'pliaiiirjK-Mlaiis. 
 
 Kilut (12,iMMii. tlip ohief tnwii, is .m an chvatiun 7O0O f.^et al.nvc tl.r 
 sea, and i.s str'h^;ly f irtifieil. The huiises aro hiiilt of mud. It \\a- 
 taken liy the Iliitish in 1S31), 
 
 110. The oiports are hides, wool, dried fruits, aii'l vejietalile oil. 
 The principal imports are liriiish aii 1 Indian nKiiuiftotiires. 
 
 The norilieast is hcil.ji'"t to the Khun of Kelai ; in other paits of 
 the country the various lrihc.'< ow<i no aniliority I'Ut tiiat oi iheir ri 
 (ipeotive cliiefs. 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 111. Prrsia was anion.; the cariir.it eivilizi'il cunntries of 
 the World. It retains hut little of its Ibrnifr importanei'. 
 lu the early part of the present etiitiiry it was t'omil to cede 
 to Ru.Hsia extensive tiTnturie.s west of the Caspian. 
 
 Cyrus, \\\\n died .'29 f.c., made Pri'-ia the most po<«^iirul iinpire in 
 the world. Tlii« ancient .inpiie wai i'"ii'piered liy Aie\anli.r tin 
 tireat, 303 11. e. 
 
 112. Persia is situated liitwiiii the Caspi;in Sea and tin 
 Persian Gulf. The jireuter part nftlie eountry is (nl.li'-laiid. 
 ;J0(«) feet hijih, bordered oti the north, f.iiuth-we.''t, and south 
 by mountain ratiut's. The KUnn-: Minni/'iiiis, on the north, 
 have their greatest elevation in .\h»nil O'lii'irm,/ Jy^^wi ft... 
 
 The plateau coniiists iiiaiidy ef an arid an I '■all 'h -. it. The >l reams, 
 wiiieli are few and .-mail, are eillier ub« nlied hy the d'-«jlt« or lli» 
 into salt laken. 
 
 113. The ei'Untry iier.r the Persian fiiiir is lini. arid, ami 
 unhealthy. The date jialin is the eliief prodiii'l, Luxuriant 
 forests clothe the norihern sh.|ie of the i'llbiirz. The dis- 
 tricts bordering cui the Caspian are said to be "as lieautd'nl 
 as water, wood, and mountains i-aii make tlnin." 
 
 Whent, rieo, eotton.ll. .rtihieiry tree, Mi;are\ne, the vIliO. irnpieal 
 fruits and jjiiiiiH nr 1 ■roiinels. 
 
 • '••nil lornhla ntli" 1 i> . •>> ■ to ihe il.niry, l>iit the cattle nre quite 
 inleriur. 
 
 Hc.'se-, caieei.^ !-!'ee|i. i.e! gnats are i''- n 1 ill l.'ir c • u "' els. Tii? 
 wool i ; eTtupeiior quality. 
 
 114. The iuliabitan*" co»iipri.seTiirioiis races. Those livin.c.t .-ietit '. 
 life are nuslly desi-endant.- of the aiu'ieiit Persians. Tiic notm ' 1 ai 
 the niiis.! numerous, iiuludin^ Tu'k.s, Tartars, and A/ilis. Mv iia:.i 
 iiiedaiiisin is the rcli,^ioa of all. 
 
 Towns. -115. 7'. AfCfOi loii.iioO), the eapital. is SO rr." -...nli ..f 
 the IJaspiaii. lUirin^t l!io iiiteiise lieat uf .••■linimer the eily ' indii e'l 
 
 hy th'' eourt ,uid wealthy iiiiialiilants. 
 
 /(tym/iidMliiO.OiiO), on a hi.di plain 210 mih'.s soiitli of 'i ohcriiii. is 
 the must piiiiiifius eity of I'eisia. Ta'iri: (S0,(HiO) is nt^ imiurtant 
 eiiiiimereial eity. Jiu.^ldrc is an important sea-port on the IVrsiaii 
 tiiilf. J/iiiiiin/iiii is the aiii'ii.iit Ki'hataiia. The ruins of l'ir.<i i-iUn 
 indicate the greatness of the aneimt capital of Persia. Ilaljufunh, 
 Miflinl, and J' :</ are larui I'ilies. 
 
 1 It;. The prineipiil nsanutai'tiins aiv .silks, carpets, sliawls. 
 cutlery, and leather. 
 
 The trade is chietly with Kus.-ia, (inal liritain, and lirilish India. 
 Uriiish manufactures are extensively imported through Trebi/.ond, c.n 
 the Iila"k .''^l•a. Internal tr;ide is carried or. hy car.ivans uf mules. 
 
 The ihic'f ruler of lVrsi;i is I'alhil the Shah, and has ahsulute power, 
 llig head ollieer i-. called thj tiraiicl Vi/.ier. Persia ranks very low as 
 a military [ u«or. 
 
 ASIATIC TURKEY. 
 
 117. Ttiikcy in A^ia Inrms a puri \>\ the Tiiiki.-h Knipiro, 
 of which Coii.itantinopie in Kuinin' is the capital. t.Ve« 
 /•.'iii'iij" III T-tiiii/, ;)75.) 
 
 This jiurljon uf th" world is pi'i-nlimly inl^■re^till;.'. li is ll th. atic 
 of the early 1. i^tury uf the liuinan ra'e, the scit <d' the inu.si an'ii'iii 
 eiiipirex 'it the Kartli, and end'i.iei's iln' euuntries in which ritu.sl <>f ilie 
 events reemded in the jiihh- ue.'Uiled. 
 
 Various Tuiki-h irihes from Central Asia ■ ipicrcd tl"; ciunliy 
 tlurilip' the Middle Aires, 
 
 I 1'^. The A-Nialie piis.se.ssj.iiis of T'u' ;,'■ We.-il cif Pef.iia, 
 and include the fnlhiwin;; divi.^iuns ; — 
 
 .\si,i Miiiui, Annuilii, ,'^'i/riri, Knf</i- n, ^ink Anil", 
 A/-jt:irii/i,t\\ti\ the north' 111 and if'ntirii j'orh .i^-'i' Atniji'i, 
 
 ASIA MINOR. 
 
 ll'.i. Asia Miti'ir, or J.".''* iln /.<.s<, cuiiiained sevrji' im- 
 pnitaiit ancient States, as l.jidxu /'<iiil''\ and liillinni'- 
 .\uiietit Tf't'i. th'.' ov, iihi'"\\ of uliicli i'V 'lic (iroeks is de- 
 scribed by llnnpr, was in the west. Tin- ".SeVea (.'hurehes 
 of jX-sJa" were alsii in Asia Minor. 
 
 12". Asia Minor occupies the liet,i:(snla between the niiick 
 St a and the .Mediterraiieaii. On »lie west are the Arelii- 
 pelaito, the iJardauenes, the Sea of Mariiioni, and the Strait 
 of ( 'onsianiinopu-. The islands are <'»//</•//.'<, IUhkIih, and 
 others in the w\reldpela;<o. 
 
 1121, Thi> intxrior i« ulil«-lan<l f^>lu 30uo to fiUDOfvct leifh, borlvrfd 
 
126 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 on the south by the Taiirug Mvuntaim, and on the north by the/l»i(i- 
 Taurus. The rivers are small, but of grcsit iiistoric interest. 
 
 The Kizil-lrmak, the ancient JCalys, is the largest river. The Meamlrr, 
 flowing into the A rcliipolago, is nottil for its windings ; hence tlie linglisli 
 verb meander. Near tlie O'ndii.iM' Alexander (he (Jreat defeated li.irius, 
 S'M B.C. Suhsequendy the conqueror took a violent fever from bat'.iinK in 
 the cold waters of the Cydiiiia, whieh Hows from llie uuow-covered moun- 
 tains, {See Cullier's Ureeee, pp. "JS, 'M.) 
 
 122. The mountain-slopes are cool and Imniiil, and clotliud 
 with fine forests, espcciiilly near the Black 8ca. Tlic tablo- 
 liiiuls iiave nut sutlicient niui.sture for agriciiltiiro, but yield 
 good pasturage. Tlie valleys are very warm and fertile. 
 
 123. Coal, copper, and lead are abundant. Tlio Tei,'etable products 
 are varied, ineludinK whc:it, tobacco, cotton, ijiapea, lig.^. and olivi s. 
 Tlie Angora goat, found in the hi;;hlaiuli!, yield.s a line hair, wliicli i.s 
 made into .siiawls. Tiic oatncl is tlio ciiiuf beast of burden. 
 
 124. Mi/liaininedan Turks furin tlie majority of the popul.ition. 
 The trade is chielly in the hands of Jews, (jreeks, and .Armeiiian.". 
 
 There are several political divisiona, jf which .l;(«^y^a, in the webt, 
 is the most important. 
 
 Andliilia means "sunrise ;" a name niven in consequence of th« easterly 
 situation of the country with respect to Kurnpe. 
 
 Towns.— 125. Smi/rna (150,000), on tlie west coast, is the larjjcst 
 and most commercial city. It is re^tar.led as the biilhplace of llonur. 
 
 Aidiii, in the valh'y of the Meandi r, is coiiuceted by railroad with 
 Smyrna, (50 miles ilistant. 
 
 Jidi.mrick (10. ""01, SviitcD'i (Cii'.dOM, immediately djijiosite Cou- 
 Btaiitinople, and /Irii.ia (dOjOOO), are imp irtant commercial cities. 
 
 .S(>io]H and TniiHuiid are jiorts on the Jlliick Sen. ^\ii;h ' is famed 
 for its Koals. Tureus is noted as the birthplaceuf St. I'uul. Ih'linn 
 occupies the site of ancient llali^.'unassus, the 1 iitli-placi' li iKro, lo- 
 tus. This town I'ontaiiicil the celrbr.ilcd toinbol Mu.isniu.v An/i/. //, 
 the ancient Iconiiim, nrniufu-lures .ip. is, and hai>v;jlisidi..,lile trade. 
 .Meerschaum i=. "li.iiind in it-' neixlibourhoud. 
 
 \H\. Thi' export,'^ of A.-sia Miiinr inrludr li^rs raisin.^, ^■<1! 
 nuts, silk, iiittoii, vl.'-c oil, uuiiis, (lrii;:.-< g.^iis' Imir, and 
 bkin.-<. A'arioits iiiaintlMiturid ginnl.s ale iiii|i(prtcd. 
 
 ARMENIA. KURDlbTAN, &c, 
 
 127. Armenia wa- junliably tlie first I'limurs nopled after 
 the ileluuo. Tlie (.inrc lU of K(Un i.s suppii.srd to liave In ii 
 near tlie siiuree.s of the I'.uphrate.s and Ti>;iis. 
 
 The Hurliice coii.'^isirt cf eh'Viitid tablel;inil.s .".al nu.iJi- 
 tttiiiH, inteiseeled willi deep vabeys. The /.'■.'.'. l'('^.^ n,;| i 
 .7V>/c(x have their iiri::in in tlic nioiintaiii.-* ; the /w<<, with 
 its tributary the . I /(/.('.■', llnws easterly to tlu ('iispiar 
 I.iikt Van i.s in tlio south, 
 
 128. Tho wiiil«r» in tlio liiviliLind* arc lonj; and ncvcre, lutitid*!.! 
 Willi lieitvy fallii ol'siinw. The vullrya nru warm and pleaoaiit, 
 
 t-Vjip'i, lead, iron, Ndl, and naphtha are ph iit;;"'il. The ve;;et.i' !" 
 (^rmluutu are (.'lain, loliaoon, imIIhii, llax, niape.'<, ai I o.lier fiuit,*. The 
 greuler p ifl of the Cilllltry is Knt Huite<l to til-ii/ii.) . 
 
 TOWIH. I'-U. hi-.innim (Mfi.Olld), on all eluval.itl of fiSOO feet, is 
 lhelar»;r>tt iiinl iiiti»l coiniuircial city. The trade belw( iii tho ports on 
 the lHack Hea and Nortli«in I'eritia pannes through it. It iaaUolhu 
 Imltlii^'-iitatlun fur caravanii botMi'vu Mvveu uiiJ Tehtfiun. 
 
 Kars (12,000) is on a plain 6000 feet above the sea. After a heroio 
 defence, conducted by (ieneral Williams, a native of Nova Scotia, 
 Kars, reduced by famine, was surrendered to the Russians in 1855. 
 
 l;3(>. Kurdistan corresponds nearly with ancient As.syria. 
 It is south of Armenia, and east of the Tigris. In the south- 
 west arc low plains, but the surface and products generally 
 resemble tho.sc of Armenia. Gall-nuts of the finest ipiaiity 
 are among the products. 
 
 Towns.— 131. Van (iO,000^, a fortified town on the south eastern 
 shore of Lake Van, has antiquities attributed to Seiiiirami!', an aiieieiil 
 (jueen of As.syria. Its cotton manufactures aie of coiisiileralle iiii- 
 portauce. Monul (10,000), on the right bank of the Tigris, is mar Hie 
 site of ancient Nineveh, (.Vtc J«i((, 50.) It was furiuerly renowned 
 for its muhliiiS, a fabric which took itfi name fi.nu this town. Erbd. 
 in the country east of Mosul, is the uiicienl Arbela, which gave name 
 t'j the final battle in which Ale.\aiider defeated Darius, in 331 li.c. 
 DtarbvLir has some eottuu and .iiik manufactures aud 'opper-worl^s. 
 
 i;32. Al-Jezirab corresponds to ancient Mesopotaniiii, or 
 "the country between the rivers.'' It is called in the Uible 
 radaii-arain. Jt comprises the northern porliou ul the low 
 lihiin between the Kiiphrates and Tiiiri.s. 
 
 Irak Arabi, south of Al-Jezirah, Ix'tween the river.-i, 
 iiiswers to ancient Dabylonia. 
 
 i:i:i. A large portion of these countriw is de,sert. In 
 Slimmer the heat is very great, aud there are hut, .suifocating 
 winds. The winter nights are cold in the north. 
 
 Ifice, vines, and date-palms llourish along the borders of 
 the rivers. Ostriehes, wild a.-5.->es, and plundering Aiab.i 
 vv.iiidi r over the interinr. 
 
 Towns. 131. Orj'iili, in the north of tho pLiin, formerly called 
 J'Me.'.ha, waK the capital of iv kiiigilniii, lounded by the Criis;oler.s. 
 
 /lif/din/ (1)5,000), once the caplt.il ot the Saracen (J.iliph.ile, it; .-itu- 
 iited on both b. Itis of lliu Tij^ris, its Uade has greatly deeliaed. This 
 city Is familiar as the scene of thii " Arabian is' iglits' Kiitertainiueiils. 
 
 //illuh,iin both banks of the K.iphrates, is wiihiii the bounds of the 
 ancient city of IJabyloii. (.V«' Atiit, 57.) 
 
 Jliisfori'ii ('iO.OOOi, on lli' ^hi.l el-.Vrab, mar the IVrsLm (ii.lf, is 
 the great emporium of trade bLtn^eu Asiatic Turkey and lud.a. 
 
 SYRIA. 
 
 1. ".."». S.yria i.>i, hi.stoiically, one uf tlie mo.'<t inlerestiiig 
 ^'iiinlries in the woriti eiiilnacing the ancient /,«/((/ «/' Israel, 
 i'/nfuicid, mill St/ria i'vi'fier. It was added to the Turkish 
 l^inpire in lolT. It is -lituuted south of the Taurus Moiin- 
 taiUH, between the .Meditenniieaii and the Kiiphrates. 
 
 Aiiciuiit l'h<niiiela Oi'iiipiJM'd the northern purtiou of iho uiariliino 
 coiMiliy ; the Land of I.-trael, the suUtheili, 
 
 i;('!. TI.e surl'iiee coiioisl.s of a narrow plain of varying' 
 width ue.\t tlic sea ; the moimtaiu ranges of Lebanon and 
 Anti Lebanon, near the west side, continued soutlierly by 
 
 ! 
 
 dj 
 
 ■^^M: 
 
ve the sea. After a heroio 
 a native of Nova Scotia, 
 ;o the Uussiaus in lUbb. 
 
 f with uncicut Assyria, 
 u Tigris. la tliu soutii- 
 and products generally 
 ts of the finest quality 
 
 town on the soiitii (.asttrii 
 id to Scniiiaiuii', iiu ancient 
 es aie of coiisiiicialle nn- 
 ak of the Tiniis, is mar tiie 
 It w;i.s foiniciiy lenoAncd 
 no fri.Mi this town. i'W'i/. 
 I Ailichi, wliicii t:ave name 
 fcaleJ Darius, in 331 n.o. 
 cturcs and jopiiej -works. 
 
 iifient Mesop(ytaniiiV I'l' 
 
 [t is called in the Bible 
 
 hern iKirliuu oi' the low 
 
 uris, 
 
 II, between the rivers, 
 
 nuitrivB is d^'sort. In 
 Ill-re lue hut, siiliocutiiiy 
 n the north, 
 di al'tii;^' the borders of 
 
 .iiid iiimidfriii^ Arabi 
 
 the iil.iin, fuiuicily called 
 dcd by the Ciusadcr;). 
 ; Saiiiccii Calipiiaic, ii; s-itu- 
 .: Iiu.s greatly declined. Tliii 
 m^'iniita" Mulcrtiiinincnl.^. ' 
 
 ii ttilliiu the biiuiius ot the 
 
 I, near the Tersiati Gulf, ia 
 til! Turkey and lud.a. 
 
 d" the most inli'restin^' 
 ! uneieiit Land <>/' fsnte/, 
 ns added to the Turkish 
 fh of the Taurus Mouu- 
 iid the iMiphrales. 
 
 Ill (Hirlioii vi' iho nmrititiiii 
 
 I, 
 
 nirrow plain of viiryinu' 
 
 1 ninues of Lebanon iiiid 
 
 continued southerly by 
 
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PALESTINE. 
 
 V21 
 
 irregular liills and low mountains ; and a vast plain on the 
 east kiKjwii as the Syrian Desert. Between the ranges of 
 Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon is a beautiful valley anciently 
 called CVele Syria, or Hollow Syria, from which the Litany 
 or Leontes flows south, and the Oronffs north. 
 
 137. There are many very fertile tracts; but tlirouj;li want of culti- 
 vation, mucli soil that was once fruitful is now nearly barren. Ex- 
 cepting; the cold hfi;5ht3 of Lebanon, the climate is generally warm 
 temperate. Waia uf rain is the chii f natural defect of the country. 
 
 The products arp grain, cotton, the mulberry, olives, grapes, figs, and 
 c'-he'' fruits. The mountains of Lebanon were once famed for their 
 maj, s^'c cedars. Only a few of these ancient trees now remain. 
 
 13;;. The inhabitants are cliieHy Turks, Arabs, and (irteks. The 
 wandering Arabs of tiie desert are called Bedouins. They live by 
 their flocks and by plunder. The insecurity of property occasiuned by 
 these rubbers is a serious obstacle to the prosperity of the co unity. 
 
 The Maronites and Druses are two hostile communities inhabiting the 
 Mountains of Lebanon. Tlie former claim to be Cliristiims, duriving tlieir 
 name and tenets from Maron, who lived in the tlfth ciiitury. The Druses 
 are heretical Mnhamn iluus, oiiginaliny with llakiin, an Egyptian who 
 styled himself a prophet. 
 
 Towns. — 139. Aleppo (80,000) is situated midway between the 
 
 Medilerrane.in and the Euphrates, in a beautiful and fertile district on 
 the borders of the desert. It was desolated by an earthciuake in 
 1822, when 20,000 inhabitants wire buried iu the ruius. It has silk 
 and cotton manufactures. 
 
 Daviascun UlO.t'UO) ii about 50 miles from the Mediterranean, 
 surrounded by a well-watered and fertile jilain, clothed with orchards. 
 It was formerly fame<l for its sword-blades. Travellers speak of the 
 distant view of the city as most enchanting. (Sit 5-1, 55.) 
 
 140. JleiiroiU (12,0U0), on the coast, is the port of Damascus, with 
 which it is connected by a macadamized road. In the neighbourhujd 
 are extensive mulberry proves and vineyard.-;. 
 
 Antiuch (27,000) was formerly a large and wealthy city, containing 
 400,11(10 iidiabitants. Here the disciples were tirst called Christians. 
 
 Tripoli (18,0U0) is an important port. It is noted for beautiful 
 gardens. Sponges and soap are exported. {Sa: (lazilieir.) 
 
 Acre (10,000) is a small seaport, marking the southtrn lirai*- of 
 ancient I'liienicia. It is noted for its numerous sieges. iSic OazHltv } 
 
 Ti/rt and ^Siduu, the chief cities of I'liiunicia, are represented by llio 
 small towns Soar and ^aiila. {Sfc (iaztttio:) 
 
 Ilainah (40,0U0; and JIviiis (30,OUU), on the Orontes, are important 
 town.s. 
 
 141. Agriculture and the care of flocks are tlie cl, A' pursuits. 
 Manufactures are greatly neglected. Commerce is imjieiled ih-ough 
 want of roads. JMereliandise is conveyed on the back^ o' xiu'.s anil 
 camels. 
 
 l.AKK Ul'' I llUClM.'iS. 
 
 PALESTINE. 
 
 142. Palestine is imw tiie iiio.st cuninion name of the 
 ani'ieiit Land id' Isi'uel. Tlii.s niinic is supposed to be derived 
 from the riiili.stines,ii pcnplu who ouee iulialiited the south- 
 west. 
 
 The country lm« been known by various other names, as CiiniMii, and tlie 
 Uily Laud. It became a part ol the Turkish Kmplru In 1517. 
 
 143. The IsraelitcK, under Jo.-^hua, entered the Land of Promise and 
 
 dispossessed the original inlu bitaid.H in M,'r2 n.c. The country was 
 then apportioU'd amongst the various tnbe.s, as shown on .Map of 
 Vuiiaitii. (.s'fc Jushaa i.-.\ix.) 
 
 In 975 II. c. the couidry was divi.lcil into the kingdorns <.f .hid.'ili 
 and Israel, as shown by .Map of th'.' li'ni'j'tiinu of Jwl'tk dud hvttcK 
 (See 1 Kimjs xii.) 
 
 144. Iu 721 U.c. the king<lo!u of Israel was broken up, and the in- 
 haliilants carried into captivity by .^halmaneser, King of Assyri.x 
 Other irdialiitants were placed in the country, who were subBCiiueutly 
 called .Samaritans. (.Sic 2 liunjH xvii.) 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 14 111.6 
 
 m 
 
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 V 
 
 
 ^ <^ 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 >(!« 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Cori.x)rdtion 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIBSTtRNY I4S80 
 
 (71*1 173-4503 
 
^o yip Mf-) 
 
 ^A 
 
 & 
 
 
liTriliiili I I -" 
 
 "a?--Kiffl?:*:sj25JM&ai 
 
 12a 
 
 ARTA. 
 
 In 606 n.c. the inliabitnnts of Judali were carried to HaViylon, where 
 fliry spent a captivity of seventy years. In 536 they were perniitleil to 
 return to their own land, l)y Cyrus, Kinfrnf the Persians. (See K:ra\.) 
 
 145. Palestine hee^ime suliject to Alexander the (ki'it, 333 n.c. It 
 then fell to the Ptoleniys of K^'ypt, and afterwards ti Anlioohus of 
 Syria. The inhabitants were cruelly treated liy the i.ater and liis 
 successors; from who.se power a family of patriots callod the Macca- 
 bees, after hard .struL'i-'les. delivered their country. (Sec /i'aiLU'.^ llthk 
 lliatd)-!!. (I lilt Jdnrii/in.f.) 
 
 HO. The Itiiinans annexed Palestine to their f;rcat empire about 
 63 B.C., and divided it into four provinces, Judaa, .Samaria, GuliUf, 
 and Pcrmt (as in Map of PuliKline ittnlcr the Itumaiin). This was the 
 condition of the country in the time of our Lord. 
 
 The Jews ha' ti'.; rebelieil aiiainst the Honians, an army umler 
 Titus liestroyed their caiiil:il. .Terusaleni. and mercilessly slauudilered 
 lliiinsands of the inhabitants, 70 a.u. From this time the Jews have 
 III en scattered over the whole world, anil their ancient land has bein 
 occupied by other people. 
 
 117. Palestine fell a jirey to the .Mohammedans in the year-C36. The 
 persi tions to which Ohristian pilirriniH were subi'Cted in the Middle 
 .'.(..es roused the indi^Miation (jf the ('liri>li:in powers of i'luiupe, and 
 vast armies were sent to rescue the Holy Land fVom tlie Mohiimnji'- 
 diins. Theex|)eilitions sent for this pui'pose, known in history as the 
 ('.iisadcs, had a tcinjiorary success ; l)Ut eventually the country again 
 fell under tne Moliamniedans. 
 
 148. Palestine is sifuiiled 011 (lio cast of tlie ]\r(Mlitt'r- 
 i'.THi'!iii, ami soufh ol' tin' i\loiiiitaiiis of LiliaiiDii. It is 
 alidiit hvo-tiiinls tlic eizo uf Nuva Scotia. Its Ifiijitli frttni 
 iKntli to soutii 18 180 miles, and the breadth 7") miles. 
 
 Tlie surface is <,'eii(^rally iiiotintaiiioiis. The nioiuitaiiis 
 arc low and liroken. Mount llenuon is on the northern 
 liordiT ; (''r/W'7 overloiik.s the pnast ; tlio .Uuiinl'iitts i<j 
 MiHth are east of the Jiinliin, The rocks are eliietly liine- 
 stoiie, and the country ahounds in raves, to which fretjiient 
 reference is made in tlie Scriptures. 
 
 I'tn ralestiiie consists of two natural divisions, separfited by the 
 low valley of the Jordan. The western section is divided into the 
 IKUlhern and southern hinhhinds by the Plain of Ksdraelon- the b.ittle- 
 field of the country— extending' from the foot of (',\riiii I to the valloy of 
 tiio Jordiin, Tlift Jordan, flowinfj from the ISbiunlains of Lebanon 
 Hinitlierly ihroiipli lnk"s Atirmii and TUnri'ii Into the Inad ,Sin, is 
 the otdy river. Inclndinji windln(.'B, it is uhr- '. 200 miles long (^'ev 
 /l«i.(, 33, 35,37.) 
 
 ir)(). The soil of I'alcstiiie was once very fertile. The 
 hill sides, can lully terraced, were clothed with vineyiirds 
 and olive uroves, and the valleys with iimlu. The terraces 
 are now hroken dtwn, and the rains of centuries have 
 washed away the soil, leavin;,' nothing I'tit tin' ^'ray rock.*. 
 Some et' t lie valleys and |ilaiiis arc yet very fruit I'nI. The 
 heat. i)f mtmtner is not intense, except in the vallevs. The 
 winters arc mild. Scarcity nf rain is the worst feature in 
 the climate. 
 
 l.'ii, The products are yrain of various kinds, dlives, 
 {{rapes, Hk's, p(niiei;rainites. and other fruits. Larjic trees 
 are almost unknown in I'alcsline. The must important are 
 terebinths, a few imcd oaks, and an iM'casi'iiial jialm. 
 
 ■■'•''■-:■':•''■'-■'■■ 'Af/f.u 
 
 iii.i\ 1: riiri-, Fi.owr.ii, and fiu it. 
 
 Wild flowers are profuse in spring, especinlly a white flower 
 called the Star of 1! thlehem, and scarlet anemones, tulips, ar.d 
 ]io)ipie.s. 
 
 The settled inhabitants are collected into villages and towns, as 
 solitary dwellin;;s would be exposed to attack from plunderin;.' lie- 
 doiiins. They are principally Mohammijdans and Ureeks. 
 
 Towns.— 152. J(v>i>ntem (25,n00|, the capital, is situated on the 
 cd).'e of a rocky plateau, 30 miles from the Mediterranean. It- 
 site, 2-UO feet al)ovc the level of the Me<literrancan, and 35Ufl above 
 the Dead Sea. has dee)i ravine.s on nil sides except the north-west. 
 — tiie Srtiley of (.ijlion on the west, Ilinnom on the south, and Jehu- 
 shaphat or Kidrouon the east. It is also divided into two ridges,— 
 Mount Zion on tiie west, and Mount Morinh on the east. The Mount 
 of ()live.4 is on the east of the city beyond the Valley of Kidron, The 
 most important building; in the city iti tiie Miis(iue of Omar, on the site 
 of the ancient Temple. 
 
 l.W. JUilililittii (liioo), six miles south of Jerusalem, is the city of 
 Pavid. and tin,' liirtli-|ila 'e of our Saviour. Il contains a larjje 
 monastery, liuilt over a rne culled ''•■ " Cave of the Nativity." 
 
 /Iithmiii is a small villas;!' two miles fidin Jerusalem, "U the eastern 
 slope of the Mount of Olives. 
 
 lli'iivii (7<i("M, 16 miles siuith of Jeni^ttlem, is noted for the cavo of 
 Machpchih, where Aluaham was buried. The Mohammeilans have 
 built a llirjie mosipie over the cave, which they hold in great ven- 
 ention. 
 
 151. Jafa (15,(HMH, the ancient Joppa, was the piincipal jiort 1 I' 
 the Jews. Its harbour is snmll and insecure. Its exports are soap, 
 grain, and fruit. The city is noted for its extensive and fruitful 
 ijardeiis, which arc irrigated from well*. 
 
 "In Mnrcli unit April IIickc (inrdiun nre Indocd onchsntlnir The sir l« 
 mvimIoiuIimI Willi till' nihwli'd spli'iry of ornnt;-'. biiioii. iipph', nprlcol. 
 i|i\lnci', plum, mid t lilnn Iri'in In lilomnni I'lie p"ople lln'ii fnnui'iil lie 
 (jiiiVcK, Kit on milK lii'iiiiilli tlii'Iriiriiti'ful «hiiile, nip roMco, miioki> the nrKcli, 
 nliig. coHver«i', iir "li'cp till eveiilnx, wliiii lliey slowly irlnrii to tlie town " 
 
 155. (/f»;i» (15,000) |g in tlie unuih-wpst. It trades largely In snnp, 
 which Is spnt lo Kgypt on rnniels, 
 
 Xa.arclh (Mono), north id' M.aint Tatmr, is noted n» the phu-e where 
 our Saviour spent the jtivat'er part of hi' life on Karth, 
 
rut IT, 
 
 ppcinlly a wliit'- fl-wer 
 niieinoiics, tulips, au\ 
 
 1 villacos mill towns, i^" 
 ck tVoiii phiiiileiiii;.' lie- 
 I ami Greeks, 
 
 itftl, is situnted on tlie 
 
 e MeiiittMiniipnti. Il~ 
 
 rr:iiie:in, .■iinl iSriOO uliovc 
 
 except the )inrlli-vve<it, 
 
 on tlie soulli, and Jelio- 
 
 vi.leil into ttto ridges,— 
 
 nn llio east. The Monnt 
 
 V.illt'v (.I'Ki.lron. Tlie 
 
 jiio I'l' Oiiiiir, oil the lite 
 
 ,Ieiu;-iidein, in the city of 
 r. It coiit.Tins a iiirjje 
 of tlo' Niitivity." 
 IenisHhni,"ii tiie CM\cyu 
 
 , is iii'loil fnr iho oiivo of 
 
 I'Ui' Mnhiiininedaiis hiivc 
 
 ihi'v hold ill Hieat veil- 
 
 las the prineipal port of 
 lis cxiioits are Houp, 
 R extensive and Iruitfiil 
 
 ri\ iMicliiinllnn Tlie nir I* 
 
 :,. Iriunll. Ilpple, np'le"l. 
 IvnpUi lllell freipii'llt lie' 
 l|i ciiirre, Hiniikellie orifi'lll, 
 iHlj lelurii to tlie IdWii," 
 
 It iraden lar«i'ly in noap, 
 
 .(e.| as till' phieo «liiie 
 , Kiirtli. 
 
 AliAIlIA. 
 
 I'J',1 
 
 :_iJ 
 
 DKTIILEHKM. 
 
 yi('i!niia S,(M.)0], the aneient Shecheni, is in a leitile valley, clothed 
 with frnit trees, k'twceii .Mounts Khal and (ieri/.ini (,//«A/(.i ix, 7-2!), 
 
 Sii/cd (.WOO), tlevated 2iJJU feet, was Utk'li) destlo)ed hy an eait!i- 
 ipuiko in 183". 
 
 (•ii the east of the Jordan are many ancient towns mid niiiis, as 
 li(ilh(tii!ii/i, KiiiMirAt, liozrah. Satcali, and Kiliri, built of massive 
 hewn rock. Some of them have a few inh:iliitanls ; cithers, descried liy 
 man, are the lioiutj of wild heasts. (.Vtt I'vf.tr'a (Uuut Ciliu <>/ /kt»/iait, 
 and Dtuf. iii,) 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 f.'fJ. Ai'iiMa, apciinliiiu' to soiiit', HiKiiKK's // ifusff, cxiircsH- 
 iiii,' till' ini'vailiiiii iiliysiciil clmi'acter id' tin; ci.iiiitry ; 
 at'coriliii^' to utlicrs, it cnmci tVom u word niL.'iiit'yiiiif u 
 iMiiileifi; in alliisinn to tlic habits oi' iiiaiiy of its inlinlii- 
 taiits. ItH liirttory jh iiiterestin,t,'. Tlio forty years' wamlci'- 
 iii^'s of tlio Immlitcs wcro in tlif iiortli-wi'Ht. 
 
 Hfolmminedaiiisin orii;inated in the west nf .\r;iliiii early in the 
 seventh cent iiry, and for several centuries .Mohamnivdaii Aiahs ruled 
 all Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Spain, 
 
 1.'i7. The W.ilijihe.n, nr Mohiiiniio ilan refnriiien of Vmhln. nrWhmli'i) with 
 M.ili;iiniiiecl :il,ii \Ih| .•! \V,i)ril., ,il„,iit the inlilille .if [hr li,lil,.,iilli eeiilury 
 A Wiilmli il\im«i/ win e«liil.lMi,.,| In Neji.l, i\ sim in ijin hilerlMr, uiiil 
 iiiMiil) the whul,> nf \riililiiWiiH hnuwlit iimler IH power l"iicriiiichliiK iipmi 
 llie lervlliiHes elidiiieil liy I'lirlii.j . the Wiilmlpces liruiiKht i,|im|| |ln.|M«el\i< 
 the venmniiee nf tlie Nleeniv of IVypI In lij^, iiti I'kji.Hiui uriiiy liiviided 
 .Nejed, mill lU'lhiiyuil Keialeli, lliu Ciiplliil, Th,. Iinniii uf .Netrii wil< sent 
 ti' I'niMtiiiilliiiiple. where he wim lieliemlrcl S|iln,.,jii,.iitlv. aftir vnrhnis 
 lonlllels, thu Hifvptlnn I'lmhn wik exiiullijil, iidiI tlm WiUmlieu ilyninly 
 rvulorwil, .ami I'uli/ruvt't Aruliiit.) 
 
 I'l^. Till! coa.st.s of Araliia aiv 
 ;,'t'iieiiilly low anil sandy ; tlie iu- 
 terior omi.sists principally of a liij^h 
 jilatfau, linidurud with low uioiin- 
 taiii ranges. A riduo extending 
 feoutiierly from ralestiiie, ternii- 
 natea in the rocky peaks of llwih 
 -.'tl):5 feet) ami Sinai rarelicd 
 deserts cover the giviiter jiart of 
 tiie interior. Tiiero are no large 
 streams. 
 
 1."j!>, Many parts along the coast 
 are very t'eitile, and tiie deserts iiiv 
 also intersper.sed with fertile oases. 
 Tin; heat of the low enasts is !a- 
 teii.se ; on the tabledands it is 
 nmri! temperate. 
 
 A large' (lart of Arabia is within 
 the rainless region e.vteiiding iVom 
 tiie we.st ciiast of Africa to the east 
 (if Asia, In otiier portimis rainy 
 and dry seiusom alterinite. Here the 
 water-c(Uirse.s during one season 
 
 lireseiit rushing tiirrcnt,s, and duriii;^ the other dry rocky 
 
 chiiniiels, callctl ichIi/s. 
 
 100. A hot, Huirocatinp, and injnricus wind, called theii'moow, oftt n 
 blows from tho desert. It is of .short duratinii, and to escripe iN 
 elVect.i the iiihaliitaiits cover their faces and lie ptustrute. The eainvl 
 also kneels ilnwn and biiriea its lin-e in the sand. 
 
 1(!1, Then! are no extensive forests in Arabia, The most 
 valualile trees are the date and other s[ieeies of palm-'', gum 
 acacias, and bul.saia trees. Tiie deserts produce succiiliiit 
 grasses, and a little plant called .-•'O/*//, which br;irs a small 
 red seed • the former nourish numerous Hocks and herds ; 
 while tiie latter, with dates, gives food to the v/aiideriiig Arab. 
 
 The eiiltivalv'd products arc colfee, cotton, indigo, tobacco, 
 millet, Piiices, and tinpieul fruits. The cultivated districts 
 reipiire irriuiitioii, 
 
 PL*. Wild aiiiiniiU are iint innneroitf". The deseiln abimnd with 
 wild asses and o,iii,'|ius, The doinclic aiiiiiials are horses, caiiieN, 
 dromedaries, sheep, and u'oats. The hordes of .Vrabiil are funit'l for 
 heiuity I lid iketness. 
 
 The wniiderinu Aralis nf the denerti are c.dled IK'doiiinii, 
 
 Hi:), Arabia includes several poliiicul divi.-ioiis, with im 
 Very prHcime liiuitc. The prineipal are //c-//i(r, I'lium, 
 Hiiih'iii.iihi. Oiii'iii, /.ih'hf'i, and X',/'"!. 
 
 101. Hedjas, or "the Land of I'il-riliia;e," embracing tiie 
 urcntti" portion of the coast on tho l^eil iSea, belongs to 
 Turkey, 
 
130 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Mecca (fiO.OOO), the capital, tjo miles ficitii tlie .se;i, is in a desert 
 region. It is noted as the birth-place of Mohammed (571 a.d.) Mo- 
 liammedans regard it as a holy city, and all are required to ,'isit it at 
 least once in their lives. Consequently the city swarms with j)il!.'rims, 
 who generally, combining trade with religion, carry merchandise to 
 sell on tlieir route. 
 
 Jedda, on the Red iSca, is the port of Mecca. Medina (8000), 250 
 miles north of .Mecca, and 130 miles from tliec»\ist, contains the tombs 
 of Moliammed, iiis daughter Fatima, and of the caliphs Abubeker 
 and Omar. 
 
 163. Ycmon, sometimes called Hapjiy Arabia, i.s ii) tlie 
 south-we.st. It produces the finest cottee in the world. 
 
 Sana (40,000), the capital, in a beautiful inland valley, has an ex- 
 tensive trade in coffee. J/uW(tt (7oOO). is a fortified iiort on the Red 
 Sea. It gives its name to the best cotl'ee, which, with dates and gums, 
 is largely exported. 
 
 IfiO. Aden i>i a smiill ponin.snla in the ,soutli-we.st, lielong- 
 ing to Great Britain. 
 
 The city Aden (40,000) stands in a liollow, cnclo.spil witli rocky 
 dill's. It is very strongly fortified, an I is an important coaling 
 station for steamers. The coal is bnmght in vcs.-els from England. 
 
 lf!7. Oman is a maritime di.strict in tlie aonth-east. It is 
 suliject tn tlie Imam or Sultan of iMu.scat, wlm.se territories 
 embrace iportion.s of tlie cnast of I'crsia and Eastern Africa, 
 
 Mitmit (40,000), the rajiital, is an inipinliint port on the (iulf of 
 Ormuz. It fXpMiis hides, horses, and d.iUs. 
 
 IfiS. Nejed is an extensive country in t'a' inirrinr, ruled 
 by the Wahaliees. Its liorsi'S arc said to lie much sniierior 
 to those of other parts of Arabia. Their owners are greatly 
 attached to them, and refuse to sell them, 
 
 Riad ii the proBOiit capital. (Sn l.'i7.) 
 
 BRITISH INDIA, OR HINDOSTAN. 
 
 l()f). llimlnstan, or Linn/ uf' t/n //iiH/nns, endiraees a jiart 
 of tlio region often called the Kast Indies. The country has 
 long been nlelirati'd for the richness <if its vegetable and 
 mineral products, and also I'or its large wild animals, 
 
 170. The power of tlroal Itritain in India ,irii;in.iti'il «ith the Uritisli 
 KaRt liiilia <.' iiipany, organixed with cxdusivii priviliiieB in the year 
 1(100. In 10:11' tho Company iicquircd its first ter''iiory, conslsliiig of 
 about five milen of ciiisl wlnrc Madras now slatids. Other po.sxes- 
 iiloliH were soon ac(|Uirid ; largo wanhouwH culled factories were 
 erectcil ; and the prusperoiis trade was tNtcnded, 
 
 171. A large part of the cn\intry "as at tliis time included in the 
 Mogul Kiiipil'c, svhich liiid liccii eslablishud in \>>'^!>. Tiie chief liiltr 
 wnn known a* tho threat MokuI, HIk <>in|iri' wait divided into pro 
 vincpN ruled liy deputies called Naliobs, and the piovincen were divided 
 into dintrii'ts L'i'vermd by otlii'i'rs I'alled l{ii,iahs. 
 
 17-. Ill lOMi, the iigi'iit ot tlip K,i«t India Company and a niiinhrr .if 
 men in Ins emphi) were Mailing down the lloo^l,^ Uivvr, b.iving bern 
 
 ex])elled from a factory on the river by the Nabob of liengal. Ex- 
 hausted with the burning heat, they landed near a small village, and 
 took refuge beneath a large tree which attracted them with its friendly 
 shade. Pleased with the situation, they resolved to form a new settle- 
 ment. Accordingly a grant was obtained of a small territory, and 
 factories were erected, which have since exj)anded into the populous 
 and wealthy Calcutta, the capital of Rritish India. 
 
 17:i. In 1757, C.ilcutta was captured and plundered by the Nabob 
 Suraja Dowlah, Many of tlie English were taken prisoners and thrust 
 into a close room called the /Hack Ilule, where most of them perished 
 in a single night from breathing tlie impure air. Calcutta was soon 
 afterwards retaken by the distinguished Clive. In the same year Clive 
 checked the power of France in India by the battle of I'lassey. (.See 
 IMlixh Jlhtorii : Gcmijv II., p, 2S4.) 
 
 174. British power niw advanced rapiilly, nor was it always by tin' 
 most just and honourable means. Native jirinces were conquered and 
 their treasures plundered ; others, alarmed, poured out to the victors 
 their diamonds and gold, r.s the price of peace and jprotection. The 
 Mogul Empire was iiroken up liy internal dissensions, and (lortion after 
 liortion was annexi'd to the British territories. The first Governor- 
 txeneral was Warren Hastings, aiipointed in 1773. (Hcc Jjriti.sk 
 Jlistori/ : (IcoviK 111., p, '2114.) 
 
 175. Ill 1833 the Company's nioimpoly was wiihilrawn, and the 
 country was thrown ojien to general commerce. The Indian Mutiny, 
 a rebellion of the native troojis called sqiaii.s, which began in 18.")7, 
 jiresenti many tales of savage butchery and outrage. On the restora- 
 tion of peace, the government of India was transferred from tlie Com- 
 I'any to tho British Crown. (-SVr Jlrili.ili Jlisi'n-ti ,■ Victitnu.) 
 
 170. About half of Hindostan, or th(> triaimular iieiiiu- 
 sula, is in the Torrid Zone, It has the ]]ay of liengal on 
 tlie east ; tho Arabian .Sea on the west, i'ni"' Coninrni is 
 the southern point. 
 
 Hindostan extends about ll^ee niilcs noith and .'outli, by 1500 miles 
 east and west. The coast line is about 4000 miles in length. The ea>t 
 cnast is sometimes called tlie ('itvtinlic ; the south-eastern coast is 
 called the (.'"ruiiKtuiltl Cmtaf ; the south-western, the MaUibar Cnast. 
 
 177. The surface in the northern half of the country is 
 yreatly diversified. On the north are tho gigantic and un- 
 rivalled //nii(i/<(i/ii.i, jMiik rising above peak far beyt)nd the 
 liiii' of perpetual snow. The lower ridges are often enveloiied 
 in clouds, on which the higher summits, jirojcetcd against 
 the blue sky, seem to rest, (.SVr Aula, 2-1,) 
 
 Kf-i. South of the elevated region are vast plains, com- 
 prising two general slopes, — the basin of tlie (t'liiKjin inclined 
 to the south-east, and the basin of the /m/iis to the .'south- 
 west. The former slope U -auch llii^ more extensive. 
 
 17!). The greater part of tlic peninsula is elevated tiihln- 
 land I'ldled the J>iii',iii, which is bordered l.v mountain 
 raime.i,— the Vniilliiiii itliiiKi feet) on the north, the low 
 J'tiiMt^rii (i/iiiiit.i on the east, and tho elevntetl HV/t/crH 
 (I'/i'iiils on the west. The greater jiortiou of tho lUecan hti8 
 an (easterly slope. 
 
 l.-'o. Tlie principal riven of Northern India ftie llin naiiiim. J]vnh' 
 miiii'uth'ii, and hiilnii. «iih their tribiitaric". The .^ulhj, thiwiiiu into 
 the tiiilii'>, and Iik four principal trihulaiicM kIvc t!ienameof I'unjnub, 
 or Fiir /I'l'crrs, to the country through «hich lliey tiow. 
 
 
labob of Ueiigiil. Ex- 
 \T a small village, and 
 I them with its Iriendly | 
 ;d to foim a new settle- i 
 a small territory, and j 
 ided into the populous 
 dia. 
 
 uiidered by the Nabob 
 en prisoners and thrust 
 
 most of them perished < ■ 
 lir. Calcutta was soon | ' 
 
 In the same year Clive 
 battle of Plassey. ('Sec 
 
 lor was it always by the i i 
 ices were conquered and 
 oured out to the victors 
 :e and ])rotection. The 
 nsions, and portion after 
 s. The lirst (Jovcrnor- 
 in 1773. (.St'C Jlritisk 
 
 as withdrawn, and the 
 ;e. Tiie Iiidiiin Mutiny, 
 !, which bcLian in 1857, 
 itra;;o. On the restora- 
 imsfcrred from the Com- 
 'iirti : \'ii-tiinn.) 
 
 :\w trimmulai' iiciiiii- 
 lio IJiiy of lit>ii,i,'iil on 
 t. Cup': C'oniorlii is 
 
 and .'^outh. by l.Wr> miles 
 liics in IcnKtIi. The eii>t 
 (' sonth-oastcrn coiist is 
 rn, the Mulaljdr I'nast. 
 
 ilf of thi' eoiliitiy is 
 tlic ^'i;;antic ami un- 
 |icMk far beyond tlic 
 sarc offt'ii ('Iiv('1o|i(m1 
 ts, iirojcctt'il ai^aiiist 
 2-J.) 
 
 10 vast jilaiiia, com- 
 f till' (finiijis iiicliiii'il 
 /lIllllK t'l tlic soiitli- 
 n]V I'Xti'llsivO. 
 
 ila is clovated tablr- 
 (liTcd I.\ mountain 
 llic novtii, the low 
 
 111' fli'vati'd WcKtirii 
 lU of tlie Dtmiii liaa 
 
 1 nro tho (1(tti;ira. /Iivi'i- 
 
 Till' StilllJ, tlnWillU Mlt'l 
 
 ive tiicniimeuf runjaub, 
 they dow. 
 
 BRITISH INDIA. 
 
 131 
 
 rilE HIMALAYAS. 
 
 The piinc'ipal rivers of the Iieccan are the Mninnindihi, Cudavo-ii. 
 Kfinhun, ami I'mivevii, on the east ; ami the yrrliuililah on the west. 
 Many of the rivers are unnaviKabie on account cf the rapidity of their 
 current. {.Sec Anin, 31.) 
 
 ISl. Murli of till' soil is vrry fiTtili", fsimi'ially tlif viillfys 
 (it tlie Ganges alio i'uiijaiili. Ailjoininu Al'.;iianif'tan is ;;ii 
 cxtrnsivc dcst'l't. 
 
 K.M'i'litini;' tiio inoiint lii's and tlioi;- slopes, wIh'It llniv is 
 I'vcry vai'ii'ty nf trininraJtro an'onlinu to ilir i-li'vatiun, tln' 
 clinnite i.s tvoiural. Tlio yrar inrhnli's tlirrc seasons,— tlio 
 hot from Mareli to June, the rainy from .hine to Oetolier. 
 and the temperate dnrim; the r iiainder of the year. The 
 casioned liv the exeessivo moisture of tl 
 
 raiiiv season is oi 
 
 le 
 
 Rotltll-WPSt nionsooliP. (.SVv I'/ii/sinil (i'fn'ji''lj'li!/, !'•".) 
 
 182. The minerals are imn, tin, copper. «old, diamonds, 
 ridiies, amethysts, and other preeions stune". 
 
 I'lxeept on the mountain slopes, the vegetation is tropical 
 mill inofnse. Anion.' the trees are teak, saiidal-wond, eliimy, 
 hamlioo, banyan, and many Kpeeies of palms. At the height 
 of ll.ttiX) feet the tree.« ale dwarfed; and the re>;ion of 
 lierpetual snow is found nt the height of ir>,(«)(t feet. The 
 
 low region near the month of the (!iin,t;es is covered with 
 almost impenetrable thickets, called Siniifi'i-fiinu/s. 
 
 The cultivated plants incliidc rice and cottuii the oni! 
 furnishini,' the chief food, the other the clothin;,' ; also siiuar- 
 cane, millet, cocoa-nuts, tamarinds, indiu'o, cuffee, oiiiuni, 
 uinuer, with most of the tropical fruits and Hjiiccs. 
 
 1'^:!. Wild animals are mimcroic'. iii/liidinir the elephant, rhinnceroi, 
 biitValci, tit'ir, panther, loul niiiny othern. Ti'.'er hiintiML.' in the jiui;.'le» 
 or thickets of the Kunderbunds is a danu'ernus and exeitinj! import. 
 The elcplinnt is often tamed and used as a bea.nt of Imrden. 
 
 181. The inhabitants arc estimated {it iKO.noo.ouii, or six 
 times the population of the I'.ritish Isles. The Kuropenii 
 portion of the poimlatiou, chietly of I'ritish origin, numbers 
 about 8(),(»iM), Over three-fourths of the inhabitants aro 
 Hindoos. There are many Mohanuuedtins in the western 
 part of flic eoiintry. 
 
 "iHft. The rcli(?ion of the Ilhidonn Ik a niiperntitlnuii niul eniel pnuaii 
 syaeiii, They wiii'ship imt.dnaiy l'"'Ik. an /Inilniui and i'itlitm ,• mIho 
 till- tltmai'i and vnrimiN animals. The llritish O'lvernincnl hii» prj- 
 hibited iiiaiiy iif their !eiiiib|e praetJeeH. Fnrmei ly it wa-i ciiHtnii.nry 
 when a man died, to burn liin widow on ik lutieral pile ; and women 
 
fftMtTiiir!--"na 
 
 ^^^'''EWJ'L'-WirasraRrc: 
 
 132 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 tlirew tlieir cliilclren into tlie (iaii^: a, btlitviiig that tliey would tlius 
 please their >; jd. 
 
 1S6. An important f^'atiire of Iliiidooism is the division of the people 
 into four castes. — the lirahmins or priests, holdini^ the highest rank, 
 tiie soldiers, the merchants, md the common lahoiirers. Tlie castes 
 are not allowed to intermarry or even eat together, and no one can rise 
 above tiie station in which he was born. 
 
 187. Britisli India i.s iliviiled into tliroe Presidencies — 
 Beti'jal, Mad rax, and lUiinhiuj. Tliere aiu alsu suvera! de- 
 liendent or tributary States. 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF BENGAL. 
 
 188. Tliis I're.sideney oc(.'iiiiie.s tlie north and eentre of 
 Tliiidostan, and part of Further Iinlia. It is much tlio 
 larjfost and most populous division. It contains fifteen 
 cities with 1(K),()U0 inliabitants and upwards. 
 
 Towns.— 189. <'iili'iii>a (500,000), tiie capital, is situated on the 
 Hoogly, 100 miles from its mouth. 1' 's strongly fortified, and is a 
 great ('ommorcial city. 
 
 Mdiirshalahwl (H7,000) is very unlicaltliy. Scmmpove is a noted 
 ndssion station, 14 miles north of Calcutta. I'atna (284,o00i lias an 
 extensive trade in rice, opium, and indigo. 
 
 Hcnarcs (200,000) is famous fn- its trade in diamonds, It is ac- 
 counted by tlie Hindoos tin' most Inly city in the world, and is said to 
 contain one thousand Hindoo temples and tliree hundred and tliirty 
 Mipjiammedau niosipies. 
 
 " Monares is visited iis one of tlic liolipst phicos in tlie woi 1 l)y cro\\(is of 
 jiilnrims, nmny of wliom are rioli and i>^'>il, and wlio come on purpose to die 
 witlun its precincts. I!ejr(.'ara and ;.iit'.st.s swarm, who subsist \\\nn\ tlieir 
 offerings. Hugo Itialnnin Imlla rae its otlier inliabitants, pintoeted and 
 reverenced as sacred aiiiinals. Tliey freely roam the .streits and liazaars, 
 talte wliat tliey lilio frmn tlie vot'etable .stalls, butt wbinii tlicy clicio^e, and 
 are certain of expiring only of old age, unless liidnajiped liy some unscrup- 
 ulous Mohammedan butcher tn be turneil into beef for the KngUsii." 
 
 Alhiliiihad is also a sacred city, visited annually by 200,000 pilgrims. 
 
 190. (.'annpuvc is noted for the massacre of the Knglish i. -S.'iT by 
 Nana ^ahib. Fiivnikukiil (132,000) is a commercial city ; and llwd- 
 inir (100,000) is a sacred city, noted for its great annual fair, attended 
 by 250,000 traders and pilgrims. J-'ii:nli(i(l 10o,00<i) is a large town, 
 Raid to be declining. f.KckinDr (300,000) is noteil for its ilelVnce 
 against the sepoys during the Mutiny ; the death of (}eneral Haveloek 
 in the siege ; and the tln,i| relief of the garrison by Sir Colin Campbell, 
 
 l.'l. Ai/m (12,'J,000) is the ancient Mogul capital. jMllii (153,iiO(i) 
 was the capital after Agra. The heir of the Mogul resided liere as a 
 pensioner until the close of the late rebellion, w hen he was banished 
 for his share in the Mutiny. Delhi is connected with Calcutta by 
 railway. Jfarnl is not<'d as the pl.ice wjiere the Mutiny began in 
 IS.IT. IUth,i,n,,i' (lliO,(lii(j in ;v mud-built b'wn. 
 
 102. Ldhoi-c (120,(100) was the former capital of the rnnjaub. Am- 
 rit.fi r (115,000) and Mnoltiin are imiiortant commercial cities. 
 
 /'cHliairiir \s a fortified towti at the entrance of 'ho Khyber rnss. 
 X'i;i))nrc (112,000) lias important manufactures. Jiiiii/cnidiil is noted 
 fnr its tcm)jle of Vishnu. Its main street is wholly devoted to religions 
 (MJiliceB. 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS. 
 
 1I).1. Ara<lraM occupies the Houthcrn portion nf tiie ponin- 
 Kiila. The climate on fho CMt const is tho Iiottcst in India ; 
 
 tlic west coast is the most liur'.id, being most exposed to 
 the rainy monsoon. (,bVe Physical Geoyiapliy, 95.) 
 
 Towns.— 191. Madvan (720,000), on the Coromandel coast, is the 
 capital of the Presidency and the largest city in India. It is sitnateil 
 on a surf-beateu shore, without a harbour. Large vessels lie in tlie 
 roadstead, between which and the shore goods and passengers are con- 
 veyed in boats. 
 
 Taiijorc (80,000), 212 miles south of Madrrts, has silk and cotton 
 manufactures. It is noted for its great pagoda or heathen temple. 
 
 Trichinuiiolii is also a manufiicturing town and a military station. 
 
 Arcot was the former capital of the Carnatic. Calicut, on the 
 Malabar coast, was the first port visited by Vasco de <Tama in lll'S. 
 It was formerly noted for its calicoes and for its great commerce. 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF BOMBAY. 
 
 19.>. Tills division, situated on the western side of tiie 
 countiy, is the smallest of the thi-ee Presidencies. 
 
 lilt), nomhaii—hom, " good;" and iahia, " harbour"— (550,000), the 
 capital of the Presidency, is upon a small island connected with the 
 inainland by a causeway. It has an excellent harbour and a large 
 trade. Kailways are in course of construction to connec ' P imbay with 
 Calcutta and Madras. The island of Elephanta, celebrated for its cave 
 temples, is seven miles from Uonibay. 
 
 AkiiudalMd (1.3-1,000) is a military station. Snmt (130,000) is 
 noted as tho place where the East India Company erected its first cnm- 
 mercial establishment. Ifiidcraliiid w.is the caiiital of Scinde, and 
 ruiialt. (75,000) of the Mahralta Empire. 
 
 DEPENDENT STATES. 
 
 107. The dependent States are ruled l>y native princes, 
 more or less sidiject to British control. The following are 
 the most important :— 
 
 198. Hyderabad, occupying a central portion of the Deccan, is about 
 five times as large as Nova Scotia. It has a tleep black soil adapted to 
 the growth of cotton. It was formerly famed for diamonds. 
 
 Iliiilirnhitd (200,000) U the capital, (lokonda Is a small jilaco where 
 diamonds were cut and polished. /li(i'»ii(/((/i(iii! (liO.OOO), the favourite resi- 
 dence of .\nrunj;zebe, tlie last Mogul ICniperor, ceiilaiii.s many mo.si|ues. 
 iV/e/ii has remailiable cave lemiiles. 
 
 1S>0. Indore lies north of the Vindhya Mountains, Gwalior is a 
 neighliouiing state. 
 
 Rajpuotana includes a number of states on the east of .Seinde. ,\ 
 large I'art of the counfiy is desert. 
 
 2(10. Cochin and Travancore are fertile^ states along the south-west 
 cea^t of the priiiiisula. The Hajali of Travancon.- presented (^ueen 
 Victoria with a splendid ivory throne. 
 
 Mysore, the firmer dominion of Ilyder Ali and his son Tijipoo 
 .Saib, is now under direct Hritish control, 
 
 201. Qnjorat is a large and fertile slate north 'f the Unlf of (,'ambay. 
 Cotton is the staple pi'oducf. The clinnite is unheiilthy. 
 
 Cutch is a peninsula on tho north of tho (luif of Cnteli. On the 
 north and east is a low region called the Itmni, c.ivcrod by the ocean 
 during the Boutli-wcet luonsooii ; at other times it is dry. 
 
 Iliiriiilii 1 pi.nno' Is a largo commercial cily In (liijeriit, tVi hi '»//,■ has lo^t. 
 niuiih uf Its fiinucr Importance. 
 
 m 
 
ng most exposed tu 
 ivaphy, 95.) 
 
 !oromaiicIel coast, is tlie 
 n India. It is situated 
 Large vessels lie in tlie 
 i and passengers are coii- 
 
 ras, has sillc and cotton 
 a or lieatiieu temple, 
 md a military stition. 
 irnatic. Cdliciit, on tlie 
 Vasco de (iama in 141*8. 
 its great oonimerce. 
 
 MBAY. 
 
 western side of the 
 esideiicie.s. 
 
 liarliour"— (550,000), the 
 sland connectefl with tlie 
 ent harbour and a larsio 
 1 to connei ' Tinibay with 
 ta, celebrated for its cave 
 
 ,,n. Sural (130,000) is 
 pany erected its first ooin- 
 e capital of Scindc, and 
 
 TES. 
 
 ed liy native princes, 
 The following are 
 
 m of the Di'cean, is about 
 deep black soil adajited to 
 
 for diamonds. 
 
 • 
 
 /(( Is n sni.ill place w'lon' 
 (00,000\ the fiivourlte rcsi- 
 ;iitiihi.s niiviiy m(isi|ue». 
 
 luuntains. Gwalior is a 
 
 the east of .Scinde. A 
 
 itcR nIoiiK the Honth-wcst 
 vancore presented Queen 
 
 Ali and his son Tij'iioo 
 
 ih r (heUulf of Canibay, 
 inihealtliy, 
 
 (iiilf of ('ut.'ti. On th" 
 (ill, Covered by tho ocean 
 les it i-t dry. 
 
 I njri'iit. Viimliiii; Imn lust 
 
 Fuirriii-:u india. 
 
 K 
 
 INDEPENDENT STATES. 
 
 202. Cashmere, about the size of Prince Kdv.ard Island, con.sists of 
 a beautiful elevated valley and the surrounding Himalaya slopes, north 
 of the Punjaub. It is \»atered by the Jlieluni, whose narrow valley is tlie 
 only practicable pass from the Punjaub in winter. It yields nearly all 
 the products of the temperate zones. Caslimere shawls, made from the 
 hair of the Thibet goat, have sometimes sold in Europe for $100 each. 
 
 Cashmere, or Scrinagtir (40,000\ 5,500 feet above the sea, is the capital. 
 
 203. Nepanl and Bootan, each three times as large as Nova fjcotia, 
 (iceupy the eastern half of the Himalaya slopes, along the u|>per courses 
 of the (jranges and liralimapootra. The surface is very rugced, em- 
 bracing some of the highest peaks of the Himalayas, varied with deep 
 valleys which are very fertile. Polyandry is said to prevail in tli,.'Se 
 States. 
 
 Kntmaiidov (.W.OOO^ he capital of N'epiuil ; Tussisudtui, of Itootan. 
 
 204. Pondicherry (30,000), a maritime towa 85 miles south of Jlaihas; 
 Yaaunn, at the mouth oi' the (iodaviry ; (ha.ulei'ininovc, on the Iloogly 
 above Calcutta ; and Malic, on the Malabar coast, bidong to France. 
 
 205. The small territory of 'iod, on the Malabar coast, belongs to 
 Portugal. 
 
 The old town of (loa is now in a state of decay. Paiijim, or Xi ii' 
 <<oa (20,000), is the present capital. 
 
 206. Tlie eliief pursuits in lliudo.stui are agrieidtiiie and 
 manufactures. The Hiiidoos e.\cel iu tlie niaiuifaetuie ot 
 shawls, cari)ets, silks, and muslins. 
 
 The chief exports are cc.'.ton, opiu, eotl'ee, sugar, rice, indigo, 
 pepper, ivory, silk, and slniwls. Various mapufuctured goods are 
 imported. 
 
 There are nei-rly three thousand miles of railway in Hindostan, be- 
 sides extensive canals. 
 
 207. The government is vested in a (jDvernur-deneral and 
 Council, resident iu Calcutta. There is also in the liriti-sh 
 Clovernineut a Secretary of State for India. 
 
 208. Previous to the late rebellion iu Imlia, the Uovcrnor-tJeiiiral 
 vas appointed by the East India Company. He is now appointed liy 
 tlie Crown. 
 
 The native Rovernmeiits of India are deopotie and oppressive. 
 The llritish (Joverninent kee|is a largo army in India, consisting 
 partly of Uritish soldiers and partly of iialives called sepoys. 
 
 FURTHER INDIA, 
 
 OH, INDIA IIKVUNl) TIIK O.WiiKS. 
 
 20!». Itesides the names t,'iven above, this eonntry is sunie- 
 finies ealliMl Chin-IiuUit and /iiifo-ChiiiK. It cinliraeeH tin' 
 peninsular rej,'ion between the IJay of l)eu;,'al and tlie (Jiilf 
 nf TtUKiuin. (.SVti (iitzdti'i'i'.) 
 
 Tlio interior is not well known. There are nunieioiiM inounlain 
 langca, extending noilli and south, with well-watered and fertile val- 
 leys intervening. The chief river* are the TiDi'iHin, Mihiwi, Mnimii, 
 Snlii'oi, and Irrnwit'hhi. 
 
 21U. The climate rcbumblcu thut ul Hindostan, but ia 
 
 more humid. The north-east monsoon brinj^s rain to the 
 east coast; the south-west, to the west coast. The eastern 
 side is subjeet to a violent wind e;''led the inphouii. 
 
 211, Tlif vegetable jiroducts and animals are similar to 
 tho.se (if Hindostan. Tlie forests yield teak, ebony, betel- 
 nuts, and valuaijie ^'mns. Tiiey also abound in troops of 
 monkeys, herds of elephants, buffaloes, and other large 
 animals. 
 
 212. In the Malay Peninsula the inhabitants belong to the Malay 
 race, and are generally .Mohammedans ; the Mongolian race and Iluddh- 
 i-iii prevail throughout the rest of the country. Pagodas or idol 
 temples are very numerous, some of which are large and costly. 
 
 21:5. The ehief tlivisions are the Jlrifish r»ssesiiinn», JJni- 
 iii'i/i, ,V(W//i, /.'('AS, M<i.l'ii/<(, and A mini. 
 
 211. The British Possessions are on the western s-ide of Further 
 Iiulia, and form [lart of the ISongal Presidency, ".'liey include Assam, 
 Aviifaa, I'ci/u, Mavtahaii, and TtiKisso'im, which were obtained fruiii 
 Uiinnah during the present century ; and iht: ,^' rails SctHrminls, com- 
 prising ]\'tl/isle;i and Malacca, in the ,Malay Peninsula; I'l'iiuii'/ or 
 I'ciiict "/ Wahs IshiHil, at the iiortheni eiitiance of the Strait of 
 Malacca; and •'iiniia}iocc, at the southern. 
 
 The cultivation of the tea-plant has been introduced into A-sam 
 with much success. 
 
 i\U. The ehief towns are I'miiu ;50,00(i', liamj-nitt, Alini. Mniilmain. 
 Mmliihiiii, M'l'jHi, '.'i'jc|/'(i"''» .'45,00(1 on I'eiiang, and >i»;/'(/<'i/'. ,,'io,ooo) 
 on the Island of Singapore. Singapore is an iiiiportant miiierclal town, 
 lieiiiK a >:reiit entrepot for European and Asiatic goods. 
 
 21t) Biirraah ha.s been .striiipcd of a large portion of its territories 
 on the south and west by llie British. (.Sii J>rilish J/istury : d'cuiyc 1 ('., 
 b>>2(); nud Victoria, 18,V2.) 
 
 The country is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, iron, ieail, 
 rubies, and saiiphires. Petroleum springs yield large ([uantitics of 
 mineral oil. 
 
 Rice and millet are the chief food, 
 
 .-If'i 50, 000 Is the capital. It was m-arly deitfiyod l.y an (■art!ii(uake in 
 ls:!'J. M'ljHH'j is a foitilled town in the neighbourhood of amtMr mines. 
 
 217. Siam is the most important of the native States, The forests 
 yield lieiizoin and gamboge. Rice, millet, and maize are important 
 products, Uirds' nests, made ol' a glutinous s'lbstance, are regarded 
 as delicious food. Animals of white colour art i'gardeil with religious 
 viiieration, and a white elephant is an object of the highest reverence, 
 
 lUnikok (800,000\ the capital, is a iRfKe coniinerclnl town on the .Mcnani- 
 Tlie majority of iu inlnvbitants live in liaiiilKio liiiln. many (if wliicli are 
 l)ui!t mi ItoatliiK rafts in the river 
 
 218. The Malay Peninsula has extensive foresti. thitta perclia is 
 an iinpoilanl |iroduct. A large part of the country is divided amongst 
 native tribes, who were formerly noted pirates, 
 
 210. Anain is a large and fertile country, including Tcdi/hin in the 
 north, I'm hill I'hiiia in the east, and part of 1 'am In 'din in the Roiitli, 
 The country pruduceH oinuanion of the tinest ([Uiility, Tnniiuin is ricli 
 ill minerals, 
 
 The French have taken poHseFBlon of n territory dii the south coast. 
 
 /^'. 100,(100, the enpltnl l» very strongly (ortilled. KiJt" loo.oyo In nn 
 inland town (if 'J'oii(|uin. Smiifii ilsii.ooo, the eapltnl of the I'reiieh pod- 
 se>'>l<inK, Ih a \ntge town ncitr the niKiith of the Mekonif. 
 
 220. Agriculture, ilniu^h K''i''itly ne>:leeted, is the ehief 
 employment 111 further ludiu. 
 
 t" 20 
 
134 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Tlie exports aie cotton, g;iuil)o^'e, gutta iieiclia, cateclm, stirk lac, 
 benzoin, teak, pepper, coft'ee, carJamoiu, cassia, wax, featliers, ivory, 
 ami gold. 
 
 Tea is imported from China, and various manufactured goods from 
 (Jreat IJritain. 
 
 221. The governments of the native States are of the 
 most despotic kind. The kings are reverenced as gods, and 
 Iiave unlimited power over the property, liberty, and lives 
 of their subjects. Tlie courtiers approach their sovereign 
 liy creeping on all fours. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 222. The name of this country is said to mean Sinh 
 Source or Land of (lie Jiishvj S'Ui, apjjlied with reference 
 to its position ia relation to Cliina. 
 
 223. Japan was accidentally discovered by the Portuguese in the 
 year l.')42. In 1549 the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived 
 w ith a band of priests, and in a few years their converts numbered 
 nearly two millions. Fearful persecution soon arose. In 1637, thirty- 
 seven thousand persons were put to death in a single day. The priests 
 ;uid all other foreigners were expelled. Decrees were made that no 
 native should go abroad, and that those then absent should not return 
 nn jiain of decth. To signify their hatred and utter rejection of 
 Christianity, the annual ceremony of trampling on the cross was in- 
 stituted. 
 
 224. At the same time trade willi foreigners was iirohibitnl, except- 
 ing oidy the Chinese and Dutch. The Dutch were restricted to two 
 ships annually, which were conlined to the port of Nagasaki. Kven 
 iiere trade was ■ -ritii.,>(l to a small island in the harbour, and ni' 
 
 1 to enter the town. 
 ,s were rigidly enforced \intil lSr)4. when the jiorts 
 ikodada were throwi\ ojien to the Tnited States and 
 
 stranger wn» . i 
 
 These ref. : 
 of Sinioda ai, • 
 (ireat liritain. 
 
 Several jiorts are now open to general trade. 
 
 225. Jai)an consists of an archipelago on the east of Asia. 
 The pi'iiicipal is! ads are )V.<,w, A'ipho)i,Si/.<>l-/, and Kiiisiu. 
 Tlie emjiire also includes the Lno Choo /y/i-.i, tlie southern 
 ]\i\\[' oi S(ifi/i(i/i('ii, and the three Hmthern Kuvili's. 
 
 Tlio surface is generally hilly and uioiiiitaiiiniis. Soiiie 
 
 oi tile mountains rise above the snow-line, and volcanoi's 
 are numerous. The 3oil is i'ertile and carefully cultivated. 
 
 226. The climate is humid, and varies from warm tem- 
 perate in the south to cold iemperate in the north. Hurri- 
 canes and eartliquakes are frequent. The islaiuls yi'.'ld 
 almost every product of the torrid and teiuperate zones. 
 
 The islands are rich in gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, sul])hur, and 
 porcelain earth. 
 
 The forests contal" oak cedar, fir. chestnut, and camjihor trees 
 Rice, cotton, tea, /ige.s, lemons, figs, and plums, are cultivated. 
 Silk is an importain, product. 
 
 O.ven and buffaloes are the chief beasts of burden. Dogs and fo.xes 
 are objects of worship. 
 
 iil. The inhabitants are considered the most civilized 
 of the Mongolian race. The majority are taught to read 
 and write. Buddhism is the i)revailing :eligion. Married 
 woi.iLii stain their teeth black. 
 
 Towns 228. YnUo (2,500,000) the caiiilal, on Niphou, is one of 
 
 the largest cities in the world. 'J'he houses are low on account of 
 earthquakes. Miiiku (500,000), also on NipLon, is the ecclesiastical 
 capital. 
 
 l^'lt!l(l^^'lk■i !100,0(iO). I/akodadi. and Mutsiiidi ave important ports. 
 
 2:!!). Agriculture, hiining, and manufacturing, are the 
 ))rincipal occupations. The manufaetures include cottons, 
 silks, iiorcelain, and lac(iuered ware. 
 
 Tho exports inclmle the mineral and vegetable proibicts. Tlie im- 
 ports :ive iron, steel, tin. glas.'i-ware. woollen goods, sjiices, and sugar. 
 
 2:^0. The government is de.sjKitic, and embraces two de- 
 )iartment.s, the civil and ecclesiastical, eaidi having a distinct 
 officer at its liead. The temporal .'Sdvereign is (^idled the 
 7';;ciiiiii : and the spiritual luler, the M ibidi). Under these 
 eliii'f nihi's is a imwertul (il>;iuir/ii/. or council of nobles. 
 
 EXERCISE. Find the difference of time between Canton and St. 
 John, New Brunswick. 
 
 QUESTIONS. (1.) What part of Asia is most humid, and why? 
 
 (2.) On what causes does the absence of rain on the table-lands of 
 Central Asia depend? 
 
 
-line, and volcuiiucs 
 arefuUy cultivated, 
 ■ies from warm tem- 
 I tlie north. Hiirii- 
 Tlie islands y'viU 
 tciuperate zones. | 
 
 lead, coal, sulphur, aii'l 
 
 ut, and camphor trees 
 1 plums, are cultivated. 
 
 jurdeii. Dogs and foxes 
 
 jd the most eivilizi'd 
 ,' are taught to read 
 n^' :elij;ion. IMiirriL'il 
 
 Lai, nu Niphou, is one of 
 s are low on account of 
 iLon, is the ecclesiastical 
 
 )(// are important ports. 
 
 anufacturinj,', are the 
 tures include cottons, 
 
 [table ()rodacts. The im- 
 [oods, spices, ami sugar. 
 
 nd cniltraci's two (le- 
 ach havinj; a distinct 
 vcrci,<,'U is called the 
 Mikado. Under these 
 ('(nuicil of nohlcs. 
 between Canton and St. 
 
 most humid, and why? 
 raiu on the table-lands of 
 
 ■iH-^-iW » wi^**^ 'ii*W< 
 
i' I 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 ANIMALS 111' AI-Kll'A. 
 
 I. History.- I. In liviliziitioii and piiwur Afrk'u ranlcs 
 tlic lowest anionjr the ^nout divLsunis of tlie Eartii. E,i;yitt 
 anil Cartha<{(', on the Mediterranean coast, were leadiny; 
 nations of antiquity ; but tiie greater portion of the conti- 
 nent, is(dated from the rest of the world, lias never advanced 
 licvond tlie lowest Iiarliarisni. 
 
 \i. At tlie ooiniiionrenieiit of the fit'tueiitli cetitmy, the wusterii (.'oust 
 south of (Jajie Nun was wlinlly unknown to Eur(i|ieans. Durins that 
 c'Mitury the Portunnese explmcil the coast, until tinallv, in 148(), li.ir- 
 thnlonipw Diaz clis('oveiei.l the ('a|ie of (rood Hope. Vasco ile (jania. 
 in 14'J7. sailed av()\uul the ('ape and openeil up a new route to the 
 Kast Indies. 
 
 3. A liiii;e part of the interior is .still very imperfectly known. 
 l»uriup the pa.st hundred years many tiavellens iiave exjiospd them- 
 selves to great hanlshiiis ami daiiaers in e.tplorins; ditferent parts of 
 the country. Some of the cliief ilitticiilties eni'ountered in travellint; 
 
 in the interior arc hostility of the nativ'vs, insalulnity of the climate, 
 entire want of means of conveyance, and ferocity of the wild licast.s. 
 When the traveller lias lost his last horse from the fatal effects of the 
 dim e, he bestrides an o.\ and pursues hi.s journey. t)ften lie is de- 
 jirive . of this mode of conveyance hy the i^iisonous stini; of an insect, 
 and he is olili;.'ed to proceed on foot. 
 
 Some ( '' the mobt noted travellers w ho liuve e.\plnrrd dillrivnt [ii-rls 
 of Africa a. Hruce, I'ark. Denhaiii, ('lappertoi;, Lander. Richanhson, 
 liarth, MotVat, Livintrstone, Hurton, Speke, Uiant, and li.iker. 
 
 11. Position.--!. Al'ri a is a onat pcnin.siila, cnnneeted 
 
 witii Asia hy the Istlinins of Hiiez, 72 niiie.s in hreadtii. It 
 
 has the Mediterranean on the north, tlie Red Sea and Indian 
 
 Ocean on tlii' east, and tlie Atlantic on tlu; wi'st. 
 
 Africa lies pretty eipially on lioth siiles of the l';>|iiat"r, and i.s prin- 
 ci|,,illy in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 Lai. :".7 -2" N. - 34' oil' S. ; Ion. 17' 42' W.-ol" viU' K. 
 
 ' '■«»^->Jsa»«* w«Wtf i i i «Mii>^tat»W* ^ w'M^^ 
 
1.% 
 
 AFRICA, 
 
 III. Form. — 5. In outline Africa is pcar-sliapcd, with nu 
 indciitntion on tlic wof^t and a projection on the cast. A 
 line drawn cast and west between the Bi<;ht of Biafra and 
 (Aipe Guardafui gives a triangle on the south, and an (jval 
 III the north. 
 
 tXERCTSE — Draw the approximate form of Africa. 
 
 ^V. Coast. — 6". Africa is noted for the regularity of its 
 I'oast line. In this feature it resembles South America, and 
 contrasts strongly with Eurojie. 
 
 The chief Coast Waters arc the Strait of GihmHar, the 
 dulf of Cubes, and the Ga/f of Sldra, on the north ; the 
 Gulf of Suez, lied Sea, Strait (fBah-el-mandeJ>, Gii/fofAdeii, 
 Mozambique Channel, and iJelarfoa Bay, on the cast ; the 
 a ulf of Guinea, Birjht of Biafra, and the Bi(jhl of Benin, 
 iin the west. 
 
 7. Tl.e coast line of Africa is ostiiiiated at 10,000 miles. The Strait 
 iif (jiliraltar at the narrowest part i.s 15 miles iu widtli. Owing to the 
 absence of deeiily-penetratiiij? seas, the interior of Africa is nearly 
 txcluded from intercourse with the rest of the world. 
 
 8. The most important Capes are Ciuta, lion, Onaydafui, JJel- 
 <ia<lo, Corriciilcs, Jijulhas, Good Hope, Lopez, I'alnias, Verde, Blanco, 
 and Xun. • 
 
 (.'eiitii i.s a lii«h promontory opposite the Kock of (Jibniltar in Km'ope. 
 Those priiniontories were anciently called the I'Ulars of Hiixubn. 
 
 \). The princiijal Islands ou the coast of Africa are Mada- 
 gascar, the Mascarenes, Comoro, Zanzibar, Amirantes, Sey- 
 chelles, and Socotra, on the east; St. Helena, Ascension, 
 An)iobon, St. Thomas, Prince's, Fernando J'o, Cape Verde, 
 Canaries, and Madeiras, on the west. 
 
 lit. Madagascar, separated from the mainland by Mozambique 
 • 'hannel, 240 miles wide, is one of the largest islands on the globe. 
 It is about 1000 miles in length, and its area eiiuals a square of 470 
 miles. The coast is low, swampy, and unhealtliy. A range of moun- 
 tains traverses the interior, having an extreme height of 10,000 feet. 
 The iiroducts are cotton, tiugar-caiie, rice, cocoa-nut.^, and various 
 trojiical fruit.s. The inhabitants are computed at 4,OOO.Cro, and are 
 generally pagans. 2'n)i:inarivo (40,0001, in tiio interior, is the capital. 
 Tamittavc is the cliief commercial town. 
 
 11. The Mascareues include liuurbon or lU'unioii, Maitritiit't. and 
 /!(iilri;/Hi'-j. 
 
 Bourbon has belonged to France for more than two hundred years, 
 It equals a square of 30 miles. The surface is mountainous, with lofty 
 volcanic j'eaks. The island is subject to terrific hurricanes. The pro- 
 ducts are troiiical. The population is about 170,000. .y. /yciiio is the 
 capital. The small islands :St. Marie, Man'itta, and Ximi Ik', near 
 Madagascar, are ilepondcncies. 
 
 Mauritius, or Isle of France, belongs to (ireat I'ritain, havinu been 
 t.ikeu from France in 1810, Tlie area equals a square of 27 niiles. 
 The surface is varied with mountains, fertile valleys, and plains. The 
 chief products are sugar, rice, maize, and cofi'ee. Population, 170,000. 
 I'orl Louis is the capital. Rudviijin:, 300 miles east of Mauritius, is 
 a dependency. 
 
 12. The Comoro griiup, with the exception of Mayotta, are under a 
 native government, 
 
 Zanzibar, 25 miles trnni the mainland, belongs to the iSult.an ol 
 Jluscttt. Skauf/ainii) is the capital. 
 
 Tlie Amirantes and Seychelles cou.->ist of small islands bi.longiug 
 to (ireat Britain. 
 
 Socotra, 120 miles from the mainland, belongs to the Arabian State 
 of Kesliin. Area, equal to a square of 32 miles. It yields aloes of the 
 finest quality. Population, 5000. 
 
 13. St. Helena, about 1200 miles from the west coast, belongs to 
 Great Britain. It is noted as the place of exile of Napoleon I. It is 
 about 10 miles in lenL:th, and is inincipally a rude mass of rock. 
 Asvviision, about 8 mile.-i in length, also belongs to (ireat Britain. 
 
 St. Thomas and Prince's belong to Portugal; Fernando Po and 
 Annobon to Spain. Fernando Po is 45 miles long, and has mountains 
 10.000 feet in height. 
 
 14. The Cape Verde Islands, 320 miles from Cape Verde, belong to 
 Portugal. There are tun jirincipal islands, having a united area equal 
 ti; a sijuare of 40 miles. They are generally mountainous. Fogo, one 
 of the group, has a volcano over 'JOOO feet high. The products are 
 maize, rice, cotton, and tropical fruits. Population, 80,000. 
 
 15. The Canaries, formerly called the luivtunate hies, belong to 
 Spain. There are seven principal islands, with a united area equal to 
 a square of 03 miles. They are mountainous and volcanic. Teneriti'e, 
 the largest of the grouji, contains an e.xtinct volcano over ir,,000 feet 
 high. The chief products are sugar, oil, wine, and the coc.iineal in- 
 sect. Population, 250,000. Capital, Santa '')•«;, on Tene ■itfe. 
 
 It). Madeira, the principal island of a small group belonging to 
 Portugal, is about 400 miles from Africa. It is about 35 :niles long 
 and 12 broad. It is volcanic and elevated. The products arc vines, 
 oranges, bananas, coli'ee, and on the higher slopes the grains and fruits 
 of temperate countries. Madeir.i, from its salubrity, is a favourite 
 resort of invalids. Poiiulation, i>S,00O. Capital, I'unehal. 
 
 EXERCISE. — Trace tL<! coast line of Afi-ica, marking coast 
 waters, capes, and islands. 
 
 V. Area.— 17. Africa is 64() times larger than Nova 
 Scotia, or equals a S(]uare of 34(54 miles. 
 
 Extreme length from north to south, 5000 miles ; breadth, 4800 
 miles. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.— Find the distance from the north 
 of Tunis to Cape Agulhas ; also, from Cape Guardafui to Cape Verde. 
 
 VI. Surface. — \^. Nearly the whole cnntinent is table- 
 land, the triangular southern portion being iiuich the more 
 elevated. 
 
 The ovul nnrthern section has twn mountain ranges ; — the 
 Atlas Jian(je, ahing the Meditenancan, from the Atlantic to 
 Cape Bon ; and the Konij J/o>in^aiii.'<, extending from the 
 Atlantic, westerly, parallel with the (riilf of Guinea. Be- 
 tween these ranges is the Sahara or (rjeat Desert. 
 
 The Atlas are much the highest towards the west. Miltziii. in 
 Marocco, is over 11,000 feet high. The Kong Mountains are from 
 2000 to ;W00 feet in height. 
 
 1!). In the smithern section of the contii nt broken moun- 
 tain ranges lie along the margin of the tab. land, near the 
 coast. The jirincipal mountains are the Cameroon, near thi^ 
 Bight of Biafra; the Great Sneeun, in the south; the 
 tjuathlamha, the LuimUt, and the MouutainK <f Abi/ssinia, 
 (111 the east. 
 
 The highest point in Abyssinia is about 16,000 feet above tlu' sea. 
 
 . _ . 
 
siuall i&lainis Ij^longiug 
 
 ngs to the Arabian Stato 
 is. It yields aloes of tlie 
 
 le west coa?t, belongs to 
 ile of Napoleon I. It is 
 y a rude mass of rock, 
 igs to Great IJritain. 
 ;ugal ; Fernando Po and 
 long, and lias mountains 
 
 ini (Jape Verde, beloni; to 
 aving a united area etinal 
 mountainous. Fogo, one 
 higli. The products are 
 lulation, 80,000. 
 'ortunale Ishs, belong to 
 ith a united area equal to 
 5 and volcanic. Teneriffe, 
 t volcano over lf,,000 feet 
 ne, and the coc.iineal in- 
 i > 'ruz, on Tene '1110. 
 small group bdoiigiiig to 
 [i is about 35 niles long 
 
 The products are vinos, 
 lopes the grains and fruits 
 
 salubrity, is a favourite 
 jiital, Fitnclial. 
 
 Africa, marking coast 
 
 us larger than Nova 
 s. 
 300 miles ; breadth, 4800 
 
 ! distance from the north 
 Guardafui to Cape Verde. 
 
 )U' cinitiueut is tablc- 
 Vu'ing much the luore 
 
 lumntaiii ranges ; — the 
 1, tVdm the Atkvntic to 
 s, extending fmin tlie 
 (hilf of Guinea. Be- 
 rftut Dtseii. 
 
 Is the west. Miltziti. in 
 Cong .Mountains are from 
 
 tntii lit broken moun- 
 lie tab. Uiud, near the 
 ho < 'idHfriioii, near the 
 in tlie south; the 
 Dtiiitditis "J Aliijssliuti, 
 
 KJ.ouO feet above tli< sui. 
 
 RIVERS— CLIMATE. 
 
 I I 
 
 137 
 
 Sr. IIELKNA. 
 
 M i:\nit Kcitia, near tlie Equator, and Kilimnndjaro, a few degrees 
 south, are about 20,000 feet in iiei^ht, and are the highest known 
 points in Africa. In the interior, near the Equatn, is a range called 
 \.he Mountains of the Moon. A large part of the central plateau, in 
 the south, is occupieil by the Kaliliari Jiesert. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Trace the mountain ranges on the map of Africa. 
 
 VTI. Hivers. — 2(i. The rivers of Africa are not numerous 
 or large, comjiared with the extent of the continent. The 
 most important are the A^ile, ZrtmhirA, Orange, Coanza, 
 Coign, Siijer, Gambia, and Senegal. 
 
 21. The Nile is the largest river in Africa, and one of ihe longest 
 and most remarkable rivers in the world. It is supp sed to be about 
 oOOO nii'es in length. Until recently its source was unknown. In 
 1862, Captain Speke discovered tliat it flowed from a great lake on the 
 Equator, called the Victoria Nyanza. Subsequently, Baker traced its 
 course westerly frum this lake to another called the Albert Nyanza. 
 The !.tream flowing from the Albert Nyanza is called the White Nile. 
 Ill the tirst half of its course it receives sevial tributaries, principally 
 tiiiMi the mountains on the east. The most important are the Hobal, 
 lihie Xilc, and Atlara. Throughout the lower half of its course it 
 has no tributaries. It forms several cataracts before reaching Egypt, 
 and it enters the sea by several mouths, forming a large delta. For 
 three months in summer the Nile overflows its banks in Egypt, 
 covering all the lowlands with water. This is occasioned by the 
 heavy rains in the mountains ot Abyssinia. 
 
 22. The Niger, 2000 miles long, is the second river of Africa. It is 
 navigable far into the interior, but flows through a very unhealthy 
 country. 
 
 The Zambezi, 1400 miles long, is a largo river. Its chief tributary 
 is the Kakcma, A little below the junction are the Victoria Falls, 
 the greatest cataract in Afri.'a. 
 
 VIII. Lakes. — 2;i. Tliere are several large lakes in Africa, 
 
 hut most of them are imperfectly known. Tlie most important 
 are Victoria Nyanza and Albert JS'yanza, sources of the Nile ; 
 Tchad, Tanganyika, Xyassi, Shirwa, N garni, aixA Dembea. 
 
 24. The Victoria Nyanza is about 250 miles long. The Albert 
 Nyanza is snppo.sed to be of even greater length. Tanganyika, dis- 
 covered by Hurloii in 1858, is over 300 miles long. Tchad, iu Central 
 Africa, is about 150 miles in length. It receives large streams, but 
 has no outlet. Nyassi is about the size of Tanganyika. Derabea, iu 
 the basin of the Blue Nile in Abys.sinia. is on an elevation of 6000 feet. 
 It is about 00 miles in length. 
 
 EXERCISE.— Lay down the rirera and lakes on the map of Africa. 
 
 IX. Soil.— 25. The soil of Africa, except iu the arid 
 deserts, is g(nicrally vt^y productive. 
 
 X. Climate. — 20. On account of its burning heat, Africa 
 has been called " the land of the mid-day." The northern 
 and southern extremities have a warm temperate climate ; 
 l)Ut the gp'ater portion of the coutinent, lying between the 
 tropics, is very hot. Tiirougliout the greater part of Africa 
 there are but two seasons in the year — the rainy and the 
 dry. A vast tract of country betwei;n the parallels of \h^ 
 and 30° north, stretching from the Atlantic to tlie I'cd Hca, 
 is nearly or quite destitute of rain. 
 
 27. A combination of causes r' iidcrs Africa the hottest portion of 
 the Earth. Among the causes may be mentioned its tropical situation, 
 scarcity of rain and vegetation in many jiarts, and the regularity of the 
 coast line. The greatest mean annual temperature known is said to 
 be 113" in the Sahara. A dry. scorching wind, calleil the harmattan, 
 blows from the desert. 
 
 Many parts of Africa, jiarticularly the tropical coasts south of the 
 Sahara, are very insalubrious. (.Ve I'liysicul (icoijmphi/, 102.) 
 
 laummmmifm.- 
 
1) 
 
 138 
 
 AFRIPA. 
 
 Xr. Minerals. — 28. The mineral wealth of Africa is very 
 iiiiiu rfectly (leveloped. Gold is found in Abyssinia, Mozani- 
 lii(|iie, Soodan, Sei;e;.'ambia, and Guinea; silver, cojipor, and 
 lead, oecur in tiu; Atias Mountains. Salt is very scarce in 
 some portions. 
 
 XII. Plants.— 20. The products m the warm tv,..iperate 
 regions of tiie north and south are similar to tho.se of 
 Southern Europe. The palm, in one or other of its specie.^, 
 is said to flouri.sh tlinjuj,diout the whole continent except 
 the extreme soutii. Tiie larger jiart of the country has a 
 tro[iical vegetation, including the cocoa-nut, butter-tree, 
 cassia, gum acacia, rosewood, and mahogany. The baobab 
 
 •"^ '^J. 
 
 '"x'un 
 
 -4!^«iJ 
 
 HAiiiiAli iKi':^;. 
 
 Is 'he i!.i)8t remarkalile tree of the tropical rej,'ionB. It does 
 n. - [•■>« la!', but the trunk is of immense size— sometiuies 
 ivu' tjiirty feet in diameter. 
 
 'ov. Coffee ftrowt wild in AI>yRiinia. The plHteAim of Southi'iii 
 Afrii'n, in (lie W"t fniiHi.n, iire covpiimI with lii'inililul (iDwers, Hiioii ,i- 
 Ittraiiiuiiiti, h(':<thK, mid liliex, oidliviitt'ij with iin i\» hmiKi' |ii.iiits. 
 
 Fvcqiipnliy ftlni:? thtt umrnidn if Uu' hikci uihI rivt'in lire cxIriiHiv" 
 iimrihp.^, PovMed wiih tliicki'« f)l I'liia' iiml rimhuK, iiiiiid which inik 
 niicjpieriiblv wild lieuNti'. CK :'i){ to t\\9. dryiuna of tlie oliinutp, tiie 
 vi'ftetii^ion of Ati'icii i« Ket\fi'nlly Iviin rank itiid vuricd than tliut <f 
 tioiilli Aiuprii'H. 
 
 XIII. Animals.— 31. Africa is noted for the number, 
 variety, and size (jf 'ts wild animals. Some of the nujst im- 
 portant are the elephant, rhinocero.s, hippopotamus, lion, 
 hyena, leopard, panther, buffalo, giraffe or camelopard, 
 zebra, antelope, chimpanzee, gorilla, and crocodile. 
 
 32. There are three varieties of linns in Africa. The i^initTe is tlie 
 tallest of (juadrnjieds. The ostrich is tiie most reniarkaliie liinl of 
 Africa. It is very tall, stront;, and fleet, and is niiicii hiintud for its 
 feathers. Vultures, eagles, parrots, and (iuii ■ . f'lwl are nuniHroiis. 
 Among the insects raay be mentioned locusts, tennites or white ants, 
 and the tsetse fly, the bite of whicii is fatal to the ox and most otlicr 
 domestic .inimals. 
 
 XIV. Inhabitants.— :}:5. The p.cpulation of Africa is 
 variously estimated from (io,0(i(>,0()() to l(«t,()0(),(i(M). 
 The jiriiu'lpul races are W'/iifcs, y^groi-s, Kaffrts, and 
 
 Jl'iUnitiit-". 
 
 'M. Those of tlie Wiiite race form the ciiief impiilation in 
 the north, including the Arabs in the valley of tiie Nile and 
 along the coast of the Mrdilerranean ; and tiie Berbers in 
 ihe Atlas Mountains and the oases of the desert. 
 
 Tiie Ni .uroes occnjiy tlie w imle of tlie interior south of tliu 
 Sahara. The KallVes, a well-formed, iiitilligeiit race, occupy 
 a lari:e part nf the southeast coast. Tiieir weaitli consiais 
 rliicfly iu cattle. Tiie Hottiiilnts, a dtf..riiied and u;;ly nice 
 l\; found on tiie west side of Southern Africa, are among tiie 
 
 lowest of the human family. 
 
 Moliamniedanisni is the principal religion in the norlh. 
 Tlie iiiiiabitants of tiie centre ai.d south are pagans, and t.\- 
 ceedingiy superstitious. 
 
 XV. Divisions.— sr). There are no iiowerful native 
 States in Africa. Egypt is the most important. 
 Various Eurojiean Powers own territories along 
 dirt'erent portions of the coast. The interior is 
 <livided into a large number of petty States. 
 
 30. It will be convenient to arrange the ■oimtries 
 under the following heads : — 
 
 The Jlirlxiri/ iSlatfs, the linjifm <>/ tin' Xih\ the 
 S(i/iiiia, H'niteiii A/ric'i, ('• drill Aj'rtat, Eastern 
 Africa, and Southern Africa. 
 
 XVI. Towns.— .>7. Africa contains but few im- 
 portant cit'es. Cairo or A7 Kahirah ('2r>(»,0()0), the 
 cajiital of Egypt, is the large,><t city. The towns in 
 
 the interior are often built of mud, and are surrounded by 
 miul walls. 
 
 XVII Indu8trle8.--:js, Agriculture and grazing are th(! 
 most important pursuits. 
 
 Tlie wani of energy on the part of t)i« liihabildiitH, nnd tlie almenoo 
 of easy communication with other partH of the world, greatly obHtnn't 
 the proBiierily of Afiican oountrieii. Tiade witii tlie interior is con- 
 diii'leil by caravaiiM, in whicli goodH arc tniiiNported on the backs of 
 camelii. Iv<>iy, oHtrich feutherH, and gutiiN, are iniportiiiit exportK, 
 The kIavc trade, t'.Kiigh much lei>« vxteniiive than formerly, in Htid 
 carried on along the eaiil and west cuurIk. 
 
P.ARBARY STATF-S. 
 
 l;59 
 
 (1 for tlic iiumlicr, 
 omc of the most iin- 
 liippopotiiimis, lion, 
 ift'e 01 camelopani, 
 I crocodile. 
 
 ica. The i;initre is the 
 lost reinarkaliie bird of 
 
 is much iiiuitetl for its 
 iit:i-fi)wl are nuinerous. 
 
 teriiiiU's or wiiite ants, 
 I the ox ami most utlior 
 
 latioii of Africa i.s 
 1,0(10 to loo,O0O,ono. 
 Ver/rocs, Kiijfrtu, and 
 
 the cliitf iio|mlatii>ii in 
 e valley of tiio Nile anil 
 .11 ; and the lierbersr in 
 the desert. 
 ,he interior sontli of the 
 
 int(llinerit race, occupy 
 
 Their wealtli consists 
 
 iltf.rnied iind n^ly race 
 
 1 Africa, are among the 
 
 religion in the north, 
 uth are jiagans, and cx- 
 
 (' no ]M)\vorful native 
 he most imjiortant. 
 t'u territories along 
 it. Tiie interior is 
 letty .States. 
 rranyo tiic "ountries 
 
 lou iif the yi/i', tiie 
 'nl Africa, Eastern 
 
 ntains Imt few im- 
 thirah (250,000), the 
 city. The towns in 
 tl are Hurroiuuied by 
 
 and ik'razinp; are the 
 
 >i(tkntH, 1111(1 the almeiieo 
 world, greatly obstruct 
 'ith the interior Is con- 
 sjiorted (III the liackg of 
 are important rxpnrtK, 
 thai) furiiierjj-, in still 
 
 XVIII. Government. — 39. The native yoverniiients are 
 despotic. Tiie petty rulers of the interior nfteii make war 
 on each other for the pnrpo.se of olitainin^ ctiptives to sell 
 as slaves. 
 
 BARBARY STATES. 
 
 40. The I!arhary States derive tlieir <;ener ii name from 
 the Latin Imrharus* a term applied hy i liomtiiis td 
 foreigners, Tliey are situated between the Atlantic and 
 ^[editerranciin on tiie nortli, and tiie Stihara on tlic .Sdutli. 
 
 This portinti (if .\fiica "u.s the .seal of noted riKriiiciaii colonies; it 
 f.irnied jiart of the Uoiiian Empire, ami was snhjuL'ated by Mohmii- 
 niedan .Arabs about the miiMIe of the .seventh century. In later times 
 the coasts were noted for pirates, 
 
 •51. The Atlas Muuutaiiis traverse r.;irl.,.iry from east to 
 west. The soutiiern slojies are very hot ; iKirth of tlie moun- 
 tains the cliniiite is temiierate, except towards the east, 
 where the low ran^e atl'ords little jirotc(!tiim from tlio burn- 
 im; winds of tlie desert. 
 
 ■12. Tlie most important pmdurts imrth nf the Atlas 
 ]\Iv)iintains are i^rain ;ind olives. Dates are the cliief pro- 
 duct on the soutli of tiie mountains. An extensive reojoii 
 here is (idled I'nlid-d-.firid or Luml <•/ /hit'.i. 
 
 The liaibary St.'ites w. ro accounted the yranary of an.'i' nt Uonie, 
 Cotton is cnllivated to some e.xtent. .'^heep and jjoats ar" c xtdisively 
 reared in the nmuntain districts. The cliitf nianufaclures aie uiorocci) 
 bather, olive oil, indigo, and talt ; which, with ostrich tValhers, wool, 
 ^:unl8, dates, ,ind (jruin, are the principal exports. Tiade is carried 
 on w ith Central Africu across the desert by caravans. 
 
 Iiai'bary eoiiipiists four .States, .l/''/"..v/o, .Hyrin, ThiiIs, 
 and 7'rijivli. 
 
 MAROCCO. 
 
 411. Tills country was anciently called Mauritania, It is 
 the mostwesteily of the Ilarbary States, and is fourteen 
 and a half times larger tlian Nova Scotia, or equals a square 
 «tf 020 miles. Miidi of tlic suilace is mountainoii.s. 
 
 The river valleys are very feitile. The streaius (iii the south of the 
 Alias Mountains are lost in the sands i^f the desdt, 
 
 44. Agriculture is in a very rude state. .\ l;iiid of grain 
 called millet is much used as fooil. 
 
 Lions were oin'e more nuineroiiH in Marocco than at pre»ent. 
 ronipcy in Baid to have obiaimd ovei three Irindicd fioni this country 
 to lijiht in the Circus at Home, 
 
 45, Tlie population is variiaisly estimated from ;j.(Mio,0(mi 
 to H.ooo,(»o(i, The Aral's, who are in tliis cnimtry calh'd 
 
 Moors, are tiie ruling race, and oeciipy the coast. Tlie Moors 
 were formerly noted pirates. 
 
 The Berbers inhabit the mountains. Jews are numerous, and are 
 chielly engaired in trade. They are subjected to much per.secutiou 
 from the Jlohammedaiis. 
 
 Towna.— 4t). Murairo (80,000), the cajiital, is on a f. rtilo plain 130 
 miles from the Atlaiiti(3. It is a walled city. J'er. ^^0,000) is sur- 
 rounded by orchard.s and orange proves. It was once a maf,'nificenl 
 city, containing seven hundred mosques, and is still accounted a holy 
 city by Alohaiumcdans. tHlier important towns are Mcldtu: J0,000) ; 
 .\fii'ii(<li>r, the chii.f p"il ; llalutt ; Tam/ier ; and Sake, once a strong- 
 hold of Jloorish piiatcs. 'J'ititaa and Ctalii beluiig to ."^pain. 
 
 ■17, The government is desputic and tyrannical. Tiic 
 Ihuperor, wlio lias unlimited power botli in civil and reli- 
 gious in.itters, claim:; to be descended from Moliamnu'd, and 
 is styled by his subjects, " Lord of tlie true believers." 
 
 ' Uume deriVD Uirbftrjr from ttrbtr. 
 
 ALGERIA. 
 
 ■ih. Tills State, corresponding nearly wiili ancient Nii- 
 midia, derives its present name from its iliicf town. It is 
 now a Freiicli province. 
 
 For several centuries the pirates if Algeria were the scourge of 
 commereu. Sweden, Denmark, I'ortugal, and other European ]iower.--, 
 paid them black-mail to secure their trading vessels from iphimkr. 
 Christian captives were held as slaves. The French, provoked by 
 repeated attacks on their commerce, together with an insult to the 
 consul, bombarded Algiers in 1^-7, an.l by a loi,,; cruel war fnuiUy 
 subjujjated the whole country, 
 
 4!», Algeria is on the nortli-east of Marocco, Tlu; area 
 is eiglit and a lialf tina s .i:re;iter tiiaii Nova Scotia, or cipials 
 a stiuare of 4oo miles. 
 
 IJetweeu the Atlas Mountains and tlie .Medilerran(>aii is 
 a narrow fertile district railed tiiu /V''/, wliieii fields largo 
 (piantities of grain. 
 
 Increased att"ntiou is uiviii to the cultivation •■ ■■ 'itou. 
 
 ."lO. The Fieiich (Joveniimiil has recdilly greatly impnuwl the arid 
 region adjoining the desert, by lioring Artesian wells. The natives 
 were filled with the greatest joy on beholding the puiu water gush up 
 amid the burning sands, 
 
 51, Tlie populatior is estimated at :i,ooo,ooo. About 
 i'(iii,(iiio are Fieiich co' mists, 
 
 Towni.- .'i-. Aliiiim (flli.eoO), on the Medlterraiiciin, is the cnpltnl 
 ami most important town. It is built on an island coniieclcd with the 
 iiialiilaiid by a mole, Iiivalids fiom Niaihein Europe resoil to Algieis 
 ill the winter season, Luuis XIV. of France, to piiui»lithe iuhahitaiitit 
 tor their plrucieK, bombarded Algiem three times, During the lirat 
 bonibaidmenl the Dey, in retaliation, caused the French consul to bu 
 blown from the mouth of » moriar. Lord Exnionth besieu'd tin) 
 town in iHlti, and compelled the I'lV tu liberate tliu Christian sl.tves. 
 
 The other Iuwiim ur« (.mniUuiliiii , liunu, uiid Untu, 
 
 -.-^wfayt:-"? , •jf>mm f 'mm ni i» 
 
'Tf 
 
 140 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 TUNIS. 
 
 53. Tunis corresponds genenilly with ancient Cartilage. 
 It is nominally suliject to Turkey, but the Bey or Viceroy 
 is prartically independent. 
 
 tii. This State is hounded on the north and east by the 
 Mediterranean. It is about four times larL;er than Nova 
 Scotia, and has a population of about fiOd.ooo. 
 
 Towns.— Co. Tunis (180,000), llio capital, is next to Alexaiidia, 
 tlie most I'oinmercial city in Africa. It i.s situateil on tlio iiiar;,'iii of a 
 .stiiall lake, communii-'atinc! witii the ireiliterranoan l)y a narrow clian- 
 nel. One-.sixtli of tlio inhabitants are Jew.s. Tunis ha.s extensive 
 manufactures of leather, cotton."!, linens, woollens, earthenware, oIiv(; 
 nil, and es.senoe.s. Ten miles north of the city is the .site of anciont 
 Carlha'.'e. 
 
 Kairwcn (,'0,000), in the interior, contain.s the (inest and ni'i.st 
 revered iuo<i]ue in Africa. 
 
 TRIPOLI. 
 
 TjO. Ti'ipoli derives it.s name from the f I reck /ri'/i'Jis, " three 
 towns," the whole country in ancii'nt times bciut,' subject to 
 three llnurisliini,' cities. It now Ibrms a padialic of the 
 Turkisii Empire. 
 
 Barca is a dependeniT on tlie east. Its ancient name 
 was i'eiitapoli.s. 
 
 rtT. The area is about twcdve times y;reater than Nova 
 Scotia. Lyin^' beyond the Atlas ranue, tiiis country is ex- 
 posed to burnins winds and driftin;,' .samls from the desert. 
 The fertile coast reiiiou is ipiite narrow. 
 
 The population ia estimated at l,()00,otiO. 
 
 Tov/iis, — .IS. Tn'i •>'' (]<'.000), theca|Hi,il, has an important caravan 
 IradiMvitli Central .\fiica, i \cliani;inj,' nianul'.utnri's fur ivoryand ;,'"ld 
 dust. 
 
 Tiit. Fezzan, on the s.uith of Tripoli, is a tributary State It in- 
 sists of low hn.ken mountains and sandy jilains. The <late|ialni is the 
 most important product. 
 
 MoiirToiik; the capital, is the last station on the caravan route lufoio 
 ciituriiiK the desert. 
 
 THE REGION OF THE NILE. 
 
 no. This section of Africa comprises J:>'ij///'f, Xnfii'i, ami 
 
 .1 fll/Ssllliil. 
 
 There are also several small States aloiii,' the upper coitr.sc 
 of the White Nile. 
 
 K^iVpt anil Niiliia are in tlii> rainless reyion of Africa. 
 Tlioy owe their existiMieo, ii» habitable countries, to the 
 Nile, whi''li annually inundates the lowlands, and from 
 wliich tilt? crops are watered by irrigation. During our 
 summer it rains idnnmt eoiistantly in Abyssinia ; tiie re- 
 niaimh'r of the year is niinU'Ss. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 fil. Ecrypt, long subject to Turkey, is now an independent 
 kiiigilom. 
 
 K:.'yiit was the .seat of one of tlie rao.st renowned and powerful 
 nations of antiriuity. Tlie advancement of its early inhaliitants in ait 
 ami civilization is demonstrated hy the remains of Its magnilioeiit 
 pyramids, templi.'s, so|udehres, statues, and obelisks. 
 
 Ki'yiit was ciuii|uercd by the Turks in the beninnins of the sixteenth 
 century. In ] '30 it became a hereditary vicernyalij of the Ottoiniui 
 Kiupire. The I'aclia has recently deelarcd himself independent. 
 
 (<-2. Egyjit is situated in tlie iiortli-enst of Africa. It.s 
 lireadlh on the Mediterraiieau is about 1"M) miles, ami iis 
 loiiuth on the lied Sea oiiii miles. The entire area eipials a 
 .'^ijuare of 4(i() miles, but the habitable country, being eon 
 tilled to the vallry of tlie Nile and its Delta, is about twu^ 
 thirds the size of Nova Scotia. 
 
 ()3. Tiie avera;;e breadth of the valli'V of the Nile is abniit eisht miles. 
 The rivtr has an averajie w idtli of halt a mile. Ninety miles frum its 
 luoulh it divides into the Daniietla and Ilosetta branches, which en- 
 close a trian.'ul.ir country called the Delta. Koeky hills separate the 
 v.illey t'lom the Ked Sea ami the Sahara. {Sre Africa, '21.) 
 
 (il. The Nile overflows its banks in \ngust, and subsides 
 into its regular channel in October, leaving adepos't of mud 
 which fertilizes the soil. The country is inter.sected by 
 numerous canals from which water is obtaineil for irri- 
 gation. 
 
 The farming season is during our winter. Cotton, flax, 
 iiiiligo, sugar-<'aiie, tohacco, grapi-s, wheat, rice, and millet 
 are cultivated. 
 
 t;.".. The population is estimatrd at .'),( m io,( luo. It con- 
 sists of Copts, Turks, Arabs, and Jews. 
 
 Moliiuniiiedanism is the prevailing; reliKi"n. The ("opts have a 
 ciiiriipt fiuni of CliriHtinniiy. 
 
 Towns. -fi'3. Cairn (2.'0,000\ the capital, is three miles east of the 
 Nile, anil five miles above the head of the Delta. Three miles above 
 (Jairo, nil the west of tlio Nile, is (iliinh, where the celebrated 
 pyramids ccuiimeiu'e. The largest pyramid envers an area nf H acres, 
 aiiil is ■Ml feet lii:h. In froni nf oih' of the i)yraiiiid.s is the sphinx, 
 a hiiLie liuuie, half human and half .iniuuil, cut out of Hull. | roi'k. The 
 ciicumfereiice »( llio head is 100 feet. Niar t'liiro is the nito rf nneient 
 lltjiufxilis, or 0/1. Mmiiidi* of earth mark the position of its walls, 
 The space ttilhiii is occupied by acacia and date trees, among which 
 stands an nliclisk 'in feit lii.;li. 
 
 li". In rpper Kwypt ari' Siii»(, (lirfirh, Knirli, and l\vii/i. Hire 
 also ail) the riiiiis (d' ancient Thi'm. with its liune ciilumns, sphinxes, 
 and iibidi.sks; wliilu the hills in the rear are excavated into vast 
 sopulelires, 
 
 lis. Alc.idiitlriii (SO, 000) is the principal port, of Keypt, and has 
 lom< held an iiiipnrtanl position in the overland mute to India, N«ar 
 the cily Mv an cdielisk called ('leopatiaH Needle, and rninpey'R Pillar, 
 a eulumii of nmrlile 1>0 leet liitfh. A few miles east of Alexandria is 
 the H.iy of Ab.uikir, where Nelson defe.ited llie Krencli in ISOl. 
 
 /i''>.«(7'(( and liiimiillit are p'Ots on the Mediti iriiMein. Huts is a 
 small bill linporlaiit town at the iiead of tliu Uulf of Stivi, 
 
now an iiidepcndont 
 
 roiiowBPil nnil pnwei-ful 
 
 i early iiili;iliit;iiits in mt 
 
 iiaiiis of its luagiiilioLMit 
 
 iljelisks. 
 
 et;iriiiinK of the sixteentli 
 
 :en'.vali> of the Ottoinaii 
 
 mself i'l'li'iienileiit. 
 
 1-rast of Africu. Its 
 it l.'xi miles, and iis 
 i> fiitiro area equals a 
 3 country, hoini; coii- 
 Dolta, is about two- 
 Nile is alidiit eiuiit iiiiiis. 
 '. Ninety niiie.s from its 
 iett;» liniiii'lies, which eii- 
 Ho^'liy hills seii.irale tin' 
 le Ajriiit, 'A.) 
 
 \n.<;ust, ami fiultHJdcs 
 vinii a di'iios't of mud 
 try is intersected by 
 
 is obtained for irri- 
 
 winter. Cotton, llax, 
 leat, rice, and millet 
 
 5,()iiO,ooo, It con- 
 
 'II, The (-'ojits Imvo a 
 
 s I lire e miles east of tlii> 
 'tita. Three miles ahove 
 h, where the celehrateil 
 vers nil area of 14 acres, 
 |)yraiiiiil.i is the sphinx, 
 t out of Hojij roi'k. The 
 iiiro is the mIo rf aneieiit 
 lie position of itH wall^, 
 late trees, among whioli 
 
 fvrli, mill /■'siieli. Here 
 liu^e eoliiMinii, npliinxi's, 
 are exeuvated into vast 
 
 pnrt. of I'luypt, rtinl his 
 roulo to liiilia. N>'iir 
 He, ami Poinpey'ii Pillar, 
 's east of Alpxanilria h 
 ho Frriieh in ISol, 
 nht. iiHiieiii. iSiif : i< ;i 
 imiU of Suvl. 
 
 THE SAHARA. 
 
 U\ 
 
 69. Agriculture is the most important pursuit. Tlio 
 
 duel' inauufactiu'cs are pottery, fire-arms, and carpets. The 
 
 foreign conimorce i.« rapidly increasing, and the coiuitry is 
 
 advancing in pvos])erity. 
 
 A railroail extemls from Alexandria to Cairo, loO miles ; aiifl from 
 Oairo to Suez, 90 miles. A canal across the Isthmus from the Meh- 
 terranean to theGuIf of Suez, constructed by French eni;ineeis, is now 
 open to commerce. 
 
 70. The government is an absolute monarcliv. 
 
 NUBIA. 
 
 71. Xubia has been .subject to Egypt since 1S2I. The 
 southern part of the country is supposed to liave been in- 
 eludeil in aiu"ient l'jlhio))ia. 
 
 It is bounded, n(nlh by Egyjit ; cast liy the Red Sea ; 
 south 1\v Abyssinia ; and west by the Sahara. Tiie area 
 ripials a si|U;ire of (ioo miles. 
 
 7± In Middle and Lower Nubia, the valhy of the Nile is 
 rendered very narrow l)y the close approach of roeky hills 
 on each side. In the south tlu! country, watered by the 
 I>lue Nile and the Atbara, is more varied and fertile. 
 
 Water is t.'iken from the Nile for irrigation hy maehiiiery worked by 
 oxen, A moilern triweller says : " As all the urease in tl.e conntry 
 is required for the uiiturbaiuMl In-ads of the Nubians, the water-wheels 
 are heard creaking; iii^lit and d;iy." 
 
 7:5. The iiroduet.s arc siu!iliir to those of Iv.;ypt. The wild 
 animals iiu'lude the elephant, hippopotauuis, rhinoceros, 
 girafi'e, hyeuii, and lialtoon. 
 
 The population is aliout l,()00,noo. 
 
 Towns.—"}. Kli'tfitim (."iO.oDOi, at the coiifluinee of the Dlue atid 
 White Nile, is the honest town and the capital, Coiisideralile trade 
 between Kuypt ami (/'eiitral Afii.a passc.i throuuh Khartum. The 
 other towns are Sno I)iw;inlii, Jlrrbcr, Shciii/!/, Scnnaar, and .'•'rinkin. 
 
 Nubia has many remarkable antiiiuities. At [imitnlml aio temples 
 rut out of the .soil I rock, at tiie entrance to which are eol i,<sil linurc.i 
 over (iO feet hiyli. 
 
 T.*). The KOVeriMUent nf Nubia is in the hai.ds nf K.-ypti oi i ffici.'ils, 
 who have absnliite pimer, and npress all honest in lostry and enter- 
 prise by unjust taxes and extortions. 
 
 "The heaviest and most unjust tax is that upon the 'naieor.'or 
 water-wheel, by which the farmer irriijates his otherwise barren soil." 
 \nakcv.) 
 
 70. Kordofan, on the soulh-we.^t of Nubia, i» also a dependency of 
 Egypt. TopulatioK, 4OO,(M)0. Chief town, A'/ ()'» rV CiO.OiliM, 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 77. AbvR.<ii!iia, or llaliesh, includes pnrt of ancient 
 lithiopia. It was once the seat of an empire considerably 
 ndvanced in civilization. U now coiisistu of several petiy 
 States. 
 
 Christianity was introduced about the middle of the fourth century. 
 Ii\ modern times, through the intluenee of Portujuese raissionariis, 
 the royal family became Roman Catholics. This excited violent oppo- 
 sition among the people, and iu 1032 the missionaries were expelled or 
 put to death. 
 
 7S. Abyssinia lies along the Red Sea south-east of Xubia, 
 and has an area eipial to a .sipi.are of 400 miles. The sur- 
 face is giMierally elevated, consisting of tabledands and 
 mountains, diversiticd by deep river valleys. The coast 
 is low, hot, and unhealthy. 
 
 Amha Ihii, one of the highest mountain peaks, has an elevation of 
 lo.OOO feet. 
 
 The chief rivers are the /iahr il-.\:r(k or IIIik Xi/c, the Tara::e or 
 Atliiira, and the JLimtslt. /.u/if ItimUn is in the lia>in of the Blue 
 Nile. 
 
 7!). The climate and vegvtation vary according to the 
 elevation. The low grounds contain forests of acacias, wliieh 
 yield valuable gums. Cotton, sugar-cane, and cofl'ee arc iu- 
 digeiious. Wheat, maize, rice, teff, and ndllet are cultivated. 
 
 80. Thi population is aliout 4..")0n,(i()(). There are many 
 Arabians, .Jews, and XcLiro slaves. A very corrupt form of 
 Christianity prevails. 
 
 81. The most important States in Abyssinia are Amhtxva, Tii'vi, 
 and .S/io(». Hlioa was lately ruled by Kinu Tlaodore, who, by im- 
 jiiisoniii.' liritish sui'jects, pruvoked a war with (ireat iiritain. which 
 cost him his life. 
 
 The towns are small, (ianilarin the c,i|iital nf Amhara; A'foini, 
 of Ti','re ; and AiUohnr, ot ."^hoa. A.'um, in Ti^ie, was the ancient 
 capital c)f Abyssinia. It is noted for its huge obelisks, and for the 
 Axuin Chronicle, an .ancient lii>toric record. MamiiKth, the jirincipal 
 sea port, belongs to litypt. 
 
 Ankdliur 10.00") . elevated over Si)00 feet. h.iK a iKliitlilful cUni.iti; 
 
 THE SAHARA, 
 
 Hi', The Sahara, or (ireat iJesert, is situated between the 
 l)arallel» of 15" and 'M' north latitude, e.vtending fnnu tlio 
 Atlantic Ocean to the Valley of the Nile. It covers an 
 area eipial to five-sixths of British America. 
 
 «.'!. The Sihara is iimstly tableland, from 10(11) to 4liO() feit in lieiKht. 
 The surface consists of rock or haril giavel, varii'd in some parts with 
 loose white nand which the winds move alnoit in v,i>t overwhelming 
 einuds. Owini! to the prevalence of I'.asterly winds, the sand increasci 
 in ilcpth towards the Atlantic. Aloiit{ the north are numerous sail 
 lakes, which receive the streams fi'nni the .\tlas .Muuntains. 
 
 H-i. Rain falls on the de,sert only at intervals of many 
 years, ami throiiyliout a lari;e portion of it vcgefabli' and 
 iiniinal life is imknown. Fertile spots, called naicK, watered 
 liy springs, occasionally relieve the de»olatioii of this wide 
 waste. The oases are covered with u'rass and groves of 
 date-palm, and often suslidn a large population. 
 
 85. Triiflic is carried on over the desert by earavani, cotiiistinjj of a 
 
 v««~Hf»*wtop' 
 
»i|yf 
 
 142 
 
 AF.;i(\\. 
 
 ^..**. -- 
 
 < AI.AVAN 
 
 ] hir^re onmiKiny of men fiml camels. The oagos itflVrd restiii^riilaoPi--. 
 
 j Tnivillfi's sonutiiiies arrive at an oasis only to I'lml its siirini;s dritd 
 up. We.iry, tiiii>lY, anil liin'our.igo'l, tliey are iiiialile to pruce<'il, aiid 
 llieiv l)leiieiie(l bontH amid tlic KuriiinK sand tell of their sad fate to 
 tliowe who eoMie alter thcni. Tiiey also sillier LTiatly from e.\|iosure 
 to liiit uinils and moving .'-ands. 
 
 QUESTION, 
 depend ? 
 
 On what causes docs the intense heat of the Sahara 
 
 WESTERN AFRICA. 
 
 hC). AVcsitmi Alrini, (•iiiisiistiiii: ut' tlic cuii.'it rfL'iim fmiii 
 tlic St'iK'oal ti) ( 'ii|i(! Klin, wa.s ix]il()i'eil liy tlii' ruitiiyuc'^c 
 tiiwanls tlic iliisc of tlic lil'tccntli century. 
 
 The surface nlmij; the cnast is low : in tlic iiitciii.r arc 
 nii)initain-ian;;is. The cliinuto i.s very ind and iinlicaltliy. 
 The soil i-< very fertile ; the vegetation is luxuriant and 
 viiried. 
 
 The products arc rice, cotton, ^in^rer, iialni-oil, |icu-iiut8, 
 tnipical iVuitH, and f^iiniH. (iold Ih ]jlcntifiil in varioiun )iartH. 
 
 87. Western Africa coniiiriscH SciiiijavthKt, ('/i/>ir(<itiiiiti, 
 and L<i(Vtr (Imiuit, 
 
 SENEOAMBIA. 
 
 88. The name of tiiis country is derived from itH two 
 I'rincipal rivers -the Senegal and (Sainliia. Itexti-nda from 
 the Sahani to 'Jpiier (Jniiica. 
 
 80. Tiie area is estiinated to le c(iiial to a tiijuare of fiCO 
 miles. 
 
 T inhabitants liclonv' to the Xc:,'r() race, and inclndc 
 three trihcs — /'''»il(i/i.<, Vd/n/ti, and MhihHiujdik. Their 
 ninnber i.s variously eatimatcd from 5,(i(K.i,nuO to lo,()(HM)()0. 
 
 !)ii. The 1,'reater part of Senc.oanihia con«stis of snudl 
 States ruled Ly native cliicts. The British, French, and 
 IVirtiigucse have .settlements on the coast and aloii;; tic 
 rivers. 
 
 PI. The Hii'ifli own various stations on the tiamli.i. JJitthiir^t, itu 
 an island at the moiitli of the Ganiliia, is the chief town. 
 
 Sierra Leone, in the south west, was purchased by (treat Hritiiiii in 
 IT**" ns a home for liliirated slaves. Tiie area equals a square of 
 18 miles. Population, (id, dOO. Fmloirit (18,000) is the capital. 
 
 92. The Frtiicli iiave possession.s on the Setie;rai. They also o«n 
 the islaiid.s iif '•'()(•«; and .S7. /-oi/i'jt. t.ln the latter island h ,SI. I.iitii.i 
 (I'J.OUO), the chief town. 
 
 Itinsaa (f?0(l(i), on an island of ih.' same name, is the principal I'ortu- 
 t'uebe luu u. 
 
 UPPER GUINEA. 
 
 93. Ujiper (Jiiirea is situuted along the north of tlio Gulf 
 of (Jnineu, between the con.'*t and the Koni; Moiw tains. 
 The area etinals a Houare of (ind miles. The >iij;er is the 
 principal river. 
 
 The const Is divided into four sections the (iraiii Coast, 
 Ivory Coast, (Jold Coast, and Slave Const. 
 
 The inlialiituiits, cstiiiiated at .^,(l('(MMKl, arc Neoroes, and 
 Kcncraily pagans. I'olvgamy and slavery are common. 
 
 P4. The Republic of Liberia is a settlement founded in 18'2l>, by 
 benevnieiit persoiis in the V nited .'^latei of Aniericn, ns a liome for ]\\ie- 
 
ro race, and incliuli; 
 MiinJliiii'm. Their 
 (Hi,(in() to l(i,(HMMK)(). 
 ia cidisists of small 
 Riitisli, Fivncli, and 
 joast ami aloii,;^ tie 
 
 ?(tainlia, Jj,ithnrst,iiu 
 eliitf l"»ii. 
 
 seil liy (treat Hiitiiiii in 
 luca tqiials a sfiuaro uf 
 
 .,000> is tlif o;i)iitiil. 
 
 ftK'J-'ill. Tlu'V lliso t)«M 
 
 lUci- isliuiil is ^S^ J.diiin 
 L>, is llie |iiiiK'iiiiil rmtii- 
 
 he nuitli of thf (}ulf 
 It' Koiii.' Moiii'tuiiis. 
 H, Tiif>'in«'r iH <li'' 
 
 lis the Grain UouBt, 
 last. 
 
 Hni, are NcgrncK, atwl 
 ly art' coiniiion. 
 
 Ill fouii.l.a in 182'2, !>)• 
 iicrii'ii, UK a liimif IVir lili«'- 
 
 (WE (■(•l.d.NY. 
 
 1)3 
 
 rated slavep. It is rather larger than Nova Scotia, and has a popul.i- 
 tion of 200,000. Moiiroria is the capital. 
 
 The British own several stations, of which C-ipc t'nuift. Castle (10,000) 
 is the most important. 
 
 Ehniiia is a forflHeil Dntcli town. 
 
 95. Ashantee ami Dahomey are Negro kingiloms. DaliDimy is 
 noted for the barbarism of its inhabitants. The kini: has many wives, 
 ;,iid many of his soldiers are woipen. Human sacrifice is practised, 
 and war is often made on tribes of the interior to obtain captives to 
 sell as slaves. Whyihih, the chief port, is closely watched by Uritish 
 cruisers, to prevent the slave trade. Coomamic ("20,000) is the capital 
 of Ashantoe; Aliom<>i (30,000), v( Dahomey. 
 
 UtJ. Yoruba, Benin, and Calabar, arc on the east of Lahoney. .1'.- 
 lidkutah ^tiO.OdOl is a hu;:e walled town in Yoruba. It is a new tuwii, 
 fiiinided by the iidiabitants of s<'veral places which were de.^tro^cd by 
 slave hunters. 
 
 LOWER GUINEA. 
 
 97. Lower CJiiiiica extends alouj.' the coast from the ItiiAlit 
 of Biafra to Cape Frio. Tiie area e<iuals a sqiiaie of rdni 
 miles. 
 
 The Camooiiii Mnuntaiiin run jiarallel with the eoa.st. 
 The principal river.s are the Zaire ov ('i>n<i<),i\m\ X\\i' Coaicji. 
 
 !)8. A large part uf the eoiiiitry is iKiniinally suhject to 
 rortiigal. 
 
 Thei>ritiei])al divisions are Ilinfia. L xiiiiio.Coiiijo.A ii'j"/<i, 
 and JJ(t)(/it<hi. 
 
 \SI. Puul tie Louiiihi. on the coast of .\ni.''la, has a good liarb iir, 
 and is the residence of the I'lrrluguese governor. The other tjwns are 
 /.till 111/(1 and iSaii Sdliailnv. 
 
 W. The Portuguese formerly cftrried a great many slaves from (ininea 
 to Urazil ; but through the vigilance of IJritith cruisers the slave trade 
 has been nearly destruyrd. 
 
 CENTRAL AFRICA. 
 
 100. Central Africa is of somewhat indefinite limits, Imt 
 it may lie considered as endiracin<r all the interior soiitii of 
 the Sahara. The whole re;;ion, and especially the southern 
 liortioii, is very imperfectly known. It is iivery hot, fertile 
 region, occupied by liarharous Neuro tribes, who often Miigc 
 fierce wars against each other to ohtain captives and cattle. 
 
 Tho northern portion is cidled .SowAn* or .V /[//•('//«— that 
 
 Is, Ldllil of tin' ]{l(uhs. 
 
 SOODAN. 
 
 lol. Soodan lies inimediutely south <if the Sahara, between 
 Senegnmbia and the Nile region. It ia generally table-land 
 of moderate elevation. The chief \ ursnits are agricidture, 
 and the rearing of rattle and goats, (irain, cotton, and 
 indigo are cultivated. The trade is curried on by cariivans. 
 The towns are often built of mud, and are surrounded by 
 < xtonsive wuUb. 
 
 The iidiiibitants are prineipidly Negroes, but there are 
 also many Arabs, Berbers, and mi.ved races, of which the 
 Fulahs are the most important. 
 
 102. Soodan consists of many petty States. The more important 
 are the Fulah or Fdhtluh States, in the west ; IJurii'iii, .-onihwest of 
 Lake Tchad; Adamaica, south of liornon; liei/harmi, southeast if 
 Lake Tchad; and Wiului and Darfur, on the east. 
 
 Towns. — 103. Sukut,) rJO.OOO) is the capital of the Fulahs. 7'/w 
 hui-tiio is a mudbuili town on the border of the desert, the cenlri. mI' 
 the caravan trade with liiobary. Ktika is the capital of IJoinou. 
 
 EASTERN AFRICA. 
 
 1<)4. This section of Afiicii consi.sts of the coasr region 
 from the Strait of Jjab-el-niiindeb to Delagoa Bay. Tiie mtiri- 
 time portion is low, hot, and unhealthy; inland is the mure 
 elevated and ru:;L:e(l margin of the interior tableland. 
 
 Uold dust, copper, coal, and amber are obtained. TIk! 
 region is fruitful in tropical products, iiieludiiii; the tiiiest 
 eotlee, myrrh, and arumalies. 
 
 1(1;". The j'rincipal divi.siuns of Kaslcrii Al'iica arc the territories nf 
 the .So»ia^ and (inllii.s, Jjnii, Huiii/iii har, Mii:tiiiilii(jiie, ami Sn/nlii, 
 
 The Somali ciomtry, or .\del. is hiw and njaishy, expartiiii; wa.\, 
 nivrrh, ivory, and gold. Further west are the tJallas, ii b:iilialMus 
 and liowcrful race. 
 
 Zanguebar is suliject to tl :■ Iin.aiu uf .Muscat, a Stiitr in the snutli- 
 cast dt .\iabia. SIiUhihiiii'II. on the island id' Zanzibar, is the capital. 
 
 Mozambique and Sofala are chimed liy the roitugiie.se, who have 
 long jealiiusly exidiobd all interi-oiirse im the part of ntliers. that they 
 might holil an undisturl'cd iii'iiiopoly (d' tlie shive trade, Mizmnhnnc 
 is the eapital. 
 
 SOUTHERN AFRICA, 
 
 10(i. Southern .VtVica consists of tliiit inntiun id' the con- 
 tinent south of ihe tropic of Capricorn. The interior is 
 elevateil and dry; the coast is well watered, mild, iiid 
 healthful. On tlie north is the great Kalihari Desert. 
 
 The O/'riHi/e or f<'«i'((j( and its tribiUitry tlie Vu'iImk the priiicii'al 
 riviis. , , 
 
 107. The chief divisions of Southern Africa are Coft 
 Colon ij AwA Xntitl, beloii iig to (ireat Britain; A'd/f'nnia, 
 the K<]nthiti:» of (Jr<iii(j> Rivir and Tr'Hisr/mi ; the coiiulriui 
 of the JloUentdtx, Jitr/iuinms, and .yiuiKH/ii'is, 
 
 CAPE COLONY. 
 
 10^. The mime of this colony is derived frotn a bold lieiul- 
 land on tlie south-west, called the Cape oi'Oood llojie. 
 
 The Diitrh in I'lfiO began a R'^ttlement at Ciipe Town. The tlrilisli 
 took thii place in IbOi!, and have held the country ever tlnce. 
 
»f1F 
 
 1( 
 
 114 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 TABLE DAY AND MOUNTAIN'. 
 
 10!). The co'. )tiy occupios the extreme south of the eoiiti- 
 iHMit. Ciipe A fin/has is tlic most soutlierly point. Tlie 
 C'lipe of Ttood Hope, 1000 feet iii.i^li, is tiie extremity of u 
 ])eninRul!i. 
 
 Tlie area equals a square of Sfi.j miles. 
 
 110. Ou tlu' south tlirei' i)iii'allel mountain ranges rise 
 successively owe above anotjicr, with intiM-V(Miin,<; terraces. 
 The lowest ranj,'e is ahout 20 miles from the coast. l^aUr 
 Mniintair. is at its western e.<tremity, 
 
 Doep RorKOs enllod kt'of^ loacl fmiii one torraoe to another. Tlio 
 li'nh iiliiiim iiro p.illcii knrnws. In tiie dry season lliey are iiandicil 
 ilfscrts, but wlien tlie rains liociii tliey are 8oi>n clotlieil witli rank 
 (;n\ss, mingleil with ^.-orgeoiis ami sweet-seenteil flowers. (Jeraniums 
 and heaths )jrow with tlie hi\urinn"t' nf ooinmon weeds. Troops of 
 1 iillaliies, aiitfjiipes, and ostricti'^s share the hounty of the seas'ii with 
 tliu flocks and iierds of the C'llnnie.i. 
 
 111. I'ich copper ore is fouiul near the mouth of the 
 Oranije River. The <,'rain.^, frnit^, iuid ve^'etahlcs of warm 
 icmiterato countries arc successfully cultivated. Lartje flocks 
 of sheep arc the nniin dependence of ninny of the inhabitants. 
 
 112. The population is iSo.ooo. Abiuit half the inhabi 
 lants are Hnulisii. DiUcli, and French ; Hottentots, Ktitfres, 
 and mi.\cd races make up the remainder. 
 
 Tho lavL'ost reiiirioiis holii-s Qie Kpisi'opaJi.uH, Diiti'li Rif.inni'd, 
 and Wesleyans. 
 
 Towns.- li;t. Cnpe To^nt iS'J.OOO), tlie cupltal, is nituateJ on Taldc 
 Day, Canals liordercd with tries run tliroiifih the main streets. 
 
 Immediately behind the town is Table Mountain. (I'rithdmK Tairu, 
 25 miles from the sea ; vml Purl EInahclh, on Al^oa Bay, are the oul/ 
 otiier important towns. 
 The most important exports ..re wool, wine, aloes, hides, and copper. 
 
 114. The government is vesteil in a jjovcrnor, council, 
 and representative assembly. 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 11."). This country was discovered liy the P()rtu<,'uc,se on 
 Ciiri.stmas-day 14IIT. It was firmed into a British colony 
 in 1845. 
 
 N.atal is abou', 200 miles cast of (..ipe polony, from which it is .<iepa- 
 rated by Kafl'raria. Tlic Ityaknmbcrii or hmijim Monntainit form tin; 
 western boumlary. The co'ony is about the size of Nova Scotia. 
 
 I in. Tlie surface, as in Cape Colony, rises in terraces 
 towards the interior. The climate ia hotter and more humid 
 than in Cape ('olony. 
 
 The products arc cotton, Hni;ar-cane, arrow-root, indigo, 
 and coffee, along tiie coast ; wiieat and other grains in the 
 interior. Cattle and sheep nro numerous. 
 
 117. Till' population is about i;)o,ooo. A hirge majority 
 l)clong to a native race called Xiilm^. 
 
 Tovni».~Picterm<iril:hiiv!i, on a small river about fiO miles inland, 
 is tho capital. Port Natul or DTrhan is the chief port. Ivory, 
 f agar, cotton, coffee, and wool, are the principal exports. 
 
iiiiitiiiti. (I'ruhianit Tmni, 
 m Al>;oa Bay, are the oul/ 
 
 e, aloes, liideH, ami copiier. 
 
 II ii i^overnor, council, 
 
 liy tl\i^ Povtimioso oil 
 iiitii :v British colony 
 
 my, friMii wliicli it is .«o)ia- 
 •lUjoH Mouiitnina follii llie 
 size of Nova Scotia. 
 
 my, riHt's in tcrrari's 
 
 ttoriiui more huniiil 
 
 in 
 
 iiii\ MiTDW-ront, indigo, 
 III! (it her jjminH in liio 
 rnllH. 
 
 »ii(). A In rnje majority 
 
 VIM- about M itiili»R inlaii'l, 
 in till' cliifl imit. Ivory, 
 'ipul exports. 
 
 KAFFRAllIA. 
 
 115 
 
 KAFFRARIA, ORANGE RIVER REPUBLIC, &c. 
 
 
 
 KAKPItE WAIiniOltS. 
 
 118. KiiHVaria is situated on the ('oiist lu'twccu L'aiic 
 Colony and Natal. The inhabitants, called Katlres, arc 
 tall and well formed, with but few Negro features. 
 
 The wealth of the Katlres consists in cattle, and their 
 chief food is millet and curdled milk. The Katlres 
 are very fond of their cattle, and they ride uinui 
 their backs as we ride horses. 
 
 110. Ill coiiseiiueiice uf deiiredatioiis committed tiy tlie 
 Ivaii'ies on tlie stttleiuents of Cape Coluny, a large jjait of 
 llieir territory on the west has been seiztd l>y the British, 
 :iii(l formed into a colony called ISritish KatTraria. 
 
 12(t. The Orange River Republic, on the north- 
 east of Caiie ("olony, ami Transvaal, lying nortli 
 of the Vaal River, are two rejiublican States, 
 which originated with Dutch boors or fanners 
 from Caije Colony. 
 
 These countries consist chielly uf «iilaiid plains, well 
 suited to grazing. Tlie inhabitaut.s are rude and lawle.'-.s. 
 Tlieir principal wealth is cattle. 
 
 I'Jl. The Bechuanas are represented as a tine race, oc- 
 I'lipying tiie interior on the west of the Dutch llepublies. 
 They cultivate the soil, and have good houses. lAiltukw 
 is their chief town. 
 
 ll!2. The Hottentots occupy a !ari.'e country on the west 
 of the IJechuauas. They consist of seveial tribes, some if 
 which are very degraded. They have a very curved spii.', 
 yi'llowish brown coinijlexioii, and Negru features. Some 
 • pf them subsist on the pmduco of their Hocks, uthers i.'ii 
 roots, gums, and insects. Their villages, called kraals, are 
 collections of huts made of poles, earth, and skins. 
 
 123. The Namaquas are situated along the Atlantic coast 
 north of the Orange Kiver. Little Nauiaijua is on the 
 south side of the river, near its mouth, and is included 
 in Capo Colony. 
 
 QUESTION — What reasons may be given in explanation of- the 
 fact that the nations of Africa have less power and influence than 
 those of Europe ? 
 
'■fir 
 
 tmm 
 
 'W 
 
 I : ! 1'- 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 1. Oceania is the name given to the sixth great division 
 of tlie world. It comprehends the archipelagoes and islands 
 of the Pacific Ocean. The Bonin Islands on the north, 
 Eastern Island on the east, Auckland on the south, and 
 Sumatra on the west, form the extremes. 
 
 Tlie entire area is estimated at rather more Uiaii lialf the size of 
 North America, and the population at 30,000,000. 
 
 2. Oceania has been variously divided. It may be con- 
 veniently considered under the three divisions — Malaysia, 
 A ustralasia, and Polynesia. 
 
 MALAYSIA 
 
 DATK-i, I'lNK-AriT.E, ANI> cnrOA-NUT. 
 
 I. -IV. — 3. Mahiy.sia obtained its name from its inhabitants, 
 the majority of whom belong to the Malay race. It is sunic- 
 tinies ('allod the J'Jast Indian Airhipehu/n. It is situated 
 <m the south-east of Asia, ajiproaching closely to tlic Mnliiy 
 lieninsula, and is wholly in the Torrid Zone. 
 
 V.-X. — 4. Tiiis arcliipela^'o includes some of the lari;c.st 
 iMlauds on the Earth. The entire urea is about one-fourth 
 that of British America. 
 
 Most of the islands are mountainous and of volcanic origin. Active 
 viilcanoes are very numerous. 
 
 The soil is very fertile. The climate is humid, and the temperature 
 is modified by sea breezes. 
 
 XI.-XIV. — 5. Gold, silver, tin, copper, iron, and coal are 
 among the mineral products. 
 
 Dense forests, second in luxuriance only to those of Brazil, 
 clothe the interior. Thay yield ornamental and dye v.-oods, 
 caoutchouc, gutta pereha, resins, and gums. 
 
 The cultivated products are rice, maize, millet, coffee, 
 sugar-cane, tobacco, nutmegs, cloves, and every variety of 
 tropical spice and fruit. 
 
 Sago, the starchy pith of a kiml of palm, is much u.sed as food on 
 some of the islands. 
 
 6. The animals are similar to those in the south-east of 
 
 Asia. Birds of beautiful plumage are numerous, and edib'e 
 
 birds' nests are largely exported to China. The ox and 
 
 buffalo arc used for labour. 
 
 The shores are covered with shells of beautiful and varied tints. 
 Valualtle pearls are obtained on the coasts of the eisterly groups. 
 
 7. The number of the inhal itant.s is not accurately knjwn, but is 
 supposed to exce"d 25,000,000. The majority are Malays, srme of 
 whom are considerably civilized; others are noted pirates, t'apuan 
 negroes aie numerous : they are much inferior to the Malays. There 
 are also many Kuropean colonists, by whom Christianity has be?n ex- 
 tensively introduced. Mohammedanism is the prev, lug religion, 
 
 X^^, XVI.— 8, Malaysi' embraces iSumatra, Java, Borneo, 
 
 Ceh'ln's, the Mdhiccax or Spic: Islands, and the Philij)pine 
 
 /s/fs, besides some smaller groups. 
 
 These islands are for the most part divided amon{.'st the JjutJt, 
 Sjiunuih, and native chiefs or rajahs. 
 
 9. The following are called the Sunda Isles, i^umntm, Jam, and the 
 smaller islaiuls /luli, f.dintnik, Sumbawa, Saiidalirnod, Fhivn, ai'.i 
 Timor. 
 
 Timor belongs to Portugal; the others belong to Holland, with the 
 exception of some portions which are subject to native rajahs. 
 
 10. Sumatra has been mon^ or less umlcr tiic power of 
 the Dutch m\w l(i4!». 
 
 h is scjiarated from Malaya by tne Strait of Malacca, and is divided 
 into two nearly equal portions by the Equator. The island is about 
 seven times the sixe of Nova Scotia, and is 1100 mi'e." in leuiith. 
 
 ISluT 
 
•o i*f*' 
 
 if volcanic origin. Active 
 mid, and the temperature 
 
 )er, iron, and coal are 
 
 )nly to those of Brazil, 
 leutal and dye v.'oods, 
 juras. 
 
 maize, millet, coffee, 
 and every variety ot 
 
 is much used as food on 
 
 i in the south-east of 
 numerous, and edib'e 
 China. The ox and 
 
 Gautiful and iMiaA tints. 
 ' tlie easterly groups. 
 
 accurately Icn.jwn, but is 
 rity are Malays, srme of 
 e noted pirates, t'apuaii 
 ior to the Malays. There 
 
 Christianity has b€?ii ex- 
 he prev, iuj? religion. 
 
 umatra, Java, Borneo, 
 s', and the P/n/l/iplne 
 
 ided amonj.'st tlie JjuUli, 
 
 ■„ Sitmatrn, Jura, and the 
 •taiidiilirood, l''hir(i<, ai'.i 
 
 If iig to Holland, with tlie 
 t'j native rajahs. 
 
 s under tiu- power of 
 
 if Mivlai'ca, and Ih divided 
 ;or. Tiio island is ahuut 
 00 nii'e." in h'n^th. 
 
Ifff 
 
 gS5aB8BSK«H'^r|-|"miMI 
 
 C El X I A 
 
 -r^r^"' *"^ V'H^'-'^ 
 
 T.U)MAM 
 
 [UiUut 
 
 SOirni 181 
 
 .1/.'/' 
 
 
 140 Lot^ittuh- liii*t 1.10 /hw» OtY^i<*i'^i 
 
.oi\fiiniJf K<iM Ifil) 'N»w tirr-^i'i 
 
' -jS^fif^^n" 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 147 
 
 I I 
 
 11. A liigli mountain chain extends tlirougli tiie whole iahiml. 
 Kassoum'ja (15,000 feet), is the highest peak. Poimlation, 2,600,000. 
 
 The northern part of the island is ruled by native chiefs. 
 Pailamj and Iletiroo/en, on the west coast, are the most important 
 Dutch towns. 
 
 12. Java was colonized l)y tlie Dutch in 1.57"). It is 
 
 sepanitcfl from Siunutra by Sunda Strait, 25 miles wide. It 
 
 is nearly three times as large as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Volcanoes are more numerous than in any other country of the same 
 size. In the interior is an oval valley, half a mile in circuit, calleil 
 the Valbii of Death, in which no animal can live, on account of tiie 
 poisonous fiases which escape from the surface. 
 
 13. Java has v'reat variety of temperature and products, according 
 t'> the elevation. Its forests contain the famous upas tree, whose 
 juices are very poisonous. A mistaken notion formerly prevailed that 
 no animal or jtlant could live near it. 
 
 14. Java is the most fertile and populous island of .AFalaysia, and 
 has been called the granary of the archipelago. Its population is aliout 
 13,000,000, of whom 17,000 are Europeans. 
 
 liatavia (118,ti00). in the north-west, is the capita! of the Dutcii 
 l>ossessions, and the greatest commercial town in Malaysia. Samaraii;/ 
 ;ind Sovrahwja are imjiortant towns on the north coast. Large quan- 
 tities of the tine?t spices are exported. Manufactured goods of all 
 kinds are imported. 
 
 15. Borneo was first visited by the Dutch in the year 
 L5f)S. They liave lonu owned the southern part of the 
 i.slaud. A native State (tailed Saraimk, in the west of the 
 island, was ruled from 1842 till 185^ by Sir James Brook, a 
 P>ritish subject, who suppressed piracy and ureatly imi'mved 
 the condition of his subjects. 
 
 16. Uorneo is sejiarated fruni Java hy the Java Sea, and from Ci.lub>.'S 
 by the Strait of Macassar. The Equator divides it into two nearly 
 eiiual portions. It is sixteen times larger than Novii i^cotia, and. with 
 the exception of Australia, is the largest island in tliu world. 
 
 There are several navigable rivers. The interior is little known. 
 
 17. The island is very rich in mineral and vogetabk' pruducts. The 
 iidiabitants number about 5,000,000, 
 
 /liinieo (22,UU(i) is the capital of a native State on the northwest. 
 Kiirhiiii/ (15,000) is the capital of Sarawak. 
 
 Labuan. a small island on the north-west, containing valuable coal 
 niines, belongs to Uritain. 
 
 18. Celebes was discdvered in 1512 by tlic Portuguese. 
 It lias, for the most part, been subject to Holhand since 
 1(560. It is remarkable for its irregular outline. Tlie area 
 is nearly four times greater than Nova Scotia. Tiie surface 
 is hilly ; the soil very fertile. Population, 470,(1(1(1. 
 
 Atarasnar (12,000) is the capital. Macassar oil is the product of a 
 common forest tree. The coasts have valuable pearl fisheries. 
 
 19. Tlic Moluccas or Spice Islands, north-cast of (.'eicbc.s, 
 are, for tlie most jiart, subject to Holland. The princnpa! 
 islands are (/i/o/o, Ct^rain, Boitro,Amf)oi/na, and the lianda 
 Isles. The united area is about twice the size of Nova 
 Scotia. Population, :57(;,<too. 
 
 The islands are mountainous and subject to earthquakes. They 
 
 yield the finest cloves, nutmegs, and other spices. The clove is the 
 flower bud of a tree. On the coasts are pearl and trepang fisheries. 
 
 Aviboyna, on the island of the same name, is the capital and an im- 
 portant commercial town. 
 
 20. The Philippine Isles were discovered by IMagellan in 
 1521. Tiiey were named for Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 The Philippiiies inch, i about 1200 islands, of which the principal 
 are Luzon, Mindanao, I'alairan, and Mindoro. The entire area is 
 about seven times that of Nova Scotia, nearly half of which is com- 
 prised in Luzon. 
 
 21. The i.^lands are mountainous with numerous volcanoes. Hurri- 
 canes and earthquakes are fre<iuent. 
 
 The vegetation is very luxuriant. Tobacco of the finest quality, 
 sugar, and rice, are among the products. Population, t),000,0(lO. 
 
 Manilla (140,000), on Luzon, is the capital. It has an extensive 
 trade. Manilla cigars are very cclebrateil. 
 
 Next to Cuba, the Philipi)ines are the most imijortant colony of 
 Spain. 
 
 XVII.— 22. Agriculture, mining, fishing, and commerce 
 are the chief pursuits in Malaysia. 
 
 The exports are cofl'ee, pe])per, cloves, and various other spices ; 
 fruits, gums, tobacco, rice, edible birds' nests, pearls, tortoise shells, 
 gold, tin, and other mineral.s. 
 
 Various manufactured goods are imimrted. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 2.'i. Au.stralasia signifies '" Southern Asia." Some geo- 
 grapliers have given the name Mf/dim.ua, or " Klack Asia," 
 to this part of Oceania, on account of the colour of many 
 
 of the nativ(> inhabitants. 
 
 .Australasia is supposeil to comprise an area equal to the continent 
 of Europe. The population is spjiisc licinu coniputed at 2,50o,000. 
 The aborigines consist of two races, I'liiiuan Ni-i;i'oes and Malays. 
 
 24. The Moluccas and Siuidn Isles form tin- iiiosf cjititcrly 
 portion of Malaysia, Au.stralasia comprises the remaining 
 islands situated soutli of tlic Ivpiator and west of tlic 180th 
 meridian. The four princijial are tlic island coiititient of 
 A Ksfraliff, Td.vnoiila OY Vnn Dii'tiiPn's Laud, S iif Zi'iihiml, 
 ;iiid I'dpiiii or .W//' (lumen. Tiie first three belong to (Ji'cat 
 liritain. 
 
 25. Australasia also comprises many archipelagoes and smill islands, 
 as, — 
 
 Arru, Tiniiir Liiut, Frederick llciuy. Louisiade Archipel.'igo, Ad- 
 miralty Islands, New Hrilain, New Iiclaiid, Solomon I>landH, Queen 
 Charlotte Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fcejec' Isles, Nor- 
 folk, Auckland, Antipodes, (Jhatliam, and Macqnarie. 
 
 1 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 2(). Australia was di.^covcred liy the Spaniards in 
 
 1(J05. The Dutcli also discovered the island about the .same 
 
148 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 
 '■••WJr-^l^l). 
 
 
 l^)v 
 
 
 AM.M.M.S iiK AI'SI HAl.IA. 
 
 tiiiio, and iiffcrwunlH oxiilm-td varimi-; parts <tf the ciiast. 
 Tliey uavf it the name i»f Xi'ir Uullaml. 
 
 27. In 1770, Captain Cuok visited Austraha, and took 
 fiiiinal li.isHessiiin of the oonntry in tlie name ui' iiis soverei^jii, 
 (!e(ii.,'e III. iifOreat Kritain. lie enlied tiie place wliere he 
 laii.ud lUiianii llaii, nn aeeouiit nl' tlie profiision nf llciwers 
 ai its nei^iilxini'liiMid. 
 
 ■J.-' I'Viiin t'.KikV .iiiiii. tin' lirlllsli ( Jnvcrmiiuiit iniiKldcrcil nutimy Hixy 
 W(!iil(! lie It snitiililc pliicc' f(ir ii iinivli t sutlluinciit. Aceordlnjdy in Hit' yiMir 
 IT"-"- "."" iriniiiiiiN. of wlimii one I'mirlli \vir>' wninoii. wore liikoii fnnii llu' 
 Jiiilx ^iiiil ti':ui.s|ii>rli'i) til \ii.-ti'i(liii 'I'Iki »{i>vi'i'iii>r, ('a)itAln ri'ili|>, lil« 
 (illii'crs mill Hiililii'vs iiiiri'iivi'il tlic inuiilii'r iif ciiliiiilsts to HHKl. 
 
 •J'.i '\'\\\* IliHt riilniiy WHS i-it.ilillslii'il IH mill's iimlli nf nutiiiiy Uiiy, iit 
 Syilncy. tlu' prisi'iil i'«|iihil of Ni'W "^imtli W itlcs IMuIiik' Ihi' mirci't'ilini; 
 tifly yi';irs, Ti'.iniii iilmliiiils wrri' triiiis)iiirli'il to tills nmiilry Tin' lust 
 I'liiivlil slilp airivi'il In l'<:i!i Many nf llir rrlniiimls. on tlu' I'viiliiitliin of 
 llii'lr tiTin, KL'lti.'il III tliii I'onnliy iiml liiiiiiiin rosiU'Cliiblu InlmlnliintK Tlic 
 llrHt coloiiintH. n I'i'lviiiK all tlii'lr sii|iplli<« from Kni;lHnil, nfttm iUfTei'i'il 
 t'rriitly fur want if |>i'ii\l»lonH, 
 
 ;ni. Anstndia imw eumiPiises live llipiirishinu liiitish I'ulu- 
 nieH, Tlie most marke<l event in tiie recent iiistdiy ol' the 
 country was the ilisedvery ol'Ki'hl i" \M\, since wliieli the 
 piipiihition has rapidly incrcaRcil, 
 
 n. - :»l. AiiHfralia ha.s the Aral'iira Sea and Torres Strait 
 on the north; the C'ural Sea and the racili- on liie east; 
 
 l!aH.s Strait and tlic I'acitic on the south ; and the Indian 
 
 Ocean on the west. 
 
 riiR iioi'tlierii purtiou, iiiuludiiii; iilio\it iiiii'tliitii tin; :u'e:i, ix iu tlii' 
 Toiiiil Zone ; tlic vciiiaimler is in tlio Sotitli Ti'iiiin'i, te /one. 
 S. hi. 10 n'-W »'; E. km. lia^- l.W 47' 
 
 IU.— 32. Aimtralia liiis the getieMil n|i|>e ii.or'o ut' m\ irregular live- 
 sulci! 'i-'iirc. Till' soutlierii side is a cm ven lino. , 
 
 IV. .'j;?. Ill tlie rciiularity of its coast line, Australia re- 
 sembles the otiicr southern continents, Africa anil South 
 America, The most important iiidi ntations arc tiic (iiilf of 
 I'arpentiiria on the north, ami thedreat AuHtialian Ihulit 
 nearly opposite. The other coast waans are I'ort Juekson, 
 I'ort i'hllip. Spencer (iiilf, and ('amhiid-v (liilf. 
 
 M. The |irlnii|iiil capei) are Y'irk Wilsmi, /.n unin, anil /.iimloii- 
 i/d'/'i/. }'iirli I'diiniml'i \'\v» to the ni't of the Unit' of Caipeiitaria. 
 
 The iirincipal in.ist iglands me Mihilti, IMhiii'nl, tH-uti Kiland. 
 W'llhnhjl, llrrtit •Sduilii, /ihKi'n, iilnl A'dnr/di'oo. 
 
 DC, The total length of I'oaHt line iHestiniateil nt lii.iKiO iiiijeti. The 
 i/i'iiit llitvvin' /I'lc/ exteinls li'oin Cape York Hoiiih-iaiiterly for alio .1 
 I'JOIl MiilcN, with an averatfe liiHlanee of ltd miles fioiii the fihiii'e. It 
 Ik a uii'iit wall of eotiil .if viiryiii(j lireaildi, li-iinu' |ier|n'iiiliinilaily from 
 the ilepths of the nceHii to the siir.'iiee. Whilst the foiiiiiin^; liieakcin 
 ain ('■..KhiiiK a){aiiisl tlic ontsiile of the iccf, within is Hinuutli hcii. 
 A few npcnitiKt occur, which allow BhijiH to \'Wi lliiougli. 
 

 itli ; mid the Iiuliaii 
 
 ii-cl lliu ;ue!i, iH ill tin' 
 ilK'i, te Zciiie. 
 
 CO uf ;ui irregular live- 
 
 line, Australiu w- 
 
 Atiicii and Sontli 
 
 HIS ai'i' the (lull' of 
 
 it AtiHtraliau Hi(ilit 
 
 an I'urt Jackijoii, 
 iif Oiilf, 
 
 /("■(//, lllni l.lhlllllll- 
 
 HiiU'iif Ciir|i(>iitariii. 
 illiiii'nl, Urvli Kildiid, 
 
 .it lii.iiuii iiilloit. Tlie 
 iM,li-i;ist('i'ly I'nr nlii) a 
 
 HS hnlll tllC nIkH'I'. It 
 
 1! lu'rpcuilii'uliiily IViiui 
 tlio ('(HiiniiiK liienkeiH 
 
 Uilllill iH HlllUUtll ll'U. 
 
 It thiiiiiuli. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 140 
 
 v.— 36. Australia is the largest portion of land to which 
 the term island is applied. It is sometimes called a conti- 
 nent. It is about five-sixths the size of Europe, or nearly 
 equal to British North America. 
 
 Tlie area equals a square of 1732 miles. 
 2500 miles. 
 
 Its greatest length is 
 
 VI.— 37. A large part of Australia is but imporfectly ex- 
 plored. The surface presents less diversity than the other 
 great divisions. The chief elevations are a low mountain- 
 range near the cast side, and a low table-laud on the west. 
 Tiie centre is a vast low plain. 
 
 3S. The jiriiicipal mountains are the Liverpool, Blue Mountains, 
 anil Australian Alps, near the east ami south-east coasts. They ;ire 
 generally very rugged. The average height is little over half a mile. 
 There are no volcanoes. 
 
 Mount Kosciusko ((i.%0 feel), in the south-east, is the highest peak. 
 It is covered with snow a large part of the year. 
 
 VII.-X. — SD. Rivers are less numerous than in any other 
 great division. Tiiey vary greatly in volume, acconling to 
 the character of the season. In many, the water is some- 
 ti.iies reduced to a succession of pools in the deeper parts of 
 the channel. In the rainy season they are swollen very 
 rapidly, and some have been known to rise over 50 feet 
 abiive their ordinary level. 
 
 40. The Murray, in the south-east, ami its principal tributaries the 
 Darling ami Murrumhiilgeo, are the only large rivers. The mouth of 
 the Murray is very shallow. 
 
 ii.ike Victoria is a large expansion of the Murray, near its mouth. 
 Tlicic are several salt lakes ainl mtirshes. Lake Torrens, 120 miles 
 bug, is the largest. 
 
 ■11. In many parts the soil is very fertile; in others there 
 are extensive deserts. 
 
 The nortiiern jjart of Australia has a hot climate ; the 
 south is tenijierate. It is goneraliy healthy. Incmilarity 
 in tlio supply of rain is tlio principal defect. Years of 
 drought are followed by overwhelming floods of rain. 
 
 42. It) the southern ])art of Australia, many things arc just the 
 opposite of what they are with us. The sun is on the north, the cnlil 
 winils come from the south, and it is midsummer at Chrialmiis. 
 
 I'uritig the summer an intensely hot wiml, aecuiu|ianied with fine 
 dust, ooeaniunally blows from the interior. 
 
 XI. — 4'X Australia is abuni'antly B'.ipplicd with the must 
 iiniiortatit .lincrals -gold, coal, iron, cupper, lead, and /inc. 
 
 Since 1851, the colonies of Vietoria and New Siiutli Wales have been 
 nmotig tlio most famed gold-proiluoinx couniries in the world. I're- 
 vious to this date, farmers had been Itiriiiiiu up the gold-bearing 
 iiunrtu witi) their plouuhHharei, and building it into their garden-walls, 
 in entire iguuraneo of its value I 
 
 of Australia are peculiar to it and the neiglibouring islands. 
 The tree.! are mostly evergreens, but have not the verdure 
 of our evergreens. Gum trees, acacias, and lieatiis are the 
 most common. There are no native fruits, except small 
 berries and a kind of chestnut. 
 
 45. Tiie various grains, fruits, and vegetables cultivated in Ameriav 
 and Europe, have been successfully introduced. Cotton and the wine- 
 grape are important products. 
 
 XIII.— 46. The native animals are also remarkably dif- 
 ferent from those of other parts of the world. The greater 
 proportion of the mammals belong to the marsitjiutlid, or 
 pouched animals. The largest is the kangaroo, of which 
 there are many si)ecie8 ; the most remarkable ibr its odd 
 appearance is the ornithorhynchus, or water-mole. 
 
 47. There are no (juadruraana, jiacliydermata, or ruminantia. Tli • 
 dingo or Australian dog is very destructive to slieep. 
 
 The most remark.'ble birds are the lyro-bird, the emeu, and the 
 black swan. The emeu is sometimes six feet in height. 
 
 The cow, sheep, horse, and other domestic animals, have been in- 
 troduced by Europeans. 
 
 XIV. — 4S. Tlie iioptilation is 1,213,000. The greater 
 niinilier are European colonists and their descendants. 
 
 The native Australians, sometimes oallrd Papuan Negroes, are of 
 the very lowest type of the human race, both physically and intel- 
 lectually. They are of a sooty colour, wiar little eloihim.', live in 
 holes in the ground, and subsist oil roots ami tish. They are rapidly 
 decreasing, 
 
 • 
 
 XV, and XVI. — 41). Australia comiirises five J'ritish 
 
 colonies, situated on the east and south ti'u\i.'a ■.--Quet'iis- 
 fiiiuf, Xew South \V<ths, Virliit'id, Siiitth Aiistridin, and 
 \V<s( AiK^lra/lii. The north and centre are yet iincoloni/'d. 
 
 Co!u»tcs. 
 
 Wh.ii K.mb 
 ll.hiij. 
 
 Slilin>rpiniit.r'! 
 
 tu liiilo, 1,. 
 
 Mllk'h KIM, in 
 
 L-'tUlll. 
 
 ru|Mil,illuii In li'il. 
 
 i;iic'i'nHlnnd 
 
 ISMl 
 17NS 
 IV.l 
 
 l.S'.'l) 
 
 7."iO 
 
 Clio 
 •J! Ml 
 
 ni 1,000 
 
 !tli,'i,oiii| 
 f.4'.lil4 
 
 r.'ii.Miii 
 
 U..I.1I.') 
 
 N.'W South Wttlos 
 
 \ ii'toriii 
 
 Simlli .VuHtniUii 
 
 Wi'>t Auntnillil 
 
 no. Queensland is 'tuated in the nnrtli-east. The rear- 
 ing of sheep is the chief occupation. Tlie cullivaliou of 
 cotton has been suocessfidly iutroilncnl. 
 
 /Iiinhiiiir (50(11)1, near the mouth of lirisliam' llivi.'r, is the capital. 
 
 r,\. New South Wales, on the east coast, is the oldest 
 colony. The ISiue Mountains are remarkable for their deep 
 valli'jH, enclosed by precipitous clill's. Tin' rearing of slieep, 
 and gold and coal mining, are the leading pursuits. Grain, 
 
 XII.— 44. Tlie tjreat nnijoilty of native trees and plants | viiie.'t, tobacco, ntnl fruits are cultivated. 
 
 '21 T2 
 
 is^l^iiJ^TE? 
 
150 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 t':^-^,, .- 
 
 
 
 SYDNEY. 
 
 Siidiirii (100,000), on Port .Tnclison, is tlie miiital. It 1ms nn ex- 
 cellent Imiliour, and large expoits of goKl and wool. A( iccujtf/c ia 
 Hear important coal fields. 
 
 62. Victoria, in the soutli-cast, ia roinaikiible for it« 
 rapid advancement. Gold and copper niinint; and pastoral 
 Imsltandrv are tlie leading ]mranits. Tlie yield of tlic j^'oM 
 miues from 18.")! to 1H«1 waa $02:J,n(KMi()(). 
 
 Mclhoumc (100,000), on the YarraYarra, ciglit miles from Turt 
 riiiiip, i,s the ca|>ilal. Ocdoiiy (25,000) exports largo (inantlties of wool. 
 
 r,'X South Australia has extensive sandy barrens and 
 salt inarslies. JVIneli of tlie soil in fertile, yielding wheat, 
 grapes, and (tther prodiu'ts. Tlio riiirrii-ISnrra eopper mines 
 lire exceedinj^ly rich. Wool is huyely e.\ported. 
 
 AtklaUle (30,000), on tlio Torrens, seven miles from tlio se.i, is the 
 CApital. 
 
 54. West Australia has advanced slowly. Tt eontains 
 lead and copi)er mines. The products are similar to those 
 of the other colonies. 
 
 Pii'th ('JOiun, on the Swan Uiver, ix the eapilal, Fncnmuth- U a 
 Ci'nviet Rlulion, 
 
 XVII. and Will.— fifi. The eiiief pnrsuils are n<'ld- 
 miniiiK, pastoral iiusbandry, and aurienlture. Tlio prineipal 
 exports are >{old, copper, and wool ; the imports are ^'rain, 
 Hour, and maimfaetiued pinds. Total value of exports, 
 $lji5,0(.K>,U0i). 
 
 5f). The colonies have representative assemblies, 
 governors are appointed by the British Crown. 
 
 The 
 
 TASMANIA OR VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. 
 
 ■'»7. Tasmania was discovered in l(M-2 by Tasman, a Dnteli 
 navijjator. Tlie next visitor was Captain Cook, in 17()!). 
 The first British colony was a convict settlement, established 
 in 1803. For several years no convicts huvo been sent to 
 tlie island. 
 
 .W, Tasmania is a Iioiirl-sliiipcil island on the snnthenstof Australia, 
 frnm which it is separated by IJass Strait, IDO miles wide. It lias 
 many j;ood liarlioiirH. 
 
 f)l». Tlio arcft is alio\it tlio same as that of New nninswick. Tlio 
 surface is much diversified with iiinuiit.iin-pcaks, taldc lands, plains, 
 and valleys. Mount Humboldt, in the south wegt (6000 fuel), is the 
 hiflhest point. 
 
 (U). Tlie soil is fertile. The cliToalc is liuniid, teiiiprnilo, and 
 healthful, Imn, copper, coal, an<l salt are the mineral pinducts. 
 The native plants nro like those of Australia, but are more luxuriant. 
 Tlic aiiinwils iilso are similar to those of Australia. 
 
 (U. The populfttlou is about 90,000. Tho original inhabitants are 
 now all but extinct, 
 
 liilmrt Town CJ'J.OOO), the capital, lias ft fino linrbour on tho estuary 
 of t ho Derweiit, 
 
 (!'2. The reariiiK of sheep, auricuUure, and wlmliiiK, are the chief 
 pursuits, 
 
 Tasmania is a llritish odony, with ft government iimiliir to tuote of 
 
 tho Auslraliaii eoloiiivs. 
 
■ ;s.j«iaos5k.-»s*u^;'*i,*V»5i#»toia3BlS8Mli 
 
 •;r,.ic„-^vV.;j.p 
 
 ivc ttsseiublioB. The 
 h Crown. 
 
 MEN'S LAND. 
 |l-2 liy Tivfliniiii. a Diitcli 
 iptiiin Cook, in 1769. 
 -ttlciiKMit, cstalilislied 
 licts luivo been Beat to 
 
 jtlip soulh-cftstof AuKtralin, 
 I, U(0 miles wide. It l>n« 
 
 ,1 New Rninftwick. Tlio 
 LioiikH, taliU'liiiiilH, jilni"". 
 liUiwCBt (5500 foot), iHthe 
 
 [s huiiiiil, tomi'tnitc, mu\ 
 I»ro Uio iiiiiK'ial ii'"'!'"''"' 
 fit, Imt nro luoru luxurianl. 
 
 Mtruliii. 
 
 |,u oiiginal ;nh!\»>ilaiils are 
 
 lrn\o liailii'iir on tlio eBluarv 
 L.l vvhiiliiiK, "10 the oliiel 
 Ivniuieiit iimilar to tnoic o( 
 
 AT'STRALASIA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 C3. New Zealiiiul was discovered in 1G42 by the Dutch 
 navigator Tasmau. Caiiiaiu Cook sniU'd around it in ITfiO, 
 and formally proclaimed it as British territory. It was 
 erected into a British colony in 1S40. 
 
 (54. New Zealand comprises the three islands— iV(»'//iic;vi 
 hhind or Stw Uldev, Middle Island or Sew Muustei; 
 and Stewart Island or New Leinster, besides several small 
 islands. Northern and ]\Iidillo Islands are seiiarated by 
 Cook's Strait, 2r) miles in breadth at the narrowest part. 
 
 r>,'). Tlic crmii) is situated aliout 000 mili's cast of Tasmania, and is 
 iie.iily iiiidwa}' lietween tlie Cape of (iond Hope and Cape Ilurn. 
 
 N. iat. 34" 15-47° 30'; K. U<nt:. 160° 30'-17S" 3U'. 
 
 Tiie area is five .and a lialf times greater tlian tliat of Nova Scotia, 
 and is cliiefly comprised in Northern and Miildle Islanils, 
 
 (iO. A Hnow-covered mountain oiiain extendsalonp tlie west side of the 
 two northern islands. Tliere are several volcanic peaks a' d hoi hilu's. 
 
 Mount Eij ioiit (S270 feel) is an extinct volcano. Mount (.'(/■■Ic 
 (13.200 feet), in Middle Island, is the lii,:;hest point. 
 
 67. There are several rivers. The soil is fertile. The climate is 
 humid, free from extremes of heat and cold, and is very saluhriMiis. 
 Snuw is rare except in the south. 
 
 Tlie minerals are vaiicd and valualilo, cmhracini; coal, iron, gidd, 
 silver, copper, and sulphur. There are extensive forests of Australian 
 pines ami tree ferns. Many of the plants are peculiar to the country. 
 
 '•«*WWii.„ 
 
 new /.KALANU FLAX. 
 
 Tl.c New Zealand flax, whicli has a lai,je tilirous li af, is one of the 
 most valuahh'. 
 
 .Ml the (jrahiH, fruits, and veeetnhlos of the Tempcrato Zones are 
 successfully cnllivated. Kxcelhnt (asturafie is al>undanl. 
 
 Now Ziahind, when discovered hy Kuropeans, hud no native ((uad- 
 lupeds except a Kind of dov;. 
 
 fiS, Tlie British (Milonist*? tmiiibcr iilioiit Wo.chio ; the 
 natives, .'itV'Oit, 
 
 The aliorkdnes arerf Iho Atahiy typo, and are called Manries. They 
 are of a oojiprr comph'xion, well proportioned, have M.ick cnilini.' hair, 
 uiul arc much supoiior to the Anistralians. They have often enyaiieil 
 in sanguinary wars ntjainsl the colonist". These people, who are now 
 decrcasiutf in nuinher, were formerly llerce caniiihal-<. drinkim: the 
 lihiod and fea»tin;{ on the lio>lieH of their captive enemies. Many of 
 them iiuvu bucomu Ciiiiittittus. 
 
 Gil. The colony is divided into nine provinces. 
 
 Avdhind (11,000), on North Island, is the c;ipilal. Daiudin 
 (10,0001 is on Middle Island. 
 
 The exports are t;old, wool, grain, and timber; manufactured goods 
 are imported. 
 
 The government is like that of Australia. The revenue is $5,0(iO,000. 
 
 70. Chatham, A vtipodes, A wkland, Campbell, and MiK/iiarie islands, 
 on the east and so\itli of New Zealand, are important stations for those 
 en^'aged in the whale fisheries of the Southern Seas. 
 
 Antipodes is so calleil from its being nearly opposite London. It is 
 in S. Iat. 49° 4ll', and W. Ion. 177" 'M\ 
 
 71. Xovfotk Uhiiid, to the north of New Zealand, was formerly 
 used by the Itrilisli liovernment as the place of exile for criminals of 
 the worst class. It has lately been given to the I'itciirn islanders, 
 who number about two hundred and sixty. The island contains 13 
 square miles, and is remarkable fur its gifzantic Norfolk pines. 
 
 PAPUA OR NEW GUINEA. 
 
 72. r;ipii;i is said to si;:iiify cri.</>'/ii(ir<'d, a cliaractcristic 
 of the natives. The i.shiiid is wholly in ti:e Torrid Zone, 
 and i.s scpMriited from Australia liy Tnires Strait. In slia|i(' 
 it somewhat resemliles a reptile. 
 
 It ranks next to llorneo in size, and is tiiirtecn times 
 lari^er than Xova S(;otia, or eipials a s(jiiar(! of 4;i(> miles. 
 
 73. The highest moinitains of Papua are sup). used to rise to the 
 lieiLdit of 13,(1110 (nt, but the interior is not well known. The rljniate 
 is hot, humiil, and unhealthy. 
 
 There are large forests, contaiin'iig sagopalni and camphor trees. Nut- 
 megs, spices, yams, cocoa-nuts, rice, and maize are among the pr iducts, 
 
 I'lipua is tlic native region of the bird of I'ar.idise. Thero are no 
 large (juadrupeds. 
 
 74. The western part of the island is claimed by the Piitdi. There 
 are no K.iropean colonists. The natives, together with those of tlichano" 
 race inhabiting the groups on the ea>t, are supposed to number over 
 500,000. They are called I'apiian Negroes, and are desciilied as very 
 ill-looking. Their hair is not woolly like thet of the African, but 
 grows in tufts, and can be stretched out to a great length. They 
 tattoo their Imdies, and insert piei'cs of boui.' in tli(! iiose. 
 
 75. The Louisiade Archipelago, and otiier groups on the east ami 
 south-east, are little known. 
 
 New Caledonia, together with the adjolnin.' I-le of I'itic s, belongs 
 to France. It is one-third the size of Nova Si'otia. The island is very 
 fertile, and is rich in coal. Population, (JU,(Mi(t. 
 
 70. The New Hebrides consist •>( a long chain of vnlcinie islands, 
 tho principal of whii'ii are .1 »;'/(•(/, , Annatuni, Krrtimaiii/ii, I'tinna, 
 A iiftira, and i\i>r. 
 
 ddoiiferous saiidalwooi' is largely exp rted to t'hin.'i, where it is 
 loirned as incense in idol teMipk"<. 
 
 The inhaliitants on some of the i>1ands are very fiene. The niis- 
 sionarius Williams and (Jordon were murilered on Krronningo, 
 .Mis-'ioiiaries from Nora Scr>tia ' hlill labouring un some of the 
 islands, population, o(Mi.ooo. 
 
 77. The Fec^oe gioiip are the nmst ensterly islands iidiabileil by 
 Papuan Negroes. There are about sixty inhabitod inlands, only two 
 of whi'h are of conHiilcralle sine. The total area is eipnil to (hat of 
 Nova Stcotia, The islands are very fertile, yielding eotlon, cocoa-nuts, 
 yams arrow-ionl, and other tropical produoe. Some of tin' natives 
 have leen convelted to ChrlHtianlty by Wethyan missionaries, ollieis 
 are savage cannibals. They loiniber alioul 150,00|j, 
 
Ifi2 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 78. Polynesia signifies mtnui iMund^. It embmces the 
 iiiimi'i'oiis yroiiiis of tlio I'ticific oast of Malaysia and Aiia- 
 trala.sia. The cstiinatetl area is aitout four times tliat of 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 70. Many of tlie islamls are very beautiful. Some are 
 low and of coralline formation, others are volcanic and 
 elevated. Many are Biirroundcd by coral reefs, enelosini,' a 
 sjmce of still water with navi,i;al)Ie jiassages to the i)|)en sea. 
 Some of tli(^ coral i.slands are in the form of a lin.;, having 
 a la<,'oon or lake in the nuddle. 
 
 80. ]\Iost of the islands are very fertile. Tiiey have a 
 moist, tro|iical, and liealthy climate. The heat is greatly 
 modified by sea breezes. 
 
 The vegetation is luxuriant, without great diversity. Tiic 
 bread-fruit tree and cocoa-nut palm are tin- most valua ":,■ 
 tree.s. Tiie other products include yams, sugar-cane, and 
 arrow-root. 
 
 81. The cocoa-nut ])alm snpiilies nearly all the wants of 
 the native. lie lies beiiei/iii its shade, or builds his house 
 of its tindier ; he makes ch)tiiing of its leaves, finds food 
 and drink in its fruit, and ready-made goblets iu its shells. 
 
 There are no large native ijuadruiieds. Tiie sea yields 
 abundance of Ksh, and sca-bjrds are numerous. 
 
 82. The lut:il |i(i|iiil;iii,iii is csiiiiiiitiMl ;it 7'>0,eii(i. Tli" inliiililtntits 
 nre .nciuTiilly Miiliij.s of ii iltirk \innMi fiildiir. Wlion lirst visilijii )iy 
 Kui'u|H':iiis, all Well' iH'atiiciia, \voi'slii|i|iiii:; idnls, ai.il lulioviii;,' in inaiiy 
 8Ui)ir>tilii)iiH, Tlio pricstH lia'i urciit po»fr, ami I'iniM tako any man's 
 |iro|it'rty by proiinuiiciiiK t'"^ wonl tdloo iivcr it. The i)r(.perty was 
 then consiilcri'il KaiMCil, and the oi i).'inal owner durst not keep it. (Jreal 
 cU'urts liavc been inailo t) convert tiiesu peo| lo to Chiistianity, and in 
 uiOHt inHtiinecH wiili marked HueeosH. 
 
 83. Polynesia is sometimes divided into jMicronesia, (.S'w^// 
 /.</(n((/.v), eiidaacing the islands on the north of the K(|ualor ; 
 and PoIym'.*'ia Proper, including those south of the Kipiator. 
 
 The principal gmups (Ui the iiorlii nf the I'.ipiator are tiie 
 Jliiiiiii, /.iidrniii' or .Unridiiit, (.Jiinflu''. I'ldir, .]f'(rs/i'i//, 
 and Sdiii/irir/i /.t/u i /g. 
 
 Those on th(> south of the Tlipiator are .Viiri'j'i/urs or 
 Sdinaii, Frii'iii//;/, < 'oo/Sf, A itnlfii/, Socii'lif. /.me .1 ir/iijiifnijo, 
 and ,]f<niji(rsii.i. 
 
 81, S'liiio of th(> eronpi ixi'o olauneil by Mnrepeaii iioweiD, otlier« 
 liiivu niitivu yiivvrninciitH, 
 
 85. Tlie Ladrones {Thieves) were so called by JIa;;ellan on account 
 of the pilfering habits of the natives. They belong to Spain. Popu- 
 lation, 10,000. 
 
 8(5. The Caroline Islands arc also claimed by Spain. They embrace 
 many widelyscatuivd euralline irniups. The inhabitants subsist 
 lar^'ely on tisb. The I'ckio j;roup is on the west, and the Marshall 
 on the east. 
 
 8". The Sandwich Islands, the most important group in Polynesia, 
 occupy a remote jiositioii in the noitli-east, 3000 miles from the coast 
 of -Mexico. They are volcanic and mountainous, embracing au area 
 equal to one-third of Nova Scotia. 
 
 88. There are eiujjt inhabited islands, iif wliich Ifaaaii or Owhylue, 
 ineluiiing two-tliirds of the whole area, is the most important. It has 
 volcanic peaks nearly 14,000 feet high. Hawaii is memorable as the 
 place where Captain Cook was killed by savages in 1770. 
 
 The ]irod'icts are wheat, cotton, coffee, su^ar, yams, and arrow-root. 
 
 Sl>. The inh.ibitants, who nnmbi'r about 70,()00, are, through tlio 
 inllmnco of American missionaries, iar advanced in civilization. 
 Theie arc many schools and churches. The kiiig embraced Chris- 
 tianity many years ago. 
 
 'jO. lluiiulalu (lO.UUO), on Oahu, is the capital. It is much visitcil 
 by traders between America and Asia, and also by whalers in the 
 North Pacilic. 
 
 The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. 
 
 tM. Navigators' Islands rcccivid Iheir name from the skill of the 
 natives in making and navigating canoes. They are about eipial to 
 Cape Breton in area. The inhabitants number about 35,000, many of 
 whiim have professed Christianity. 
 
 92. Tlie Friendly Islands were named by Captain Cook, wlio was will 
 received by the natives. They are sometimes called the Tomia Isle-', 
 from T<>!';i(il(tliiiii, the chief island. The iiopulati"n is about 18,000. 
 
 It:!. Cook's Islands are small and scattered. They are generally 
 voleani. and eicvatiil. R<tvi(t"iiiiii, one of the grou[i, was for niany 
 years ihe lield of tin.' missionary Williams. 
 
 Di. The Society Islands are also high ami volcanic. They belong 
 to France. Tahiti, the large.st, e<iual to one-fifih of Cape Itreton, is 
 veiy beautiful. It contains mountains 10,000 feet high. Total pe..u- 
 latinn, liiiou. 
 
 The .l/iOYyi/f.w.'i, a volcanic group, are also claimed by the French. 
 Population, l-J.iHiO. 
 
 i)[i. Low Archipelago consists of au immense number of low islands 
 and coial rc'l's. 
 
 Wi. Pitcairu Island is a small, elevati'd, and solitary island in the 
 southeast of Polynesia. It is noted for its oecu| 'ilion by the nuUi- 
 neers of the ship lUniiity, who came here iu 171'0. Having plaeeil 
 their captain in an open boat in the midstof the oi"'an,tlie crew sought 
 a refuge Irom ju-tice. Nine of them, aci'ompiniied by six Tahiiian 
 men and twelve women, came to Pitcairn's Island, where they re- 
 nuiineil unknown for many j ears. When \i.sited in 1825 the colony 
 eon>isted of si.xty-Hix persons, who were iiiglily mora! and industrious. 
 An old nntn, niuned Adams, was the selioolnuister. {Sec 71.) 
 
 KXERCI8E. Find tlio distance from London to 'nnton by each of 
 tho following: routes : 
 
 il.) Westerly, across tho Atlantic to Halifax, through British 
 America to Vancouver, and across the Pacific. 
 
 (3.) Easterly, through Franco, across the Meditorrauean, Suez 
 Caual, tho Red Sua, and the ludiau Occau. 
 
 4. 
 
»-A^Ai.yaiMaifc^it ai > MiiMii ^»ihWimfe«iait«;»te. 
 
 Magellan on account 
 ong to Spain. Popu- 
 
 I i 
 3j,ain. They embrace 
 iiiluiliilaiits subsist 
 est, aiul llie Marsludl 
 
 lit ^roup in Polynesia, I 
 lO miles from the coast 
 IS, embracing au area 
 
 ;li JfiiwaU or Ou-Io/Jkc, 
 ost important. It has 
 ii is nu'iuorable as the 
 s in ITT'J. 
 
 , yams, ami arrow-root. 
 
 i,oOO, are, throuL-h tliO 
 
 •anceil in civilization. 
 
 king embraced Chris- 
 
 tal. It is much visited 
 also by whalers in the 
 
 archy, 
 
 lie from the skill of the 
 Micy are aliout ciiual to 
 r about 35,U00, many of 
 
 itaiti Cook, who was will 
 i calh'il the Ton-a Isle^ 
 ilatii'ii is about IS.UOO. 
 ed. They are generally 
 
 le grouii, was fur many 
 
 I voloiuiic. They belong 
 • tiftli of Cape Ibelon, is 
 f feel higli. Total po..u- 
 
 claimed by the French. 
 
 <c number of low islands 
 
 d solitary island in the 
 
 occni 'vlion by the muti- 
 
 IT'.K). Having placed 
 
 he (K'oan.the crew sought 
 
 ipiuiied by six Tahiiian 
 
 l>l:ihd, where they re- 
 
 .itr.i in Ih'JJ the colony 
 
 moral and industrious. 
 
 a-ter. (.See 71.) 
 
 Ion to ' nntou by each of 
 
 allfax, through British 
 
 c. 
 
 10 Meditcrraucau, Suez 
 
 GLOSSxVRY OF GEOGRAnilCAL TKILAIS, 
 
 Cont met tun's. —G, Greek ; Ger. Uerman ; 1. Latin ; Fr. French. 
 
 Aborigines (L. ah, from ; oi-iijo, beginning), — Tlie first inhabitants of 
 
 a country. 
 Affluent (I. ajlHuo, to flow to),— A stream that flows into another; a 
 
 tributary. 
 Antarctic ((i. anli, opiKisite; arctic^,— Somhern. 
 Antipodes (<i. anti, opp isito ; jimlca, feel), — I'co|ile who live on 
 
 ojipnsite sides of the Kiirth, li.iviiig the feet clireetly opposite. 
 Archipelago (li. airhus, chief; /kIuijo.i, the sea), — A sea on the cast 
 
 of (xieece ; a sea containing many islands ; a group of islands. 
 Arctic ((i. ai-ktos, a bear, a constellation in the northern heavens),— 
 
 Northern. 
 Atmosphere (0. a'mn^. vapour; qihaira, a sphere),— The air whi.li 
 
 surrounds the I'^arth. 
 Atoll, — A circular coral island with a lagoon or lake in the centre, 
 
 giviiiLT it the form of a ring. 
 Aurora Borcalis \h. Northern Morn), — A streaming light originating 
 
 in the polar heavens ; Northern Lights. 
 Avalanche (Fr. avahr, to descend),— A sliii of snow from the side of 
 
 a mountain. 
 Axis, — An axle ; an imaginary straight line passing through the 
 
 centre of the Earth. 
 
 Barrier Reef,— A reef or rocky wall in tlio son, .separated from the 
 
 shore by a narrow channel or lagoon, as on llie east coast of 
 
 Australia. 
 Basin,— A territory drained by a river and its tributaries; so called 
 
 from its hollowed surface : a i-niall arm of the sea. 
 Bay, — An inh t of the sea. 
 Beach,— The land adjoining a sen or lake, washed by the tides uiid 
 
 waves. 
 Bluff,— A high bank overlooking a sea, lake, or river. 
 Bog,— Wet, spongy ground, eonUiinintj large quantities of vegotaMe 
 
 matter. 
 Bore,— The fiont of a tidal wave ascending a river. The b iro in s mie 
 
 rivers, as the lloogly, is a w:ill of water several feet in heiu'hl, 
 
 and rushes up w ith great ra|ddity. 
 
 Capo {L. riijiitt, the head),— A point of land running out into the son ; 
 
 a lieadland. 
 Cascade,— A small waterfall. 
 Cataract t<J. kidariiKKo, to throw down violoiitly,,— A great waterfall, 
 
 as Niagara Falls. 
 Cereal (L, Ctnn, tho goddess of husbandry), — Uriin, ns wheat, rye, 
 
 barley, and rice. 
 Channel,— The bed of a river; a passage of water connecting two 
 
 seas. 
 Climate ((), khmn, a slope),— The general condition of ihu weather, 
 
 especially in respeel to heal, moisture, aiul saluhiily. 
 Coait,— Tfie part of a c untry .vhicli lies near the sea. 
 Colony,— A seltlenant in a new diintry. 
 Commerce,— Trade ; buying and selling. 
 
 Continent,— A large b^vdy of land, as North America, 
 Crater ((i, kratci; a bowl),— The mouth of a volcano. 
 Creek,— A brook ; a small bay. 
 
 Current (L. rurro, to run), — A stream of water or air. 
 Cyclone (G, kuklun, a circb^),— A violent liiirricaiie, moving in a great 
 circle. Cyclones often occur in tlie Indian t»cean. 
 
 Delta {T/ir vamc of a hiti'r nf the (Jrnrk (d/ihn'icl hdvimj a Irkni'inhv 
 
 form), — An alluvial tract of land enclosed between the dillereiit 
 
 channels at the months of certain rivers, as the Delta of the 
 
 Nile. 
 Desert (L. ilcacni, to forsake),- A b-irron re.'ion. Deserts are usually 
 
 caused by scarcity of rain, or liy the presence of a large pro) or- 
 
 tion of salt in the soil. 
 Doab,— A name given to a toiiguc of 1.:. : , I the conllueiiee of livers 
 
 ill India. 
 Doldrums,- A i-ea term for the region of calms in tropicil seas. They 
 
 are much dreaded by nmriners. 
 Downs,— The name u'lveii to the rounded hills in ttic south of 'ing- 
 
 land. 
 Duiie,— Sand hills formed liy the wind. 
 
 Earthquake,— A shaking of tlie Ivuth's surface, vnryini.' in degree 
 from a slight tremor to the most violent a>;italion. Violent eailli- 
 ipiakes are attended by upheavals, depressions, and rents ..i liie 
 ground. They are most common in tropical eountii'^s. 
 
 Embouchure. Tin' mouth of a river. 
 
 Empire,— A country ruleil by an iiM|eror, as Fr.iiice ; a number of 
 I'ountrie^ nnileil under one suverei.'ii, as the ISiilish Fmpiie. 
 
 Emporium (<}, rw/ioc/o/;, a niarket-place\ — A coiiruercial town 
 
 Equator (L, (imid, to make ei|ual),— A '.reat circle passing round the 
 livrlh east and west, e(inidistaiit from the poles, nnil dividing the 
 Karth's surface into northern and southern hemispheres. 
 
 Estuary (L. ivtitiu, to boil),— The nioulh of a river, or the part affected 
 by the tid.', 
 
 Etcsiau ('i. (ti.iiii.i. annual),— A lerm ,'ip|ilied to winds whieh blow at 
 stati'd times of year, as the monsoons. 
 
 Exotic (<i, i.ralikdK. foreign), — A plant introdueed fiom abroad. 
 
 txports I li. r.r, init of ; yioc^o, to carry),- (io-ds sent out ot a e>>iiiitry. 
 
 Fata Morgana, -.\ mir.'ige observed at sni, by whieh invrited and 
 distorted iimues of cibjeets arc seen in the iiir. Il is sup- 
 jiosed to be caused by the contact of currents of air of unei|uul 
 delisily, 
 
 Fauna,' The animals of a uiven country or epoili. 
 
 I'irih, ■ An arm of the sea, as the Firth of Forth. 
 
 Flora iL. Jloii, a llower),— The plants of a given country. 
 
 Frigid [l. frifiiduB, coKU,— Cold. [Sic Zo-ik,) 
 
 Geyser, -An L'elandic word applied t' the boiling spriuif.? of Ice- 
 l.uid. 
 
Hi! 
 
 154 
 
 GLOSSAUY OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. 
 
 Glacier (L. ylacica, ice),— A large mass of ice and snow which moves 
 down tlie more elevnW valleys of snow-covered mouDtaiuj The 
 Alps are noted for glaciers. 
 
 Gulf,— Aa iulet of the sea, properly with curving shores. 
 
 Haxbonr, — A small iulet of the sea, cc itaining safe anchorage for 
 
 vessels. 
 Hemisphere {^i. hcmi, half; sphaira, a sphere), — Half a sphere or 
 
 bull. The rJartli is divided by the equator into the northern and 
 
 soi'.thern hemispheres. 
 Horizon,— The circle which bounds the view, where the eartli and sky 
 
 seen to meet, is called the sensible horizon. A great circle 
 
 parallel with this, dividing the Earth into the upper and lower 
 
 hemispheres, is called tne rational horizon. 
 
 Iceberg ((J. r. eii, ice ; bcrf>, a mountain), — A large mass of ice often 
 found 111 -'ting in polar seas. Icebergs rise from 50 to 200 feet above 
 the water, and about seven-eighths ot their bulk are submerged. 
 
 Imports (L. importn, to bring in), — Goods brought into a country Trom 
 abroad. 
 
 Island,— A portion of land surrounded by water, as Cape Breton. 
 Islands are sai^l to be continei'tal when they are near a continent, 
 and pelagic when iu mid ocean. 
 
 Isthmus ((i. isthhios, a neck),— A narrow strip of land connecting 
 countries almost separated by water, as the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 KiUTOO, — A term .apjilied to the terraecdike plains in South Africa, 
 which are alternately barren wastes and clothed with luxuriant 
 vegetation, according to the season. 
 
 lagoon,— A shallow portion of salt water separated from the sea by 
 a beach or reef. Lagoons within coral reefs are common among 
 the islands of the Pacific. 
 
 Land-locked, — A term aiiplied to a sea having a narrow entrance. 
 
 Latitude (L. laliludo, breadth), — Distance from the equator, measured 
 in degrees on a meridian. It is either north or south, and cannot 
 exceed OU". The ancients supposed the Earth's measurement was 
 much greater from east to west than from north to south. 
 
 Llanos,— A term applied to the level treeless plains in the basin of 
 the Orinocii in South America. 
 
 Longitude (L. luni/itiidn, length),— Distance cast or west from the first 
 meridian, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The highest 
 longitude is 180'. 
 
 Meridian (L. mcriilirs, noon), — A noon line; an imaginary line pass- 
 ing from jiole to ]iole, ami cutting the equator at right angles. 
 
 Mirage, — An illusive ap]iearanro, reFembiing a shi'ct of water with trees 
 and other objects, seen in deserts and level tracts of country, and 
 supi)osed to be causei' by the unequal densities of ditVorent strata 
 of air. 
 
 Monarchy (G. nwnn^, one; airhnu, ruler), — A government in which 
 the supremo power is lodged in one person. 
 
 Monsoon (Arabic, iiroiimiiv, season), — A periodi-al wind of Inilia, 
 blowing half the year from the northeast and the other half from 
 the south-west. 
 
 Monntaiu,— AnygrcatoloTationof the Earth's surfaoeabove the general 
 level. 
 
 Oiwls,— A fertile spot in the midst of n desert. 
 
 Ocoan,-Tlie vjisl body of wilt water w hieh surroumla the Karth. The 
 
 term is also used in a more liiiiiii'd sense, as the Atlantic Ocean. 
 Oceania, or Oeeanica, — A term a[iplied to the Islamls of the Pacific 
 
 l»eean, likken collectively. 
 
 Pampas, — Tlie treeless plains between the Kio de La PlaU and the 
 Andes, in South America. They are covered with tall grass and 
 gigantic thistles. Vast herds of wild cattle and horses roam over 
 the pampas. 
 
 Peninsula (L. pene, almost; insula, an island), —A portion of land 
 nearly surrounded by water, as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Plain, — A level open country. 
 
 Plateau, -An elevated plain ; a table-land. 
 
 Pole (G. pol-os, a jjivot),— The extremities of the Earth's axis are called 
 the poles- </«; iiurtk pole and tkc sonUi pnh. 
 
 Prairie, — A term applied to tjie grass-covered plains in the basin of 
 the Missis3i{)pi. 
 
 Promontory,— A high cape ; a headland. 
 
 Province, — A colony; a dependency; originally a country obtained by 
 
 conquest. 
 
 Reef, — A rocky ridge near the surface of the water. 
 
 Republic,— A state or country in which tho highest officers of the 
 
 government are elected for a limited term by the people. 
 River, — A large stream of water flowing over the land. 
 
 Savanna (Spanish, mbf la, a sheet),— A vast plain, destitute of trees, 
 
 and covered with gr.ass. 
 Sea,— A large body of salt water. 
 Selvas (L. silva, a fflrcst),~The name given to the forest plains in the 
 
 basin of the Amazon. 
 Shore, — The land bordering on the sea. 
 Simoom, — A hot, sutl'oeating wind, which blows over the deserts of 
 
 Arabia. 
 Sirocco,— A hot wind blowing from Africa to the southern shores of 
 
 Europe. 
 Sound, — A narrow and Bhallow passage of water. 
 Steppes, — A name given to the plains of Northern Asia. 
 Strait,— A narrow passage of water. 
 
 Tornado, — A violent wind, usually of short duration, and confined to 
 niurow limits. 
 
 Torrid (L. io tiilus, parched),— Very lint. (Sec Zonf.) 
 
 Tropic (G. tro}iik(>s, jiertaining to a turning point), — A term aiiplied 
 to two circles, one 23^ 28' north of the e(iuator, called the Trcqiic 
 of Cancer, and the other 23" 28' south, called tho Trojiic of Capri- 
 corn. They niark the limits of the sun's declination north and 
 south. The sun is never vertical beyond the tropics. 
 
 Typhoon, — A term apiilii.d to tho hurricanes occurring in the south- 
 cast of Abia and the adjacent is'iaid.-j. 
 
 Valley, — A hollow between hills or mountains. 
 
 Volcano (L. VutcinniK, the god of fire),— A burning mountain. Vol- 
 canoes are seldcim found very reiuotc from the sea. 
 
 Water-shed,- A ridge of land from which streams How in opposite 
 
 directions. 
 Whirlpool,— .\ circular motion of water caused by the meeting of o]ipo. 
 
 site currents. Tho Maelstrom is a celebrateil whirlpool ou tho 
 
 const of Norw ay, 
 Wliirlwiud,— A rotatory wind. Whirlwinds at sea produce watw- 
 
 nitdfitii ; when they blow over sandy deserts they raiae vast bodiu.i 
 
 of sand called fttml jiilldra. 
 
 Zone(tJ. :niir, a belt),— A iipii, extending around the E.irth. The 
 tropics and the polar circles divide the Earth's surface into five 
 zcincs— ^/«' lifi'i'id, iiorlh t(inpcriUc,Boulh tempti'ate, north frigid, 
 arnilh friijid. 
 
de La PlaU aud the 
 d with tall grass and 
 and horses roam over 
 
 , —A portion of land 
 
 Earth's axis are called 
 ijlftins in the basin of 
 
 a country obtained by 
 
 ater. 
 
 hifrhest officers of the 
 by the people, 
 lie Lmd. 
 
 )lain, destitute of trees, 
 
 the forest plains in the 
 
 iws over the deserts of 
 
 the southern shores of 
 
 !r. 
 
 lem Asia. 
 
 iration, aud confined to 
 
 Zonk) 
 
 )oint),— A term npi^lied 
 
 imtor, called ilie Tropic 
 d tlio Tropic of Capii- 
 ilecliiiation north aud 
 
 ;he tropics. 
 
 uccuiring in the south- 
 
 ruing mountain. Vol- 
 tlie sea. 
 
 roiinis llow in opposite 
 
 liy lliemfiotinn of nppo- 
 ateil whirlpool on the 
 
 at sea priiduco vatvr- 
 llioy raise vast bodiu.i 
 
 nunit tlio Karth. The 
 iUlli'H surfiico into live 
 •iiii>evcitf, novlh ffi'jiii, 
 
 t 
 
 -~~~ — • — — \- 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRxVnilCAL 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 
 KFY TO THE REPEESENTAIION OP SOUNDS. 
 
 
 
 a, as in pate. e, or ee, as in meet. 
 
 i, as in pine. 
 
 00, as In mi 
 
 on. 
 
 
 a as in pixt. 
 
 g, as In met. 
 
 I, as In pin. 
 
 OW ;uid OU 
 
 as 01'' In coti: 
 
 
 ah, as a in bar. 
 
 6, as in bone. 
 
 u, as in mute. 
 
 ai, as in ai 
 
 
 
 aw, as a in ball. 
 
 0, as ini^ot. 
 
 11, as In nut. 
 
 g, as in go ; 
 
 j as (J In ijin. 
 
 Aachen, 
 
 ... Ah'-ken. 
 
 Aleutian (Is.), ... A-lu'-she-an. 
 
 Anticosti, ... . 
 
 .. An-te-k5s'-te. 
 
 Aalborg, ... 
 
 ... All'-borg. 
 
 Alexandria, Al-t'x-au'-ilrO-a. 
 
 Antigua, ... 
 
 .. An-tO'-gah. 
 
 1 Aarhuos, ... 
 
 ... Awr'-hoos. 
 
 Algeria, Al-jeC'-re-a. 
 
 Autillcs, ... 
 
 An-teOlz'. 
 
 ' Abaco, 
 
 ... Ab'-a-ko. 
 
 Algiers Al-jOOrz'. 
 
 Autiparos, ... 
 
 .. An-tip'-.vn'a. 
 
 Abbeokntab, 
 
 ... Ab-be-o-koo'-tah. 
 
 Algoa, Al-go'-a. 
 
 Antisaua, ... 
 
 .. An-te-sah'-nah. 
 
 Aberdeen, ... 
 
 ... Ab-er-deen'. 
 
 Aliaska, Ahl-y.ns'-k.ih. 
 
 Antrim, 
 
 An'-tiira. 
 
 Abomey, 
 
 ... Ab-o-ma'. 
 
 Al-jezirah Al-je-ztc'-iah. 
 
 Antwerp, ... 
 
 Ant'-wurp. 
 
 Aboukir, 
 
 ... Ab-oo-keer'. 
 
 Allahabad, Ahl-lah-iiah-bahd'. 
 
 Apalachee, ... 
 
 .. Ap-a-lah'-che. 
 
 Abyssinia, •■ 
 
 ... 'S.b-is-slu'-e-a. 
 
 Alleghany, Al'-le-gha-ue. 
 
 Apennines, 
 
 .. Ap'-pen-iiiiK's. 
 
 Acadie 
 
 ... Ak'-a-de. 
 
 Alloa Al'-lo-a. 
 
 Appalachian, 
 
 Ap-pa-liV-chc-aii. 
 
 Acapolco, ... 
 
 ... Ak-a-pool'-ko. 
 
 Alps, Alps. 
 
 Apure 
 
 .. A-poor'-a. 
 
 Acarpi, 
 
 ... Ah-kah-rah'-e. 
 
 Altai, Al-ti'. 
 
 Arabia, 
 
 .. Ar-a'-lie-a. 
 
 Achil 
 
 ... Ak'-il. 
 
 Altamaha, Al-t.vma-haw'. 
 
 Aracan, 
 
 .. Ar-a-kaii'. 
 
 Aconcagua,... 
 
 ... Ak-on-kah'-gwali. 
 
 Altorf, Al'-torf. 
 
 Arafura, ... 
 
 .. Ar-a-foo'-r:i. 
 
 Adflmawa, ... 
 
 ... Ad-.i-niah'-wa. 
 
 Amager, Ah'-raah-ger. 
 
 Aragou, 
 
 .. Ai-'-a-^on. 
 
 Adelaide, ... 
 
 ... Ad'-e-lade. 
 
 Amazon, Am'-a-zi'iii. 
 
 Aral 
 
 .. Ar'-al. 
 
 Aden 
 
 ... Ah'-den (A'-dou). 
 
 Ambrira, Am-brcoin'. 
 
 Ararat, 
 
 . Ar'-.a-rat. 
 
 ' Adige, 
 
 Adirondack, 
 
 ... Ad'-e-je. 
 
 America, A-mer'-e-ka. 
 
 Arauca, 
 
 .. Ah-raw'-kah. 
 
 ... Ad-i-roti'dak. 
 
 Amhara, Am-hali'-mh. 
 
 Araxes, 
 
 .. Ar-a.x'-es. 
 
 Adonr, 
 
 ... Ah-door'. 
 
 Amiens, Am'-e-Ciiz (Ah-me-nng'). 
 
 Arbela, 
 
 .. Ahr-bO'-lah. 
 
 Adowa, 
 
 ... Ah'-do-wah. 
 
 Amlrante, A-rae-raut'. 
 
 Arbroath, ... 
 
 .. Ar-brothf' (Ai'-), 
 
 { Adriauople, . 
 
 ... A-dre-.".n-o'-pl. 
 
 Amoo, Ah-moo'. 
 
 Archangel,... 
 
 ... Ark-an'-jol. 
 
 i Adriatic, 
 
 ... A-dre-at'-ik. 
 
 Amoor Ah-nmoi-'. 
 
 Archipelago, 
 
 .. Ar-ke-pcl'-a-go. 
 
 j iEgeau, 
 
 ... E-ju'au. 
 
 Amoy A-moi'. 
 
 Arcot, 
 
 ... Ar-kot' (Ar'-kut). 
 
 £tua, 
 
 ... Kt'-nah. 
 
 Araritsir Am-rit'-si"-. 
 
 Arctic, 
 
 .. Ark'-tik. 
 
 Afghanistan, 
 
 ... Af gnn-is-tan'. 
 
 Amsterdam, ... Am'-ster-ilam. 
 
 Ardnaraurchan 
 
 Aril-na-mftr'-kiiii. 
 
 Africa, 
 
 ... Af-rc-ka. 
 
 Anadir, An-.vdour'. 
 
 Arequipa, ... 
 
 .. Ar-c-kOG'-piili. 
 
 Agra, 
 
 ... Ali'-grah {A'-gra}. 
 
 Anam, A-nam' (A'-naiu). 
 
 Argcnteuil,... 
 
 ... Ar-zhan-tuol'. 
 
 Agua 
 
 ... Ali'-gwah. 
 
 Anatolia An-a-to lu-a. 
 
 Argos 
 
 ... Ahr'.gos. 
 
 j Agulhas, 
 
 ... Ah-gool'-yas. 
 
 Ancona, An-Uo-nali. 
 
 Argyle, ... 
 
 .. Ar-gyie'. 
 
 1 Ahmedabad, 
 
 ... Ah-ined-ali-bahd'. 
 
 Andaman An-da-mau'. 
 
 Arica, ... 
 
 A-rOOk'-a!i. 
 
 Aidin, 
 
 ... i-deen'. 
 
 Andes, An'-JoOz. 
 
 Arichat, 
 
 ... Ar'-e-ahat. 
 
 Ainslie, 
 
 ... Ans'-le. 
 
 Aucgada A-nc-g.ah'-dah. 
 
 Arizona, 
 
 ... Ar-o-ziV.iiaii. 
 
 Airdrie, 
 
 ... Air'-drec. 
 
 Angara, An-gah-rah'. 
 
 Arkansas, ... 
 
 ... Ar-kiiii'-sa.«. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, AUs-Iah-shn-pd'. 
 
 Anglesey, Ang'-gl-se, 
 
 Arklow, 
 
 ... Ark'-I"). 
 
 Ajaccio, 
 
 ... A-yat'-ehi'). 
 
 Angola, An-g«V.lali. 
 
 Armagh, ... 
 
 Alir-mah'. 
 
 Aj.in 
 
 ... A-jan'. 
 
 Angora, An-gn-iali. 
 
 Armenia, ... 
 
 ... Ar-niOO'-n'.-a. 
 
 Akabah, ... 
 
 ... Ak'-a-lmh. 
 
 Angra, An'-«rah. 
 
 Arran, 
 
 ... A r'- rail, 
 
 Akyab 
 
 ... Ak-yahli'. 
 
 AngulUa An-gwir-lnli. 
 
 Arru, 
 
 ... Ar-ri)u'. 
 
 Alabama, ... 
 
 ... Alah-bah' liia. 
 
 Anhalt Ahn'-liali. 
 
 Asconsion, ... 
 
 ... As-scu'-shiin. 
 
 Aland, 
 
 ... Ah'-iauil. 
 
 Ankobar An-kO'-har. 
 
 Ashantee, ... 
 
 ... Ash-aii-tOO. 
 
 Albany, 
 
 ... Air-l)a-nc. 
 
 Aunabona, An-na-bO'-n.v. 
 
 Asia, 
 
 ... A'-she-n. 
 
 Albe-uarle, .. 
 
 ... AMie-iTi;\ri. 
 
 Annan, An'-nnn. 
 
 Assam 
 
 ... As-Hftm'. 
 
 Albyu 
 
 ... Ai'-l.iu. 
 
 Annapolis An-uap'-n-Ii.^. 
 
 AsBinlboine, 
 
 ... Aa-sin'-e-bo 11. 
 
 Alderucy, .. 
 
 ... AU'-der-ny. 
 
 Au-.atom An-iia-li'im'. 
 
 Assyria, 
 
 ... Ac-slr'-c-a. 
 
 Alessandria, 
 
 .. A>les>Bahu'<drt.'-a. 
 
 Annobon, An-uo-bOu'. 
 
 Astrakhan, ... 
 
 ... As-tra-kan'. 
 
1('G 
 
 PROXOrXCIXG VOCABULARY OF GKOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Asturias, 
 
 Atbara, 
 
 Athabasca, 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Athlone, 
 
 Athy, 
 
 Atlantic, 
 
 Aucklaud, 
 
 Augsburg 
 
 Aumngabad, ... 
 
 Austerlitz, 
 
 Australasia, 
 
 Australia, 
 
 Austria 
 
 Auvergne, 
 
 Ava, 
 
 Avalon, 
 
 Avignon, 
 
 Avon 
 
 Av^e 
 
 Axnm, 
 
 Aylesbury, 
 
 Aylmer 
 
 Ayr 
 
 Azof, , 
 
 Azores, 
 
 Baalbec, 
 
 Baba 
 
 Bab-el-Mandeb, 
 
 Baden, 
 
 Bagdad, 
 
 Bahamas, 
 
 Bahia, 
 
 Bahr el Azrek, .. 
 
 Baikal, 
 
 Baku, 
 
 Balearic, 
 
 Balize, 
 
 Balkan 
 
 Balkash, 
 
 Balliua, 
 
 Balliuasloc, 
 
 Ballymena, 
 
 Ballyshanuon, .. 
 
 Balmoral, 
 
 Bamberg, ... ■ 
 
 Bamian, 
 
 Banda Oriental, 
 
 Banff, 
 
 Bankok, 
 
 Banuockburn, .. 
 
 Barbadocs 
 
 Barbuda, 
 
 Barca, 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 Barmen, 
 
 Baroda 
 
 Bnrrn 
 
 I Basel, 
 
 (Baile 
 
 Bassorah 
 
 BaRtia, 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Bntiiican 
 
 As-too'-re-as. 
 
 At-br\h'-rah. 
 
 Atli-ii-bas'-ka. 
 
 Ath'-ens. 
 
 Ath-lone'. 
 
 A-thr (Atli'-e). 
 
 At-lan'-tik. 
 
 Awk'-land. 
 
 Awgs'-boorg (Owgs'-). 
 
 Aw-runR-a-bal'. 
 
 Aws'-ter-litz (Ows'-). 
 
 A\vs-tral-ri'-s!ie-a. 
 
 A\vs-tnV-lG-a. 
 
 A\vs'-tre-a. 
 
 O-vairn'. 
 
 A'-va (Ah'-vali). 
 
 Av'-a-lon. 
 
 AlL-vGGii-yong'. 
 
 A'-von. 
 
 Aw. 
 
 Alik-soom'. 
 
 Ales'-ber-e. 
 
 Ale'-mur. 
 
 Air. 
 
 Az'-of. 
 
 A-zores'. 
 
 Bahl'-bek (-bck'). 
 
 Bah'-baii (-bah'). 
 
 l!;ili-bel-nialin'-tleb, 
 
 Lali'-don (liiV)- 
 
 Bag'-dad (-dad'). 
 
 Ha-lia'-iiiaz. 
 
 Bab-O'-ah. 
 
 ]?alir-el-;iz'-rSk. 
 
 Bl'.k.ll. 
 
 l!ab-koo'. 
 
 Bilic-ai-'-Ik. 
 
 BiV-leGz'. 
 
 ISalil-khan'. 
 
 Balil-kash'. 
 
 Hfll-lo-nah'. 
 
 ]iiM-lIii-a-sI(V. 
 
 lIill-le-niG'-na. 
 
 lifil-le-Kliaii'-iioii. 
 
 Bal-niiV-riil. 
 
 liftiii'-burg. 
 
 liah-nic-!iliii'. 
 
 Balin'-dah-Gre-C'U-tal'. 
 
 Bamir. 
 
 IWn-kr.k'. 
 
 liilii'-n'ik-bnni. 
 
 Har-biV-dAz. 
 
 ]{,'»r-li(io'-ilali. 
 
 r.ar'-kali. 
 
 liar-ffi-lo'-nali. 
 
 IVu'-nioii. 
 
 Ilar-n-da. 
 
 JSar'-rali. 
 
 Ilal/.zl. 
 
 lialil. 
 
 ISiiliH'-sn.rali. 
 
 IJas-tGu'-ali. 
 
 Ita-tll'-ve-a. 
 
 Balit-is-kahh'. 
 
 Baton-Rouge, .. 
 
 Bavari?, 
 
 Bayomie, 
 
 Beauce, 
 
 Beaufort, 
 
 Beauharnois, .. 
 
 Beaumaris, 
 
 iJecancour, 
 
 Bechuauas, 
 
 Begharmi, 
 
 Behring, 
 
 Bel-ed-el-Jerid,.. 
 
 Belfast, 
 
 Belgium, ... ., 
 
 Belgrade, 
 
 Bellechasse, 
 Belle Isle, .•■ . 
 
 Belleville, 
 
 Beloochistan, . 
 
 Belper, 
 
 Benares, ... . 
 
 Ben Attow, 
 
 Benbecula, ... . 
 
 Ben-coolen, 
 
 Bengal, 
 
 Benguela, 
 
 Benicia, ... . 
 
 Benin 
 
 Ben Lomond, . 
 Ben Macdhui, . 
 Ben Nevis,... . 
 
 Ben Wyvis 
 
 Berbice, .. . 
 
 Bergamo 
 
 Bergen, ... . 
 Berkshire, ... ■ 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Bermudas, ... . 
 
 Berne 
 
 Berthier, ... . 
 Berwick, ... . 
 
 Besan^on 
 
 Bethany, ... . 
 Bethlehem,... . 
 Bey rout, ... . 
 
 Bhotan 
 
 Biofra, 
 
 Biequo, 
 
 Bilbao, 
 
 Bilston, ... . 
 Birmingham, . 
 Biscay, ... . 
 Blairgowrie, 
 Blanc (Mont , . 
 
 Blanco 
 
 Blasqnct, ... . 
 Bodrun, ... . 
 Bogota, ... . 
 Bolimerwald, . 
 
 Boisce 
 
 Bois le Due, 
 Bokhara, ... ■ 
 
 Bolan, 
 
 Boli, 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Ijah-tii-roozh'. 
 
 Ra-vu'-re-a. 
 
 15ah-yon'. 
 
 lioce. 
 
 . Bu'-fort. 
 
 Bn-har-nwil'. 
 
 i;r>ma'-ri£. 
 
 Bfi-kOng-koor'. 
 
 Hct-choo-ah'-iiaz. 
 
 Be-gar'-mu. 
 
 . Beer'-ing. 
 
 . Btl'-ed-el-je-rGGd'. 
 
 , Bcl-fasl' (Btl'-). 
 
 . Bul'-je-um. 
 
 . BC'l-grade'. 
 
 . BC'1-sliabss'. 
 
 . Bel-Ile'. 
 
 . r.C-l'-vil (-vOGl'>. 
 
 . Bel-oo-ciiis-tau'. 
 
 . IVM'-per. 
 
 . B5n-ah'-rGz. 
 
 . BC'ii-at'-tow. 
 
 . ]!cii-ba-koo'-lali. 
 
 . BOii-koo'-len. 
 
 . r.i5u-gawl'. 
 
 . B6n-ga'-Iah. 
 
 . Be-uisli'-e-a. 
 
 . Be-ne?ii'. 
 
 . BC^n-kV-niond. 
 
 . BGu-mak-doo'-e. 
 
 . BOn-nG'-vIs. 
 
 . BCii-wI-'vIs. 
 
 . Ber-bCGce'. 
 
 . Bur'-ga-mO. 
 
 . Burg'-en. 
 
 . Burk'-sheer. 
 
 . Ber-lln' (Bei-'-). 
 
 . Ber-mOO'-daz. 
 
 . BOrne. 
 
 . Ber-tc-a'. 
 
 . Ber'-wiok (-rik). 
 
 . Ba-zang-song'. 
 
 . Both'-a-ne. 
 
 . Beth'-le-heni, 
 
 . Bfi'-root (Bi'-). 
 
 . Boo-taliii'. 
 
 ,. Be-af-ra. 
 
 . l')0-iV-kri. 
 
 . Bil-l.ali'-o. 
 
 . l!ils'-ton. 
 
 . Biir'-ming-tiam. 
 
 . Bis'-kn. 
 
 . Blair-gnw'-ro. 
 
 . Mrmg-blflng'. 
 
 .. r.lan'-ko. 
 
 . Blas'-kct. 
 
 . Bo-droon', 
 
 . Bu-go-tali' (-go'.-. 
 
 . r>r>'-mcr-\vawld, 
 
 . Bwali-zfi', 
 
 . Bwali-lL'-dook'. 
 
 ,. Bo-kalL-niii, 
 
 . Bu-lalm'. 
 
 . BO-lce. 
 
 . Bo-liv'-c-a. 
 
 Bologna, ... . 
 
 Bolor Tagh, 
 
 Bombay, ... . 
 
 Bona, 
 
 Bonaventure, . 
 
 Benin, 
 
 Bonnechere, 
 
 Boothia, 
 
 Bordeaux, ... 
 
 Borneo, 
 
 Bornholm, ... 
 
 Bornou, 
 
 Bosua-serai, 
 ( Bosphorus, 
 (Bosporus, 
 
 Bothnia, ... 
 
 Boulardarie, 
 
 Boulogne, ... 
 
 Bourbon, ... 
 
 Bouro, 
 
 Brabant, ... 
 
 Braga 
 
 Brahmapootra, 
 
 Bras d'Or, ... 
 
 Brazil, 
 
 Brazos, 
 
 Brechin, 
 
 Bremen, 
 
 Brescia, 
 
 Breslau, 
 
 Bretagne, ... 
 
 Brighton, ... 
 
 Brisbane, ... 
 
 Britain, 
 
 Brittany, ... 
 
 Brocken, ... 
 
 Bruges, 
 
 Brunn 
 
 Brusa, 
 
 Brussels, ... 
 
 Buchan-Ness, 
 
 Bucharest, ... 
 
 Bucharia, ... 
 
 Buctoucho,... 
 
 Buda 
 
 Buen Ayre,... 
 
 Buenos Ayres, 
 
 Bug 
 
 Bushire, 
 
 Cabes 
 
 Cabool, 
 Cabrera, ... 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Caermarthen, 
 Caernarvon, 
 Cagliari, ... 
 
 CaicoB, 
 
 Cairn Qorm, 
 
 Cairo 
 
 Caitliness, ■•. 
 Calabar, ... 
 
 Calais 
 
 Calcutta, ... 
 Calicut, .. 
 
 Bo-lOue'-yali. 
 
 Bo-lor'-lagh'. 
 
 P-i.-ba'. 
 
 Bo'-nali. 
 
 Boii-ali-vang-loor'. 
 
 Bo-neeu'. 
 
 BOn-shair'. 
 
 Boo'-the-a. 
 
 Bur-do'. 
 
 Bor'-ne-o. 
 
 Born'-holm. 
 
 Bor-iioo'. 
 
 Bos'-nab-ser-T'. 
 
 Bus'-lo-rus. 
 
 Bos'-po-rus. 
 
 BoMi'-ne-a. 
 
 l!uo'-lar-dro. 
 
 Boo-lone'. 
 
 Boor'-bon (-buiig'). 
 
 Boo'-ro. 
 
 Brah-baiit'. 
 
 Biah'-gah. 
 
 Bi'ali-iiia-]ioo'-tr.i. 
 
 Biah-duif'. 
 
 Bra-zG51' (-zil'). 
 
 Brah'-zos. 
 
 BrCk'-In. 
 
 BiCm'-en. 
 
 Biesli'-e-ah, 
 
 Bres'-law. 
 
 Bre-tahii'. 
 
 Brl'-ton. 
 
 Bris'-baue. 
 
 Brit'-tn. 
 
 Biio't.a-ne. 
 
 Br6k'-en. 
 
 Broo'-jez. 
 
 Bi'oon. 
 
 Broo'-sali. 
 
 I'.rus'-sels. 
 
 Buk-an-nes'. 
 
 Boo-ka-rest'. 
 
 Boo-ka'-re-a. 
 
 Buk-too.sh'. 
 
 Boo'-dah ^Bu'-). 
 
 ]!wen-i'-ra. 
 
 Bw.i'-nos-i'-res. 
 
 Boog. 
 
 Boo-shoei-'. 
 
 Kalib'-f<z. 
 
 Kiili-bool'. 
 
 Kali-bra'-rali. 
 
 Ka'-diz. 
 
 Kor-mai-'-tben. 
 
 ]vcr-nai''-vuii. 
 
 Kald'-yah-re. 
 
 Ki'-kds. 
 
 Karn-gorui'. 
 
 Kl'-ro. 
 
 Katli'-iiSsa. 
 
 Kai-a-bai-'. 
 
 Kal'-is. 
 
 Kal-kiil'-ta. 
 
 Kal'-i-kut. 
 
•yXil^^VUj^AiM^i--- 
 
 jue'-jali. 
 ar'-tagh'. 
 
 ,-ba'. 
 
 lali. 
 
 -ali-vang-loor', 
 
 loen'. 
 
 -sliair'. 
 
 -tlie-a. 
 
 ■do'. 
 
 -ne-o. 
 
 n'-holm, 
 
 -iioo'. 
 
 '-nali-ser-t'. 
 
 '-10-rus. 
 
 '■■]I0-1'US. 
 
 li'-ne-a. 
 
 I'-lar-dre. 
 
 >-l6ne'. 
 
 ir'-bon (-briiig'). 
 
 /-ro. 
 
 ili-baiit'. 
 
 ib'-gah. 
 
 ih-ma-iioo'-tra. 
 
 ili-dOru'. 
 
 L-zOel' (-zil'). 
 
 ih'-zos. 
 
 ;k'-Iii. 
 
 hu'-en. 
 
 3sh'-e-ah. 
 
 2s'-la\v. 
 
 3-tahu'. 
 
 f'-tou. 
 
 bane. 
 
 tn. 
 /■ta-ne. 
 -en. 
 
 ■jez. 
 jon, 
 )o'-sah. 
 
 s'-sels. 
 
 •an-nes'. 
 
 ka-rest'. 
 
 -ku'-ie-a. 
 
 -toosh'. 
 
 '-dah (Bu'-). 
 
 n-i'-ra. 
 
 ■nos-I'-res. 
 
 slicei-'. 
 
 lli'.rz. 
 -bool'. 
 -bia'-rali. 
 -diz. 
 
 •-niai-'-t.licn. 
 -nai-'-vuu. 
 il'-yali-re. 
 kos. 
 n-gnnu'. 
 
 6. 
 
 i'-ni5sfl, 
 
 a-bai''. 
 
 i». 
 
 kul'-ta, 
 
 i-kut. 
 
 
 rROXOTTNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPIIICAIi NAMES. 
 
 
 1.-7 
 
 California, 
 
 Kal-e-for'-uu-a. 
 
 Champlain, 
 
 Sliflm-plaiio'. 
 
 Corsica, 
 
 Kor'-.se-k.-ili. 
 
 
 Callao, 
 
 Kai-yah'-o. 
 
 Chanderuagore, 
 
 Sli.ln-der-n.i-gore'. 
 
 Coruuna, 
 
 Ko-rftn'-i)ali. 
 
 
 Cambay, 
 
 . Kitm-ba'. 
 
 Chapala 
 
 Shab-])ah'-lali. 
 
 Costa Rica, 
 
 Kus'-tah llOO'-kab. 
 
 
 Cambodia, 
 
 Kilm-b6'-ile-.n. 
 
 Charlotte, 
 
 Sliar'-lut. 
 
 Coteau, 
 
 Ko-t(V. 
 
 
 Cambrai, 
 
 . Kclra-bra'. 
 
 Charybdis, 
 
 Ka-rll.'-dls. 
 
 Cotopaxi, 
 
 Ko-tri-pax'-e. 
 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Kflrae'-bridge. 
 
 Chattahooche, ... 
 
 Chat-ta-boc)'-che. 
 
 Cracow, 
 
 Kra'-kd. 
 
 
 Cameroon 
 
 Kitm-er-raoii'. 
 
 Chedabucto, 
 
 _ SLed-a-bak'-to. 
 
 Cremona, 
 
 Kre-nio'-nab. 
 
 
 Campagna 
 
 . K'lm-pahn'-yali. 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 Cbems'-ford. 
 
 Crete, 
 
 KreGt. 
 
 
 Campeachy, 
 
 . K.ltn-pe'-che. 
 
 Chelsea, 
 
 ChSl'-se. 
 
 Creuse, 
 
 Krooze, 
 
 
 Canada 
 
 Kitu'-a-dah. 
 
 Cheltenham, ... 
 
 Cliel'-tCn-brnu. 
 
 Crieff, 
 
 KreGf. 
 
 
 Canaries 
 
 K.i-na'-recz. 
 
 Cherbourg 
 
 Shc'i-'-burg, 
 
 Crimea, 
 
 Ki'Iin-G'-ab. 
 
 
 Canaveral, 
 
 . Kin-yah'-ver-al. 
 
 Chesapeake, 
 
 Cbds'-a-pOek. 
 
 Croagh Patrick, 
 
 Kro'-ah Pat'-ilk. 
 
 
 Candahar, 
 
 K;tn-dah-har'. 
 
 Cheviot 
 
 CbCv'-e-fit. 
 
 Cromarty, 
 
 Krilm'-ar-to. 
 
 
 Candia, 
 
 . K<*lii'-de-ah. 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 Slie-kaw'-gO. 
 
 Cronstadt, 
 
 Ki'ilii'-stilt. 
 
 
 Canso, 
 
 . Kfui'-so. 
 
 Chichen, 
 
 Clie-chCn'. 
 
 Culebra, 
 
 Koo-la'-brab. 
 
 
 Canterbury, 
 
 . K;\n'-ttr-ber-re. 
 
 Chichester, 
 
 CliUcli'-e.s-t<;r. 
 
 CuUoden, 
 
 Kfil-lcV-dC'U. 
 
 
 Cantire 
 
 . Kilu-tire'. 
 
 Chiegnecto, 
 
 Sliig-nok'-to. 
 
 Cupar 
 
 Kou'-par. 
 
 
 Canton 
 
 Kan-ton'. 
 
 Chili, 
 
 CbGO'-le. 
 
 Cura^oa, 
 
 Ku-r.'i-so-.ib. 
 
 
 Cape Breton, .. 
 
 . Kape-brit'-tii. 
 
 Chiloe, 
 
 Cliu-lo-iV. 
 
 Curische Half, ... 
 
 Iv'od'-ritili-e-lialT'. 
 
 
 Cape d'Or, 
 
 . Kape-doro'. 
 
 Chimborazo, 
 
 CbliD-bo-rali'-zu. 
 
 Cutch, 
 
 Kulob. 
 
 
 Caprera, 
 
 . Kah-iinV-rah. 
 
 Chincha 
 
 Cblu'-cbah. 
 
 Cuzco 
 
 Kooz'-ki"). 
 
 
 Capua, 
 
 Kap'-u-ab. 
 
 Cholula, 
 
 Ko-loo'-lali. 
 
 Cyclades, 
 
 Sik'-lali-dCCs. 
 
 
 Caraccas, 
 
 . Ka-rak'-kas. 
 
 Christiania, 
 
 Krl3-tc-ab'-ne-.a. 
 
 Cyprus, 
 
 Si'-prus. 
 
 
 Cardiff 
 
 . K.ar'-dif. 
 
 Chuquisaca, 
 
 Choo-kc-sali'-kah. 
 
 
 
 
 Cardigan, 
 
 . Kar'-de-gan. 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Siii-sin-nalr-tG. 
 
 Dacotah 
 
 D.ah-kr.'-tali. 
 
 
 Carlingford, 
 
 . Kar'-liiig-ford. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, ... 
 
 Chee'-vc-tah-vOk'-kc-ah. 
 
 Dago 
 
 Dab'.go. 
 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 . Kai'-llle'. 
 
 Clackmannan, ... 
 
 Kklk-man'-nrui. 
 
 Dahomey, 
 
 llah-lin'-mri. 
 
 
 Carlscrona 
 
 . Karls-kro'-naU (-kroo'-). 
 
 Clones 
 
 Kloiiz. 
 
 Dalhousie, 
 
 Dal-lioo'-zo. 
 
 
 Carlsruhe, 
 
 . Karls'-roo. 
 
 Clonmel, 
 
 Kluii-iiiOl. 
 
 Dalkeith, 
 
 Dr.l-kGGtb'. 
 
 
 Carusore 
 
 . Karn'-snre. 
 
 Clyde 
 
 Kllde. 
 
 Damascus, 
 
 Da-niabs'-kus. 
 
 
 Carpathian, 
 
 . Kar-pu'-tlie-nn. 
 
 Coanza, 
 
 Ko-an'-za. 
 
 Daraietta, 
 
 i)am-e-f?t'-ta. 
 
 
 Carpentaria, .. 
 
 . Kar-pcn-t<ili'-re-a. 
 
 Coblenz 
 
 Kuli'-lentd. 
 
 Danish America, 
 
 I'ane'-ish A-niiJi-'-t'-k; 
 
 lb. 
 
 Carrickfergus, .. 
 
 . Kar-rik-fui'-gus. 
 
 Coburg, 
 
 Ko'-ljoorg. 
 
 Dantzic, 
 
 J),uit'-zik. 
 
 
 Carron, 
 
 . Kar'-ron. 
 
 Cochin 
 
 KO'-ehin. 
 
 Danube, 
 
 l>an'-ubo. 
 
 
 Cartagena, 
 
 . Kar-ta-gf -nab. 
 
 Coimbra, 
 
 Ko-iiu'-brah. 
 
 Dardanelles, 
 
 Iiar-da-n6iy. 
 
 
 Cashel, 
 
 Kitsh'-ei. 
 
 Cojutepeque, 
 
 Ko-hoo-ta-pa'-ka. 
 
 Darfur, 
 
 Dar-foor. 
 
 
 Cashgar, 
 
 . K;1sli'-gar (gar';. 
 
 Colchester, 
 
 Kolc'-eUfs-ter. 
 
 Darien, 
 
 Da'-rG-Cn. 
 
 
 Cashmere, 
 
 . Kitsb'-ineie (-uicre'). 
 
 Colima 
 
 Kn-lOO'-niab. 
 
 Debi.czin, 
 
 Da-brOl'-.sin. 
 
 
 Caspian 
 
 . Ka.s'-pe-an. 
 
 Colmar, 
 
 K'll-mar'. 
 
 Deccau 
 
 l)uk'-kftii. 
 
 
 Cassiquiare, 
 
 . K.ls-se-ke-ah'-ra.. 
 
 Cologne 
 
 Ko-loiie'. 
 
 Delagoa 
 
 Di'l-a-giV-a. 
 
 
 Castile 
 
 . Kas-toor. 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 Kol-o-rab'-do. 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Dol'-a-ware. 
 
 
 Castlebar, 
 
 . Kas-sl-bar', 
 
 Columbia, . 
 
 Ko-lum'-be-a, 
 
 Delhi 
 
 Drl'-le. 
 
 
 Catania 
 
 . Ka-tah'-nc-a. 
 
 Comayaga, 
 
 Kr>.nu-ah'-g\\ali. 
 
 Demavend, 
 
 l)L'in-a-vcnd'. 
 
 
 Catoche 
 
 . Kuh-tn'-ebfi. 
 
 Comino, 
 
 Kri-mou'-no. 
 
 Dcmbea, 
 
 DiJiu'-bi'-a. 
 
 
 Cattegat 
 
 . Kal'-tf-gat. 
 
 Corao, 
 
 Ko'-liiu. 
 
 Demerara, 
 
 Lii^in-e-rali'-rah, 
 
 
 Caucasus, ... . 
 
 . Kaw'-kah-.sns. 
 
 Comorin, 
 
 K'nii'-n-illl. 
 
 Dmbigh, 
 
 itrii'-be. 
 
 
 Caughnawaga, .. 
 
 . Kaw-n,'(-\vaw'-gali. 
 
 Comoro 
 
 Ivniii'-o-ro. 
 
 ■Jenmark, 
 
 lii'ii'-inark. 
 
 
 Cauvery 
 
 . Kaw'-vtr-c. 
 
 Congo, 
 
 Jvi'ing'-go, 
 
 Deptford, 
 
 I»vd'-fiird. 
 
 
 Cavan 
 
 . Kav'-iin. 
 
 Connaught 
 
 Ivon'-nawt. 
 
 Derby 
 
 Liur'-be (Dar'-bf). 
 
 
 Cawnpore, ... . 
 
 . Kawn-pore'. 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 Ki'>n-iiCt'-o-knt. 
 
 Derwent 
 
 Di.i-'-wcnt. 
 
 
 Cayenne, ... . 
 
 . Ki-L'ii'. 
 
 Connemara 
 
 K''in-c-niar'-ali. 
 
 Desaguadero, ... 
 
 Di?s-a-gwab-da-ro. 
 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 . Ka-yu'-ga. 
 
 Constance, 
 
 Knii'-stance. 
 
 Desirade, 
 
 li.l-zeo-rahd'. 
 
 
 Celebes 
 
 . Scl'-e-bC'C'S. 
 
 Constantinople,... 
 
 Kon-stfln-tG-iio'-pl. 
 
 Des Moines, 
 
 Jif-iiioiii'. 
 
 
 Cenis 
 
 . SOii'-is. 
 
 Coutessa, ... . 
 
 K "iii-tf.s'-sah. 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 Dc-troit'. 
 
 
 Cenis (Mont", . 
 
 . M"ng-si<.nt'C'. 
 
 Cooniassie 
 
 KoO-HKLs'-SO. 
 
 Deutschland, ... 
 
 I»oitcb'-lant, 
 
 
 Cephalonia, 
 
 . SOt'-a-ltV-ne-n. 
 
 Copenhagen, 
 
 Ko-ii(5ii.|iiV.Beii. 
 
 Devon 
 
 Di^v'-on. 
 
 
 Ceram 
 
 . Si'-rfim'. 
 
 Copiapo, 
 
 Krp-|ii>-ab'-iio {■\»>'^. 
 
 Dieppe, 
 
 De-L^p'. 
 
 
 Cerigo 
 
 . Si'i-'-e-go. 
 
 Coquet 
 
 Kn'-ket. 
 
 Dingwall, 
 
 Diiig'-wall. 
 
 
 Cervin, 
 
 , Siir'-viii (.vniig'). 
 
 CordiUera-dc-Coa 
 
 1 Kni--(ni'*le-rali-driKri.:ili. 
 
 Dnieper 
 
 N("Gp'-or. 
 
 
 Ceuta, 
 
 . Su'-ta. 
 
 hnlla 
 
 )■ w.-r'-lah. 
 
 Dniester, 
 
 XoOs'-ter. 
 
 
 Cevennes, ... . 
 
 . Su.vi.ii'. 
 
 Cordova, 
 
 Knr'-ilu-vah. 
 
 DolgcUy, 
 
 Dol.gcl'-le i-nCiV..). 
 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 . StO'-lon (-ImirO. 
 
 Corentyn, 
 
 Kii-rC'IltllK:'. 
 
 DoUart, 
 
 Dol'-lart. 
 
 
 Chaleur 
 
 . Shab-lof.r'. 
 
 Corfu, 
 
 Kor-f'ijo'. 
 
 Dominica, 
 
 linni-e-nGG'-kab. 
 
 
 Chambly, ... . 
 
 . Sli-iin'.blO. 
 
 Cornwall, 
 
 Knrn'-wriU. 
 
 Doncaster, 
 
 Ii'iiik'-aa-ter. 
 
 
 Chamouni, ... . 
 
 . SI. ili.nioo.neO'. 
 
 Corrientes, 
 
 Ki'ir-ro-Cn'-tes. 
 
 Donegal 
 
 Jjr)n.e.gawr. 
 
 
I^M^r 
 
 I ) I 
 
 158 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Dongola 
 
 . Dfing'-go-lah. 
 
 Enniscorthy, 
 
 Kn-nls-kui-'-tlie. 
 
 Galashiels, ... 
 
 .. (jal-ah-sLOuls'. 
 
 
 Dorchester, ... . 
 
 . DBr'-ches-ter. 
 
 Enniskillen, 
 
 fin-nls-kll'-lcn. 
 
 Galena, 
 
 .. Qa-le'-na. 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 Dornoch, ... . 
 
 . Dfii-'-nrtk. 
 
 Erbil 
 
 fir-beel'. 
 
 Galicia, ... ■ 
 
 .. Gah-lee'-she-a. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Dorset 
 
 . DSr'.set. 
 
 Ericht 
 
 Er'-Ikt. 
 
 Gallas 
 
 .. Qai'-laz. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Douro, 
 
 . Doo'-ro. 
 
 Erie, 
 
 E'-re. 
 
 Gallinas, ... 
 
 .. Gal-lee'-nas. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Dover, 
 
 . Do'-ver. 
 
 Erin, 
 
 E'-rin. 
 
 Gn.llipoli, ... . 
 
 .. Gal-lip'-o-le. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Dovrefield, 
 
 . DSv-re-fe-Cld'. 
 
 Erivan, 
 
 Ei'-e-van'. 
 
 Galloway, ... . 
 
 .. Qal'-lo-wa. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Drakensburg, .. 
 
 . Drah'-kens-burg. 
 
 Erlan 
 
 Er'-lou. 
 
 Gait, 
 
 .. Gawlt. 
 
 
 
 Drave, 
 
 . Drave (Drahv). 
 
 Erne, 
 
 Ein. 
 
 Galway, ... . 
 
 .. (Jawl'-wa. 
 
 
 I 
 
 Dresden 
 
 . DrCz'-dgu. 
 
 Erris, 
 
 fir'-ris. 
 
 Gambia 
 
 .. Uam'-be-ali. 
 
 
 I 
 
 Drogheda, 
 
 . Drog'-e-da (Dr6ii'-Iie-da). 
 
 Erromango, 
 
 fir-ro-iiian'-go. 
 
 Gananoque, 
 
 .. Gah-nah-nOke'. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Drontheim, 
 
 DrOn'-tlrae. 
 
 Erzeroum, 
 
 Ui-'-ze-rooiu (Urz-room'). 
 
 Ganges, 
 
 .. Giu'-jez. 
 
 
 I 
 
 Dublin 
 
 . Dub'-lin. 
 
 Erz-gebirge, 
 
 Erts-gfi-bOcr'-gu. 
 
 Ga'-da, 
 
 .. Gar'-dab. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Dubuque, 
 
 . Du-bwik'. 
 
 Esneh, 
 
 Es'-n^b. 
 
 Gaxiep, 
 
 .. Gali-reC'p'. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Dumbarton, 
 
 . Dtira-bar'-toii. 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Es'-sex. 
 
 Garonne, ... . 
 
 .. Gab-ron'. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Dumfries, 
 
 . Dtim-froes', 
 
 Essiquibo, 
 
 fis-se-ko'-bo. 
 
 Gaspe 
 
 .. Gabs-pa'. 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 Dunbar, 
 
 Dtin-bai''. 
 
 Et:ia, 
 
 Et'-nah. 
 
 Gata 
 
 .. Gali'-tah. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 Dunblane 
 
 Dfin-blaiie'. 
 
 EubcEa, 
 
 tJ-bcO'-aii. 
 
 Gatineau, ... . 
 
 .. Gab-tee-no'. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dnncansby, 
 
 . Dtink'-ans-be. 
 
 Euphrates, 
 
 tJ-fra'-tOz. 
 
 Geelong, 
 
 .. Ge-long'. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Duiidalk, 
 
 . Dfin-dawk'. 
 
 Europe, 
 
 U'-rope. 
 
 Geneva 
 
 .. Je-neO'-vali. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunedin, 
 
 . Dtln-Sd'-in. 
 
 Everest, 
 
 Ev'-e-rest. 
 
 Genoa, 
 
 .. J6n'-o-ali. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunfermline, .. 
 
 . Dtin-furm'-lin {-fiir'-). 
 
 Evora, 
 
 Ev'-i)-raii. 
 
 Georgia, ... . 
 
 ,. Jor'-jG-ah. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dnugannon, 
 
 Dfin-i^itn'-noii. 
 
 Exeter, 
 
 fix'-e-ter. 
 
 Germany, ... . 
 
 . .Tur'-ma-ne. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dungarvou, 
 
 Ditn-gar'-voii. 
 
 
 
 Ghauts, ... . 
 
 .. Gawts. 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dungeness, 
 
 Dftn-je-ness'. 
 
 Falkirk, 
 
 Fal'-kirk (-kirk'). 
 
 Ghent, 
 
 .. Gent. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Duukeld, 
 
 Dtln-keld'. 
 
 Falmouth, 
 
 Far-moutli. 
 
 Ghizeh, ... . 
 
 .. Gee'-zeh. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunkirk, 
 
 Dttn-kirk' (Dun'-). 
 
 Fame, 
 
 Farn. 
 
 Ghuznee, ... . 
 
 .. Qtiz'-iiee. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dnnmanus, 
 
 Dttn-maii'-us. 
 
 Faroe, 
 
 Faii'-ro (Fu-). 
 
 Gibraltar, ... . 
 
 . Jlb-rawl'-tar. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunmore, 
 
 Drtu-more'. 
 
 Fayetteville, 
 
 Fa-et-vil. 
 
 Gihon 
 
 JO-bou'. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunoon, 
 
 Dftn-oon'. 
 
 Feejee, 
 
 Fce'-jee. 
 
 Gilolo, 
 
 .. Ju-lo'-lo. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dunse, 
 
 Dunce. 
 
 Fermanagh, 
 
 FSr-mali'-nali. 
 
 Girgeh, ... . 
 
 .. Jeei'-joli. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Durham, 
 
 Dur'-ain. 
 
 Fermoy, 
 
 F6r-moy'. 
 
 Girgenti, ... . 
 
 .. Jlr-jeii'-te. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dusseldorf 
 
 Dtis'-scl-dorf. 
 
 Fernando Po, ... 
 
 Fgr-Ran'-do-iif). 
 
 Glamorgan, 
 
 .. Gla-mor'-gan. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Dwina, 
 
 Dwi'-nab. 
 
 Ferrara, 
 
 FOr-rah'-raii. 
 
 Glasgow, ... . 
 
 ,. Gias'-go. 
 
 
 
 H( 
 
 
 
 Ferrole, 
 
 F(5r-roIe'. 
 
 Gloucester, ... . 
 
 . G18s'-ter. 
 
 
 
 H( 
 
 Earn, 
 
 Urn. 
 
 Fezzan, 
 
 FCa-zalin'. 
 
 Goa 
 
 . Go'-ah. 
 
 
 
 H( 
 
 Ebro, 
 
 K'-bro. 
 
 Finisterre, 
 
 Fin-is-taii'. 
 
 Gobi, 
 
 . Go'-bee. 
 
 
 
 Ht 
 
 Ecbatana, 
 
 ftk-bJit'-a-nah. 
 
 Finland, 
 
 Flii'-lainl. 
 
 Godavery, ... . 
 
 . Go-dab'-vcr-e. 
 
 
 
 H« 
 
 Ecuador, 
 
 ftk-wali-durc'. 
 
 Finmark, 
 
 Fin'-maik. 
 
 Goderich, ... . 
 
 .. Gode'-ritcb. 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 Edinburgh, 
 
 fid'-in-bur-ruli (-burg). 
 
 Finster-Aar-Horn, 
 
 Fln'-ster-alir'-liorn. 
 
 Golconda 
 
 . G01-k6n'-dah. 
 
 
 
 H( 
 
 Egmont, 
 
 fig'-raont. 
 
 Flamborough, ... 
 
 FliVm'-bur-ro. 
 
 Gondar, ... . 
 
 . Gfia'-dar. 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Egripo 
 
 fig'-re-po. 
 
 Flensborg, 
 
 FltSns'-boorg. 
 
 Goree, 
 
 . Go-ra'. 
 
 
 
 Ht 
 
 Egypt 
 
 £'-jipt. 
 
 Florence, 
 
 Flflr'-ence. 
 
 Gothenburg, 
 
 . Got'-en-burg. 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 Ehrenbreitstein, 
 
 A-ren-brlte'-stine. 
 
 Flores, 
 
 Flo-res. 
 
 Gottingen, ... . 
 
 .. Gtit'-ting-en. 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 Eigg 
 
 Eog. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Fl6i''-e-dali. 
 
 Gottlaud, ... . 
 
 . G(H'-Iand. 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 Elba, 
 
 fil'.ba. 
 
 Fogo, 
 
 Fo'-go. 
 
 Gozo 
 
 . Got'-zo. 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elbe, 
 
 filb. 
 
 Fontainebleau, ... 
 
 Fi5M-tane-bi(V. 
 
 Gracios-a-Dios, . 
 
 . Graii'-se-os-ah-do'-ds. 
 
 , 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elberfeld, 
 
 Kl'-ber-felt. 
 
 Foo-chow-foo, ... 
 
 Fon-cbow-tVio'. 
 
 Grampians,.. . 
 
 . Gram'-pe-ans. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elburz, 
 
 ftr-boorz. 
 
 Forfar, 
 
 F.nr'-far. 
 
 Granada, ... . 
 
 . Grah-nali'-dali. 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elephanta, 
 
 fir.e-fau'-tn.li. 
 
 Formentara, 
 
 Fijr-iii(5ii-ta'-i;\h. 
 
 Grand Chaco, . 
 
 . Grahn-cliiili'-kO. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elenthera 
 
 E-lu'-the-rah. 
 
 Formosa 
 
 Frtr-miV-sali. 
 
 Grand Manan, . 
 
 . Graud-ma-nau'. 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Elgin 
 
 fil'-gin. 
 
 Fremont, 
 
 Fie'-mout. 
 
 Gvaiid Pre, ... . 
 
 . Grang-pnV. 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 El Kahirnh, 
 
 ftl-kah'-hc-rnli. 
 
 Fribourg, 
 
 Frl'-bury. 
 
 Granicus, ... . 
 
 . Oraii-i'-ku3, 
 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Ellesmere, 
 
 Er-lCs-mOre. 
 
 Frio, 
 
 FrC'G'-o. 
 
 Gratz, 
 
 . GrCts. 
 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Ellora, 
 
 ftl-lo'-rali. 
 
 Frische Haff, . . 
 
 Frish'-e-liaff. 
 
 Greenock, ... . 
 
 . Grue'-nok. 
 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Elmina 
 
 fil-mue'-nah. 
 
 Funchal, 
 
 Foon-slial'. 
 
 Greenwich, ... . 
 
 Green'-idj. 
 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 1 El Paso 
 
 fil-pali'-so. 
 
 Fundy, 
 
 Fiin'-de. 
 
 Groniugen, ... . 
 
 . GrOn'-ing-en. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Elsinorc, 
 
 fil-sin-ore'. 
 
 Funen, , 
 
 Foo'-iien. 
 
 Guadalaviar, 
 
 G\vali-da-l;ili'-ve-ar (-ai-'). 
 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Elva, 
 
 ftl'.va. 
 
 Furukabad, 
 
 Fiir-ruk-a-bad'. 
 
 Guadalaxara, 
 
 . Gwali-da-lax-ali' rail. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Ely, 
 
 R'-leo. 
 
 Fyzabad, 
 
 Fl-za-bad'. 
 
 Guadalquivir, . 
 
 . Gwah-dal-ke-vCC'i-', 
 
 ! 
 1 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Embden, 
 
 fimb'-den. 
 
 
 
 Guadeloupe, 
 
 . Gaw-de-loop', 
 
 i 
 
 
 Ho 
 
 Ems 
 
 £rna. 
 
 Gabarus, 
 
 Oali-bab-roos'. 
 
 Guadiana 
 
 . Gwali-de-ah'-nali. 
 
 
 
 Hu 
 
 Exifumd 
 
 Ang-fd-tiuV. 
 
 Gaeta 
 
 Oali-a'-tah. 
 
 Guanaxuato, 
 
 . Gwah-na-hwali'-to. 
 
 
 
 Hu 
 
 England 
 
 Ing'-glaud. 
 
 Galacz 
 
 Oah'-iatz. 
 
 Guardafui 
 
 . Gwar-daf-wOO'. 
 
 
 
 Hu 
 
 Eunia, 
 
 £n'-uiB. 
 
 Galapagos, 
 
 Qah-lak'-pali-giis. 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 . Gwab-te-mah'-lah. 
 
 1 
 
 
 [ 
 
 Ha 
 
PKOXOUNCING VOCABULAllr OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 15'J 
 
 [vl-ah-sbOOls'. 
 [l-l6'-na. 
 ih-leG'-she-a. 
 ll'-laz. 
 al-lee'-nas. 
 il-lip'-o-le. 
 il'-lo-wa. 
 iwlt. 
 iwl'-wa. 
 a,m'-be-ali. 
 ah-nah-nOke'. 
 iu'-jez. 
 ar'-dab. 
 ah-reC'p'. 
 ah-ron'. 
 ■alis-pa'. 
 ah'-tah. 
 ah-tee-no'. 
 fe-long'. 
 e-nue'-vah. 
 en'-o-ali. 
 or'-jO-ah. 
 ur'-ma-ne. 
 rawta. 
 rent, 
 ree'-zeli. 
 itiz'-iiee. 
 lb-raw 1'- tar. 
 u-hou'. 
 G-lo'-lo. 
 eer'-jeli. 
 |Ir-jOn'-te. 
 la-raor'-gan. 
 Has'-g«), 
 lOa'-ter. 
 
 -ah. 
 (V-bOG. 
 o-dab'-ver-e. 
 ftdu'-ritoli. 
 fll-kOn'-dab, 
 5ii'.dar. 
 
 •ru'. 
 
 t'-en-burg. 
 ("jt'-ting-en, 
 f)t'-land. 
 "it'-zo. 
 
 ab'-se-os-ah-do'-os. 
 
 itm'-pe-ans. 
 
 li-nah'-dali. 
 rabn-cbali'-kO. 
 
 aiid-ma-nau'. 
 raiig-pnV. 
 
 Jlii-i'-ku3. 
 
 ■ets. 
 
 C'C'-nok. 
 
 een'-idj. 
 
 on'-ing-en. 
 
 i-ab-da-lab'-ve-ar (-ar'). 
 
 ab-da-lax-ali'-rab. 
 
 ^vah-dal-ke-vOcr'. 
 
 ,\v-de-loop'. 
 
 ab-de-ab'-nab. 
 
 ali-iia-bwab'-to. 
 
 iar-daf-«00'. 
 
 vah-te-niab'-lali. 
 
 Guaviare, 
 
 Gwab-ve-ali'-)T». 
 
 Hurdwar, 
 
 Hurd-wai''. 
 
 Kairwan 
 
 Klie-waliii. 
 
 Guayaquil 
 
 Gwl-a-keol' 
 
 Huron, 
 
 Hu'-ron. 
 
 KaiBarieh, 
 
 Kl-zur-OG'-t'li. 
 
 Guernsey, 
 
 Gurn'-7,e. 
 
 Hydra, 
 
 He'-drah 
 
 Kakema, 
 
 Kab-kfi'-inaii. 
 
 Guiana, 
 
 Go-ab'-nah. 
 
 Hyeres, 
 
 He-air'. 
 
 Kalahari, 
 
 Kab-lab-bali'-re. 
 
 Guildford, 
 
 Gir-ford. 
 
 
 
 Kalmar, 
 
 Kal'-mar. 
 
 Guinea, 
 
 Glri'-e. 
 
 Iberville, 
 
 i'-ber-vil. 
 
 Kamchatka, 
 
 Kabm-cbabt'-kali. 
 
 Gwalior 
 
 Gwah'-le-i5r. 
 
 Ida, 
 
 i'-dah. 
 
 Kamouraska, ... 
 
 Kali-uioo-riis'-kali. 
 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 i'-da-bo. 
 
 Kanawa, 
 
 Ka-naw'-wa. 
 
 Haarlem, 
 
 Hahr'-iera. 
 
 Idria, 
 
 Id'-re-ah, 
 
 Kangaroo 
 
 Kang-ga-roo', 
 
 Haddington, 
 
 ILld'-dlng-ton. 
 
 Idumea, 
 
 Id-oo-mG'-ah. 
 
 Kara, 
 
 Kab'-rab. 
 
 Hadramaut, 
 
 Il.ib-drab-mout'. 
 
 lerne, 
 
 I-Qr'-ne. 
 
 Karakorum, 
 
 Kab-rali-ko'-runi. 
 
 Haemus 
 
 He'-mus. 
 
 Ill 
 
 E'-lee. 
 
 Kassandra, 
 
 Kas-san'-drab. 
 
 Hague, 
 
 Hag. 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 il-le-noia' (-noi'*. 
 
 Katmandoo, 
 
 Kat-mau-doo'. 
 
 Hainan, 
 
 Hl-nan'. 
 
 Inagua 
 
 E-iiah'-gwab. 
 
 Katrine, 
 
 Ka'-trin (Kai-). 
 
 Haldimand, 
 
 Ilftl'-de-raand. 
 
 India 
 
 lu'-de-a (-je-). 
 
 Keith 
 
 KGotb. 
 
 Halle 
 
 Hahl'-Ie. 
 
 Indies, 
 
 lu'-dGGz (-jlz). 
 
 Kelat, 
 
 Ke-lat'. 
 
 Hamadau, 
 
 Hah-mah-dabu . 
 
 Indore 
 
 in-dOre'. 
 
 Keneh, 
 
 KGn'-eh. 
 
 Hamah, 
 
 Hah'-m.ab. 
 
 Indus 
 
 lii'-dus. 
 
 Kenia, 
 
 KG'-ne-ab. 
 
 Hamburg, 
 
 Ham'-burg. 
 
 lunsbriick, 
 
 Ins'-prook. 
 
 Kenmare, 
 
 KGn-iiiaii^. 
 
 Hammerfest, ... 
 
 Ham'-mer-fest. 
 
 Inverary 
 
 In-ve-ru'-re. 
 
 Kennebec, 
 
 Kon-ueliOk'. 
 
 Hampshire, 
 
 Hamp'-sbeer. 
 
 Inverness, 
 
 in-ver-nCss'. 
 
 Kertch, 
 
 Kftrcb, 
 
 Hang-chow-foo, ... 
 
 Hahng-chou-foo'. 
 
 loua, 
 
 i-o-nah. 
 
 Keshin, 
 
 Kusli-GGn'. 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 Hftii'-o-ver. 
 
 Ionian, 
 
 i-ry-ne-an. 
 
 Kesho 
 
 KCsh'-o. 
 
 Hartlepool, 
 
 Iliir'-ll-pool. 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 i'-o-wab. 
 
 Keswick, 
 
 Ke.s'.wik (k'ez'-ik). 
 
 Hartz, 
 
 H.lrts. 
 
 Ipsambul, 
 
 Ip-sam-bool'. 
 
 Khartum, 
 
 Kar-toom'. 
 
 Hastings, 
 
 Huste'-ings. 
 
 Ipswich 
 
 ips'-wicb. 
 
 Khingan, 
 
 Kiii-gabn'. 
 
 Hatteras, 
 
 Hat'-te-ras. 
 
 Irak Arabi, 
 
 E-rak'-ar'-a-bo. 
 
 Khiva, 
 
 KOG'-vab. 
 
 Havel 
 
 Hah'-vel. 
 
 Iran, 
 
 E-ralin'. 
 
 Khokau, 
 
 Ko-kau'. 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Hah-wl'-e. 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Ire -land. 
 
 Khyber, 
 
 Kl'.ber. 
 
 Hawash, 
 
 Hab'-wasb. 
 
 Irkutsk 
 
 Ir-kootsk'. 
 
 Kiachta, 
 
 Ke-ak'-tah. 
 
 Hawick, 
 
 Haw'-ik (-wick). 
 
 Irrawaddy, 
 
 Ir-ra-w6d'-de. 
 
 Kidderminster, .. 
 
 Kld-der-mln'-ster. 
 
 Hayti 
 
 HiV-te. 
 
 Irtish 
 
 ii-'-tish. 
 
 Kiel, 
 
 KGGl. 
 
 Hebrides 
 
 Hub'-ri-deGz. 
 
 Irvine, 
 
 IJr'-vin. 
 
 Kiev, 
 
 KG-Sv'. 
 
 Hedjaz, 
 
 Hej-abz'. 
 
 Islay, 
 
 i'-luy. 
 
 Kildare, 
 
 KU-dair'. 
 
 Heidelberg, 
 
 Hi'-del-burg. 
 
 Ismael 
 
 Is-mab-eGl'. 
 
 Kilimandjaro, ... 
 
 Kll-e-raan-jab-ro'. 
 
 Heligoland, 
 
 HGl'-e-go-land. 
 
 Ispahan, 
 
 Is-pa-liahu'. 
 
 Kilkenny, 
 
 Kii-keii'-ne. 
 
 Helsingfors, 
 
 HCl'-sing-fors. 
 
 Italy, 
 
 It'-a-le. 
 
 Killala 
 
 Kll-bi-Iab'. 
 
 Henlopen, 
 
 HGn-Io-pen. 
 
 Itasca 
 
 I-tas'-kab. 
 
 Killarney, 
 
 Kii-lar'-ne. 
 
 Herat 
 
 Hi5r-abt'. 
 
 Iviza, 
 
 E-vGG'-zah. 
 
 Kilmarnock, 
 
 Kll-raai^-nok. 
 
 Herculaneum, ... 
 
 HCr-ku-hV-ne-um. 
 
 Iztaccihuatl, 
 
 Ees-tak-se-bwatr. 
 
 Kilmsh 
 
 Kll-iusb'. 
 
 Hereford 
 
 HCr'-c-ford. 
 
 
 
 Kilsyth 
 
 KlI-sTthe'. 
 
 Hertford, 
 
 Har'.ford. 
 
 Jacques Cartier, 
 
 Zbak-car-to-a'. 
 
 Kincardine, 
 
 Klii-kar'-deen. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel, ... 
 
 Hess-kfts'-sel. 
 
 Jaffa 
 
 Jaf'-fah(Yaf.tab). 
 
 King-ki-tao, 
 
 King-ke-tah'-ii, 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 
 Ilfss-darm'-stiit. 
 
 Jamaica, 
 
 Ja-miV-kab. 
 
 King-te-chiang, 
 
 Kiiig-ta-cbe-aug'. 
 
 Hesse-Homburg, 
 
 Ht^3.s-bom'-burg, 
 
 Japan, 
 
 Ja-pau'. 
 
 Kinross, 
 
 Klii-ross'. 
 
 Hielmar, 
 
 IIvG'.'-mar. 
 
 Jassy, 
 
 Y&s'-see. 
 
 Kinsale 
 
 Kill-sale'. 
 
 Hillah, 
 
 Ilir-lab. 
 
 Java, 
 
 Jab'-vab. 
 
 Kiolen, 
 
 Ky.v.leu. 
 
 Himalaya, 
 
 lIIm-a-lT'-a (-Ifi'-yahV 
 
 Jaxartes, 
 
 Ja.K-ni-'-tGGz. 
 
 Kirghiz, 
 
 Kui-.GGz'. 
 
 Hindoo Koosh, .. 
 
 HTii'-doo-koosh. 
 
 Jedburgh, 
 
 Jt'd'-bnrg. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, 
 
 KTr-k;i«l'-ite. 
 
 Hindostan, 
 
 Illn-dos-tan'. 
 
 Jelalabad, 
 
 Je-bili-lali-babd'. 
 
 Kirkcudbright, .. 
 
 Ker-kou'-l)rGu. 
 
 Hispauiola 
 
 Hls-pRn-c-ri'-la. 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Jftr'-zo. 
 
 Kirkintilloch, .. 
 
 Kirk-in-tll'-luk. 
 
 Hcang-Ho, 
 
 Hn-ang'-li". 
 
 Jerusalem, 
 
 Jer-oo'-sa-lem. 
 
 Kinsiu, 
 
 Ke-oo'-so-oo'. 
 
 Hohenlinden, ... 
 
 Ho-en-lln'-tlen. 
 
 Joannes, ... .f. 
 
 Jo-an'-nGG3. 
 
 ''Jiil Irmak, 
 
 Klz'-il-Ir'-mak. 
 
 Hollaud, 
 
 Ilol'-land. 
 
 Jolliette, 
 
 J51-le-et'. 
 
 Klausenbnrp-, 
 
 Ivinw'-zen-liori,'. 
 
 Holatein, 
 
 Hftl'-stTiie. 
 
 Jordan, 
 
 J(^i-'-dan. 
 
 Kodiak, 
 
 Iv'.V-doak. 
 
 Holyhead, 
 
 Hftl'-e-bo.]. 
 
 Juan de Fnca, ... 
 
 ,Iu'-alin-ile-foo'-kab. 
 
 Kbuigsburg, 
 
 Keii'-igs-burg. 
 
 Holywell, 
 
 H('d'-e-well. 
 
 Jnan Fernandez, 
 
 JiV-alin-for-nan'-dGz. 
 
 Kordofan, 
 
 Kflr-do-faii'. 
 
 Homs, 
 
 Hrimos. 
 
 Jndea, 
 
 Ju-dGu'-ab. 
 
 Kosciusko, 
 
 Krt.s-se-ua'-ko. 
 
 Honduras, 
 
 H(\n-doo'-raH. 
 
 Juggernaut, 
 
 Jug'-giir-nawt. 
 
 Kremnitz, 
 
 KiGm'-nitz. 
 
 Honolulu, 
 
 Hon-o-lon'-loo. 
 
 Jungfrau, 
 
 Y<ionL''-fr(ni. 
 
 Krishna, 
 
 Kiisli'-nah. 
 
 Hoogly 
 
 llong'-le. 
 
 Jura, 
 
 Joo'-rab. 
 
 Kuenlun, 
 
 ivwGn-loon', 
 
 Hu.ldersfiflld, ... 
 
 Iltld'-ders-lield. 
 
 Jutland 
 
 Jnt'-land. 
 
 Knka, 
 
 Koo'-kah. 
 
 Hue 
 
 nwa{Hoo.i1). 
 
 
 
 Kur 
 
 Koor. 
 
 Humbe" 
 
 Htlm'-ber. 
 
 Kafifraria 
 
 KSf-ra-re-ab. 
 
 Kurdistan 
 
 Koor-dia-tan'. 
 
 Hangr..y, 
 
 Hung'-ga-re. 
 
 Kaifong, 
 
 Kl-fong'. 
 
 Kurlle 
 
 Koo'-ril. 
 
^^'0 — - 
 
 ICO 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCADUI.ATJY OF GEOCxnArniCAL NA:\rES. 
 
 Laalaud, 
 
 La Beauce, 
 
 Labrador, 
 
 Labuau, 
 
 Laccadive, 
 
 Lachine, 
 
 Lachute, 
 
 Lacsha, 
 
 Ladoga. 
 
 Ladrones, 
 
 La Hogue, 
 
 Lahore 
 
 Laminermoor, ... 
 
 Lanark, 
 
 Lancashire, 
 
 Laucasttr 
 
 Laos, 
 
 La Paz, 
 
 La Plata, 
 
 La Prairie, 
 
 LaPuebla, 
 
 La Bochelle, 
 
 Lassa, 
 
 L'Assomption, ... 
 
 Lattakoo, 
 
 Laueuburg, 
 
 Lausanne, 
 
 Lauwerzee, 
 
 Leamington. 
 
 Leeuwin, 
 
 Leghorn, 
 
 Le Havre, 
 
 Leinster, 
 
 Leipsic, 
 
 Leith, 
 
 Leitrim, 
 
 Leman, 
 
 Lemberg 
 
 Lena, 
 
 Leon, 
 
 Lepanto, 
 
 Lepreau, 
 
 Lerwick, 
 
 Leuca, 
 
 Levon, 
 
 Leyden, 
 
 Libertad Realejo, 
 
 Lichfield, 
 
 JjU iitenstein, ... 
 
 Liege, 
 
 Lille, 
 
 Lima, 
 
 Limoges, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Linlithgow, 
 
 Lin-z, 
 
 Lipari, 
 
 Lippe, 
 
 Litany, 
 
 Llanelly, 
 
 Loango, 
 
 Loch Etive, 
 
 Loch Fyne 
 
 Lodi Linnhc, 
 Lochy, • 
 
 Laii'-laiKl. 
 
 Lali-boce'. 
 
 Lftb-ra-dore'. 
 
 Lah-boo-alin', 
 
 Lilk'-ka-dlve. 
 
 Lali-sliOOu'. 
 
 Lali-slioot'. 
 
 Lak'-siili. 
 
 Lah-do'-L'ali. 
 
 Lali-drones', 
 
 Lali-II.V. 
 
 Lali-hrne', 
 
 Lfiui'-iiior-raoor. 
 
 L.lii'-ark. 
 
 Laiik'-as-slieer. 
 
 Lank'-as-ter. 
 
 Lali'-os. 
 
 Lali-patli' (-paz'). 
 
 Lah-plali'-tah. 
 
 Lah-iiifi-re'. 
 
 Lali-pwCb'-lali. 
 
 Lah-ro-shel'. 
 
 Lali'-sah. 
 
 Las-sonp-se-onp:'. 
 
 Lat-ta-koo'. 
 
 Lou'-en-1iurf[. 
 
 Lo-zahii'. 
 
 Lou'-cr-za. 
 
 LCiu'-in^-ton. 
 
 LOC''-win. 
 
 Li'g'-horn. 
 
 Leli-hav'i-'. 
 
 Lln'-ster (LCC'ii'-). 
 
 Lipe'-sik. 
 
 LCotli, 
 
 LCu'-trim. 
 
 LC' man (Lcm'-). 
 
 LCra'-burg. 
 
 Le'-na. 
 
 Lfi-on' (LC'G'-on). 
 
 Le-paii'-to. 
 
 Leh-pnV. 
 
 LOr'-ik. 
 
 Le-oo'-kah. 
 
 Lov'-en. 
 
 Li'-den (La'-). 
 
 Le-ber-talid'-ru-ah-la'-jo. 
 
 Litch'-ficld. 
 
 LOC'k'-tcn-stlnc. 
 
 LOOj. 
 
 LOCI. 
 
 LG'-raali (Ll'-). 
 
 Lee-tiiozh'. 
 
 Liiik'-un. 
 
 Lin-lith'-gO. 
 
 Lints. 
 
 Lip'-a-re (Le-pah'-ri'). 
 
 LI|i'-pe. 
 
 Lee-tali'-ne. 
 
 lian-el'-le (-Otii'-), 
 
 Lo-ani;'-gfi. 
 
 Looli-i't'-Iv. 
 
 Lncli-l'Inu'. 
 
 L'lL'li-lIii'-ne, 
 
 Locli'-e. 
 
 Loire, 
 
 Lombardy, ... 
 Lombok, 
 Lomond, 
 Longneil, ... 
 Loo Choo, ... 
 L'Orient, ... 
 L'Original, ... 
 Lotbiniere, ... 
 Lothian, 
 Loughborough, 
 Louisiade, ... 
 Louisiana, ... 
 Lowestoft, ... 
 Lubeck, 
 Lucayos, 
 
 Lucca, 
 
 Luce, 
 
 Lucerne, 
 
 Luzern, 
 
 Lucknow, ... 
 Lupata, 
 Lurgan, 
 Luxembourg, 
 Lynn Regis, 
 Lyons, 
 
 Mabou 
 
 Macao, 
 
 Macassar, .. 
 
 Macclesfield, 
 
 Macquarie, ... 
 
 Madagascar, 
 
 Madame, ... 
 
 Madawaska, 
 
 Madeira, ... 
 
 Madras, 
 
 Madrid, 
 
 Maelstrom,.. 
 
 Maestricht, 
 
 Magdalen, ... 
 
 Magdalena, 
 
 Magdeburg, 
 
 Magellan, ... 
 
 Magenta, ... 
 
 Mageroe, ... 
 
 Maggiore, ■ . 
 
 Mahanuddy, 
 
 Mahe, 
 
 Mahone, 
 Maimaitchin, 
 
 Main, 
 
 Majorca, 
 Malabar, 
 Malacca, ... 
 Malaga, 
 
 Malar 
 
 Malaysia, ... 
 Maldive, 
 
 Malmo, 
 
 Malo, 
 
 Malta 
 
 Malvern, ... 
 
 Manaar, 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Lwi'ir. 
 
 Lum'-liar-de. 
 
 Um-UA'. 
 
 Lo-mond, 
 
 Loug-;.'ur. 
 
 Lno-choo'. 
 
 Lo-re-oh'ng'. 
 
 Lo-reeii-yaiil'. 
 
 Lo-be-ne-air'. 
 
 LiV-tlie-an. 
 
 Lilf-bur-reb. 
 
 Loo-e-ze-alid'. 
 
 Loo-e-ze-ah'-iiali. 
 
 Loz'-toft. 
 
 Lu'-bek (-bOk'). 
 
 Loo-kl'-o.s. 
 
 Luk'-kah. 
 
 Luce. 
 
 ; Loo-sern'. 
 
 Lttk'-now. 
 
 Loo-pali'-tali. 
 
 Lui''-san. 
 
 Lux'-em-burg. 
 
 Lln-rt''-ji.s. 
 
 Ll' oiiz. 
 
 Mali'-boo. 
 
 Alali-kow'. 
 
 Mali-kas'-sar. 
 
 Mfik'-klz-field. 
 
 JiSk-k\V("r'-re. 
 
 Jlftd-a-pfts'-kar. 
 
 Mali-dalim'. 
 
 Mad-a-wos'-ka. 
 
 Mali-da'-rali. 
 
 Jla-dras'. 
 
 Mah-drM' (Jlad'-rul). 
 
 A'llle'-strura. 
 
 l\Iils'-trJkt. 
 
 Mfig'-da-lt'n. 
 
 MftL'-da-liV-nali (-IC-). 
 
 I\lrig'-de-liurg. 
 
 IMali-jul'-lan. 
 
 Mali-j(?n'-tivli. 
 
 I\I;lg-e-ir>'. 
 
 Mab-jo'-rfi. 
 
 Maii-liah-iioo'-de. 
 
 Alah-Iia'. 
 
 Mah-liOiie'. 
 
 RlI-niT-cliin'. 
 
 jNlune. 
 
 Ma-.i"r'-*ali. 
 
 .Ma-la-liar'. 
 
 Mali-l,Mv'-kali. 
 
 Mal'-a-fja. 
 
 Mr.'-lar. 
 
 Ma-la'-slie-ali. 
 
 ]\lal'-dlve. 
 
 Mal'-uio. 
 
 Mali'-lo. 
 
 Arawl'-tali. 
 
 Mal'-vern (Maw'-). 
 
 .Mali-iialii-'. 
 
 Alftii'-ilit's-tei'. 
 
 Manchooria, 
 Manhattan, 
 
 Manilla, 
 
 Manitoulin, 
 
 Mannheim, 
 
 Mantna, 
 
 Maracaybo, 
 
 Marajo, 
 
 March, 
 
 Maree, 
 
 Maremma, 
 
 Margarie, 
 
 Mariana 
 
 Marie Gnianiu, ... 
 Mariiche-gebirge, 
 
 Marmora, 
 
 Marocco, 
 
 Marquesas, 
 
 Marsala, 
 
 Marpe'i'"'! 
 
 Martuban, 
 
 Martinique, 
 
 Mascarene, 
 
 Massachusetts, ... 
 Matamoras, 
 
 Matanzas, 
 
 Matapan, 
 
 Matina, 
 
 Matsmai, 
 
 Maulmain, 
 
 Mauritius, 
 
 Maynooth, 
 
 Mayo 
 
 Mazatlan, 
 
 Meander, 
 
 Meath, 
 
 Mucca, 
 
 Mechlin, 
 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 Schwerin, 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 Strelitz, 
 
 Medina, 
 
 Mediterranean, .. 
 
 Mcernt, 
 
 Megantic, 
 
 Meissen, 
 
 Mekiuez, 
 
 Mekong, 
 
 Mekran, 
 
 Melbourne, 
 
 Memel, 
 
 Meniphremagog, 
 
 Menai, 
 
 Menam, 
 
 Mendocino, 
 
 Mendoza, 
 
 Mer de Glace, .. 
 
 Mergui, 
 
 Merida, 
 
 Merioneth, 
 
 Merrimac, 
 
 Mersey, 
 
 Merthyr Tydvil, 
 Messina, 
 
 .} 
 
 Rl.ln-elioo'-re-ali. 
 
 JI:ln-liat'-tan. 
 
 iMa-nH'-l.'t. 
 
 Miln-e-too'-lin. 
 
 Mfin'-lilrae. 
 
 .Mfm'-tu-a. 
 
 Mar-a-ki'-bo. 
 
 Mah-raL'-jo. 
 
 Mark. 
 
 Mah-reo'. 
 
 Mah-rem'-mali. 
 
 .Mar-f;ali-ree'. 
 
 Mali-re-ah'-nali. 
 
 Mah-rG'-£»a-lalint'. 
 
 JIali-risL'-i -ga-bir'-ga. 
 
 Mai-'-nio-i-ab. 
 
 Mah-ri'ii'-ko. 
 
 Jlar-kfi'-sas. 
 
 M; r-sah'-lah. 
 
 ^'ar-salz'. 
 
 Mar-ta-ban'. 
 
 Mar-te-neGk'. 
 
 Mfis-ka-rOuti'. 
 
 Mils-sa-clioo'-sets. 
 
 Mah-tali-mo'-rabs. 
 
 Mali-tan'-zas. 
 
 Mat-a-paii'. 
 
 Mah-tO'-nah. 
 
 Mats-iiil'. 
 
 ^r;ill-niliie'. 
 
 Ma\v-risli'-e-us. 
 
 Ma-nooth'. 
 
 Alfi'-o. 
 
 Mfiz-at-lfin'. 
 
 ]\Ie-an'-der. 
 
 i\IOeth. 
 
 Mok'-kah. 
 
 Muk'-liii. 
 
 j\Ick'-leu-burg-shwri-r(;cH'. 
 
 j- Mok'-lou-burg-strel'-itz. 
 
 Ale-dco'-nali. 
 
 JiGd-e-ter-ra'-ne-an. 
 
 MOu'-rut. 
 
 Ma-gau'-tie. 
 
 Mi'-sen. 
 
 Mok'-e-nez. 
 
 Ma-kong'. 
 
 MC'k-ran'. 
 
 Mol'-burn. 
 
 Mom'-el. 
 
 MGin-frO-ma'-gog. 
 
 MOii'-a ;-I). 
 
 Ma-nam'. 
 
 AlOn-do-sO'-no. 
 
 Mt^ii-do'-zali. 
 
 JIair-do-glais'. 
 
 Mer-gee'. 
 
 MC'i-'-e-dnh. 
 
 Mei-'-e-o-netli. 
 
 Mer'-rc-iuak. 
 
 Mui-'-ze. 
 
 Mur'-tliur-tid'-vil. 
 
 Mes-sOO'-iiali, 
 
kust^md^mtaxn 
 
 !i-clioo'-ie-ali. 
 
 i-liat'-tan. 
 
 nU'-h. 
 
 ii-e-ti)o'-lin. 
 
 ii'-liime. 
 
 ii'-tu-a. 
 
 r-a-kl'-bo. 
 
 h-raU'-jo. 
 
 fk. 
 
 h-rci'. 
 
 li-rein'-raali. 
 
 r-f-ali-ree'. 
 
 h-re-ah'-nah. 
 
 h-iG'-r'a-lalint'. 
 
 .li-rish'-i -ga-bir'-ga. 
 
 ,r'-nioiah. 
 
 b-r' K'-ko. 
 
 r-kfi'-sas. 
 
 r-sali'-lah. 
 
 r-sfilz'. 
 
 r-ta-ban'. 
 
 I'-te-iiOek'. 
 
 s-ka-rOen'. 
 
 is-sa-clioo'-sets. 
 
 Ii-tah-mo'-rabs. 
 
 ih-tan'-zas. 
 
 it-a-pau'. 
 
 h-to'-nah. 
 
 ts-iii!'. 
 
 ill-iiiiiie'. 
 
 i\v-risb'-e-us. 
 
 i-nooth'. 
 
 ['.0. 
 
 z-at-lan'. 
 au'-dor. 
 th. 
 
 '-kah. 
 in. 
 
 k'-Ien-burg-sbwa-rC'C'ii'. 
 
 k'-Ion-burg-strd'-itz. 
 
 .iCO'-iiah. 
 d-e-ter-iTi'-ne-an. 
 G'-rut. 
 ■Sau'-tic. 
 sen. 
 
 v'-e-uez. 
 kont,''. 
 ;-rau'. 
 '-burn, 
 n'-el. 
 ii-frC'-miV-gog, 
 
 I'-a :-i). 
 
 am', 
 i-ilo-se'-no. 
 i-do-zab. 
 
 •-do-glas'. 
 
 ■gee'. 
 
 -e-dali. 
 
 -e-o-neth, 
 
 -re-iuak. 
 
 '-ze. 
 
 '-tliur-tid' 
 
 ■scG'-iiab. 
 
 ■vil. 
 
 
 rROXOUNCIXG VOCABUI 
 
 ,.\RY OF GEOOR.VrUICAL NAMES. 
 
 
 101 
 
 1 
 
 Metz, 
 
 Mots. 
 
 Nankin, 
 
 Nan-kC'C'ii'. 
 
 Odessa, 
 
 O-des'-sa. 
 
 
 Ueose, 
 
 Muze. 
 
 Naaling 
 
 NS.n-liiig'. 
 
 Oesel, 
 
 Ti'-sel. 
 
 
 Uexico, 
 
 Me.x'-e-k5. 
 
 Nantes 
 
 Naiits. 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 O-bi'--). 
 
 
 Miaco, 
 
 Me-ah'-ko. 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 Naii-tuk'-t't. 
 
 Okeechobee, 
 
 O-ke-cbd'-bee. 
 
 
 SlicLigau 
 
 Mlsh'-e-gan. 
 
 Napanee, 
 
 Ka-iia-nei.'. 
 
 Okhotsk 
 
 0-kotsk'. 
 
 
 MicMpicoteiL, ... 
 
 Jlieli-ip-iH>kr/-tei). 
 
 Napo, 
 
 Nah'-pr>. 
 
 Oland, 
 
 O'-land. 
 
 
 Milaja, 
 
 Mll'-an(Mi-lan'). 
 
 Nassau, 
 
 Nas'-saw. 
 
 Oldenburg, 
 
 Ole'-dondiurg. 
 
 
 MUtzin, 
 
 Milt-zeCn'. 
 
 Natal, 
 
 Nah-tal'. 
 
 Oleron, 
 
 O-la-rong'. 
 
 
 Milwaukie, 
 
 5IIl-\va\v'.ke. 
 
 Natchez, 
 
 Nntch'-ez. 
 
 Olympus 
 
 OdIni'-i)U.s. 
 
 
 Mindanao, 
 
 Min-dah-nah'-o. 
 
 Nauplia, 
 
 Naw'-ple-a. 
 
 Omagh, 
 
 O-inah'. 
 
 
 Mindoro, 
 
 M\n-(]ii'-ro. 
 
 Navan, 
 
 Nav'-an. 
 
 Omaha 
 
 O'-ni.a-liaw. 
 
 
 Minho, 
 
 SlCen'-jd (Min'-hu). 
 
 Navarino, 
 
 Nali-vah-iC'C-'-no, 
 
 Oman, 
 
 cVmaii'. 
 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 BIIn-ne-s(V-ta. 
 
 Nazareth, .. 
 
 Naz'-a-rt'lli. 
 
 Omoa 
 
 O-mcV-ah. 
 
 
 Minorca, 
 
 Mln-(5r'-ka. 
 
 Naze, 
 
 Nali'-ze. 
 
 Onega, 
 
 0-ne'-:;ah. 
 
 
 Miquelon, 
 
 Mlk.e-Ion'. 
 
 Neagh, 
 
 Na. 
 
 Ontario, 
 
 On-tu'-re-d. 
 
 
 Miramicbi, 
 
 Mlr-a-mi-shee'. 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 Nc-bras'-ka. 
 
 Ooroomiah, 
 
 ()o-roo-niOC''-aIi. 
 
 
 Missisquoi, 
 
 Mls-s!s'-kwali. 
 
 Nedjed, 
 
 ■ Ned'-jed, 
 
 Oporto, 
 
 O-pdru'-ld. 
 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Mls-sl.s-sl ])'-[«. 
 
 Nejed, 
 
 Oran, 
 
 C)-ran'. 
 
 
 MisBOuri, 
 
 Mls-sno'-rc. 
 
 Negropont, 
 
 Neg'-ro-poiit. 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 Or'-c-gon. 
 
 
 Mobile, 
 
 Mo-becl'. 
 
 Nenagh, 
 
 Na'-na. 
 
 Orfah, 
 
 Oi-'-fali. 
 
 
 Mocha, 
 
 Uff.ka. 
 
 Nepaul, 
 
 No-|)a\vl'. 
 
 Orillia, 
 
 U-iU'-lc-a. 
 
 
 Modena, 
 
 M<y^e-nah (llod'-'*. 
 
 Nephin Beg, 
 
 K6t'-iii-bcg'. 
 
 Orinoco, 
 
 O-re-niV-kr). 
 
 
 Mogador, 
 
 JIiig-aHlOre'. 
 
 Nerbuddah, 
 
 Nur-budMa. 
 
 Orizaba, 
 
 Or-o-zali'-bah. 
 
 
 Mohawk, 
 
 MO'.hawk. 
 
 Neufchatel, 
 
 Nuf-sliali-tL-r. 
 
 Orkneys 
 
 Ork'-nC'C'.s. 
 
 
 Moldavia 
 
 Mf)l-diV-ve-a. 
 
 Neva 
 
 Ne-'va (NTi-vali'). 
 
 Orleans 
 
 Oi'-le-aiiz. 
 
 
 Moluccas, 
 
 Mo-liik'-kuz. 
 
 Nevada, 
 
 Na-vah'-dah. 
 
 Ormuz, 
 
 Oi-'-muz. 
 
 
 Monaghan, 
 
 Miin'-a-lian. 
 
 Nevada-de-Sorata, Na-vali'-dali-da-so-raU'-tali. 
 
 Orontes, 
 
 O-rrtn'-tei z. 
 
 
 Monmouth, 
 
 MOn'moutli. 
 
 Newfoundland,.. 
 
 Nri-fuiid-laiid'. 
 
 Ortegal, 
 
 Or'-te-gal 
 
 
 Mouongaliela, ••. 
 
 l\Io-non-ga-h5'-la. 
 
 New Orleans, .. 
 
 N(i-i"5r'-le-ai:z. 
 
 Oruba, 
 
 0-r(jo'-bali. 
 
 
 Mons, 
 
 Mongs. 
 
 New Zealand, .. 
 
 Nu-zee'-land. 
 
 Oshawa, 
 
 O-shaw'-wah. 
 
 
 Montague, 
 
 Mon'-ta-gu. 
 
 Ngami, 
 
 N'gah'-iut'o. 
 
 Ossa, 
 
 Os'-sa. 
 
 
 i Montana, 
 
 Mon-tah'-iiaii. 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Ni ag'-a-rali. 
 
 Ostend, 
 
 Os-tLiid'. 
 
 
 1 Montawk, 
 
 Mon-tawk'. 
 
 Nicaragua, 
 
 Nik-ah-rah'-g\va!i. 
 
 Otranto 
 
 O-triVu'-td. 
 
 
 '■: Montcalm, 
 
 Rlftiit Kahm'. 
 
 Nice, 
 
 NOOce. 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Oi'-tah-wali. 
 
 
 Monte Video, ... 
 
 Mon'-te-vid-e-o. 
 
 Nicobar, 
 
 Klk-o-bar' (Nik'-). 
 
 Onse 
 
 Ooz. 
 
 
 Montgomery, ... 
 
 Mont-gftni'^-re. 
 
 Nicolet, 
 
 Nlk-o-UV. 
 
 Owhyhee, ... 
 
 O-wIiy'-hCO. 
 
 
 Montmorency, ... 
 
 Mclnt-nio-rCn'-.'-e. 
 
 Nicopoli, 
 
 Ne-kop'-o lo. 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Ox'-ford. 
 
 
 Montpellier, 
 
 Moiit-pel'-yer. 
 
 Nicosia 
 
 Ne-ko-ziu'-ah. 
 
 Oxas, 
 
 0.\'-us. 
 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 Mta-tre-air. 
 
 Niemen, 
 
 NC'C'-UK'U. 
 
 
 
 
 Mooltan, 
 
 Moi)l-tahn'. 
 
 Niger, 
 
 Ni'-jer. 
 
 Pacific, 
 
 ra-sif'-ik. 
 
 
 Moorshedabad, •.. 
 
 Moor-slied<i-bad', 
 
 Nijui-Novgorod, 
 
 Ntzli'-ne-m'iv-fro-riVr. 
 
 Padua, 
 
 Pild'-u-a. 
 
 
 Moravia, 
 
 Mo-ru'-ve-a. 
 
 Nikolaiev, 
 
 Ne-ko-li-tv-'. ' 
 
 Paisley, 
 
 Paie'do. 
 
 
 Moray, 
 
 Mflr'-re. 
 
 Nile 
 
 Nile. 
 
 Palawan, 
 
 Pall-lab- wahi/. 
 
 
 Morocco, 
 
 Mo-n'k'-ko. 
 
 Nimes 
 
 Nooms. 
 
 Palermo, 
 
 rahdei^ni.-). 
 
 
 Moscow 
 
 ]\Ios'-k6. 
 
 Ning-po 
 
 Ning-po'. 
 
 Palestine, 
 
 ral'-es-tlne. 
 
 
 ! Mosul, 
 
 Mo'-sul. 
 
 Niphon, 
 
 Nr-fon iMf-r.ii'i. 
 
 Palk, 
 
 Pawk. 
 
 
 Moukden, 
 
 Mook-tleii'. 
 
 Nipissing, 
 
 Kip'-is-siug. 
 
 Palma 
 
 Palil'-niab. 
 
 
 Moulins, 
 
 Moo-lang'. 
 
 Nordkyn, 
 
 Nort'-kiri. 
 
 Palmyra, 
 
 rftl-nil'-ra. 
 
 
 \ Mourue, 
 
 Mr>rne. 
 
 Norway, 
 
 Nor'-wa. 
 
 Palos, 
 
 I'ali'-los. 
 
 
 Mourzouk, 
 
 Moor-zook'. 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Nor'-ridj. 
 
 Pamir, 
 
 rali-i.iiGi^. 
 
 
 Mozambique, ••. 
 
 llo-zilm-boek'. 
 
 Nossi Be, 
 
 Nos'-sf-biV 
 
 Pamlico, 
 
 rftm'-le-kd. 
 
 
 Muilrea, 
 
 lAIttl-itt'. 
 
 Notre Dame, 
 
 Nol'r-dahni'. 
 
 Panama, 
 
 rana-niali'. 
 
 
 Mnllingar, 
 
 M-al-lIn-gai-'. 
 
 Nottawassaga, .. 
 
 Nut-t.a-wa sa\v-!;a. 
 
 Panjim, 
 
 I'an-zlieeng'. 
 
 
 Munich, 
 
 Mu'-iiik. 
 
 NovaZembia, .. 
 
 No-valiztni'-bla. 
 
 Papua, 
 
 Pap'- 00- a. 
 
 
 Murrumbidgee,... 
 
 Mflr'-nim-bid-jee. 
 
 Nubia, 
 
 NiV-be-a. 
 
 Para 
 
 . I'ali-rali'. 
 
 
 Muscat, 
 
 JIfis-kat'. 
 
 Nun, 
 
 Noon. 
 
 Paraguay, 
 
 . I'ar'ah-gwa. 
 
 
 Mysore, 
 
 Ml-iore'. 
 
 Nurembnrg, 
 Nyanza, 
 
 Nu'-rem-bii ;■■_;. 
 Ne-idin'-za. 
 
 Paramaribo, 
 
 ( I'ar-a-niai-'-i-bo (Pa-ra-nua- 
 • I rO'-bO). 
 
 Naa.s, 
 
 Na'-as (Nuce). 
 
 Nyassi, 
 
 Ne-as'-.so. 
 
 Parana 
 
 Par-alinah'. 
 
 
 Nablous 
 
 Nah-bloos'. 
 
 
 
 Paria, 
 
 . Pnh'-re-ab. 
 
 
 Nagasaki, 
 
 Nali'-ga-sah-ke. 
 
 Oahu, 
 
 Wah'-hoo. 
 
 PariL.e, 
 
 . Pali-rCO'-tna. 
 
 
 Nagpore, 
 
 Nag-pore'. 
 
 Oakham, 
 
 Oko'-liani. 
 
 Paris, 
 
 . Par'-is (Pah-rC). 
 
 
 Nairn 
 
 . l.irn. 
 
 Obi, 
 
 O'-bee. 
 
 Parma 
 
 . Pat^-raa. 
 
 
 Namaqua, 
 
 . Nah-inali'-kwalu 
 
 Oceania 
 
 0-slie-;di'-no-.i. 
 
 Paropamisan, .. 
 
 . Pah-ro-p>li- ~e-s;ilin' 
 
 
 Namor 
 
 . Na'-mur, 
 
 Oder, 
 
 O'-dCr. 
 
 Passamaquoddy, 
 
 Pas-sara-a-quod'Hly. 
 
 
 
102 
 
 PROXOTTNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRArillCAL NAMKS. 
 
 Fassajo, 
 
 Pils-sah'-ro. 
 
 Prussia, 
 
 Prtl.sh'-ya (Proosli'-a). 
 
 Russia, 
 
 Rush'-e-ah (Roosh'-e-ah ). 
 
 Passan 
 
 Pfts'-sow. 
 
 Puerta Principe, 
 
 Poo-ur'-to-prin'-se-pa. 
 
 Rnstchnk, 
 
 Roos-chook'. 
 
 Patagonia, 
 
 Pat-a.pry.ne-ali. 
 
 Punjaub 
 
 PQii-jalib'. 
 
 Rutherglen, 
 
 Roo-ther-gleu' (Rflg'-lCn). 
 
 Patras 
 
 Rih-trahs'. 
 
 Piintas Arenas, ... 
 
 Poou'-tas-ab-ra'-nas. 
 
 
 
 PaTia, 
 
 Pah-vC'c'-ah. 
 
 Pnrus, 
 
 Poo'-rooce. 
 
 Saale, 
 
 Sali'-la. 
 
 Pechelee, 
 
 Pa-clie-leO'. 
 
 Putumayo, 
 
 Poo-tDo-mi'-o. 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 S:ih-krah-niCn'-to. 
 
 Pedee, 
 
 ro-dec'. 
 
 Pyrenees, 
 
 Pli'-e-nOOz. 
 
 Safed, 
 
 t'ah-ftd'. 
 
 Peebles, 
 
 IVO'-blz. 
 
 
 
 Saghalien, 
 
 Sah-gali-leO'-cii. 
 
 Pegu, 
 
 Fe-goo'. 
 
 Qnathlaraba, . 
 
 Kwat-lam'-lah. 
 
 Saguenay, 
 
 Sa;,'-e-na'. 
 
 Peipns, 
 
 Pi'-pus (Pa'-e-pnns). 
 
 Quebec, 
 
 KwC-btk'. 
 
 Sahara, 
 
 Sah-hah'-rah. 
 
 Pekin, 
 
 Pee'-kin (Pekin'). 
 
 Quesaltenango, ... 
 
 Ka-sal-Ui-nau'->.'r). 
 
 Saida, 
 
 ST'-dah. 
 
 Peling, 
 
 Pil-linK'. 
 
 Quito, 
 
 KOe'-to. 
 
 Saigon, 
 
 .•^I-gNn'. 
 
 Pembina, 
 
 Fc'iii'-be-nah. 
 
 
 
 Saima, 
 
 Sl'-iiiah. 
 
 Pembroke, 
 
 POm'-brook. 
 
 Rabatt, 
 
 Rali-baht'. 
 
 St. Alban's, 
 
 Saint-awr-baiis. 
 
 Penaug, 
 
 Pe-nang'. 
 
 Racine, 
 
 Kah-seOn'. 
 
 St. Aucslme, ... 
 
 .Saliiit-ang-siltu'. 
 
 Pennsylvania, ... 
 
 I'Ca-Kll-vfi'-nC'-ali. 
 
 Rajpootana, 
 
 Haljj-poo-tali'-liali. 
 
 St. Bernard, 
 
 Si'Mt-ber-nani'. 
 
 I'enobscot, 
 
 I'C'-nub'-sknt. 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Uaw'-le. 
 
 St. Christophe, ... 
 
 Sang-krCC's-tuf. 
 
 Pensacola, 
 
 I'l^ii-sah-ko-laii. 
 
 Rampoor, 
 
 Ram-iiooi-'. 
 
 St. Croix, 
 
 Sang-krwaw' (Saiiit-kroi') 
 
 Penzance, 
 
 rC'u-zance'. 
 
 Rangoon, 
 
 Kaiig-goon'. 
 
 St. Denis 
 
 Ralingde-nto'. 
 
 Pernambuco, ... 
 
 IVr-uAui-boo'-kr). 
 
 Rappahannock,... 
 
 Uftp-lia-iifiii'-iiok. 
 
 St. Etienne, 
 
 Sabnt-a-to-ci/. 
 
 Perrot, 
 
 FcT-nU'. 
 
 Raratonga, 
 
 K;ili-rali-toiig'-gah. 
 
 St. Eustatia, .. 
 
 Saiiit-u-sta'-slio-ali. 
 
 Persepolis, 
 
 Fcr-sCp'-o-Iis. 
 
 Ras al Haad, ■■ 
 
 Kahs-alil-liahd'. 
 
 St. Francois, ... 
 
 .-<:"iiig-frann-s\vaw'. 
 
 Peru, 
 
 FO-rco'. 
 
 Rathkeale, 
 
 RMlh-kale'. 
 
 St. Gothard, ... 
 
 Siiliiit-irfit'-liard. 
 
 Perugia, 
 
 Fa-r^n'-jah. 
 
 Rathlin, 
 
 H;.tli-Hii'. 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 S'lint-lu'-IO'-iia. 
 
 Peshawar, 
 
 F;'Kll-all'.«Ul-. 
 
 Ratisbon 
 
 R;\t,'-is-bon. 
 
 St. Holier, 
 
 Saliiit-ber-e-er. 
 
 Pisth, 
 
 FCst. 
 
 Ravenna, 
 
 Kali-veii'-iiali. 
 
 St Hyacinth. 
 
 Saling-te-ali-san),'l'. 
 
 Peichora, 
 
 I'Otoh'-o-rali. 
 
 Re 
 
 Ua. 
 
 St. Irene, 
 
 Salint-ee-r,"i nfi'. 
 
 Peterborough, ... 
 
 Fo'tur-lmr-rah. 
 
 Reading 
 
 RCl'-diiig. 
 
 St. Lawrence, ■ 
 
 Saint-law'-ience. 
 
 iecticodiac, 
 
 I'ute- cod-yak'. 
 
 Realejo, 
 
 Re-ali-la'-ho. 
 
 St. Liboiio, 
 
 Sahiit-ie-bwaar'. 
 
 P( tropaulovski. 
 
 ra'-tro-pi)\v-lov'-s-kc. 
 
 Reggio, 
 
 RCd'-ju. 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 Saiiit-loo'-is. 
 
 , . Hilelphia, ... 
 
 ni a-dul'-fO-ali. 
 
 Rcikiavik, 
 
 Ri-kl-.vvlk. 
 
 St. Lucas, 
 
 Sahiit-loo'-kas, 
 
 iii.lilipine, 
 
 I'lMp-liIn. 
 
 Renfrew, 
 
 l{Cii'-l'rao. 
 
 St. Malo, 
 
 SCiit-niali'-lo. 
 
 Piccenza, 
 
 Fo-ali-clii'ii'-zali. 
 
 Restigouche, ... 
 
 Ro»-tu-t;u.'.sl,'. 
 
 St. Marie, 
 
 Saiint-ma-ree'. 
 
 f'lchinca, 
 
 I'e cliiu'kali. 
 
 Reunion, 
 
 Ru-u-ne-ung', 
 
 S.. Maurice, 
 
 Sang-mo-recce'. 
 
 Pijtou, 
 
 Flk' tiio (-too'). 
 
 Revel, 
 
 U{<v'-p1. 
 
 St, Michel, 
 
 Saiiit-niT'-ktl. 
 
 Piedmont, 
 
 rC'Od'-uinnt. 
 
 Rheims 
 
 itOeins, 
 
 bt. Ours 
 
 Sahnt-oor'. 
 
 Pietermarifzbntg 
 
 FOO't?r-riialn'its-}MMT. 
 
 Rhine 
 
 Uiiie. 
 
 St. Petersburg, .. 
 
 Raiiit-pOr -ters-burg. 
 
 Pilcomayo, 
 
 I'll-kri-niali'-yO (-njl u). 
 
 Rhodes, 
 
 Kodz. 
 
 St. Pierre, 
 
 S;iluit-pe I.'./, 
 
 Pindus, 
 
 I'lii'-dus. 
 
 Rhone, 
 
 Rone. 
 
 St. Roque, 
 
 Saiiit-rokc'. 
 
 Pisa, 
 
 F.-0'-7.ali. 
 
 Richelieu 
 
 RrC'sli-e-loo'. 
 
 St, Scholasti'iue, 
 
 S;iliiig-sko-ialis-tei;k'. 
 
 Pittairu 
 
 I'lt-cairn'. 
 
 Richibucto, 
 
 Ui.sli-i-biik'-tri. 
 
 Ste. Therese, 
 
 S..linl-ta.raiz', 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Pllm'-ntli. 
 
 Kideau, 
 
 UcmIo'. 
 
 St. Vincent, ... 
 
 .^aiiit-vlii'-sint. 
 
 Po 
 
 To. 
 
 Rieseugebirge. ... 
 
 lUi'-zen-ga-bei'r'-gil. 
 
 Salado, 
 
 Sati-iah'-clo, 
 
 Poland 
 
 FcV-land. 
 
 RlRi 
 
 liCC'-gah (Rl'.). 
 
 Salamanca, 
 
 Sali-lah-mahng'-kali. 
 
 Polynesin, 
 
 IVil'-e-IlOr' >llU-il. 
 
 Ilimouski, 
 
 l{"i"-iM(ios'.ke. 
 
 Salee, 
 
 Hali'-le. 
 
 Pomona, 
 
 riMiio'.iia. 
 
 Rio Grande, 
 
 ROO'-o-Oralin'-ilo. 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 SawlH'-licr-re. 
 
 Porape'ii, 
 
 ( Foin-pd'-yce. 
 
 Rio Janeiro, 
 
 Uf'O'-ii-ja-iia'-ni. 
 
 Saloiiiki, 
 
 Sali-lo-iiee'-kee. 
 
 ( l'<"iiii-pe'-i-i. 
 
 Rio Negro, 
 
 HeO'-n-nri'-grn. 
 
 Salop, 
 
 Sal'-op (Sa'-lop). 
 
 Pondlcherry, ... 
 
 lV.n-<li'.i<liei'-re. 
 
 Riviere du lou)), 
 
 Ki-ve-aiv'.doodou'. 
 
 Salwcn, 
 
 Salil-wCn'. 
 
 Ponta Uelgada,... 
 
 FfMi'.lah-dul-Kali'-d.ili. 
 
 Hoanoke 
 
 Rii-aii-oko'. 
 
 Salzburg, .. 
 
 Salt.'j'-burg. 
 
 Poole, 
 
 Pn.i]. 
 
 Roca .. 
 
 Hu-kah. 
 
 Samaransr 
 
 f^ftin-a-rang'. 
 
 Popociitcivetl, ... 
 
 r..p-0-oftii-tn-pcti'. 
 
 Rochdale 
 
 K.-indiMale. 
 
 Samoa 
 
 Suii-nn"'-a. 
 
 Portage dn Fort, 
 Porliienf 
 
 Fci-tazh'-dufor. 
 
 I'Mit-nnof. 
 
 Rochcfort, 
 
 Rochester 
 
 l{i'wli'-furi.. 
 
 Urx'll'-l'A-tlT. 
 
 Samothrako, \ 
 Samothraki, / 
 
 Sah-mo-thnili'-ke. 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 lVir't()-iOC''-ki\ 
 
 Rodosto 
 
 H<i-(lfis'-i(i. 
 
 Sana, 
 
 Sati-nah'. 
 
 Portsmouth, 
 
 P.^rtH'-iiioulli. 
 
 Romanwv, 
 
 Ro.nuHi-i6v'. 
 
 San Antonio, 
 
 I'^alin-alin-tiV.nc-o, 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 rnrt'-nnftl. 
 
 Rome 
 
 Rnnio, 
 
 San Bias 
 
 Sahn-bliilis'. 
 
 Posen 
 
 PiV." ■-'.. 
 
 Rosotta 
 
 Ro-sPl'.lah. 
 
 San Poniingo, .. 
 
 .''aiin-iln-niiliu'-Ko. 
 
 Pi. onmc 
 
 lo-ir. mak. 
 
 RoNsignol, 
 
 RdH-sccn.yrir. 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 Saliii-fian-slN' ki), 
 
 Potoni 
 
 l'r..t«S.|.i. (Po-til'.fir). 
 
 Rothesay, 
 
 RMli'-sM,' 
 
 San Joaquin, 
 
 Saliri-lio.a-kCOa'. 
 
 Potsdam, 
 
 I'l'itH'-dain, 
 
 Rotterdam, 
 
 UiM'-liT-ilaiii. 
 
 San Juso, 
 
 Salin-lio-sft', 
 
 Prawifl, 
 
 I'iUK. 
 
 Koucn 
 
 Roo'-Pn, 
 
 San Juan, 
 
 Sahn-lioo-aliu'. 
 
 ^'VUt'l 
 
 Pift'-ircl. 
 
 Rouvllle 
 
 Roo.vCOr, 
 
 f'an Luis 
 
 Sali!i-lni'.l», 
 
 Prcstonpans, 
 
 I'liH-ton-pnn*'. 
 
 Itoxburg 
 
 Rox'.buix. 
 
 San Marino, 
 
 .Salm-irali.rPO'-no. 
 
 Prumo 
 
 I'ninie. 
 
 RUgon, • ••• 
 
 Uii'-^vn. 
 
 Sou Salvador, .. 
 
 Sulin-tiul-va-dOro'. 
 
'-eali (Roosh'-c-ali). 
 
 •chook'. 
 
 Lher.gl6a' (Rfig'-lCn). 
 
 la. 
 
 krah-riicn'-to, 
 
 rea'. 
 
 ^^ali-leii'-eit. 
 
 B-IlcV. 
 
 luih'-rali. 
 xh. 
 
 lah. 
 
 t-awl'-lmiirf. 
 it-aii}.'-s(.Iiu'. 
 .-ln'r-Miinr. 
 ^klC■^■^-tuf. 
 ^-krwaw' (Saiiil-kmi'] 
 igJe-iiic'. 
 iit-a-te-oii'. 
 t-u-sla'-slio-ali. 
 i-fritiih'-hwaw'. 
 iit-uot'-liaril. 
 it-lie-IO'-iia. 
 iit-liOl'-t'-er, 
 iiK-te-ali-saiigt', 
 nt-ce-rri tia'. 
 it-law'-rc'Mce. 
 iit-lc'-bwaar'. 
 iil-loo'-is. 
 iil-loo'-kas. 
 t-mali'-lo. 
 nt-ma-ree'. 
 g-iiio-rC'C'ce'. 
 iiil'-kil. 
 -nor'. 
 
 •VK -ters-burg. 
 
 lie uir', 
 
 loke'. 
 
 ■sko-lalis-tCL'k'. 
 
 iriraiis'. 
 
 Vlll'-SCIlt. 
 '■,ln. 
 
 -inaling'-kali. 
 i". 
 
 •licr-ro, 
 i-iice'-kue. 
 
 I (S-i'.lop). 
 
 Will'. 
 
 -liiirg. 
 
 a-iaiig'. 
 
 luO'-a. 
 
 luo-thrali'-ko. 
 
 nail', 
 i-aliii-iri'-nc-o. 
 
 l.l.llllls'. 
 
 •ili).iiiiliu'-)to. 
 i-fiaii-vlN-ko. 
 ,-lii).a-kC'Oii'. 
 
 •h.VHft'. 
 
 -linoaliu'. 
 
 .l..„M*. 
 
 ■irali-n'o'-nn, 
 
 -sal-va-ilOro'. 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAnilCAL NAMES. 
 
 TC3 
 
 San Sebastian, ■■ 
 
 8ans«oaci, 
 
 Santa Fe, 
 
 Santa Maara, .. 
 
 Santee 
 
 Santiago-de-Com- 
 
 postella, 
 
 Saone 
 
 SaragOBsa, 
 
 Sarawak, 
 
 Sardinia, 
 
 Saros, 
 
 Saskatchewan, .. 
 
 Sassari, 
 
 Saugeen, 
 
 Sault, 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 Save, 
 
 Saxe Coburg, ... 
 
 Saxony, 
 
 Scandinavia, ... 
 Scarborough, ... 
 
 Scatari, 
 
 Scaw fell, 
 
 Schelde, 
 
 Schemnitz 
 
 Schiedam 
 
 Schleswig, 
 
 Sleswik, 
 
 Schveckhorn, .. 
 Schwartzwald, ... 
 
 Schweitz, 
 
 Scilly 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Scutari 
 
 Sebastopol 
 
 Seeland, 
 
 Segovia 
 
 Segura, 
 
 Seine 
 
 Selkirk 
 
 Senegal, 
 
 Senegambia, — 
 
 Sennaor, 
 
 Senne 
 
 Scramporo, 
 
 SeroB, 
 
 Serinagur 
 
 Servia 
 
 Sctnbal, 
 
 Severn, 
 
 Severe, 
 
 BeviUe 
 
 Sevres, 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 Bhauio 
 
 Shanghai 
 
 Shannon 
 
 ShatHil-Arab, .. 
 
 Bhedlu 
 
 ShoernoRs, 
 
 Sheffluld 
 
 Shnnaiuloah, 
 
 Bhcndy, 
 
 Bbepcdy, 
 
 Sahri-sa-bahs-te-ah n'. 
 
 Sang-soo-se'. 
 
 Saliii'-tah-fa. 
 
 Sahn-tah-mow'-rali. 
 
 San-tee'. 
 \ Salin-te-ah'-go-da-eom-i)ns- 
 j ta'-lah. 
 
 Sons. 
 
 Sah-rali-g6s'-8ah. 
 
 Sah-rah-wak'. 
 
 Sar-din'-e-a, 
 
 Sali'-ro3. 
 
 Sfts-k.ltcli'-e-wan. 
 
 Sah'-sah-re. 
 
 So-geen'. 
 
 So. 
 
 Sali-vati'-r.ali. 
 
 Saliv (Save). 
 
 Sftx-ko'-buig. 
 
 S,1x'-o-iie. 
 
 Slw1ii-de-iia'-vc-a. 
 
 okai-'-bur-ro. 
 
 Skftt-a-ree'. 
 
 Skaw.f(il'. 
 
 Skol'-da. 
 
 SliCiii'-iiitz. 
 
 Skee-diVin'. 
 
 / SchlCs'-vig, 
 
 SlirCk'-hnrn. 
 
 Sliwarts'-wablil. 
 
 Sbwitz. 
 
 Sll'-Ie. 
 
 Skfil'-land. 
 
 Skno'-tali-re. 
 
 Se-biis'-to-pul (.to'-). 
 
 ZOe'-land. 
 
 So-go'-vc-ab. 
 
 Sa-goo'-rah. 
 
 Silnc, 
 
 SiM'-kirk. 
 
 SCn-c-gawl'. 
 
 SCn-e-gftiii'-bc-nh, 
 
 Sfn-nalir'. 
 
 Si^n'-nelt. 
 
 Sur-niii-jirire'. 
 
 SCr'-es. 
 
 Rer-e.nnli'.gur (-gui'). 
 
 Ser'-ve-a. 
 
 SO-too'.bal. 
 
 B6\''-crn. 
 
 Pft-va'-ro. 
 
 SCv'.il (.ill'). 
 
 8<>v'r. 
 
 Sn-slu'Plz'. 
 
 Sliali'-iiin. 
 
 Sliang-liI'. 
 
 Sliftll'-linil. 
 
 Slmt-el-nli'-ralib. 
 
 SliPd."-nk'. 
 
 SllOrT-IU'RIl', 
 SllfMirld. 
 
 Sboiiftii.m'nb. 
 
 Sbfn'd". 
 
 SbCp'o-de. 
 
 Shippegan,... 
 
 Shoa 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 Shropshire, 
 Shubenacadie, 
 Shumla, 
 Siam, ... 
 Siberia, 
 Sicily, ... 
 Sierra-del-Cobre, 
 Sierra-Gredos, ... 
 Sierra Leone, ... 
 Sierra nadre, ... 
 Sierra Morcna, ... 
 Sierra Nevada,... 
 Sierra Toledo, ... 
 
 Sikokf, 
 
 Silesia, 
 
 Silistria, 
 
 Sinai, 
 
 Siuf;apore, 
 
 Sinope, 
 
 Siout, 
 
 Sir-daria, 
 
 Sir-i-koi, 
 
 Sistova, 
 
 Sitka, 
 
 Skager Rack, ... 
 Skibbereen, 
 
 Skye, 
 
 Slauey, 
 
 Sleat, 
 
 SUgo 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 Socotra, 
 
 Sofala, 
 
 Sokota, 
 
 Solent, 
 
 Solfcriuo, 
 
 Solway, 
 
 £ mali 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 Soodan 
 
 Soongaria, 
 
 Sorcl, 
 
 Soulanges, 
 
 Sonrabayn 
 
 Spartiveuto, 
 
 Spey 
 
 Spires 
 
 Spitibcrgon, ... 
 
 Sporadcs, 
 
 Spree, 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Stallmeue, 
 
 Staliminl, 
 
 Stanovoi, 
 
 Stctvio 
 
 Stettin 
 
 Stottiner Haff,... 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Stoiir, 
 
 Strabano 
 
 Stralsund 
 
 Strangford, 
 
 Shlp-pe-gan'. 
 
 Sho'-ah. 
 
 Sbrflz'-bCr-e. 
 
 Slirfip'-sheer. 
 
 Slioo-bi5n-.'ik'-a-dc. 
 
 Shoora'-lah. 
 
 Sl-ini'. 
 
 Sl-bC'G'-re-ab. 
 
 Sis'-e-le. 
 
 Se-er'-rali-del-c'ib'r'. 
 
 Se-er'-rah-grfi'-dos. 
 
 Se-cr'-rah-le-o-iie. 
 
 Sf-er'-rali-mah'-drfi. 
 
 Se-er'-vah-iiio-nV-iiali. 
 
 Se-er'-rali-nfi-vah'-ilal: 
 
 So-cr'-rah-to-la'-do. 
 
 Sec-kAkf. 
 
 Si-lee'-she-a. 
 
 Si-lls'-trc-ali. 
 
 Si'-iia (Si'-iia-T). 
 
 Singga-pOre'. 
 
 Slii'-o-pe. 
 
 Se-oot'. 
 
 Sir-ilali'-rc-ali, 
 
 Sir-e-kul'. 
 
 Si8-t<V-vali. 
 
 Sn'kali. 
 
 Skftg'-ii-rak. 
 
 Skib-lie-rOOn'. 
 
 Ski. 
 
 Slaii'-e. 
 
 Sleet. 
 
 Sli'-pn. 
 
 Siiiir'-iiali, 
 
 Sok'-n-trali (-ko'.). 
 
 So-fiib'-lali. 
 
 So-ko-tali. 
 
 S«V-lent. 
 
 Sol-fft-re'-iio. 
 
 Kol'-wa. 
 
 So-maw'-le. 
 
 Sfliii'-iiirr-set. 
 
 iSoo-dalin'. 
 
 Soong-gfth'-rc-aii. 
 
 SOr-el'. 
 
 Soo-lniizli'. 
 
 Soo-rali-bf-a. 
 
 Spar-tc-vOii'-to, 
 
 SpiV 
 
 Spire. 
 
 Spits-biirg'-cn. 
 
 SiH^r'-n-ilfcz, 
 
 Spift. 
 
 Slftf'-fonl. 
 
 [ Stal-c-ine'-nc. 
 
 Stnli-im-Vdi', 
 StiM'-vo.n. 
 Siei-tooii . 
 SiPt-tOO'-iicr-liiilT. 
 
 SUik'-linllll. 
 
 Stnnr. 
 Stni.l>Mi'. 
 Strnlil'-Hiiont. 
 Sraiig'-fciiil. 
 
 Stranraer, 
 
 Strasbourg, 
 
 Stromboli, 
 
 Stromness, 
 
 Stuttgart, 
 
 Suez, 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Suir, 
 
 Sumatra, 
 
 Sumbawa, 
 
 Snnda, 
 
 Surat, 
 
 Snsquehanuah,... 
 
 Sutlej, 
 
 Swansea, 
 
 Sweden, 
 
 SwitEcrland, 
 
 Syra 
 
 Syracuse, 
 
 Tabriz 
 
 Tadoussac, 
 
 Taganrog, 
 
 Tagus, 
 
 Tahiti, 
 
 Tablequah, 
 
 Tain, 
 
 Tallahasse, 
 
 Tampico 
 
 Tananarive, 
 Tanganyika, 
 
 Tangier, 
 
 Tanjore, 
 
 Tanna, 
 
 Tapnjos, 
 
 Tarnnto, 
 
 Tarifa 
 
 Tartary, 
 
 Tashkeud, 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 Tatamagouchc,... 
 
 Taunton, 
 
 Taurus, 
 
 Tchad, 
 
 Teheran, 
 
 Tehuantepcc, ... 
 Tcniiscaiuing, .. 
 Teniiscouata, ... 
 
 Tempi', 
 
 TcMcriffe 
 
 Tengrinor, 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Terra del Fuego, 
 Terrebonne, 
 Torre Haute, ... 
 
 Tctnan 
 
 Thames, 
 
 Thanot, 
 
 Thaso 
 
 Thfibos 
 
 TheisH 
 
 TliormopylB!, ... 
 
 Thiakl, 
 
 Thiau Shan, ... 
 Thibet, 
 
 Stran-rawr'. 
 
 Stras'-burg (-boor'). 
 
 Strftm'-bo-lee. 
 
 Striim-ness'. 
 
 Stut'-gart. 
 
 Soo'-ez. 
 
 SttP-fok, 
 
 Shoor. 
 
 Soo-mab'-tra. 
 
 Soom-baw'-wah. 
 
 Sttii'-da. 
 
 SoD-rat'. 
 
 Sfls-kwe-lifm'-nab. 
 
 Sfil'-Iej. 
 
 Swfill'-SO. 
 
 Swo'-dOll. 
 S\vll.s'.er-l:iiid. 
 Sce'-rah. 
 Su'-ah-kuse. 
 
 T.'ili-lirOC-.'. 
 
 Tail-oo-sak'. 
 
 'rali'-galin-ro;;. 
 
 'i'a'-giis. 
 
 Tali-liCO'-to. 
 
 'J';iiric-kwaii. 
 
 'lYiiie. 
 
 Tal-l;.li-lias'-.se. 
 
 Tain-pOO-ko. 
 
 Tali-iiali-nali-ro-viMi', 
 
 Taiin-g.iliii-yO'-k.i. 
 
 Tftti-jOOr'. 
 
 'lilti-jort'. 
 
 Tau'-na. 
 
 'rali-pali'-zlii'sn, 
 
 'rali'-ialin-tii. 
 
 Tah-rce'-fab. 
 
 Tar'-ta-re. 
 
 'I'asli-kcnd'. 
 
 Tilsiiiri'iie-a. 
 
 Tft''-niab-gou!,li, 
 
 V'.llM'-toM. 
 ') ,1U'-IU8. 
 
 i;imhd. 
 
 Ti-lior-alin'. 
 
 Ta-bwan-tAp('k'. 
 
 Tc-niiM'-kani-iiig. 
 
 Trni-iN-koo-ah'-tuli. 
 
 Ti'in'-pil. 
 
 'I'.-ii-Mi-lir. 
 
 TiMi'-gri'-nnr, 
 
 'I'eii.nfN-M'O'. 
 
 Ter-rah-dcl-fHfi'-go. 
 
 Tair-boii'. 
 
 'i'Mir.lM.i...'. 
 
 'rd-ii-aii', 
 
 Tf MX. 
 
 Tl.ftn'-et. 
 
 Tliah'-Ko. 
 
 ThOObi, 
 
 Tt.'o. 
 
 'riiiT-Mi'ip'.o-le. 
 
 'riii'-ali'-ko. 
 
 Ti--aliir-r<lialiii. 
 
 Tll.'-el (-el'). 
 
 .ZW< ■*?""■»"■? 
 
 Tm^i 
 
"^wr 
 
 
 164 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOORAPIIICAL NAMKS. 
 
 
 
 Thorn, 
 
 . Torn. 
 
 Tuscaloosa,... 
 
 ... Tus-kuh-loo'-sali. 
 
 Washita, 
 
 Wf)sli-C-taw'. 
 
 
 Thorold, 
 
 . Thor'-oM. 
 
 Tuscany, ... 
 
 .. Tus'-ka-iie. 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Wa-ter-loo'. 
 
 
 Thuriugian, 
 
 . Tiiu-rlii'-je-:in. 
 
 Tyne, 
 
 ... Tine. 
 
 Wellesley, 
 
 Welb'-le. 
 
 
 Thurles, 
 
 . TiiOrli. 
 
 Tyrone, 
 
 .. Tl-iouu'. 
 
 Weuer 
 
 WO'-ner (Va'-ner). 
 
 
 Tiber, 
 
 . Tl'-bur. 
 
 
 
 Weser 
 
 We'-ser (Va'-ser). 
 
 
 Ticino, 
 
 . Te-chcO'-no (-300'-;. 
 
 Uist, 
 
 ... Widt. 
 
 Westmoreland, .. 
 
 Wesl'-more-laiid. 
 
 
 Tiflls, 
 
 . Tif'-lls. 
 
 Ulleswater, 
 
 ... Ulz'-wa-ter. 
 
 Wetter 
 
 WOt'-ter (Vot'-tcr). 
 
 
 Tigre, 
 
 . TGG'-gra, 
 
 Ulm, 
 
 ... lllm(Oolm) 
 
 Weymouth. 
 
 Wa'-m&tb. 
 
 
 Tigris, 
 
 . Ti'-^n-is. 
 
 Ulster 
 
 ... Ul'-ster. 
 
 Whydah, 
 
 Whid'-da. 
 
 
 Timbuctoo,... . 
 
 . Tlii.-bnk'-too. 
 
 Unst, 
 
 ... Unst. 
 
 Whykokomagh,.. 
 
 . Why-kok'-o-mah. 
 
 
 Timor, 
 
 . Te-mnrL-'(Ti'-raor). 
 
 Upsala, 
 
 ... Up-sah' lali. 
 
 Widden, 
 
 . Wld'-dOii. 
 
 
 Timor Laut, 
 
 . Te-indre'-l.'iut. 
 
 Ural 
 
 ... U'-ra) lOo-rahl'). 
 
 Wiesbaden, 
 
 WOOs'-bah-den. 
 
 
 Tipperary, ... . 
 
 . Tip-er-a'-re. 
 
 Uruguay, ... 
 
 ... Oo-n -j-gwa' i-ywi'). 
 
 Wigan, 
 
 Wig'-au. 
 
 
 Titicaca, ... . 
 
 . Ti.e-tce-kah'-kah. 
 
 Usliaut, 
 
 ... Usb'-.iiit. 
 
 Wight 
 
 Wite. 
 
 
 Tobago 
 
 . To-bu'-KO. 
 
 Utah, 
 
 ... U'-tai. 
 
 Winchester, 
 
 Wln'-chCs-ter. 
 
 
 Tobique, ... . 
 
 . To-book'. 
 
 Utica, 
 
 ... U'-te-ka. 
 
 Windermere, .. 
 
 . \Ylii'-der-mOie. 
 
 
 Tobol, 
 
 . To-b.M'. 
 
 Utrecht, ... 
 
 ... U'-trOkt. 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 . Wlu'-ztir. 
 
 
 Tobolsk, 
 
 . To-bolsk'. 
 
 
 
 Winnipeg, 
 
 . Wlu'-ui-pOg. 
 
 
 Tocautins, ... . 
 Tokay, 
 
 . To-k.-m-tCCnii'. 
 . To-kiV. 
 
 Valdai, 
 
 Valencia, ... 
 
 ... Val'-da (-dl). 
 ••■ 1 Vah-lOn'-she-a. 
 
 Winnipiseogee, .. 
 
 f Wln-e-pe-saw'-ke. 
 ( Wln-e-pls-e-o'-ge. 
 
 
 Toledo, 
 
 . To-lO'-ilo. 
 
 Valeutia, ... 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 . Wla-kiiii'-hln. 
 
 
 Tongataboo, 
 
 . Tong-ah-tab'-boo. 
 
 Valenciennes, 
 
 ... Vah-liing-se-Cn'. 
 
 Wittenburg, 
 
 . Wll'-tCu-burg. 
 
 
 Tonquin, ... . 
 
 . Ton-kOOri'. 
 
 VaUadoUd, ... 
 
 ... ViVl-ia-do-lM' (-IcO.l'). 
 
 Wollaston, 
 
 . Wol'-las-toii. 
 
 
 Topeka, ... . 
 
 . To-pO'-kab. 
 
 Valparaiso,... 
 
 ... Val-iiah-ii'-.so. 
 
 Wolverliampton, 
 
 \Vul-vci--liami/-toii. 
 
 
 Toplitz 
 
 . Top'-litz. 
 
 Vancouver, .. 
 
 ... Vftii-koD-vur, 
 
 Woolwich, 
 
 Woul'-itcU. 
 
 
 Torbay, ... . 
 
 . Tor-bu'(Tor'-). 
 
 Van Dieuien's. 
 
 ... Vftii-dOo'-iueuz. 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 Wuos'-ter. 
 
 
 Tormentine, 
 
 . Toi-'-men-lIiie. 
 
 Varna, 
 
 ... Var'-nali. 
 
 Wrexham, 
 
 llCx'-ftiii. 
 
 
 Toruca, ... . 
 
 .. Toi''-iR'-ali, 
 
 Vaudreuil, ... 
 
 ... Vo-drool'. 
 
 Wurtemburg, .. 
 
 . Wur'-tL'iu-burg. 
 
 
 Torquay, ... . 
 
 . Tor-kO'^Toi-'.). 
 
 Venezuela, 
 
 ... VOii-e-zwG'-lali. 
 
 Wye 
 
 \VI. 
 
 
 Torres 
 
 .. Toi-'-rcs. 
 
 Venice, 
 
 ... VOii'-i.ss. 
 
 
 
 
 Tortola, ... . 
 
 .. Tor'-to-liib (-t(V-). 
 
 Vera Cruz, ... 
 
 ... V'e-rali-crooz'. 
 
 Xeres 
 
 . Hu-rCs'. 
 
 
 Tortugas 
 
 .. Tor-too'-Kus. 
 
 Verde 
 
 ... Vfid. 
 
 Xingu 
 
 . .*^lilii-nou'. 
 
 
 Toulon 
 
 .. Too-luiig'. 
 
 Vennejo, ... 
 
 . Ver-ma'-ho. 
 
 Xucar iJucar), .. 
 
 . Hoo'-kar. 
 
 
 Toulouse, ... . 
 
 .. Too-looz'. 
 
 Vermont, ... 
 
 ... Ver-muiii', 
 
 
 
 
 Tourment, ... . 
 
 .. Toor-;-ioiit'. 
 
 Verona, 
 
 ... Ve-ro-iiiih, 
 
 Yablouoi, ... . 
 
 Yuli-blo-nni', 
 
 
 Touruay, ... 
 
 .. Toor-ia'. 
 
 Versailles, ... 
 
 .,, Vor-sulz'. 
 
 Yamaska, 
 
 . Yab-ma.V-kali. 
 
 
 Tours, 
 
 .. Toor (Toorz). 
 
 Verte 
 
 ... VQrt, 
 
 Yanaou, 
 
 . Yah-iiali-oiig'. 
 
 
 Tracadle, ... . 
 
 .. Ti.'.Vn-.le. 
 
 Verviers, ... 
 
 ... Ver.ve-iV. 
 
 Yang-tse-kiang, 
 
 Yaii;,'-tsu-ke-aug'. 
 
 
 Trafalgar 
 
 .. Tr.'\f.al-Kiu-' (-fal'-), 
 
 Vesuvius, ... 
 
 ... VL'-SU'.Vt;.US. 
 
 Yapura (Japurai 
 
 Yali-po.)'-raii. 
 
 
 Tralce, 
 
 .. Tiiili-ke'. 
 
 Vicenza, 
 
 ... Ve.»Oii'-/,a. 
 
 Yarkand 
 
 Yar-kaiid'. 
 
 
 Transvaal, ... 
 
 .. Tniiis-vdlil'. 
 
 Vienna, 
 
 ... Vu-en'-nali. 
 
 Yana-Yarra, 
 
 . Y'ai-'-iMli-yar'-rali, 
 
 
 Trapajii, . 
 
 .. Tnih'-iiali-iio. 
 
 Vilna 
 
 ... Vll'-nah. 
 
 Yavaiy iJabary), 
 
 Y'ali-vuii-iOo'. 
 
 
 Travaucore, 
 
 .. Tiftv-iiii-koro'. 
 
 Vindhya, ... 
 
 ... Vliid'-yali. 
 
 Yeddo (Jeddo , .. 
 
 . Yed'-do. 
 
 
 Trobisond, ... 
 
 .. Trc'b'-c-zond (•zond'). 
 
 Virginia, ... 
 
 ... Vir-nlii'-c-ali. 
 
 Yemen 
 
 . YOni'-en. 
 
 
 Treves, 
 
 .. TrCOvH. 
 
 Vise (Monte), 
 
 ... Mim'.tfi-\cu'.zo. 
 
 Yenisei, 
 
 YOii-o-.>!iV.e. 
 
 
 Trichinopoly, 
 
 .. Tilti'li-in-i'ip'-ole. 
 
 Vistula, 
 
 ... YtN'-tti-la. 
 
 Yesso, 
 
 YO.i'-,so. 
 
 
 Trieste, 
 
 .. Tie-fst'. 
 
 Volga 
 
 ... V<M'.^all. 
 
 Yoniba, 
 
 . Yi).r(ii>'-bali. 
 
 
 Trlncomalee, 
 
 .. TriiiK-ko-ma-lOC. 
 
 Volturno, ... 
 
 ... Vnl-tuoi'-no (-tur'-). 
 
 Yosemito, ... • 
 
 Yo-KPlll'-l'.tO. 
 
 
 Tripoli, 
 
 .. Trlp'-d-ie. 
 
 Vosges, 
 
 ... Ynzll. 
 
 Youghall, 
 
 Yuwl (Yo'-awl). 
 
 
 Tripolitia, ... 
 
 .. Trc-po-ilt'-jft. 
 
 
 
 Yucatan, 
 
 YoD-kah-tau'. 
 
 
 Trols Pistoles, 
 
 .. TrwawiiJM ti'lf'. 
 
 WaojT 
 
 ... WaliR. 
 
 Yukon, 
 
 . Yu'-koii. 
 
 
 Trombotas,... 
 
 ., Tirtin-lifi'tiiH. 
 
 Wiulni 
 
 ... \Vali'.,lI. 
 
 
 
 
 Trowbridge, 
 
 ... TnV-l.iiilKe. 
 
 Wady Mousn, 
 
 ... Wali'.ili'.mniV.snb, 
 
 Zacatec(.s, 
 
 . Zfto-n-tO'-kas (-Ift'-). 
 
 
 Truxillo, ... 
 
 ... Troo-liuOl'-j'O. 
 
 Wahsatch, ... 
 
 ... Wali-salili', 
 
 Zaire, 
 
 . Zah.OO.'. 
 
 
 Tuun, 
 
 ... Tii'-ftiii, 
 
 Waklock, ... 
 
 ... Wnl'.drk. 
 
 Zambcze, 
 
 . Zftiti.liui'/.o' (.b/l'-zA). 
 
 
 Tnln 
 
 ... T(M.'.lnli. 
 
 Wallachia, ... 
 
 ... \ViM.la'-ko-a. 
 
 Zonguobar 
 
 . Zftii-gwe-bar' (-gO.-), 
 
 
 Tnllamore, ... 
 
 ... Tfll-la-iiii'irc'. 
 
 Walney, 
 
 ... Wul'.m-. 
 
 Zaiito 
 
 Zftii'-to. 
 
 
 Tnnis, 
 
 ... Tou'-nis. 
 
 Walsall, ... 
 
 ... Wail'.Hal. 
 
 Zanzibar, 
 
 . Zftii-zc-bar'. 
 
 
 Turin, 
 
 ... Tod'-rin. 
 
 Warsaw. ... 
 
 ... War'-Kuw. 
 
 Zealand, 
 
 . Zoa'-liiiid. 
 
 
 Turkefitan, 
 
 ... T.xirk.'K.tnn'. 
 
 Wiutha, ... 
 
 ... Wnr'.tha. 
 
 Zurich 
 
 , Zo.i'.llk. 
 
 
 Turkey, 
 
 ... Tur^-ke. 
 
 Warwick, ... 
 
 ... Wai^ilk. 
 
 ZuyilorZeo, 
 
 . Zr*d«r-ze«, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wiisli-G-taw', 
 Wa-ter-loo'. 
 Welb'-le. 
 
 We'-uer (Va'-ncr). 
 We'-ser (Vfi'-ser). 
 West'-niore-lanJ. 
 WCt'-ter (Vst'-ter). 
 
 Wa'-matb. 
 
 Wlilcl'-ihu 
 
 Wliy-kok'-o-tuali. 
 
 Wld'-deii. 
 
 WC'Os'-bak-dcu. 
 
 Wli^'-au, 
 
 AVite, 
 
 Wlii'-ch6s-ter, 
 
 Wln'-ilcr-mOre. 
 
 Wlu'-zftr. 
 
 Wlii'-ui-pCg. 
 ' Wlii-e-pe-saw'-ke. 
 . Win-e-ijIs-e-O'-go. 
 
 Wls-koii'-hln. 
 
 Wa'-Wii-buig. 
 
 Wol'-las-toii. 
 
 Wol-vei-liami)'toii. 
 
 Woul'-itcli. 
 
 Woos'-ter. 
 
 Il0.\'-i\iii. 
 
 Wiir'-tcm-biirj;, 
 
 WI. 
 
 Ha-r6s'. 
 
 Sh!ii-goo'. 
 lloo'-kar. 
 
 Yali-blo-noi'. 
 
 Yali-mas'-kali, 
 
 Yuli-nah-oiiK'. 
 
 Yaiig-tsi-ko-au),''. 
 
 Yab-iiuu'-iuh. 
 
 Yai'-kaml'. 
 
 Y'ai-'-rali-yar'-rali. 
 
 Yuh-vuli-rOo'. 
 
 Yoil'-do. 
 
 Y6iu'-cn. 
 
 YOii-t'-siV-e. 
 
 Y B»'-so. 
 
 Yo-roo'-bali, 
 
 Yo-sCm'-c-te. 
 
 Yawl (YiV-awl). 
 
 Yiii'-kali-taii'. 
 
 Yfi'-koii. 
 
 ZAo-n-tO'-kai (-Ul'-). 
 
 Zali.Wi'. 
 
 /ftin-liui'/.o' (-l)/l'-7.fl). 
 
 Zftii.gwc-bai'' (-yd-). 
 
 Zftii'-to. 
 
 ZiVn-/.c-biir'. 
 
 Zr'tJ'-lalid. 
 
 Zi'i.'-ilk. 
 
 Zl'-dui-tvu.