<\y.

IMAGE EVALUATEON
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

[f:!^ Illliii

2? 1^ 1 2.0

12,2

1.25 1.4

1.6

M 6" -

►

//,

.^.'^'

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

■^

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIISTIR.NV MSaO

(716) •73-4S03

C/u

¥^?

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institjit Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a et^ possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage
sont indiquds ^^i-dessous.

D
D
D

->y

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagde

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e

Cover title "'issing/

Le titre dt< couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Cartes gdograpniques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Relid avec d'autres documents

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommag^es

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages ddcolordes, tachet^es ou piqudes

□ Pages detached/
Pages ddtachdes

Showthrough/
Transparence

I I Quality of print varies/

Quality indgale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel suppl^mertaire

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La re Mure serri^e peut causer de I'ombre ou da la
distortion le long de la marge int^rieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possit n these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es
tors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le taxte,
mais, lorsqua cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 film^es.

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have beeii refilmed to
ensure the best possible niage/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont M6 film^es d nouveau de faqon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppldmentaires;

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indlquA ci-dessous.

10X

14X

18X

22X

26X

30X

^■■^

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

)laire
»s details
ques du
nt modifier
Kiger une
Je filmage

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library
Acadia University

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce d la
g6n6rosit6 de:

Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library
Acadia University

Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reoroduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettetd de l'exemplaire fi;m6, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

d/
)u6es

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last \: ge with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —»- (meaning "CON-
TINUED "I, or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un dns symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
derni^re image de chaque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

aire

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir
de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mdthode.

by errata
ned to

lent

une pelure,

fapon d

32X

'!.'» -. astern ff^p^^.'mne^ •'.'r-." j , J

SCHOOL GEOGliArHY

THE WORLD.

V,Y

J.4rt1-\LKIX,

AM I.All, IN>,M.. h.|; MK >r| Is Fell; KIN, , s n .fNI V.

PRESCRIBED BY THE COUNCIL Op PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

S-ov illoc in the ilublic ^rhooK..

ACADIA COLLEGE DBkARY,
WOLFYILLE. N,3.

HALIFAX, N.S.: X ^ w. MACKIXLAV

l.SG'l,

(I^opiirigbt .^ccuvci).

IIALIKAX, X P. : A. >\; \V. MACKIXLAV.
I.c.VDO.V, EDJXBrRGH, AND XEW YoUK: T. NELSON * (iONS,

A-

^■

TuK Am

Nova ,>>e(

Kiliicittio

I'lir till' 1

grajiliiral

I of itH lo,

waiitH in

to call ;

j^'fiifial

(staycs.

First

" Hints "'

Tt'aclioi —

the f((ll(i\v

1. Pnil

Dcscriiif ;

5. Kelati\

7. The 1»

Soctidii ; I

11. Stiva

11. Clinial

iiiid Aiiiiii

ly. rursi;

•Jl. The (

l:4. Linil

r.iubo— it>

It is till
obsi'i'ving
irt'ogrnpliici
cocilin^ st(i
wrvHtioii, I

Vn nFACE

TuK Amlidr wi.iiM l:iy tliis Imuk lieiWi-i' tlu' 'J'tjai'lu'i's <_>\

Novii r^cutiii as a Imnililt' triluitc to tlu' I'austi nf I'uMic

Ivlncatiuii. Wliilst tlu' w.'riv may ii^it claiiu ar(,'c'[it.inL'i'

I'cir tlic rt'Vi-latii)!! nt' new I'arts .u' iirincipK's in ;^'i'o-

p:ra)iliifal scioufc, it is lielicvcil I hat a can'rul fxaiiiiuatinn

• •i' its foatiuvs will iHsouV'T sjiecial aila|ilatinu u, ,,ur

\vants in tlic sdidol-iMdni. lu this [ilace it may he well

til call attciitiim to its Icailini^ i'liara(.'t('risti(s. 'I'ln'

iTciui'al jilan im[ilics fnur '!i>tinL't au'l CMn^centivf

stau'i-'S.

First S*age — A rmMSK hk Okai, FiKssuNs, — Thf

! "Hints" ill this (Iciiartmcnt arc L;'iv('n as an ai'l tu tlir
I

Teadior — not tu In' stmlii'il liy tin' I'lijiil. They cniliracL'

, the folliiwini; tupiis : —

1. Pdints fit' tin' Coiiiiiass; '_'. Tiaiii In Oliscivo ami

])oscrilie; H. Mainiiii.t,' ; 4. Train to .Juil-c I)istaiR'os;

f). liolativc Position au'l Distance ; (>. Maji:. on a Scale ;

7. The I'lay (Jriimnl; s, Lainl Siirfacc in the Sdiodl

Section; II. Waler-sheils ; 111, A'lvantaLres ot' .Mountains ;

11. Streams; ]'2. Henelits of Streams; 1:1. liakes ;

M. Climate; 1;"). A Physical Map; It). Minerals, Plants,

and Animals of the School Section; 17. InhaMtaiits ;

1J<. I'lirsuits; 111. Kiluration; lid. Civil llivisimis;

•-'1. The County; li'J. Nova Scotia; '2:1. The W.aM;

■Jt. Laml ami Water; 'J'). Voyages; 'Hi. 'l"he Kartli a

Globe— Its Motions; 'J7. Circles.

It is the aim, hy this cniirse, to exercise tin- Piiiiil's

ohservin.i,' powers, ami, hy shnwiii'.;' liini the nature o|'

t,'eoi^ni[iliiciil Isiiowlcilge, to lay a foumlatinii I'nr the siie-

cooding stages. From eonsidenilile t'N[ierieiiee ami ob-

Kerviition, tlie .Xuthor is persiiaili'il that dial liessonM,

>iniilar to tho>o suu''4c>teil, 'I'orm the tiii" au<l only really

-.uiTes>t'nl intrnilnction to the stmly oi (ieiiL;rHiihy.

Second Stage. — This conM>ts, tir>t. of Lkssons on

Nova Sciitia; ami, second, n\ a I.Iknki; \i, \'ik\v ob' Tin; ;

Woiii.n, iiresi-nted by an imaginary tour. It i-. intciel.'d ,

to bi^ an ea>v tran>itioii iVnni oral lessons to t he I'rmal

studv <it' thr text-book. Ol'iects 1'aniiliar to the ehild, !

.1
and kieiwleil-'e already possessed, are nseil as sieppiiiL,'- {

I
stones in the ['ur-uit ot' new knowlcd-'c. It haJiecn the

special aim to make ibis part not only inslrm;live, but

simple, t'aniiliar. and ' tel•e^tinL,^

Third Stage. — In order that the Pupil may, with the
hiL,diest advantaui', prnsecnte the study nl I)es;riptive .
( icii^raphv, be sbeiibl bavi,' some knowledee ol the I
KartlTs plain lary relations and nt' the 1,'em'ral ininciples
III' Phy>ical (ieoLcraphy. The twinhapters ■• Tin; Kautii
AS a Pi.ankt'' and *• PiivsicAi, (InocitAi'iiv " are theiel'oie
[ilaced at the be-inniiiL;' nt the n.nre sy,-temalie part oi
the 1 k.

I'nder •• Tin; Kautii a? a I'la-vkt " ilio following' topics
are discussed ;--

FoiiM 111' the Ivutb ; Si/.K .'1 the Karlli ; I-hiiiT and

l[i;\r; I'av and Nniiir ; I'lieijud i. i:\irrii oi' |)av;

Clian^'O of Si:aso\s; Caii-e <<\ the Ivirth's An.mai, >'

.>IoTio\ ; CiiKi.Ks; Zonks; liVTiTim;; .^I^:\s^Kl:M^:^■r of

the Kartli; I.oN(irriiii: ; (lulline nf the Soi, \k Sr- ri:M ;

the KAiirii \ IIk\vi:ni,v Ibmv; I'i.\M:r.-; Moon-; l''i.\ed

St MIS ; the 'i'erre-liial (ii.oiu:, f I

I I
'• I'liYsii'Ai, (Ikoouai'Iiv ' embraees the f-llowing; — j

The Karth's CitrsT — the l.NTi:i;i"K : the Tiiki; \ori;iii;,s

(iLOUK — liWii. C'ltitinfiih, Isht.iilti^ S'ii-j\ii:<', Jli'ixr.if \\

PREFACE.

Jjiil-i'K — tlic Si;.\, its Exi'Mit, Ik'ptl', Cuiitciit^, 'JViii|)ora-
tiiro, Divisions, Motions, Waves, Tides. Currents — the
ATMK.-piri:!!!:, its Extent, (j'lniosition, I'rnpiM'ties, Re-
llrction, licfriu'tioii, 'rcinporntiiro, Vaiiuiir, Winds, Rain.
(Jliniate; T'i.ant.s, Axt>[.\t,s, IMw.

Tu tliiS'' (lejiarttuonts it lias liecn tlic aim to jirocc-oil
iVoni known plionoinena to prinoi[)]('s. shnuinL;- the de-
jicndenee liy I'aniiliar illnstrations. 'I'iic paraurapli .i
small type, (>inlivacin;j tlie more diflicuit parts, can be
omitted by heninnci's, at tlu' di<iT(_>(icin of tin- Teaclicr.
In order to secure tlte liii;lH'st practical lienefit, freipicnt
'•oference i;-; made, in the succeeding cLaptcrs. to the
principles of Physical (Icoyrapliy.

Fourth Stage. — This embraces Xoutii Amkricv, South
vSMKia-A. Krr;iirr.. A-i.v, AKiircA, and Oi t.axia. An out-
line of each i;reat division is L,nvcn liel'nn^ tin' conntrie-
Included in it are discussc^d. Ry tiiis coniprehiMi>Ive
view the relation of (he different parts is more clearly
appreliended. the Pupil cniiceivin,:^' nf them nut as isolati'd
eouutrics, Imt as forniini;- one .urand wlmie. Cnnnuon
features, alsci. are tlius learned once Inr ,'dl.

Particular attenli'iii is invil"d io the rMi'msM aiiiianui;-
Mi'.XT oi' Torn\-, liotli in the outlines and in the more
detailed desei'ijitiiu of the dit'i'ercnt ee.unti'ies. Mvery-
thin;:^ in thi^ part i<'( the \\nr\i is inclu'le'I under the lul-
liiw iu'j,' ei^'htcen lnMrlinir> : —

I. lIlSTiii;v.

II. rosnii'N.

III. FoiiM.

IV. Coast.
V. .\l;rA.

VI. SllilAri;.

VII. llivr.ifs.

VIII. I.AKrs.

IX. S..II..

X. f't.IMATi:.

XI. Ml.^■^■.KAl^,
XII. Plants

XIII. Ammai.h.

XIV. Iniiahitant.'!.
XV. Pi VISIONS.

XVI. Towns.

-XVII. iNITSTIif. .:.
XVIII. CJoVF.I!\MI-NT.

These liendings will ]irovi^ ol' great service to the I'lipil
in preparing liis losoiis, anil to the Teaclier in conduct-
ing the vocitation. They will ho I'uund pretty exhaustive
in the ui ,iter of Descriptive (leography, and will iurnish
central points nroimd which nioro oxtciuleil Kiiowledgi>,
derived from books or travel, will cliistcv. A consecutive

ordu' has been sought after, so that ea^Oi topic might
naturally arise out of the pnjccding — or at least that
there shuuld bi no inversion of the true relation. With
certain can>al facts obtained as dat^i, the learner largely
anticipates those that are dependent. Thus the reason-
ing [lowers being culled into action, the study of
(ieography becomes a liigher exercise than a mere
nicmnrizing of isolated facts. A systematic and unilbrni
;irrangemeiit will also greatly aid the memory, and will,
at the same time train to habits of order.

In the dirierent stages the s';KTeiii\(i of >:AI',s on the
slate or on paper is conteniplat(>il. 'i'his ])ractice should
go hand in liand with the study of (>very country. In
nil other way can the l\ipil acquire so nccurate and in-
di'lilile a mental picttire of the leailing physical features
of a ci iiutry.

The nr.i.ATivi; si/.r, or roi.NTiiiKs as cuiniiared with
Nnva Sciitia will tend much to (h'linite knowledge.
Areas are alsn expressed liy tiik sikk ok tiik siiCAi'E, as
conveying a more definite id.ea to children than s^narc
viifrs.

Xumei-dus UKVIKW tiiF.STinNs are givi'u thrcuighont the
work, which will tend tu excite interest and idicit thought.

i']\'ery endeavnur has been made to give the nmst
I'lKcKxr cuANiiKs ill tlic political relations of the various
countries of the wm-ld. and aUn the latest re-ults of ex-
phiiation and travel.

T1h> AIai's have liceii constimctiU) with \ vii;w to roii-
Ki'.cr coNCKi'Ti.'NS. Tlmse of the ,L;ri'at d'visii'iis are
coliiured. to di-tingnish liighlaiul fmm lowland, (luyot's
maps are taken as authority in this distinctiini. To
I'oiti'.i'.cT the FALSI', iMi'iiF.ssioxs respecting the relativ(!
sizes of cotmtries, arising from the use of maps on dif-
ferent scales. TIIK Mai- of Nova Scotia is takkx as tup.
INIT, by which all the others, drawn nccoivling to a
R])epi(ie(l proportion, are lo b(> measureil.

The TvrooHAi'iticAi, anh ilmstuativm auts luo laiil
under tribute to embellish and add ei. .iveness to the
work, ^'ariety of type has been emplnyed to catch the

di topic iniLflit

i
)!• at least tliat

relation. With
learnur largely

'hiis the rcasoi\-
the stii'ly of
than a mere |

tic and nnilbrm j

eniory, and \vilL

")F >;Ai'S on the
jjrai'tii'e shonid
ry co\intry. In
rciirat;' and in-
tliysical i'eatures

compared with
ite knowled'.;e.

THE StjCAKE, aS

•en than fiqiiarc

PREFACE.

attention and Invalc tlw monotony .-su irk.snme to children ;
and the pre]iarati.)n of lessons has not b,'en rendered un-
necessirily impuMn- ;imi ,vj-n]<iv(. l,y ;, ,Tovvdc(l pa-v.
The many exeeHcnt Illustrations will have an important
heariny, in exciting inten-st, in yivin- rurrect and per-

nntnent ci.ncrptions. and in the cultivatinn ,,f iv|i .1 ta-tr.

'I'iie (li.iissAiiv OF (;ko,;|{ai'hicai, 'I"ki{\is and the
l'i;iiX(M.\( iMi \'ii('\ni r,.\

rived tVom Cuyut's ( icngraphica! \V,,.iks. t dlnn- lK,.,ks
from wliieli ne.n- nr Irss aid has l„rn ol.tained ar,' :—

Lippincntt'sda/.ettcpr; Milncr's Callery ..f ( ;r,,-iaphy ;
-Markav's (n.n^iaphy; And,Ms,ni'. ( ;,.„oTaphy ; CanipludlV
(leo-raphy; Warren's (\))nmnu S,'h,M,l and I'liysical
(n--raplii,..: l-ovrll's (;,.,,-niphy: Srotii,], Srhuul j;,„,k
Associatinii (Ird-rapliy ; (io,,(!ericli's ( njn-rapjfy ; Sul-
livan's (;...^,ap|iy: Carh.rV Cro-raphy; i>ag,.'s I'jiysica!
'ieogvaphy; Kav's Outlin. .-. Suth rlaud's ( leo-niphy
"f WE. ].: >hn.ry's I'livHcal (leo-.aphy n\' tli,. Sra ;
IJaker'. AlluMt Nyanza ; ral-rave's Arabia ; A-assi/•^
15ra/.i!; Collirr's Ijisiurics : Thum^on's Land and ihr
U- luld,sh,.rshav,. his ho^t thanlc t^.r th. cheerful I IS.nk ; and various i:,.,,..rts on Trade and K iu.ati.n..

, . „...x,., .>, ,.x,, > ..,A.i, i.Aitv are .IrM-nrd f.^r rrfereiiee.
I ].ippinr,,tt and Worcester are followcl, ehi..(ly, in thr

prniiiuiciatidn.

Th>- Anthur gladly avails himsell' of this space to .'x-

liri'» his olijij^atious.

Sonir of t!„. Huh.s and Ivxrrci.M's nu i!ir C],,!,,. aro takm
from 'I'at,.'. Natural l')iiln>,,phy, nhich mav l„. mnsnlt-d

■'■la nn^parIng ell.,rts with whirh tliry havr exemt^k j,,

the hi-hest style of art, tlieir part of th,. :v(irk.

^^ 3Ianv valuchle su^-gostions have heen n.vlv.d fnuu tur further inlurmation on the suLjcC.

1 . H. Uand, Es(i., ^r.A., Superintendent of I'.duralinu.

-V large nnmher of h,,oks have keen consulted in the
jnvj.aration (,f this w.n-k. Mvrh .-w^ist,,,,.,. l,a. l,..,.n do-

'<IH.\ ]U"K(i|.Ns ('Af.lilX,

v::^M^ s, j7,„,|_, Tim li.i. \ s^ ]. ;vi.

throughout the
il (dicit thought.

give the most
^ of the various
t ri'^ults of ex-

A VIKW TO roR-

t (''visions are
daml. (iiiyot's
stinction. To
ig tlie relative
if maj)s on dif-

- TAKi;\ AS THI^

nccorditig to a

AiiTs nto laid
ivent'ss to the
d to catch the

cox TEXTS

Hi.NTS ON Okal Lessons,

i.V

INTRODUCTION.

Nova Scotia,
A Glance at the World,

THE EARTH AS A PLANET.

Form of the Eartli,

Attraotiou,

Size of the Earth,

Liglit and Heat, ...

Day and Night, ..

Unequal Length of Day, ...

Change of Se.asons,

Cause of the Earth's Annual Motion,

Circles,

Zones,

Latitude,

Measurement of the Earth,

Longitude,

(ICTLIKE OF THE SoLAR SysTKM, ...

The Earth a Heavenly Body,

Planets,

Moons,

Fi.ved Stars, ...

Exercises,

The TERRKSTRrAL Globe,
Problems and Exercises,

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

The Earth's Crust,

The Interior,

The Terraqueous Glohe, ...

The Land,
Continents,
I.%laud.s,
Mountains,
River.'?,
Lakes,

Tub Sea,
Extent,
Depth, ... ... [[[ '"

Contents,

11
14
15
15
l,-
I,';
It)
17
1-
17
17
18
18

18
18
VJ
19
19
19

20
20

22
23
2;i

23
23
24
24
25
25

25
25
25
2(i

Tem|ierature. ...

Divisions,

Motions,

Waves,

Tides.

Currents,

The Atmospheue,
Extent,

Composition, ...
Projierties,
Kellection,
Refraction,
Temperature. ...
Vapour,

Winds,

Origin of Winds,

Tr.ade Wind.s,

Jlonsoons,

Land and Sea Breezes, ...

Modifying Causes,

Dew, Clouds, Rain, and Snow,

<!limate,

fntluences artecting Climate,

Lines of Equal Heat, ...

The (maANic Wori,i>,
Plants,

Vegetable Zones.
Animals,
Man,
Religion,
Social Conditi in.

NORTH AMERICA.

History, &e.,
British America,

Dominion of Canada,

Nova Scotia, ...

New Brunswick,

(Quebec,

Ontario.

Prince Edward L^land, ...

Newfoundland,

Hudson Bay Territory and Labrador,

Red River Settlement, ...

ISritish Columbia and Vancouver,
The United States.

Walrussi.-v,
Mexico,

2(5
2(5

28
2S
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
3(t
So
r.o
-■50
80
30
31
31

31
32
32

3:;

34
34

35
39
40
41
45
47
50
52
54
55
5d
5(5

05
6(5

mM3

CONTENTS.

Ccutial Amoriua,
West Indies,
Danihli America,

SOUTH AMERICA.

Ilistory, kc,

Columbia,

Ecuador,

Venezuela,

British Guiana, ... . .

Dutch and French 'juiana,

Brazil,

Peru, ..

Bolivia,

Chili,

The Argentine Ktiiulili.^ ...

Para<:uay,

I'ruguaj",

Patagonia,

EUROPE.

Uibtory, &e

The British Isles,

England ami Wales.

Scotland,

Ireland,

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

British Empire,
Norway and Sweden,
Denmark,
Russia,

Prussia and North (iormany,
Austria,
South Germany,

Holland,

Belgium,

France,

Switzerland,

Spain,

Portugal,

Italy,

Greece,
Tur'kev,

ASIA.

History, &c.,
Asiatic Russia, ...
The Chinese Eiuinre,

China Proper,

Subject Territories,

raoO

7tJ

77
77
77
78
73
71t
7!'
71»

?0
80

<J1

101

102

103

lOi

104

105

107

108

109

110

112

113

iir.

120
121
122
123

Turkestan,
Afghanistan,
Beloochistaa,
Persia, ...
Asiatic Turkey, ..

A;ia Jlinur,

Armenia, Kurdistan, A;c.,

Syria,

Palestine,
Arabia,
British India,

Dejieudent States,

Independent States,
Further India, ...
Jajian, ...

History, i:e.,
Barbary States, . .

Marocco,

Algeria,

Tunis,

Tripoli,

Region of the Nile,

Egypt,

Nubia,

Abvssinia,
The .Saliara,
Western Africa, ...

Senegambia, ...

Upper Guinea,

Lower Guinea,
Central Africa, ...

Soodan,
Eastern Africa, ..
Southern Africa,

Capo Colony, ...

N.atal,

Kall'raria and Transvaal,

AFRICA.

OCEANIA,

Malaysia,

Australasia,
Australia,
Tasmania,
New Zealand,
Papua,

Polynesia,

Glossahy op Geographic.vl Teh.mb.

PROXODNCINO V'uCAIlULAKY

124
124
124
125
125
125
126
12tj
127
129
130
132
133
133
134

135
139
139
139
140
140
140
140
141
141
141
142
142
i42
143
143
143
143
143
143
144
145

14<3
147
147
150
151
151
152

153
155

TiiK yoiii

iie i.s isul

uut carry

very mid

that is w

)'ocoiir.su

liretatiuii

t'Vt'r may

introduce

Btandiiii,' i.

study ; an

abrupt liii

contiuuou.':

one which

Those C(

mencing tli

take the c

known— an

tliat often i

The child ii

we try to n

of reason a

leaning on ]

bridged ovc

natural feai

bilities of t

forbids the

■iuch a syst

the plan wli

adapted to j

t'f any .selio

the mode of

what seems

accomplishe

and illustra

the least, wt

to give men

teachers whi

perici'tion ir

The teach

"•^BB ^■W>i llllll 'I'l "

124
124
124

125
125
125
126
126
127
129
130
132
133
133
131

135
139 I
139 !

139 I

140 I
140
140
140
141
141
141
142
142
i42
143
143
143
143
143
143
144
145

146
147
147
150
151
151
152

HINTS FOR ORAL LESSONS OX OECh.IKAPIIY

153
165

The yuuug stiuleut uiiglit i^t to fnl that iu the .sclioul-ruom
he is isulatcd tVuiu the world oiUsiile. The teaclicr should
Hut earry hiui, as it were, Miudfold and st-t Iiiiii down in tiie
very niiilst uf the unknown, where all ou this side and on
that is unfamiliar and .strange, and wiiere he ean have no
recourse to knowledge already ae(iuirL'd, as a key of inter-
jiretation to the new and unsolved. Ou the eontrary, wiiat-
ever may be the new suljeet to whi h we are about to
introduce liini, we should first ascertain what is his present
standing ground, or knowleilge, relative to the iiro.siiL'etive
stu<ly ; and then eouduet him by a jiath which ascends nu
abrupt heights, and crosses no wide chasms, l)ut which is .so
continuous and plain that eacli succeeding step shows the
one which should follow.

Tliese common-sense princiides are ofteu violated in com-
mencing the .study of geography. Our text-books generally
take the child first to the lieavens— to things entirely un-
known — and end with home and things familiar. Ii is tliis
that ofteu makes the study so uninteresting and profitless.
The child is tluvjwn beyond the range of his mental i)owers ;
we try to make him grasp the unknown through his powers
of reason and abstraction when he reiiuires to feel his way,
leaning ou his perceptive powers. We wish to see this gulf
bridged over by a .system of oral lessons, varying with the
natural features of the school sectiou aud the mental capa-
bilities of the pupil. Were it otherwise i)racticable, space
forbids the writing out or giving a very nunute detail of
such a system ; but it will also lie perfe'ctly manifest that
the plan which would .•iuit one school might be wholly un-
adapted to another, and that the ever-varying circumstances
of any school require frciiueut extemporaneous changes iu
the mode of illustration. We .shall not attempt, therefore,
what seems impracticable and would be nearly useless if
acccmiplished— to give supfiosed (luestions, an,swers, ellii)se.s,
and illustrations ; believing that such lessons would, to say
the least, want the vital element, Kd'iptntion. We shall aim
to give merely a general outliue, as a sort of guide to those
teachers who have but little experience, uot claimuig for it
perfection in its arrangenu-nt or completeness in its parts.

The teacher should keep two objects steadily in view — the

developKiei't tif mental power in his pupils, and I'reiiaration
for the regular study of geography from the text-book. The
first of these is the more im]iortant ; and to secure it, more
depends on the iiiml,- of enmuuuiicatin-- than upon the/J/e/
taught. Tiie following Pestalozzian jirineiples will be found
to have an imiiortaiit bearing on sucee.ssfid results : —

Tr;un the child to observe for himself, to discover for him-
self, and to do for himself IV'Velop tlic idea, then give the
approiiriate term : jiroceed from the known to the unknown
— from the I'artieular to the general.

The .several divisions are not sn)>]iosed to constitute single
lessons ; on the eontrary, most of them will be f mnd to
contain material sutHcient f 'r a nundier of Ics.sons.

(iL'TLIXL: oK a Cdfll.'SK cF OUAL LI>:SSONS, ',

lS"TlU>Iir<T(-iUV TO Tin: I ^ll^l vr. -.TCLY c.r ciKodllAl'IlV.

1. Points of the Compass.— Explain tliu eardiiial points by referenco
to tlio siiu at dillerciit timts of day— at sunrise in tlio east, at sunset
in tlie west, at noon in the south; the [iclnt oiiimsito tiie south is
ntatli. Next take the intei-niediate points. Let the cliililren i,'ive the
direction of various objects ; as their own liomes.

2. Train to Observe aud Describe. — Place various objects— a.-! a
book, ink Ibiinlain, and a cup— on the de.'-k. Ask tiie cliildren to note
and describe their relative jio.sition. Disarrange tiie olijects, and call
upon a pupil to jilace theni as before. Tlie others criticise. K''peal
the exerci.se, increasing the number of objects.

3. Mapping.— lleview the preceding' exercises, ilavinj,' arran^red a
iiunilier of objects, draw a representation of thcni upon tlie black-
board, the iiupil.i naming tlie position for each, llcpeat the exercise,
increasing the number of objects and varying the arraiigenient. Uive
tlie terra mup as the name of these pictures. Make a new arrangement
of a few ulijeets, and after tlie ehiklri-n have deserilied fully the position
of each object, ask tliein ti> draw a map upon their slates.

4. Train to Judge Distances.— Show tlie c! '.dren, by means of a
string or stick, an inch, a foot, a yard, and a rod. E.\ercise them re-
jieatedly in drawing upon the board or lloor lines of these various i
lengths, causing them to test their skill by applying tlie measure.
Vary the exercise by calling u|ion the children to judge of the length \
of lines, their own lieiglit, the lieight of doors and windows, the dis
taiice between objects not very remote from caeli other — always ajipiy-
ing the measure to test the accuracy of their jinlgn. '■..'.

5. Relative Position and Distance— BoundarliS.- Cause the chil '
dreu to observe tlie various objects in the school- ■■ .n ; their size, j
relative position, and distance from each other. Show them that the j
room is limited and its form determined by tlic walls. (Jive the term i
?/i)»/i(/(M'(/ ;— the room is bounded by the walls, (jail for a descrijition [
of the room, the objects in it, their j.osilioii and uses. Direct the 1
children to make a map of the room uu their slates.

■kfi

HINTS FOR ORAL LESSOXS OX GEOGRAniY,

6. Maps Oil a Scale.— Dnr.v upon tlie V)l;iL'kiioard two maiis of tlie
Rchool-ruom, one consiiicrably laru'er tlian ilie otlier. Show that both
are equally eorreet ; that neither is as Iari.'e as tlie room ; ainl that it
would not be possilile to make a map upori tiie hoard equal in size to
the room. Show the crand point of raaintainini,' a linc pn^port'on in
tlih ma)), eorrcspondlns to the relative sizes of the ol)ject3. This may
lie made plain hy drawins the i)icture of a man with the arms extend-
ing to the feet. The children, notinp the disproportion, will say that
the arms are too lonsr. IWUv^ . ..t the idea of relative length, liy sliow-
injr that the arms in the picture are not so loin.' as their own— thr.t
they are too Ions; only liooause they do not correspond with the otlier
liarts. Show them that in making niajis it is usual to let some
definite short lenu'th rcjiresont a lon^rer one, and that this is called the
urale cf the map ; toll them that the upper part of the map generally
represents the north. Let them now make a map of the school-room
liU some given Kcale.

7. The Play-Ground.— Direct tht children to examine the play-
(.'round and the objects in it ; ti/ jndj^e of size and distance, testing by
measurement; to describe the friound, Bhowing first its jiosition with
respect to some prnniine'it object— as the brook, river, woods, village,
and church ; to give tht .oundaries, lorth, east, snuth, and west ; to
state the size of the ground, its surface, the objects in it, their position,
uses, kc. Call upon some one to make a map on inc board, according
to a given scale. The others criticise. Oorrect errors, etTacc the map,
anil let all draw it njinti tli.^ir slates.

8. School Section— Land Surface.— (Question tlu .'..ildren as to what
they have observed resiiecting the inequalities of the surface "f the
iieiglil)ourhood. Some places are level, like the floor or play-ground ;
in others the earth jises up in hills. Tell them of level tracts at large
th.at they couli! not .see across them, and give them the term phin.
Ask if they have seen a very high hill which it would take some time
to climb, — wha^ they call such a hill. If there is no mountnin near,
and they liavH not seen one, question them respecting the highest hill
in the neighboiirhood. Some object is six or ten feet high ; how many
such heights would equal that of tlie liill. Ten such hills, one upon
nnother, would make a veiy high hill, which would be called a maun-
tain. This would >e a low mountain ; for fur away are mountains
twenty or thirty times ns high, rising above the clouds. They rise
into the cold air so far that their tops are covered with iierpetual snow.
Tell them that the snow collects in vast masses; ar.d they will see
that, as it cannot melt, it must plip down the sides of the mountnin,
forming an m-dhuichr.

'.'. Water-shed. — Hy refennce to some detached hill ami lengthened
r.ange, show the diH'erence between un isolated mountain and a con-
tinuous rniige or ch: .i Draw from the children, that when they
luive leaiheil the top or summit of a range the ground falls oil', or
b1o|)CS in the opposite direction— that it is somewhat like the roof of a
liou.se, sloping in two ways; that when it rajus, the high ridge along
the top will seiiarate the water as it tails, throwing some in one
directir.a and pome in the opposite ;— that this ridge is called a watvv-
nhfil.

It'. AdvantftRCS of Mour... ,13.— If the ground were i-.ll quite level the
rr.in could not run off, and the earth would soon be Kiturated so that
the water could no longer sink in. If the children have seen a swamp,
it will fiiriiish a tine illustration. Show what would be the result with
respect to the vcgetalde kingdom— muny of the most useful plants
could not live; hence food would be wanting to many animals. So
lunch water in the soil would cause disease miuuig men. The chiliiren
have seen a ipring. Show Jiow it is formed, and ciuild not e.\ist if the
'iliole surface were a plain. Other benitilK may also be noticed, as
shelter against winds, and the comparative ease with which minerals
ran be olilnined fiom ihe side if a mountain, (^unlensatioii of clouds,
and •'••'vr I'liniatie beiiclits, will perhaps be loo much advanced at this
i>..gc.

ll. Btreauil.— Taktt the blrva'i with which lliv children are i\ tl

familiar— the brook where they have been accustomed to fish, or to .sail
their toy ships. Is the water still ? why does it flow t Illustrate by
pouring a little water upon the level lloor, and then upon the inclined
desk. Show that the rapidity of the stream is .n jiroportion to the in-
clination. Flowing water is called a stream— tht} brook is a stream ;
very large streams are rircrs. Does the water flow along the surface '>
No, but in a groove, the chiintul ;— the bottom of the channel is the
Kal ; along the sides are the Uinks, the rir/lu hand and the ^'/< hand
bank. What made the channel ? Illustrate by what they have .seen
along the road aftc a iicavy rain ; show how the depth of the channel
depends on the velorjty of the stream and the softness of the ground —
how the stones in the bottom of the brook have 1" cu worn .smooth.
As the children go up the stream, they oliserve smaller streams flowing
inio the main stream— giving or contributing their waters ; these are
trihutarkg. Followinf; up, they finally reach the Ovooklct hastening
away from the sjiriii;/ which bubbles up on the side of the liiil or
mountain; iliis is the nource of the stream. Now descending the
stream, they find it beeoming larger as the tributaries flow in, until
at length, by ^he union of many brooks, they have the rir > ; and the
further the river llowr, the more tributaries it will receive and the
larger it will become. Where does the river go ? If the children liavo
seen the sc.i this will be readily explained ; if not, it will be necessary
to give a le.sson on the vast body of salt water w hich covers three-
fourths of the Kartli, into which the rivers flow. Thus, coining back
to their homes, the little brook where they love to sport is hasting
away to the ocean ; the water which they see in it today is not the
same which they saw yesterday, and to-morrow it will be gone, ainl
other water will lia-t taken its jilaee. Tell the children of some of
the great rivers of the Kartli; and, by comparii^on, give them an idea of
their size.

12. Benefits of Streams.— Lead the child'-en to see the dependence
of springs, brooks, and rivers upon inequalities of the surface ; also
how they can find the highest ground by tracing the brook to its
source. Direct them to discover the julvantages arisin,. fioin sjiriiigs,
brooks, and risers, taking those benefits first which are most obvious.
They get water from the spring; the cattle get drink at the brouk,
perhaps not far distant ; the stream turns a mill. Call their attcntiiui
to the general fertility of the soil along the banks of streams ; remind
them of the dependence of vegetation upon moisture, and show the
absorbing power of the soil. They have seen the stream overflowing
its banks in the spring, and have oli.served the deiiosit of mud. They
have seen the Carrier spreading his top-dressing, .tc. Interval and
marsh might also form subjccis for lessons. Show the facilities for
iiilercommunic.atiou afforded by large and navigable streams.

lli. Lakes. — From some pond in the neighbourhood develop the iilea
of a 1,1 k(>. Tell of some <d' the great lakes.

11. Climate — Le;ul the childien to see that the sun is the source of
heat, and tha. .pendicular rays givt more heat than obliiiue. Allow
them to hold the hand to the fire, so that the rays fall perpendicularly
— t' en inclined ; in the former case they will feel the heat much more
than ::> the latter. This will afford an illustratiiui id' the cause of tiie
varied iiower of the sun at dill'ereiit times of day, and at different
seasons of the year. (Do not itttempt at this stage to c.\|>lain more
minutely the cause of the seasons.) Show that the mountain is colder
than the plain. This they can infer from the fact that there is often
snow there when there is none upon the low grouii '.. They can also
infer tlml shqie inthiences temperature, by comparing the south side
of u hill with the north. Show the cooling effect of evaporation of
water from the t arth. Various illustrations may tie used for this pur-
pose. A bottle of water, wrapped in a cloth kept saturated with
ether, may be froitcii in a lint day. (/olugiie water poured on tlie skin
jiroduccs cold. It requires heat to clianKe a lii|iiid to the form of
vapour, and heat is tiikeli Iroin the bottle or body for this purpose —
the liquid having combined with heat, bei'omes vapour, and escajic^
into the atiuuHphere. So also tipriiiiiling water iijiou the floor un a

!o.>l

oiiiod to linli, or to sail

I flow '> Illustrate by
tlieii upon tlia incliiieil

II jiroportion to the iii-
le brook is a stream ;
low along the surface '!
of the channel is the
and and tlie left hand
y "hat tliey havi> seen
3 depth of the clianael
(ftness of the ground —
re been worn smooth,
mailer streams flowing
lioir waters ; these are
the brooklet hastening
he side of the hill or

Now descending the
ibutaries flow in, until
ave the rir.) ; and the
t will receive and the
? If the children have
ot, it will be necessary
3r which covers three-
V. Thi's, coming back
fe to sport is hasting
in it today is not the
V it will be gone, and
le children of some of
in. give them an idea of

to see the dependence
's of the surface ; also
icing the brook to its
s arising from springs,
hioh are most obvious.

drink at the brook,
Call their .'ittcntiini

s of streams ; remind

sturo, and show tlie

le stream overllowinji
eposil of mud. They
ig, kc. Interval and

how the facilities for

)le streams.

lood <levolop the idea

til

sun is the source of
Ihau obli(]ue. Allow
s fall perpendieidarly
tlie heat much nioro
m of the cause of tiio
day, and at ditferent
stage to explain more
lie mountain is colder
ict tbat lluMe is often
mil '.. They can also
■ariiig the south sidti
'ft of cviiporntion of
be used for tlii.s pur-
l<ept saturated with
I poured on tlio skill
iipiid to the form of
ly f.ii this purpose-
vapour, and I'scajiei
upon the flimr on l\

HINTS F(JH OIl.VL LESSON'S ON Gf:OGRAPIIT

hoi day cools the rooiu. Hence it can !»/ shown that jf the ground is
kept wet all the time, it must be cold, as all the heat v'ill pass otF with
the vapour; and hence the value of cultivstiou ani drainage. The
children may also be told that it is verv unhealthy jo live near wet,
boggy places, especially in Imt weather. They can- now form some
idea of what is meant by the climate of a country and understand
some of the causes on which it depends. • '

15. A Physical Map. — Having first called ujion tie children to nb-
serve carefully the natural features of the school sec'ion, as the hill.s.
the I'lains, the valleys, tin brooks, and the poni,;5, ask for a de-
scription, including an est te of distances. Drav! from them that
these arc the features iin| lessed ujion the jdace b;| the ('reator, ami
I: t made by man — that they are Palled nntural oil jilnjairal (.bjects.
L'irect them to make a ]'hvsie;il map of the sc'Hion nv a lmvcii
s-ale. " J

10 Minerals, Plants, and Animals.— (tive less(}iis upon the min-
erals and rocks, the tires and wild plants, birds and'.vild animals found
ill the section. Avoid, at this stage, scientific amj technical terms —
eiicoiiras;e the children to bring spooiinens— teacl them to observe
cpialities and characteristic features — lead them to .ce adaptations and
uses. Teach them to observe the difference betw{|'ii the stones found
ill one part of the school section and those of an(;:hcr part, or of .'in
aljoiniiig school secti "n ; also the difiereiice in the tjrest tiees and wihl
flowers, in connection with varieties of soil. Refer jn exotics not being
able to endure our winter, but reared as house pl\.its

1". Inhabitants.— The chi'dren have seen whiti men, 1.1. nk
nnd copper-ciilouicd or Indi,.ns; pi
section. Draw from the children

Ttll them that the white men came froii' a di^Jallt country ealled
Kiirope, the blacks also from a distant land calljd Africa, and that

have seen whitl men, bl.nk men,

|ifrha)is all are ll nnd in the selio.d

the characteriN'iC foatures of each.

laiiil caiiiii Africa, and tiiat
the Indians were the original inhabitants, found 'ere when our fme-
fathers came from Europe. Describe the coinliijon and modo of life
f the Indians wlun the country was discovered 'show tho dilh'ienci
between civilized and savage. Show that it is ili ie|iroach to liavr a
llack or copjier-coloured skin~tli.it be wlm fail.lto dn his !..!y is the
one tn feel shame— that he v ho acts uprightly, '(• he Idack ( i white,
should be esteemed. " Act well your part; tbpi|: all the honour lies."

18. Pursuits.— (i I vo lessons on the various (Jriipatioiis of men, as
arising out of their necessities and circumstaiu.'s ; the advaiit,;ges of
each devoting himself to a certain C'lling, as |impared with attempt-
ing to do the work of all the trades; the di'i/iidence of the pi.rsiiits
in any particular locality upon the natural ei/iditions of that locality
— farming, upon the ipialities of the soil uJi'uv^, upon ;'i.ii,;^'nity of
the sea— mining, upon mineral products- bii/ln'ring. upon the forest —
ship building, upon the fores; and the sea/ inaniifactures, upon the
iilundance of raw material and case in <inililL: market; the importiince
of trade, or excliaiigiiig products with otlrr i.eople , means of tiaiis-
jiorting goods. IIS by shippiiiL', railroails/iricks. \' .. giving an idea
III' the relative advantage of inch, and tl/ importance of having gmid
roads. Shuw the advaniai.'!' nf haviiiL; /l•la^s of persons who devote
tliem.selves specially to trade— niercha/is ; the eircuiimtances which
infliicnci' the ini'ichant in eliousiin; his/ocation — a pi, ice of resort, and
easy coiiiiiuiiiicatioii with other plaeei/ why the town or villiigu has
iirisen in one place rather than in BnoWicr, leading the children to see
what occupations must larg'ly engagi/the attention of the inhabitants
of the town, as tnidi , mannfactiiresfand tiHhing— why they could not
bo farmcr>

1'.'. Education.- tJivo lessons o# the edinatioii'il eiuidition nf the
Kclion ; the .idvanta^os of eilii/timi In the iiiuividual himself-
personal satisfaction, etlectiven /i ol I'llmur guided by intelligence,
avoidance of dangers, fn\ ; the llvaiitages of livliiK in a eoinmuiiity
where all are editonted-gratKleliioii iiii<l Mharpeiiiiig of mind arising
from iuteri'ourne, opening up lie indiistrios, furnishing honourable
1 inploMuenl, dliniiiishiiiu' povif y iiii<l criine, rendering property more
v.duablc; hence it is ju.«t foi ileryb dy to sii|iporl the school.

'2ii. Civil Divisions.— Exercise the cliildren ujioii distances ; hi liuiii
measiue aijuarterof a mile, and note the time occupied in walking it —
how long would they be in walking a mile ? how long in walking a
hundred miles I how far could they walk in a day * Call attention to
a'-titicial lionnds in thj school section, as bounds between farms— show
how bounds may be imaginary lines having detiiiite position, as lines
running through a forest or marsh, where there is no fence. Ask t'or
ilie name of the place where the children live— how far aronnd that
name extemls — what pl.iees adjoin on the various sides, north, east,
south and west — in what county they are situated. Direct them to
make a map of the sclioid section, or of a jiortion of it, l.iyiiig down
tho I'o.ids, the bounds between farms, and the houses.

-1. The County.— (Question the children what they havo seen beyond
their own schiml section and within the county, (tet i\a complete a
description as possible, frin ditferent children who have been from
home, of the luiiiintains, plains, stream'., coast-line, villages, products.
occupations, and trade of the county. Make a map of the county.
Laying down nii'iintains, streams, villages, kc, according to the dicta-
tion of the children — the teacher in.aking all ncc'ssary corrections, and
supplying oinis.sions, both in the description and on the map. and also
giving some iiiteres!.i:ig det.ails with resjiecl to the laily histoiy of the
county. Show them the importance of obstrving everything clo.sely
when they visit a new place ; in that way they can learn the geograjiliy
of the place. As oiiportiinities occur of obtaining examples and illus-
trations, picture out geouraiihical terms, as a bay, a gulf, a strait, an
i>l.inil. a cajic. a peninsula, v'^ic. IHvicI the jui/iif.i tn ninke a »i(i/) of

till full III II.

'I'l. Nova Scotia.- Nova .^coti.i may now bo takiii up .is a 'vholo,
givim; first some of the interesting points of its early history, nitlioiit
rct'erring much to preei.se dates. Tell of the Indians, tlnir mode of
life when the eoiiiitry was discovered— of the conditimi of the country
at th.it time — of the early French settlements— the name Acadia,
oivon by the I'lench— the capture by the Knglish — ditliculties of settle-
ment, iVc. (live an idea of the size of Nova Smtia by cdinparison with
sonic known area— give lessons on the leadiiiL' physical h'.'itiires, as
nioiintains and rivers— then the I'ivil albiirs, pursuits, gov«riinient,
and political nlatioiis. I tin ft I lie jiii/iituli) iimktn inapo/ I lie rmriiice
nil It i/ivi II uriili .

'J!i. The World. -A IVw incidental lessons should now be given for
the iiiirposo of calliiii; attention to other parts of the world. Home
familiar article of foreign produce will furin a good introduction. A
barii 1 of tlour. for instance, will le.ul to a lesson on Ontario, or tin.-
I'nited States; a |iieei' of broadi'loth, to one mi Kiigland ; an ostrich
loather, to ono on Africa ; tea, to one on ('liiiia, iSic. In this way thu
children w ill see that there are many coiinlrieH with which we have
intercourse, and they should point ;• t', direction in which the various
countries are situated with respt i ' Nova Scoli.a. Tlitlr interest
having been excited, they will be anxious to know how intercourse in
carrieil on with foreign countries. This will le;id to conversation about
long Viiyiii:i'S over the sea.

-1. Land and Water.— Lessons may now lie given on the Kurtli, as
coiisisliiig (d' lami and water— tin ir proportiniiH-lhe beiielit arising
fnuii their rehitioiiship— Imw a country is lieiiefited by inlets of the
sea, referring to the b-.yii and harbouis of Nova Scotia. The great
divisions of land and the L'leat oceans can lie pointed out. and their
niiliies given.

'.'.I. Voyages. (,iuestion the pupils as to the mode of represent iiiu tho
surface I if the Ivirlh by maps — show the Hemispheres as representing
the whole Kiiih ; that, althoiiidi on separate sheets and apparently two
Worlds, they are united Trace voyages, carrying products of ono
eoiiutry to niintluM'— awaken euriosity by telling of vessels pursiiliiK
geiiprally one course, and finally arriving' at the starting-point.

'J'l. The Earth a Olobo its Motions.- Show ;i globe as a correct
representation of the Iviith -that this is prove'l by uoitig uniformly in
I one liiructioii, and at last arriving at the stailiimpoint. (Hve other

HINTS FOR ORAL LESSONS ON OEOGRAPHY.

siraiile iiroot's. llliisirate the Eiiitli's ilaily rotation— its axis— tlie
jioles— ilay ami nlL'lit. liy canyini; a ball arouuil some central object
represfiitinf; the sum, ex)iiaiii the Kaith's annual nintii.ii and the
seasons. It can lie shown that the sun is never directly above our head
l.eyond tliu Lreadth uf a belt around the middle of the Kartli, equidis-
tant from th'j jioles, and tljat the sun crosses this belt twice a year— that
on account of tiie !.'l'.jliular furni of the Earth, the sun's rays fall more
and more obliiiuely as we ^o from the central belt toward llie poles,
and hence tlie cold incn.ases.

'27. Circles. — Lessons may now be ;;iven on the enuator, the tropics,
the noitliern and southern liemisplieres, the live zones, latitude and
I 'Uj-'itude. The children having jiroviously been tangiit the position
of the poles, the ecpiator can be shown as a circle midway between the
jioles, also as dividino; in two enual jiarts the belt which tiie sun crosses
twice a year. Show the iniiiortancc of knowing.' the dij,tance of a )ilace
from the i'(|iiator — that the distance bitweon the equator and each
p<ile is divideil into ninety equal jiarls called de;;rees of latitude —
that these degrees are marked by circles parallel to the equator and
to each other — that we count from one to ninety, commencing; at the
equator and eudin;: at each pole. Show that Nova Scutia is about

midway between the equator and the north ]iole. Explain how wo

dttine the position of [ilaces more definitely by lines running ii 'ith and
south, called iiuridiaiin, or lines of longitude, crossing tlie equator at
right angles and meeting at the poles— that the equator is supposed to
be divided into 3(30 eiiual parts by such lines— that there is no natural
place at which we can begin to count, but it is usual to begin with the
meridian which passes through London, counting ISO degrees east and
west. Explain the dilferencc of time of jilaces not on the .same meri-
dian — that it is nooTi iu the i_a>tern part of Nova Scotia earlier th.an in
the western, (tive the difference in time between London and Halifax,
and show how the longitude may be calculated.

To pivvc nt luisiiiiiivlieiisiuu resijoctiiig the lU'ecetling Oral
ExorcLscs, it iiuiy I"' \w]] tu rcprat, tliat it is desij^'iietl tiiat
tlicy slidiilil 1m' ^uwiAy j>)i'/i'(r"tori/ to tlie Ry.steuiatic .study
i)f o'eogi'apliy fioiu the te.vt-buolv. Great a(lvanta;,'e will aho
result tVoiu uuiitimiiiig sudi exerciM'.s after the book ha.s Itecii
lihurd ill till' Imtuls of the inijiil.

Ex|ilaiu liow wo
s runiiinj,' iiHith ami
sbiiig the ei|u;Uor at
uator is huii|insf(l to
; tlit'i-e is no natural
al to begin with the
ISO dfgiees east and
»t uu the same meri-
icotia eailiei- thati in
.undoM and Halifax,

le procoilin^' Oral
is elesi^'iied that
systouiiitic .«tii(]y
Viinta,i,'e will also
111' book lias lii'i'ii

SCHOOL (lEOGKAPlIY.

XOVA SCOTIA.

IIAMI AN.

Introduction.— 1. Tiiis book i.'* written ffipoijally for the
cliiiilnii wliii livi' ill Xova Scotia— to tfll tlicm not only
abi.iit tlit'ir own country, but nlso of many otlicr <'(Hiiitri(>s.
wlicro all till- people in tlic worM live. Many of you have
never been viiy far from home, and have not «een inueh of
the world ; ho you should bi' j'lad to read and learn alioiit it.
Yon flhonld learn tirat all you e.m altout your own in'ii;h-
bourhood ; then iibnut vniir own I'oiintry ; then alioiit all
tho eountriea on the Karth. ThJM study is ealled (,'<:,■

2. I Mhnll not nndcrliiko to tencti ymi th» srcoanqihy f)f your rwn
Ki'ctioiij fir you lmvi> pyn tn m-p with, iiiid nther s-'iiiie^ tn hi.lii you
In Ki' knnwh'dKi', iitid ym hnvi- tVot fn entry you ororywli.TH mound

hhiinf, thi.n, if you kU not know f.ir nnro al.out the hills tho valiys.
tlie hrioks. tho .'<|.iin.'.<, tlio fi\'^x\<-i. th.- wild iImw.tm imd tp>..., tho
l)irdnand wild aniinids tho |iiodu''t.H of the tiehlH. tho ooou|i:itlHi,f( of
the |'eo|i|f, and many nlhor things of intcre.tt around you, timn a
RtraiiK>.r,

3. (In nnottiii- |.,Tao in iv ni:»ii of N .va .'^Mtia. I liopc you all know
soiiiothing al'uut makiiii: tiiiips, and tiiiit you will try to niako vitv
jjood oiiei. I liavo seon 'luite small hoy.s and girU draw ina|iA almost
an jtood a» this.

You oliiMivo that til" I'mviiio" of iV iva .Se tia coMHisn of two nnturiil
divisions, nciiarati'd by a iiair iw lasw^o of wati^r Allied tho Sinni uf
Citnoi).

i. Tho Inrsor divi«ioM, ealled Xora Sr^itin, and nomcliines Xurn
Si'i'tia Pr<>i>'i\ i* ni'arly surr^ und(?i| t>y water, and lien-i.' U cilled a
pfniniuht ; and the narrow n*i'k if land on ih" nnith, where tliero U
no wat'r, is enlliil an i-iUniitin. The Mimlhr divi^iun, naiiiod t'li/ir
Unl'iii, In i|uil« nuirounded hy wabT, and iMtheief>re ealled an itliiml.

your .iciuhhourhood where knowledge can l.« gained. It is a great | Them; two dirisions form the I'nn'incc of .Vor.i .SiUi-i

....,,.,:^.mm«*,.,..mr^.:rij«;^A,ammSie^

NOVA SCOTIA.

I. History.— 5. Lung ago, our lurttathers lived far away
to tlie eastward beyond tlie ocean, in Europe. Nova Scotia
was then inhabited by Indians, the ancestors of those wlio
conic to our houses to sell baskets or to beg. They had no
cultivated fields, or fine houses with gardens and orchards ;
but tiiey dwelt in rude wigwams, and lived by hunting and
fishing. The whole country was one dense forest, the home
uf innumerable moo.se, caribou, and bears.

0. Nearly three hundred years ago, some Frenchmen,
who had crossed the ocean to sec America, tlie land of the
Indians, visited Nova Scotia. They were so iilea.sed with
the country that they determined to make it their home,
and accordingly formed a settlement on the shores of a
beautiful basin, at a place now called Annapolis. This
jilace, yuu will see by the map, is in the western part of
Nova Scotia. Tiie French, however, diil not call the ])lace
Annapolis, but Port Ji<>;/'(/.

7. To the whole country the French gave the name of
Acodie, or Acuiliu, an Indian wonl said to mean ahnndaitcv.
Hence the early French settlers were usually called -1 cadians.

The Acadians had scarcely got well established, when the
English came, claimed the country, and destroyed the settle-
ment at Port Koyal. The King of Em land, wiio was a
Scotcliman, gave the country to a friend of his, also a
Scotchman ; so they namevl it Vom iScifi'i, which means

8. Fur more tli.in one luuuliud ye.irs it sceiiuil uiKvrtiiiii wbtthiT
Fianee or liiitalii was to owu Nova Scotia, so I'lcinitiitly tliil it pass
from one to tlie oilier. Hut aliuut one liuiuireil and tilty years ago it
was tinaliy aekiiowleilfe'ed as l'iiiti.^li territory. Toil Koyal, at lliat
time tiie most iuiiiortant jilace in tlie coiinlry, ll.en rcotiveil tlie name
i{ AiiiKiiiiilis Hi'/Kil, or tlie <.'it;/ uf Queen Ainic. Tlie Acailiaiis were
toll! they njiglit remain in tlie LNiintry if they wouM become liritiah
butijects.

J'. There Were not many Hriti.sii settlers in Nova Scotia until 17-lS',
n, little more than one hundieil years ago, when Governor (.'oruwallis
came with a company of oolonistsi, selecteil a situatiou by the sen,
cut away tiie forest, aiul began to biiiM the city of Halifax. Y lU will
liml the place markeil on the iiia|i.

The Iiiiiiaiis, whu had alv^ays been friendly with the .\cadiaiis, wire
I'lr many jears viry hustile to the En^'lish, (h'slroyed tluir (iroperiy,
and cruelly murdered and scalped any persons w h lu they fuuud uu-
protected.

10. lu those early times the Hritish and French nations were
ahuost constantly at war, and they iifien sent their war vessels across
the Atlaiitic to America, for the purpose of destroyint; each other's
colonies. The Hriti-h colonists in Nova .'^cotia became very much
ithirmed, le-l the Acadians should join the French to do them harm;
for the Acadians naturally liked their owu couinruucn and king better
than any other.

II, Accoidiiiijly, the Governor *ent soldiers who seized all the
Acadians that tliey cmild find, put them on board vessels, and sent
theiu out of the country, 8evvral thousands of these iioor people were
thus taken fioin their beautiful Mttlemeiits of Ur and I're and Canard,
in the east uf KIuk's County. It was very hard to be forced away friuu
ilitir Cue farms, houses, and orchaids, and set down destitute in a

stran;;e laud. A few ran aw.ay and hid in the w oods until the danger
was ovL-r.

12. The French still held the Island of Cape Breton, and they h.iJ
built, ou the south-east coast, a very strong town called Loaisburj.
The British touk this town in 1753, a little over one hundred years
aj;o, and they have owned the island ever since.

II. Position.— 13. Nova Scutia lies on the west side of
a great ocean called the Atlantic. It is bounded on the
north-west by the Bay of Fundy ; on the north, by New
Brunswick, Northumberland Strait, and the Gulf of St.
Lawrence ; and on the other sides by the Atlantic Ocean.

Eiij;laiid is so far tast that the sun rises there four hours earlier
th.iu ill Nova Scotia.

III. Form. — 14. The Peninsula of Nova Scutia is like a
trunnjle, with the base mi the Atlantic, and the apex at the
isthnuis.

The Island of Cape Breton is somewiuit ovate, or fj;/-
fhajitd, with a triangle jutting out on the north.

EXERCISE.— Draw upon your slates the general form of Nova
Scotia aud Cape Breton,

IV. Coast.— 15. The land bordering on the sea is called
the cuUff. People who live near the sea liave the best means
of sending their produce to market, and ','f obtaining such
tldngs as they need from otiier countries ; for goods can lie
carried in vessels clieaper than in any other way. The
length of ctiast is therefore a matter of much importance.

Y'ou will see by the map that Nova Scotia is lonu and narrow ; that
it is nearly surrounded by water ; and that the sea often runs up
into the land, forming ''((.".i aiid huriuurs.

K;. Let us take an imaginary tour around Nova Scotia.

We set out at Ilai/ Viite, on the north, from which wo enter ^'of'
Ihiimlerland .itrait. tt iiig eist, we pass J'lii/icatli, Wallace, and
Txtuiitiiiiourltc harbours; also, Malu'jdnh I'yiiiit and VajiC John.

See I'irf'U /flami, with its light house. Hero are vessels coming
out of J'iiiiiu IJarbuitr, laden with coal fur Quebec or Slontreal ; in a
few weeks they will return with tlour. Yonder also comes the steamer
from Charlottetown.

A little farther east is Meriijumiiik J/arboiir, Cajie .Sf. O'eonjc, St,
(i'io)';/( j( A'l/,'/, and the .Sirait af <.'((i<so. What a number uf vessels ara
passing throu^di the strait I S' nie uf them are probably taking
potatoes and cats from I'rince Kdnard Island to Halifax ; utherii have
eoniedown the Uivir St. Lawrence with llour.

17. Sailing nurth around Cape Breton, »e pass J'ort lloid, MaboK,
and Jlroud Von; but there aro no good liarbuirs, and the shore is
high and rocky. (Mi the north, are St. Lnvseiicc and Afi<ii liuiis, Ciipc
.St. LiiicrDici and CajK XfVtli. Cape North is said to be lloo feet
high, This is a dangerous coast, on which vessels are frequently east
nway. Yonder to the north, about lU miles, is ."<', J'litil'n /.ikik/, It
has two light houses, and a few persons live upon it, to tend the lights
and (iive relief to the ship-wrecketl.

IS, We now turn south, passing iH. Atiu'a llaii, O'lCU llrat d'Oi;
anil Li'llc /li-itu d'(.n: Between these ehannels is the Lihtnd uf
Iliiulnrdiirit, about 'J2 miles long ; aud beyond the i.daiid the channels
meet in an irregular sen, culled Jint^ d'Or J.dU. TLise inland "attri

» 1

J.s until the (lander

eton, ami they had
1 called Loaisbunj. \
one hundred jeais

the west side of
buuiuled on the
uurtli, by New
tlie Gulf of St.
tlantic Ocean.

I four hours earlier

Scotia is like a
the npex at the

it ovate, or e<j<i-
orth.

eral form of Nova

the sea is called
e the best iiieans
f obtaining such
or goods can be
ther way. The
li imiiortaiicc.

and narrow ; that
iea ofteu runs up

1 Xova Scotia.

A\ wo enter Sov-
all, U'dlhur, and

.1 ViijiC John,

are vessels coming
ur Montreal ; in a
cciines the siiainer

qiv 'St, Cituryc, Ht.
il er iif vesbels are
)iohaldy taking
;f:ix ; ntliera liftvu

rt Hood, MaUm,
and the siiore is
^1 .1/'.'/ lUtiii, Ciii>c
id to he 111"! Ctet
ire (re(|ninlly cast
'ijii/.i Ai '(()((/. It
tu tend the liffhts

(i /'('(( /ji'in il'Or,
is the Iiilaiiil of
-liDid tiie ehauuels

.1 i. inhmd "ater»

AT1K.\— SrHFAPE.

have several branches ; as, East Dai/, West Bay, ^t. Denis Basin,
Barra Strait, St. I'atrick's CItannel, and U'hi/koUinunjh. They extend
nearly across the island, leavini; only a narrow neck uf land, abuut hulf
a wile in breadth, called St. I'ltcr's hthmus.

19. Passing south from Little liras d'Or, we come to Siidm ii Ifarlvur,
which is said to be one of the best harbours in the world. Here we
shall find many vessels loading with coal for Halifax, Quebec, Mont-
real, and the United States. Perhaps, al-o, we may see the i-teamer
from Newfoundland, which tails here on her way to Halifax. Cual
is very jjlentiful near this coast, and vessels are luading with it at
Limjan, Olace Bay, anil Cow Boy.

Here is Mire Bay, and yonder is Si.'.darl Island, wlit-re the li.«her-
men cure their fish.

'20. We come now to Lonishunj Harbour, where stood the old town
iiuilt by tiie French. A few fishermen's houses occupy the site. We
pass Gat.arus Bay and come to I^le Madame, on the north of which is
Lcnno.c I'assaijc, and on the east St. I'itir's Bay, from whicii liie
Iieople are making a canal across tlie istiinius to the iJras d'Or waters.
On the south of Madame is C/udabucto Bay, nuttd for its mackciel
ti.>:hery. Ou this coast we shall see many fishing ve.--sels, whose head-
quaiters are at Aricliat, on Isle Madame.

21. Here is Cape Caiiso, near which there was an important settle-
ment in the early history of tlie country. Away to the south-east is
Sable Island, surrounded by dangerous shoals, on which vessels have
often been cast away. Mtn are statiuned upon ditferenl parts of the
island to give relief to the sliip-w racked. There are also druves of
w iM ponies ou Sable Island.

22. As we go south-west, along the Atlantic cuast of Nova Scotia, we
shall pass a great many fine liarbours, too numerous even to give all
their names. This cuas; also abound.s in tish, and we shall see many
fi^hing vessels and boats.

Here is HiUiJ'a.c Harbour, which is very deep, Kir^e, and wtll )iro-
tected from winds. The upper part of the harbour is calkd Bid/orU
Basin. Halifax is on the west side uf the harbour, and Dartmouth is
I'll the east side. Here are shijis from various parts of the worlil ; —
Iroin England, with 'oitoiia, woollens, silks, and various manufactured
g ods; from the United States, with dour; and frcim the West hulies,
with sugar and molasses.

23. P'orther wxst are Manjanl's Boy and .Mal<oiie Buy, witli a high
ridge of la'id between them, ending in Croim I'oint. We pass I.iunu-
bury, Linrjiool, and Sliilbitrne, where we see men engaged in building
vtjsbeis, or in loading those already built with lumber and lish.

Ntar Barrin;it(m in Cape Sal'lc, a small island, and the most
Southerly part of Nova Scotia. We come now to yarnumth, which is
noted for ship-buihling and traile. Further north are St. Mary's Bay,
I'etite Passaije, tirand I'assaye, I.on;/ Island, imd Bra r Jilaiid, which
is the ino.-t westerly pan of Nova Scotia.

2-1. We are now in the Bay of Fitndy, which is much the largest bay
uu tlie Coast. Itii/by (Jut, here on our right, is a narrovv jiussage
hading lo Anna/iolia Ba.iin. This is where the first Frei:ch settlers
^ailed in, nearly three hundred years ago ; and the steamer from St.
J« lin goes through this passai,e ou her way to Digby and Aunapoli.<,

The shore along \ip the !iay is high and reeky, like a great wall; and
tiiere aie no harbours, but only iittlc creiks and coves, wla-re you see
niai.y tchouneis hading wiiii wood, potatoes, and apples.

2fi. Here is a high point called l a/ie Chinjmi'o, where the waters
divide into Mifias Cltimnil and Chiciimeto Bay, As we pasu along tj
the south, wo tind the channel beconiing very narrow between {.ape
</ (>r and Cape Split ; but uh we come rund Cape ItUonidim, which
liscii boldly near 60(1 feet, the waters widen out into Minas Basin.
The shore on our right, along the basin, is (|uite low, and we piiHs the
iiiouths of seveial sniall riviis. Tliose scho iierM coming down the
rivers fioni Cuunini/, Canard, auil I'ort Willtanis, aiu cairying
I otiitocs an<l apples.

20. Uu thu Houth uf Minus lia.^in is Lc Uraud I'ri, a, lar^e and

fertile marsh, near which many of the old Acadians once lived ; and
yonder, near the mouth of the 'iaspircau, they were put ou board the
vessels which carried them out of tlie country.

Here, at the uiouth of the Avon, is Ilantsport, noted for its ship-
building. Further up, at Windsor, ves.«els are lo.ading with plaster
and the steamer is just leaving for St. John.

Further east is Cobcqaid Bay, at the head of which are the mouths
of the Shnbcnacadie and Salmon rivers.

27. lUturniug now, we jass up Chiajnecto Bay and CiunUrland
Basin, at the head of which we .iro within 12 mile of l!ay V'erte.
where we set out. If a canal were cut across the isthmus, we could
sail entirely around Nova Scotia.

2S. There is a very curious thing about the sea. If you were to
stand by the shore, you would tind that the water is ever changing its
level — rising or falling. (.>bberving awhile, you would perceive that
there is a regular rise for six hours, and tlien a falling' away for the
same time, as if another sea wtre )ioiired in and tiieii !■ lil' d out again.
This rising and falling is called the tide.

The head waters of Cobe([uid Bay and Cnml'crhuid llasin are re-
markable for very high tiiles — the ditl'ereiice between the kvol of low
water iuul high water being 00 (jr 70 feet.

EXERCISE You mtiy now trace the coast line of Nova Scotia

and Cape Breton ou your map slate, marking the names of the bays,
harbours, straits, capes, and islands.

V. Area.— 20. If we could change the .shaiio uf Xova
Sco.ia so as to make it a iwrfrft K<iiiiiit'. with the same I'ouni

Init that it has now,

each side would uiea-
;:.ire I3G miles. If
we divide this S(iuaro
into six eiiual parts,
five of them would
niiikc the Peninsula,
and one of them
the Ishmd of Caiio
Breton.

A line drawn through
the Province from north-
east to south-west, or
from Cape North to
Cape Sable, would measure aboui ;;70 miles ; and a line fiom the head
of Bay Verte to Orowu Point, 110 miles.

EXERCISE.- Suppose a man were to walk 12 hours a day. and 3
miles each hour, how long would he be in travelling the whole length
of t' ■ Province?

VI. Surface.— 3n. Wlien you go through your own neigh-
bourhood, you observe that the ground is not iierfcctly level.
1'' tlio floor, but there are hills and valleys ; ami away in
the distance, perhap.'*. there are higher grounds, which you
call mountains. So it is throughout the rrovincc— low
rounded /lilh, and valhi/K, with some higher ridgca called
7n<>i(ntain,*, The land whicli seeniM aost level has a slope ;
and where there is a nrook, you can tell by its course the
drcction of thu slope.

l.S Mllc^.

*M-smwsmimf9ii!^,$i,

■I' '

NOVA SCOTIA.

31. A ridge of laud slupiiit! in oiiijosite directions, like tiie rocf of a
house, is called a u-atcr-shcd. If you look on the niaji, you will see
that there is a water-shed runnin:; throucii the middle of Xova Sooiia,
froin one end to the other, from which streams are tlowing in oiiprpsite
directions. Tiiis we may call the backbone of Xova Scotia.

32. The liii^licst mountains are in the nortli of Cajie
Breton ; but even liore they are not very higli, not exceeding
lialf a mile. The Cobe'/xid Mountains, ahing tlie nortli of
Mina.s Basin and Cobequid Bay, are about one-fifth of a mile
in height. They form a wator-slied, throwing streams to
the north and to the soutli.

In the western jiart of Xova Scotia are tiie .South Moun-
tains, forming the western l]'.i!f of tlie backbone.

"We have one other mountain range, called the Sovih
Mountain, whi'^h foims a wall along the south of the Bay
of Fundy, from Blomidon to Brier Island.

lletwcen the Nnrtli and ."^onth Jlountains is a hcauiiful and fertile
valley, from 5 to 10 miles liroad. it forms two gentle tlojes, one un
the west and one on the eas'.

33. You have .sonieliines seen sn'iw upon tlie nioiiiitains when tlier-^
was none on the lowlands. This is because it is cidder on tiie niountains.
In some countries the mnnnt.-iins are so hi^h that they are covered with
snow all the year, and no (me can live uji'in them.

EXERCISE.— Mark th. mount.iins and water-sheds tipoii your
outline map,

VII. Rivers.— 34. ]\[ii(li of tlie rain whidi falls sinks inti^
the earth ami forms springs. The springs send forth small
streams, which, uniting as tliry fluw over the cuiuitry, form
brooks and rivers.

The water-sheds in Xova Scotia run lengthwise, so that tuost of the
streams are thrown across the cnuntry, and very sonn re.ich tiie sea.
The rivers, therefore, are quite small. In some countiies the rivers
are «o larce and Ion::, that ves els can go up into the land fr luuulreds
of miles. The longest in X"va .'^cotia are not inue-h over ;"iO miles in
Icngtii.

3"). The following are the cliicf rivi is of Xova Scotia ; —

On the south of the central water-shod— Oiw^^v/ZArr'^oz/r,
St, Maiifs, Liscomh, MiilJ/'' li'ir' r, Mn.iqnoi/oboit, ,S irkril/i ,
Goi<\ La Have, Prtilr, I'ort Medu'dn, LivrvpooJ, ,/oi'ilaii,
lioseway, Clijih', Tudil, and Si.i.tifioo, . ,

On th(! ntirth of the central water-shed — Annapolis, Jjnav,
Af/tn, J/ahitant, Canar<f, Connral/is, (.nis/>firn>i, Avon, St.
Cvoix, KnnnHi'i'ok, I'l/if'', Slnih,naraili<; Sti'iriavki', Miihfh'
Jfivfi' of Pictoit, Kant J'iv'V, Sntfu'rlanii, I'vnrli llarnif,
Rirjhl's, Wfst, South, ntnl Pomkit.

On the north of the f'obeiiuids— //''/cr'. Marran, Xa/ian,
La J'lanr/n, Mis.fa'inash, Skimmivas, J'/tiUji, Pu[in\uh,
Wallace, Wahijh, and John.

0.1 tiic south of the Cobeiiuids — Paitriiliie Jslanil /'irn;
Great Villaiie, Folh/, Dn /iert,C/iiijnnois,Sort/i,n\n\Salui<in,

In Cape Breton — Maiyaiie, Jiaddeck, Middit, St. Denis,
Inhabitant, Grand, and Mive.

In the valley between the North and South Mountains, tlie s'reains
flow lengthwise the country.

VIII. Lakes.— 30. When water flows into a basin-like
hollow, it forms a (ale. TL-^re are many lakes in Nova
Scotia, along the courses of the rivers, particularly on the
southern slope. You see by the map tliat they are often in
chains, or group.s.

The most important lakes in the Province are — Possigno/,
Grand Lake, Shi/> Harbour Lake, in Nova Scotia ; and
Ainslle, in Cape Bretnu. The.se lakes are iiem 10 to l.j
miles in length.

In some countries there are lakes nearly twice as large as all Xova
Scotia.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the principal rivers and lakes on the out-
line map.

IX. Soil.— 37. AVe see the farmers plougiiinii-. casting in
their seed, and afte.' a few months storing their harvest.
The ground which tiny cultivate is called sod. Sume soil is
rocky, or cold and wet. and unthing will gncv on it ; other
S(i;l is fertile, and yields larue crops.

If we were to travel through Xova Scotia, we should find, generally,
the best farms in that jiart of the country which lies north of tlie
^eniral water-shed. In all parts if the Province, the soil along the
margins of the rivers is ferti'e.

X. Climate.— 3'^. Snme countries far to the south, as the
West Indies, are very hot, so that frost and snow are un-
knowii ; others away to the north, as Labrador, are so cold
that the gn-nnd is always fruzfii or covered witii snnw. In
some countries, as Brazil, there is a great deal of rain ; in
others, lil:( Kgypt. none at all. In Sdiiie the air is jiure and
healthful ; in others it is poi.soiious. In speaking of those
things, we use the W(ird climate, and say that a country has
a cold or a hot climate, a moist or a drii climate.

30. As we have neither the great heat of southern countries, nor Ihi
severe coM of those in the north, we say that X"va Scotia has n frifi-
prraic climate. Our climate is also V'ny healthful, so tliat jieople live
to be as (lid in Nova Scotia as in any other part of the worM.

XI. Minerals.- 40. The s'unes wlii<'li you see lying about
the fields iire called mineral substances. CJuld, silver, iron,
and real are also minerals. Some of the most useful and
valuable niinernls nro Iniricd deep in the earth, and men
will are employed in digging f.ir tlum are called miners
Miners often go very deep, diggiiig under fields and citie,-.
ami even under the sea.

41. The most important minerals fouml in Xova Scotia are.
coal, iron, f/old, fii/iisuni, lime, granite, flale, and tjrinil-ston<:,

42.

Scotia.
Coiintv
colliers
beneat!
vv here
eive lij
where
tub am
would
!•■ ;

have to
sun fur
fill both

xn.

a count
heat, I)
water,
best in

44. A
native i
These f(
oak, are
houses, i

There
all, no d

spring, oft
emblem of

45. Th
baeJnt'hea
raise iche^
certain.

In the
valley bet
large orch

XIII. i

ous than
with fore.'
afraid of I
as lie niig
tigers, and
47. The
Scot;:i, liv
caribou ia
The bear,
weaker an
Jioiiltry.

There are

tt'iil'', rahin, ,

fi'ivrv, (liirl:,

Insects. »hicl

■IM. I„ |,„t

Thu huge boil

fey

"tt^r. ■ r.'i-

Middlt, i>t. Ut'iis,

^lountains, the b'rearas

s into a basin-like
any lakes in Novu
particuliivly on tliu
at they arc often in

ince are — Rossi'jno/,
Nova Scotia ; ami
are if n; 10 to LJ

ee as large as all Nova
s aud lakes on the out-

iilougliinL'. eastin;.' in
torins their harvest.
oil .<"(','. Sfime soil i^

ill Livii-.v tin it ; other

i-e sliouM fiinl, coiierally,

Iwliicli lies north nf the

ineo, tlio s^'il along the

to the south, as the

st anil sniiw are nn-

ihrailor. are so coM

reil wit it snnw. In

eat (Iral of rain ; in

the air is juire ami

II speakini; of these

that a country has

eliniate.

ihorn oimiitrii's, nor tho
N^iva Sooti:\ inn a trw-
hful. so that veoi>le live
of tho "oiM.

yon see lyini,' abotit
Guhl, silver, iron,
hi' must useful nn^l
the cartli, and men
I are ealhil miners
er tiehls and citie.-.

Il in Xova Scotia are.
litf, nml ijrinil-aioiif.

PLAXTS— DIVISIONS.

42. Coal is very jdentiful in the casltru :ind imrtitrh parts of Xova
Scotia. It would be intere.stiui,' to vi.'^it tlio Ai'Ann Mines \n Pietoa
County, or some of the other coal mines, and see whi-re the bii.sy
colliers, all black with diist, arc peckin;; away at the coal seams, far
beneath the surface. It wuuld seen, a j;looiny jilace to stay v.'ry lon^,
\. here i-he sun never shines, and there is nothin;; but the dim lamp to
eive li^'ht. It is probable that nijst of you would be afraid to go down
where the men are at work. You would require to ^,et into s\ sort of
tub and be let throujih a small opening:, much in the same way as you
would 1ft down a bucket into a well, only mm h furtlu.-r.

In some countries the miners are very jiour, and their children
hive to work in the mines. .Some of them do not see the li,i;hi lif tlie
sun fur months, and ;.'mw up in i;.'norance. You should be very tliank-
ful both for the sunliu'ht and the li|:ht of knowlud.:,'e.

X[[. Plants.— 4,3. The trees, Howcrs, and other plants of
a country depend on the climate ami soil. Some love i,'reat
heat, others cold; .^omo cannot live witliout aluindancc of
water, others arc killed liy .so much moisture ; smue Hourish
best in stiff clay, others in lij^ht sand.

44. A large part of Nova Scotia is still covered with the
native forests which once overspread the wlude country.
These forests of pine, si>ruce, hendoek, maple, beech, and
oak, are very usefid, giving us fuel and material for our
houses, ships, aud many other tilings.

There are many beautiful wild flowers in Nova Scotia. You havi>
all. no doubt, seen the lovely Mit>l-Ji<iircr which blooms early in thy
spring, often before the snow is all t-'one. It has been chosen as the
emblem of Nova Scotia. Can you tell what kind of soil it loves best '

45. The farmers of Nova Scotia raise onta, Imrlfij^ fi/i',
i)arl:wh<-<it, jieaxe, Imins, j>o(atu(S, and turnips. Tiiey also
raise wheat aud Indian cum ; but these crops are more un-
certain.

In the western p.art of Nova Scotia, particularly in the
valley between the North and South Mountains, there are
large orchards.

XIII. Animals. -4(1. Wild animals are luuch hss nunirr-
ous than they were wlien the whole country was covered
with ft)rest. None are very feroeious, so that one is not
afraid of being turn in jiieces wiu'i- he goes into the forest,
as he miglit be in some countries where tluie me lions,
tigers, and panthers.

47. The moou, whiih is the largest wild aniniid in Nova
Seotic, lives wholly on vegetable food, like the o.v. Tiie
ctirifiDii. is a smaller animal, and has now become very rare.
The bear, /ii,r, and fiiri/ii- mc tlcsh-onters, preying upon
weaker animjils, mid .sonietiinrs eafehing our shcrp and
poultry.

There are many dilTereiit kinds of birds, as the rmilr, hunk, mrl,
Ci-oii; n>''iii, ninilhiir, irooiliirrkrr. ^Hivlri'lijf. vmiir, mtipr, inmilcnrk,
|)'oro', iliirk-, and (/ow, .Some birds are very usoful in destroyiiiu
Inscets, which would do proat injury in the (j.irdoim and fifilds.

4''. In hot countries there are many larte and venonions ncrpeni^
l"hu huge boa is iible to ornsli an v. to death, and then swallow him.

The reptiles of Nova Scotia are the harmless .■<it(ik(.i, toadg, and/iv>f/s.
The yoiiiij; of the froj;, calleil tiidjiclts, nre like fish, swimmiui; about
ill the frof^jionds. As they grow lar,^er they change their form, and
hop on the land.

It is very interesting; to notice how the form of an animal is adapted
to its mode of life. Look at those birds like the crane, with their
Ion;,' necks and Ion;,' legs, so nicely tittiiij; them for obtaining their
food from shallow water; or tbserve the toe.s of the w.'odpecker, made
for climbiiii;, and its beak and tonj,'iie fur piercing.

XIV. Inhabitants.- 41). There me not fewer than
.350, (MH) peopli' in Nova Scotia. How long wuuld you be in
counting them, suppose you count IdO in a minute J

You have, no doubt, observed that the people who live
in Nova Seotia are of three ditfereiit colours. JMost of them
are w/iiti', and are, generally, descendants of men and
women who eanie from I'^ngland, Scotland, and Ireland.

.Some of the white jicoplt

are

di'set'iidants of the old

Acadiaiis, and otluM's of Oeiniaiis.

I!ut we have al.so a few tlmu.sands iif b/ack people iu
Nova Scotia. Their forefathers were brought from Africa
as slaves. Then we have the rxf men, or Indians, who.se
forefathers were living here when t'le French discovered tho
country. They number about l.')(in

.'JO. There are some men and women in Nova Scotia who .are un-
able to read, and cannot write their own names. Now that we have
free schools, no boy or girl should grow up in this sad state.

Three-fourths nf the people in the woild have not the liible, and do
not know the true <lod who m.ade all things. ,M;iuy of them worship
idols. Nova .S,)„tians profess to be Vhri.slinii.'i, ami to believe the
Hilde as the word of (}od. They do not all think exactly .ilike, how-
ever, on religious matters, and hence wu see them going to dill'erenl
pl.ioes of worship.

X\'. Divisions. — "il. For convenience in doing public
business, men have divided the whole I'rovjnci! of Nova
Seotia into eighteen part.s, called 'Vx^/^oV.s— fuuiteen in the
I'eiiinsul.i, and four in Cape Ih'eton.

The counties are not g. iiei'ally siparatrd by ;u,y visible line, so if
yon were travelling through the coiinliy, yon mi-l.t not know when
you iias.sed from one county to another. There are only posts or
other marks In certain pl.iees, to sh iw the course of the division line.

In each county, the ciiiirts are held ami other public hnsiness is
done in some central village or town, wlilch is ealleil the omnlij town.

r,-!. Hen

towns : -

are tin

iiaiiiiv

if the eoiiiilirs and euiinty

<'nuiillr«. ('miiiiIv Ti.»r«.

lirvsHonoi i.u liiivslioro'.

IIai.ikax Iliiilfux.

I.iNKMii iiii I.imenhnri?.

(irKKs's Ltvuriiool.

siiKi iiiiiNK Shellmrne.

Vammiii Til Yftrrnouth,

I'niitv IMkIiv

.\sNAi'(ii.i« Viinapolls

Kiso'h Kentvlili'

r»iiiiti.'<.
IUnth

(I MIIKKI.ANIl.
rol.lllKHrKII..

. \\ Incisor.
. Aniliernt.
,'l'niro.

I'KTOH I'lctoll.

.\NTi(ii>Nisii AnlU'oliMi,

ISVKKNKSS |'(irt lldod.

\'iei"iiiA Diidilcck.

I'Ai'K liKKTov Mydnvy.

liii MMosK Arlelmt

EXERCISE.- Lay down tho counties and comity town* upon your
maps.

S>E.*SS^^-

.11

I I

NOVA SCOTIA.

XVI. Towns.— 53. In towns, the houses and shops stand
very close t(j<ietlier. Farmers do not usually live iu such
places; they prefer t(j have their dwellings near the middle
of their farm.s. Cities, towns, and villages, are inhabited
chiefly by men engaged in trade, manufactures, and fishing;
hence we find them situated iu those places which are well
suited to one or more of these kinds of business.

54. It i.s very inijiortant to the meicliant and the luuiiufarturer that
tliere should be some cheap and ready wr.y of moviiii.' goods to and
from their jdaces of Ijusiiiess. Hence we u-suuUy find cities and towns
on tlie sea coast, beside a naviLtable river, or a railroad. You will
observe this to be the case with those of Nova Scuiia.

55. lluVifax io by far the largest town in Xova Scotia,
and is called nf C'Vy. It has about 3(>,(KiO inhabitants. The
laws are made in Halifax, and the Governor resides there.
It is called the capital of Nova Scotia.

XVII. Industries.— 56. It is the duty of every one to be
diligent at some honest lal)our. You have observeil that men
do not all follow the same business. It is be.st that each
should have some one trade or occupation, and keep to that,
as he will thus become more skilful, lose less time, and be
at less expense for tools.

57. In Nova Scotia, those engaged in tilling the soil,
called fannei'!<, are the most numerous class. Tii'jii chief
products are ditierent kinds of grain, potatoes, turnips,
butter, cheese, and apples.

Many of the inhabitants, particularly on the Atlantic
coast and in Cape Bri;ton, are ^fixJi^'.rmcii. A large number
in the cou.ties of Cai)e Breton, Pictou, and Cumberland,
are coal-uiners; a few hun<lreds in Hants. Halifiix, and
Guysborough, are ijii/iJ-Minci's; and some in Colchester are
iro)i-ml)iers.

Along the sea-coast, many (lersons are at work l.ni/dimj
ships; and all tl'.rougb the country we have many mechanics,
who build liouse.s, make waggons, and otlier useful things.
Tiien our foundries, .shoe factories, furniture factories, and
other places where manufacturing is carried on, give em-
ployment to many of our people.

68. The farmers and other classes have more of their own
produce than they can use, and each cla.ss rei|uires something
from the otliens. They therefore buy and sell.

Nova Scotia also produces more of some things than all
our iM'ojile need ; so we send away coal, fish, potatoes, and
other things, to fon-iun countries, aiul bring back tliinys
whicli our country iloes not produce, as sugar, tea, and
various kinds of goods.

09. This buying and selling is called tfiulf, or commerce,
and it gives employment to a very useful class of men

called merchants, who live in cities, towns, and villages.
The goods sent out of a country are called exports, and those
brought in are imports.

Gil It would be of little advantage to have a great deal of produce
for sale, if there were uo way of gettinj,' it to market, or if the cost
of taking it to market were as i..ueh as it would sell for. Hence we
see the importance of having good roads and cheap ways of carrying
goods.

61. Our forefathers, who fir.st came to Nova Scotia, settled in the
midst of the woods. They had no material to build tine houses, so
they made humble dwellings of logs. They had no carriage-roads,

y f.'r i ,

and they travelled Imit journeys on foot. In the winter, tliey went
over the deep snow upon siio i--sli(,r.<i. Sometimes they journeyed aloni;
narrow [jaths through the woudn on horseback; and a whole family
—father, mother, and one or t.vo ehiluren— might be seen mounted
on a single horse, going to church, or to visit their friends.

The trade in those early tirjes was mostly carried on by pidlers,
who went .ibout with 'beir wares o,i their backs.

t)2. How thing? have changed !— tuanks to ibe industry of those who
went bcf)re us. Now we have good roads in nearly till parts of the
country; we have railroads, too, which make places far apait t-eem
very near each other. We have comf<irtalile houses, good schools free
to all, and many other advantages. We .should try to make good use
of these advantages, and improve our country stdl more.

XVIII. Government. -03. In schools it is necessary to
havt' certain rules or laws, and those who wilfully break
them must be punished, or everything will run o disorder.
So men reiiuice laws to keep every one in his proper place,
and prevent bad i)eoi.".e from robbing and injuring their
lU'ighbours. Tiiere must be courts, also, to try those who are
eharueil with breaking the h.ws, and to see that every man
gets his due.

04. Some countries are m batUy gover. 'J tiiat there is no one ii
punish the roblier ami murdeier. The strongest party does what ho

SmmJ(^

, towns, and villam^s.
lied exports, and those

ve a great deal of produce
to market, or if the cost
^oulJ sell for. Hence we
J cheap ways of carrying

ova Scotia, settled in the
.1 to build tine housjs, so
y bad no carriage-roads.

r.'^'' "vr-'/^

n the winter, they went
nies they journeyed alon^
ick; and a whole family
-might be seen mounteil
their friends,
y carried on by pcillem,
ks.

the industry of tho.se who
II nearly all parts of the
e places far apait Leeiu
houses, good schools free
Id try to make good use
still more.

uls it is necessary to
who wilfully break
vill run o disorder,
'■ in his proper place,
,' and injuring tiieir
, to try tlio.se who ure
I see that every man

that there is no one tn
gest party dues what lio

Sorth I'olp

THEOELTJ

:yf.

■^A^

,(to..^-

.»**

.^'

>v^'-

/ /

"^•wW/i

ILU

t^lM

kv^

"N-/-

/""~- --/^ ^' •?,<«<<»■<£,» /. I

,.!• >\

'*».

5 \

'^JfcA,

i'>f--#!'_';j^ /.. /

»T!0»

"II,.,

C >''"■'

c,.i'Ai''

i (SUhrit /?;, ■

L 0^_ _ 1*0 1^ l|o

i^> i|o i^_ lou Ilk)

itMOU

'ixp^l^ ^

V,-.ie""" ',

.'. V

fr'

1 \' V' ,/' ■'^"' ■■■ '-+ ' ! ^ ^ ■'"'■"

\ \ <. (' ,. U—--^' ' ■ I ' •"""/'•"•'•"'.rf* ft

■•■ii'^'

1 frllf

THEOKLD

iliUii-l^HLLiiifo;,,,,

■»-'?Bi*:i&S!-"

thinks I

'liistry a!

;^ We, ther

security.

seas of I
Jamaica ;
l)orliaps tl

67. It wo
Irinds; but t
p-eat deal ol
oiir kuo«le<]
wiiich we us
( theinselve
nade the te;

m.„:.-<-^-^*^mmm^

DOMINION OF CANADA.

thinks best. In sucli countrifs tlieiv oaii be in' iuiiir'VLiui.ui. Iii-
ihistry and economy only reniler a man a riclier prey fa' the jilumlerer.
We, then, have j,'reat cause for th;iiikfiihiess fur the jiroteoliun of a trooil
L'overnraent, to enable us to enjoy the blessiiii;s v{ our country, in
security.

fi.j. The heiul orticcr in the yoveriinu'iit of Xuva Scutiu in
culled tlie Govenior. The hiw-s are made by the L>-;ii.<:/<(t'ire,
which consists of tlie Gocnior, Lefjislalive C'txiiciU and
House of Assemhly.

A GLANCE AT THE WORLD.

Things from Abroad. — GG. Xova Seotians use many
things that conic from other conntries. Thus, iierhaiis, at
the breakfast table we may see the i>rodncts of several
ditJ'erent countries far distant from Nova yeotia. The bread
is nuuh', it may be, of Hour wiiieh came finm (>ntario, or
the United States; the tea came f'nim China; the cutlee
fi'iiin the East or West Indies: the herrini;- from the cold

lir 'iliiif.' sun, ly the I'Oor African, far from tiic land of his fatliers, and
Ijerhajis a vlavt.

Bird's Eye View.— 0^. Xova Scotia is but a small part
of the wurld. \Vc have .seen tliat it is nearly surrounded by
water; but if we cross the water in almost any direction,
"e shall come to land — to smne one of the many countries
whost' jiroduets we use. Turn to the Hemispheres and tind
Nova Scotia, and you will see that this is the ^.ase.

0'.'. Tlic \V>-<lcrn and F.nMirn ll(.ini.<ii)i(rai represent the whole
world— all the land and water upon the Karth. These two maps, in-
deeil, look like the pictures of two worlds. If wc sliouhU sew the
edges of the two maps toirither, so as to have the Western Hemisphere
upon one side, and tin.' Eastern on the other, we should see how the
places on one hemisphere are joiritMl to those on the other, and how
the two maps f 'rm, in reality, but otif W'rld.

The Dominion of Canada.— 7<». Let us now, in imagina-
tion, leave Nova Scotia and make a tour through the neigh-
bouring' countries. Setting out at Halifax, we go to Truro
by railway, aiiil supposing the great I idi'V-othjuinl Liw,
which We are to have Soon, is tinished, we proceed north-
westerly throu-h the isthmus. We are now in Si'iv /inms-
irirk, which resembles Xova Scotia in its jirodiicbs, only it
has larger forests, and many of its people are lumberers.

IllLVNtll OF eoKFEE TREE.

seas of Labrador; the peiiper from the hot island of
Jamaica; the knives, forks, and dishes from Endand; and
perliaps tliere are other things which came from abroad.

67. It would be very pleasant and instructive to visit these distant
hauls; but this would cost a ^rc-'t deal of money, and would take a
f-M-eat deal of time. Most of us must therefore be content to obtain
oiir knowledge of the world in some otlier way. These foreign articles
wiiieh we use, if they had tongues, could tell us many strance thint'S
of themselves and their native lands. Thus, that lump of sugar which
iiade i;he tea so sweet, was produced by hard sweatinj; labour beneath a

I.IMIIEUINO.

71. Still travelling north-westerly, past />"// C/c/Zc/n-, we
enter another cou.itry, called Qwbec, which also has vast
forests. The railroad now runs along the bank of a great
river, the .St. Lawrence. Large ships are coming (h»wn the
river, some laden with lumber, some with flour; and others
are going up, carrying coal from Pictou. Here is Quebec
Citij, the capital, situated on a high blurt' beside the river—
the oldest city in British America. Going on further west,
we cross the river by the Victoria IJrid'je, which is nearly

two miles ill Iiiiu'tli. ITtTi', "ii o!' islaml, is MiDifrnif, a
Imiui' city ('iiiitaiiiinj; lU'iiily a lliiid as many inlialiitauts as
all Nova Scotia.

72. We will now j^o up tlie Ot/aini Itiver to Otlnwa Cifif.
On tlio west side of tlic river is tlic J'roriiuy at' Onfario,
wiiich is one of the i^roatcst grain countries in tlie workl.

In tlio neiphhomlioocl of Ottawa arc immense forosl.<, mid large
(jimntitiea of liiuil' r me brnnglit liown tlie ri"cr in rafts.

73. Hut yonder are several Nnva Si'otioii>. enterini; tliat lar^'o
liiiildlng. Yes; 'liey are memliers of I'arliaiui^nt. You remember

tliat Nova Scotia, Now Iininswii'k, Q .ebee, and Ontario now firm one
j;i('at fiiuntry, called tlie l)(imiiii<iii 'J C">adii. Ottawa i.s tlicrii/i/ri/.
Ou tlie .south and wot of Uiitai i' are va.st lakes. Uctwecn Lake^ Ei ic

and Ontario arc llie celeliratoil \i-
u</(tra lulls, where a lar>;e river
rushes down a precipice of 100 feet.

British America.— 74. Far

to the west of Ontariw, Leyond

'<■ tlio lofty Kocky Aroiinlain.s, is

lirithh Columhin, with rich

I Oi\t:irio now firm nne
Ottawa '\!i t.\\i-'riii>it'il.

». ]'n.twtcii L:iki's Kill'
are the oelclnali'ii .\i-

, wlicre a l:ir;;e livoi
!i jirt'oiiiico of ICU foci.

America.— 74. Ftir
(if Ontariu, licyoiiil

lucky MdiiiitMiiis, in
htmlnii, with licli

Tdll.Vcii) n.AST

pi'M iiiiiios; iiinl on tlie iiorrli ^A' Ontario ami Qiiclioc is
Ihiihon's JiiMj Territori/, a very cdld country, wlitTc ^iiiiii
will not ;,'ro\v, and the few inhaliitaiits live liy Imntini.'.

Coniiiiu' to (lie cast coast, in the Gulf of St. Lav. u'lici' we
find the Island of Xeivfoiiudhnul, near which are the ;;reat-
e.st cod fisheries in the world. Kiirtlier south, separated
from Nova Scotia by Northiiuiberland Strait, is J'riiio'
J-.'ihr'ird IsldiiiL

All these countries- the Doiiiinion of Canada, Ihiti-h
Cuhuniiia, llinlson's Bay Territory, Newfoundland, and
Trinie Kdward Island -I'orni llritish Awric'i.

North America.- 7r). <»n the south of liritish America
is a lar^e country caUed y/c Ciiilfil Sfaffs. It has ^,'reat
variety of climate and jirodiictfl. In the north-east, manu-
facturitu; is a very imiiortaiit business; in the middle and
west, wheat, cori\, and tobiicco arc raised in ureat abundance ;
niid in the south, cotton, rice, and snuar-canc.

70. Mfwiro lies south of the United States. Slill furtluM'
poiith, where the laml is narrow, is Ciiifrnl Aiiicrira, from
which we obtain lou'wood and maIiiiL;aMy. Tiio coasts of
Mexico ami Cc. itral America are jnw, hot, and uidicalthy;
In the interior are hi^di plains, calii'd tnhb-l'iiitl, wliere the
climate is more auri'eable. Mexico has loHi,' been tamed for
its silver mines. The story of the eon(Hiest of IMexiro, three
hundred and fifty years a^o, by the Kretdy Simniards, is very
iiiti'restin^'.

British America, tlir I'liiicd Stales, ]\b'\ico, and Ci'iitral
America, form a yrcat division of the llarth ciUcd Xaith
A mrrii'i\.

The Western Continent.- 77. <>ii the map of the West-
ern llemispheru ymi will see North America; and on the

.south, bi'yiind the Isthmus of Tanama, S^)ntli Aiiirrli',!.
These two divisions form the Wi'Ktnn ('iDititifiil.

South America is j;cnera!iy a wariii, moist country, yii'ld-
Mii; colfci', tobacco, rice, cotton, oraiiLjcs, pine-apples, and
many other fine fniit.s.

7m. Heie, on the east side, is the Aimrjiii, an immense
river, the largest in the world. It tlows throuiili a llat
country, hundreds and hundreds of miles. On each sidi> of
the river tire marshes covered ritli tall reeds; and beyond
the uuirshes are vast dense forests, abmuidiim in dye woods,
ornament.al woods, the india-ruliber tree, and many other
valuable trees.

7'.'. I'lli' nf till' Ili.iSt liealltiflll |i|;ltlt<cif S'lllll .\tl|.>rii'!l in till! 17c.

I»ri,t Itiiiiii, II 1,'irL,'" wiittT-lily wliicli jjoiw-s ;il(iri',' tlu' iMr.l.-rs ,.|' ilio

•. !■ TnlirA lOKU

Aiiuijiiii. Its laicp NtroiiL' li'iiviiH, five iir hIx f ci liii.ii.l. tli.il mi iKi'
NMtti'r, mill in llio iniilst nf thoiii iiiu tliu roB>>.i«liii|inl il'>\i(.r«, lur^vr
tliitii tlic crown of II iiiairH h.it.

A GLANCE AT THE WORLD.

80. In otlitT jiiu-ts of .Soutii Vniurica there arc iinineiise
[ilain.s c'uvercd with tail grass, where roam countless herds
of wild cattle.

Along the west of the country is a great mountain range,
called the Andes, the summits of which are covered with
jieriietual snow. IL're ami theie, cone-shaped peaks rise
far aliove the surrounding }ieights, tlirowing out volumes of

ViiLiASO IN ASDEH.

smoke, like tlie eliinincys of some great factory. Tiie.se are
V'l/ctnnun or Inu'iiim: mountains.

Crossing the Atlantic — ^L We will now take an
imaginary tour eastward. "Wo leave Halifax in a largo
steamer bound for T-iverpool in England. We are soon out
of sight of lan<l ; on all sides there is nothing to be seen but
the sea— tlie far-stretching Atlantic. (.>ur ship, which looked
so lame beside the smaller vessels i)i the harbour, now seems
very small, ns it is tossed up and down over the broail, higli
waves. W'v. see no path, nor any signs to direct us; but
the cajitain, by his knowledge c'" navigation, with hi.s com-
pass and chart, can take us as directly across the patiiless
ocean ns if lie followed a beaten trn<'k.

82, Yonder, risiiiir almve tlie wnter, nre tlie iimsts of veHScls. A«
we conic nciiror, the liulis licoonie vi'<ible — .<eeniinc to rise jir.idunlly
out of tlio wfttcr. Tills is luvnuse tlic surfnoe of llie sen Ih not level
or (Int likt' llie (1 lor, Iml roiiiiiit"l like tlie Hiiifiu-o of i\ liall.

These lue fishiiiif-vessi'ls. We iiro iieiir the Islimd "( Newfoundland,
and this pint of the uimmii is iint so deeii ns it is elsewhere. It is
onlled the Jlitiik» of .Wii/iumUaiid, mid is one of llie most noted cod-
fisheries in the world.

81). Hut l"ok, we ure surrouioled with (\ dense foe, so tlint wc cnn
•onrcelj' see from one end of the kh',|> to the other. There nre two
men on the lonk-ont, nii'l the steiiiiiwhistle is Mowinu, to winn imy
vi -sels that may he neio' to keep out of the «ny, lest we should run
iiilo them. The tipj.' hes elose to the sut; for wleii we lonk up, we
jt't (ilii'ipses of the olear sky.

The wnter bero ii i|uite wavni. and the enptnin snys w'e are in the

(yu//.S7;Y((ni, which flows like a L'reat river through the ocean from llie
(Jnlf of Mexico. The fog is caused by the steam which rises from the
warm water.

As we jiass on, the fog clears aw.ay and we can apain see far over the
ocean. That huge glittering object in the distance, like a mountain ot

glass, is an icf>icv;/. It looks very lar^'e, yet only oneci^rhth pat t of it
is above the wnter. It has floated d iwn from the cold regiijus of the
north and will soon melt in these warm waters.

Great Britain.— ^4. It is now nine days since we left
Halifax. "Laud ahoy I" shouts a sailor from the mast-head.
We on deck cannot see it yet, owing to the curved surface
of the ocean. Soon it comes in sight and we get our tirst
view of /rdmi'l, the green isle of the sea. We call at
(.,>ueenstown to leave passengers and tiie mail. We tiien
pa.ss tip St. George's Channel and iu'rcss the Iiisli Sea to
Liverpocil.

f-:>. We are now in A'lij/tiin/, wliich with Soil/'Uhf and
U'ti/is forms the Js/oik/ <i/ (Irnil /Iril'iin. CJrent Britain
and Ireland, with many small ishimls near them, are called
the JJrltli>/i /s/ts. Here is tiie home of our forefathers, the
central and mother country of 'J'/ie /Iritinh Kmiurey to which
Nova Scotia ami the rest of Dritish America belong.

Si), Knt'Iiind is a beautiful c'nuntry. Its rich areen mendowt nre
eiieloseil wiih thorn hcdiios, which are miii'li prettier than the crouked
f> lu'es we so (fteii see in Nova Scutia. It has very rich mines of coal,
iron, lead, and tin. It is alson u'eal niannfactiirim; country, t'nr
cottons, broail cloth n, cuilety, and crockery nre made here. Cotton
does not i:row in Hnkdaiid, but is bioiuht in a raw state from the
Tniied States of Aineiicn nnd other warm countries,

87. There nre ninny Inr^e cities in Kiiudaiid, LoNiioM, the inraest
and richei I city in the wurld. Is the capital of the enipire. It stands
on both sides of the Hiver Tlialies, v\liicli is like a forest of lunstB,
there lire so many ships fruin all pails of the world. There are
several large bridges ovit the river; ainl there is also n rond under the
river, which ii called the Thnmit Tunml.

ougli tlie ocean t'roui tlie
iiu which rises from the

an afrain see far over the
ance, like a luouutaiu of

uily oncfi^'htli part of it
III tlie C(>K1 regions of the

(l;iys fiinco we left
Voiii tlie iiiast-liead.
till' curvi'd siirthce
111 \Vf p't (lur first
' sea. We cull nt
le mail. We tlieii
.■'.s tlie Iii.sh Sea to

with Scotliinil and

nn. fJreiit I'ritaiii
itar tlii'iii, are calltd

(nir furefatliers, the
s/i Kiiipire, to wliieh

liiii belling.

ii'h ffvovn tncrnhnvn aro
ri'ttiiM' than the croMki'il
vi'ry rich niiiu's of coal,

■tiiriiii,' eountry. tiiir
II' iiiaili' here. Cotton

i\ liiw Htiito fiiiiii the
ilrii"'.

I^wNl'iiN, thi' hiru'Cft

ilic ('ni|iirr. It Ktfiiiils

liko II fiU'VNt of lUllHtH,

III- xvnil.l. Thi-re arc
H iiIko n ronil uii<lei' the

EUUOPE— AFRICA.

WINDSOR CASII.E

A few iiiil.:s frnin Lond.in is ]\'inilfii)-, near wliich is II'ih'/i'ic
Cii'ilh, the iirineii^al resideiioe of the (^ueeii.

Europe.— .s8. Leavim; En.iiliiiid, we em.s.s the Strait of
Dover to /w'KHCc, wliieh is part of tiie ureal hody of land
called /•'iinij'i'. The Kouth of Franee i.s a land of vineyards,
yieldini; fine grapes and wine. Here al.so the ninllierry-tree
floiiri.shes, on the leaves of wliieh the isiiiv-Avorni feeds.

S'.i, T hire are several other gieat oniintrics in Europe, as /'I'K/i.iid,
A'l.tfria, ainl Hus.^ia. On the south ea^t of Fiance, lieyiiiul tlie sii ivy
.lll'.i, is /'nil/, coiitaiiiiiii' the ancient city of Home, wliicii once ruled
the wurlil.

E^'\ It ; so «e go on li aid and ure s on gliding; ovt-r
tlie Muiiterraiuau Urn.

Africa.— 110. On the south of the Medi-
terranean are the Jlarbari/ States of A/rtca.
onee noted for pirates who were always
on the look-unt for ve-ssels to phmder.
South of I5arliary is the Snh'.va or Gitat
Desert, without water, liviim plant, or
animal, except here and there a gushini;
sprini; makes a fertile spot, called au oasis.
Heyond the Desert is the land uf tlie
Negro, from wliieji tlie forefathers of the
eoloiu'ed people of Xova Scotia came.

ill. Africa is tlie hottest portion of the Kailh,
anil a large part of it has no rain. It is noted for
lis iiiauy targe and beautiful wild aniiiwds, as the elephant, lion, and
f.'irall'e. The ostrich is a huge hird which runs with great lieetness.
It is much luiiitcd fur its feailurs.

i'out ok >uii^KiM.i:i.
At Md'Hriltm, in the iotitli of Fruiiee, we tlnd n stontni r a^||,^ t,i

lllllAII''K itKI/.^li IIV A l.\<<\

The inliftMtants in I lie interior of Africa aio very iunnrant and
liarharous. They wnj;u fiurcu wars with one unoilier lo ulitain eaptives
('■r slavcu.

111'. Uiit here we are at .'l/''.m«r//'i(/, an old city, founded
more than two thousand years le^o. It onee iiad a line liKmry,
which was luiriied hy tiie .Mnhamniedans,

We iKiw u'o hy railroad to t'aii", tlir capital of Ki;ypt.
and the larycHt city in Africa. It docM led minli fcNeinlile
any city wo I'ver saw liel'ore. The stieeti :ire very narrow

A GLANCE AT THE WOItLD.

and ilaik. Tlio limisi's di not seem to liuve any wiiulciwe;
hut if we well' to enter them, \vc would find tiie windows
Iookinj4 iiut upon an opun scjuare in tiie middle, called a
eoiirt. Amid tall palm trees and orange j^roves, t' c mos(]ues,
or the Mohanimeilan places of worsliip, rise with their j^ilded
minarets ahove the surrounding liiiil(hn,L;s.

93. Tills is Kuypt, tlio liiml into which Josi'iih was soKl as a slave,
ami wliL're lie nfterwanls became so unat.

Yonder is tlie /liviv .Xilc, lieside which Muses was liidileii by his
parents, in tiie ark of huiiushes,

It never rains in Knypt. Water is tal;en from the Nile to water tlie
ticlils, Tlie river also overflows its hanks ilin in^; three or four months
in the year, and covers the whole country with water.

94. Not far from Cairo are the Piiramidn, whicii were Imilt four
thousand years a|.'o, anil have been tlio wonder of all Kncoee ling n^es.
The lar^'est is (juite a little mountain, bein;; lOl feet liin'i and cover-
inn eleven acres of niimmi.

\>ti. We now i;o by railroad from Cairo to Sur:, on the (liilf af Siirr,
the tt.'iter thruuuh wliii'h the Israelites passed uM dry ;;reuud. Here
we take our leave of Afrioft,

Asia.- 111!. As wc sail down tin; ( iulf of Suez, we pass on
our left the desert in which the I8raelit08 wniidered forty
yeiirc, and M"iiiil iSiiiat wliore (Joil gnve the law to Mose.^.
Further nortli \x I'nlintiiu; the l'r(imise(l r,anil, in wliidi
the Israelites settled after they came out of the desert.

AMa resembles Africa in havinn a lai'Kc part of its surfucc covered
with rainless sandy plaitm or desorls. The enniel i.n one of the most
useful ,'iniiimls in these legiotis, for it I'an endure thirst a loiii:
lime. It is much used us i\ lieast of biiiihti by travellers in tln'
deNvrlR.

!17. Passing down the lud Sea, tlirough the Strait of
Bab-el-Mandeh and tiie G'u/f <]f Aden, crossing the Arah'utn
Sea and the Ikxy. of Jienr/al, wo arrive at Calcutta, a large
eity in India. There arc many sliijis here from various
]iarts of the world, some of which, from America, arc laden
with huge hlock.-j of ice.

98. India belongs to Great Uritain. It is a, very warm, fruitful
country, yielding rice, sugarcane, cotton, silk, opium, indigo, colfee,
cinnamon, pine apples, und other line fruits and spices.

Along the north arc mountains five and a half miles high— the high-
est in the world. On the southorn slo]ies are vast forests, abounding
with elephants, lions, tigers, and other largo wild beasts.

!)f). Leaving Calcutta we ssail south-east through the
Strait of Malacca, and then north-east over tlie Cltina Sea,
to Canton, a port of the great country called China. Here
wo sec ships from America and Europe, taking in lea, silk,
and rice, which are tin- important products of the country.
China is s:iid to contain one-third the iuliahitaiits of the
Earth. The soil is carefully cultivated, and the hill-sides
are formed into terraei^s, on winch tea, coti'ee, and otiier
products are raised. In many places the rivers me covered
with lloating L'ardens, which an' forineil l\y covering a raft
of fimhcr with earth. In the gnnleiis are little houses,

\W. Asia ig larger than North and South America together, It
ijontains two-thirds of the human nice. Nearly nil its inhabitants art
heathens, destitute of Cliristinnily. In the central ]i;irt of Asia there
aie vnsl high plains unlit fur cultivation. The irihabilanis possc-s
many lnuses, cattle, and sheep; and they waniler from place to place,

1 ^•.

^E c.

cy3;

! ^

<J:

■J
i

, •>

[:«

'Jl

i ■

igli the at rait of
issiiig the Ai\tlii(tit
t Calcutta, a larj^t!
ii'i'o from variiiiis
^iiu'rica, are laden

very wnriii, fruitful
Hiiuiii, imligo, colfee,
piocs.

liles hi)^li— the liipli-
(t fnrests, aboumliii;,'
beasts. •

■ast tlinuij^h tin'
T the (liina Sea,
(tl ('/ii)ia. Here
ikiiij,' ill lea, silk,
.s of the country,
lahitauts of the
iiMJ the hill-Hides
ill'ee, and other
ivers are covered
ly enveriiiu a rat't
it tie hniiBL'S.

li'a tt'Ki'tliur. It

its inlialijlaiitfi arc

I |iiirt iif Asia then'

inliiiliitaiits piiRsoM!

from plaeu In place,

102. T
to a CiiMii
iiciu- Clir
licio.

Tlio nr.

C(],5fl'S to t

of South
which th
which hii;
with fur I
Aiistial
niul iiiryo

103, V
I'dcijic C
imist no
( nurse ii(

OCEANIA— HOME\f ARU.

TEA ri.ANTATlDX.

in search of pasturage. Tliey are notorious rolihers, and tiavelitrs
st'i('.om ventuvo into their country.

Kurope, Africa, ami A.sia arc ail coiinectet), ami taken together form
the Eastern Coiilinoit.

Oceania.— Idl. The only leiniiiiiinc! portions of the world
to lie seen are the Islands (.>f tiie Ocean, sometiniea called
Occmia. "We sail Houtii amid the hot and fertile AW
Inilin Islands, who.se choice sjiices scent the air far around.
Anion^' the rich jirodiicts of these island.", are coeoa-niit.s,
ciiuiamon, nutine^s, and cloves. We cross the Iinfinn
Ori-nn, |.a.ssin<,' the west and south coaata of Ausfi-alia.
Tills is the lar<,'est island on the Ivirth, and forms a j)art of
the wide-siiread British Km|iire.

102. There are many thiiiu's in Australia ■vhich npppar very stranirf
to a Canailian. Tin- .^nn is nortii of us nt ni.on; and ahlmnuh it is
near Christmas, wiicn we iiave winter at liinie, it is midsununcr
here.

Tlie native trees are niailv all evergreens, and iire.«ent their tiiin
cd.^cs to the sun ; so that the forests are n.a shady and dark like those
of South America. Alany of the aninialH liave a pouch or sack in
which they carry their younp. Tliero is one >ery I'loiiois animal
"liich has tiie feit and bill of a duck and lajs vn^s, hut i.s covered
with fur anil suckkii 'is yonn.' like a cat.

Anstialia lias very rich j;nld mines. Many nf ihe people tend hlieep,
and larj^e i|iiantilics df wiml are exported to lOnjilanil.

103, We shall cnutiniU' our courst! caslward aciuss the
I'acijic Ocean, which is the larnest of all the oceans. You
must now turn to the \Ve>itcru Hemisphere and mark our
course north-easterly, PiUong the numerous groups of islands.

ACSTKAMAN I'r.ANlS

Most of the islands of the I\icifie are very beautiful and
fertile, yieldiuj,' the finest fruits.

]0J. Some of tiiese islands are inhaliited hy savajies, and it would
be danu'ennis to land anion;;st llieni ; in others, the natives have been
tau;;ht the principles of t'liri.stianity by missionaries from liritain anil
.America. Yon ,-,ee a pmup called the Sew llfhivlcn, where there are
several missiunaries from Nova Scotia. The inliabitiint.s were once
very fierce, and cruelly murdered Mr. Gordon and his wife, who went
from Nova Scotia to teach them the way In heaven.

Further on are the Sdinliricli /,^/nn<^.^, win ic (,'aptain Co.ik, the great
navi^'ator, was killed by savages, nearly a Inmdied \earsa>;i).

Homeward. -1(1."). Ilaviii',' crossed the Paeific, we tr.ivel
over the Isthmus uf Panama in the rail-cjirs, and at As/,iii-
tr'i//, on the Cariliheau «ca, t.ilce a steamer for New York,
the larL'cst city in .\mcrica. We (;ome to Boston and thence
to Ilalifa.v

Conclusion.— im;. Ilnw stran-c' We set out at Halifax,
fravcllcij an easterly course, and lii'n; wd are at Hiilitax
aiiain I The fact is. the Earth is a ureat b.dl. and we Iia\c
made a jnurncy mund the world. This explains why wo
always saw the masts nf a ilislant ship lirsr.

If you now trace our course on the K'ob.', which represents the
Kaith belter than a map, you will iniderstainl how we tiavelled cuie
stantly in the name direcliini, and at len^lh arrived at the place fro:u
which we started.

THE EARTH AS A PLANET.

The Form of the Earth. — 1. R'dple (nue bclievid tlwt
tlio Eiirth was an cxttiKlr'l iilaiK'. There aiu many lu'ool's
that this is nut tht: case.

2. Xaviuatoi'j have often. Ly sailing constantly in the
.same ilireetion, arrived at the plaee from wliieh tiiey .set out.

Tlie first voj-iige arouiul the wuilil w.is made between luVJ and loiiii,
under the cominund of Ala^'ellan.

3. When a ship comes in sii^ht, we first see tlie top-masts
and the rii'ging, histiy tlie hidl, as if it were coining over a

i'i,-.rANr snirs.

convex surface; and when the sailor leaves the sliore, low
oliji'cts are the first to disajipear — the last seen are the
luountaiii U)\)s.

4. If a man six feet high were to stand hy the .sea-shore
when the water is smooth, he coidd see a boat three miles
distant; if he were to stand on a high rock, so as to be ele-
vatc'd twenty-four feet, a boat would be visible six miles
distant.

5. For these and various tdlier reasons, all intelligent
persons now believe that the Earth is a vast ball. It does
not appear round, because it is so large that there is but
little curvature in any portion of the surface which we can
see at one time. If we were to ascend in a balloon far above
tiie Earth, we wuiuld see much more of its surface' at one
view, and it would appear curved, as a ball.

6. An observer on the Earth's surface, or at any elevation
above it, always finds that his view is bounded by a circle ;
and that this circle, which is callcil the iSensihle Horizon, is
eidarged in proportion to his elevation. Could he rise sufH-
cicntly high, he woidd see half the Earth's surface, when the
circle bounding \m view wuuhl be called the Jiatiomd
Horizon.

7. One might suppose, at first, that the unevcniic.<!S of the
laud surface woidd be a Hcrious obstacle to this tiieory re-

s})ceting the form of the Earth. But the Earth is so large,
that the highest mountain interferes no more with its gene-
ral roundness, than the roughness of the rind with the
general sliapo of tlie orange.

8. The Earth is not an exact sjihere, but is slightly fiat-
tened at two opposite jioints called the l'ole$, and bulged
out near the middle or Equator. The .liape resembles that
of iin orange.

An artificial globe is the best representation of the Earth.
The globe does not perceptibly differ from a perfect siihcre,
.so .slightly are the poles of the Earth flattened. In a globe
two feet in diameter, the llattening of the poles would not
(lindnish the polar diameter one-twclftli of an inch.

9. There sire other proofs of the Earth's spherical form.

As we travel eust or west, the sun rises proporliunally earlier or
later; and as we go north or south, new stars come in view, whilst
those lieliind us disappear below the horizun.

The Karth always casts a circular shadow, which is the invariable
form of shadow fur spherical bodies only.

In cuttiuus for canals, a curve on the bottom of eiyht inches in the
mile is rtfiuireil, to keep the water at a uniform level.

10. If the Earth were an exact sphere, as one went towards titlicr
p'le, the stars in that ((uarter of tlje heavens would rise uniformly
according to the distance travelled. This is not quite the case; for
in the vicinity of tiie pole a grea'.er distance must be passed over to
obtain the same increase in the elevation of any star. Hence we infer
that the curvature near the poh.s is less.

Attraction of the Earth.— 11. In lifting a stone from
the Earth, we nuist u.se our strength to overcome the resist-
ance which it makes to a change of place. This resistance,
which we call weight, is the result of the Earth's atlrac-
(ion—a. force by which everything on the Earth's surface is
drawn towards its centre. If we raise the stone and leave it
iui.su[>ported, it falls, because it is pulled down by this force.

12. The weight of a body is the measure of the force witli which it
is attracted by the Earth. Attraction is mutual in all bodies, and in
proportion to the quantity of matter they contain. Thus the stiiie, in
juoportion to its matter, attracts the Earth, as well as the Earth the
stone,

13. The attractive power of the Earth acts in a right line drawn from
the Earth's centre to tiie body attracted; and this power diininislies
as the scpuire if the distance frurii the centre increases. If tiie Earth,
without any increase of matter, were swelled out to twice its present
size, a body which now weighs a pound upon its surface, would weigh
only oue fourth of a pound.

E;irtli is so lai;:,'(',
mure witli its yuiiu-
tlie riml with tlie

but is slightly flut-
; I'oles, tiiul bulnid
iiijjc resembles that

Liition of the Earth.
n a iieifect sphere,
tteiieil. Ill a i;lulie
:he poles would not
of au inch.

I'ical form.

■oiiuitiniialiy earlier or
come in view, wliil.st

liicli i.s the invariable

Dt' eiylit inches in tlii.'
vtl. .

wiiit towards either

uulJ rise uniforiuly

quite the case ; for

St be passed over to

ar. Ik'iice we inter

:ni,L,' a stone from
•ereume the re-sist-
This resistanee,
le Earth's altrac-
Earth's surface ia
stotic and leave it
iwn by this furce.

I'liroe with which it
n all bodies, and in
Thus the stune, in
>cll as the Karlh the

iuht line drawn tVcni
is [lovver diminishes

uses. If the Earth,
to twice its present

lurlace, would weigh

MOTIONS OF THE EAKTII.

14. As a body weighs nearly the same in all places on the Earth, the
surface must be everywhere nearly the same distance from the centre.
Hence we h.ive an additional proof of the Earth's spherical form.

A body weighs sliuhtly more near Uie pules, which is a further proof
that those parts of the Earth are flattened. The term oblate .^phti'oid
expresses the exact form of the Eartli.

Cause of the Spheroidal Form.— 1.^. When we pour water upon a
revolving grind-stone, the water tlies olf in proportion to the raiiidity
of the motion; also a wagi^on-wlieel throws more mud when we drive
rapidly. If a iiiece of soft putty, in the firm of a sphere, bo made tn
revolve rapidly on an axis, the poles will become flattened, while the
middle, or equator, will bulge out.

liy supposing that the Earth, whilst in a semi-fluid state, revolved
around a line pa'^sing from one pole to the other, we can account for
its sjiberoidal form.

Size of the Earth.— Ifi. A railway train, movini,' at the
rate oi' (JtJ miles au hour, would go around the Earth in about
seventeen days. The distance arou: '^ the Earth is called its
rircumfi'vence, and is equal to 24,860 miles.

The area of the Earth's surface is 10,590 times greater than that of
Nova Scotia, or it is equal to a square of 14,035 miles.

The pillar diameter of the Earth is 7898 miles; the equatorial dia-
meter is 7924 miles.

Light and Heat. — 17. The Sun is the great source of
light and heat. Without this luminary the Earth woidd be
wiiolly uninhabitable; every animal ami i)lant would perish,
anil all the water upon the Earth would be congealed to the
hardest ice.

The Sun is so Air removed from us, that, by travelling
(JO lailes an hour, it would take one hundred and eighty
years to travel an equal distance. Light moves so rajjidly,
that it occupies oidy about eight minutes in coming to us
from the Sun.

18. The Sun is 1,400.000 times larger than the Earth ; liut, bcin-
less dense, it is only 3130,000 times heavier. Its diameter is 883,OUO
miles, and it is 91,72.'i,000 miles distant from the Earth.

Day and Night.— id. Place a lighted lamp beside th(>
glolte, so that it will shine from pole to pole, and turn the
glol)e uptm its axis. A fly standing on any jiart of the
globe will have light and darkness in succession. In like
manner, day and night follow each other in turn, by the
rotation of the Earth.

The Earth turns aroiuid an imaginary lino called the n.ri)^.
Tiie N(wlh I'ofc is at one extremity of the axis, the Smit/i
J'ole at the other.

20. A light shinine uimn a spherical body illuminates juit onehalf
of its surface at once. The Sun is always shining upon the Earth;
therefore nne-half the Earth's surface is in the light, the other in the
dark. The boundary line between the light and dark hemispheres is
called the Ciirlc of lUuminatiDn. A.i the Earth rotates, this circle is
ever changing its position.

21. When moving rapidly in a rail-car we seem to be at rest, and
'he objects along the track to be gliding past us in the opposite direc-

tion. The rotation of the Earth from west to east, gives the Sun an
apparent motion from east to west.

It was once thought that the Earth w.as stationary, and that the Sun
revolved around it. According to this theory, the Sun must, every
twenty-four hours, describe a circle having a diameter equal to twice
tlie distance of the Sun from the Earth ; and the stars, wliich are In-
conceival)ly more remote, must travel correspondingly faster in order
to comjilete their revolution in the same time.

22. The most direct proof of the Earth's rotation is furnished by an
interesting experiment with the pendulum.

Unequal Length of Day. ^2:5. In the siunmer we have
long days and short niglit.s ; in the winter, the reverse ; so
that light and darkness in the course of the year are exactly
eiiual. The longest day is the 21.st of Junc, the shortest the
21st of December. Twice in the year— the 2()th of March
and the 23d of September — day and night are eijual, twelve
hours each. At the Equator ihiy and niu;lit are always
equal, and the inequality is greatest near the poles.

24. At mid-summer, when the day is longest, the Sun at
noon is high up in the heaven.s, and much more nearly
over-head than in winter. Tin's is only an ai>]tarent shifting
of the Sun's position— the real change is in the Earth. The
Earth not oidy rotates \\\w\\ its axis, it also moves around
the Sun in a vast circle. The path in whicli the Earth re-
volves around the Sun is called the Enrtlts Ovh'd.

Illustration — 2.'). ri.ico a l.imp on the floor, to represent the Sun, and
witli tlie oliiilk ilraw a larije circle around it for tlio Kartti's orliit. I'l.-vco the
plolio in the orbit, on the east side of the lamp, with the north polo pointiiii?
to the reilin^' in the northern jmrt of the rocim, in such a manner that the
axis shall he parallel In the east side of the room, and inelined towards the
nortliern wall ahout one-fimrtli tin.' distanee lietween a vertical line and a
horizontal * The lanqi will now hiiie from iiole to poli?. and if the j?lohe
he tur ed on its axis, it will illnstrate the eiinality of day and night in the
spring.

Without chanKinij tlie inclination of the axis or its jiarallel position with
respect to the east wall, move the jjlohe thron^'h one-fourth the orbit, so
that it shall stand on the sonth .side! of the lanij). The rays of light will
extend beyond the north pole, illumi latin.; more than half the northern
hemisphrre, and less than half the Houtliern, We have here the position of
the Kartli at niid-sninnier liy movintr the globe in the same manner to the
west and north sides, we shall have the Karth's position in the autumn and
at mid-winter.

jn. The E;irtli thus makes a revolution around the Siin once a year,
uuriiig whieh it presents dillerent paits of its surface directly to the

/'',/. 1,

nw AMI Niiinr i-i^'ai,,
^Vtrih 2o(/i ./111/ Siiili-mhir 'lArd

' It should be Inclined 2Hi denrees from the purpondlcular.

i(„

THE EARTH AS A PLANET.

Sun. Hence llie ililliieiice In ilie leiigtii of day and niglit. Tlie accom-
panying di.igraras represent the Earth in its relation to the Sun at
diflferent times of year. In figure 1, the Sun is vertical at the Equator;
in figure 2, it is vertical at tlie Tropic of Cancer ; and iu figure 3, at the

Fl'j. 2.

■ -.y

LONil DAVS AND SHORT NKIHTS IS THE XOUTUEllN llEMI.srilEUE,

Juni: ilii.

Tropic of Capricorn. In figure 2, the whole space within the Arctic
Circle has constant day ; iu figure 3, it has constant night.

Fiij. 3.

.•';^'7jT^''Z\

SUOllT DAVS AND LONU MdllTS IN THE NiiliTHEIiN HEMISl'HEUE,
UiccmliLr ilst.

27. An imaginary -^lane, e.xtendiiig from all parts of the Earth's
orhit to the centre of the Sun, is called the Plane of the Earth's Orbit.
If the Earth revolved around the Sun with its axis perpendicular to the
plane, the plane would cut tiie Earth at the Equator, and the Sun would
always be vertical at the Equator, as in figure 1. lUit the axis is in-
clined 23.J degrees from the perpendicular, and this inclination causes
the circle described on the Eartii, by tlie plane, to cut the Equator at an
angle of 23.^ degrees. This circle is called the JCc/iptic. As tiie Sun
appears to move in the opposite edge of the plane, its annual path is
also called the Ecliijtic.

28. The axis of the Eartli always maintains the same position, so
that iu any part of the orbit it is parallel with itself in every other
part. A star situated in the northern heavens, to wiiich the Nirth
Pole is directed, is called the )iorllt st(tr.

29. Tho plane of the Karth's orbit may lie ilhistratod by a birgo circular
.sheet of tin with a hole in the middli;, tlirnuKh wliicli a lani)) i» placed so
that half tho flame is above the plate ami half liclow. A ball with a wire
thrnuKli tho middle, rciirosentinB tho Kavlli and its axis, can now be carried
round tho outer imIro of tUo tin, keepinR the proper inclination of tho a\h.

Apparent Motion of the Sun, —30. In the spring and autumn tiie
Sun is vertical at tho Equator. It then appears to describe a circle in
the heavens directly over the Equator. This circle is called the AV/m'-

iioctial (equa now, iqual niij)d), because day and night are then equal
at all places. In pursuing its apparent annual path in the Ecliptic,
the Sun during our summer is north of the Equinoctial; during our
winter, south. The Sun, therefore, crosses the Equinoctial twice during
the year. The points in which the Ecliptic and Equinoctial cut each
otlior are called Equinoxes— 1\\6 Vernal and Autumnal Equinox. The
Sun's position each side of the PJquiiioctial is called the Hun'a Declina-
tion, which is either north or south.

31. During the three months succeeding the Vernal Equinox, the
Sun's northern declination is constantly increasing, acquiring its maxi-
mum on the 21st of June — 23.J degrees. The Sun now appears to be
stationary for a little, then to turn back towards the Equator. The
northern point in the Ecliptic is called the Hummer Solstice [Sol, the
li'ni; and sto, to stand). In like manner, the point marking the greatest
declination south is called the Winter Solstice. The circles which the
Sun describes 23.^ degrees each side of the Equator, are called Tropics
{trepo, to turn) — the Tropic of Cancer on the north, and the Tropic of
Capricorn on the south.

32. When the Sun is vertical at either troi'ic, the rays fall 23^
degrees beyond the pole on the same side of the Equator. The polar
circles are supposed to be drawn at this distance from the. poles — the
Arctic Circle at the north, and the Antarctic Circle at the south.

Change of Seasons.— 33. If we hold a board upright
before tlie fire, so that the rays fall periieiidicularly iiiion
its surface, it will receive much more heat than when we
incline it away from the fire. In the former case more rays
fall upon a given space than iu the latter. This is illustrated
in the annexed diagram. The rays a h, which fall periieu-
dicularly on c d, are spread over a space three times as long
by falling obliquely on </ e. If c d were bent to a semi-

Fi'l. 4.
C

VEliTICAL AND OBLIylK HAVS.

circle, as iu the dotted linp, a similar eti'ect would be pro-
duced.

;34. If the Earth were a level plain, all parts of its surface
would receive an equal quantity of the Sun's rays. Its
sjiiierical form causes the surface to incline away from the
Sun, and so to receive less heat, as we go north or south of
that part where the Sun is vertical. Now as the Sun is ever
moving from one tropic to the other, the inclination of the
rays at any given place must be constairtly changing, and
consequently the temperature, at ditVercnt times of year, is
very unequal. Hence we have Sj/riiifj, .Summer, Auluvin,
and Winte)'.

35. The dilVerence of temperature, at dififerent imcs of year, is
much less within tiie tropics, where the Sun is alw^ja nearly vertical,
than near the poles.

Caul

i uight are then equ;il
il path in the Ecliptic,
quinoctial; during our
quinoctial twice tluring
J Equinoctial cut each
tumnal Equinox. The
lied the Sun's Declina-

e Vernal Equinox, the
ng, acquiring its niaxi-
Sun now appears to be
■ds the Equator. The
'.miner SoUtice [Sol, the
nt marking the greatest
The circles which the
itor, are called Tropics
orth, and the Tropic of

.pic, tlie rays fall 23^
le Equator. The polar
:e from the- poles — the
ircle at the south.

tl a board upright
irpeiulicularly upon
leat than when we
•mer case more rays
. This is ilhistratcd
wliich foil perpeu-
I throe times as long
re bent to a semi-

.'ct would be pro-

mrts of its surfoce
Sun's rays. Its
ne away from the
north or south of
vi the Sun is over
inclination of the
ily chau'^ing, and
times of year, is
nmmer, Autumn,

it lines of year, is
• jS nearly vertical,

CHICLES.

CaiLoe of the Earth's Annual Motion.— sa if we whirl a stnne rapidly,

113 illustrated in the (ii.igr.im, two
forces are employed in producing
circular motion— a force given by
the hand in throwing ttu stone
forward, and the power of thu
string preventing it from flying otf.
In a somewhat similar mannir,
', the Karth's revolution around the
'; Sun is occasioned by the nice
; balancing of two forces — one im
.' jielling it forward in a straight
line, called tlie ccntrifiojul /one
•■i:iitnim, the centre, undfuijio, to
flee', and the attractive power of
tlie Sun, called the i-entripdid
J'nro: {criitnuii, and pctn, to aeeli).
37. The accompanying diagr.im
represents the Karth in its orbit
around the Sun. If the centri-
petal force were destroyed, the
Kartli would fly olf in the tangent
</, if the centrifugal force ceased to act, the Sun would at once draw

/'■'.'/. 5.

ClitCLLAR MOTION.

Fi;/. ().

E.MITII'S ANNLAL .MOTION'.

the Earth to itself. The combined efl'ect of the constant acting of the
two forces is to carry the Earth around the Sun in the elliptical orbit < (/ h i.

38. The elliptical form of the orbit is occasioned by the varying power of
the centrifugal force in different parts of the orbit.

At e the two forces act at right angles ; through the half of the orbit,
e (I h, the angle is less, and the two forces act more in liarmony. The Eartli
is now rapidly approaching the Sun, so that at h it is three millions of miles
nearer than at c. At thi.i rate we would soon bo dragged to the Sun ; but
the Creator has wisely and beautifully balanced the forces witli the nicest
lueoision.

3'J. The two forces, acting so nearly in conjunction, increase the velocity
of the Earth, and the increased velocity strengthens the centrifugal force.
The Earth is accordingly driven away from the Sun through the half uf the
orbit h i e. The forces are hero acting nearly in opposition to each other ;
hcneo the velocity ia diminished, the centrifugal force is weakened, and th-
Earth is brouTli back in obedience to the centripetal force.

40. The Earth's orbit Isnot so elliptical as it appears in the Hgure. The
longer diameter is about the one-sixtieth part more than the shorter. Tlie
Earth is said to be in perihelion when nearest the Sun, In aphelinn when fur
thest from It.

The Earth is in perihelion In onr winter. As It moves more rapidly In this

jiart of its .)rliit, the time from the auluiniial to the vernal ei|uino.\ is abmit
eight days less tlian from the vernal to the autumnal.

Circles.— -41. As tlu; Earth is a sphere, all lines drawn
around it are circles. Tliose circles which measure the eir-
(uinfereuce of the Earth, or divide its surface into two equal
portions, are called </reat rij'i'lcs; tluise which divide tlio
surface unequally arc Ifsser cirdt's. The E(piat<)r and Ecliptic
are great circles ; the Tropics and Pdlar Circles are lessor
circles.

42. Every circle is supposed to Ijc divided into 3G0 equal parts, called
degrees ; each degree into 60 minutes ; and each luiiiute into tJU
.seconds. Degrees, minutes, and seconds have their approjiriate sigiiH,
—thus, 49', 2,5', 30", is read 4ii degrees, 25 ininutes and 30 seconds.

The Icngtii of a degree varies according to the size of the circle of
which it fiiriiis a part.

Zones. — 1:5. Tlie tropics and the pular circles divide thu
Earth into live bolts or zoiu's, which vary in toinporaturo
according to their distance from the Eipiator. (See 34.) The
belt between the tropics,

being the most directly
exposed to the Sun's rays,
is the hottest portion of
the Earth, and is theroforo
called the Tun-id Zone.

The Sun's rays fall very
obliquely u{)on the por-
tions within the polar
circles and the cold is in-
tense ; conso(iuontly they
are ealied friiiid zones—
the iVorthFriijid and the
South Frigid Zone.

''zone

North

TORRID

SOUTH TEMPER/ifg
ZONE

SOUTH

/•'.'/. 7.

zii.m:^,

Those belts which arc situated between the tro[iics and
the polar circles are free from the extromos of heat and
cold, and are called t(mper<de zones— Wxk^ NuvUt Temperati
and tlie South 'l\}aiii-rntt Zone,

44. If the Earth's .surface were divivl-^il into 100 eijual part.s, thes.i
liarts would he di.strilmted among tlie /.cues nearly as follows :— 40 in
tlie Torrid Zone, 2(3 in cacli Temperate Zo.io, and 4 in eacli Frigid Zone.

Latitude.- -io. The pu.sitiun of a place may bo given by
stating tlit> zone in which it is situated. We often wish to
bo more definite, and it is both natural and conveniont to
give the distance from the Equator. This distance is called
hditude. If a place is on the north of the Equator, it has
nnvth liditnde ; if oil the south, muOi latitude.

The di.stancc from the Equator to either pole is 90°, which is the
iiigtiest latitude any place can have.
46. Latitude ia indicated on maps and glohes by lines or circles

THE EAKTIL AS A PEAXET.

i-:'

Ciilled pardlth of latitude, wliicli are (iiiiwn east ami west betwean

the equator and tlie jjoles.
Degrees of latitude are num-
bered on lines ninning noith
and south, or alon;; the aides
(if the map.

4". The most simple mode
of Hndini; latitude in the north-
ern hemisphere is by t<\liinf;
the altitude of the north star.
At the Eipiator this stiir is al-
ways in the northern liorizon,
and as we travel north it rises
rei,'ularly in jiroportion to tlie
90 '■' distance travelled, until at the

Fiii. 8. North Pole it is directly over-

rAiiAi.LK.Ls. liead. That is, at the Equator

the altitude is ; at the polo 00 ' ; and at all intermediate places it i.s

exactly equal tu the latitude of the place. Tiius at Halifax the altitude

of the north star is 44° 38', which is the latitude.

48. Latitude can also be determined from the meridian altitude of
the Sun — that is, tlie height at nodii. When the Sun i.s in the Kquinoc-
tial, the meridian altitude at the K(]uator is 90°, and the altitude be-
comes less as til' latitude increases, until at the jwle the Sun appears
in the horizon. Therefore, to ubtain the latitude, wj subtract the alti-
tude from 90'.

49. When 'he Sun is not in the Kquinoctial, and we are on the oppo-
site side, we dd the declination to the altitude, and subtract the sum
from 90°, for *he latitude ; if we are on tlie same side as the Sun, wo first
subtract the declination from tlie altitude and then subtract the re-
mainder from 90". The Sun'.s altitude at Halifax on the 21st of Juno
is (1S° 52' ; from tliis subtract 29.^', the deolinatinn north on that day,
and we have 45° 22'; subtract this from 90°, and the remainder,
44° ?i.s', is the latitude.

Measurement of the Earth. -r.n. i!y obsorvatinn, we should fmd that

tlic eleviitidn ef tlie i)nl;ir ai-.w at Halifax is 41 ;!8' ; if we go <Iue north until
the star lias an elevation of \t> ;!S', we sliall have travelled one degree of the
Kartli's cireuiiifereiiee. AVe would find liy measurement, that the distance
travelled was i!ll|'^ Knglish miles: wliieh inultii>lied hy iiliO-tln' numlier of
degrees around the Earth - give '24,87<i miles for the Earth's ciiminiference.

U\. Near the poles, a greater distance must be passed over to obtain the
same increase of elevali'ii in the pcilar star, hence a degree of latitude is
slightly greater in high l.aitndes, (Nic Furm ofllu' E<irtli, S )

Longitude. — 52. All jilacos due north or south of each

other liavc noon at jirocisely
the .«anie lime ; lieiiee, liiiu<
drawn north and south from
l)ole to pole arc called vn'ri-
(llons or noon fines. Every
place is .supposed to have a
meridian jiassiii^ throui,di it.
5:5. We say that Halifax is
in north latitude 44' :?«' ; by
which we state that it is
situated somewhere on a
circle passiiit;round the Earth
at that distance from the

Efiuatiir. IIow shall we determine the precise point whicli

the city occupies in tin! circle t

^\\\\

Fifi. 9.

MKIillHAS.-.

5-1. We naturally commence at the Equator in csti-
niatinr; latitude ; but there is no such natural lino at which
we can beu'in in reckoning distance east and west. We
therefore fi.^ upon some one meridian and name it the^)s<
vifyiiUon. Distance from this first meridian is called longl-
tuili\ which is either east or irpff.

55. It is convenient that idl rockon from the same meri-
dian. Accordingly, throughout the British Empire, and
generally in tlie United States, that which passes througli
London is taken as the first, and a place is said to have
east or -.vcsL iu^gitude according as the meridian which
pnsics through it is eas', or west of that which passes
through London.

.It?. Meridians are cornted by semi-circles ; thus, tiie first meridian
terminates at the pole?, and the other half of the circle, on the opposite
side of till- EpT^b, 'n 180° distant, which is the greatest longitude a
place v?in have. Degrees of longitude are marked on the equator of
globes and lieniispiiere maps— at the top and bottom of other maps.

57. As the meridians all meet at the poles, it will be seen that they
are converging lines, and that a degree of longitude becomes constantly
less as we approach the poles.

The Eartli's circumference east and west being rather greater than
from north to south, a degree of longitude at the Equator slightly ex-
ceeds a degree of latitude.

58. The Earth's revolution upon its axis from west to east, once in
24 hours, causes an apparent motion of the Sun round the Earth in the
same time, but in the opposite direction. The Sun thus traverses 360°
in 24 hours, or 15° in 1 hour, or 1 in 4 minutes. Therefore for every
degree we travel west the Sun will So 4 minutes later incoming to our
meridian; that is, noon, as well as every other hour in the day, will
be that much later. If we travel east, the time will be earlier.

To Find Longitude .'">!) To determine our distance east or west of

London, that is, our longitude, we compare London time with our own.
A nicely constructed time-piece, called a chronometer, shows the time at
London, and we are one <legree east or west of London for every four
minutes by which our time is faster or slower than the chronometer.

(iO The following table shows the length of a degree of longitude in differ-
ent latitudr

Ilciiree iif

(icoiji-aphltiil

hiiH.ish

lICUVOl' of

(ii.M|{in})hical

KkiiImIi

latilud".

niiUn.

miles.

1 latitude.

tniica.

Itilk-s.

80.00

00.07

;W.57

44,36

.'•.

60,77

(iS.Sl

34,41

30,68

.•lO.oi)

(i7,or)

30,00

34,50

].-.

.'■>7.'.15

(;(i.(i,5

25,.S0

20,16

co,;is

(i4,S4

20,. 12

23,00

2.")

.'■vt.as

(i2,.'-);!

I6,r).{

17,S0

;jo

r>\.Wi

60,75

10,42

11,08

•^-^

4i>,l,')

6fi,.61

5,23

0,00

■10

4,".,ll(i

62,85

1)0

0,00

4'.

42, 4S

48,78

OUTLINE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

The Earth a Heavenly Body.— Gl. During a portion of the year r.
lar-e and beautiful star may be seen in the western he.avens, shortly
after sunset. This evening star is the planet Venus. Tiie Earth is
very much such a tiody as this star. It is about the same size, and, if
viewed from the same distance, would probably look much like it.

Equator in csti-
ural line at which
it and west. We
I name it the frsl
ian is called lonr/i-

m the same meri-
tish Empire, and
:h passes through
;e is said to have
s meridian which
liat which passes

IS, the first nierklian
circle, on tlie oi>i)Osite
! greatest longitude a
ed on the equator of
,om of otlier maps,
will be seen that they
ie becomes constantly

; rather greater than
I Equator slightly ex-

1 west to cast, once in
ound the Earth in the
n thus traverses 360°
Therefore for every
ater in coming to our
our in the day, will
vill be earlier.

tanco cast or west of
n time with onr own.
ter, sliows the time at
London for every four
e chronometer,
of longitude in differ-

OUTI.INE OF THE SOLAR SYS'L'K.M.

iphjcl

Khtliil,

iCS

Illlll-.1.

t.r)7

44.3.';

,41

S^..-'.^

,00

34,riO

..■il)

20,1-,

i,.V2

23,00

.r,:i

17,80

,42

11,08

,2;{

0,00

,00

0,00

SYSTEM.

irtion of the year a
;rn heavens, shortly
;nus. The Earth is
he same size, and, if
look much like it.

•:!

AsiruMi.iuers inform us tliat Venus, like the Earth, i-otaiBS upon it.s
a.\;s and revolves around the Sun.

Planets. --t)2. Tliere are many other celestial bodies similar to tiie
Earth and Venus, which revolve around tlie Sun. All such bodies are
call'd I'UiiitU. Some of the jilaneta are smaller than the Earth, and
S'imeare \L-ry much larger ; some are much neaierthe Sun, others are
greatly iii ae remote. All are Mpaque bodies.

63. The following are the eight largtist pl.inets, in the onler of their
distance from the Sun ; — Mcrcuri/, \'inu.i<, the llartit, Man, Juj'iUr,
Hutufii, L'ranus, and Xtjftuiu:

soi.AU svsrt.M.

Their orbits form coneentric circles, as in llic iliiiL'rain.

Ixtween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter are ni;iny small pl.intts,
usually called ;/?<nit^)«/.s. The number n"W known i.s "- ;— all liave
been discovered within the present ceiitury. T.ie small planet Vulcan
is nearer the Sun tlian Mercury.

Moons.— 64. The Moon is an opaque body, and it shines by rellect-
ing the light of the Sun. It accomjianies the Earth around the Sun,
and whilst making this revolution it revolves 13 times around the
Earth. It thus makes a revolution round the Earth in il days, 7ii'
hours ; ai\d as it turns upon its own a.\i^ in the same tiui", it always
presents the same face to us. It is L'fU,000 miles distant from the
Earth, and its diameter is 2100 miles.

65. The Moon being a spherical body, the ."^un shines upon oidy half
of its surface at once. It appears in dilTerent phases, according to the
e.vteut of the illuminated surface presented to us. When the Jloon is
on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, the whole illuminated
hemisiiliere is turned towards us. This phase is called fall moon.
When the Moon is so situated between the Earth and the Sun
that we see only the edge of the illuminated hemisphere, we call it ncio
moon.

66. When the Aloon passes immediately between the Earth and the
Sun, it cuts otf the light of the Sun from a portion of tiie Earth's sur-
face, causing an ecli|)se of the Sun.

Again, when the Earth, in a similar manner, interceiits the rays,
We nave au eclijise of the Moon. An eclipse of the Sun can take [dace
only at new moon ; an eclipse of the .Moon otdy at full moon.

Eclipses do not occur at every new and full moon, because the orbits

of the Earth and Aloon not being in the same plane, the^u bodies and
the Sun are seldom in a stiaight line.

(17. Jupiter. Saturu, l'ranus, and Neptune are also aecnm,ianii(l by
moon.s. The moons are sonieliuies called .■mltllitii and snotidanj ihintts.
By observing the eclipses of .lupiter's siitellite.s, Lnndon time can bo ascer-
tained in any jiart of the world where the eelip.se is visible Tlie otiserver
reciuires a nauti<al almanac In wliich the caleidation for the eclipse is
made for Lnndon,

6S. The Sun. the Planets, the Moons, and a class of bodies called
Comets form the.iolur •Si/.^tem. The following table gives various faci.-?
relative to the Planets : —

Kii^ till vs.

I'l'liiln ,■ r.oiii llio
Sim III Kiig iiiiUd.

Lii.rOi (ir Vcnr
ill ilHJd.

.Nil. of
.Muulir.

.Mereury. . . .

Venus

Karth

.Mar.s

.Iiipiter

Saturi

tranus

Nejitune, ..

3. 1 to
7,7o0
7,010
4.1110

(lO.OlMJ

7f>,oi;s

3 4.. wo
42,000

37,000.000

ti'.l,"00,WO

01,72.-i,OOiJ

M 1.000,000

404,000.0110

11110,000,0 10

1.^22.000,(100

2. >( .',1,000.000

22.-.

3l-.>

(i.^7

4.3:;:i

lo.7.'iO

3(1, (W7

U0,02,">

Fi.xed Stars.- co. The Solar Sy.stem eiimprises only a few of the celestial
bodies. The nthers are called KL^ed Star.i, and are distin^uished liy their
silvery twinklhii.' liglit. They are suppnsed to be suns forming centri'.s of
.sy.stems like the solai system. Light eomes from the .Sun to us in atmut
eight minutes ; but 1 d nearest fixed star is .so remote that light is 3] years
in travelling from it to the Karth.

EXERCISES.

70. Till' I'ollowiiiy Exercises will test tlio jtupH's i<iio\vlc(l,i,'c
(jf'.soiue uf the principles txplaiiiud in the picci(liiiL;.s(ction.s.

1. Why should the sailor climb to the top-mast when he wishes to
see the distant shore ?

2.. How much does the Earth curve in a mile ?

3.; What are the two theories by which day and night can be ex-
plained, and give the principal arguments in favour of the true theory?

(4. Just as the 9 o'clock gun was fired at Halifax, I observed by the
chronometer that it was 14 minutes past 1 on the following morning
at London. What is the longitude of Halifax?

\5.; Find in the Northern Hemisphere a city at which the altitude
of the Sun on the 21st of June is 83'' 30' ; the chronometer showing
London time to be 5 minutes to 10, a.m., when it is noon in the city,

(G.i Find a city in which one has no .shadow on the longest day in
the year, and on every other day the shadow falls to the north; and
at which it is 32 minutes past 7, p.m., when it is noon at London.

(7.) It is said that at the poles the year is divided into two periods,
six months day, and six months night; also, that when the Sun is
vertical at the Equator, the days and nights are twelve hours long,
over all parts of the Earth;— explain these contradictory statements.

(8.) Find a cape in the Northern Hemisphere at which, on the
longest day in the year, the Sun sets and, without any intervening
night, rises immediately in the same part of the horizon ; and also
where it is 20 minutes to 1, a.m., when it is noon at Loudon.

(9.) Two sailors left Halifax on a voyage round the world, the one
going east, the other west, du the following Christmas they met at
the same place. The one who had travelled east asserted that the
preceding day was Christmas; the one who had travelled west, that
the next ''ay was Christmas. Explain the causes of the mistake.

[10.) Suppose that the travellers, in the preceding case, went round
the world on the parallel of 45 , how many miles did each travel ?

(11.) What advantage in resp->ct to the Sun's rays has the
Northern Hemisphere over the Southern, and why?

■■ "<«»iipv-.;s^ft^j/.

Ill

'20

THE EARTH AS A PLANET.

THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE.

71. Tlio Terrorstrial Globe i.s a representation of the Eartli,
sliowinir its forn), rotatory m " >n, tlie parallels, meridians,
and relative situation of jilace.?. It al.so enables us to illus-
trate many important prineijjles respecting the Earth in its
relations to the Sun.

The Wooden Horizon. — 72. The irLibe is .suspendcil in a wood.*-
riiifr, c.illeil tliC Wiwilni llnrizon, \vliii;h ie|ircscnts the liitioiiiil Iiorizon
nnd (li.-idcs the nl'j'ie into tlio u)ipi.'r and I'lwcr licnHs]ilii.Mo.s. Tlie
upper RurlUco of the wooden liori/.ou ia divided into six concontrie
oiicles, one of wiiieh {.'ivcs the 32 points nf the conipas.s.

7H. Tlip Innermost circle of the wnmlin liorizon slinw-i the iniii^lilitil'' uf
the liu;»veii!y Imclios ; tliat is, the arc nf tlie leirizon lying lictween tlie point
wlii-re ii lioily rises or sets iind tlic east or west jioinls nf tlie horizon

The second circle sliows the nzimiitli of the celestial hoilies. or the arc nf
the horizon between a vertical circle passing' Ihrouyh the body and the
north or .south jinints of the horizon.

The third circle pivos the jioints of the crnnpas.s ; the fnurtli. the ]'2 sii'ns
of t'le zodiac ; the liftli, tlie iiioiiths and d.iys cnrresiinniling to the .signs and
degrees ; and the si.\lh, the \1 calendar nmntli.-i.

The Brazen Meridian.— 71. A circle of brass, passins round the
{jlobc at rir'ht aii;;le.s to thiMipiator, is called the Drazen Meridian, and
soinetiu)e.stlie I'niversiil .Meridian. It i.s divided into four diuai jiarts,
or quadrants, taeh f,'iaduated from to !»U'. Two of thecpiadrants are
nuinbcred from the equator to the poles, fir .showing the latitude ; and
two from the poles to the ec|uat'ir, eiiablini,' us to elevate the poles t ■
any reipiired hei:^h(.

The Quadrant of Altitude.— 75. A thin slip of br.iss, coi'eaponding
in its graduation to the bra'cn meridian, is called the Quadrant of
Altitude. It is numbeied from to KO", to enable us to find the
distance between places; and also from to 18^. for finding the dura-
lion of twilij;lit.

The Hour Circle.— 70. This is a circle, either of brass or marked
upon liie (.jlobe, around tiie north pole. It is divided into 24 equal
parts, rcpresentiu); honrs. It enables I's to find the ditlereiiee uf time
between places, and also the len(;tli of the day.

PROBLEMS.

I. To find the latitude and longitude of any place :—

77. BrinR tlio given place to the graduated edge of the brazen meri-
dian ; tin; degree marked over it is the latitude ; and the degree on the
equator, cut by the same edge of the brazen meridian, is the longitude.

EXERCISES. -7'^. Find (lie latitude and longitmL' of the followii i?
places : —

In.Kilc I.oiijllii.l'

Halifax \>i>. ii ;!>■ N.; (1;^ 30' W.

Ottawa ■»r)'2.V N. ; 7.V 4,^■ W

Cliarlollctuwn U\' 14' N. ; 03' Jo' W.

Quebec 40" 4 H' N. ; 71" 13' W,

St. John 45' 14' N. ; 00' 3' W,

London ra" 30' N. ; Lon.

Paris 48' fill' N. ; 2" -'o' K,

Cairo 30' '.>' N.; 31" IT/ K.

(':ipo Town 'Yi" fill' M. ; la" '.'S' K,

.•aloutla 22" 33' N.; fS'' lU' K,

NV.isliiiigtfin ; Jeru.saluin ; North Pole; NowOrleamii
(^nito ; Mcliiourm .

II. The latitude and longitude being given, to find
the place : -

70. Find the given meridian on the eqnator and brluK it to the

brazen meridian ; find the given latitude on the brazen meridian,
and beneath it is the required place.

When the place is found, all others having the s.aiue longitude can
be found, by tracing along the ed^'e of the brazen moridian from pole
to pole; and by turning the globe, all jilaces having the same latitude
will pass under the same degree on the brazen tneridian.

EXERCISES.— 80. Find the places situated as follows :—

(1.) N. lat. 41- 54' and fi. lon. 12'' 27' Ans. Rome.

(2.) N. lat. 39° andW. lon. 2S° Azores.

(3.) S. lat. 55' 58' and W. Inn. 07" 11' Cape Horn.

(4.) S. lat. 33° 50' and E. Ion. 1,S° 2S' ("ape Tuwu,

III. To find the distance b'Hween two places :—

81. Find the nnmber of degrees between the places with the
quadrant of altitude ; and multiply by CO for geographical miles,
or by C9,'n for English miles.

If the distance is more than II'V, nieasiiro it with a tliiead, and lind
the iiunilier of degrees by apidyinj the thread to tlie eijuator.

EXERCISES.— 82. Find the distance in English miles between the

fnlliiwiiig places : —

(I.) Halifax and Montreal \ii.f. 41)0 Eng. miles.

(2.) (.'ape Iliirn and Cape of (iood Ilo|ie 4140 ,,

(3.) Newfonndiand and Ireland 1830 ,,

(4.) Newfoundland and Vancouver Island 2'JOO ,,

(5.) A shi|) snails from Halifax to Liverpool in England; thence to

New York; thence to Ilio Janeiro; thence to Halifax: what is the

whole distance 1

IV. Two places given and the time at one, to find the
time at the other ;—

83. Bring the place at which the time is given to the brazen
meridian; set the hour circle or index to the given time; turn the
gloue until the other place is brought to the brazen meridian; -the
hour circle will sliow the required time.

EXERCISES.— 84. The followin,' can bo verified by calculation :—

(I.) When it is 12 o'clock noon V London, what is thetiiueat Halifax !
Aii.^. 7h. 40in. a.m.

(2.) When it is 1 o'clock in the afterncoa at Ale.vandria, what time ia
it at 1 iiiladelphia I An:'. A.M.

(3.) Wiien it is 1) o'clock in the morning in Halifax, what ia the time
at Ottawa ! Aiis. 8li. r2m. a.m.

(4.) When it is 4 o'clock in the afternoon at London, what is the t'lne
at St. IVters'iurg ? Aim. I'.M.

(5.) When :' is noon at Halifax, what time is it at Melb nirne !
Aim. Ih. 54in. A.M.

V. To find the antipodes, or place directly opposite: —

35. Set the poles of the globe on the horizon ; turn the globe until
the given place comes to the eastern horizon ; observe the number of
degrees the place is north or south of the eastern point of the
hcizon -the antipodes will be the same number of degrees on the
opposite side of the western point,

EXERCISES,- 80, Find the anlipndcH of the following places :—

U.) LoniloM l/i.^ .Vntipodes I.iland (nearly).

(2.) Halifax... 41* 38" S. lat. ; 116' 24' E. Ion.

(3.) The llerniudai The south-west .<( AuHtiali.i.

(4.) C.'ipe lloin The uasl of Lake ilaikai.

VI. To rectify the globe for a given 'niace:—

8". Elevate the pole on the same side of the equator, as many
degrees above the wocdcu horizon as lu'c equal to the latitude uf the
place.

When the kIoIm' I* I. 'titled, if the given plaoo b« brntubt to the brasou

meridian
wooden 1

EXEK

Halila
(,'alcutt!

VII.

or the as
mediate

THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE.

B brazen meridian,

same longituJe can
meridian from pole
^ tlie suuio latiluilo
iilian.

jljows : —
lis. Rome.

Azores.

Cape Horn.

Cape Town.

places :—

e places with the
eographical miles,

a t!ire:ul, and lind
i equator.

iiiilt's between tlie

.f. VM) Eus. miles.

....414(5

...1830 „

....2y0()

wiglaiid; thence to

lifax ; what is tlie

ne, to find the

'en to the brazen
en time; turn the
n meridian; -the

)y calculation ;—
le time ut Halifax I

idria, wlmt time is

, what is the time

what is the t'Uio

I at AK'lljdurne ?

ly opposite : -

II the Klobe until
vi> the number of
rn point of the
)f dcjifrees on the

iriK plaees :—
nearly ).
C':'.r ]•;. Ion.

Aiistlali.i.
taikil.

i:—

uator, an many
L> latitude of the

iitlit to tlio bratuii

rrr^j

iii.riilian, it will Ijc in the zenitli or hi(,'iipst part of the globe, and the
w ooden horizon will become the true horizon of the place.

EXERCISES.-88. Rectify the nlobe fur the foUowinc; places :—
Halifax, St. .lolin, Mexico, Juan Fernandez, St. Helena, Quito,
(.'alcutta.

VIL To illustrate the three positions of the sphere,

or the aspect of tlie lieaveiis ut llie eqiiatur, lliu jiolcs, and any inter-
mediate place ; —

'1.) At the Equator.- s;» place the pnlcs in tlie horizon. It will he seen,
liy turning the globe, that the equator and p.iralk'l.'i ahviiys out the horizon
at right angles ; that whatever nt.ay be the Sun'n ileeliiiation, he will rut the
horizon at right angles at sunrise and sun.set : and that as thi^ iiarallels are
all divided enually by the horizon, day and nij.'lit must be e^iual throughout
the year.

This is the aspect to one situated at the Kiiuator.and isoalli d the rhj},f .ijiluri-,

(2.' At the Polo. - !)0 Elevate the north pole llir, Tlie equator now corre-
ppond.s with the horizon, and all the iiarallel.s are parallel with it. It is
manifest that all the celestial bodies north of the eqiiinoi'tial must be eon.
s antly visible anil move around in eireles, as the Karlli revolve.'', the size of
the circle defending on their elevation.

01. The Sun will eonie above the liori>on at the vernal eipiinox, and will
move around the horizon in a kind of s|iiral, rising higher every day. until
hi.' attains his extreme elevation iit tlie suininer solstiee, when ln' will ile-
.seenil, until he sets at the autumnal equinox, not to apjuar again for six
nionilis.

Suci. Is the aspect at the North I'olo. It Is called the iimnlh i .s/./o nr

(.3.) Between the Kquator and thd Pole.- !»■.'. Ity taking dlii'erLnt posi-
tions on the glolie, as 10", 'Jo , liir, nnd reotifyiiig the globe to the several
1 ititudes, we shall find that as we ap|iroaeh the pole, the equator, iiarallels
of latitude, anil the Sun at his rising and setting, cut the horizon more
obliquely. Any .such iiosition is ealleil an / '■/17".' c/i/oti'.

IKS. To illustrate further, elevate the north pole ^!>', the position near tlio
middle of Nova Seotip,.

The polar .tar has here an elevation of 4.'i''. and all the stars within that
ilistanee of the jiolar star will Im- constantly above the horizon, luovlng
urounil in eireles. It will be seen that the horizon divides the equator
I i|ually. and all the piirallels uneqiiiilly, and hence that when the Sun is in
the eqninoetlal. day and iii;.'ht must be ei|ual, and at all other times un-
equal , also, that from the vern.il to the antumn.il eqiiinov. when tlie Suii is
In the Northi'rn Hemisphere, the iliiys will be lon;.'rr than the ni^dlts, ai'd
during the other halt of tlie yeiir sliorler.

04. We e;in see, ton how twilL'lit is h.nger In hli'h hitlludes than neiir the
Kquator, for a |ilaoo unn have twilight only when the .sun Is within la uf tliu
horizon.

VIII. To find the length of a degree of longitude in
aiy given latitude : -

05. With the qnadraut of altitude take the distance between any
two meridians along 'he ijiven parallel, and multiply by 4, for
((eographical miles. Vo convert Kcojfraphical to English miles,
multiply by C91, and divide by GO,

The miTldlans are laid ih wn upon the globe l.'i" ap.irt, nmki'ig Jl In all,
(iUe for eiieli .lOiir in the dillereiin of time.
K\i'relses e;in be tiikeii from the tiilih', p.i.-e Is

IX. To find the Sur/s place in the ecliptic on any given
day:—

90. Find thcdayof the Month on the wooden hori«on, and opposite
to it in the circle coutalnli k the sittus of the zodiac are the si){n and
decree in which the Sun is situated on that day ; lind the same slffn
and detfroc of the ecliptic on ii.v> globe, which is the Suns place.

EXERCISES, 07. Find the Hun'n I'laee on the following dny» 1—

(1.1 March ;|0 Ann. Arlen.

(■J 1 Miiy n Id* 'JUl doKice of Tiiiiiu*

(M. AuKuitt in

(4 ' DeerinliiM' 'i\

(6 I'ehruary 4

X. To find the Sun's declination on any given day :—

Dd, Find the Sun » place iu the ecliptic for the given day, and biing

that place to the brazen meridian ; -the degree marked over it is the
declination.

I'.y turning the globe, all places to which the Sun is then vertical will j. i^s
under that degree.

EXERCISES —;«t Find the Sun's declination on the following days, .and
tlie places to which lie will then be virtieal : —

(l.)May 10 1 U.S. 17" .'to'

(2.) June 21 1 /OS. 23" 27'

X September 21

'4. .lanuary lo

XI. To find the hour at which the Sun rises and sets
at a given place on a given day :—

100. Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; find the Sun's
place in the ecliptic, and bring it to the brazen meridian. Set the
hour circle to 12 ; turn the globe till the Sun's place comes to the
eastern edge of the wooden horizon, and the hour circ'.,' will show
the time at which the Sun rises. Turn the j;lobc till the Sun's place
comes to the western horizon, and the hoi>r circle will show the time
of sunset.

Having the time of mnrise and sunset, the leimlli of the day can readily
be fouml Also, the :iiiiplilnde of the Sun can be found by nb.serving the
point cut In the horizon by the Sun's place In the ecliplie.

EXERCISES. 101 Find the time at which the Sun rises and sets ; als.i
• lie length of the day and the amplilnile of the Sun on the 21st of .luiie and
the 21st of Kei'einber, at the following places : -

1 Halifax ; 2 London : :t Canton ; 4 I'lipe Town ; ,''1 Lima ; li (Quebec.

/Iii.i. 1. Hises, 21st.liine, 4h. Um ; sets, 7h 4*ni

Alls, ['i.) Rises. 21st Deeember, 71i. 4,''iin. ; sets, 4h. I.'iiii.

XII. To find the duration of twilight at a given place
on a given day :

111-'. Rectify the globe fur the latitude of the place; bring the
Sun's place iu the ecliptic, on the given day, lo the brazen meridian :
set the hour circle to 12 ; fasten the quadrant of altitude upon the
brazen meridian, over the given latitude ; turn the globe till the
Sun's place comes to the western id^'e of the wooden horizon. The
hoiir circle will now show the time of the Sun's setting, or the be-
ginning of twilight. Continue the motion of the globe we>tward until
the Sun's place coincides with 18' on the quadrant of altitude below
the horizon, aim the hour circle will then show the tiiue at which
twilight ends.

EXERCISES. ■ 10:1 I'Ind the duration .,f IwiliL'lit on the " i|h Maieli,
21st .Mine, 2Hril Se]itenil er, and 21sl December, at tli" follnulng plaeeil :

I. Nova Scoti.i piriillel of 4.'i ; 2. Orkney islands; ;i. Noiwuy (i;il* ilo j
4 The Kqmilor

A11.1. The length of twilight at the iibnve pliees, on '.!iMli Minh mid 2: rd
s. picudier, is I Ih :ioni ; 2 2h l.'iiii. ; :i :ili l.'.m. , I Hi IJiii

XIII. To find the length of the longest day and the
longest night \t any given place in the North Frigid
Zone :—

liM. Rectify the globe to the latitude of the place; bring the hk-
cendiuR signs of the ecliptic that is. those going before Cancer 10
the north point of the horizon, and observe what degree of the ecliptic
is cut by that point; lind on the wooden horizon Ww, day and month
corresponding to that degree, which will be the commencement of
the longtst da) Friiig the desoemliug sii,'ns those after Canter
to the north point of tlie horizon, and observe what degieo uf tho
ecliptic Is cut by that point ; the corresponding day on tho woodou
horizon will show th ' time of Hiinset.

The beginning and end of the loiigciit nl.:lit can be found, by pioi ling In

the siiine manner with the ■ouHurn point of the horUoii

EXERCISK. lo.'i Find tlic
71 :io N 1,1

Ann Heveiily s .v.qi di.>« 'I'hi
I IhetWlh of.luly.

length of Hie Imigest ility nt < ipe Nmlli,
SUII rliieii ou the llthnf ,M,;y. and li-tn on

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR.

--ti

MOirXT IIKCI.A.

Tho Earth's Crust.- 1. TIio outer portion of tlip Earth is
cilloil till' cnisf. Near tlic mirfiico we UKiially find loose
niatcrials, calli'il soil, cartlis, jiravol, and stones. On di^'^init
tlirouuli tlieso we eonie to solid roek.

Miners linvn poni'tnti'il intn (lip RartliV crust nrnrly 40<hi fent. TIip
prcftU'nt ileptli renolict. below the lovel of tiio i>cn ii nbout 2000 feet, in
Vr\\K»\ix.

1!. The inntoriftls fnrmins tlie Kfiriti'n prnnt nrp ilivlilcd into .Siw;i/i'
nnA ('"mi'OKiiil. All ('iiniiKiniul bmlici vt\\\ W .ifpiiriitcil into two <'i'
in<iio HiMi|il<> Imillpi". (i'<ilil i» n Kiin|ili' Hiili»tiint'i>, I'pi'mikc it cnnnnt lie
I'PKolveil into ok'inentary |mrt», H'li^r in ii poiniiound sul)stanop, lip-

p.iuse it pon bp sp|mrntcil into tliP eloinpntR o.vfififti nnd Inidroiifii. Tlip
nnmbpr of ilpniPiits, or Riniplo snlmlnncPH, of wliicli cvor^tliim: is
potnposcd, po fur ns dispovrry liiin (Irtoriniiii'.l, iit iil>ont. si.xly. Tlioy
(irp KonictiniPH fonml in lliiii- Hini|iip stato ; but nimi' fii'ipipntiy I wo
or inniv ail' poinliiniii, tlois t'ornnn;.' tlio nmt('ii;il of wlii'li rvoiytliiiijj
niinrriil, vpl'c lal'lp. nnil iininm! is p(iiii|ios(i|,

!!, Tlii:< mutoiiiil )ir<in>;lit Mmli'r the )iohpi- of vouctiiblp or animal
life is pallril Oriiniiic Moltci'. It kopuib dtranup lliat tlio l)paulit'iil iiihI
fnic'ant rosp, ntul pvpn oi\r bodips, i<lionli| bo iiiontical in mbslnnco
with tlip parllis anil Ka»p«, SopIi in thp fiPl, TIip camp |)ivino Power
tliat rulli'il all IliioL's out of notliiiii: is still working in I'mt inynlprious
|iriiipi|ilp wo i'\\\ lil'c, pnabJiuL' pmpIi living biiiij; t" sek'it itsu|iiiioiirialo
food, and tiaiisform it t'l ilH own kind and slinpe.

i !•

4.
animal
frost,
kind:
or san.

5.
cuttinij

THE LAND.

'23

'^vdAlA.

liHilvoi/ni. The

•li I'ver.vtliinu' is

ml sixty, Tlicy

tVciiiiciilly Iwo

rhic'li overjlliiiiK

I:i1ile or nniiM:\l
lii'niiiit'nl mill

ill Ml)isl;ilii'0

111' Miviiio I'dMcr
lliiit inyxlcriiniii
I iUu|i]iro|ii'i:iU

4. The loose earth called soil is fonneil from dicuyeJ vegetable aiul
animal matter, mingled with [larticles of rocks Ijroken up by rain,
frost, and other atmospheric influences. Soils are of three princii'ul
kinds, according to the prevailing rock in their composition — l:iilicioUii,
or sandy ; Calcareous, or limy; and AnjUlaceuus, or clayey.

5. Rocks belong to two grout classes. If we e.vmiiino a decii railway
cutting or a clitf, wo siiall find the ruck #.ither ar;angcd in layers ur

/■V/. 11.

U (1 INSTiUTtFIED KUCKS.

b h SXliATlFIKli Rdi KS.

sti'.ita one above another, or in irregular masses. The lirat kind is
called Slnitijivd, the second i'nslralijicd.

C. When loose earth is carried by streams into lakes or .seas, it settles
to the bottom in horizontal layers or strata, and, by pressure, becomes
solid rock. It i.s suppo.sed that the stratilied rock ■ have been formed
iu a similar manner; hence they are also called .li/iitous and Sidi-
lurntarii. llemaius of animals and [ilauts are often found inilieddcd
in these rocks.

In volcanoes vast masses of melted matter called Uira are thrown
out. Wheu the lava cools, it assumes the unstratilied form. Hence
uuslratilied rooks are supposed to have been formed by the agency of
lire, and are sometimes called Iijiicoit.i rocks. They contain no fossil.-i.

7. Aqueous rocks usually occupy the surface, soniciinics in horizontal
layers, but more freiiueiitly tilted up at various angles with the horizon.
iSometimcs, jiarticularly in mountain ranges, igneous rocks are fnund
thrust up through the aqueous. The North -Mountain iu Nova Scotia,
formed of Imp ruck, is an exaiuplc.

The Interior.— 8. We cannot judge with absolute certainty respecting
the condition of the interior of the Karth, Various facts tend to estab-
lish the opiniou that it is in a highly heated liipiid or gaseous state.

In many places on tlie !•'• .ih's surface there .are volcanoes, or luiriiini/
moHiilfiiiis, which send out tlame, smoke, and incited lava. In other
places there are hot springs, ;is the ijrijmrs of Iceland, finm which issue
I'oiling water and steam. It is found, on digging into the Kiirth, that,
lifter the first 80 or HO feet, the temperature increases regularly by one
degree, Fahrenheit, for every (JO feet of descent. At this rate, the
heat at the depth of 40 or 60 miles, would be sutlicient to melt the
iiurdest substances.

The Terraqueous Globe.— y. If we cinild v'm' u few iiiiKs
iibovo tliu Eartli aiul l<iok down \\\Mn it, one of the lirnt
iispecta to eateh the eye would bo the land and water
Hurfuce. A Khinoo at the hentiupliores will shuw that iibutit
tliree-foiirths the surface are covered wit li water, and one-
fourtii with land ; aim) that about three-fourths the land are
on the north of the Kijuator. rurlher, liy referenee to the
^tlobe, it will be Hren that tlie Kartli's mirfaee may be rh
divided tliat nearly all the land will be in one lieiniHiilure,
of whieli London will be nearly tlie eentre,

EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE. -Brin^ London to the lunzon me-
ridian, mid clovate the north polo e(|ual to tho latitude, Most of the
Ituid will now be found In the upper hemisphere.

10. The boundary liuo betwueu tho land and the water—

«•^».

.sj

.\..'P4;

/•■/.'/. 12.

LAMi .\Mi WAlKll Hi;MISI'lir.lll;s.

that i.s, the f-fiore Hue, or codtil line — is very irregular, the
land jutting out into the sea, and tin; .sea running up far
into the laud.

The coast line is dependent on the heiglit of the land comjiared with
the sea-level,— elevations above that level causing a land surface, and
depressions a water surface. The coast line in many places is under-
going changes, according to the iHKililics uf the land,— the snfter pails
wearing away by the ever active and intruding sea, the more duiabic
standing out iu sharj) (loints.

11. This commingling of the ocean with the land is one of the most
important points to be noted in the physical features of a country. The
sea has a more equal tcm|ieraturo than the land, and thus modilio!) the
extremes of heal and cold in tlmse cnuntries which it penetrates, lint
tho princi|)al bcnelil arising from the breaking up of the laiiil by inlels
of the sea, is the ease thus albirded for intercoinmiiniiation between
ditl'ereiit countries. Isolation is always a barrier to prosperity and
civilization, and iu no way is intercourse so easy and perfect as by
water.

THE LAND.

Divisions. — U'. The land, eoniprising about one-fourth
the Earth's surface, is i7(iH times larger thau Nuva Scotia, ur
ei|Mal.s a square of 7lso miles.

Tho jirineipal part of tliis area is found in two great
bodies called Contiiifiits, tho Wislfni Coiitiiicuf, and the
KuMfin t'untiiini/. Tho Easteru C'outinont is alioiit twice
as large as the Western.

There is also a large number of smaller portions of laml,
siu'rotuided by water, which are eidled /n/iiiiiln, Australia
is by (ar tho largest island, and is sonieliuies called a con-
tinent.

Tho Continents.- i:i The Western Continent has its
greatest leiigili math and south, and coniprises two divisions,

Xnrt/i Aiiii'rifii and Smilh Ann rim, which are lonneelcd
by a narrow neck of land called the hiliinun of I'anniiut.

The Eastern Continent Htretehes furthest east and west,
and coniprises three divisions— A'kc/^'. A/tiK, and Africa,

.■<wMr~tais,»'

PHYSICAL GEOGRArriY.

Iiiclndiii^' Australia, we have thus six yreiit divisiuiis ut'
iaud, each of whicii is suinetiuies ealled a coutiueut.

A liDily of lanii Ikis heon discovered towards the Soutli Pole, wliich is
called the Aiildvctic ('uiitineut. Its exU-iit is not known.

14. ]'y leftieiice to tlie map, several iuterestiug features may be
noted resjjecting the continents : —

(1.) Tlioy siirurul out in liroad masses towards tlie north, approachinc near
to er.eh other and tormhiating ahniptly nem th(3 parallel of 70 ; whilst in
the south, they taper to points at (ape Horn and the Cape of liood Hope,
which are far aiiart.

(2.) The i;-re},'ularities of the e.ast coast of America c:onform generally to
those of the west coast of the Kasteru Continent, the projections of the one
oon-espondins; to the indentations of the other.

(3.) Hoth contir.ents have their irreatest extent caFt and west near the
jiarallel of 5u' north latitude, and their greatest extent nortli anil south
nearly corresponds with meridians.

'4. The peiiiiisulas, with the exception of Yucatan .America and .lutland
in KurojK', jiroject towards the south.

(f). 1 South .\meric,i, .\frica, aiul .Vustralia, on the south, have much greater
regularity of coast line than .Nortli .\merica, IJirope, and .\sia, on the north.

Mi. , Knrope and .\sia each terminates ia three penms\das on the scnith ; —
Spain, Italy, and (.'rcece, in tlio one ; .\rahia, Hlndostan, and Further India,
in the other.

Islands. —15. Tslaiuls dillVr fiDiii continents in being of
Rinaller size. Tiicy usiitilly occur in gioup.s near tlie con-
tineiit.s, as the West Indies and the British Isles. It is
suiiposed that many of such ishmds were unee connected
with the mainland.

Islands are very nmnemus in the Pacitic and Indian
Oceaii.s. The groiiii.s in these oceans are collectively called
Ocfttitia.

The fdllowing are the twelve largest islands, not including
Australia: —

(t'rceii/nnif, Jlonico, Papua, Mnilafjmrav, Siinia/iv, Xeir
Zi-afniKf, Gnat Jlrllain, Celehcg, Jisso, Jam, iSa(//ialitii.

I'i, Many islands aio of volcnnio origin. Tlif y are usiiiiUy elevated,
nnd some of tliem still contain active volcnnoos. Now iidiiiids of this
kind are oi'cas'onally tliiown iij) in llie midst of tlio sea. One ap-
peared in 17t^>l oil the coast id' Iceland ; and one in ISIil on the count
of .*^icily. Uolli these islands siil)sei)nently di.sap]jeaied.

^7. Many islands, ptirticidarly in the trojiicul parts of the PaeiHi>,
owe tlieii' crk'iii tn the coral insect. Tlieso little creatures secrete lime
niiil other siihstiuiees from the ndter, wliich they form into roi^k.
They cannot live in deep water or on dry html. They therefore com-
mence operations on lucks and shoals within two hundieil feel of the
surface, and cease on reachin;; the level of the sea. Ceiallinu islands
are HomelimeB fiii titer elevated by volcuiiiu force, but they uru uaually
low.

18. The islatidn of the Pacific often prewnt a highly pictureBtitie
appearance. Some of llicni, as Whitsunday, coiiHist of a rinn of low
land with II la^;ooii in the centre; others, like Tiihiti, are snrrounded
hy a huooii which is Hcparated from the ocean by a coral leef.

Surface.- lO. '''he hind j.s cNceeiliii.i^ly vnrietl in respeet
to eli'Viuiidi above tiie sea. Sometimes the iLseent from the
water's edge is ;;entle; in other iilaeeH, tlit^ shore line is pre-
(■i|iitoHH, varying in height from a few feet to Kcvenil liiintlred
feet. The highest land is usutilly in the inlcrior. Tracts itf

land arc ealled jdaiuf!, plateaus, hlUs, yiountains, and vaUetjs
according to their elevation.

Although the land is generally higher than the level of the sea,
there ate di.stricts where it is otherwise. The most remarkable ile-
[iiessions are in Western Asia, near the Caspian and Dead Seas. The
surface of the Dead .Sea is 1312 feet below the ocean level.

2i). Tiiere are inanj extensive Jiiid comparatively level
tnict.'i, varying in elevation from a few feet to tlireo miles
aliove the se;i,. Wiieii under 500 or GdO ft^et high, they are
called phtinf, when more eleviite-l, /iluteaits or table-lands.
riiitcaus arc often rainless deserts, destitute of vegetation.
A great desert extends nearly across the Eastern Continent
from west to east, passing through Northern Africa and
Central Asia.

The most extensive jdains in tip; Western Continent are
in the middle of North America from the Arctic Ocean to
the Crulf of Mexico, and on the east of South Americti ; tin;
most extensive in tiie Ivistern Continent are in the north ot
Europe and Asiti.

21. The mountain ranges, witii few cxception.s, run in the
direction of the greatest length of the land. They are also
freiiuently on one side of the ctamtry, presenting a loiiu and
gentle slope towtirds the more distttut ocean <ind an abrupt
descent to the other. Observe the Andes of South America.

22. Lofty mountains are found in all the great divisions;
but tho.so of Asia surpass tlie others in extreme height.
Miiunt Everest, a peak of the Himalayas, 2!),(U)(J feet, is the
hiuhest known hind.

The mountains of Aup'rica are more easily traced than
those of the Eastern Continent.

23. Mouiilains do not usually consist of single narrow ridges, but
arc more freipiently of great breadth, sometimes comprising two or
more parallel ranges separated by valleys or plateaus,

24. The greater part of the Earth's surface has but a moderate
elevation, so that, notwithstanding the great heights of certain )iarts, it
has been eomiuited that if the land were icduceil to a uniform level, it
woiihl not exceed leOi) I'eet above the sea.

'lo. Mounlaitis and hilh are of great impoitance in promoting the
Ir.tinage of a country, and in sujiiilying it with per<'nnial streams.
The lain which falls upon their Mimmils reappears itt springs .iloiig
their siiles, and instead of standing in poids an \ itiarshes, exhaling
poisonous miasma, it tlowg down the slopes in brooks and rivers.

2(). Mountain ranges generally form the parting grounil
or irati>r-s/iftl between streams ilowing in opposite directions.
The Rocky Mountains ami Andes are water-shed.s.

Some important water-sheds are iiuito low ridges or mere swells in
the surface. Thu souives of tliu AlissJNNippi and Volga are cxampleH.
JStreanis often make their way through miMintain ranges by deep
gorges.

27. On mountains and table-lauds thu cold rapidly in-
crea.ses with the elevation.

i I

*■, ami valUiji

;vel of the sea,
reiiiiukHble de-
lead Seas. The

ratively level

three miles
liiyli, they are
r table-land''.
jf vegetation,
'I'll Continent
n Africa anil

Continent are
rctic Ocean to
America ; tlio

1 the north ot

ns, run in tlie
Tiioy are also
ng a long and
md an abrupt
jutii America,
eat divisions ;

.'nu; heiglit.

n Ceet, is the

traced than

nw ridges, but
iiisiiig two or

int a moderate

'rt:iiii jiai'tf, it
iiitunu level, it

lirnnuitiiij; tlie
iiiial streams.
hpriiigK aliiii)!
she.i, exhaliiiK
'1 rivers.

tinjr K''i"lf"l
:e directionu.

.4.

nicro bwcIIk in
are exaiii|iluii.
iiuc'it by deep

rapidly in-

RIVERS— LA KF.S.

It is a singular illustration of the adaptation of the Earth to its
inhabitants, that liii;hlands occur most frequently wliere tlie sun's rays
are most vertical. If the northern part of the continents were tahle-
hinds, they would be uninhabitable throu^rh intense cold.

23. Mountains were probably formed by ujtheavals caused by the
expandinji power of the great iicat in the interim r of the hearth. The
same cause is still at work, gradually producing similar results.

In various parts of the Earth the subterranean tires ha\ okcn
through the crust in volcanoes, where vast fpiantities ot i.iva are
poured out. About a century ago, the volcano of Jorullo burst forth
from a plateau of Mexico and in a single night raised a mountain over
4U"0 feet high.

In 1S22, a portion of the coast of (Jhili was elevated three f.ct. A
portion of Sweden, along the Haltic, is being gradually elevatdl at the
rate of a foot in twenty-live years.

Volcanoes are usually near the sea, either on islands or maritime
parts of the continents. Some of the most noted volcanoes are Vuto-
IKixi, in South America; E(ua, in Sicily; and llcda, in Iceland.

20, Earthiiuakes are movements of the ground, varying in degree
from slight tremors to the most violer.t concussions. They are ninsi
common in volcanic regions, and are supposed lo ne occasiuned by the
i-.ime causes as volcanoes. Sometimes ihe ground rises and falls, like
the waves of the sea; and sometimes It has a circular motion, like that
causi-d by throwing a stone into still water.

In the great earthquake of 1757, which lasted about six uiinutes,
almost every building iu Lisbon was laid in ruins, and 60,000 persons
lost their lives. CaracMS was destroyed iu ISl'J, and 10,000 persons
were killed in less tli,"i a luinuto.

Rivers.— 30. If all the rain wliich fails uium the Eartii
wore to run off innncdiatcly almiL; the .surface, tiic lowlands
would in the wet season he inundated, ami in seasons ot
drought wo would iiavc no water — neitlier streams, s])riHgs,
nor wells. A large jiortion of tiie rain anil melted sno v
.sinks into the ground, until bi.'ing arre.-^h'd in its cour.so by
rocks or clay, it makes its way to tlio surface again in t'le
i'onn of springs. Springs give rise to brot)k3 and are tlie
primary sources of rivers.

Some rivers iiave tlieir origin in hikes; otlicrs are formed
by the melting of snow and ice on iiigii niotmtain.s.

Some of the leading features to be noted vesiiecling rivers
are tlieir ronrtic, length, volmnr, iuid C'lucil//.

31. The course of a river depends on the hlopo of the land. Hosi<lo8
the pilncipal slope towards the sea, Riving direction to tli main
stream, subordinate slopes on each side strike inward.s towards the
main stream, contrnlllm; the course of the tributaries. Hence (he
territory drained by a river and its tribie iriea appears ns if Bcooped
out, anil is ciilied the rin r Imxin.

.\11 the basins inclined towards any pnilicidar ocean constitute a
fi'ri'r tiMem, A ridgo of land Hcparati«K ditlerent basins or systeini!
is called a wntershed. {Sie -Jti.)

3'J, On the watershed which parts the waters of the Mississippi
fiiiiu tlioRO of tiie St. Lawrence there are said lo be several iiiKtancis
of buildings so sitnati'd that the rain which I'alli on one side of the roof
runs into one basin, and that which tails on the opposite side into the
other liasiii.

'AX The length of a river depends upon Ihe dislaiico of the water-
shell from the si a, and upon the windings of the river.

The volume or siase of a river is regulated by the extent of its ImhIh
and the bun idity of the country within the limits of the bunin. Tlio

volume often varies greatly at ditlerent seasons of the year. This is
very marked in tropical countries. Tlie Nile is one of the most re-
markable rivers in this respect. The Ainazoii, in South America, is
the largest river in the world. The MississiiijU and the Ht. Lau-reiar,
iu North America; the YanijtscKiiin<i, ll'iang IIo, Amour, Obi,
Vetii.-ii, and Lena, in Asia; tlie Site, in Africa; and the Vulija and
Ihunihi', in I'lurope, are great rivers. All excrpt the Danube are
over 2IIU0 miles in length.

34. The velocity of a river ueiiends on the slope ahmg which it
tlow.s, on the depth of water, and its windings. A very deep stream
will flow rapidly, impelled by its own pressure, where there is little
descent. The Amazon is said to have a fall of only 12 feet in the last
700 miles of its course; and the Volga to have a fall of only Ooii feil
through Us whole length.

Frequent windings retard the vckcity. Tiie ujipcr coui'.^e of a
river is usually the most rapid.

35. 13rooks and rivers are bu.sy agents in changing the lace id' nature,
—ever tearing down and building u|). The torrent rushes doun the
mountain side, wearing deep ravines; the sluggish stream of the plain
haves the debris along its banks or bears it onward lo form dcUiiH at
its mouth.

lirooks and rivers ar'^ of great use lo man. They supply him with
I'ure water, they fertilize bis tields, furnish a motive power for
inachiiiery, and form a highway for the travellei and the merchant.
The most fruitful soil is found along the margins of rivers; here arc
situated tlie chief iulaud towns, and here are the most busy scenes of
huiuaa industry,

Lake.s.— :Ui. Lakes are usually frcsli wadr eiilli'cted iu
basiu-iike Imllows. Tiny ;ue dividetl into I'mir classes: —

(1.) Thoac iildch lU'i'liir rcfiiie hoc .s'c/k/ nut siriamii.
(2.) y7io.<c aliicli Stud uui s'n.tmn Liit nctive /kojc.
(3. > Those uliii'h rtfiUis .itnaiug, htit liiitr no fi.siUc oiitlit.
(4.) Those nhich both riuivc niid mud out xtmtinn.

"7. Lakes of the first class are often found in the craters of extinct
Volcanoes; they, as well as those of the second class, are usually small
and derive their supply fruiii springs.

33. Lakes of the third class discharge tleir surplus waters by
evaporation. Tiny are all salt except /.(tki. Tthud, in Africa. Such
lakes are most nunicrnus in Asia. Tlie (Ai.ijiiitn, Anil, and Jtcnd
.s'l'd.i, and (inut .S(i/< /.akc of North America, belong to this class,

3'J. Lakes of the fourth class are the most nunieious, oecurrinij
aloiiij the courses of rivers, particularly in northuni latitudes. The
great lakes of North America and of Oeiitral Africa are the largest
fresh-water lakes.

40. The /trad Sea. 1312 feet bi,l.,w the r-oa l.vel, is the lowest l.ike
known; Sir-ikol, in iJiiitial A.sia, l.'i.tioo tVot above the sea, is the
most elevated, TiitMai, iu South Aluericu, has .iu elvvalioii uf
12,S60 feel.

THE SEA.

Extent. 11. The nca cuvers iilmut thne inurtlis uf the
I'l.irtii's Hurl'ace. Its area is computed to be i'i|uiil tu a
si|Uare uf over 12,li(iO miles.

Dopth,— 42. The lieifof the Ken has all the irregtilaritici
of HUrface which we see on the land. Hence the depth
varies greatly in ditlerent parts, it is nuppuHcd that tho
greatest depths are not less than eight ur ..iuu mik'8. llu*

i^^msuaam

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

WIIAI.IC HSIII.VO.

liiililo iiieasuromeuts have been made to the Jeptli of about
five miles.

Tlio pressure on the lower waters of the sea is very sre.it. If ;i
ooiked liottle be letdown empty, tlie cork >vill be forocil in.

Contents.— 1:5. Soa water contains several mintjral sul)-
stauees, as common salt, lime, magnesium, potassium, and
iodine.

Some of those substances arc extracted from tlio water, in large
quantities, by marine animals, in tlie formation of sliells and coral.
New supplies are contributed liy the rivers, so that the composition of
bea water remains unchanged.

Temperature.— 44. The sea maintains a more uniform
temperature than tin; land.

The waters of the ocean are ever ehanpinR place — flowing back and
firth between the jiolar and C(|uatorial rcf-'ions, so that the same water
is not exposed for a long time to intense lieat or cold. Also, in warm
regions evaporation is very copious, liy which the accumulation of heal
is prevented ; and iu cold regions water parts with its heat less readily
than laud.

Divisions. — 4,^', Althom;]! the ocean forms one iireat con-
nected I'ody, it is usual to consider it as separated into five
lirinciiml divisions: —

27ie Atlantic, Pucijic, Indutn, Arctic, and Antarctic
Oceans.

Branil"* of fiiese oceans, extending,' into the land, lake
various uumoa, va seas, bays, gn(fs, channels, and straits.

id. The Atlantic lies on tho east of America, which it separates
from Europe and Africa. The Polar Circles are its northern and
southern limits, and the Ecjuator divides it into North and Soiah
AVnittic.

The principal branches of the Atlantic are, on the American side,
Davis' ,Stmit, finffin's Bay, Iliuhon's Bay and Strait, the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Bay of Fumly, Half of Mexico, and tlte Caribbean Sea;
on the eastern side, the Xortli Sea, Baltic Sea, Bvijlish Channel, Bay
of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Uuinet

47. The Atlantic varies in l)rea(ltli from 000 to 4000 miles It is of gre.it
importance in a ctiumiercial point of view, forming tlie Brcat liigliway hu-
tween America and Kurope A 6ul)niarino plateau in tlio North Atlantic
forms tho bed of tlie telegrapli cables botwoeu Newfoundland and IrelaniL

48. The Pacific is on the .vest of America, separating it from Asia
and Australia, and it extends from Behring's Stiait, on the north, to
the Ant,arctic Circle. It is divided into North and South Pacific by
the Equator.

The chief branches of the Pacific are the Qnlf of California, on the
American side; Behriny Strait, the Sea of Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk,
.Sea of Japan, Ydloin Sea, and China Sea, on the coast of A.sia.

llehring Strait, connecting the Pacilic with tho Arctic Ocean, is
about thirty-si.\ miles wide.

41). Tho extreme breadth of the raclftc Is about 10,000 miles, or nearly halt
the clreumfiTt^ieo of tlio lOartli. It is noted for the number of iU island:
'rhi.'t Kreat oci'iiii was: unltniiwn to lOurapeaiis uiifil IT)!;), when It wiis dis-
covered liy a Spaniard nanuil llallioa, wlio eron.ted the Isthmus of I'auania.
The part of Hie nceaii scrn from the iiioimtiiiiis of tlin istliinui lay on tho
Boulh. from which the raeidc rceiivcd tho name of thn South Soa.

MaReilan, who crossed tliis ocean in If.^l, ealliil it the I'aeiHe, bt auso ha
unuountuied no stormii on Ida voyaKu

50. The Indian Ocean lies south of Asia, having Afriwi on the west
and Australia on tho east. Tho Antarctic Circle is tho sontliern limit.

Its branches arc Mozaml'iiur Channel, Bed Sea, .\rabian Hca,
Persian Uulf, and the Bay uf Bengal.

ft'

hicli il si.'paiatea
its nortliern and
Xortli and Soutli !

B Atiieiican side,

tiie Gulf of St.

Caribbean Sea;

'sh Channel, Bay

It is of great
rent lilRhwiiy be-
Ncith Atlantic
iiiul Hiid IrulaniL

ng it from Asia '
on the nortii, to

"iouth Pacific by

difornia, on tlie '
Sea of Ok/iotak,

iif Asia.
ii'ctic Ocean, is

Ics, or nearly IiaK
iif it.i islaiidf
v;\h:\\ it WHS dis-
iniH of I'luinnia.
liiim:) lay on the
III Sea
ille, Ik auno ha

-ioa on the west

I Boiitlicrn limit.

Arabian Sea,

TIIE SEA.

L'7

61. The Arctic or Northern Ocean is on the nortii of America,
Europe, and Asia, witliin tlie Arctic Circle. Its principal branches in
the Eastern Hemisphere are tlie White Sea, Sea of Kara, and the
Gtdf of Obi. It is much broken by islands on tiie north of America.

Tiiroughout a long winter this ocean is covered with ice of prcal
thickness, wiiich breaks up in the spring and drifts down in vast
masses, called icbcrgf, into tlie North Atlantic.

52. A navigable route from the Atlantic to the Pacinc. through the Arctic
Ocean, was long sought witli great ardour. The most memorable and disa.s-
trous expedition for the discovery of Vic Nnrtli-Wcd Ponsiirii: as the route on
the north of America was called, was that commanded by sir .lohn I'rankiin,
who sailed from England in 184.1 with two sliip.s and VMi men. None of the
party ever returned. One of the crew was a Nova Scotian

.OS. Whilst in the search fur Franklin, Captain M'Clure, entering by
Behring Strait, m.ade the whnle pass.age on the north of America to the
Atlantic; but he was compelled to leave his vessel frozen fast, and to go pp.rt
of the way over the ice.

Navigators have often m.ade unsuccessful attempts to reach the North
Pole. The nearest point yet reached is 82' 4;')', by Captain Parry.

t4. The Antarctic Ocean is situated within tiie Antarctic Circle.
Tlio colli is even more severe than in the Arciic, and tiio ico extends
furtlier from the pole.

The highest latitude reached in this direction is 7S' 4', I'y Sir, Tames
Ross.

In 1841, Kir .Tames Tioss discovered an extensive tract of land in the
Antarctic Ocean, tn which bo gave the name fif Victoria Land. He .-il-o
di.scovered a lofty volcano, 12,400 feet in height, which he called iMdinit
Erebus.

Tiio Arctic and Antnrctio Oceans are tlio favourite resort of wlirijes,
.a the capture of whicii many vessels are engaged.

Motions of the Sea.— ;")5. TIio wator.^^ of tlio dccui Iiave
three kinds of movements, arisincr from distinct c'lnso.s—
waves, tides, and currepts. Y>\ tlic unceasing .ijiitation of
its waters the ocean is preserved from putrefaction.

Waves.— .'iO. Waves are a.tritations of tlie surface water,
usually occasioned l»y the wind. Except in shallow water,
and when the wind is very stronir, there is iid onward How
of water; hut each wave communicates its motion to the
iie.\t.

.17. It is tliouglit th.Tt oven by the i ost vident \\ iiids the water is
not distnrlicd to a greater dejilh tiian iyw feet.

Tiie higliest waves are found in tlie Atlantic, oil' the Cape of (J.mkI
Hope, where, from the hollow or trouiik of the sea to the crcd nf the
wave, the height is sou'Ctimes forty feet.

The rise of waves is (distrucled by ice-c;ikes or sea-weed fi lating on
the water, and by dcn«f fog.s. Throwing oil iip^n the surface will al.-o
prevent the rise of waves.

Tides. — 58. Tiie ocean is ever clian!;iii;; its level. The
waters rise for about six iioiirs, tind then fall fur the same
time. This alternate risiiii; and fallini.' of the ocean is called
t/ieddc. When the water is rising,' we call it jhiod tUh' ;
when it is falling;, cW (iile.

6P. In the open ocean the height n; l.io tide- thai is, the difTeroncc
if level between hni! water and hi'jh water— \n from three to si.>t feel ;
but when the water is furced up narrow liays, the tide is much hi.'her.
in the Hristol (Jhannel tlie height is from forty to fifty feet, and in the
bend waters of the Hay of Kundy sivly or seventy feet. In inlaii'l
seas like the C;ispian, Illack Sea, and IJaltic. there are no tides.

00. The tides nre caused principully by the attraction of the moon.

They are .also considerably modified by the attraction of the sun. This
liody beirg more remote, is thought to exert only about one-third the
influence of the moon.

t1l. Water having but little cohesion among its particles is easily
dis|ilaced by any force acting upon it ; and as the attraction is strongest
directly beneath the moon, or where the moon is vertical, the water is
drawn to that meridian from either side to the distance of 00°. The
whole body of the sidid e.arth is also drawn towards the moon, whilst
the waters on the opposite side remain behind, f rming another convex
ridge.* Thus there are two meridians 180° apart, at which it is high
water simultaneously, and ether two intermediate, and the same dis-
tance from each otlier, .at which it is low water. This is shown in the
diagram. It is liigh water at a and li, low w.ater at c and (/.

>■..

A -.

.S]

3-.-.

I M

/■•",. II.

NK.AI' HITS.

At the meni's quarters the sun and moon net at right angles, ns
shown in this diagram. They are then said to be in <iii/>ij.iilit)n. as I he
sun jiarlially counteiiu'ts the moon's inlliience. It is high water nl ((
and b, but the ti'h-s are low, and are called neap tides.

' The above U the common explanation of thu oppoiiltu llilu, but it Is open
to obJectloDi,

sritisd TinKs.

Now, as the Earth turns upon its a.xis from west to east, the two
convex ridges of water, rei^resented at a and '), move round the Earth
as immense tidal waves from east to west, bringing high water to all
places twice every day.

G'2. If the moon were stationary, the time between one iiigli water
and another would be exactly twelve iiours ; Imt in consequence of the
moon's progress in its orbit, it is a little later ea^h day in coming to
any ('articular meridian ; hence the time between two consecutive tides
is about twelve and a half hours.

The greatest elevation of the tide is a little after the moon has
passed the meridian.

63. Sometimes the sun's influence is combined with the moon's,
when the two Iwdics are said to be in eonjiinrliini. This occurs at
new moon, when the siiti and moon are on the same side of the Kanh,
as shown in figure 12; it also occurs at full moon, when they are on
op] Obile sides of the Euth. At such times the tides are very high,
and are called s/iriaij tide.*.

PHjSICAL GEOGRArilY,

G4. Tlic foreftoinR theory of tlie tides is on the supposition that the Earth's
mrface is wholly coifered with water. It requires considerable modiUciition,
ill cnnsequence of the interference of the land

It will be seen, by reference to the map of Nova Scotia, that Halifax
Harbour and the mouth of the Shul)Bnacadie are nearly on the sar 3 meri-
dian. It might I)e supposed that they would liave high water at \ .le same
time. But it must l)e remembered that the tidal wave pas.ies around the
llarth from east to west. The Bay of Fiindy opens to the ocean on the west,
and the wave cannot flow in until it lias passed the extreme west of the
province. Its mution ujp the Bay is then from west to cast

As the Bay liecomes narrow near its head, the water is crowded; the tide
rises higher, and flows more rapidly.

Currents. — 05. Broad currents, like vast rivers, arc ever
Howiiig tluuii;,'li tlic sea. An excliangc of waters is tlius
kept u]) between tlie Eqiiator and tlie poles, and among the
(lift'erent ocean.s. A current ilowinj; from the polar towards
tiie equatorial regions acquires a westerly tendency, and one
flowing in the opposite direction becomes more and more
easterly as it advances.

(16. Navigators arc in the habit of throwing bottles into
the sea, containing slips of paper stating where they were
cast out, and when. The bottles course along with the
current. Every navigator who falls in with them iiote.g the
place and time on the paper, and sends them on their
voyage.

Tiie products of tlie West Indies are often cast upon the
phores of the Azores and Ireland ; the products of Ciiiua are
curried to the Aleutian Isles; and drift-wood is carried from
Xortherii Europe to Iceland.

Tlicse are some of the jiioofs of the existence and direction
of ocean current.^.

G7. The following ai'c the iiviiicipal Currents ; —

{"[,) IlumlohU's Ctiviriit, (lowing' nortlicnstii-ly froui tlic AiitJU'ctio
Ocean into tlie Pacific, along the west ciast of Souili A'liioiica.

(2.) The JCqi(at(}rial Current of the Pacific, tlowiiig we.stei-iy fivmi the
vest Coast of America to Asia aiiil Aiistiaiia.

(3.) The Mozuwli'iiie Viirrcnt. wliicli is ]U'opeily a contiiination "f
(lie preoeclini: aero^.s tlie Indian O.'oaii to tlie east co;i.-?t of Africa,
where it tlows soutlierly tliroiigh .AIiizaiiil'i(iiie Cliaiinel to the C'a|ie of
tiood Hope.

(1.) 7'/.c Equatorial Cvrrent of the Atlantic, flowiii^r from the Ant-
arctic Ocean to tiie west coast of Africa, ami thence westerly to Soiilh
A inerica.

(T). ) The ('III/ Strerim, flowing iioith-easiei'ly from the (lulf of Mexico
to Northern Europe.

(0.) The I'lilar Current, sotting down from the coasts of (Ireenlar.il,
R mlherly helweeii the (iiilf Slreaiu ami the coa^t of Nortli Aiiierica.

(7.) 7'he Japan Current, flowing north-easterly across the Pacific
from the Indian Ocean to the north-west of North America.

(8.) The Okh'it.ik- Current, (lowing southerly along the cast coa.'^t of
Asia inside the Japan Current.

(.8. A current Hows from the .\ll;intic into the Mediterranean; anotlicr
from the Indian Ocean into the \Ui\ Sea. There arc many other currents,
cnnie constant, ollicrs viiriuble, in illtfcrent jiarts of tlie ocean. Also, it has
I'cen kIiowii that where surfiice currents llow in one direction, counter
currents llow in the (ip|ioKite direction. Thus an under current Hows from
the Mediterranean to tlie Atlantic.

GO. The Uulf Stream is the tuo.st rcinaikatile ainl iiiiportant of all

the currents. An immense volume of water, eight or ten degrees
warmer than the surrounding ocean, passes through Florida Strait
with a velocity of four miles an hour. As it proceeds northerly it be-
comes broader, but diminishes in velocity and temperature. Near
Newfoundland it turns to the east, and, whilst crossing the Atlantic,
it divides into two branches — one passing nnitherly to the British
Islands, the other southerly along the coast of Northern Africa.

70. The triangular space lietween the Azores, Canaries, and Cape Verd
Islands, forms the centre of a great whirl of waters. It is called the Sar-
gasso .Sen, and is covered with matted sea-weed, whicli greatly obstructs
navigation.

71. The effects of ocean currents are very important. They speed
the navigator in his distant voyages, and they exercise a marked in-
fluence on climate.

The Gulf Stream warms the coasts of Northern Europe, and the
Japan Current has a similar effect on the western shores of North
America. Humboldt's Current liatlies the hot shores of Chili with
the cold waters of the Antarctic Ocean, The Polar Current from the
Arctic is le.s.^ genial on the eastern coast of Jiritisli America, retarding,
with its chilly north-east winds, the advance of spring.

72. All tlie eau.ses on vhich ocean currents dejiend arc not well
known. It is probable that the two prineiiial causes are the Kaith's
rotation on its axis, an<l the great heat of the Torrid Zone.

The rotation of the Earth gives rise to the centrifugal force, in obe-
dience to which the waters rush to that ]iart which is furthest from
tlie centre of motion— that is, the Equator. This tendency of the
waters towards the Equator is increased by the excessive evaporation
within the tropics. We thus have currents flowing from the Arctic
and Antarctic t)ceaiis, particularly from the latter, which Las the
most complete communication with the other oceans.

73. The w:itcr from high l.'ititudes cmnot at once acquire tlio more
rapid rotatory motion from west to east which it finds on approaching
the Equator. It accordingly becmes more and more westerly in its
tendency, and finally flows towards the west in the Equatori.il
Currents.

74. The interference of tlie l.'uid furnishes a modifying influence, by
which tl'.e direction of a ciurent is often changed. Thus the Equato-
rial Currents, striking ai-ainsl the ca^t side of the coiitinciits, are
nrivsted and chiuiged in their course. Jieing now turned towards the
p lies, the current has a more rapid rotatory motion tlian the jiarts of
the Earth to which it is flowing; itcousequeiitly assumes more and niore
an ea-^terly course, as we see in the (Julf Stream and the Japan Current.

Long-coiitiinicd high winds sometimes exercise an influence on
currents.

{For rarliiii.'! r Icrctfiiif; facwi and j}ri,iciiiles, ace Muurii's " IViii.si-
C(il Ueoijrajiliil uj (he !<ea.")

THE ATMOSPHERE.

Extent. — T.'i. The atmosiihcrc, or air which we breathe,
.'^uri'ounds the Eartli on all sides to the heiglit of forty-livo or
lifty miles. It moves with tiie Earth in its rotation on its
axis and in lis revolution round the Sun.

Composition.— 7(5. The atmosphero consists principally of a mixture
of two gases— m7/'o.'7''» and ii.i-ii;?en — in the projiorti'iii of 7!' of nitri-
geii ;ind 21 of oxygen in every 1(10 part". It also contains a snmll frac-
tion of carbonic acid gas, and a variable quantity of watery vapour.

Properties.

Air has so little cohesion among its

t or ten degrees
;h Florida Strait
Is northerly it be-
aperature. Near
■ing the Atlantic,
y to the British
rn Africa.

3, and fai)e Veni
is called the Sur-
greatly obstructs

atit. They sr'ced
ise a marked in-

Europe, and the
Bhores of North
es of Chili with
lurrent from the
aerica, retarding,

nd are not well

3 are the Karth's

Jone.

ral force, in obe-

is fiiithest from
tendency of the
sivc evaporation
from the Arctic

which has the

icqiiirc the more
on approaching
westerly in its

the I'>iuatori;il

ng influence, by
us the Kqiiutu-
continetits, are
led towards the
n the parts of
more and more
'apiiii Current,
iulluence on

urt/'s '• I'lnisi-

we liroiltlie,

fnify-live or
iitidii mi its

y of a mixture
'f 7!' of nitr 1-
s n uniull frao-
ry VMpniir,

tllliuil<' itd

THE ATMOSPHERE.

liaiticles that it is eiisily displaced, and wo move about in it
without feeling the slightest obstruction.

Except when laden with condensed vapour, the atmosjiherc
is perfectly transparent, so that objects are seen through it
with the greatest clearness. It is not, however, quite colour-
less ; for when we look through a large volume of it, as up-
wards into the sky, or at a distant mountain, it appears of a
biue tint.

Air is exceedingly elastic. If we nearly exhaust it from a closed
vessel, the little that remains will expand and fill the whole space.

78. The air has iveigki. Its pressure at the level of tlie
sea is nearly 15 jiounds to the square inch. A column of
air of the full height of the atmosphere is equal in weiglit to
a column of water of equal base 34 feet higli, or to a column
of mercury 30 inches in height.

70. Tiy means of atmnsjilieric pressure water rises in the p\inip to the
height of al)Out ;U feet ; also, tlie mercury is sustahied in tlie tulie of the
barometer to the height of about '.M inches. Tlie pre.ssure varies witliiu
certain narrow limits, according to the temperature, humidity, and elec-
trical state of tlie air, causing a corresponding variatimi in the heiirlit .if
the mercury in the barometer. This instrument, therefore, becoiiies an
index of the condition of the atmosphere.

80. As we rif,e above the sea-level, the density and pres.sure of the
air rapidly diminish. At the heiu'ht of 20,000 feet, the pressure is re-
duced less than half. Thus the barometer is use 1 for determining the
elevation of mountains. In conseipionce of the diminished pressure,
water, mercury, and other liquids, boil at a lo.ver temperature on
mountains.

The density and pressure of the atmosiihere are essential to iuiimal
life. On high mountains breatiiing i.s ditiicult, and the blood bui'sts
from nnse, eyes, .and cars.

81. The oxygen of the air is the great supporter of combustion :
hence where there is a scanty siqiply of air, the lire goes out or burns
feebly. Air is also essential to animal and vegetable life. The Creator
has wonderfully provided that tlie two great classes of oruaiiic exist-
ences shall each give to the atmosphere greater adaptation to the wauls
of the other. Carbonic .acid, which is highly poisonous to animal iil'o.
and is cojiionsly thrown from tl'.e lungs in brcTlhiiig, is absorbed by
the plant as the most nutritious food.

Reflection.— 82. Objects become visible by the light which passes
from them to the eye. Some bodies, like the sun, are luminous,
emitting light of their own ; others are dark, and are seen by rcllect-
ing or throwing olV the light which they receive from some luminous
body.

The atmosiphere reflects the light of the stin. ami thus dilVu.scs the
r.iys over the Karlli. Were it not f'r this jiower of the atmosphere
the sun would appear as a bright spot in the licavens, whilst all el-e
would be as dark as night.

8:!. Twilight Is also dependent on the same eatise When the sun i.i not
more than Is below the horizon, the r.ays of light wlili'h strike the hiirhrr
'egions of the aliiios|ilii'ie are tlu'iiee relleeted to the Karlh. As more rays
thus lliul their way to the P'arth when the sun Is near the horlzou, day and
night come on gradually. iSiv Karlh <i.t u I'hiiul, 1)4.)

Refraction.— 84. If we hold a straight stick oldiciuely in a tub of
water, it apjieiirs broken or bent at the surface of the water.

ri.ace a coin in an emply b.isin, and stand b.ick until the coin is
hidden by the edge of the basin; now pour in water, ami alihmigh the

eye and the coin have not changed their position, the latter will be-
come visible.

These experiments illustrate the refraction of light. The rays re-
flected from the stick and the coin, on passing obliquely from the
water to the less dense air, are bent, so that the object ajjpears more
elevated than its real position.

85. The rays of the sun, in their passage through the atmosjihere,
are constantly jiassing from a rarer to a denser medium. Conse-
quently, when the rays are oblique, which is always the case beyond
the trcpics, they are so refracted as to cause the sun to ai>pear more
elevated than its real jiosition. Thus, when the sun's lower edge
appears just on the verge of the horizon, the whole body of the sun is
actually below, and would be invisible but for this projierty of the
atmosphere.

Temperature. — StJ. The air receives but little heat from the sun's
rays on their passage through it, but is chiefly heated by contact with
the Earth, or by t! e r.adiatioii of heat from the land and water. The
teuiperature rapidly diminishes as we rise above the sea-level.

.Asa general law, temperature diminishes 1° for every 300 or S.'iO feet of
elevation. At the height of lO.OuO or IT.ooo feet, mountains in the hottest
parts of the Karth aro covered w,itli iperjietual snow.

Vapour.^87. Water, in tlie form of invi.sible vajiour, i.s
constantly rising from the Earth into the atnu)s])here.

In a hot day we sometimes ."^iirinkle tlie lloor witli water
to cool the room. In a short time the water has all di.s-
iippeared, for its particles absorbed the heat, expanded, and
lloated away.

88. Copious evaporation depends on three conditions —
a wet surface, stnuig heat, and wind to bear away tlie air
idrcady saturated with vapour. Ilriice most vapour ri.ses
from the sea within the tropics. As the water-inrfari' is
greatest south of tiie Equator, we may conclude tiiat most
vapt)ur will be Ibrmed in that hemispju're.

Very little watery vapour ri-,os liiyher than five or .six loiles abovo
the .-i.A-lcvi.1.

WINDS.

Origin.— 811. The air, owing ti, its light ii<^«s and rla.sfjrity,
is easily .set in motion. Winds are currents of air. They
arc occasioned chiefly by heat.

If the door be .<((-t open between two adjoining rooms, <»no
id' which is warmer titan tin; otiicr, a current of cold air
will lie found near the bottom of th(^ door, flowing from tiio
cold room into the warm; whilst near the top of tlie door
a warm current will flow in the opposite direetion. A
liuditeil taper iield in the dooi'-way will show the direction
of the currents.

In like manner, flicre an' eiirreiits and coiintev-eurrents
in the atniospliere, We often see clouds near flio Earth
inoviim in one direetion, ;ind others more elevateil moving
ill tlie opiiositc direction.

:fm!rf:-',:)k jm'V:;mii^'^^^^''^^^^ ■■

■60

PHYSICAL GEOGRArHY.

Different kinds of Winds. — 90, Winds are usually divided into
three classes— /merman en?, periodical, and variable. Permanent wind?
lilow constantly from the same direction : from their benefits to navi-
gation, they are usually called trade icinds. Periodical winds blow
from the same direction during certain times of the year or day, as
the monKoons and /atid and aca breezes. Variable winds shift at
irregular intervals.

Trade Winds.— 91. The trade winds prevail over the greater por
tion (if the Torrid Zone, extending a few degrees each side in the Ten -
perate Zones. They are more regular on the ocean than on the Ian i.
On the north of the Kquator they blow from the north-east, and jn
the south from the south-east.

92. Near the Equator, between the north-east and southeast trt de
winds, there is a belt of calms; and there are also two other similar
bi.'lts bordering the trade winds on the north and south. These bilts
are sometimes disturbed by variable winds and violent storms. T ley
also shift a few degrees north and south as the sun advances in eit ler
<lirection.

93. The trade w'nds depend on causes similar to those which occa-
sion and regulate ocean currents.

The air in the Torrid Zone is more highly heated than elsewhere.
(Currents set in from the north and south, wiiieh, in cunsoquence of
the Earth's rotati"n, become north-cast and soutii-east winds.

94. In tiie region of equatorial calms, the currents from the north
nnd south, now greatly rarified, ascend and become upper currents in
the opposite hemispheres. Near the 30th pariillcis, north and south,
tlicse upper currents descend and lilow over the temperate regions as
surface currents. P>ut as they are now moving towards the poles,
tiicir rotatory motion is more I'apid than the parts of the Earth where
they are blowing, and they become south-west winds in the Northern
lleniisphere, and north-west in the Southern. These are the more
pri.-valent winds in the Temperate Zones. Their nguhu-ity is much
obstructed by electricity, ocean-currents, ice-fields, and other causes.

05. Monsoons are causcil by a local distiirbance of the tra<le winds.
In India, when the sun is south of the Equ.ator, the monsoon is the
regular north-east trade wind ; but when the sun has passed to the
north, and the air overtlie Ir.nd becomes more highly heated than that
over the sea, a snutli wiml sets in from the Indian Ocean, which, as it
travels north, becomes tlio south-west monsoon. Each nionsoou con-
tinues about five months. Variable winds and violent storms occur
at tlie change.

Land and Sea Breezes.— 00. Al-ing the coast, particularly in tropi-
cal countries, ali^nl the middle of the forenonii, the air over the land
becomes more highly heated than that over the sea, accordingly a sea-
bneze sets in towards the land; in the evening, the land cools most
rajiidly, and a land breeze blows towards the sea.

Modifying Causes.— 0". Winds are greatly modified by the region
over which they blow. Those that have crossed largo b-idies of water
are huniid ; those that have crossed a continent or a high mountain
are dry; those that hwe come over frozen lands or seas of ice are
Celd; and those from burning deserts .ire hot and dry.

The deserts of Africa and Asia give rise to hot, sulVocating winds —
ns the iSimoom of Arabia, the Khamsin of Egypt, and the Ilarmutlaii
of the west coast of Africa.

DEW, CLOUDS, RAIN, AND SNOW.

Dew.— !18. A nild iiitclior or bottle pliuvd in a warm
vooiu i.s soon covered witli drojis of water. The air of the

room contains iiivi.sib!e vapour, which is condensed by con-
tact with the cold iirface of the pitcher or bottle. The
formation of dew ii somewhat similar.

After sun-do'.rn i\\t .^.arth cools rapidly by radiation, tlie
air next tlie Earth is c. oled by contact with cold surfiices,
and as its capacity to hold moiistiire diminishes with its
temperature, it deposits a jiortion of its va|iour in the form
of dew.

90. Dew is most copious when the atmosphere is most fully satu-
rated with vapour, and when circumstances are most favourable for the
radiation of heat during the night. Hence there will be most dew in
a clear calm night after a hot day. In some tropical countries the
dews iire like showers of rain.

The leaves of jilants radiate lieat rapidly, and are consequently
laden with dew, whilst the bare earth is dry.

Clouds. — ion. When vapour is so condensed in the ujiper
ref,dons of the atmosphere as to become visible, it forni.s
cloiuls. Clouds resting on the Earth are called /of/s.

Rain, &c. — im. Wlien elomls are further conden.scd by
currents of cold air, by mountain ridges, or electricity, the
particles become large and heavy, and they fall to the Earth
as rain, snow, or h<(iL Snow is frozen vapour, hail is
frozen rain.

102, Within the tropics the rains are periodical, months of inces-
.s:int and violent rain being followed by a corresjionding season of
drought. The rainy season is on the same side of the Equator as the
sun, where eva))oration is greatest, Tlie calm belts have almost con-
stant rains. As the.se belts shift a few degrees north and south with
the sun, tlicy cause two rainy seasons at tho.'se places which they cross
twice in the year.

]0:J. The sea is the great reservoir from which rain is derived. The
many large rivers tlowing to the sea show the excess of rain-fall on
the land .nbove the evaporation from its surface.

It is supposed by some writers that much of the rain which falls in
the Temperate Zones is evaporated in the opposite hemisphere. (.Sic
Winds, in.)

CLIMATE.

1(1}. Tlie climate of a country is the condition of its
ntuio.-^pliero. particularly in resiiect to heat, 7noisture, preva-
h'nt ivimh, and scdnbrittj.

Climate has an important influence on the plants and
animals of a country, as well as on the occui)ations, habit.?,
and character of its inhabitants.

PVi. The won! " clinvito " is derived from the fireek llimn, a sinpo, nml wn.s
usecl tiy llio earlier noodriiplier.s to (lesiu'imto llie belts Into wliicli they
divided the |-!i\rlli's ."urfnee by iin.itiniuy lines piii-iillel to the Kipiator Kiieli
lienils|iliere eoiitaineil lliirly elini.ites, twenty-lour of wliieli. called /ki'./'/moii'
cliiiiiiltn, were between the Kipiiilor iukI the I'oliir circle; tlie reiiminiiip six,
culled iii'iiilh iliiiiiit'^. were between tlie Polar Circle ami the jiole Tlils
divi.iion of tlie Kartli is now abandoned.

— I

InJ

are til
depei|

diminil
(2.) I
The!

(See l{

than I

(4.) I
coasts I

(5.)f
the tr|
humid
(.Stc 91

(0.)

enscd by cou-
bottle. The

■adiation, tlie
3okl surfaces,
5lies with its
■ in the form

ost fully satii-
■ourable for tlie
be most dew in
I countries the

! cousequeutly

in the upper
lie, it forms
foffs.

jndonsed hj-
etricity, the
iotheEartli
'iir, hail i,<

It lis of incos-
iig season of
r|tiator as the
E almost coii-
1 south w itli
L'li tliej cross

erived. The
rain-fall on

lieh falls in
1 ill ere, i.s'ic

on of its
'.re, preva-

liiiits and
IS, liabits,

')»'. nii'l was
wljich tlify
iiiitor. Kixoli
'(\li(ilf-l,,mr
iiiiliiinRBlx,
IKile Tills

THE ORGANIC WORI-D.

Influences affecting Climate.— lou. Heat and moisture
are the chief qualities of climate. Tliese qualities are mainly
dependent on tlie foUowinf; circumstances ; —

(1.) Heat and humidity are greatest within the tropics, and both
diiuinisii as we approach the poles. (See Earth as a J'lantt, 34.;

(2.) Heat rapidly diminishes as we rise above the sea-level. (.See 8t3.)

The quantity of ruin is usually greatest in mountainous regions.
(.^telOl.)

(3.) A maritime position gives a more hunu ' and temperate climate
than a continental position, (.ice 44 ami SS.)

(4.) Warm ocean currents increase the heat and humidity if the
coasts which they wash ; cold currents lower the temperature. {Srr 71.)

(5.) Prevailing winds have an important inlhience on climate. Within
the trade wind region the eastern side of the continent is the most
luiniid ; in the temperate region the western side has the most rain.
(.S(e91, 94, uvdi>7.)

((>.) Mountain chains sometimes firotect agaii-.st hot or cold «inds.
Pu'gions enclosed with mountain chains, as in Central Asia an^l ^n the
vest side ■ f North America, have little or no rain.

(7.) A general shipo towards the Kquator increases the heat; a
slope towards the polo has the opposite etl'ect. (.See F.avth u3 u
I'lauet, 33.)

(8.) Cultivation of the soil and drainage, leaving less water to be
evaporated, increase the heat. (.S<c S7.)

('.).) Trees attract and condense the vapours of the atmosphere ; hence
the rain-fall is diminished by clearing away forests. In some countries
destitute of forests, raiu has been increased by planting groves of
trees.

Lines of Equal Heat. — 107. Temperature neiieiuls on so many causes,
tliat places liaviiii,' tlie same latitude nfteii dill'er widely In respect to climato.
.Vi'corilinnly, lines cimneetlnt; places luivins,' the same mean tempeniture do
not correspiind with the (larallels, liiit iippmach the Kiiuator or recede (rum
it accordin'" to the inthieiice of local circuinstances.

Lines of qual mean annual teiiipenituro are called i.i'itlnTmiil tiiiis;
those of eipial ^uniiiier temperature, i,i"tltt:nil liim; and those of eipial
winter temperature, i.^'irln inntnal Hum.

lu.S. Near the Kipiator the isothermal lines correspond more nearly with
the jiarallels than in hinh latitudes. In the Northern Hemisphere, they
recede furthest from the Kiiuator on the west side of the continents.

On the west side of America the .innual heat is as (,'reat at ijj' N. as in
Nova Scotia at 4.')°. On the west side of Kurope the same annual tempe-
rature is found even furtler nortli than on tlie west uf .\merica.

Tiih Kituau zoNt;

TUli Xlilll'Kll.lTE ^iJSK.
THE ZONES.

Tin; ruiuiiu zu.Ni:.

THE OBGANIO WORLD.

109. We have seen that the Earth's 8urfi\ce is cliarac-
terized by great diversity — land and water, moiuitain ami
plain, heat and cold, moisture and drought ; but not more
varied are the features and conditions of dill'ereiit juirts
of the Earth than are the plants and animals which

live upon them. Divine wisdom is everywhere apparent
in the beautiful adaptatioiLs, in the various forms of or-
ganic life, to the climate and other conditions of its
abode. It is alho wortiiy of observation, that whilst most
plants and aninuds are limited to a narrow range, many
of the iiKjst useful to man seem designed as citizens of the
world.

ri[YSir.\L (iEiMJUAl'lIY.

1 1

I.iiiiii I.I \'.

Siiuw Liuliuu.

Al|.i

Kiiiiit iif(-ira^'

Limit i.tT.roat Troes..

I
Wli.-it ' f

I h
I.iiiiit of Vines ^ <. .

I-im:t nt I'crns ,'^i^*P^i-

I.i.,.,t , ! Mn.s. -y^^^g^r;

S;, Rernrirl

Ci. ultra I'iiic Jy^,l}

Akicr I'ine Kobc.

Nf.ruay SlTUC'

Dircl
Oak

L_ 4v ^^}iii\ kill

-1.') (lUO

-M,OW

-.VOilO

It ll

re 111
siiil

croJ

the 1

\ i;(.!;iAi;i,i: /.hm..- dS .M"Iniain MaH'i;.--,

PLANTS.

! 1

lid. 'J'lio miniln'r di' kimwii siicric8 nt' ]il:iiit.s is alMHit
120,000.

Veyetntioii is most luxuriant inid varic(l in tin" Torrid
Ziinc. Till' i'lircsts are eoniiiosml nf niajestie evergreens,
wiiose trunks and Ijranelies supiHirt twiniii;^ plants and
parasites in sueh profusion that it is sometimes difficult to
asrertain to wliieh stem tiie leaves and l.lossoms Itelonj,'.

1 1 1. Some of the most noted trees of tiu^ Torrid Zone are
the iin.u'e liaobab with trunk IJH feet in diameter ; the wide-
spreadiiiir banyan ; and the majestie jialm, yieldin.LC food,
di'ink, ami elothin;;. Here also we find various ornamental
Woods, dye-woods, gums, drugs, spices, and elmiee fruits.
The most iin])ortant food jtlants are rice, dhoura, liananas,
bread-fruit, dates, eocoa-uuts, and Indian corn.

112. Ill the Temperate Zones vegetation assumes a new
aspect. The oak, majile, beech, and other forest trees, cast
their leaves in the autumn. The most important cultivated
plants are wheat, rye, oats, an<l corn ; potatoes and other
vegetables; and such fruits as the vine, apple, pear, ami
plum.

1 1;?. In the wanner parts of the Frigid Zone, firs, spruces,
Kiul dwarf birches are the principal trees ; and barley is the

chief grain. As we ajiproach the })ole we find shrubs of
alder and willow, and finally the mosses and lichens, which
bring us to the regions of eternal snow.

Vegetable Zones.— 114. P.inie writers iliviMo tlio Knvtli into six
ve.;ct;»ble zones, wliioh are separated l)y isotlierinal lines; —
(1.) The Trnpicdl Zone, yitKlinj; spices, coffee, ami f;iini'.
('-.) Tlie Sii'j tropical, yieUlinr; sugar cane, cotton, and orange.
(3.) Tlic Warm TfrniuriUt', yicliling tiio vine, tobacco, and wheat.
(4.) The Cohl Tfiiijtcyfitc, yieldini; oats, rye, and appl' s.
(5.) The Vohl Zone, yicidiiiL: bark^y, vegi taldi's, and pines.
(i>.) Tlie Arrlir Zone, yielding mosses and liidiens.

Mcnntaiu Slopes.- 115. Mountains in tlie Torrid Z^ne whose sim-
nuts rise above the snow line, present, within narrow conip.ass, nearly
all tiie variety of vegetation found between tlie Eipiator and tlie poles.
At tlie base of the Andes are the tropical palms; rising ont.- stage,
we find tree ferns; then the Peruvian bark tree, oak, and vine; next
the dwarf trees ; then the grasses; and finally the mosses and lichens.
A similar gradation is found on the slopes of the Andes and other
mountains in the Temperate Zones. (.*)Ve I/histi-ution, VejclaUe
Zona on Mountain Slopes.)

ANIMALS.

IIG. The 'lumber of known species of animals is about
2.J0,000.
Most animals are limited in their range by climate, and

■^.'^

-l'),O)0

-.•.,0;10

I .sliriil).s of
luMis, wliicli

irtli into six

aiul wheat.

whriso s im-
"lia.ss, nearly
111 the jioles.
S oil'. sta;;e,
i vine ; next
and lichi^ns.
's and other
>ii, Veijetable

s is about

iiKite, ami

ANIMALS— :\IA\.

it is not usual to find precisely the same species in coiuitiies
remote from each other, though tiieir climates may be ijuite
similar.

There is froquently sucli a resenihl.mce in tlio species of ditTercnt
continents that they are stylod represont'ilive speciei— as the crocodile
of Africa and alligator of South Aiueri.'a.

117. The Torriil Zone surpasses the other parts of the
Earth in the number, size, ami beauty of its animals. Some
of the most important are tiie elephant, rhinoceros, liippo-
potamus, camelopanl, lion, ti^'cr, Icopanl, jiantiier, monkey,
crocodile, alligator, boa, and ostricli. Iii.-iects arc very numer-
ous in this zone.

There are two species of eleidiants ; the hirjor is confined to Asia,
the sinalli.T to Africa. The lion is peculiar t ■ Asia and Africa; the
puma is its rejiresentative in America. The camel is also peculiar to
Asia and Africa; the llama of the Andes is the American caniel.

lis. The animals of the Temperate Zones arc less fero-
cious tlian those of the Torrid Zone. Some of tiie more
important are the l)i.son, deer, o\-, horse, boar, wolf, licar,
fox, beaver, and hare; and among the binls, the eagle,
turkey, goose, and i)heas;\nt.

?«^'-^^=SS^

9:m

(IKl/ZI.V 11I.AK.

119. Tlie animals of the Frigid Zones are generally of a
dusky colour. There are but few species. The more im-
portant arc tiic reindeer, musk ox, jjolar bear, grizzly bear,
arctic fox, ermine, sable, sea otter, whale, walrus, and seal.
The birds are generally waders and swimmers, found along
the shores in summer. Tliere are no reptiles, and but few
insects.

The prizzly bear is peculiar t) the Rocky Mountains of North
America,

riVl: IIAltlS OK MKX.
1, 7"*i- '■<iiir.nr'iii. • r \«h;t-- rt..-, 1'. 'f'-f M -n'j-l'ntt, \t\v\\u^ r.cc.

:: Ih' t'.l'ni'jtuin, i)r lihii-k iitt'-,
4, 7''.-- .>A /'ly. 01' iTi'W II I'.iic. .'». /' . .1 r,i. ri'rnt. oi rv.l i-.t:'.*

12ii. Till' tiifal luuiilicr of hinnau licings on thr Ilarlh is
estimated at 1,IS:2,.')(»i>,iiih>.

]\Iiin can subsist \\\>')\\ almost all kinds id' fond. In iiie
tropical reiiions lie lives principally on rice, cocoa-nuts,
iiananas, and various fruits; in tiie tt'iuprrate ri'^ioiis he
lives on tlie various grains and vegetaliles, con I'iiud wilii
animal food ; in the frozen regions, where the earth yields
nnthing, he betakes liiiiLsulf almost entirely to animal food.
!'>y his iilialile jiliysiiMl nature, and his skill in adapting his
clothing and shelter to varied cirrumstances, lie iloiu'ishes
under every condition of climate, lie thus taki.s the whole
I'larth as his domain.

lil. It is only in tiiiiperati.' climes, Imwever, that man
attains to tin; fullest developn'.eiit nf all his powers. In-
tense heat, and the alisence of incentives to ai'tivity. in the
Torrid Zone, render him etleminate; |)inciied by cold in the
Arctic regions, and requiring to exert all his energies to
sustain the body, lie makes but little jjrogress in civiliza-
tion ; in temperate climates activity is both needful and
agreeable, a modcrati; amount (;f labour secures the neces-
saries of life, and there are leisure and inclination for mental
culture.

Diversity.— 122. We see tlie greatest diversity of physical featiirep
prevailing over the Earth. It is prohablo that every c miitry makes
itij own iin|ircss on iuinian character. The iiilial.itants of the rugged
mountain are not like the inhahilants (d' tlie plain; those wlio livi.*

PHYSICAL GEOGRATHY.

by the sea-siJe dillor from tliuso of the interior: hence uuti'jiial jieou-
liarities.

123. The nomadic herdsmen of Central Asia, who need to be ever
on tiie move to find fresh pasturage, seek little beyond the supply of
present want.'i, make no ctVurts to improve the jilace of their sojourn,
and never riise beyond the rude condition of their ancestors. Their
wandering habit.s enable them to commit crime with impunity, and
aocordinjily tliey are noted for outraije and rubbery.

124. Tiie inhabitants of Central Africa are isolated from the rest of
the world; they know nothinj; of its improveincnt.s; are uevrr stimu-
lated by its rivalries; never hear of its Chiistianity ; and sn, ..jver
awakened to struggle for anything more elevated as regards tliis life
or the life 'o come, they ccjntiiiue immured in barliarism.

125. In the temperate regions of Kurope and North America we
find a fixed population, enjoying free intercour with other countries,
an 1 enligntened liy Christianity. In these parts of the world we find
the highest civilization and the greatest power.

126. Since the inhabitants of the various parts of the world are ex-
jiosed to such diversified inlluences, it is not surprising to find many
marked peculiarities in dilVerent portions of the human fiimily. The
most striking physical difi'erence.s are in culoiir, form nf the a!adl,
fiutnres <if tliefacc, nn'iHtim of the liair, an^l t)u' stulurc.

12". It is usuiil to diviile mankiu'l into/iv ru'v.s-, or varieties: —

The t'ancusiini, or white race; the Mvii'juliuii, or vi.'llow race;
the Kthioiiuin, or black race; the Mttlitii, or brown race; and the
Jmeriean, or led race.

Th; five races are not separated by ver- sharp lines, but shade
irlo tacli other dirougii sulmrdinate varieties. Tlie Cauca.-ian and
Mongolian races each eoni|.iise.s abou: live-twelfliis of the human
fuiiily.

rj"*. The Cau.'asian ra.o lakes its naiuo from the Ciu.'asus Moun-
tains, near which is the suppo.sed centre from which the race emanated,
anil indeed tlie birth-place of the whole hnman family. It comprises
nearly all the inhabitants of Huro|)e, Western Asia, Northern Africa,
and America. It surpasses tlie otiier races in energy nt di.iracter, ai; I
it has been the dominant race from the earlio.-t times.

121>. The MoiiL'oJiiins have a low retreutiiM foielnad, broail face,
oblnpie eyes, and dark stiai.;hl hair, in some lesjieets resembling tiie
North American Indian. Tliey in 'liide the inhabitants of Kasttin
Asia, with the l''inns, Laplanders, .Magyais, and Tuiks of Kiirie,
and tlie Ksipiimaux of North America.

loO. The Ethiopian nice compiises the inhabiliints of Africa south
(if the Great Desert and Abu.sinia, except the K iiopcan.s of the Cape;
it also includes the natives of .Vu.stralia and rapim, although these
ilifier con.si leri'iily fiom the AlVican negio,

TliO .Mala).-, ihli.il 't the peliilioilla ol .MalacM, the i.-l.llii'.d of M;J.iysia,

Polynesia, and New Zealand. In this race the head is narrow, the
nose full and broad, the hair black ai'd crisp.

The American race includes the aborigines of America, with the
exception of the Esquimaux.

Religion.— 131. There are five principal systems of religion in the
world — (Jhrutiatutij, Judaiini, Mokaramcdaiiisni, JJrahiuiiiiiiii, and
Hii'iilhwn, All originated in Asi?

Christians are divided into three great Unlies—Protcsfaiili, Roman
Cal'iolic.i, and the Ureck Church. Tliey include less than one-third of
the human race, or about ;Ki(l,OUiJ,OUO, embracing nearly all the iu-
haljitants of Europe and America. The Jews number about 5,0U0,000;
the .Mohammedans about 100,000,000.

Social Conditions.— 1G2. The various conditions of human society
may be reduced to three jirincipal clashes, re|ireseuted by the iiuuter.
the shepherd, and the agriculturist.

IKo. In hunter life, which is the lo«est tyi'e, men wander about,
living ia tents and owning no property except u few movablts. They
are divided into small tribes, and have no regular government. The
Miciiiac Indians are an example.

lii'l. Pastoral life is al.-iO migratory, and there is no individual right
ill the soil; but hero we lind an in'ovase of property in the form of
domestic animals — as horses, cattle, and sheep. The iieople are gener-
illy subject to a central head. The nomais of Central Asia are uii
ev-.'.mnle.

135. In the third and highest state of society men have fixed abudes
and an individual ownership in the soil, from uhich they deiive their
eiiief subsi.stence. Here only do we lind vast accumulatii'iis of wcaltli
ill various firms. Tlie country is evi-r changing its aspect tiiruUsh the
improving hand of man. Carriage-roads, rail-ro:ids, and canals are
con-tnicted; manufactories are established ; trade is prosicuted; large
cities are built; and men ri.se to the highest condition of civilization.

130. In civilized society men are combined into Siatia, c:illed em-
piios, kingdoms, oi' republics. There are two iiriiicipiil foimsof goveni-
iiii lit— the inoiiurchi/, where tno power is vested in a single person;
and the di niorrari/, w here the ciilet power is in the hands of the i jople,
or such of theiiisulves as they shall elect for a limited period.

1137. .Monarchies are uhnuliitc or di.ipoiie, when the suvereign iiiakeD
suili laws ai he pleases ; they are liinUed or coi.nitutioiud, when the
|o;;islative power is shared by the crown and ii popular assembly, and
ihu sovereign is reipiired to govern according to fixul priiici| les called
the eoimlituttoii. This form eombines the jirinciple.s of monaichy and
democracy.

The fiovernmeiit of Urcut Uritain is a limited monarchy; that of
Russia is uu ubaolute luouarohy ; tiial of tlie United States, a de-
mociaey.

•■«« 1]

iiunow, tlio
ca, with the

ligion in the
minisiii, anJ

T»^», Roman

one-third of

y all the iu-

It 5,000,000 ;

mail society
thu hunter,

niler abnut,
.lilia. They
lUiuiit. The

vidual right
the form of
e are geiier-
rVsiu are uii

ixf'ii al)odes
leiivf their
s v( wcaltii
through the

I'aiials are

iited; large

•ili/:aiun.

oalivd em-

sof^uvirii-

(-■ pi-rsNii;
the |. .'uiilo,

!i;,'li iriakiii

«htii the

uihly, and

les called

aichy and

; that of
Ics, a de-

NOETH AMERICA

h'*tt n gt»»t 4.tn ^ittt M'U h'*h*

XORTIT AMERICA.

;-i^"

r.M.i.s nr Ni.M^M;.\

I. History. 1. Tlic C'l'iitiiicnt dt' Ainciicii tiikrs ils iiuiiic

I'll nil Aiiiciiciis Vi'sjitipiuH, a imtivc df Floivnci', who ox-

iiliiiid 11 jmrt of till' enlist of Suiitli Aincrini in tlic yoiir 141)!).

NmiIIiiih'm from Norwiiv (li^cnvcicl Norlli AiiiLiii'iv iil'^it liiiK^.li.,
(iml ilijiiii;; iliotwo Hiii'i'rt'iliii;; ci'iitiruM tlicy viKiUil tin' oouiitry (re-
(luciilly, Tlicy crovscil tlic Alhintic to Nc« roiiinlliiiMl l>v way (if llnii
colonii'8 ill li'cIaiKl ami Unt'iilaii'.l, vinited Nova Scolm, nml laibl
■oulli ni far ait MnaHncliUBett.<i.

a. Clirisfd] IiiT Cdluiiil us, n iintivc of Ooium, snilinK from
S|miii mull r llic |iiilrnim',:i' <if llic nuviTci^iiiH FcidiiiMiiil mihI
1hii1ii11;i, (Ii(<('(ivt'i('il tli<' Wi.'xt linliiH ill IIIIl',

Ciilutiit'Ui linU been confitiiieil in liii Ivlitf llial I.uk! » im not Tery

iTiiiiili' lit'Miiiil till' "i.>-liTn walt'l'^, I'V till' r:irt tliiit liiiilir* i<( iiii'ii,
liirtV'iiii;,' fiiiiii any knoHii rarr,', (iici'' » i>\' oarM'il win'il, atnl vnriuiw
ti'njiii'al |ii'cMln(<ti, xMTo (n'i|\ii'iitly ciimI U|inii tlio hlmrc,* of tlio A/nri-
ami Madeira l»lanils. O'cc t'hjiniail f,'t'>iii'<ii>li!i, •)'.),)

;t. OiiliiniliMH iliiioiivcrt'il (111) iii'iulli of lliu Oriiiooo, on Uic fonot nf
Souili AiniTii'a, in 11'.''', ainl lln' I'nast of (.'cnlral .\iiii"ii'a in l.Vi'-',
111' was 111 vir a«an' lli.il lir had rtiii'l a iirw (■■ ntiiiciit, lint i<up|"i'<i"l
tint til'' laniln lir liad vinlti'il wcii' oiitlyih^' |inrli.iiiH if Aiia. Tin'
>;iaiiil aim ot llio tiliirn in wliirll lii' livt'd waH In liml a Hlimtir |iftM»a^i'
to Iiiil 1 than the llii'ii riMThUy di'M'uVi r.'d rmili' aniuid AlVii'a,

4, Ht'i'kiiiK a HJinrt iiavij;n>d« rmiti' lo Cliina and India, Jnliti Cali' I
and liin son Svlir.Htiaii, niMu^ fniMi lliixtid in Kn.lanii in 141*7, t" k
a iii'ji' ti'irtlivrly ooiirKu lliaii ('iiluiidiii«, and dijuiivcrcd Ni'«fuuiidlaiil
and III' I'liant of I.aliradiir. In tlii' fnll'irtiiiK yiar Sidianliaii C'alii'l
i'X|iliiri;d a lni,iP part if tin' ooasi of North Aiiii.'i iia.

NORTH AMERICA.

5. Tlie New World, as America was cal'"'!, presented great attrac-
tinns to many Kuroijcan adventurers ea^er for weallli. Many faliulous
stories coticeriiiiig it were believed. Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, in
search of a fouutdin of life to renovate his aged limbs with fresh
youth, discovered Florida, where he was killed by the arrow of an
Indian.

The sontliern part of North America was colonized by the Spaniards;
the central jjorlions by the liritish and French.

II. Position. — (i. Nortli America has the Arctic Ocean on
the north ; the Athmtic on tiio east ; tlio G'nlf of Mexico on
tiic soiitli-east ; and tlic Pacific on the west.

It isj<iined to South America by the htfimiis of Pannnui. 38 miles
in breadth ; and it is separated from A.sia on the north-west by Jiilirimj
.Strail, 30 miles limad.

North America is wholly in the Northern Hemisphere, and the greater
part of it is in the North Temperate Zone.

N. lat. T^-TS" ; \V. long. CiC" SO'-ieS".

III. Form.— 7. Tlie general outline of Xorth America is
triangular.

The narrow jHU-tior. in tlie south-east, between the Isthmus
of Panama and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is called Central
A mcrka.

The anL'ular points are ; —

Cape Prince of Wales, in the north-west, 05° 30' N.. and 168° W. ;
Cape Charles, in the nortli-easl, 52° 15' N., and 55° 30' W. ; port of
tiauteniiila, in the south. 15" N., and iiO° olf W.

EXERCISS,- Draw the approAiinato form of North America.

IV. Coast. — 8. The Arctic and Atlantic coasts are nearly
o(iual in leiioth, and are much more irre{,'ular than the lon;.;('r
Pacific coast.

The const line is estimated at 21.000 mih's.

f). The jnincipal Coast Waters ,\\x—Jlij(lt«>Hs Unii and
SimU, Davis i>/rait, Jlajliii's Baii, Strait of ]i,lle hli\ (hilf
of St. Lairri'iKY, /idi/ of Fund!/, Vhesajtoalcc Jiaii, f/nrldii
Strait, Gulf if M- >-''co, CarilJican Sea, Jiaii <f Jlnudnran,
G'liff of Ti'ltudntr'ici', Gulf of <\i/ifor)ila, and /'xhrimj
Strait.

HudRon's liny and the Oulf of Mexico nre Inr^io inlaml sens. The
former wna discovered by Henry HudsdU, who was uftei wards Kit to
perish in its waters by his mutinous crew.

The (iulf of California, runuinx iu between parallel m^tinlain ran^^es,
is the chief inlet on the west,

10. Tlio Peninsulas arc- /Jii'i^'iiW, Mttvillf, I.nlvmlot; .Vc/i'd ^•otia,
I'loriila Yio'iitiiii, /.mccr Cali/uria'd, ami Aliii.ikii.

11. The principal Capes M-c — Prinrr of Wolm, f.i.ilnifn, frii ('ii)ir,
Point Pitirrt'it', /liitliiivn', Chiithii, (loirlm, I'liftnill, Hacr, SalJr
(NovaScofin\ Aun, Coil, lliittiran, .S'd^/f (T'lorida), Calorhf, (Ivaciin-
n-I)ios, Malo, Vorriciito, .V. Lurii/i, MnniiKino, Fhtllivii, and
Romitnzor.

12. The nio-^t impi rtunt Islands nre (he fnllnwin^; —

In the Arctic (iKculmitl, Ifilaiiil, aHiuKll J.nml, or IJh»mrvc,
yorlh Ihvon, Cvrkbitrn, CitmlHrtanil, HouthamiUon. Thero nre also
various nthurs,

(>n the eAat—Nciifounilhinil, Anticosti, Prince Kdicard, Cape
Breton, Long hhrnd, the /icriniiilas, and the West Indies.

On tiie west — Vancowfv, (jiucn CkarloUe, Prince of Wales, Sitka,
Kodiak, and the Alciilian hies.

EXERCISE.— Trace the coast line of North America, aud mark
the coast waters, capes, and islands,

V. Area. — 13. Xorth America is 4r)0 times lan,'er than
Xova Scotia, comiirising one-sixth the land surface of the
Earth.

The area equals a square of 2P00 miles. Tl:e extreme length from
north to south is JtiOO miles; tlie breadth on the 45th parallel is 3120
miles.

VI.— Surface.— 1 -I. North America may he divided into
three great nati ; d divisions: abroad ami elevated highland
region on the wc^t ; a narrower and less elevated highland
region on the east ; and a great lowland jilain through the
middle.

15. The Western or Pacific Highlands extend the whole
length of the continent, from the Arctic Oca)' to the
Isthmus of Panama. They are (iiiite low at each extremity,
and are broadest ami highest near the middle. On each
siilc of this high iilateau are great mountain systems ; — the
llnclij Miivntains, on the east, sloping gradually to the
central plain ; and the California S>/stem, on the west, em-
bracing the S'l-rra Xcrada, Cascadr, and Coast Itamjes,
which sh)pc aVirujitly to the Pacific.

1(J. The Rocky Mottntnins extend from the .Arctic Ocean to Mexico.
There they take the name of .Siirrii .Mod re, and continue to Central
America, whiTe they grndnally merge into the )il,itcau which connects
them w itii the Andes nf Sniilh Anierica. They ol'ten consist ui two or
mure iiaralhl ranges, s(| arated by (.luvated valleys. There nre several
high peaks ncai- the middle cC the sy.'-lem ;— as ,1/oh;i< P,roirii, 15,y()0
feet; .\fonnt Ifookcr, 15,7oO; Frnnunt'a I'enk, 13,570; F.ovijs Pmk,
12, (MM). J'oi'oc(iii}uil. a volcano in the south of Mexico, 17,720 feet
high, is the culminating ]>oint.

17. The Sierra Nevada, or ."^wor Mouatainii, and tlie Cascade Moun-
tains, are the pi iiicipal rniigcs on the west, The Sierra Nevada extend
IVnin Cap! Sun Lui'as to aliout the lOih parallel; tho Cascole Moun-
tains form the northern portinn of the system. North of the Frazer
River they ar(f sometimes called the .U/w of the Pncijir. These
mountains are not penerally so elevated ns the Rooky Mountains ; but
there are many lofty jicnks. of which several in the north are volcanic.
.Mount >Y. AViK.i has an elevation of M, 1170 feet ; M on at SI. J/ilms,
15.750; Mount I/oiid !m\ .Mi'unt ./tf mon, 15,500.

The Coast Range, near lliu Pacific, is (piite low,

IS. Tlie Atlantic Highland Region is much slmrter,
nnrrower, and Ics^ i h'vated tliiin the Pacific, U extemU
from Hudson's Strait, in the north, to within 2(X) miles of
the CJulf of Mexico, It is divided into two portions l)y tho
vidh'v of the Si. Lawrence. The general height of the tal>lo-
land IS not more than And dr diMi feet. The northern divi-
sion is tliu broadest. Tlio principal niounlains are, tliu Ap^

MOUNTAINS— CLIMATE.

to Mexico,

to Cl'1i'i;i1

li I'oiiiieots
uf two or

no Kcvernl

ni, ir.,S)00
','/'.•< Peak,

r.TiiO feet

•ado Monii-

ilil OXll'lllI

lie Moun-
llie Frnzer
iV. Tliese
tnins ; but
voli'.iiiic,
^7, Jliliiia,

slmrtcr,
cxfciuU
niili'« of
IS liy tlio
lie tftlilo-
111 ilivi-
tlio Ap'

palachian, or A/le(jhani/ iiystem, in the soutliem division,
.sloping easterly to the Atlantic and westerly to the central
l)lain.

19. The Appalachian Mountains consist of several low pnrallel
ranges betwceu tLe Boutli bank of tlie St. Lawrence and 33° north
latitude. Some of the most important ranees are, tiie r>hte liuliic, tlie
Shenandoah Mountains, tlie AUeijhany Mountains, the Adirondack,
the Green Mountains, and the While Mountains.

The average height of the system is about 2500 feet. Tiie hichest
points are Mount Waskinijion, in thtNVIiite Mountains, 6"226 feel; and
Ulack Mountain, in the Blue Ridge, 6700 feet.

2i). The Central riain, between the highland rej;ions,
extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. It is
divided by a low water-shed, about 1 5(10 feet in height, near
the 48th parallel, and thus consists of two slopes, a nnythern
and a southeni.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the principal mountain ranges of North
America.

The pupil will observe tli.it the Itorky Mountains ari> niMvly in a straight
line between HO' west longitude, in the north, and tlie Istliinus of Telui-
nntepec.

VII. Rivers.— 21. Xorth America contains some of the
largest rivers in the world. TIk'V may be grouped in five
systems, according to the sloiies which they drain,— the
Arctic, the Sf. Laivirnce, the Atlantic, the (I'lt// <>/ M(\vivo,
and the J'acijic,

22. The Arctic System comin'ises the rivers which drain
the northern section ul the central plain, anil tlow ii'to the
Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay. The principal rivers
arc, the Mackenzie, Coppenninc, (,'/•< at Fm/i, C/ntir/n//,
Kiad-afclictcaii, llnl Hirrr, and Xihun.

Tlie streams on this siojie are of iiitli: cnminer.^ial value, ns they
coinmnnii'ate with frozen Sean, and arc themselves frost biiiinl during
a l.'irge part of the yiar. The .Mackenzie i< alioiit 21200 miles in IciikIIi,
niid has many lake expansi ns.

2:i. The 8t. Lawrence, iiiclmliiig the great lal<e.«, ri.«i's
under the name of the .SV. L(>ui,< on tiie south of llie watur-
siied dividing tiic ('cntial pliiin.

The inclinalion of the basin is fust south-rnstcrly, thou north-
cnsterly. The internal navigation nnnnled by Ihe river and lakes is of
the highest impcirtain'". Tlie entire length is uhout -'imil miles.

24 Till' Atliiiilic , System iiu'lnile.s llie luiiiieroii.s Ktreiiins
wliicii (liain the .Mlaiitic slope of the Appalachian .Mniui-
tains, The nio.st impurtant are, the .S7, ,hihn, CunnirHi-ul,
Ihnhon, Siin'/iit/iainin, I'dnnmc, Jawi. I!<>aii<iki\ Cain'
Fear, and Savannah.

The rivers of this slope nro eompnratively sir rl and small, but they
aie of great importance. Sniiie arc navigable fur considerable di.itniice,
iind many furnish valuable water-power for working machinery.

2fl. The Gulf Syitcni conijiriiwH the riveiu on the soulhern

section of the central plain, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico.
The principal arc, the Mobile and its tributaries, Mississippi
and its tributaries, the Colorado, and the Rio Grande.

The Mississippi (Father of Waters) is the largest river of North
America. It flows from Lake Itasca, about 1600 feet above the sea-
level. The entire length is about 320' miles. The most imjiortant
tributaries are, the Ohio, on the east ; and the Missouri, A rkansas, and
Red River, on the west. Following the Mi.ssoiiri, the river is over
4000 miles in length. This immense river system opens to comniercc
the whole southern section of the plain.

2G. The Pacific System includes the streams on the west
I if the Rocky Mountains, Hawing into the Pacific Ocean.
The most important are, the Colorado, Hacraniento, Coliim-
iia, Frazer, and Vitko)}.

Some of the rivers of this slope are navii;ablo for many miles;
in others, navigation is soon impeded by rapids and watertalls. Some
have a largo part (d' their course through desert regions.

VIII. Lakes. — 27. North America surpasses all the other
great divisions in the grandeur of its lukcH. The most im-
portant are the five great lakes, Superior, Iltirun, Michujan,
Erie, and Ontariu, in the liasin of the St. Lawrence. 'I'liey
have a united area about five times greater than Nova .Sentia,
or eiiual to a s(|uarc of :i(iO miles.

/.'(/,( of tin Wiiiiil.i, Winniprfi, Wiinii/ii'i'^i'.i, Pirr, Wntlafton,
Athtiliasra, tirect ,^tarr, and llvKa /Imr /.idm, are large lakes on the
northern slope, final Salt lAtkt is on the plateau west of the Uocky
MountaiiiH ; Vhaj>a/a, on the plateau <d' .Mexico ; Sicaraijna, in (Jeiilral
.\mericn.

•J"^. r.aki. SupiTior, thr Ian.'e''t fri'sli-water lal;<' in the wovM, ('>|U.i!« a miuar '
of 1,10 mill's Huron and Mieliluan iiri' i-acli alu.ut twn-thlrds as large ; Kri.-
i< less llian oui' third, and (inlarlo h ^.< than orii' fiiinlh tlie nizc of SiipiTicir
ilieat .'^l.ivc l.itkr is iilidut half nn l;uf.-i. us Moron. Nicarat'iia iS oneciglilh
the size of Superior, mid (iroat Suit I.alic the one aixt.i'nth,

EXERCISE. Lay down the principal rivers and lakes of North
America on the outline map.

I.X. Soil. 2!'. Till' Sfijl embraces aliiiust every vari'-ty,
The southern shiiie m^ the f'eiitral I'iain, the valley uf tlir
.St. Lawrence, n iar^e part id llie .siiiitlirni scctiuii id' Ihr
Atlantic Hi-hlaiKl. and the I'acillc Highland west of the
Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mduntaiiis, are very fertile.
The (alile-land east of tlit^ Sierra Nevada and ( 'a.M(';ide
Mountains is generally desert. l\liieh of the n-'itlieru .■<lope
coiisistH of frozen liarren.s,

A'. Climate. -;!(i. The nnrllieni part of the eoniineiil j.*
very cold ; the southern, except tht! higiihinds, very liot.
The central part, iiieliidiiig the larger portion, ha.s ;i (em
pcratc climate, except on *he mountain liei-lil.x of the \ve.«l.
The Western Hide o| iIh' coiiijueiit, from the month of the
< 'olumbni iiiver iinrthwiird, i.s niiieli milder tliaii the I'astern
hide ill till' same lalitiiile. {Hee I'/tifsiral (,'n„jr'i//nt. 71, IdS.)

NORTH AMERICA.

31. A line drawn Boutheastcrly from the Peninsula of Aliasiia,
through Great Bear Lake and along the south of Hudson Bay, to the
mouth of the St. Lawrence, would mark the northern limit of the
temperate region ; a line from the nortVern point of the Glulf of Cali-
fornia to tlie extreme north of the Gulf of itiexico, its southern limit—
the highlands excepted.

32. The quantity of rain is very unequal in different parts
of tlie teuii)orate region. Tiio most humid portion lies
btitwecu tlio Pacific coast and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade
rani,'os. Throuj,diout the highland region cast of these ranges
tlie rain is chieily coiifiiiod to the more cleva<-ed mountain
slopes. There is thus a rainless region on eacii side of the
Itocky Monntnins ; — that on the east is from 200 to 400
miles in bioadth, ami has its northern limit near the height
of land dividing the central plain.

The Atlantic sidi; of the continentrtincluding the central
pliijii, is generally well watered.

33. The rain winds on the western side of the conli.ient blow from
tlio south-wost, olitainiiig their mt istiiio from the Pacific. On the
easteru side they lil""' from the south-west, south, and east, brinf;iiif,'
moisture friim the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic. (Sec I'lii/siail
O'cni/raplii/, i)i.)

Xr. Minerals.-;;!. Almost all the important minerals
are aliundant in North America, including gold, silver, ii(Jii,
coal, lead, copper, iind quicksilver.

(iold is plentiful iu California and British Cnhimhia ; silver in
Mexico , Coal and iron in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ptiinsyl-
vnnia ; lead near the upper course of the Mississippi ; copper near
Lake Sn]ierifjr; and quicksilver in California.

XII. Plants.— urj. Vegetation is diversified according to
the climate.

When America was discovered, the temperate regions,
excepting the prairies of the central plain and the rainless
districts, were clothed with forests of pine, oak, majile,
chestnut, and other trees. Many of these forests iiave been
cut away, and iu their place are fields of wheat, corn, and
other grains. Towards the south, tobacco, cotton, and rice
are cultivated,

.^(l, Among the trees of the hot region in the south are mahof.'aiiy,
rosewood, log'vood. coooanut, banana, orange, and lemon. The culli-
v;itei| pl.ints incluilr sugarcane, coflee, tobacco, and pine-apples. (Hie
J'ln/itiritl (i(o<i)'iri>lii;, 110-113.)

In the cold regions of the north trees do not grow, and the chief
jilaiits are lichens and liioi'ses,

XIII. Animals. -:J7. The wild animals of America are
not eiiniil in si/e to those of Asin and Africa.

Tlie larger animals of the temperate region are the bison,
moose, deer, brown bear, wolf; and in the western high-
lands, the grizzly bear and the iiniiiii.

iiS. The auimaU ut' Ihu uurlh aio Konrrally ululhcd with fur. The

ruusk-ox and reindeer are touud during the short summer leeiling on
the mosses and low plants ; in winter they retreat to the forests further
south. {Sec Physical Geography, 119.)

?9. In the hot regions are the tapir, jaguar, puma, sloth, armadillo,
monkey, and alligator. Insects are very numerous. The cochineal ia
an importaat article of commerce.

XIV. Inhabitants.— 40. The population of North Amer-
ica is estimated at 50,000,000. The great majority are of
European origin.

The south of the continent was colonized principally by
Spaniards ; the temperate regions by British, Irish, and
French.

Thero arc many negroes in North America, whose ances-
tors were brought from Africa as slaves. All are now free,
except in the Spanish West Indies.

41. Tlie aborigines include two races. The Indians, or copjier-
coloured race, are tliinly scattered over the continent. On some of the
northern coasts and islands of the Arctic arc a few called Esquimaux,
usually clas.sed with the Mongolians of Asia. They are of small size,
cliiihe tliemselvos with the skins of animals, and iu winter live in snow
houses,

Christianity is the principal religion. Tlie inhabitants of British
origin arc Protestants and Uoman Catholics ; those of Spanish anil
French origin are chiefly Roman Catholics.

XV. Divisions.— 42, The princijial portion of the main
body of North America is divided between British America
in the north, and the i'nited States in tlie middle.

The other divisions are, Mexico, towards the south ; and
Cf'iitraf, AvKrira. comprising the narrow imrtion in the
south; the Kc^'t /«(/(f.s ''^tween North and South America ;
and Danish A7)ierica, comprising the islands of Greenland
and Iceland. ,

EXERCISE,— Draw boinidary lines between the principal political
divisions of North America.

XVI. Towns.— 43. Nearly all the princijial cities are on
the Atlantic side of the continent, either on the coa.st or
beside a navigable river. New York, in the United States,
with a population of M4,OiiO, is the largest city, Quebec and
Victoria, in IJritish America, are the most northerly towns
in America.

Ill Mexico and Central .Vinerica, the cities are generally on the
tabloland 'f the interior.

XVII. Industries.— 44, The chief occnpat'ons tire ngri-
cnlture, manufacturing, mining, fishing, and commerce.

XVIII. Government.— 45. The governments of North
America are reiiresentiitive ; tlie jieople choosing from among
themselves the men who make tlie laws. British America
IS a deiicndcncy of Great Britain, The United States is the
most powerful repuhlic in tlii> world.

Frequent rcvolulious have retarded the proipcrity of Mexico

iiiiiiel- ieeiliiij,' oil

be forests further

sloth, armadillo,
The cochineal is

f Nortli Amer-
iiajority are of

principally by
ill, Irish, and

, whose aiices-
are now free,

ians, or copjier-

OuBomeof the

led Esquimaux,

•e of small size,
liter live ill snow

ants of British
of Spanish and

of the main
tisk America
die.

e south ; and
rtion in tlio
Uh Anioricii ;
if Greenland

icipal political

cities are on
the coast or
lited States,
Quebec and
dierly towns

crally ou tho

lis are aori-
nierce.

8 of North
froiii anionjf
^li Aniericji
itates is thr

nf Afexico

BRITISH A]

W. h,.i liri

BRITISH AMERICA

til f >> I l> «•■• '!• ' .•■> .H ' f- I 'f^l

BRITISH AMERICA.

3CI

ami Ccimal Ameiica. Most of the islands beloiii; to European
powers.

QUESTION.— To what causes may the absence of rain on the
table-lauds each side of the Rocky Moantaius be ascribed ?

BRITISH AMERICA.

I. History. —4(). This portion of North America forms a
part of the Briti.sh Empire ; hence its name.

\ ii;w AMDXn TiiK TiiorsANii isli:k

Tlie first Britisli settlement in Noith America wa.s made at James-
town in Virginia, in 1607. The exploits of Captain .Tolin Sniitli, and
bis rescue from the Indians by Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian
chief, give a touch of romance tn the early history of tlils colony.

47. Emigrants from liritai., many of whom were driven from tiieir
native land by religious persecution, formed several colonies along the
Atlantic slope. In 1733 tiie colonies numbered thirteen.

The most interesting r.cttlenient was that made in Massachusetts, in
1620, by the Pilyrim Fathers, wlio crossed the Atlantic in the May.
Jloioer.

ii. The French also established colonies— one on the Teninsula of
Nova Scotia, and another on the lower course of the St. Lawrence.
These colonies were finally ceded to (ireat Britain in 17();j, by which
the whole cistern side of the continent, except the Peninsula of Florida,
became Uritish territory.

49. In 1783, Great Britain, by acknowledj^int,' tlie inde-
pendence of her tliirteen oldest colonics, now included in the
United States, relinquished her claim to the southern por-
tion of her possessions in North America. The possessions
still retained were the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Canada, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and
Hudson Bay Territorj'. In I8o8, the .south-western part
of Hudson Bay Territory was formed into a colony under
the name of British Cohunhia.

50. In I8G7, by Act of Britisli Parliament, the Provinces
of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Lower Canada and Upper

Canada, wi're united into a eonfeilerate State, under the
name of Tltc Dommion of Canada. At the same time,
Lower Canada received the name of The Province of Quebec ;
Upi)er Canaila, The Province of Ontario.

II. Position. — 51. British America occupies the whole
north of the continent, exet>pt Walrussia in the north-west.
The greater portion is in the northern half of the North
Temperate Zone. {Far Ijoinnl.f, see Map.)

The i.arallii of 10' N. forms the
binindary between British Anierica
ami tlie United States, from the
Pacific to the Ltko of the Woods ;
the line then runs southerly, passing
ihrouiili the centre '•( the L'reat lakes
t'l the St. Lawrence. Fuilher east,
the line puisnes a very devious
course. Tlie meridian of Ml" W.
separates it in jiart from Waliussia.

N. lat. 42 -72°; W. Ion. r.5' 30'
-141^

III. Forn.— r)2. The ontiin.'
is an irreunlar tive-sidcd fixture.

IV. Coast.— 5:5. The Atlan-
tic, with its inimerous bays and

*■'*] harliours, is tlie most im])ort-
ant coast. The United States"
Tt>rritory of Walrussia extends
soutlicily in a narrow strip
alony a large jsirt of the Pacific coast.

The chief inlets are, J/iu/.fon's Jiat/ and Sh-ait, the f,'ii/r'
of St. Lawrence, P,ay of Fmuhf ; and on the west, Qncoi
Char/ulles Sound and the Gulf (f (leor<jia.

54. The peninsulas are, Pmithia, MdviUc, Lu'mnloy, and .Vunt
Scotia.

The capes are, Bathnrst, ChkHei/, Charles, Ua'C, and Salik.

The islands are, the Arctic <!ron])S, on the north ; Scii/itiiinttaiiif,
Anilcosti, Prince Edward, and Caiic Breton, on the east ; Vancouver
and Queen Charlotte on the west.

EXERCISE.— Trace the outline of British America, marking^ the
coast waters, peninsulas, capes, and islands.

V. Area. — Oo. British America com]iriscs about three-

oigliths of North America. It is 101 times larger than N(n;i

Seotia ; ,. n-oo -i

—equal to a si^uaro of 1|33 miles.

VI. Surface.— 50. British America embraces a portion of
each of the three great physical divisions id' North Aiiirrici,
including the wlmli! id" tlie nortliern slope of tiie ci'iitral pliiii).

The liockji Mianitains and the Ca.ica<fe lian'j>- an.' tlir
principal mount.iins.

Mount Brown ami Mioml Ifokcriwo the highest point.i. (S,r Xorlh
America, Id.)

EXERCISE.- Lay down the mountains of British America on the
outline map.

NORTH AMERICA.

VII. Rivers. — 57. The rivcns are included in four of the
river system.s of North America. {See North America, 21.)

The principal are tiie Mackenzie, Coppermine, Great Fish,
Churchill, Saskatchewan, lied River, Nelson, St. Lawrence,
Ottawa, St. John, Columbia, Frazer, and Peace.

VIII. Lakes.— 58. Numerous large lakes are a remarkable feature
of Biiti.sh America. Four of the great lakes in the basin of tbe St.
Lawrence lie between British America and the United States. Michi-
gan is wholly iu the United States. {See Xurlh America, 27, 28.)

On the northern slope are Lakes Winnipeg, Deer, Athafxisca, Oriat
Slave, and Great Ikar.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes on the map of British
America.

IX. Soil,— (5ee North America, '29, and the several F ro-
vinces.)

X. Climate. — 50. In respect to temperature, British
America may be divided into tliree regions •,—ihe temperate,
in the south; (he cold, in the mid'Me; and the frozen, in the
north. The cas. -n side is much colder than the western.
{See North A merica, 30.)

XI. Minerals.— CO. Gold is obtained in Briti.^h Columbia, Nova

Scotia, and Quebec; coal and iron are abundant in Nova Scotia and
New IJrunswirk; copper and petroleum in Ontario.

XII., XIII. Plants. — 61. The temperate portion yields wheat and
other grains ; the colder regions produce barley and vegetables ; and
in the extreme north, lichens and mosses constitute the principal
vegetation.

XIV. Inhabitants.— G2. Tiie total number of inhabitants

i.s about 4,000,000. The majority are of British origin.

Indians are scattered throughout the various divisions of British
America, and a few Esquimaux are found along the northern coasts.

XV. Divisions.— G3. British America consists of the
following divisions : —

2'he Dominion of Canada, in the south-east ; the Provinces
oi Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, on the eastern
coast ; the Province of British Columbia and Vancouver
Island, in the south-west ; and Hudson Pay Territory, in
the north.

XVI. Towns.— G4. The cities and large towns are all in

the south-east.

Montreal (110,000), on an island in the St. Lawrence, is the largest
city. Quebec is the oldest city.

XVII., XVIII. — {See various Provinces.)

THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

I.-IV.— 05. The Domiiiinii of Canada was formeil in 1807,
by the union of Nova Scotin, New Brunswick, and Canada,

inVKR HI. LAWliEXCE.

The term.'! of union wore drawn up by dolo^'atcs from the
various Provinces and ratiiied by the Parliament of Groat
Britain,
on. Tln,s most important divisi.oi of British America is

va Scotia and

Ids wheat and
getables ; and
the principal

inhabitants

I origin.

ons of British
Lhern coasts.

sists of the

lie Provinces
n the eastern
i Vancouver
Territory, in

us are all in

, is the largest

cs from the
'lit of Groat

America is

BRITISH AMERICA.

situated between the yrcat lakes aiul the Atiuutic Ocean.
It is wholly in the temperate region.

The Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy are the principal
inlets.

V.-XIV.— 67. Tiie area is nearly 24 times larger than
Nova Scotia, or it equals a square of 6C0 miles.

The surface is generally low and undulating. There are
no high mountains.

68. The River St. Lawrence and the great lakes ojien
tlie interior to comnieroe.

The mineral and agricultural resources are very great ;
the forests and fisheries also yield immense wealth.

Tlie population in 1861 was 3,08C,<)(H).

XV.-XVII. — 69. The Dominion of Canada consists of the
Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Ontario.

70. Ottawa (15,Oon) is the capital. It is situated on the
Eiver Ottawa, 100 miles from its mouth.

Tlie most important building in the city is the new Parliament
House, which cost $2,000,000. Ottawa is connected with Lake On-
tario, 126 miles distant, by the Rideau Canal; and a branch railroad,
53 miles in length, connects it with the (jrrand Trunk line at Prescott.
A little above the city are the Chaudiere Fulls.

71. The principal occupations are agriculture, mining,
fishing, lumbering, ship-building, manufiicturing, and com-
merce.

The total value of exports from the Dominion is about $70,000,000;
imports, f 7 5, 000,000.

The numerous excellent harbours of the maritime provinces afl'ord
evory facility for forei};n commerce ; and tlie St. Lawrence and great
laken open up the interior. There are also about 2500 miles of railway
and 250 miles of canal.

Tiie Grand Trunk railway, extending over 1000 miles, and the
Great Western communicate witii lines in the United State.'i. The
Intercolonial Line, in course of construction, which will connect the
railways of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with the Grand Trunk,
will give 430 miles additiomil.

XVIIT. Government.— 72. Tlie government is modelled
after that of Great Britain. The Governor-General repre-
sents the Queen. He is advised by a Privy Council.

The Parliament is composed of the Governor-General, the
Senate, and the House of Commons.

73. The Senate con.sists of 72 members or senators, appointed by the
Governor-General— 12 for Nova Scotia, 12 for New Brunswick, 24 for
Quebec, and 24 for Ontario. A senator must he over thirty ye;\rs of
ase, possess property worth 310uO above all liabilities, and reside in
his own Province.

74. The Commons consists of 181 members — 19 for Nova Scotia,
15 for New Biunswick, 05 foi Quebec, and 82 for Ontario. Tiie
members of the Commons are elected by the people for the term of five
years. Tlie number of members in the Commons is to be readjusted
every ten years, according to the population of the various Provinces —

the number for Quebec to rciiKun at (J5, the members for the other
Provinces to bear the same proportion to their population as 65 to the
population of Quebec.

The Government has control over all matters relating to the general
interests of tlie Dominion, a.s trade, fisheries, postal service, defences,
and criminal laws.

The revenue arises chiefly from duties on imports -total, about

aitj.ooo.ooo.

The public debt is about 830,000,000.

NOVA SCOTIA.

I. History.— 75. The French began to colonize Nova
Scotia in the year 1605. Tlie first settlement was at An-
napolis.

The French called the country Acadie—9. name saiil to be derived
from the Micmac cadie or kitddi/, signifying "abundance " or "abound-
ing in," and often employed in that language as an affix in compound
words. Thas -Shuien-a-cadie signifies "abounding in ground nuts."
The syllable a is merely a connective.

The name ywa Seotia was given to the country in 1621, when it
was ceded liy James I. of England to Sir William Alexander.

76. By tlie Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, Nova Scotia was
finally ceded to Great Britain. It then included the terri
tory wliich now furins New Brunswick and Prince Edward
Island. The inliabitants consisted of Indians and a few
thousand French called Acadians. The first jjcrmanent
British settlement was formed at Halif'a.\ in 1749.

77. The Island of Cape Breton is supposed to have been
named by Frenchmen from Bretagne or Brittany, a province
of Franc^. It was ceded to Great Britain in 17G3.

Th'! French built a strong town on the south-east, named Louisburg.
This town was taken hy a British fleet in 1759. From 1784 to 1819
CJape iJrcton formed a separate province under a military government.

II. Position.— 78. Nova Scotia is situated on the Atlantic,
and forms the south-eastern exiremity of Canada. It is
separated from New Brunswick, on the north, by the Bay of
Fundy and the Isthmus of Chiegnecto ; and from Prince
Edward Island by Northumberland Strait.

The Strait of Canso, 15 miles in length and about 1 mile in breadth,
separates the Peninsula from the Island of Cape Breton. The Isthmus
of Chiegnecto is about 12 miles broad.

N. lat. 43" 25-47'; W. Ion, 69' 40'-t;6° 2.'/.

III. Form. -7!). Tiie form of the Peninsula is triangular,

the base being on the Atlantic and the ape.x at the isthmus.
Cape Breton is ovate, with a triangular projection on the
north.

EXERCISE,— Draw the general form of the Province.

IV. Coast.— SO. Nova Scotia has a great extent of sea-
coast compared with its area, and no part of the interior is
over 30 miles from the sea.

NCmXH AMERICA.

IIAI.IK A\.

T'icrc arc lunny oxcelli'iit li!»rl)oiirs, iiart'o\il:.ily on tlie Atliiiitii'
I'oast, wliore tlu'v are, witli rare txi'iiitioiiii, oinn to iiavigatioii
lliroiigliout tlic year.

81. Tlio iiviui'iiial Coast Waters are—

Tilt; /liii/ 0/ ftniil/f, C/iiiijiiirtii lUiij, Ciimhfrlitnd /hisiii,
Minas Channel, Minus /lanin, Cohcquul lidii, llivj Vcrff,
Tatamagouche Inti/, J'iclou J/arhour, Ht, Geonjes Jinn,
Stv(tit 0/ Can Hi), As/>i/ Iniij, St. Anna Jtui/, Uratt UniK
(I'Or, Little lints d'th; Itnts d'Or Lake, h'asl JIa;/, Wed
Ban, St. Patrick's Channel, W'hi/kokojnaijh, Sijdnen llarhduv.
Cow r>ay, Mire Bay, Calarus Bail, St. Peters Baij, Lennox
Pamvje, Chcilalnieto Baij, llalifa.r llarhimr and /Irtfl'nnl
Jltisin, Afanjaret's Bfi//, Mnhaue Bai), St. Muri/'s Bai/,
Dujfiy Cut, ami Annajnitis Jlasin.

82. The H«y of Fumly is an ann cf Itio Atlanlio |><'iirtnitiM.' far
inland liotwecii N' vn Scfti.i and New llriinswiok. Its Blmri'ii aro
luiially rnoky niut I'iuvutvil, furniiii^ it ^rcat wail npiinsl the i>ta.
l>i)tl)y Out iH n ainiiuliir brcnk in this wnll, opening lilto a unto into
Annnpolin Itasin.

Tlie liiuil waters of Cobeqiiid Ray nnil rnrnberland Basin nro notui
for tlii'ir very liigli tiilen. (.sVe I'hi/^ienl (iiO'jrufiliij, 04. *

Mudi of tlio (VMi^t i>ii Miiia.H llaxin, ('i>li('<|iiii| Hay, ami ('iimlierlanil
KiMin ID low, mid tlio l>ankii uf tliu i'iv«ri fur many uiiles u|i nro beluw
the Itvil of lii>;li watir.

'i'lie Strait of Caiiiin in tlio gront tliorou|ilil'arc bitwccu tlie Atlnntio
and tiR' Uulf of St. Lawrence.

BK. The |irini'i|ial Cape* arc—

l<itlil, Illvtnntoit, d'Or, Chiri/necto, Malitf/ath, John, St. Gro);it,

Miihou, ."<(. hiwroirc, Xarlh, F.iimoiit, Knfinnc, Ihilpltiu, .Icoiu,
Ilntoii, Ctiiino, t'lifciiitiiic, Saiiilira, I'ruint I'oint, ami Siil,lc.

Hldiiiidiin, tbo enstcrn I'xlrcnilty uf the North Mountain, is 4,'>o fcit lii^li •
I'oriiipiiu', on tlie Stniil of t'unso. (li'i fet't; Nurtli, m rtli o( t'a|)e Itreton, lluO
fci't ; Knruiiu', '2100 twt ; iiikI Crown I'oint, on the Atlantic coa^it, fiUU feet.

8-1, Small Islands arc niiiminiis, cspceiiilly on tli>' Atlaiitii.'
coast.

The moi'c iiiiii.iitaiit iisl.inds arc —

J'ictan Island, St. Paul, Banlardarie, Seaiori, Madnnif,
Cape Sable, Lomj Island, lirier Island, ami Sable Island.

8,'). Houlardarie, between Great aii'i Little Drns d'Or, Ih 2C niilci in
leii^tli.

Mailanie, xoiitli of ('upe Itroton, coutaini about TS tqunro miles, iind
li.'it a |in|iiilati(iii (if ,'tlioiit •''ifii'O,

Halile Island, al>ont KH' niilo.s soiitli rf Cape Hreton, in a low Handy
island, witli dan^^eroiis Hand hIioi'.Ib ui llic vant. It ih about 'J5 inilei
ill loii^tli and 1 niilv iu breadth. Herds (/ nild {loiiiiii ruuui over
the iHUnd.

EXERCISE. Draw an outline map of Nova Scotia, marking the
coast waters, capes, and Islauds.

V, Area.— f^ti. The I'nivincc c(|ii»1h ,t Piiunrc of l.inniilcf.
It coiitaiiiH uliiiiit ll,!l(il,(Hi()iicrcH. The I'ciiiiisiilii contains
altiiiit Hvcui.xllis of thia nmv ; Va\\w Bret' n, ono-Hixtli.

The entire Ipiigth of the Province is 370 miler ; the itri'mcst breadth
about lUl miles.

VI. Stirface.— 87. Tlio pcncrnl snrfa'io Ib low nml mulii-

l-H''.

en
>

■•'■■'■I

/(III, .llOIK,

ilk. J

l.Wfwt 1ii>.'li- ]

iwst, fiUO f' el 1

,.Atlaiitir '

Miiilanii',

i 25 niiK'B in

inilofi, iiiiil

low miiuiy
it '15 mill'!!
I .am over

iirking the

in(5iiiil<>H,
I coiiliiill.s
xtli.
cDt lircjiltli

11(1 uikIii-

V v( / ^k- ^

iiii . i i | ^ i ..|^|W »i^W!jgW ft'-^.--~: .-! * *,. '

j Vild
,T ' tllllli

NOVA SCOTIA.

lating. A low water-shed runs through the middle of Nova
Scotia, from which the slopes are towar'.d the north and
Bouth. The southern slope is often rugged aud rocky.

There are three low mountain ranges —

The South Mountain, furniiug the western portion of the
central water-shed ; the North Mountain, along the margin
of the Bay of Fundy, from Blomidoii to Digby Neck ; the
Cohequid Mountains, on the north of Cobequid Bay.

The mountains in the north of Cape Breton are tlie
highest 1.1 the Province, but the most elevated peaks do not
exceed half a mile in hciglit.

88. The averape licitilit of the North and Pnuth Mnunt^ains is about
COO feot. The North .Mountain rises abruptly on thu .«(]uth, and the
verge presents many beautiful views of the fertile valley below, \< jih
its green fields and nilvery winding streams.

The Cobequids are about 1100 feot high. They fonu a water-shed,
with short slopes on the nortii and south.

811. Tiie valley between the North and South Alountains is divided
into two gentle slopes. Tlic early French sell lenient of Port Koyal was
at the western ex(reniity ; Caiiaid and Le Grand I'rc at the eastern.

EXERCISE.- Lay down the mouutains ou the outline map of
Nova Scotia.

VII. Rivers.— 90. There are no largo rivers. Tlic
nunicrons small .strt'anis form importanl harlioiirs near tlitir
mouths. The longest rivers are about 00 miles in lengtli.
The princijial arc —

at, Mari/s, La Jlan; Liverpool, Annnpolit:, Cornwollii',
Avon, iShuhiUiuadie, Salmon, rhilip, Wallaa, Lad liner
!i/ J'ictou, and Manjarle.

VIII. Lakes.— !»1. Small lakes are vei'y numerous, iiav-
ticularly on the Atlantic slope.

liossignot, (hand Lake, Ship llarh'Hir Lake, AinnUe,
which are from S) to 12 miles in length, are the largest
lakes.

P2. The lake gyslem with which ()rnnd Lake is onnnectcd is
drained b" the Shnlienacadie, and also by n Rtreniu flowing southerly
10 Halifax llarbuur. A large an»iunt has been e\|X'nde<l on a canal
through these Htreauia aud laketi, to connect Halifax Harbour with
l'obe(|uid Hay.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rireri aud laket ou the map of Nova
Scotia.

IX. Soil." n.l. On the north of the central water-shed the
Koil is gen 'rally very fertile. The Noutliern nide of the IVo-
\in(-e is not usually so well adapted to agricidtural pur-

HUitB.

The inlcrvnl uniU along the margins of the riTcrii arc very fertile,
jielding largo crops of hay. Mont of tin Hlrciilhf flowing into the liead
walfrs of the Hay of l-'undy arc bordered alnng their lower Ciuuc by
nmrKh, which in prolectcd from the sea by dikeii,

It is cttiniattd that about half the area I'f the I'tovincc confinti of
wild or forest land o» neJ by the Uovcruuient, aud that one-aixlh of
lhi» in fit for cultivation.

X. Climate.— 94. The climate of Nova Scotia is temperate
and salubrious. The summer is hot ; the winter is long,
with much severe cold.

The ground is covered with snow much nf the time from the middle
of December to the middle of March, h-'oring advances slowly. A
chilly north-east wind, caused by ice in the tiulf of St. Lawrence,
prevails in April and May. Vegetation, promoted by seasonable rains,
is very rapid, there being only three or four months between seed-
time and harvest. Autumn is a delightful season.

The extreme of heat is 95" abo\e zero ; of cohl 21° below ; the mean
annual temperature 44". (See Aorth America, 33.)

XI. Minerals. —9"). Tiie minerals of Nova Scotia are
varied and of great importance, including coal, i'-on, gold,
copper, vianganese, li„ie, tji/jisuni, nalt, granite, sandstone^
state, and marble.

0(i. Coal fields are very extensive in tho east and north. The most
inipiirtant mines are in Cape Itreton, I'letou, and Cumberland. The
total ((uantity raised annually is about GiiO,(KiO (ons. Tho thiikcst
ciial .scam known in the I'rovinco is at the AUjh :i Mina in i'ictoii
Counly, having an average thickness of 3s feet.

!»7. Iron ore of a superior (juality is abundant. Tho only mine
worked is on the south side of the Cubeciuid Mnunlains in Cok-lie.iter.

S''^. Gold is obtained from (|uart7. found on tho Atlantic blupc.
Several mines are worked in Halifax and Hants Counties. The aniouni
obtained annually is wjrth abmil $,">U(l,e(lO.

\U. Plants. -»!). The mitive forests arc yet exten.sivo.
The most important trees are pine, siiruee, heiulurk, l)e< cli,
(lak, maple, birch, and iush.

Oats, barley, rye, wheat, maize, potatoes, (uinip.s. and
liay are the most important tield crops.

Ti)e principal fruits are aiiplos, pears, and plums.

Wheat is most extensively cultivated in tho ea'tcrn count io".
Maize and apples are most abundantly raised in the valley between
the North and South Mo.mtains.

XIII. Animals.— 100. Tho larger wild animals, as tho
moose, caribou, and bear, are becoming less numerous. Tin;
wild cat, fox, und raccoon are among the smaller (juad-
ru)ied8.

Horses, cattle, and sheep arc numerous, nud largo dairies
are kept in many parts.

The coait waters teem with fish, including the ciHi, halibut, thmt,
tnacktrcl, mimon, and hcrvimi.

XIV. Inhabitants.— 101. The population in isr.l was
;{30,br)7. It is now probalily not less than ;r)(»*iMK). Tiie
inhabitants arc KeneniUy of British and Irisli (lese<'nt.

Tho Acftdians number about 20,000; the Ncgnes 0000; and tho
Indiatis 1500. In Lunenburg County there are njany of (iernum
origin,

102. The public schools are free to all over five yearn of age, and
few couiitries eaii boast < fa ujoie perfut eiluealional syntein.

The HcliooN ure suntained by provincial endowment, graded accord-
ing to the I'lnin of teacher ; county atiieiiiimrnt, iliiilributed accurdin,(

NORTH AMERICA.

I 1.

to average attcnilance ; ftiid seotional assessment. The system pro-
vides an Acadeiiiy for eaoli county. All schools are visited semiannu-
ally by inspectors.

Tl.e general control of educational matters is couiinitted to a Super-
intendent and a Council of Public Instruction.

A Normal School for the training of teachers is sustained by legis-
lative endowment.

The total amount expended on the public schools in 18t>*j was about
jSMjUOO; tiio amount expi'ndcd on colleges was over $4(),UU0 ;— mak-
ing a total for education of nearly $400,000. About one-third of this
amount was jiaid from the provincial treasury. The amount paid from
the treasury in 1867 was over $100,000. It is estimated that over
70,000 dirterent children were at school during some portion of the year.

103. Tiiere are five Colleges : —

Kiuij's, belon','ing to the Episcopalians; Acadia, to the Hapti.st.s ;
Ihilhuimic, inovincial ; .SV. Mai'i/'a and .St. Fraiiris Xitiier's, to tiic
Roman Catholics. The Wesleyan college at Sackville, N. 15., receives
u grant from Kova Scotia.

104. About oiie-fourlh tlie population are Roman Calltolic!, one-
fiurth Pirsb;itiviaiis, onc-si.\th /ia/iiist^, one-seventh J-^iiisrtipnliaiis,
and one-tenth WieUi/uim. All religious denominations have cijual
civil jirivilcges.

XV. Divisions.— 105. Xova Scotia is divided into oi<,'hteoii
coiiidies, loiirtLL'ii in the Pfiiinsnla and four in C'aiic Bretijii.

The counties are sniidivided into /oirnnhij,'!.

Tlie fullowin,!,' are the eighteen counties, ivith their chief towns.
The C'lunty tow ns arc in black letter ; —

.SIX COUNTIES ON THE ATLANTIC.

Coui.lioi. Chief PI»co«.

(iL'YsDoKoL'oii.Ouysboro', Canso, Sherbrooke, Port Mulgrave.

Halifax Halifax, Dartn^f-th, Hedford, Tangier.

LfNKNimuu.. ..Lunenburg, Chester, Rridgewater, New Dublin.

Qt'KKN's Liverpool, Port Medway, Milton, Mill Villa-e.

t^iiKLiiuuNK .. ..Shelburue, Harrington, Locke's Island,
Yakmol'tii Yarmouth, Tusket, Hebron.

FOL'U COUNTIKS ON TUK BAY OF KlMtV

I^IOBY Digby, Weymouth, Westport, Hear River.

Annai'oLI.s Annapolis, liridgetown, Lawrencetown.

Kino'h. (KcntviUe, Wolfvill,., Port William.s, Canning. Iki-

I wick, Kingston.

il*^«ts Windsor, Uanlsport, Mailland, Shubenacndie.

rnlMi coUNTlKS 0.\ NOUTIinMHKULANU STKAIT
Ci'MBKKUNi.... Amherst. Pm-wash, Wallace, Parrsboro",

j Truro, I'pper Stewiacko, Lower Stewin-k.) Station,
CoLciiK.sTK.ii.,^ Talam.ngouche, Acadia Mines, lircit Viikue. Follv

I Villttce.

r'°"'>' Pietou, New Olasgow, Albion Mines.

AmtiuoNIMi . ..AntlgouUh, Si. Andrew's, Tiuoadie.

Koru COL'NTIKa IN CAI'K UJIKTON.

'''^'••"''KP.'i Port Hood, Malpou, Ship Harbour, Phutor Cove
Vit.'T.mi,\ Iladdeck, Kii-li.h Town.

Capk HKK.n..s.. Sydney The liar, Lingan.
KiciiMoNi. Arioliat, Little Arichai,

EXKUCISE, Mark the division lines between the countlcii, and
lay down the chief places on the map of Nova Scotia.

XVI. Towns.- 111*!, Halifax, tlio capital of Xovii Scotia,

is the only city. Small towns, havinj,' from 1000 to 4000
inhabitants, are numerous. {See 105, Chief Places.)

Halifax (30,000) was founded in 1749. It has a large and .safe har-
bour on the Atlantic coast, and is strongly fortified. It is the seat of
Dalhousie and St. Mary'a Colleges. The Province Building or Parlia-
ment House is a fine stone building. The city is connected with An-
napolis by the Western railroad, aiid with Truro and Pietou by the
Eastern, and is the terminus of the projected Intercolonial road to com-
municate with the (iraud Trunk in Quebec.

Jjartmoutli, on the opposite side of the harbour, may be regarded as
a suburb of Halifax. In its neighbourhood is tiie Lunatic Asylum.

107. Luncnbiu'ij, Liverjtoul, and Shcl/jurue, on the Atlantic, arc
important towns, engaged in fishing, ship-building, and trade.

Yarmouth, the largest town in the west, is extensively engaged iu
ship-building and commerce. It is noted for its fine public schools.

Annayivlis, the /'o)'< Royal of the French, is the oldest town in
Nova Scotia. Roth it and Digby arc beautifully situated on opposite
e.\tiCMiitie.i of Annapolis basin.

108. WolfiiUe is the scat of Acadia College; Wimhov, ci{ King'i
College; Truro, of the Provincial Normal C(j|legc; Aittijuuish, v( St.
Francis Xavier's College.

I'ictou and A'tw (Jlan'jow are important commercial and ship-build-
ing towns. Largo quantities of coal are shipijcd from Pietou harbour.

Sijilniji. the former capital of Cape lireton, has an excellent harbour,
from which huge (piautities of K\iperior cial arc exported. Arickat,
on Isle .Madame, is the headnuarter.-! of valuable fisheries.

XVII. Industries.— loD. The principal piirtjiiits arc agri-
culture, lishiiii,', luiiiin^', eliip-buildins, luuiberinu', maiiufac-
ttircs and commerce.

The counties north of the centr.il water-shed are most extensively
engaged in agriculture ; the Atlantic counties and those of Cape Breton,
in the fisheries. Ship-building is pro.secutcd on all the coasts. In
ISiJt) over 400,000 tons of shipping were owned in Nova Scotia.

The manufactures are rapidly increasing. They include hardware,
boots and shoes, carriages, and farming tools.

110. The exports include li.-h, coal, ^old, gypsum, p(jtatoos, apjilcs,
ships, and lumber ;- total value, >8, 500,000.

The imports include flour, tropical produce, li((uors, silks, woollens,
cottons, and various manufactured goods ;— tota. .alue, #14,400,000.

111. The railroads are, the Kastern line, from ILdila.x to Pietou —
110 miles; and the Western line, from ILilifax to .Ann.ipolis— l.'JO
miles. The Intercolonial line Will connect the liastern line, near
Truro, with the Urand Trunk line in (Quebec.

XVUI. Government..— 11 L>. The local government i.s
vested in a Lieiitenant-(iovernor, appoititeil by the Gover-
nor-Cieiieral of Canada, and ati Kxeciitivo Council.

The liCKiHlutiire conHi.-.ts of the Lieiitenatit-liovernor, a
LeyisIativoCtmncilof 18 nieiul)er8, and u House uf Aasembly
of 38 njcmbcrs, elected every four years.

11.1. The Provincial Le;ji»laturo has control o\er local matterx, such
as the administiatiun of justice, eitucutioii, public lands, mines, anil
minerals.

Tlio rnvnnun arises from the sale of public lands, royally on mineraU,
and an annual urant of |r,0,0(M), id^elher with 80 cents per head on
the population fioui the revenue uf Canada.

QUESTION. A vessel sails trom Pietou to Wolfville; through
what waters does it past, lUid what freight will It prubably carry t

>00 to 4000
ces.)

ami safe Iiar-
; is the seat uf
ling or Pari! a-
cteJ with Aii-
Pictou by the
il road to com-
be regarded as
tii; Asylum.

Athiutic, aio
trade.

L'ly engayed in
biio scliouls.
)Idc'st town ill
ed on opposite

Jsof, of King's
'iijunish, of St.

md ship-build-
itlou Iiarliour.
.'llfiit harbour,
tud. Aficlutt,
ios.

nits are agri-
:ij;, mauutac-

iht extensively
f Cape Urel'iii,

e coasts. In
Scotia.

de hardware,

tatoos, apples,

Iks, woollen.s,

14,400,000.

,x to I'ictou —

nnapolis— 1;}0

II line, near

'riiiiieiit i.i

tlio Ciovei-

•il.

ovcriiDr, II

it' .Vweuibly

iii.ittorH, HUeli
', niiiiuD, and

yonmiiicraU,
per head on

lie ; through
ably carry t

-V

NE^' BRUNSWICK.

ST. .TiiIIN.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

I. History. — lit. Now rrmiswick lu'ciiiin' a.'ioparate Pro-
viiu.o in 17^1. Tlio Hist Uritisli .sittlcnu'iit.s wero fDriiU'd
about twenty years earlier. The jioiiulatiDii wa.-' laru'eiy in-
ereasiHl at tlio close of the Anierieau Kevolution liy dis-
lianiled soldiers and I,oyalist.s.

Some uf thi' most flourishing early si'ltlemeiits were alons the valloy
of the Rlirauiiehi, on the east. In l.S'Jfi this v hulu coast, iiieliidin)^ an
urea eijual to the third of Nova Soolin, was desolated by one of the
most terrible tires on record. Five hundreii ;.er»ona lost their lives,
iind n vast ainuunt of property was destroyed. (See .V"i'a Srntin. 7ii. )

II. Position.— 11. ■■), New Uiun.swiek is buiuidtMl on tin'
north by Quebec and Bay Chaleiir ; on the east, by the (Jult
of St. Lawrence and Ni)rthuniberland Strait ; on tli(> .south,
by Nova Seotia, rhieirii(>eto l?ay. antl the Bay of Fimdy;
on the west, by the ll^nited Staten and (Jneliee.

It is in the same l.ilitudo an the iiiidillo of Frame, N. lut, i^-iS" ;
W. Ion. (13" SO'-OT" 50'.

III. Form. — 1 Ul. The form JH that of a four-sided limine,
huviiiK its greatest length nortii and soiitli.

EXERCISE.— Draw the general form of New Brunswick

IV. Ooast.— 117. Two sides, the eu8t und the south, are

bordered by the .sea, Kivin;; Out) uiile's of loust, and I'uiiiish-
ing many excellent harbi>nr.s.
The iirineipal Coast Waters are—

Shediac J/(ir!ti»ir, Ji<uj Vfrtf, ('liii"jn''i'lo Jinij, H/i'/hm/ij
/hi/, liity of Fiiinfi/, St. John I/arljour, and I'tissuma'ptoilt/ij
Ihu,.

\\^. Til'' Capes are. E^Hmii\<ir, T'l^'tnculiiif, Sjinirrr, ami f.ri>rtnii.

The Islands ar", Mnvntt and S/n/ijifnui, ut the Mi'Uih id' Hiy
Ch.ileur; (tt^(llll^ Miihuh, in the liay i f Fundy ; and VnmimUUo, in
r.issiamaquoddy Day.

The coast on the Hiy "^^ Fundy is (generally elevated and rocky.

EXERCISE.— Trace the outline of New Brunswick, markiuK the
coaiit waters, capes, aud isiaiids.

V. Area,— 11!). New I'liinswielv is one and a half times

till' size of Nova Seotia :

— cqua! to a fipiare if ICid miles.

The lencth fr^un mrtli to nouth is nboiit 200 niiii s ; the liremith from
east to »e.>il, I'll) Mliles.

Vr, Surface,— liiii. The snrfaee is tjenerally undulatini,'.
The hiuliest mountains an.' in the north-west, rising to the
height of 2(M)0 feet. They fi rm the north-eastern limit ot
the Ai>[ialaihian System. {S'C ymih Auifilrii, li».)

The prineip.il wuti r .^hrd extends tliruUKb the country fr^n north-

NORTH AMERICA.

west to south-east, separating the streams which flow to the Gulf
and Northumberland Strait from those which flow into the Bay of
I'undy.
The basin of St. Johu has a general slope towards the south-east.

VI [. Rivers.— 121. The rivers may be arranged in two
f,'roiips :—

Those oil the Gulf slope, inchidin,!;; the Eeslhjouche, Nepi-
si(jiii(., und MiramlcJii; those on the Bay of Fiuuly sk)pe,
the principal bcin^' tlie I'tlicodlac, ,St. John, Tohiniie,
Salmon, and St. Croix,

122. llosti;.'()Uclio is an Indian name, si;,'nif_viiif,' the five Jiiir/crs river,
(lie river liiiviiig live iirineipal triluitiirics. It f rms a part of tlie
bouMilaiy between New Brunswick and Quebec, and is abnut 200 miles
in length.

The Miraniiclii, also about 200 miles lon^', is an inip.irtant stream,
with flourishins villages alonj; its banks,

'' 'ic I'eticodiac is iiavijiable 25 miles.

Vl'i. The St. .John is by far the larj.'i st river in New liruMswick. It
rises in the State uf Maine, receives several trilmtarits from Qiiebuc,
and has a tiital leUjitli of about -150 miles. It is navigable 85 miles to
Frederictiiii; and in the rainy .'■eason to (iranil Falls, 225 miles. The
St. John and St. C'roi-X form jiorliona of the boundary between New
JJruBswiek and the United States.

VII [. Lakes. — 124. Small lakes are niinicvmis. (Ira ml
Ijdlf, an c.xiiaiisidn of the iSalnioii IJivcr. is ahout '.]0 miles
in length.

EXERCISE. -Lay down the rivers and lalces on the outline map
cf New Brunswick.

IX. Soil.— 12"). The .soil is genonilly fertile, partieiilarly
in the river valley.^.

X. Climate.— 12C>. The elimate is very liealthfi;!, and
niiU'li like that of Nova Scotia. Winter wts in ratiier
earlier than in Nova Scotia, and the cold i.s more intense.
The l>ay of Fundy coa.st is siiliject to fo'.'s in summer.

XI. Minerals. — 127. The most imiKHtant minerals are
coal, iron, copper, and lime.

The coal fields are very extensive and valuable.

XII. Plants.— 12S. A lartre part of the conntry is still
covered with forests, .yielding e.vceilent timber. The native
trees ineliide pine, spruce, larch, cedar, oak, beech, majtle,
and birch.

Tiic products of the field are like those of Nova Scotia.

XIII. Anhnali.— 120. The wild animals are like those of Nova
Scotia,

XIV. Inhabitants. I.'io. The population in 1S(!1 was
2.12,0(10. Most ul the inhabitants arc of IJritish and Irish
ori^dn.

131. New Urutiswick makes liberal {iroviiiioD fur general education.

Nearly 1150,000 per annum are given from the provincial treasury
towards the support of common schools, academies, and colleges. The
amount raised by fees, subscription, and assessment, is over $100,000.
Teachers are trained at the Normal School in St. John, and the
schools are inspected by local superintendents. The Educational
Department is under the control of a Chief Superintendent, aided by
a Hoard of Education.

The higher institutions of learning are the University of New
Brunswick, at Fredericten ; Mount Allison Academy, at Sackville;
and other .ademies belonging to the Baptists, I'resbyterians, and
Koman Catholics.

XV. Divisions.— 132. New Brunswick is divided into
fourteen counties: —

FIVE COUNTIES ON Tlli: KAST (;'UAS.r.

Ciunliis. CLiefriaces.

KkstiouI'Che Dalhousie, Campbelltown.

(tL"Ucesteu Bathurst.

NoKiuuMUEKLAND Newcastle, Chatham, Dougla.stown.

Kknt Ki'?hibueto, Buctuuehe.

Westmukelaku Dorchester, Jloucton, Shediae, Sackville.

TIIRKK (.'OUNTIES ON THE PfiUTII COAST.

Ai.iiKiiT Hopewell, lldlsboro'.

St. John St. John, Uarleton.

CiiAKLOTTE Si. Andrew's, St. Stephen's.

TIIKEE COCNTIES IN THE INTEIIIOI!.

K'iNd's Kingston. Hampton, Sutst-.x.

(,icEKs's (iagetown.

.^iN'iiciiv (iromcoto.

TIIKEE COUNTIES IN THE W 1>T,

YiiiK Fredericton, Stanley,

CaUIKTu.N Woodstork.

\' 1 cT" 11 1 A Ct rand Fa I Is.

EXERCISE.— Mark the county lines and chief places on the map
of New Brunswick.

XVI. Towns.— 133. Fredericton is the capital; St. John,
the principal city.

Fredericton (fOOO) is beautifully situated amid encircling hills, be-
side the River St. .'olin. It contains the University of New Brunswick.

SI. John (25.000), on a rocky jieninsula at (lie mouth of the St.
Joiin, has a tine harbour open at all seasons. Large (piantities ol
lumber and lime arc exported from St. John. Carliton, a suburb on
the o[i]iositc side of the river, is connected with St. John by a susiien-
sion bridge. It contains the Lunatic Asylum.

V6i. Vliathnm and A'eur(i,itle, on the Miramichi, are important
places, extensively engaged in ship-building.

^7. .ytijihcn's on the St. Croix, and M. Andrciv'a on Passamaquoddy
Hay are also important towns.

.'<iirkrilli . mar the head of Cumberland Basin, is the ^eat of Mount
Allison College and Female Seminary, The college receives a grant
from Nova Scutia.

XVII. Industries. \:\r>. The principal employments are
a^'ricidtiiic, Iiimberinj:, lishinK, siiip-luiildiui,', nianidiictiiriMj.',
ami commerce.

Since the first settlement of the country, lumbering lias formed au

'incial treasury
1 colleges. The
i over 8100,000.
John, aud the
le Educational
ident, aided by

rersity of New
, at Sackville;
diyterians, and

divided iiitci

.^town.

ic, Sackville.

s on the map
il; St. Juliii,

linfi; hills, iie-
w Urun&wick.
ith of the St.
quantitiea ol
1, a suburb on
I by « susjieii-

ire important

issamaquoddy

■eat of Mount
L'civcs a grant

i.vmonts (ire
iiiractiiriii;,',

ai formed uu

QUEBEC

)UEBEC AM) ONTARIO

« A \- T 1, R K 1 'r U \

«i* /(.» Ill

QUF.BEa

important branch of industry. The lop3 are brought down the rivers
in rafts.

Tiie manufactures include woollens, cottons, leatlier, and hardware.

The principal exports are himber, A.^h, and lime ;— annual value
$5,500,0UO.

The imports are like those of Nova Scotia ,— value 87,000,000.

130. A railroad extends from St. John to Sliediac, on the Northumber-
land Strait, 115 miles ; and one from St. Andrew's to Woodstock, luO
miles. Tlia Intercolonial line will pass tiirough New Brunswick.

XVIII. Government.— 137. The local government is

similar to tliat of Nova Seotia. The Legislative Council
con!jist.s of iil members; and the House uf Asseuil'ly of 41
members, elected every four years.

138. The urant from the revenue of Canada is $50,000, 80 cents per
he.ad on the iiopulatinu, and an additiuual sum of §(J3,UU0 fur the fir.>t
ten vears after tiie union.

'^4mi ' ^'^W:^^' .S __ ^ ^u*:: lists I i^ i ^ -n

Ql'KBEC.

QUEBEC.

I. History. — ino. This Province was formerly called
Lower Canada; it received its present name in the constitu-
tion of union in 1S67.

The Province of Quebec was called by its present name from 17''^
to 1791.

Cartier, a French admiral, sailed up the St. Lawrence in l."i35.
Tlie first colony was established by Ohamphiin, also a Frcnehnmn, in
1C08, where the city of Quebec now stands ; and during the sncciedinf;
century and a half many colonists from France settled aling the banks
of the St. Lawrence.

140. Whilst hel I by tlie FrvMn'h, the territory now included in the
Provinces of Quebec and Ontario formed one colony under the nanii'
of Canada, sometimes .ilso called New Fnuice. In 17.09, the liritish
took the principal places, including the strongly fortified town of
Quebec, which was regardeil as the key to the whole country. In
1763, France ceded the country to Great Britain.

At the commencement of the American Itevolution an invading

army from the revolting colonies was sent into the Province of Quelx ■■■•,
but was soon comiielled to retnat.

141. In 1791, (he country was divided into the Provinces of I'ppir
and Lower Canada. They remaint-d separate until lf^-10, when, by Act ot
the British Parliament, tiny were reunited into one Province. l"(jr
several years previou.s to this union the country had been distracted
liy political contests, whicii resultid in a I'ivil war of short duration
(1837, 1838).

II. Position.— 142. The Proviiice of Quebec lies on both
sides of the .'>t. Lawrence, from a slmrt distance above the
mouth of the Ottawa to tiie (lulf It is bounded on the
north iiy Hudson I'.ay Territory; on tlie east by the Gulf of
St. Lawrence : ou the .-outli liy IJny Chalciu', Nrw I'lrimswick,
and the United IStiites; on tlie west by Ontario.

The Ottawa separates Quehec and Ontario, except fir a few miles
near its mouth, where Quebec crosses the river and includes the right
lank.

N. lat. 45 - 50" ■ W. Ion. 04 '-79°.

NORTH AMERICA.

III

III. Form.— 143. The form is tiiangular, witli one side on
the north, one on the south-east, and one on the south-
west.

EXEKCISE. —Draw the approximate form of Quebec.

IV. Coast. — 144. The coast is confined to the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and Bay Chaleur, on the north-ea.st.

It is blocivcd with ice in the winter, so tliat navigation is
suspended for several montiis in the year.

The priiicii>al Bays are, Chaleur, ^fal, and GanpS.
The Capes arc, Point St. Ptttr, Cape Uaspi, Point de Monts,
Tourment, and West Point.

145. The Islands are, Anticodi, Bonaventure, and Mag-
dalen Is., in tlie Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Orleans, Montreal,
Jesus, and Perrot, iu the St. Lawrence.

Anticosti, about tliree-fourtli3 the size of Cape Breton, is cold,
barren, and uninhabited.

The Magdalen Islands, 50 miles north of Prince Edward Island, are
high and rug,;ed. The inhabitants, numbering about 3000, are chii;fly
of French descent. Fishing ia the principal occupation.

Montreal, at the confluence of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence, is
about 30 miles in length. It is generally lew, except the elevation
called Mount Royal. It is noted for ai'ples and pears, and contains
the city of Montreal.

EXERCISE.— Trace the booudary line of Quebec, marking coast
waters, capes, and islands.

V. Area.— 146. Quebec is rather more than eleven times
the size of Nova Scotia :

—equals a square of 153 miles.

VI. Surface. — 147. The surface is considerably diversified,
but not mountainous. The principal mountains are two
ranges in the nortli-east, along the lower course of the St.
Lawrence, one on each side of the river.

148. The ridge on the south side of the river, belonging to the
Appalachian .'System, continues through the peninsula of (ia.spe, where
it is known as the yotrc Dame. Some of the peaks are nearly 4000
feet high.

On the north of the river are the Laurentine Hills, extending from
the Uulf to Cape Tourment, 20 miles below the city of Quebec. From
this point the range strikes north-westerly towards Lake Superior.
These hills ot'teii present a bold appearance along the river. Cape
Tourment is 2000 feet high.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the mountains on the map of Quebec.

Vn. Rivers.— 14!). Tiie noble .V. Lawrence and its
tributaries make much eompensatioii for the absence of sea-
coast. The largest tributaries are on the north. The
Ottawa, St. Maurice, AwX .Saguenai/ aw the most important.
The principal tributaries on the south are the Jitdielieu, St.
Fruncis, and Chaudien:

150. The St. Lawrence forms several lake expansions, as SI. Ffnnci.i,
St. Louts, and St. Peter. The river is navigable for large ahijis to

Montreal, 5S0 miles. In winter, vast masses of ice are formed in the
river, which are swept into the Gulf in early spring.

151. The Ottawa is said to be about lOOO miles long. It also form.s
several lakes, of which Temiscaminrf, 70 miles long, is the largest.
Falls and rapids are frequent. The Chaudiere Falls have a descent of
80 feet, and a breadth of 200 feet. By the help of canals, the river is
navigable to Ottawa City, 100 miles. The principal tributaries ou the
right are the Outineau, Le Lievre, Du ^ord, and L'Assomption.

152. The St. Maurice rises in lakes, has an extreme length of 400
miles, and enters the St. Lawrence by three mouths. It forms many
lakes and waterfalls. The Fulls of Shawanegan have a descent of
150 feet. The banks of the river are often elevated, and are clothed
with majestic forests.

153. The Saguenay flows from Lake St. John, and is about 100
miles long. About 60 miles from the mouth is a beautiful expansion
called Ila-IIa Hay. The river is navigable 75 miles. The banks are
often perpendicular rocks of great height.

I.'i4. The Montmorency, flowing into the St. Lawrence a little below
Quebec, is noted for the falls near its mouth, the water falling 250
feet.

The Richelieu, 75 miles long, flows from Lake Champlain.

VI I L Lakes. — 155. Lakes are very numerous. {See
liivers, 149.)

The most important on the south of the St. Lawrence are, Mcmphre-
maijotj, Temiscouata, and Mei/anfic. The northern extremity of

Champlain is in the Province of Qufbcc.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes ou the map of
Quebec.

IX. Soil. — 156. Tlie soil in the eastern part of the Pro-
vince is not well adapted to agriculture ; the west is more
fertile.

X. Climate. — 157. The winter is long, with steady, severe
cold. Deep snow jirotects the ground, and attbrds a plea-
sant mode of travelling. The St. Lawrence is frozen for
about five mouths. Tlie summer is hot, and vegetation i.s
rapid. The climate is healthful.

XI. Minerals.— 158. The principal minerals are iron, copper, gold,
lead, lime, and slate.

(iold is found along the Chaudiere.

XII. Plants. -150. The settled portion of this Province
is prineiiiully a narrow country along the valley of the St.
Lawrence. Beyond are vast forests of pine, spruce, cedar,
oak, maple, bireh and other trees.

The cultivated plants are the same as in Nova Scotia.

XIII. Animals. — 160. The animals are like those of Nova Scotia.
The moose, bear, and welfare more common.

XIV. Inhabitants.— 161. The population iu 1861 was
1,100,000. Nearly three-fourths are of French origin.
Those of British descent are more numerous in the south-
eastern counties.

The French inhabitants are a people of industrious habits and simple
manners, similar to the Acadiansof Nova Scotia. Nearly all are Roman
Catholics.

s formed in the

It also forms
is the largest,
ive a descent of
lis, the river is
butaries on the
omption.

length of 400
[t forms many
e a descent of
nd are clothed

1 is about 100
tiful expansion
Ttie banks are

e V, little below
ter falliuR 250

■)lain.
erous.

{See

are, Mcmphrc-
I extremity of

1 the map of

t of the Pro-
ivest is more

toady, severe
rds a plea-
is frozen for
egetation is

I, copper, gold,

lis Province

}}• of the St.

)race, cedar,

a Scotia.

Nova Scotia.

>u 18(3 1 was
nch origin.
II the south-

its and .simple
all are Koman

QCEBEC.

There are 4000 or 5000 Indians, most of whom live on reserved lands.

162. Common schools arc numerous and well sustained. They are
visited by twi -vseven local inspectors. There are three Normal
Schools, two at .Montreal and one at Quebec. The Educational De-
partment is under the mi; irvision of a superintendent.

163. There are three Universities in the Province of Quebec, — M'GiU
Cdkije, Montreal ; Laval Colkye, Quebec ; and Bishop's Colleye,
Lenuoxville. Classical and industrial colleges, academies, and theo-
logical schoola are numerous.

XV. Divisions.— 1G4. The Province of Quebec is divided
into sixty counties:—

SIX COUNTIE.S ox THE OTT.VWA.
Countla. Chief riaccl.

PoNTiAC Portage du Fort.

Ottawa .\ylmer, Hull.

AuQENTKDiL Lachute, St. Andrews.

Two Mountains St. Scholastique, St. Eustacbe.

Vaudredil Vaudreuil.

SocLANOES Coteau Landing.

TWO COUNTIES ON MONTREAL ISLAND.

Jacques Cartier Lachine.

IIocHELjioA Montreal.

ONE COUNTY ON ISLES JESUS AND BIZAKnE.

Laval St. Vincent de Paul.

FOURTEEN COUNTIES NORTH OF THE ST. LAWRENCE.

TKRREnoNNE Terrebonne, St. Jerome, Ste. Therese.

L'AssoMPTiON' L'Assoraption.

Montcalm Kawdon.

JoLLiKTTE Industry.

Berth lER... Berthier.

Maskikokok... Riviere du Loup.

St. Maurice Three Rivers.

Cuamplain Bati.sean, St. Anne.

PoRT.NEUF Portiie\if.

Quebec Quchee.

MoNTMoRKScr .. Cliatcau Richer.

Charlevoix St. Irujie.

ClllcoCTIMl Chiooutimi.

Saquenav Tadoussao.

THIRTY-SEVEN COUNTIES SOUTH OF THE ST. LAWRENt E.

Gaspe Perce.

Bonavkntuue New Carlis-le.

RiMousKi Riraou.ski.

Temiscouata Trois Pist'les.

Kamouraska Kamoiirask;!.

L'Lslet L'Islet.

Mi'Ntmaqny St. Thomas.

Bkllkciiassk ..St. Michel.

DoRciiESTKH St. Anselme.

Levis Pcint Levis.

LoTBiNiEKK L' tbiniere, St. Croix.

NicoLKT Becancour, Nicolet.

Yamaska Yainaska, La Bale.

RiriiuLiEU Sorel, St. Ours.

Veri'heres Vercheres.

St. Hvaci.nth St. Hyacinth.

Baoot St. Lihoire,

RouviLLii Ste. Marie.

Ideuville St. Atlianase.

Coiintip*. Chief Places.

Chahblt Chambly, Lungueil.

La Prairie La Prairie, Caughnawaga.

St. John's. St. John's.

Napierville ..St. Remi, Sherrington.

Chateauouay Ste. Martine, Chateaug;iy,

Pieauharnois Beauharnois.

Huntingdon Huntingdon.

MissisQuoi Bedford, Philipsburg.

IIkome Knowlton.

Shefford Waterloo.

DruM-Mond Drummondville.

Arthadaska St. Christoi)he.

Meoantic Inverness.

Beavce St. FraiK; lis, La Beauce.

Wolfk Wolfestown.

lliciLMOND Richmond, Sherbrooke.

CoMPTON Conipton.

Stanstead Stanstcad, Coaticook.

The last eleven are usually called Eastern Townships.

EXERCISE.— Mark the county lines and principal jilaees on the
rnap of Quebec.

XVI. Towns.— ICo. The cities of the Province of Quebec
are Quebec, Montreal, Tliree Rivers, and .SV. Hyacinth.
There are many small towns and villages. {See 164.)

16G. Quebec (51,000), the capital of the Province, is on the left b.ank
of the St. Lawrence, 400 milts from its luouih. It consiKts of an
upper town on the summit of a promontory, and a lower town adjoin-
ing the river, where the cliicf commerce is carried on. The city is
stronf;ly fortified. The citadel stands on Cape Diamond, which is
350 feel above the river. The lumlier trade and siiip-building are
important branches of business. Near the upper town are the Plains
of Abraham, the scene of the battle by which the Briti.sh gained posses-
sion of the city in 1750. On the oppu.site side of the river is the village
of Point Levis; and a little below the city are the Falls of Montmorency.

16". Montrml (IIO.OHO), the largest city in British America, is
situated on Montreal Island, in the St. Lawrence, 550 milus from its
mouth. The city stands at the head of shii) navigation, and much of
the produce of the surrounding country and of the Upper Province is
bioiight here for exportation. There are many fine public buildings.
Notre Dame Cathedral is said to be capable of holding; 10,000 jieople.
Near the city is the stupendous Victoria Bridge, by whi.'h the (iiand
Trunk Railway cros.'-es the river. It is nearly t'.vo miles in length,
and is CO feet high in the oeiitre. allowing ve.«.s'-ls to pa.^s iiiidi/r it.

Three /I'lVcrs (6000), at the threefold nioiilh of the St. .Maurice, U
an old French town 90 miles above Queliec. Its iron works and
lumber trade are imiiortant.

XVII. Industries.— Ids Tin' iirinci|ial pursuit.'* are agri-
culture, luniln'ring, lisliiiig, sliip-lniilding, uiamitaeturiiig,
and commerce.

Immense quantities of liimbi r are brought down the river.s, in rafts,
to .Montreal and Quebec, for exportation.

The exports are, lumber, agricultural and dairy produce, tish, furs,
ashes, minerals, manufactures, ,ind .^liips.

The imports are, woollens, oott"ns, silks, iron, coal, tropical pro-
duce, ' d various manufactured foods.'

10' . line of railway, calh-d the (irand Trunk, extends along the
sout' ' .nk of the St. Lawrfnce, from Riviere du Loiip, 114 miles

* T.'ial value of exports finni i^mtjon iinil Ontario, in I^ijT, wiu aliout
?48,.''iOO,000 ; imports, SOO,Oi)0,i'"i'

f)0

NORTH AMERICA.

below (^uel)uo, to M'liitreal, ami tlienee tlirou;;li OuUiiio to Saiiiiu, at
till' south of Luki' Huron. A br.iiich extotuls soutlierly to Portland
on tliu Coast of tlie I'liitiil ,*>t:ito.>i. (.sVc A'or<i Srotia, 111.)

XVIII. Government.- 170. The sovcrnnuMit i.s .similar
to that of Xova Scotia.

The Legislative Council uoniii:>ts of ^4 nieuiners; and the Assembly
of G5.

The grant fium the revenue of Canada is $7", '^00. and 80 cents per
head ou the population, according to the census of 1861.

EXERCISE.— Find the distance between Quebec and Prcdericton.
When it is noou at Montreal, what is the time at Charlottetowu 1

-'m0^-^-

■^■.£/:-.S^\ :^t^.-

■lul.u.siu.

ONTARIO.

I. History.- 171. At the timr it the Aiiicricaii Kcvoiii
tioii, inaiiy of thr iiihuliitantfl of tln' rovoltin;? oolojiics. prc-
foiTinK llriti.sli institutions, Rai'iilii'i d their honicM unil re-
moved to Canada. They were ealled i'lutn/ Kmpir-
/.of/ii/is/.<. Ciiiniiin eiitiniy 'lestitiite, aH all their |iro|i,'rty
hail liein eonfiseated, they reii ived iVee ^'nuitrt ul" liiuil and
fiii|i|ilie8 from the Brili.'^h tiovernniont.

172. A l.itcc number of the LnyalistH scltlcd m ng tlio upper coume
of iho St, I-awrcni'o and in tlio ncitzhboinliood of tho nvvnt lakes, apart
froin tliu Frcnoh, who were nearer the (hilf. The two coloiiii-s, diltor
ini; in rni'c, litnizuatT, ruHtnms, and rrliKion wore, in 17l'l, divided into
till' rii.vini'i'K of Upper and 1/iwer I'anada. {Sir (.iii.'.ir, K'.li 1 II.)

II. and ill.— 17:!. Ontario lies lietween thf ureal lakes
and the oitawa, I' is of a trinn>;ulnr form, liavinu Hud.siin
Hay Territory nnd Qm l>ee on the north-east; Hip St, Law
reiiee and I.iikeK Oiiliiiin and Krie mi the ^oiith-eant : Laki'H
Huron mid Suiicrior on the south-west.

Tt extendi liio miles f .iher .south th.in Nova Sootia, and 200 miles
further north.

EXERCISE. Draw the Rcucral form of tho Province of Ontario.

IV. Coast. 174. Ontariii i.s i|iiite lemoti' fiuni the sen,
liiit it has nn exteiiHive lake eoast.

The |irineiiial Bays are, Muhipicoint, Ororgiau, Aotta-
ird.titga, Jlurliinffi'ii, and <t>iiiiifr.

The Capoi are, .VmWA l-Wrhunl. SohIIi Foirf<iiiil,m\i\ f.ijir Ifin-il.

The lakes form a larm> peninsula in the smith went, yiiinte Hay
fninis the peniliHula of /'niiif AWicnn/ r.muiy, on the lioith of Ijake
t'ntario,

17,1, The Islands are, Mii-hlpicodii and ('•tvih,,ii, in Lake
Sii|ii'rior ; Mtinifuiiliii, ('ockhnni, SI. Jiun-ph, ami Fit:-
>ri//linii, in Huron; /'olnf Pilii' and />f/rrii'»i, in Krie;
\(ir;/. in Niauara Hiver; Avi/irmt, Tonti, H'o//., and //oi/y,
in Ontario; T/i'^unaiiif /ylrs, in the St. Liiwreii'e.

17tl. M;\iii|..tilin eoMslntx of a Hrnap, (he Inrnont of which In 80
Mill's Imj. with an ana Imit the size of ("uptf Hictnu. It is ocoupieil
b- ludiaii*.

(III

1 tilt- Assetulily

,nd SO cents per

id Fredericton.
irlottetowu 1

■i4ir^

'S .

niul 200 luilea

Ice of Ontario,
oil) tlie sea,

II, yo(((t'

' ipr Ifiml.

(.^iiiiiti! liny
liiiitli (if Lake

\'ii(, ill Lakn
ami /'»>:-

I', ill Erii'i
Mill Jhnif,

Mch i< 80
1 1 IS ocoupiisl

OXTAIIIO.

Tlie Tliousaiil Isles -ue in tlie iii'pci- part ut ilie Jit. Luwiiiioe,
iiicluilin;,' ;iliout 17"0 isleta of groat beauty.

EXERCISE.— Draw an outline map of Ontario.

V. Area.— 177. Ontario is nearly ten times the size of

Nova Scotia :

— C(iual to a squire of 42." miles.

VI. Surface. -1 7S. Tiie surface is level or j,'oiitl\- nu-

(lulatin;;, witliuut imy elevations whieli eaii properly lie

called numntaiii.-*.

A ridj.'e extends we.'fterly from Niagara Uiver.and, frcniliii;,'arouiiil tin'
lii'ad i)f Lake Ontario, runs nurtlierly to NMlla\vas;)i,'a Uiy. A low
watorslied .-iii.arales llie liasins »( tlie stre.iuis llu« iii: imiiliorly into
(j or^iaii Hay and Laiio Siineiie, from a soulliorly slope towards Lake
tliiUirio. Another separates the basin of the Ottawa from an easterly
slope towards Georgian Hay.

\'ll. Rivers. 17;i. T!ir iiriiu'lpal rivd.^ arr. tlie SL J.-nr-
niirr; the Otlana, with its triluitarie.s ithe IUiIkhi. M'uhi-
V'tstht, /iinini'i'hii''', and I'ld'iraliiirh); I''i< iirh, M^j'ttiii-
t'lwaii, M imLi'tn, Sivtrii, ami Xottntnutaiid^ llowiii^ into
C5coL;ian l^iy; Sih/:,//, intu Lakf Huron; S'/i/> iif(<nii and
7'hani'ii, into Lake St. ('l;ur ; d'lMii'f, into Laki' llrie.
Tr')i/ ami Mi>ir^< iiitu <j>uint<' Hay.

l.>>0. The .^Y. .1/ !(•//. I'oiineeiini; Lake^« Superior and Jl uroii ; tlio .V.
('/(lie, between iiakes Huron anil St, t.'lair; the Ihtrml. lietween
Likes St. Clai' and Krio ; the S'lmjiivn, 'i\ miles Imiu', between Hrie
an I Ontario, and the SI. l.tiirrcuir, furin pnrliuns of the boundary
lietween 'Mitario and the Ignited Slates'.

1H!. The h'lilh nf Siinjorn, It miles from l.;ike Ontario, an' tie
frnnilcHl and most eelobrated falls in the world. The river is over
half a mile in breadth. In the rapids iininwliately above the falls,
the desee t is f)? feet in half a mile; and .at thi' falls, the waters, rush-
ing over a ledu'e of reeks, fall lO.'i feet. The river is here divided by
(Joat Island. Tin; llm-M Slior t'lilL^, on t'l^ Canadian side, Inive n
breadth of I'.'iKI feet; the falls ailj'iinim! the United St;itcs aie ab.oil
half as wiiie. A shoit dintanee below the falls, (he rivor is spanned
by a HUspi'ttHJon bridge, oeiinectiiig railway lines nn opposite sides.
The obstruetion to navigation caused by the lalls is overeome by the
Wellaiid Canal.

IS'J, The Si. I,;i«reie'e, from Lake Ontario (o Ihe Onll, i^ T5o i,iile.»
in length. From Lake Ont.irio to .\bintroal, '_'no miles, the ileseent is
'JIM feet, a largo part nf whieli is ineliided in ra|ods— th.' 'td/. />.t and
//«»</ t'^iiiill being Ihe pri,e'i|>al. Vessels pass throui;h Ihe rapids in
ilenecndiii)? the liver, Ihe nppassage is aided by eanals.

\ill. Lako8,~l8;i. The lake Hyuteiu draineil l>y the St.
Lawrcnee i.s tin' most ii'ipnrtaiit in the world. Supti'lor,
II moil, >^t. Cfdir, Kill, ami (hilitrin are lietween Ontario
and tho 1 iiited StuteH. (.SVv .Vo/V/i Auirnca, 27. 2'^.1

Suporinr Ih (100 feet abnvo the nea and IKK) feet deep; lluron. .'iT^
feet above Iho pea and 1000 feet diep; Kiie, M!'i foil abeve the sea
and 100 fep (loep; (Milario, '2'\'1 feel aboxe tlie sea and Un\ (ei t dvep,

181. Kxiepling Ihe bays and coasts, Ihe great lakes remain open
during the wi.iter. They are of liiial importanee to trude, and eon-
lain vttluabli lisherien, Krie is subject to »iolont nlnrinit.

There are many small I ikes in Ontario, as Simmr, .V/^kmiic/, and
rr>Hi'*r'(imtH{/.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes ou the map of
Ontario.

IX. Soil. — l!^."). The soil i.sirenerally vi'iy fertile. Ontariu
is one of tlu' l)est ayrieultural eoimtrie.s in the world.

X. Climate. 1m;. The cliniate i.s healtliful. Tho winter
is shorter, and tho extremes of heat and eold are rather le>.'
than in the Provinee of Oip iin-. In the Himih-wi'stern pen-
insula orajies and iieaeins aio cnltivatLil.

XT. Mineials. ~1S7. Coppir !.■< very abundant rear Lake Superior.
The dlher ii.iiier.ils are iron, lime, gyp.suiii, ami pr.at. retroleiim, oi
roek-nil, is abuiulant in tli ' district si'Utli ol L.ilvc lliiiuii. It is ob-
tained by boriiiL' iiit" the earth.

XII. Plants.- Is-^. Till' forests are of oreat extent, eom-
jiiisjim <i:ik, pine, walnut, maple, liireh, eherry, eedar, and
many otlnT trers.

\\'iieat, I'orii, ryr. and otlirr i.'rains are rai.-iid in aluiii
danee. Tin' fruits aro ueiuialiy ihe. same as in Nova .Smtia.
■.s'l. |sr;.'!

XllI Animals. ;.<.. o//,'.,-, ir.n )

Xl\'. Inhabitants. -I ^!». Tin- pnpulatiun in I.miI was
l.-tni>,(H)u. Tia' iiilialpitants ire prineipally of I'.ritish orijii.

Tlio.>e nf l-'rineli origin number abunt lii'.iimi.

The vaii'Us Indian tribes cumprisp ab..ut 7'>0o.

I'.'o. There are about •l.''iiiO common schoidsand 100 gramir ir se|in..|s
in the I'l'nviiii'e, snslaimd in part iViim the public treasury, ;iiel ih-
spocted by local superintendeiili. Teachers are trained at the Norm.il
Schocil, Teronti; and untraiind leaehers are lieiiised by loi'al boards.

t.'oll.'ges and seminaries are numerous. There .are feur I'niversitics
— the ('iiiirr.iili/ of 7'i.ro/i'o and Trini'i/ I'.illiiir, at Tomnto ; lii'/ocur
I'fllii/i. at Oobiirg ; and <^iin ii'n <'<ilt,fir, at Kingston.

11*1. Over four-fifths of the inhabitant.s are Protestants ; the re-
mainder are RiUiian Catholics. Kpiseopaliani<, Methodist-i, and I'resbw
terinns are the largest I'roleNtant bodie.«.

XV. Divisions, lii2. Ontario is dividid int.. icity-twn
'Kiiiifies: —

TWi:.\TV two ( nl NTI1.S IN THK l'|.:M.N.«»n..\

C.imiii. . riilil l'l«.-r<

\Vki,i,.*M) WMUnd, I'ert tNdborne, Clifton, Chippaw.i.

Hai.imm.ino Dnnnville, Cayug.<.

NoHF. I.K Sinieoi', I'l.rt Itnvt •,

Ki.tiiN St. Tlionins, I'on ^'anl(y, Vienna,

Kf.nt Chatham.

KssKX ."tandttich, Windsor, A nherslliiirg.

LAMIIT"^ Sarnhi, Oil Springs.

MiMH.K.sRx London.

o.xroHii WooiUtoek, Inver^idl,

nil.\NT llraiillord, I'aris,

\VKNtW"HTll Ilamillon, iMindas.

LiNeof.N St. ('atheriiie's, Niagara, '*'hnr< Id.

HaI.TiiN tienrgetown, Oakville, Miltoii.

I'kki. ll'ainplon, Streelsville, I'orl <,'redil.

WbllinoToM <iuelph, Ulorn, Fergus,

52 NORTH

Coimttel Chief Plnres.

Watkrluo (Jalt, Preston, Berlin.

Perth Stratford, St. Mary's.

Huron Goderich, (Minion.

Bruce Saujjeen, Kincirdine.

Gret Owen Sound, Durliam.

SiMCOE Barrie, CollinKwood, Oriilii.

York Toronto, Newmarket, Bradt'ord.

TWENTY COUNTIES NORTH OK LAKE ONTARIO AND
THE ST. LAWRKNC E.

O.NTAUio ...WLiiby, Osliawa.

Durham Port H^pe, Newcastle, Bowraanvillc, Milllirook.

Victoria Lindnay, Omeraee.

Petkrborocoii Peterborough.

NoHTiiUMnKHLANi' ...ColioiirK, Jirigliton.

Pkinck Kuwaiu) Pioton.

Ha!»tino8 Helleville.

Lennox Napanee.

Addington Batli.

Frontbnac Kingston.

Renfrew Renfrew, Arnprior.

Lanark Perth, Smith's Fallx.

Lkehs Urockvillo, GaiiuniMiui.'.

(Jrenville Pnsoott.

IJUNDAS Morrisburg.

Carleton Ottawa.

RrssBLL RuBHcll.

Stobmont Cornwall.

Glknoaiiy Alexandria.

I'liKsciiTT L'Oriiiinal.

Nipissing and AL''iiiia are extensive ne'-Iy isettled iliiiiriotN in the
north-west.

EXERCISE. Mark the county lines and chief placet ou the map
of Ontario.

XVT. Towns. - 1J>3. Tho cities nro Olfnim, T'>rn„/o,
A'»«;f«»'«, /hiiiii/tiDi, nn(\ Loh'Ioii. {For Oltairti, sn 7*'.)

ToRi>iiT«> (4.'),0flO>, formerly (Tilled Y'>rk, is the rnpital ntiil huvcsl
eity of Ontario. It is sitiiMti'd ^n Tor'«to Hay, iicai the west end of
Lake Onturi . li>r> miles from Kinuston, It contain'* many fine pnMii'
KtilldlnirH, nni.'Mn wliiidi are two ruilicilral*, tlui University '■( Tornnto,
Trinity (Inliiw, "sudiuie Hall, anil I lie Pidvincial Normal >oiioiil,
Tbu tmdf of Toronto i;H exicnsivc.

IW. /xiiifmlon (IJ.dOO), formerly called Fort Frontrnn'', is a forlifii'd
town, with a tine liarbour at the eastern extremity of Lake t)nlario.
It is eonneetcd with the prini'ipal places by the Grand Trunk.

Uiiinillnn (lil.notli, ut the Iniii of lliirliniitiiii Hay, and eoiinci'led
with the other eitii's by the tireat \Vi>lern Railway, is an impuitftot
cnminpreial eity.

liiji. Aoik/oii' irj.OiHM, on the Thames, SO miles west of Ilnniilton,
with whiidi it is eoiiiieelod by rftiUny, is surroufilod by a feiiile and
p.ipuloim nsrieultiiral couutry. It hasnn i-xtensire trade in jiniin and
lloiir,

.sv. r<illitripr'ii (tlliooi, on thn Welland Canal, has a biMiilifiil sititn-
tioi) in the iii'i^hbiiurhxod "f mliienil ^priiids, and is a faxowrile icsoii
in siiMitner,

A'i<if«ii'f?, at the iiioulh o| Ningnrn Hirer, was the Hrtt enf ilal il
rppcr Canada.

Siimiii, oil Lake Iluriiti, at tlo' u terminn* <'( the Giand

Trunk, is eumuetwl with a railway "u tlie opposite sldo by ferry
steiilners.

.WII IndUHtries, \'M'. TIip numt itnfinrtnnf imrRiiitR

AMERICA.

are agriculture, lumbering, mining, manufacturing, fisiliing,
and commerce.

The exports con.sist prinoipally of flour, prain, lumber, ashes,
and petroleum.

The imports arc similar to those of Quebec.

197. The Grand Trunk Raihraij connects the principal places with
the other Provinces. The Onat WcsUni, liailway, crossiiiK the
Niagara River by a suspension bridge, and connected with the Michi-
gan lines at Detroit by stefimers which carry a whole train across the
river, affords direct communication with the United States. The Pro-
vinces of Ontario and Quebec contain about 2000 miles of railw.ay.

,Sic (jiicbcc, icy.)

The ]Villa>id Cuixtl, 28 miles long, connects L.ikes Krie and Ontario;
the Jtiikau Canal, 120 miles long, connects Lake Ontario with the
Ottawa River. There are also canals along the St. Lawrence, Ottawa,
and Riclicdieu.

XV^II. Government.-- 198. Tlic local government is
similar to that of Is'ova ^ndia.

The Legislature consists of but one House, called the JtscmUii,
which is composed of S2 members, elected for the term of four years.

The annual grant from the revenue of Canada is $S0,000, and 80
cents per head on the population.

QUESTION. -A merchant in Pictou, Nova Scotia, purchases a lot
of flour in L'judon, Ontario, and sends a vessel to receive it at Mon-
treal ; what freight will the vessel carry to Montreal, through
whai waters will she pass, and how will the flour be brought to
Montreal !

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

J. History." l: ID. IVince IMwanl Ihlaml was I'artially
colonized liy tjio French under the naine of St. Julin's Irilaii<l.
It was taken liy tlio Britinh in 17.'»8, KJiortly after the cap-
ture (f Loui.-slnii;.', lud wii>» ccdi'd to Britain in the Treaty
of 17)3. It w;!.s attached to tiie (covirnuuiit of Nova
.Scotia until 177(<, when it Ixranic .i Hcparate JVovince. In
IMK), tiie jiresent name was ^ivcu tu the Inland in iionuur
of Kdward, l^uk-' >>[ Knit.

2ii(). A laru'e part of Prince Ed.\ard Island was granted by the
Hrilish G ■»i>rumen' to about i lo luindied prrwns. These proprietors
•"■l;iblishrd ,he sys i?m of tenantry, and iniK'li of the ei'untry is »-till
"wned iiy landloiiU resident in Hn;^liind. .'■'oiue of the farms huvu
recently been pnroh.i'cd by the oecu|'ant«.

II. Position.- 201, Prince Kdwiird Wand in on the Koutli
iif llie (Itiir iif .'^t, La'.vrence, ami i* Beparatcd Irnm Nuva
Si'iitia and New IJruimwick l^v N'rthumlierland Stiait.

It it !t miles from Niw Bnin^rtiek, !in miles fr^m Nova Seotla, and
i:. irom ("ape lUelori. N. lat, t<V •- »7° «' ; W. Ion. O'i'—^i" 'M'.

ill Porm. atfj. The Island in ere«eent-Hlin|H'<i, liiivinn
liie ('(iiicave Hide loward.t tlii' <!ulf. Tlie south coast is
larallcj with the cu««t »i New liniiiHwit i» and Novii Sc- lia,

IV. OotiHt. - Stb). There ale niMii<riMi» indcntatinnH on

■^ : i"Mi.

.\\

PinXCP: EDWARD ISLAND.

m-iiiji, fisliing,
lunibcr, ashes,

:ipal places with
ly, crossiiiK the
1 with the Michi-
traiii across the
itates. Tiie Pro-
miles of railway.

Erie ami Ontario;
OnUrio willi tho
ittwreiioe, Ottawa,

government is

I
led the Jfscmhhi, \
•ra of four jears. i
18 $80,000, ami 80

ia, purchases a lot
receive it at Men-
floutrcal, through
Dur he brought to

WiiH iiartiiilly ,

Jdllirs IrtllUltl. '

after tlio cuii-

in the Treaty

mi. lit of Novii

I'lovinee. In

iiul ill lioiiour

i^ratitwl by the
'I'Iji'so jiro|.riotorR
("'Uiilry ii* >^iill
t,t till' farm!* huvg

I-: (HI till' south
itid Ipiiii Nova
uhI Stvait.

Ill Niivn SiTtirt, ami
O'J'-t!*" 'M'.

Nliixpeo, liivving

<outh oonst ia

,11(1 Novit St" 'via.

iiiili'iitatiiiim i>ii

the coast. Tiie most iiniiortant are Hichmoiul Bay, Cardifjan
Ilay, Uillsfioro' Jiai/, Btdeque JJarboui; ami Kijmord liny.

Uichnioml Hay and Hillsboro' iJay divido the Island into three peiiiu-
Milai. There are many j^ood harbours.

204. Tlie primi|j:il capes are Xoith C'tpc, Kant Po'tnt,
Bear Cape, Traverse Cape, L^gmont, ami Wed Point.

A submarine telegraph crosses from Cape Traverse to Tormentiiic
in New Ilruiiswii'k. In "inter, iceboats run between these points.

EXERCISE. — Trace the const line of Prince Edward Island,
marking the bays and capes.

V. Area.— 'i'T). rrince Jvlwanl Islaml is um'-iiiiitli the
fcize of Xdva Sctitia ;

— eipial to a square of 4C niih r.
E.xlreine loncth, 1^0 ini!> s ; biiadi'ii, 30 milea.

VI.-X.— 2(iU. Tiic BUrface i.s L'i'iitly iiiuhilatinj,'. TIic
most hilly juirtion is mar the mi Ml''. The ^iiiKTal water-
shed extciid.s east ami wtst.

207- The strcamR arc small, but ofon have deep cstuarii's, whirh
are important to navi>;.aioii. The ]iriii('ipal rivors are MdhUvjih,
JlilUbi/fo', Jlimk, and Jllli«. Tiieie are many small lakes.

208. The soil i.s ueiicrally a Kaiidy Inam. free fmin stones,
ami veil suileii to ML'rienlture.

ijnii. The climate is friniMinte ainl Ik altlifol. Tlie cx-

tri'ine.s iif heiif and cdld an nut quite so ;:iear as in Nma

Seiitia. The Islniid in usually shut in hy iee tioiu tiie end
iif Heeetiilier till the cihI of Mnreh.

XI. -XIII,— 2ln. X,r niineraJs of iuqiorlanee have lurii
discovered.

The I'uliivaled plants mul foii'si (rees arc The those of Nova Si.'ulia.
OalH, liarley, aii<l |ioUiloug nio raJMed in ureal uliiindaiir.

The animals m<- siii.il.o' to those of Nova Scotia. Tlio iiioosc, cari-
bou, iiu'1'..oii, and I'ori'iipiiK' nil' not found on the I.-Lind.

XIV, Inhabitants. -i.'i I. i'iie ]io|iiilatioii in l^ci was
('l.o'ni. The inhaliitaiitH are mainly deseeudaiit;^ of Hritisli
and Irish eohmists,

The iiiliabiiantK of l-'ieni'h oriir'n aif estimated at lii.ooo. There
t\ii> itboiit ;',/i(i Iiiiliaiiii.

21'2. About thiw"-m!VeiiUis of th,' popiil,itl>in arc llo?iinii t"atlioli«ii.
I'leHbyteriHim arp nioro nuiueiow* than all utlur ProtcNtantN <• viubiiicu.
Hood provision \n made f.'r penoial I'ducniion. Free dchooU wen
intabliiihi'il ill 1«ri2. Tliey nro I'Upporteil wholly from Iho public
lri'i(«»ry, exwpl in case.^ wlirre a bonus is rai«ed by voluiilary suli-
Kcription to Kooure MOicilor I. nclor.H, Te!icher.t niv Imiiiod at the
Norriinl Koliool, Cliuil>'Ui<towii, Tlnro uro nhio t«<i (,'i lloKra tit Char-
lotii'l'wn.

Total amount pai>l from tho treamiry for educalion, about 1*8,000,

couiitUs — Kiiiij's, (Jiutii'.^, and I'nnce. The eoimties are
suhdivided into /(tris/ieg : —

CoiinllM. Chief riai:c«.

KiKn's Georgetown, Souiis, MontaL'ue.

t^UEE.v's Charlottetown, Soulliport, Powiial.

Piii.vcK Summerside, Si. Eleanor's, t'a.scunipec.

The Islaml is -Abu divided into sixty-seven Ai^>- or /'*/'7(-
■tfii/is. which are nuudiered from 1 to (;?.

EXEECISE.— Complete the map of Prince Edward Island.

XVI. Towns. :.'l 1. Charlottetown iToiki), tlie e.ipital, is
tiie only eity.

C'li.irloltetown has a yood harlxjur at tlio contlMeiici' of tliiii' i iveis.

lis iralc is important. The ni.iin stnfts are lO" feit bio;id. Tl il>

Contains four public scpiio-cs. The I'arlianienl House, a handsonic htonv
buililinj.', .stands on (Queen's .S(iiiare.

Siniimffiiiilf, on Uedeipie Harbour, 3.') niili's from Shediac in New
liiunswick, is well situated for trade with St. John.

X\'l\. Industries.— 21. V The ehief imrsuits are f':/r'.v//-
(nr/\fin/iiiii/, linnlieriitij, i'fii/>-/>>ilhll}iij, and r'niiiiifrre.

Till- exports consist of ajriiulinnd and il.-iiry produce, fi>li, ships,
:iiid lunilicr; -value, f.volusivi' of ships, i?l.HlHi,eiiii.

The imports embraei' inanufuliirod too.|>, tropical i lodiu'e, iintals,
I'.-al, lliiii. uid Illinois; -value, f J.li/Ojioii.

X\'lli. Government. I'lii. Tlie ..overimienl is vest<d
in a Lieuteiiiiiit-dovirnor a|i|'>intrd hy the Ciuwn, .ind a
ies|)on8ibIe I'Aeelltive ('olllieil.

The Legislature coiisistH o( the 'loViriior, a Le;.Mslative C MOicil ol
Ul nioinbi-is, and lOi .VsKcinbls if ll'i m<:ml>ers.

li'th iho l.f,;i>l,itivi.' <'ouiieil and the Assembly i.iu elected by llo
!"■ ,rif ; tlie former for titjlit years, tlie latter for four years.

The reveiiUH ari-e» principally from duties on impoitcd ;;oo(ls; —
;imouni, «:!,'p<i,iHio. The public c], ht is 81 la,oiio.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

I. History. :'i:. Tiie l.sland ot Newfoundland was dis-
eoveretl ly ('-.imiI in 11117 Tlie iiii|Mirl!int lisheries on
it.s euast m hi attracted the attention of ihc I'oitiijiUcHe,
SpaiiiariU, Freiieh, and Diulisli. In |.'i>:), Sir lliuii|thiey
(iilltcrt took formal |>oHSessioii ol the inland in the name of
(jueen Kli/.ahelli.

218, .SettlementK were formtsi in Ni'wfouiidlaiid emly in the heveii-
Icenlli cenluiv, liMth by Ihi- IviikIisIi aiHJ I' ■ Krelieh. ('o|o»iju(t|o|i iid-
vaiiced wry sUnvly, in cnuHxpanco of Ji'al'uisieH of tin- rival I'uwiih
and opi'onitioii from IIioiki wIih winiied to tiioiiupoluo tliu fiiiiierii'ii,

In 17i;i, the Kifiich eedi 1 Nevvfoun Hand ti llr.at llrilaiii. It «af.
ii.iminally atlulied to iht; tl.iv ■riimvnl .f Nova Scoii.i until 172», when
ll liccame u disliiict I'lovnice. Hy lliu Toaty of I'm is, in I7'ld, iKe
island vtas tliially I'liiHrmrd to llntiiii. The umall i.dnndi (d' Mii|ue
Ion, Hi, I'iirie, ami hai^try, on th,. hoiiIIi coaul, aie nlili htld ly 1!mi
h'leiii'h H« fiiihinii Htaiivnis,

11. Position,- 2 1!>. Newfoundland Is nituated at thei'ii
XV Divisionn. - 21!». The I»land is divided into ihiee j imneu ol' the iJuU' ol" St. Lawniiee, Uinnileu norllieiwi id

NORTH AMERICA.

tl.-IIIMI l>\ TIM- IIASKHHF .vrvvi clTNl'l ami.

Cnpp nrcliiii. It is Hi'iiarntfil fn)m Lnlirndiir l>y tlio Strait
of Ilcllc I^-li', wliicli (it tilt" iiiiri'iiwcst p:nt is only 1:2 iiiiltrt in
Itroiidtli.
N. Int. W n7'-f.l° Ifi' ; W. l,.n. ,V2' 11'- W'^ ni'.

III. Form.- '."-'<>. Till- i^liiinl lias llic jreiicril oulliiio fiTn tiian;:li',

IV. Coast.— i!2l. Tlip o'Hiiit lint! is very irrf;;iiliir, anil !«
alioiit 12(M> mill's ill lfn),'lli.

T*' oriiici|ial coast waters nro, tho Strait (]f llillr hl<;
/Iiirr J'djt, W'Inti' H'lji, .\iilif ihrmi' lliii, UnDnrlsId llui,
Tiiiillii /tii;/.('<>iirf/>(i<i„ Ihij/, /'liicnidit //((//, /•'iitiintr J'ti/i,
I/muitt »'• //(///, iSV. (ifoiyt /hiff, nuit Unit »/ iHlnmh.

'222. The Penlnsul-. ■ ' Avnlc; in fornicl 1} Trinity mid riocciilin

Tl.'j i)ri;ic)|)iil capes arc, Bauld, . -. /• n,
i'rfiU., Uonavulo.. Jircakhtari . Jinri-. May,
H(vi, niii- .S7 (i jri/i.

'•lie islands »io, St. Pierre, Mir/iicloii,
mill ..uvjtcy, oh tlie smith coiust ; Sorth
Ild'c 'i/'c, .ioiiiu JJcllc /.lie, and Fn'io, cm
the north -.^iwi.

223. Off the soutli .iml e.i.st coast.* is a
siilmiaiine I'laUaii, called the HaiiLs of
Aiii/oiindkiiiil, about 600 miles in length
by 200 in tireadtli. The water here is nmcli
shallower than i < other part.s of the ocean.
The lianka ''.e celebrated for their coil
fisheries.

A Rnbinari . telejirajiliio cable from New.
fiinnilland to Ireluiid, and aiinlhir from
NeHfoundland to Cape Breton, ennneet
America with Kuiope.

V. Area.— :22t. Newfoundliuid is
nearly twice as largo as Nova Si'otia:

—equal to a sijnare of I'.'O inile.s.

Kxtreme length, 4Uii miles; breadth, 300
miles.

^ f.-X." •2-2r>. Tiic surface i.s liilly.
The iiiti'vior is a rci,'inu of swainiis,
lak'"'. .iud liari'cns. The |iriiiri|'al
river s the K.rjilmis. Tiic lar^fst
lake is di'iml I'dihI.

Miii'li of till' soil is l.anvii and

lockv. Tilt' ni'ist |iioiliictivr is la'ar

till H)Htli-oa.st ciiast. I'.y n'trtit

■'•4 tN|'l"i'ati(iiis plod au'ricnltnral dis-

\;^ trii'tK l.avo lifeii foiuitl in the wontli-

wcst.

'liV). The climate la si'voro, luit
licaltiifiil. Till' severity of tlie cli-
mate is largely owinj; to tlie vast
f|iiaiifitie8 of ieo hron!.dit down 1\\
liolar I'liriintH. Deiiffo fo;;s, occnsioned liy tiie eondcnsation
of vaiionrs froin tin- (liilf Stream, are jirevalont. (6V«
J'/ii/kIc'i/ (,'t iiijr<ij'/h/.)

XI.-XIU.— 227. Tlio minerals are cnal. copper, lend, and iron.

The plantti are hiicIi nii belon); to the cold rp^ion. PntntoeR, turnip*,
iial.'i, and birley ore eullivnted Tin- fi>rei>l trees nro cenerally of kiiiiiII
si/.i'. On the went eoatil 'here are (llio foreslM of pine, upruee, and
bireh.

Till' wild auimalt include the Jeer, boar, wolf, beaver, marten,
nn<1 do)>.

The Inrce eiiilv haired Newfoundland do^ is celebrate.l for nauacily.

XIV. Inhabitants. --i!2S. Tlie poindation in 18(11 was
123,00(1. The |irinei|ial {iiirtioii of the inhaliitants arc in
the I'r'Miiimila of Aviilon. The interior is wholly unin-
haliiteil.

I (

\ffm^,^

rirDsoN' r,AY territory.

fiS

, Haul J, . \ ./"'in,
htari. !,!•<••• : jiay,

I'irrrc, Afi'/iicloii,
nth co;ist ; yorth
'.tie, and Fi'tio, on

1(1 east coasts is a
le<l tiie Jliinhs of
(10 niik's in longlli
water lieie is nuicii
pints of tlio ocean,
.teil for lliiir cod

lie cable from New.
and anntlicr from
.' linlon, connect

unvfiiiui(ll:iliil is

118 Novii Si'otia : I

; of 11»0 miles. I

liles; breailtli, 300

I
I
surface is liilly.
'Hidu of swamiix, '<
Till' iiviiii'iiiiil I
I /.I. Tlio liir^L'st
I/. '

1 is liiirri'ii iiml
(Mliu'tivc is lu'iir
St. r>y nciiit
liiu'riciiltiiral dis-
liMl ill tlic smitli-

ii* Hi'vcro, I»iit
crity of till- cli-
|iii'4 tn till' vast
■ouulit down liy
Itiic coiKlciisalioii
iii'vak'iit. ('Vci?

|, load, i\nd iron.

rolat'ics, tnrnii"",

\v ncncriilly of siiiiill

\>\no, H|iiiii(', timl

[t, licavcr, innrten,

liratod for gnuneity,

I'll ill 18(11 wim
lialiitaiitB iiiv ill
lis wliolly iiiiiii-

Nearly half tlie iniiabitarls are Koiuau Catholics, an i about, I'la-
third are Episcoimlians.

Liberal pr .vision is made for thu fuppor. of edieation.

XV., XVI.— 229. Ncwfouiullaiid i.-i divided iin > fiftoi'ii
ehclvral districts.

Tlie towns are »SV. John's (tlio capital), Ilavbour Grace,
Car>'0}uitar, J'urt de Grave, Brijus, Tnniti/, and Greens-
jtond.

230. St. John's (25,000) is the most easterly city in America, beiut;
li*-0 miles from Inland. It lias a fjJod harbour, and is oxttiisively
engaged in the seal tisherios. It has sutfercd much at dilVvrent times
from tire. Ilarbrur Grace '50U0) and Carboiiuear (,5UUU; rank next
iu importance.

XVII. L.dustries.^231. The cod, .scai, and otlicr fislicrics
aiv tlio chief imr.iuits. Tlie cod li-shcrics arc the most valu-
able in tho worKl. Tiie rich copiicr luiiics arc becoming an
important field of labour.

Tho prinoip.i! exports are tisii and oil. Tctul value, abnut 9i),.';on,OOn.
The imports iiobrace llour, tropical produce, m.iuutactund kooiIs,
and lumber. Annual value, «(J,tJ00,OUO.

XVIIT. Government.— 232. Tiie govcinniciit is ssiniilar
to that of I'rJnec Eihvard Island.

The Losislative Council consists of 12 members; tho Assemljly, uf
uO members.
The revunuc is -Imut $."j00.000 ; the | iiblic debt. $L181,000.

EXERCISE. -Find tho timo of suurisc and sunset at White Bay
Uat. 50 , ou the 21st of June.

HUDSON BAY TERRITORY AND LABRADOR.

I. History.— 2:5;J. This portion of l!riti:.h America de-
rives its name from its i^rcaf inland .,^\ , iinvhich the Kn.nli.sh
navigator IFeiiry Hudson lo.st liis lili in Kjio. Ilud.son
was placed in an open boat '.,} a mutiiioii.s itcw, and nothing
is known of hi.s KubBciiiicnt hitc.

This vast territory is owikmI and governed by u Kiig)i.sli
association, called the J/nilnun /l>ii/ ('<ini/»tn^.

234. All that portion of America drained by the Mi amx tlowin;:
into llu 1-uu Hay was, in 1(!70, panted by Charles 11, of Kiitfland to
a tradint{ company. For upwards of a hundred yoari tho company,
lliruUKh its monopoly secureil by royal charter, had a clear prolit of
liclween tU) and T'* per cent, annually un its inve^tmcntH,

'S.iy Fn 17S3 a rival company was formed, c.iMid the XnrihWrnt
Fur Ciimjiaii;i, which had its headipivrters at Montreal, It H<ion
be(!an to encroach on Iho older coinp my'* territorii's, and also extcmled
lis inidiiiK posts westerly to the I'acilic. A deadly utrif'j between the
companies ensued, and all the prollu ■! the trade wure destroyed.

In 18'Jl the two cmpanlea wt-rc amaUamHtcil, nnd a ieiwc was
obtained from the Hrilish (.tovernment oonfernnii the privile,<t' of ex
elusive trade nvr the western tenitury, nni included ii the charter
of I'lT". Aicasun's arc beiii); taken liy the (Jovermnent d' Canada to
•ecuru the auuc.xatiou of tho lerntoiy to titu lAimii.iuu.

TI.-XllI. -!•'/>, Fluilsor lir, Territory iiiehule.s all tho
mainland of HiiiUl) Ai' >>ije:t txccpt Mic Dominion of Canada,
the coast ol Labratli;!-, r'.iij l^ilish Columbia. It Cv)inprises
about two-thirds ' f .i\iti«h America.

237. The Eurfa if^ ^eeoraliv h.w. The general slope is
towards tho nor' I.. Thj Jfo k<i Mountams cross the western
side ; and a iu"- .iig , '^ .Hod the Wotclii^h Mountains, runs
north and s nith .lUii; u Labrador. Tiieiv are several largo
rivers and hiken, (aS-c y^rtk A merica, 22, 27.)

The soil is generally uuiit for cultivation, and the climate
very severe.

233. The I'eiiinsula of Labrador, and the country lyin;; ncjrth east of
tho valley of Mackenzie Kivrr, are fur the nio.Nt part baircn an I frozen
rcLjions, deriving their importance Irom the furd)earinK' animals with
which they abound. At Fort York, on the west siile of Hudson liay,
the thermometer sometimes falls to 50^ below zero, and brandy bo-
comes Solid ice. In winter the days are very short and dark, the sun
just skimming along the southern horizon for a i'ew hours. North ol
the Arctic (,"ircle, the longest ni.;lit exceods twenty-four hours in
length. The longest day in sumnitr is eipially long, when the sui.
makes a circle arouinl the horizon.

2:i0. \n extensive country, ntretchiiig from the I.iiKe of the Woods
anil Winnipeg westward to the Rocky iMountains, has a fertile soil and
a tempei'i'le climate. Much uf thi,-> region i.i prairie land, dcstiluto
of trees, and covered with tall grass. It includes the Red Rivui
Settlement.

The valley of the Mackenzie is generally covered with : rv t.

.-*'*>-

•■!?

•' Wl.

'^•;i|'

h.'-'ii^

5A.".^-'^--,

;;-I(i. The niont iinportaiit atilmalB aiv ihe drer, iiuisk "\,
bear, beaver, marten, fo\, mu.ik-rul, v.alni.s, whale, beal.uiid
aiiuiitic birds.

XIV. -XVIII. - ;;ii, Tlie popuiatJon -■• .^ti, • ' t

lt)l,(HH).

fifl

NORTH AMERICA.

Tlu; iiiliul^iliiiitH livti iiioftly Iiiiliaii:'. Aloii^ tliu aiusts are many
Esqiiiiiiatix, will) .Biilisist cliiiily on fisli, (li-.-sli of tlie reiii-deer, and
si>al oil. Tlii^y il'itlio tlieni^clvcs in tlio hairy skin.s of animals, and
tlu'v sonietiii.u.s make tln'lv dttfllinjis of snow.

242. Then; iiro no towns. TlicConiimiiy l!av<' many /^z.'^',
wIieiT their a;,'i'iits l)arti;r witli tlio natives tor furs.

Fort Vork on Hudson I'ay, and Afnnse Fort on .lanus Hay, are tlio
cliief ]ioits, tl)rou,t;li which trade in carried nn with Kn^land durinL'
the .short summer.

2 1;3. The eliief pursuits are traiipiiiL;, lumtiii;,', and fi.sliinL:.

The cod, herriiiL', st al, and wiialo fisheries on the coast of Lalirador
arc very valiiiiM".

241. The exports consi.^t of furs, walrus ivory, tish, oil, and tlathcrs.
The a;;i'iil.s of llio Coniiiany obtain these products muidi below thi.'ir
v.iluc, f-'ivini; in cxehanire j^uns, ammuuitioji, knives, kettles, an.l such
other .articles as the natives refjuire. Noiio but the Comjiany's ajjenls
are idlowed to trade in the territory.

24.>. Tiic government is adinhii.steied liy otiicci-.s ap-

liuiiited liy tlie ( 'oniiiaiiy.

Tho oast coast of Lalirador, tVnni Hnll.^on ,'^trait to the (Julf ef .'^t.
Lartience, is attached to the (iovertinieiit of Newfoundland.

RED RIVER SETTLEMENT.

21*!. IJrd Itivor SeHlciioiit is a cidony at iifesciit williiii
thi^ iKUinils iif TFi.dsiiii li.iy Teiritur}*. It eiMlnaeo.s an >x-
tensivd traet lyiirj; ^vc.nt of Lalvc of tlie Woods ami Lalce
Winiiipi'L'. It was ]>i.;i'hi'.sed from the (."onijiany in IM.
liy I lie Ilarl of Silkirk, a.-. ., iioiuc for Sfioteli enH'.0'aiit.<.
.Many eojonistH arrived from .^^eotlaiid in tlio foll'>\viii!,' year
••iiid .siilwiniriitly. In l>s;i."», tho Setth'tiieiit w.as repur-
t:ha.-(d liy the Colli] any fron. (he Ilarl"s exi enfois.

017. U'd Iiivi'r .'"idlciiiiiit is pirf «( ;\ narrow bi It i.f nndulaiin.:
Muntry rlrnitu'd by tlie Ued Uiver, A.s.i'iiilioin", at.'d Sahk.iti hewan. It
n \i Well wi'tered reyi' h, eoriHisliMK' "f t<rlile prairies I'overed with tall
(.r'lss, varifl -.villi |wteliiB efwocHliaiid.

Tho ellmnle, thoii<;ti ni'rn severe in winter, is (limilar to that of
«lii> l'r".iiue.f Ontario. AVIicat, ■■ iir, iiinl other grains yiel.l abnn-
■ I'Mlly. Liir.'e heiils o| buiV.i'oeH '^Iider on the prairies, where tlh
r.-.nk ul'iifH rii'v!' above tho hiiows. The hunliliK > f these i»i;itnids is ,iii
< .si'itin;: Kport.

'J4S, Tlie iiihabltnuts -luibei' idi ,et I' .iieo, cniiiustin« of Scotch
' iiiii!rniit», rt'liretl iter^ eits of the (.'ee^ji.'y, unit IiidlnnK.

The chief plaeeaiid :v\- t fguv- ■Mie'ti;, , Fnrl (I'ltrry, al Ihejntiction
of the AHMiiilioiiio nmi U<d Rivir.

Tilt' (tov> iMuntil of ilip .Setiltinci t ;< !i) '! e liand.s of n (Jevernor and
CiMUu;'!. nppolntol at the head ol'' .• of tin t;.>in|iiiny In L"iidon.

•JIO, Want of vnny coroniuiiioation with other countries i.. ,■» Kreat
I'liriier t ■ till- prosperity of tho eoiony, Al prudent, lb'! bent route is
ihiHutK't tlio ''^t'>ti f MiniiusoUi. i he Cominfiy «x«rcl»eii the closest
vliiilnncii over the '.iliubitants, in oi.ler to suppivMH any attempt to
tiidlie In fii'n. Ii iImi iliwIlowM the Importation of ^'ooiin from Kn;:;-
liiiiil, except thronji ilMmvii tt'ents and Khips.

It lf« prebrtbie that ' be SettlcMieiit will Koon be rrleftuwl from the ( 'om
IMinjr'* cniiirol, and that both it ami UriliRh Coluinbiii will )« atinexcU

to the Dominion of l.'an.ida. Wo may then look for the extension of
the railway to the Paiitie. A depression in the Rocky iMountains west
of Red River is singularly favourable for such a work.

BRITISH COLUMBIA and VANCOUVER ISLAND.
I. History. — 2'iO. Britisii Coliimljia formed a part of
IIiid.S(jn Bay Territory until 1858, wlien the discovery of gold
attracted crowds of miner.s, and the country was organized
a.s a British cuhjiiy.

251. Vancouver Island derived its narao from Caiitain Vancouver of j
the l!rilii>h navy. H was supposeil to be a part of the mainland |
inevious to 17i'2, when this otiiccr explored the ea.it coast. It was
farmed into a colony in lSo3.

Ihitish (Columbia and Vancouver are now under the same govern-
ment, constitiitiiif,' a siuj^le colony. i

II.-XVIII. — 2.")2. British Colnnil'ia comprises tiiat portion

of British America between tho Uoeky ^lountains and the

Pacific, extending northerly from t!ie United States to the

Simii.son and Fiiday Kivers. l

2ri3. Vancouver Island is separated from Columbia hy the Gii/f uf

Ooivfiin and Qucev Chnrlottc's SohikI ; fnmi the United States, by the t

Slntit ofJiMH lie Fwa. It i.s in tho sa.ne latitude as tho central jiart |

of Newfoiindl.and. |

2j4. Tlic coast IS miieh indented l.y narrow hays. Tliere

are iiLso many small islands. Queen Charlotte Island, l.Vi

miles in length hy TjO miles i!i hifadth, is next to Vancouver

in size.

2."ri. l!riii-.ii (Johimbia is abeut 1.: times lar;;ei- than Nova Scotia,
bein^' cipial to a si)uare of 175 niilcK. It is about ■')()0 inih s north and
-iouth, and liHI cast and west.

2."i<!. Much of the surface i.s niountainou.s. Tlie J'ockf/
MointlitiuA extend along the eastern side ; tiie ( \iaciKlc Rauij'
through the western. The general slope is toward the south-

Wl'.sif.

■ril. The principal rivers .are, tif Sl)iii>s>ii, Fni'tt//, Fkimi;
7'/i(iii»/isiiii, and I'l/nniln'i.

Tho l''ras(r is about Itied miles iti kii;;tli. The rivers aliound in

lish.

.Mir-li of the soil towards the south i.* well adapted to agriculture.
" he climntR in this siction nl.io is temperate and humid.

2'j8. The most important minerals are gold aiid coal.
The gold mines in the valley.s of the Ki'a.ser and ThompBon
Kivein lo;ve given Ihitish Coliimlmi great ceieluily, The
aiiinnl yield i.s about $lt),ti(Mi,(i<i(i.

2r>li. West ef tho CapcAde Moiinlainii are inaKiiificcnl forcnU of
li'iuitlas pine an^l other trees, I'he various >;rHiris, vpiiotayen, and
fruits of the Ttiiiperate Zone are eiiliivtitcd in tho Hoiith.

2(i(V Till' whitt! population of Britisii Coliimlmi and Van-
couver is estiiuatod at I2,(tii(> ; tiio ludinu at i'AfOm. \
Tlicie are no cttiei. AVi« WcMmintfrr. near the mouth of Ihe Fra«cr.

i-(y

for tlie oxteiisioii uf
)cky Mountains west
ork.

VER ISLAND.

iirmod a part of

discovery of gold

:ry was organized

'iiptiiin V.ancnuver of
rt of till' iiiaiiilaiiii
east coast. It wa.s

sr tliu saiue novcni-

irisi's that jiortiou !
Diintaiiis and tlio
,ed States to tlio

mbia l>y the Onlf <if
'iiilL'ii States, by tlio
Ic as the coiitral part

row liays. Tlieri'
rlotto Island, irjo
loxt to Vancouver

r tliau Nova Sootia,

500 niilt's nortii anil ' I

oils. The Iiocki/
tie ( 'iisc'idf /x'aiiii''
iiwiini tlic Boutli-

III' livers alioiuiil in

pteii lo ativiculture.
luiaiil.

I' golil iiiid coai.
•r and Thompson
t cetfliritv. The

i^iiiflcent fnrexti of
ins, vcaotalilcR, nii.l

ROIltll.

ilnnil)ia and V'lin-
Tioutli of tlie Fi'aaer.

UNITEB STA'

ii.'t

lOu

lOO

—■ *

^ J^ R

j.'-^-^^ li«Ml JIJlv,., ,

v-fi

'V„.

„.f-,'^^'i^

UNITED STATES

4^,_ s

fl» III /H I *

■^ i*

\ ^

.<«.

i/ .(rf»''"j,'<".'

« f S J .,.!''"

'^.

'''if

i /■,..V»'''""i«'"')'

.»'>

/•:

S>i;.'.i'

/ Iini.l-

.«'.*!"•-.*-

.*'<' «hli -.i,,

UNITED STATKF;.

ii tlie cliiff phijo. I'litts Laiiijley, Yale, ami LiiUuit ;iit imiioiliiiil
sottleiuents.

The iiriiiei|i!il pursuit is goKl mining.

2(;i. Vancouver, tlic li\rf,'ost island on tlic Pncifio mast
of North Aiiiorica, is aliout two-tiiirds tlie size ot' Nuva
Scotia. Ita len<,'tli, from north-west to south-cast, ia about
•27i) inik'.-i.

The surface is varied witli mountains, vallcVfi, and ]irairit'.<.
Tlio river.i are small, but the muueruus bays atl'urd tine
Imrbours.

2G2. Tiio soil is very fertile, and the elimate i.s niihl and
humid. There is but little fm.'St.

Tlic climate rosoml'ios tliat of Enj^laiiil, Imt is vv.armer in summer
and more rainy in winter.

2ti;5. The minerals are coal, coiiper, and ir^n ; all uf whirh
are identiful.

The cullivateil plants are similar to iliose ol' Ontario. ThL-re are
fine forests of pine, cellar, oak. and other trees.

2f!l. Victoria, the eai>ital (.■)(H)ii), has a fine harbour in
the south of the island.

yanaiino, on the cast coast, is in the ncighhourlioud of imiiortant
ciial mines.

The chief pursuits are ajiioultuie, mininf;, and tiahing. The coast
fishcrie* are very imj.nitant.

2fi.'). The government of the united eolony of r.riti.sh
Ciiluinbia and VancMuver Island is similar to that of the
other Ihitisli I'roviuiTS.

EXERCISES ON THE GLOBE. -(1.) Find the distance betweeu
the city of Quebec ard Victoria.

(•J.i When it is noon at Quebec, what is the time at Victoria ?

^3.) Find the length of the lomiest day at Fort York.

(4.) Find the distance from Vancouver to Japan.

QUESTION. ~A ship sails from London to Fort York and back;
through V, lat water-) does she pass, and what freights will she pro-
bal)lv can-v ?

CVl'irol. AT WASHINUTO.V.

THE UNITED STATES.

I. History.- iCfl. The United States oriKinally consisted
of thirteen British colonies, situated on the Atlantio slope.
They declared their independence ia ITTfi; which, after
•several years' war, was acknowledged by the British Govern-
meut in 178:}.

Tiie llevdlnli'in, as the stni.'.lf f^r indtpeiidenoo is '•.•illed, was caused
liyan attempt in the ii;iit nf th. Imperial (iovernmiiil to impose taxcH
upi'n the colonics. After vainly remonstrating, the colonLsts a| pealed
to arms.

The thirteen colonies were New Hanipshiro, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Cnnnectieut, New Vrk, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia, North t'aroliiia. Scmtli Carolina, and (Jeorgir*.

The first battle between the colonists and the Uritish was fjught at
Hunker Hill, ni'ar ISiistnn, in IT'T) ; anil the last at Yorktown, Vir-
ginia, in 17s 1.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0 [fia

I.I

1.25

2.2

t 1^ 1111120

||||M

LA. nil 1.6

Photopjriphic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WIST MAIN %TillT
WEBSTfRNY )4}|0

(716) ira^soa

r.s

XORTII AMERirA.

2iJ7. Tlie Lliiiteil States did not orifjinaily comprise niucli over one-
fourth of tlie present area. The whole coautry between the Mississijipi
(uiil the Ildcky Jlouiitaiiis, except Texas, liulongcil to tlie French.
This was purchased by tl-o United States in 1803, for $15,000,0U0. In
1S1S\ tiie peninsula of Florida was ol>tained from Spain ; in 1845,
Texas, liaving previously (lained its indepenc'.ence from Mexico, was
annexed ; and at the close of a war with Mc'xico, in 1848, New Mexico
and California were ceded to the United States.

The most noted recent event in the history of the United States is
the Southern Rebellion. In ISOl, eleven of the Southern States with-
drew from the Union, anil formed themselves into a separate republic.
Alter a sanguinary stru,L;;:Ie of four years, they were sulij abated by
tiic Federal Tower.

2<;S. The United States furnish tho mo.st remarkable exanijile of
rajiid national ctrowth which the world has ever witnessed. The re-
sources are exceedinj^ly varied and prait. Emigrants have crowded
ill from almost every country of the Earth, and the population is ten-
fold greater than at the Revolution. The United States is by far the
most powerful state in .nierica, and ranks with the great Towers of
Kiirope.

II. Position. — 2(if). Vliis aroni ronntry is situated in tlio
soutlicru liiill'of'tlic isortli Toiiipenitu Zone. It eonijirise.s tiic
wliole breadtii of Nortii America, tVoin the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and extends from British America on tlie nortli to
Mexico on tho soutii. {See North America, ^A.)

N. lat. 24"32'-4fl"; \V. Ion. r.7"-124°.

The Rio Urande se|iarates the United States from Mexico, from Kl
Tiiso to the Oulf of Mexico.

III. Form.— 270. Tiio general outline ia that of a four-
sided iij^iu-e, having its greatest lengtii east and west.

The enstern coast lino cuts tho meridian at an angle of about 4.')
degrees ; tho western coast forms the arc of a circle.

IV. Coast.— 271. Tlie coa.-^t liiK^ i.s over (looo niilen in
lengtii. Tlie northern jiart of tho Atlantic coast is high and
rocky, iire.senMni: excellent harliouns. South of the mouth
of the Hudson, and iiloim the (!iilf of Mexico, the coast is
generally low and sandy, and tlie liarliom.s are olistnicted by
sand bars. Tho Pacific coast is elevated and re;;iilar. it
has fill" harbour.'^.

27 1'. The iprincipal Coast Waters arc Ma.mu'/tHmtfy JJn//,
Cape Cod Jiai/, Luikj hhiuil Snuiiil, Delaimre Jiai/, Cfieitii-
penle linif, Alfiernuir/r Suhih/, /'itiii/ico Sumiif, A pahic/ive
JUtjiy San Francm'o Jiay.

273. Tlio prinelpal Capei are .lini, r..(/, Mmitituk hunt, Santti/
Ifiittk; Mufi, //iilo/ini. I'/iarlt^, /Inn;/, lldltcran, I.oDkoiit, I'tiiv,
C<(iiartriil, Jutrida, >Siib/c, .V. !J!ai, Coiiccpliim, Mimtmuno, and

I'lltdCI'll.

27*. The eastern coiist abouml.-* in small Islands, which
ar(> liigh and roel<y in the north, low and Kiiiidy in the
south. Tiio most important iiro Mintul /Jmert, Sanliiciil,
Mitrlfia'n Vitiijiaiil, Linnj hlaiul, Flurida A'ri/n, and the
Jtr/f TortiiijaH.

LoiiK Island is over 100 luiios in Ivngtli, i\nd iiieludcs un area about

lialf the size of Cape Breton. The Florida Keys, or Reefs, consist of
a large number of small islands and sand-banks south of Florida.

EXERCISE.— Trace the outliue of the United States, marking the
coast waters, capes, and islands.

V. Area.— 275. Tlie area, including the recently acquired
territory known as Russian America, is about the same as
that of British America.

The extent from east to west is about 2500 miles, and from north
to south 1300 miles.

VI. Surface.— 27G. This country, like British America,
includes portions of the three great physical divisions of
North America — the Atlantic lliijhlanth, the Pacific Jlifjh-
laiu/s, and the Ventral I'lain. {See North America, VI.)

277. Tho Ajipalachian Mountain System extends north-
east and south-west along tho eastern side of the country
for a distance of 1300 miles.

The parallel ranges are separated by beautiful and fertile valley.s.
In the nortli tlie mountains approach near the coast ; south of thu
Hudson they are further inland, a low sandy jilaiii lying between tliem
and the coast. The Oaskill and Ailiromlock Mvitiitaiiig of New York,
and the While .IA/k ii^iui.t of New ILampshire, aro noted for beautiful
scenery. {Sec Aorth America, 11'.)

27s. Tho iirincijial mountains on tho west side aro the
Rocky Mountains, Sierra Madre, Wahsatch, Sierra Nevada,
('<isertJe, and Coast Mouutains.

The C.Kist RaiiL'o, near the Pacitio, is iiuite low. The (Cascade Range
is lolly, and eoiiiains several volcanic peaks. St. Jlikn'a has an eleva-
tion oi' l:),7r)0 feet ; ;./i;;"' Jfuoil, of 14,000 feet.

Yosemite Valley, in the Sierra Nevadns of California, is 10 miles
long and 2 mihs wiile, enclosed between granite elilfs rising precipi-
tously from 2000 to 4000 feet. In tho Vowihilc Falls, a stream 80 feet
wide descends 2000 feet in three successive cataracts, The first h said
to have I', descent of 13oo feet. The scenery is grand, and attracts
numerous visitors.

270. In the middle of the elevated plileau betwot'U the Rocky Moun-
tains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade li mgi's is a «m it interior
basin, called FrniKiiit /lasin. It is elevated aliout 5000 leet, anil sur-
idunded by mountains. It is a rainless, desolate region, abounding in
salt lakes. Thu streams which How from the Hurrounding mountaiin
are either absorbed by the sand or How into lakes which have no
nutlet. Some of the valleys on the east of the basin are made productive
by irrigation,

2S(t. The whole of the southern slope of the central plain
of North Ameriea i.s within the United States, forming about
half tho area. It is generally eitiier level or un(\. dating,
rising gradually tttwnrds tho mountains on the eu,>*t and
west. The vidley of the Mississippi compriseH the chief
part of this section. Between the Mississippi and tho
Ivoeky Mountains aro cxteniiivo prairies covered with tall
grass and destitute of trees, except along the margins of the
rivers.

EXERCISE.-Tracethemonntninion the outline mnpof the United
Status,

II- Reefs, consist of
,h of Floriila.

ates, marking the

:ccntly acquired
ut tlic same as

:s, aud from north

Iritish America,
cal divisions of
le I'ncijk High-
America, VI.)
extends nortli-
of tlic ODuntry

iiiiJ fertile valleys,
oast ; Hoiitii of the
ying between tliem
tai/(« of New York,
noted for beautiful

est side are tlu>
Sierra Nevada,

Tin; (Jascade KaiigO
Uku'a has auelevu-

riiia, is 10 miles

ills riHiiij; i)reoi|)i-

a Klreain 80 feet

The fir.st is said

and, mill attracts

tlie Roi'ky Mntin-
^:n it interior
iimo n< \, and Hur-
>ji, abuundlii); in
uidln^' iniMintaiiiA
I ■* wliicli have no
' made |iroducliva

10 ('('iitral plain
forming iilMiut
or iiiKtiilatinf;,
n llic east and
iriHCH till' diiet'
HHi|i|ii and tlio
vend witli tall
iiiargiiif) uf the

\n\\) of tlio United

UNITED STATES.

I t

VII. Rivers. - -n^l. The iirinripal riv(>rs <,{' the I'nitid
States are enniprised within llnei' of the river systems of
North America,-— the Al'mitii; the (In!/ nj M,.rirn, nnd tl:i'
/'(irltir. A few small streams lieloiiu' to the liasin (dtlic St.
Lawrence. (.sVf yortfi Amrrirn, ^■II.)

t.'S'2. Tiie most important rivers of the .\llantie slope nre,
the /'cimlismf, KeiDiehtr, Mirrliii'tt', ('>>iniir/i<-iif, //inhnn,
Ihhtmnr, Sii.i(jii<Iiaiiiiii, I'ddmnc, .faiiim, iKniinukf, ('ti/ic
Fi'ir, Piifrr, Smifci; Savainiah, and Allniiiiihii. Tin' llnd-
soii, Delaware, and rotomae are the most important to
naviji;atioii.

283. Many of thciio rivers, liavlng a rft|d.l course, flllni^ll ' .uabh;
water ]»nvi'r for nianufaoturpn. Wali'il'alU (d'ten o.'<'mi' wlierc the
MieaniH ile«.'.>nd I'mni llie iii-liliiiidi to the plain on iho onimt, Tlio
lliillil,iuihi\f the lliKl^a,,, Trillion /',,//(( „n tlie M^liawk, llm |iaKMa.'.}
of (lie r.itouiae ihrouHJi ihe Uluc llidne al J/nrjnfH J'lrri/, are anions
the places atlrncllvo tu travellorK.

2S4. Till' most important rivers ll'iwin.' into Ihetinlfut
Mexii'o are the L'haUahoocht, Aluhama, Tmndiijlnj, J'trnf,

Missi.isipjii, Sdbinr, Trimtij, Brazos, Colorado, aad llio
Grande.

The Mississippi is much the largest river in the United l^tnles, and
among the rivers of the world it is surpassed only by the Amazon. Its
largest tributaries on the left bank are the Wixruiinn, //linuiit, and
Ohio; and those on the right arc the /it.t Muiiits, MiAtoiiri, Arkaii^aii,
Wa.shila, and the Jird Hirer. The Missouri liranch ia ranch larger
and longer than the Mississippi. At the juncti'in it is a iuile in lireadth.
It flows with a rapid current, and its waters are turbid. It is navigable
nearly to (treat Kails, 'J500 miles from the junetion.

Along the lower course of the Mississippi the land is very low, and
is piolected fruin iniindali.ins liy enibankineiits ealhcl lines. The rivi.r
enters the (tulf by several ehannrls.

2S,i. The Illinois is connected with Lake Michigan by a canal.

Kcil River, in its uiiper course, (lows thr'niixli a deep narrow channel,
COO feet below the level of the banks. Further down, the river is
obstructed by the Orml Jlnt't, w-liidi consists uf drift-wood lodged in
the elianiiel for the distance of 70 mih's.

'2^(j. The principal rivers of the I'acilic slope an' tlio
C'dorado, Siicraiiienl'i, and ('oliiml>ia.

The f'olora hi fliiws (lirMijli a raiiih-ss aMd desert region. It re-
ceives its waters lYom tlie li eky Muuiilains. Tlii> fi'i/(( is too niist
important tribut.;iry.

The Sacramento llows through a fertile v,-illry. The Siiu ,f."i'/nia
is its laru'cst tributaiy.

The (Julumbia is the largest river on this sl.ipe. Its head waters
are so near the sources uf the Sask.-ilche-.viui that a travrller ha.H re-
innrkc. that he conid till his kettle frnin either wiihoiil niovim.'. Its
liasin, eoiii linu'of lalilel.mds, is general ly rugged and haiiiii. Tin le
are many wate; falls aint ina cessible gorges,

\1II. Lakes.— L'-7. The jireat lakes of Nortli America
lie lielweeii the I'liitrd States and British America. .Miehi-
L'an is wleilly ill the rnitcil States. {S'C ynrlh Anirrica,
■27, -2^ l^:^.)

These lakes are of great iniportnii".' to ihe in'ri-nal commerce .if tlio
country. Tley are Ciiniiected by canals wllli the .Mississippi, llnj
lludsiiii, and the St, l<a«reiiee.

'2>H, The priiii'ipal other lakes !\ri' Chumii/.ihi, bilHeen New Y"ik
and Veriuiiiit ; /.ii.'o.i U'envije, Omiilii, ('ii//ii;/ii, and Sfiiini, in New
York; \\'iiiiiijii.iii«iri\ in New llniupsliiro ; .UnnDi/iriiit, in .Maine;
llkarhnliir, in Khirida; and (I'lnit Sn/I l.iikr, in J-'ietnont llaHiii.
Shallow lakes are numii.ois in Loiii.-iana. I'lhitrlniiii'din \h tlio
largest.

Clmmpliln Is 1-Jo miles In length, wlln an extnnie liriiicttli i.f lo mljet.
It lniliMln.ll l.y the l!lelielleii. wlileli lli.w.i Into llie St. I.iiwrelicii, and la
ennneeteil liy llie I 'liiiiiipliiln ('mill with the llinliiiin

liront Hiilt l.iiku la ;o mlluH ImiK ntnl .'lu lironil. lis witteiit nre extn no ly
salt.

EXERCISE, Lay down tlio rivers uud lakes on tliu map of tlio
United States.

I.\. Soil— ;."-'.!. livery variety of snil is found in the

rniled Slates, iVnlll the llln.-l fertile tu the liaricll (h'Si rt.

The most fruitful portions nro oomfirlsod In tlio central plain, Iha
valhyo of lliu Appaliii'hian Miiiititiiin>., and tha renlon »e-t of tlm
.•^ierra Ntvadiin, The tablelands on ihcIi nide of the Rucky .M. un.

NORTH AAIERICA.

tains are generally barren deserts. The Atlantic coast is not fertile.
South of" tlie mouth of the Hudson the sandy lowlands are covered
with pine forests and extensive swaiups. A marshy region in Florida
is called the Everglades.

X. Climate.— 290. The greater part of the country has a
teniperate climate. North of the 3()tli parallel the climate
may be consiilcred as cool temperate, south of this parallel
as warm temperate. Intense heat is confined to the extreme
south, severe cold to the mountain Innuhts of tiie west.

The climate is Iioalthful, except the low swainjiy rc^^iuns of the
south.

Au extensive rainless reci"n lifS taoh side of the Roeky .M'juiituint^.
(.Ste .yi')lli Aiiivrica, U".', \i'6.)

Jf^

r\i.Mi:Tio
1»1. The mineral wealth is very groat

XI. Minerals.

and varied.

Tlie KoM luiiios ef (.'iilifornia aro aninnn the ri''!iost in tiio wurM.
Silver la nlito found la Culifonda, Nevada, Now Mexico, nnd other
jhnH'«, Qiiic'ksilver in almud.int in Ciilifornia.

Iron, coal, iind \\ Irnleiini mi' |ileiitilul in PennHvivania. In Missniul
are inou'itiiiim onnKiftina idinest wholly (if iron ore. Coiil h nlno
ainiiidiinl in n'Veriil of the WiNtern SiiiteM,

Oepper is pleMiil'nl in the neighbuurheod of Lake Snpcrinr; hiel in

Illillein, WiNCilllHill, Mild IdWH,

Aluindaneu of (.•ninlt* !« nhlaiiird In Miilno, New Hiiinpshire, nnd
Mancni'hiiKottH ; jjood niarl'le in Vermont. Salt iprhiys are numeroiiK.
IinineiiBt' fprnntilies of salt aiu luiinufiietund finui the i-pringn at Syra-
cuie, Now York.

XII. Plants.— 2!)2. The cool temperate reijion of the north
produces the various f,'rains, vegetables, and forest-trees
common in Nova Scotia. In the States lying between the
great lakes and the 3Gth jiarallel the most important pro-
ducts are wheat, maize, flax, tobacco, api)les, peaches, and
grapes. The forests include the oak, chestnut, and walnut.
Further south, cotton, rice, nuuze, sugar-cane, sweet-potatoes,
oranges, figs, ar.d banaiuts are cultivated ; while in the
forests are found the palmetto, magnolia, and live oak.

293. West of the Jlissi^sippi are vast plains called pruirUs, covered
with tall jirass. Tlic plateaus each side of the Rocky j\Iuuntaius yield
hut little vegetatiun. In the south of this region are tlie agave, or
century jdant, and many kinds of cactus.

In California are immeii.-^e jiints and cy|iresses, some of which are
300 feet high and 30 feet in diameter.

XIII. Animals.— 294. The larger wild animals are now almost
whully confined to the regiuii west of the Mississippi. The most im-
portant are the liison or l.uli'alo, moose, deer, Rocky Mountain sheep,
grizzly be;ir, Mack bear, wolf, and panther.

Wild turkoys, qnniis, .md imrtrldnos nro numernus on tlio prnlrlos. Alll-
(ratdi-s nro found in tlio marshes of the South. KiUtleBnakes iiru conimcn
in m;iny purts of tlie L'nitod Ritate;^

XIV. Inhabitants.— 20.'). The entire population exceeds
;H,00(i,0(M). The groat majority of the iuhaliitants occupy
the eastern side of the country and the central plain. Tlie
nnrtlierii halt' of these sections is more densely peopled than
the Houtiicrn, Tiie Southern States are divided into large
/>/(iiiliiti"iis, and the white inhabitants are often far ajiart.

29ti. The niiijuily of the pcph; are uf Hriti>h and Irish dencont,
but most of the nations of Eumpe have fuini»lied colonists to this
ediintry. The Xi'.;ret;3 number aliuut 4,0(10,0(0. They are principally
Inund in the .'^^■iith, «here in some Stiites they form the majority of
the jiojinlati' n. They perform most of the labour on the plantations,
and were unlil recently held as slaves. They obtained tlieir freedom
in IMiO.

The Indians are siipposcd to number about 4(tO,(iOtl.

297. Tlironghoul the Northern Mates general education is regardinl
as one (d' the higliest inleicstd (d the e mntry. Free selio(d», HUiipoited
by state funds and taxes on iiropeily, )irevail. The lower einsses id' the
South are very ignorant, (ireat cll'orls are now being made by licne-
volent persons in tin; Norlliern Slates to educate the freedmen of the
Smith. ScininnrieN, colleKUf*, law Hchouls, medical achooU, nnd publlo
libraries are numerous,

Among the higher in^titntioim, Rnmo of the n^ost cclel>ratcd nto
l/nrrtifil I'liivi iviiii, CaiiibridLM' ; ilrmni Ciiifirnilii, Providence;
ym'r Cittlf'je, New Haven ; and J'l'hiirlon CnlltiK. Priiicetcin.

298. All relLious denominations have equal civil privileges. A
remarkable community, ciilleil .Moinions, live in the m itjiboiirhood of
Oreat Snlt Lake, A pluiality of wives is one feature of their system.

.W. Diviftions.— 2!il». The Uniled States consiHt of 37
Stdtm, the in»irict of Coliivihia, 7'errllnrics, and tlio
retientiy nctpiired country callecl Wnlnmia, or Riimnn

Aniirini,— iiiakilig -Is divisioiiH.

e region of the north
IS, and forest-trees
i lying between the
lost important pro-
apples, peaches, and
lestnut, and walnut,
cane, sweet-potatoes,
ated; while in the
(, and live oak.

I called i5r«iru4, covered
1 llocky ]\Ioui)taiiis yield
legion are the ii^ave, or

;sses, some of wliicli are

nimiils are now almost

ssissiiii'i. The most iiii-

Rocky Mouulaiii sheep,

reus on tlu' vralrlos, AUI-
liiUtlesnakes iiro coimucn

ic p())iulation exceeds

le inhaliitants oecupy

|ie central plain. Tlic

densely peopled than

e divided into h\rgc

luv often far ajiart.

Irl

iti-h and Irish descent,
ni^liod colonists to this
0. Tiiey are iirinciiwlly
•y form the ninjorily ol
liDur on tlie (.lantatinus,
oliUiine<l tlitir freedom

1110,000.

ill I'dueulion is rcj;arde«l

Kree isehodls, MUiipoit«d

Tlioiowerrlnsst'sof the

i(.\v Winn made l^y I'cne-

ueutu the freed men of the

I'dicul Bihooltt, and imhlio

thp noRl cohliriitod are

riiiirrHitii, Providence ;

ullitit. Princeton.

•(lual I'ivil vrivilines, A

in llic ndt liluiuriiood of

ftatiiro of tiieir Hyetem.

States conBint of 37

7'rrriliineii, and tho

• ilrutsia, or Jiimim

UNITED STATES.

The States are usually grouped as Sew Encjland States,
Middle States, Southern States, and Western States.

EXERCISE.— Trace the boundary line between the States and
Territories.

XVI. Towns.— 300. Washington, in the District of Co-
lumbia, is the capital of the United States. It is situated
on the Potomac River, 1 10 miles from its mouth. It con-
tains the Capitol, in which tho members of Congress meet ;
and the White House, or residence of the President.

Large cities are most numerous in tho northern half of the Atlantic
side of the country. New York ia tlie largest city in America. Next
in size, among those of the United States, are I'kiladef]iUia, Itrook/i/n,
Baltimore, Boston, Neii} Orleans, Cincinnati, >St. Louis, and Chicago.
New York and Brooklyn, which are separated by a narrow pat'jage of
water, have a united population of 1,200,000.

XVII. Industries.— 301. The leading pursuits are a<iri-
rulture, manufacturing, mining, Jishin'j, and commerce.

The States bordering on the preat lakes and in the valley of the
Mississipxii are among the finest agricultural countries in the noi !<1.
It is estimated that in 1806 the United States ju-oduced 180,000,000
Imshels of wheat, and 880,000,000 bushe'a of Indian corn.

302. The New England and Middle States are the jirintipal seats of
manufactures, commerce, and fisheries. The value of the goods manu-
factured in 1800 was estimated at «l,'J00,0(i0,00O,

In commerce the United States rank next to Great Britain. Tiie
I eatcst facility for the transport of goods is atl'orded by tiie rivers,
lakes, canals, and railroads of tlie country. Railroads extend from tin
Atlantic to the .Mississippi, and a ru.ad is now being constructed across
the Rocky Mountains.

303. The most important exports are llour, grain, rice, tibacco,
cotton, mineral products, and manufactured goods; — total value, over
1300,000,000.

The chief imports are tea, coffee, sugar, ""tatocs, coal, aud fine
manufactures ;— total value, about $350,000,Oij..

XVIII. Government— 304. The United States form a
Jlejmblic. Each State lias ita own local government ami
all are united under one genenl government. The govern-
ment is called a Dimoeravji, being wholly controlled i)y the
voice of the people. The head utlicer i,s styled the l'resid<iit,
nnd Ib elected for tho term of foiu- years. Tho Legislatinc,
or Vongr'ss, con-^iste of an Upper lloiih. , called the S> nat'',
and tho House of liepresentatives.

306. Tho people do not vote directly for the rresident, but each
State chooses as many rhetors an it has members in t.'iiii>;re.'>.s, and tho
electors cliiose the President.

The Senate consists of two members from each State, chosen every
six years.

The II. u«e of UpprescntHlivi^s comprise* 241 menibers, ilmseii for
two years, tho number from each State (lejieiidiiig on the populnlion.

The Teirilories have no represcntaUHii, liul are under the enutrol ot
ilio Ueiieral (Jovernment until they h.tve sullicient population to beaii-
IN it ted as Staten,

Thereveunu of the General (^lvernment is about ♦120,000,000; tho
national debt, about |3,000,iiti(i,iHiii.

NEW ENGLAND STATES.

300. The colonization of the New England States was
eonmieneed in 1()2<>, l)y tho Engli.-ih ruritans, usually called
the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims crossed tho Atlantic in tho
Mmj-floiver, and settled at Plymouth in Ma.ssaehu.setts.

This division comprises tho fullowing six States :—

Name.

.^)7,C futll

DA rot With

N,.v.
Scolla.

ro,». lu-
ll un

(liirfTomn.

.Vaixk

U'JS.OOO

) Augusta,rortliuiil;jti,ooo;
"1 n.-mnor , 111,000).

Nf.w IlAVrsllIKK. .

3'2n,ooo

1 Concord, M;uicli.>.sf|.r
'( v'2o,i)oo', Poi'tMinmlli.

\'i:i(.voST

:ii,j,ooo

( Montpelier, nnrlinumn,

I llMtllUld.

Boston 2oo,ooo\ I..UV1-11.

C'nniljiidn.', linxliury.

MASSAcnVSKTTS. ...

fJ.'U.OOO

Charli.stnwii.WiiiTi'vtiT.
New Hi'ilfiird, Siikiii.
, Lynn, liiiwiinee.

UlIOIlE Isi.ANn

1 (

17.^>,000

Providence „'ii,ouo), New
Port, I'.ristol.

I'oNNKCTUt T

4iii>,ooo

Hartford, Newh.aven

iS'.i.ooo', \(.\v l.iHiiliin

3n7. The coast abmuid.-* in fun' h.u'boiir.H.

The surface is generally hilly. The (lr<'(n Mi'iiu/uiin
are in Vermont, the Whtte J/onnfains ia New IIanip.shire.
The latter are noteil tor lino scenery.

The soil is not gi'iierally fertih-. Tlu; climate i-i like that
of Nova Scotia.

30S. Maine builds moro ships tlrin any other State in the Union.
It e.\|iorts lumber, granite, marlile, lime, and jiotatoes. /'urtt'tinl,
its largest city, Ilip a fine harbour, and is couneele<l «ilh L'anad.a by
the Grand Troid: Railway,

3ni». New Hampshire, sonielimes called the finniilr Stiifr, is a
monntainoi',1 OMiintry. Its jiridiicts are cattle, butter, eliee.se, and
|iot,itoes. It also has itnportant cotton al!d woollen manufactures,

310, Vermont takes its name from the Green Moiiiitains, whicli ni-n
rendered verdant by their forestsof pino and (Ir. Agriculture, grazing,
atid lumbering are the chief pursuits. Large i|uantities (if m.'iplc sn^ar
are made,

311, Massachusetts was the first State tn npp.ise the llrjiish (iovern-
inent .it the lime of tlo' Rovnluiifjn, This State is among llie foremost,
in manul'ai'tures, producing more than half the bont* and shoes, and
one-third of the cntton ami woollen goiuls made in the Uniteil Stall s.
It also takes the leal in the fisheries, nnd ia second only to New Vork
in commerce. It was the first St.ile to establish freo .schooN. Hus'uii,
till' largest city in New KnglamI, i.n noted for ill public schools and
literary instilulionH, Its public library ranks as tlio second in the
I'nited States, l.ovi'l :ind /.(Urroivf are the iliief seats of cotton
and woullen mainifaeliiri's. /.//mi is nnted for shi e-fai'lorivH. A'liy
Jtiilforil is oxIiiiMVi'ly engaged in the whale fisheries.

312, Rhode Island i* the smallest Slate in the Union, but it is
densely in'oplud. Numerous maiinfacturiiig towns and villagei iiru
sitnatrd along llio banks of its xtreams, eoitnii and woolli n k(i)od.-! beiiiK
the ehief prudints, I'rnriiliiirr, the siiil of llrowti University, was
foiinded in h'M by Rii'ir Williams, the nuti 1 advni'iitoof pidilical and
religious freedom, .^'l I'luirl is a celebrated waleriiigplaee,

NORTH AMERICA.

313. Connecticut ia noted for the variety of its manufactures. It
makes more sewing-machines than any other State. New J/areii, tlie
seat of Yale College, is a beautiful city. Hartford manufactures fire-
arms and machinery. Neio London is a great fishing port.

MIDDLE STATES.

Sl'SPENSION niilDOE OVKR NIAUAHA.

1314. This section comprises the following seven States
and the district of Columbia :—

SItn com-

NkllK.

iinl'i'd uilli

I'.l.Mla-

thiif ro»ii«.

Nuvtt

tion.

(Citintiits 111 Ulmk Utt'T.)

folin.

Albany (0'2,000\ New Vork

(',100,000), llrooklyn (300,000),

New York ....

2.\

8,S81,00O

nulfiilo (81,000), Knehc-itur,
Troy, Syracuse, Utica, O.s-
wi'K'o, Kingston, Newburg,
^ I'oMidikec'iisie.

'Harrisburg, riilla<leliiliia

I'knn.svlva.ma

2,900,000

(000,000;, I'ittsburK (.'•)0,ooo ,
Alli'Kliany, Keadinj,', Lan-
casttT.
Trenton, Newark (72,000\

New Jk.h.sky. ..

072,000

.Kisuy, I'litiTson, I'anidun.

I)ET.AWAnH

112,1,00

Dover, Wilmington (21, 000).

(Annapolis, Baltlnior';

Maiivlanh , ..

087,000

■) cjrj.ouo.

1 Richmond (li8,ooo\ Potcrs-

VinulNIA

1.2U1,000

\ limr. Norfolk, Vorktown.

WeMT VllUII.SIA

1:'.

a54,000

WhoelinK ill.ooo'.

CoLU.MniA

( Wnshingtou iUl,0OO\ GooVgo-
\ town.

315. Tilt' surface of these States is jisreally vaiied.

Tliero are two principal iiiuiintain ranges, tlie JUtic Jxnhje
and tho Alh'tjhuaies, sejjurated liy a brtiad and fertile valley.
The coast rej,'ion is low and sandy. It is separated fVt)iii
tiie hijili land by a rocky ri(l,'e. Tiie chief rivers are tlm
Jlitilgon, Mu/i'iwk, Di/iiiciirc, Stis'/ui/itdiiKi, J'vl'niidr, Jtup-
jHthanmich, JamcH, tS/ienamlwth, AlUijIiaiiy, Jlouomju/uht,
Kaiiaw/id, and O/iio.

The climate is temperate in the north, and warm in the
■uuth.

The pursuits are agriculture, manufactures, commerce,
and mining.

31'1 New York was first colonized by the Dutch, but was taken by
the English in 16(32. It exceeds every other State in population,
wealth, and commerce. It is also among the first in manufactures.
Vast quintities of talt are made from salt springs. A great deal of flour
i i made in this State from grain brought over the lakes from the west.
New York also produces more butter and cheese than any other State.

Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, and Lake George are among the ob-
jects of interest to touri.-)ts.

317. jS'cw Vork city, on Manhattan Island, has a fine harbour, and
ranks ne.xt to Loudon and Liverpool in commercial importance. The
chief trade of the grain-growing States of the Upper Mississippi passes
tlirough this city. Bruokliin is a suburb of New York. Albany, on
the Hudson, is conncctud with Lakes Erie and Champlain by canals.
At Buffalo the grain 'Vom the west is transferred from vessels to canal-
boats. Rochester and Osunjo are noted for the manufacture of flour ;
Syracuse for salt. Truij is noted for its iron-works; Wesfpoint, for
its Military Academy. Haralotja is a noted watering-place.

818. Pennsylvania was colonized Ijy the English Quaker, William
Penn. It ia a ])opulou3 and wealthy State. Its chief products are
grain, iron, coal, petroleum, and manufactures. It takes the lead in
iron manufactures, and is next to Massachu.setts in woollens anu a 'oc-:.

I'hiladdphia is noted for the regularity of its streets, and for its ex-
ten.-ive manufactures, /'•ttsburi/, at the head of steam navigation ou
the Ohio, is in the centre of the coal and iron region, and exceeds every
other place in the United States in the manufacture of iron.

319. New Jersey is ciiielly engaged in agriculture and manufactures.
Vegetables, peaches, and other fruits, are raised abundantly for the
markets of the neigiibouring large cities.

Newark' manufactures jewellery, patent leather, and rubber goods.

320. Delaware is situated wholly on the low, sandy coast region.
It is smalloi than any other State, except llhode Island. Agriculture
is the chief pursuit.

WUmiitijton manufactures large quantities of gunpowder.

321. Maryland is divided into two sections by Chesapeake Bay. It
yields tobacco, corn, and wheat. In the west are valuable iron and
•loal mines.

Baltinorc is a great commercial ami manufacturing city. Itii trade
with the valley ol' tho Mississippi is important.

322. Virginia was the seat of the earliest Engiish colony in America.
Large portions of the country were devastated by the recent civil wars.
In the south-east is an extensive marsh called the Wreat l)mnal
Sirainp. The Nalnral Brutije, in the valley west of tho lilue Kidge,
is a natural arch 200 feet high and 'JO feet wide.

Tobacco, wheat, and maize are the chief products. Iron and conl are
aljnndant ; but more attention is given to agriculture than to mining.

Richmond lias many tlour mills, and the largest tobacco manu-
factories iu tho United States, It is noted as tlio late capital of tho
Confederate States. Norfolk h.'iS an excellent harbour.

323. West Virginia, adhering to tho North during the rebellion,
wa.-i fiirmed into a separate State in 181)2, Iron, coal, salt, and
[letroleuni are (ilentiful.

Iliirjiirii i'evrii, at the confluence of tho Shenandoah with the
i'cjtoniac, is noted for its beautiful scenery, where the U!iitcd stream
breaks througii the llluo Riilgo. (Stc Umdncolt'a Uazcttccr.)

321, Tho District of Columbia compriscH about (ii) square miles
on tho east of the Potomac. It was originally 10 miles square,
lying on both sides of the river, ceded to tho Oemral (loverninent by
Maryland and Viiginia, The portion taken from the latter State wa.'i
rostoreil.

Columbia is under the immediate control of Cunnress, but has no
re)iresentulion. It cuutuins \\'a»hiiiyton, tho capital of the Uuiti-d
States,

lufactures, commerce,

Dutch, but was taken by

lier State in population,
he fust in manufactures,
nR3. A j;reat deal of flour
r the lakes from the west,
eese than any other State.
George are among the ob-

;1, has a fine harbour, and
mercia'. importance. The
e Upper Mississippi passes i
f New York. Albany, on j
iind Champlain by cauals,
erred from vessels to caual-
tho manufacture of fluur ;
roll-works; Wcstimut, for
1 watering-place.
English Quaker, William
,e. Its chief products are
ures. It takes the lead iu
setts in woollens anu s 'oe«.
if its streets, and for its ex-
ead of steam navigation on
HI region, and exceeds every
iiufacture of iron,
riculture ami manufactures.
! raised abundantly for the

leather, and rubber goods.
,0 low, sandy coast region.
Rhode Island. Agriculture

es of gunpowder,
jns by Chesapeake Bay. It
st are valuable irun and

nufacturing city. Its trade
int.

Eiigi.sh culuiiy iu America.

ted by the recent civil wars.

called the Onat Dismal

west of tlie Blue llidge,

wiilo.

roiUu'ts. lion and coal are
u'lieuUure than to mining,
largest tobacco manu-
1 as the late capital of the
nt harbour,
ortli during the rebellion,
8()2, Iron, coal, salt, and

the Shenandoah willi tlio
i, where the united stream
liincvWa 'iazitlar.)
8c« aliout (id 8(',uare miles
originally 10 miles sfiuaif,
the Ueiieial Ooveniment by
en Irom tlie latter Stale was

ml 1)1' (\)Mmv8s, but ban n<i
(ho capital of the United

UNITED STATES.

0:5

SOUTHERN STATES.

COTTON-HCKINfl.

325. Tl
Missouri,
ill 1801.

lis section, together with the Stj.. js of Viri,'iiiia and
formed tlie Soutliern Confederacy wliich seceded
It c()n.sists of the following ten States ;—

S 7.P c<'m-

\r..mi »ltll

Popula-

rlliof Towlii.

Soil..

tion.

C'n/iidtlam lliack Lttlir.)

N'lillTII Cakoi.ina..

int;i,ni)o

( Raleigh, Wilinlnutnn,
1 Itoaufnrt, iMiyottoville.

SOITH (.'AUOMNA ..

I'l

Td.T noo

( Columbia, Mmrleston

) iTiLOOO , <ioor(.'i'l()wn.

j Milledgeville, Suvunnali
•n (2'J,0001, Ail^'Ustn, At;i-
' l.'iMta

ilronciiA

i,or.7,ooo

1 Tallahassee, Key Wrst,
', I'l'iisnooln. ."^t. Augii.i-

TrnniriA

140,000

1 tine

\t.AM\.MA

no-i.ono

( Montgoniery, Mnbiiu
1 r-",»,oiii) , •I'n.scnlonsa.

MlSHlSSIITI

7!n,000

) Jackson, N'atclifZ, \1c1<h-
1 linrtf.

j Baton Rouire, Nmv or
•\ loans l(lS,u(*o;, Aloxan-
1 (bill.

r.lillstAVA

2;\

108.000

Tfxas

12ii

(iOl.OOO

t Austin, (!;ilvi'»ton, lldiis-
1 tmi, S;iii .\iitiniii).

AlJKANMAS

■i.'in.ooo

Little Rock.

Tunnknsp.k

1,111.000

1 Nashville, Mrmphls
) ia;t,o00>, Knnxvllli'.

rjjfl. The coast i.s low and inarsh.y, i.s liordcred I'y low,
eaiidy islands, and lias Init few harhours.

Tlie surface is v.'enerally low and level, exe(>|it the interior
of tlic Caidlinas, Cieorgia, and Texas. The /llurk Mmiit-
Utnit, in North Carolina, form the hiudiest jxution of tlie
Ai>iialiu'hiau System. A large part of Louisiana is alluvial,

being formed of materials brought down by the Mississippi,
and is subject to inundations.

The western part of Texas is on the dry barren plateau
adjoining the Rocky lountains. Tlie streams here flow
through deep gorges called canons.

327. The low coast region is covered with foreits of pitch-pine,
from which largo quantities of pitch, tar, turpentine, and re.sin are
obtained. The live-oak of Florida is very durable, and is used in
ship-building. The palmetto and magnolia are common tree,': in the
south.

328. Cotton is the stajile product. There are two kinds;— the loiisr,
or sea id'iixl cotton, produced chiully by the islands; and the short, or
upland cotton. Tobacco, rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane
are important products. Oranges, ]iineapples, and bananas are abiin-
daiit in Floiida and Tjras.

Smith rarolina yields the most rico ; Louisi.-ina, the mn.st susar-cinp ; anil
Mis.si.-i-ijipi tlie most cottnii. Texa.s i.s nntod fur iinnieiisu lienls nf cuttle.

3'20. The towns are generally small. W'ilnvnijlon exports naval
stores and tohaceo. Vhnrbston cx]iorts rice, and i-< iinted as the pl.ice
where the rebellion began in ISO), by the attack on Fort Sumptcr,
Aii;iiisfa manufactures cotton goods and flour.

^cw Orlean? is the greatest cotton market in the world. A large
lart of the produce of the Mis.-isHippi valley is exported through this
city. J/o'/i/c is next to New Orleans in the expnrtition of cotton.

Ke>/ ]\'c.''t, on a coial island south of T'lerida, has a fine Inrbonr.
\'irl:x''iirft is noted for its siege in the late war.

Hut little attention is given to manuf.ioturiiig in the Southern
States.

WESTERN STATES.

'-<?

KA.>r\ tr TiiAiN i-Di'.iuMi Till; uiKWsAS iiivf.n.

oMo. Tills division i.s reinarkaliii^ tor the feiiiliiv nf its soil

■*

''in

NOItTH AMERICA.

and the rapid increase of its population. It consists of tlie
followiiit,' eleven States : —

^■lllue.

Siz« com-

pai'Qil with

N.iv«

Scoliii.

Popula-
tion.

Chli'fToun!.
{Capilnla in Black Lettfr.)

Kentl'ckv. . .
omo

lo
3
3
3

l,lo(i,OOU

l'.3i0,000

1 -^MfinO

1,712,0110

71(1. 000

770,000
17-J,0'>0
67j,0o0

1,18-2,000

107,000
30,000

) Frankfort, Louisville v70,000,,
1 Lexington.

( Columbus, Cincinnati (101,000',
-N Cleveland :3i;,000;, Dayton
I (20,000 , Tolrdo.
( Iiuliauapolis ,lt>,ooo , Madison,
( 'IVrre Hantc.

( Sprillgflold, (■hicivgo (109,000),
1 <;alena.

j Lansing, Detroit (io.OOO , Ann
) Arbour.

j Madison, Milwaukeo (45,000.,
( Uacinu.

St. Paul, i cnibina.
( DuS Muines, Duburine, Iowa
( City, IturliuKton
( Jefferson City, St. Louis
( (1(!2,000\ St. .Joseph.
( Topeka, Leconipton, LaTrence,
( Atuliison.

Omaha.

Indiana

Illinois

MiCIIIflAX.. . .

\V|S0()XSIN ..
MlNNKSOTA ,.

Iowa

iMissorui

Kansas

NuiiUASKA . . .

331. These States arc situated mainly in the basin of
the Mississii)]ii.

Tiio surface consists lai-ovly of level and rolling i)rairies.
The soil is generally very fertile, and especially suited to
grain. Tiie arid portions in the west are barren.

The climate in the northern sectit)ns is .subject to great
extremes of heat and ' Tlie souch is Avanu temperate.

The minerals ai' or, lead, coal, and iron. (See 201.)

332. The holding i,Vu'SUits are agriculture and grazing.
Tiie chief products are ulicat, maize, and other grains ; flax,
hemp, tobacco ; dairy jiroduce, live-stock, beef, jiork, and
wool. The southern port" ^ns also yield cotton.

IMaiuifacturing receives but little attention except in
Ohio, The trade con.sists mainly in an exchange of products
with the manufacturing States of the cast,

333. Kentucky Ls noleil for its caverns. Mamn otii Cave oonsi.sts of
!i series of uiider-grijuiul clianil>crs, wliioh liiive I'Ceii cxiilorcil to tlie
di.-t,'iiioe often miles. Tliis State produces large niiaiit it ies of tobacco.

Ohio is the third Slate in tlie Union in poiiulation. lis products are
niaize, wheat, and jirapes. Ciiwinvali cxjiorts heef, lurk, niul wool,

334. Indiana is a fertile Slate. Uiaiu and live stock are tlie chief
jiroducts.

Illinois consists chiefly of prairie land. It surpas.'^es every other
Stale in llie proiluction of wlicat and corn. Chiraijo, on Laiio Miehi.';in,
is a f;rcat giaiii market. In 1831 it contained hut seven or eiu'iit
famili^?f.. Its population is still rapidly iiicreasimj, Tlie city is sup-
plied with water taken from tlie lake two mile >om ttie shore, and
eondujied liy a tunnel under the bed of the lake. The water near the
shore was renderel unwholesonio by the sewers.

Oakud is in the midst of lead mines.

335. Michigan consists of two iicninsulas. Copper and iron are
abmidant in the northern division. Jhtmit, opposite Windsor in the
rroviiicu of Uiitttiio, has a large trade. {Sec Uiilarh, 107.)

Wisconsin, Minnesota, and loTra consist mainly of fertile prairie
land.

Milwaukee, on Lake Jlichigan, Las a good harbour and an extensive
trade.

336. Missouri is also a fertile prairie State. It produces tobacco
and Indian corn. St. Louis, on a bluff beside the Missisrippi, is the
depot of the fur trade of the llocky Mountains. An important over-
land trade is also carried on by waggon trains vs-ith the Pacific States.
S'. Joseph is one of the chief places from which emigrant trains set
out for the Slates and Territories bevond the Ro^ky Mountains.

Kansas and Nebraska are States. The eastern part of Kansas
resembles Missouri in surfae^ and products.

PACIFIC STATES.

337. The States on the Pacific side of the continent are
the three following :—

Name.

Size Goin-

purcd with

Nova

Bcoiia.

Pijpula-
tiuu.

Chief Ton in.
(Capitalt in mark Letter.)

L'ALIFOItXlA ..

OuKfiON

Nkvatia

sriO.ooo

53,000
40.000

( Sacramento, .Sau Francisco
( (57,000\ Benicia.

Salem, Portland,
f Carson City, Virguiia City,
1 C.enoa.

33S. California was thinly inhabited when it was ceded to the
United States in 1848. The fame of its gold mines attracted emigrants
from almost every country in the world. Its niiner.il and agricultural
resources are very rich and varied. The quicksilver mines are '^-
oounted the richest in the worla. The well-watered and fertile valley
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin yields abundance of wheat, maize,
and other grains. The wine grape is e.xtensively cultivated, and large
quantities of wine are exported. Tea, cofifee, oranges, and olives are
also cultivated.

San Francisco is the most important commercial city on the Pacific
coast,

330. Oregon has many fertile valleys west of the Cascade Mountains,
in which most of the white inhabitants are found.

Nevada derives its chief importance from its silver mines. It con-
tains extensive barren vieserts, and has many salt lakes.

TERRITORIES.

340. The table-laml and mountainous region of the west
comprises the following nine Territories :—

haiiK'. CiplMl.

WAsniNQTON Olympia.

Ii'Aiio ..Boisee City.

Montana Bannock City.

Dakotaii Yankton.

CoLORAPo Golden City.

Utah Salt Lake City (SUOO).

Ahizona Prescott.

Nkw Mkxico Bantu Fe.

Imhan Teiuutuky. Tahlequah.

341. A large jiart of this rvgion is rainless i iid barren

mainly of fertile prairii'

harbour and an extensive

ite. It produces tobacco
de the Missisrippi, is the
ins. An important over-
is with the Pacific States,
ihich emigrant trains set
Rovky Mountains,
be eastern part of Kansas

of the continent are

UNITED STATES.

Chief To»ns.
'apiluli in Black Lilltr.)

mcntO, Sau Francisco

001, Benicia.

, Portland.

a City, Virginia City,

Dft.

hen it was ceiled to the
i mines attracted emigrants
,s mineral and agricultural
quicksilver mines are ■'«-
watered and fertile valley
buiidance of wheat, maizf,
vely cultivated, and large
oranges, and olives are

raercir.l city on the Pacific

)f the Cascade Mountains,
'ound.

its silver mines. It con-
sult lakes.

US region of tlie west
',s : — •

ftpiul.

mpia.

isee City.

nnock City.

nkton.

Iden City.

It Lake City (8O00).

escott.

nt:i Fe.

ihlequah.

riiinii'ss i tul liarrcn

i i i

Much of the soil is impregnated with salt. Some fertile
districts are found in the valleys. Washington Territory-
yields fine timber. IMasts arc exported to Asia.

342. Utah is inhabited by the Mormons. The soil is made fertile

liy irrigation. Sail Lake (!ily lias broad .streets lined with trees, and
watered by streams led from the nei.;hl)Ouring hilKs.

■New Mexico is ricli in silver. Ri'L'nIar trade is carried on between
Santa Fe ainl St. Louis in Missouri liy wagizon trains.

Indian Territory has been .assigned to the Inaians, who have re-
moved thitiier from various Slates

---a?. "*w

KHiJLl.MAl :.\ VlI.l.AiiK

WALRUSSIA, OR RUSSIAN AMERICA.

343. This country was dir"overed in 1741 hy a Russijin
exploring expedition, conducted hy Vitus Behring. It was
purehdsed fi )m Rtissia by the Government of tl;e United
States, in 1867, for $70,000, and it may be considered a-d a
new Territory.

344. It occupies the extreme north-west of the continent. The
distance from Asia, at Behring's Sliait, is 36 miles. The principal
part of the country forms a compact body. A !-tri)\ 30 miles in
breadth, exteiuls along the Pacific cnast to 61" 40' north latitude, and
the peninsula of .Vliaska stretches ni'arly as far south.

345. The coast om the Pacific is generally bold and irrccular, pre-
senting numerous volcanic pcak.'^; on the Arct c it is generally low.
The west coasi ij skirtod with islands. The mos', important group i-
Otori/e ni. Arrhiprhvi'), including Silka Mutid.

""\. The aiea is '21 times greater than Nova Sootia, or equals a
square of tiJ7 loilos,

The surface is generally an elevated nlateau, 3000 fectabcce thcsea,
except along the north and north-west, where it is q\iite low. Tin'
volcanic mountains along the Pacific have their hi(diest point in Mount
St. Elias (14,070 feet).

34". The climate in the narrow sonthcrn portions is teinpcratc ainl
very humid; throughout the main body of the country the cold is
severe.

Vegetation in the interior and north is (Vinfinod to shrubs, mosses
ami lichens. In the .south are forests of cone-bearing trees; and oats,
barley, .-Mid vei:etablos are cultivated.

The animals are like those of Hudson Hay Territory.

348. The population is l'^tiInated at GO, 000, coni.i.sting mainly of
Esquimaux and Iiiil'ans.

The Ksquini.'uix are cjf. small size. They li* tnai the coast, anil on
the islands. They clothe ihi'Misrlvos in the dried skin of the rein-deer,
making the entiie dress of one piece. Their houses aru made of drift
lo:;s, and sometimes of blocks of snow. Their chief food consists of
fish, tlesli of the reindeer, whale-oil, and seal-oil.

The iirincipal town or villaL'e U yar Atrl(ftii;iJ, on Sitka Inland,
eontainiiiL.' about lO'tO inhabitants.

The chief pursuits are fishing and hniitin,',

QUESTION. -A ship sails from Boston to New Orleans nud back;
what freiglita would she probably carry ?

EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.-Whcn it is 12 o'clock noon at
Portland, what time is it at San Francisco ?

'i!

Ill

!i|

it' t

NORTH AMERICA.

MEXICO.

nxE-ArrLK.

T. History.— 340. At the time of the fliscovcy of America,
IMexico was iiiliabitod by a ]io\verfiil Tndiaii nation called
Adfcs, Avho were far advanced in civilization.

In 1521, after two years of cruel and treaclicrous warfare, Cortez
with a band of Spaniards conquered the Aztees, and destroyed Tcnoch-
lit/an, their capital. Tlie name Mexico is said to have been derived
from Me.ridi, tlie Aztec pod of war.

S50. Mexico gaii.e.l its independence from Spain in 1822, and estab-
lished a republican gnernuient in 1824. Since this date, nearly iialf
(he original territory, inciiidiiif; Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and
Upper California, lias been annexed to the United States.

In 18G2, Mexico was conquered by a Freiudi army, and formed into
an empire, under the Austrian prince Maximilian. On the with-
drawal of the French army in ISti", ]\Iaximilian, unable to bold hii
position against opposing factions, was taken prisoner and .shot l)y
order of Juarez. The counli-y is now in a state of anarchy.

II. Position.— 351. Mexico occuides the whole breadth
of the eonthient between the United States and Central
America.

The Rio Grande forms the northeastern boundary,

III. Form. — 352. The outline resembl(>s a ('<)r)uico/iiri.
EXERCISE.— Draw the appro.ri male fonn of Mexico.

IV. Coast.— 3")3. The principal iidet.s an^ the (j'h// of'
Campeacluj, Gii/f of Cit/i/oniiii, -awI the 6'*'// (;/' TJnutn-
tejKC.

Th(> best harbours are on (be west coast.

'I'he capes are Calnclic, Cnrriciilr.t, and St. l.iirnK.

Tlie peninsulas iire Yiuulun and Vabuivniti,

EXERCISE- Trace the r<iast line and Untinttiri/ liius around the
approximate form.

V. Area. — 354. The area is about one-fourth the size of
British America, or is equal to a square of 926 miles.

VI. Surface.— 355. With the exception of low lands along
the coast of the Gidf of Mexico, the surface is principally
table-land from 6000 to 8000 feet high.

In the northern part of the country there are three mountain ranges
^the Cordillera de Coahula, on the east; the Cordillera de Sonera,
on the west ; and the Sierra Madre, in the middle. In a line east and
west, near the lOtii parallel, several volcanic peaks rise like colossal
mounds from the plateau. The most important are Orizaba (17,374
feet), Popocatepetl (17,720 feet), and Iztaccihuatl (15,705 feet).

The pl.ateaa rises precipitously near the Pacific coast. From the
bro.ader jilain on the east the ascent is less abrupt; but even here
there are only two carriage roads to the interior.

VII. -IX. —350. The rivers are generally mountain torrents. Tlie
Rio iirundc, on the north-eastern frontier, and the Colorado, crossing
the north-west corner, are the cliicf exceptions.

Small lakes are numerous on the plateau. Chaimla, equal to a
square of 30 miles, is the largest.

The soil is generally fonile, but badly culliv!ited.

X.-XIII. — 357. The climate varies according to the ele-
vation, from tropical heat on the low coasts, to the regions
of ])crpetual snow on the extreme mountain heights.

The hot, moist region of the Gulf coast, extending about 50 miles
inland, is very unhealthy. Tiie table-lands often suffer from drought.

358. The minerals are silver, gold, quicksilver, iron,
copper, tin, lead, and zinc.

The silver mines were long accounted the richest in the world.
They are less productive than formerly.

359. Vegetation is diversified according to the elevation.

The lowlands yield mahogany, dye-woods, vanilla, cotton, coti'ee,
sugar-cane, maize, indigo, jieiqier, bananas, and various tropical fruits.
Tlie table-lauds of the interior produce the forest trees, grains, and
fruits of tem])orate regions.

Various species of cactus are common. One kind fiirnisbes fuod for
the cochineal insect. AiiLtber, called the inaijuctj, is cultivated for its
juice, which is the favourite beverage of the iiihubitaiits.

300. Wild ajiimals are numerous. The jaguar and puma are the
mi.st formidabli'.

Imniunse herds of the bi.-on, musk-ox, and mustang or wild horse,
roam over the n^irthern jdains. The horse was iiitruduced by the
.^^paniards. Alligators, rattlesnakes, and myriads of insects are found
on the lowlands. The cuchineal insect is of great commercial value.

XIV. and XV. Inhabitants.— 361. The popidation is esti-
mated at 8,250,000, of whicii the Indians form nearly five-
eighths, Sitaniardii (jne-eighth, and mixed races one-fourth.

The Spaniards are generally the most wealthy class. ]\Iany of the
Indians arc in a very degraded condition.

Nearly all the inhabitants au Ruman Catholics.

Education is greatly neglected.

302. Mexico contains many remains of its ancient civilization, such
as aqueducts, statues, pyrumidg, uud other wurka of art. Tlie u>ust

oue-fourth the size of
■e of 926 miles.

iou of low lands along
surface is principally

ire three mountain ranges
the Cordillera de Sonora,
ikhlle. In a line east and
ic peaks rise like colossal
rtaiit are Orizaba (17,37-1
Matl (15,705 feet),
i'acifio coast. From the
is abrupt; but even here
•lor.

■ mountain torrents. The
ind the Colorado, crossing

MS.

au. Cliupala, equal to a

tivated.

s according to tlie ele-
' coasts, to the regions
uutain heights.

e.\ten(linp; about 50 miles
often suller from drought.

old, quicksilver, iron,

Lhe richest iu the world.

(ling to the elevation.

vanilla, cotton, oolTee,
\\v\ various tropical fruits,
forest trees, grains, and

lie kind furnishes f'Od for
inr;/, is cultivated for its

iiiiiabitaiits.
^uar and puma .are the

id mustang or wild horse,
was introduced by the
yriads of insects are found
,'reat commercial value.

Tlie popidatiun is osti-
iuis form nearly tive-
xcd raci's one-fourth.

illliy class. Alany of the

iiolics.

ancient civilization, such
works of art. The most

MEXICO— CENTRAL AMERICA.

remarkable are the ruins of Chichen in Yucatan, and the Pyramid of
ChoMa a few miles e.ast of Puebla. -he latter is built of suudried
brick, is 1423 feet square at the base, and is 164 feet high.

XVI. Towns.— 363. All the large towns are situated on
the table-land. Mexico City, the capital, is 7470 feet above
the sea, and is overlooked by lofty volcanic mountains.

Mexico (200,000) is a beautiful and wealthy city, containing many
raa^'uificent public buildings. Churches and convents are numerous.
The city is on the margin of a lake, and occupies the site of the Aztec
capital.

3(54. There ire many other lar^e cities, as Guadalaxara, La Puella,
Guanaxuata, Zacatccaa, San Luis, Colina, and Merida. The prin-
cipal ports on the east are Vera Cruz, Matamoras, Tampico, ami
Campe'icky; those on the west coast are Mazallati, San Bias, and
Acapu'co. Vera Cruz has a poor harbour, and is very unhealthy,
being seldom free from yellov '"over.

XVII. and XVIII.— 365. The chief industries are mining
and agriculture,

Tlie manufactures are unimportant. The exports embrace metals,
cochineal, hide, mahojiany, and medicinal herbs. Tiie imports in-
clude almost all kinds of manufactured goods, linuors, and fish.

36G. Tiio government is republican, but it is weak and
unsettled.

The want of an enlightened and steady government ha' ".eriously
retarded the prosperity of Mexico.

QUESTION.— A vessel sails from Halifax to Vera Cruz and back ;
what freights would she probably carry ? Which trip Wuuld likely
take the longer time ; and why ?

CENTRAL AMERICA.

I. History. — 367. Central America, so called from its
position, was discovered by Columbus in 1502. It continued
a dependency of the Spanish Crown until 1823, when it tiircw
off the Spanisii yoke and formed it.sclf into a Federal lie-
Ijublic, consisting of five States. The union was dissolved
iu 1839. Since this date the various States have been dis-
tiubed by almost constant internal strife.

II. Position.— 3i33. Central America naturally embraces the whole
country between the Isthmuses of Tehuantepec and Paiuiina. Its
political bounds are less extensive, Yucatan belonging to Mexico, and
the extreme south to New Granada. It i.i wholly in the Torrid Zone.

III. Form.— 3(.i'J. The form is triangular, with a deep notch at the
Gulf of Honduras.

I\^ Coast.— 370. The Ou'f of Honduras is the principal iidet;
the most important cape h Uracius a liios ; and the chief islands on
the Coast aie the Bay Islands in the Gulf of Honduras.

V. Area.— 371. The area is eleven times the size of Nova Scotia, or
equals a square of 444 miles.

VI. -XIII.— 372. The physical features and products are

similar to tho.se of Me.vico.

The v,able-land becomes quite low towards the Isthmus of Panama.
Cone-shaped volcanoes are numerous. Ajua, 15,000 feet high, is the
greatest elevation.

373. The principal lakes are Xicaraijua, 140 miles long ; and ^fan■
(ifiua or Leon. IJoth are iu the basin of the San Juan. It lias been
proposed to construct a ship canal through these lakes, connecting the
Pacific with the San Juan.

374. The climate on the low coast is very unhealthy, especially in
the wet season which begins towards the end of May. The interior is
dry and healthy, but is subject to violent earthquakes.

The minerals, plants, and animals are like those of .Mexico.

XIV. Inhabitants.— 375. The population is estimated at
2,30G,0e)0.

The Indians .are the most numerous. Nearly all the inhabitants
.are Roman Catholics.

XV. Divisions.— 376. Central America consists of tiie
following six divisions : —

Name,

Size com-

I>afe 1 with

.Nova

Scutin.

roiml.'i-
tluti.

C'tiicr To»ns.
{Capiluls 111 Lhuk LiUer.)

GU.VIEMALA

lIONnrilAS

.San Salvaikik

N'K-ARAGeA

Costa PiIca

BltlTISH lIoMU-ltAS

•2.1

li
1

850,000

350,000
000,000

400,000

1 -.21;, 000

11,000

( New Guatemala oo.ouo .

< (iuesaUoi.iingo, St. Tlio-
( mas.
(Comayagua iis,0oo ,

( Onicia, 'rnixillo.

( San Salvador, t'ojute-

( lioquc, Acr.j'itla.

j Managua, Loiin ;:ir.,ooii ,

S KeiiU'jo, Sail Juan,
(, Gruytowii.

(San Jose CiO.ooo), car-
\ thage, I'untas .Arena.s.
Balize.

377. Guatemala lies principally along the Paoitio. It contains a
reniai'kable water volcano.

Honduras, along the liay of Honduras, is noted for its forests of log-
wood and mahogany. The Bay Islands were ceded to this State by
Great Britain in ISiiO.

San Salvador is whnlly on the Pacific coast.

Nicaragua, including Ma.fiiuilo Territory, which was acquiied in
ISGO, extends from sea to sea.

Costa Rica is the mo.st southerly and the most prosperous Stair.

373. British Honduras, situateil on the west coast of the Bay of
Honduras, is valuable fur its forests of logwood and mahogany.
Negroes form the m,'\jority of the population. It is governed by a
Superintendent who is subordinate to the Goverrior of Jamaica.

XVI. To\ IS.— 379. As in IMexico, the large town.s are
(jn the table-land. ]\Iany of them have .suli'ered greatly at
ditl'erent times from earthiiuakes. To guard against this
(Linger, the houses are gcjierally low.

3S0. .Vcio Guulnnala manufactures muslins ami artificial flowers.
Old Guati mala, 21 miles distant, ii] a .alley lutueen two volcanoes,
was destroyed by an eartlnpiake in 1773.

Omoa is one of the hottest and mo.-t iitihealtliy j. laces in the world.

381. San Salrailur was visited liy an eiiitliqiiake in 1851. Mvery
building, with a single exception, was thrown ilowii, and 5000 persons
lost their lives.

Leon is one of the finest cities of Central America.

Vnrihaijc was almost wholly laid in ruins by an eaitliquake in 18 tl.

/.I'dpa, S/, Tkomiis, Omoa, Trn.vdln, Arajnlla, Lthertad Heidi jo,
Sua Juan, Greytown, Puidas Arenas, and Maiina, are sea-portsi

NORTH AMERICA.

XVII. and Win.— 382. T!ie chief industries are

a;,'ricultiire, miuiuf,', and the exportation of logwood,
mahogany, and other dye-stuti's.

The ex/orts include silver, lualuigany, logwood, cochineal, indigo,
sarsaparill ., gums, nnd cofl'ce.

383. The form of government in tlio five independent States is
republican The governments are wanting in strength aud vigour.
The roads nd other public works are greatly neglected, and the
resources are auiost wholly undeveloped.

WEST INDIES.

SraAR PLANT.VTION'.

I. History.— 384. Tiieso iniiJortant ishuids inchido the
first discoveries of Cohunbus in the New World. The name
West Indies originated thrt)ugh the erroneows'opiniou enter-
tained by Columbus and others of his time that the archi-
lielago was near India, on the south of Asia.

Tlie West Indies were snmotiinea called AnfiUcs ov Ojqioaifc McS)
from their jjosition with ri'speot to the continent of America.

II.-IV. Position.— 38.J. The West Indies arc .situated be-
t\\ceu North and South America, and are suiniosed by some
to be the remains of mountains whicli once united these great
divisions. All the more important islands are in tlie north-
ern half (if the Torrid Zone. They con.sist of three group.s
— the Jjah'tmas, the Gnat A)i(i/h-it, and the Li/t/e Ajidz/cs.

380. The Bahamas or Lucayos lie to the south-east of Florida, froni
which they are .separated by tiie tiulf .Stream. Including rocky isjetn,
they are about 500 iu number. The principal are Orcal Bahama,

Ahaco, Ekuthcra, Xew Providence, Andros, Han Salvador, Inagua,
Turk's, and Caicos Islands.

387. The Great Antilles, consisting of Cuba, Ilayti, Porto Rico,
and Jamaica, lie on the east of the peuin.sula of Yucatan, between 18°
and 22° N. lat.

388. The Little Antilles are on the east of the Caribbean Sea,
extending in a semi-circular line from the east of Porto Rico to the
coast of Siiuth America. They are usually divided into three groups
— the Vinjin hlands, in the north ; the Leeward Islands, in the
middle; and the ]\'ind(iard hlands, in the south.

389. The Virgin Islands comprise Tortola, Ancyada, Virgin
Onrda, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cm:, Culebra, and Bieque.

The Leevrard Islands— /I »i<(V/«a, AnguUla, St. Christopher, Nevis,
Barbuda, Montscrrat, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Maric-Oalante, Desi-
radc, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatia, and St. Bartholomew.

The Windward Islands— .SV. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, Oren-
ada, Tubaijo, Trinidad, and Martinique.

Cura<:oa, Orubu, and Bmn Ay re, lie along the coast of South
America. Viewed with re.-^pect to the trade-wind, the Leeward
Islands are properly windward.

V. Area.— 390. The total area of the West Indies is a
little more than five times the size of Nova Scotia, or equalt,
a square of 310 miles.

The Great Antilles comprise over five-sixths of the whole area.

YI.-X.— 301. The surface is varied. Some of the i.slands
are mountainous, others are low and of coralline formation.

The Bahamas are low and are surrounded by shoals and reefs.

An elevated mountain-chain runs length-wise through the Great
Antilles. The Sierra dil Cobre, in the east of Cuba, have an extreme
elevation of 8000 feet ; the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, 7000 feet.
Many of the smaller islands rise to the height of 4000 or 5000 feet,
anil some of them have active volcanoes.

The soil is very productive.

302. Tlie climate is hot and unhealthy.

The intense heat is somewhat modified by refreshing sea breezes
which prevail iu the afternoon. Frosts sometimes occur in the high-
lands, but snow is unknown. A long rainy season, accompanied with
violent tempests, coatinues from July till November A long dry
season prevails from November to March.

The islands are subject to tremendous hurricanes and earthquakes.

XI.- XIII.— 393. The minerals include copper, found in
all the Great Antilles ; gold, silver, (piicksilver, and platiiia,
in Hayti ; gold, iron, and lead, in Porto Rico ; salt, in the
Bahamas ; and asphalt, in Trinidad.

394. Tropical plants of almost every variety grow luxu-
riantly. The staple products are sugar-cane, coft'ee, tobacco,
maize, indigo, cacao, i)imento, and other spices.

The fruits include pine-apples, oranges, b.uianas, and cocoa-nuts.
The forests yield mahogany and dye-woods.

395. Wild animals are few and small. There are many beautiful
birds and insects.

XIV. Inhabitants. — 390. The population is about

3,S9(),()(K).

About oiie-eixth of the inhabitants are whites ; the remainder aro
negroes and mulattoes. The negroes were formerly slaves. They are
now free in all the islands except those belonging to Spain. Slavery

, San Halvador, Inayua,

uba, Ilayti, Porto Rico,
L of Yucatan, betweeu 18°

t of the Caribbean Sea,

east of Porto Rico to the

livided into tbree groups

Lecu-ard Islands, in the

south.

rto/a, Ancyada, Virgin

Jidchra, and Bieque.

a, at. Christopher, Nevis,

pe, Maric-Galante, Dcsi-

!t. Bartholomew.

^iiicent, Barbadoes, Oren-

ilong the coast of South
trade-wiud, the Leeward

the West Indies is a
Nova Scotia, or equal.',

ha of the whole area.

I. Some of the isUuuls
)f coralliue foruiatiou.

by shoals and reefs,
-wise throu<;h the Great
of Cuba, have an extreme
is of Jamaica, 7000 feet,
ight of 4000 or 6000 feet.

))• rofresliini; sea breezes

times occur in the high-

stason, accompanied with

Kovember A long dry

•ieanes aud earliiquakes.

utle copper, found in
kBJlvcr, and phitiiia,
to Rico ; salt, in the

,if

ly variety grow luxu-
-caiie, coffee, tobacco,
■V spices.
bananas, and cocoa-nuts.

I'horo are many beautiful
population is about

iiiti's ; the remainder are
I'UK'rly slaves. They are
ing to Spain. SUwery

I !

i !•

.4 ,

WEST INDIES.

was abolished in the ishimls belonging to Britain, in 1834, the Biiti^h
Government paying SluO,riOU,000 as compensation to the owners of tlio
slaves.

In les.s than half a century after the discovery if the West Inilits,
the native Indian iioiiulalion was all but exlin^'uisheil by Siiani.-li
cruelty,

397. Education is greatly neclectcil. Wealthy families sml their
chiKlren abroad to be educated. Piniian t.'atholies are most

numerous religious body. Spanisli, French, and English ai - ilie yire-
vailing languages.

X\'. X^'III. — 39s. TliL' West Iiuliea arc uciuly all uwiumI
liy Ei'i'iipeiiu l\i\v(.'i'.s,

Spain owns about two-tliirds of tliu wliule ana ; (!ivat
Lritaiii n\\'v ono-sovoiitli.

The following table siiows tln' iMiJitiral riinncctioii :•-

Klaiil).

liiiirArN

lMiKiM:Mii:Nr.
I'HAM i;

UlAM m:k

l[oLI.AM>

S\vi:iii:\

\i:.SK/rKi.\.. ..

j i-'niia. I'ortd Ilico, east of i

■s lliiyti, and other hiuall ■

I, Islauil.s )

fKahanias, Jamaica, Turtola, |
I Ani'naila, \'lrfriu Coi-ila,
I Antigua. AuK'uilla, St '

J t'lirintiiphor, Nivis, liar- I
I buda, .Montserrat. li.mii- f
idea, St. I.u.'ia, S(. \lii- ^
' coMt. UartiaU"fs. Cniiada.

[ Toliatfi), Trinidad

Il'iyti west cuil

I (.luailuliaipj, M;iriL'-ilalantr, i

■I liesiraiU', St .Martin '•
( north eair, Martlnhiue.. )
I St. Thomas, St. John's, Sa'ita I

( ('ni« I

I St. .Martin iscnilh in;l ,Satia, |

< St. Kustatia. furayoa, •

( Orulia. lUuii .\yru )

St, r.an liciloniow

Mari.'ai-ita, Turiuga

Sill.' ,.r

»tlii;il-c in

inik^

villi h

nrt'»

ci]iU4 :».

ri.|iiiln-
ti"ii.

!!>>

Iliil

!Il'.".,Oi.iO 1

."ilJO.IlOO '

'iTil.OUcI ;

UT.liio

:;:i,iioi)
lii.inio

•JO.Mllll

31)!). Cuba is uliiitit 7"iii miles Iimu', aihl is lar-rr than all
the other ishmds coniljined.

Ilaviinn ;134,000,>, tin! cnpital, iia.s a sniierinr harbour, and ie the
laigest mid most commercial city in the West Indies. It i.s eoniiectid
with the other principal phiees liy rallroad.s. Its lalliedial contains tlir
rLuiains nf ('nluudius, Havana cigars havi -i. ;it celebrity. The
other important tuHUs are Hiinti.iiju dc VnUt, I'lmiu yci/ici'/zi, and

MllllUUtlX.

The principal exports nf Cuba are su^ar, eotree, tobacco, wax, and
Jnaliogaiiyj tlie imports aic tlour, llsli, beef, and maiaifai'tured yuud.N.
The laliour is eiiielly perfurmed by tilave.s, of «]iom lii.re are about
.'lOa.tMKt,

J'utia has n military (fnveiiiineiil, Thr hcid ollicer i,i ntykd Cap-
tain (b'ueral. A large part of the revenue is m nt to Spain.

4i'0. Porto Rico, ahdut I'o mik.i in hn;;ili, is the hmrth in si.'i,' of
the Oreal Antillrf,

The Moil is very fertile. .S'kii Jmiu (illl, UUH) is the capital. The
exports Hre similar to those of Culiit.

Th'3 laws iif I'lirlo Itlco idi|i,:e every lalmurer to keep a jnurnal id
eaidi day's lalniur, duly crlilled by ids cmplojcr. V"t every idle day
not excused by medical certifieule, the hilminer is euiupelled to woik ,i
day du Ihu public ruiids.

ditl. Hayti was ealled llis|ianiiila by the .Siiiiniards.
Tiio east end of the ishtud, cuniin'ising about three-lil'tlis
of'tlie whole area, is known by the name of S'ln Dniiniiijc.

The west end of the island, or Ilaijti, ivas ceded to France by Spain,
in 1773. The negroes of this portion, towards the end of last century,
mas.sacred tiiewliite inhabitants and as.serted their imlependence. It
still eontinuis an independent Negro Slate. I' mil recently, no wdiito
ni.iu was allowed to Imld real otate within its borders. I'oft ua
Prince {oO,WU), is the caidtal. Cufc JJiiiiliiii i.s an important town.

N(U( Ikuniiiijo was also indeiiendcnt for a number of years, but it
sidimilted again to Siiain in li^dl. .s<u( hmniiiiii) (h"i."""t, the
capital, was the first permanent Spanish seltlemoiit in Auieri'-a.
.S(ii^(a;/o is an important town.

Tlie un.settled coi.diliju of the .:;ivernment id thi?. island lias re-
tarded its pro^iierity.

■Ici!. Jamaica was taki'U from Spain by Kn-l.ind in Ki.'i,"),
A negro iiisiirreetion on a portion ui' the islan<l, in Isti"),
Wits (nielled witii fearful lulribiition by the loeal goveiii-

meiit.

Jiiinaiea is IM miles in length, and is about onetliird the size of
Nova Scotia. The pnpulatioli is lU.Oet), of whieh only about ll,tHiii
are while. .V/»»«/.v/( 7'nini is the eaiiital. liiiiiU'luu (35,t)iMl), the
largest tuwn, has a fine harbour.

Tlie exports iiu hide sugar, rum, ci.lVee, e.itlun, pimento. gii.....'r, and
various other tr.i|iical products. The imports are lloiir, tish, lumber,
and manufactured gouds. The produ.ls have greatly decrea.-ed.

The government is ve.teil in a tiovernor and ("inineil. '/'(o/.'.i
t.ihindif, in led fur salt, loini a di pendency id Jamaica.

•1U3. Tin: Bahamas .ire belie\ed to include liie fu«t land di-covind
by Ciilumliiis. The iiiu.-t of the islands are b.uren rucks; but
wherever suil c.xists it is vtiy fertile. Tiie piwducts are arrowronl,
cotton, s|iunge, and fruits, .Vn.v.-not ("I't'Ol, the caldlal, is on New
rrovideili'c. ropiilaliiiii of Ihihainas, 'JS,l"iil.

■U'l. Antipua, ei|u:il to a Miuareof lo.) miles is the most important
of the Li ew.iid I.^laiids. It has sullered naicli fruni earlhcpiaki s. SI.
,/('lin'/i (Ifi.dUU) is the capital. Sugar is the chief i \port.

4ti.'. Barbatlocs i.-< noted for its fertility, and is marly all under
cultivation, li i i|iial.> a sipiare of Utmihs, and Inis a pnpulition of
l;'id.n(Ml, /;,•/(/;/. /!<('•« (:;<l,lil)m is llie eapital.

■lod. Trinidad, situated mf the 111. iiitli of the (iiiimeo, is Ih • sc'oi I
in siiie of the IhilLih We.sl Indies, being nearly iis largo a^ I'riliCvi
K Iward I.-laiid. It is ivinarkable fir its pilch lake and mud vol-
I'liiioes. The popnlalioii ii ^IjUtm. I'nrl i/ SjKtin (lii.niiii) j., thy
capital.

•lit". The Bermudas cnii^i^l of nb.iul Ion li.v i-uialliiu. i«lets and
rucks, tido miles east of Capo llatteiiis. Tliey are iml pie|eily in
eluded 111 the \Ve>t Indie.^. Only liv of the islands are 'lihahited, if
uhich Muiit Ixhif'l, il miles ill leng'ii by 1^ in breadth, is the larj{e.>t.
The united area does not exceed ii mpmiu I'l •! iiiile>. 'I'ho p.i| illation
is nboiil I'J.tMin. Thu climate is like pel pelual .i|.iiii({. The piodueU
are iirr.wroot, potal.'es, lino friiit, and Veiielaliles, //amilloii, n|i
Main Island, is ihe large.ii l.iwii, .S'. ft'iocur', on mi i>latiil of tlio
raiiio name, is a, miliiary station, Iiehind l-l.ind is a Hiilish naval
..■titiiiii, I'lirwhii'li a ca.--t irmi dock, c.ipalle of rvceiviii^ ihe lar^ji'l
Mar-HliipN, is being made in Kngl.iii I.

4tis. Santa Cruz and St. Thonia.s, iirloiegiiig to Den-
iiiaiji, are the most inipoilaiil ut tin' \ ii^in Ules.

Neirotiatimis ale now peiidilnj fur the ^ale of the i.>land« to iho
L'uilud btulus.

XOIITH AMERICA.

St. Tlioiiiiis ecjuiils ii square of 4^ miles. It owi-i its. ohief in.,)ort-
aiice to its excellent harbour and central position .is a packet station.
JIails for tlie other islamls, as well as for Mexico, Central America,
and South America, are sent to St. Thomas, whicli lias re;.'uiar steam
communication with these jilaces. In the autumn of 1SG7 St. Tiiomas
was visited by a territic hurricane, followed by repeated eariuquakes,
rcsultinf,' iu great destruction of life aiid propeity.

40'J. Guadeloupe, equal to a .sciiuire of 20 iiiilus, is the
luost iinpoitiuit ot tlie French ishiuds. The iioiiulutioii i«
i;3rj,()0(). roint-a-l'Ure is the lai\i^est town.

Martinique contains several e.\tinct volcanoes. St. I'Um is the
chief port.

QUESTIONS.— (1.) A vessel sails from Arichat, Nova Scotia, to
Havana, and theuce to Halifax; what freights would she probably
carry ?

(2.) A cask of oil from a vessel wrecked off the west of Africa was
thrown upon the coast of Scotland; by what course did it travel?

DANISH AMERICA.

41i>. Tlie Anierii'iiii pusscs.sidMs uf Denmark cuii.-ii.-st of thr
islaiiil.s of Greenland ami Iceland.

Iceland has usually bi.en considered as a Kuro| -.an inland, liUL it i-,
by iiroximity, mure clonely c ■nuccted with .Vu.er.ca.

GREENLAND.

I.-IX. — 111. (Ireenlaiid received its n;inie fi'nni the ver-
dure of the yni.s.s and mus.s i.n the Mnuhern e'last.

Tiio south-west coast wa.s ciliiiii/Ail by Nur«i.;ians in the tenth
century. When Ureenland was rediacuvered in L'^T, by U.iws, the
Norwe;;ian colony was wholly extinct.

AVI. The area is estimated at twenty times the side of N'uva S.ulia,
or ei|nal to a square if OIti niilcH.

413. The surface is uencrally elevated and rooky, The hii;liland.-
and the northern part of the country are covered with jerpetual snow
and vast glaciers, which often e.\tend to the Keaslmre.

Tho east coast is almost inaccessible in cunseipienee of drift ice.
Some suppose the cnuntry Ciinnists of a clusler uf i.^laud.'j bound l.i-
gctlicr by ice beneath the snows and glaciers.

X.-Xlll.— 414. Tiie climate is very severe, July i.s tlie
only month in wliieii snow does not fail.

415. The vci^etatlon in tho snuth-west consists nf shrub willuws,
alders, and birches, and various grasses. L'ulinary vcKctabloi are
cultivated.

4UI. The animals are tho rrin-decr, ]mi1:u' bear, fcil, U«quiiuaux
dof.', hare., uml fox. Acpialiu birds are numeroua.

XIV.-XVIIL — 417. The population is estinuited at

10,000.

The moHt of tho inhabitint, are E-'iUimaux, many nf wh iin have
Leeu couvurled to Christiuuily by Mor.iwaii niis^iunaries. They ure

'^mt.wtfnT*: -.\

i-^n

,,i4i.

■"■••4^-r

■■■'^■z%'^^mw-'

« U.lil S III NT,

found iirincipally ahin„' the west coast, and are cn):iiged chielli in
iiuhtinnand lishini.', Tliiir winter houses arc mostly under >;r(mud.
(.Vm .S'or'h A Ml rim, 848.)

41», There are several Danish viUaf^CS on the west coast. The
must impiirlant are ,liili(iii'.i Hurh^mr, I'rcdcrivk's i/arUnir, Uiwi
llarhuar. and Vi>rr,Mvik (N. hit. 7'-"' 4u'i.

41U. The exports are seal oil, seal skius, whale oil, eider dowu,
and furs.

ICELAND.

I,-V.— 420. leelund was diseovered by a Nor\ve>;ian soa
kinn in ^i7o. It was tlien without inliahituntM, but was
afterwanli* oeeiipied by eolnnists IVoni Norway. It has been
Mibjeet to Denmark siiiee VAUh,

DANISH AMERICA.

lt.mi-twik"-i.^

;ii'C ciiL,';iu'i'il oliifll> ill

II the west coast. Tlie
'crick'n Uurbuuv, Oood

wlialo uil, ciilor ilown,

r21. Icelftiul Is about 130 iiiilos from (ta-ctilaii'l, :ui>l SCO raile« from
Norway. N. Ijit. OS" 24'-G(J'^ 3T,

Tlif coflst, cxrcjit on the Routh-capt, is \u\\A\ iiiUiitul with ili (.p
inj'S, mill the ^llllrl's .ire liiioil with rocl<y islet.'..

Tiie area is uhuut twica tiie si/e uf Nuvn ,Si;utia,

VI.-IX. — 422. The surface is riij,'i^eil and moiiiitaiuutis,
presentiiiL; a wild and desolate aspect. Tlie mountain sides
are covered with va.st glaciers, frequently extending to the
.sea. The.' are thirty known volcanic peaks, and extensive
plains are covered with fractured lava. Ba-saltic caves and
deep crevasses are numerous.

423. Miiiint Jhcla, tiiou.!;li not tlie most olevate<l, is the most notdl
voloanio I'eak in lovlaii'l. Durin;.' an eruption in 1815 and 181ti, the
lava stream, at the ili.stanee of two miles from the crater, was a mile
wide and 40 feet deep.

424. Small streams and lakes are numerous. The mowt remarkahlo
phenomena of Iceland are the hot springs. The most noted is the
O'rcat Uiiisey, near Mount Hecla. It penerally appears as a small
pool on the summit if a mound. At irrej.!ular interval-s liuilini; water
is thiv.wn to the heiiiht of lUO feet.

X.-XIII.— 42'>. The climate is severe and variaMe, Init
the nuaii annual temperature is liiglier tlian in any other
C(»untry a.s far iinrtli.

42i). The miueraU are sulphur, chalcedony, and double refraotlnp
pjiar.

427. The native plants include sliruhs, grass-ps, and moss. Pota-
toes, turnip.s, and nthor ve:;etaliles, are cuhlvatcd. Fine pasturage is
alVorde'l alon^' tli- south-west of the island. V.alualile drift-wood is
hrouudit by ocean currents.

428. Tiie animals include numerous nin-dcer and foxea. The polar
bear somctime.s e 'lues as a (.assenger on drift ice. .S'a-fowl are numer-
ous. The fislieries ire very valuable. Many sheep, i-alth', and
horses are reared.

XIV.-X^■IIT. — 120. The population i,s ahout (;.^,00(\
The iiilialiitaiit.s nri' priin'ipally (if Xnrwegian descent, geiier-
ally intelligent, and jirofcss the Lutheran religion.

400. Uril.iuvlk ilMiiO^ near the south-west coast, is the ca]iital.

T!ic exports consist of wool, imtter, eider dnwn, lisli, and oil. Thr
Imports include manulacturrs and tlour.

4;il. The government is veslecl in a (lov.rnor, appointed iiy the
Kii.,' "f Piiiinaik, and a Legislative Asseinlily.

EXERCISE, - Find the length of the longest day at Upcruavik.

* ♦

y a Niirw(';;ian sea

iihaliitiintrt, but wiifi

irway. It has been

SOUTH AMERICA.

|i ^

1. History.— 1. Tlir whole of South America, except
Piita,!:oiiia, was ciiiii|iiercil ami coloiiizeil hy tlic rortumiese
and Spaiiinnls curly in the sixteentli cctituiy. The eastern
])iirtii)n, or Firazil, liecaino suliject to l'orni.!L,'al ; niul the
rcuiainilcr from tlio Caril)lioan Sea to rata;,'onia, to Spain.

Till' r.itive Iinli.ins were trealil witli L-rcit cruelty, ami wore iiKido
to toil liUt! liinst-s nf liunlen, to L'r.itil'y tlic aviiiii-o nf tlioit comiuorors.

2. The Sjinniiirds ai.i! rni-tUL'iuse lnKl their ppsse^sions in Smitli
America aliout throe huiulred years. i)iiriiis the first quarter of the
iiiiietconth century, the Spanish States, alter .severe struj:Kle.i, gained
their inilopenilenee. JJrazil obtained ]ieaccable .«e]paration from Portu-
u';d in \8-2-2.

'Jr.iann, in t'l" north, is the only iinrtlnii i.f Soiitii Ameriou now
owned liy Kuroll(■an^^.

II. Position.—;!. Soiiili Ann rica is situated on tlie .sontii-
cast of Xorlii Anieiiea, with wliieh it is connected l>y the
[sllimus of i'anaiiia, from :iii to 7<t miles in hrendth.
Oil the north-west. hei\ve(>h tlie ii'ain hodlcs of the conti-
iieiit.s, are the Carihtx an S. a anil tin; iiulf uf .Mexico ; for
tile mo^f itavt, tlie South Atlantic washes the east coast;
the South raeifie, Ihi' west. The greater pait of thi> eonti-
iieiit is in the .Soiithi rn ITemis]ihcre,inid about three-fourths
id' its area are within the Torrid Zone. It is opjiositc to
Africa, in the I''astt'ni iremisphere.

Lat 11 20' N. - y, S. ; Lnn. SiV-Sl'' 3(V W.

III. Form. — t. The form is trianunlar. one side bein.; on
the iiorlh-ea<t, one on the south-east, and the third upon
the West.

If a trliiliKle 111' fonni'd liy itriiwluff lines lii'twi.itn ( ijh' Ciilliii:!^ In llie
mirth, lap.' St I! .|iu' in tlu' eii»t, anil i .ijio l''ruw,iril In the si. nth : ami n
^nmll tvUniKle lie illipllid tu the we^t side uf tills trlaiik'li'. by lll•:lwin^' lines
l..'tn-1'i'ii Ciipo (iulllnas. t'npi. lUanrn, and tlie i iilf^f \il,,i. tlio appruxlinati'
f.inn of Simtli An'i'rli.ii will lie ulit iliied

EXERCISE. Draw tlio approximnto form of South America.

l\'. Coast, .'i The coast line j^ remarKaMy icuular.
There are 11(1 inland .^eas or projietin..' peniii>ulas.
The jirincipal Co.ist Waters are the (inf/ ni' J><iiii o, dul/

nf Vi'tl'ilil'i and /."/' .\/ill'fti'illl/ii, (ill// lit' I'tfliil, VInllfll

I'f l/ir .liiiivi'ii, „i"iilh <>/ fif I. 'I ri'il'i, I! Ill/ i>f Siiii
\fiili<is, St. (,'<i>r'j''s /»'/,'/, Sfniif a/ M<iii<llini, (>ii// ;/'
A lira, (liili '•/ f,'>i'if/ni/iil/, lliii <>/ I^hkiiii'I.

The Capes are fr'((./((/»i.s, si. llmiuf, t'rin, S'. .\uti'ni>', llnrii, l'r<i
iriivil, and llhuifi\

(\. The Islands aiv Tritiuhul and several of the smaller
Wt\st Indies ; Jikviui's or J/anij'o. in the month of the
Amazon ; J'<(l]da)ul hh's; Term Jil Fnfi(jn; Cope Horn
IslamJ ; a chain extending; northerly from Cape Horn, eud-
ini,' with Chitiv; Juan Fi-runudi-z : and (Jalnpagna.

7. The Falkland Isles, ."'OO miles east of Pataionia, consist of about;
200 islands, of wliieii only two, East Fiilkhiiid and Wad I'dlklaml,
are of considerable size. The coast is inncli indented, and its(,'ood har-
bours are a refuge for southern w balers and ships passing; around Cape
Horn. The islands are destitute of tree.s ; Imt they abound in grass,
wliieli sustains lai^e herds of wild cattle and horses. Tiio inliabitant.s
nuiuber about tjOO. The islands beloii'.' to (treat IJiifain.

S. Terra del Fuego (/,'/(«/"/ /Vri i i.s separated from the inaiidand
by the Strait '' !\Ia,i;ellan. It consists ot several rocky islands, eon-
tainiiiL! volcanic mountains. Tiie natives are of smaller stature tlian
the Esquimaux, and are ninong the most degraded and wretched of
savages. They wear little clothing, and .subsist principally on fish.
Their iiwclliii!.'s arc rai.serable huts, about eight feet in diameter and
live feet in heiglit.

VaiK llarn is the snntlu-rn point of a Iii::h black rock in the ocean.

Junn Fivnamk:, 4il0 miles west of Chili, is 18 miles in len-jlh,
and is celebrated as tlie solitary residence, for f mr years, of the ship-
wrecked mariner Alexander Selkirk, on which was based the story of
" Uobinson Crusoe." The island belongs to Chili, The Ijldhijuuiox,
T'JO miles we.st of Kcuador, consist of a grouji, the largest of which is
till miles long. They are celebrated for their large turtles, from
which they derive their name,

EXERCISE. Trace the coast line of South America, marking
coast waters, capes, and islands.

V. Area,—!). South America is a little more than four-
fifihs the size of North America.

The nrcft equals a square of 2i'."a miles. The kiiL'th of the conti-
nent is •l.')"ii» miles; tiie breadth, 320i1 iiiiUs.

VI. Surface.— lit. The surface, like that of North America,
coii.si.st8 of II i^reat highland region on the west, another of
less elevation on the oust, and a central iilain lietweeii tlieiii.

11. The Anilm, wVm^ the whole western Kide of the con-
tinent from the ("aribbean Sea to Cape Horn, and varyiin;
from .'•ill to l.'ii miles frmn the I'acilic, tonii the Krciit luimii-
taiii system of South America. It is emnputed that with
their iilatcans and slojies they cover nearly one-sixth of the
continent. In the north tlii're are three raii;,'eH ; throimli-
niit the niiddie and principal part of the continent tliero aro
but two raimes : and in tiieHiuilh there is luif one nuiiliv

■«

SOUTH AMERICA

several of tlie smaller
in tlie mouth of the
J Ftiryo; Cape Horn
from Ciipc Horn, cud-
111(1 Galapagos.

''iitagonia, consist of about
'(Dill and Wfst Falkland,
iniloiitod, and its good liar-
sliips (tassin;; around Cape
l.ut tlicy abound in firas^,
, liorses. Tiio inliabitauta
treat IJiitain.

crated from tbe mainland
■everal rocky islamls, con-
re of smaller stature than
Inunulod and wretclicd of
iib^i.st principally on fisli.
light feet in diameter and

lilaek rock in the ocean,
is IS miles in lenstlh,
fiuir years, of the ship-

h was based the story ot
Chili. The fialitiKiii'in,

>, the Iar;;est of rt liieli is

lioir large turtles, from

eutli America, marking

ittk' iiioiv tliau fiiiir-

Th.j kMi;tli of the eontl-

al of Xiirtli Ainovicn,
till' west, another of
]ilain lietween them.

stern Hide of tho coii-
lliini, ami var.vinL;

Innn the u'l'eat nioiin-
eninpiiteil that with
ally nncsixfh of tlio

rei ran;.'eH ; tllfoilgh-
e eontinent tliere are
■re in hut one nuiifi!.

'"'■""'■'.,., \4

,^^ «t*stllUlm \t~ . r .: t . , . ■ > ^ - , 1 1 r- -x- .— . i-i • y

JH'^-^Piri.Mu, S O K T // .1 T J. A ?[J^_I_C I

• K i 1 A X )*■.■■■" \" ,."■'

Knjh*h .Vi/.-,.

f.lK <l .-III' »'»>' Ht't' *••'»'

>".•.#/*' ot'tlfO .klilr.% '*! itn hu^

SURFACE.

7-1

•.t, >^i^V'■

( l;n^.isi. 1111. AM'1.«

TIio moft olovati'il ]i(>;iks mvfdur ami a lialf miles in luijit,
and nro exceoded unly by the luftiost jitalcs of the Himalayas
in Asia.

]'J. Till' two r,iii'-'''s iu'c s(]i;inti.l liy nn clcv.itcil valley or tiiWe-laiiil.
from (1,000 to Ki,t)Oo tVot in hfiL:ht. ;\iul li.iviin: an iiviTnL'i' broailili ut'
20 mill's ; but nttaiiiim: in tlio ]'latrau of I'lolivia an oxtremo liruailili
ofliiOmiloa. Tho vulley is ilividiMl into liasins by cross riilci^.s, The
summits are barren and rin'l^y [ijains, with numerous snow-clml iieal<s
ri>in« above the general levi 1,

1:'. Till! nvcniKi- lu'lt'lit of \]\f Anili'« Ix cfrof\ti"tt In ronti(l'>r ami n^'llvin,
mill lifiv iildo arc fimml smut' of tlic lilRhest peaks, S' rnJn ih .>..(iifi(, in
Iliillviii, rises to tlio liuitrlit of iJl.'i-il foot. fViiKi'i.iruM, In Kemiilnr, 1ms mi
lii viitlnn of 'J1,4'J'J1 foot above tl:e soalovcl. Its hoiulit almvo the viilloy 'f
Quito at Its hasu Is 11, (•.".■^ foot. It wasonee thought to tio the lii.-liost nioiiii-
ti\ln in llio world.

riirtliiT south, the (ronoral lioltlit of tbo .Vnib s Is nnuh loss ; liut flio )ii ,\1<
"f .Ai'oncuitua, In chili, rislii).' far almvo the orilinary lovol. lias iiu olovatiou
of 'J;!,!))!) foot. This is the liiKJiest known point In Amorloa.

14, The AndcR ftbounil in deep gorges, somotiines ealloil r/'o'd'c/ffo,
at the bottom of whioh nro rusjiim.' foninin.' sfreiiins. These breaks
are Rometimes from 2000 to 3000 f,.et in depth. Tliey often pre~. it
almost insu)ier;ible dillieulties to ilie trnvelli r in erossinu' the ino.in-
tains, taxini; to the utmost Ills eouraire and powers of cndnranei'.
Sometimea liis jmtli lies along the cd^e of rocky preei)>iee«. with sear-o

a foothold, where a
single false siep
would hurl liim into
the depths be'.iw ;
sometimes it lead.s
him beneath impend-
ing rocks v.'iiich
threaten to dash
him in pieces ; and
sometimes it lies over
a yawning chasm
bridged by the trunk
of a tree. Often thu
native Indian alone
is competent for tlie
perilous task, and the
traveller is bi-rne up-
on his back.

15. Numerous lofty
volcanoes form a re-
markable featnre of
the Andes. There
are about tiiirty in a
state of activity. Co-
topnj-i, 18,875 feet
high, is one of the
mo.st noted volcanoes
in the world. Its
llames arc sometimes
seen to rise 300O feet
above the crater, and
its roaring is heard
ovi;r 500 miles, /'n;-
c/iniff(,.^lii/i',sv//i(f,and
cliimbariKo are also
noted voli.'anoes.

The Ande.^, and
the regions in their
lieighbouiliood, are
often visited by tre-
mendous carth-
rpiakes, by which
many cities have
been destroyed and
thousands of lives

lost.

U;. Th.' Atlan-
tii! lli,i,dilaiid.^ nf
South Aniciica,
lilco tliii.se of
Xortli Aiiifiira,
ail' divith'd into
two porrion.H. Tin'
the two stM'tions,

twonn

The northern section, situated between the Vi Ih ys of the ( iriiiooo
and the Amazon, is much the st^aller ; but it contains the urentost
elevations. Its principal mountains are the Pnrimr ni\d the ,|cffi'r»t,
extending east and we«t,anil having an extreme height of 10,00ii feet.

The southern section comprises a large part of I'lrazil, It has several
irregular mountain ranges, generally extending north and south. Tli«

SOUTH AMERICA.

highest is between the coast and the San Francisco ; but it does not
exceed 6000 feet. A water-shed extends across the middle of this sec-
tion from north-west to south-east.

17. The lowlands of South America are principally in the
interior, extending from the Caribbean Sea .southerly, be-
tween the eastern and western highlands. They also include
the valley of the Amazon and the eastem coast from the
mouth of tlie La Plata to the Strait of Magellan. The Ic v-
lands are generally very level, particularly towards the
north, where there is scarcely a water-shed between the
basins of the Orinoco and tlie Amazon.

EXERCISE.— Lay down tlie mountains on the map of South
America.

VII. Rivers.— 1>. Tlie Andes f(irm the great water-shed
of South America, throwing all the important rivers of the
continent to the Atlantic side. The streams on the Pacific
slope are short and rajiid.

Tlie great rivers of South America are the Orinoco, the
A7nazo7i, and the liio de In lHat<i. The first two obtain
their largest supplies from the Andes ; the last derives its
principal waters from the highlands of Brazil.

Tlie important rivor? iif Sontli America not connected with eithei of
the three iircat systems are the Mwjdalcna, Essequibo, .San Francisco,
C\>!o)'ai!o, and liio \ravo.

19. Tlie Orinoco, ilic Mnallest of the three great rivers, is ICOO miles
in length, more than half of which is without any ohstructinn to navi-
gation. It drains a territory more than lialf the size of the Dominion
of Canada, and 'J50 miles from the sea it lia.s a breadth of four miles.
It enters the ocean through various channels. By the ■''nAfiV/.M'njr
the Orinoco has navigable communication with the Ilio Negro and
Amazon. The in-incipal tributaries are the O'uaviarc, the Mcta,
Araucn, and Apnve.

20. The Amazon is the largest river in the world, having an extreme
length of about 4000 miles, and carrying to the Atlantic the drainage
of more than a third ci South America. It has its principal sources in
the Andes of Ecuador, Pern, and liolivia, and drains the whole eastern
slo])e for the distance of 1100 miles. It llows through a remarkably
linmid region, acquiring such a vast body of water that for the last
iiih miles of its course it is never less than four miles bro.ad. It enters
the sea by two principal mouths, enclosing Joannes or Marajo Island,
and it llows with such iuipitu.s that its waters are distinguishable 20ti
miles from the shore. The largest niouth is about 100 miles in
breaiUh.

Diirin,' the rainy season, the Amazon submerges vast tracts of low-
land along its banks. It abounds in small islands, and is bonlered
with swampy regions, rendered impenetralile by the most luxuriant
vegetation. This g.eat river is the home of alligators, turtles, and
many kinds of tish.

21. The principal tributaries of the Amazon are, on the left bank,
the .\''rt;)n, Piifnmatio, Vaiinvn, /?io Arr/ro, and TmrnUtnit ; on the
right, the i'lwaiiali, I'onov/, Punts, Maikira, Taiui^ios, .Xiniiu.
and T(iciuiliiii>.

The .\ttiazon is navigable aboi-t 3000 miles, following the Yiicayali :
ami it is estimated that the whole system alVonls not less than lO.iiiio
miles of interior navigation for large vessels. A large jiart of its basin
Is covered with dense and unexplored forests.

22. The Rio de la Platu is properly an estuary of a pre.Tt river

system. It is formed by the unior. of the Parana and Crufjiiay ; be-
ing from the junction about 200 miles in length, and entering the
oceaii byan. 3uth 170 miles in breadth. Its waters are turbid, and
can be traced 200 miles from the ihore. It is estimated that the basin
comprises nearly one-fourth of South America.

Tlie princir .1 tributaries of the Parana are the Parar/uan, Pilco-
mutio, Vcrrncjo, and Salado.

The extreme leuL'th to the source of the Parazu.iy Is about 2500
miles ; and the Parana is navigable 1250 miles for large vessels.

VIII. Lakes.— 23. There are very few lakes. The prin-
cipal are Maracai/bo, communicating with the Gulf of
Venezuela ; and 'rUlcaca, on the plateau of Bolivia.

Titicaca, 12,840 feet above the level of the ocean, is, w-th the excep-
tion of Sir-i-Kol in A.-ia, the most elevated lake in the world. It is
.about half the size of Lake Erie, and is overlooked by some of the
loftiest pe.aks of the Andes. A stream called the Desa(,nadcro, ilows
from Titicaca to a small h ke on the south, but there is no outlet to
the ocean.

EXERCISE.— Draw the rivers and lakes on the map of South
America.

IX. Soil.— 24. The soil is generally very fertile, except
the rainless region west of the Andes and the barrens in the |
soath of Patagonia.

X. Climate.— 2,1 The g.-cater part of South America is
in the Torrid Zone, and lias a hot climate. Between the
tropics every variety of temperature is simictimea found in
.succession within a few miles — intense heat on the low-
lands, the mililii'i'ss of spring on the table-land, and per-
petual winter on the mountiiiu heights. {See riiiisical Gvo-
■jraphy, 8(i.)

The extreme south of the continent is very cold.

2G. The most of South America is very humid. The
valley of tlie Amazon receives the largest supjily of . 'n,
and (luring the dry season it is watered by copious dews. A
rainless region is found between the Andes and the Pacific,
in Peru, and Xorthern Cliili. South of the 3ntli parallel
south latitude the western side of the Andes has the largest
supply of moisture.

27. Over the whole continent north of 30° S. the rain-winds blow
from the Atlantic— the north-east and south-east tr.ade-winrls; and the
year consists principally of two seasons, a wet and a dry. Throughout
the wet season the rain ])ours in torrents over the whole tropical region
east of the Andes, the cnld heights of these mountains oxha isting the
air of moisture. Accordingly, on the west of the Andes, from Cape
Ulanco to 30" S. lat., there is little or no rain.

28. North of Cape Ulanco the Andes tako a north-easterly course;
and the rain-winds crossing the isthmus are not obstructed liy cold
highlands, and accordingly bring their moisture to this part of the
Pacific Coast.

South of .30" .S, lat. tlio rain-winds blow chiefly from the Pacific,
and cross the region east of the Amies as dry winds. Tliis region,
however, is partially watered by rain brought by variable winds from
the Atlantic.

The heat of the tropical regions of South America is much less iu-

■ana and Uruguay ; be-

3ngth, and entering the

waters are turbid, and

estimated that the basin

e the Paraguay, Piko-

Paraauay is about 2500
; for large vessels.

;w lakes. The prin-
witli tlie Gulf of
lu of Bolivia.

)cean, is, w'tli the excep-
ake in the world. It is
rlookcd by some of tlie
the JJesai,nadei'o, llows
ut there is no outlet to

on the map of South

very fi'rtile, except
id ilic LavTens in tlie

jf Soutli Amerioa is
mate. Between the
isometiines found in

heat on tlie hnv-
abledand, and per-

(iSee Phiisical Uco-

very cold.

very humid. Tlie
est supply of . !n,
ly co]iious dews. A
es and the Pacific,
f the .3i)t]i parallel

des has the largest

the rain-winds blow

trade winds; and the

a dry. Throui^hont

whole troiiioal region

int.iins exha isting the

ho Andes, from Cape

nortli-o;\sterly course ;
ot iibstructed by cold
I' 1 11 this part of the

cfly from the Pacific,

winds. This iCL'inn,

variable winds Irom

erica is much les-j in-

MINERALS— ANIMALS.

tense than in che corresponding portions if Africa. This is probably
owing to t!.e greater humidity of South America, its dense forests ard
lofty mountains.

XL Minerals. — 29. South America has been noted since
it., first discovery for its a.. 'leral wealth. The most import-
ant mines are the iron, diamond, and guld mines of Brazil,
and the silver mines of Pei:i and Bolivia.

The mines of South America have been much less productive during
the last half century than formerly, It is thoUL.'ht that this is rather
owing to iut'lHcient working than to exhaustion uf the mines.

nilV/II.IAN |cl|l^.^T.

XII. Plants. — 30. E.veept the rainless regions, the ex-
treme mountuiu heights, and Patagonia, South America has
a most lu.vuriant vegetation. Its forests contain palm.s,
ferns, dyo-woods, cabinet-woods, and medicinal plants of the
greatest value. The cinchona, growing on the mountain
slopes, yieldi the valuable medicine called quinine; and the
caoutclujuc yields a juice from wjiieh Itidia-rublier is made.

One of the most remarkable jilaiits of South America is
the Victoria Regia, a gigantic water-lily, Ibund in the rivers

of Brazil and Guiana. Its leaves are from 8 to l"" I'eet in
length, and from 4 to 8 iu breadth, and the tlower is a foot
in diametei.

31. Some of the most important products of South
America are sugar-cane, coflee, cacao, mate or Paraguay
tea, cinnanion, indigo, vanilla, cotton, and all the tropical
fruits and spices.

The forests and general vegetation of the Andes vary with
the elevation, from those of a tropical character at the base,
and on through all the varieties of temperate climates along
the slojjcs, to the mosses and lichens of the higher regions.
('SVe I'hijsical GeixjrajiJiij, 11.5.)

!32. The valley of the Amazon surjiasses every other I'ortion in its
majestic and dense fore.-^ts. The jilains are called filvns—i). Spanish
word meaning forest. Here are found tall iialiu.s uf a hundred dilfer-
ent species, ferns, dye-woods, and other valuable trees, intersper.-ed
with shrubbery, and the whole so overgrown witii clirubingiilants that
the traveller must cut a path before him.

33. Tlie valley of the Orinoco contains many treeless plains called
lUtiios. During the wet seasin they are covered with gra>s, which
grows to the height of 10 or 15 feet ; but in the dry season every plant
perishes, and the ground is parched and barren as a desert.

34. Suuth-west of the La Plata are jlains called iiairjius, treeless
like the llanos, but covered with a eoaraer grass, interuiingled with
rank trefoil. In some parts at certain scasuiis the [lampas are covered
with forests of thistles 10 feet liiidi, which, after coniini.' to maturity,
are broken dow!i and blown to puwder by violent winds from the Andes,
called pauipcrus.

XIIL Animals.— 3.'). South America has no animals so
large as some of those found in Aula and Africa. The largest
is the tapir, which, though much smaller, somewhat re-

SOUTH AMERICA.

senibles the eleiiliant. The cuiulor, which is the largest bird
of flight in the world, inhabits the lofty mountains.

Tlie llama and alpaca are peculiar to the liiglier slopes of the Amies.
The llaiiiii, which is tamed and used as a lieast of burden on the
mountain steejis, is called the camel of South America. The aljiaea
is a ki!!d of goat, and is covered with a vahialile hair or wool.

30. lu the sel'as are found the armadillo, sloth, and ant-eater,
which are peculiar to SouUi America; here also are the jaguar or
South American tiger, tlie puma, troops of monkeys, tiie boa-con-
strictor, iil'i^ator, various kinds of serpents, and innunieraule insects.

Vast Lords of cattle and hurses roam wild over tlie llanos an 1
jiampas. They do not beloni; ti. the native wild animals, but were
iutr jduced by the early Spanish and I'urtu^'uese colonists,

XIV. Inhabitants.— "7. The pnpiihition is estimated at
22,5( !(,),()( Ill, consisting of Indians, whites, negroes, and mixcil
races. Tiiey are generally ignorant and indolent. Tlie
In'dians and mixed races are the most numerous. In some
parts tlie I'ldians are the most industrious ela.ss, but tliey
are generally uncivilized. Those of I'atagonia are very tall,
live a wandering life, moving iirinciiially on horseback, and
sul)sistiiig on flesh of wild animals.

38. The while iMhabilants are chitlly rortuiiuese in Pirazil and
Spanish in the other States ; excejit a few English, llutoh, and Fiencli
in (iuiana. The prevailiiiir relii;ion is Roman Catholic.

The in'iiroes were ori.u'inally introduced as slaves; they are now iVue
except in lirazil, where they form nearly half the pupulatiioi.

oil. When America was discovered, I'eru was occujiied by Indians
Comparatively civilized. They hail a reL'uhir irovernmeiit, large cities,
temples richly ornamented with gold and silver, nionuinents, good
roads, and other luiblic works. There arc \et iu the cuunlry many
remains of this Indian civilization.

XV. Divisions.— •!< I. Soutii America cdmiiri^es fourteen
political ilivisioiis. as in the following table : —

Sill... of

B(|UI1I'U

Xduiy.

u Inch
ari.',^

I'ulJUlfttioIl.

C^ipiul.

tii'ial.s

( '(tH'^Uil \

7-21

ri4."i

2,300,000
1,000,000

liopota.

(Juito.

t.'araccas.

VeNEZI KLA

i;,".4

l,(iOO,000

ItKrrisii t;i lAx.v

liso

lju,000

(ieorgetown.

DlTiH ClIA.SA

103

53,000

Pai amaribo.

FliKSell (UlANA

13(1

20,000

rayenne.

UUAZIL

1707

S.000,000

Kio Janeiro,

I'KIU-

70S

2,j00,000

Lima.

BdMVI \

(IS'2

2,000,000

( 'liuciuisaca.
Santiaj^Mj.
liiicnos Ayre.s

(.11 1 LI ....

40U

1,000,000

AniiENTiNi: ItKiM r.i.ie

diti

1,200,000

rAllA(iCAV

2.->0

1,340,000

Asuncion.

l'itl'(if \Y

;i:i4
."■ 1.".

2*1,000
30,000

Monte 'i idco.

l*AT.-\(inNlA

EXERCISE.— Trace the boundary lines between the various States
of South America, and mark the position of the capitals.

XVII. Industries.— 42. The chief occupations are agri-
culture, grazing, mining.

Tiie exports ui\ s, horns, tallow, beef, horses, alpaca

wool, guano, dye-^^oe .■, indigo, cabinet-woods, medicines,
coffee, spices, sugiu', troiiical fruits, gold, silver, and diamonds.

43. Political distractions and the want of energy in the inhabitants .
have interfered much with the development of the great natural re-
sources of South Ai.ierica. l!ut little attention is given to the cultiva-
tion cf the soil, and manufactures are wholly neglected. The wealth
of many of the inhabitants consists in cattle, which roam at large in a
semi-wild state, giving little trouble to their owners excejit when it is
required to catch the^ii. This feat is performed by throwing a lasso
over the head.

While the various States were governed by Sixain and Portugal, they
were subjected to the most oppressive restrictions, iu order to secure a
iiiunopoly for home products. Thus they were comjielled to cut down
their vines lest they should interfere with the wine trade of Siaiu and
Portugal.

XVIII. Government.— 44. All the States formerly be-
longing to Spain have re[iublican governments. Brazil is
a limited hereditary monarchy. Tlie three divisions of
(riiiana are rcsjioctively subject to England, Holland, and
Fiance.

The Governments of South America are weak, and exercise but
little iuiluence among the nations of the Earth.

XVI. Towns.— 41. Kio Janeiro, tiie capital (.if Ihazil, is
the largest city in Soutii America. Many of the towns on
the western side are upon the elevated table-land. Puin'o,
in Peru, has an elevation of 1;3,T2(1 feet ; Foiosi, in Bolivia,
of 13,33(1 feet. Many of tlie towns near the Andes have
suffered greatly from earthquakes.

COLUMBIA.

4.J. Columbia was mur a Spaiiisli vice-royalty. On gain-
ing its iiide]ieiulence in I^IU, it united in a federal repuiilic
with Ecuador and Venezuela. Tiiis union was dissolved iu
Is.'iti, each country becoming a separate reiiublic. Columbia
then took the name of Xew Oranada. A new organization
of tlie government was made in lb(J3, when the pre.'>eiit
name was adojitcd.

4G. (.'oliimbia is in the north-west of the continent, and
include.-! tlie narrow Isthmus of ranania.

The surf'aco is mountainous in the west, being crossed b}'
the three ranges of the Andes. The eastern side consists of
llano.^. The Mn'jih.ihxa, over 8<i(i miles long, is the prin-
cipal river. Its h.iwer course abounds in alligators.

4". The soil is fertile, and the mineral wealth is great, but every
branch of industry is neglected. The low ).lains are very unhealthy,
but the valleys and slojies of the Andes are healthful and temperate.
The forests are very e.\tensive, yielding cabinet and dye woods. Im-
mense herds of cattle feed upon the llanos.

4S. The inhabitants consist of Spaniards, Indians, negroes, a:
mixed races. The mixed races comprise more than half, JIauy of
Iiulians are uncivilized.

Towns. — The chief towns are upon the table-lands of the Andes.
tlnijotu (43,000) is the largest city. Its buildings are low, and have

GUIANA.

tween the various States
the capitals.

occupations are agvi-

,-, beef, horses, alpaca
lot-woods, medicines,
, silver, aiul diamoiuls.

energy in the inliabitants .
of tlie great natural re-
ou is given to tlie culiiva-
y neglected. The wealth
which roam at large in a
owners except when it is
■meJ by throwing a lasso

Spain and Tortugal, they
tions, in order to secure a
ere conii'tlled to cut douii
e wine trade of Si'aiu and

e States formerly be-
iverumeiits. Brazil i-s
lie three divisions of
Inghuid, llolhuid, and

weak, and exercise but
th.

ice-royalty. On -ain-

in a federal repulilic

lion was dissolvud in

repuljlic. Coluniliia

A new orj^anization

;j, wlan the present

»f the continent, and
ui.

■est, beinj,' crossed by
istern side consists of
es long, is the prin-
ii) uUij^ators.

alth is great, but every
lains are very unhealthy,
healthful and temperate,
aet and dye woods, hu-

Indians, negroes, a;
than half. Many of

ble-lands of the Andes,
lings are low, and have

thick walls, to guard against earthquakes. Cartagena is an important
port. Asidniadl and Panama, on opposite sides of the Isthmus, are
connected by a railro.id 50 miles in length.

49. Tlie chief exports are cattle, mules, hides, tallow,
tropical fruits, cabinet and dye woods, and emeralds.

Tlic government is similar in form to tliat of the United
States of Xorth America.

ECUADOR.

50. Ecuador took its name from its situation on tlie
Equator. It became a separate republic iu 1830. (.bVf
Cohanhia.)

51. The surface is mountainous iu the west, where the
Andes f )rm two ranges. Between these ranges arc high
valleys and table-lands, which comprise the principal culti-
vated land in Ecuador. The eastern part of the country
belongs to the forest plains of the Amaznii.

There arc many lofty volcanic peaks in the Andes of Ecuador, as
Chhiihnrn-.n, Ciilopn.ri, I'ic/iiiira, and Autitiuia. Cntopaxi is re-
markably .symmetrical in form, presenting tlie appearance of a vast
truncated cone.

52. The climate varies according to the elevation. Tlie
vast forests yield valuable tim1)er, tropical fruits, cocoa, and
the cinchona or Peruvian liark. Rice, pejiper, sugar-cane,
cotton, corn and wheat are cidtivatitl.

A lai-iTO proportion of the inliabitants are Indians, and they are the
most i.'ulustrious jiart of the population.

Towns.— 53. Quito (70,000), the largest city, is near the Equator,
on a plateau 9528 feet above tlie sea-level. It has a most delightful
climate, but is exposed to violent earthquakes. In 1850 many of its
buildings w-cre tliiown down, and 5fi00 inhabitants lost their lives.
Ouaijaquil has a good harbour, and is the principal port. Cnciira
ranks next to Quito in size.

The commerce of Ecuailor is very small. The chief exports are,
cocoa, tiib.acco, Peruvian bark, and fruits.

VENEZUELA.

54. Venezuela, which signifies Little Venlrp, took its n mie
from an Indian village built on jiiles, which tlie early dis-
coverers fijund on the low ground near Lake Maracayljo.
They gave it this name from its resemblance to Venice in
Europe.

Venezuela has been mucli disturbed " y warring factions.

55. The surface is mountainous in tlic north-west and
south-east ; but a large part of the country consists of llanos.

The vegetation is luxuriant and varied. There are many species of
palm-trees, of which the most valuable is the sago palm. Another
valuable tree is called the cow-tree, which, on cuttini: into it, yields a
juice resembling milk. Vanilla, cocoa, plantain, strychnos, and tree

ferns are also among the prijdncts. Cotton, cotTee, sugar-cane, and
indigo are cultivated.

The llanos are not suited to agriculture, as tliey are at ditferent
■seasons subject to the extremes of humidity and drought. They
sustain large herds of cattle.

The inhabitants consist largely of mixed races.

Towns. — 5*>. Cafnrras (50,000), the most important town, has an
elevated situation, 16 miles from the Caribbean Sea. The city wa.'-
nearly destroyed by an earthqu.ake in 1812. The event occurred on
Holy Thursday, when most of the people were in the churches, and
12,000 persons lost their lives. Caraccas was the birth-place nf tieneral
Bolivar. Marucayho and Cumuna are the chief jiorts. The lattei
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1853.

57. As in all the countries of S.uth America, internal commerce i.^^
impeded through want of roails. The exports consist of cattle, hides,
horns, sarsaparilla, and other products.

BRITISH GUIANA.

(^(jFFKK I'l.ANTATION.

58. British Guiana was settled by the Dutch in I.'so. It
was taken by the British in lso:3, and was finidly ceded to
tliem in 1814. The limits of the country on the south and
west are undefined.

59. The coast, from 10 to 40 mih's inland, is low, and is protected
from the sea by dikes. The intrridr is mountainous. The chief river",
are the A'.Mp/in'yo, litmerarrt, lierhirc, and Corcnti/n, which are navi-
gable from 51.1 to 150 miles. The Corentyn separates liritish and Dutch
(jiiiiana.

GO. The soil is very fertile. The climate is liot and humid. There
are two dry and two rainy seasons in the year. One rainy season
occurs in December, .lanuary, and February; the other in June, July,
and August. They are vf ry unliealthy.

SOUTH AMERICA.

ii:

fil. The inosf, irnjiDrtant cultivatiMl plants aro siigav-cano,
coft'oe, yams, ami maize. The forests are extensive, coii-
taiiiint,' dye-woods, palms, and valuable timber. Tropieal
fruits and medicinal plants are also amoni,' the products.

(')2. The inliabitauts consist of English, Dutch, Negroes,
and Indians.

Tlie couMtry is JivideJ into three distri(/ts — /iirhirr, Dcmcrarn, and

(J3. ('horijtfown (^25,000), at the mouth of tlic Demor.ini. is the capital.
It occupies a low dani]) situation, and is sulijoct to yellow tt-ver, Tlie
iireat majority of tlie inhabitants are negroe.s.

()4. The chief exports aro sucar, molasses, rum, and timher— total
value, S8,3(iO,(UiO. The imports are tlour, poik, bu-f, tish, butter,
staves, and manufactured goods.

65. The government is vested in a f'<i>ni <>f PoUrii. con-
sisting of tiic Governor, four official members, and five uon-
otlicial. Revenue, $1,500,000.

DUTCH AND FRENCH GUIANA.

()0. Dutch Guiana is similar in physical features to Britisli
Guiana. It is very fertile, yielding cotfee, cutton, and sugar-
en ne.

")". Nearly nine-tenths of the inliabitants are negroes. Tlie slavc>'
were eniaiicipatLd by the (jovumniont of Hulland in IS'il ; but they
were reqiiired to work for their former masters, as aiipreuticed
labourers without pay, for twelve years.

vjS. Paramariho (20,000), on the .'Surinam, live miles fr.im its mouth,
is tlie capital and chief place of trade. Its streets are adorned with
orange, lemon, and tamarind trees.

0!). French Guiana was first settled by the French in
1G04. In 17(!3, twelve thousand emigrants came out from
France, three-fourths of mIiuui perished frnni exiiosure to
the unhealthy climate.

70. This country resembles the other divisions of tiniana in surfaci'',
soil, and products. It aUo yields pepper, cloves, cinmunnn. and nut-
megs. The island of Cayenne, on the coa>t, is noted for its Cayenne
pepper. Guiana is used l)y France as a penal settlement.

Cayenne ^3000), ou the island of the same name, is the capital.

BRAZIL.

71. Brazil was discovered by a Portuguese named I'iin^'on
in the year 1500. It is said that it derived its name from
a native wood of a bright red colour, which the Portuguese
called braza.t, or coals of fire.

72, On the invasion of Tortugal by the French in 180S, King
■fohn V'l. ean\e, witli his court, to IJrazil. Durinir his residence here
ho greatly improved the condition of the country. In 1S21 lie re-
turned to Povfugal, leaving his son Pedro as regent. In accordance
with the wisli of the inhabitants, Pedro in the following year pro-
claiuied Brazil au independent State, and assumed the title of Emperor.

73. Brazil has an extensive coast and many excellent
harbours. The country is rather larger than the United
States of Xorth America. The greater portion lies south of
the Equator. It comprises the greater ]iart of the selvas and
the southern section of the eastern highlands, including most
of the basin of the Amazon.

74. The soil is very fertile and well watered, and the
climate is one of the most delightful in the world. The
minerals are imjiortant and varied, including gold, silver,
iron, and diamonds.

75. The diamond mines in the beds of the rivers of Ihazil arc the
richest iu the world. In 1847 a diamond was fund worth nearly
8200,000. These nunes yield a largo revenue to the Government, and
persons employed in them are closely watched.

7<!. The staple products are sugar and cofl'ce. Cotton,
rice, manioc, tobacco, corn, banantts, ginger, lemons, and
oranges are also extensively cultivated.

r>razil yit'lds more than half the cotTee jiroduced in the world. Large
quantities sold as Java and Mncha eotl'ee come from this country.

i\Ianioc is an inipurtant food plant. One acre of manioc is said to
yield as much nouI■i^llnlent as si.x acres of wheat.

77. A comparatively small i>oilion of Brazil is iiiider cultivation.
The whole inttrior is covered with vast forests remarkable for luxuri-
ance and variety. Here are found huge trees from eight to twelve feet
in diameter, tall and graceful palms, liamboos, and myrtles ; also,
liiazil wodd, fustic, rosewood, and mahogany. [Sec 32.^

7S. Nearly all the wiM animals uf the continent are found in Brazil.

Immense herds of cattle and horses feed ou the plains, many of
wliicii are in a "ild state.

7!). The white inhabitaiit.s, forming about a third of the
population, are ]iriiicipally of Portuguese origin. Tliey are
generally indolent, and look upon mamial lal)our as degrad-
ing. In the cities a gretit deal of time is spent in street
processions. Many of the negroes and mixed races are in
a state of slavery. The slaves are allowed to jmrchase
their freedom, and the foreign slave trade is prohibited.
There are judilic schools in the towns. Most of the inhabi-
tants are lioman Catholics.

Towns.- SO. Rv->J(t),eiro (200,000), the caiiital, has one of the best
harbours in the world, and is the largest and most commercial city iu
South America. Jialiia (120,000) has a beautiful situation on All
Saints' Bay. It has a fine harbour and an extensive commerce. Per-
namhuco, Mavanhao, and Para are important towns. Pctropclis,
having a beautiful inland situation, is the summer residence of the
emjieror.

81. The chief pursuits are agriculture, grazing, and mining.
Xearly all the labour is performed by the negroes. Manu-
factures are almost wholly neglected.

The chief exports are colTee, sugar, cntton, tobacco, rice. India-
rubber, Peruvian bark, cabinet and dye w.iods, hides and diamonds.
Total value, $65,000,000. The imports include almost all kinds of
manufactures, Hour, wine, ice. Total value, $01,500,000.

CHILI.

uiil many excellent
;er than the United
portion lies south of
art of the selvas and
ands, including,' most

11 \\-atered, and the

in the world. Tiio

icliiding gold, silver,

rivers of PMazil are tlie
ivas t'l'und worth iieiirly
to tlie Goveruinent, and

and cnfiVe. Cotton,
gin^'cr, lemons, and

jced in tlie world. Larcre

; from tliis eouiitry.

icre of manioc is said to

eat.

,zil is under cultivatinii.

:s remarkalile for hixiiri-

from eiylit to twelve feet
lioos, and myrtles ; also,
, (,sVc32.1
.Mit are found in Urazil.

on tlie I'lains, many of

ibont a third of tlie
ese origin. Tlioy are
d labour as deo;rad-
' is spent in street
niixt'il races are in
liowed to purchase
trade is prohibited.
Most of the iidiubi-

lital, lias one of the hest
most commercial city in
antiful situation on All
tensive commerce. Per-
ant towns. Pctropulis,
unimer residence of tiie

, grazing, fnidminino;.
the negroes. Manu-

11, tobacco, rice, India-
Is, hides and diamonds,
ude almost all kinds of

ca, 500,000.

82. The government is a hereditary constitutional num-
iirchy. The Legislature consists of two Houses, both elective.

The political importance of Brazil is not commensurate with its size
and population. The present f^mperiir of Brazil is represented as an
intelligent and humane soverei.L'n. anximis to improve the condition of
his empire. {•See .Ij/a.wir's Jounuy in IlrazH.)

PERU.

83. rem, the .scat of the ancient empire of tlie Tncas, was
the largest, most powerful, and most civilized State in the
New World at the time of its discovery. Tlie inhabitants
worshipjied the Sun as the supreme deity ; and the Inca, or
emperor, claimed to be his offspring'. The empire was eon-
(jiicred by Pizarro, and the reigning monarcli treacherously
put to death.

Peru gained its independence from Spain in 1824. The country has
since been much distracted liy opposing; factions and iusunectiona.

84. The coast of Peru is about ID.'ii) miles in length. Tlie
region between the Pacific and tlie Andes is for the most
part rainless and tiarrcn. The river valleys which cro.ss it
are the only parts capable of cultivation. These valleys and
the table-land between the mountain ranges form the chief
f-eat of the population. East of the Andes are inimeii.se
forest jtlains. (.SVe 20, 27.)

85. The minerals of Peru are very important, iiieliidiiij.' ^.'nld, silver,
ipiicksilver, copper, lead, and iron.

The mines are very inefiiciently woikeil. They are frciieially in
mountain districts to which it is impossible to convey macliinery.

86. The vegetable products are sutrar, cotton, tMb.acco, and various
fruits. The cinchona, common ou the eastern slopes e£ the Andes, is
one of the most important forest trees.

87. The animals include the llama, which is used by the Indians as
a beast of burden ; and the alpaca. But few cattle are reared .Sheep
are numerous.

88. The inhabitants are abmit half Indians and oiie-fmirtii
whites. The negroes are chieHy confined to the coast.

Towns.— 89. Lima (100,000), about seven miles from the Pacific, was
founded by Pizarro, whose remains are deposited in its cathedral. Its
university, the oldest in America, Iia.s a library of 20,000 volumes. The
lionses are low on account of cartluiuakes. Cnlhw, the sea-port of
Lima, and connected with it by railway, is a fortified town, and has an
imiiortant roadstead. In 1746, Callao was entirely destroyed by an
earthquake. The sea retired to a great distance, and then suddenly
returned, overwhtlminK the town. Of about 3000 inhabitants, only
sixteen escaped. Cnzco, in the interior, was the capital of the Incas,
and "ontained a magnificent temple of the Sun. A rcqiii/ia and Pasoi
are in the interior.

00. The want of roads prevents the development of internal com-
merce, (ioods are conveyed chiefly on the backs of mules, ]\lany of
the passes in the Andes are very narrow, steep, and dangerous.

The exports are gold, silver, Peruvian bark, cotton, alpaca and
sheep's wool, and guano. Guano is obtained chiefly from the Chinoha
Islands.

BOLIVIA.

!)1. Piilivi.i took its name from IJolivar. the litierator of
South America from Siianish 'lower. It was formerly called
Uiipcr I'eni. It formed a part of the eiii)iire of tiie Incas.

92. Tiie surface and other jihysical features are greatly
diversified. Tiie cuimtry between the Pacific and the Andes
is wild and desolate. The mmuitains are very high, the
western range presmtiiig ;iii almo.st impassable barriiu' be-
tween the coast region and tlic iilateaii. The table-land here
attains its greatest bivadtii, and is the chief .seat of the
popidatioii. It contains Lake Titicaca.

1'3. The products arc similar to those of I'eni. The silver mines
were formerly the most productive in the world. Tliey are now mostly
abandoned for want of projier macliinery to work llietn.

Towns. — '.'4. Vhuiiuinaca, or Sucre (40,000), is on an elevation of
i),3uu feet. It contains a maL'iiilicent cathedral. Pi'iiml was formerly
noted for its silver mines. /,(( /■«: (43,000) is in tho neighbourhood
of lofty volcanoes.

05. AL-riciilture, though greatly ncglectod, is the jirincipal occupa-
tion. The foreign trade is of little importance. There are no roads or
wlieele<l vehicles, and the cost of transporting the products to the coast
exceeds their valno.

CHILI.

on. Cliili fiiniied a ]iart of the empire of tlie Incas. Tiie
Spaniard.s exiierienced great difficulty in .subduing tiie war-
like natives of the smdli.

Cliili became inde]i('iideiit in 1^17. It is one of the most
prosjierous of tlie South American Stab'S.

97. Cliili lies wholly on the west side of the Andes. It
extends 11.0(i miles alou',' the I'acific, .■md lias a breadth
varying from !)l) to Kio miles. A large part of tins country
consists of mountain ridges, .S(>]),'arated iiy deep valleys.

i*8. Aru)ir<i;/ii<i, the lii^'hest iiniuntain in .America, is in Cliili.
There are several passes across the Andes, some of which are very
d.'ingerous, winding along ledges so narrow that two mules cannot go
abreast.

Chili is noted for eartlniuakos. One of groat violence nccurred in
1822, when an extent of coast fifty miles in length was elevated tlireo
feet above its former level.

;)!). Till! soil is generally very fertile, except towanis tlie
north, where rain is almost unknown. The climate is tem-
penito and very salul)rious, (.SV(? 2(i, 27.)

The minerals are silver, copper, ainl iron,

The vegetable products are maize, wheat, barley, liemp, and pota-
toes, (!liili is suii|)osed to be the native region of the imtato.

100, The inhabitants, mo.stly Spanish and Indian, are
more energetit; and enterprising than those of iiKJSt other
countries of South America.

SOUTH AMEUICA.

Towns.— 101, tiantiaoo (Su.tHJO), the caiiital and lar^-cst city, is
situated in a fertile plain at tlie foot of t'le Andes. It contains a
university, a military academy, a normal scliool, and a public library
of 21 ,000 volumes. Vol iiaraiso—" Vale of Paradise "—(7:2,000) is the
chief port, and nearly all the trade of the country passes through it.
Concqicion and Coinapo are important tuwns.

102. The chief pursuits are mining and agriculture.

The exports are copper, silver, wheat, liemp, hides, v.ool, and
guano. Nearly all kinds of manufactured goods are impi^rtcd.

103. The government is republican. The Pre.sident is elected fur
the term of five years. The Legislature l.i f"""' ,;.,..■. Houses.

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

HU. Tlie Aryontiuu Kt'iiublic, or L;i I'liita, liocamc imle-
pciuluut of Spain in ISIG. It taki's its iiiin;e from tlie La
Plata, or .Silver Jilver, Biicnus Ayres seceilcd and formed
a separate State from 1853 to ISCO.

105. Tlie surface ,1,'i'iierally coii.si.st3 of inimcn.se plains,

called iiamjKAs, wiiicli jiroduoe tall {,'rass and iiij^antic

thistles. Larye tracts of country arc so imprcynateil with

.salt as to be qnito barren. An extensive desert in the north

is called the Gran Chaco.

There is very little rain thi'dnglunit a large jiiirt of the interior. The
rivens arc the La Plata and its tributaries, ."^alt lakes are uunievuu.s.

](i(i. The products inchide maize, wheat, tobacco, suj,'ni',
and mate. Aj,'riciilturc i« greatly nej,'lected. The cliicf
wealth of the country cdn.si.sts in the vast iicrd.s of cattle and
horses which roam over tlie plains. It is computi il that there
are 4,000,0(t() of cattle in the province of Duciios Ayres alone.

107. The inhabitants consist of Indians, Spaniards, and mixed races.
The Spaniards are iho ruling race. The inhabitants of the panip .s
are called O'diirliis. They spend mo.st nf iheir time on jiursiback,
galloping over :lii' [ilaius alter the wild cattle and hurses. lieef is
their cli'.i' fotxl.

ToV'Uo,— loS. lUuiiiia Aiina-" good air"— (120,0(1(1), ilio capital and
largest city, it . tuated on i ■ La Plata, 15" milis from the s' a, The
rivei is here ovir 30 niile.s broad. Il is very shallow near the shore,
and n.iTigntion is rendered dangerous by violent west winds, called
/iiiHi/)' )W. J'livaua was the capital during the independence of the
province of lUienos Ayres, McikIuzii has important trade with Chili,
carried on thruugh moiuitain passes, t'orruiifm and Sun Jttun are
important towns.

loy. The exports are hl<leH, horns, tallow, and jerked beuf.

PARAGUAY.

IPi. raragiiay formed part of the Spanish vicc-rnyaUy of
Riienos Ayres. On K"iiiiiiK it« iiiiU'iiondeuco it refused to
join the Argentine Confederation,

From 1814 to 1810 Paraguay was ruled by Dr. Fraucia, a native
C-eole. Under his government all foreigners were e.vcluded. Tliis
absurd policy is now abandoned.

1 1 1. Paraguay is wholly inland, between the rivers Parana
and Paraguay. It is hilly in the north-east, level and
marshy in the south.

112. The climate is warm temp(n-ate, anil is noted for
salubrity. The soil is very fertile. The forests yield rose-
wood, dye-woods, gums, and fruits. Mate, or Paraguay tea,
grows iu great abundance. It is extensively used in South
America, as China tea is with u.s.

11^!, The inhabitants are chietly of .Spanish origin. Owing to the
efl'urts of Dr. Franeia iu establishing schools in all parts of the coun-
try, the people are more intelligent than those of most of the neigh-
bouring States.

Towns.— IU. Asuncion (2.1,0001, the capital, is situ.ated at the con-
fluence of the Pilcomayo and P^iraguay. It has coiisiderable trade.

The exports consist of mate, sugar, cotton, tobacco, rice, honey,
cattle, and hides.

URUGUAY.

II-'). Uruu'uny, on becoming free iVom Spanish power, was
.st'ized by Brazil. It became independent in L^28.

This State formed the eastern portion of the Spanish iiossessions,
and hence was called Bunda Oi'kntat, or the Eastern Bound,

llfi. IMucli of the interior is hilly. There arc also exten-
sive plainit, sustaining large numtiers of cattle and Imrses,
which constitute the chief wealth of the country.

]\laizo and wi.eat are cultivated, but agrlculturu is in a b.ici ward
state.

Towns.— 117.' M'mtc Video (45,000), th" capital, is le.ar the month
of the La Pi.it 1 aid has considerable traile. ilie exports ate hi'les,
horns, tallow, beef, and matO.

PATAGONIA.

llN, Patagonia was discovered and nameil by Magclliia.

/'litni/on means " large foot." The natives were accustomed t^i wrap
their feet in skins, which made them appear of an unnatural size.

Ill), Patiigoiiia consists of barren jihiins and IdW rocky
Mioiintains, It is hot in :Mimiuer, and very cold in winter.
There is but little rain on tlie i ast of the Andes.

The country is iniialiitcd by iinlepciident Indian tribes of Inrgr
^tatiiic. Tlioy are very expert horiieMion.

I Dr. Fraucia, a native
3 were excluded. Tliis

BCD the rivers Parana
ortli-east, levul and

te, anil is noted for
he forests yield rose-
ate, or Paraguay tea,
sivoly used in South

3h orif;in. Onin^' to tlie
iu ill! I'arts of the ooun-
ise of most of tlie neigh-

al, is situated at tiio con-
as considerable trade.
on, tobacco, rice, ii'ney,

u Spanisli power, was

ont in lb28.

the S|ianisli posaesaions,
Easkrn Bviiiul.

Tliere are also exton-
f cattle and horses,
! country.

culturo is in a 1 aci war

Tjiital, is le.ar tiio mouth
liie exports are hides,

luicd by Magrllaii.

vcre accustnined to wra]!
:)f an II n nam I a! size,

ains and low rocky
very cold in winter,
le Andes.

Indiim '.ribci of inri^r

EUllOPM

<-f3»i«^---

*' V -.m^^i^:

n.sA.

1. History. 1. Willi tin' ('xcoiitinii nt' Anstrulia, Kiiinix'
i» the smallt'Ht of tliii yroiit ilivisimis, and lias j^cnemlly \vm
urniuk'ur in its phyRJcal foaturcH, as nmuntains, rivers, luul
hikcH, It ranks first in civilizatiitn, inHnciii't', aiitl powtr.

Tlii> i>iMtH (liTlvo tlio imiiic friiin Kurnpn, \.\"- ilmiKtittT of n rinriilcliin
kliiK, S(im." Iriu'c It ti) an i'ii»ltrii word Hlciilfylnit mnnti, or lliu m»l
nihrrn ili'ilvn It fiiiiii Iwii tiri'i'k wcirdu ulimlfjliitf n-iil,- i-inr. iipplliMl llrnt
to till' cniiitr)' iii>i't)\ ii( (Iruoco, In itontriMt nitli iIh' niurow IIiiiIIn (it tlu'
l»'nlnH\ilH.

2, Euru|io «nH upttli'il nt n very riuly ik'ihmI liy i>on|ilo finin Asin,
who oniitimieil liiiiK in ii khvuhc Rtnk>, wliilnl I'iviliicil niul (lower-
I'll! imlioiiK llmirislicd in WcHtini Aniii iinii Nortln'rn AfViri\. Tlio
I'l'iilnsiilii i)f (liTri'c, (•iiuTi.'i'iiI f I'Nt. frciin lii\il'Ui l-im, iit ji'iiu'lii. iilmiil
tno yoni'h lit'l'MU tilt' I'lii'lNliaa mi, oulHtri|i|i(;il all <itliiT |iat'Uiit' tiic
»"orlil ill oiviliiivtii'ii, literiitiire, nml |H)«er.

;!. Till' ofiitnil I'liiiiisiihi, or Iiily, n"M nl'tiiiiii'l iIm> iTC-i'iniiicticr,
ami (.'iivo 111" 1 t" till' "iirM. Itniiii', a small Slate fmiudril 7."''' li.i\,
exti'mk'd ilH powor jinnliially, until at tlii' Cliiistiiiri era it I'liiln'aio.l
within itH cniiiiro Sgulhcrn iind LVnlial Kiucii.i', WukUth Asia, iiii'l
Ni'rtliiTii AtVii-a.

4. Naitlnrn KiU'ipo was »till ...■cupiiil hy h:ii . 'otiii hordi'n, «lio nl
diUVri'iil tiiiii s had tliii'iili'ind the Kniiiaii Kiiipirottilli dostiui'liciii,
Finally, 47d A. P., whi'ii the citi/.i.'iiN nf lliiw onci' pcnvi'ifiil ciiipirc wnv
iiilV'i'ldid li\ hi Miry ami vici', tlm imrllirin lailiaiiaiiN iiinIii"! in, liM.k
p.icHCHsioii 111' till' capital, and ocoiipii'il tlii' varimiH pnivini'i'H. TIikiiikIi-
i»ut Kunipi' all wnn nnw in ii utiiii' of imri <t and aiiaichy. Civilizatinn
aii'l loRrniti^; wrri' wi'll-nixh ('\tin«iii»lnd, nml tliu (laikniiH uf tlit
Middlo Atrei etimu'd

r>, Thf Mohainnii'ilans i-nli ri'il Kiinipe hy the Siriiit of (<ilprtiltnr in
Til. Havinii wi/.i'd nearly all Ihu jinuthwi'stirn peniiiKulu, they
oriifisid till' ryrtue«», nml tnarclii'il northwanls, liid'linu' fair In over

i ll^

EUROPE.

I r ff f

run tlie whole continent. Wlien near the raitldle of France, they were
i.lefeated and driven back by Cluirles Martel, 732 a.d.

6. Then {779-814) arose in the west a great conciueror, Charlemagne,
who brought under his power France, Germany, and Italy. On his
death his empire fell to pieces. During the next two centuries, the
jrincipal nations of Modern Europe were organized by the blending
together of numerous petty States.

7. The twelfth ami thirteenth centuries were remarkable for those
expeditions called the Crusades, sent from Western Europe to take
J'ak'stine from the Moh.ammedans.

8. The close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth cen-
turies witnessed several events which largely influenced the ptilitical
and social condition of Europe. Among these may be mentioned the
invention of printing, tlie discovery of America, tiie discovery of the
passage around tiie Cajje of (luod Hope, the Reformation, the over-
throw of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks, and the study of G.jcian
literature.

','. The most n> ted disturbing inthiences wliich have allVeted the
general condition of Europe in recent times were the wars of Napoleon,
at the commencement of the present century.

II. Position.-- 10. Europe i.s principally in the North
Ti'nipiTatc Zone. It occi'iiics the north-western part of the
01(1 World, forming a large jieninsula of the eastern con-
tinent.

It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean ; nn the
oast by Asia; on the south by Asia, the Black Sea, and
I\Ie(literranonn Sea: and on the we.st by the Atlantic
Ocean.

II. The boundary line lietween Kuro|ie and Asia is fnrmed by the
Ural Mountains, Uial River, Caspian Sea, Caucasnis Mountains, lilack
Sea, the Jtusphorus, Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles.

Cape Nordkyn, in Norway, is the most northern jioint; Tarifa
Piiint, near (librallar, the must smithern ; the mouth of the Kara, the
most eastern : and Ca\iif Roca, in I'lirtngal, the nmst western.

N. lat. M"-71" 10'; Ion. !•- Uli' W.— 68° E.

III. Form.- -12. The main body of Europe is tiiangular, the
angular points bciTig llie mouth of the Kara, the eastern extremity of
tiie Caucasus, and the southwest of France. To this must be mhled
the peninsulas of .Si'andinavi.i and Jutland on the north-west; and the
three iieninsulas, ,'>;pain. Ilaly, .and Greece, on the south ;— altogether
including onetliird nf llie cdntiiient.

IV. Coast. -~i;3. Europe is greatly broken by the sea, by
which it has much more coast, in proi)ortion to its 8i;:e, tlinn
any (Jthor great division. This ) ' ysieal feature gives it more
easy intercourse with cither parts of tlie world, jironiofing its
eonimcrce and civilization.

The coast-line exceeds 20,000 miles. Kxcciiting the interior of the
north-east, no part is over 400 miles from the sen.

14. The jnineipal Coast Waters are the Wliiff Si-a and the
Sfci of K(tni, on till' north ; the (\isj>i(t)i Ski, on the south-
ra«t ; the Sitt uf A:t[t, Krrtc/i .sVmuV, the lilnti- Sni,t\w
Jlonphoriis or Strait of Vnn»tnntiunplf, Sea of Marmora,
the Danfaur/IeK, tlic A rchiprlago, (liilfo/ Lcfiaiito, tStrnit of
Otranto, Adriatic Si a. Strait of Mmsiiia, diilf of d'nioa,
Uulj of Lyons, nnd thu UlraU qf UiOraltar, on thu soutli ;

the Bai/ of Biscay, the English Channel, Strait of Dover,
St. George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, North Sea
or German Ocean, the Skafjer Rack, Calteijat, Great Belt,
Little Bdt, the Sound, the Baltic Sea, and the Ga/fo of Riga,
Finland, and Bothnia, on the west.

15. The Mediterranean .Sea is Salter than the ocean, in consequence
of the great evaporation from the surface. For the same reason it has
a lower level than the Atlantic, and a current is constantly flowing in
through the Strait of Gibraltar.

16. The Black Sea, receiving more water from the rivers than it
loses by evaporation, is fresher than the ocean, and sends a current to
the Mediterranean.

The Baltic is very shallow, not exceeding 1100 feot. It is fresher
than the ocean, and sends a current to the North Sea.

17. The mo>t imjicrtant Capes are .Vonll:;/!!, in Finniark ; Cape
yortli, on the island of Mageroe ; the AVcc, south of Norway ; the
.SAvKc, north of .Jutland ; Cape W'valh, on the north of Scotland ; Cape
Ctiav south of Ireland; Litt.iis End, south-west of England; La
J/oi/iii , iioith-west of France; Fini.iUrrc, in Spain : linea and St.
\'iiiciiit, in Portugal ; Tari/a J'viiit, on the south of Spain ; J'asmro,
in Sicily ; Spariireiito and J.tiiea, in Italy ; and Mafapaii, in Greece.

Is. The chief Islands on the coast are : —

In the Arctic Ocean— the Lofnden, belonging to Norway
and Sweden ; Spil:f'(rii< n and Nor(( Ziinbhi, to Ku.s.'^ia ; and
Iceland, to Denmark :

In the Vtlantie Ocean-- the /"(nw, belonging to Denmark ;
the liritinh /,*■/( .<f, forming an indijiendeut kingdom ; ;ind tlie
Amri!', belonging to Portugal :

In the Baltic — I'iha n, Seeland, Lmdiind, and Bornhulin,
belonging to Denmark ; Gland and Gottland, to Sweden ;
and Oenel, /A/(/o, and the Aland Archipelago, to Kus.sia :

In the Mediterranean— tlie Jialiaric hle», behmging to
Spain ; Sicihi, Sardinia, Kllia, and the Li/mri Isle$, to Italy ;
Corsica, to France; Malta, to (rreat Britain; the Ionian
hlis, Nrgrii/i'i/il or Lidnea, and tlie Cijclades, to (.irecce ;
Candta or I'ritt, Samothrake, and Lmuuis ur Staliini.ii, to
Turkey.

1'.'. The Maltese gr 'Up embraces Mal'a, Comino, nnd Oiko ; of which
Malta, ei|ual to a sc|uare of ten miles, is the Inrptcst. They were taken
from France by Great Britain, in ISUO. The surface is rocky, .and the
s(jil thin. The heat of summer is intense, and snow is uiiknow in
winter. The jiruducts are cotton, grapes, olives, figs, oranges, and
honey.

The inhabitants, numbering 140,000, aro mostly Roman Catholics.
Valvita is the capital.

20, lleligolaiKl [Iwly hind) was formerly regarded ns sncreJ to the
goddess Hertha. It has belonged to (Jnat P.riiain since 1807. Th"
islainl consists of a rockthreeor four miles in circumference, forty-six
miles from the mouth of the FIbe. There are between 20M nnd 3000
inhabitants. The chief pursuit is fishing.

I'or a (Icucriptlon of other taUndl, see tl.c countries to whleh thoy belong,

'2\. The Feninsulat of Europe are the Crinaa, the lleHctiic or
firieian J'lniniivln (the southern part of which is called the Moria),
Italj/, the Ibtriitn or Spanish J'einniiula, Jutland, and ikandiuuVM.

lel. Strait of Dover,
Channel, Sorth Sea
'attejat, Great Belt,
1(1 the Gulfs of Riga,

lie ocean, m consequence
r the same reason it lias \
is constantly flowiiiR in i

from the rivers than it |
, and semis a current to

1100 feet. It is fresher
■til Sea.

•'in, in Finniark ; C»fe
, south of Norway; the
north of Scotland ; Cape
h-we.st of England ; La, ,
n Spain : Ruca and .SY. I I
luth of S|iain ; J'asmro,
id Muldiiaii, in Greece.

ro :— I I

leldiigiiig to Ncirwaj' I |
mbld, to EiLssia ; and i i

loiiuing to Denmark ;
it kingdom ; and the

'<ni(l, and JJornliohn,
Itland, to Sweden ;
ij"'l<iito, to Kiissia :
Inles, belonging to [
i/Ktri IsUs, to Italy; ' i
iiitain ; the Ionian
'//(/(/(/(.I, to lii'eece :
y(«A' or >'italiiniui, to

1)10, and On:o ; of whicii
r^icst. They were taken

lu'facc is rocky, and the

1 snow is uiil%iio« ill

Ives, fi^s, oraii^jes, aud

ostly Koinan Catholics.

i;arded as snored to the

iriiain since 1807, Tho

ciiciiinfi'ioni'O, forty -six

l.clwecu 20vjO aud 30(10

I'lcH to whivli tliey belong,

riiiita, the Jhllenic or
•h in called the iMoria),
I lid, and ^■andinavia.

SURFACE.

EXERCISE.— Tr.;e the coastline of Europe, marking the coast
waters, capes, and islands.

V. Area. — 22. Europe contains aliout one-fourteenth of
tlie land surface of the Earth. It is about one-sixth larger
than Briti.sh America.

The area equals a square of 1950 miles. The extreme length, from
south-west to nonh-east, is 3-JOO miles.

VI. Surface. — 23. Tlie main b(jdy of Europe comprises
two general slopes, a north-westerly and a southerly, as in-
dicated by the courses of tlie rivers. The continent may be
divided into a lowland region in the north-east, and a high-
land region in the west and south-west.

Without including the highlands of Pcandinavia, the elevated por-
tion lies generally south-west of a line drawn from the mouth of the
Danube to that of tlie Elbe.

24. Low Europe, embracing two-thiid.s of the whole area,
is an immense (ilain, bounded on the nortli liy the Arctic
Ocean ; on the t?ast by the Ural Mountains and Casi)ian
Sea; on the south by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black
Sea, and the Carpathian Mountains; and on the west by
the North Sea and the Scaiidiiiavian Mountains. Through-
out this whole extent, the "N'aldai Hills, wiiich rise by a
gentle swell to the lieii.'lit of lldo fert. furndng the parting
ground between tlu' two slopes, are the greatest elevations,

2;", The Scandinavian Mountains, in the uoith-castern peninsula,
form a wall along the Ailiuitic coast from Capo Nordkyn to the Naze.
The middle portion of this range is called tlie Dovrtjidd ; the northern,
the Kiolen Mo'inlaiiis, The system is muth broken by deep and
almost inaccessible ravines. The extivino height is SOTO feet ; and
ihe height of the snow-lin.'. jiboiit TienO f;..i.t.

20. The Ural Mountains extend from the Aictii- Ocean soiitheily
about loOO miles. The average height is about 'JouO feet; the extreme
height, 5100 feet. The range sejiarates the great plains of Europe and
Asia.

'11. The Caucasus Mountains stretch from the Caspi.Tu to the Iil.u'k
Sea, about "00 miles. TIil' aver.iL'o liei:;ht is aliDiil ^.")lt() feet. Ellnirz,
18,41'0 feet, is the higliot peak. The snow -line has nii elevation of
11,000 feet.

25, The south-west of Europe is very niotintaiiioiis, Tiie
Alpine system is the most important. It comprises the
Alps, stretching in a eiu've lini' from the (!nlf of (leiioa to
Vienna, (iOO miles; tiio ('arpatliimi Mi<ti)i(<iin.<, forming an-
other curve on the north of the Danube ; the Api'miliii's, in
Italy; the Jta/kaii, extending south-easterly from the
Adriatic to the Black Sea; and the /'iii'/i'.<, in (Jrei'ce, The
VoiKji's and Cevnitrn. on the west of the Khine and the
Iihono; and the /i/ark fmraf ,\tiiinif'tinx, on the east of the
Khine, may also be included in the same system.

21t. The Alps are till' grandest mountains of Europe; and, exclud-
ing Iho border Oaucasun, eontuin the liighcst point. They are very

wild and broken, and are celebrated for the beauty and sublimity of
their scenery. Many of their summits are covered with snow througli-
out the year. The A'os are especially distinguished for the vast
masses of ice called iilacicrs which a"e luund in the high valN.ys.

30. The glaciers present a very interesting study. They are formed
by the melting and compacting of masses of .snow. Some of tliem are
15 miles in length, with a breadth from 1 to :: miles, and are supposed
to be several liiindred feet in deplli. Tiie great pressure from above
causes them to move slowly down their bed, until they reach the
warmer lowlands, where they are changed to streams of w:rter. The
llhone, Rhine, and other rivers, have their origin in the glaeiirs.
There are often crevasses or deep tissures in the glaciers, which, wIumi
concealed by light snow, are very dangerous to tourists. The Mir de
(jllave is one of the most noted glaciers.

(.*!i't'e TyndaU's Glacuvs of the A'/m.)

31. The Alps take various names. From thi; fUiIf of Cmkiii to Mount
\'Ui), rtliout 100 miles, they are called tlie Maritime .Alps : tlieiice to .Mount
fi.'nis are tlio t'ottian Alp.s ; then follow in onlev tlie (Jialan or (Jrccian
Alp.?, the Pennine Alps, tlie Helvetian Alps, tlie Klimtian Alps, ami the
Noi-ic Alps wliich termiimto near tlie Daimlie. Tlio t iiniic, .liiliiin, and
IJinaric Alps extend aloun tlie nurtli-east of tlie .\ilri:itli- ."^ea

;!'i. Tlieie are several passes over the Ilelvetlim an'i lihii.'ti.ui .\lps Tlie
Stilrio I'as.i, .icross the latter, liavini; an elev:ition of ',)174 feet, is the lii^thest
carriage road. Tlio Cul ili: (imnt ami I'irriii. both in the Pennine .\lps, anil
over 11,000 feet hiah, are the liiK'liest routes for font passeiiifers. The most
freipieiiteil carriiigo roail between Kiauee ami Italy is aeio!»s Mmmt t una', A
railway tunnel is now being eoiistruetei; Ihrmiuh this nioiiiit uii.

Muiit BUiiic, ir>,74-4 feet, is the highest point of the .Mp-i.

83. The Carpathian M mntains have an average e itom o( 5000 or
OoiiO feet. The highest peak (WJS feet) is in Tiaii.sylvaiiia.

Il;i>N IIATK iir HAM UK.

The Ilalkan i r Iln'mus .Monntiun^, in Turkey, are generally I'lollied
with forisiH to their summit*. Their greatest heiudil in SS"! feel.
Tliey throw olT various sub.r linalo ranges, one of wliicb, on the north,
terminates abruptly at the Danube, oppo-ite the Hiuithi rn extremity ol
the Carpathians, The narrow del'ile, throui^h which Vhe river llowi, U
called the /roii '»'ll^.

;U. The moutitaiiiK of the Ililhoic |)enin«ula are not generally v"rv
eliivatoil. The snow line is about UOOO foet. Ulympvit, the labled

-. ...4' ,-■

EunnpE.

abode of the ancient Grecian gods, has an jlevalion of 9754 feet.
Further south are the l>old peaks of Os.ia and I'dinn, Between
Olyn^pus and Ossa is tiie beautiful and oelelirated Valr of Tcmpc.

35. Tlie Apennines e.\tend fioni tiie Maritime Alp. tliroughout the
whole of tue Italian peninsula. Towards the sout'i they divide into
two ranges ; one of which terminates at Cape Leuoa, the oi'ier con-
tinues to the Strait of Meisina. With a slipht interruption at the
strait, this range is continued through the Island of Sicily.

The average height is from 3000 to 5000 feet. Near the middle of
the range are several peaks from 7000 to 8000 feet high. Monte t'orno,
9500 feet, is the highest summit.

30. Mount Ktnn, in Sicily, one of t! e most celebrated volcanoes in
the world, has an elc ation of 10,S74 feet. [See \>. 81.)

Vesnrius, a di tache 1 peak near Naples, is the only active volcano on
tiie contir.''nt of Europ >. Its height is only 3950 feet.

37. The Spanish peninsula consists mainly of an elevated plateau,
with several mountain ranges extending cast and west. The i)rincipal
ranges are the P!jvcnees—\\\\K\\ are continued along the south of the
H;iy of Ilisc'iy under the name of the A-itiiriuR—iha Sierra Ovedos, the
Sierra Toleilo, the Sierra Murena, au'i the Sierra. Xevwla.

38. The Pyrenees, between France and S|iain, have an e:ttreme ele-
vation of 11,108 feet; the Sierra Gredos, of 10,550 feet; and the
Sierra NevM<l;i, of 11,000 feet. The snow-line in the Pyrenees has an
elevation of 'tOO feet.

EXERCISE.— lay down the mountains on tne map of Europe.

VII. Rivers.— .3!). The livurs of Europe drain less exten-
sive liasiiis, and hence are »n a smaller scale, than those of
the (itlier continent.^. The Vali/o, 2400 miles in Icnu'tli, and
draining one-seventh of Europe, is the lar,i;est river. Tiie
Dantihi', the second in size, is ab(nit three-fourths as lonif.
Smaller streams are very iinnierDus, afi'onliii^' the benefits
of navi^'ation to a larue piirt of tlie interior.

40. In the following tiibb - are the piinoipal rivers, arranged nccnril-
ing to the general slopes ol the C'lntinent. The pupil can Irani their
piisitiou, source, iind thewateis intowhicli they llnw, frnm the map: —

KIVER3 OK Tin: NnirniWKST .•^LOPK.

Nnltu'.

IiriKlh
III Klull-li!
mllt'i. 1

Nnive,

I.,ni:ili

III Knuhtli

liilk>».

(WO
700
40
fiOl)
400
fi-JO

r..-.o

(170
H.-.0

7r<o

criO

2'2.^.
4:!0

,'-,.-|0
3,-|0
4,^0
62,'.
400
Itoo

^('lielilo

%' ttVrt

■<elnc

I.iilre

1 lunii

NIonuMi

Vl8t.,ln

Oiler

1 JiiroTme

Tji^UR .....

laiie

(ivuidiiuiii

Woacr

Hhtnu

liuiididi|iiivir

itiVKUs or Till; sol Til r.A>T si.opi;.

Xtii.p.

IfTIUlll 1

111 KiiiiIIrIi , Knnio.
milii. 1

Li-ii||ili

III KlluHali
IlKli".

l''.l.vo

lihonc

TlloT

I'o

Oiimilio

iMlli'StiT

420 Hutr

4IM) Knll'lHT

is,^ , )»nn

4riO VoIkii

17fiO , frnl

Too

340
121 HI
llIK)
2400
1040

VIII. Lakes— 41. Small lakes are numerous, especially
in the north. Leuhxja, cast of the Gulf of Finland, con-
siderably smaller than Lake Ontario, is the largest lake in
Euroj)e.

The other ])rin-3ipal lakes of the north are Winer, Wetter,
and Miilar, in Sweden ; Oite'ja, Kiuima, and Pe'qnis, in
Russia.

42. The Alpine lakes are smaller tiian those of the north ;
but their beauty is the admiration of tourists and the
theme of the poet's song.

On the Swi.ss side of the Al]is are Geneva, Constetnce,
Znrieh, Lwrw, and Xriifc/i'del ; on the Itiilian side,
Mofjijiore, Cotno, and Garda.

43. Geneva, or Lake Leninn, in the basin .f the Rhone, is 45 miles
long, miles in e.\treino breadth, and is I'JOO feet above the sea.
Constance, in the basin of the Knine, is abnut the same length, but
has a greater average breadth. The rivers are remarkably clear on
leaving these lakes.

EXERCISE.— Lay down tne rivers and lakes on the map of Europe.

IX. Soil,— 44. There are no extensive deserts in Europe,
The soil is generally fertile and carefully tilled. The frtjzen
regions in the extreme north are untit for cultivation. There
are uIm) Itarreii s.nlt tracts in tlie neighbourhood of the Cas-
pian Sea.

X. Climate,— 4o, Europe liii.< a milder climate than any
otlier part of the world at the .same distance from the
Eipiator,

In con-ojueiice S a niaiitime situation, the iiillueiice of the Gulf
Stream, and the iirevalence of south-westerly winds, the western side
of the continent has a more equable temperature than the interior.
Hot winds ficim the deserts of Africa often render the heat very op-
pressive in the southern jieiiiiisulis, paitieujiuly in Italy; wliil.-t a
iiortheily aspect and winds from the Arctic Ocean, cause severe cold in
the iprth. {S<i /'liiinieal d'eonrnjiliii, O'.i, 71, 94, 97,)

40, The humid siMth-westerly winds give much niore rain on the
Atlantic coast than in (lie interior. The quantity of rain also decreases
towards the north.

In the snutlicrn countries the rain falls most abundantly in winter ;
in the central C"untrios, in autumn; and in the northern, in summer.

On the const of PertUKiil tlie iinniml ibjitli if inin is HI liiclios ; on the
west iif Iieliiiiil. 47 Indies ; ami in jiasteiii Km'i>pe, only ITi Indies.

XI. Minerals,— 47. The preciuu.s metals are less plentifid
than in the other ^reat divisions ; but all the most nsefiU
minerals are abundant.

The richest gold and silver mines are in the Carpalliinii Mountain.s.
Giild, diamoiiilR, and pintinnm are obtained from the l^ral Moun-
tains, irnn is widely distributed, and is very plentiful in Uritnin,
Siandiiiavia, and Fninee. Cual is iii'ist iibiindant in Hrit:iin and
lielirinm ; copper in lliitiiin, the Ural Monniains, and Nnrwny ; lead
in KiiLdand and Sjiain ; tin in Isngland ; quicksilver in Spain ; marble
in Italy and Greece ; suliiiiiir in Italy ; and salt in liuuia.

incrous, especially
F of Fiulaiul, con-
lie largest lake in

ire Wciwr, Wetter,
I, and I'eipKS, in

hose of the north ;
' tourists anJ the

Geneva, Constance,
the Italian side,

lie Rlioiie, is 45 railcs
ftiet above tlio sea.
; the same lengtii, but
e remarkably clear on

on the map of Europe.

e deserts in Europe.
' tilled. The frozen
r cultivation. There
ourhood of the Cas-

r c'liniate than any
distance from the

iiilliieiH'o of ttie (tulf
iiuls, tlio weslorii side
lire tbau tlie interior,
uler tiie bent very op-
riy in Italy ; wliil.-t a
in, cause severe cukl in

'.'7.1
lu'li more rain on tlio
• uf rain also decreases

iibuiidnntly i'l winter ;
rlliern, in Huiiiincr.

n is 111 inches ; on tho
only l.'i Inches.

s are less plentiful
the most useful

,u|ialliiiin Mminlains.
iniii the I' nil Mouii-

|ilentitiil in Hrilain,
iiiilant ill Ibilain and
MR, and iN'nrway ; lead
Iver in Spain ; marbl*'

in UusBia.

PLANTS— TOWNS.

p.")

XII. Plants.— 48. Tiie vegetation of the .southern penin-
.xulas is sub tropical, including palms, evergreen oaks, nuil-
berries, olives, figs, pomegranates, ' -anges, lemons, and vines.

The extreme north-east, within the Arctic Circle, is desti-
tute of trees, and its vegetation consists principally of mo.sses
and licheiLS.

41). The countries between these extremes yield almnst
every variety of products belonging to tlie Temperate Zone.

Between the Baltic and th Ural Mnuntains are immense
fiirests, in which iiiiies and other cuiie-bearing tivcs pre-
dominate. Extensive treeless plains or steppes are found on
the north of the Black and ('asjiian Sea.s.

50. lu the south uf llie main body of Kuroiie tlie iihiins and low
valleys are clothed witli vineyards, ^.'tain tields, orchards of peaches,
prunes, and pears, and uioves of chestnut, walnut, and niulberiy liees.

As we ascend the mountain slojics, we puss from fiireots of oak and
beech, and the wheat fields, to the sjiruccs, jiines, and lianlier iirams ;
tlience to the shrubs, alpine llowers, and rlerna! >ini\vs. ^Scc I'liii-iitul
Hcoijraiihi), 110-115.)

51. The south of France and north >.<i Italy are in llh' >ame 1,'ititiule
as Nova Scotia. Vines, idivcs, and silk are .staple pi'idu.'ts of thu.se
countries. Rict is cultivated in the valley of the V«. Wheat is culti-
vated as far north as the middle of Norway and tlio Valdai Hills ;
barley, as far as the White Sea, ainl cunsiderably furtiier iii.itli in
Scarulinavia.

' Xin. Animals.— .")!'. Wild tinimtils ;ire imt ntunerous ur
of large size

Fur-bearing aninitds ami the reiinieer are tiie mo.st im-
portant in the nortliern regions. The forests uf the ci'iitnil
countries abound in bears, wolves, wild boars, and various
kinds of deer.

53. The chamois is a beautiful animal inhabiting the high pe.iks of
the Alps. It is noted for dexterity in liapim; from cia„' to era:; on the
mountain heights. Large eaiiies are also fouiul amoiij; the Alps.

! liarbary apes are fconid in the j-onih ..f Spain. The n'ptilcs uf

i Europe are small and ^ener(\lly liarinlcss.

' XIV. Inhabitants.- 51. The pojudation of Europe is
estimated at 2K),t)(i(i,(iti(). The most den.sely peopled coun-
tries arc Belguim and England. The inhabitants are gener-
ally much more intelligent i\nd more highly eivilizi'd than

I those of Asia and Africa.

.15. The ^;reat majority of the inhabitants hclonc tn tho ('aucasi.in
race, and are divided into four jjreat divinion.s ;— the Teutonic, in the
middle and north-west ; the Celtic, in the west ; the Slavonic, in the
ea.st; and the Oreoo- Latin in the south.

.'ill TheiT are Keyeral Rnmll trtliea of Mcirnrollani'. who n ^iihIjIc ilio Inhiibl-
tiliitH (if fenlnil Aula The ehlef uf thcKe arc \\w linns, Lapps and
^aniolii(les, near the Arilie tU'eiin ; the KalniiKks. ninlli uf llu' Caueaims ,
the Magyars, iu IliinKAry , hhiI the Turks, In Turkey

W. The Christian religion is embraced by marly all tliose of
Caucn,sian orij-iu. It is divided into three j.-real bmlies ; the Pro-
leBtaiit, j;eutrally in the cenlie and uuitli-west ; the Kninan Catholic,

in the .south ; and the (ireek '^Jhurch, in the east and north. The
Turks are Mohammedans.

Honian Catlinlics form nearly lialf the popnhitioii; IVotestants and ilruuks
nearly a fuurtli each. Mohammedans and heathens number about 8,000,tX)0;
.Iew.s, about 2,000,000.

XV. Divisions.— 58. Europe is very une(in;i y divided
into the following sixteen political divisions or sovereign
States :—

Great Britain, Xorwaij and Sweden, Denmark, Ii'i(i<nia,
/'riiiisia, Aiixfiia, Germanii, llvUand, Jiehjiuni, France,
Swit:erland, S/niin, rorlmja/, Ita/i/, Tnrkeij, and Greeee.

5!). Russia inmiprises netirly three-fifths of Europe. liiissi;i,
France, Austria, and Turkey are called empires , Switzer-
land is a republic ; (n'rmaiiy a confederation of siiuiU States.
All the other divisions are kingdoms.

•JO. Various States which formeilyhad an independent existence have
been annexed to other States, or incoriiorated under one general ;;overn-
iiieiit. Thus Poland, once an important kin);dom in the centre of
Ivirope, has been divided bet'.\een Ilassia and I'liis.'-i.i ; Hungary has
been annexed to Au.itria: several of the ticrman States have been
annexed to Prussia ; and the Slates uf Italy have In en uiiiled umlei
une general government.

1)1. The following table !,ives the area, iiu|iulatiuii, and capitals of
I ill.' variuus divisions ; —

SmIc
ul' B'uniro
ttliicliar.a

t'()U»ls, III

bii^. mites.

Nil. Ul

lillUH lilO

hUe uf
N.nii
Scutia.

liiartsii Isi.Ks. ...
NoKWAV and I

ISWF.OKS, ) ■"
Dl-.N.M.MOi '

KlSSl.A

Pill SSH

.\rsTlil X

Sol rii lilMlM ANY.

lldl.l.AMi

liKLUIl 11

FllANPE

SWITZKUI.AM).. . .

Sl'AIN

I'oliriilAI.

PrAi.v

Tl IlKEY

(IIIEKCR

:i.-iO

e,\

KIO

ll.Hi

•>- -

-A

' 1*

■ItIO

l:l

1S2

117

107

41.2

111.

12.-.

6
.1

42.'>

I'i

l.SS

;i;t7

4fiU

11.5

142

J.'j

I'up lliiMini.

211,307.000
.'".,4.'.7,00O

i.noo.iKio

i^'i. 7:12, 0011
t2:l.ooo,(Mio

:)2,.''>oo,(ioo
7,«ll,iioo
;i. 070,000
4,7:i2,iKio

:i7, 47:1, 000
2.alo,iioo

I'l, 700.000

ll.dOll.OOO

2.'i,oo0,ooi»

iri,r)Oo,inMi

1,34»,0(HJ

C,.|.,„l-.

London.

i <. hri.iti.inia.

( Stocklinliu.
CupenliaKeii
St, I'etcrsburt.'.
I'crlin
Nii'iiiiu

.\iiixtiriliiii.

Iinis,ii!i.

I'aris.

ncrii

IMailriil.

Lisljiiii

riiavnce

Ciinslantiiiiiple.

Athens.

• Nt<t Iliilllilh.K llio Dlitlilri Sul>li>>i«l|l. llulnU'lli, mill Ini'i'liliui'i.'.

I .'.'.. t lntl>iil>M|{iili>iulll,i'(lll,ilUUIIi .Vi.rlllU<,'i'iijaii Htmia lniig.iul .OUi I'liunl.t, tut livl Itilly

1|K'UI|IUUIU'<I.

XVI. Towns.- fl2. lOuioiM ntaiiis iniuiy laiue and

flourishing cities. Eoiidoii surpas.ses every otlur city in tin!
worl ! in wealth and coimnerce, and probably in population.
Paris, ranking next in size among the cities of Euroiie, is
the first in splemlour.

/l-inni:c)\fi.it (.\. i.ii. 'ly In'., in Norway, is the mo.-t iiuitherly tuvMi
in the World.

EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.- Find the length of the longcbt
•lay at Hiuumerfcst.

ir^ ^''^ f*';,

•hi
i I

; f
( ^

FATROPE.

XYII. Industries.— (53. The cliiet pursuits in Europe are

.'ij,'riculturc, inaimfacturint,', mining, fishing, and commerce.

Aaricultnre is prosecuted with greatest skill in Great Britain, France,
Beltiiuin, and Prussia; roanuf.ioturine, in Grfat Jiritain, Fra''.e, 13tl-
cium, Prussia, and Switzerland; mining, in Great Britain, Austria,
Gerujany, Spain, and Norway and Sweden, i^iie I'.iost commercial
countries are Great Britain, France, Holland, Prussia, and Greece.
(Jreat Britain lias about one-third the commerce of the whole world.

XVIII. Government.— (i4. The governments of Europe

are generallj' hereditary monarchies. The power of the
sovereign is more or less limited, either by representative
parliaments or hy i)iiblic opinion. The absolute monarchies
are therefore less despotic than the native governments of
Asia and Africa.

0,5. (jreat Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria, called the
Fire Great Powers, are the leading States of Europe. The kingdom
of Italy ranks next in importance.

I.UNOON.

THE BRITISH ISLES.

fM). The British I.'^Ii'S consist of (imif Ilrlfnin and frcJand,
with the nununMis small islamls adjacont.

It is said ill. It Iho PlKt-nicians vibitcd the British I.',land.'3 many
centuries before the Christian era, for the purpose of obtaining tin.
biltle, hnwcver, is known of their condition previous to 55 n.c, when
I'.ritain woa invaded by the Romans under lulius O-iar. At that
early time (he country was covired with forests, and the inhabitants
were barbaraus ("eltic tribes, who lived principally by hunting and
lishing, clothed tlieniselves in skins, nnd stained their bodies with the
juice of herbs. {Sec VoHirr's DrUinh llnitoVji—lutrodHction.)

(17. Tiio r.ritish Isles are in the northern jiartof the North
Temperate Zone, and nearly in the centre of the land henii-
sjihere. {See f'hi/sinil (,'eofiriijihi/, !>). The Atlantic Ocean
lies on the north and west ; the continent of Europe on the

east and south, separated by the North Sea, the Strait of
Dover, and the English Channel.

Ireland is separated from Great Britain by St. George's
('hannel, the Irish Sea, and the North Channel.

The Strait of Dover, at the narrowest part, is 21 miles across.

OH. The islands have many excellent harbours, and are
most favourably situated for commerce.

The western shores are washed by the Gulf Stream; the prevailing
winds are from the south-west ; and the climate is mild anil
humid.

(!!). Great IJritain is the largest European island, and it
ranks as the eighth in size among the islands of the world.
It ccmiprises two-tliirds the entire area of the British Island.';,
or equals a square of 200 miles.

The power of the
;r by representative
absolute monarchies
ive governments of

ami Austrin, cfilleil tlie
Europe. The kingdom

th Sea, the Strait of |

itaiu by St. Geortrc's
Channel.

,, is 21 miles across,
[it harbours, and are

f Stream; the provailituT
e climate is mild ami

iroiteaii island, and it
I islands of the world,
of the British Island.s

tl lii

; I

m a'

70. (

the SOI

Scoth
Hills, a

: j

I. Hi

1 { fdiir cei

feebled

72. I

breakiii

tlie Ani,

\
1

tiueiit L

kingdon

as the i

The 13r

to the mo

73. T

war witl

,i Finally,

the sain

land.

74. E

foreigiiei

who we

P^NGI.AXn.

70. Great Britain includi's three countries \—Eiiijland, in
the south ; Wales, in the west ; and Scotland, in the north.

Scotland is separated from England by the Solway Firth, the Cheviot
Hills, and the River Tweed.

The island is about 60S miles in length, and 31" miles in extreme
liieadth.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

VOIIK MlN.STUIi.

I. History. — 71. Britain was a Roman jirovinoo for nearly
four centuries. Early in the filth century Rome, now en-
feeliled and liasting to its downfall, abandoned the island.

72. Durinjf the unsettled period which followed the
liroaking up of tiie Roman Empire, three German tribes,
the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, crossed over from the con-
tinent on different occasions, antl established seven small
kingdoms in Britain. These kinj;doms are known in history
as the Saxon HejHarchy.

The Britons were dispossesse<l by ttie f?axons. Some of tliem retired
to the mountains of Wales, others emigrated to Brittany in France.

73. The kingdoms of the Heptarcliy were constantly at
war with each other, and encroaching on each other's bounds.
Finally, in 827, Egbert became the sui)remc monarch. About
the Slime time the country was called Kinjland or A ngb's-
land.

74. England was again invaded and subjugated by
foreigners iu the year 1()U(3. The Normans from France,
who were now the conquerors, did not expel the Anglo-

Saxons, but settled amongst them. For a few generations
the Normans were lords of the land, and tiie Anglo-Saxons
were serfs ; then the two races were gradually blended, and
all trace of distim-tion was obliterated.

75. Since the Nornuui Compiest, EnL,Iand has frcciuenfly
been laid waste by civil wars, but it has never been con-
quered by a foreign army.

Wales, occupied l>y the Dritona, remained an ind'^pomlent
State until 1283, when it was con(iuered by Edward I. ami
annexed to England.

7t). The Tudor Period of English iiistory (1485-1603) is noted f.r
tlie great religious movement called llie UefornKition. The Stuait
Period (1603-1714), whicii followed, was characterized by struggles
between the Kings and Parliaments. In these struggles originated the
liritijh Constitution, which more fully than any other secures dignity
to the Sovereign and liberty to tiie People.

77. The (iuelpli Period, from 1714 to the picsent time, is njteil f >r
colonial extension. .Most of the colonies iiuw connected with tlie Em-
pire were acquired during this period.

II. Position.— -78. England is between the same parallels
as the south of Laliradnr.

N. lat., i'J' Ji'~ 55' 4.5', lun., 1' 45' E.- 5' 44' W.

III. Form.— 7!). England and Wales together present tiio
rude outline of a triangle. The angtdar points arc the
mouth of the Tweed, SiAith Foreland, and Lund's End.

The northeast >ide measurts 345 miles; the south side, 317; and
the uortli-east, 4:25.

EXERCISE.- Draw the approximate form of England aud Wales,
on the scale of 50 miles to the inch.

IV. Coast.— Sil The coast line is irregular, forming many
bays and excellent harbours.

The total length of coast line is over iOOO miles.

Hi. The principal Coast 'Waters are— on the cast, the
Mouth of the Ihimbi'i; the W'd'^h, Month of the Thanu:^,
and the Doivns ; on the south, Spilhead, Sohnf, Tor Baij,
Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbour, and Mount's Bay ;
(jn the west, BrUtol Channel, Swansea B'lji, t'aermarihen
Bay, Milford Haven, St. laides Bay, (Jard'vjan Bay, Caer-
narvon Bay, Menai Strait, Mouths of the Dee, Mersey, and
Rihhle, Morecambe B"y, and S(,lway Firth.

82. The chief Capes on the east are l-lamfjonnif/h Head, .■^purn
Ilcwi, North Fordand, aiwi Soutli Fonland ; on the south, DuiUje-
tii.t.i, Ikachij Ufad, the Xicdks, I'oillund Point, Start 7'oiiit, Lizard
Point, and Lund's End; on the west, Hartland Point, Worm's I had,
.St. Jktvid'.t lliiid. lirairh ij-l'wU (snull'-w,..st of Caernarvon), Uot>/
Head, Gnat Ormc's JLad, and .St. B^c's ILud.

83. The principal Islands tire Holy Island, Fame, Coquet.
Shcppey, and Thanet, on the east ; Wijht, Scilly hle.% an I

i?l

PXROrE.

tlio Ckainii'l /.s7(v, on tlio S(jiith ; Liiiidi/, Ancjlrsi'ij, llohj
Head, ^Vahifi/, and hie of J fun, on the west.

84. rioly Island obtained its name frnm a nmnastery founded on it
in t!ie sixth century. {.Ser. Coltier's /Iritinh llisinrti, p. 22.)

Tlianet is now joined to the mainland. (See Collier's /f Mori/, p. 21.)

8,5. Wiijlit is a bnautifiil island, separated from Hampshire Isy Spit-
head and Solent. Its extreme leti;;th is 23 miles. l)re.idth 14. Xciv
Port is the eliief town, near whioli are the ruins of (jarislirook Castle.
tSte Collier's llistorti, p. 217.) (Mioriir Iluiiitc. a favourite residence
of the Queen, is on the north coast.

8(i. Tlie Seilly Isles consist of almut 150 islets and rocks, 30 miles
from Lanil's Krid. Si-X are inh.iliited. Tiie largest is about 10 miles
in circuit. Fisiiinc; and (iMotage are tlio chief occu|iations.

87. The Channel Ishiiids have been connected with KriLdaml since
the time of the Norman (Joiiquest. The chief islands of the pronp
are Jemrn, (hnntKeii, Alilrnicii, ni;,! Sail:. .Mderney is 7 miles from
I'lance and oii from Kii;:land. Jersey and (niernsey are each about
ill miles louK and t3 miles bro.ad. The islands are celebrated for fine
fruit, particularly for pears. They I're also noted for the Alderney
breed of cattle. The population is Oi.OliO. .S7. ndicr'n, on Jersey,
and St. I'ffrr'n Port, on (Jnernsey, are tl'e chief towns.

85. Anijle-icy (Ani'lcs' Island) was called Mona by the Romans. It
is separated from the maiidand by Menai Si'ait, which, in the nar-
rowest (lart, is a!. out one third of a ndle broad. The Strait is crossed
by tw( bridi;es. a .suspension bridire and a tubular iron bridge, for rail-
cars. AnsjleseN : nut 20 miles lunn and 17 in breadth. It contiiins
intcrcst'ni; re-,..i; .. 'f the Druids. The copper mines have yielded
immense wenbh. jloly Head is joined to Aniilesey by a brid^'O. It
is tlie station it( "? steam jiackct to D'lblin, 70 mihs distant.

89. The Isle of (an is nearly equidistant iVnm Kn^hiiid, Scotland,
ami Ireliind. It is 30 miles lotis, and about 10 in breadth. It yields
lead, copper, and iron. The inhabitants, nunibcriii)? about 50,000, are
of the Celtic race, and are chii tly enpaircd in minim.', tisliing, and nari-
cullure. l)ti niliin (10,000-, Ciinlli hnn., and /'(il, are the chief towns.
The island has a local ;,'ovcrnmi'nt.

V. Area. — OO. En{,'Iiind and Wales together aiv rather niiai'
lliim tlircc times lai'ger tlian Nova Seotia. ANule.s coniprise.s
al)otit oiic-i'inlitli ol tlie wlmle area :

— C(|ual to a square of 242 miles,
The lenuth fioin the mouth of the Tweed to Lizard Point is 420 miIo:i.

VI. Surface.— !tl. Tlie snrfaee in nioimtaiiioiis iti tlie
\ve.st, and level in t!i ■ east. There are tiiree ueiiera! sIopeH,
an eastern, ii soiitherti, Jind a western. Tli(> eastera is the
longest. On the east, near tlie Wash, are extensive traets
below the level of the sea at hi};li water. They are iirotei-fcd
liy (likrs,

!>2. 'J'iie nimintaiiis may he xi'')n|ied a.s the Xortln'in
Kinxje, tlio Soii'hfru I'augc, iin I t'"' JfonnlidiiH of' ]\'(ih\H:
all on th(! west side.

The Northern iJanue einhriicea \\\r Cfirrl'if Ililh, hnfweeii
Mnjiland am; •iruimnil; the I'lnnim Mi'iiiitiiiii»,\'\WnA\\\'i
IVoin the soiilli-west exireniify of the l.'lieviot Hills to tlio
!'( iil< (d Ib'rliv ; and the CiDiihrinn .]/i)Hii()tiii.'>, n westerly
I'laiieh of the reiiniiie,

The Sinitliern Kanp' is quite low, eiiiliraeiie,' \\\t' />, rt>in<iii

Mountains, in Devctn and Cornwall ; the Jfendip, Cotatvold,
!>,. ' }[alvern //iUs, tilong the lower course of the Severn.

The Canihrian .]f<>'n)tains cover a large part of Wales,
and take their name from the ancient name of the country.

03. The hiiihest peak of the Cheviot Hills has an elev.ation of 2f)8S
feet; /Imr Fill and Cro.^s FJI, in tlic rennine .Mountains, 2000 feet ;
.Verne Pel/, in the Cumbrian, 3220 leet ; and Siioinlon, in the north-
west of Wales, 3590 feet.

EXERCISE.- Mark the mountains on the map of England and Wales.

VII. Rivers.-!)!. Kiigland i.s well waleivil. Generally,
the laigest rivens arc on tiie lono; ea.slern slope. The basins
of tiie .southern slope are very short.

Tlie principal river.s on the ea.st are the '/'//nc, Ti'cx,

II limber (with its tributaries', the (hine and Trent), the Wel-

laml, Nni, (Ireat Oime, Yare, Stonr, and Tliann's ; on the

south, \\w Avon: on the west, the (SVt'e/'H, M'//'', l'sk,Dee,

.]fi raei/, llililile, and llden.

The Humber, Thames, (tivat Oiise. anil Severn, are the chief river
basins. TIk- Severn and Tliames are each about 220 miles in lennlli.

VIII. Lakes. - !)•">. The hikes are not numerous or of Itirge
sizi'. Ih'rn'enI II nt-'r or Kean'irk Lake, Windermere, and
Vlle^ieater, situiited in the Cumbrian Mountains, tire the
most important. Tliey tire very bciuitifiil, and are a favourite
resort of tourists.

Wiudermere, 10 miles in length and 1 ndlc in brcadtli, is the laifti'si
hike in MnLiland.

EXERCISE.- Lay down the rivers and lakes on the map of Eng-
land and Wales.

IX. Soil. !)(!. The .soil is generally lertile, and most (^ire-
fiilly cultivated. The east and soiith-eiist are best suited to
tillage. A lai^'e purtion of the soil is devoted to grazing.

X.— Climate. 1)7. Knglaml is rein.nL'.bly free from ex-
tremes of heat and cold. The winters nro oliort, with but
little snow. Cattle are :■' nt to pasture early in March.
The summers an; not sutlieiently warm to ripi'ii Indian en ii.
The cliniiiti' is very humid, particularly on the wi'st const.

(>n the West the avcrau'O numlier of rainy day.i in the year is said to
be '.'08, nnd the annual depth id' rain 100 inelieH; wliiliit uii the eant
llie niiiiiber of rainy days is 105, and the iiiiiiiial depth about 25 iiichcK,

XI, Minerals. !)s. Knuland and Wales contain ini-
ineiise mineial wealth. The ;uost important minerals arr
coal, irmi, copper, tin, lead, zinc, and salt. They are oli-
taiiii'd chii lly in the nnrlli and west.

The most important cuil lirhU are in Northumberland, PuiIiriii,
Voik, Slalbud, and Snuth Wales. About sivty millinni of Iniin are
raised annually

Copper and tin are luo^t ahnnihiMt in llevoii and ('orii«all ; lead iri
llio roitheni ciAintieH, in Deiby, Norlli Wulei*, and Ui n. Iron is
ViT,- cenerally ditlused.

XII. Plants. I)!). Till' native trees include the oak, elm,

iitl

Jfendip, CoUwohl,

r of tlie Severn.
ije part of Wiilos,
ne of tlie country.

s an elevation of 2t)S3
ilountains, 'J'.HIO foot ;
loirdon, in llie nortli-

of England and Wales.

liered. (Icuerally,
slope. The basins

e tlie 7'i/ue, 7Vp.«,
1(1 Treit/), tlie Wcl-
l Tliami's ; on tlie
III, 1 1'//'') ''*'''. I^''''i

'vn. arc tlie eliicf liver
t -JliO miles ill ieiii^lli.

nur.erous or of laro;c
, Windfrmerr, and
Mountiiin.s, are the
, and are a favourite

liivailtli, is tlie iaij.'''sl
s oil the map of En^-

tile, and most eare-
it are best suited to
voted to i;ra/.inj,'.
v.'.bly flee from ex-
ire .;liort, with but
early in Mareli.
) ripen Indian e >iii.
n tlie wi'rtt coast.

< 111 the year is sniil to
'H ; \>iiilHt uii liiu eiiKl
ileptli about '2i) iiK'lie^.

Allies contain im-

irtant minerals aie

dt. Tlioy tiro ulj-

I itiei'liuvl, |)iiiliiiin,

_V niilllolll of tnllH Mil'

iiimI Conovall ; leail in
, atiil Ui II. Iron Ia

liide the oak, elm,

ENGLAND.

beech, and yew. Largo tracts are kept in forest by the
wealthy as hunting grounds.

Tlie huraiility of tiie climate is paituMilarlj favourable to the srasses.
Wheat, barley, o.ats, potatoes, turnips, and liax, are important pro-
'Incts. The fruits are apples, pears, plums, peaches, and walmit-:.
Tlie south-we.stern counties are celebrated for fine orchards. Hops
:ire extensively cultivated in the southca.st.

XIII. Animals.— b'o. Tiie most important wild animais

are the deer, rabbit, and fox. Among the biids are the

ni,i;htingale and lark.

Cattle and sheep form a larie jiart of the wealth of the country,
(treat care is taken to improve the breeds.

XIV. Inhabitants.— mi. The population of England and
Wales is 2(»,210,0O(). Em^Iand alone has 37-2 iidiabitants to
the .s.-piare mile.

102. The people of England are chielly descendants of the Ainjlo.
Saxons and Normans; those of Wales, of the ancient IJritons. They
;ire freiierally well educated, except the lowest classes, who, particu-
larly in large cities, are very i'.'nnrant and de^'raded.

The most celebrated institnlions of leariiiiii; are the L'niversilies of
Oxf ird anil (',iinbrid.;e. Tlie fi)riner consists of VJ ■Mlle;;es, the latter
of 17.

10;5. The I]pisco|.al religion is established by law, ami its niinisteis
arc paid by the State. The Sovereiitn and Lord tJhaiici'llor must be
Protestants, In other respects, all Ohristiaii deiioinination.s have the
same privilejies.

XV. Divisions. Int. Kimland is divided into forty
Cutnilic: Wales into twelve

M'St of till' counties are siibdividi'd int > lliir.ilirih — n, name wliicli
is suppo.scd to refer to a hundred hends of familiea, oi ijiinally iiicluikd
in the division. York is divided into three UidiiKjn ( Tn/liinii^),

Kcclcsiastically, the country is divided into two Archbislioprii —
I'aiiterhiiry, eoiitainiiii.' twenty Hishi>|iries ; and York, contaiiiiii,^ six
liislioprics.

lii.'t. The following are the counties, with I heir eliief towns :

MX NoKTIIKliN t UVNTIKS.

(oiiiilirv Clil.f T 'i>m.

NoIlTnf.Mni;iil..\Nl> Ne«east|e,101),0(l(l; Tyiieiii..nth, 34,000; Mor

pftli, 14,01)1), lieiwiek, lo.OOl).

CiMiiKHi.ANK Carlisle, 21>,oe(i; Whiti haven, Ut,000.

\Vkstmohki,ani> Appleby, iJiMiO; Kendal, 12,(»t0.

PiiUUM Durham. 14,001); Sumleilaiid, 80,000; .>s h

.*<liields, ;i,'i,(IOO; (iaieshead. Ml, 000; .Stock-
ton, 10,000; Darlinu'ton, ll.iiOO; llartle-
po<d, 12,tiOO,

VoiiK York, 40.0110; iIull,in»,iXIO; DonoasU<r,lii,OoO;

Shrlliehl, hH,-,,000; I.reds, 207,000; Drad

ford, Idli.OiiO; Wakulield, 211,0011; liudiiem-
tiild, ;).'),000; Halifax, :i7, 0(10; Hcarlioroukih,

1■^.000; Wl.ill.y. 12,tMI0,

LANCAdlllHK l,aiica!tter, 14,000; Pre. ton, 83,000; Ill.i.k

burn, ti:t,(i(l(l; llurnley, 21,0(10; W'luaii.
Bf.oOO; Liverpool, 441,000; WiirriiiKtoii,
2t;.O00; Slaley llrid«e, 21,000; Ashlon
under Lyne. ;l.'),('00; Maneheslo.'. iCIS.OOi);
Salferd, 102,000; Ibiry. M^.OOO; Ohiham,
7;i,<K)0; IJolloti, 70,000 ; Uoohdalo, :J0,()(I().

KIVK KASTICIIN COl'NTIK.S,
Counlifj. Chlc'Townj.

Lincoln Lincoln, 21,000; Boston, 14.000; Louth,

11,000; Great (5!rimsl)y, 11,000.

Norfolk Norwich, 74,000; Yarmouth, uO.OOO; L\iin-

lle^is, 1!),000.

Suffolk Fpswich, :!!<,(IOO; Hmv St. Kdmund's, 13,000 ;

Lowestoft, 7000.

ESSKX Chelmsford, (JOOO; Co. -hester, 24,000.

Kknt Maidstone, 2o,(100; Chatliai, . MiJ.tiOO; I!o-

Chester, 17,000; (Jravesend, M),000 ; Wool
wich, .'VJ.OOO; (Jreeuwiidi, l;>i),O0O; Canter-
bm-y, 21,000; Dover, 2,".,I100.

r.KillT SOfTHKUN' COlNTir.S.

Sl'SsKX.. Chichestei-, 80nO ; llasliiiKs, 2:!,000 ; Pirij^hton,

7.S.0IMJ.

Si'RiiKT (iiiildford, SOOO; lii.diinond, 4iliiO.

ll.\.Ml'siiii;F. Winchester, l.'i,t)0O; Si'Utliampton, 47,OOo ;

I'Nrtsmonth, U.l.OOO ; Newport, SOOO.

WlLTSiillii; Salisbury, 12,0(10; Trowbridge. 10,000.

DoiisKT Doivhesler, 70(M); I'.,ide, P.noO; Wesinoiilh,

11,0110.
SoMEitsKT Hath, r):!,OilO; l)li.l^•euater, 11, ("lO; T.iunt ii,

];">,( 101 1,
Dkvon Kxetcr, 34,f.00; Plymouth, (13,000; Devon-

poit, .51,000; Toniuay, SooO ; Harn.^aple.

11,000.
CoiiNW.M.I Si. hes, 7000; Pi-iizaiice, OoOO ; Kalmuiith,

(KMKi; Trino, 11.000.

I'di Ii WKsri'.KN COIN rii:s
MoXMoFTii .M.'iimouih, (1000; Novipoit, 2:i.0oo.

llKllFFolin Hereford, l'i,(HIO.

Sllllol'SiiliiK, or S.\M)l' ..Shrewsbury, 2J,OilO; .Muc|i-\\ enlock, I.h iiiio,

CllKsiilKK. Chester, 31,000; llirkenliead. 'K^ooo ; ,Si,iok-

port, .'i.'i.OOO; Maedcstbld, 311,000,

SKVKNTKK.N .MIDLAND ( ()rNTII>

Duiinv Del by, 43,000; Helper, lo,ooO; (Jios'.triield,

10,000.

NnTTINilllAM Notliimhain, 7"'. Olio ; Newark, l:;,Oiil).

Sr.U'FuuD . SliitVord, 12,000; .N'eweasiii; • under ■ Lviio.

13,tHlO; Sloki', 101,0(1(1; Waliall, ;W,(Mlo,

Lichlield, 700(1; Woivel liani|.lon, I'll, 000;

llilslon, 24,0011.
LkICKSTKU Ijcieusler, ti,'',O00; Lo(l^l,lioioili:li, 1 1,1100,

Ki.TlMhD Oiikliiim, 300(1,

WoiiCKSTKli , ,, Worcester, 31,iHli); ividd'tiniiistor, i.'i.ooo;

Diidle.,, 4,"i.O(iO.
Waiiwii'K . .. .Warwick, ll,ooO; Li-aniinutoii, h'l.ooO; Cii\ •

ei'try, (i,oo(i; lliriiiiimliam, 21i<i,0|iO,

NnlU .AMI'ToN Njl lilOnplon, 33.0110 ; Pelerborollnh, 12,000.

HliNTIMiliiiN HioilinX'lon, 4011(1; ,St. Ivkk, 7*100,

CaMIIHIIkiK ClOllbridKO. 2(1,000; Kly, liOllO.

U',(irc»;sTKli,, ( I louecler, 10,000, jliistol, l.'I.OOO; Slioiid,

30,1111(1; I'hi'ltelil.lilll, 40,000,

OxFoui ()\(oi,|, 'JN, 00(1, K ,,n, 400(1; W CM), Nine k, SOOO,

lll'i'KiMillAH iliK koiuhuni, looii, A.Wesbiirv, 1:7, ooo.

llFiiFoiii) Iledford, 13,0011; Luton, 10,000.

lUiiTKouK, or HkuT'i, ..Ueitforil. 7'"io; Si, Alban'H, «ooo.

MiM'LKSKX .. Loinliin, 2,H03,(mo ; llienllolil, IMXIO.

Hkiikxiiiiik Ueudiiig, 20,OIJU; Windsor, 10,000.

EUROPE.

TWKLVK COUNTIES IX WALKS.

Comities. Chief Towtis.

Flint Molil, 3000; Hulywell, COOO.

Dknok;!! Uonbigli, 6000; Wrexham, 700i1.

C.\kiinaiivl>n Ciiernarvon, 9000; Bangor, 700i).

An(11.k>k,y Deauraaris, 3000; Holyhead, 6000.

Mkkionktii Uolgelly, '20uO.

MoNTOoiiKliY .Montgomery, 1000; Welshpool, 7000.

(Jahdiijan Canligaii, 4000,

I'K.MniiOKi;. Pembroke, 15,000; Haverfordwest, 7000.

Cakilmaktiikn Ciierruarthen, 10,000; Llanelly, 9000.

Glamorua.n Cardiff, 3-2,000; .Sivimsea, -13,000; Merthyr-

Tydvil, 84,000.

Bkkoknock lirecknock, 5000.

Rahnok New Radnor, 2000.

EXERCISE.— Mark the couuty lines and the chief towns on the
map of England and Wales.

XVI. Towns.— inc. Tin; cities and towns of Kii^'laiid aio
very luiuu'i'oiis, and many of tlicni arc very lar:,'e. Tlioro
are twelve wliicli iuive cn'er l()(t,()ii(i inlialiitant.*.

I(i7. London, the capital of the Dntitsii .Kiii|iin'. i.s .situateil
on the Tiiuuies, 40 miles from it.s inmitli. It is tiic wealtiiiest
ami moat cummercial city in tiie world. Inchulinf,' Blacii-
wall, Chciscii, IvcnNiii^'ton, (Ireeiiwicli, Woohvicli, and otiier
suijnrb.^, it occupies an area of over 100 .siinare miles, and con-
tains one-seventii tlieiiopnlationof En},dand. (ireenwichcon-
tainstlie Koyal Oliservatory from which lonyilnde is reckoneij.

AmuMn the mii.;i]ili('ent inildie imililings of Li'ndon are St. Paul':!
Cathedral, ri.siiig 401 feet tri-m the gruuinl the To«er, founded by
• William tin' Ciin(|ii 'lor; Westminster Hi'li ; Westniirinter Abbey; and
the Parliainciit Houses. The Tunnel under the Thanie.-t, and the
Waterloo and London Uridgea, are remarkable st''uetures. The
Zoologieal (lanlens in Regent's Park, the Itotanical Uardens at Kew,
mid the Crystal Palaee, aie among the interesting objeets in the neigh-
b'liirhood of London.

108. Liri'i'iiihil, tirar the month of the Mersoy, is the seeond city in
|io|)ulatiou and e'lnineree, Its do.k.>( e.steihl nearly Ihe milts along
the river. It is the ehief plaee of *nlry for raw cotton, an! of e.siioit
for cotton fabrics, Tlio trailo with America is very e.\tensive.

llrintol, »ith iinpiirtant l^a.^s ami iron I'ouiitlrieM, in the third; and
//nil, which can ie.4 un an extensive trails with tiiu [mU on the Rahio
ami North ."^^eas, is the fiiirth commercial ciiy.

109. Next in importance, us commtrcial town.'*, are the following; —
S'liithiviii'liiii, the chief packet si itioii fur the Meilitorranean and
the Kasl ami West Imlies; ynraitHi', ten miles fiom t';ii^ mouth of
thoTynu; '/'>nit>ii"itth M\d .Sltuldn, Siiiultiluitil, t\t ihu mouth of the
Wear; li'/iiVcAarni [0\i! last five export eoal) ; HivkiiihmU, on the
Mersey, opposite Liverpool ; and /Hmr, on tho Strait of Dover.

110. /'(iiiniiioiilh is a stronuly ftulifieil town, ainl I ho heail<|imrter.s
of lilt) Hrilisli navy, Its harbour is magnilicenl, and its ilocks over
1 '20 acres,

I'lj/moiitk mill Ihi'iiiiiit, neighbouring towns, have an extensive
coiiitnoi'ue, niiil form an important naval Nlalion. In Plyi- iiith liny,
thriu MiileH from the •liore, U a breakwater a mile in length ; and on
u rnck in the moiilli of the bay is tlio I'M lyi<toiie Li;ihtlioU'«e.

Sill fr lit M i>\\ .Shippey Idaiid, lliulhtini, /ti /il/uril, Wtt'liiirh, and
/'iiiilifiki o\\ Milfoitl HiiM'M, arenotid lor their ilo.ky:iids and arsen;iU,

yuimmidi is e> lebiatcil f<r its lieiriii^ llslieri'^. Yarmouth Roal'<
In a olnltered eliuniiel bitween the shore ami extensitu aainl bai.ks
parallel with tliu ooaiit,

111. .UaiH-huki- anil Sul/uni, leparubil by llio Irwell, form tliii

great centre of the cotton n, uiufaclure.s. The first railway in England
was opened in 1330 beiwei u Manchester and Liverpool, 31 miles dis-
tant. Preston, Blackbuiv, Dullon, and various other towns in Lanca-
shire, are also engaged in die manufacture of cotton goods.

Lads, IJiwlddd, Hud Ur^fidd, J/ali/a.i; and W'akijidd, are chief
^eats of woollen manuf: jtures. ^tfoiid is the chief centre of cloth
manufacture in tho we.-: 'jf England.

fiu'wiHyZ/UHi excee.s all other places in the world in the manufac-
ture of hanlware, i'.cluding tire-arms and all kinds ut metallic goods.

,'ihi'ffidd is speci.illy noted for its cutlery.

112. Ivcaii.'ick, n ar Derweiitwater, is noted for lead pencils; Xor-
uMi, for shawls and crapes ; /ji.iiridi, for fanning tools, iron, and soap;
Macdcijidd, for silks; Derby, for .silks, hosiery, and lace; XoUinij-
ham, for cotton hose and lace; LiiaHtr, for worsted hose; WorcefUr,
for gloves and porcelain; /iiddtrmin.^tcr, for cariiets aiul tapestry;
Covciitri/, for silks and ribbons ; Xorthumpti^n, for shoes ; O'louccKUr,
for pins; Lutuii, IJun.ilable, and .Sf. Alban'.i, fu'straw hats and bonnets.

.St'iki-upoii-Trint is in the centre of "The Potteries;" W'uCrer-
hiiiiiiilim is in the mid.-it of collieries ami foundries.

113. /kncuk is a walled town, near the mouth of the Twetd.
Viirliile is also a boitler town on the Etlen, memorable for its siegeii

Mor/iitk has the largest cattle market iii the north of England. Vork,
oil the Ouse, is an ancient town, and said to be the birth-place of Coii-
stantine the Great. York Min.ster, built in the MidiUe Ages, is the
linest cathedral in the kingiloin. Liiiroln also has a fine cathedral.

114. Canti rburii, the seat of the Primate of England, is soineliines
calloil the ecclesiastical capital. Its cathedral was the scene td' Thomas
a Reeket's murder.

W'iuchititif was the capital of England in tho time of ihe eaily
Saxon kings.

115. /lalli, a beautiful city, is in the neighbourhood .^f thermal
springs, which formeily gave the town great celebrity as a Hatering-
place. Jlriiiliti'ii, //antbujn, Vlult< ahum, aiul /.camiicjton are fashion-
able watering-places.

U./7on/ and (,'((;'i';;'i'^/r are the seats of the two great universities,
/Ctiii and Ikdfiivd are iiotetl f r their schools.

llij. Mcrlhyi'-Tydvil, tho largest town in Wales, is of rapiil growth,
owing its prosperity to its coal mines and iron works. Sunnsia is the
cliief place for copper smc'iing. Ucsiiles tho native ore, large ipian-
titles are liro.ight fioiii Austialia aiul Chili.

(\lii-iiairiiH, II sea-port town, is noted for ils ea>tle, in which
Elwanl II. was born, //nhiirdl is an imp-jrlant mining and inr.nii-
factuiing tos\ n. It takes its name from the fountain td' St. Winifred.
Curdiff M an important port.

XVII. Industries.- 117, The chief I'lanehes of indnstry
arc niiri(iiltiir(>, ininin,!;, miiniifactiiring, and commerce. The
greatness of Kiiuiand depends on its me.ritimo jiositioii,
mineral wealtii, and tiie energy of ils inhaliiiants. Kiiojiinil
exceeds every otlier cotinlry in the wurld in the varii ty ami
valiu) of its maniifaetiiies, including' cotton, woollen, silk,
leather, and all kinds of metallic ^oodi and earthenware.

113, Coal may bo rciarded as the ino-t important mineral; for
without it steam power could not bo ohlaineil, and hence the luiiiei
could not bo w'orkuil, or nmniifacturini^c carried ou suouuinfully, Iho
comnierco arl.sei largely out of the inaiiiifa';tiiie.'<,

1 19. The chief exports are Ihe iniie nils and manufactured produ 'Is,
einbiat'ilig cott lis, wo.illins, linens, silks, and metallic gooiN.

I'liM inoiit impottaiit imports aiu Ibmr, gr.iin, tropical proiliice, and
raw mnterial for iimtiufaetureii, as cotton, wool, flux, ami silk.

rill' trnitu of liieiit llrltiiin kIvck I'mployment to ikbinit ilD.iHM) HJilpi an I
aoo.oiio Heaincn Tl e aiinuul t'Upoi t-i iim woilli Hhoiit ♦o.jo.uoo.uisj ; liio
linportii, #»&0,00O.ttou.

jt railway in Engiaml
verpool, 31 miles dis-
)tlior towua iu Lanca-
,011 goods.

Wakt^fidd, aie cliitf
cliiet" centre of clutlj

arid iu tlie manufac-
Js of metallic goods.

ir lead pencils; Xor-
tools, iron, and soap;
', and lace; Xuttimj-
stedhose; Wurcefkr,
arpets and tapestry ;
For shoes ; O'loucciittr,
raw liatsand bunnets.
Potteries;" Wulccr-
ea.

I of the Tweed,
morable for ils sieiies.
ii cif Kn^'land. }'ork,
he birth-place of Con-
) Middle Ages, is llif
IS a fine cathedral.
!n;.,'land, is sometimes
s the scene of Tiiomas

ho liiue iif ihe eaily

)oiirhood •( thermal
el)rily as a waterinf;-
tmiiiijtoii are fasliiou-

gieat universities.

s. is nf rapid ;;roM th,
rlis. .>'«■(« /isfii is tho
ive fire, large qiian-

its cavtie, in whirh
t niinin'.: and nirjiii-
tain (if St. Winifred.

iirlica of industry
I'KiiiiiH'n'c. Till'

iii'.ritiiiie ]io.sitioii,
iiantii. Engliiiiil

II the variity ainl

nil, WOdlli'll, .sillv,

1 cartliciiwiin'.

taut ininural ; f'>r
an I henci' the ininei
II -.iiri.'ehst'iilly. lln)

iiiil'aotured produ;lK,
tallic KOodK,
ii'pical prodiii'i', and
i\, and hilk.

iH.Ilt ilD.OIHI »lll|") :tM I

lilt #i)Oii,uuo,uw J tint

SCOT LAND.

'ii'J--*-!:-

i:|iiNiu

SCOTLAND.

I. History.- 12(». Si'otlaihl. or North liiitaiii, was :iii-
riv..,i,Y callt'd ('(iliddiiiii, ami soiiictiiiirrt A/fn/n.

Toward.s tlii' end of the Konuin jiowor in IJritaiii, Scotland
was inliahited liy two CVltic tribes called the /^c^s and .*^co^j<.
The latter arc said to have crossed over from the north of
Ireland. In 8i;i, the I'icts and Scots were tmited into one
nation under Kenneth MacAIpiu ; and in tlie eleventh een-
t'..'y the country was called Sriilhiinl, (.SVe Coltiers Uritixh
llkiorij, p. 39.)

121. For niftny centuries Scotland and Kngiand wnv almost con-
slantly at war, and the inhabitants of tlie border lerritoricH lived in
llic greali'Ht insecurity.

In I'lOJi, .lames VI. of Scotland, being the nearest male heir of the
Tiidnrs, became King of Mngland. The two coiintrieH, however, con-
limied as dintinct kingdni is until 17<'7. when, by mntiial agreement.
Ihey were iiniled into one Ulate, under the name of (Jreat lliilain, with
a eiiiiinion railiameiil.

IT. Position. - Ml. Hootlaiidislietwoeii tiic»aine|mrnllel.s

as the north of Labrador.

N. Iftt. 54° aS'-CS" 4(1'; W. hm, 1' 4fi'--r 13'.

III. Form. — 123. The outline is vry irrejjidar. Deeji
indentations of the sou divide the country into three jionin-

Killl.

Milas. There iii'i' also srvi'val small iiriiiiisiilas nn tlie W( st
side. ( 'aiitii'i' aiiin'iiarlirs wiiliiii |:! nuli's nf the coast nl
Irflaiid.

IV. Coast.- 1-Jl. ( h\ iiu to tlic idiky ami I'lrvated cliar-
acter of tlie slmrfs, many of the coast watris arc of litth;
rommercial vaiin'.

Tiic child' Waters are nn the nnrlh. /'' nlhiml Fnlli .■ mi
the ea.st, l>'niiiiili Fnlh, ('KiMnii;/ Fiii/i, .Umv// Firtfi,
Filth oj'Taif, and Firth (>/ Fmth ; on the south, Sn/wni/
Filth, l\'i<it<iii //'»//, and /.nr- /In//; on the west, Firth of j
Clihli', LniJi Liiti'j, L'lih Fiiii<\,X\w SdiiiiiI nf Killinnnuin,
luldj), .hint, and Mull, l.nh l.iinihi, l.xh Ftir>\ .^■iiinrf of j
Sfnit, l.iirh 7'iirrii/ini, l.urli Itrmnn, tiic .\/iiirh, and tho
A/V/A Miiirh. i

TJ.' The Kiiihs ol Korih and I'l^lc are nf the greatest service to
C'linnicice. Tin y fue connected by a (final '\H miles in length. Moray

l''iitli and Loch Liniilie ar nni'ied by the Caledonian Canal. Sub

way Kirth in very >liillii»', iml a large poiiiun of il i>< h I'l nncovvreil ,
alebblile. I

rj(). Tlieehiif Capo* arc oti the north, ('ii/i,- W'lnlli, /iiiiiint //iml, |
and Itiniciiiiii'iti limit; nil the <'a»t, T'liliit Xcnn, Kiiiiininl I/nirl, |
Jlitrhnn-Xii>», /■'I'/r.Vi.M, itnd >/. /iW/'o llrtnl ; on the smith, Sniillirr- I
AVm. Iturrnir Hunt, and the .t/n// "f Uolliiinui : on the wimI, Mull itf
t'ltiitii'r, Afiliiiiiiiiiri'liiin I'niul, and llie l\iill nf Lmii. i

l:J7. The itrineipal Islands are the (hiiiiif.i and Shi-tlnud \
liilnmh on the north ; and the /Jrhriile^ on tliu west. I

EUROPE.

jti

128. The Orkneys and Shetlands were ceded to Scotland by Den-
iii;uk in 1468.

The Orkneys, sejiarated from Scotland by I'entland Firth, from
T) to 8 inilos broad, consist of about 50 islands, 27 of which are in-
l..ibited. f'omoiia or Mainland, and //o.v, are the largest. The
islands are destitute of trees. Oats and ve;;etal)les are raised ; caltlo
and sheep are reared ; and the fisheries are imporlanl. Kirkitall and
atrumiienn, on I'oniona, are the chief |ilaces. "The Old Man uf Iloy "
is a hijjh rock on the Island of Hoy.

The Shetlands, 50 miles north cf the Orkneys, number over 100
islands, of which 30 are inhabited, and ntliers aliord pasturage.
.\faiiilaiiil, i'lll, and Ciist are the larfiest. The islands are noted for
their ponies, b'ishinj: and tlie manufacture of woulluns are the chief
liursuits. Lcrnirk, ou Mainland, is the principal jilacc.

129. The Helirides were once subject to Denmark, and afterwards
to chieftains called "Lords of the Isles." They are about 500 in
number, of which over 100 are inhabited. The coast line is exceed-
ingly irre^'ular. The Hebrides are divided by the Little Minch into
the Inner Uibridcn and Oiilei- llihridis.

The iiincr (.'roup lies close to the west coast of Scotland. The prin-
cipal are Skiic, M miles Ion.', Midi, .hire, fs/aii, Arran, nud JUiU:
."Several (d' the isianils present m.-ii^Mificent scenery. S/itffa, a small
island west of liute, is remarkable for its basaltic eolumu.s and for

IIN(IA1,'H CAVK,

KUi^uI'm Cave, /unit contains the ruins of a nionnNtcry, a Kcat of
lcariiin« and ruliKion in the dark iit;cs. /'.''.'/.'/ is famous for the
t'ave of TranccH, in which nil the Inhabitants of the islaml were
smoked to death by a hostile clan. {Sir •^Utilln 'J'nle.i (i/ it (limid-
JiUhcr.)

The outer Ki'oup coin|iriNes Ltwit, Xurlli Vifi, JUnbfciila, Soulli
lU»t, and lliinv. They are separated by narrow |)iiHHa«eH, and extend
in a line uf about I'jo miles in len^^th.

EXERCISE. -Trace the coast lino of Scotland, innikinK the iiileti.
capes, aiid islandii.

V. Area.— lUO. luiluilinK tiio iMlaticUi nn tlio const, wliirli

comprise one-cightli of tlie whole area, Scotland is about

twice the size of the I'euiiisula of Nova Scotia;

— ecpuil to a square of 177 miles.
Length, 27(.> miles ; breadth, from 30 to 175 miles.

VI. Surface.- 131. Scotland is a uioiiiitaiiions country.
It is ii.siially divided into two re>,doiis ;— tlie Jliij/dands, in
the north and west ; and the Lowhtiuls, iu the south and
east. A plain call('(l StrntlimDrc, or "the great valley," ex-
tcndiiiu' acro.-is the country iiurtli-easterly from the estuary
of the Clyde, t'ornis the northern limit of the Lowlands.

Tiie i;i"iei'al .slope of the country is easterly. The basin of
the Clyde ha.s a westerly .slope : and a small section in the
.south lias a .soutiicrly slo|)c, toward Solway Firtii.

132. The mountain ranges generally extend across the
country south-west and north-east. The lijojilands are
nioi,red and wild, and are oftrn penetrated by deep glens.
They :ire divided into two .sections, .separated by <ilenmore,
or '• the great gden," wliicli stretches acro.ss the country from
Loch Liiinhe to .Moray Firth.

Vi'i. North of (ilcnmore, arc the XudherK Ili;ihlini(h, which form
a rugged plateau ; on the south .ue the (i raiiijiMiin, the hiyhett
mountains in the liritish l^lalllls.

In the south of Scotland arc tin' chrint, I.nirilur, /.mnincrmonv,
and lUntr.tiid /liH.i.

Hen Nevis, in the lirahiplaiis. tlic lil^Oiesl peak In the Itritisli Isles, )uka «n
elevation of 41(iii feet; lien .Miudlini, 4:!!)ii; iiiirn dorm, 401)0; l!un Lomond,
;il!i-_>; lieu Allow, ill the Nortliein lliu'lilands. 4ooo; mill Hen Wyvis, 342^.

'I'lie snow line lias ,ui elevation ni .ilioiit ,"iooo feet.

VII. Rivers.- Ii'.l. Willi llif exception id the Clyde,

which Hows westerly, the principal rivers arc on the eastern

slope. The largest rivers are the Tn'ml, Fmlli, 'J'nif. /Ar,

l>(>ii, ^'pi;'/, and I'hjili'.

The Tay, 130 miles in lencth, is the lonncsl .•itreani, liu., the most
e.vtensive basin, and is noted for the rajiidity of its current. The
Clyde, noted for the 8hi[i building alon^' its banks, is about 100 miles
in letiKtli. Owing to the uiiev(;nne«.s of the country, must of the rivers
are nnnavinablc.

VIII. Lakes. 13;"). Small lakes, called /oc/m, are veiy numerous,
particularly in the lli;.diland regions. They are generally ni niouu-
tain glens, bordered by high dills, which inve^it them with beauty and
grandeur. The piincip.il arc l.iimnnd. hutrine, F.arn, l.cvcii, Aar,
Tail, Uaiiiiiirli, Kfirlit. Xm.i, /.kcIi/i, Ma rev Mn\ Shin.

I.iicli l.oniiiMil, 'il mile!* long, with hm area of about 40 aiiuuru miles, is the
larKeiit iHkuJn llriliiin,

EXERCISE. Lay down the mouutaius, rivers, and lakes on the
map of Scotland.

IX. Soil. i;i(!. Only tibout one-fourth of Scotland is
Hiiital)le for cultivation. The Lowlands in tlie south-cnst
are fertile and ugrieiiltiire is in u veiy jidvanccd condition.
The Highlands afford line pastuiage.

X. Climate.— 137. Tiie climate in the south-euBt is similar
to tiiiit of Enghind ; the Highland region is colder and moro
liuiuid.

Scotland is ubout
jotia :

gs. ■

ilea.

lutaiiums country,
the Jllijhlands, in
in tlio south and
; great valley," ex-
f from the estuary
the Lowlands.
L'rly. The basin of
;iall sectiim in tlie
ay Firtli.

extend across the
he lli.Lshlands are
ted by deep glens,
ated by Glenmore,
js tlie country from

ti'lhhtiiil.i, wliicli fiiiMii
aiojiiiiii.'i, tlie liighest

iiirllicr, l.iuniiici'immv,

tliL! Ilritisli Isk'S, Ima an
il'lii. 4(i'.M>; lieu l.oiiiiinil,
i; mill Hell Wyvis, Mtl.

inn III the Clyde,

[ire on the eastern

7, /'-/■///, Tail. Mr,

atroiuii, liii.i tlie niddt

(if its cunoiit. The

iks, is about 100 miles

ilry, iiiual of tlie rivers

s, arc very iiuiiu'rous,
le Koiieiully iii iiiouu-
iheiii with beauty iiiul
C F.arii, l.cvcii, Aur,
I SUin.
lit 41) !iiinuru nilleii, U tliu

ers, iiud lakes ou the

th of Scotland is

H in the Houtli-oast

dvanced condition.

south-east is similar
is colder and moru

KH IT LAND.

XI. Minerals.- i;^S. The chief minerals are coal, iron,

lead, slate, and <;ranite.

The conl fields occujiy the whole breuilth of the country between
Fife Ness and the Firth of Clyde. Iron is iibiiiidant iu the siiiiie
region. Lead is obtained from the Lo'vther Hills.

XII. Plants.— i:}!). The Highlands contain natural
forests of pine, birch, oak, and ash. During the present
century extensive forests of larches and other trees have been
planted on the southern slopes of the Gramiiians.

Wheat, barley, and oats are cultivated iu the Lowlands.
Wheat -will not ripen in the Ilighland.s, which arc ehieliy
ilevotcd to pasturage.

XIII. Animals.— 1^0. The deer of the Ili^'hland forests are the
most imimrtant wild animals. Sheep and eattie are exten.'jively
reared.

Xn". Inhabitants.— 141. The population in LSOl Mas
3.nG2,000, making about loo to the square mile.

In the IIi;.dilanils, the iioojile are mostly of the (\'ltif race, and speak
• taidic; in the Lowlands, they are of Saxon and Scandinavia i jii^in.
I'rcsbyterianism is the ]iievailinj,' religion.

The ScoU'h are industrious, brave, and intelligent. Mai.y eniigiato
to the Hritish colonies and the United States, where they utually aeiiuire
a large share t.f I'lnsperity.

Scotland has fi'ii. univeisities— /.'(/(/(/ycr////, (lliitt;iiiii\ AUvdait, and
.*•/. .1 iKlrcii's.

XV. Divisions. -1 42. Scotland is dividid into thirtythree

i'liitutu'i^, which are .subdivided into I'ari^liK.

Cromarty County consists of ten small del ache 1 portions, ehieliy in
ti,^ northern part of Ross. This .^inguLir arranLienieiit is said to have
oiiginalcd uith an Farl of t!romarty, who owned the.^e territories, and
wished to have them all grouped together,

KOIUTKKX .SOUI'IIKHX rot'\Tli;^<.

Cl'lltlOrl, Cliii'TTovtil.

LiNi.iTiitiow. or Wkst),. ,.,, ,,,,,,,

, > Linlithgow, ■1000.

Lothian j " '

KiUNiieitoii, or iM id- t Edinburgh, 108,000; Leilh, 31,000 ; .Mas-

Lothian / selburgli, 7000; Dalkeith.

II.MHiINdro.N, or KaST 1 „ ,,• , ,f,r,n n 1 ii ,

, > Hixhliiigton, ■1000; Dunbar; riistoniiars.

Lothian J f . > i

Hkkwiok (Jrccnhuv, Duiise, Coldstream.

Hoxnuiuill iledhiirgh; Hawick, 8000; Kelso.

SKI.KIHK Selkirk, 4000; Ualashiils.

I'KKiaKS Peebles, 2000.

Lanaiik Lanark; (llasgnw, nii.l.OOO ; Kutherglen ;

Airdric, );i,(iOO ; Hamillvii.

iM'MriiiKM Dumfries, 14,iieo ; Annan,

K liiKei'liiiHKiMT Kirkcudbright, HOOO ; Casllo- Douglas,

Wkiton Wigton ; Stranraer, tieeo.

AvH Ayr, IH.OOO; Irvine, "000; Kilinarnoek,

23,000; (HrvuM.
Hkntukw Renfrew; rortHlasgow ; (Iremnck, t'J,O00;

i'.iisley, 47,000; I'olluckolunvs.
HuTK Rothcuny, "000.

.NINK MIKIM.K, ColNriKS,

Fin Cii|iar, fiOdO; St, Andrewn, .MieO; Kiikcaldy,

WOO; Dunfermline, SOOO.

Cwiiitie!. CliiorTumi!.

Kinross Kinross, 2000.

(Jlackmannan Clackmannan; All' a, 6000.

.Stikliso Stirling, 10,000; Falkirk, fiOdO; Bannoek-

burn ; Kilsyth ; (yarroti.

Dcmdarto.n ' 'ubarton, (JouO; Kirkinlill-.ich, 0000.

Arqyi.k in vera ry ; Cmipbcllown, (JOOO; Dnnoun.

Pkuth Perth, 14,000; CrielV; Dunkeld; Dunblane;

DIairgowrie.
FuRFAR Forfar, I'OOO ; Dundee, 'lO.OOO ; Arbroalh,

18,000; Montrose, 15,000; liiechin.
Ki.nc;ari>i.ni: Stonehaven.

TKN N(il!Tlli:i;N fOVNTIKS.

AiiEUliEKN Aberdeen, '4,000; Peterhead, 8000.

IIankk Itanff, 7000; Keith.

Moray or Kloin KIgiu, 8000 ; Forres, 40OO.

Nairn Nairn, aOeO.

Invi.rness Inverness, 12,000.

Ro-s Dingwall, 2OU0 ; Tain,

C <oMARTy Cromarty, 2000; Stornoway (Lewis Island).

iiCTiiKRLANi) Dornoch.

Caithness Wick, SOnO ; Thurso, 3000.

Orkney and Shkti.anh.,,. Kirkwall, 4000; Lerwick, 3000.

EXERCISE. -Mark the county lines and chief towns ou the map
of Scotland.

XVI. Towns.- 1 i;i. Kdinlmrgh, the capital of Scotland,
mar the Firth of Forth, is an old city, and one of the nui.st
beautiful iu Euriipe. It is built on two ridges running east
and west, separated by a deep hollow. The Old Town
occupies the southern ridge; the New Town, the northern.

F.iUnhiiri''i is the seat of u distinguished university, and has several
lirst class publishing IijUsck. It is the place where the representative
peers for Scotland are elected, and where the general ecchsiaslical
iisscinlilies are held. The most iinlcd buildiu'js are the C.istle, on a
precipitous r^ek 437 leet high; and Holy rood House, the palace of the
Scottish Si>veiei,i;ns.

The trade of ivlinburgh is carried "ii through l.iitli, '2 miles distant.

144. O'luKi/dW, on the Clyde, is the largest city in Scotland, and the
lirst iu manufactures and commerce, ranking next to .Manchester and
Liverpool. It has a line (ioihic catlieilral ;iiid a univeisiiy,

Uftcmirk, on the Firth of Clyde, is the principal port in the west.
It is extensively engaL'ed in ship building, siigar-relining, and tra'le
with America. J'uit U/o ijuw also has eonsiileiablo foreign tiadc.

I'ai.il( II, an old town, is celebrated fir its extensive manufactures,
embracing shawls, f.iiicy goods, and thread. J/iti/i/iiii/ton has ii lar'.;u
(irair .narket. Iniuliiir and l'vt»loii)nins are noted for liatlles. (.Sit'
O'lHif's ilriti.ili tlinlviy, pp. 221, 281.) J/itwich, Silkirk; uml O'dhi-
uliiil.i have inipoitant woollen manufactures.

.]fi/r(i.<i coiil.iins the ruins of an anciciit abbey ; and 3 miles distant
is .llifiiili>fiii'<l, once the resiib^nce of Sir Walter Scott.

Iiii)iifri(.t, the buiialplace ot the |oit Hums, has a large catllo
niaiket •(,'/»' ii an important seaport. Jii I mar if irk in noted lor
carpets. Itnllii.iini, on the iNlaiid of llute, is » favourilo waterilig'pluce.

Hf). St, Aiiiiniin \»lUe seat of tho oldest university in Scotland.
Diiiifi rmliiic is noted for linen manufactures. Allnu hiiH extensive
breweries. Sliiliini is noted for its castle. Two miles south is
liaiiiiiK'kliiirn w here a great battle was fought, h'ulkirk lias extensive
iron works and great cattle fcirs, Ihiiiilnirltiii has .in aneieiit castle.
I'tifh is a beautiful city, niid was furmeiiy the capital of Scotland.
S^'oiie Palace was the ri.yal regldetice. The famous stono on which tho
king sat durinii the oorenmion is now in WcBiiuinslcr Abbey.

p:uuorE.

Dundee, tlu' tliirii in size aiiinnc; the towns of Scotland, is an imi'iirt-
ant sca-iinrt, and a groat centre of coarse linen manufactures. Arbroath
and Montrose are important manufacturing and commercial towns,

146. Aherdctn, a l]and>oiiie granite town at the mouth of tlic Dee,
carries on extensive shipluiilding, manufacturing, and commerce. In
t!ie interior is lia'moral, the Queen's Iiiglilan<l residence. Pttcrkcdil
is largely engaged in the whale and herring fisheries, and exports vast
(piantities of granite. Khjin has ruins of an ancient (Toliiic cathedral.
JiiVfrncsg, sometimes called the capital of tiie Northern lli-.'hlandi-, is
an old town at the entrance I'f the Caledonian Canal. In its neighhour-
li'iod is Cutli.dcn Munr, where the Pretender was defe.ated in 1746.
Wick is extensively engaged in the herring fisheries.

XVII. Industries.— 147. Pastoral Imsbaiidry, agri ire,
milling, inauufacturing, sliip-buildiiig, commerce, and hsLiiig
are tlie chief i)ursiiits.

Immense nurahers of cattle and sheep are sent to the English
markets. The manufactures embrace cottons, woollens, linens, and
hardware. Ship-building is an important business on the banks of the
Clyde and other places. The exports and imports are similar to those
of Kngland. The fisheries are of great importance, especially the
salmon fisheries of the rivers, and the herring fisheries on the northern
Coasts.

■ I HI. IN.

IRELAND.

I. History. — 14S. The Critic name for thi.s issiand \va.s
]'rin, from vliich the names Icnu' and IrvJand iiave jiro-
lialilv been derived. Tlic Ii'inians called it llilirmia.

The island also, for a time, bore the name of Scotia or Scolhind,
which was afterwards transferred to the nnrllurn ]iait of Uritain.

('Iiristianity was iiitroiluccd in the fifdi century, and for a long
)ieriod during; the dark itges, irehind nivs distinguished for itb
lilernlure.

1 l!i III the twelfth century, Irebind was the seat of
Bcveral jietty kin'.'doMH, v/liose diBcords resiilled in the lows
of iiide|icnd(>nce to the island. It \va.'< annexed to Kngland
liy Hi'iiry II. in 1172. The Irish |iarliaiiieiit was uholishei]
ill IbOl, and England, Scotland, and Ireland, with a common

liarliaiiient, were designated The CiiitiJ Kiiif/dom ofGriat
livitiun and Ii(/(IihI.

Irish barons at various times resisted the authority of the Knglish.
In consecpience of rebellion, large estates in the Province of Ulster
were confiscated in the reign of James I., and bestowed on Knglish
and Scottish colonists. {See Collier's Jirilish Jlisturii, pp. 7.1, ll'l,
'Jit,-), 213, 221), 207, 209, 312, 324.)

II. Position.— 150. Ireland is a little north of east from
Newfoiindhiiiil, with which it is connected liy Bulmiarinc
telcgrajih.

N. lat, f.r 26'-C.T 21'; W. Ion. f/' 26'-10° 28'.

III. Form.— I T) 1 . Ireland is elliptical in its general form.

The length, from Fair Head to Mizcn Head, is over 30U miles; the
tirutitest breadth is about 180 miles.

^ I '

baudry, agri no,
nnierce, and hsliiiij,'

sent to tlie Enirlish
, woollens, linens, and
ess on the banks of the
irts are similar to those
ortance, especially the
islieries on the northern

IRELAND.

(/ Kingdom ofOnat

uithority of the KiiKlish.

tlio rroviiici' of I'lstor

unl ln'sloweil on Kut-'lish

sk llistorii, \>\K 7.1, lyi,

Ic iiiivth of oast from
iR'cti'd l),v Biiluuariiu-

al in its general furni.
il, is over 300 iiiile-H; the

IV. Coast.— 15:2. Tiic eastern coast is generally low, and
navigation is ob-structed by sand-l>anks ; the other sides,
deeply indented with bays and iine harbours, are roeky
ami Ijold.

The total leiigtn of coast -Hue i.s ahout 2200 miles.

153. The Giant's Causeway, on the north, is tiie most remarkable
f'alure of the coast. It consists of many thuusanils of closely con-
nected basaltic columns, or natural pillars of volcanic rock, risini; out
of the sea, resembling, at a diatai'je, human architecture. It forms a

UIANT S ( Al SKWAV.

platform, or pier, TOO feet in lent;ili, y.'iO in bivadth, and uO in extreme
hoiislit, exleniling from tiie base of a clilf 400 tVet high. Acoonling to
Irish legend, this natural wonder was the wiuk of giants who wished
to make a road to Scotland.

\:,,. Tlie prineijial Coast Waters are : —

On the north, Loinjhs Swil/y and Fni/le :

Ou the cast, Be/fust Lnin/h, Stvamj/ord L'niijh, Dnihhum
ll'ti/, Carliiii/fonf Luitij/i, DniKJalk Iltif, DnhUn lUnj, and
W't^xford llaibdUi' :

On the south, Watfi/ord, DuH'jtirrmi. Vnu'jlia/I, Cork,
and Kinmle I/itrbours :

On tlie west, Dmninnin.i, Ihintrii, K")im<tn\ IHiKjlf, and

Tralee Bnii^, Mutilli of the Sh<iniion, (Idhvan, (.'lew, and

lUacksod Bai/s, Broad Ilixccn. Ki/hilii, .S'/iV/o, and Duinyal

H'tifs,

Ifii"). The chief Capes are : —

On the north, IUkhIii Fhi'iUduI, Mii>hi II, ml, and l-''iif I/nul ,■
On the east, l/oiiilt Iliad and Wicklow llnid :
On the south, Cariisove Point, CafK Clear, and Mirtii //mo/ ;
On the west. Crow, l)iunin<rf, Kerrji, Loop, >/.«iif, .Uliil, and
Krria lltud. and llii.ii«tn I'oiiil.

ICO, The IslaudB are Sorth Arran, Tor;/, and Hnlldin, on tlie
north; Cape Char Islaud, on the Houtli ; VahnUa, lllusktl, SoutK
1-ilcn of Arnni, Clare, atul Avhil, on the west,

V. Area.- - 1 .")7, Ireland is abnuf twice as large a.s the
I'euiusula ol' Nova Scotia :

— equal til a M|uaie of ISO mile*.

VI. Surface.— 156. Tiie surface is generally low, consist-
ing of an extensive central jilain, hordered by isolated
mountain masses near the cotists. There are two iirineipal
slopes — the northern and the southern. The hitter embraces
over two-thirds the whole area.

150. In the north are the Dmieijal Moini(atii;<, Carntogher,
and Muuntains uf Anlrini; in the east, the Jfniirne and
Wid/ow Mounfuiii.i. In the sotith-west are ^[<l<Ji/^cuddl/
/ueh and several other iiarullel ranges, Ix'tween which the
ocean peiietrates in det>i) bays. In the west are the jVep/tiu
lieff, CrtKKjh Patrick, MitHrta, Couitentara, and Twelve I'tns.

The mountains of Ireland vary in height from li'iUO to 3()00 feet.
The highest summit is Curn-tual, 3104 feet, in .MaglUicuddy lleeks.

100. A large porliim across the midillo of Ireland, estimated at
one-seveiitli the whole area, ?vii.sists of bogs. The lUxj of AHfii is the
most extensive. Many it \ii>- !"i-i are covered fioni 2U to 25 feet, or
even to greater depths, with pi-al formed of decayed and eom|iies-ied
mosses and other vegetable matter. IVat, when eut and drieil in the
heat of summer, is extensively used as luel. Trunks uf oak, yew,
pine, and other trees, iu good preservation, are found imbedded among
the peat.

VII. Rivers— lOl. M;uiy <if the river.s, tlowing over a
level cotintry, are navig,'iblt> throughout a large part of their
cour.se. Tlicy often rxp:inil into lakes.

The principal rivers on the northern slope are the fhne,
I'liijli', /hnni. Awd Lnijijiiii ; on the southern slope, the S/mu-
noil, Ilnndoii, L<e, llhtek irate r, Su'tr, Barrow, and >i(aiiei/.
On the east are the LiJ);/ ami Jloi/ue.

The Shannon, 250 miles long, is much the l.irgest river. It is
naviiable to Lough Allen, ab.iut 2U0 miles. It is also counected by
Ciinals with Dublin Uay.

V u. Lakes. — 1'!2. Lakes, called /<ai<//is, are numerous.
Tlie iirineiiial arc h'riie and Xear/h, in the north ; Allen, liee,
and Denj, expansions of the Slianiion ; and tla; Lahe-'i of
A'i/larin I/, ill tiie soulh-wcfst. 1'lie hike coasts are generally
low, excepting those of Killarncy.

Lough Neagli, with an area of 150 square miles, is tne largest lake
in the ISritish Isles. Its water.s contain mineral .siib.it.mces which
give them petrifying ((ualities.

The Lakes nt' Killarney, thivo in numbir, upper, middle, and
lower, in the nei.;libouihood id' the lolty height of Caru-lual, are
eelebrati'd lor their pielure.--iiiie beauty.

IX. Soil.— 1(1.'5. The soil in generally fertile, but not ho
skilfully cultivated as in laigland and Scotland. A largo
part of the country is owned by landlords who re^ido in
England.

X. Cliiuato. Ici. The cliniafc is nealthful, remarliably
ti'iiiperale. and liumid. Tin' pre^alellt winds are westerly.

XI. MiucraU.— 1C5. Ireland i.s not so rieh in minerfds ii.s lirit.iin.
C 'al ocenrs, but is not plentiful. Iron, w hioh is more abundant, is
II Ml much wrought, ('■pper and lead arn obtained in the soulli.
Limestone, ijraidlu, maiblu, and blale aie pleiililul.

''''*''^l'""TnTlfTiilTr

EUROPE.

XII. Plants.— IGU. There arc uo large forests. The nioi.st
nnd mikl cliiiiate specially atlapts the country to the produc-
tion of fjrasses; anil the remarkable verdure of the pastures
and meadows has obtained for Ireland the name of the
Emerald hie. Anionj,' tlic grains, oats flourish best, but
wheat is extensively grown. Potatoes form a very import-
ant croi>, and Hax is largely cultivated, especially in the north.

lt)7. Pluvious to IS 15, potatoes were tlio main depenJeuce ami
formed tlio chief fxnl of the hiwer classes. The failure of the crop
resulted in a tenible faijiine and pestilence, which s«cpt olV many .f
the inhaliitants, and drove many others to foreif;n countries. Grain
and other crop.s have since received more attention.

XII [. Animals.— 163. Wild animals are small, and not numerous.
The t"ad is not found in ircland.

Amorjg the domestic animals are immense numbers of cattle, sheep,
and swine.

XIV. Inliabitants.— ICO. The poiailation in ISGI was
5,704,500 ; in 1811 it was 8,0(i(i,50U.

This rcniarkalile decrease of 2,302,000 inhaliitants in twenty years,
is chielly attrihutable to the famine from ls45 to Ibl", and to emigra-
tion. (See 107.)

The native Irisli belon;; to the Celtic family. Descondanls of Eiigli.sh
and Scotch are numeruus, furming the majority in the Province of
Ulster.

170. The Irish are warmhearted, witty, and excitable. Many of
them are very poor and ignorant. National schools have been estab-
lished for tlie education of the middle and lower classes.

Tiie higher inr>tilutions of leaniiiig are the (^hcch'.i CnHrtjcs at
lielfast, C'lik, and Galway; Triniti/ (Jul/cije and t/ie Catlto/ir L'ui-
irrsili/, Dublin; and St. J'aliirk's CnUtijc, Maynooth.

The Episcopal religion is established by law. Roman Catholics
form the great majority of the population. The Presbyterians prevail
in Ulster.

XV. Divisions.— 171. Ireland is dividi.'d into four Pro-
vinces ; — L'ldcr, in the north ; Le'uidcr, in the east ; Mun-
slcr, in the south ; and Connaiujht, in the west.

The Provinces are subdivided into thirty-two Counties ; —
KINE COUNTIES IN ULSTKU.

CoUTlllrs. Chief TuMlll.

DoNKiiAL Lilfi«i-d, 1000; Itallyshanrion, 3000.

I,oNiH).MiEiuiv...L)nilunderry, 20,000; Coleraine, HOOO.

Antiiim Belfast, 120,000; Li.^burn, 7000; Ballymena, 7000;

Carrickfergus.
DuWN Downpatrick, 4u00; Nowtownards, 10,000; Newry,

11,0(10.

Aii.MAun Armagh, 9000; Lurgan, 8000 ; Portadown, 0000.

Tvno.NH Omagli, 30o0 ; Strahane, 4000; Dungauuon.

pKliMANM^ii I'jiniskillen, (iooo.

.MdNAUiiA.N Monuglian, 4000 ; Clones, 2000.

Cavan Cavan, 3000.

TWI'.I.VIC rOLNTIKS IN l,i;i NSTl'.l!

LoUTII Oundalk, 10,000; Droghe.la, ir),O00.

Mhatii Trim, 2(100; Navan, 4000; KelU, 3000.

Wkst AInATn....Mullingar, 5000; Athlone, COOO,

LoNuvoni> Lonnford, fiOOO.

luiiLiN Dublin, 250,000; Kingstown, 12,000; Uowth.

C'juiilies. Cliiof Towns.

WicKLow Wicklow, 3000; Arklow, 5000.

KiLDAUK Athy, 4000; Naas, 30(J0; Maynooth, 2000.

Kixu's Tullamore, 5000; Parsonstown, 5000.

Qikk.n's Maryborougli, 3000; Mountmeliok, 3000.

KiLKENMV Kilkenny, 13,000.

Caulow <,'arlow, 8000.

WE.xFoiiii We.xford, 12,000; Enniscorthy, 5000; New Ross, 7000.

SIX L'OUNTIKS IN .MUNSTEU.

Watuhfohi. Waterford, 23,000 ; Portlaw, 4000; Diingarvan, 6000.

Coiiii Cork, 79,000 ; Queenstown, 9000 ; Skibbereen, 4000;

Kin.?ale, 4000; Bandon, 6000; Youghall, 6000;

Fenuoy, 0000; Mallow, 4000.

KnnuT Tralee, 10,000; Killarney, .WOO; Dingle, 2000.

LlMKiilcK Limerick, 45,000; Rathkeale, 3000.

Clare Ennis, 7000; Kilrnsh, 5000.

TirpKUAUV Clonmel, 11,000; Carrick-on-Suir.5000; Cashel,4000;

Thurles, 5000; Tipperary, 6000; Nenagh, 6000.

FIVE COUNTIES IN COXNAUUIIT.

(4ALWAY G.dway, 17,000; Tuam. 5000; Rallinasloe, 3000.

JIavo Castlebar, 3000; liallina, 6000; Westport, 4000;

Killala.

Si.iQo Sligo, 10,000.

LiilTKiM Carriek-on-.Slianiion, 2000.

RoscuMMuN Roscommon, 3oo0.

EXERCISE.— Draw a complete map of Ireland.

XVI. Towns.— 17:^. Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland
and residence of the Lord-LieutiMiant, is one of the finest
cities in Eurojie. It occupies both sides of the Liffey near
its mouth, and has an exti'usive commerce. There are many
magnificent jjublie buildings. Phtenix Park, in the suburbs
of Dublin, includes large and finely ornamented grounds.
Its forests are the home of large herds of deer.

KiiKjftijirii, 6 miles from Dublin, at the entrance of the liay, is the
steam-packet station to Liverpool and Holyhead.

173. lUtj'nxt, on li'lfast Lough, is the second city in population,
and the fir-it in manufactuies, of which linen and cotton are the most
important.

I'tjrk, at the nujutli of the Lee, has one of the best harbours in the
world. Its ship-liuilding, manufactures, and trade are important.
Agricultural produce is largely expo.ted to England.

(Juccii-itown, on Great Island, in Cork Harbour, is a port of call of
the mail steamers for America.

171. Liimliindcn'ii, on the Foylc, has considerable trade, and is
imted for its successful resist'''ice to the besieging force of James II.
in l(i89. (.sVc Culliiv'.'< /Iritiufi llintoyn, p. 248.)

Culcrainc, 10 mihs from the dliant's Causeway, is noted fur its
linen. Ariiutyh, the seat of the Archbishop, is calk'il the ecclesiastical
capital of Ireland. J.nnjan and Portadown have linen tnanufactures.

175. hroijliciiu, on the lioyne, manufactures linens am) cottons.
Two miles from the town the bailie of the lioyne was fought in 1690.
(.Sic VoUUr\t Jlril,.sh llintovii, p. 218.)

]\'atn\fiivil, on the Suir, 12 miles from the sea, carries on an ini'
miii.'ie trade with En;;land, ex|Kirting live stock, dairy and farm jiro-
duce, chielly to Bristol. (Sic VvUicr'n llvUish Hialovy, p. 76.)

KUhiviieii, near one of the lakes, is the resort of tourists. In the
neigliliourhood of YniKjhilll, .Sir Walter Raleigh inlroduc'cd the culture
of potatoes into Irelanil.

NORWAY AXU SWEDEN.

000 ; New Russ, 7000.

iiuce of the li:iy, is tlie

e best liarboiiis in tlie
Inule are iiiipoiliuil.
hud.
ur, is a [lort of euU of

eway, is noted for its
ciilk'd tlio ecclesiastical
ive linen rnaniifftetiires.
OS lini-ns anil cottons.
iiu «iih foii^lit in lOOU.

sea, carries on an ini-
k, dairy and farm pro-

//Uliiri/, \i. 70.)

it <;f tourists. In tliS

I iiiiroiluc'cd llieculliirtf

170. Limerick, on tlie Shannon, CO miles from its mouth, is an
ancient tiiwn, has a large trade, and is noted for the nianufacture of
lace. Oalaai/, the chief port in the west, is connected with Dublin,
over 100 miles distant, by rail. Ballinasloc has the largest cattle and
sheep fair in Ireland. Knnis ia noted for its Gothic abbey. CashU
contains the ruins of an ancient cathedral.

XYII. Industries.— 177. Ai,'riciilture, wkh dairy luis-
baiidry and the rearing of cattle, is tlie leading pursuit.

llauufacturing is confined chiefly to the north. Linen fabrics are
the most important. Muslin and lace are extensively manufactured
in the north-east. Tjje principal export trade is with Hiitain, em-
bracing grain, dairy produce, cattle, bacon, linen, and llax.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.

XVIII. Government.— 178. England, "Wales, Seutland,
and Ireland, as \vc have already seen (11!)), form one king-
dom, having the same Sovereign and Parliament.

Tlie government of Great Britain and Ireland is a Umilcd
ln'reditary mou<irc/ii/. The Sovereign may be eitlier a kiwj
or a q It ecu.

17!). The power of the Sovereign is limited by the J'ur-
/iiimciit, which consists of the IJousc of Lovds and the llousi:
(if Commons.

The House of Lords is composed of about 470 nicmbirs : of these
420 are English peers, 20 English bishops; 10 Scottish peers; 28 Irish
peers, 4 Irish bishops. The English peers are members by right of
birth ; tlie Scottish and Irish are reiircsenlative.

The House of Commons ia composed of OT'S members, who arc
elected by the people ;— 500 for England and Wales, L'i for Scotland,
and 105 for Ireland.

IbO. Parliament alone has tlie jiower to make and repeal laws ; but
lis Acts require to be ratified by the Sovereign. All Hills relating to
taxes and the expenditure of the ijublic money must originate with the
House of Commons.

181. The Revenue of Great lirilain is between S35O,0O0,Ot)O and
8100,000,000, and the National Deut about #l,000,00i»,OU0, (.iu
tol/icv's IWitish Jli.itori/, pp. 274, 3UtJ. )

182. An insuhir position and an unrivalh d Jh'cf render
fircat Britain invineible against invasion. The laiidj'ovo:
is much smaller tlian that of the ''CJreat Towers" on the
Continent.

183. The regular army amounts to about 200,000 men, of whom a
large number are kept in India and tlio various colonics. The militia,
yeomanry, cavalry, and jicnsioners comprise nearly 150,t)00; and the
viiluntcera about the same number.

Great liritain ranks as the lir.st naval power in the wciiKI. The fleet
comprises about COO war ships, the majority lunpelbd by steam,
carrying 15,000 guns, and from 00,000 to 80,000 men,

THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

1S4. The British Empire consists of tlie I'nitcd Kingdom
•if Great Britain and Ireland, witii tin' Ihitish Possessions

and Colonies scattered over the whole world. In extent oi
territory it exceeds every other political division, and in
population every other except Cliiiia.

The Empire includes an art.'a eipial to the whole of Xortli
America, or aljout one-sixth the land surface of tiie Etirtli,
and the population is tibout 224,()0t»,tJi»o.

185. Below is a ttibular view of the ririti.-sh Empire. For further
particulars, see under the various great divi.'iious of the Earth : —

Aira in

Hid'.' uf I
«<lit:ire ill I

«K;;;:ji — «■

L'i)uals.

r>'|>ulntl>jn.

liritlsli Isles, Heli- j

Roland, (iil)raltar, J^ in i;iiro|i.,' ..

llaltii, anil (iozo, )
liiitisli Imna, Cej- j

loll, Hong-Kong, -m .\.iia

and Aden, )

Cape Colony, Natal, )

.Sierra Leone, and i

other parts of |

Western Africa, \- in Africn...

Mauritius, .Sey- i

clielles.St lleleiiii,

and other islands, I
Dominion ofi 'anada, "|

Newfoundland, I

I'rinee I'.dward |

Lslanil, niiti.^h I

Coluuiliia and I

Vancouver, Hud- | in America..

son's Bay Tevri- i

tory, Honduras, |

(iuiana, .lainaica,

and otlier We.st

India Islands,
Australia, Tasnia- 1

nia, and New in Oceania. .

Zealand )

S.'>0

\ix:>

S.S7

Vlt.'d')

,.'|01,OOII

l.'.0,OO0

.i.o.pl.OoO

1 ;t,ll-i,ooo

;io,ooo,ooo

1.S2,000,000

0."i:i.Oi»

4,000,000

l,,^00,OllO

EXERCISE. Find the length of the shortest day in the year at
Loudon ilat. 51" 30' , Edinburgh lat. 56 , and Lerwick lat. 60" 10',.

QUESTION.- A ship sails from Liverpool, England, to Halifax ;
tbeuce to the West Indies; thence to Greenock. What are the pro-
bable freights ? Also, find the distance sailed.

NORWAY AND SWEDEN,

18(1. Norway and Sweden, comprising tlie peninsula of
Scandinavia, form two distinct kingdoms uiiilcd under one

sovereign.

I'ming the Saxon period of Uritish history, Norway, Sweden, and
Peiiniark were the home of bands of I'irate.s called vikings, who were
the terror of the maritime countries of Europe. I!y the Treaty of
K'almar, 13117. the three countries wero united under Margaret of
Ikiimark. Sweden recovered its iudepeiideneo uncler (iustavus Vasa,
in 1521. On the re adjustment of European allairs in 1»14, Norway
was taken from Denniark and annexed to Sweden. {iiict'olltvr'nOnut
j:nhU, pp. {»5, 259.)

Is7. The coast of Norway is remarkalile for its deep

; ■

['' ^' < f f ";- "-

EUROPE.

UEIN-UEEK.

iiaiTDW liiiys, c;illu(l rh>r(U, which arc often bord rod by
rocky clitl's of great lieight.

The Lofudcn hfaml.i, off the north-west const, are noted for tlieir
fi.sherics. Near them is the Maelstrom, a famous whirlpool formeil
by opposirir; currents at certain states of the tide. Gvttland and
Ohinii, in the Ualtic, belong to Sweden. Small islands are very numer-
ous on tiie coast.

188. Tlie surface of Norway is elevated, the Scundi-

nnvian Moi/ntaitis extending throiigli the iienin.sida. The

liigliland.s generally rise boldly from the Atlantic, spread

out in broad table-land over the greater i)art of Norway,

and descend more gradually to the low i)lain8 of Sweden.

The Scandinavian highlands include the Ilavihutijf.rfichl, tiie Dovvc-
fivhl, and tlie Kiulcii Mountains. OSm' Kuranc, 25 : and Plii/.iical
(icoi/mphii, 2S.)

189. The rivers are generally rapid torrents. The prin-
cipal are the (Hommen, in Norway ; ai.d the Gijta, JJal, and
Tornm, in Sweden. All are on the en,9tcrn slope.

The most important lakes arc Wcncv, Wilier, Miihir, and Ilitlmar,
in Sweden. Wener is about tlie size of I'lin'-e Kdward Island.

V,)\). The climate is cold except in the .south ; but it i.s
les8 severe than in other couutrieu of the uime latitude.
The west eoaft i.s verv humid.

In the northern part of the country, iit mid-winter, the sun does not
appear above the liorizon for several weeks. Owing to the correspond-
ingly lung days in summer, the heat is great. Barley is said to come
to maturity ai Ilammerfest in si.\ weeks.

191. The minerals are ir(jn, eojjper, and silver. The
iron ore of Sweden is of superior quality, and is much used
in the manufacture of fine steel.

VJ-1. The chief cultivated plants are barley, oats, rye,
wheat, potatoes, fiax, and hemp. The quantity of arable
land is comparatively small.

The mountain slopes in the southern and central portions are covered
with vast forests of birch, pino, and fir trees. The lichens and mosses
of tlie north furnish food to large herds of rein-deer.

The fisheries of the coasts, rivers, and lakes are very important.

193. The population of Norway is 1,500,000 ; of Sweden,
3,8r)7,000.

The inliabitants arc generally intelligent and industrious. Children
between eight and fourteen years of age arc compelled to attend school,
or receive instruction at home. The Lutheran religion is established
by law.

194. The towns of Norway are Chvistiunia (39,000), the capital;
llcrijrn, an important seaport; Dront/itim, the former capital; ainl
llaminivfist, on (^iialde Island. Tlie towns of Sweden are iSlorkhnlin
(112,000), tin; ca|)ilal; IJntlicnliunj ; \ofk'ijnn(; ; ^[n!m('l ; l'i<sda\
Ciirhrronii, the chief naval station; and Kalmar, noted for tlie treaty
of 1^97.

i^S^Ci*

er, tlie sun does not
to the correspond-
tj- is said to come

,1H.

I silver. The
d is much used

larley, oats, rye,
autity of arable

portions are covered

e lichens and uiosaea

very important.

,()()() ; of Swedeu,

\i?tviou9. Children
led to attend scliool,
ligion is establialied

0,000), the capital;

I'oiiner capital ; and

reden are /Stockholm

Mnlmii ; i'liaila ;

noted tor the treaty

DEX.MAUK— RUSSIA.

Stockholm, huilt on peninsulas and small islands at the jiiuctiun of
Lake Millar with the lialtic, has a large commerce.

195. Tiie exports are fish, timber, iron, copper, and tar.
Tlie imports are grain, niaiiulaetured goods, and troiiical
jiroduce.

196. The government is a limited monarchy. Eaili
kingdom has its own parliament, constitution, and laws.

197. Lapland, on the north-east of Sweden, and extending ea.ster!\-
to the White Sea, helonu'S i>artly to Sweden and partly to Russia.
The Laplanders are a nomadic race of very small stature, seldom ex-
ceeding 4 feet inches in height. Their haliits are generally moral,
except in the use of ardent spirits. Q'heir wealth consists in herds of
rein-deer. The flt.'.sh and milk of these animals furnish the Laplander
with food, and their skin with clnthing.

The island of .'^7. Hartlioloiiaic, in the NWht Indies, belongs to
Sweden.

DENMARK.

lOS. Denmark i:i one of the iWdcst monarchies of Eurujie.
Its history is eh)sely counecteil witli that of Norway and
Sweden. In the eleventh century, Canute, a Danish kir.g,
ruled over England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. D.'ii-
mark is now a small, weak State.

199. In 1814 Swedish I'omeraTiia anil Riigen were given to Den-
mark in compensation for Norway. In the following year these places
were given to Russia in exchange for Lauonburg. Denmark was in-
vaded, in 1SG4, by German forces, and compelled to relinipiish the
southern jiart of her teriiluries, comprising the duchies of Scldeswig,
Holstein, and Lauenlmrg. These duchies now belong to I'nissia.
(.SVc Norway and Snxdcit.)

The Jules and Angles, two of the tribes who established the Saxon
Ileiitarchy in England, c;ime from Denmark.

200. Denmark is now comprised within the peninsula of
Jutlaml and the adjoining archipelago. Its boimds are—
on the north, the Skagcr Rack; on the east, the Cattegat,
the Sound, and the Baltic ; on the south, Germany; on the
west, the North Sea.

The northern extremity of the peninsula is called the Skaic.

SOL The largest island is Sif^aiid, which is nearly as large as Cape
Hieton, and is separated from Sweden by a narrow strait called he
Sduitd. I'uiicn, about half as large, is separated from Seeland by ihe
(rrcat Iklt, and from the peninsula by the Littk Ik't. Lawjcland,
Lualand, I'alKlcr, and Afacn are next in size.

202. The total area of Denmark is al>' ut equal to the Peninsula of
Nova Scotia. The i.slaiuls comprise two fifths of the whole.

203. The surface is low and level. In some parts dik(^s
are required to keep out the sea. The streams are quite
small. The soil, cxcei)t in the north, is generally well suited
to agricidture. The minerals are unimportant.

5201. The climate is mild, and excessively humid. The
priiu'ipal croim are barley, rye, wheat, oats, grasses, potatoes,

turniiis, and ajipk'S. Horses, cattle, and sheep are muuer-
ous. Tile fisiieries are important.

205. The inhabitants have long been iiotcil as bold .sea-
men. They are generally well educated. Diiimark is said
to have a larger jiroportion of its population at scliool than
any other coiuitry in the world.

The Lutheran religion is estal'lished by law, but all sects are
tokr.ited.

Towns.— 20(). Coptnhaitcii (155,000), the capital, is situated partly
on Seeland and partly on the small island of Amaijcv. It is strongly
fortified, has a good harbour, and an extensive trade.

Khinorc, at the narrowest part of the Snund, is the [ilaco where all
vessels passing to and from the Daltic, except those of Denmark and
Sweden, were formerly coinptlleil to pay loll. Near the town is (jrun-
borg Castle. Aalhoi-ij -Ami Aarhuug avo sea-ports. Fi6o)\</ is a small
but ancient town in the interior, lincskdde, io miles from Copenhagen,
is the burial-place of the Danish sovereigns. The Rothschild family is
said to lake its name from this place.

207. The exports are agriciillural and dairy produce, beef, jiork,
wool, hides, and flax. Tlie imports are iron, coal, wanufacluied
goods, and tropical produce.

208. T'le government is a hereditary limited monareliy.
The J)i<J. or i'arliament, consists uf two Houses, both
elective.

209. The Faroe fn'nuds, north of the Shotlands, belong to Denmark.
There are seventeen inhabited. Population, SUUO. Fishing, tending
sliee)!, and collecting eiiler down, are the chief pursuits.

Denmark also owns (ireeidaiid and leel.ind ; and in llie West Indies
Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John.

QUESTION.-- \ vessel sails from Hull to Copenhagen and back ;
through what wati^rs does she pass, and what freig^hts docs she pro-
bably carry?

RUSSIA.

210. Piussia was formerly occupied by barbarous hordes
of Scythians, lluric, a Scaudinaviui. freebooter who ma<Ie
himself master of a large part of the country in 802, was
the founder of t!ie empire. His descendants held the throne
till 1598. Christianity was introduced in 9S0.

211. For two centuries and a half, commencing l^'W, Russia was
held in bondage by Taitars from Central Asia. It is ti the extraoidi-
nary elTorts of Peter the Great, who became Czar in 1082, that Rushu
owes her civilization ami position as one of the Five Great Powers of
Europe. The country was previously in a state of barbarism. Kx-
tension of territory has long been the settled jiolicy of the Czars, and
it has often been ttVected by the grossest injustice towards weaker
States.

Finlanil, between the Gulfs of liothnia and Finland, was taken from
Sweden. Poland, once a j)owerful kiiigdnm in the centre of Europe,
having been previously robbed of large territories by Russia, Prussia,
and Austria, was wholly broken up in 1795. Large jiortions of Inde-
pendent Tartary and ulher jiarls of Asia have been annexed to the
empire. The absorption of European Turkey is prevented by the
opposition of IJritaiu and France, (i'ce i\il/kr'a Great /ivvuls,
pp. 257, 271.)

100

EI'ROrE.

WINTKIt THAVKt,I,lN<l IN 111 SSIA.

•2]2. Till' coast is conipuriitively liuiitcd, ami is cliiflly
cciiitiiicd to sons which are ice-bound duriui,' ;i hirj^e jiart of
the jear. The chief polls are on tlie Black Sea and tiie
Baltic.

The principal islands are A<,i<a Zcinhhi and ,Sj)i(:hrr<ieii,
in tho Arctic Ocean ; and the Aland A rchijyekujo, Oesel,i\.nd
JJarjo, in the Baltic.

213. Nova Zeinbia consists of two islands separateil by a narrow
strait. Tlie coast alioiuuls in f-eJ and wattr-fowl. Uein-deer, jxilar
bears, and ermine are also nuinerons. There are no iienuanent in-
habitants.

Spitzberjrfn consists of a group of islands, incliidins tlic most
nnrtliei-lv iaiul known (80° 4S'). Tliey are often visited by tliusc en-
gaged in tlie whale and seal fisheries.

The Aland Archipelago, embracing about sixty islands, is an im-
portant naval station for tlie Russian fleet.

214. The surface of Bnssia, consists oi' a vast plain, in-
cluding the j^reater portion of the lowlands iu tiie north-
east of Europe.

Tlie Ural and Caucft.iu.t Mounlaiiia separate Russia in Kurojie
from Asiatic Russia. (.Vfc Europe, 24-27.)

215. The rivers are nnmerous and larj^e. Tiiey arc gener-

ally sluggish, and navigable throughout the greater part of
their course. The most important are the Dwina, Petchora,
Volga, Don, Dnieper, Vistjda, Niemen, Duna, and Xeva.

The Vol}.'a is the largest river in Europe. The Neva is the outlet
of the most important lake system of Eiiro[ie, including Lakes I.adiKjii,
Oni'ia, and Saimn. Extensive canals connect the rivers of the dif-
ferent slojies. (Sec Europe, 39-41.)

2IG. The soil is generally fertile, except the frozen regions
of the north, and the steppes or treeless plains of the south-
east.

The climate varies from warm temperate in the south to severely
cold within the Arctic Circle. The extremes are greater than on the
west coast of Europe.

217. The minerals are iron, copper, jilatina, and salt. Rich gold
mines are found on the cast side of the Ural Mountains. Salt is
obtained both from mines and .salt springs.

218. The central and south-western portions yield abini-
dance of grain, llax, and hemp. The south also produces
maize, the vine, olive, and mulberry. Between the parallel
of Str and the Arctic Circle are vast forests, in which bears,
wolves, and wild I'oars are numerous. AVild horses roam
over the steppes. (-SV*? A'. -V. Header, Ko. IV. — " Itussian
Serf.")

In a large forest of Pnlish Russia al)Out fifteen hundred aurochs, a
nearly extinct species of uild ox, aie carefully preserved by i.he govern-
ment.

219. The population is scattered, especially in the iinrth.
The lan<l is owned principally by the nobles. The lower
class, called serfs, including over one-third the population,
are very ignorant, and were until recently bought and sold
with tlie estates on which they lived. They were emanci-
pated by the Czar in 18(i;}.

The established religion is the Greek Church, of which the Czar
claims to be the head.

Towns.— 220. St. Pctcrsbur;/ (532,000^ the capital, founded by
Peter the (rreat, occupies low marshy ground near the mouth of the
Neva. Cronstadt, in a small island 20 miles west of St. Petersburg,
is strongly fortified, and a great naval station.

Ruja (72,000), a fnrtified town on the Gulf of Riga, is one of the
first commercial towns of Russia. llchhKjfors and Revel are fortified
towns. Arehanijcl, near the mouth of the Dwina, was formerly the
only port. Its harbour is frozen eight months in the year.

221. Jfoacoir (308,000), the former capital, is a magnificent city,
having a circuit of 2<^ miles. On a hill iu the rr.iddle of the city stands
the Fiiriiiliii, an asiemblage of towers, ramparts, churches, and palaces,
surrounded by a massive wall 60 feet high. One of the towers contains
thirty-three bells, the largest weighing sixty-four tons. A much larger
bell, 67 feet in circumfeience, lies unsuspended. Two-thirds of Moscow
was burned in 1812, when the Russians set fire to it in order to deprive
Napoleon of winter (luarters.

Tula is noted for the manufacture of firearms.

222. yijiti-yari/ovoil is noted for its great fair, which continues for
two months, and is attended by 250,000 peoiile from the various
countries of Europe and Asia. Juiv (60,000) was long the capital of
Russia. Kazan (58,000) is nn important dep6t in the trade with
Siberia.

he greater r«i"t "f I
Du'ina, Pekhora,
'ana, and Xeva.

le Neva is tlie outlet
udiiig Lakes Lad'^iKi,
he rivers of the Jit-

; the frozen regions
ains of the soiith-

tlie south tn severely
e greater than ou liia

and salt. Rich goM
1 Mountains. Salt is

ortioTis yiehl abun-
outh also produces
utween tlie iiavallel
sts, ill which bears,
WiUl horses roam
Ko. IV.-" Eussiau

en hunilreil aurochs, a
reserved by \.lie govern-

ocially in the imrth.
nobles. The lower
lird tlie popidation,
tly boULdit and sold
They were eniauci-

rch, of which the Czar

10 capital, fmuuleil by
near tlie mouth of the
west of St. Petersburg,

■ of Riga, is one of the
•s and Itevti are fortified
)wina, was formerly the
s in the year.
,, is a magnificent city,
n;iddle of the city stands
;s, churches, and palaces,
ne of the towers contains
jur tons. A much larger
. Two-thirds of Mo.scow
e to it in order to deprive

rras.

fair, which continues for
people from the various
) was long the cajiital ot
dep6t in the trade with

NTRAL&- SOUTHERN EUROPE.

•■'•'».|- .«., In,l, Mf'W.y. /.

PRUSSIA.

101

Witraaw {HiljOOO), on tlie Vistula, »;»« tlie oapitiil of rolaml. Vihin
(5(1,000) is an iin|)ort!iut commei\i:il town of PoiuiiJ. Keurly li:ilf its
iiiliiibitants are Jews.

223. Odessa (170,000), tiie most imiioitant port on tiie liiack Sea, is
stionjrly fortified. It exports Krain, leatlier, anil tallow. Rdiaxtupol,
ill the Crimea, is noted for its sief,'e in 1854 and 18;"5. Xiki)hiii'r is a
naval station. Taijanrcxj, on tlie Sea of Azov, exports frrain. Astva-
khaii, on an isliind at tlie mouth of the Volt;a, carries on an exloiisive
trade witli the countries of Asia.

221. The principal exports of Russia are irrain, tlax, 1k'iiii>, tinilur,
tar, iron, tallow, wool, and leather. The imports are mauufactuiid
j.'Oods, tea, and tropical produce.

An important overland trade i.s carried on with (.'liina.

22."). The tiovcniincnt i.s an al'.snliite hcivditary iipiiiardiy.
Tlie will of the Czar, or Eiiipei-or, coiitniiled only liy iMiMic
<i|iini(Jii, is law.

'Iho army iiuinhers ahout 800,000 nipn. The naval force is com-
paratively siiKill. The revenue is .-ihoul *',Ml,ii(lil,Onu.

22d. The Russian Empire is next to the liritish Kmpiiethc nii,,(
extensive political clivision in the worhl. Uesides the posses.sions in
Europe, it inclndes nearly one-third of .\sia. The tol.al area is ahoiit
T.SOO.OiiO square miles, or e(|ual to a sijuare of 2Sti0 miles. The
p pulalion is climated at 74,500,(iO(i.

Circassia lies alonn the northern slopes of the (":mcasus. lis in-
hal'itants, a finely formed and lirave race, who stiiiiiuled lon_' for
iiide|ienilciu'e, have removed in hii'.'e nunihers to Turkey.

QUESTION. -A vessel sails from New Orleans to Liverpool in
EiiRlaiid, thence to Odessa, and thence to London; tlirousjh what
waters does she pass, and what are the freights?

PRUSSIA, INCLUDING NORTH GERMANY.

il-27. rnts.sja i.s .sii|iimisci1 tn lakr its nuiiif trmu a liar-
lianms triln' callid tin' /liirii--:<i, wlm iivcil nrar tlu' iiiniilli
ot the Vistula. Tliif* rcjiiuii wad .iiilijiii.'att'(l liy the Tmitoiiii'
Kiii.uhtH aliiiiit the middlu of tiio tliirtceiitli I't'iitiii'y. It
HiilmciiiU'iitly fell under the power of i'uhiiid, luit lieeaiin' an
indeiieiident diieiiy in Ui")7. It aei|uired tiie raid< nf a Mn--
ddin in I7'il,

Kreileriik the (Irent, who ciinic to thc> llinuie in 171". iii.i'le I'russiii
one of the leading poweni of Knrupo. lie ^;really enlai ;e I his dninin-
ionH hy the addition of Silesia and part of I'ol.uid. (V<i /'ii.i.im, 211 ;
and Ciilliir'n avrut K'riitu, pp. 125, 2iil-27I!.)

22S. Until lueenily I'ruhsia oonHisto'l of t> ■ poitions, sepaiiiled liy
Niiiall (lerinnn Stie. •<. Ilaviiii! gained a ^reut victory o\cr the Austrian
and (iernutii forei - in IHtid, I'runnia as.tiniieil the supreme powii over
the whole of Herin iiy north of the .Main.

'fill' Sliiti'.H ri'iM'iitlj UK (irponilcil Willi l'ru»niii lue lliiuincr, IIcocCuhscI,
lli'Kai' llomliint.'. Nhnhiiii, I'ruMkfort ontlii' Main, ^>c)iI('h\vIi(, lliil»tuiii, Hnd
l.'iilcnhnrK The followini; Sliili'i iirc eioHidy conililiu'd witli I'liKnlii :
ii|<lii|iliiirK, Mil kliMiliiiiK, llruimviek, llisni' llunimliidl iioilli ot Main.
Viilmit, l.ippi'. VViilili'ik. .'SaMiii> ; tlie ho' l'ltlc^ llii.ilciiK. IIivmh'Ii, and
l.nlivrk ; ami tl'c Tliurlni;laii statin

2-2',). I'niHsia is iioniided, mi tiu' iioitli. li\ ilie .Nrnth .Sa.
I'enuiai'k, and tliu iSallie ; east, liy KiinMia ; soiilii, liy

AiLstria and Soiitli Uennaiiy ; west, liy l""raiiee, Beloium,
and Holland.

2o0. The coast is low, varied by sandhill.s. ^titliiicr J/aff, Fri.idie
Huff, and Vuviachc Huff are lagoons, or shallow river estuaries, sepa-
rated from the Baltic by narrow ton;;ue3 of laud. The extent of coast
has been much increased by rcci.nt acfiuisilioiis. The principal island
is liuimi, ill the Baltic, once sacred to the goddess Hei tha.

•2'.il. The surface in the north is low, einlnaeinif exten-
sive sandy heath.s, peat nioiirs, and niai'.shes. It rise.s gradu-
ally to the hilly and nnmntaitioii.s regions of the south.

The principal mountains are the Siii/-fli; /I'ii'.ini-ffchinp',
and En-i]ebir<je, l)(!tw('eu I'ru.ssia tiiid Austria; and the
Ilartz, in Saxony and Hanover.

lirockcii, the hiu'hest point of the Hartz (IS'ilO feet"), is noted for the
I magnified iinaues of objects, called the .S/ncOr o/ thr JJrockm, bcea
] occa.sionally in tin' atmosphere at sunrise.

232. The river.s are of <;reiit iidvanta^'c to interniil com-
merce. The principal are the Uhlue {Mosdlc, Mnin), A'ms,
lUcsv-/', J-J/fic [Sini/,', l/'irr/, S/tr,'f), (hhf {\\'<h(h<i}, Vi.<hfl<i^
I'lrifl, and .\ i< 11)1 II.

i:y.\. Tiie soil is poor in the ndrtli. except in tla; rivci'
valleys. The most fertile parts are Silesia aid the Kliiiie
I'rovinces.

2;M. The climate is mild in the west, humid ia the north,
and ciild in tlie iinrtli-cist.

2''J.'). Almost all the Uoct'iil minerals arc obtained iVom tlio moun-
tains. The shores of the H.dtic h.ivc loii>; been celebrated for amber,
which is washed tip liy the wavf;«.

2;u;. Tiie ciiltiv.ilcd plants include all tlic pfudiicts of
cool, temperate countries. The vine is extensively eiilti-
vatetl aloiii,' the Ithine.

Uhcnish wine.s are celebrated for thiir supcrun ipMlity. Tine
foreHts cover linj^e portions of the bnndy low hinds,

2:17. The iiiluiliitaiits, ne'stly ( iirmaii, are distini^iiished
fur intelligence and industry,

I'niveriiities, normal schools, and ciunni n .-.Km. Is arc ntMucroiis.
Attendance at scho..! is oompiilsory. The niiijorily of tin. inhabit intM
art) I'rotestantH. .Ml deiioiniiintioiis liavo mpml |irivilot;e»,

Towns, 2;ix. Ihrliii (.1|t;.oiMM, on the Spree, is the cipital and
lar),'cst city. It has iiupoitaiit maiiulactiires, and is noteil for its lite-
rary in.stitutions. Its iniivei'sily is one of the inoHt crlehratod in the
World. I'lilxliiin, LS miles from llerlin, in a prlnei|>iil sImiIom for tho
army, ami contaiiiH the royal palace of Siiim-Sniici.

/<C(.v/(i(t iH.I.OMa), on thettder, h.is It unatwoo' lair, i'mnki'iii'
Is a maiiillactiiriiii; .iinl coiianeiviul town,

2ai», /hi}il:ii\ II stron.'ly fortitied town near the inoulli of |hi< Vis.
tula, in the moKt imporlaiii port, and has a lari:o lorelun c,,mmerct',
,>/t^'iH, itt the mouth ol the uder; A'r.iio/.»/>ni'/ ('.M.iiaiH, near the
mouth of the IVeuel; mid Mi mil, on the ('uiinehe Halt, exp>>rt .'laiii
and other produce. Sfi'iilmunl lit noted for itit KJeuf in Id'j", /'lim'n
was the biithphii'o of CopeinicuH, J'oni n, once the cupii J i' I' , hind,
i'XportM urain, tlax. and toUi. eo.

''^rr

102

EUROPE,

Mtiijtlchnrii (Tl'.OilO), a stroiitrly loi'lilied town on tlie Elbe, lias im-
portant nianuliii'turcs. Wittciihitnj is tlie place \n wliicii the Jtefoniia-
tion hoL,'aii, in 1517. IfaUc is noted for its university.

210. Ilan^iccr (71,0"i)), Ooltiiir/cn, and Ehihdru, are the chief towns
of Hanover. Jlnnisvick, Cc'iiiri/, and \yirsh(((len are important
towns, Jiiif in Holstein, and Flenshorg in Schleswip, are sea-ports.

Ihanhnr'j (176,000), on the Kibe, 70 miles from its mouth, is one of
the fir.st roniniercial cities on the continent. Liiherk once stood at the
lioad of a confederation of free cities, known as the I/unnc Towns.
nrcmcn has a large trade. Frankfort, on the Main (7'2,OilO), was
nntit rocchtly the capit.il of the (Tcrinan (!onfedoration. The la.st four
cities were distinct States in the Confederation, and wtrc culled /)■«■
towns.

Dresden (128,000), tlie capital of Pa.xony, is a beautiful city, noted
for its library, museum, and picture gallery. Dresden cliina is made
at 3/rissni, 14 iiiilcs distant. Ldjinic is celehratcil for its preat lairs
and book trade.

211. Cvfiviiic (120, .WO), the most commeivial town on the lihine, has
a masnificcnt cMthodral. Its ill -dniined streets t;ive rise to olVcn.-ive
odours. J)n.i.i(/(liir_f, on the Illiine, exports the cotton and silk manu-
factures of Ha mil n ant\ FAIrrfdd. (.'ohlcnz, at tiie coiifliirnoe of the
Uhine and ■Mo.'-elle, trades largely in Illienisli wines. The strons
fortress of Flirciihr(it--^liin is on the opjjosite .~ide of the river. Trcrai,
on the Mopfjlc, is noted for its Doinan anlir|uities. Awhin, or .1/.'-
la-C/ii'tH'lle, is famous for its liot sprinjrs.

2\-2. Tlie clijcf pursuits aro iigriciilttiiv, giaziiii;, iiiami-
i'actminii, iniiiui!,', and iniiin'orcc.

The exports aro grain, tlax, wo,.!, linen, woollon cloth, pottery,
wine, and zinc. iSaxon wool is considered tiio liest in Kuropii.

The imports arc Cotton, silk, llsh, sujar, tea, eoll'ee, and other tropi-
cal products.

•2iX TIio goyernment is a licvcilifaiy iippiianliy, witli a
Parliament of two lloiisi's. The King has hitherto exercised
nearl.y ahsoliito jiowcr.

Prussia coni^lsts principally of a confc b'ration of Herman States,
The regular army numbers about 20(J,imi(», and is thoroughly ill illrd.
Every man undc>r futy years of age is liable to service i' time of war.
The navy is unall.

I'rusMn and France arc t ho leading and rival oowcrs nn the conti-
nent of Kurope.

AUSTRIA.

•Jll. Till- nni'lens nl" this eniiiin was a sihmH airhihu'hy
ralh'tl Austria, (ir the I'lastcrn (iover-iniciit, IVom it.s |i(isiti(iM
with r('s|iect (d (I'l-manv. The empire iseoiniidsed oi'variiam
eiuiiitries, suine id' wliieli were (diee distinct and liitwerl'iil
nationH.

21.1. Hun«ni'y, in tlie cant, is still connlitulionally an inilopeiidcnl
kingdom, ntlnciied to the crown of Aimlria, U «as excited to u

vigorous but iiiiNi Hsl'iil slnigglo for Hcpaialion in 1H|1», by thi>

di''<polivni of the OoviMiiment,

The we..ti'rn )irovincrii of .Austria are within the bonnils id' Oiriii.iny ;
the northeastern were the Austrian share of the spoil of rolan.l.
Li'tnlmi'ily and Venice have been surrenileled to Italy.

Ii4tl. The pienctit dynncly of Anntrin, culled llio //uiisr o///i(/»«'ii/iv/.

began with Albert 1. in 127;-!. The Dukes of Austria were successively
elected Emperors of Germany from 1437 to 1804, when Napoleon sub-
stituted the title Emperor of Austria. Under the constitution of
(ierniany adopted in 1815, Austria presided at the Diet, until shorn of
that honour by Pru.ssia in IStJil. (See 228, 315.)

247. Ati.stria is liminded, on tlie uortli, l>y Prussia and
Russia ; oast, l>y Russia and Turkey ; south, by Turkey and
the Adriatic ; west, by Italy, Switzerland, and Bavaria.

The coast, confined to the east side of the Ailriatic, is quite limited.

24>. Tiie surface is mountainous, iiarticularly in the
west, Tlie jiriiieiii.il motintains are the J //w, in the south-
west ; and tiie ('<irp'tllii<mf, in tiie east and no' "i.

liohomia and Moravia are surrounded by mount, o — the /'*•;•
ijihirg'', J!icscii-;/cliiriie, Mnri.vlic-ijibiri/c, and liohmer>i'(diL

On the nortii of the Cariiathians is the plain of Galicia; on the
south, the great plain of Hungary, {Sec Jiiirupe, 33.)

241», The rivers embrtice the middle course of the Danube,
with its tributaries? the ///», Druvi', and Sure, from the
south, and the M'ircli, Wxut/, and '/'/k'I.is, from tiie north ;
and tlie ujiiier courses of tlie J'J/ljr, Odi'i; and VUttdn.

2"ii>. xW: soil is ociierally fertile, but not very cnrefidly
( ullivated. The plains of Ifuimary afford pasture for larj,'e
numbers of cattle, hor.se.s, and sheep.

The climate, except on tlie mountains, is mild. The ex-
tremes arc ,1,'icater than in Western Kiirnpe.

251. The mineral resources are varied and valnabie, embracing
iron, coppor, coal, i|uicksilvrr, lead, salt, gold, and silver. The sail
mines near Cracow are considered the most extensive in the woild.

2.')2, The agricultural pnidiicts include all the eommnii
;;i-ain9. The wiiu' orape and muUicrry are extensively eidli-
Viitcd in the sMiitli. The wines nf Hiiirgiry are eelebrated.

i'lW. Tlie inhabitants lielom,' to several dilferent races.
The jirincipal tire the (Jerinan, in the west; Mau'ysu* or
Ilunuarian, in the east ; and the Slaviuiian, in the north-
east. Jews are nuiinniiiH,

Till' Oormaiis are the ni'st intelliu'cnt. Three-fourths of the inhabi.
taiils are Uoman Catholics, but other denominations are tolerated.

Towns.'- 2.1 1. Vinnin (,100,000), the capital. Is situated near the
Piiiiiibi', It is till! great seat of nianiifactiiri's and eomnierce, and has
line literary institutions, Frinjiii- (] I2,0ll0i, tho chief city in |toliemi;i,
has a celebrated university and extensive maiiulactiires, 7'(7)/(/," and
/uirlHliiid Mv noted watei ing-|ilaces, liriinii (fiS.OiMi), in Moravia, i<
tlie chief Hi at of the woulleii manufactures. Twelve miles east is
,1 ".«/( rlil:, tho scene of a groat Imttle in 1H(),5,

25.1. l.iw: in a fortitlcil town on the Danube, Siil:lnir>i is noted for
it< calt minex. t/niti ((iil.OoUi lias iron iniuiufai'tiires, /drin is an
uiilicallhy pirtci'. with liirge iiuicksilver mines. Trimtr ((!5,nOO), on
till Adriatic, is the chief port and centre of foicigti Iraile. lnnnliriti k
leiH I xleiisiv*. woollen and silk nianufartuies. At Trent the cplubrat. I
Cliiircli Council was held finiii 1515 to 16ii;i.

2f>tt. l/mhtnj ("O.UOii), the largest oily In (lalieia, has a gre.it

SOUTH (JF.iniANY.

103

tria were successively

when Napoleou sub-

r the constitution of

le Diet, until shorn of

h. hy Prussia ami
itli. by Turkey and
1, ami Bavaria.

■iatie, l-; quite limite<I.

)artlcular]y in the
Alps, in the soutli-
iiid no' 'i.

inoMnt, ,N — tlie Erz-
Jjii!i)iier>i:at<l.
,iu of Galicia; on llie

)urse<)f the/A/»"'^'',
Ami S'lr,', fnini tlie
i,v'.<, from the mutli ;
, ami Vis(i(/'t.
t not very enrefnlly
ird pasture tor hir,;;e

IS. is niihl. Tlie ex-
ope.

i.l v.iiuiiMe, einbi-aoiii,'
ami .silver, The ^':lll
nsivo in tliu world.

ih' all tlie common
VI' extensively eulti-
;.iiy are eclehrated.
■ral (litlercnt race.o.
west ; Magyar or
.iiian, in the nortli-

'pf(i\irtlis of till- iiiliatii-
utiiinH i\ro tokratcil.

1. is situftted near tlio
iind ciiiMniorci', and li'i-t
liiMliicl'.'ityin UMlicMii;!.
utraclurpH. Ti'tilil: and
(."iH.OiMil, ill Moravia, i.<
Twclvi' miles (iiHl i-<

Siil'Jiiii'il in noted for
nifaitun's. Iili'in in an
H. Trifuli' (li.'i.eOin, Ml
iriirii Inide, l)i>ii>hi'h<k
At Tirut till' I'clulirali d

' Uulioiii, has ft ureiit

annual ftiir. Cracow (41.000), tlie ancient eaijital of Pcland, lia.s a tine
cathedral, where many of tlie Kings of Poland wire crowned ami buried.
Near the city is a mouuu 150 feet hi;;h raised in honour of Kusciusko,
and Composed of earth culleoted fruni all his battle-i;rounds.

257. Biida (flS.OOO) and J'csth (132.00U), on opiiosite sides of the
Danube, form one city, the capital of IIuiiL'ary. I'nuhurij, on the
Danube, was the ancient capital. A'oHioJVi is suongly fortiticd. Tokaii
and Erhia are famous for wines; Schcmnitz and Krcmnitz for gold
and silver mines ; Dtbmczin and KhatKCnljunj for luaiuifaetiues.

258. The chief pursuits are atrriciilture. mining', niaini-
faeturiiiv', and commerce.

Manufacturing ia most e.Ktensive in tiie (lernian pro-
vinces.

The exports are crain, manufactures, minerals, lumber, and wine.
The imports are cotton, tea, coftee, sugar, and ullier trupieal produce.

259. Tiie government is desiiotie. temjienMl witli as nnirli
(if con.stitutional form as eircumstiiiices nialie iieeessary to
preserve the empire from dismemlnrnuiit,

Sevtra' of the provinces have Ion," jeeii lieM nnly by military furcc.
The Kinperor has lately conceded to llnniriiry her ancient onn-titutiunal
gdveriiment. The army numbers from 4mO,OOU to 000,000 men. The
navy is small.

Austria occujiies the lowest rank among the great powers. National
tankruptcy and diversity of races in the various proviiieei of the
empire are tlie chief sources of weakness. There is an increasing de-
sire am( ni: the Slavonic population of the ii"rtheaslein provinces for
union with Itiissia.

SOUTH GERMANY.

2f!i>. Germany, called Dt iitsr/i/itn-l hy tin' ii.itivrs. alihoiiuh
iiicludinii many States, may lie eonsidereil iiiidir three ccncral
divi.siouo :--tiie I'liixnidn Sf(il':<, in tiie north; tiie AaMrlaii
Stdtf'.i, in tlie Hotith-east ; and .South (Jermany, between the
1 liver Main and Switzerland.

I'or tlie first and second illvlslons, see I'i-iish'ih and An.'lri'i.

i:(il. Gernwuiy has been called the labyrinth of m'OL;raphers.
Composeil of many small State.^, somo in seattcnd frag-
ments, some connected witii non-Germanie Slates, it has for
a;^e8 liad a more involved political orLiaiiizatioii than iiiiy
otlier part of (he world.

2(52. (Jermany formed the eastern half of ('iiarlcmiiu'iic 's empire.
From 1U2 to 1805 the various Slates were lea).Micd to^'itlier lur mutual
dtfeiice, under a common (leclivo head, ulyh-il the Kmperur of tier-
many. This organization wan brnken up by Nap'ilciin I. From l^l,'i
to KS(iG the (Jeriii.inic (.'oiifederatloii ooiiKisted of lliirt>live suvereinn
HtiitPH. Kneh Stale had independent eonliol over its internal all'air.t;
wliilHtnll matters pertaining to di fence were managed by ,in a»>eiiibly
of representatives called the tiiit, which was eunveiied at Kralikf'iit-
oiithoMain. The leadiiiK Slates weio Aii.ilria and Prussia; iievt in
rank were llavaria, Wurleinbini;, llannver, Saxony, and llaileii.
Austria presided at the Diet.

i'ruMta liaviog on UilVeretit uccuitions utteiupluU tu form a new or*

ganization of Germany, has now succeeded in placing herself at the head
of all the Northern States. \.'<u I'l-iii'sia, 228 ; Aastria, 1 4(j.)

2(i:}. South (Jermany compri.ses the Kiinjdovis of liaiuvid
and Wurtcmbunj, the Grand Duvltij <>f ]>a<liii, the southern
half n{ IJ esse- JJ'.irmdadt, inn] the J'ruicipa/dif of Liec/ittu-
steiit.

Liechtenstein, south of Lake Constanci?, is noted as the .smallest Ger-
man State— area, (33 siiuare miles.

2(!-J Tlie surface of Smith fiermaiiv U elevated, and
varied with tablL'-lamI.s, luountaiiis, and dells.

The mountains are t\\o Jl'lnntvirii/it, in the east; the .l//w. in the
south ; and the >Sehwarl:wakl, or /Jlark Fan.it, in the west. The lat-
ter furiu the water-shed between the Danube and the Ulione.

2(1.'). Tlie soil is ueiierally Very fertile; and tlie climate,
txeejit in the mountains, i.s mild. The products are ,i,'rain,
llax, hops, wine, and tobacco. The mutintains ullbrd line
pastiiraj,'e and timber.

20i). Institutions of learning of all grades are mimerons. .\ltond-
ance at school is compulsory, and the inhabitants are intelligent.
.M innfacturing is extensively pro.secuted.

The States have constitutional governments, and are leagued together
for defence. They have also made a treaty, otlenaive and defensive,
with Prussia.

2(;7. Bavaria consists of two jiortionH, sejiarated by Laden
and Wurtenioiini. The western division, on the liliine, is
.sonictinK's eall'd the I'ahitiiiiHe. Tiie total urea is aiioitt
oiir and a li.di times lar.:er than Nova Seotia. Tlic in-
habitants are notcil beer drinkers, ropiilalion, -l.dDH.OOU.

20.S. Miiiiicli (MS, 000), the capilal, on a table land at the f-nt of the
Alps, has many tine public buildings. It is nuted lor the manufacture
of telescopes and muthematical instrumenls. Ilnhenliiiikn is a vil-
la.;e twenty miles east. A'ioth/'jiuv/ i02,OOO , noteil I'or its inventions
in the mechanical aits, is an ancient town. The other important towns
wwi Aii'jxfiiivii, SiniCK, Itttlidinii, /'((.v«(", and lUtiitlirii.

2(!l). Wurtemburg is about oiie-l'inutli tiie size of liavaria.
Population, l,T>;j,tMi'i.

Shittimrl (50,000), the capitil, has a beaiilifiil situation, siiir"iinded
by hills clothed with vineyards, i'lm has a fiiio cathedral.

271'. Baden, lyinu' aloiii; the ri^lit bank of the Dannlie,
is about one-third the size of Nova ,Seotia. I'lom its lieatity
and fertility, it has been eiiHed tlie I'aradisc of (Icrmaiiy.
I'opulatioii, I,:i7i»,t"i(i.

< iiiUrahi 127,00111, the capital, has thirty two slrnts, all of which
diverge like the ray* of a fan from thu ducal pahu'u in lliu centre
JlmUit-Ilitileii, v^itli waiiii Kprings, is a noleil watering place, Mumi-
/ir 11/1 has a large trade, /A o/rZ/xr;/ has a bcautilul situation. Di the
ci bar of a ruined caHlle is the faiiiuim tiin of Heidelberg, eapablu of
liol ling eight hundred hogshead.'* of wine.

JhiriiiK'iKlt, .l/(((/is(B iitr"iig military station), iroCHi*, and llin'jeii
urv the uhiof lowiw iu lleuu liuriiiktudt.

lot

KI'Uol'I

HOLLAND,

I I Oli TtlK KI.\i;l)OM or TIIK NKTIlKUI.AMi:^.

271. Tlio niiincs of this country, si^uityiiij^ Imrlnnih, are
I expressive of its physical cliaractcr.

In tlifj iiiiildlo afies Ilnllanil and tlie inljuinin',' kiiiml'im of I'lclijiiiin
I'oiisiiaU'ii of sevenleeu siniill Suites, anions wliich l''lai)ders and Br;i-
lii»nt took tlio load. In 140ti they Ijocaine sulijeot to tlio !•■ !-.e of
llur^undy, and .subsequently were inlieritod liy tlio He ise of Austria.
From Cliarles V. of (ierniany tlit' Netlieilands pas.sed to liis .son I'liilip
of Spain.

272. Oppressed liy tyranny and pcrsoc'ition, seven of tlio provinces,
in \Uli\ asserted llieir freedom from tlie Spanisii yoke, and formed
the Reiiuljlic of ILdland, or the ^n-en United Prm-iiires. The new
repuMio, mr\kin:; rapid strides in prosperity, soon beoanie the first
coinmeroial CDuntry in Kiiroiie, and its eolniiie.s were established in all
parts of the world. Hidland became a inoiiarehy in 17-17.

Holland is still a pi-ospi^nms country, but its relative iniportniice has
)^really declined. (.Sec Cul/icr's Orcitt I'.veul.-f, p. 11*8.)

273. ITolliiinl is bniimli"! on tlio north and \vest liy the
North Sea; on the east by Prtis.sia ; and on the .soiitii by
Bel);iuni,

Tiic coast in some parts is below the level of the sea, in
others it is skirted by broad .saud-liills raised by the winds
and wave.s,

271. The rivers Sehelde, Mense, and Rhine enter the sea
by various channels, and their broad estuaries enclose several
Lslanils. The Zuiiih'r Zi-e is a ;,'idf extendin,!.; 45 miles
inland, formed by an irruption of the sea nearly six hun-
dred years a,i,'o. Olf its mouth is a chain of small islands.
The f.auii.'1'v Ziw iuid the J)nlUtii are ^nUs I'nrnird in a simi-
l;ir manner.

liy a villi, lit storm, in the early part of the lifteeiilh ci-ntury, Ihe sea
w;is driven np the istiiary nf the Mi.um', seventy-two vilhiaCs were
deslrou'd, and 20,000 people Inst their live.s.

27.". The surface id' llnlliind is remarkably lnw and level.
The only hills are he sand-1'aiiks (Ui sdiiie parts nl' the
coast.

The country is ppitecteJ fri-m inumlalidn alnn;; the low coasts and
livers by dikes, in Bomu caseg CO feet lii;;li. These dikes are closely
watched, mid a break is promptly ic|)aireil. On the dikes, wliicli ir-
ter.sci't the onuiitry in all diiectinna, are canals, often liordered with
rowB of trees, loiil sirviiij,' ihe doiiblo inirpi'sn of navigation and dr.iin-
le/o. Crowds of skaters c.ivcr the canals in winter. The lands en-
.■l.iscd within thodikis, eallnl /io'</-)v, aivdiaiiud by pumps, ::eiierally
worked by windmills, jMaiiy sinall lakes huvo lieen drained in a
Kiinilar manner.

27(1. The soil is rieh, and earefiiUy eiiltivateil. Tlie
climate i,-< very humid, and the bri.uht davs in tiie year are
f \v. Tn winter the cold is severe,

The products are rye, oat,s, biiek-wheat, ^rrass. tlax, and
abundance olyanleu vei;etaliles. The pastures are excellent ,

hoi'ses and cattle are reared in irreat numbers ; there are no
forests.

277. The inhabitants are called Dutch, and arc noted for
intellij^ence, industrj', enterprise, and cleanliness. About
two-thirds are Protestants, and one-third Roman Catholics.

Towns 278. The Ilanue fS2,000), between two arms of the Rhine,

near the North Sea, is the cipital. It is a beautiful city. Am-stm/am
(2tJ3,000), the commercial capital, is on an inlet of the Zuyder Zee,
called the Y. It occupies marshy ground, and the houses are built on
piles driven deep into the eartli. Oaiials supply the jdace of streets.
Jloltcnliim (111,000), on the Meuse, is also a givat roinmercial city.
27!'. Schiedam is noted for its L'in. I'tccrht, noted for treaties, lias
i extensive wonlleu niaiiufactuies. J.r>/ilen has a tine university. As
a reward to the iiihabitiints of Leydeii for their heroism in resistin,'
the Spaniards in 1573, the Prince of Oran;;e ottered to fmiiul a uni-
versity in the city, or to free them from taxes. They chose the former.
The other important towns are llaurkm (noted for its organ), Bois
Ic Due, (ifoiiiiii/cii, and J/(/c^^ ,''''^

250. The manufactures include pai)er, linen.s, woollens,
silks, leather, and ^'in. ^Machinery is driven ])rineipally by
windmills. Fisiiinj; is an important pursuit. The com-
merce is extensive. A larjje trade is carried on witli the
Dutch colonies in the East Indies.

The exports include dairy products, live stock, fiali, clover-.seed, gin,
and maiiufaitiires. The imports are lumber, stone, coal, lea, sugar,
Kpices, ai.d other tropical luoducts.

251. The government is a limitv'cl mniiarchy. The letris-
lature, called the S/uf's-O'ciirral, consists of two (.'hambei's.

The reveiuie is about |35,00O,O0O. The army nnmbers about G0,000
men.

282. The foreign possessions nf tlic Nethevlands are exteii'^ive. in-
cluding setllemeiits on the west cuast of Africa; .lava, Sumatra, and
iither islamls in the Kast Indies; Dutch Oniana; and Cura(,'oa and St,
lin^tatius in the West Indies. Ti'tal area eijual to a .siiuure of 830
miles. ri.).ill;iU.ill. IS, (1110,(111(1,

2S3. Dutch Luxembourg, snuth east of ''.el>.'iiini, is a licrmaii ;.'iaiid
duchy, j;iveii to tin' KiiiL' nf tjie Netheihiiids in 1814. It contains the
town (if I.ti.iimi iiiinj, one of Ihe stroinicst fortresses in Kuropc.

QUESTION. A sliip sails from Amsterdam to Batavia in Java,
and l)ack ; through wliat waters would she pass, and wliat frtii?lits
would she carry \

BELGIUM.

2M. lielyinm is chisely eniiiicctcd wiili llnllaiid in its
early history.

The ti'ii provinces nf the Nrlhcilaiids wliich now furin this kincr-

iloiii reiniiini'd ninh'r Spain uiilil 1711, wlo'ii they wi're led to Au.'^-

Iriii. Dniiiii,' the Frinch HeVMltiiinn they were aiiinxed to I'lance,
On the diiwnfall of NapohMU, llid.'iuiii and llolhiiid were united a.s the
Kinndcun of the Netherlands. This union beiiii/ distasteful to the
I'.iluiaii-', they ttithdiiw in ]8;t(l, anil pstalili.>li"il an independent
monarchy under Lenpold of Saxe Cnboiirt,'.

(ors ; tliLTC are no

and arc noted for
aiilincss. About
Roman Catliolica.

ro arms nf tlic llliine,
fill city. Aiii.itmlam
t of liic Zuyder Zee,
IB houses are l)uilt on
■ tlie place of streets.
it eommercial city,
iiiiteil for treaties, 1ms
I fine univer.sity. As
• lieroisiii in re.sistin^
SV-reil to f uiiil a >iiii-
I'lu'V i-liose tlie former.
;d for its organ), Hois

•, liui'ns, woollens,
iven principally by
mrsiiit. The coni-
arriud on with tlic

c, fish, clover-seed, s^in,
stone, coal, lea, sugar,

iiKuvliy. Tlie loLiis-
t' two Clianiboi-s.

lumbers altout 00,000

lids are extonsive, in-
i; Java. Sumatra, and
, ; and Cura(,-oa ami St.
lal to a si|uaro of 830

im. is a licriuan trrand
1811. It contains llio
SI'S in Kuriipo.

,u to Batavia in Java,
ASS. and what freiijlits

iilli

ll.illand in its

u iinw f.rm this kinc-
hi'V wi'rr- ceiled to An."-
pre aniii'.ved to Kram-e.
Iliiml wore nniieil aa the
>eini/ distasteful t^) th''

,li>h'd an iiideiiondcnl

FRANTK.

10.3

Bel(.'iuin is one of the most tlourishim; small kingdoms of Eur^jje.
From the numerous battles fought within its bounds, it has been
called the battle-field of Europe.

285. Belj,'ium is bounrled on the north-west by the North
Sea ; on the north by Holland ; on tiie east by Prussia and
Luxembourg ; and on tlie south-west by France.

The coast is fringed with sand-hills, ami is ahiut 40 miles in
length.

286. The surface in the north-west is low and level,
like Holland ; in tiie south-east it is more elevated and
niyged.

The prinoipal rivers are the S'hil'h and .lAvi.-ti'.
The soil is rendered so productive by careful cidiivation, iliat Belgium
has been called the garden of Europe.
The climate is temperate and humid.

287. Tlie mineral treasures in the .south-east are varied
and great. Coal ami iron are abundant. The other minerals
arc zinc, lead, niaii:;ane.se, marble, and slate.

The agricultural products are grain, ilax, h.ps, sugar beet, culinary
vegetables, and gra.-^ses.

Horses, cattle, and sheep are reared in large numln>r.s.

288. Tiie population is more dense tlian in any otiii'r
country, giving an average of 417 to the S(iuare niih'.

The IJelgians are intelligent and industrious. They are famed fir
skill in music, painting, and architecture. Nearly all are Roman
Catholics; but other de nmipations are tnloi'ated.

Towns,— 2S0. />rii!i.<>if.i nS2,0iMi), the capital, on the Sonne, is one
of the handsomest towns in Europe. It has extensive and varied
manufactures. Its lace and carpets are celebrated. Seven milts souih
is the battle-field of Wat.'iln.., «l,,.r.' N",'U"il''"n wms dcfi-ited in 1815.

MnM Ml MS OS WAinil.Mil.

Iir>igi:i, deriving its name from its numerou.s bridge.-:, was once a i;reat
commer-ial town. Ustcnd, the only maritime town, is strongly fiuti-
fied. Lieije, in the mining district, lias very extensive iron luann-
fiotures, X(tmin\ .\friii.i, Tcnnuii/. Mich'tn, Mh\ (Vrc/cct are impoi-
taut towns.

290. Belgium is one of the greatest niamifaeturinu
countries in tlie world, producing carpct.s, lace, cottons,
woollens, linens, tire-arms, engines, and cutlery.

The exports are manufactures, coal ami other minerals, flax, dairy
jiroduce, and live stock. The imports are grain, eottun, dye stutl.s.
tea, and tropical produce. The rivers, canals, and lailways of lielgium
afi'ord unrivalled advantages for inland trade.

2!»1. Tiie government is a constitutional monarchy. The
legislative power is vested in the King, Senate, and House of
Kepre.scntative.s.

The regular army numbers about 80,000. The Duchies of /.iiiibuij
and Liurmboiinj belong partly to Belgium and partly to Holland.

.liiZ/ccryi (114,000), on the Slicj.le, \h iI Iii.f cniMinen-ial city, and

contains u splendid c.ithedr.il. Uliiiit (120, Dim ,, js ||u' chief seat "f the
cotton ihunufaciiiies. In it.i enviruni are four hundred green-houws.

FRANCE.

202. Franee, aiuiently a Koinaii piovin idled (J.nd,

(ditained its present name from the Fninks, who eanie troiu
(iermaiiy in the tilth century. The Frankisii monarchy was
established by Clovi.s, d^ti .\.i).

The mi'st ilistinpiiislieil" nmn.ircli if rr;uii'i', in early tiiiii's. wast •'li,.rli'-
ni.iuiic, who;i' empire iiichnUil rriinn'. (M'rm.iny, iiinl ll.ily Tils-Sll
liiirini; the .Miilille .Nkcs nmny liini- wius wirc wiiniil In iwcrn I'ranci; iiinl
Knktlanil, piirticnliirly in the rciuns I'f llilwunl III, Henry V , iiiiil Henry \'l.

l!',»;t In recent times, France lias lieen the scene i.f three revnliition-t
17s',(, Is.iii, iinil ls4s . lUiriiiK the llrst revnlniiiin. I.miii .\VI iiinl liii

i|neen Marie Antoiiiette were lielieaileil ; the moniircliy win suec leil l)y .i

repiililic ; anil it ii^ain liy the empire nf .Nupnlinii I In l>:iii, ( liiirles X
wa.s ilethrnniil, iiinl tlie eriiwii w;i> tiveii to l.i.uis Pliilipiie In l>|s. I, mils
was ilepii'ieil, iinil a repMlilii'iiii unviTmnent was nrk'aiii/i'il ; wliieli in its turn
yieliled to the iniperi.il rule uf .Napilenii III. In Is.'cJ

2:1 1. Fr.iiK'e is liiiiiinlcil on the nm-th bv tin' i'.nulish
( 'lianiirl and r.rl'gimii ; e.ist. by (Ii-rm.iiiN', Switzirlaiid, and
Italy; soutli, by tiir !\Ieditrrr;iiiraii and Spain; west, by the
I!ay of IJisr.MV.

2'.).'j, The coast line is alioMt |."ii m 1 miles in Irnutil. The

most important inlets are Sf. M iiliuJ's llnii, I he //'i// '//

lUsr,!)/^ lllld tiie (,'ii/l'it' l.ii'iK. L'l llnijif is till' principal
eape, and Cufsii-'i tlie iiio.-t impurlaiit i>land.

The Island nf Corsica, li"liil as the birth place nf Napnleon I,, \^
lather larger thai. Cape lln lo|i. The iiiteiior is mnuiitaiii<>us.

There are "everal nmall isliind- mi the cia^l of Fiance, us I/ir'i'i.i,
/I, III' /.v/. , A'c, O'iruii. and f^lfuii.

21)0. Tl;o surface is geneiaily level or undulating. The
greater part of the coniitry ha.n n westerly slope. TIm'
highest iiiouiituin.'* are on the border."*, tlie /'i/ifntrfii Kepural-

106

ei'kopb:.

tUIAI'lMIATIIKlMM;.

iiii,' Fnuico fi'oiii Siiiiin ; tlie J //'.<, iR'twci'ii Fiance iiiul Italy ;

and tlie Jura, between France and Switzerland.

Towarils the east are several low mountain ratio's, including the
Vd.vjcs, Civciiiiis, atiii A inrriDK'. Mimt llhuic, Little tit. Dirnard,
ami Cdiis are border ptaks of the Al|is.

297. Tlic jiriucipal rivers are tlie Ithine {Mrusc, MoneUv),
lihonb ■ ' tone), Admir, (.i'<ir<iiiw\ L<nri\ and Hvim'.

liy means of its rivers France has 5o00 miles of internal navigation,
wliich is increascil by canals to &500.

21)8. The soil is L'enerally fertile. The climate is, fur the
most part, exceediiii^iy mild and deligiitful. (.SV'- Euvoite,
4.5, 4(i.)

The I'hief minerals are coal, iron, Uail. ami manganese. The jielil
of coal and imn i.-* n^l eiinai to the consnmiition,

29D. Tiie agricultural iirodnets include the conmi'in
f-rains, the vine; snuar heet, tobacco, olive, and nndbcny.
Oranges and lemons l'imw in the .smith.

The vine has been exti n>ivfly cultivated for ages. The mulberry
w.is introtiuced in the tifteeiitii century, 'i here are laru'e forests of
Piiiv, beech, chestnut, iiud jiiiie, in »liicii tears, wtijves, wild boars,
nnd the chamois arc nunitrons.

."jod. Till' inhabitants are maiidy Celtic, with .some ad-
mixture of the Tfiiloidc race.

The French are fond of dhow and iileasure. The prasniitry are very
ignorant; but the hinher classes are »eil educated. Tiie ^reiit built of
tiie |ieo|ile are Roman Catholics ; but Protestants are loleiated.

Towns.— oOl. /Viri« (1,700,000), the cajiital, occupyinK both bunks
cf the Si'ine, 100 miles from its mouth, is the second city of Kurope
lu population, and the tlrsl in splendour. It cuntaius a university

aitendid by 7000 students, a library with 1,800,000 vulumes, .and
rich collections of iiaintiuL' and sculpture. Among the line buildings
are the Tuileries and Notre Dame Cathedral, The Parisians are

NdTlO: n.VMK, PAIIIS.

models of politeness and faishion. In the environs are Virsaillcs,
noted for its splendid palace; Scvrm, famed for its porcelain; and
Foiitdiiiclileau, for its forest. i

Vfi

,000 volumes, and i
tlie fine buililings
The rarisiaus aie

Ions are Vivaaillcs,
its iiorceluin ; M\i\

SWITZERLAND.

107

3U2. Vlierbourg — with a preul breakwater and .strongly fortified —
Brest, L'Orient, Rochefort, and Toulon are the chief naval stations ;
Le Havre, at tlie raoutli of the Seine, is the greatest commercial port
of the north ; Marseille (219,()U0) is tlie most important in the south.
The other important ports are Dunkirk, strongly furtified ; Calais,
long owned by the English ; Bouhyne; JJiqipe; St. Malo; La Jtochel/c,
once a stronghold of the Huguenots; and yice.

303. Lyons (300,000), at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone, is
the greatest manufacturing town, including silks, cottons, woollens,
and jewellery. The following are important niaiiufacturing towns : —
Lille, strongly fortified ; Wilcnciennes; Vambrai; Amiens; Jloucn, with
a fine cathedral; Toulouse; Aimes, noted for antiquities; Besanoon ;
Col mar ; Mulhauscn ; A'ancii ; Jiheims, noted for its cathedral; M(t: ;
Tours; Limo'jes; Moulins; .'it. Etiintic ; SaiUes (108,000); and
Grenoble.

301. Stra.i'joury, near the llhino, is strongly fortified, and has a
cathedral with a spire 406 feet high. Jiordoaux (149,000), on tlir
(iaroime, trades largely in wines, brandy, and dried fruit. Bai/nnnc
is noted as the place where bayonets were first made. Moniinllicr is
Li'io great resort of invalids. Ai'>:inon was the residence of the I'upes
in the fourteenth century. Chuuiouni, in Savoy, is a village at the
toot of Mont Blanc. Ajaaio and Ba.ftia are the chief places in
Corsica.

3().j. The leading industries arc iiuriculture, maiuifactur-
ing, and conimenio.

Franco ranks next to Britain in iiianufacturos ami cimi-

niorce.

The chief exports are wines, brandy, silk.«, cottons, gloves, lace,
olive oil, and preserved fruits. The imports are cotton, coal, tea,
sugar, and trojiical produce. — Total value of exports, §377,000,000.

30G. The government is ponstitntinnal in form, Init the
Emppror lias almost alisolntc power.

France is prob;ilily the lirst military power in Europe, as the army,
thiHigli not the largest, is very cfi'ective. It numbers about 500,000
men. The naval force ranks next to that of (jreat Ihitain. The
revenue is about $370,UUit,oiM).

307. The foreign possessions, taken together, have an area about
one and a half times greater than the home territory, and a pnpnlutioii
of 0,000,000. The i)rincipal are : —

In America, /•'rineh h'liiiinn, (Inailalnupr. Murtinique. and some
otliors of the West Imlies ; ,'<t. I'icrrc and Mi'iiutmi, on liie coast ct
Newfoundland :

In Africa, Alytria. Sinriial, and the fslanit .. Jlmuiinn :

In Asia, a maritime district in Cochin China, Poniliclurrn anii
other small territories in Ilindostan :

In Oceania, the .ManjUisas, Xen: Cahjln.i.i. and Tnhiti.

QUESTION.— A vessel sails from Halifax to the West Indies;
thence to France; and thence to St. Joliu; what freights would she
carry ?

SWITZERLAND.

3(>8. Switzrrlanil. aiiciciitly calleil Helvetia, derived it.s
present name troiu the canton of ^chweit:. whieii took a
leading; part in freeim; the oonntry from the Austrian yoke,
in tiio hegiiiniti^ of the foiirteentii eeiitiiry.

The Swiss were arouscil to assert their independencp, by the tyranny

1 M \Mi,|s III N 1 IMi.

of Albert, Doke f .\uslria: and (b-ler, the .Au<^triaii tr'vprnT.
• ie.sler was slain by the patriot William Tell. (.Vrc Collier's 0'r(at
Events, \\ TJS.) '

3i»l). Switzerland is luiiiiiiliil m the imrtji l.y (In'many;
on the east liy .Vustria ; on the sonth hy Italy; and on tiio
west liy Franco.

The country is wholly inland, .■>nd is niin of the smallest States of
Europe. Extreme length, 21") miles ; bieadth, laO miles.

31n. Tlie surface is ureatly diversilied liy mmnitaitis.
valleys, jilateans, siiow-tields. '.^l.aeier.s, lakes, and streams.
The .southern half of the eoniitry is in the lid'ry A//iiiiv
retjioii. The Jura Mon nl'ihi.^ are nil tiie west.

Mitiil Bl'inr is on the Eieneli Imnhr ; Jlo^n and the Multcrliorn are
between Suitzcrland and Italy. Other importan' pi.'aks are St.
(•'iilhiiril. Janofraii, Finxtn'-Aar-llnrn, and Snircfklmrn. Tlio
mountains are in some places cleft by gorges several thousaiul feet in
depth,

:ill. The hiu'hor niniintaiiis are enverrd with perpi'tiud
snow, which sometimes descends in immense avalanches into
the valley.s. Land-sliiis also occur snniPtimes. Whole
villat;es have tlins Iteen bnried many feet in eartii and rocks.
In Slimmer, the ulaeiers, pree]iiiiL; down the e|c\-ated valleys,
contrast stran^iely with adjacent nrehards ami urain lield.s.
\Sfi' l'hiri>}i(\ 3(1.)

1512. Many rivers, as the Rhinr, .\ar. Inn, /ilnmr, ;.nl Tii'ino,
have their nrigiri in ihi; Alpine ghu'iers.

The lakes, Geneva, Xeujehatd, Ci'nstancc, and ftlier<, are notid tor
their beauty.

-J

''•rr

108

EUROPE.

;}13. The soil capal)!!; ol' tilla^x-, which loiuia Imt a hiuall
[ii'opditioii, is cart't'iilly cultivated.

The climate uiul products vary with tiie (.•Icvatiuii.

The lowi'r,i,'riiuiids and valleys yield tlie vine, tlie couuuou
grains, jiutatoes, and various fruits. Extensive numntain
jiastures sustain i^reat nund'ers of eattle, slieep, and j,'oats.

314. The Swiss are lu'ave, industrious, and intelliiront.
It is rare to meet with a person wlio cannot read and write.

About tlu-oe-lif'tlis of tliu iiili;il'it:mti arc Frotcstuiits ; the i-ciiiiiiiiiler,
liomau Catliiilici.

Towns.— 315. .Switzcilaiid cDn-sifitsof tweiity-twi) in'lc)iL>ii.leiu States,
called Cantoim.

There are but nine tnun.s hi Switzerlainl which iiavc over lo.oiio
inhabitants. These are Kerne, Fribours, Lau.-annc, (ieiieva, Neul-
chalel, IJa.sle, Lucerne, Zurich, and St. liali.

Ikriic eJ!<,000), on the Aar, is tlie .scat I't the Federal Diet, l.'tu-
.w/ofc has a beautiful situation en Lake Lciuan, r.'(/U'm t41,UUU), at
the et11u.\ of the Rhone from Lake Leiuan, is ihe larirest city. It is
noted for its manufactures of watches and jewellery. JIany illustrious
men have resided hero at ditVerent times. BokIc is at the head of
steam navi.L'ation on the Khirie. /.ni-icli has been called the Athens of
Switzerland. Ml'^rf is neted as the I'lace whue Tell sliot the apple
Iroiii his son's hi-ad.

lilt;. Tlie leading- industries are agriculture, grazing,
ami luanufacturing.

Tlie most important mamifaeiures are watchi'S, jewellery,
cheese, silks, and eottnns, whirh form the chief e.vjiorts.

317. The government is a I'ederal republic. The standing; ariu\
jiuujbers al/out bU.ooO men. Revenue, 6 J, 0110,000.

SPAIN.

31S. Spain formed a lloman province ■aiider the name id'
JJispaiiid. In 711, tlie ureater part of the peninsula was
Kiibjugiited hy the I\[ohamme(hin.-<. The ^Moorish or .Moham-
medan kinudom was, in 1(»:27. hroken into a numher of petty
states, which gradually yieldi;d to the rising powei' id' the
< 'hristiaii kurgdoms of Portui;al, Aragon, iind I'astile. The
Mohaiumodans were expelled from Spain by I'erdinand and
Isaliella in ll!t:2. These sovereigns hy their mariiage united
the kiimdonis of Aragon and Castile, and laid the fnundation
of the Spiinish monarchy.

ol!t. Under the patr^na^e nf Ferdinand and I-aliella, Columbus dis-
covered America. Spain, with her vast cohniial possessions, now be-
came one of the ridiest and most puwerful States of Europe. She held
l)enealh lier sway Mexieo. Central .America, two-thirds of South
America, and the Netherlands. Hy misnovernment and tyranny she
drove her I'^ilonics to rebcUioii, and she lias now dwindled to a second-
rate power.

ra 1.1. 1 1 1. II 1.

•\ the ^Mediterranean ;

and tlie Pyrenees ; east and smith
west by Portugal and the Atlantic.

The coast is generally bold and iv-ular. The principal
capes are Crtiii^e, S'l'i. P<ilu.i^ (;.i/.i. Turifa, Trafalgar,
Fiiii)il('rrc,in\d (>ri'<ia/. iS, r <;,/!,, ,'.< Hnd-^h JliMiirn,\). 3iH».)

The i,rincip;d islands are ilie Jlahtirir. embracing Majorat,
Miimmt, hi-.u, l-\,nifut<i-a,M\A (.'airc;'(i, with a united area equal
to two-thirds of Cape I'.reton. rroducts— wine, olives, and tlax.

•.\-l\. The surface of Spain is greatly diversitied. The
interior consists of a nigged talile-land from :1(Hmi to 3(iuo
feet high, sloping rapidly towards the [Mediterranean and
more gently towards the Atlantic. There are .several moun-
tain ranges extending east and west. [Si'i' Kiinjie, 3", 38.)

The principal rivers are the Minho. 7;.. !(/■.«, Ta'jn.i, (Imnfiamt,
(•'Kddiilijiiicir, K',r'i. '•inidnlnnur, Snrar. and .s'i(//o'((.

:]-2-2. The soil is generally good, but badly cultivated.

The climate on the coast and in the valleys is very hot.
The table-lands are stibject to drought and scorching heat
ill summer, and .severe cold in winter.

3'2;i, Spain is rich in minerals, including; silver, iron, lead, ipiiek-
silver, riK'ksalt, and coal. Through want of enterprise in the inhabi-
tants, the mineral wealth is lar,i;ely undeveloped.

324. The cultivated plants include the vine, olive, tlu.
miiUierry, wheat, rice, and sugar-cane. The forests contain
the cork tree, evergreen oak, and chestnut. The i.ilm grow-^

320. Spain is bounded mi the north by tlir P.ay o|' Piscay I in tl

le souili.

tin' McilitcmiiuMii ;

-iilar. Tlie iirinciiiiil
T<iriHi, Tnifiihjai.

r. tiuliniciug Majorai.
itli a united artii ei|iinl
;, olives, ami tl:iN.

y (liwi'.sitiiHl. Till'
(I iVoiu iiHMt to ;'j(tu(i

MriliteiTiUiean niul
-IV aiv sevinal inmiii-

1,1 Siijiiru.

hudly cultivati'd.
r villi.' Vrt is VlTV luit.

t aiiil si'di'diiii^ lii'^t

silver, iron, lend, n"!''''-
L-iiteipriso ill the iiiliabi-

the vine, iilivc, ti'^.
Thr tnivsts cOIltllill
,lilt. Thr l''>llll '-^1'"^^'-

PORTUGAL.

Large numbers of horses, mules, and sheep are paslureii on the
tablelands. The sheep are noted for the tineuess of tlieir wool.

325. The inhabitants are few in comparison with tlic
•size of the country. They are j^enorally very i^'norant.
Beggars and robbers are numerous. The bull fight is a
cruel but favourite national sport. The Roman Catholic
religion prevails exclusively.

Towns.— 32G. Madrid (302,000), the capital and largrest city, is
situated on a dry and barren plateau in the interior. It contains one
of the finest picture galleries in the world. About thirty miles to the
north-west is the Ksourial, a famous palace, nearly a mile in circuit.

linrccUma (252,000), on the Mediterranean, is the first city of Spain
in manufactures and commerce. Valencia (145,000), is nited for its
silks; ^l/(()r)f( (100.000), for nitre and gunpowder. ( Vu-^iyciia is an
ancient city with a fine harbnur and a naval arsenal. Malaga (113,000)
exports wines and raisins. Granada (100,000), ,SiviHe (152,000), and
Cordova (160,000), were noted Moorish cai)itals. Near Granada is
the Alhanibra, a famous i)alace of the Moorish kings.

327. Cadiz, a fortified city on the Isle of Leon, is a largo commercial
city. A few miles iidand is Xcrcs, where sheriy wine is extensively
manufactured. Coriiniia, a fortified port, contains the tomb of Sir
John Moore. T'crrol is a naval arsenal. Hilbaii is an imjiortant port.
San Sebastian is stror.gly fortified. Saragossa is a large city on the
Kbro. Valladolid, Salamunra, and Santia;io de ComponklUi have
univrsities. Scjoria is noted for its Roman a.iueducts. Tulrdo was
hmg famous for its sword blades. J'alma, on Majorca, contains a
large palace once occupied by the IiKpiisition.

OinilAI.TAK.

S2S. fiihraltar (15,000), on a jirojecting rock, has belonged to Great
lirilain since 1704. Its fortress, c(uisiclered the strongest in tlie world,
is 1500 feet above the sea. The chief importance of the town arises
from its commanding position at the entrance of the .Mediterran.an.

329. The chief industries of Sjiain arc agriculture, grazing,

and mining. Manufactures and commerce are greatly ne-
glected.

The \>rincipal exports are wines, brandy, olive oil, raisins, lemons,
oranges, cork, wool, quicksilver, lead, and salt ;— value, $15,000,000.

330. The government is a constitutional moniirchy.

The array numlters about 200,000 men ; but it is not well disciplined.
The navy, once the strongest in the world, is insignificant. Revenue,
1100,000,000.

331. The foreign possessions are CoiUi and Tftiian, on the north
0' ast of Morocco; the Canury Inks, Firnundi) I'o, and Annabona, on
the west of Africa ; Cuba, I'orto Rico, the eaat of Ilayti, and some
small islands, in the West Indies; and part of the l'hi/ijii)ine aiii
Ladrone /.s-Ziind.-i, in Oceania :— total area equals two-thirds ihe homo
territory. I'opulation, 4,74().oi)0.

PORTUGAL.

332. Portugal corresponds nearly with anciont Lu.sitania.
Its early history is closely connected with that of S|>ain. It
lieeame an independent monarchy in 113!).

Portugal took a leading part in the discoveries of the fifteenth cen
tury, and thus obtained vast colonial jjossessions. Her navigators
discovered Madeira, the Azores, and Itrazil, explored the west coast of
Afiica, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and discovered the maritime
route t" the Kast Indies.

From 1580 to lt)40, Portugal was subject to Spain. Since the latter
date, the throne lias been held by the llmise of liragaiiza. (Sec Soutli
Amfrira, 72.)

333, Portugal lies between Spain ami the Atlantic Ocean,
from the mouth of the Miniio to the mouth of the Guadiana.

The coa.st is in .some parts low and niar.shy ; in uther.s,

bold and rocky.

Cujic Jluca is the most westerly point of Europe. Oil' Ciipc SI.
Vincent Jervis and Nelson defeated the Spanish tleet in 1707.

3:^4. The ,1 rocct, 800 miles west of tlie mainland, consist of a nomlier
of Muall islands, having a uniteil area eipial to one-fourth of Cape
liiiton, and a jiopulation of 241,000. The islands are volcanic and
elevated. They are very fertile, yielding wine, sugar-cane, tobacco,
and oranges.

33.J. The surface of Piirtiigal is elevated in the interior,

csiieeially towards the nnrtli.

The chief rivers are tlu' .Uinbn, r>' urn, Moudci/o, Trnjuf, and
(inadiaiia. .M,iht of tlieni take their rist; in Spain.

33f). The soil is fertile, lait agriculture is in a very back-
ward state.

The climate is mild and iiealthful. The rainfall on tl:e
coast is very great during the winter months. Violent
earthquakes have sometimes occurred in Portugal. (iVt
/■Jiiropf, 45, 4fi.)

Iron, copper, lead, ,'inl other minerals are plentiful. Tiie agri-
cultural prodii(}ts are .-iimil.ir t' those of Spnin. Mul'^s. sheep, an-l
po.its are numerous.

> ; !

i ;!:

EUROPE.

3:37. The inhabitants are temiieiate, polite, and iiulolent ;

fund of music, dancing, and bull-fights. The lower clas.ses

are ignorant, superstitious, and miserably poor. The only

n '.igion is the Roman Catholic.

Towns,— 338. Lisbon (275,000), the capital, is on the estuary of the
Ta;;us. It was visited by an earthqualie in 1755, wiien 50,000 persons
lost their lives. Ojiorlo (80,000), near the mouth of the Douro, e.xports
lar^e quantities of wine, and manufactures hats, silks, and linens,
Coimhra in t\ie seat of the only university. Bva<ia, Hitahul, Evora,
and KIcaa are important towns. Aiiijra is the capital of the Azores;
I'uiita Dilyiuhi, (10,000) is the largest town.

339. The industries are similar to those of Spain.

'Ihe principal exports are wine, brandy, olive oil, oranges, lemons,
and silk ; —value, $iiO,000,000. The public roads in the interior are
very bad.

3-10. The government is a constitutional monarchy, in

which the power of the crowu is greatly restricted.

The army numbers about 21,000 men. l"he revenue is about
J15,000,UOO.

341. The foreign possessions are the Madeira /sl(s, Cape Verde
Isles, St. Tkotnas, and Prince's, on the west coast of Africa ; the
districts of Conyo, Amjolii, and Ucuijuda, in the west of Africa, and
Mozambique, in the east; Oou, and other small stations, in India;
Macao, in China ; I'inw, and other small places, in JIalaysia. Area,
about seven tiujes the extent of the home territory ; population,
2,310,000.

ITALY.

COLOSaECM.

342. The Kingdom of Italy has been organized since 185f),
by the combination of various small States.

since the dissolution of the Roman Kmplro, in 470, Italy has been tlio

scene of many political changes. The Lombarils established the kingdom of
Lnmbarily in the north in ;'iiW. The roiiedom was established in the centre
of Italy abnut the middle of the eighth century The greater part of the
country was included in t'harlemagno's empiru, and it was subsuiiuently
annexed to tiermany.

34,'!. During the middle ages, Northern Italy comjirised a large number
of independent republic cities, the more Important of which wer"! Vuiiici:,
(/uiuK, Fhinnci', I'i.tti, Jkiluijnii, Milan, Crininiid, and ravin. They were
noted for conmiercial enterprise, and fur the animosity with which they
waged war with each other.

314. Napoleon I. made the States of Northern Italy dependencies of
France, and gave Naples to his peneral, Murat. The Congress of
Vienna, in 1815, divided Italy into the following States :— The A'uii/-
doM of Sardinia ; Austriaa Italy, including Loinbardy and Venetia;
the O'ruiid JJucliy of Ttiscatiii ; the Papal States; the Kitu/dom oj
Xujjhs and .Siri/ii ; the Duchies of Pariiia, Lvcca, and Modena; and
the small Jhjjitljlic of San .Marino.

315. In the recent organization of Italy, Sardinia has furmed the
nucleus to which the other States have been annexed. Austria, de-
iVated by France and Sardinia in 1859, gave up Lorabari.y ; and again
defeated by Prussia and Sardinia in 1800, she yielded Venetia. In
1800, Napli'S and Sicily were added, through the victories of Gari-
Ijaldi ; and all the other States, except a small portion of the Pope's
territory, annexed themselves voluntarily. Savoy and Nice, lying west
of the Alps, were ceded to France.

346. Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and
Austria by the Alps. A large part of the kingdom is com-
prised within the boot-shaped peninsula between the
Adriatic and the Mediterranean. It also includes the
important islands of Sicilij and Sardinia.

317. Sicily, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Messina,
is about three and a half times the size of Cape 13reton, anil is the
largest islaiul in the Mediterranean. Mount Etna, in the east, is eue
of the most remarkable volcanoes in the world, Sicily is very fertile,
yielding grain, vines, and olives. Population over 2,000,000. The
Lipari Islands, on tlie north of Sicily, are a cluster of small volcanic
islands, one of which, Stromboli, containing an active volcano, is called
the light-house of the Mediterranean.

348. Sardinia is about half the size of Nova Scotia. The interior is
mountainous. There are extensive marshes on the coast. The climate
is insalubrious. The products are similar to those of Sicily. Popula-
tion, 553,000. Caprira, a small island off the north-east coast of Sar-
dinia, is noted as the residence of tJaribaldi. Elba, separated from
the coast of Tuscany by the Strait of Piombino, is 18 miles in length.
It was assigned to Napoleon in 1814 by the Allied Powers,

349. Tlie surface of Italy is diversified with mountain,
plain, and valley. Tiie Alps curve around the northern
frontier, and tlie Apennines extend the whole length of tlie
peninsula. {See Europe, 31, 32, 35, 36.)

There are many beautiful and fertile valleys in Italy.

In the north, between the Alps and the Apennines, is the
extensive and level plain of Piedmont, Lombardy, and
Venetia, watered by the Aduje and the /*o, and of unsur-
passed fertility. Along portions of the coast arc extensive,
low, marshy tracts, covered with rank vegetation, and
exhaling pestilential malaria. The most important are the
Maremma, Campac/iui, and Pontine Man^/tes. between the
Island of Elba and the Gulf of Gaeta.

bliahed the kingdom of
stablisheil in tlie centre
The (.'reater part of the
id it was subseiiuently

ii
nprlsed a large number
; iif which wer") Vtnicc,
and I'arin. They were
nosity with which they

ti Italy dependencies of
rat. The Congress of
ig States :— The Kiny-
onibardy and Venetia ;
'atcn ; the Khujdoni of
ecu, and Modena; and

irdinia has funned the
annexed. Austria, de-
p Lorabari.y ; and again
lie yielded Veuetia. In
1 the victories of (Jari-
ill portion of the Pope's
ivoy and Nice, lying west

:e, Switzerlaiul, aiul

the kingtlom is com-

linsula between the

t ivlso includes the

ikt.

)y the Strait of Messina,
Cape Breton, and is the
Etna, in the east, is tue
Id. Sicily is very fertile,
,on over 2,000,000. The
I cluster of small volcanic
n active volcano, is called

■a. Scotia. The interior is '
m tiie coast. The climate

those of Sicily. Popula-
le north-east coast of Sar-
Elia, separated from
ino, is 18 miles iu length.

Hied Powers.

iified with mountain,
around the northern
le wliole length of the

6.)

e valleys in Italy.

the Apennines, is the
lont, Lonibardy, and
the /'(), and of unsur-

le coast are extensive,
•ank vegetation, and
lost important are the

Marfhes. between the

I !

ITALY.

Ill

350. The chief rivers arc the Po, Ticmo, Adiije, Ariw,
Tiber, and Volturno.

The Po has for ages brought down immense quantities of earth. The
town of Adria, a sea-port at the Christian era, is now 15 miles inland.
The bed of the river has also been .so much raised in some places, that
huge dikes are built to keep the water in the channel.

At the foot of the Alps are the beautiful lakes Mafjrjiorc, Coma,
and Oarda.

351. The climate is dcligluful and salubrious, except in
the coast marshes, whicli are uuiuliabitable in the hot
season.

Italy is noted for its clear blue sky. The south is subject to earth-
ipiakes, and to a hot wind called tiie .sirocco, which blows from
Africa.

352. The minerals are iron, sulphur, borax, and marble.
The vegetable products include wheat, maize, tlie vine,

mulberry, and ulive.

Mrr.BKiutv AM) ^JI.K■^^lll:^r.

Rice is cultivated iu the low river valleys ; cotton, sugar-
cane, oranges, and dates, in the south.

Among the domestic animals are large herds of cows. In the .south,
no.\ious scorpions and tarantulas are numerous.

353. The inhabitants arc nearly all Roman Catholics.
They are noted for their skill in music, painting, and archi-
tecture. Except in the north, the common jieople are
ignorant and indolent. Notwithstanding the genial climate
and fertile soil of the centre and south, in no country are
there more beggars. Brigandage renders travelling unsafe
in many localities. Education is rapidly progressing.

Towns.— 354. Fhrnire (115,000), the capital of tiio Kingdom of
Italy, is on the Arno, 50 miles inland. It is noted for its palace.s and
churches of the middle ages, and for its galleries of art. Pisa con-
tains many line buildings, and has a remarkable leaning tower. Lcri-
horn (Oti.OOO) is the chief seaport of Tuscany.

Tiivin (204,000), the former capital of Sanlinia, is noted for its
churches, literary institutions, and silk manufactures. Genoa
(128,000) has a fine harbour, ami is strongly fortified. Its manufac-
tures and trade are e.xtensivo. Alissaiidria is strongly fortified.

I.EANINi; TOWEP OK FISA.

355. ^filan (219,000), with extensive manufactures and trade, is a
walled city onntaining splendid churches and palaces. Maycnta and
Sol/crino are noted as places where the Austrians were defeatdl in
1859. Pavia, Brescia, Jlinjanw, Como, Parma, Piacenza, Modena,
Rc;/f/io, and Lucra are important towns.

Venice (118,000), once at the head of a powerful republic, and the
greatest commercial port in the world, is built on seveuty-two islands
in a lagoon. Canals .serve the place of streets. Venice is the birth-
lilace of Canova, the great .sculptor. Mantua is the birth-jilace (jf
Virgil. Padua, Viivtia, and Vicenza are important towns.

liolofjna (109,000), is the seat of an ancient university. Ferrara
was once a great commercial town. Kavenna contains the tomb of the
poet Dante, and many interesting remains of media'val art. A iicoaa is
a sea-port; Perii;/ia is an ancient city.

356. Xaples (447,000), the largest city in Italy, has ,•• beautiful .sit-
uation on the Hay of Naples, Its ,street8 are crowded with thieves
and lazariini, or begL'ars. A few miles distant are the iiarti.Uly ex-
cavated remains of Ucroihincvni and Poinpi'i, which were buriid
by an eruption of Vosuvius (A.ii. 79). (laita is a fortified sea-
port. Cii}iiia is also strongly fortified. Taruiito was once of great
importance.

357. Palermo (194,000), the capital of Sicily, is a great commerci.-il
city, founded by the Pho'idcians. It was the scene of the massai're ot
the "Sicilian Vespers" in 1282. Mcsaina (103,000) ha.s a fine har-
bour and an extensive commerce. Near the shore is the famed whirl-
I'ool of Chnrybdis ; and nearly opposite, on the Italian side, are the
rocks of Scylla. Catania, at the foot of Ktna, has sulicred greatly
from earthquakes. Trajiani is engageil in the coral fishery ; Marmla
exports wines; CHr^eiiti exports sulphur.

Cai/i'iri is the capital of the Island of Sardini.i. Samtri is an
imjiortant town.

112

EIJROPK

< I

:V)8. The leiidiiig industries are agriculture aud grazing.

Manulacturing is of considerable importance in the north,

embracing silks, braided straw, artificial flowers, and kid

gloves.

The exports are olive oil, wines, fruits, raarble, sulphur, borax, and
straw-jjlait.
Kxcept in the north, the roads are alraos' impassable.

350. The government is a constitutional monarchy.

Tlie army numbers about 225,0U0 men. Revenue $150,000,000.

Tlic Ki'i^dora of Italv is rapidly risiug in importance, and takinf;
rank witiithe (Ireat Pnvers of Europe. Financial embarrassment is
the chief obstiele to its pi'>s;ress.

the world; and the Caatle of *Y. Anydo. The Viilosseum, beyond tiiu
limits of the modern city, is a vast amphitheatre. Rome contains piles
of ruins, half concealed by twining ivy and groves of cypress. Under
the city are subterranean galleries, called the Catacombs, from which
building materials were once quarried, They furnished a refuge to
the early Christians in limes of persecution.

Civila Vccchia (10,000), forty miles from Rome, is the chief port of
the papal territory.

3(>2. Tiie Pope is the sovereign of his ilominions, and also
supreme head of tiie Roman Catholic Cliurch in all parts of
the world.

BT. rKTKIl'll I'ATIir.linAI..

The Popedom.- licti. Tiie territories uf the Pope were
groiitly reduced in extent by the revolutions of Ihfio. Hig
present jiosseHsions lie along the Inwer courHe of I lie Tiber,
ami liave an urea e(|Ual to about Dne-fourtli tlie size ot
Niiva Si'otia. A portion cd' (he tirntnry is witliiu the low
nniliiriii region, whicii aui h of neglect iiave rendered unin-
haliitalile. - Popidution, USin.noo.

;;ill. Rmmk (HComii), iho I'Dpital, I'ncf (lit- miHlicK* of \\\c wmld,
wiu> fntimivd 7f*- ■)■<'. llH MKiHt important l<uildin){H iin- the Valuuii,
I'l rcnidpueu of the Pui*; til, I'tlrr't t'nthtdntl, the liiriteiit church in

GREECE.

303. Hellas, or ancient Greece,
was renowned as the seat of free-
dom, art, and civilization.

After submitting to the most degrail-
ing Turkish oppression for nearly four
centuries, the (Jrtcks in 1820 made a
bold stand for independence. After a
long indecisive 8tru;;gle, (Jreat Hritain
and other powers interfered in 182!*,
;oi<l compelled Turkey to acknowledge
their freedom. (Sec ('(illicrts Unlink
lli.itnrii, p. 312.)

(Ireecebecameakingdoni inl832. The
15avarian Prince Othu ruled until 18(!2,
\v hen he was deposed, aud the crown
was bestowed on George of Denmark.

3(;-l. Tlie continental part id
the kingdom cdiisists of the
suiithcrn pnrtiun uf (lie Ilrlleiiic
]ieninsula.

Turkey lies nn tiie iiovih of
(Jreeee ; the Archipelago nn the
east ; and tlie Mediterranean nn
the south and west.

SCi. The coast is veiy irre-
gular, and of great extent com-
pared with the area.

The (JuH'm of J.qiivild and .tllirtif,
separated by the lnlhmnt of i'orinlh,
cut off a peninsula mi the sniilli, lallrd
llie Mortn, C'ufte Miilniiiin Is the moKt southerly point.

3(1(1. Insular (ireeee coiiHiHtH of many amall isIandM. The
lirincipal arc liuhifa or Xcjinpnut, tliw ('i/nf(iiff», and part
of tlio Simrml'ii, on the east ; and the hmiun f-lninfH mi
the west.

ytJ". EuboBA, lITi inih'H long, but very imrrftw. In iiolcil for \l* for.
til'ly. The i'licliiitiK iucliidu abniil twenty piincipal iHliUids, el xvliicli
/'iiro$ in noted (or its mm hie, and Atiliiiinn.i for its giotto.

'MH. The louian Iilandi termed n republic under the proteetlon of
(Jrciit Urilain, from 1816 to 18it!}, whfii Ihoy weie ceded to Ureec*.

t'litosseum, beyuud I'nc
Rome contains piles
es of cypress. Umlei-
alacomba, from which
fiirnished a refuge to

ne, is the chief port of

iloiniiiious, and also
mvch in all parts of

[lEECE. >

s, or ancient Greece,
■d as the seat of free-
d eivilization.
tlint!totiie most (It'srail-
ii]iri'ssion for iiparly four
Hrti'ka in 1820 niaiio ii

indepomlence. After a
■ stru;.rle, <ireal Hritain
icrs inlerfereil in 1»-!'.

Turkey to acknowUMlj;i'
(See ('olliirn Uritinh

2.)

ncakinploniinlSM. The

iceOtho ruletl until 18G2,

(lei.osed, and the cr.'Wi>

m (IcurKei'f Donnmrk.

ciintiuontal i>art <>i
(in fonsists "f tin'
ivtiiin nf till' llillcnic

•a nn till' iii'vlli "f
Ar('lii|ielapi nn tlie
Mtditerranean nn
I west.
coast is very irn'-
if ^vcat fxlent com-
lii' area.

(Ik

l.,,H,nti< and Athrvf,

lhi. hlhmn* of Ci'riiith.

inniila i.n the miuth, onlli'd

ii'ily |iiiint.

ly Hinall iHlnudH. TIh'

,i< {'iirhi<l'», and part

I- Iviiiiiit /"/'(/I'/t «>n

lOw, in notfd for ilK fer.
|,iiniM|.iil iBhMuU, of wliiili
< for ilH uiolln.

(inilrr tlm protootlon "f
iry wt'ie "tideil I" Urecce.

TURKEY.

113

Thty are associated with many interesting historic events. There are
seven principal islands— Cor/it, I'axo, Santa Maura, Tfiiaki, Vcpha-
Ionia, Xante, and C'cripo. United area equal to one-third of Cape
13rcton. Population, 2aO,000.

360. Tlie surface oi Greece i." mountainous. Tlie J'indiin
Jfountaim, exteudin<,' south from Turkey, divide into two
ranges.

Mount Parnassus is over 8000 feet higli. The famous piiss of Ther-
niopylic is between the mountains and the sea on the east.

370. The climate is mild and Iiealthfid. The sky in
summer is remarkably clear. Tlie sirocco sometimes renders
the heat intense.

The |)rineipal products arc grain, the vine, olive, fig,
midberry, dwarf-grape or currant, date, and orange.

371. The inhabitants are a mixed race. They are tcm-
jicratc and slirewd. Nearly all liclong to the Greek ( 'hurch.
Ilducation is rapidly advancing. Tlie ancitmt (Jrecks were
noted for refined taste, literature, scidpturc, and architecture.

Towns.- •'!T2. Alheiui (40,000), the capit.il, is said to have been
fciundcd 1336 n.c. ; hut the present city is principally nioilsrn. In
tlie vicinity are many iriteri'stin.' antiquities, as the Acropolis and
I'arthenon, the Are"pa^;us, and the remains nf the Tciniile of .fu r
Olympus, consisting; of 1(3 columns (io feet hi;h. Tin- I'lain of Mara-
thon is 25 miles north-?a«t of Athens. See t'nl/ur'a UUIovii of Uno't,
p. 34.)

I'ofiitth and S/Ktr'n wore also noted ancient cities. The other
towns are .\(iiii'li(i, Xtimri Kf), Tn'iiiilil:n, /'dlrnn, and .liv/os, on
the mainland; ICi/yipo, in Kulnca; Siini, in the I'ydades; J/inlra, in
'he Sporadeg; Coi-fii and /finite, in the Ionian Island«.

373. The leading pursuits are agriciilturt , grazing, ami
I'ommcrce. Tiie inluilntnnts of the coast are skilled scann'ii,
and carry on a large jiart i.| the frath' of the .Mediterranean.

Tlio exports c<in8i«t of the asricullurHl produce, with h i.oy an<l
wax : the imports, of manufacturixl ^oudN.

374. The government is u constitutional monarchy
The army numl.crs about 11,000. Revenue, •:*, 000,000.

TURKEY.

37.'). The Turkish or ottoman Knipire was t'luuided by
Osman near the close of the thirteenth century. The Turks,
who n\v the ruling race in the em|iire, oijoinally migrated
trom Central Asia. They obtniiied their lifNt tooting in
Kiii'ope by the comiueKt of Adriaiio|iIe, in l.'Kll, and com
pleted the overthrow of the J{y/,iiiitine I'.mpiiv by taking
Coiintantinople, in \W.\,

I'T'l. The Turks once tlireatened the Kubjuuation of nil Ivinnpc.
Their proi^reNX wchtward was airenled by the JiunuarianN niid Pole:<.
Turki-y i> now n very weak 8tut«, and i» often railed " Tlivsick man."

All its European possessions would ere tliib have been s»allowed up
by Russia but for the interference of other powers. (.S(f Cul/icr's
Oreat Events, pji. l.';4-159.)

377. Turkey in Eurojic is bounded on the north by the
Hungarian provinces of Austria, and by iJussia; on the east
by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora; on the south
by the Archipelago and Greece ; and on the wist by the
Adriatic and Austria.

37H. On the south coast are the Gulfs of S(ti\ii>, ('oii/ci^sa,
KamiiKfiH, and .SWA;/m/.(.

The /liisiiliiirii.i is a strait, 17 milos loiijr and 1 mile broad, between
the HIack .Sea and the Sea of .M.irniora. The Ihirdanclhn, or Iltlks-
/Hiut, 40 miles long and from 1 to 4 miles broad, connects the Sea of
.Marmora with the Archipelago. A strong current flows southerly
through these straits.

37!). The principal Kuropean islands belnnging to Turkey
ixw Ciiiii/iit or ('itf(, Lvmit'is or iStuliiii'iii-, 1 luirus, Samo-
iliivki, and Thnso.

3S0. Crete, famous in tlreeinn fable, has Ion;; been struggling for
freedom frnm the Turkish yoke. It is li'iO miles lon^, and from »1 to 35
miles broad. The ishmd is nioiiiitainoiis. Mmad A/if is "tiOO (eet high.
Near it is an immense c.ivern, supposed to be the ancient Labyrinth.
The island is very fertile, yielding gra|>es, olives, oranges, ami silk.
Population, 150,000— mostly Wreeks. Capital, Ciinditt (12,(iOti),

3M. The surface ni Tiiikry is monntaiiious. in the
nortli-eust are extensive lowland jilafns on each side of the
Danube, whicli is tin- most imjiortant river.

The piincipal mountains are the llnlknn, I'lmlns, and J)ina<'ir Ali'ii
The high ranu'cs often render couiniunication between ditiercnt pio-
vinces dillicult. nliiiiiimn, /'i/o./i, ;iiii| (>.«.•»( ,"e important peaks near
the Unlf of Sal mikl. {.Sr, Hun.,,,-, 3.'\, 34.)

3^2. The climate in the suiithern provinces, except at
liigh elevutioii.'^, is mild and deliuhtful. In the north the
winters are very eohl. and the summers very hot.

3^3. The products ari' wheat, corn. rye. millet; Mtul in
the south, the vine, ulive, tubueeu, euttoji, mid fruit.

The cultivation .>f the noil is L-really neglected, mid the implements
of husb.mdry are <'ery rude. In many pait.'i the i Im f wealth consiHls
in cattle, KJM't-p, gout, nml bees.

3s4. The population is spur.se. The Turks, tlaaigh the
dominant laee, lonu but a Hinall proportion nf the inhabi-
tants. They I'ull tliemst'lves ( )ttoimins or ( ismanli, eiinsnler-
iim Turk a term of reproach. Greeks are numerous in the
south. A waiidi'ting race, ealled (iypsies, are niimeroiiH in
some provinciH.

About one ihiid of the inli.ibjtioitit aio Midinmniptlans ; the re-
mainder generally belong to (he t^ierk Church. Ivliiciitlon in greatly
iieLd<'c;e(l, cinristinu'. ainoiigHt the MohniniDedanN, of little ejxe than
the iibilitv to rr.vl the Korilli.

3sr). The country is divided into Hiveral pniviiiecR, of

lit

EUROPE.

wliicli Soi la, W'allacliiii, and I\I(il(lat'!a are uihIlt niei'i'ly
iiomiiii'l sultjectiun to tlie Sultan.

Towns. — 386. Conftniithinple (700,000), the capital, is situated on a
heautiful harbour uf the liusjiliorus, called the (}(plden TLn-n. Tho
houses are mostly of wood, and the streets are narrow and filthy. The
domes and minarets of the mosques (iresent a splendid apiiearanee from
the water. St. Sophia, oneo a Christ'.ui ebureli, i.s the finest mosque.
The Sera^jlio is an old im[iorial pair .-, the chief entrance to which is
called " The Sublime Porte." I'aths are very numerous iu Constan-
tinople.

Ailvianoph (140,IM)0) lias exte'-<ive dyo- works ami tnanul'acturi-i.
iidtliliii'i ioO,0(M)), .Su/tniiki (70,1/00), anciently called Thossalonica,
llinhi.^tii, and Varnn, strongly fortified, are seaports. Other import-
ant towns are Jlnniia-Sirni (70,U()t)), .Sum, /'hiliiiixilin, .Voyi/n'cr, ,'iiliii-
tria, Rimtdiiif-.Si.tlorn. Xicopoli, W'iililin, .S7ii(»i/a, stronsrly fortiticdin
a pass of tiie I5;ilkan, l]iliivnili\ niirhiirf/tl. Jiinni/, Imiutil, ami inilar:,
a port on the i'aiiubo exportinj; lartre quantities of f,'rain.

387. Tliroiif,'li indolcnco ami want nf .sivill, (lie industries
arc iinpi'odtictive. Tlie inanut'actiiivs consist of eariict.s
iiiaut' iiy liaml, silk,'<, lu'rl'iiiniTV, and iihU'occh. The foieitiii
cuninioiTo is ciiirtly CDiidiictfd liy (Jrcrks and Aiincniaiis.

There are no canals or railroads, and but i'vw carriai;e roads.
Domestic; commerce is carried on chielly by the rivers and by
caravans.

38W. Tlu,' government is an alisuliito inonaidiy, tmcn-
linlitencd and oppres.sivo. The sovi'i'i>ii,'ii Ih called tiio Sidtiin,
and his chief niiniHter is styled the Grand Vi/ief.

The .Sultan is the head of the MohammeJaii roliu-i'in. The various

proviuoes ol llie empire are ^^ovcn i by Pachas, who have absolute
power in their res))eetive territories, ml are seldom disturbed by the
Sultan so lonix as they p.'iy th' Annua tribute. The Pachas are often
ignorant and l)ase, crushing :t 1 spiri >f enterprise and improvement
by their rapacity.

The army amounts to ibout 1. ,uOO men. Revenue, about
$ir),(J0O,O0O.

389. The Ottoman Empire embraces three great divisions— 7Hi7,fi/
//( l-hiropt. Tiivkiij ill Asia, and Turkiji in Afrini.

The Turkish possessions in Asia are about three and a half time
larj.'er than those in Europe ; the possessions in Africa are nearly twice
as larire. Tlie Pacha of K^'ypt has lately lieconie indepandeut. Total
area of the empire, equal to a sijuare of 1'2'25 miles. Population,
31,000,000.

EXERCISES.— 1. A traveller proceeds from London to the Shetland
Isles; thence to Christiauia, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg;— re-
quired the distances betwep*' the stations, and the difference of time.

2. Edinburs;h and Moscow are near the same latitude. State how
they differ in r' jpect to climate, and give the principal causes of
difference.

3. What places in America are near the parallel passing through
London ?

4. Find the principal towns on the Danube— the Rhine- the Rhone.

5. Stat', the leading points of difference between the mountains of
Europe and those of America.

0. If the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were united by a broad
channel through Central America, what woiJd be the probable effect
on tho climate of Europe?

7. How was me commerce of Venice affected by the discovery of the
passage around the Capo of Good Hope?

8. State the chief advantages which Britain derives from its iustilar
position.

1, wlio liave libsohiie
oin disturbed by tlie
riie Padias are often
ise and improvement

n. Uevcnue, about

eat divisions— yui'Aey

ir<i.

liree and a half time-

iVfrica are nearly twice

e independent. Total

5 miles. Fopulation,

jondon to the Shetland
. St. Petersburg ;- re-
the diffcreuce of time,
e latitude. State how
,he principal causes of

rallel passing through

the Rhine- the Rhone,
twcen the mountains of

ere united by a broad
d be the probable effect

1 by the discovery of the

derives from its insular

.\l\'

J O

•^-z

^9^

% u

V .u. M>»

?■ •. >—

^--

3 -i'

^*L JtlJL ^3i. .. 3 ii-.-

l£

W[^^^

^msB

ASIA.

, ^^'^^^r^ ■

» \ ,-

_..^^C--'-t <>*«•»

ANIMALS (iK ASIA.

1. History." 1. Tlio name Amu was first appliiMl to u ilis-
trict in tlic iicniii.siilii dt' Asia Minor, and siiliM'(|Ucntly c.x-
tt'iidt'd Id till' wiioli' <(iiitiiii'nt. Tlic uriv'in "(' tlic term is
unknown. Asia is tiie liir«t'i*t ul' tin' ;.'niit tlivisionflut' tlic
Kartli, and ciintains nearly two-thirds of tlic liunian race.

2. Tlic western part nf tlic ediitiiieiit Ims liecn the Kenic
of the nidst inipdrt! "t events which ever oeciirrcd (in diir
llarth. Here, iirnhahly, man was created ; and In re, .sdinc-
where between the C'ns|iian and I'jlaek Seas, was the(hirdcn
tif I'llcM, when' he fell. Here, in the land of Palestine, the
j;re»ter |mrt of the liilile was written ; here uur tjaviuur was
iMini, and lived, and was enieified.

3. Ill WeRlerii Asm, tivnr tlie rivirs Ku|<lii ittex nti<l TiKri*. tluuriitheil

ill .sH''oc«xion the lun'iiTit emiiiros nf .\>.Mi,i, I!;il,_\l.iii, hikI Mcln-
I'lTsiii. Tlieii tliis wli..lt' rciiiiiii viclikd to iln> jiowi'r if Kuinpf; tii»t
t'l (iroeci', ll:!0 ii.t!. ; niul tli.n to Uoine, ,'i,1 n.c. Tlio next iiti|iorliiiit
eliiiiiKi'H wliic'h ihihklmI (ivcr Wustcrn Anin wi ic tln' MMlmiii!ni:>l.iii com-
iini'.st^, ill till! xecDiiil i|iiuiti'r of llic Novcnth criiiiiry a.h.

('riittiil Asia hnr tViiiu timo itiinicnioriiil liicii (u'ciipicl \iy iioinailiu
|i!isti>riil tiilii'x, tthi) liiivi' on kwithI ocuftNioim (ivorniii K.inIi'Iii iiiiiI
Wi'.Mtcrn Axia, nn<l have at ililVinnl tiiini |ioii.'liatril Car into Kiiro|ie.
Till' Moiii:"! I'liicf III ii>;liiH Kliaii, wliii livwl in tlio laily part of llio
iliirtwiiili I'oiituiy and IiIn ilcsi'i'iiilantH KiiMiti Kliaii uiiil Tiiitur or
Tanurlano, »iiljiinnti'il li lar^!^• |iait of tliu nintinrnt,

4. Tliw Cnivailes, or wnm wa«i'i| hy tlii.> OlniHiluii |Mjwfr« of Miimik!
f'T the poMetisiuii of I'ldcutiiie, remilu-il in opfiiinu irailo lit'twceii
Miirnpotnil ArIii. InUri'oiirsr svas Ktill fmin.'r prninolcil liy llic din-
o ivcry nf tho ocean route to A.tia ainuinl tlie <'.i|.i' of Hooil Hope in
141'S. Tlie rortiiiiiiev, »lio were ttiu ili»covererH of tljio »ny, were
tin- tiMt to iivuil llienimlvi'M of IIm mlviuitiigcs. In the U'giniiinK of

116

ASIA.

the seventeenth century the Dutch became powerful rivals of the Por-
tuguese iu tlie trade anil colonization of Southern Asia and its islands.
The French and British, also, were rivals for the occupation of the
central peninsula of the south, or Hindostan. The latter were the
victors. The battle of Phissey in 17i)7 «as the beginniuj; of British
triumphs iu Snutliern Asia.

II. Position. — 5. Asia is wliolly in tlic Nortlieni Heiiii-
spliere. It approaclies witliiii 1()() miles of tlie Eijuator, and
f\\tcnds over 800 miles beyond the Arctic Circle.

The Arctic Ocean lies upon tlic nortli, tlie Pacific on tlie
east, and the Indian Ocean on the .soutii. Tiie continents of
Europe and Africa lie on the west and soutii-west. Behring
Strait, on the north-east, separates Asia from North America.
{See Europe, 11 ; Africa, 4 ; North America, (i.)

N. lat., r IS'-TS" 20' ; Ion. "27° E.-170^ W.

III. Form.- (5. The Kcneral form of A.sia is that of an
irregular four-sided figure.

Asia has, like Europe, three great projections on the south ; hut
they are here on a grander scale. There are also three projections on
the east, and one on the west

IV. Coast. — 7. Asia has tlie sea on the north, oa.st, south,
and part of the west. Tlie coast line is very irregular, pre-
senting many deep indentations, [)articularly on the cast and
south.

The total length of coast line is estimated at 33,000 miles. This is
luuch less, in proportion to tlie size ul the uontincut, tiiau the c asl
line of Europe.

8. The principal Coast Waters are tlie Guff nf Obi, on

the north ; llihr-'iuj SI rait, Jlr/iriiKj Sea, (tii/f of Aixn/ir,
Sea of OkliDtsL, (hilf of Tartary, Sea of Japau, Strait nj
('area, Yellow Sea, (fit// of Pechelee, China Sea, and the
(I'lil/nf TotK/uiii, on tlie east ; the f/ii/t' of Siain, Strait of
Malacca, /la;/ of Jii ixjal, <l;il/ of Marl(than, Uvlf of Ma-
uaar, Arabian Sea, (liilf if Oman, Strait if Ormaz, (inlf
of Allen, and the Strait of llali vl Mamhb, on the soutli ;
the Iteil Sea, (liilf of Akabali, dntf of Sne:, Mediterranean
Sen, yfJijean Sea, the Darilamlles, Sea of Marmora, Strait
of ConKtantinii/ile, and tlic /l/ack Sea, on the west.

!). Tlie chief Peninsulas are Kamrliutka, ('urea, A nam,
Malaya, the IJeccan, Arabia, Sinai, nml Asia Minor.

Tho principal Capes are Snrm, on the iHuth ; AVi.i/ Cn/w anil f.n-
fiiilkii, nn the o.ist ; i'limlioilin, /!"i>i<i)ii(i, ('(iiiioriii, mid A'im iif Ihul,
on til'..' south; and Ihihn on llie west.

10. The chief Islands on the coast are Sew Siberia, on
tho north ; Aleutian hlet, Kurile hies, Sai/halien, ,la/>an
Islanih, Loo Chno, Formosa, Hainan, ami the /'liili/>iini''
hlanih, on tiie east; llorneo, Sinnla /ales, Nicotiar, An-
daman, Veylon, Mahlive, ami /^accadive /stands, on the
Buuth ; and ('y/ims on the west.

11. New Siberia emliracis a group in the Arctic Ocean. Some of
the islands are remarkable for fossils.

The Aleutian Isles are volcanic, and contain active volcanoes.

The Knrile Isles are also volcanic. The three southernmost belong'
to Japan. Tlie remainder of tlie Kuriles, together with the precedinj;
groups, belong to Russia.

Saghalien is a lung narrow island, nearly three times the size of
Nova Scotia. The northern p(jrtioii belongs to China, the southern to
Japan. The Loo Clioo group belongs to Japan. (For Japan stc
. I su(, 222-230.)

12. Formosa received its name from the Portus^uese in consequence
of the attractive appearance of its mountain slopes. It is about the
.size of tho Peninsula of Nova Scotia. It is very fertile, yielding rice,
sugar, and tropical fruits. It belongs to China.

Hainan, also belonging to Cliina, is about two-thiids the size ot
Nova Scotia. Its mountains rise above the snow line. (For tlic
I'liilipphie /.ilaiiilit, Ilvriiio, and .SuHt/« /.ilts, sic Mulai/sia, p. 146.)

The Nicobar Isles, in the Bay of Bengal, are very fertile. The
climate is humid mid unhealthy. They belong to (ireat Britain.

The Andaman Isles, also beluiiuing tu Great Britain, have a total
area equal to Cape Breton.

Ki. Ceylon was ceded to (ireat Britain in 1801, by the Dutch, wlij
had, about one hundred and tilty years previously, taken it from the
I'lirtuguese. The interior was ruleii hy native princes until ISIT), when,
at the request of the inhabitants, Great Britain assumed the sove-
reignty of the whole island.

Ceylcin is about 00 miles from the mainland, from which it is sepa-
rated by the Gulf of Maiiaar and Palk's Strait. It is one-third larger
than Nova Scotia. Some of the mountains of the interior rise to the
height of bUOO feet. The heat is not so great as on the mainland.

The north-west coast has lung been ciltlirated for its jiearl tisheries.
Sa|)pliires and rubies are among the mineral jiroducts. The soil i-,
Very fertile, yielding colfee, cinnamon, rice, tobacco, cocoa-palms, aiul
fine fruits. Elephants are numerous. Population, 1,700,000.

Coliimbi) (Ho, 000) is the capital. Triiiromalce, on the east co.ist, has
one of the be>t harbours in the world, liaiidy, in the interior, is the
uncient ca|iital.

14. The Maldivc Islands, about 1500 miles south-east of Hind'istaii,
jirodiire millet anil fruits. Th(! pupiihilion is al^nut l!iO,000. They
are ruled liy a native prince, who is tributary to the IJrilish Govern-
ment of Ciylnn.

The Laccadive Islands, 15o miles west of Hindostan, jiroiluce rice,
sweet potatoes, cocoa, ami lietel nuts. Tiiey belong to (ireat Britain.

l.'j. Cyprus was colonized by the Greeks, by whom it was' held
sacred tu \itius. It was taken by the Turks in 1570. The island i-)
about 150 miles huig, and coiitains an area equal to one-fourlh of Nnvii
Scotia. A range of mountains runs through the whole island— ex-
treme height, 7000 feet. The soil is very fertile. The staple product
is wino; the other important products are colt n, silk, wheat, tobacc".
sugar, poppies, and fruits. The populatinn is about 120,000, three-
fourths of « liom belong to the (ireek Church. Skusia is the capital.

EXERCISE,
and islands.

-Trace the coast line of Asia, markiug inlets, capes,

V. Size. Hi. Asia is twice as largo as North America,
and iiuiiulcH one-third tin' land stuface of tho Earth.

The nrna equals a scinaro of 41211 miloK. The extreme length from
the Striiit ol I'lib el Mandeb li. Bihrili.; Str.iit is OOOO miles.

VI. Surface. — 17, Asia prenents great divtTsity of sur-
fuce, varjiiig from one-fourth of a mile lielow the seu-level,
near the mouth of the Jordan, to tivc^ nml a half miles above

SURFACE— UIVF.RS.

•ctic Ocean. Some of

xctive volcanoes.

;e sonttieniraost belon;.,'

lier with the preceding'

hree times tlie size of
(Jliina, tlie southern to
)aii. (t'ui' Jai»iii s^t

tu-uese in consequence
lopes. It is about the
ry fertile, yielJin-; rice,

twothinls the size oi
i sMow line. (I'i»' the
see Mnhtiisia, \>. 146.)

are very fertile. The
; to Great Uritain.
it Britain, have a total

SOI, by tlie Dutch, who
jnsly, taken it from the
princes until ISl"), when,
tain assumcil the sove-

1, from which it is sepa-
t. It is one third larger
)f the interior rise to the
as on the niaiidand.
Led for its pearl tisheries.
d products. The soil i:,
diiicco, cocoa-palms, and
latiori, 1.700,000.
lee, on the east coast, has
ill, in the interior, is the

southeast of Hindustan,
s ahout 180,000. They
to the Hriiish Govern-

Hin<lostaii, jiroduec rice,
■Inn; to tireat Hritain.
by whim it was' held
in 1570. The island n
al to one-fourth of Nov:i
I ilio whole island— e.\-
The staple prod«i!l
I n, silk, wheal, tobacc.
,.s about l'J(i,ti"0, three
.ViV'iji'i is ilie capital.

a. markiuK iulets, capes,

sv as Ni)rtli Amorii'M,
of the Kurtli.

The oxlrcino length from
it is 1)000 niiles.

n'ltt diversity i)f Riir-
i< below tlie Heii-level.
mil a hull' miles ubuve

the sea, at the siuiiinit of Mount Everest, a [lealc of tlio
Hima]aya.s. It thus furni.she.s the i^reatest ilepres.'iiou autl
elevation known on the Earth's surface.

18. The continent consists of a yroat hiuhlaml region
through the interior ami south, extenilini; from the ^Icdi-
terrancau Sea to tiie Corea, ami an immense low iilaiii on
I lie north. The hiuhland reuion may be consiilered tmder
two divisitms ; — a .south-western, lyiui,' west of tlie Indus iiiid
south of the Caspian and I'dack 8eas ; and an ea.-iteni, com-
meneini,' with the IJolnr Mount.iins.

10. The south-western highlands are le.'is extensive and
less elevated than tlie eastern; they einbraee thi> iijateaus
of Asia Minor, .-Vrmeiiia, Iran or Per.sia, ami Arabia. The
table-land of Arabia is .separated from that of Iran and
Armenia by the low v.dley of the Euphrates and Ti-ris.

2n. The table-lands of A-i,i ^liimr, Armenia, .■nn! \\:\\\ are
bordered on the north and .south liy mountain ranue.«.

The prineipal mount. uns are the Taiini.<, An(i-T<iiirii.<,
Mointdiitia ii/ Anne'iild, the ('nm-'isiis, KUnir:, and llunhm
Knmth. The M'liindi'nui of Lilntudn extend soiitlieiiy lioiii
the Taurus to the borders of Palestine. A low raiiu'e con-
tinues southerly to the lied Sea, terminating; in Mniuii
Slwii, l)etween the Gulfs of Suez and Akabiili.

21. The Tanru:! Abuintaiiis have an txtreiiie elivatioii of 1.'1,200
feet. The Mountains ff Armenia liave their cnlmiiiatini; point in
Mniiiit Anirat (17,112 feet), which is supposed to be the re>^tin,i;-plai'e
of Noah's ark. The hi.;he8t point of the Klliurz is the volcanic peak
if Dciiiiirctiil (21,500 fVetV south of the Caspian Sea. The Iliiiih d
Koosh have an extreme heisht of 2o,e00 feet ; the .Mountains of
Lil)anon 12,0(m) fctt.

22. The eastern highland re. ion includes the most ele-
vated table-land and the hd'tie^t mountains in the world.
It occupies the interior, exteiidim,' -'-ino miles east and west,
17t>ii north and soutli, and is bordered on all sitles by snow-
eovercd mountains.

The iruiiiiliiii'i Mii>iiil<ii))s (''abode of snow ") form the
sotithcrn border, the Altin the northern ; the Kmnlnn ,'ind
TliKiii Slum extend through the middle, dividinu' the hiuli
reition into three divisions of m'arly ( ijual breadth. These
four rnntres are united on the west by the llilnr Tmil,, enlled
by the inhabitants the Hi><^t >>/ tin- ll'o/A/.

23. The )'((AA»Mo; ami .sVi/y/'To/ Mountains extend north-
easterly from til" .Altai to Ilehrinu Strait. The Khhi'i'm
mid other rnnues, exteiidim^ north and ."onth. form the
eastern border of the plateau. Tiie other moiiniains of
I'.asti'rn Asia art. the /'iIukj and Stnilin'j in China, and the
iiioitntains in the pei\in8ula of Anaui. In lliiido.stnn are the
H'lst and ir-.v/ (Ih'iiilK.

'H. The llimnlayns are the h'vhest mountain* in tlie \\<<\U. .1/ innt

Krvrixt, the ciiii atiiii^' point, is 2'.*,000 ft-et liii-h ; and nicnf man

forty peaks e.xceed 23,0e0 feet. The passes are very elevated and dan-
gerous.

The Bnlor T.-iJi have an .\tr.iiio i'lev;ilini, ef 10. 000 ftrt ; the
Kui'idun, of 22. nod; the Tl.ian .<li:in, of 21.eiin; and ihe Altai, of
12,>UIJ foet.

2'). lletwein the Himalaya and Kuenhiii Mountains is the lii;.'h
re.:;ion of Thibet, consistin:; of mnuiitain ran;.'is and elevated valleys
from 10,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea. The tableland cf t'liinh-, in
the north-west, is ovir li'i,!!"! tVit liijili.

On the noilh of the Ku'iiliin is an immense plain. <-alKd tlie Deceit
iif Oubi nr Sliamo {Sm nf S'ui'h, Its avi-nu'c i Kvatinii is il.'iOO feet,
its leiiLith is 12eii miles, and its bnaltli fr"m ."iHO to 7eti miles. It
comprises Ea.-t Turki^laii and .Mmi^iilia. The western part is sandy,
tlie eastern is a stuiiy di si it.

2(i. Volcanoes are very rate in Asia, exeept in the penin-
sula of Kiimchatka and tin i-lainN. where they are luinier-
lius. Deinavend is tl, ■ mily aetive vnleaiio in the south-
western highland re;:iiiii ; in the ea.-ti in idateaii there are
but two. which iire in the Thian Shan lan-e.

Earthquakes frei|Uently oeetir in the .--oiilh-west id'.Asi ,.
27. The low plain in the north of .\>ia is iiea-'v tw'.ee •'.:■,
lar^e as Etirojie, eompiisin„' the greater part id :■: :a and
j Turkestan. It is separated lioin the jilaiii in llie iioirh-iast
I of Huroiie liy the I'ral .Mniintain.s. In the iiei^hboitrliood
! of the Casjiiaii Sea ;ire extensive traets of country CMiisider-
! ably below the level of the ocean. The eastern part of
Siberia is more uneven and el'Vated than the wotem.
EXERCISE,— Lay down the mountains on the map of Asia.

VI 1. Rivers. — 2'^. The -nat rivers of Asia drain the
northern, eastern, and southern slopes of the eastern lii'.;h-
land rejiion. Tiio.se ol' the northern and eastern slopes are
amon'4 the largest rivers in the world.

21». The rivers of the north are frozen over in their lower

course duriiiL,' the ureater jiart of the year, and hence ate of

little eommcrcial value. Owiic to the sliL.'lit descent, they

hav(^ sluL'uisli currents: and, on the melliii',' of the siiow.i

in spriiii;, overflow their banks, intiiidatin'4 larue tracts of

country. The principal nver.s of this slope are the Olii,

Yi ithi'i, and A' im.

Till' obi is 2.'ieii miles in lit .tli, the YeiiiKci 2PoO, and the Lena
2 lull.

;io. The rivers of the eastern slope are of L'retit coinmereinl
iniportance. The principal are the Amn'ir, llmhtj llu^ and

Till' Anionr is !i:l00 mih's loiiit; thu Ibiani; II", 2i;iiO; and the Vaii;<-
tso-Kiaiii.', wliieii is the lai.'i'»l rlvnr in Ai-in, :J2'"i.

;H, The rivers of the southern slope are ;_'eneriilly rapid.
The most important are the Mihnni or (''iin')"'/iii. Sii/ir,,i^
/iniiiiii/i/fi, lliiilniiiij'ii'ilviijiini'ii!', and /mf'K. The'/oi/if-
rrri/ and \<)h,iil,l,ili are imporlant rivers in tin' Dccciii.

1718

ASIA.

Tlie Gariiii'M is al)Ont ll'UO miles ioiii.'. It hriti^s dnwii vast (|u;iii-
titios of nnul, tiy wliiiOi an oxtonsivc delta has been finineil at its

t itli. Tlie lower part of the delta is called the Sunderliunds. In

pMNsinL' thrnu;^h thedulta. the river is broken up into several ehannels.
which are inn -h nh»^triieted liy moving mndhanks. Tlie tide enters
hy a liisli wave called the Imrr, which rushes up at the rate ut ei;;iiteen
miles an hour. Durini; the rainy season the river overflows its hanks,
inundatinj: lar^ro traets «( country. Its greatest height is over 30 feet
ah'iVL- the ordinary level.

The liaiiL'es is held sacred by the Hindoos, and pllL'rinis come loni;
distances to bathe in its waters. In courts of law, witni-sses who lie-
Jieve in lirahminisin are snnietiincs sworn by the waters of the liaiiL'es.

The Indus is IT'"! miles in lon;;lh. It also enters the sea by various
months, which enclose an extensive delta.

?,2. The rivet's (ni tlio western slope of the eastern liiu'li-
l;niils, as well as sonic others in Asia, do not reach the ocean,
litit How into inland seas or lakes, whose snriiliis waters are
reniovei] hy evaporatinii. Tlie chirf rivers on this declivity
arc the Ai/i'i') or O.nix, and the Sir-'hin<i or .laxarl '■■■<. The
AiiiMii liscs in the talilc-laiid of Pamir.

:);i. Till' iifiiiciiial liMTs of Western Asia are the Kiij']iral(.i,
Ti<jri.<, and Jardini,

The I'!u|'hi'alc>s has all entire |enL.'th of IT"-'^ ' iiles. Il rises near
the lllack Sea, and after aiipncichiiiL' wilhin I'm niiles of tin' Mediicr-
rane.-m itininstotlie sonlh-iast, and llouslolhe Persian (inlf. Its
twin .-li'e.'ini. the Tiji'is, is lITiO miles in lcn'.;lli. The united river is
called the Shul<l-Aritl,.

The I'Inphrates an>l Tigris llow thi-nn,i;h a rc.'ion ne(ed (or its early
civilization. Aneicnl Nineveh was on lie TIlm'Is ; liabylon, on the
Knphrati's.

The .Iniilan is a small, windlic.; stream, lh>«i.ii; son! herly from the
Mountains of bebiiion. it is iioteil for its low valley, and for its con-
'leetion Willi iiuinerons events in iiible history.

^ 111. Lakes. — ;! 1. Asia has hut two fresh-water lakes of
l,ar'.;t.' >-\/.i:- L'lLi- Hnil.nl and Luh' Jlilbish, hcith of which
arc in the south of Silicria.

Itiikal i-i nearly hi!f .'is lartre as Lake Superior. It is about -leu
miles in leriulli, and Uao foet above the sea level. The lake is viiy
deep, and is supposed to occupy the crater tif an e\linct voh'ano.
Trade bet«een Uiissia and China is carried on bv steamers across the
hik...

Lake Sir i /.'"?. tln^ source -d' the <Hns, on (he table l.'uid of Pamir,
]."i.i|iMl feel ab.ive (hi' sea. is the most elevated lake known.

li."). The Sill III' liiihlif, an expansion of the .'oi'dan, about II miles
lonii and ""'•'' feet below the li'Vel of the ocean, is noli'd for its connec-
tion with many (d' the events In the life of our Saviour. It is also
called the Sut uf 7V'.( ("/"I and the l.iikf of f>i nmtnirtth.

;!(!. Salt laki's are \'cry iitinicroiis in Asia, some of which
are of '.'I'cat .^ize, 'I'hey have no outlet. The inincipal arc
till' ('ii</'iini Sill, the Sm i;/' Am/, the /Jt'hl Sm, l.uLi Vmi,
(hivniinnnh, and Ti lajr'ninr.

The r.nwj.i.iti Sea, four and a half tinier lar'.'er than Lake Snpoiinr,
!h thn l.'irui'.U lake in the world. Its surface is ."^1 feel below tin," ocean
level. It receives the waters of the VoIlni and I'ral rivers. The Sci
of Aral is supposed to have been once coiitiected willi the Caspiaa,
from which it is distant about l.'iii uiilcA.

3". The Dead Sea, in Palestine, is 4t) miles in ieiieih by 8 or 9 miles
in breiidth. Its surface is 1312 feet below that of the Mediterranean —
the i;reatest depression Vnown. Its shores are wild and desolat ', and
its waters are very salt. The Dead Sea is supiiosed to occupy the site
of the cities of the plain, whose destruction is described in O-'tnmsxix,

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rivers and lakes op the map of Asia.

IX. Soil. — 3s. The greater part of the northern slojio is
iiiiiit for cultivatioti. The central lii.i,diland region consists
for the most ]>ari of barren deserts, iiastiire-lands destitutt;
of trees, and snow-iovered mountains. The etistern and
southern slopes arc very fertile. The south-west, embracim,'
Persia and Arabia, consists hirgely of deserts and pasturc-
landp.

^1. Olimate.— .39. About three-fourths of Asia lie within
, "\'( • Temperate Zone, the remainder is divided pretty
I .clly Ik iv'^oji the Torrid and the Xortli Frioid Zones.

In the ii.. ! ', inclndiiii,' the irreatcr jiart of Siberia, the
winter romi)ri.ses three-fourths of the year, and is intensely
cold ; the smiimer is hot. The central table-lands are cold
in winter and hot in .^uniniir, and nearly destitute of rain,
except on the nioiintaiiis. Tlu' eastern slope is mild and
moi.st.

dt>. South of the HiuK'laya IMouiitaiiis the climate is hot
and very hiuiiid. The year consists of a rainy season and
a dry. During the dry season the ground is watered by
heavy dews.

This ])'irlioii of Asia lies within the letrion of the nionsonns. When
(he sun is north of the Kqnator the rainy monsoon blows from the
ocean; and when the sun is south of the Equator, the dry monsoon
blows from the interior. Violent storms occur at the ch.uige of the
monsoons. [Sic /'liii.^iirnl (liiiiirajiliii, lio.)

XT. Minerals. 41. ^laiiy parts of Asia are rich in
minerals.

(Jold, iron, copper, and |ilatintim are found in the Ural
Mountains ; gold, silver, iron, lead, atul porjihyries, in the
.\ltai ; diamonds and other precious i;tones, in India tiiid
Ihirmah ; tin is found in the .south-eastern pcniiisitla ; coal,
in Asia ]\Imor. India, Chiiia, and .fapan ; salt is idamdant
in many countries.

The /{iili-i iiiiyi" mountain of li_.|i( "), the most valuable diatnond in
the world, was found in the year l."!."!!) on the lianks of the liodavcry.
It was loni; in the i.ossession of native princes, but now belongs to the
S.)vereign of (Jreat Hritain.

XII. Plants.— II'. The veoctatiou varies according to
the temperature and hnmidity.

The south of Siberia is nivered with forests of pines and
lirs, but a laru'c part of thia country is destitute of tieo-s.
liichcns and niosst's arc the chief vegetation of the north.

In the central table-lands the nio.st important products are

PRODUCTS— DIVISIONS.

lwiif;lli by 8 or 9 miles
,t' the MecUterraneM—
wild aiiJ tlesolatu, and
osed to occupy the site
jseribed in(ytnc8(sxix. |

1 or the map of Asia. |

ic northoni slope i.s
[and region consists
,tnre-liUi<ls destitute
The eastern and
nth-west, enibracini,'
dest-rts and pasturc-

is of Asia lie witliin
dcr is divided pretty
ith Tri'^i'l Zones.

],art of Siberia, the
i^ar, and is intensely

tal)le-lands are eold
vly destitute of rain,
n slope is mild and

us the eliniatc is hot
,f a rainy season ami
round is watered l>y

the ninn'^nnns. When

lonsooii blows from tho

rnuitor. tlie dry monsoon

nir iit the ch.ui.i;e of tho

)f Asia are rich in

(. f(i\uid in the Ural

d porphyries, in the

stones, in India and

crn )ifninsida ; coal,

n ; salt is almndant

lost vnliialiliMliiimnnd iu
banks .d' the (jodavory.
but now bulonKS to tho

!3,

varies aeeordin;; to

forests of pines am)
in doBtit\ite of trei'H.

tat ion of tiie nortli.

luportant products arc

the grasses, ■which atibrd nourishment to numerous flocks
and herds. There are forests upon the mountain slojies.

43. The northern part of the eastern slope, embraein;,'
]\Ianchooria, yields the products of the Cold Temperate
Zone ; the southern part, or Ohina, is in the Warm Tem-
l)erate Zone, yielding rice, the tea plant, the nudberry tree,
and cotton.

44. The regions south of the Himalayas— or tho central
and eastern peninsulas, and the islands on the coast, em-
l)racing the countries called the End Im/iis — liaving a hot
and moist climate, yield the finest products of tho Torrid
Zone in great abundance. Some of tho most important
products are rice, cotton, coflec, opium, pepper, cloves, cin-
namon, nutmegs, ginger, and fine fruits. Tlio forests con-
tain ornamental and dye woods, teak, the caoutchouc or

•■'"%->r

TMK MANVAN.

liidia-rnblier tree, tlie banyan tree, bundioo, uud many species
of palms.

45, Tlie banyan is a roniarkablc tree. Its widesiirendinir branchcH
send out routs, whi'di wmvo in tlir air until tln'y h.iv,' ;;ri)wn b'ti;/
'•MiMii;h to reach tlie ground, wiien thry fix tlicinselvcs iu tlie soil, and
I'i'come pillars of siipimrt. A sinjile tree thus spreads over a large
iirua, presenting tho appearance ul a jjruvo.

The bamboo is a lai^ie hollow reed, growim,' fioiii i'lU li) ^0 feet hii;li.
Its stalk is uspd as a Iniildiiif; material, and its leaves are made into
rupes, sails, and many other things.

4(>. Asia Minor and Syria are the native regions of many
cultivated plants and flowers, including the grape, peach,
pear, cherry, fig, melon, cucumber, ro.se, and tui'

Arabia ]irodu','es gums, spiees, cidfee, and tropi d fruits.

XIII. Animals.— 47. Asia suriKUSses tlie otiier great divi-
sions of the Earth in tho variety and size of its wild animals.
It is also the native abode of the mo.st useful animals. ]\[ost
of the domestic animals of the civilized world have been
derived from Asia, as the hor.se, a.s.s, o.\, uoat, sheep, jiig,
cat, peacock, and barn-fowl.

•Is. Fur-bearina animals, like those in the nnrtli of Hritish America,
abound in the north of A.sia.
_ Cattle, lior.ses, assc?, and goats, roam over the hi^jhland

plains. ■ .; yak, a species of wild ox. and tho Cashmere
goat, are lUiu the table-lands of Tliibct.

4'J. The lar t and UMst formidable wiM animals in-
habit ; fori ,ts south of the Himalayas. The mo>t
important are the ehphant, rhinoceros, lion, tij,'er, hyena,
orangoutang', and larire and venomous serpents.

The ni' -t import.ant animals of tho south-west are tlio
camel, wila ass, antelope; and, among the birds, the ostrich,
pe;ic ck, and bustard.

XU'. Inhabitants.— ."iH. Tlir iniiiibn- ..!' tin- iu-
liabitants is not accurately known. It is esti-
mated at 7it(t,i>i'0,<»><i. or about thrre-fifths of the
human race. According tn this estiiuiiti', Asia
has an averaL;(> of 41 inhabitants to tlir .'•iiiiare
mile.

al. The Inhabitants of .\-ia hclnng to three of the f^vo
variiiius of the human family. The (.'aucaslan rai'c m'.
cupies the south-west, cxtendiiiL; cast to the I'lialiina-
)iootra, and north to the Himalaya and Hindoo Koo.sli
Mountains and the Caspian Sea; the Malay occupies the
Malay I'cninsula and the islands to the south; and the
Monnolian is s|pread over the reniaininc and nincli the
lar^'er portion of the continent. {Siy I'lnixirnl (•'iniir'iiihij,
l-';-13ii.)

.'i'J. Nearly all the inhiibitants are liealhens. .Mohain-
medanism prevails among the inhabitants of the west ;
Hiahminism among those of India; and DinMhism liinonK
the principal niiiaining poition, incluiling more than half
of the inhabitants (^f the loiilini'iil

Thus though the (/'liristian relljiou niijinated in Asia,
but fow of its inhabitants know unythiiiij of tlie blessings
which it h;i^ brought to mankind.

XV, Divisions.— .');), Asia is iisually dividod into the
following eleven divisions: — Asidln- Jt'iiMiu, the (.'/linme
Kin/^iii', Tuvk'nlin), Afyhuiiialiin, Hiliinihislan, J'n.slu,
.\siiilir Tin kill. Ariilti'i, J/iin/v^tmi, Fmllii'i' Iii'/iii, and
J<ij"iii.

120

ASIA.

Suiac of tliu abuvc divi.sujiis include st'V(_'ral iuclepeiiduut
States.

I I

i
'I

iMvi.'iuns.

ropii!atiun.

C.ipiia's.

Miln
si^Laro.

.v... or

tiiiic% Uio

II7.t uf

.N.iva
.^totia.

Asiatic U( >sia ..
f'liiNKsK r.Mi'iia:..

TlJItKKSTAN

AFIillANlSTAS

HKI.ddCIUSTAS ....
I'EHMA

Asia rii: Ti hki;v . .
A u \ hi \

•J4("»
■I'M

SCO
4:.-i

4IIII

Tn7

7"7

I'l'.i,!

1-J17

10((0

4(10

310

•.'(;9

1-.'

-7
(l.'i

8,.">00,000

41f.,000,00U

.1,000,000

.i.ooo.ooo

1.000,0(1(1
10,(I00,0(A)
lO.OOU.OIK)

s.ooo.ooo

180,000.000
2.'>.(XIII,(I(I0

:j").oo(i.ooo

Omsk, \c.
IVkin.
Khiva, .t(^
(-'aljijiil, \-c.
Kulat.
Telieraii.
.•Smyrna, .to.
.Mi'cea, iVc.
( aloutta.
liankok, ki:.
Veddo.

HlNDOSTAS

KlIITIIER InIiFA. ..

Jaian-

XVI. Towns. — .j-l. Asia cdiitaiiis many lar^'c cities.
Ynhh, siipiKKscd to contain 2\ millions of inliabitaut.s, and
Peklii, 2 millions, are tlie only cities in the world wliicli
rival Loiiddii in iioimlatioii.

Mo.st of the cities df A.sia are .siirniMiidcd with walls of
nnul, or ,sun-dricd brick. In the west, the houses of the
wcaltliy are built of stone or brick, and have tlat roofs.
They usually have no wiiulow.s toward the street, but are
built around an open siiace or court, from wiiicli they are
liuhtcd. In the east, the hou.ses are low huts of mud or
liamb(»o.

DdiiiasfK,^, in .^yria, is thought to be the oldest city in the

worl.l, having existed in the time uf Aliraiiam. (S'tt ^/(-/uo'/.s'

XV. 2.)

ki'). South-western .\ sia contains iii.thv ruiiia uf ancient citie.'s. Pdrii,
tlie ancient caiiital uf Lliunia, situated in a valley callcil Waily AKmsa
in tliu north-west uf Arabia, is one uf tiie most remarkable. It." re-
mains Consist of temples, houses, and tombs, cut out of solid rook of
beautiful and varied culuurs. Vulmiira, or Tailiiwr ',('iiy uf Pa/ms\
on an oasis in the desert, 120 niib s north-east of Damascus, was
founded by King Sulumun. Its remains cunijirise marble columns,
gateways, a(iupduct8, and sejiulchres. In the third century it was the
capital of tlie celelirated (^iieen Zenubia. Ditnlhic, 43 miles north-west
of Damascus, contains magnificent remains uf ancient temples. (Xrc
Ciillin''A Home, p. 13lJ ; and LiinnncoU's OazMiW : J'ulmi/ra and

.10. The ruins uf Xinn-rli, the capital of ancient .\ssyria, cxtiml many
uiilci iilun^' the TiKris. l'"ur many eontiiries its reuiiiiii.s were covered over
with (fi'',//,s- anil eartli, prcsiiitlnj,' the appearance uf ^rr.issy nioiind.s. K,\ca-
y.itluns were commenced in ls|:l. l)y M. Itutta. tlie French consul; and the
wuik has liecii mure fully prusecutcd liy .Mr. Layiird, an laiKlish traveller.
The e"ipliav\tiuii.s have rcsnltcd in the discuvury of cliainlicrs of «tuno
piilaci'S, sculptures. Inscriptiuns. and uthcr remains. Many uf ilicse anti(p
allies have been rcmuvcd to the llritish .Museum. .S.i' /.//./li/u'.frj, (McV/ti i\'

.'u. The ruins of Hnhiih^n, aluni; the lUiphrates, near the present town of
Ilillali cunsist of lar^e misses uf lirlckwurk and iiiuunds. Its materials have
been iart'ely pluiidiTed fur the cun«ln\etiun uf ullier cities. An immense
mound, called Itirs Nimiiid, i'M feet in hvlKht, suruiuuuted by a tower ;!7
feet 111 helifht, \t supposed to be tlie reniaius uf the luwerof Uabel .A'tu
Lil'i'inivll' . I ill:- ttici: I

X\'1I. Industries,— .")'-!. The inliabitiints of the Udrth

jjlains of tne interior and south-west are herdsmen ; in other
parts agriculture is the chief occujiatioii. Some of the
Asiatics excel in the manufiu.'turo of shawls, carpets, porce-
lain, laciiuercd ware, and carved ivory-work. The manu-
factures are mostly performed by hand.

XVIII. Government.— 5y. The want of good govern-
ment seri(jusly atlln-ts the pnjsperity of uKJSt of the countries
of Asia. Absolute despotism is the most common form.

In many countries there is no efBcient central Kovetcmeut. The in-
habitants are divided into tribes, each yielding' obedience to its chief.
The rovin;; herdsmen are generally lawless |ilunderers, freely api^ro-
priating any property possessed by those weaker than them.'jelves.

live piiiicipally by hunting and tishiiig ; ti

(f t

le arm

ASIATIC RUSSIA.

WIMKIl rilAVEI.I.IMl IN Silli;ilIA.

(JO. Ivussia Hrst obtained jjossessious in Asia towards tin;
end (if the sixteenth century. She has continued to extend her
bounds, until tliey now incliuh^ m.'arly ouc-tliird of the con-
tinent. The territories embrace ^iibcria ; the northern part
of Turkestmi, called the Kin/hiz Coiinfri/ ; the Va^/e// of tlir.
Ainoor, obtained fnjni China; iiiid the provinces south of
the (.'aucasus ]\Ii)untaiiis, or Ti"iis-('iith'ii.'<Hi.

fil. Siberia is divided into West and East Siberia. The
whole country is for the most jiart a vast plain, sloping
gradually to the Arctic Ocean. The western section is
geneniUy very level. The .soutii-west consists of steppes
often barren and iiicrusted with salt, but sometimes yield-
ing herb.ige for the Hocks and herds df the iioniiulic tribes.

herilsuien ; in otlu'i-
tion. Some of the
awls, carpets, porce-
yr-\vurk. The maiiu-

lut of ^ooil >;overii-
most of the cuiuitried
st comuion furin.

al ;;oveiu!ueut. Tlie in-
1^ obedience to its cliiff.
.huulerers, freely iipi'ro-
ker tluiu themselves.

lA.

lUs ill Asia towards the
.(.■oiitiiuiedtooxteiitlher

y oue-thii<l of the coii-

,'ri<i; the nortlierii part

o,//7/; the V'lllt-!/ of (/w-

the provinces Bouth »i

uul Ivist Siberia. Tlic
It a vast phiin, sloping
riu< western sectiou is
■est consists (tf steppes
t, Imt sometimes yiehl-
s of the nomadic tribes,

CHINESE EMPIRE.

I'Jl

Tlu3 central parts are covered with forests of biri'li,
l>iiie, and fir, which abound in vari(nis fur-boarini;
animals. Tiie northern ]i(irtion consists of low tlat.s,
called iiDx/raii, covered with moss and lichens.
East Silieria is more rni,'u'ed and elevated. It
contains the Sftninroi and Ynhlouoi Moun/'iiiis.

The three cre.it river.s of Pilievi.i .ire the Oli. Vruinci, nml
Leiift. The l:ike.s are Am/, llnlk'txh, anil /Jail.itl.

r,-2. The climate of Sil)eria is very severe, imr-
ticularly in the north and east. Tiie frost jieiie-
trates the <,'round to a fireat (le])tli, and throu<,diout
a large part of the country only two or three feet
(if the surface are thawed diirinL,' the slun't summer.
The valley of the Lena i.s said to be the cohle.st in-
iiabited region in the world.

Tiie minerals are important. The Tml ^lonntains oon-
tain fjolil, silver, iilatiiumi, quicksilver, copjier, and precious
r.tones.

liiirley, rye, and VPL'Ptahles are cultivated in the soutiieni
valleys. The valley nf tiie .Vnioor is a fertile region, "ell
ailajiled to a;-'ricnliure.

Tlie animals include l>earR, wolves, heavers, and otlier«,
valuable fir their fui\ Tiie rivers and lakes aliouml in lisli,

Tiie reindeer is one of the most imjiortant animals of
Siberia. Witli it harnessed to tiieir sledfies, the natives
hound over the wintry snows. Its railk and tlesh furnish
food, and the skin is made into clothing and tents.

G3. Tlie inhabitants of Silieri.a are sujiposed to number between
four and five millions. Tiie Russian (jovernment lias lonj.' used the
country as a place of banislmient fur criminals and all kinds of )ioliti-
I'al offenders. A larye part of tiie population consists of exiles and
tlieir descendants. Many of tiie criminals are compelled to work in tiie
mines.

The Snnioyedes are a small-sized race, iiihaliitin,' the noi-tiiern
shores. Tliey subsist principally on fish and rein-deer.

Towns.— lU. Omsk-, in a treeh plain, is the capital <>( West
Silieria. 7'"''iihk ;'20,n00 , at tiie junction of tiie Irlisii and T(d«il
Rivers, is tiie lart'ost town, frhn'sk (19,00(M, on the AiiLMia. is the
ca|iital of East Siberia. Pffrojtiiulnrski {Pmi af Pitrr nml I'aiil is
on the coast of Kamciiatka. A'inrMa, on the Ciiinese frontier, is the
fin|iorium of trade between the two countries. Tea. silk, and other
iioiids, are broujiit on camels from China, and exchaiiL'ed for fur.s,
ieatlier, and woollens.

MiiiiniT, huntiiii.', and fiiiiintr are the cliief occuiatioiis. Iv..i-y of
f 'ssil elepiiants is olitaiiied in laiL'e niiiiiitities aloiiu' tiie siiuifs of the
Arctic, and forms an important article of comii.eri'e.

fl,*). The Kirghiz Country lies oast of the f'aspian. A
larue part of the region consists of bnrren plains and salt
lakes. A little barley and rye is rai.sed iirar the rivers,
but pn8tnraj,'c is the chief product.

Tiie Kiriiiiiz are noiiKulic Moni;ol iiordes. Tiioy are of small stature,
liut are stroni; and liealtiiy. Tlirir wealth cunsists in :-iieep, p.ats
cattle, and horses. Tiieir food is cliietly flesh. Kniimin.i, or sour
mare's milk, is their fav..urite drink. The men are indolent, and tlie
women perform most of the labour.

^^ -5\i5e,--5?v,

>^ ■ . — J'A.'

Klla.lll/ 1 Al'irlilNO A VMII.F.

(K!. Trans-Caucasia, or tlie llussiaii tei'ritory south o( tie'
Caucasus, embraei's (leor.L'iii and jiart of Annniia. Tlie
north is mountainous. Ararat is an isolated volcanic iirak
over 17,<ii>n feet hi-h.

The greater part of the country is described as vny beau-
tiful and fertile. Forests of oaks, beeches, and other tries
clotiie the mountain slopes ; and the cultivated plants
includi' {,'rapes, ]ieaches, fius, and apricots.

Tiic men of (ieorL'ia are noted for their \veii-t'"rmed. athletic iiodies;
the women, for tiieir beauty. IVpuiation, l.ti'J.'i.iKiil.

Towns.— I'lT. Ti,ilis I.jS.oiiiii on tiie Knr, i> tiie capital. It iia=i
ni:\iiiifaetures of carpits, sliawls, and siiks. Iv-iniii and Hukn -ai' tlie
otiicr priiu'iii.'d phe'es.

Ancient <'olelus. eoletiriiteil for t!ir falili'il evpi-ilition nf Hie Arfnimnts in
seiircli of tlic Kolilen tleice, was situated nlom; tlio ua^tiiu sliori'S of tin'
niiiek Sea. i.^it Cnlli, r's //(.s(>>ri/ ./ t/c, . i->', chap. 1..

THE CHINESE EMPIRE.

ns. The Chinese Kinpire is of L'reat antii|uity, but its
early history is involved in fable. Its records extend back
to the tinii> (<f Confui'iu.s, atii) n.c. China can lioast of an
earlier civili/.ati<in than any other cxistiin,' n 'ion; but for
many centuries its civilization has made little progress. It

r ' " ^ llfjLJiS SBmi^'migBfsi

I !

122

ASIA.

has experienced many revulutions ; and, according to
Chinese records, twenty-six different dynasties have occu-
pied tlie throne.

69. To protect themselves from invasion of the Tartars, tho
Chiuese, about 200 B.C., built a great wall along their norlhern fron-
tier. Kublai Khan, the great Mongolian conqueror, founded a new
dynasty near the close of the thirteenth century. Marco Polo, a cele-
brated Venetian traveller, spent seventeen years at his court, and
on hh return gave to Europe the first authentic account of China.

The Manchoo Tartars conquered China in the seventeenth century,
and established the present Uynasty. Bands of insurgeuta, called
Taepings, have for many years endeavoured to establish a new govern-
ment.

70. Trade with foreigners was formerly confined to the port of
Canton. The wars with Britain siucc 1641 have resulted in more
unrestricted intercourse.

71. Tiie Chinese Empire embraces nearly a third of Asia,
and over a third of the inhabitants of the world. The
Empire consists of China Proper, TJiihct, Chinese Tartary
or East I'urkestan, ,'^uon'jaria, Monjolia, and Munchoona.

CHINA PROPER.

72. China Proper is tlie most important division of the
empire. It is situated in tiie Warm Temperate region of
tlie eastern slojie. It is bordered by high mountains on the
south and west, and includes the valleys of tiie great rivers
Ycnuf-ise-Kian(f and Iloang IIo. China is one of the best
watered countries in the world.

73. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and is cultivated with

great care. In (jrder to add dignity to agriculture, the

Emperor, attended by his nobles, at a grand annual festival

ploughs a furrow and sows some seed.

The chief prmlucts are rice, tea, cotton, wlioat, and other grains ;
tlie mulberry, tallow, and eainplior trees ; siigar-cime, oranges, and
other fruits. Tlie bamboo is one of the most useful trees.

74. Tiie inhabitants belong to tiic Mongolian race. They
are smaller and iiave less strength than Eumpcans ; but
they are very industrious and ingenious, Tiiey are very
vain, and claim to be the only civilized people in the world.
Tlie women liave small feet, caused by compression in
youth. The Chinese siiow great respect to old age, and
have many good ((ualities.

No country of the same extent has so dense a population
as China.

8('bniils and books are nuniernus in f'litnn, and many of the sriences are
■tudieil. Tlie Cliiiiese liiiitfimKe is vory iiiu^ient, mid ilittlcult to foreiniii'r».
The written IniiKUiiKe has ii distinct olmriicter for every word.

Tlie I'liinese were acquainted with the use of the inurir.er's coiiipiiss, the
art of nmliiiiK gunpowder, paper, and porcelain, witli silk weiiviiiK ami
printing.', long liefore the Kuropeiin.".

'I'lic majority of tlie peojile are Ituddliists. and pau'odas or idol temjiles are
nuuieroua ; but uim^i liberty in allowed iu ruliKiou8 matters. The higher

classes believe in the doctrine of Confucius. There are Christian miasion-
aries in many of the maritime towns.

Towns.— 75. China contains many large cities. I'ekin (2,000,000),
the capital, is about 100 miles from the sea. It consists of two
divisions, each encircled by a high wall ;— the Tartar town, containing
the imperial palace and the residences of the nobles ; and the Chiuese
town, where the chief trade is carried on. It has been the capitiil
since the time of Kublai Khan. An allied force of British and French
took the city in 1860.

Vaulon (1,000,000) is on the Canton or Pearl River, 70 miles
from the sea. The jiopuiation is very much crowded. It is computed
that 200,000 live iu boats on the river, many of whom never set foot
on land. There are no wheeled vehicles in tlie streets. Wealthy
persons are carried in sedans by their servants. The trade of Canton
is extensive ; but it has diminished since the opening of other ports.
Large vessels are unable to come up to the city.

76. Xankiii (300,000), on the Yang-tse-Kiaug, is noted for its
manufactures of silk and nankeen cloth. The Taeping insurgents

roKCEr.Al.V TOWKR AT NANKIN.

captured the city in IS-W. jiut ni.'iny of t!ie inhabitants to death, and
destroyed the celebrated Porctlain Tower.

KiiKjte-cliianij (1,000,000)13 noted fur its porcelain manufactures.
Ifaii</chnwfoo, at the south end of the (treat Canal, and t'hdinj-clum-
foo (1,000,000), are noted for silk manufactures. Woochawj, Han-
>i<t)i(/, and y/iofAfoo are gieat commercial cities, in sight of each other
on the Yangtse-Kiang, said to have a united po]mlation of 8,000,000.

Cmiton, Hhaiiiihai, .''uo-chuo, Amoii, and yiiir/po are the chief ports
for foreign coiniiierce.

Macao (50,000), a sea-port south of Canton, was ceded to the Portu-
gues.. in 15SG.

77. Agriculture and manufacturing are the principal oc-
cupations.

The Chinese excel in the manufacture of porcelain, often called cliiiid
ware, silk, nankeens, embroidery, lacquered ware, and carved ivory-
work.

The cliiof exports arc tea, silks, and various nianufictureil good.?.
The imports are iron, steel, glase, opiuiu, cottons, woollens, aud ale.

Iiere are Christian mission-
ties. I'dcin (2,000,000),
sea. It consists of two

I Tartar town, containing
nobles ; and the Ciiinese
It lias been the capit;*!

roe of iiritish and Frencli

Pearl lliver, 70 miles
crowded. It is computed
y of whom never set foot

II tiie streets. Wealthy
its. The trade of Cantc.n
le opening of other ports,
ly.

Kiau};, is noted for its
Tho Taepiug iusurgeuta

J?V?«^ ...

\SKIN.

inhabitants to death, and

ts porcelain inanufaetiircs.
■at Canal, and CIiiukj-cIioo-
.otures. Woochawj, Ilan-
ties, in sijiht of each otiier
ed popuhilion of 8,000,000.
yiiir/jjo are the ciiiof ports

un, was ceded to the Porta-
g arc tlic principal oc-

lorcclain. often called china
J ware, and carvetl ivory-

rious manufiotured good.?.
soltoiis, woollens, uud ule.

til

<■'

. 1

CENTRAL c^^ SfFTII

ENTRAL Sc SdTHERN ASIA

^^J. i|_ ly:^'^

w^*^

holiH,, '•V*'Tf$!^|,

'II I^NTT S K

' VrirkiUiii

*• ;.«./i;.....)»5i''-''^'*'"'*'"

;i;.^'''^^..<l, ^'^"^y f<£f"^^^^^' i^V-/^ "^ ^ -X

:*'

itf L'^i,.,,j,i

~\, - " ,S*

4l,i.M'i

,«.!

u ,,,„\il,,H>""r.-Q.1 at

?Jf

K .•

78. Ti
is very 1
j i itean for

ririNKSE EMriHK.

123

Internal commerce is promoted hy the rivers ami numerous eanaJH.
The Imperial (Jaiial, extendiii;,' from Hang-chuw uortherly, 700 miles,
is tlie largest canal in the world.

78. The government is an absolute (U'si)jti.siii. The army
is very hirge, but (juite iin.fiuetive wheu opposed to a Euio-
liean force.

Tlie (ireat WiiU on tlic nortli of China I'roper, built as a dcfcnre acnlnst
tlie Tartars, in I-JfiO niili'H In leriKtli It is made of carlli. faciil with stunB
ami liricli ; varies in lieiKlit from l.l feet on tliii mountains to :iO fuel on tlio
plains; ami is liroail i'n<iM.;h t'l allow six liorsi'iiien to ri>li^ alueasl on Us
BUniinit. It tailed in the ohjeet for wliieli It was huilt, and is now l«;c<iiuinK
dilapidateil.

7!). Tlic Island of Hong-Kong (75,0(»o), to;;ethor with a
Rnmll peiiiiiHula on the adjoiuinji luaiiilaiid, beloutca to(ireiit

IJritaiii. The islaml was led in 184:i, the iieiiiiisula in

IhUl. [See CoUiti'a Jhilish Ilist'jii/, pp. wn, aJJ.)

SUBJECT TERRITORIES.

PI). Thibet embrtices the iiij.;!! tabl.'-lainl between lite
Hiiiialiiya and Kiieiiiiiii Mniinttiins. Its plains are two
miles liinii. Many of tlie i;reat rivers .>f Asia rise witiiin
its liomnU. The eliinate is cold tind iliy in winter, and
warm in summer. The Hiiowline is higher than idi the
•oiith sidi.' of thi^ liimalayas.

M. The eounti." is rieh in ^'old, silver, and otlier valiiabie
niineral-s. Uarley is extensively raised, ami lorms an im-
portiv'it article of iboil. Timiier is very seiiree.

The vak or Konitinu oy., the CiislilmTc ifoat, and the MiMr;il aii' hiuuiic
the inipnrliint iiiiiiiKiJM. The hit'er {h n kind nf iaru'o slieip, and i.i
the I'riiiripal Leant ol burden ii.sed iit earr^in;^ )(oods acr'i'i^i the lliii :i'
lay UK.

.•^2. The iiiliabitaiits are chiefly !\l(in;iols. The iilolatrons
system of IJiiddiiisni has its native seat in Thiliet. Tlie
siipvcme iii'ad of the system is called *he •Jiaiid Lama, \\\\<>
i> held to be the K*><1 Ihidillia in lnitnaii Ibiin, llndillii.^ts be-
lieve that the(lrand I/iiiia never tlies, but that liis spiiit
passes into soiiit! other person, who is senrc inil out by the
priests, The Chini'se Viceiny c.xerei-'es eoiisideruble iitlbi-
elice in the Beleetion.

8:). /.!(**« (rt(),000lii the rnpltnl ntid pineiMif rcnidt'neci.f ihu Chimn!
Viciroy, It is the Hnelnd eity of llilddliiNli. The (il'.ilnl Litnn Iim's
here iti a vant leniph', whieli In rieldy ad >nied wah H'dd and works of
nil, and idled >«ith iiiiaite^. Adjuinlnu the leniple are Neveral monan.
teii< s, III which the invsti'iioK id llnd<liiiMii ate laii;;lil.

M, The chief eiiiphiymeiit in Thiliel coiisiNtH in the rear-
ing of Hhoep and Koati4. Woollens arc manuraetui'ctl.

The elilef trnilo is with riiiiin, mid is eon luei(d hy eainvaiii. U<M
i« at) iniporiAiil export,

h5. Ohiaes* Tartanp, or P.a^t Turkestan.

also {

alictl

Little Hiieharia, is situated between the Kuenlun and Tbi.iii
Shan JIountaiiLS. The eastern jiortion is inehided in , iie
Desert of (Jobi. {See Asin, 2.j.)

The streams which oritiiiiate in tlie mount lin.s and Mow into land-
lucked lakes, render many td" the valli\« v'.ry fertile. The majority id
the iu laliitaiits are Mohainined.uis, w!iu are en^a;:ed either in a;:ricul-
tiire or the caravan trade. There are also many Mon^^ol heidhnKii,
who «ai.der over the country.

8i). Vnrkaud (150,ih)0) is the chief seat of cummeree, and the place
of residence of the Chine:<e t;uvern"r. Vu-kIi'jui; luwards the «eht, the
former capital, is a very ancient city.

.\n extensive caravan trade is earned on thr.iui;h Varkand, Let«eeii
China and ludependenl Tai tary.

87. Soongaria is situated between the Thian Slian and
Altai Mouutain.s. it is divcisilied with low riil^es end in-
tervening' valley.^. Some of the valleys, watered by moun-
tain .streain.s, are ca[iable of eiillivalion, Ittit the x'cater part
of the (•ouiitiy IS desert.

(Jrjiiint!, hunting', an<l .iKriciilture are the chief ucciipaliin.-'. The
ihhaliitai.'ts are .Muimid Tatt os.

//( ur 'iii'iljii (Ctj.Ouoi, the cai>ital, has cuiisideralile trade « ilh Ku.•^.'.ia.

8s. Mongolia lies east of Turkestan ami Sooiiuaria, ami
is prineij ally within the JJe.Hcrt (d' (bdii. It is an arid
country, havini,' a short warm siimiie r and a Infj. cold
vin'er. N'e^etati'di i-j very scanty, tli i/iiiii is iLe ehut
oec'ipatiidi. Till' inhabiiaiits iiave no lived dweiiiie^s, but
move iVoni phtci' tn place, seeking' pasture lor tinir tlocks
itiid henl.s, in uiiich iheir sole wealth consists.

b\). ,\t'iimaiirliiii is a small lu.v.i in iln: <iurih, i.pp,,siii< Kiaeht'i,
oil the l{us^i.ln fioiiliiM', lliri! the I{o>siiiiis an I t'hiie^i' e\eli;opt(ii
giKxiN. thifijn is the Mat < f the Midi^'ol b.iina.

Near the luiddle id' tli niilryaio tin.' riiiiis of Iv.irikk'nUiii, the

I'apitll ol 'tlKluis Khan, tin.' ^^le.tt .Moii.;<d .'ii(,<|U' lor,

!i". Manchooria, i iie native conn iryol t he rei-ninL' dy mi dy

in ' 'ililM, lle.S idl the coast west ot .Mn|lL:o|ia, A lali^e l,i;iri-

lime tract south td' the .\moor has recently Is-eu c di d to
UU"^!,!. The soHlliii'ii part id tie' I'uuiii i'\ yielil.1 the emn-
liion cereals; the we.-^t is moiinlailinu-i, and cuVered with

forehtS.

.)f.iikiUii (JilO.iMMO, il hiif eity, was tie; .Malicliu.) cjlpilal, and is

the pieRelit Heat uf ihu ('liilie''U Viceroy,

!M, Corea i.- tin- seat of a sip'trale kiin,;doni Irilmtary to
China. 1 1 is an c.vtensive pi iiiiiNnIa, cipial to a xijiiare of
i'><> miles, .Miieh iif the (i.untry is ni::L;ed and inniin-
taiiioiis.

Tlioiiidtli Ik eiiM, add covert 1 with forcKts ; various giaiiis aru eul-
tivatid in \.\tf (outli.

h'iii'i ki 101 iM tin) eupii.d. Iln trade Is ehlifly with ('hiiiik and
•bipnii. Taper In hii iiiiporlHiil in oinfacttiiv, uiid !« madv ihIj liuts,
(leak*, iiuiliielliifi, and many other lliiig^,

:>\'':i

^^ ^f ;' 3Pw**>*^»fc*-

121

ASIA.

TURKESTAN.

02. Turkestan, or l,iiii<l of Ih'- 'J inkn, fn-iii' ) ;i piut of
Miinient Scytliiu. Tin Tiirk.s ol' i'".iiJ! c auJ V.'i-.stern Asia
runic from Turkc-ituu liiriii;; tin A!i,ii[le A'^cs,

Tlic country litis 'utwccn tlio (J.isi'iiin '"^<',i and tlir ( 'liincsc
Mniiiirc. The gu'iienil surface consists of low, unwuoilcd
jilains.

Til' 10 nre extensive tli'sort.s covered witli snml, wliicli if ever fliiCt-
ins witii lliettinti. Tr,ivelli.'rs in cr'l^;<in.' tlie iIckuiis sniVor ercallv,
■iiiil sdnii'tinies i)erisli frum thirst. Tliev are al^i in lian.'cr of liuin.:
atlai'lied liy waii'ierin;; native tiiln^*.

!);}. AlouL' tilt' soutli ami cast arc nniuutaiu ridizi's, nniiil
wliicli arc numerous wcllwatcri'd ami fertile valleys. The
Ahi'Ki ami Slr-il<iriii arc tlic iniiifiiial ri\t'rs. Much itf tic
soil nil tlii'ir liaiiks is \-i'ry fertile.

Till' climate is very cnM in winlii- anil Iml in snininer. Tlii'i'o is
(.•real sfairity nfiain, e.\ce|it in tlio in(iiin:aiM"na rejiimis.

Tlie products me wheat, hailey, millet, i iee, fdtt 'h, .silk, apples,
peaches, aprienis, arul nicli'iis.

lU. The popitlntion e.msiyt.* of nevernl rnccii. The itzhiim mh the
jmist important ef those who have lixeil planes of nlii'ile. The niiniads
(if the north are ealleil Kivjhiz, tho.se uf the west Tink iiiiidk. The
latter are iinteil mliliers, aiiil tliey freipieiitly make iiiiU into I'ersia
.111(1 iillnr ailjiiiiiinu eminlries, eairyin.: ell dvl'eiieeless inhaliiunts,
whiilii lliey si 11 ns sl:ive^.

M iiniiimedanism l.s the jirineipal icIiL'iiin.

n.'). Turkestan ineliides several distinct |iolitical divisions,
called Kli'iii'ilx. 'I'lic most iiii|iortant States are /\'/ni<i,
cmliracinLt tlic lower valley of the .Viijno ; and Ji'i/./i-H'i,
Hid Khiiknii, in the cant.

Towns.- I'll, The ehief city in each of these .''(aten hears the name
of the khaiiat in wlilili it ii« siliiali-d.

h'I'ifii. situated ill the most fciiih' portimi of Tnrkcsliin. is a miiuII,
liltliy liiwn. '1 he houses are Imilt of innd, and the ti«n i.t sMnnini led
liy a mild wall. It i»t n noted i>lavo market.

1*7. lU'khnvtt (1(1(1,(1110) in the largest city in Turketdan. U l« famed
fur ilH numcriius mosr|iie)< and .Mdiammi dan whools. It has ei>;li'.y
cilhucs, in which little liesidis the Koran is taiiiihi. Siiiiniiviiiiil, w

small town in the s.ime .'^tato. is tiotid as tl apital of the i:r(>al

diipire ruled hy Tamerlane (1H70 -1 lu.'i), win s(! toiiih it contains,
lUtlkh is a Kiiiall town in the midst of tlie niiiiK of ancient liactiii,
which eover a dislrict 'Jd miles in eireiiinfereneo

yS. I\h«kiin (VW,i)m), niiimfed in a heaiitiful valley eovortt n larye
areit, the lio<i»ei heiiiK mirniiindud with orchardH, Tuilik'ml \» an
important cnminerciiil town,

!>!(. The wealth of the noiiiails consistR in cattle, liorwv!,
caniclH, nml idiecp. Tlin iliccp •, ( hiruo fat tails. The
Tiirkuiimn women inaku lieiiutifiil catjiota.

The trade nf Tiirkenlaii Ih eoiideetiMl hy earnvmiK. It is iirinoipally
with Hussia, JNii-HJa, and t.'hiiia. Cotioii, W( !. «ilk, 1 elei, iinil IViiiti
are exported, llardwaiu is impoiled In .a luissin; ti.i ml iiilkii are
hfoiitfht from (!liina.

The killing or tdiief rulers havi! ahuolui.' power. K't ■e.in«, jmrti'
eularly iliu Ku«tli»li, iir« ivuarded with itu*i>icion.

AFGHANISTAN.

liMi. .\IVhuuistaii, or Aj\ili<iii-I<tii(l, liaa liccu the scxiio of
lleret' wais. In In.'J!) the JJritish .sent an army infi; tl-o
country to restore the ri,i;htful suvcroi;;ii, who had liecn
driven from the throne by a u.surjier. In Ls42 thr'>e thou-
sand ei;;lit liuudrcd Hritisli troops were iiiiis,sacred by the
natives. (.SVe L'ollitrs IJiilish JJidori/, p. ',i-20.)

liil. Af'.;lianistan lies south of Turke:-;tan, from which it
is separated by t\\t' J/iml'm A'nus/i and I'm i>j/t(i,il.<(t)i Moiiii-
/'iiiis. The northern tuid cuHtern parts nre elevated tiiid
iiiouiitaiiioiis ; the south ami west loiisist largely of saiuly
deserts.

I'l'J. Fu the nioiinlains on the nnrth is the Tinmian Pukx, leadins: to
Tiirktstan. It i.s leinarhahle for its onlossai tij<tire.s and cavelioiises,
sculptured fioin the rocks. The /iliiilur /'((.■<n, le.adin;; to Hindislan.
is aliiiul ;iO inileK in length, often very iiarr..w, and i iu:1os(h1 w itii hiu'li
elilVs. Till Itriiish truop.s entered Addiuiiistan through this paitH in
1SI2.

lii;j. Miiny favourcil sections aloUif the river valleys arc
very fertile. The heat ot summer in the valleys and Imv-
lamls is intense; the winters in the hi-lilaiids arc very
.severe.

The products :'!(• vice, cotton, tuaar-cinc. millet, (•orn, prape',
oran>;e.s, and other fruits.

The ehief beust.s of burden nre cainds .ind dromedaries. Th'- .iheep
have fat tails, weiKhitiK in or I'J pminds.

The Afghans are a warlike pvo|ile, emhraciiin' the MMli;iiiiiuedan
reliijioii.

Towne.— bU. Afj^lianistan Includes three iiidcpeiul'iit
.Stall s- Cii/ioii/, ('iiiitfii/iiii ,'mh\ llciiity the capitals of wlntli
have tlio Huiue iianies.

('VlWiMrtO.DOlli, the larWf ':. s(l|iiO feet ahove the level of the
sea. The orch.i' Ih ill it« iieiji' I , ou.l pindiice line ft nits Tiie out

hreak a^iainst the llritisli in ls<l beuan in ('.il 1. hinniia wnn the

iMpilal of a ureat empire in the eh veiith cenluiy. J,Uil,iliv{ is iiutcd
for its defence hy the Jtritisli in ISl'j,

lOfi. Iltriil (15.(1(10) !» n Hlnmijly fortilied town. It wan taken by
I'ersia in Isri.'). Much of the tiade hetween Kasterii and Western .\>ia
]ia!«Kes through Herat.

Ciniiliihiii: a forti(le(| eity. is said to have heen f.nindeil hy Alexaiidev
the (beat. It is intersteted hy cinaN. hy wliicli ihe gardens and
orchards are iiriuided.

lOtJ. The ehief trade in with In,: a. (.'Iiina, lVri>ia, Turkestan, .ind
RtiiiKla, condueted by emavaim. The exporti are a;.nfietida. tohnern,
fniilH. enrpetH, nha»!-, and liorstK, Various maniife'lniid uoDdn are
imp rted,

BELOOOHISTAN.

Ill" licloochiHliili, or Lmiil i>/ l/ii' /h'loiii fft'n, has Bttlfcicil
iiiil'li Iniiii iiilcBtiiie wiiid (luiinx the prcmeiit eeiitiiry.
Akxandiir the Uient, with hi* army, <ia«H'J Hir.mgli the ■lUtliDrD

A^IA MINOR.

)25

I licoii till' ftcune of
an iivmy iiif'; tl;t;

;n, who liitil 1"'»'"
a 1^4-2 tliP'O tlimi-
niassiicicil by tliu
.. ;5:io.j I

it.iii, iViim wliii'li it
iirojKOiiiK'Di J/"«"-
i are fli-vuted iiiid
St largely of samly

imiVdi Pnni, leiuliiis: to

ijiures and cave-lmuses,

loailiiiK to lliiiilmtaii,

,inil 1 iii'liisi'il with lii^.'li

II lliiiiu^h tills I'liM ill

lie river valleys are
he valleys and low-
liijildandrt are very

f. ii.illft, ■•orii, in'apts
IrouitMlurii's. Tli- .ilu'ep
i)s tlif Miliuiiduedun

III

tlirec iiidi'peiid'nt
(• cai'itals of wIikIi

a\K>v(' tlie lovi'l 111' till-
ii'itincfniiU. Tliooiil-
linul. ilhtnmr wan thf
ly. Jihtliilnil is iiiiU'tl

imil. It "n» liiUf'i I'.v
ist.Tii 'iii'l WV^KlfniAsiii

I'll ('..iiiiilt'il liy AlKXiitiilor
wliii'li tie; K^r-'i''"* "'"'

r. isi:>, Tiiik('\',;»ii, and
:,ir :r-iil.i'tid!i. Idl'mrii.
I; iiiiir.'iiiiid ijoimU uri'

/;.!. ,'(■'»•.<, lias BiifVeled
■nt century.
tlirjU(|li tb« »iutlmiu

prtrt of tli<- •■ v.i'i j 1,11 Ills leturn finin India, u"J." n.c. Timu.-and.s of
hi:, nieii ia'tished in the /Hto't iif (icdruifia, ficm fatiuuc and thirst.
i^ee Collier's llutory of Greece, p. 110. t

I 109. Belooclii.stan lies on tlienoiMi of the Arabian Sea.

The *.vh(ile emintry, e.\ee])t in the north-west and on the
const, is nioiintaiiioii.s. There are e\tensi\c desert.'*. Tlif
river valleys are fertile.

Tiie liolan J'axg is a iiarrnw defile almut SO luilos in length, kailiii':
to Hindustan. E.xtienic litight, 5so0 f>;tt.

lof). T!ie ti'ni|>eratnn! varies aeeordini,' to the elevation.
Tlie maritime rej,'ion, ealled M''Lrnii, is erid .ud exce.-.-
sively hot.

The iirodiii^ts are similar t'l tli'>;e of Afjihani(>tan. Th.' [laliii tt(f
i< llie most itiii>urtaiil prodin't uf the d'M-its.

The coiintiy is uccupied l,y hcxeial pastoral tiihes, all of w Imiu aif
M'pliaiiirjK-Mlaiis.

Kilut (12,iMMii. tlip ohief tnwii, is .m an chvatiun 7O0O f.^et al.nvc tl.r
sea, and i.s str'h^;ly f irtifieil. The huiises aro hiiilt of mud. It \\a-
taken liy the Iliitish in 1S31),

110. The oiports are hides, wool, dried fruits, aii'l vejietalile oil.
The principal imports are liriiish aii 1 Indian nKiiuiftotiires.

The norilieast is hcil.ji'"t to the Khun of Kelai ; in other paits of
the country the various lrihc.'< ow<i no aniliority I'Ut tiiat oi iheir ri
(ipeotive cliiefs.

PERSIA.

111. Prrsia was anion.; the cariir.it eivilizi'il cunntries of
the World. It retains hut little of its Ibrnifr importanei'.
lu the early part of the present etiitiiry it was t'omil to cede
to Ru.Hsia extensive tiTnturie.s west of the Caspian.

Cyrus, \\\\n died .'29 f.c., made Pri'-ia the most po<«^iirul iinpire in
the world. Tlii« ancient .inpiie wai i'"ii'piered liy Aie\anli.r tin
tireat, 303 11. e.

112. Persia is situated liitwiiii the Caspi;in Sea and tin
Persian Gulf. The jireuter part nftlie eountry is (nl.li'-laiid.
;J0(«) feet hijih, bordered oti the north, f.iiuth-we.''t, and south
by mountain ratiut's. The KUnn-: Minni/'iiiis, on the north,
have their greatest elevation in .\h»nil O'lii'irm,/ Jy^^wi ft...

The plateau coniiists iiiaiidy ef an arid an I '■all 'h -. it. The >l reams,
wiiieli are few and .-mail, are eillier ub« nlied hy the d'-«jlt« or lli»
into salt laken.

113. The ei'Untry iier.r the Persian fiiiir is lini. arid, ami
unhealthy. The date jialin is the eliief prodiii'l, Luxuriant
forests clothe the norihern sh.|ie of the i'llbiirz. The dis-
tricts bordering cui the Caspian are said to be "as lieautd'nl
as water, wood, and mountains i-aii make tlnin."

Whent, rieo, eotton.ll. .rtihieiry tree, Mi;are\ne, the vIliO. irnpieal
fruits and jjiiiiiH nr 1 ■roiinels.

• '••nil lornhla ntli" 1 i> . •>> ■ to ihe il.niry, l>iit the cattle nre quite
inleriur.

Hc.'se-, caieei.^ !-!'ee|i. i.e! gnats are i''- n 1 ill l.'ir c • u "' els. Tii?
wool i ; eTtupeiior quality.

114. The iuliabitan*" co»iipri.seTiirioiis races. Those livin.c.t .-ietit '.
life are nuslly desi-endant.- of the aiu'ieiit Persians. Tiic notm ' 1 ai
the niiis.! numerous, iiuludin^ Tu'k.s, Tartars, and A/ilis. Mv iia:.i
iiiedaiiisin is the rcli,^ioa of all.

Towns. -115. 7'. AfCfOi loii.iioO), the eapital. is SO rr." -...nli ..f
the IJaspiaii. lUirin^t l!io iiiteiise lieat uf .••■linimer the eily ' indii e'l

hy th'' eourt ,uid wealthy iiiiialiilants.

/(tym/iidMliiO.OiiO), on a hi.di plain 210 mih'.s soiitli of 'i ohcriiii. is
the must piiiiiifius eity of I'eisia. Ta'iri: (S0,(HiO) is nt^ imiurtant
eiiiiimereial eity. Jiu.^ldrc is an important sea-port on the IVrsiaii
tiiilf. J/iiiiiin/iiii is the aiii'ii.iit Ki'hataiia. The ruins of l'ir.<i i-iUn
indicate the greatness of the aneimt capital of Persia. Ilaljufunh,
Miflinl, and J' :</ are larui I'ilies.

1 It;. The prineipiil nsanutai'tiins aiv .silks, carpets, sliawls.
cutlery, and leather.

The trade is chietly with Kus.-ia, (inal liritain, and lirilish India.
Uriiish manufactures are extensively imported through Trebi/.ond, c.n
the Iila"k .''^l•a. Internal tr;ide is carried or. hy car.ivans uf mules.

The ihic'f ruler of lVrsi;i is I'alhil the Shah, and has ahsulute power,
llig head ollieer i-. called thj tiraiicl Vi/.ier. Persia ranks very low as
a military [ u«or.

ASIATIC TURKEY.

117. Ttiikcy in A^ia Inrms a puri \>\ the Tiiiki.-h Knipiro,
of which Coii.itantinopie in Kuinin' is the capital. t.Ve«
/•.'iii'iij" III T-tiiii/, ;)75.)

This jiurljon uf th" world is pi'i-nlimly inl^■re^till;.'. li is ll th. atic
of the early 1. i^tury uf the liuinan ra'e, the scit <d' the inu.si an'ii'iii
eiiipirex 'it the Kartli, and end'i.iei's iln' euuntries in which ritu.sl <>f ilie
events reemded in the jiihh- ue.'Uiled.

Various Tuiki-h irihes from Central Asia ■ ipicrcd tl"; ciunliy
tlurilip' the Middle Aires,

I 1'^. The A-Nialie piis.se.ssj.iiis of T'u' ;,'■ We.-il cif Pef.iia,
and include the fnlhiwin;; divi.^iuns ; —

.\si,i Miiiui, Annuilii, ,'^'i/riri, Knf</i- n, ^ink Anil",
A/-jt:irii/i,t\\ti\ the north' 111 and if'ntirii j'orh .i^-'i' Atniji'i,

ASIA MINOR.

ll'.i. Asia Miti'ir, or J.".''* iln /.<.s<, cuiiiained sevrji' im-
pnitaiit ancient States, as l.jidxu /'<iiil''\ and liillinni'-
.\uiietit Tf't'i. th'.' ov, iihi'"\\ of uliicli i'V 'lic (iroeks is de-
scribed by llnnpr, was in the west. Tin- ".SeVea (.'hurehes
of jX-sJa" were alsii in Asia Minor.

12". Asia Minor occupies the liet,i:(snla between the niiick
St a and the .Mediterraiieaii. On »lie west are the Arelii-
pelaito, the iJardauenes, the Sea of Mariiioni, and the Strait
of ( 'onsianiinopu-. The islands are <'»//</•//.'<, IUhkIih, and
others in the w\reldpela;<o.

1121, Thi> intxrior i« ulil«-lan<l f^>lu 30uo to fiUDOfvct leifh, borlvrfd

126

ASIA.

on the south by the Taiirug Mvuntaim, and on the north by the/l»i(i-
Taurus. The rivers are small, but of grcsit iiistoric interest.

The Kizil-lrmak, the ancient JCalys, is the largest river. The Meamlrr,
flowing into the A rcliipolago, is nottil for its windings ; hence tlie linglisli
verb meander. Near tlie O'ndii.iM' Alexander (he (Jreat defeated li.irius,
S'M B.C. Suhsequendy the conqueror took a violent fever from bat'.iinK in
the cold waters of the Cydiiiia, whieh Hows from llie uuow-covered moun-
tains, {See Cullier's Ureeee, pp. "JS, 'M.)

122. The mountain-slopes are cool and Imniiil, and clotliud
with fine forests, espcciiilly near the Black 8ca. Tlic tablo-
liiiuls iiave nut sutlicient niui.sture for agriciiltiiro, but yield
good pasturage. Tlie valleys are very warm and fertile.

123. Coal, copper, and lead are abundant. Tlio Tei,'etable products
are varied, ineludinK whc:it, tobacco, cotton, ijiapea, lig.^. and olivi s.
Tlie Angora goat, found in the hi;;hlaiuli!, yield.s a line hair, wliicli i.s
made into .siiawls. Tiic oatncl is tlio ciiiuf beast of burden.

124. Mi/liaininedan Turks furin tlie majority of the popul.ition.
The trade is chielly in the hands of Jews, (jreeks, and .Armeiiian.".

There are several political divisiona, jf which .l;(«^y^a, in the webt,
is the most important.

Andliilia means "sunrise ;" a name niven in consequence of th« easterly
situation of the country with respect to Kurnpe.

Towns.— 125. Smi/rna (150,000), on tlie west coast, is the larjjcst
and most commercial city. It is re^tar.led as the biilhplace of llonur.

Aidiii, in the valh'y of the Meandi r, is coiiuceted by railroad with
Smyrna, (50 miles ilistant.

Jidi.mrick (10. ""01, SviitcD'i (Cii'.dOM, immediately djijiosite Cou-
Btaiitinople, and /Irii.ia (dOjOOO), are imp irtant commercial cities.

.S(>io]H and TniiHuiid are jiorts on the Jlliick Sen. ^\ii;h ' is famed
for its Koals. Tureus is noted as the birthplaceuf St. I'uul. Ih'linn
occupies the site of ancient llali^.'unassus, the 1 iitli-placi' li iKro, lo-
tus. This town I'ontaiiicil the celrbr.ilcd toinbol Mu.isniu.v An/i/. //,
the ancient Iconiiim, nrniufu-lures .ip. is, and hai>v;jlisidi..,lile trade.
.Meerschaum i=. "li.iiind in it-' neixlibourhoud.

\H\. Thi' export,'^ of A.-sia Miiinr inrludr li^rs raisin.^, ^■<1!
nuts, silk, iiittoii, vl.'-c oil, uuiiis, (lrii;:.-< g.^iis' Imir, and
bkin.-<. A'arioits iiiaintlMiturid ginnl.s ale iiii|i(prtcd.

ARMENIA. KURDlbTAN, &c,

127. Armenia wa- junliably tlie first I'limurs nopled after
the ileluuo. Tlie (.inrc lU of K(Un i.s suppii.srd to liave In ii
near tlie siiuree.s of the I'.uphrate.s and Ti>;iis.

The Hurliice coii.'^isirt cf eh'Viitid tablel;inil.s .".al nu.iJi-
tttiiiH, inteiseeled willi deep vabeys. The /.'■.'.'. l'('^.^ n,;| i
.7V>/c(x have their iiri::in in tlic nioiintaiii.-* ; the /w<<, with
its tributary the . I /(/.('.■', llnws easterly to tlu ('iispiar
I.iikt Van i.s in tlio south,

128. Tho wiiil«r» in tlio liiviliLind* arc lonj; and ncvcre, lutitid*!.!
Willi lieitvy fallii ol'siinw. The vullrya nru warm and pleaoaiit,

t-Vjip'i, lead, iron, Ndl, and naphtha are ph iit;;"'il. The ve;;et.i' !"
(^rmluutu are (.'lain, loliaoon, imIIhii, llax, niape.'<, ai I o.lier fiuit,*. The
greuler p ifl of the Cilllltry is Knt Huite<l to til-ii/ii.) .

TOWIH. I'-U. hi-.innim (Mfi.Olld), on all eluval.itl of fiSOO feet, is
lhelar»;r>tt iiinl iiiti»l coiniuircial city. The trade belw( iii tho ports on
the lHack Hea and Nortli«in I'eritia pannes through it. It iaaUolhu
Imltlii^'-iitatlun fur caravanii botMi'vu Mvveu uiiJ Tehtfiun.

Kars (12,000) is on a plain 6000 feet above the sea. After a heroio
defence, conducted by (ieneral Williams, a native of Nova Scotia,
Kars, reduced by famine, was surrendered to the Russians in 1855.

l;3(>. Kurdistan corresponds nearly with ancient As.syria.
It is south of Armenia, and east of the Tigris. In the south-
west arc low plains, but the surface and products generally
resemble tho.sc of Armenia. Gall-nuts of the finest ipiaiity
are among the products.

Towns.— 131. Van (iO,000^, a fortified town on the south eastern
shore of Lake Van, has antiquities attributed to Seiiiirami!', an aiieieiil
(jueen of As.syria. Its cotton manufactures aie of coiisiileralle iiii-
portauce. Monul (10,000), on the right bank of the Tigris, is mar Hie
site of ancient Nineveh, (.Vtc J«i((, 50.) It was furiuerly renowned
for its muhliiiS, a fabric which took itfi name fi.nu this town. Erbd.
in the country east of Mosul, is the uiicienl Arbela, which gave name
t'j the final battle in which Ale.\aiider defeated Darius, in 331 li.c.
DtarbvLir has some eottuu and .iiik manufactures aud 'opper-worl^s.

i;32. Al-Jezirab corresponds to ancient Mesopotaniiii, or
"the country between the rivers.'' It is called in the Uible
radaii-arain. Jt comprises the northern porliou ul the low
lihiin between the Kiiphrates and Tiiiri.s.

Irak Arabi, south of Al-Jezirah, Ix'tween the river.-i,
iiiswers to ancient Dabylonia.

i:i:i. A large portion of these countriw is de,sert. In
Slimmer the heat is very great, aud there are hut, .suifocating
winds. The winter nights are cold in the north.

Ifice, vines, and date-palms llourish along the borders of
the rivers. Ostriehes, wild a.-5.->es, and plundering Aiab.i
vv.iiidi r over the interinr.

Towns. 131. Orj'iili, in the north of tho pLiin, formerly called
J'Me.'.ha, waK the capital of iv kiiigilniii, lounded by the Criis;oler.s.

/lif/din/ (1)5,000), once the caplt.il ot the Saracen (J.iliph.ile, it; .-itu-
iited on both b. Itis of lliu Tij^ris, its Uade has greatly deeliaed. This
city Is familiar as the scene of thii " Arabian is' iglits' Kiitertainiueiils.

//illuh,iin both banks of the K.iphrates, is wiihiii the bounds of the
ancient city of IJabyloii. (.V«' Atiit, 57.)

Jliisfori'ii ('iO.OOOi, on lli' ^hi.l el-.Vrab, mar the IVrsLm (ii.lf, is
the great emporium of trade bLtn^eu Asiatic Turkey and lud.a.

SYRIA.

1. ".."». S.yria i.>i, hi.stoiically, one uf tlie mo.'<t inlerestiiig
^'iiinlries in the woriti eiiilnacing the ancient /,«/((/ «/' Israel,
i'/nfuicid, mill St/ria i'vi'fier. It was added to the Turkish
l^inpire in lolT. It is -lituuted south of the Taurus Moiin-
taiUH, between the .Meditenniieaii and the Kiiphrates.

Aiiciuiit l'h<niiiela Oi'iiipiJM'd the northern purtiou of iho uiariliino
coiMiliy ; the Land of I.-trael, the suUtheili,

i;('!. TI.e surl'iiee coiioisl.s of a narrow plain of varying'
width ue.\t tlic sea ; the moimtaiu ranges of Lebanon and
Anti Lebanon, near the west side, continued soutlierly by

■^^M:

ve the sea. After a heroio
a native of Nova Scotia,
;o the Uussiaus in lUbb.

f with uncicut Assyria,
u Tigris. la tliu soutii-
and products generally
ts of the finest quality

town on the soiitii (.asttrii
id to Scniiiaiuii', iiu ancient
es aie of coiisiiicialle nn-
ak of the Tiniis, is mar tiie
It w;i.s foiniciiy lenoAncd
no fri.Mi this town. i'W'i/.
I Ailichi, wliicii t:ave name
fcaleJ Darius, in 331 n.o.
cturcs and jopiiej -works.

iifient Mesop(ytaniiiV I'l'

[t is called in the Bible

hern iKirliuu oi' the low

uris,

II, between the rivers,

nuitrivB is d^'sort. In
Ill-re lue hut, siiliocutiiiy
n the north,
di al'tii;^' the borders of

.iiid iiimidfriii^ Arabi

the iil.iin, fuiuicily called
dcd by the Ciusadcr;).
; Saiiiccii Calipiiaic, ii; s-itu-
.: Iiu.s greatly declined. Tliii
m^'iniita" Mulcrtiiinincnl.^. '

ii ttilliiu the biiuiius ot the

I, near the Tersiati Gulf, ia
til! Turkey and lud.a.

d" the most inli'restin^'
! uneieiit Land <>/' fsnte/,
ns added to the Turkish
fh of the Taurus Mouu-
iid the iMiphrales.

Ill (Hirlioii vi' iho nmrititiiii

nirrow plain of viiryinu'

1 ninues of Lebanon iiiid

continued southerly by

■'\ ■■<":* ,i ■•'■"■>.••'■

f^i

x„"'.

i hi %

'V*

'7 . >

if' -V '"''^"

j c > - i; r ],? j-'\ ■ ^^. '

- I

?■ i'li

' H 1^ ••< ^''.•J >►./

!'^

1 /"•

a \S

.'/

X\l

i.i

5=^-^-:-.,

I 7%''\\^

.»^^

. 3 -^^ t-4 ! 1 V i!»V J ''1. 3.-' ,'..•■,,■ -iSi V >.

-^^•^■■^^'''

}

> .i.

'3;:

.^ 1

t ^

•. i

'1..
ax-

''^'■<^' J^'-'i nr-i

/\r^

i 5

y C^ '^f- -Cit^ .,~^

;•¥>???

:..■!»

J. ^ 'j

i i

I-'

t -.

1 ^
1 5.

M i
CO i

^L_

- ■ ■*"W,:,

PALESTINE.

V21

irregular liills and low mountains ; and a vast plain on the
east kiKjwii as the Syrian Desert. Between the ranges of
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon is a beautiful valley anciently
called CVele Syria, or Hollow Syria, from which the Litany
or Leontes flows south, and the Oronffs north.

137. There are many very fertile tracts; but tlirouj;li want of culti-
vation, mucli soil that was once fruitful is now nearly barren. Ex-
cepting; the cold hfi;5ht3 of Lebanon, the climate is generally warm
temperate. Waia uf rain is the chii f natural defect of the country.

The products arp grain, cotton, the mulberry, olives, grapes, figs, and
c'-he'' fruits. The mountains of Lebanon were once famed for their
maj, s^'c cedars. Only a few of these ancient trees now remain.

13;;. The inhabitants are cliieHy Turks, Arabs, and (irteks. The
wandering Arabs of tiie desert are called Bedouins. They live by
their flocks and by plunder. The insecurity of property occasiuned by
these rubbers is a serious obstacle to the prosperity of the co unity.

The Maronites and Druses are two hostile communities inhabiting the
Mountains of Lebanon. Tlie former claim to be Cliristiims, duriving tlieir
name and tenets from Maron, who lived in the tlfth ciiitury. The Druses
are heretical Mnhamn iluus, oiiginaliny with llakiin, an Egyptian who
styled himself a prophet.

Towns. — 139. Aleppo (80,000) is situated midway between the

Medilerrane.in and the Euphrates, in a beautiful and fertile district on
the borders of the desert. It was desolated by an earthciuake in
1822, when 20,000 inhabitants wire buried iu the ruius. It has silk
and cotton manufactures.

Daviascun UlO.t'UO) ii about 50 miles from the Mediterranean,
surrounded by a well-watered and fertile jilain, clothed with orchards.
It was formerly fame<l for its sword-blades. Travellers speak of the
distant view of the city as most enchanting. (Sit 5-1, 55.)

140. JleiiroiU (12,0U0), on the coast, is the port of Damascus, with
which it is connected by a macadamized road. In the neighbourhujd
are extensive mulberry proves and vineyard.-;.

Antiuch (27,000) was formerly a large and wealthy city, containing
400,11(10 iidiabitants. Here the disciples were tirst called Christians.

Tripoli (18,0U0) is an important port. It is noted for beautiful
gardens. Sponges and soap are exported. {Sa: (lazilieir.)

Acre (10,000) is a small seaport, marking the southtrn lirai*- of
ancient I'liienicia. It is noted for its numerous sieges. iSic OazHltv }

Ti/rt and ^Siduu, the chief cities of I'liiunicia, are represented by llio
small towns Soar and ^aiila. {Sfc (iaztttio:)

Ilainah (40,0U0; and JIviiis (30,OUU), on the Orontes, are important
town.s.

141. Agriculture and the care of flocks are tlie cl, A' pursuits.
Manufactures are greatly neglected. Commerce is imjieiled ih-ough
want of roads. JMereliandise is conveyed on the back^ o' xiu'.s anil
camels.

l.AKK Ul'' I llUClM.'iS.

PALESTINE.

142. Palestine is imw tiie iiio.st cuninion name of the
ani'ieiit Land id' Isi'uel. Tlii.s niinic is supposed to be derived
from the riiili.stines,ii pcnplu who ouee iulialiited the south-
west.

The country lm« been known by various other names, as CiiniMii, and tlie
Uily Laud. It became a part ol the Turkish Kmplru In 1517.

143. The IsraelitcK, under Jo.-^hua, entered the Land of Promise and

dispossessed the original inlu bitaid.H in M,'r2 n.c. The country was
then apportioU'd amongst the various tnbe.s, as shown on .Map of
Vuiiaitii. (.s'fc Jushaa i.-.\ix.)

In 975 II. c. the couidry was divi.lcil into the kingdorns <.f .hid.'ili
and Israel, as shown by .Map of th'.' li'ni'j'tiinu of Jwl'tk dud hvttcK
(See 1 Kimjs xii.)

144. Iu 721 U.c. the king<lo!u of Israel was broken up, and the in-
haliilants carried into captivity by .^halmaneser, King of Assyri.x
Other irdialiitants were placed in the country, who were subBCiiueutly
called .Samaritans. (.Sic 2 liunjH xvii.)

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

1.8

14 111.6

^ <^

^-^

>(!«

Photographic

Sciences
Cori.x)rdtion

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIBSTtRNY I4S80

(71*1 173-4503

^o yip Mf-)

liTriliiili I I -"

"a?--Kiffl?:*:sj25JM&ai

12a

ARTA.

In 606 n.c. the inliabitnnts of Judali were carried to HaViylon, where
fliry spent a captivity of seventy years. In 536 they were perniitleil to
return to their own land, l)y Cyrus, Kinfrnf the Persians. (See K:ra\.)

145. Palestine hee^ime suliject to Alexander the (ki'it, 333 n.c. It
then fell to the Ptoleniys of K^'ypt, and afterwards ti Anlioohus of
Syria. The inhabitants were cruelly treated liy the i.ater and liis
successors; from who.se power a family of patriots callod the Macca-
bees, after hard .struL'i-'les. delivered their country. (Sec /i'aiLU'.^ llthk
lliatd)-!!. (I lilt Jdnrii/in.f.)

HO. The Itiiinans annexed Palestine to their f;rcat empire about
63 B.C., and divided it into four provinces, Judaa, .Samaria, GuliUf,
and Pcrmt (as in Map of PuliKline ittnlcr the Itumaiin). This was the
condition of the country in the time of our Lord.

The Jews ha' ti'.; rebelieil aiiainst the Honians, an army umler
Titus liestroyed their caiiil:il. .Terusaleni. and mercilessly slauudilered
lliiinsands of the inhabitants, 70 a.u. From this time the Jews have
III en scattered over the whole world, anil their ancient land has bein
occupied by other people.

117. Palestine fell a jirey to the .Mohammedans in the year-C36. The
persi tions to which Ohristian pilirriniH were subi'Cted in the Middle
.'.(..es roused the indi^Miation (jf the ('liri>li:in powers of i'luiupe, and
vast armies were sent to rescue the Holy Land fVom tlie Mohiimnji'-
diins. Theex|)eilitions sent for this pui'pose, known in history as the
('.iisadcs, had a tcinjiorary success ; l)Ut eventually the country again
fell under tne Moliamniedans.

148. Palestine is sifuiiled 011 (lio cast of tlie ]\r(Mlitt'r-
i'.THi'!iii, ami soufh ol' tin' i\loiiiitaiiis of LiliaiiDii. It is
alidiit hvo-tiiinls tlic eizo uf Nuva Scotia. Its Ifiijitli frttni
iKntli to soutii 18 180 miles, and the breadth 7") miles.

Tlie surface is <,'eii(^rally iiiotintaiiioiis. The nioiuitaiiis
arc low and liroken. Mount llenuon is on the northern
liordiT ; (''r/W'7 overloiik.s the pnast ; tlio .Uuiinl'iitts i<j
MiHth are east of the Jiinliin, The rocks are eliietly liine-
stoiie, and the country ahounds in raves, to which fretjiient
reference is made in tlie Scriptures.

I'tn ralestiiie consists of two natural divisions, separfited by the
low valley of the Jordan. The western section is divided into the
IKUlhern and southern hinhhinds by the Plain of Ksdraelon- the b.ittle-
field of the country— extending' from the foot of (',\riiii I to the valloy of
tiio Jordiin, Tlift Jordan, flowinfj from the ISbiunlains of Lebanon
Hinitlierly ihroiipli lnk"s Atirmii and TUnri'ii Into the Inad ,Sin, is
the otdy river. Inclndinji windln(.'B, it is uhr- '. 200 miles long (^'ev
/l«i.(, 33, 35,37.)

ir)(). The soil of I'alcstiiie was once very fertile. The
hill sides, can lully terraced, were clothed with vineyiirds
and olive uroves, and the valleys with iimlu. The terraces
are now hroken dtwn, and the rains of centuries have
washed away the soil, leavin;,' nothing I'tit tin' ^'ray rock.*.
Some et' t lie valleys and |ilaiiis arc yet very fruit I'nI. The
heat. i)f mtmtner is not intense, except in the vallevs. The
winters arc mild. Scarcity nf rain is the worst feature in
the climate.

l.'ii, The products are yrain of various kinds, dlives,
{{rapes, Hk's, p(niiei;rainites. and other fruits. Larjic trees
are almost unknown in I'alcsline. The must important are
terebinths, a few imcd oaks, and an iM'casi'iiial jialm.

■■'•''■-:■':•''■'-■'■■ 'Af/f.u

iii.i\ 1: riiri-, Fi.owr.ii, and fiu it.

Wild flowers are profuse in spring, especinlly a white flower
called the Star of 1! thlehem, and scarlet anemones, tulips, ar.d
]io)ipie.s.

The settled inhabitants are collected into villages and towns, as
solitary dwellin;;s would be exposed to attack from plunderin;.' lie-
doiiins. They are principally Mohammijdans and Ureeks.

Towns.— 152. J(v>i>ntem (25,n00|, the capital, is situated on the
cd).'e of a rocky plateau, 30 miles from the Mediterranean. It-
site, 2-UO feet al)ovc the level of the Me<literrancan, and 35Ufl above
the Dead Sea. has dee)i ravine.s on nil sides except the north-west.
— tiie Srtiley of (.ijlion on the west, Ilinnom on the south, and Jehu-
shaphat or Kidrouon the east. It is also divided into two ridges,—
Mount Zion on tiie west, and Mount Morinh on the east. The Mount
of ()live.4 is on the east of the city beyond the Valley of Kidron, The
most important building; in the city iti tiie Miis(iue of Omar, on the site
of the ancient Temple.

l.W. JUilililittii (liioo), six miles south of Jerusalem, is the city of
Pavid. and tin,' liirtli-|ila 'e of our Saviour. Il contains a larjje
monastery, liuilt over a rne culled ''•■ " Cave of the Nativity."

/Iithmiii is a small villas;!' two miles fidin Jerusalem, "U the eastern
slope of the Mount of Olives.

lli'iivii (7<i("M, 16 miles siuith of Jeni^ttlem, is noted for the cavo of
Machpchih, where Aluaham was buried. The Mohammeilans have
built a llirjie mosipie over the cave, which they hold in great ven-
ention.

151. Jafa (15,(HMH, the ancient Joppa, was the piincipal jiort 1 I'
the Jews. Its harbour is snmll and insecure. Its exports are soap,
grain, and fruit. The city is noted for its extensive and fruitful
ijardeiis, which arc irrigated from well*.

"In Mnrcli unit April IIickc (inrdiun nre Indocd onchsntlnir The sir l«
mvimIoiuIimI Willi till' nihwli'd spli'iry of ornnt;-'. biiioii. iipph', nprlcol.
i|i\lnci', plum, mid t lilnn Iri'in In lilomnni I'lie p"ople lln'ii fnnui'iil lie
(jiiiVcK, Kit on milK lii'iiiiilli tlii'Iriiriiti'ful «hiiile, nip roMco, miioki> the nrKcli,
nliig. coHver«i', iir "li'cp till eveiilnx, wliiii lliey slowly irlnrii to tlie town "

155. (/f»;i» (15,000) |g in tlie unuih-wpst. It trades largely In snnp,
which Is spnt lo Kgypt on rnniels,

Xa.arclh (Mono), north id' M.aint Tatmr, is noted n» the phu-e where
our Saviour spent the jtivat'er part of hi' life on Karth,

rut IT,

ppcinlly a wliit'- fl-wer
niieinoiics, tulips, au\

1 villacos mill towns, i^"
ck tVoiii phiiiileiiii;.' lie-
I ami Greeks,

itftl, is situnted on tlie

e MeiiittMiniipnti. Il~

rr:iiie:in, .■iinl iSriOO uliovc

except the )inrlli-vve<it,

on tlie soulli, and Jelio-

vi.leil into ttto ridges,—

nn llio east. The Monnt

V.illt'v (.I'Ki.lron. Tlie

jiio I'l' Oiiiiir, oil the lite

,Ieiu;-iidein, in the city of
r. It coiit.Tins a iiirjje
of tlo' Niitivity."
IenisHhni,"ii tiie CM\cyu

, is iii'loil fnr iho oiivo of

I'Ui' Mnhiiininedaiis hiivc

ihi'v hold ill Hieat veil-

las the prineipal port of
lis cxiioits are Houp,
R extensive and Iruitfiil

ri\ iMicliiinllnn Tlie nir I*

:,. Iriunll. Ilpple, np'le"l.
IvnpUi lllell freipii'llt lie'
l|i ciiirre, Hiniikellie orifi'lll,
iHlj lelurii to tlie IdWii,"

It iraden lar«i'ly in noap,

.(e.| as till' phieo «liiie
, Kiirtli.

AliAIlIA.

I'J',1

:_iJ

DKTIILEHKM.

yi('i!niia S,(M.)0], the aneient Shecheni, is in a leitile valley, clothed
with frnit trees, k'twceii .Mounts Khal and (ieri/.ini (,//«A/(.i ix, 7-2!),

Sii/cd (.WOO), tlevated 2iJJU feet, was Utk'li) destlo)ed hy an eait!i-
ipuiko in 183".

(•ii the east of the Jordan are many ancient towns mid niiiis, as
li(ilh(tii!ii/i, KiiiMirAt, liozrah. Satcali, and Kiliri, built of massive
hewn rock. Some of them have a few inh:iliitanls ; cithers, descried liy
man, are the lioiutj of wild heasts. (.Vtt I'vf.tr'a (Uuut Ciliu <>/ /kt»/iait,
and Dtuf. iii,)

ARABIA.

f.'fJ. Ai'iiMa, apciinliiiu' to soiiit', HiKiiKK's // ifusff, cxiircsH-
iiii,' till' ini'vailiiiii iiliysiciil clmi'acter id' tin; ci.iiiitry ;
at'coriliii^' to utlicrs, it cnmci tVom u word niL.'iiit'yiiiif u
iMiiileifi; in alliisinn to tlic habits oi' iiiaiiy of its inlinlii-
taiits. ItH liirttory jh iiiterestin,t,'. Tlio forty years' wamlci'-
iii^'s of tlio Immlitcs wcro in tlif iiortli-wi'Ht.

Hfolmminedaiiisin orii;inated in the west nf .\r;iliiii early in the
seventh cent iiry, and for several centuries .Mohamnivdaii Aiahs ruled
all Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Spain,

1.'i7. The W.ilijihe.n, nr Mohiiiniio ilan refnriiien of Vmhln. nrWhmli'i) with
M.ili;iiniiiecl :il,ii \Ih| .•! \V,i)ril., ,il„,iit the inlilille .if [hr li,lil,.,iilli eeiilury
A Wiilmli il\im«i/ win e«liil.lMi,.,| In Neji.l, i\ sim in ijin hilerlMr, uiiil
iiiMiil) the whul,> nf \riililiiWiiH hnuwlit iimler IH power l"iicriiiichliiK iipmi
llie lervlliiHes elidiiieil liy I'lirlii.j . the Wiilmlpces liruiiKht i,|im|| |ln.|M«el\i<
the venmniiee nf tlie Nleeniv of IVypI In lij^, iiti I'kji.Hiui uriiiy liiviided
.Nejed, mill lU'lhiiyuil Keialeli, lliu Ciiplliil, Th,. Iinniii uf .Netrii wil< sent
ti' I'niMtiiiilliiiiple. where he wim lieliemlrcl S|iln,.,jii,.iitlv. aftir vnrhnis
lonlllels, thu Hifvptlnn I'lmhn wik exiiullijil, iidiI tlm WiUmlieu ilyninly
rvulorwil, .ami I'uli/ruvt't Aruliiit.)

I'l^. Till! coa.st.s of Araliia aiv
;,'t'iieiiilly low anil sandy ; tlie iu-
terior omi.sists principally of a liij^h
jilatfau, linidurud with low uioiin-
taiii ranges. A riduo extending
feoutiierly from ralestiiie, ternii-
natea in the rocky peaks of llwih
-.'tl):5 feet) ami Sinai rarelicd
deserts cover the giviiter jiart of
tiie interior. Tiiero are no large
streams.

1."j!>, Many parts along the coast
are very t'eitile, and tiie deserts iiiv
also intersper.sed with fertile oases.
Tin; heat of the low enasts is !a-
teii.se ; on the tabledands it is
nmri! temperate.

A large' (lart of Arabia is within
the rainless region e.vteiiding iVom
tiie we.st ciiast of Africa to the east
(if Asia, In otiier portimis rainy
and dry seiusom alterinite. Here the
water-c(Uirse.s during one season

lireseiit rushing tiirrcnt,s, and duriii;^ the other dry rocky

chiiniiels, callctl ichIi/s.

100. A hot, Huirocatinp, and injnricus wind, called theii'moow, oftt n
blows from tho desert. It is of .short duratinii, and to escripe iN
elVect.i the iiihaliitaiits cover their faces and lie ptustrute. The eainvl
also kneels ilnwn and biiriea its lin-e in the sand.

1(!1, Then! are no extensive forests in Arabia, The most
valualile trees are the date and other s[ieeies of palm-'', gum
acacias, and bul.saia trees. Tiie deserts produce succiiliiit
grasses, and a little plant called .-•'O/*//, which br;irs a small
red seed • the former nourish numerous Hocks and herds ;
while tiie latter, with dates, gives food to the v/aiideriiig Arab.

The eiiltivalv'd products arc colfee, cotton, indigo, tobacco,
millet, Piiices, and tinpieul fruits. The cultivated districts
reipiire irriuiitioii,

PL*. Wild aiiiiniiU are iint innneroitf". The deseiln abimnd with
wild asses and o,iii,'|ius, The doinclic aiiiiiials are horses, caiiieN,
dromedaries, sheep, and u'oats. The hordes of .Vrabiil are funit'l for
heiuity I lid iketness.

The wniiderinu Aralis nf the denerti are c.dled IK'doiiinii,

Hi:), Arabia includes several poliiicul divi.-ioiis, with im
Very prHcime liiuitc. The prineipal are //c-//i(r, I'lium,
Hiiih'iii.iihi. Oiii'iii, /.ih'hf'i, and X',/'"!.

101. Hedjas, or "the Land of I'il-riliia;e," embracing tiie
urcntti" portion of the coast on tho l^eil iSea, belongs to
Turkey,

130

ASIA.

Mecca (fiO.OOO), the capital, tjo miles ficitii tlie .se;i, is in a desert
region. It is noted as the birth-place of Mohammed (571 a.d.) Mo-
liammedans regard it as a holy city, and all are required to ,'isit it at
least once in their lives. Consequently the city swarms with j)il!.'rims,
who generally, combining trade with religion, carry merchandise to
sell on tlieir route.

Jedda, on the Red iSca, is the port of Mecca. Medina (8000), 250
miles north of .Mecca, and 130 miles from tliec»\ist, contains the tombs
of Moliammed, iiis daughter Fatima, and of the caliphs Abubeker
and Omar.

163. Ycmon, sometimes called Hapjiy Arabia, i.s ii) tlie
south-we.st. It produces the finest cottee in the world.

Sana (40,000), the capital, in a beautiful inland valley, has an ex-
tensive trade in coffee. J/uW(tt (7oOO). is a fortified iiort on the Red
Sea. It gives its name to the best cotl'ee, which, with dates and gums,
is largely exported.

IfiO. Aden i>i a smiill ponin.snla in the ,soutli-we.st, lielong-
ing to Great Britain.

The city Aden (40,000) stands in a liollow, cnclo.spil witli rocky
dill's. It is very strongly fortified, an I is an important coaling
station for steamers. The coal is bnmght in vcs.-els from England.

lf!7. Oman is a maritime di.strict in tlie aonth-east. It is
suliject tn tlie Imam or Sultan of iMu.scat, wlm.se territories
embrace iportion.s of tlie cnast of I'crsia and Eastern Africa,

Mitmit (40,000), the rajiital, is an inipinliint port on the (iulf of
Ormuz. It fXpMiis hides, horses, and d.iUs.

IfiS. Nejed is an extensive country in t'a' inirrinr, ruled
by the Wahaliees. Its liorsi'S arc said to lie much sniierior
to those of other parts of Arabia. Their owners are greatly
attached to them, and refuse to sell them,

Riad ii the proBOiit capital. (Sn l.'i7.)

BRITISH INDIA, OR HINDOSTAN.

l()f). llimlnstan, or Linn/ uf' t/n //iiH/nns, endiraees a jiart
of tlio region often called the Kast Indies. The country has
long been nlelirati'd for the richness <if its vegetable and
mineral products, and also I'or its large wild animals,

170. The power of tlroal Itritain in India ,irii;in.iti'il «ith the Uritisli
KaRt liiilia <.' iiipany, organixed with cxdusivii priviliiieB in the year
1(100. In 10:11' tho Company iicquircd its first ter''iiory, conslsliiig of
about five milen of ciiisl wlnrc Madras now slatids. Other po.sxes-
iiloliH were soon ac(|Uirid ; largo wanhouwH culled factories were
erectcil ; and the prusperoiis trade was tNtcnded,

171. A large part of the cn\intry "as at tliis time included in the
Mogul Kiiipil'c, svhich liiid liccii eslablishud in \>>'^!>. Tiie chief liiltr
wnn known a* tho threat MokuI, HIk <>in|iri' wait divided into pro
vincpN ruled liy deputies called Naliobs, and the piovincen were divided
into dintrii'ts L'i'vermd by otlii'i'rs I'alled l{ii,iahs.

17-. Ill lOMi, the iigi'iit ot tlip K,i«t India Company and a niiinhrr .if
men in Ins emphi) were Mailing down the lloo^l,^ Uivvr, b.iving bern

ex])elled from a factory on the river by the Nabob of liengal. Ex-
hausted with the burning heat, they landed near a small village, and
took refuge beneath a large tree which attracted them with its friendly
shade. Pleased with the situation, they resolved to form a new settle-
ment. Accordingly a grant was obtained of a small territory, and
factories were erected, which have since exj)anded into the populous
and wealthy Calcutta, the capital of Rritish India.

17:i. In 1757, C.ilcutta was captured and plundered by the Nabob
Suraja Dowlah, Many of tlie English were taken prisoners and thrust
into a close room called the /Hack Ilule, where most of them perished
in a single night from breathing tlie impure air. Calcutta was soon
afterwards retaken by the distinguished Clive. In the same year Clive
checked the power of France in India by the battle of I'lassey. (.See
IMlixh Jlhtorii : Gcmijv II., p, 2S4.)

174. British power niw advanced rapiilly, nor was it always by tin'
most just and honourable means. Native jirinces were conquered and
their treasures plundered ; others, alarmed, poured out to the victors
their diamonds and gold, r.s the price of peace and jprotection. The
Mogul Empire was iiroken up liy internal dissensions, and (lortion after
liortion was annexi'd to the British territories. The first Governor-
txeneral was Warren Hastings, aiipointed in 1773. (Hcc Jjriti.sk
Jlistori/ : (IcoviK 111., p, '2114.)

175. Ill 1833 the Company's nioimpoly was wiihilrawn, and the
country was thrown ojien to general commerce. The Indian Mutiny,
a rebellion of the native troojis called sqiaii.s, which began in 18.")7,
jiresenti many tales of savage butchery and outrage. On the restora-
tion of peace, the government of India was transferred from tlie Com-
I'any to tho British Crown. (-SVr Jlrili.ili Jlisi'n-ti ,■ Victitnu.)

170. About half of Hindostan, or th(> triaimular iieiiiu-
sula, is in the Torrid Zone, It has the ]]ay of liengal on
tlie east ; tho Arabian .Sea on the west, i'ni"' Coninrni is
the southern point.

Hindostan extends about ll^ee niilcs noith and .'outli, by 1500 miles
east and west. The coast line is about 4000 miles in length. The ea>t
cnast is sometimes called tlie ('itvtinlic ; the south-eastern coast is
called the (.'"ruiiKtuiltl Cmtaf ; the south-western, the MaUibar Cnast.

177. The surface in the northern half of the country is
yreatly diversified. On the north are tho gigantic and un-
rivalled //nii(i/<(i/ii.i, jMiik rising above peak far beyt)nd the
liiii' of perpetual snow. The lower ridges are often enveloiied
in clouds, on which the higher summits, jirojcetcd against
the blue sky, seem to rest, (.SVr Aula, 2-1,)

Kf-i. South of the elevated region are vast plains, com-
prising two general slopes, — the basin of tlie (t'liiKjin inclined
to the south-east, and the basin of the /m/iis to the .'south-
west. The former slope U -auch llii^ more extensive.

17!). The greater part of tlic peninsula is elevated tiihln-
land I'ldled the J>iii',iii, which is bordered l.v mountain
raime.i,— the Vniilliiiii itliiiKi feet) on the north, the low
J'tiiMt^rii (i/iiiiit.i on the east, and tho elevntetl HV/t/crH
(I'/i'iiils on the west. The greater jiortiou of tho lUecan hti8
an (easterly slope.

l.-'o. Tlie principal riven of Northern India ftie llin naiiiim. J]vnh'
miiii'uth'ii, and hiilnii. «iih their tribiitaric". The .^ulhj, thiwiiiu into
the tiiilii'>, and Iik four principal trihulaiicM kIvc t!ienameof I'unjnub,
or Fiir /I'l'crrs, to the country through «hich lliey tiow.

labob of Ueiigiil. Ex-
\T a small village, and
I them with its Iriendly |
;d to foim a new settle- i
a small territory, and j
ided into the populous
dia.

uiidered by the Nabob
en prisoners and thrust

most of them perished < ■
lir. Calcutta was soon | '

In the same year Clive
battle of Plassey. ('Sec

lor was it always by the i i
ices were conquered and
oured out to the victors
:e and ])rotection. The
nsions, and portion after
s. The lirst (Jovcrnor-
in 1773. (.St'C Jlritisk

as withdrawn, and the
;e. Tiie Iiidiiin Mutiny,
!, which bcLian in 1857,
itra;;o. On the restora-
imsfcrred from the Com-
'iirti : \'ii-tiinn.)

:\w trimmulai' iiciiiii-
lio IJiiy of lit>ii,i,'iil on
t. Cup': C'oniorlii is

and .'^outh. by l.Wr> miles
liics in IcnKtIi. The eii>t
(' sonth-oastcrn coiist is
rn, the Mulaljdr I'nast.

ilf of thi' eoiliitiy is
tlic ^'i;;antic ami un-
|icMk far beyond tlic
sarc offt'ii ('Iiv('1o|i(m1
ts, iirojcctt'il ai^aiiist
2-J.)

10 vast jilaiiia, com-
f till' (finiijis iiicliiii'il
/lIllllK t'l tlic soiitli-
n]V I'Xti'llsivO.

ila is clovated tablr-
(liTcd I.\ mountain
llic novtii, the low

111' fli'vati'd WcKtirii
lU of tlie Dtmiii liaa

1 nro tho (1(tti;ira. /Iivi'i-

Till' StilllJ, tlnWillU Mlt'l

ive tiicniimeuf runjaub,
they dow.

BRITISH INDIA.

131

rilE HIMALAYAS.

The piinc'ipal rivers of the Iieccan are the Mninnindihi, Cudavo-ii.
Kfinhun, ami I'mivevii, on the east ; ami the yrrliuililah on the west.
Many of the rivers are unnaviKabie on account cf the rapidity of their
current. {.Sec Anin, 31.)

ISl. Murli of till' soil is vrry fiTtili", fsimi'ially tlif viillfys
(it tlie Ganges alio i'uiijaiili. Ailjoininu Al'.;iianif'tan is ;;ii
cxtrnsivc dcst'l't.

K.M'i'litini;' tiio inoiint lii's and tlioi;- slopes, wIh'It llniv is
I'vcry vai'ii'ty nf trininraJtro an'onlinu to ilir i-li'vatiun, tln'
clinnite i.s tvoiural. Tlio yrar inrhnli's tlirrc seasons,— tlio
hot from Mareli to June, the rainy from .hine to Oetolier.
and the temperate dnrim; the r iiainder of the year. The
casioned liv the exeessivo moisture of tl

raiiiv season is oi

Rotltll-WPSt nionsooliP. (.SVv I'/ii/sinil (i'fn'ji''lj'li!/, !'•".)

182. The minerals are imn, tin, copper. «old, diamonds,
ridiies, amethysts, and other preeions stune".

I'lxeept on the mountain slopes, the vegetation is tropical
mill inofnse. Anion.' the trees are teak, saiidal-wond, eliimy,
hamlioo, banyan, and many Kpeeies of palms. At the height
of ll.ttiX) feet the tree.« ale dwarfed; and the re>;ion of
lierpetual snow is found nt the height of ir>,(«)(t feet. The

low region near the month of the (!iin,t;es is covered with
almost impenetrable thickets, called Siniifi'i-fiinu/s.

The cultivated plants incliidc rice and cottuii the oni!
furnishini,' the chief food, the other the clothin;,' ; also siiuar-
cane, millet, cocoa-nuts, tamarinds, indiu'o, cuffee, oiiiuni,
uinuer, with most of the tropical fruits and Hjiiccs.

1'^:!. Wild animals are mimcroic'. iii/liidinir the elephant, rhinnceroi,
biitValci, tit'ir, panther, loul niiiny othern. Ti'.'er hiintiML.' in the jiui;.'le»
or thickets of the Kunderbunds is a danu'ernus and exeitinj! import.
The elcplinnt is often tamed and used as a bea.nt of Imrden.

181. The inhabitants arc estimated {it iKO.noo.ouii, or six
times the population of the I'.ritish Isles. The Kuropenii
portion of the poimlatiou, chietly of I'ritish origin, numbers
about 8(),(»iM), Over three-fourths of the inhabitants aro
Hindoos. There are many Mohanuuedtins in the western
part of flic eoiintry.

"iHft. The rcli(?ion of the Ilhidonn Ik a niiperntitlnuii niul eniel pnuaii
syaeiii, They wiii'ship imt.dnaiy l'"'Ik. an /Inilniui and i'itlitm ,• mIho
till- tltmai'i and vnrimiN animals. The llritish O'lvernincnl hii» prj-
hibited iiiaiiy iif their !eiiiib|e praetJeeH. Fnrmei ly it wa-i ciiHtnii.nry
when a man died, to burn liin widow on ik lutieral pile ; and women

fftMtTiiir!--"na

^^^'''EWJ'L'-WirasraRrc:

132

ASIA.

tlirew tlieir cliilclren into tlie (iaii^: a, btlitviiig that tliey would tlius
please their >; jd.

1S6. An important f^'atiire of Iliiidooism is the division of the people
into four castes. — the lirahmins or priests, holdini^ the highest rank,
tiie soldiers, the merchants, md the common lahoiirers. Tlie castes
are not allowed to intermarry or even eat together, and no one can rise
above tiie station in which he was born.

187. Britisli India i.s iliviiled into tliroe Presidencies —
Beti'jal, Mad rax, and lUiinhiuj. Tliere aiu alsu suvera! de-
liendent or tributary States.

PRESIDENCY OF BENGAL.

188. Tliis I're.sideney oc(.'iiiiie.s tlie north and eentre of
Tliiidostan, and part of Further Iinlia. It is much tlio
larjfost and most populous division. It contains fifteen
cities with 1(K),()U0 inliabitants and upwards.

Towns.— 189. <'iili'iii>a (500,000), tiie capital, is situated on the
Hoogly, 100 miles from its mouth. 1' 's strongly fortified, and is a
great ('ommorcial city.

Mdiirshalahwl (H7,000) is very unlicaltliy. Scmmpove is a noted
ndssion station, 14 miles north of Calcutta. I'atna (284,o00i lias an
extensive trade in rice, opium, and indigo.

Hcnarcs (200,000) is famous fn- its trade in diamonds, It is ac-
counted by tlie Hindoos tin' most Inly city in the world, and is said to
contain one thousand Hindoo temples and tliree hundred and tliirty
Mipjiammedau niosipies.

" Monares is visited iis one of tlic liolipst phicos in tlie woi 1 l)y cro\\(is of
jiilnrims, nmny of wliom are rioli and i>^'>il, and wlio come on purpose to die
witlun its precincts. I!ejr(.'ara and ;.iit'.st.s swarm, who subsist \\\nn\ tlieir
offerings. Hugo Itialnnin Imlla rae its otlier inliabitants, pintoeted and
reverenced as sacred aiiiinals. Tliey freely roam the .streits and liazaars,
talte wliat tliey lilio frmn tlie vot'etable .stalls, butt wbinii tlicy clicio^e, and
are certain of expiring only of old age, unless liidnajiped liy some unscrup-
ulous Mohammedan butcher tn be turneil into beef for the KngUsii."

Alhiliiihad is also a sacred city, visited annually by 200,000 pilgrims.

190. (.'annpuvc is noted for the massacre of the Knglish i. -S.'iT by
Nana ^ahib. Fiivnikukiil (132,000) is a commercial city ; and llwd-
inir (100,000) is a sacred city, noted for its great annual fair, attended
by 250,000 traders and pilgrims. J-'ii:nli(i(l 10o,00<i) is a large town,
Raid to be declining. f.KckinDr (300,000) is noteil for its ilelVnce
against the sepoys during the Mutiny ; the death of (}eneral Haveloek
in the siege ; and the tln,i| relief of the garrison by Sir Colin Campbell,

l.'l. Ai/m (12,'J,000) is the ancient Mogul capital. jMllii (153,iiO(i)
was the capital after Agra. The heir of the Mogul resided liere as a
pensioner until the close of the late rebellion, w hen he was banished
for his share in the Mutiny. Delhi is connected with Calcutta by
railway. Jfarnl is not<'d as the pl.ice wjiere the Mutiny began in
IS.IT. IUth,i,n,,i' (lliO,(lii(j in ;v mud-built b'wn.

102. Ldhoi-c (120,(100) was the former capital of the rnnjaub. Am-
rit.fi r (115,000) and Mnoltiin are imiiortant commercial cities.

/'cHliairiir \s a fortified towti at the entrance of 'ho Khyber rnss.
X'i;i))nrc (112,000) lias important manufactures. Jiiiii/cnidiil is noted
fnr its tcm)jle of Vishnu. Its main street is wholly devoted to religions
(MJiliceB.

PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS.

1I).1. Ara<lraM occupies the Houthcrn portion nf tiie ponin-
Kiila. The climate on fho CMt const is tho Iiottcst in India ;

tlic west coast is the most liur'.id, being most exposed to
the rainy monsoon. (,bVe Physical Geoyiapliy, 95.)

Towns.— 191. Madvan (720,000), on the Coromandel coast, is the
capital of the Presidency and the largest city in India. It is sitnateil
on a surf-beateu shore, without a harbour. Large vessels lie in tlie
roadstead, between which and the shore goods and passengers are con-
veyed in boats.

Taiijorc (80,000), 212 miles south of Madrrts, has silk and cotton
manufactures. It is noted for its great pagoda or heathen temple.

Trichinuiiolii is also a manufiicturing town and a military station.

Arcot was the former capital of the Carnatic. Calicut, on the
Malabar coast, was the first port visited by Vasco de <Tama in lll'S.
It was formerly noted for its calicoes and for its great commerce.

PRESIDENCY OF BOMBAY.

19.>. Tills division, situated on the western side of tiie
countiy, is the smallest of the thi-ee Presidencies.

lilt), nomhaii—hom, " good;" and iahia, " harbour"— (550,000), the
capital of the Presidency, is upon a small island connected with the
inainland by a causeway. It has an excellent harbour and a large
trade. Kailways are in course of construction to connec ' P imbay with
Calcutta and Madras. The island of Elephanta, celebrated for its cave
temples, is seven miles from Uonibay.

AkiiudalMd (1.3-1,000) is a military station. Snmt (130,000) is
noted as tho place where the East India Company erected its first cnm-
mercial establishment. Ifiidcraliiid w.is the caiiital of Scinde, and
ruiialt. (75,000) of the Mahralta Empire.

DEPENDENT STATES.

107. The dependent States are ruled l>y native princes,
more or less sidiject to British control. The following are
the most important :—

198. Hyderabad, occupying a central portion of the Deccan, is about
five times as large as Nova Scotia. It has a tleep black soil adapted to
the growth of cotton. It was formerly famed for diamonds.

Iliiilirnhitd (200,000) U the capital, (lokonda Is a small jilaco where
diamonds were cut and polished. /li(i'»ii(/((/i(iii! (liO.OOO), the favourite resi-
dence of .\nrunj;zebe, tlie last Mogul ICniperor, ceiilaiii.s many mo.si|ues.
iV/e/ii has remailiable cave lemiiles.

1S>0. Indore lies north of the Vindhya Mountains, Gwalior is a
neighliouiing state.

Rajpuotana includes a number of states on the east of .Seinde. ,\
large I'art of the counfiy is desert.

2(10. Cochin and Travancore are fertile^ states along the south-west
cea^t of the priiiiisula. The Hajali of Travancon.- presented (^ueen
Victoria with a splendid ivory throne.

Mysore, the firmer dominion of Ilyder Ali and his son Tijipoo
.Saib, is now under direct Hritish control,

201. Qnjorat is a large and fertile slate north 'f the Unlf of (,'ambay.
Cotton is the staple pi'oducf. The clinnite is unheiilthy.

Cutch is a peninsula on tho north of tho (luif of Cnteli. On the
north and east is a low region called the Itmni, c.ivcrod by the ocean
during the Boutli-wcet luonsooii ; at other times it is dry.

Iliiriiilii 1 pi.nno' Is a largo commercial cily In (liijeriit, tVi hi '»//,■ has lo^t.
niuiih uf Its fiinucr Importance.

ng most exposed tu
ivaphy, 95.)

!oromaiicIel coast, is tlie
n India. It is situated
Large vessels lie in tlie
i and passengers are coii-

ras, has sillc and cotton
a or lieatiieu temple,
md a military stition.
irnatic. Cdliciit, on tlie
Vasco de (iama in 141*8.
its great oonimerce.

MBAY.

western side of the
esideiicie.s.

liarliour"— (550,000), the
sland connectefl with tlie
ent harbour and a larsio
1 to connei ' Tinibay with
ta, celebrated for its cave

,,n. Sural (130,000) is
pany erected its first ooin-
e capital of Scindc, and

TES.

ed liy native princes,
The following are

m of the Di'cean, is about
deep black soil adajited to

for diamonds.

•

/(( Is n sni.ill place w'lon'
(00,000\ the fiivourlte rcsi-
;iitiihi.s niiviiy m(isi|ue».

luuntains. Gwalior is a

the east of .Scinde. A

itcR nIoiiK the Honth-wcst
vancore presented Queen

Ali and his son Tij'iioo

ih r (heUulf of Canibay,
inihealtliy,

(iiilf of ('ut.'ti. On th"
(ill, Covered by tho ocean
les it i-t dry.

I njri'iit. Viimliiii; Imn lust

Fuirriii-:u india.

INDEPENDENT STATES.

202. Cashmere, about the size of Prince Kdv.ard Island, con.sists of
a beautiful elevated valley and the surrounding Himalaya slopes, north
of the Punjaub. It is \»atered by the Jlieluni, whose narrow valley is tlie
only practicable pass from the Punjaub in winter. It yields nearly all
the products of the temperate zones. Caslimere shawls, made from the
hair of the Thibet goat, have sometimes sold in Europe for $100 each.

Cashmere, or Scrinagtir (40,000\ 5,500 feet above the sea, is the capital.

203. Nepanl and Bootan, each three times as large as Nova fjcotia,
(iceupy the eastern half of the Himalaya slopes, along the u|>per courses
of the (jranges and liralimapootra. The surface is very rugced, em-
bracing some of the highest peaks of the Himalayas, varied with deep
valleys which are very fertile. Polyandry is said to prevail in tli,.'Se
States.

Kntmaiidov (.W.OOO^ he capital of N'epiuil ; Tussisudtui, of Itootan.

204. Pondicherry (30,000), a maritime towa 85 miles south of Jlaihas;
Yaaunn, at the mouth oi' the (iodaviry ; (ha.ulei'ininovc, on the Iloogly
above Calcutta ; and Malic, on the Malabar coast, bidong to France.

205. The small territory of 'iod, on the Malabar coast, belongs to
Portugal.

The old town of (loa is now in a state of decay. Paiijim, or Xi ii'
<<oa (20,000), is the present capital.

206. Tlie eliief pursuits in lliudo.stui are agrieidtiiie and
manufactures. The Hiiidoos e.\cel iu tlie niaiuifaetuie ot
shawls, cari)ets, silks, and muslins.

The chief exports are cc.'.ton, opiu, eotl'ee, sugar, rice, indigo,
pepper, ivory, silk, and slniwls. Various mapufuctured goods are
imported.

There are nei-rly three thousand miles of railway in Hindostan, be-
sides extensive canals.

207. The government is vested in a (jDvernur-deneral and
Council, resident iu Calcutta. There is also in the liriti-sh
Clovernineut a Secretary of State for India.

208. Previous to the late rebellion iu Imlia, the Uovcrnor-tJeiiiral
vas appointed by the East India Company. He is now appointed liy
tlie Crown.

The native Rovernmeiits of India are deopotie and oppressive.
The llritish (Joverninent kee|is a largo army in India, consisting
partly of Uritish soldiers and partly of iialives called sepoys.

FURTHER INDIA,

OH, INDIA IIKVUNl) TIIK O.WiiKS.

20!». Itesides the names t,'iven above, this eonntry is sunie-
finies ealliMl Chin-IiuUit and /iiifo-ChiiiK. It cinliraeeH tin'
peninsular rej,'ion between the IJay of l)eu;,'al and tlie (Jiilf
nf TtUKiuin. (.SVti (iitzdti'i'i'.)

Tlio interior is not well known. There are nunieioiiM inounlain
langca, extending noilli and south, with well-watered and fertile val-
leys intervening. The chief river* are the TiDi'iHin, Mihiwi, Mnimii,
Snlii'oi, and Irrnwit'hhi.

21U. The climate rcbumblcu thut ul Hindostan, but ia

more humid. The north-east monsoon brinj^s rain to the
east coast; the south-west, to the west coast. The eastern
side is subjeet to a violent wind e;''led the inphouii.

211, Tlif vegetable jiroducts and animals are similar to
tho.se (if Hindostan. Tlie forests yield teak, ebony, betel-
nuts, and valuaijie ^'mns. Tiiey also abound in troops of
monkeys, herds of elephants, buffaloes, and other large
animals.

212. In the Malay Peninsula the inhabitants belong to the Malay
race, and are generally .Mohammedans ; the Mongolian race and Iluddh-
i-iii prevail throughout the rest of the country. Pagodas or idol
temples are very numerous, some of which are large and costly.

21:5. The ehief tlivisions are the Jlrifish r»ssesiiinn», JJni-
iii'i/i, ,V(W//i, /.'('AS, M<i.l'ii/<(, and A mini.

211. The British Possessions are on the western s-ide of Further
Iiulia, and form [lart of the ISongal Presidency, ".'liey include Assam,
Aviifaa, I'ci/u, Mavtahaii, and TtiKisso'im, which were obtained fruiii
Uiinnah during the present century ; and iht: ,^' rails SctHrminls, com-
prising ]\'tl/isle;i and Malacca, in the ,Malay Peninsula; I'l'iiuii'/ or
I'ciiict "/ Wahs IshiHil, at the iiortheni eiitiance of the Strait of
Malacca; and •'iiniia}iocc, at the southern.

The cultivation of the tea-plant has been introduced into A-sam
with much success.

i\U. The ehief towns are I'miiu ;50,00(i', liamj-nitt, Alini. Mniilmain.
Mmliihiiii, M'l'jHi, '.'i'jc|/'(i"''» .'45,00(1 on I'eiiang, and >i»;/'(/<'i/'. ,,'io,ooo)
on the Island of Singapore. Singapore is an iiiiportant miiierclal town,
lieiiiK a >:reiit entrepot for European and Asiatic goods.

21t) Biirraah ha.s been .striiipcd of a large portion of its territories
on the south and west by llie British. (.Sii J>rilish J/istury : d'cuiyc 1 ('.,
b>>2(); nud Victoria, 18,V2.)

The country is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, iron, ieail,
rubies, and saiiphires. Petroleum springs yield large ([uantitics of
mineral oil.

Rice and millet are the chief food,

.-If'i 50, 000 Is the capital. It was m-arly deitfiyod l.y an (■art!ii(uake in
ls:!'J. M'ljHH'j is a foitilled town in the neighbourhood of amtMr mines.

217. Siam is the most important of the native States, The forests
yield lieiizoin and gamboge. Rice, millet, and maize are important
products, Uirds' nests, made ol' a glutinous s'lbstance, are regarded
as delicious food. Animals of white colour art i'gardeil with religious
viiieration, and a white elephant is an object of the highest reverence,

lUnikok (800,000\ the capital, is a iRfKe coniinerclnl town on the .Mcnani-
Tlie majority of iu inlnvbitants live in liaiiilKio liiiln. many (if wliicli are
l)ui!t mi ItoatliiK rafts in the river

218. The Malay Peninsula has extensive foresti. thitta perclia is
an iinpoilanl |iroduct. A large part of the country is divided amongst
native tribes, who were formerly noted pirates,

210. Anain is a large and fertile country, including Tcdi/hin in the
north, I'm hill I'hiiia in the east, and part of 1 'am In 'din in the Roiitli,
The country pruduceH oinuanion of the tinest ([Uiility, Tnniiuin is ricli
ill minerals,

The French have taken poHseFBlon of n territory dii the south coast.

/^'. 100,(100, the enpltnl l» very strongly (ortilled. KiJt" loo.oyo In nn
inland town (if 'J'oii(|uin. Smiifii ilsii.ooo, the eapltnl of the I'reiieh pod-
se>'>l<inK, Ih a \ntge town ncitr the niKiith of the Mekonif.

220. Agriculture, ilniu^h K''i''itly ne>:leeted, is the ehief
employment 111 further ludiu.

t" 20

134

ASIA.

Tlie exports aie cotton, g;iuil)o^'e, gutta iieiclia, cateclm, stirk lac,
benzoin, teak, pepper, coft'ee, carJamoiu, cassia, wax, featliers, ivory,
ami gold.

Tea is imported from China, and various manufactured goods from
(Jreat IJritain.

221. The governments of the native States are of the
most despotic kind. The kings are reverenced as gods, and
Iiave unlimited power over the property, liberty, and lives
of their subjects. Tlie courtiers approach their sovereign
liy creeping on all fours.

JAPAN.

222. The name of this country is said to mean Sinh
Source or Land of (lie Jiishvj S'Ui, apjjlied with reference
to its position ia relation to Cliina.

223. Japan was accidentally discovered by the Portuguese in the
year l.')42. In 1549 the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived
w ith a band of priests, and in a few years their converts numbered
nearly two millions. Fearful persecution soon arose. In 1637, thirty-
seven thousand persons were put to death in a single day. The priests
;uid all other foreigners were expelled. Decrees were made that no
native should go abroad, and that those then absent should not return
nn jiain of decth. To signify their hatred and utter rejection of
Christianity, the annual ceremony of trampling on the cross was in-
stituted.

224. At the same time trade willi foreigners was iirohibitnl, except-
ing oidy the Chinese and Dutch. The Dutch were restricted to two
ships annually, which were conlined to the port of Nagasaki. Kven
iiere trade was ■ -ritii.,>(l to a small island in the harbour, and ni'

1 to enter the town.
,s were rigidly enforced \intil lSr)4. when the jiorts
ikodada were throwi\ ojien to the Tnited States and

stranger wn» . i

These ref. :
of Sinioda ai, •
(ireat liritain.

Several jiorts are now open to general trade.

225. Jai)an consists of an archipelago on the east of Asia.
The pi'iiicipal is! ads are )V.<,w, A'ipho)i,Si/.<>l-/, and Kiiisiu.
Tlie emjiire also includes the Lno Choo /y/i-.i, tlie southern
]\i\\[' oi S(ifi/i(i/i('ii, and the three Hmthern Kuvili's.

Tlio surface is generally hilly and uioiiiitaiiiniis. Soiiie

oi tile mountains rise above the snow-line, and volcanoi's
are numerous. The 3oil is i'ertile and carefully cultivated.

226. The climate is humid, and varies from warm tem-
perate in the south to cold iemperate in the north. Hurri-
canes and eartliquakes are frequent. The islaiuls yi'.'ld
almost every product of the torrid and teiuperate zones.

The islands are rich in gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, sul])hur, and
porcelain earth.

The forests contal" oak cedar, fir. chestnut, and camjihor trees
Rice, cotton, tea, /ige.s, lemons, figs, and plums, are cultivated.
Silk is an importain, product.

O.ven and buffaloes are the chief beasts of burden. Dogs and fo.xes
are objects of worship.

iil. The inhabitants are considered the most civilized
of the Mongolian race. The majority are taught to read
and write. Buddhism is the i)revailing :eligion. Married
woi.iLii stain their teeth black.

Towns 228. YnUo (2,500,000) the caiiilal, on Niphou, is one of

the largest cities in the world. 'J'he houses are low on account of
earthquakes. Miiiku (500,000), also on NipLon, is the ecclesiastical
capital.

l^'lt!l(l^^'lk■i !100,0(iO). I/akodadi. and Mutsiiidi ave important ports.

2:!!). Agriculture, hiining, and manufacturing, are the
))rincipal occupations. The manufaetures include cottons,
silks, iiorcelain, and lac(iuered ware.

Tho exports inclmle the mineral and vegetable proibicts. Tlie im-
ports :ive iron, steel, tin. glas.'i-ware. woollen goods, sjiices, and sugar.

2:^0. The government is de.sjKitic, and embraces two de-
)iartment.s, the civil and ecclesiastical, eaidi having a distinct
officer at its liead. The temporal .'Sdvereign is (^idled the
7';;ciiiiii : and the spiritual luler, the M ibidi). Under these
eliii'f nihi's is a imwertul (il>;iuir/ii/. or council of nobles.

EXERCISE. Find the difference of time between Canton and St.
John, New Brunswick.

QUESTIONS. (1.) What part of Asia is most humid, and why?

(2.) On what causes does the absence of rain on the table-lands of
Central Asia depend?

-line, and volcuiiucs
arefuUy cultivated,
■ies from warm tem-
I tlie north. Hiirii-
Tlie islands y'viU
tciuperate zones. |

lead, coal, sulphur, aii'l

ut, and camphor trees
1 plums, are cultivated.

jurdeii. Dogs and foxes

jd the most eivilizi'd
,' are taught to read
n^' :elij;ion. IMiirriL'il

Lai, nu Niphou, is one of
s are low on account of
iLon, is the ecclesiastical

)(// are important ports.

anufacturinj,', are the
tures include cottons,

[table ()rodacts. The im-
[oods, spices, ami sugar.

nd cniltraci's two (le-
ach havinj; a distinct
vcrci,<,'U is called the
Mikado. Under these
('(nuicil of nohlcs.
between Canton and St.

most humid, and why?
raiu on the table-lands of

■iH-^-iW » wi^**^ 'ii*W<

i' I

AFRICA.

ANIMALS 111' AI-Kll'A.

I. History.- I. In liviliziitioii and piiwur Afrk'u ranlcs
tlic lowest anionjr the ^nout divLsunis of tlie Eartii. E,i;yitt
anil Cartha<{(', on the Mediterranean coast, were leadiny;
nations of antiquity ; but tiie greater portion of the conti-
nent, is(dated from the rest of the world, lias never advanced
licvond tlie lowest Iiarliarisni.

\i. At tlie ooiniiionrenieiit of the fit'tueiitli cetitmy, the wusterii (.'oust
south of (Jajie Nun was wlinlly unknown to Eur(i|ieans. Durins that
c'Mitury the Portunnese explmcil the coast, until tinallv, in 148(), li.ir-
thnlonipw Diaz clis('oveiei.l the ('a|ie of (rood Hope. Vasco ile (jania.
in 14'J7. sailed av()\uul the ('ape and openeil up a new route to the
Kast Indies.

3. A liiii;e part of the interior is .still very imperfectly known.
l»uriup the pa.st hundred years many tiavellens iiave exjiospd them-
selves to great hanlshiiis ami daiiaers in e.tplorins; ditferent parts of
the country. Some of the cliief ilitticiilties eni'ountered in travellint;

in the interior arc hostility of the nativ'vs, insalulnity of the climate,
entire want of means of conveyance, and ferocity of the wild licast.s.
When the traveller lias lost his last horse from the fatal effects of the
dim e, he bestrides an o.\ and pursues hi.s journey. t)ften lie is de-
jirive . of this mode of conveyance hy the i^iisonous stini; of an insect,
and he is olili;.'ed to proceed on foot.

Some ( '' the mobt noted travellers w ho liuve e.\plnrrd dillrivnt [ii-rls
of Africa a. Hruce, I'ark. Denhaiii, ('lappertoi;, Lander. Richanhson,
liarth, MotVat, Livintrstone, Hurton, Speke, Uiant, and li.iker.

11. Position.--!. Al'ri a is a onat pcnin.siila, cnnneeted

witii Asia hy the Istlinins of Hiiez, 72 niiie.s in hreadtii. It

has the Mediterranean on the north, tlie Red Sea and Indian

Ocean on tlii' east, and tlie Atlantic on tlu; wi'st.

Africa lies pretty eipially on lioth siiles of the l';>|iiat"r, and i.s prin-
ci|,,illy in the Torrid Zone.

Lai. :".7 -2" N. - 34' oil' S. ; Ion. 17' 42' W.-ol" viU' K.

' '■«»^->Jsa»«* w«Wtf i i i «Mii>^tat»W* ^ w'M^^

1.%

AFRICA,

III. Form. — 5. In outline Africa is pcar-sliapcd, with nu
indciitntion on tlic wof^t and a projection on the cast. A
line drawn cast and west between the Bi<;ht of Biafra and
(Aipe Guardafui gives a triangle on the south, and an (jval
III the north.

tXERCTSE — Draw the approximate form of Africa.

^V. Coast. — 6". Africa is noted for the regularity of its
I'oast line. In this feature it resembles South America, and
contrasts strongly with Eurojie.

The chief Coast Waters arc the Strait of GihmHar, the
dulf of Cubes, and the Ga/f of Sldra, on the north ; the
Gulf of Suez, lied Sea, Strait (fBah-el-mandeJ>, Gii/fofAdeii,
Mozambique Channel, and iJelarfoa Bay, on the cast ; the
a ulf of Guinea, Birjht of Biafra, and the Bi(jhl of Benin,
iin the west.

7. Tl.e coast line of Africa is ostiiiiated at 10,000 miles. The Strait
iif (jiliraltar at the narrowest part i.s 15 miles iu widtli. Owing to the
absence of deeiily-penetratiiij? seas, the interior of Africa is nearly
txcluded from intercourse with the rest of the world.

8. The most important Capes are Ciuta, lion, Onaydafui, JJel-
<ia<lo, Corriciilcs, Jijulhas, Good Hope, Lopez, I'alnias, Verde, Blanco,
and Xun. •

(.'eiitii i.s a lii«h promontory opposite the Kock of (Jibniltar in Km'ope.
Those priiniontories were anciently called the I'Ulars of Hiixubn.

\). The princiijal Islands ou the coast of Africa are Mada-
gascar, the Mascarenes, Comoro, Zanzibar, Amirantes, Sey-
chelles, and Socotra, on the east; St. Helena, Ascension,
An)iobon, St. Thomas, Prince's, Fernando J'o, Cape Verde,
Canaries, and Madeiras, on the west.

lit. Madagascar, separated from the mainland by Mozambique
• 'hannel, 240 miles wide, is one of the largest islands on the globe.
It is about 1000 miles in length, and its area eiiuals a square of 470
miles. The coast is low, swampy, and unhealtliy. A range of moun-
tains traverses the interior, having an extreme height of 10,000 feet.
The iiroducts are cotton, tiugar-caiie, rice, cocoa-nut.^, and various
trojiical fruit.s. The inhabitants are computed at 4,OOO.Cro, and are
generally pagans. 2'n)i:inarivo (40,0001, in tiio interior, is the capital.
Tamittavc is the cliief commercial town.

11. The Mascareues include liuurbon or lU'unioii, Maitritiit't. and
/!(iilri;/Hi'-j.

Bourbon has belonged to France for more than two hundred years,
It equals a square of 30 miles. The surface is mountainous, with lofty
volcanic j'eaks. The island is subject to terrific hurricanes. The pro-
ducts are troiiical. The population is about 170,000. .y. /yciiio is the
capital. The small islands :St. Marie, Man'itta, and Ximi Ik', near
Madagascar, are ilepondcncies.

Mauritius, or Isle of France, belongs to (ireat I'ritain, havinu been
t.ikeu from France in 1810, Tlie area equals a square of 27 niiles.
The surface is varied with mountains, fertile valleys, and plains. The
chief products are sugar, rice, maize, and cofi'ee. Population, 170,000.
I'orl Louis is the capital. Rudviijin:, 300 miles east of Mauritius, is
a dependency.

12. The Comoro griiup, with the exception of Mayotta, are under a
native government,

Zanzibar, 25 miles trnni the mainland, belongs to the iSult.an ol
Jluscttt. Skauf/ainii) is the capital.

Tlie Amirantes and Seychelles cou.->ist of small islands bi.longiug
to (ireat Britain.

Socotra, 120 miles from the mainland, belongs to the Arabian State
of Kesliin. Area, equal to a square of 32 miles. It yields aloes of the
finest quality. Population, 5000.

13. St. Helena, about 1200 miles from the west coast, belongs to
Great Britain. It is noted as the place of exile of Napoleon I. It is
about 10 miles in lenL:th, and is inincipally a rude mass of rock.
Asvviision, about 8 mile.-i in length, also belongs to (ireat Britain.

St. Thomas and Prince's belong to Portugal; Fernando Po and
Annobon to Spain. Fernando Po is 45 miles long, and has mountains
10.000 feet in height.

14. The Cape Verde Islands, 320 miles from Cape Verde, belong to
Portugal. There are tun jirincipal islands, having a united area equal
ti; a sijuare of 40 miles. They are generally mountainous. Fogo, one
of the group, has a volcano over 'JOOO feet high. The products are
maize, rice, cotton, and tropical fruits. Population, 80,000.

15. The Canaries, formerly called the luivtunate hies, belong to
Spain. There are seven principal islands, with a united area equal to
a square of 03 miles. They are mountainous and volcanic. Teneriti'e,
the largest of the grouji, contains an e.xtinct volcano over ir,,000 feet
high. The chief products are sugar, oil, wine, and the coc.iineal in-
sect. Population, 250,000. Capital, Santa '')•«;, on Tene ■itfe.

It). Madeira, the principal island of a small group belonging to
Portugal, is about 400 miles from Africa. It is about 35 :niles long
and 12 broad. It is volcanic and elevated. The products arc vines,
oranges, bananas, coli'ee, and on the higher slopes the grains and fruits
of temperate countries. Madeir.i, from its salubrity, is a favourite
resort of invalids. Poiiulation, i>S,00O. Capital, I'unehal.

EXERCISE. — Trace tL<! coast line of Afi-ica, marking coast
waters, capes, and islands.

V. Area.— 17. Africa is 64() times larger than Nova
Scotia, or equals a S(]uare of 34(54 miles.

Extreme length from north to south, 5000 miles ; breadth, 4800
miles.

EXERCISE ON THE GLOBE.— Find the distance from the north
of Tunis to Cape Agulhas ; also, from Cape Guardafui to Cape Verde.

VI. Surface. — \^. Nearly the whole cnntinent is table-
land, the triangular southern portion being iiuich the more
elevated.

The ovul nnrthern section has twn mountain ranges ; — the
Atlas Jian(je, ahing the Meditenancan, from the Atlantic to
Cape Bon ; and the Konij J/o>in^aiii.'<, extending from the
Atlantic, westerly, parallel with the (riilf of Guinea. Be-
tween these ranges is the Sahara or (rjeat Desert.

The Atlas are much the highest towards the west. Miltziii. in
Marocco, is over 11,000 feet high. The Kong Mountains are from
2000 to ;W00 feet in height.

1!). In the smithern section of the contii nt broken moun-
tain ranges lie along the margin of the tab. land, near the
coast. The jirincipal mountains are the Cameroon, near thi^
Bight of Biafra; the Great Sneeun, in the south; the
tjuathlamha, the LuimUt, and the MouutainK <f Abi/ssinia,
(111 the east.

The highest point in Abyssinia is about 16,000 feet above tlu' sea.

. _ .

siuall i&lainis Ij^longiug

ngs to the Arabian Stato
is. It yields aloes of tlie

le west coa?t, belongs to
ile of Napoleon I. It is
y a rude mass of rock,
igs to Great IJritain.
;ugal ; Fernando Po and
long, and lias mountains

ini (Jape Verde, beloni; to
aving a united area etinal
mountainous. Fogo, one
higli. The products are
lulation, 80,000.
'ortunale Ishs, belong to
ith a united area equal to
5 and volcanic. Teneriffe,
t volcano over lf,,000 feet
ne, and the coc.iineal in-
i > 'ruz, on Tene '1110.
small group bdoiigiiig to
[i is about 35 niles long

The products are vinos,
lopes the grains and fruits

salubrity, is a favourite
jiital, Fitnclial.

Africa, marking coast

us larger than Nova
s.
300 miles ; breadth, 4800

! distance from the north
Guardafui to Cape Verde.

)U' cinitiueut is tablc-
Vu'ing much the luore

lumntaiii ranges ; — the
1, tVdm the Atkvntic to
s, extending fmin tlie
(hilf of Guinea. Be-
rftut Dtseii.

Is the west. Miltziti. in
Cong .Mountains are from

tntii lit broken moun-
lie tab. Uiud, near the
ho < 'idHfriioii, near the
in tlie south; the
Dtiiitditis "J Aliijssliuti,

KJ.ouO feet above tli< sui.

RIVERS— CLIMATE.

I I

137

Sr. IIELKNA.

M i:\nit Kcitia, near tlie Equator, and Kilimnndjaro, a few degrees
south, are about 20,000 feet in iiei^ht, and are the highest known
points in Africa. In the interior, near the Equatn, is a range called
\.he Mountains of the Moon. A large part of the central plateau, in
the south, is occupieil by the Kaliliari Jiesert.

EXERCISE.— Trace the mountain ranges on the map of Africa.

VTI. Hivers. — 2(i. The rivers of Africa are not numerous
or large, comjiared with the extent of the continent. The
most important are the A^ile, ZrtmhirA, Orange, Coanza,
Coign, Siijer, Gambia, and Senegal.

21. The Nile is the largest river in Africa, and one of ihe longest
and most remarkable rivers in the world. It is supp sed to be about
oOOO nii'es in length. Until recently its source was unknown. In
1862, Captain Speke discovered tliat it flowed from a great lake on the
Equator, called the Victoria Nyanza. Subsequently, Baker traced its
course westerly frum this lake to another called the Albert Nyanza.
The !.tream flowing from the Albert Nyanza is called the White Nile.
Ill the tirst half of its course it receives sevial tributaries, principally
tiiiMi the mountains on the east. The most important are the Hobal,
lihie Xilc, and Atlara. Throughout the lower half of its course it
has no tributaries. It forms several cataracts before reaching Egypt,
and it enters the sea by several mouths, forming a large delta. For
three months in summer the Nile overflows its banks in Egypt,
covering all the lowlands with water. This is occasioned by the
heavy rains in the mountains ot Abyssinia.

22. The Niger, 2000 miles long, is the second river of Africa. It is
navigable far into the interior, but flows through a very unhealthy
country.

The Zambezi, 1400 miles long, is a largo river. Its chief tributary
is the Kakcma, A little below the junction are the Victoria Falls,
the greatest cataract in Afri.'a.

VIII. Lakes. — 2;i. Tliere are several large lakes in Africa,

hut most of them are imperfectly known. Tlie most important
are Victoria Nyanza and Albert JS'yanza, sources of the Nile ;
Tchad, Tanganyika, Xyassi, Shirwa, N garni, aixA Dembea.

24. The Victoria Nyanza is about 250 miles long. The Albert
Nyanza is snppo.sed to be of even greater length. Tanganyika, dis-
covered by Hurloii in 1858, is over 300 miles long. Tchad, iu Central
Africa, is about 150 miles in length. It receives large streams, but
has no outlet. Nyassi is about the size of Tanganyika. Derabea, iu
the basin of the Blue Nile in Abys.sinia. is on an elevation of 6000 feet.
It is about 00 miles in length.

EXERCISE.— Lay down the rirera and lakes on the map of Africa.

IX. Soil.— 25. The soil of Africa, except iu the arid
deserts, is g(nicrally vt^y productive.

X. Climate. — 20. On account of its burning heat, Africa
has been called " the land of the mid-day." The northern
and southern extremities have a warm temperate climate ;
l)Ut the gp'ater portion of the coutinent, lying between the
tropics, is very hot. Tiirougliout the greater part of Africa
there are but two seasons in the year — the rainy and the
dry. A vast tract of country betwei;n the parallels of \h^
and 30° north, stretching from the Atlantic to tlie I'cd Hca,
is nearly or quite destitute of rain.

27. A combination of causes r' iidcrs Africa the hottest portion of
the Earth. Among the causes may be mentioned its tropical situation,
scarcity of rain and vegetation in many jiarts, and the regularity of the
coast line. The greatest mean annual temperature known is said to
be 113" in the Sahara. A dry. scorching wind, calleil the harmattan,
blows from the desert.

Many parts of Africa, jiarticularly the tropical coasts south of the
Sahara, are very insalubrious. (.Ve I'liysicul (icoijmphi/, 102.)

laummmmifm.-

138

AFRIPA.

Xr. Minerals. — 28. The mineral wealth of Africa is very
iiiiiu rfectly (leveloped. Gold is found in Abyssinia, Mozani-
lii(|iie, Soodan, Sei;e;.'ambia, and Guinea; silver, cojipor, and
lead, oecur in tiu; Atias Mountains. Salt is very scarce in
some portions.

XII. Plants.— 20. The products m the warm tv,..iperate
regions of tiie north and south are similar to tho.se of
Southern Europe. The palm, in one or other of its specie.^,
is said to flouri.sh tlinjuj,diout the whole continent except
the extreme soutii. Tiie larger jiart of the country has a
tro[iical vegetation, including the cocoa-nut, butter-tree,
cassia, gum acacia, rosewood, and mahogany. The baobab

•"^ '^J.

'"x'un

-4!^«iJ

HAiiiiAli iKi':^;.

Is 'he i!.i)8t remarkalile tree of the tropical rej,'ionB. It does
n. - [•■>« la!', but the trunk is of immense size— sometiuies
ivu' tjiirty feet in diameter.

'ov. Coffee ftrowt wild in AI>yRiinia. The plHteAim of Southi'iii
Afrii'n, in (lie W"t fniiHi.n, iire covpiimI with lii'inililul (iDwers, Hiioii ,i-
Ittraiiiuiiiti, h(':<thK, mid liliex, oidliviitt'ij with iin i\» hmiKi' |ii.iiits.

Fvcqiipnliy ftlni:? thtt umrnidn if Uu' hikci uihI rivt'in lire cxIriiHiv"
iimrihp.^, PovMed wiih tliicki'« f)l I'liia' iiml rimhuK, iiiiiid which inik
niicjpieriiblv wild lieuNti'. CK :'i){ to t\\9. dryiuna of tlie oliinutp, tiie
vi'ftetii^ion of Ati'icii i« Ket\fi'nlly Iviin rank itiid vuricd than tliut <f
tioiilli Aiuprii'H.

XIII. Animals.— 31. Africa is noted for the number,
variety, and size (jf 'ts wild animals. Some of the nujst im-
portant are the elephant, rhinocero.s, hippopotamus, lion,
hyena, leopard, panther, buffalo, giraffe or camelopard,
zebra, antelope, chimpanzee, gorilla, and crocodile.

32. There are three varieties of linns in Africa. The i^initTe is tlie
tallest of (juadrnjieds. The ostrich is tiie most reniarkaliie liinl of
Africa. It is very tall, stront;, and fleet, and is niiicii hiintud for its
feathers. Vultures, eagles, parrots, and (iuii ■ . f'lwl are nuniHroiis.
Among the insects raay be mentioned locusts, tennites or white ants,
and the tsetse fly, the bite of whicii is fatal to the ox and most otlicr
domestic .inimals.

XIV. Inhabitants.— :}:5. The p.cpulation of Africa is
variously estimated from (io,0(i(>,0()() to l(«t,()0(),(i(M).
The jiriiu'lpul races are W'/iifcs, y^groi-s, Kaffrts, and

Jl'iUnitiit-".

'M. Those of tlie Wiiite race form the ciiief impiilation in
the north, including the Arabs in the valley of tiie Nile and
along the coast of the Mrdilerranean ; and tiie Berbers in
ihe Atlas Mountains and the oases of the desert.

Tiie Ni .uroes occnjiy tlie w imle of tlie interior south of tliu
Sahara. The KallVes, a well-formed, iiitilligeiit race, occupy
a lari:e part nf the southeast coast. Tiieir weaitli consiais
rliicfly iu cattle. Tiie Hottiiilnts, a dtf..riiied and u;;ly nice
l\; found on tiie west side of Southern Africa, are among tiie

lowest of the human family.

Moliamniedanisni is the principal religion in the norlh.
Tlie iiiiiabitants of tiie centre ai.d south are pagans, and t.\-
ceedingiy superstitious.

XV. Divisions.— sr). There are no iiowerful native
States in Africa. Egypt is the most important.
Various Eurojiean Powers own territories along
dirt'erent portions of the coast. The interior is
<livided into a large number of petty States.

30. It will be convenient to arrange the ■oimtries
under the following heads : —

The Jlirlxiri/ iSlatfs, the linjifm <>/ tin' Xih\ the
S(i/iiiia, H'niteiii A/ric'i, ('• drill Aj'rtat, Eastern
Africa, and Southern Africa.

XVI. Towns.— .>7. Africa contains but few im-
portant cit'es. Cairo or A7 Kahirah ('2r>(»,0()0), the
cajiital of Egypt, is the large,><t city. The towns in

the interior are often built of mud, and are surrounded by
miul walls.

XVII Indu8trle8.--:js, Agriculture and grazing are th(!
most important pursuits.

Tlie wani of energy on the part of t)i« liihabildiitH, nnd tlie almenoo
of easy communication with other partH of the world, greatly obHtnn't
the proBiierily of Afiican oountrieii. Tiade witii tlie interior is con-
diii'leil by caravaiiM, in whicli goodH arc tniiiNported on the backs of
camelii. Iv<>iy, oHtrich feutherH, and gutiiN, are iniportiiiit exportK,
The kIavc trade, t'.Kiigh much lei>« vxteniiive than formerly, in Htid
carried on along the eaiil and west cuurIk.

P.ARBARY STATF-S.

l;59

(1 for tlic iiumlicr,
omc of the most iin-
liippopotiiimis, lion,
ift'e 01 camelopani,
I crocodile.

ica. The i;initre is the
lost reinarkaliie bird of

is much iiiuitetl for its
iit:i-fi)wl are nuinerous.

teriiiiU's or wiiite ants,
I the ox ami most utlior

latioii of Africa i.s
1,0(10 to loo,O0O,ono.
Ver/rocs, Kiijfrtu, and

the cliitf iio|mlatii>ii in
e valley of tiio Nile anil
.11 ; and the lierbersr in
the desert.
,he interior sontli of the

int(llinerit race, occupy

Their wealtli consists

iltf.rnied iind n^ly race

1 Africa, are among the

religion in the north,
uth are jiagans, and cx-

(' no ]M)\vorful native
he most imjiortant.
t'u territories along
it. Tiie interior is
letty .States.
rranyo tiic "ountries

lou iif the yi/i', tiie
'nl Africa, Eastern

ntains Imt few im-
thirah (250,000), the
city. The towns in
tl are Hurroiuuied by

and ik'razinp; are the

>i(tkntH, 1111(1 the almeiieo
world, greatly obstruct
'ith the interior Is con-
sjiorted (III the liackg of
are important rxpnrtK,
thai) furiiierjj-, in still

XVIII. Government. — 39. The native yoverniiients are
despotic. Tiie petty rulers of the interior nfteii make war
on each other for the pnrpo.se of olitainin^ ctiptives to sell
as slaves.

BARBARY STATES.

40. The I!arhary States derive tlieir <;ener ii name from
the Latin Imrharus* a term applied hy i liomtiiis td
foreigners, Tliey are situated between the Atlantic and
^[editerranciin on tiie nortli, and tiie Stihara on tlic .Sdutli.

This portinti (if .\fiica "u.s the .seal of noted riKriiiciaii colonies; it
f.irnied jiart of the Uoiiian Empire, ami was snhjuL'ated by Mohmii-
niedan .Arabs about the miiMIe of the .seventh century. In later times
the coasts were noted for pirates,

•51. The Atlas Muuutaiiis traverse r.;irl.,.iry from east to
west. The soutiiern slojies are very hot ; iKirth of tlie moun-
tains the cliniiite is temiierate, except towards the east,
where the low ran^e atl'ords little jirotc(!tiim from tlio burn-
im; winds of tlie desert.

■12. Tlie most important pmdurts imrth nf the Atlas
]\Iv)iintains are i^rain ;ind olives. Dates are the cliief pro-
duct on the soutli of tiie mountains. An extensive reojoii
here is (idled I'nlid-d-.firid or Luml <•/ /hit'.i.

The liaibary St.'ites w. ro accounted the yranary of an.'i' nt Uonie,
Cotton is cnllivated to some e.xtent. .'^heep and jjoats ar" c xtdisively
reared in the nmuntain districts. The cliitf nianufaclures aie uiorocci)
bather, olive oil, indigo, and talt ; which, with ostrich tValhers, wool,
^:unl8, dates, ,ind (jruin, are the principal exports. Tiade is carried
on w ith Central Africu across the desert by caravans.

Iiai'bary eoiiipiists four .States, .l/''/"..v/o, .Hyrin, ThiiIs,
and 7'rijivli.

MAROCCO.

411. Tills country was anciently called Mauritania, It is
the mostwesteily of the Ilarbary States, and is fourteen
and a half times larger tlian Nova Scotia, or equals a square
«tf 020 miles. Miidi of tlic suilace is mountainoii.s.

The river valleys are very feitile. The streaius (iii the south of the
Alias Mountains are lost in the sands i^f the desdt,

44. Agriculture is in a very rude state. .\ l;iiid of grain
called millet is much used as fooil.

Lions were oin'e more nuineroiiH in Marocco than at pre»ent.
ronipcy in Baid to have obiaimd ovei three Irindicd fioni this country
to lijiht in the Circus at Home,

45, Tlie population is variiaisly estimated from ;j.(Mio,0(mi
to H.ooo,(»o(i, The Aral's, who are in tliis cnimtry calh'd

Moors, are tiie ruling race, and oeciipy the coast. Tlie Moors
were formerly noted pirates.

The Berbers inhabit the mountains. Jews are numerous, and are
chielly engaired in trade. They are subjected to much per.secutiou
from the Jlohammedaiis.

Towna.— 4t). Murairo (80,000), the cajiital, is on a f. rtilo plain 130
miles from the Atlaiiti(3. It is a walled city. J'er. ^^0,000) is sur-
rounded by orchard.s and orange proves. It was once a maf,'nificenl
city, containing seven hundred mosques, and is still accounted a holy
city by Alohaiumcdans. tHlier important towns are Mcldtu: J0,000) ;
.\fii'ii(<li>r, the chii.f p"il ; llalutt ; Tam/ier ; and Sake, once a strong-
hold of Jloorish piiatcs. 'J'ititaa and Ctalii beluiig to ."^pain.

■17, The government is desputic and tyrannical. Tiic
Ihuperor, wlio lias unlimited power botli in civil and reli-
gious in.itters, claim:; to be descended from Moliamnu'd, and
is styled by his subjects, " Lord of tlie true believers."

' Uume deriVD Uirbftrjr from ttrbtr.

ALGERIA.

■ih. Tills State, corresponding nearly wiili ancient Nii-
midia, derives its present name from its iliicf town. It is
now a Freiicli province.

For several centuries the pirates if Algeria were the scourge of
commereu. Sweden, Denmark, I'ortugal, and other European ]iower.--,
paid them black-mail to secure their trading vessels from iphimkr.
Christian captives were held as slaves. The French, provoked by
repeated attacks on their commerce, together with an insult to the
consul, bombarded Algiers in 1^-7, an.l by a loi,,; cruel war fnuiUy
subjujjated the whole country,

4!», Algeria is on the nortli-east of Marocco, Tlu; area
is eiglit and a lialf tina s .i:re;iter tiiaii Nova Scotia, or cipials
a stiuare of 4oo miles.

IJetweeu the Atlas Mountains and tlie .Medilerran(>aii is
a narrow fertile district railed tiiu /V''/, wliieii fields largo
(piantities of grain.

Increased att"ntiou is uiviii to the cultivation •■ ■■ 'itou.

."lO. The Fieiich (Joveniimiil has recdilly greatly impnuwl the arid
region adjoining the desert, by lioring Artesian wells. The natives
were filled with the greatest joy on beholding the puiu water gush up
amid the burning sands,

51, Tlie populatior is estimated at :i,ooo,ooo. About
i'(iii,(iiio are Fieiich co' mists,

Towni.- .'i-. Aliiiim (flli.eoO), on the Medlterraiiciin, is the cnpltnl
ami most important town. It is built on an island coniieclcd with the
iiialiilaiid by a mole, Iiivalids fiom Niaihein Europe resoil to Algieis
ill the winter season, Luuis XIV. of France, to piiui»lithe iuhahitaiitit
tor their plrucieK, bombarded Algiem three times, During the lirat
bonibaidmenl the Dey, in retaliation, caused the French consul to bu
blown from the mouth of » moriar. Lord Exnionth besieu'd tin)
town in iHlti, and compelled the I'lV tu liberate tliu Christian sl.tves.

The other Iuwiim ur« (.mniUuiliiii , liunu, uiid Untu,

-.-^wfayt:-"? , •jf>mm f 'mm ni i»

'Tf

140

AFRICA.

TUNIS.

53. Tunis corresponds genenilly with ancient Cartilage.
It is nominally suliject to Turkey, but the Bey or Viceroy
is prartically independent.

tii. This State is hounded on the north and east by the
Mediterranean. It is about four times larL;er than Nova
Scotia, and has a population of about fiOd.ooo.

Towns.— Co. Tunis (180,000), llio capital, is next to Alexaiidia,
tlie most I'oinmercial city in Africa. It i.s situateil on tlio iiiar;,'iii of a
.stiiall lake, communii-'atinc! witii the ireiliterranoan l)y a narrow clian-
nel. One-.sixtli of tlio inhabitants are Jew.s. Tunis ha.s extensive
manufactures of leather, cotton."!, linens, woollens, earthenware, oIiv(;
nil, and es.senoe.s. Ten miles north of the city is the .site of anciont
Carlha'.'e.

Kairwcn (,'0,000), in the interior, contain.s the (inest and ni'i.st
revered iuo<i]ue in Africa.

TRIPOLI.

TjO. Ti'ipoli derives it.s name from the f I reck /ri'/i'Jis, " three
towns," the whole country in ancii'nt times bciut,' subject to
three llnurisliini,' cities. It now Ibrms a padialic of the
Turkisii Empire.

Barca is a dependeniT on tlie east. Its ancient name
was i'eiitapoli.s.

rtT. The area is about twcdve times y;reater than Nova
Scotia. Lyin^' beyond the Atlas ranue, tiiis country is ex-
posed to burnins winds and driftin;,' .samls from the desert.
The fertile coast reiiiou is ipiite narrow.

The population ia estimated at l,()00,otiO.

Tov/iis, — .IS. Tn'i •>'' (]<'.000), theca|Hi,il, has an important caravan
IradiMvitli Central .\fiica, i \cliani;inj,' nianul'.utnri's fur ivoryand ;,'"ld
dust.

Tiit. Fezzan, on the s.uith of Tripoli, is a tributary State It in-
sists of low hn.ken mountains and sandy jilains. The <late|ialni is the
most important product.

MoiirToiik; the capital, is the last station on the caravan route lufoio
ciituriiiK the desert.

THE REGION OF THE NILE.

no. This section of Africa comprises J:>'ij///'f, Xnfii'i, ami

.1 fll/Ssllliil.

There are also several small States aloiii,' the upper coitr.sc
of the White Nile.

K^iVpt anil Niiliia are in tlii> rainless reyion of Africa.
Tlioy owe their existiMieo, ii» habitable countries, to the
Nile, whi''li annually inundates the lowlands, and from
wliich tilt? crops are watered by irrigation. During our
summer it rains idnnmt eoiistantly in Abyssinia ; tiie re-
niaimh'r of the year is niinU'Ss.

EGYPT.

fil. Ecrypt, long subject to Turkey, is now an independent
kiiigilom.

K:.'yiit was the .seat of one of tlie rao.st renowned and powerful
nations of antiriuity. Tlie advancement of its early inhaliitants in ait
ami civilization is demonstrated hy the remains of Its magnilioeiit
pyramids, templi.'s, so|udehres, statues, and obelisks.

Ki'yiit was ciuii|uercd by the Turks in the beninnins of the sixteenth
century. In ] '30 it became a hereditary vicernyalij of the Ottoiniui
Kiupire. The I'aclia has recently deelarcd himself independent.

(<-2. Egyjit is situated in tlie iiortli-enst of Africa. It.s
lireadlh on the Mediterraiieau is about 1"M) miles, ami iis
loiiuth on the lied Sea oiiii miles. The entire area eipials a
.'^ijuare of 4(i() miles, but the habitable country, being eon
tilled to the vallry of tlie Nile and its Delta, is about twu^
thirds the size of Nova Scotia.

()3. Tiie avera;;e breadth of the valli'V of the Nile is abniit eisht miles.
The rivtr has an averajie w idtli of halt a mile. Ninety miles frum its
luoulh it divides into the Daniietla and Ilosetta branches, which en-
close a trian.'ul.ir country called the Delta. Koeky hills separate the
v.illey t'lom the Ked Sea ami the Sahara. {Sre Africa, '21.)

(il. The Nile overflows its banks in \ngust, and subsides
into its regular channel in October, leaving adepos't of mud
which fertilizes the soil. The country is inter.sected by
numerous canals from which water is obtaineil for irri-
gation.

The farming season is during our winter. Cotton, flax,
iiiiligo, sugar-<'aiie, tohacco, grapi-s, wheat, rice, and millet
are cultivated.

t;.".. The population is estimatrd at .'),( m io,( luo. It con-
sists of Copts, Turks, Arabs, and Jews.

Moliiuniiiedanism is the prevailing; reliKi"n. The ("opts have a
ciiiriipt fiuni of CliriHtinniiy.

Towns. -fi'3. Cairn (2.'0,000\ the capital, is three miles east of the
Nile, anil five miles above the head of the Delta. Three miles above
(Jairo, nil the west of tlio Nile, is (iliinh, where the celebrated
pyramids ccuiimeiu'e. The largest pyramid envers an area nf H acres,
aiiil is ■Ml feet lii:h. In froni nf oih' of the i)yraiiiid.s is the sphinx,
a hiiLie liuuie, half human and half .iniuuil, cut out of Hull. | roi'k. The
ciicumfereiice »( llio head is 100 feet. Niar t'liiro is the nito rf nneient
lltjiufxilis, or 0/1. Mmiiidi* of earth mark the position of its walls,
The space ttilhiii is occupied by acacia and date trees, among which
stands an nliclisk 'in feit lii.;li.

li". In rpper Kwypt ari' Siii»(, (lirfirh, Knirli, and l\vii/i. Hire
also ail) the riiiiis (d' ancient Thi'm. with its liune ciilumns, sphinxes,
and iibidi.sks; wliilu the hills in the rear are excavated into vast
sopulelires,

lis. Alc.idiitlriii (SO, 000) is the principal port, of Keypt, and has
lom< held an iiiipnrtanl position in the overland mute to India, N«ar
the cily Mv an cdielisk called ('leopatiaH Needle, and rninpey'R Pillar,
a eulumii of nmrlile 1>0 leet liitfh. A few miles east of Alexandria is
the H.iy of Ab.uikir, where Nelson defe.ited llie Krencli in ISOl.

/i''>.«(7'(( and liiimiillit are p'Ots on the Mediti iriiMein. Huts is a
small bill linporlaiit town at the iiead of tliu Uulf of Stivi,

now an iiidepcndont

roiiowBPil nnil pnwei-ful

i early iiili;iliit;iiits in mt

iiaiiis of its luagiiilioLMit

iljelisks.

et;iriiiinK of the sixteentli

:en'.vali> of the Ottoinaii

mself i'l'li'iienileiit.

1-rast of Africu. Its
it l.'xi miles, and iis
i> fiitiro area equals a
3 country, hoini; coii-
Dolta, is about two-
Nile is alidiit eiuiit iiiiiis.
'. Ninety niiie.s from its
iett;» liniiii'lies, which eii-
Ho^'liy hills seii.irale tin'
le Ajriiit, 'A.)

\n.<;ust, ami fiultHJdcs
vinii a di'iios't of mud
try is intersected by

is obtained for irri-

winter. Cotton, llax,
leat, rice, and millet

5,()iiO,ooo, It con-

'II, The (-'ojits Imvo a

s I lire e miles east of tlii>
'tita. Three miles ahove
h, where the celehrateil
vers nil area of 14 acres,
|)yraiiiiil.i is the sphinx,
t out of Hojij roi'k. The
iiiro is the mIo rf aneieiit
lie position of itH wall^,
late trees, among whioli

fvrli, mill /■'siieli. Here
liu^e eoliiMinii, npliinxi's,
are exeuvated into vast

pnrt. of I'luypt, rtinl his
roulo to liiilia. N>'iir
He, ami Poinpey'ii Pillar,
's east of Alpxanilria h
ho Frriieh in ISol,
nht. iiHiieiii. iSiif : i< ;i
imiU of Suvl.

THE SAHARA.

69. Agriculture is the most important pursuit. Tlio

duel' inauufactiu'cs are pottery, fire-arms, and carpets. The

foreign conimorce i.« rapidly increasing, and the coiuitry is

advancing in pvos])erity.

A railroail extemls from Alexandria to Cairo, loO miles ; aiifl from
Oairo to Suez, 90 miles. A canal across the Isthmus from the Meh-
terranean to theGuIf of Suez, constructed by French eni;ineeis, is now
open to commerce.

70. The government is an absolute monarcliv.

NUBIA.

71. Xubia has been .subject to Egypt since 1S2I. The
southern part of the country is supposed to liave been in-
eludeil in aiu"ient l'jlhio))ia.

It is bounded, n(nlh by Egyjit ; cast liy the Red Sea ;
south 1\v Abyssinia ; and west by the Sahara. Tiie area
ripials a si|U;ire of (ioo miles.

7± In Middle and Lower Nubia, the valhy of the Nile is
rendered very narrow l)y the close approach of roeky hills
on each side. In the south tlu! country, watered by the
I>lue Nile and the Atbara, is more varied and fertile.

Water is t.'iken from the Nile for irrigation hy maehiiiery worked by
oxen, A moilern triweller says : " As all the urease in tl.e conntry
is required for the uiiturbaiuMl In-ads of the Nubians, the water-wheels
are heard creaking; iii^lit and d;iy."

7:5. The iiroduet.s arc siu!iliir to those of Iv.;ypt. The wild
animals iiu'lude the elephant, hippopotauuis, rhinoceros,
girafi'e, hyeuii, and lialtoon.

The population is aliout l,()00,noo.

Towns.—"}. Kli'tfitim (."iO.oDOi, at the coiifluinee of the Dlue atid
White Nile, is the honest town and the capital, Coiisideralile trade
between Kuypt ami (/'eiitral Afii.a passc.i throuuh Khartum. The
other towns are Sno I)iw;inlii, Jlrrbcr, Shciii/!/, Scnnaar, and .'•'rinkin.

Nubia has many remarkable antiiiuities. At [imitnlml aio temples
rut out of the .soil I rock, at tiie entrance to which are eol i,<sil linurc.i
over (iO feet hiyli.

T.*). The KOVeriMUent nf Nubia is in the hai.ds nf K.-ypti oi i ffici.'ils,
who have absnliite pimer, and npress all honest in lostry and enter-
prise by unjust taxes and extortions.

"The heaviest and most unjust tax is that upon the 'naieor.'or
water-wheel, by which the farmer irriijates his otherwise barren soil."
\nakcv.)

70. Kordofan, on the soulh-we.^t of Nubia, i» also a dependency of
Egypt. TopulatioK, 4OO,(M)0. Chief town, A'/ ()'» rV CiO.OiliM,

ABYSSINIA.

77. AbvR.<ii!iia, or llaliesh, includes pnrt of ancient
lithiopia. It was once the seat of an empire considerably
ndvanced in civilization. U now coiisistu of several petiy
States.

Christianity was introduced about the middle of the fourth century.
Ii\ modern times, through the intluenee of Portujuese raissionariis,
the royal family became Roman Catholics. This excited violent oppo-
sition among the people, and iu 1032 the missionaries were expelled or
put to death.

7S. Abyssinia lies along the Red Sea south-east of Xubia,
and has an area eipial to a .sipi.are of 400 miles. The sur-
face is giMierally elevated, consisting of tabledands and
mountains, diversiticd by deep river valleys. The coast
is low, hot, and unhealthy.

Amha Ihii, one of the highest mountain peaks, has an elevation of
lo.OOO feet.

The chief rivers are the /iahr il-.\:r(k or IIIik Xi/c, the Tara::e or
Atliiira, and the JLimtslt. /.u/if ItimUn is in the lia>in of the Blue
Nile.

7!). The climate and vegvtation vary according to the
elevation. The low grounds contain forests of acacias, wliieh
yield valuable gums. Cotton, sugar-cane, and cofl'ee arc iu-
digeiious. Wheat, maize, rice, teff, and ndllet are cultivated.

80. Thi population is aliout 4..")0n,(i()(). There are many
Arabians, .Jews, and XcLiro slaves. A very corrupt form of
Christianity prevails.

81. The most important States in Abyssinia are Amhtxva, Tii'vi,
and .S/io(». Hlioa was lately ruled by Kinu Tlaodore, who, by im-
jiiisoniii.' liritish sui'jects, pruvoked a war with (ireat iiritain. which
cost him his life.

The towns are small, (ianilarin the c,i|iital nf Amhara; A'foini,
of Ti','re ; and AiUohnr, ot ."^hoa. A.'um, in Ti^ie, was the ancient
capital c)f Abyssinia. It is noted for its huge obelisks, and for the
Axuin Chronicle, an .ancient lii>toric record. MamiiKth, the jirincipal
sea port, belongs to litypt.

Ankdliur 10.00") . elevated over Si)00 feet. h.iK a iKliitlilful cUni.iti;

THE SAHARA,

Hi', The Sahara, or (ireat iJesert, is situated between the
l)arallel» of 15" and 'M' north latitude, e.vtending fnnu tlio
Atlantic Ocean to the Valley of the Nile. It covers an
area eipial to five-sixths of British America.

«.'!. The Sihara is iimstly tableland, from 10(11) to 4liO() feit in lieiKht.
The surface consists of rock or haril giavel, varii'd in some parts with
loose white nand which the winds move alnoit in v,i>t overwhelming
einuds. Owini! to the prevalence of I'.asterly winds, the sand increasci
in ilcpth towards the Atlantic. Aloiit{ the north are numerous sail
lakes, which receive the streams fi'nni the .\tlas .Muuntains.

H-i. Rain falls on the de,sert only at intervals of many
years, ami throiiyliout a lari;e portion of it vcgefabli' and
iiniinal life is imknown. Fertile spots, called naicK, watered
liy springs, occasionally relieve the de»olatioii of this wide
waste. The oases are covered with u'rass and groves of
date-palm, and often suslidn a large population.

85. Triiflic is carried on over the desert by earavani, cotiiistinjj of a

v««~Hf»*wtop'

»i|yf

142

AF.;i(\\.

^..**. --

< AI.AVAN

] hir^re onmiKiny of men fiml camels. The oagos itflVrd restiii^riilaoPi--.

j Tnivillfi's sonutiiiies arrive at an oasis only to I'lml its siirini;s dritd
up. We.iry, tiiii>lY, anil liin'our.igo'l, tliey are iiiialile to pruce<'il, aiid
llieiv l)leiieiie(l bontH amid tlic KuriiinK sand tell of their sad fate to
tliowe who eoMie alter thcni. Tiiey also sillier LTiatly from e.\|iosure
to liiit uinils and moving .'-ands.

QUESTION,
depend ?

On what causes docs the intense heat of the Sahara

WESTERN AFRICA.

hC). AVcsitmi Alrini, (•iiiisiistiiii: ut' tlic cuii.'it rfL'iim fmiii
tlic St'iK'oal ti) ( 'ii|i(! Klin, wa.s ix]il()i'eil liy tlii' ruitiiyuc'^c
tiiwanls tlic iliisc of tlic lil'tccntli century.

The surface nlmij; the cnast is low : in tlic iiitciii.r arc
nii)initain-ian;;is. The cliinuto i.s very ind and iinlicaltliy.
The soil i-< very fertile ; the vegetation is luxuriant and
viiried.

The products arc rice, cotton, ^in^rer, iialni-oil, |icu-iiut8,
tnipical iVuitH, and f^iiniH. (iold Ih ]jlcntifiil in varioiun )iartH.

87. Western Africa coniiiriscH SciiiijavthKt, ('/i/>ir(<itiiiiti,
and L<i(Vtr (Imiuit,

SENEOAMBIA.

88. The name of tiiis country is derived from itH two
I'rincipal rivers -the Senegal and (Sainliia. Itexti-nda from
the Sahani to 'Jpiier (Jniiica.

80. Tiie area is estiinated to le c(iiial to a tiijuare of fiCO
miles.

T inhabitants liclonv' to the Xc:,'r() race, and inclndc
three trihcs — /'''»il(i/i.<, Vd/n/ti, and MhihHiujdik. Their
ninnber i.s variously eatimatcd from 5,(i(K.i,nuO to lo,()(HM)()0.

!)ii. The 1,'reater part of Senc.oanihia con«stis of snudl
States ruled Ly native cliicts. The British, French, and
IVirtiigucse have .settlements on the coast and aloii;; tic
rivers.

PI. The Hii'ifli own various stations on the tiamli.i. JJitthiir^t, itu
an island at the moiitli of the Ganiliia, is the chief town.

Sierra Leone, in the south west, was purchased by (treat Hritiiiii in
IT**" ns a home for liliirated slaves. Tiie area equals a square of
18 miles. Population, (id, dOO. Fmloirit (18,000) is the capital.

92. The Frtiicli iiave possession.s on the Setie;rai. They also o«n
the islaiid.s iif '•'()(•«; and .S7. /-oi/i'jt. t.ln the latter island h ,SI. I.iitii.i
(I'J.OUO), the chief town.

Itinsaa (f?0(l(i), on an island of ih.' same name, is the principal I'ortu-
t'uebe luu u.

UPPER GUINEA.

93. Ujiper (Jiiirea is situuted along the north of tlio Gulf
of (Jnineu, between the con.'*t and the Koni; Moiw tains.
The area etinals a Houare of (ind miles. The >iij;er is the
principal river.

The const Is divided into four sections the (iraiii Coast,
Ivory Coast, (Jold Coast, and Slave Const.

The inlialiituiits, cstiiiiated at .^,(l('(MMKl, arc Neoroes, and
Kcncraily pagans. I'olvgamy and slavery are common.

P4. The Republic of Liberia is a settlement founded in 18'2l>, by
benevnieiit persoiis in the V nited .'^latei of Aniericn, ns a liome for ]\\ie-

ro race, and incliuli;
MiinJliiii'm. Their
(Hi,(in() to l(i,(HMMK)().
ia cidisists of small
Riitisli, Fivncli, and
joast ami aloii,;^ tie

?(tainlia, Jj,ithnrst,iiu
eliitf l"»ii.

seil liy (treat Hiitiiiii in
luca tqiials a sfiuaro uf

.,000> is tlif o;i)iitiil.

ftK'J-'ill. Tlu'V lliso t)«M

lUci- isliuiil is ^S^ J.diiin
L>, is llie |iiiiK'iiiiil rmtii-

he nuitli of thf (}ulf
It' Koiii.' Moiii'tuiiis.
H, Tiif>'in«'r iH <li''

lis the Grain UouBt,
last.

Hni, are NcgrncK, atwl
ly art' coiniiion.

Ill fouii.l.a in 182'2, !>)•
iicrii'ii, UK a liimif IVir lili«'-

(WE (■(•l.d.NY.

1)3

rated slavep. It is rather larger than Nova Scotia, and has a popul.i-
tion of 200,000. Moiiroria is the capital.

The British own several stations, of which C-ipc t'nuift. Castle (10,000)
is the most important.

Ehniiia is a forflHeil Dntcli town.

95. Ashantee ami Dahomey are Negro kingiloms. DaliDimy is
noted for the barbarism of its inhabitants. The kini: has many wives,
;,iid many of his soldiers are woipen. Human sacrifice is practised,
and war is often made on tribes of the interior to obtain captives to
sell as slaves. Whyihih, the chief port, is closely watched by Uritish
cruisers, to prevent the slave trade. Coomamic ("20,000) is the capital
of Ashantoe; Aliom<>i (30,000), v( Dahomey.

UtJ. Yoruba, Benin, and Calabar, arc on the east of Lahoney. .1'.-
lidkutah ^tiO.OdOl is a hu;:e walled town in Yoruba. It is a new tuwii,
fiiinided by the iidiabitants of s<'veral places which were de.^tro^cd by
slave hunters.

LOWER GUINEA.

97. Lower CJiiiiica extends alouj.' the coast from the ItiiAlit
of Biafra to Cape Frio. Tiie area e<iuals a sqiiaie of rdni
miles.

The Camooiiii Mnuntaiiin run jiarallel with the eoa.st.
The principal river.s are the Zaire ov ('i>n<i<),i\m\ X\\i' Coaicji.

!)8. A large part uf the eoiiiitry is iKiniinally suhject to
rortiigal.

Thei>ritiei])al divisions are Ilinfia. L xiiiiio.Coiiijo.A ii'j"/<i,
and JJ(t)(/it<hi.

\SI. Puul tie Louiiihi. on the coast of .\ni.''la, has a good liarb iir,
and is the residence of the I'lrrluguese governor. The other tjwns are
/.till 111/(1 and iSaii Sdliailnv.

W. The Portuguese formerly cftrried a great many slaves from (ininea
to Urazil ; but through the vigilance of IJritith cruisers the slave trade
has been nearly destruyrd.

CENTRAL AFRICA.

100. Central Africa is of somewhat indefinite limits, Imt
it may lie considered as endiracin<r all the interior soiitii of
the Sahara. The whole re;;ion, and especially the southern
liortioii, is very imperfectly known. It is iivery hot, fertile
region, occupied by liarharous Neuro tribes, who often Miigc
fierce wars against each other to ohtain captives and cattle.

Tho northern portion is cidled .SowAn* or .V /[//•('//«— that

Is, Ldllil of tin' ]{l(uhs.

SOODAN.

lol. Soodan lies inimediutely south <if the Sahara, between
Senegnmbia and the Nile region. It ia generally table-land
of moderate elevation. The chief \ ursnits are agricidture,
and the rearing of rattle and goats, (irain, cotton, and
indigo are cultivated. The trade is curried on by cariivans.
The towns are often built of mud, and are surrounded by
< xtonsive wuUb.

The iidiiibitants are prineipidly Negroes, but there are
also many Arabs, Berbers, and mi.ved races, of which the
Fulahs are the most important.

102. Soodan consists of many petty States. The more important
are the Fulah or Fdhtluh States, in the west ; IJurii'iii, .-onihwest of
Lake Tchad; Adamaica, south of liornon; liei/harmi, southeast if
Lake Tchad; and Wiului and Darfur, on the east.

Towns. — 103. Sukut,) rJO.OOO) is the capital of the Fulahs. 7'/w
hui-tiio is a mudbuili town on the border of the desert, the cenlri. mI'
the caravan trade with liiobary. Ktika is the capital of IJoinou.

EASTERN AFRICA.

1<)4. This section of Afiicii consi.sts of the coasr region
from the Strait of Jjab-el-niiindeb to Delagoa Bay. Tiie mtiri-
time portion is low, hot, and unhealthy; inland is the mure
elevated and ru:;L:e(l margin of the interior tableland.

Uold dust, copper, coal, and amber are obtained. TIk!
region is fruitful in tropical products, iiieludiiii; the tiiiest
eotlee, myrrh, and arumalies.

1(1;". The j'rincipal divi.siuns of Kaslcrii Al'iica arc the territories nf
the .So»ia^ and (inllii.s, Jjnii, Huiii/iii har, Mii:tiiiilii(jiie, ami Sn/nlii,

The Somali ciomtry, or .\del. is hiw and njaishy, expartiiii; wa.\,
nivrrh, ivory, and gold. Further west are the tJallas, ii b:iilialMus
and liowcrful race.

Zanguebar is suliject to tl :■ Iin.aiu uf .Muscat, a Stiitr in the snutli-
cast dt .\iabia. SIiUhihiiii'II. on the island id' Zanzibar, is the capital.

Mozambique and Sofala are chimed liy the roitugiie.se, who have
long jealiiusly exidiobd all interi-oiirse im the part of ntliers. that they
might holil an undisturl'cd iii'iiiopoly (d' tlie shive trade, Mizmnhnnc
is the eapital.

SOUTHERN AFRICA,

10(i. Southern .VtVica consists of tliiit inntiun id' the con-
tinent south of ihe tropic of Capricorn. The interior is
elevateil and dry; the coast is well watered, mild, iiid
healthful. On tlie north is the great Kalihari Desert.

The O/'riHi/e or f<'«i'((j( and its tribiUitry tlie Vu'iImk the priiicii'al
riviis. , ,

107. The chief divisions of Southern Africa are Coft
Colon ij AwA Xntitl, beloii iig to (ireat Britain; A'd/f'nnia,
the K<]nthiti:» of (Jr<iii(j> Rivir and Tr'Hisr/mi ; the coiiulriui
of the JloUentdtx, Jitr/iuinms, and .yiuiKH/ii'is,

CAPE COLONY.

10^. The mime of this colony is derived frotn a bold lieiul-
land on tlie south-west, called the Cape oi'Oood llojie.

The Diitrh in I'lfiO began a R'^ttlement at Ciipe Town. The tlrilisli
took thii place in IbOi!, and have held the country ever tlnce.

»f1F

114

AFRICA.

TABLE DAY AND MOUNTAIN'.

10!). The co'. )tiy occupios the extreme south of the eoiiti-
iHMit. Ciipe A fin/has is tlic most soutlierly point. Tlie
C'lipe of Ttood Hope, 1000 feet iii.i^li, is tiie extremity of u
])eninRul!i.

Tlie area equals a square of Sfi.j miles.

110. Ou tlu' south tlirei' i)iii'allel mountain ranges rise
successively owe above anotjicr, with intiM-V(Miin,<; terraces.
The lowest ranj,'e is ahout 20 miles from the coast. l^aUr
Mniintair. is at its western e.<tremity,

Doep RorKOs enllod kt'of^ loacl fmiii one torraoe to another. Tlio
li'nh iiliiiim iiro p.illcii knrnws. In tiie dry season lliey are iiandicil
ilfscrts, but wlien tlie rains liociii tliey are 8oi>n clotlieil witli rank
(;n\ss, mingleil with ^.-orgeoiis ami sweet-seenteil flowers. (Jeraniums
and heaths )jrow with tlie hi\urinn"t' nf ooinmon weeds. Troops of
1 iillaliies, aiitfjiipes, and ostricti'^s share the hounty of the seas'ii with
tliu flocks and iierds of the C'llnnie.i.

111. I'ich copper ore is fouiul near the mouth of the
Oranije River. The <,'rain.^, frnit^, iuid ve^'etahlcs of warm
icmiterato countries arc successfully cultivated. Lartje flocks
of sheep arc the nniin dependence of ninny of the inhabitants.

112. The population is iSo.ooo. Abiuit half the inhabi
lants are Hnulisii. DiUcli, and French ; Hottentots, Ktitfres,
and mi.\cd races make up the remainder.

Tho lavL'ost reiiirioiis holii-s Qie Kpisi'opaJi.uH, Diiti'li Rif.inni'd,
and Wesleyans.

Towns.- li;t. Cnpe To^nt iS'J.OOO), tlie cupltal, is nituateJ on Taldc
Day, Canals liordercd with tries run tliroiifih the main streets.

Immediately behind the town is Table Mountain. (I'rithdmK Tairu,
25 miles from the sea ; vml Purl EInahclh, on Al^oa Bay, are the oul/
otiier important towns.
The most important exports ..re wool, wine, aloes, hides, and copper.

114. The government is vesteil in a jjovcrnor, council,
and representative assembly.

NATAL.

11."). This country was discovered liy the P()rtu<,'uc,se on
Ciiri.stmas-day 14IIT. It was firmed into a British colony
in 1845.

N.atal is abou', 200 miles cast of (..ipe polony, from which it is .<iepa-
rated by Kafl'raria. Tlic Ityaknmbcrii or hmijim Monntainit form tin;
western boumlary. The co'ony is about the size of Nova Scotia.

I in. Tlie surface, as in Cape Colony, rises in terraces
towards the interior. The climate ia hotter and more humid
than in Cape ('olony.

The products arc cotton, Hni;ar-cane, arrow-root, indigo,
and coffee, along tiie coast ; wiieat and other grains in the
interior. Cattle and sheep nro numerous.

117. Till' population is about i;)o,ooo. A hirge majority
l)clong to a native race called Xiilm^.

Tovni».~Picterm<iril:hiiv!i, on a small river about fiO miles inland,
is tho capital. Port Natul or DTrhan is the chief port. Ivory,
f agar, cotton, coffee, and wool, are the principal exports.

iiiiitiiiti. (I'ruhianit Tmni,
m Al>;oa Bay, are the oul/

e, aloes, liideH, ami copiier.

II ii i^overnor, council,

liy tl\i^ Povtimioso oil
iiitii :v British colony

my, friMii wliicli it is .«o)ia-
•lUjoH Mouiitnina follii llie
size of Nova Scotia.

my, riHt's in tcrrari's

ttoriiui more huniiil

iiii\ MiTDW-ront, indigo,
III! (it her jjminH in liio
rnllH.

»ii(). A In rnje majority

VIM- about M itiili»R inlaii'l,
in till' cliifl imit. Ivory,
'ipul exports.

KAFFRAllIA.

115

KAFFRARIA, ORANGE RIVER REPUBLIC, &c.

KAKPItE WAIiniOltS.

118. KiiHVaria is situated on the ('oiist lu'twccu L'aiic
Colony and Natal. The inhabitants, called Katlres, arc
tall and well formed, with but few Negro features.

The wealth of the Katlres consists in cattle, and their
chief food is millet and curdled milk. The Katlres
are very fond of their cattle, and they ride uinui
their backs as we ride horses.

110. Ill coiiseiiueiice uf deiiredatioiis committed tiy tlie
Ivaii'ies on tlie stttleiuents of Cape Coluny, a large jjait of
llieir territory on the west has been seiztd l>y the British,
:iii(l formed into a colony called ISritish KatTraria.

12(t. The Orange River Republic, on the north-
east of Caiie ("olony, ami Transvaal, lying nortli
of the Vaal River, are two rejiublican States,
which originated with Dutch boors or fanners
from Caije Colony.

These countries consist chielly uf «iilaiid plains, well
suited to grazing. Tlie inhabitaut.s are rude and lawle.'-.s.
Tlieir principal wealth is cattle.

I'Jl. The Bechuanas are represented as a tine race, oc-
I'lipying tiie interior on the west of the Dutch llepublies.
They cultivate the soil, and have good houses. lAiltukw
is their chief town.

ll!2. The Hottentots occupy a !ari.'e country on the west
of the IJechuauas. They consist of seveial tribes, some if
which are very degraded. They have a very curved spii.',
yi'llowish brown coinijlexioii, and Negru features. Some
• pf them subsist on the pmduco of their Hocks, uthers i.'ii
roots, gums, and insects. Their villages, called kraals, are
collections of huts made of poles, earth, and skins.

123. The Namaquas are situated along the Atlantic coast
north of the Orange Kiver. Little Nauiaijua is on the
south side of the river, near its mouth, and is included
in Capo Colony.

QUESTION — What reasons may be given in explanation of- the
fact that the nations of Africa have less power and influence than
those of Europe ?

'■fir

tmm

I : ! 1'-

OCEANIA.

1. Oceania is the name given to the sixth great division
of tlie world. It comprehends the archipelagoes and islands
of the Pacific Ocean. The Bonin Islands on the north,
Eastern Island on the east, Auckland on the south, and
Sumatra on the west, form the extremes.

Tlie entire area is estimated at rather more Uiaii lialf the size of
North America, and the population at 30,000,000.

2. Oceania has been variously divided. It may be con-
veniently considered under the three divisions — Malaysia,
A ustralasia, and Polynesia.

MALAYSIA

DATK-i, I'lNK-AriT.E, ANI> cnrOA-NUT.

I. -IV. — 3. Mahiy.sia obtained its name from its inhabitants,
the majority of whom belong to the Malay race. It is sunic-
tinies ('allod the J'Jast Indian Airhipehu/n. It is situated
<m the south-east of Asia, ajiproaching closely to tlic Mnliiy
lieninsula, and is wholly in the Torrid Zone.

V.-X. — 4. Tiiis arcliipela^'o includes some of the lari;c.st
iMlauds on the Earth. The entire urea is about one-fourth
that of British America.

Most of the islands are mountainous and of volcanic origin. Active
viilcanoes are very numerous.

The soil is very fertile. The climate is humid, and the temperature
is modified by sea breezes.

XI.-XIV. — 5. Gold, silver, tin, copper, iron, and coal are
among the mineral products.

Dense forests, second in luxuriance only to those of Brazil,
clothe the interior. Thay yield ornamental and dye v.-oods,
caoutchouc, gutta pereha, resins, and gums.

The cultivated products are rice, maize, millet, coffee,
sugar-cane, tobacco, nutmegs, cloves, and every variety of
tropical spice and fruit.

Sago, the starchy pith of a kiml of palm, is much u.sed as food on
some of the islands.

6. The animals are similar to those in the south-east of

Asia. Birds of beautiful plumage are numerous, and edib'e

birds' nests are largely exported to China. The ox and

buffalo arc used for labour.

The shores are covered with shells of beautiful and varied tints.
Valualtle pearls are obtained on the coasts of the eisterly groups.

7. The number of the inhal itant.s is not accurately knjwn, but is
supposed to exce"d 25,000,000. The majority are Malays, srme of
whom are considerably civilized; others are noted pirates, t'apuan
negroes aie numerous : they are much inferior to the Malays. There
are also many Kuropean colonists, by whom Christianity has be?n ex-
tensively introduced. Mohammedanism is the prev, lug religion,

X^^, XVI.— 8, Malaysi' embraces iSumatra, Java, Borneo,

Ceh'ln's, the Mdhiccax or Spic: Islands, and the Philij)pine

/s/fs, besides some smaller groups.

These islands are for the most part divided amon{.'st the JjutJt,
Sjiunuih, and native chiefs or rajahs.

9. The following are called the Sunda Isles, i^umntm, Jam, and the
smaller islaiuls /luli, f.dintnik, Sumbawa, Saiidalirnod, Fhivn, ai'.i
Timor.

Timor belongs to Portugal; the others belong to Holland, with the
exception of some portions which are subject to native rajahs.

10. Sumatra has been mon^ or less umlcr tiic power of
the Dutch m\w l(i4!».

h is scjiarated from Malaya by tne Strait of Malacca, and is divided
into two nearly equal portions by the Equator. The island is about
seven times the sixe of Nova Scotia, and is 1100 mi'e." in leuiith.

ISluT

•o i*f*'

if volcanic origin. Active
mid, and the temperature

)er, iron, and coal are

)nly to those of Brazil,
leutal and dye v.'oods,
juras.

maize, millet, coffee,
and every variety ot

is much used as food on

i in the south-east of
numerous, and edib'e
China. The ox and

Gautiful and iMiaA tints.
' tlie easterly groups.

accurately Icn.jwn, but is
rity are Malays, srme of
e noted pirates, t'apuaii
ior to the Malays. There

Christianity has b€?ii ex-
he prev, iuj? religion.

umatra, Java, Borneo,
s', and the P/n/l/iplne

ided amonj.'st tlie JjuUli,

■„ Sitmatrn, Jura, and the
•taiidiilirood, l''hir(i<, ai'.i

If iig to Holland, with tlie
t'j native rajahs.

s under tiu- power of

if Mivlai'ca, and Ih divided
;or. Tiio island is ahuut
00 nii'e." in h'n^th.

Ifff

gS5aB8BSK«H'^r|-|"miMI

C El X I A

-r^r^"' *"^ V'H^'-'^

T.U)MAM

[UiUut

SOirni 181

.1/.'/'

140 Lot^ittuh- liii*t 1.10 /hw» OtY^i<*i'^i

.oi\fiiniJf K<iM Ifil) 'N»w tirr-^i'i

' -jS^fif^^n"

AUSTRALIA.

147

I I

11. A liigli mountain chain extends tlirougli tiie whole iahiml.
Kassoum'ja (15,000 feet), is the highest peak. Poimlation, 2,600,000.

The northern part of the island is ruled by native chiefs.
Pailamj and Iletiroo/en, on the west coast, are the most important
Dutch towns.

12. Java was colonized l)y tlie Dutch in 1.57"). It is

sepanitcfl from Siunutra by Sunda Strait, 25 miles wide. It

is nearly three times as large as Nova Scotia.

Volcanoes are more numerous than in any other country of the same
size. In the interior is an oval valley, half a mile in circuit, calleil
the Valbii of Death, in which no animal can live, on account of tiie
poisonous fiases which escape from the surface.

13. Java has v'reat variety of temperature and products, according
t'> the elevation. Its forests contain the famous upas tree, whose
juices are very poisonous. A mistaken notion formerly prevailed that
no animal or jtlant could live near it.

14. Java is the most fertile and populous island of .AFalaysia, and
has been called the granary of the archipelago. Its population is aliout
13,000,000, of whom 17,000 are Europeans.

liatavia (118,ti00). in the north-west, is the capita! of the Dutcii
l>ossessions, and the greatest commercial town in Malaysia. Samaraii;/
;ind Sovrahwja are imjiortant towns on the north coast. Large quan-
tities of the tine?t spices are exported. Manufactured goods of all
kinds are imported.

15. Borneo was first visited by the Dutch in the year
L5f)S. They liave lonu owned the southern part of the
i.slaud. A native State (tailed Saraimk, in the west of the
island, was ruled from 1842 till 185^ by Sir James Brook, a
P>ritish subject, who suppressed piracy and ureatly imi'mved
the condition of his subjects.

16. Uorneo is sejiarated fruni Java hy the Java Sea, and from Ci.lub>.'S
by the Strait of Macassar. The Equator divides it into two nearly
eiiual portions. It is sixteen times larger than Novii i^cotia, and. with
the exception of Australia, is the largest island in tliu world.

There are several navigable rivers. The interior is little known.

17. The island is very rich in mineral and vogetabk' pruducts. The
iidiabitants number about 5,000,000,

/liinieo (22,UU(i) is the capital of a native State on the northwest.
Kiirhiiii/ (15,000) is the capital of Sarawak.

Labuan. a small island on the north-west, containing valuable coal
niines, belongs to Uritain.

18. Celebes was discdvered in 1512 by tlic Portuguese.
It lias, for the most part, been subject to Holhand since
1(560. It is remarkable for its irregular outline. Tlie area
is nearly four times greater than Nova Scotia. Tiie surface
is hilly ; the soil very fertile. Population, 470,(1(1(1.

Atarasnar (12,000) is the capital. Macassar oil is the product of a
common forest tree. The coasts have valuable pearl fisheries.

19. Tlic Moluccas or Spice Islands, north-cast of (.'eicbc.s,
are, for tlie most jiart, subject to Holland. The princnpa!
islands are (/i/o/o, Ct^rain, Boitro,Amf)oi/na, and the lianda
Isles. The united area is about twice the size of Nova
Scotia. Population, :57(;,<too.

The islands are mountainous and subject to earthquakes. They

yield the finest cloves, nutmegs, and other spices. The clove is the
flower bud of a tree. On the coasts are pearl and trepang fisheries.

Aviboyna, on the island of the same name, is the capital and an im-
portant commercial town.

20. The Philippine Isles were discovered by IMagellan in
1521. Tiiey were named for Philip II. of Spain.

The Philippiiies inch, i about 1200 islands, of which the principal
are Luzon, Mindanao, I'alairan, and Mindoro. The entire area is
about seven times that of Nova Scotia, nearly half of which is com-
prised in Luzon.

21. The i.^lands are mountainous with numerous volcanoes. Hurri-
canes and earthquakes are fre<iuent.

The vegetation is very luxuriant. Tobacco of the finest quality,
sugar, and rice, are among the products. Population, t),000,0(lO.

Manilla (140,000), on Luzon, is the capital. It has an extensive
trade. Manilla cigars are very cclebrateil.

Next to Cuba, the Philipi)ines are the most imijortant colony of
Spain.

XVII.— 22. Agriculture, mining, fishing, and commerce
are the chief pursuits in Malaysia.

The exports are cofl'ee, pe])per, cloves, and various other spices ;
fruits, gums, tobacco, rice, edible birds' nests, pearls, tortoise shells,
gold, tin, and other mineral.s.

Various manufactured goods are imimrted.

AUSTRALASIA.

2.'i. Au.stralasia signifies '" Southern Asia." Some geo-
grapliers have given the name Mf/dim.ua, or " Klack Asia,"
to this part of Oceania, on account of the colour of many

of the nativ(> inhabitants.

.Australasia is supposeil to comprise an area equal to the continent
of Europe. The population is spjiisc licinu coniputed at 2,50o,000.
The aborigines consist of two races, I'liiiuan Ni-i;i'oes and Malays.

24. The Moluccas and Siuidn Isles form tin- iiiosf cjititcrly
portion of Malaysia, Au.stralasia comprises the remaining
islands situated soutli of tlic Ivpiator and west of tlic 180th
meridian. The four princijial are tlic island coiititient of
A Ksfraliff, Td.vnoiila OY Vnn Dii'tiiPn's Laud, S iif Zi'iihiml,
;iiid I'dpiiii or .W//' (lumen. Tiie first three belong to (Ji'cat
liritain.

25. Australasia also comprises many archipelagoes and smill islands,
as, —

Arru, Tiniiir Liiut, Frederick llciuy. Louisiade Archipel.'igo, Ad-
miralty Islands, New Hrilain, New Iiclaiid, Solomon I>landH, Queen
Charlotte Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fcejec' Isles, Nor-
folk, Auckland, Antipodes, (Jhatliam, and Macqnarie.

AUSTRALIA.

2(). Australia was di.^covcred liy the Spaniards in

1(J05. The Dutcli also discovered the island about the .same

148

OCEANIA.

'■••WJr-^l^l).

l^)v

AM.M.M.S iiK AI'SI HAl.IA.

tiiiio, and iiffcrwunlH oxiilm-td varimi-; parts <tf the ciiast.
Tliey uavf it the name i»f Xi'ir Uullaml.

27. In 1770, Captain Cuok visited Austraha, and took
fiiiinal li.isHessiiin of the oonntry in tlie name ui' iiis soverei^jii,
(!e(ii.,'e III. iifOreat Kritain. lie enlied tiie place wliere he
laii.ud lUiianii llaii, nn aeeouiit nl' tlie profiision nf llciwers
ai its nei^iilxini'liiMid.

■J.-' I'Viiin t'.KikV .iiiiii. tin' lirlllsli ( Jnvcrmiiuiit iniiKldcrcil nutimy Hixy
W(!iil(! lie It snitiililc pliicc' f(ir ii iinivli t sutlluinciit. Aceordlnjdy in Hit' yiMir
IT"-"- "."" iriniiiiiiN. of wlimii one I'mirlli \vir>' wninoii. wore liikoii fnnii llu'
Jiiilx ^iiiil ti':ui.s|ii>rli'i) til \ii.-ti'i(liii 'I'Iki »{i>vi'i'iii>r, ('a)itAln ri'ili|>, lil«
(illii'crs mill Hiililii'vs iiiiri'iivi'il tlic inuiilii'r iif ciiliiiilsts to HHKl.

•J'.i '\'\\\* IliHt riilniiy WHS i-it.ilillslii'il IH mill's iimlli nf nutiiiiy Uiiy, iit
Syilncy. tlu' prisi'iil i'«|iihil of Ni'W "^imtli W itlcs IMuIiik' Ihi' mirci't'ilini;
tifly yi';irs, Ti'.iniii iilmliiiils wrri' triiiis)iiirli'il to tills nmiilry Tin' lust
I'liiivlil slilp airivi'il In l'<:i!i Many nf llir rrlniiimls. on tlu' I'viiliiitliin of
llii'lr tiTin, KL'lti.'il III tliii I'onnliy iiml liiiiiiiin rosiU'Cliiblu InlmlnliintK Tlic
llrHt coloiiintH. n I'i'lviiiK all tlii'lr sii|iplli<« from Kni;lHnil, nfttm iUfTei'i'il
t'rriitly fur want if |>i'ii\l»lonH,

;ni. Anstndia imw eumiPiises live llipiirishinu liiitish I'ulu-
nieH, Tlie most marke<l event in tiie recent iiistdiy ol' the
country was the ilisedvery ol'Ki'hl i" \M\, since wliieli the
piipiihition has rapidly incrcaRcil,

n. - :»l. AiiHfralia ha.s the Aral'iira Sea and Torres Strait
on the north; the C'ural Sea and the racili- on liie east;

l!aH.s Strait and tlic I'acitic on the south ; and the Indian

Ocean on the west.

riiR iioi'tlierii purtiou, iiiuludiiii; iilio\it iiiii'tliitii tin; :u'e:i, ix iu tlii'
Toiiiil Zone ; tlic vciiiaimler is in tlio Sotitli Ti'iiiin'i, te /one.
S. hi. 10 n'-W »'; E. km. lia^- l.W 47'

IU.— 32. Aimtralia liiis the getieMil n|i|>e ii.or'o ut' m\ irregular live-
sulci! 'i-'iirc. Till' soutlierii side is a cm ven lino. ,

IV. .'j;?. Ill tlie rciiularity of its coast line, Australia re-
sembles the otiicr southern continents, Africa anil South
America, The most important iiidi ntations arc tiic (iiilf of
I'arpentiiria on the north, ami thedreat AuHtialian Ihulit
nearly opposite. The other coast waans are I'ort Juekson,
I'ort i'hllip. Spencer (iiilf, and ('amhiid-v (liilf.

M. The |irlnii|iiil capei) are Y'irk Wilsmi, /.n unin, anil /.iimloii-
i/d'/'i/. }'iirli I'diiniml'i \'\v» to the ni't of the Unit' of Caipeiitaria.

The iirincipal in.ist iglands me Mihilti, IMhiii'nl, tH-uti Kiland.
W'llhnhjl, llrrtit •Sduilii, /ihKi'n, iilnl A'dnr/di'oo.

DC, The total length of I'oaHt line iHestiniateil nt lii.iKiO iiiijeti. The
i/i'iiit llitvvin' /I'lc/ exteinls li'oin Cape York Hoiiih-iaiiterly for alio .1
I'JOIl MiilcN, with an averatfe liiHlanee of ltd miles fioiii the fihiii'e. It
Ik a uii'iit wall of eotiil .if viiryiii(j lireaildi, li-iinu' |ier|n'iiiliinilaily from
the ilepths of the nceHii to the siir.'iiee. Whilst the foiiiiiin^; liieakcin
ain ('■..KhiiiK a){aiiisl tlic ontsiile of the iccf, within is Hinuutli hcii.
A few npcnitiKt occur, which allow BhijiH to \'Wi lliiougli.

itli ; mid the Iiuliaii

ii-cl lliu ;ue!i, iH ill tin'
ilK'i, te Zciiie.

CO uf ;ui irregular live-

line, Australiu w-

Atiicii and Sontli

HIS ai'i' the (lull' of

it AtiHtraliau Hi(ilit

an I'urt Jackijoii,
iif Oiilf,

/("■(//, lllni l.lhlllllll-

HiiU'iif Ciir|i(>iitariii.
illiiii'nl, Urvli Kildiid,

.it lii.iiuii iiilloit. Tlie
iM,li-i;ist('i'ly I'nr nlii) a

HS hnlll tllC nIkH'I'. It

1! lu'rpcuilii'uliiily IViiui
tlio ('(HiiniiiK liienkeiH

Uilllill iH HlllUUtll ll'U.

It thiiiiiuli.

AUSTRALIA.

140

v.— 36. Australia is the largest portion of land to which
the term island is applied. It is sometimes called a conti-
nent. It is about five-sixths the size of Europe, or nearly
equal to British North America.

Tlie area equals a square of 1732 miles.
2500 miles.

Its greatest length is

VI.— 37. A large part of Australia is but imporfectly ex-
plored. The surface presents less diversity than the other
great divisions. The chief elevations are a low mountain-
range near the cast side, and a low table-laud on the west.
Tiie centre is a vast low plain.

3S. The jiriiicipal mountains are the Liverpool, Blue Mountains,
anil Australian Alps, near the east ami south-east coasts. They ;ire
generally very rugged. The average height is little over half a mile.
There are no volcanoes.

Mount Kosciusko ((i.%0 feel), in the south-east, is the highest peak.
It is covered with snow a large part of the year.

VII.-X. — SD. Rivers are less numerous than in any other
great division. Tiiey vary greatly in volume, acconling to
the character of the season. In many, the water is some-
ti.iies reduced to a succession of pools in the deeper parts of
the channel. In the rainy season they are swollen very
rapidly, and some have been known to rise over 50 feet
abiive their ordinary level.

40. The Murray, in the south-east, ami its principal tributaries the
Darling ami Murrumhiilgeo, are the only large rivers. The mouth of
the Murray is very shallow.

ii.ike Victoria is a large expansion of the Murray, near its mouth.
Tlicic are several salt lakes ainl mtirshes. Lake Torrens, 120 miles
bug, is the largest.

■11. In many parts the soil is very fertile; in others there
are extensive deserts.

The nortiiern jjart of Australia has a hot climate ; the
south is tenijierate. It is goneraliy healthy. Incmilarity
in tlio supply of rain is tlio principal defect. Years of
drought are followed by overwhelming floods of rain.

42. It) the southern ])art of Australia, many things arc just the
opposite of what they are with us. The sun is on the north, the cnlil
winils come from the south, and it is midsummer at Chrialmiis.

I'uritig the summer an intensely hot wiml, aecuiu|ianied with fine
dust, ooeaniunally blows from the interior.

XI. — 4'X Australia is abuni'antly B'.ipplicd with the must
iiniiortatit .lincrals -gold, coal, iron, cupper, lead, and /inc.

Since 1851, the colonies of Vietoria and New Siiutli Wales have been
nmotig tlio most famed gold-proiluoinx couniries in the world. I're-
vious to this date, farmers had been Itiriiiiiu up the gold-bearing
iiunrtu witi) their plouuhHharei, and building it into their garden-walls,
in entire iguuraneo of its value I

of Australia are peculiar to it and the neiglibouring islands.
The tree.! are mostly evergreens, but have not the verdure
of our evergreens. Gum trees, acacias, and lieatiis are the
most common. There are no native fruits, except small
berries and a kind of chestnut.

45. Tiie various grains, fruits, and vegetables cultivated in Ameriav
and Europe, have been successfully introduced. Cotton and the wine-
grape are important products.

XIII.— 46. The native animals are also remarkably dif-
ferent from those of other parts of the world. The greater
proportion of the mammals belong to the marsitjiutlid, or
pouched animals. The largest is the kangaroo, of which
there are many si)ecie8 ; the most remarkable ibr its odd
appearance is the ornithorhynchus, or water-mole.

47. There are no (juadruraana, jiacliydermata, or ruminantia. Tli •
dingo or Australian dog is very destructive to slieep.

The most remark.'ble birds are the lyro-bird, the emeu, and the
black swan. The emeu is sometimes six feet in height.

The cow, sheep, horse, and other domestic animals, have been in-
troduced by Europeans.

XIV. — 4S. Tlie iioptilation is 1,213,000. The greater
niinilier are European colonists and their descendants.

The native Australians, sometimes oallrd Papuan Negroes, are of
the very lowest type of the human race, both physically and intel-
lectually. They are of a sooty colour, wiar little eloihim.', live in
holes in the ground, and subsist oil roots ami tish. They are rapidly
decreasing,

•

XV, and XVI. — 41). Australia comiirises five J'ritish

colonies, situated on the east and south ti'u\i.'a ■.--Quet'iis-
fiiiuf, Xew South \V<ths, Virliit'id, Siiitth Aiistridin, and
\V<s( AiK^lra/lii. The north and centre are yet iincoloni/'d.

Co!u»tcs.

Wh.ii K.mb
ll.hiij.

Slilin>rpiniit.r'!

tu liiilo, 1,.

Mllk'h KIM, in

L-'tUlll.

ru|Mil,illuii In li'il.

i;iic'i'nHlnnd

ISMl
17NS
IV.l

l.S'.'l)

7."iO

Clio
•J! Ml

ni 1,000

!tli,'i,oiii|
f.4'.lil4

r.'ii.Miii

U..I.1I.')

N.'W South Wttlos

\ ii'toriii

Simlli .VuHtniUii

Wi'>t Auntnillil

no. Queensland is 'tuated in the nnrtli-east. The rear-
ing of sheep is the chief occupation. Tlie cullivaliou of
cotton has been suocessfidly iutroilncnl.

/Iiinhiiiir (50(11)1, near the mouth of lirisliam' llivi.'r, is the capital.

r,\. New South Wales, on the east coast, is the oldest
colony. The ISiue Mountains are remarkable for their deep
valli'jH, enclosed by precipitous clill's. Tin' rearing of slieep,
and gold and coal mining, are the leading pursuits. Grain,

XII.— 44. Tlie tjreat nnijoilty of native trees and plants | viiie.'t, tobacco, ntnl fruits are cultivated.

'21 T2

is^l^iiJ^TE?

150

OCEANIA.

t':^-^,, .-

SYDNEY.

Siidiirii (100,000), on Port .Tnclison, is tlie miiital. It 1ms nn ex-
cellent Imiliour, and large expoits of goKl and wool. A( iccujtf/c ia
Hear important coal fields.

62. Victoria, in the soutli-cast, ia roinaikiible for it«
rapid advancement. Gold and copper niinint; and pastoral
Imsltandrv are tlie leading ]mranits. Tlie yield of tlic j^'oM
miues from 18.")! to 1H«1 waa $02:J,n(KMi()().

Mclhoumc (100,000), on the YarraYarra, ciglit miles from Turt
riiiiip, i,s the ca|>ilal. Ocdoiiy (25,000) exports largo (inantlties of wool.

r,'X South Australia has extensive sandy barrens and
salt inarslies. JVIneli of tlie soil in fertile, yielding wheat,
grapes, and (tther prodiu'ts. Tlio riiirrii-ISnrra eopper mines
lire exceedinj^ly rich. Wool is huyely e.\ported.

AtklaUle (30,000), on tlio Torrens, seven miles from tlio se.i, is the
CApital.

54. West Australia has advanced slowly. Tt eontains
lead and copi)er mines. The products are similar to those
of the other colonies.

Pii'th ('JOiun, on the Swan Uiver, ix the eapilal, Fncnmuth- U a
Ci'nviet Rlulion,

XVII. and Will.— fifi. The eiiief pnrsuils are n<'ld-
miniiiK, pastoral iiusbandry, and aurienlture. Tlio prineipal
exports are >{old, copper, and wool ; the imports are ^'rain,
Hour, and maimfaetiued pinds. Total value of exports,
$lji5,0(.K>,U0i).

5f). The colonies have representative assemblies,
governors are appointed by the British Crown.

The

TASMANIA OR VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

■'»7. Tasmania was discovered in l(M-2 by Tasman, a Dnteli
navijjator. Tlie next visitor was Captain Cook, in 17()!).
The first British colony was a convict settlement, established
in 1803. For several years no convicts huvo been sent to
tlie island.

.W, Tasmania is a Iioiirl-sliiipcil island on the snnthenstof Australia,
frnm which it is separated by IJass Strait, IDO miles wide. It lias
many j;ood liarlioiirH.

f)l». Tlio arcft is alio\it tlio same as that of New nninswick. Tlio
surface is much diversified with iiinuiit.iin-pcaks, taldc lands, plains,
and valleys. Mount Humboldt, in the south wegt (6000 fuel), is the
hiflhest point.

(U). Tlie soil is fertile. The cliToalc is liuniid, teiiiprnilo, and
healthful, Imn, copper, coal, an<l salt are the mineral pinducts.
The native plants nro like those of Australia, but are more luxuriant.
Tlic aiiinwils iilso are similar to those of Australia.

(U. The populfttlou is about 90,000. Tho original inhabitants are
now all but extinct,

liilmrt Town CJ'J.OOO), the capital, lias ft fino linrbour on tho estuary
of t ho Derweiit,

(!'2. The reariiiK of sheep, auricuUure, and wlmliiiK, are the chief
pursuits,

Tasmania is a llritish odony, with ft government iimiliir to tuote of

tho Auslraliaii eoloiiivs.

■ ;s.j«iaos5k.-»s*u^;'*i,*V»5i#»toia3BlS8Mli

•;r,.ic„-^vV.;j.p

ivc ttsseiublioB. The
h Crown.

MEN'S LAND.
|l-2 liy Tivfliniiii. a Diitcli
iptiiin Cook, in 1769.
-ttlciiKMit, cstalilislied
licts luivo been Beat to

jtlip soulh-cftstof AuKtralin,
I, U(0 miles wide. It l>n«

,1 New Rninftwick. Tlio
LioiikH, taliU'liiiiilH, jilni"".
liUiwCBt (5500 foot), iHthe

[s huiiiiil, tomi'tnitc, mu\
I»ro Uio iiiiiK'ial ii'"'!'"''"'
fit, Imt nro luoru luxurianl.

Mtruliii.

|,u oiiginal ;nh!\»>ilaiils are

lrn\o liailii'iir on tlio eBluarv
L.l vvhiiliiiK, "10 the oliiel
Ivniuieiit iimilar to tnoic o(

AT'STRALASIA.

Ill

NEW ZEALAND.

C3. New Zealiiiul was discovered in 1G42 by the Dutch
navigator Tasmau. Caiiiaiu Cook sniU'd around it in ITfiO,
and formally proclaimed it as British territory. It was
erected into a British colony in 1S40.

(54. New Zealand comprises the three islands— iV(»'//iic;vi
hhind or Stw Uldev, Middle Island or Sew Muustei;
and Stewart Island or New Leinster, besides several small
islands. Northern and ]\Iidillo Islands are seiiarated by
Cook's Strait, 2r) miles in breadth at the narrowest part.

r>,'). Tlic crmii) is situated aliout 000 mili's cast of Tasmania, and is
iie.iily iiiidwa}' lietween tlie Cape of (iond Hope and Cape Ilurn.

N. iat. 34" 15-47° 30'; K. U<nt:. 160° 30'-17S" 3U'.

Tiie area is five .and a lialf times greater tlian tliat of Nova Scotia,
and is cliiefly comprised in Northern and Miildle Islanils,

(iO. A Hnow-covered mountain oiiain extendsalonp tlie west side of the
two northern islands. Tliere are several volcanic peaks a' d hoi hilu's.

Mount Eij ioiit (S270 feel) is an extinct volcano. Mount (.'(/■■Ic
(13.200 feet), in Middle Island, is the lii,:;hest point.

67. There are several rivers. The soil is fertile. The climate is
humid, free from extremes of heat and cold, and is very saluhriMiis.
Snuw is rare except in the south.

Tlie minerals are vaiicd and valualilo, cmhracini; coal, iron, gidd,
silver, copper, and sulphur. There are extensive forests of Australian
pines ami tree ferns. Many of the plants are peculiar to the country.

'•«*WWii.„

new /.KALANU FLAX.

Tl.c New Zealand flax, whicli has a lai,je tilirous li af, is one of the
most valuahh'.

.Ml the (jrahiH, fruits, and veeetnhlos of the Tempcrato Zones are
successfully cnllivated. Kxcelhnt (asturafie is al>undanl.

Now Ziahind, when discovered hy Kuropeans, hud no native ((uad-
lupeds except a Kind of dov;.

fiS, Tlie British (Milonist*? tmiiibcr iilioiit Wo.chio ; the
natives, .'itV'Oit,

The aliorkdnes arerf Iho Atahiy typo, and are called Manries. They
are of a oojiprr comph'xion, well proportioned, have M.ick cnilini.' hair,
uiul arc much supoiior to the Anistralians. They have often enyaiieil
in sanguinary wars ntjainsl the colonist". These people, who are now
decrcasiutf in nuinher, were formerly llerce caniiihal-<. drinkim: the
lihiod and fea»tin;{ on the lio>lieH of their captive enemies. Many of
them iiuvu bucomu Ciiiiittittus.

Gil. The colony is divided into nine provinces.

Avdhind (11,000), on North Island, is the c;ipilal. Daiudin
(10,0001 is on Middle Island.

The exports are t;old, wool, grain, and timber; manufactured goods
are imported.

The government is like that of Australia. The revenue is $5,0(iO,000.

70. Chatham, A vtipodes, A wkland, Campbell, and MiK/iiarie islands,
on the east and so\itli of New Zealand, are important stations for those
en^'aged in the whale fisheries of the Southern Seas.

Antipodes is so calleil from its being nearly opposite London. It is
in S. Iat. 49° 4ll', and W. Ion. 177" 'M\

71. Xovfotk Uhiiid, to the north of New Zealand, was formerly
used by the Itrilisli liovernment as the place of exile for criminals of
the worst class. It has lately been given to the I'itciirn islanders,
who number about two hundred and sixty. The island contains 13
square miles, and is remarkable fur its gifzantic Norfolk pines.

PAPUA OR NEW GUINEA.

72. r;ipii;i is said to si;:iiify cri.</>'/ii(ir<'d, a cliaractcristic
of the natives. The i.shiiid is wholly in ti:e Torrid Zone,
and i.s scpMriited from Australia liy Tnires Strait. In slia|i('
it somewhat resemliles a reptile.

It ranks next to llorneo in size, and is tiiirtecn times
lari^er than Xova S(;otia, or eipials a s(jiiar(! of 4;i(> miles.

73. The highest moinitains of Papua are sup). used to rise to the
lieiLdit of 13,(1110 (nt, but the interior is not well known. The rljniate
is hot, humiil, and unhealthy.

There are large forests, contaiin'iig sagopalni and camphor trees. Nut-
megs, spices, yams, cocoa-nuts, rice, and maize are among the pr iducts,

I'lipua is tlic native region of the bird of I'ar.idise. Thero are no
large (juadrupeds.

74. The western part of the island is claimed by the Piitdi. There
are no K.iropean colonists. The natives, together with those of tlichano"
race inhabiting the groups on the ea>t, are supposed to number over
500,000. They are called I'apiian Negroes, and are desciilied as very
ill-looking. Their hair is not woolly like thet of the African, but
grows in tufts, and can be stretched out to a great length. They
tattoo their Imdies, and insert piei'cs of boui.' in tli(! iiose.

75. The Louisiade Archipelago, and otiier groups on the east ami
south-east, are little known.

New Caledonia, together with the adjolnin.' I-le of I'itic s, belongs
to France. It is one-third the size of Nova Si'otia. The island is very
fertile, and is rich in coal. Population, (JU,(Mi(t.

70. The New Hebrides consist •>( a long chain of vnlcinie islands,
tho principal of whii'ii are .1 »;'/(•(/, , Annatuni, Krrtimaiii/ii, I'tinna,
A iiftira, and i\i>r.

ddoiiferous saiidalwooi' is largely exp rted to t'hin.'i, where it is
loirned as incense in idol teMipk"<.

The inhaliitants on some of the i>1ands are very fiene. The niis-
sionarius Williams and (Jordon were murilered on Krronningo,
.Mis-'ioiiaries from Nora Scr>tia ' hlill labouring un some of the
islands, population, o(Mi.ooo.

77. The Fec^oe gioiip are the nmst ensterly islands iidiabileil by
Papuan Negroes. There are about sixty inhabitod inlands, only two
of whi'h are of conHiilcralle sine. The total area is eipnil to (hat of
Nova Stcotia, The islands are very fertile, yielding eotlon, cocoa-nuts,
yams arrow-ionl, and other tropical produoe. Some of tin' natives
have leen convelted to ChrlHtianlty by Wethyan missionaries, ollieis
are savage cannibals. They loiniber alioul 150,00|j,

Ifi2

OCEANIA.

POLYNESIA.

78. Polynesia signifies mtnui iMund^. It embmces the
iiiimi'i'oiis yroiiiis of tlio I'ticific oast of Malaysia and Aiia-
trala.sia. The cstiinatetl area is aitout four times tliat of
Nova Scotia.

70. Many of tlie islamls are very beautiful. Some are
low and of coralline formation, others are volcanic and
elevated. Many are Biirroundcd by coral reefs, enelosini,' a
sjmce of still water with navi,i;al)Ie jiassages to the i)|)en sea.
Some of tli(^ coral i.slands are in the form of a lin.;, having
a la<,'oon or lake in the nuddle.

80. ]\Iost of the islands are very fertile. Tiiey have a
moist, tro|iical, and liealthy climate. The heat is greatly
modified by sea breezes.

The vegetation is luxuriant, without great diversity. Tiic
bread-fruit tree and cocoa-nut palm are tin- most valua ":,■
tree.s. Tiie other products include yams, sugar-cane, and
arrow-root.

81. The cocoa-nut ])alm snpiilies nearly all the wants of
the native. lie lies beiiei/iii its shade, or builds his house
of its tindier ; he makes ch)tiiing of its leaves, finds food
and drink in its fruit, and ready-made goblets iu its shells.

There are no large native ijuadruiieds. Tiie sea yields
abundance of Ksh, and sca-bjrds are numerous.

82. The lut:il |i(i|iiil;iii,iii is csiiiiiiitiMl ;it 7'>0,eii(i. Tli" inliiililtntits
nre .nciuTiilly Miiliij.s of ii iltirk \innMi fiildiir. Wlion lirst visilijii )iy
Kui'u|H':iiis, all Well' iH'atiiciia, \voi'slii|i|iiii:; idnls, ai.il lulioviii;,' in inaiiy
8Ui)ir>tilii)iiH, Tlio pricstH lia'i urciit po»fr, ami I'iniM tako any man's
|iro|it'rty by proiinuiiciiiK t'"^ wonl tdloo iivcr it. The i)r(.perty was
then consiilcri'il KaiMCil, and the oi i).'inal owner durst not keep it. (Jreal
cU'urts liavc been inailo t) convert tiiesu peo| lo to Chiistianity, and in
uiOHt inHtiinecH wiili marked HueeosH.

83. Polynesia is sometimes divided into jMicronesia, (.S'w^//
/.</(n((/.v), eiidaacing the islands on the north of the K(|ualor ;
and PoIym'.*'ia Proper, including those south of the Kipiator.

The principal gmups (Ui the iiorlii nf the I'.ipiator are tiie
Jliiiiiii, /.iidrniii' or .Unridiiit, (.Jiinflu''. I'ldir, .]f'(rs/i'i//,
and Sdiii/irir/i /.t/u i /g.

Those on th(> south of the Tlipiator are .Viiri'j'i/urs or
Sdinaii, Frii'iii//;/, < 'oo/Sf, A itnlfii/, Socii'lif. /.me .1 ir/iijiifnijo,
and ,]f<niji(rsii.i.

81, S'liiio of th(> eronpi ixi'o olauneil by Mnrepeaii iioweiD, otlier«
liiivu niitivu yiivvrninciitH,

85. Tlie Ladrones {Thieves) were so called by JIa;;ellan on account
of the pilfering habits of the natives. They belong to Spain. Popu-
lation, 10,000.

8(5. The Caroline Islands arc also claimed by Spain. They embrace
many widelyscatuivd euralline irniups. The inhabitants subsist
lar^'ely on tisb. The I'ckio j;roup is on the west, and the Marshall
on the east.

8". The Sandwich Islands, the most important group in Polynesia,
occupy a remote jiositioii in the noitli-east, 3000 miles from the coast
of -Mexico. They are volcanic and mountainous, embracing au area
equal to one-third of Nova Scotia.

88. There are eiujjt inhabited islands, iif wliich Ifaaaii or Owhylue,
ineluiiing two-tliirds of the whole area, is the most important. It has
volcanic peaks nearly 14,000 feet high. Hawaii is memorable as the
place where Captain Cook was killed by savages in 1770.

The ]irod'icts are wheat, cotton, coffee, su^ar, yams, and arrow-root.

Sl>. The inh.ibitants, who nnmbi'r about 70,()00, are, through tlio
inllmnco of American missionaries, iar advanced in civilization.
Theie arc many schools and churches. The kiiig embraced Chris-
tianity many years ago.

'jO. lluiiulalu (lO.UUO), on Oahu, is the capital. It is much visitcil
by traders between America and Asia, and also by whalers in the
North Pacilic.

The government is a limited hereditary monarchy.

tM. Navigators' Islands rcccivid Iheir name from the skill of the
natives in making and navigating canoes. They are about eipial to
Cape Breton in area. The inhabitants number about 35,000, many of
whiim have professed Christianity.

92. Tlie Friendly Islands were named by Captain Cook, wlio was will
received by the natives. They are sometimes called the Tomia Isle-',
from T<>!';i(il(tliiiii, the chief island. The iiopulati"n is about 18,000.

It:!. Cook's Islands are small and scattered. They are generally
voleani. and eicvatiil. R<tvi(t"iiiiii, one of the grou[i, was for niany
years ihe lield of tin.' missionary Williams.

Di. The Society Islands are also high ami volcanic. They belong
to France. Tahiti, the large.st, e<iual to one-fifih of Cape Itreton, is
veiy beautiful. It contains mountains 10,000 feet high. Total pe..u-
latinn, liiiou.

The .l/iOYyi/f.w.'i, a volcanic group, are also claimed by the French.
Population, l-J.iHiO.

i)[i. Low Archipelago consists of au immense number of low islands
and coial rc'l's.

Wi. Pitcairu Island is a small, elevati'd, and solitary island in the
southeast of Polynesia. It is noted for its oecu| 'ilion by the nuUi-
neers of the ship lUniiity, who came here iu 171'0. Having plaeeil
their captain in an open boat in the midstof the oi"'an,tlie crew sought
a refuge Irom ju-tice. Nine of them, aci'ompiniied by six Tahiiian
men and twelve women, came to Pitcairn's Island, where they re-
nuiineil unknown for many j ears. When \i.sited in 1825 the colony
eon>isted of si.xty-Hix persons, who were iiiglily mora! and industrious.
An old nntn, niuned Adams, was the selioolnuister. {Sec 71.)

KXERCI8E. Find tlio distance from London to 'nnton by each of
tho following: routes :

il.) Westerly, across tho Atlantic to Halifax, through British
America to Vancouver, and across the Pacific.

(3.) Easterly, through Franco, across the Meditorrauean, Suez
Caual, tho Red Sua, and the ludiau Occau.

»-A^Ai.yaiMaifc^it ai > MiiMii ^»ihWimfe«iait«;»te.

Magellan on account
ong to Spain. Popu-

I i
3j,ain. They embrace
iiiluiliilaiits subsist
est, aiul llie Marsludl

lit ^roup in Polynesia, I
lO miles from the coast
IS, embracing au area

;li JfiiwaU or Ou-Io/Jkc,
ost important. It has
ii is nu'iuorable as the
s in ITT'J.

, yams, ami arrow-root.

i,oOO, are, throuL-h tliO

•anceil in civilization.

king embraced Chris-

tal. It is much visited
also by whalers in the

archy,

lie from the skill of the
Micy are aliout ciiual to
r about 35,U00, many of

itaiti Cook, who was will
i calh'il the Ton-a Isle^
ilatii'ii is about IS.UOO.
ed. They are generally

le grouii, was fur many

I voloiuiic. They belong
• tiftli of Cape Ibelon, is
f feel higli. Total po..u-

claimed by the French.

<c number of low islands

d solitary island in the

occni 'vlion by the muti-

IT'.K). Having placed

he (K'oan.the crew sought

ipiuiied by six Tahiiian

l>l:ihd, where they re-

.itr.i in Ih'JJ the colony

moral and industrious.

a-ter. (.See 71.)

Ion to ' nntou by each of

allfax, through British

10 Meditcrraucau, Suez

GLOSSxVRY OF GEOGRAnilCAL TKILAIS,

Cont met tun's. —G, Greek ; Ger. Uerman ; 1. Latin ; Fr. French.

Aborigines (L. ah, from ; oi-iijo, beginning), — Tlie first inhabitants of

a country.
Affluent (I. ajlHuo, to flow to),— A stream that flows into another; a

tributary.
Antarctic ((i. anli, opiKisite; arctic^,— Somhern.
Antipodes (<i. anti, opp isito ; jimlca, feel), — I'co|ile who live on

ojipnsite sides of the Kiirth, li.iviiig the feet clireetly opposite.
Archipelago (li. airhus, chief; /kIuijo.i, the sea), — A sea on the cast

of (xieece ; a sea containing many islands ; a group of islands.
Arctic ((i. ai-ktos, a bear, a constellation in the northern heavens),—

Northern.
Atmosphere (0. a'mn^. vapour; qihaira, a sphere),— The air whi.li

surrounds the I'^arth.
Atoll, — A circular coral island with a lagoon or lake in the centre,

giviiiLT it the form of a ring.
Aurora Borcalis \h. Northern Morn), — A streaming light originating

in the polar heavens ; Northern Lights.
Avalanche (Fr. avahr, to descend),— A sliii of snow from the side of

a mountain.
Axis, — An axle ; an imaginary straight line passing through the

centre of the Earth.

Barrier Reef,— A reef or rocky wall in tlio son, .separated from the

shore by a narrow channel or lagoon, as on llie east coast of

Australia.
Basin,— A territory drained by a river and its tributaries; so called

from its hollowed surface : a i-niall arm of the sea.
Bay, — An inh t of the sea.
Beach,— The land adjoining a sen or lake, washed by the tides uiid

waves.
Bluff,— A high bank overlooking a sea, lake, or river.
Bog,— Wet, spongy ground, eonUiinintj large quantities of vegotaMe

matter.
Bore,— The fiont of a tidal wave ascending a river. The b iro in s mie

rivers, as the lloogly, is a w:ill of water several feet in heiu'hl,

and rushes up w ith great ra|ddity.

Capo {L. riijiitt, the head),— A point of land running out into the son ;

a lieadland.
Cascade,— A small waterfall.
Cataract t<J. kidariiKKo, to throw down violoiitly,,— A great waterfall,

as Niagara Falls.
Cereal (L, Ctnn, tho goddess of husbandry), — Uriin, ns wheat, rye,

barley, and rice.
Channel,— The bed of a river; a passage of water connecting two

seas.
Climate ((), khmn, a slope),— The general condition of ihu weather,

especially in respeel to heal, moisture, aiul saluhiily.
Coait,— Tfie part of a c untry .vhicli lies near the sea.
Colony,— A seltlenant in a new diintry.
Commerce,— Trade ; buying and selling.

Continent,— A large b^vdy of land, as North America,
Crater ((i, kratci; a bowl),— The mouth of a volcano.
Creek,— A brook ; a small bay.

Current (L. rurro, to run), — A stream of water or air.
Cyclone (G, kuklun, a circb^),— A violent liiirricaiie, moving in a great
circle. Cyclones often occur in tlie Indian t»cean.

Delta {T/ir vamc of a hiti'r nf the (Jrnrk (d/ihn'icl hdvimj a Irkni'inhv

form), — An alluvial tract of land enclosed between the dillereiit

channels at the months of certain rivers, as the Delta of the

Nile.
Desert (L. ilcacni, to forsake),- A b-irron re.'ion. Deserts are usually

caused by scarcity of rain, or liy the presence of a large pro) or-

tion of salt in the soil.
Doab,— A name given to a toiiguc of 1.:. : , I the conllueiiee of livers

ill India.
Doldrums,- A i-ea term for the region of calms in tropicil seas. They

are much dreaded by nmriners.
Downs,— The name u'lveii to the rounded hills in ttic south of 'ing-

land.
Duiie,— Sand hills formed liy the wind.

Earthquake,— A shaking of tlie Ivuth's surface, vnryini.' in degree
from a slight tremor to the most violent a>;italion. Violent eailli-
ipiakes are attended by upheavals, depressions, and rents ..i liie
ground. They are most common in tropical eountii'^s.

Embouchure. Tin' mouth of a river.

Empire,— A country ruleil by an iiM|eror, as Fr.iiice ; a number of
I'ountrie^ nnileil under one suverei.'ii, as the ISiilish Fmpiie.

Emporium (<}, rw/ioc/o/;, a niarket-place\ — A coiiruercial town

Equator (L, (imid, to make ei|ual),— A '.reat circle passing round the
livrlh east and west, e(inidistaiit from the poles, nnil dividing the
Karth's surface into northern and southern hemispheres.

Estuary (L. ivtitiu, to boil),— The nioulh of a river, or the part affected
by the tid.',

Etcsiau ('i. (ti.iiii.i. annual),— A lerm ,'ip|ilied to winds whieh blow at
stati'd times of year, as the monsoons.

Exotic (<i, i.ralikdK. foreign), — A plant introdueed fiom abroad.

txports I li. r.r, init of ; yioc^o, to carry),- (io-ds sent out ot a e>>iiiitry.

Fata Morgana, -.\ mir.'ige observed at sni, by whieh invrited and
distorted iimues of cibjeets arc seen in the iiir. Il is sup-
jiosed to be caused by the contact of currents of air of unei|uul
delisily,

Fauna,' The animals of a uiven country or epoili.

I'irih, ■ An arm of the sea, as the Firth of Forth.

Flora iL. Jloii, a llower),— The plants of a given country.

Frigid [l. frifiiduB, coKU,— Cold. [Sic Zo-ik,)

Geyser, -An L'elandic word applied t' the boiling spriuif.? of Ice-
l.uid.

Hi!

154

GLOSSAUY OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS.

Glacier (L. ylacica, ice),— A large mass of ice and snow which moves
down tlie more elevnW valleys of snow-covered mouDtaiuj The
Alps are noted for glaciers.

Gulf,— Aa iulet of the sea, properly with curving shores.

Haxbonr, — A small iulet of the sea, cc itaining safe anchorage for

vessels.
Hemisphere {^i. hcmi, half; sphaira, a sphere), — Half a sphere or

bull. The rJartli is divided by the equator into the northern and

soi'.thern hemispheres.
Horizon,— The circle which bounds the view, where the eartli and sky

seen to meet, is called the sensible horizon. A great circle

parallel with this, dividing the Earth into the upper and lower

hemispheres, is called tne rational horizon.

Iceberg ((J. r. eii, ice ; bcrf>, a mountain), — A large mass of ice often
found 111 -'ting in polar seas. Icebergs rise from 50 to 200 feet above
the water, and about seven-eighths ot their bulk are submerged.

Imports (L. importn, to bring in), — Goods brought into a country Trom
abroad.

Island,— A portion of land surrounded by water, as Cape Breton.
Islands are sai^l to be continei'tal when they are near a continent,
and pelagic when iu mid ocean.

Isthmus ((i. isthhios, a neck),— A narrow strip of land connecting
countries almost separated by water, as the Isthmus of Panama.

KiUTOO, — A term .apjilied to the terraecdike plains in South Africa,
which are alternately barren wastes and clothed with luxuriant
vegetation, according to the season.

lagoon,— A shallow portion of salt water separated from the sea by
a beach or reef. Lagoons within coral reefs are common among
the islands of the Pacific.

Land-locked, — A term aiiplied to a sea having a narrow entrance.

Latitude (L. laliludo, breadth), — Distance from the equator, measured
in degrees on a meridian. It is either north or south, and cannot
exceed OU". The ancients supposed the Earth's measurement was
much greater from east to west than from north to south.

Llanos,— A term applied to the level treeless plains in the basin of
the Orinocii in South America.

Longitude (L. luni/itiidn, length),— Distance cast or west from the first
meridian, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The highest
longitude is 180'.

Meridian (L. mcriilirs, noon), — A noon line; an imaginary line pass-
ing from jiole to ]iole, ami cutting the equator at right angles.

Mirage, — An illusive ap]iearanro, reFembiing a shi'ct of water with trees
and other objects, seen in deserts and level tracts of country, and
supi)osed to be causei' by the unequal densities of ditVorent strata
of air.

Monarchy (G. nwnn^, one; airhnu, ruler), — A government in which
the supremo power is lodged in one person.

Monsoon (Arabic, iiroiimiiv, season), — A periodi-al wind of Inilia,
blowing half the year from the northeast and the other half from
the south-west.

Monntaiu,— AnygrcatoloTationof the Earth's surfaoeabove the general
level.

Oiwls,— A fertile spot in the midst of n desert.

Ocoan,-Tlie vjisl body of wilt water w hieh surroumla the Karth. The

term is also used in a more liiiiiii'd sense, as the Atlantic Ocean.
Oceania, or Oeeanica, — A term a[iplied to the Islamls of the Pacific

l»eean, likken collectively.

Pampas, — Tlie treeless plains between the Kio de La PlaU and the
Andes, in South America. They are covered with tall grass and
gigantic thistles. Vast herds of wild cattle and horses roam over
the pampas.

Peninsula (L. pene, almost; insula, an island), —A portion of land
nearly surrounded by water, as Nova Scotia.

Plain, — A level open country.

Plateau, -An elevated plain ; a table-land.

Pole (G. pol-os, a jjivot),— The extremities of the Earth's axis are called
the poles- </«; iiurtk pole and tkc sonUi pnh.

Prairie, — A term applied to tjie grass-covered plains in the basin of
the Missis3i{)pi.

Promontory,— A high cape ; a headland.

Province, — A colony; a dependency; originally a country obtained by

conquest.

Reef, — A rocky ridge near the surface of the water.

Republic,— A state or country in which tho highest officers of the

government are elected for a limited term by the people.
River, — A large stream of water flowing over the land.

Savanna (Spanish, mbf la, a sheet),— A vast plain, destitute of trees,

and covered with gr.ass.
Sea,— A large body of salt water.
Selvas (L. silva, a fflrcst),~The name given to the forest plains in the

basin of the Amazon.
Shore, — The land bordering on the sea.
Simoom, — A hot, sutl'oeating wind, which blows over the deserts of

Arabia.
Sirocco,— A hot wind blowing from Africa to the southern shores of

Europe.
Sound, — A narrow and Bhallow passage of water.
Steppes, — A name given to the plains of Northern Asia.
Strait,— A narrow passage of water.

Tornado, — A violent wind, usually of short duration, and confined to
niurow limits.

Torrid (L. io tiilus, parched),— Very lint. (Sec Zonf.)

Tropic (G. tro}iik(>s, jiertaining to a turning point), — A term aiiplied
to two circles, one 23^ 28' north of the e(iuator, called the Trcqiic
of Cancer, and the other 23" 28' south, called tho Trojiic of Capri-
corn. They niark the limits of the sun's declination north and
south. The sun is never vertical beyond the tropics.

Typhoon, — A term apiilii.d to tho hurricanes occurring in the south-
cast of Abia and the adjacent is'iaid.-j.

Valley, — A hollow between hills or mountains.

Volcano (L. VutcinniK, the god of fire),— A burning mountain. Vol-
canoes are seldcim found very reiuotc from the sea.

Water-shed,- A ridge of land from which streams How in opposite

directions.
Whirlpool,— .\ circular motion of water caused by the meeting of o]ipo.

site currents. Tho Maelstrom is a celebrateil whirlpool ou tho

const of Norw ay,
Wliirlwiud,— A rotatory wind. Whirlwinds at sea produce watw-

nitdfitii ; when they blow over sandy deserts they raiae vast bodiu.i

of sand called fttml jiilldra.

Zone(tJ. :niir, a belt),— A iipii, extending around the E.irth. The
tropics and the polar circles divide the Earth's surface into five
zcincs— ^/«' lifi'i'id, iiorlh t(inpcriUc,Boulh tempti'ate, north frigid,
arnilh friijid.

de La PlaU aud the
d with tall grass and
and horses roam over

, —A portion of land

Earth's axis are called
ijlftins in the basin of

a country obtained by

ater.

hifrhest officers of the
by the people,
lie Lmd.

)lain, destitute of trees,

the forest plains in the

iws over the deserts of

the southern shores of

!r.

lem Asia.

iration, aud confined to

Zonk)

)oint),— A term npi^lied

imtor, called ilie Tropic
d tlio Tropic of Capii-
ilecliiiation north aud

;he tropics.

uccuiring in the south-

ruing mountain. Vol-
tlie sea.

roiinis llow in opposite

liy lliemfiotinn of nppo-
ateil whirlpool on the

at sea priiduco vatvr-
llioy raise vast bodiu.i

nunit tlio Karth. The
iUlli'H surfiico into live
•iiii>evcitf, novlh ffi'jiii,

-~~~ — • — — \-

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRxVnilCAL

NAMES.

KFY TO THE REPEESENTAIION OP SOUNDS.

a, as in pate. e, or ee, as in meet.

i, as in pine.

00, as In mi

on.

a as in pixt.

g, as In met.

I, as In pin.

OW ;uid OU

as 01'' In coti:

ah, as a in bar.

6, as in bone.

u, as in mute.

ai, as in ai

aw, as a in ball.

0, as ini^ot.

11, as In nut.

g, as in go ;

j as (J In ijin.

Aachen,

... Ah'-ken.

Aleutian (Is.), ... A-lu'-she-an.

Anticosti, ... .

.. An-te-k5s'-te.

Aalborg, ...

... All'-borg.

Alexandria, Al-t'x-au'-ilrO-a.

Antigua, ...

.. An-tO'-gah.

1 Aarhuos, ...

... Awr'-hoos.

Algeria, Al-jeC'-re-a.

Autillcs, ...

An-teOlz'.

' Abaco,

... Ab'-a-ko.

Algiers Al-jOOrz'.

Autiparos, ...

.. An-tip'-.vn'a.

Abbeokntab,

... Ab-be-o-koo'-tah.

Algoa, Al-go'-a.

Antisaua, ...

.. An-te-sah'-nah.

Aberdeen, ...

... Ab-er-deen'.

Aliaska, Ahl-y.ns'-k.ih.

Antrim,

An'-tiira.

Abomey,

... Ab-o-ma'.

Al-jezirah Al-je-ztc'-iah.

Antwerp, ...

Ant'-wurp.

Aboukir,

... Ab-oo-keer'.

Allahabad, Ahl-lah-iiah-bahd'.

Apalachee, ...

.. Ap-a-lah'-che.

Abyssinia, •■

... 'S.b-is-slu'-e-a.

Alleghany, Al'-le-gha-ue.

Apennines,

.. Ap'-pen-iiiiK's.

Acadie

... Ak'-a-de.

Alloa Al'-lo-a.

Appalachian,

Ap-pa-liV-chc-aii.

Acapolco, ...

... Ak-a-pool'-ko.

Alps, Alps.

Apure

.. A-poor'-a.

Acarpi,

... Ah-kah-rah'-e.

Altai, Al-ti'.

Arabia,

.. Ar-a'-lie-a.

Achil

... Ak'-il.

Altamaha, Al-t.vma-haw'.

Aracan,

.. Ar-a-kaii'.

Aconcagua,...

... Ak-on-kah'-gwali.

Altorf, Al'-torf.

Arafura, ...

.. Ar-a-foo'-r:i.

Adflmawa, ...

... Ad-.i-niah'-wa.

Amager, Ah'-raah-ger.

Aragou,

.. Ai-'-a-^on.

Adelaide, ...

... Ad'-e-lade.

Amazon, Am'-a-zi'iii.

Aral

.. Ar'-al.

Aden

... Ah'-den (A'-dou).

Ambrira, Am-brcoin'.

Ararat,

. Ar'-.a-rat.

' Adige,

Adirondack,

... Ad'-e-je.

America, A-mer'-e-ka.

Arauca,

.. Ah-raw'-kah.

... Ad-i-roti'dak.

Amhara, Am-hali'-mh.

Araxes,

.. Ar-a.x'-es.

Adonr,

... Ah-door'.

Amiens, Am'-e-Ciiz (Ah-me-nng').

Arbela,

.. Ahr-bO'-lah.

Adowa,

... Ah'-do-wah.

Amlrante, A-rae-raut'.

Arbroath, ...

.. Ar-brothf' (Ai'-),

{ Adriauople, .

... A-dre-.".n-o'-pl.

Amoo, Ah-moo'.

Archangel,...

... Ark-an'-jol.

i Adriatic,

... A-dre-at'-ik.

Amoor Ah-nmoi-'.

Archipelago,

.. Ar-ke-pcl'-a-go.

j iEgeau,

... E-ju'au.

Amoy A-moi'.

Arcot,

... Ar-kot' (Ar'-kut).

£tua,

... Kt'-nah.

Araritsir Am-rit'-si"-.

Arctic,

.. Ark'-tik.

Afghanistan,

... Af gnn-is-tan'.

Amsterdam, ... Am'-ster-ilam.

Ardnaraurchan

Aril-na-mftr'-kiiii.

Africa,

... Af-rc-ka.

Anadir, An-.vdour'.

Arequipa, ...

.. Ar-c-kOG'-piili.

Agra,

... Ali'-grah {A'-gra}.

Anam, A-nam' (A'-naiu).

Argcnteuil,...

... Ar-zhan-tuol'.

Agua

... Ali'-gwah.

Anatolia An-a-to lu-a.

Argos

... Ahr'.gos.

j Agulhas,

... Ah-gool'-yas.

Ancona, An-Uo-nali.

Argyle, ...

.. Ar-gyie'.

1 Ahmedabad,

... Ah-ined-ali-bahd'.

Andaman An-da-mau'.

Arica, ...

A-rOOk'-a!i.

Aidin,

... i-deen'.

Andes, An'-JoOz.

Arichat,

... Ar'-e-ahat.

Ainslie,

... Ans'-le.

Aucgada A-nc-g.ah'-dah.

Arizona,

... Ar-o-ziV.iiaii.

Airdrie,

... Air'-drec.

Angara, An-gah-rah'.

Arkansas, ...

... Ar-kiiii'-sa.«.

Aix-la-Chapelle, AUs-Iah-shn-pd'.

Anglesey, Ang'-gl-se,

Arklow,

... Ark'-I").

Ajaccio,

... A-yat'-ehi').

Angola, An-g«V.lali.

Armagh, ...

Alir-mah'.

Aj.in

... A-jan'.

Angora, An-gn-iali.

Armenia, ...

... Ar-niOO'-n'.-a.

Akabah, ...

... Ak'-a-lmh.

Angra, An'-«rah.

Arran,

... A r'- rail,

Akyab

... Ak-yahli'.

AngulUa An-gwir-lnli.

Arru,

... Ar-ri)u'.

Alabama, ...

... Alah-bah' liia.

Anhalt Ahn'-liali.

Asconsion, ...

... As-scu'-shiin.

Aland,

... Ah'-iauil.

Ankobar An-kO'-har.

Ashantee, ...

... Ash-aii-tOO.

Albany,

... Air-l)a-nc.

Aunabona, An-na-bO'-n.v.

Asia,

... A'-she-n.

Albe-uarle, ..

... AMie-iTi;\ri.

Annan, An'-nnn.

Assam

... As-Hftm'.

Albyu

... Ai'-l.iu.

Annapolis An-uap'-n-Ii.^.

AsBinlboine,

... Aa-sin'-e-bo 11.

Alderucy, ..

... AU'-der-ny.

Au-.atom An-iia-li'im'.

Assyria,

... Ac-slr'-c-a.

Alessandria,

.. A>les>Bahu'<drt.'-a.

Annobon, An-uo-bOu'.

Astrakhan, ...

... As-tra-kan'.

1('G

PROXOrXCIXG VOCABULARY OF GKOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

Asturias,

Atbara,

Athabasca,

Athens,

Athlone,

Athy,

Atlantic,

Aucklaud,

Augsburg

Aumngabad, ...

Austerlitz,

Australasia,

Australia,

Austria

Auvergne,

Ava,

Avalon,

Avignon,

Avon

Av^e

Axnm,

Aylesbury,

Aylmer

Ayr

Azof, ,

Azores,

Baalbec,

Baba

Bab-el-Mandeb,

Baden,

Bagdad,

Bahamas,

Bahia,

Bahr el Azrek, ..

Baikal,

Baku,

Balearic,

Balize,

Balkan

Balkash,

Balliua,

Balliuasloc,

Ballymena,

Ballyshanuon, ..

Balmoral,

Bamberg, ... ■

Bamian,

Banda Oriental,

Banff,

Bankok,

Banuockburn, ..

Barbadocs

Barbuda,

Barca,

Barcelona

Barmen,

Baroda

Bnrrn

I Basel,

(Baile

Bassorah

BaRtia,

Batavia

Bntiiican

As-too'-re-as.

At-br\h'-rah.

Atli-ii-bas'-ka.

Ath'-ens.

Ath-lone'.

A-thr (Atli'-e).

At-lan'-tik.

Awk'-land.

Awgs'-boorg (Owgs'-).

Aw-runR-a-bal'.

Aws'-ter-litz (Ows'-).

A\vs-tral-ri'-s!ie-a.

A\vs-tnV-lG-a.

A\vs'-tre-a.

O-vairn'.

A'-va (Ah'-vali).

Av'-a-lon.

AlL-vGGii-yong'.

A'-von.

Aw.

Alik-soom'.

Ales'-ber-e.

Ale'-mur.

Air.

Az'-of.

A-zores'.

Bahl'-bek (-bck').

Bah'-baii (-bah').

l!;ili-bel-nialin'-tleb,

Lali'-don (liiV)-

Bag'-dad (-dad').

Ha-lia'-iiiaz.

Bab-O'-ah.

]?alir-el-;iz'-rSk.

Bl'.k.ll.

l!ab-koo'.

Bilic-ai-'-Ik.

BiV-leGz'.

ISalil-khan'.

Balil-kash'.

Hfll-lo-nah'.

]iiM-lIii-a-sI(V.

lIill-le-niG'-na.

lifil-le-Kliaii'-iioii.

Bal-niiV-riil.

liftiii'-burg.

liah-nic-!iliii'.

Balin'-dah-Gre-C'U-tal'.

Bamir.

IWn-kr.k'.

liilii'-n'ik-bnni.

Har-biV-dAz.

]{,'»r-li(io'-ilali.

r.ar'-kali.

liar-ffi-lo'-nali.

IVu'-nioii.

Ilar-n-da.

JSar'-rali.

Ilal/.zl.

lialil.

ISiiliH'-sn.rali.

IJas-tGu'-ali.

Ita-tll'-ve-a.

Balit-is-kahh'.

Baton-Rouge, ..

Bavari?,

Bayomie,

Beauce,

Beaufort,

Beauharnois, ..

Beaumaris,

iJecancour,

Bechuauas,

Begharmi,

Behring,

Bel-ed-el-Jerid,..

Belfast,

Belgium, ... .,

Belgrade,

Bellechasse,
Belle Isle, .•■ .

Belleville,

Beloochistan, .

Belper,

Benares, ... .

Ben Attow,

Benbecula, ... .

Ben-coolen,

Bengal,

Benguela,

Benicia, ... .

Benin

Ben Lomond, .
Ben Macdhui, .
Ben Nevis,... .

Ben Wyvis

Berbice, .. .

Bergamo

Bergen, ... .
Berkshire, ... ■

Berlin

Bermudas, ... .

Berne

Berthier, ... .
Berwick, ... .

Besan^on

Bethany, ... .
Bethlehem,... .
Bey rout, ... .

Bhotan

Biofra,

Biequo,

Bilbao,

Bilston, ... .
Birmingham, .
Biscay, ... .
Blairgowrie,
Blanc (Mont , .

Blanco

Blasqnct, ... .
Bodrun, ... .
Bogota, ... .
Bolimerwald, .

Boisce

Bois le Due,
Bokhara, ... ■

Bolan,

Boli,

Bolivia

Ijah-tii-roozh'.

Ra-vu'-re-a.

15ah-yon'.

lioce.

. Bu'-fort.

Bn-har-nwil'.

i;r>ma'-ri£.

Bfi-kOng-koor'.

Hct-choo-ah'-iiaz.

Be-gar'-mu.

. Beer'-ing.

. Btl'-ed-el-je-rGGd'.

, Bcl-fasl' (Btl'-).

. Bul'-je-um.

. BC'l-grade'.

. BC'1-sliabss'.

. Bel-Ile'.

. r.C-l'-vil (-vOGl'>.

. Bel-oo-ciiis-tau'.

. IVM'-per.

. B5n-ah'-rGz.

. BC'ii-at'-tow.

. ]!cii-ba-koo'-lali.

. BOii-koo'-len.

. r.i5u-gawl'.

. B6n-ga'-Iah.

. Be-uisli'-e-a.

. Be-ne?ii'.

. BC^n-kV-niond.

. BGu-mak-doo'-e.

. BOn-nG'-vIs.

. BCii-wI-'vIs.

. Ber-bCGce'.

. Bur'-ga-mO.

. Burg'-en.

. Burk'-sheer.

. Ber-lln' (Bei-'-).

. Ber-mOO'-daz.

. BOrne.

. Ber-tc-a'.

. Ber'-wiok (-rik).

. Ba-zang-song'.

. Both'-a-ne.

. Beth'-le-heni,

. Bfi'-root (Bi'-).

. Boo-taliii'.

,. Be-af-ra.

. l')0-iV-kri.

. Bil-l.ali'-o.

. l!ils'-ton.

. Biir'-ming-tiam.

. Bis'-kn.

. Blair-gnw'-ro.

. Mrmg-blflng'.

.. r.lan'-ko.

. Blas'-kct.

. Bo-droon',

. Bu-go-tali' (-go'.-.

. r>r>'-mcr-\vawld,

. Bwali-zfi',

. Bwali-lL'-dook'.

,. Bo-kalL-niii,

. Bu-lalm'.

. BO-lce.

. Bo-liv'-c-a.

Bologna, ... .

Bolor Tagh,

Bombay, ... .

Bona,

Bonaventure, .

Benin,

Bonnechere,

Boothia,

Bordeaux, ...

Borneo,

Bornholm, ...

Bornou,

Bosua-serai,
( Bosphorus,
(Bosporus,

Bothnia, ...

Boulardarie,

Boulogne, ...

Bourbon, ...

Bouro,

Brabant, ...

Braga

Brahmapootra,

Bras d'Or, ...

Brazil,

Brazos,

Brechin,

Bremen,

Brescia,

Breslau,

Bretagne, ...

Brighton, ...

Brisbane, ...

Britain,

Brittany, ...

Brocken, ...

Bruges,

Brunn

Brusa,

Brussels, ...

Buchan-Ness,

Bucharest, ...

Bucharia, ...

Buctoucho,...

Buda

Buen Ayre,...

Buenos Ayres,

Bug

Bushire,

Cabes

Cabool,
Cabrera, ...

Cadiz

Caermarthen,
Caernarvon,
Cagliari, ...

CaicoB,

Cairn Qorm,

Cairo

Caitliness, ■•.
Calabar, ...

Calais

Calcutta, ...
Calicut, ..

Bo-lOue'-yali.

Bo-lor'-lagh'.

P-i.-ba'.

Bo'-nali.

Boii-ali-vang-loor'.

Bo-neeu'.

BOn-shair'.

Boo'-the-a.

Bur-do'.

Bor'-ne-o.

Born'-holm.

Bor-iioo'.

Bos'-nab-ser-T'.

Bus'-lo-rus.

Bos'-po-rus.

BoMi'-ne-a.

l!uo'-lar-dro.

Boo-lone'.

Boor'-bon (-buiig').

Boo'-ro.

Brah-baiit'.

Biah'-gah.

Bi'ali-iiia-]ioo'-tr.i.

Biah-duif'.

Bra-zG51' (-zil').

Brah'-zos.

BrCk'-In.

BiCm'-en.

Biesli'-e-ah,

Bres'-law.

Bre-tahii'.

Brl'-ton.

Bris'-baue.

Brit'-tn.

Biio't.a-ne.

Br6k'-en.

Broo'-jez.

Bi'oon.

Broo'-sali.

I'.rus'-sels.

Buk-an-nes'.

Boo-ka-rest'.

Boo-ka'-re-a.

Buk-too.sh'.

Boo'-dah ^Bu'-).

]!wen-i'-ra.

Bw.i'-nos-i'-res.

Boog.

Boo-shoei-'.

Kalib'-f<z.

Kiili-bool'.

Kali-bra'-rali.

Ka'-diz.

Kor-mai-'-tben.

]vcr-nai''-vuii.

Kald'-yah-re.

Ki'-kds.

Karn-gorui'.

Kl'-ro.

Katli'-iiSsa.

Kai-a-bai-'.

Kal'-is.

Kal-kiil'-ta.

Kal'-i-kut.

•yXil^^VUj^AiM^i---

jue'-jali.
ar'-tagh'.

,-ba'.

lali.

-ali-vang-loor',

loen'.

-sliair'.

-tlie-a.

■do'.

-ne-o.

n'-holm,

-iioo'.

'-nali-ser-t'.

'-10-rus.

'■■]I0-1'US.

li'-ne-a.

I'-lar-dre.

>-l6ne'.

ir'-bon (-briiig').

/-ro.

ili-baiit'.

ib'-gah.

ih-ma-iioo'-tra.

ili-dOru'.

L-zOel' (-zil').

ih'-zos.

;k'-Iii.

hu'-en.

3sh'-e-ah.

2s'-la\v.

3-tahu'.

f'-tou.

bane.

tn.
/■ta-ne.
-en.

■jez.
jon,
)o'-sah.

s'-sels.

•an-nes'.

ka-rest'.

-ku'-ie-a.

-toosh'.

'-dah (Bu'-).

n-i'-ra.

■nos-I'-res.

slicei-'.

lli'.rz.
-bool'.
-bia'-rali.
-diz.

•-niai-'-t.licn.
-nai-'-vuu.
il'-yali-re.
kos.
n-gnnu'.

i'-ni5sfl,

a-bai''.

i».

kul'-ta,

i-kut.

rROXOTTNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPIIICAIi NAMES.

1.-7

California,

Kal-e-for'-uu-a.

Champlain,

Sliflm-plaiio'.

Corsica,

Kor'-.se-k.-ili.

Callao,

Kai-yah'-o.

Chanderuagore,

Sli.ln-der-n.i-gore'.

Coruuna,

Ko-rftn'-i)ali.

Cambay,

. Kitm-ba'.

Chapala

Shab-])ah'-lali.

Costa Rica,

Kus'-tah llOO'-kab.

Cambodia,

Kilm-b6'-ile-.n.

Charlotte,

Sliar'-lut.

Coteau,

Ko-t(V.

Cambrai,

. Kclra-bra'.

Charybdis,

Ka-rll.'-dls.

Cotopaxi,

Ko-tri-pax'-e.

Cambridge,

Kflrae'-bridge.

Chattahooche, ...

Chat-ta-boc)'-che.

Cracow,

Kra'-kd.

Cameroon

Kitm-er-raoii'.

Chedabucto,

_ SLed-a-bak'-to.

Cremona,

Kre-nio'-nab.

Campagna

. K'lm-pahn'-yali.

Chelmsford,

Cbems'-ford.

Crete,

KreGt.

Campeachy,

. K.ltn-pe'-che.

Chelsea,

ChSl'-se.

Creuse,

Krooze,

Canada

Kitu'-a-dah.

Cheltenham, ...

Cliel'-tCn-brnu.

Crieff,

KreGf.

Canaries

K.i-na'-recz.

Cherbourg

Shc'i-'-burg,

Crimea,

Ki'Iin-G'-ab.

Canaveral,

. Kin-yah'-ver-al.

Chesapeake,

Cbds'-a-pOek.

Croagh Patrick,

Kro'-ah Pat'-ilk.

Candahar,

K;tn-dah-har'.

Cheviot

CbCv'-e-fit.

Cromarty,

Krilm'-ar-to.

Candia,

. K<*lii'-de-ah.

Chicago,

Slie-kaw'-gO.

Cronstadt,

Ki'ilii'-stilt.

Canso,

. Kfui'-so.

Chichen,

Clie-chCn'.

Culebra,

Koo-la'-brab.

Canterbury,

. K;\n'-ttr-ber-re.

Chichester,

CliUcli'-e.s-t<;r.

CuUoden,

Kfil-lcV-dC'U.

Cantire

. Kilu-tire'.

Chiegnecto,

Sliig-nok'-to.

Cupar

Kou'-par.

Canton

Kan-ton'.

Chili,

CbGO'-le.

Cura^oa,

Ku-r.'i-so-.ib.

Cape Breton, ..

. Kape-brit'-tii.

Chiloe,

Cliu-lo-iV.

Curische Half, ...

Iv'od'-ritili-e-lialT'.

Cape d'Or,

. Kape-doro'.

Chimborazo,

CbliD-bo-rali'-zu.

Cutch,

Kulob.

Caprera,

. Kah-iinV-rah.

Chincha

Cblu'-cbah.

Cuzco

Kooz'-ki").

Capua,

Kap'-u-ab.

Cholula,

Ko-loo'-lali.

Cyclades,

Sik'-lali-dCCs.

Caraccas,

. Ka-rak'-kas.

Christiania,

Krl3-tc-ab'-ne-.a.

Cyprus,

Si'-prus.

Cardiff

. K.ar'-dif.

Chuquisaca,

Choo-kc-sali'-kah.

Cardigan,

. Kar'-de-gan.

Cincinnati,

Siii-sin-nalr-tG.

Dacotah

D.ah-kr.'-tali.

Carlingford,

. Kar'-liiig-ford.

Civita Vecchia, ...

Chee'-vc-tah-vOk'-kc-ah.

Dago

Dab'.go.

Carlisle,

. Kai'-llle'.

Clackmannan, ...

Kklk-man'-nrui.

Dahomey,

llah-lin'-mri.

Carlscrona

. Karls-kro'-naU (-kroo'-).

Clones

Kloiiz.

Dalhousie,

Dal-lioo'-zo.

Carlsruhe,

. Karls'-roo.

Clonmel,

Kluii-iiiOl.

Dalkeith,

Dr.l-kGGtb'.

Carusore

. Karn'-snre.

Clyde

Kllde.

Damascus,

Da-niabs'-kus.

Carpathian,

. Kar-pu'-tlie-nn.

Coanza,

Ko-an'-za.

Daraietta,

i)am-e-f?t'-ta.

Carpentaria, ..

. Kar-pcn-t<ili'-re-a.

Coblenz

Kuli'-lentd.

Danish America,

I'ane'-ish A-niiJi-'-t'-k;

lb.

Carrickfergus, ..

. Kar-rik-fui'-gus.

Coburg,

Ko'-ljoorg.

Dantzic,

J),uit'-zik.

Carron,

. Kar'-ron.

Cochin

KO'-ehin.

Danube,

l>an'-ubo.

Cartagena,

. Kar-ta-gf -nab.

Coimbra,

Ko-iiu'-brah.

Dardanelles,

Iiar-da-n6iy.

Cashel,

Kitsh'-ei.

Cojutepeque,

Ko-hoo-ta-pa'-ka.

Darfur,

Dar-foor.

Cashgar,

. K;1sli'-gar (gar';.

Colchester,

Kolc'-eUfs-ter.

Darien,

Da'-rG-Cn.

Cashmere,

. Kitsb'-ineie (-uicre').

Colima

Kn-lOO'-niab.

Debi.czin,

Da-brOl'-.sin.

Caspian

. Ka.s'-pe-an.

Colmar,

K'll-mar'.

Deccau

l)uk'-kftii.

Cassiquiare,

. K.ls-se-ke-ah'-ra..

Cologne

Ko-loiie'.

Delagoa

Di'l-a-giV-a.

Castile

. Kas-toor.

Colorado,

Kol-o-rab'-do.

Delaware,

Dol'-a-ware.

Castlebar,

. Kas-sl-bar',

Columbia, .

Ko-lum'-be-a,

Delhi

Drl'-le.

Catania

. Ka-tah'-nc-a.

Comayaga,

Kr>.nu-ah'-g\\ali.

Demavend,

l)L'in-a-vcnd'.

Catoche

. Kuh-tn'-ebfi.

Comino,

Kri-mou'-no.

Dcmbea,

DiJiu'-bi'-a.

Cattegat

. Kal'-tf-gat.

Corao,

Ko'-liiu.

Demerara,

Lii^in-e-rali'-rah,

Caucasus, ... .

. Kaw'-kah-.sns.

Comorin,

K'nii'-n-illl.

Dmbigh,

itrii'-be.

Caughnawaga, ..

. Kaw-n,'(-\vaw'-gali.

Comoro

Ivniii'-o-ro.

■Jenmark,

lii'ii'-inark.

Cauvery

. Kaw'-vtr-c.

Congo,

Jvi'ing'-go,

Deptford,

I»vd'-fiird.

Cavan

. Kav'-iin.

Connaught

Ivon'-nawt.

Derby

Liur'-be (Dar'-bf).

Cawnpore, ... .

. Kawn-pore'.

Connecticut,

Ki'>n-iiCt'-o-knt.

Derwent

Di.i-'-wcnt.

Cayenne, ... .

. Ki-L'ii'.

Connemara

K''in-c-niar'-ali.

Desaguadero, ...

Di?s-a-gwab-da-ro.

Cayuga

. Ka-yu'-ga.

Constance,

Knii'-stance.

Desirade,

li.l-zeo-rahd'.

Celebes

. Scl'-e-bC'C'S.

Constantinople,...

Kon-stfln-tG-iio'-pl.

Des Moines,

Jif-iiioiii'.

Cenis

. SOii'-is.

Coutessa, ... .

K "iii-tf.s'-sah.

Detroit,

Dc-troit'.

Cenis (Mont", .

. M"ng-si<.nt'C'.

Cooniassie

KoO-HKLs'-SO.

Deutschland, ...

I»oitcb'-lant,

Cephalonia,

. SOt'-a-ltV-ne-n.

Copenhagen,

Ko-ii(5ii.|iiV.Beii.

Devon

Di^v'-on.

Ceram

. Si'-rfim'.

Copiapo,

Krp-|ii>-ab'-iio {■\»>'^.

Dieppe,

De-L^p'.

Cerigo

. Si'i-'-e-go.

Coquet

Kn'-ket.

Dingwall,

Diiig'-wall.

Cervin,

, Siir'-viii (.vniig').

CordiUera-dc-Coa

1 Kni--(ni'*le-rali-driKri.:ili.

Dnieper

N("Gp'-or.

Ceuta,

. Su'-ta.

hnlla

)■ w.-r'-lah.

Dniester,

XoOs'-ter.

Cevennes, ... .

. Su.vi.ii'.

Cordova,

Knr'-ilu-vah.

DolgcUy,

Dol.gcl'-le i-nCiV..).

Ceylon

. StO'-lon (-ImirO.

Corentyn,

Kii-rC'IltllK:'.

DoUart,

Dol'-lart.

Chaleur

. Shab-lof.r'.

Corfu,

Kor-f'ijo'.

Dominica,

linni-e-nGG'-kab.

Chambly, ... .

. Sli-iin'.blO.

Cornwall,

Knrn'-wriU.

Doncaster,

Ii'iiik'-aa-ter.

Chamouni, ... .

. SI. ili.nioo.neO'.

Corrientes,

Ki'ir-ro-Cn'-tes.

Donegal

Jjr)n.e.gawr.

I^M^r

I ) I

158

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

(

Dongola

. Dfing'-go-lah.

Enniscorthy,

Kn-nls-kui-'-tlie.

Galashiels, ...

.. (jal-ah-sLOuls'.

Dorchester, ... .

. DBr'-ches-ter.

Enniskillen,

fin-nls-kll'-lcn.

Galena,

.. Qa-le'-na.

(

Dornoch, ... .

. Dfii-'-nrtk.

Erbil

fir-beel'.

Galicia, ... ■

.. Gah-lee'-she-a.

(

Dorset

. DSr'.set.

Ericht

Er'-Ikt.

Gallas

.. Qai'-laz.

(

Douro,

. Doo'-ro.

Erie,

E'-re.

Gallinas, ...

.. Gal-lee'-nas.

(

Dover,

. Do'-ver.

Erin,

E'-rin.

Gn.llipoli, ... .

.. Gal-lip'-o-le.

(

Dovrefield,

. DSv-re-fe-Cld'.

Erivan,

Ei'-e-van'.

Galloway, ... .

.. Qal'-lo-wa.

(

Drakensburg, ..

. Drah'-kens-burg.

Erlan

Er'-lou.

Gait,

.. Gawlt.

Drave,

. Drave (Drahv).

Erne,

Ein.

Galway, ... .

.. (Jawl'-wa.

Dresden

. DrCz'-dgu.

Erris,

fir'-ris.

Gambia

.. Uam'-be-ali.

Drogheda,

. Drog'-e-da (Dr6ii'-Iie-da).

Erromango,

fir-ro-iiian'-go.

Gananoque,

.. Gah-nah-nOke'.

Drontheim,

DrOn'-tlrae.

Erzeroum,

Ui-'-ze-rooiu (Urz-room').

Ganges,

.. Giu'-jez.

Dublin

. Dub'-lin.

Erz-gebirge,

Erts-gfi-bOcr'-gu.

Ga'-da,

.. Gar'-dab.

Dubuque,

. Du-bwik'.

Esneh,

Es'-n^b.

Gaxiep,

.. Gali-reC'p'.

Dumbarton,

. Dtira-bar'-toii.

Essex,

Es'-sex.

Garonne, ... .

.. Gab-ron'.

Dumfries,

. Dtim-froes',

Essiquibo,

fis-se-ko'-bo.

Gaspe

.. Gabs-pa'.

Dunbar,

Dtin-bai''.

Et:ia,

Et'-nah.

Gata

.. Gali'-tah.

Dunblane

Dfin-blaiie'.

EubcEa,

tJ-bcO'-aii.

Gatineau, ... .

.. Gab-tee-no'.

Dnncansby,

. Dtink'-ans-be.

Euphrates,

tJ-fra'-tOz.

Geelong,

.. Ge-long'.

Duiidalk,

. Dfin-dawk'.

Europe,

U'-rope.

Geneva

.. Je-neO'-vali.

Dunedin,

. Dtln-Sd'-in.

Everest,

Ev'-e-rest.

Genoa,

.. J6n'-o-ali.

Dunfermline, ..

. Dtin-furm'-lin {-fiir'-).

Evora,

Ev'-i)-raii.

Georgia, ... .

,. Jor'-jG-ah.

Dnugannon,

Dfin-i^itn'-noii.

Exeter,

fix'-e-ter.

Germany, ... .

. .Tur'-ma-ne.

Dungarvou,

Ditn-gar'-voii.

Ghauts, ... .

.. Gawts.

Dungeness,

Dftn-je-ness'.

Falkirk,

Fal'-kirk (-kirk').

Ghent,

.. Gent.

Duukeld,

Dtln-keld'.

Falmouth,

Far-moutli.

Ghizeh, ... .

.. Gee'-zeh.

Dunkirk,

Dttn-kirk' (Dun'-).

Fame,

Farn.

Ghuznee, ... .

.. Qtiz'-iiee.

Dnnmanus,

Dttn-maii'-us.

Faroe,

Faii'-ro (Fu-).

Gibraltar, ... .

. Jlb-rawl'-tar.

Dunmore,

Drtu-more'.

Fayetteville,

Fa-et-vil.

Gihon

JO-bou'.

Dunoon,

Dftn-oon'.

Feejee,

Fce'-jee.

Gilolo,

.. Ju-lo'-lo.

Dunse,

Dunce.

Fermanagh,

FSr-mali'-nali.

Girgeh, ... .

.. Jeei'-joli.

Durham,

Dur'-ain.

Fermoy,

F6r-moy'.

Girgenti, ... .

.. Jlr-jeii'-te.

Dusseldorf

Dtis'-scl-dorf.

Fernando Po, ...

Fgr-Ran'-do-iif).

Glamorgan,

.. Gla-mor'-gan.

Dwina,

Dwi'-nab.

Ferrara,

FOr-rah'-raii.

Glasgow, ... .

,. Gias'-go.

Ferrole,

F(5r-roIe'.

Gloucester, ... .

. G18s'-ter.

Earn,

Urn.

Fezzan,

FCa-zalin'.

Goa

. Go'-ah.

Ebro,

K'-bro.

Finisterre,

Fin-is-taii'.

Gobi,

. Go'-bee.

Ecbatana,

ftk-bJit'-a-nah.

Finland,

Flii'-lainl.

Godavery, ... .

. Go-dab'-vcr-e.

H«

Ecuador,

ftk-wali-durc'.

Finmark,

Fin'-maik.

Goderich, ... .

.. Gode'-ritcb.

Edinburgh,

fid'-in-bur-ruli (-burg).

Finster-Aar-Horn,

Fln'-ster-alir'-liorn.

Golconda

. G01-k6n'-dah.

Egmont,

fig'-raont.

Flamborough, ...

FliVm'-bur-ro.

Gondar, ... .

. Gfia'-dar.

Egripo

fig'-re-po.

Flensborg,

FltSns'-boorg.

Goree,

. Go-ra'.

Egypt

£'-jipt.

Florence,

Flflr'-ence.

Gothenburg,

. Got'-en-burg.

Ehrenbreitstein,

A-ren-brlte'-stine.

Flores,

Flo-res.

Gottingen, ... .

.. Gtit'-ting-en.

Eigg

Eog.

Florida

Fl6i''-e-dali.

Gottlaud, ... .

. G(H'-Iand.

Elba,

fil'.ba.

Fogo,

Fo'-go.

Gozo

. Got'-zo.

Elbe,

filb.

Fontainebleau, ...

Fi5M-tane-bi(V.

Gracios-a-Dios, .

. Graii'-se-os-ah-do'-ds.

Elberfeld,

Kl'-ber-felt.

Foo-chow-foo, ...

Fon-cbow-tVio'.

Grampians,.. .

. Gram'-pe-ans.

Elburz,

ftr-boorz.

Forfar,

F.nr'-far.

Granada, ... .

. Grah-nali'-dali.

Elephanta,

fir.e-fau'-tn.li.

Formentara,

Fijr-iii(5ii-ta'-i;\h.

Grand Chaco, .

. Grahn-cliiili'-kO.

Elenthera

E-lu'-the-rah.

Formosa

Frtr-miV-sali.

Grand Manan, .

. Graud-ma-nau'.

Elgin

fil'-gin.

Fremont,

Fie'-mout.

Gvaiid Pre, ... .

. Grang-pnV.

El Kahirnh,

ftl-kah'-hc-rnli.

Fribourg,

Frl'-bury.

Granicus, ... .

. Oraii-i'-ku3,

Ellesmere,

Er-lCs-mOre.

Frio,

FrC'G'-o.

Gratz,

. GrCts.

Ellora,

ftl-lo'-rali.

Frische Haff, . .

Frish'-e-liaff.

Greenock, ... .

. Grue'-nok.

Elmina

fil-mue'-nah.

Funchal,

Foon-slial'.

Greenwich, ... .

Green'-idj.

1 El Paso

fil-pali'-so.

Fundy,

Fiin'-de.

Groniugen, ... .

. GrOn'-ing-en.

1
1

Elsinorc,

fil-sin-ore'.

Funen, ,

Foo'-iien.

Guadalaviar,

G\vali-da-l;ili'-ve-ar (-ai-').

Elva,

ftl'.va.

Furukabad,

Fiir-ruk-a-bad'.

Guadalaxara,

. Gwali-da-lax-ali' rail.

Ely,

R'-leo.

Fyzabad,

Fl-za-bad'.

Guadalquivir, .

. Gwah-dal-ke-vCC'i-',

!
1

Embden,

fimb'-den.

Guadeloupe,

. Gaw-de-loop',

Ems

£rna.

Gabarus,

Oali-bab-roos'.

Guadiana

. Gwali-de-ah'-nali.

Exifumd

Ang-fd-tiuV.

Gaeta

Oali-a'-tah.

Guanaxuato,

. Gwah-na-hwali'-to.

England

Ing'-glaud.

Galacz

Oah'-iatz.

Guardafui

. Gwar-daf-wOO'.

Eunia,

£n'-uiB.

Galapagos,

Qah-lak'-pali-giis.

Guatemala

. Gwab-te-mah'-lah.

[

PKOXOUNCING VOCABULAllr OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

15'J

[vl-ah-sbOOls'.
[l-l6'-na.
ih-leG'-she-a.
ll'-laz.
al-lee'-nas.
il-lip'-o-le.
il'-lo-wa.
iwlt.
iwl'-wa.
a,m'-be-ali.
ah-nah-nOke'.
iu'-jez.
ar'-dab.
ah-reC'p'.
ah-ron'.
■alis-pa'.
ah'-tah.
ah-tee-no'.
fe-long'.
e-nue'-vah.
en'-o-ali.
or'-jO-ah.
ur'-ma-ne.
rawta.
rent,
ree'-zeli.
itiz'-iiee.
lb-raw 1'- tar.
u-hou'.
G-lo'-lo.
eer'-jeli.
|Ir-jOn'-te.
la-raor'-gan.
Has'-g«),
lOa'-ter.

-ah.
(V-bOG.
o-dab'-ver-e.
ftdu'-ritoli.
fll-kOn'-dab,
5ii'.dar.

•ru'.

t'-en-burg.
("jt'-ting-en,
f)t'-land.
"it'-zo.

ab'-se-os-ah-do'-os.

itm'-pe-ans.

li-nah'-dali.
rabn-cbali'-kO.

aiid-ma-nau'.
raiig-pnV.

Jlii-i'-ku3.

■ets.

C'C'-nok.

een'-idj.

on'-ing-en.

i-ab-da-lab'-ve-ar (-ar').

ab-da-lax-ali'-rab.

^vah-dal-ke-vOcr'.

,\v-de-loop'.

ab-de-ab'-nab.

ali-iia-bwab'-to.

iar-daf-«00'.

vah-te-niab'-lali.

Guaviare,

Gwab-ve-ali'-)T».

Hurdwar,

Hurd-wai''.

Kairwan

Klie-waliii.

Guayaquil

Gwl-a-keol'

Huron,

Hu'-ron.

KaiBarieh,

Kl-zur-OG'-t'li.

Guernsey,

Gurn'-7,e.

Hydra,

He'-drah

Kakema,

Kab-kfi'-inaii.

Guiana,

Go-ab'-nah.

Hyeres,

He-air'.

Kalahari,

Kab-lab-bali'-re.

Guildford,

Gir-ford.

Kalmar,

Kal'-mar.

Guinea,

Glri'-e.

Iberville,

i'-ber-vil.

Kamchatka,

Kabm-cbabt'-kali.

Gwalior

Gwah'-le-i5r.

Ida,

i'-dah.

Kamouraska, ...

Kali-uioo-riis'-kali.

Idaho

i'-da-bo.

Kanawa,

Ka-naw'-wa.

Haarlem,

Hahr'-iera.

Idria,

Id'-re-ah,

Kangaroo

Kang-ga-roo',

Haddington,

ILld'-dlng-ton.

Idumea,

Id-oo-mG'-ah.

Kara,

Kab'-rab.

Hadramaut,

Il.ib-drab-mout'.

lerne,

I-Qr'-ne.

Karakorum,

Kab-rali-ko'-runi.

Haemus

He'-mus.

Ill

E'-lee.

Kassandra,

Kas-san'-drab.

Hague,

Hag.

Illinois,

il-le-noia' (-noi'*.

Katmandoo,

Kat-mau-doo'.

Hainan,

Hl-nan'.

Inagua

E-iiah'-gwab.

Katrine,

Ka'-trin (Kai-).

Haldimand,

Ilftl'-de-raand.

India

lu'-de-a (-je-).

Keith

KGotb.

Halle

Hahl'-Ie.

Indies,

lu'-dGGz (-jlz).

Kelat,

Ke-lat'.

Hamadau,

Hah-mah-dabu .

Indore

in-dOre'.

Keneh,

KGn'-eh.

Hamah,

Hah'-m.ab.

Indus

lii'-dus.

Kenia,

KG'-ne-ab.

Hamburg,

Ham'-burg.

lunsbriick,

Ins'-prook.

Kenmare,

KGn-iiiaii^.

Hammerfest, ...

Ham'-mer-fest.

Inverary

In-ve-ru'-re.

Kennebec,

Kon-ueliOk'.

Hampshire,

Hamp'-sbeer.

Inverness,

in-ver-nCss'.

Kertch,

Kftrcb,

Hang-chow-foo, ...

Hahng-chou-foo'.

loua,

i-o-nah.

Keshin,

Kusli-GGn'.

Hanover,

Hftii'-o-ver.

Ionian,

i-ry-ne-an.

Kesho

KCsh'-o.

Hartlepool,

Iliir'-ll-pool.

Iowa,

i'-o-wab.

Keswick,

Ke.s'.wik (k'ez'-ik).

Hartz,

H.lrts.

Ipsambul,

Ip-sam-bool'.

Khartum,

Kar-toom'.

Hastings,

Huste'-ings.

Ipswich

ips'-wicb.

Khingan,

Kiii-gabn'.

Hatteras,

Hat'-te-ras.

Irak Arabi,

E-rak'-ar'-a-bo.

Khiva,

KOG'-vab.

Havel

Hah'-vel.

Iran,

E-ralin'.

Khokau,

Ko-kau'.

Hawaii

Hah-wl'-e.

Ireland

Ire -land.

Khyber,

Kl'.ber.

Hawash,

Hab'-wasb.

Irkutsk

Ir-kootsk'.

Kiachta,

Ke-ak'-tah.

Hawick,

Haw'-ik (-wick).

Irrawaddy,

Ir-ra-w6d'-de.

Kidderminster, ..

Kld-der-mln'-ster.

Hayti

HiV-te.

Irtish

ii-'-tish.

Kiel,

KGGl.

Hebrides

Hub'-ri-deGz.

Irvine,

IJr'-vin.

Kiev,

KG-Sv'.

Hedjaz,

Hej-abz'.

Islay,

i'-luy.

Kildare,

KU-dair'.

Heidelberg,

Hi'-del-burg.

Ismael

Is-mab-eGl'.

Kilimandjaro, ...

Kll-e-raan-jab-ro'.

Heligoland,

HGl'-e-go-land.

Ispahan,

Is-pa-liahu'.

Kilkenny,

Kii-keii'-ne.

Helsingfors,

HCl'-sing-fors.

Italy,

It'-a-le.

Killala

Kll-bi-Iab'.

Henlopen,

HGn-Io-pen.

Itasca

I-tas'-kab.

Killarney,

Kii-lar'-ne.

Herat

Hi5r-abt'.

Iviza,

E-vGG'-zah.

Kilmarnock,

Kll-raai^-nok.

Herculaneum, ...

HCr-ku-hV-ne-um.

Iztaccihuatl,

Ees-tak-se-bwatr.

Kilmsh

Kll-iusb'.

Hereford

HCr'-c-ford.

Kilsyth

KlI-sTthe'.

Hertford,

Har'.ford.

Jacques Cartier,

Zbak-car-to-a'.

Kincardine,

Klii-kar'-deen.

Hesse-Cassel, ...

Hess-kfts'-sel.

Jaffa

Jaf'-fah(Yaf.tab).

King-ki-tao,

King-ke-tah'-ii,

Hesse-Darmstadt,

Ilfss-darm'-stiit.

Jamaica,

Ja-miV-kab.

King-te-chiang,

Kiiig-ta-cbe-aug'.

Hesse-Homburg,

Ht^3.s-bom'-burg,

Japan,

Ja-pau'.

Kinross,

Klii-ross'.

Hielmar,

IIvG'.'-mar.

Jassy,

Y&s'-see.

Kinsale

Kill-sale'.

Hillah,

Ilir-lab.

Java,

Jab'-vab.

Kiolen,

Ky.v.leu.

Himalaya,

lIIm-a-lT'-a (-Ifi'-yahV

Jaxartes,

Ja.K-ni-'-tGGz.

Kirghiz,

Kui-.GGz'.

Hindoo Koosh, ..

HTii'-doo-koosh.

Jedburgh,

Jt'd'-bnrg.

Kirkcaldy,

KTr-k;i«l'-ite.

Hindostan,

Illn-dos-tan'.

Jelalabad,

Je-bili-lali-babd'.

Kirkcudbright, ..

Ker-kou'-l)rGu.

Hispauiola

Hls-pRn-c-ri'-la.

Jersey

Jftr'-zo.

Kirkintilloch, ..

Kirk-in-tll'-luk.

Hcang-Ho,

Hn-ang'-li".

Jerusalem,

Jer-oo'-sa-lem.

Kinsiu,

Ke-oo'-so-oo'.

Hohenlinden, ...

Ho-en-lln'-tlen.

Joannes, ... .f.

Jo-an'-nGG3.

''Jiil Irmak,

Klz'-il-Ir'-mak.

Hollaud,

Ilol'-land.

Jolliette,

J51-le-et'.

Klausenbnrp-,

Ivinw'-zen-liori,'.

Holatein,

Hftl'-stTiie.

Jordan,

J(^i-'-dan.

Kodiak,

Iv'.V-doak.

Holyhead,

Hftl'-e-bo.].

Juan de Fnca, ...

,Iu'-alin-ile-foo'-kab.

Kbuigsburg,

Keii'-igs-burg.

Holywell,

H('d'-e-well.

Jnan Fernandez,

JiV-alin-for-nan'-dGz.

Kordofan,

Kflr-do-faii'.

Homs,

Hrimos.

Jndea,

Ju-dGu'-ab.

Kosciusko,

Krt.s-se-ua'-ko.

Honduras,

H(\n-doo'-raH.

Juggernaut,

Jug'-giir-nawt.

Kremnitz,

KiGm'-nitz.

Honolulu,

Hon-o-lon'-loo.

Jungfrau,

Y<ionL''-fr(ni.

Krishna,

Kiisli'-nah.

Hoogly

llong'-le.

Jura,

Joo'-rab.

Kuenlun,

ivwGn-loon',

Hu.ldersfiflld, ...

Iltld'-ders-lield.

Jutland

Jnt'-land.

Knka,

Koo'-kah.

Hue

nwa{Hoo.i1).

Kur

Koor.

Humbe"

Htlm'-ber.

Kafifraria

KSf-ra-re-ab.

Kurdistan

Koor-dia-tan'.

Hangr..y,

Hung'-ga-re.

Kaifong,

Kl-fong'.

Kurlle

Koo'-ril.

^^'0 — -

ICO

PRONOUNCING VOCADUI.ATJY OF GEOCxnArniCAL NA:\rES.

Laalaud,

La Beauce,

Labrador,

Labuau,

Laccadive,

Lachine,

Lachute,

Lacsha,

Ladoga.

Ladrones,

La Hogue,

Lahore

Laminermoor, ...

Lanark,

Lancashire,

Laucasttr

Laos,

La Paz,

La Plata,

La Prairie,

LaPuebla,

La Bochelle,

Lassa,

L'Assomption, ...

Lattakoo,

Laueuburg,

Lausanne,

Lauwerzee,

Leamington.

Leeuwin,

Leghorn,

Le Havre,

Leinster,

Leipsic,

Leith,

Leitrim,

Leman,

Lemberg

Lena,

Leon,

Lepanto,

Lepreau,

Lerwick,

Leuca,

Levon,

Leyden,

Libertad Realejo,

Lichfield,

JjU iitenstein, ...

Liege,

Lille,

Lima,

Limoges,

Lincoln,

Linlithgow,

Lin-z,

Lipari,

Lippe,

Litany,

Llanelly,

Loango,

Loch Etive,

Loch Fyne

Lodi Linnhc,
Lochy, •

Laii'-laiKl.

Lali-boce'.

Lftb-ra-dore'.

Lah-boo-alin',

Lilk'-ka-dlve.

Lali-sliOOu'.

Lali-slioot'.

Lak'-siili.

Lah-do'-L'ali.

Lali-drones',

Lali-II.V.

Lali-hrne',

Lfiui'-iiior-raoor.

L.lii'-ark.

Laiik'-as-slieer.

Lank'-as-ter.

Lali'-os.

Lali-patli' (-paz').

Lah-plali'-tah.

Lah-iiifi-re'.

Lali-pwCb'-lali.

Lah-ro-shel'.

Lali'-sah.

Las-sonp-se-onp:'.

Lat-ta-koo'.

Lou'-en-1iurf[.

Lo-zahii'.

Lou'-cr-za.

LCiu'-in^-ton.

LOC''-win.

Li'g'-horn.

Leli-hav'i-'.

Lln'-ster (LCC'ii'-).

Lipe'-sik.

LCotli,

LCu'-trim.

LC' man (Lcm'-).

LCra'-burg.

Le'-na.

Lfi-on' (LC'G'-on).

Le-paii'-to.

Leh-pnV.

LOr'-ik.

Le-oo'-kah.

Lov'-en.

Li'-den (La'-).

Le-ber-talid'-ru-ah-la'-jo.

Litch'-ficld.

LOC'k'-tcn-stlnc.

LOOj.

LOCI.

LG'-raali (Ll'-).

Lee-tiiozh'.

Liiik'-un.

Lin-lith'-gO.

Lints.

Lip'-a-re (Le-pah'-ri').

LI|i'-pe.

Lee-tali'-ne.

lian-el'-le (-Otii'-),

Lo-ani;'-gfi.

Looli-i't'-Iv.

Lncli-l'Inu'.

L'lL'li-lIii'-ne,

Locli'-e.

Loire,

Lombardy, ...
Lombok,
Lomond,
Longneil, ...
Loo Choo, ...
L'Orient, ...
L'Original, ...
Lotbiniere, ...
Lothian,
Loughborough,
Louisiade, ...
Louisiana, ...
Lowestoft, ...
Lubeck,
Lucayos,

Lucca,

Luce,

Lucerne,

Luzern,

Lucknow, ...
Lupata,
Lurgan,
Luxembourg,
Lynn Regis,
Lyons,

Mabou

Macao,

Macassar, ..

Macclesfield,

Macquarie, ...

Madagascar,

Madame, ...

Madawaska,

Madeira, ...

Madras,

Madrid,

Maelstrom,..

Maestricht,

Magdalen, ...

Magdalena,

Magdeburg,

Magellan, ...

Magenta, ...

Mageroe, ...

Maggiore, ■ .

Mahanuddy,

Mahe,

Mahone,
Maimaitchin,

Main,

Majorca,
Malabar,
Malacca, ...
Malaga,

Malar

Malaysia, ...
Maldive,

Malmo,

Malo,

Malta

Malvern, ...

Manaar,

Manchester,

Lwi'ir.

Lum'-liar-de.

Um-UA'.

Lo-mond,

Loug-;.'ur.

Lno-choo'.

Lo-re-oh'ng'.

Lo-reeii-yaiil'.

Lo-be-ne-air'.

LiV-tlie-an.

Lilf-bur-reb.

Loo-e-ze-alid'.

Loo-e-ze-ah'-iiali.

Loz'-toft.

Lu'-bek (-bOk').

Loo-kl'-o.s.

Luk'-kah.

Luce.

; Loo-sern'.

Lttk'-now.

Loo-pali'-tali.

Lui''-san.

Lux'-em-burg.

Lln-rt''-ji.s.

Ll' oiiz.

Mali'-boo.

Alali-kow'.

Mali-kas'-sar.

Mfik'-klz-field.

JiSk-k\V("r'-re.

Jlftd-a-pfts'-kar.

Mali-dalim'.

Mad-a-wos'-ka.

Mali-da'-rali.

Jla-dras'.

Mah-drM' (Jlad'-rul).

A'llle'-strura.

l\Iils'-trJkt.

Mfig'-da-lt'n.

MftL'-da-liV-nali (-IC-).

I\lrig'-de-liurg.

IMali-jul'-lan.

Mali-j(?n'-tivli.

I\I;lg-e-ir>'.

Mab-jo'-rfi.

Maii-liah-iioo'-de.

Alah-Iia'.

Mah-liOiie'.

RlI-niT-cliin'.

jNlune.

Ma-.i"r'-*ali.

.Ma-la-liar'.

Mali-l,Mv'-kali.

Mal'-a-fja.

Mr.'-lar.

Ma-la'-slie-ali.

]\lal'-dlve.

Mal'-uio.

Mali'-lo.

Arawl'-tali.

Mal'-vern (Maw'-).

.Mali-iialii-'.

Alftii'-ilit's-tei'.

Manchooria,
Manhattan,

Manilla,

Manitoulin,

Mannheim,

Mantna,

Maracaybo,

Marajo,

March,

Maree,

Maremma,

Margarie,

Mariana

Marie Gnianiu, ...
Mariiche-gebirge,

Marmora,

Marocco,

Marquesas,

Marsala,

Marpe'i'"'!

Martuban,

Martinique,

Mascarene,

Massachusetts, ...
Matamoras,

Matanzas,

Matapan,

Matina,

Matsmai,

Maulmain,

Mauritius,

Maynooth,

Mayo

Mazatlan,

Meander,

Meath,

Mucca,

Mechlin,

Mecklenburg

Schwerin,
Mecklenburg

Strelitz,

Medina,

Mediterranean, ..

Mcernt,

Megantic,

Meissen,

Mekiuez,

Mekong,

Mekran,

Melbourne,

Memel,

Meniphremagog,

Menai,

Menam,

Mendocino,

Mendoza,

Mer de Glace, ..

Mergui,

Merida,

Merioneth,

Merrimac,

Mersey,

Merthyr Tydvil,
Messina,

Rl.ln-elioo'-re-ali.

JI:ln-liat'-tan.

iMa-nH'-l.'t.

Miln-e-too'-lin.

Mfin'-lilrae.

.Mfm'-tu-a.

Mar-a-ki'-bo.

Mah-raL'-jo.

Mark.

Mah-reo'.

Mah-rem'-mali.

.Mar-f;ali-ree'.

Mali-re-ah'-nali.

Mah-rG'-£»a-lalint'.

JIali-risL'-i -ga-bir'-ga.

Mai-'-nio-i-ab.

Mah-ri'ii'-ko.

Jlar-kfi'-sas.

M; r-sah'-lah.

^'ar-salz'.

Mar-ta-ban'.

Mar-te-neGk'.

Mfis-ka-rOuti'.

Mils-sa-clioo'-sets.

Mah-tali-mo'-rabs.

Mali-tan'-zas.

Mat-a-paii'.

Mah-tO'-nah.

Mats-iiil'.

^r;ill-niliie'.

Ma\v-risli'-e-us.

Ma-nooth'.

Alfi'-o.

Mfiz-at-lfin'.

]\Ie-an'-der.

i\IOeth.

Mok'-kah.

Muk'-liii.

j\Ick'-leu-burg-shwri-r(;cH'.

j- Mok'-lou-burg-strel'-itz.

Ale-dco'-nali.

JiGd-e-ter-ra'-ne-an.

MOu'-rut.

Ma-gau'-tie.

Mi'-sen.

Mok'-e-nez.

Ma-kong'.

MC'k-ran'.

Mol'-burn.

Mom'-el.

MGin-frO-ma'-gog.

MOii'-a ;-I).

Ma-nam'.

AlOn-do-sO'-no.

Mt^ii-do'-zali.

JIair-do-glais'.

Mer-gee'.

MC'i-'-e-dnh.

Mei-'-e-o-netli.

Mer'-rc-iuak.

Mui-'-ze.

Mur'-tliur-tid'-vil.

Mes-sOO'-iiali,

kust^md^mtaxn

!i-clioo'-ie-ali.

i-liat'-tan.

nU'-h.

ii-e-ti)o'-lin.

ii'-liime.

ii'-tu-a.

r-a-kl'-bo.

h-raU'-jo.

fk.

h-rci'.

li-rein'-raali.

r-f-ali-ree'.

h-re-ah'-nah.

h-iG'-r'a-lalint'.

.li-rish'-i -ga-bir'-ga.

,r'-nioiah.

b-r' K'-ko.

r-kfi'-sas.

r-sali'-lah.

r-sfilz'.

r-ta-ban'.

I'-te-iiOek'.

s-ka-rOen'.

is-sa-clioo'-sets.

Ii-tah-mo'-rabs.

ih-tan'-zas.

it-a-pau'.

h-to'-nah.

ts-iii!'.

ill-iiiiiie'.

i\v-risb'-e-us.

i-nooth'.

['.0.

z-at-lan'.
au'-dor.
th.

'-kah.
in.

k'-Ien-burg-sbwa-rC'C'ii'.

k'-Ion-burg-strd'-itz.

.iCO'-iiah.
d-e-ter-iTi'-ne-an.
G'-rut.
■Sau'-tic.
sen.

v'-e-uez.
kont,''.
;-rau'.
'-burn,
n'-el.
ii-frC'-miV-gog,

I'-a :-i).

am',
i-ilo-se'-no.
i-do-zab.

•-do-glas'.

■gee'.

-e-dali.

-e-o-neth,

-re-iuak.

'-ze.

'-tliur-tid'

■scG'-iiab.

■vil.

rROXOUNCIXG VOCABUI

,.\RY OF GEOOR.VrUICAL NAMES.

101

Metz,

Mots.

Nankin,

Nan-kC'C'ii'.

Odessa,

O-des'-sa.

Ueose,

Muze.

Naaling

NS.n-liiig'.

Oesel,

Ti'-sel.

Uexico,

Me.x'-e-k5.

Nantes

Naiits.

Ohio,

O-bi'--).

Miaco,

Me-ah'-ko.

Nantucket,

Naii-tuk'-t't.

Okeechobee,

O-ke-cbd'-bee.

SlicLigau

Mlsh'-e-gan.

Napanee,

Ka-iia-nei.'.

Okhotsk

0-kotsk'.

MicMpicoteiL, ...

Jlieli-ip-iH>kr/-tei).

Napo,

Nah'-pr>.

Oland,

O'-land.

Milaja,

Mll'-an(Mi-lan').

Nassau,

Nas'-saw.

Oldenburg,

Ole'-dondiurg.

MUtzin,

Milt-zeCn'.

Natal,

Nah-tal'.

Oleron,

O-la-rong'.

Milwaukie,

5IIl-\va\v'.ke.

Natchez,

Nntch'-ez.

Olympus

OdIni'-i)U.s.

Mindanao,

Min-dah-nah'-o.

Nauplia,

Naw'-ple-a.

Omagh,

O-inah'.

Mindoro,

M\n-(]ii'-ro.

Navan,

Nav'-an.

Omaha

O'-ni.a-liaw.

Minho,

SlCen'-jd (Min'-hu).

Navarino,

Nali-vah-iC'C-'-no,

Oman,

cVmaii'.

Minnesota,

BIIn-ne-s(V-ta.

Nazareth, ..

Naz'-a-rt'lli.

Omoa

O-mcV-ah.

Minorca,

Mln-(5r'-ka.

Naze,

Nali'-ze.

Onega,

0-ne'-:;ah.

Miquelon,

Mlk.e-Ion'.

Neagh,

Na.

Ontario,

On-tu'-re-d.

Miramicbi,

Mlr-a-mi-shee'.

Nebraska,

Nc-bras'-ka.

Ooroomiah,

()o-roo-niOC''-aIi.

Missisquoi,

Mls-s!s'-kwali.

Nedjed,

■ Ned'-jed,

Oporto,

O-pdru'-ld.

Mississippi,

Mls-sl.s-sl ])'-[«.

Nejed,

Oran,

C)-ran'.

MisBOuri,

Mls-sno'-rc.

Negropont,

Neg'-ro-poiit.

Oregon,

Or'-c-gon.

Mobile,

Mo-becl'.

Nenagh,

Na'-na.

Orfah,

Oi-'-fali.

Mocha,

Uff.ka.

Nepaul,

No-|)a\vl'.

Orillia,

U-iU'-lc-a.

Modena,

M<y^e-nah (llod'-'*.

Nephin Beg,

K6t'-iii-bcg'.

Orinoco,

O-re-niV-kr).

Mogador,

JIiig-aHlOre'.

Nerbuddah,

Nur-budMa.

Orizaba,

Or-o-zali'-bah.

Mohawk,

MO'.hawk.

Neufchatel,

Nuf-sliali-tL-r.

Orkneys

Ork'-nC'C'.s.

Moldavia

Mf)l-diV-ve-a.

Neva

Ne-'va (NTi-vali').

Orleans

Oi'-le-aiiz.

Moluccas,

Mo-liik'-kuz.

Nevada,

Na-vah'-dah.

Ormuz,

Oi-'-muz.

Monaghan,

Miin'-a-lian.

Nevada-de-Sorata, Na-vali'-dali-da-so-raU'-tali.

Orontes,

O-rrtn'-tei z.

Monmouth,

MOn'moutli.

Newfoundland,..

Nri-fuiid-laiid'.

Ortegal,

Or'-te-gal

Mouongaliela, ••.

l\Io-non-ga-h5'-la.

New Orleans, ..

N(i-i"5r'-le-ai:z.

Oruba,

0-r(jo'-bali.

Mons,

Mongs.

New Zealand, ..

Nu-zee'-land.

Oshawa,

O-shaw'-wah.

Montague,

Mon'-ta-gu.

Ngami,

N'gah'-iut'o.

Ossa,

Os'-sa.

i Montana,

Mon-tah'-iiaii.

Niagara,

Ni ag'-a-rali.

Ostend,

Os-tLiid'.

1 Montawk,

Mon-tawk'.

Nicaragua,

Nik-ah-rah'-g\va!i.

Otranto

O-triVu'-td.

'■: Montcalm,

Rlftiit Kahm'.

Nice,

NOOce.

Ottawa

Oi'-tah-wali.

Monte Video, ...

Mon'-te-vid-e-o.

Nicobar,

Klk-o-bar' (Nik'-).

Onse

Ooz.

Montgomery, ...

Mont-gftni'^-re.

Nicolet,

Nlk-o-UV.

Owhyhee, ...

O-wIiy'-hCO.

Montmorency, ...

Mclnt-nio-rCn'-.'-e.

Nicopoli,

Ne-kop'-o lo.

Oxford,

Ox'-ford.

Montpellier,

Moiit-pel'-yer.

Nicosia

Ne-ko-ziu'-ah.

Oxas,

0.\'-us.

Montreal,

Mta-tre-air.

Niemen,

NC'C'-UK'U.

Mooltan,

Moi)l-tahn'.

Niger,

Ni'-jer.

Pacific,

ra-sif'-ik.

Moorshedabad, •..

Moor-slied<i-bad',

Nijui-Novgorod,

Ntzli'-ne-m'iv-fro-riVr.

Padua,

Pild'-u-a.

Moravia,

Mo-ru'-ve-a.

Nikolaiev,

Ne-ko-li-tv-'. '

Paisley,

Paie'do.

Moray,

Mflr'-re.

Nile

Nile.

Palawan,

Pall-lab- wahi/.

Morocco,

Mo-n'k'-ko.

Nimes

Nooms.

Palermo,

rahdei^ni.-).

Moscow

]\Ios'-k6.

Ning-po

Ning-po'.

Palestine,

ral'-es-tlne.

! Mosul,

Mo'-sul.

Niphon,

Nr-fon iMf-r.ii'i.

Palk,

Pawk.

Moukden,

Mook-tleii'.

Nipissing,

Kip'-is-siug.

Palma

Palil'-niab.

Moulins,

Moo-lang'.

Nordkyn,

Nort'-kiri.

Palmyra,

rftl-nil'-ra.

\ Mourue,

Mr>rne.

Norway,

Nor'-wa.

Palos,

I'ali'-los.

Mourzouk,

Moor-zook'.

Norwich,

Nor'-ridj.

Pamir,

rali-i.iiGi^.

Mozambique, ••.

llo-zilm-boek'.

Nossi Be,

Nos'-sf-biV

Pamlico,

rftm'-le-kd.

Muilrea,

lAIttl-itt'.

Notre Dame,

Nol'r-dahni'.

Panama,

rana-niali'.

Mnllingar,

M-al-lIn-gai-'.

Nottawassaga, ..

Nut-t.a-wa sa\v-!;a.

Panjim,

I'an-zlieeng'.

Munich,

Mu'-iiik.

NovaZembia, ..

No-valiztni'-bla.

Papua,

Pap'- 00- a.

Murrumbidgee,...

Mflr'-nim-bid-jee.

Nubia,

NiV-be-a.

Para

. I'ali-rali'.

Muscat,

JIfis-kat'.

Nun,

Noon.

Paraguay,

. I'ar'ah-gwa.

Mysore,

Ml-iore'.

Nurembnrg,
Nyanza,

Nu'-rem-bii ;■■_;.
Ne-idin'-za.

Paramaribo,

( I'ar-a-niai-'-i-bo (Pa-ra-nua-
• I rO'-bO).

Naa.s,

Na'-as (Nuce).

Nyassi,

Ne-as'-.so.

Parana

Par-alinah'.

Nablous

Nah-bloos'.

Paria,

. Pnh'-re-ab.

Nagasaki,

Nali'-ga-sah-ke.

Oahu,

Wah'-hoo.

PariL.e,

. Pali-rCO'-tna.

Nagpore,

Nag-pore'.

Oakham,

Oko'-liani.

Paris,

. Par'-is (Pah-rC).

Nairn

. l.irn.

Obi,

O'-bee.

Parma

. Pat^-raa.

Namaqua,

. Nah-inali'-kwalu

Oceania

0-slie-;di'-no-.i.

Paropamisan, ..

. Pah-ro-p>li- ~e-s;ilin'

Namor

. Na'-mur,

Oder,

O'-dCr.

Passamaquoddy,

Pas-sara-a-quod'Hly.

102

PROXOTTNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRArillCAL NAMKS.

Fassajo,

Pils-sah'-ro.

Prussia,

Prtl.sh'-ya (Proosli'-a).

Russia,

Rush'-e-ah (Roosh'-e-ah ).

Passan

Pfts'-sow.

Puerta Principe,

Poo-ur'-to-prin'-se-pa.

Rnstchnk,

Roos-chook'.

Patagonia,

Pat-a.pry.ne-ali.

Punjaub

PQii-jalib'.

Rutherglen,

Roo-ther-gleu' (Rflg'-lCn).

Patras

Rih-trahs'.

Piintas Arenas, ...

Poou'-tas-ab-ra'-nas.

PaTia,

Pah-vC'c'-ah.

Pnrus,

Poo'-rooce.

Saale,

Sali'-la.

Pechelee,

Pa-clie-leO'.

Putumayo,

Poo-tDo-mi'-o.

Sacramento,

S:ih-krah-niCn'-to.

Pedee,

ro-dec'.

Pyrenees,

Pli'-e-nOOz.

Safed,

t'ah-ftd'.

Peebles,

IVO'-blz.

Saghalien,

Sah-gali-leO'-cii.

Pegu,

Fe-goo'.

Qnathlaraba, .

Kwat-lam'-lah.

Saguenay,

Sa;,'-e-na'.

Peipns,

Pi'-pus (Pa'-e-pnns).

Quebec,

KwC-btk'.

Sahara,

Sah-hah'-rah.

Pekin,

Pee'-kin (Pekin').

Quesaltenango, ...

Ka-sal-Ui-nau'->.'r).

Saida,

ST'-dah.

Peling,

Pil-linK'.

Quito,

KOe'-to.

Saigon,

.•^I-gNn'.

Pembina,

Fc'iii'-be-nah.

Saima,

Sl'-iiiah.

Pembroke,

POm'-brook.

Rabatt,

Rali-baht'.

St. Alban's,

Saint-awr-baiis.

Penaug,

Pe-nang'.

Racine,

Kah-seOn'.

St. Aucslme, ...

.Saliiit-ang-siltu'.

Pennsylvania, ...

I'Ca-Kll-vfi'-nC'-ali.

Rajpootana,

Haljj-poo-tali'-liali.

St. Bernard,

Si'Mt-ber-nani'.

I'enobscot,

I'C'-nub'-sknt.

Raleigh

Uaw'-le.

St. Christophe, ...

Sang-krCC's-tuf.

Pensacola,

I'l^ii-sah-ko-laii.

Rampoor,

Ram-iiooi-'.

St. Croix,

Sang-krwaw' (Saiiit-kroi')

Penzance,

rC'u-zance'.

Rangoon,

Kaiig-goon'.

St. Denis

Ralingde-nto'.

Pernambuco, ...

IVr-uAui-boo'-kr).

Rappahannock,...

Uftp-lia-iifiii'-iiok.

St. Etienne,

Sabnt-a-to-ci/.

Perrot,

FcT-nU'.

Raratonga,

K;ili-rali-toiig'-gah.

St. Eustatia, ..

Saiiit-u-sta'-slio-ali.

Persepolis,

Fcr-sCp'-o-Iis.

Ras al Haad, ■■

Kahs-alil-liahd'.

St. Francois, ...

.-<:"iiig-frann-s\vaw'.

Peru,

FO-rco'.

Rathkeale,

RMlh-kale'.

St. Gothard, ...

Siiliiit-irfit'-liard.

Perugia,

Fa-r^n'-jah.

Rathlin,

H;.tli-Hii'.

St. Helena

S'lint-lu'-IO'-iia.

Peshawar,

F;'Kll-all'.«Ul-.

Ratisbon

R;\t,'-is-bon.

St. Holier,

Saliiit-ber-e-er.

Pisth,

FCst.

Ravenna,

Kali-veii'-iiali.

St Hyacinth.

Saling-te-ali-san),'l'.

Peichora,

I'Otoh'-o-rali.

Ua.

St. Irene,

Salint-ee-r,"i nfi'.

Peterborough, ...

Fo'tur-lmr-rah.

Reading

RCl'-diiig.

St. Lawrence, ■

Saint-law'-ience.

iecticodiac,

I'ute- cod-yak'.

Realejo,

Re-ali-la'-ho.

St. Liboiio,

Sahiit-ie-bwaar'.

P( tropaulovski.

ra'-tro-pi)\v-lov'-s-kc.

Reggio,

RCd'-ju.

St. Louis,

Saiiit-loo'-is.

, . Hilelphia, ...

ni a-dul'-fO-ali.

Rcikiavik,

Ri-kl-.vvlk.

St. Lucas,

Sahiit-loo'-kas,

iii.lilipine,

I'lMp-liIn.

Renfrew,

l{Cii'-l'rao.

St. Malo,

SCiit-niali'-lo.

Piccenza,

Fo-ali-clii'ii'-zali.

Restigouche, ...

Ro»-tu-t;u.'.sl,'.

St. Marie,

Saiint-ma-ree'.

f'lchinca,

I'e cliiu'kali.

Reunion,

Ru-u-ne-ung',

S.. Maurice,

Sang-mo-recce'.

Pijtou,

Flk' tiio (-too').

Revel,

U{<v'-p1.

St, Michel,

Saiiit-niT'-ktl.

Piedmont,

rC'Od'-uinnt.

Rheims

itOeins,

bt. Ours

Sahnt-oor'.

Pietermarifzbntg

FOO't?r-riialn'its-}MMT.

Rhine

Uiiie.

St. Petersburg, ..

Raiiit-pOr -ters-burg.

Pilcomayo,

I'll-kri-niali'-yO (-njl u).

Rhodes,

Kodz.

St. Pierre,

S;iluit-pe I.'./,

Pindus,

I'lii'-dus.

Rhone,

Rone.

St. Roque,

Saiiit-rokc'.

Pisa,

F.-0'-7.ali.

Richelieu

RrC'sli-e-loo'.

St, Scholasti'iue,

S;iliiig-sko-ialis-tei;k'.

Pittairu

I'lt-cairn'.

Richibucto,

Ui.sli-i-biik'-tri.

Ste. Therese,

S..linl-ta.raiz',

Plymouth,

Pllm'-ntli.

Kideau,

UcmIo'.

St. Vincent, ...

.^aiiit-vlii'-sint.

To.

Rieseugebirge. ...

lUi'-zen-ga-bei'r'-gil.

Salado,

Sati-iah'-clo,

Poland

FcV-land.

RlRi

liCC'-gah (Rl'.).

Salamanca,

Sali-lah-mahng'-kali.

Polynesin,

IVil'-e-IlOr' >llU-il.

Ilimouski,

l{"i"-iM(ios'.ke.

Salee,

Hali'-le.

Pomona,

riMiio'.iia.

Rio Grande,

ROO'-o-Oralin'-ilo.

Salisbury,

SawlH'-licr-re.

Porape'ii,

( Foin-pd'-yce.

Rio Janeiro,

Uf'O'-ii-ja-iia'-ni.

Saloiiiki,

Sali-lo-iiee'-kee.

( l'<"iiii-pe'-i-i.

Rio Negro,

HeO'-n-nri'-grn.

Salop,

Sal'-op (Sa'-lop).

Pondlcherry, ...

lV.n-<li'.i<liei'-re.

Riviere du lou)),

Ki-ve-aiv'.doodou'.

Salwcn,

Salil-wCn'.

Ponta Uelgada,...

FfMi'.lah-dul-Kali'-d.ili.

Hoanoke

Rii-aii-oko'.

Salzburg, ..

Salt.'j'-burg.

Poole,

Pn.i].

Roca ..

Hu-kah.

Samaransr

f^ftin-a-rang'.

Popociitcivetl, ...

r..p-0-oftii-tn-pcti'.

Rochdale

K.-indiMale.

Samoa

Suii-nn"'-a.

Portage dn Fort,
Porliienf

Fci-tazh'-dufor.

I'Mit-nnof.

Rochcfort,

Rochester

l{i'wli'-furi..

Urx'll'-l'A-tlT.

Samothrako, \
Samothraki, /

Sah-mo-thnili'-ke.

Porto Rico

lVir't()-iOC''-ki\

Rodosto

H<i-(lfis'-i(i.

Sana,

Sati-nah'.

Portsmouth,

P.^rtH'-iiioulli.

Romanwv,

Ro.nuHi-i6v'.

San Antonio,

I'^alin-alin-tiV.nc-o,

Portugal,

rnrt'-nnftl.

Rome

Rnnio,

San Bias

Sahn-bliilis'.

Posen

PiV." ■-'..

Rosotta

Ro-sPl'.lah.

San Poniingo, ..

.''aiin-iln-niiliu'-Ko.

Pi. onmc

lo-ir. mak.

RoNsignol,

RdH-sccn.yrir.

San Francisco,

Saliii-fian-slN' ki),

Potoni

l'r..t«S.|.i. (Po-til'.fir).

Rothesay,

RMli'-sM,'

San Joaquin,

Saliri-lio.a-kCOa'.

Potsdam,

I'l'itH'-dain,

Rotterdam,

UiM'-liT-ilaiii.

San Juso,

Salin-lio-sft',

Prawifl,

I'iUK.

Koucn

Roo'-Pn,

San Juan,

Sahn-lioo-aliu'.

^'VUt'l

Pift'-ircl.

Rouvllle

Roo.vCOr,

f'an Luis

Sali!i-lni'.l»,

Prcstonpans,

I'liH-ton-pnn*'.

Itoxburg

Rox'.buix.

San Marino,

.Salm-irali.rPO'-no.

Prumo

I'ninie.

RUgon, • •••

Uii'-^vn.

Sou Salvador, ..

Sulin-tiul-va-dOro'.

'-eali (Roosh'-c-ali).

•chook'.

Lher.gl6a' (Rfig'-lCn).

la.

krah-riicn'-to,

rea'.

^^ali-leii'-eit.

B-IlcV.

luih'-rali.
xh.

lah.

t-awl'-lmiirf.
it-aii}.'-s(.Iiu'.
.-ln'r-Miinr.
^klC■^■^-tuf.
^-krwaw' (Saiiil-kmi']
igJe-iiic'.
iit-a-te-oii'.
t-u-sla'-slio-ali.
i-fritiih'-hwaw'.
iit-uot'-liaril.
it-lie-IO'-iia.
iit-liOl'-t'-er,
iiK-te-ali-saiigt',
nt-ce-rri tia'.
it-law'-rc'Mce.
iit-lc'-bwaar'.
iil-loo'-is.
iil-loo'-kas.
t-mali'-lo.
nt-ma-ree'.
g-iiio-rC'C'ce'.
iiil'-kil.
-nor'.

•VK -ters-burg.

lie uir',

loke'.

■sko-lalis-tCL'k'.

iriraiis'.

Vlll'-SCIlt.
'■,ln.

-inaling'-kali.
i".

•licr-ro,
i-iice'-kue.

I (S-i'.lop).

Will'.

-liiirg.

a-iaiig'.

luO'-a.

luo-thrali'-ko.

nail',
i-aliii-iri'-nc-o.

l.l.llllls'.

•ili).iiiiliu'-)to.
i-fiaii-vlN-ko.
,-lii).a-kC'Oii'.

•h.VHft'.

-linoaliu'.

.l..„M*.

■irali-n'o'-nn,

-sal-va-ilOro'.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOGRAnilCAL NAMES.

TC3

San Sebastian, ■■

8ans«oaci,

Santa Fe,

Santa Maara, ..

Santee

Santiago-de-Com-

postella,

Saone

SaragOBsa,

Sarawak,

Sardinia,

Saros,

Saskatchewan, ..

Sassari,

Saugeen,

Sault,

Savannah,

Save,

Saxe Coburg, ...

Saxony,

Scandinavia, ...
Scarborough, ...

Scatari,

Scaw fell,

Schelde,

Schemnitz

Schiedam

Schleswig,

Sleswik,

Schveckhorn, ..
Schwartzwald, ...

Schweitz,

Scilly

Scotland

Scutari

Sebastopol

Seeland,

Segovia

Segura,

Seine

Selkirk

Senegal,

Senegambia, —

Sennaor,

Senne

Scramporo,

SeroB,

Serinagur

Servia

Sctnbal,

Severn,

Severe,

BeviUe

Sevres,

Seychelles

Bhauio

Shanghai

Shannon

ShatHil-Arab, ..

Bhedlu

ShoernoRs,

Sheffluld

Shnnaiuloah,

Bhcndy,

Bbepcdy,

Sahri-sa-bahs-te-ah n'.

Sang-soo-se'.

Saliii'-tah-fa.

Sahn-tah-mow'-rali.

San-tee'.
\ Salin-te-ah'-go-da-eom-i)ns-
j ta'-lah.

Sons.

Sah-rali-g6s'-8ah.

Sah-rah-wak'.

Sar-din'-e-a,

Sali'-ro3.

Sfts-k.ltcli'-e-wan.

Sah'-sah-re.

So-geen'.

So.

Sali-vati'-r.ali.

Saliv (Save).

Sftx-ko'-buig.

S,1x'-o-iie.

Slw1ii-de-iia'-vc-a.

okai-'-bur-ro.

Skftt-a-ree'.

Skaw.f(il'.

Skol'-da.

SliCiii'-iiitz.

Skee-diVin'.

/ SchlCs'-vig,

SlirCk'-hnrn.

Sliwarts'-wablil.

Sbwitz.

Sll'-Ie.

Skfil'-land.

Skno'-tali-re.

Se-biis'-to-pul (.to'-).

ZOe'-land.

So-go'-vc-ab.

Sa-goo'-rah.

Silnc,

SiM'-kirk.

SCn-c-gawl'.

SCn-e-gftiii'-bc-nh,

Sfn-nalir'.

Si^n'-nelt.

Sur-niii-jirire'.

SCr'-es.

Rer-e.nnli'.gur (-gui').

Ser'-ve-a.

SO-too'.bal.

B6\''-crn.

Pft-va'-ro.

SCv'.il (.ill').

8<>v'r.

Sn-slu'Plz'.

Sliali'-iiin.

Sliang-liI'.

Sliftll'-linil.

Slmt-el-nli'-ralib.

SliPd."-nk'.

SllOrT-IU'RIl',
SllfMirld.

Sboiiftii.m'nb.

Sbfn'd".

SbCp'o-de.

Shippegan,...

Shoa

Shrewsbury,
Shropshire,
Shubenacadie,
Shumla,
Siam, ...
Siberia,
Sicily, ...
Sierra-del-Cobre,
Sierra-Gredos, ...
Sierra Leone, ...
Sierra nadre, ...
Sierra Morcna, ...
Sierra Nevada,...
Sierra Toledo, ...

Sikokf,

Silesia,

Silistria,

Sinai,

Siuf;apore,

Sinope,

Siout,

Sir-daria,

Sir-i-koi,

Sistova,

Sitka,

Skager Rack, ...
Skibbereen,

Skye,

Slauey,

Sleat,

SUgo

Smyrna,

Socotra,

Sofala,

Sokota,

Solent,

Solfcriuo,

Solway,

£ mali

Somerset,

Soodan

Soongaria,

Sorcl,

Soulanges,

Sonrabayn

Spartiveuto,

Spey

Spires

Spitibcrgon, ...

Sporadcs,

Spree,

Stafford

Stallmeue,

Staliminl,

Stanovoi,

Stctvio

Stettin

Stottiner Haff,...

Stockholm

Stoiir,

Strabano

Stralsund

Strangford,

Shlp-pe-gan'.

Sho'-ah.

Sbrflz'-bCr-e.

Slirfip'-sheer.

Slioo-bi5n-.'ik'-a-dc.

Shoora'-lah.

Sl-ini'.

Sl-bC'G'-re-ab.

Sis'-e-le.

Se-er'-rali-del-c'ib'r'.

Se-er'-rah-grfi'-dos.

Se-cr'-rah-le-o-iie.

Sf-er'-rali-mah'-drfi.

Se-er'-vah-iiio-nV-iiali.

Se-er'-rali-nfi-vah'-ilal:

So-cr'-rah-to-la'-do.

Sec-kAkf.

Si-lee'-she-a.

Si-lls'-trc-ali.

Si'-iia (Si'-iia-T).

Singga-pOre'.

Slii'-o-pe.

Se-oot'.

Sir-ilali'-rc-ali,

Sir-e-kul'.

Si8-t<V-vali.

Sn'kali.

Skftg'-ii-rak.

Skib-lie-rOOn'.

Ski.

Slaii'-e.

Sleet.

Sli'-pn.

Siiiir'-iiali,

Sok'-n-trali (-ko'.).

So-fiib'-lali.

So-ko-tali.

S«V-lent.

Sol-fft-re'-iio.

Kol'-wa.

So-maw'-le.

Sfliii'-iiirr-set.

iSoo-dalin'.

Soong-gfth'-rc-aii.

SOr-el'.

Soo-lniizli'.

Soo-rali-bf-a.

Spar-tc-vOii'-to,

SpiV

Spire.

Spits-biirg'-cn.

SiH^r'-n-ilfcz,

Spift.

Slftf'-fonl.

[ Stal-c-ine'-nc.

Stnli-im-Vdi',
StiM'-vo.n.
Siei-tooii .
SiPt-tOO'-iicr-liiilT.

SUik'-linllll.

Stnnr.
Stni.l>Mi'.
Strnlil'-Hiiont.
Sraiig'-fciiil.

Stranraer,

Strasbourg,

Stromboli,

Stromness,

Stuttgart,

Suez,

Suffolk

Suir,

Sumatra,

Sumbawa,

Snnda,

Surat,

Snsquehanuah,...

Sutlej,

Swansea,

Sweden,

SwitEcrland,

Syra

Syracuse,

Tabriz

Tadoussac,

Taganrog,

Tagus,

Tahiti,

Tablequah,

Tain,

Tallahasse,

Tampico

Tananarive,
Tanganyika,

Tangier,

Tanjore,

Tanna,

Tapnjos,

Tarnnto,

Tarifa

Tartary,

Tashkeud,

Tasmania

Tatamagouchc,...

Taunton,

Taurus,

Tchad,

Teheran,

Tehuantepcc, ...
Tcniiscaiuing, ..
Teniiscouata, ...

Tempi',

TcMcriffe

Tengrinor,

Tennessee

Terra del Fuego,
Terrebonne,
Torre Haute, ...

Tctnan

Thames,

Thanot,

Thaso

Thfibos

TheisH

TliormopylB!, ...

Thiakl,

Thiau Shan, ...
Thibet,

Stran-rawr'.

Stras'-burg (-boor').

Strftm'-bo-lee.

Striim-ness'.

Stut'-gart.

Soo'-ez.

SttP-fok,

Shoor.

Soo-mab'-tra.

Soom-baw'-wah.

Sttii'-da.

SoD-rat'.

Sfls-kwe-lifm'-nab.

Sfil'-Iej.

Swfill'-SO.

Swo'-dOll.
S\vll.s'.er-l:iiid.
Sce'-rah.
Su'-ah-kuse.

T.'ili-lirOC-.'.

Tail-oo-sak'.

'rali'-galin-ro;;.

'i'a'-giis.

Tali-liCO'-to.

'J';iiric-kwaii.

'lYiiie.

Tal-l;.li-lias'-.se.

Tain-pOO-ko.

Tali-iiali-nali-ro-viMi',

Taiin-g.iliii-yO'-k.i.

Tftti-jOOr'.

'lilti-jort'.

Tau'-na.

'rali-pali'-zlii'sn,

'rali'-ialin-tii.

Tah-rce'-fab.

Tar'-ta-re.

'I'asli-kcnd'.

Tilsiiiri'iie-a.

Tft''-niab-gou!,li,

V'.llM'-toM.
') ,1U'-IU8.

i;imhd.

Ti-lior-alin'.

Ta-bwan-tAp('k'.

Tc-niiM'-kani-iiig.

Trni-iN-koo-ah'-tuli.

Ti'in'-pil.

'I'.-ii-Mi-lir.

TiMi'-gri'-nnr,

'I'eii.nfN-M'O'.

Ter-rah-dcl-fHfi'-go.

Tair-boii'.

'i'Mir.lM.i...'.

'rd-ii-aii',

Tf MX.

Tl.ftn'-et.

Tliah'-Ko.

ThOObi,

Tt.'o.

'riiiT-Mi'ip'.o-le.

'riii'-ali'-ko.

Ti--aliir-r<lialiii.

Tll.'-el (-el').

.ZW< ■*?""■»"■?

Tm^i

"^wr

164

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF GEOORAPIIICAL NAMKS.

Thorn,

. Torn.

Tuscaloosa,...

... Tus-kuh-loo'-sali.

Washita,

Wf)sli-C-taw'.

Thorold,

. Thor'-oM.

Tuscany, ...

.. Tus'-ka-iie.

Waterloo,

Wa-ter-loo'.

Thuriugian,

. Tiiu-rlii'-je-:in.

Tyne,

... Tine.

Wellesley,

Welb'-le.

Thurles,

. TiiOrli.

Tyrone,

.. Tl-iouu'.

Weuer

WO'-ner (Va'-ner).

Tiber,

. Tl'-bur.

Weser

We'-ser (Va'-ser).

Ticino,

. Te-chcO'-no (-300'-;.

Uist,

... Widt.

Westmoreland, ..

Wesl'-more-laiid.

Tiflls,

. Tif'-lls.

Ulleswater,

... Ulz'-wa-ter.

Wetter

WOt'-ter (Vot'-tcr).

Tigre,

. TGG'-gra,

Ulm,

... lllm(Oolm)

Weymouth.

Wa'-m&tb.

Tigris,

. Ti'-^n-is.

Ulster

... Ul'-ster.

Whydah,

Whid'-da.

Timbuctoo,... .

. Tlii.-bnk'-too.

Unst,

... Unst.

Whykokomagh,..

. Why-kok'-o-mah.

Timor,

. Te-mnrL-'(Ti'-raor).

Upsala,

... Up-sah' lali.

Widden,

. Wld'-dOii.

Timor Laut,

. Te-indre'-l.'iut.

Ural

... U'-ra) lOo-rahl').

Wiesbaden,

WOOs'-bah-den.

Tipperary, ... .

. Tip-er-a'-re.

Uruguay, ...

... Oo-n -j-gwa' i-ywi').

Wigan,

Wig'-au.

Titicaca, ... .

. Ti.e-tce-kah'-kah.

Usliaut,

... Usb'-.iiit.

Wight

Wite.

Tobago

. To-bu'-KO.

Utah,

... U'-tai.

Winchester,

Wln'-chCs-ter.

Tobique, ... .

. To-book'.

Utica,

... U'-te-ka.

Windermere, ..

. \Ylii'-der-mOie.

Tobol,

. To-b.M'.

Utrecht, ...

... U'-trOkt.

Windsor,

. Wlu'-ztir.

Tobolsk,

. To-bolsk'.

Winnipeg,

. Wlu'-ui-pOg.

Tocautins, ... .
Tokay,

. To-k.-m-tCCnii'.
. To-kiV.

Valdai,

Valencia, ...

... Val'-da (-dl).
••■ 1 Vah-lOn'-she-a.

Winnipiseogee, ..

f Wln-e-pe-saw'-ke.
( Wln-e-pls-e-o'-ge.

Toledo,

. To-lO'-ilo.

Valeutia, ...

Wisconsin

. Wla-kiiii'-hln.

Tongataboo,

. Tong-ah-tab'-boo.

Valenciennes,

... Vah-liing-se-Cn'.

Wittenburg,

. Wll'-tCu-burg.

Tonquin, ... .

. Ton-kOOri'.

VaUadoUd, ...

... ViVl-ia-do-lM' (-IcO.l').

Wollaston,

. Wol'-las-toii.

Topeka, ... .

. To-pO'-kab.

Valparaiso,...

... Val-iiah-ii'-.so.

Wolverliampton,

\Vul-vci--liami/-toii.

Toplitz

. Top'-litz.

Vancouver, ..

... Vftii-koD-vur,

Woolwich,

Woul'-itcU.

Torbay, ... .

. Tor-bu'(Tor'-).

Van Dieuien's.

... Vftii-dOo'-iueuz.

Worcester,

Wuos'-ter.

Tormentine,

. Toi-'-men-lIiie.

Varna,

... Var'-nali.

Wrexham,

llCx'-ftiii.

Toruca, ... .

.. Toi''-iR'-ali,

Vaudreuil, ...

... Vo-drool'.

Wurtemburg, ..

. Wur'-tL'iu-burg.

Torquay, ... .

. Tor-kO'^Toi-'.).

Venezuela,

... VOii-e-zwG'-lali.

Wye

\VI.

Torres

.. Toi-'-rcs.

Venice,

... VOii'-i.ss.

Tortola, ... .

.. Tor'-to-liib (-t(V-).

Vera Cruz, ...

... V'e-rali-crooz'.

Xeres

. Hu-rCs'.

Tortugas

.. Tor-too'-Kus.

Verde

... Vfid.

Xingu

. .*^lilii-nou'.

Toulon

.. Too-luiig'.

Vennejo, ...

. Ver-ma'-ho.

Xucar iJucar), ..

. Hoo'-kar.

Toulouse, ... .

.. Too-looz'.

Vermont, ...

... Ver-muiii',

Tourment, ... .

.. Toor-;-ioiit'.

Verona,

... Ve-ro-iiiih,

Yablouoi, ... .

Yuli-blo-nni',

Touruay, ...

.. Toor-ia'.

Versailles, ...

.,, Vor-sulz'.

Yamaska,

. Yab-ma.V-kali.

Tours,

.. Toor (Toorz).

Verte

... VQrt,

Yanaou,

. Yah-iiali-oiig'.

Tracadle, ... .

.. Ti.'.Vn-.le.

Verviers, ...

... Ver.ve-iV.

Yang-tse-kiang,

Yaii;,'-tsu-ke-aug'.

Trafalgar

.. Tr.'\f.al-Kiu-' (-fal'-),

Vesuvius, ...

... VL'-SU'.Vt;.US.

Yapura (Japurai

Yali-po.)'-raii.

Tralce,

.. Tiiili-ke'.

Vicenza,

... Ve.»Oii'-/,a.

Yarkand

Yar-kaiid'.

Transvaal, ...

.. Tniiis-vdlil'.

Vienna,

... Vu-en'-nali.

Yana-Yarra,

. Y'ai-'-iMli-yar'-rali,

Trapajii, .

.. Tnih'-iiali-iio.

Vilna

... Vll'-nah.

Yavaiy iJabary),

Y'ali-vuii-iOo'.

Travaucore,

.. Tiftv-iiii-koro'.

Vindhya, ...

... Vliid'-yali.

Yeddo (Jeddo , ..

. Yed'-do.

Trobisond, ...

.. Trc'b'-c-zond (•zond').

Virginia, ...

... Vir-nlii'-c-ali.

Yemen

. YOni'-en.

Treves,

.. TrCOvH.

Vise (Monte),

... Mim'.tfi-\cu'.zo.

Yenisei,

YOii-o-.>!iV.e.

Trichinopoly,

.. Tilti'li-in-i'ip'-ole.

Vistula,

... YtN'-tti-la.

Yesso,

YO.i'-,so.

Trieste,

.. Tie-fst'.

Volga

... V<M'.^all.

Yoniba,

. Yi).r(ii>'-bali.

Trlncomalee,

.. TriiiK-ko-ma-lOC.

Volturno, ...

... Vnl-tuoi'-no (-tur'-).

Yosemito, ... •

Yo-KPlll'-l'.tO.

Tripoli,

.. Trlp'-d-ie.

Vosges,

... Ynzll.

Youghall,

Yuwl (Yo'-awl).

Tripolitia, ...

.. Trc-po-ilt'-jft.

Yucatan,

YoD-kah-tau'.

Trols Pistoles,

.. TrwawiiJM ti'lf'.

WaojT

... WaliR.

Yukon,

. Yu'-koii.

Trombotas,...

., Tirtin-lifi'tiiH.

Wiulni

... \Vali'.,lI.

Trowbridge,

... TnV-l.iiilKe.

Wady Mousn,

... Wali'.ili'.mniV.snb,

Zacatec(.s,

. Zfto-n-tO'-kas (-Ift'-).

Truxillo, ...

... Troo-liuOl'-j'O.

Wahsatch, ...

... Wali-salili',

Zaire,

. Zah.OO.'.

Tuun,

... Tii'-ftiii,

Waklock, ...

... Wnl'.drk.

Zambcze,

. Zftiti.liui'/.o' (.b/l'-zA).

Tnln

... T(M.'.lnli.

Wallachia, ...

... \ViM.la'-ko-a.

Zonguobar

. Zftii-gwe-bar' (-gO.-),

Tnllamore, ...

... Tfll-la-iiii'irc'.

Walney,

... Wul'.m-.

Zaiito

Zftii'-to.

Tnnis,

... Tou'-nis.

Walsall, ...

... Wail'.Hal.

Zanzibar,

. Zftii-zc-bar'.

Turin,

... Tod'-rin.

Warsaw. ...

... War'-Kuw.

Zealand,

. Zoa'-liiiid.

Turkefitan,

... T.xirk.'K.tnn'.

Wiutha, ...

... Wnr'.tha.

Zurich

, Zo.i'.llk.

Turkey,

... Tur^-ke.

Warwick, ...

... Wai^ilk.

ZuyilorZeo,

. Zr*d«r-ze«,

Wiisli-G-taw',
Wa-ter-loo'.
Welb'-le.

We'-uer (Va'-ncr).
We'-ser (Vfi'-ser).
West'-niore-lanJ.
WCt'-ter (Vst'-ter).

Wa'-matb.

Wlilcl'-ihu

Wliy-kok'-o-tuali.

Wld'-deii.

WC'Os'-bak-dcu.

Wli^'-au,

AVite,

Wlii'-ch6s-ter,

Wln'-ilcr-mOre.

Wlu'-zftr.

Wlii'-ui-pCg.
' Wlii-e-pe-saw'-ke.
. Win-e-ijIs-e-O'-go.

Wls-koii'-hln.

Wa'-Wii-buig.

Wol'-las-toii.

Wol-vei-liami)'toii.

Woul'-itcli.

Woos'-ter.

Il0.\'-i\iii.

Wiir'-tcm-biirj;,

WI.

Ha-r6s'.

Sh!ii-goo'.
lloo'-kar.

Yali-blo-noi'.

Yali-mas'-kali,

Yuli-nah-oiiK'.

Yaiig-tsi-ko-au),''.

Yab-iiuu'-iuh.

Yai'-kaml'.

Y'ai-'-rali-yar'-rali.

Yuh-vuli-rOo'.

Yoil'-do.

Y6iu'-cn.

YOii-t'-siV-e.

Y B»'-so.

Yo-roo'-bali,

Yo-sCm'-c-te.

Yawl (YiV-awl).

Yiii'-kali-taii'.

Yfi'-koii.

ZAo-n-tO'-kai (-Ul'-).

Zali.Wi'.

/ftin-liui'/.o' (-l)/l'-7.fl).

Zftii.gwc-bai'' (-yd-).

Zftii'-to.

ZiVn-/.c-biir'.

Zr'tJ'-lalid.

Zi'i.'-ilk.

Zl'-dui-tvu.