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The toti □ D D El D El n n Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagAea Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurAes at/ou pellicuMes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dAcoiorAes, tachetAes ou piquAes Pages detached/ Pages ditachAas Shovirthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ QuaiitA InAgala de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du material supplAmantaira Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponlble Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partlellement obscurcies par un feuiliet d'errata, una pelure, etc., ont 4t4 filmAes k nouveeu de facon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. The post of tl film Oris begl the sion oth« first sion or ill The shell TINI whi( Mep diffa entii begi right requ metl 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X XX y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X lAtailt M du modifiar •r un* Filmag* kM Th« copy film«d h«r« hat baan raproducad thank* to tha ganaroaity off: Library Division Provincial Archivan of British Coluntbia Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaidaring tha condition and iagibility of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha ffilming contract apacif icationa. Original copiaa in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha ffront covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- aion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. Ail othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha ffirat paga with a printad or illuatratad imprat- sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha ahail contain tha symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exempiaira filmA f ut reproduit grice k le gAnAroaitA da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Lea imagaa auivantea ont At* raproduites avac le plus grand aoin. compta tenu de la condition at da la nattet* de rexemplaira film*, et en conformity evec lea conditions du contrat da filmage. Lea exempleires originaux dont la couvarture en papier eat imprimia aont filmAa •n commenpant par la premier plet et en terminant soit par la darniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresaion ou d 'illustration, soit par la aacond plat, salon le cas. Tous lea autras exempleires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la pramiAre paga qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derni*re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmte A des teux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est fiimA A pertir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de geuche A droite, et de haut en bes. en prenent ie nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Les diegremmes suivents illustrent ia mAthode. I errata d to It a palure, ;on A n 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■/Jf\ ^ $ci (.r ih u fii R MANITOBA HISTORICAL AND ^ci a 1 1 ri pic ©o c i c h I , ^w"i3srisriFEio. Publication No. 5. '*^Ui^ Monx IC^anfittage/^ REV. W. A. BURMAN, Sioujr niM00ion, n>anitoba. 1 mm:wm&mQ&®&&^ FREE PRESS PRINT. i il' ] .t ^, TI TJie followiii;; iMr. Miinuiin \\\ iH^Uiriiiil tiiul y ■day t'Vuiiiii^; . Tin: SI Tin* liinjru.ifrc! hiioiily failed Sir Ifrom tin- Mill,. \ » est wan i, tdor t l)rivt'n wi'stwiin lion, the iJiikota" V touiitl in the i hat ion nml westv |{iiiis. It has been sti Fork tli:ii iliov HI Algoii(|uiii niltio Pjiljway and Olt.s biiol »'(i,y (oa .(., >lmh this o|)iiiioi IfUiiguaKe, Willi Tiuri' pfiiticularii /I'lnely unlike i lifsi-ntlv see. iTliejrreat M.,r.,J pplcaliKut ic ) J entirely (IKHmt llgon,,i,i„;- _,^,„^ jj T"; Jesuits \v(! j|i,( cerloin j)t!op|p ^ikotas) .... Tl ■ ami around tlie |ie,V .speak a ;.("(u f*tuiit from tluit |uroiis." This o;,' II ion fei" writers, lopted by tli.1 I •It liisiorian of AI t; -Sioux helouK t oriKines. The I 'iKticult on<> fur Pi'l and speak, juliar idiom, pari pturals and vai . quite foreign Imanee Janj-uasc \^S « hieh, exee %'ilized n arc et ^ a as in rather, Jf'uiie, o as in mo I'leconsonan r.''V" f. 'I, I. ImchidinKane' T"^'"t, und, a foiK Kuttural 1 I'J' general Iv a\ |n. an emphatic, T 'lies.' strange s^ ptters are gener, THE SIOUX LANGUAGE. The following is the paper Ity the Kev. iMr. Miiriiiai) vvhii li was road hofore the iHisioriral and Scit'iitilii' Society on Thiirs- Iday eveninK: rilK SIOUX I.AN«iUA(iK. TIk-! iunguage of tiie Dakotas coiu- biiuiily ealli'd Sioux— was fonnerlv spoken Ifroin llu' Miile Lae region in M'iniu'.sotii neslward, to or even lieyond tlie Missouri. I)riven westward l)y the niareli of civiliza- lioii, the Dakota's are now prineipally to tt' found in tlio territory railed atier tiie hationand westward to"tlie Hoekv Muun- IjiIiis. It has Ijeen stated in more than one ^ork tliiil thev are a hram h of tiie jireat AlKoniiuiii nation, of wliicli Hie Cn^e, Djmway and Ottawa tri»)es form part It IB not ea>y to a certain tile pounds upon khich this opinion is based. In the matter If languajjre, with which ue have now huri' piuticulariy to deal, they are ex- koineiy unlike «aih othor, as we mIihII lii'siMitly see. I The great Mar(|u<'tte, writiiiK of these Voplcal.uut li: I. s; ys: " Their language entirely (litlereiit from the Huron and lll,'on(iuin;" aim again in the Relations of |ie Jesuits we lliid it stated: 'There are certidn people called Xadouessi (i. e. akoias* .... They dwell on the shores I, and around the ji;roat river Messipi . . . Iieyspeaka ;>cculiar language, entirely |stiiict from that of llie xVlgomjuins and luroiis." Khis o;riiion has been held by ler writers, and is the one lopted by the. Rev. K. I). Neill, the |li- liistoWiin of Minnesoia, who believes ;Simix belong to a distiiK-t family of: origiiies. The language is an eminent- 1 ailiicult one for Euroueans to compre- H and speak, uarrly beiause of its! kulmr idiom, partly owing to the harsh i Itturals and various aspirates, which ' quite foreign lo ihe l-higlish and liuanco languages. There are live ' jM'ls, which, except when followed by a *.'ilized n are each uniform in sound, .a as in rather, e as in obey, i as in Jcluiie, o as in mote, and u as oo in rood. I llicconsonar ire twenty-four, from li.hou (, iphatic c, uttered with TcKiiit, uiid, a very deep guttural g, ong guttural h, something like the Jio generally given to the Hebrew Pli, an emphatic p and t, and a nasal n. ^ these strange sounds cannot be e.x- wed t,,- means of our ordinary tyiw, pters are generally distinguished by dots above or below. There is a good illustrati(jn of the need of some such plan in the now alnio>H classical word Miii-nu- ha-ha. In both cases the li should be pronounced as a strong surd guttural, so that, as a fact, the word which is so often ouoti'd as an example of the beauty of Indian names, is when propiriy pro- nounced as uncouth as we could desire. Resides these unusral sounds there is in Dakota a peculiar hia- tus, for one can liardlv call it a soum"., wliicli is more like tfie Hebrew sh'va, than anything else with which I am acquainted. It is much used in the forma- tion of what may perliaps be called habitual verbal lumiis— such as wit-kos'a— a drunkard. This is perhajis the proper place to men- tion Hie (ommutation of vow<'ls, and the change of consonants, for the sake of euphony, which, though it adds to the bciivdy of tiie languag<% adds one more ^ obsi.'icle to progress therein. Here too we ! should refer brielly to the dialectical dif- ferences, which are nalnrally found in such a widf-spread langii.vge. There are seven tribes of Dakotas, with more or less variation in dialed. Such are the substi- tution of a guttural for an aspirate of d for t and h for n. Tin- greatest divergence, ' however, is seen in the Tilon-wan (the dialect of t he famous Sit I ing Hull's 1 ribe), where a hard g often takes the place of h, ' and <1 altogether rcjecieil is replaced bv 1. Judging from what I know of this dialect I venture ti> say that in melody and grace it is not surpassed by any language in the Xorth-West, whether barbarous or other- j wise. In many cases t he dialects have , distinctly diU'erent names for common I oi)jects. ' i The idiom of the language is very I natural, the very reverse of ours. I'\)r in- ' stance, we say 'make a big lire'— in Dakota : the \\ ' 'ds woulil statirl thus, 'tiie big ' make,' so that an inU'rprel*':- will gene- rally begin where we lca\e olf— working backwards. This is one of the ditliculties we have to encounter in obi lining a thorough knowledge of the language. It is not easy to learn to think in Dakota. The usual eight parts of speech are louml in the languiige. Hight in his "Indian Researches," p. Ill, has somewh at hastily denied the existence in Indian ongues r>' that useful particle the preposition. The answer to this in so far as the O.jibwny and Cree are concerned, ma.i be found by con- .sulting the dictionaries by Hisliop Haraga and Mr. Watkins, and other works. In 1 Dnkotn there ar«' al leaMl twenty Heparate preiioHitioiiH, oh many funned from ad- vents, and many incurporateiS in other wordn. liiKe all other American lanKiuifreH, Da- kota is nolysyntlietic -words or friijrnientH of words an' tlirown logcllier, so at* to ronvcy one or i.iore ideas to the mind. Thi>' af^^lutination or wordhuildin); is not, hovM'ver, carried out to nearly as jjreat an extent as in somi- oth»'r lanmi'iK*''*- Tl'i' words are never iininodenilely loiin. wtiile ilicy have a fniJiu'Hs of meaning whi'h is i.irelv found in Kiif^lisli. I'or example, take tlie adjective, "walip.uiica," v, only the 1st and 2nd (XTsoiis .ire. represent- ed !iy UMm-pnmouns. Kv»ii in tiie ob- jective ca.se tJie JJrd pers. is only represent- ed, in the plural by "wica," <'OTitrfieted from "wi-ca-sta" man. Number In Dnkota verbs, as in (Jreek, there are tliree numbers, slucrular, dual, and plural. In the consideration of num- ber we meet with one of the greatest de- fects in the lanjcuajie. .Vs there is hut one plural termination to every inflexion of the v-rb, it is often inmo.ssible to make out the mcaninj? of a verb .ijiart fron» the re.st of its context thus, "ana-un-nipta- pi" may mean either -"we forbid thee" (HJiiK) or " we forbid you" tplur.) Auain "ananiptapi" may mean either "they forbid thee, ' "he forbids you," or "they forbid you." Such being the case it is often extremely dillicult to follow a rapid speaker, through a long and com- plicated sentence with anything like sat- isfaction. Mood — Next we have the moods, indi- cative, infinitive and imnr rative. The in- finitive is, as I have said the same as the ard per. sing, indie. The imperative is in- dicated by the use of certain 8uffi.\ed syl- lables. It is a curious fact that these syl- lableH vary with the Hex of the Hpe.ikM Tliose used by men Hccin to imply a ciJ mand; those used by woMU'n an entrciiij and while men may oiTaslonally ukc t( latter, women never venture (oemplov \\t former. This would seem to indiiiit] prettf^ clearly the social status of \tT man amongHl the Dakotas. The u{>'J tive and potential moods :{i indicati'd by the use of separate partir,^ or auxiliary verbs ; s(» that as a rule tl is no diltlcully in denoting what is usuicj expressed by these words. There is oJ strange excejition to this rule. It is u| teriy impossible to express, < learly fon-iblv, the idea of compulsion or oMIb lion. We can say it is right, lltting, sikj or such a thing should be done, bin caiinol .say it ought to be, or must be,u] doubtless is ; if -to keep to the case befii us. —words embody, petrify, the coiivip tion of or perversions of the moral sen^i may wi' not .also say, that the lack words to express moral obligaiioii. iH titles as much to an absence of the cuiivij tions of such, as the absence of ccrui fossil species in this himl tells .against ti probability of their having ever exist! here. The idea of necessity or compi'.ls:j^ never seems to enter a Dakota's miiui. is essentially a free man. Ilischief isoiiJ primus inter jiares, who sways his \>vt)^ oy eloquence or example, not by for Children are not ruled, but led, drawnJ by the silken cords of persuasion, or i:irj cd to .iiiy act by appeals to lla-ii gar.l for the good opinion of their IVi men. Let me here express the con I lion, that much light may be tliroi upon the social history of aboriu by researches into the depths of their lij guag(?s. It is a vein well worth work;; Let ushoi)ethe members of this ."^ori may do much in this direction. ISmf proceed. - Tenses— We now come to the teiH The two usii.ally found are the indetiiJ and future. The former is u.sed as a pif ent, iiiii)erf(!Ct and aorist, without aiivi tinctive marks. A past perfect may he foij ed by adiling a simple particle to indefinite. The futtire is rormed hv ding the particle "Kta" to the I definite. This form is also used a.sal fure i)artic!ple in historic narralivel has another curious use, either wittif without the addition of a particle abi equal to our, "but that" it becomes aln e iij i«n ftn ontii'iiiJ .sloniilly UKi' t^ rc lo einpUiv ih em tu iiKiiciij iai HtlltUM of w^ iiH. Tilt' ti]iu iiuxxIh lit paratu pariim t an a rule t Iki 5 wlml in UHiiaJ s. Tliere iw nj 1 rule. It i>t 111 •ess, rU-arly iwi lulsion or olilij ^llt, tlttill^, sui] ic (lone, 1)111 ormusl l»e,(li)iii his "sludy ge is fossil 1 H lie true, at I lo the (Mse ln'fii rify, tlie convij the moral sen that the laek obliKiil'O"- H nee of the convij jseuce of certd tells a.«ainsi tJ iiijj; ever exi^ti lily or compi'.lsiJ lakoia's miiul. if , His chief is oal svrays his iicniij lie, not by for 1ml leil, drawn j 'rsuasion, or inn eals to their iiiii of tlieir IVi press the con i inay bo tlirm rv of abori.L'i pths of their 1 1 worth work:: rs of this Soi iij ireetioii. Hml le to the li'iH ire tlie indetiiJ is used as a p^ ., without aiiYi erfectiiiayhefoij e particle to s formed hj Kta" to the I also used asal _.oric narralivfcl le, either withl a particle abT it becomes aid ■feet tense m t it also predicij cause wliiili „ of what wol again, the futJ an intensitivfl or desideraf ole ground of \ K)d deal more| ill now the dis^ ost interestin is commonly | English if we 1 J object, or adx object, or ICA of rellectlon, we have to iko Additions to the sentence. Hut Dakota, this is done by a sliglit tpanslnn of the verb. These forms are lined by Dr. Ilirgs as follows: 1. Kre- jeiitativ«' in.irked by the repetition of fe last svllalile, as "ka-to-to."" "to ran, as kndoor; "ki-lmliu," "to (Jruiii." It is, jwever, to be imled that this rediiplica- )ii is gr.imni.'itiivilly necessary. It would a solecism to say either kato or ka-bu the above t'.xamples. li. Absolule, iviiijf ri'ference to some Indetlntte ob- it, e.^. ■■aki-la," "loMeek;""wa-akita," lo seek somclhing." ',i, J'ossessive, in- lialiiiK possession of object by the sub- n. I. Hfllexive, as •'iei-iite," "to kill icself." '). Dalive, as "kl-pa," "lo keep ir {inoiher;" "ki-ska-ia," "to jilay to, [ill), (If for another " There is also an- Jlicr fiirin, which indicaies that theac- )ii falls uj^)on th" middle of tlu- object, as H-ca-spa, "lo di\ idc ill the middle." [The preceding rough sketch of the chief lodillcations of the verb will, I hope, have l\ I'll some idea of its great llcxibility. Jii the whole is not yet told. Ily the ad- ■tiiiii of a single sylliible we can indicate |e iii.->trumt>nl used in the action, or the I Uiimer ill w hich it is jierformed. Here 1 some examples: "\'u-ktan," "to bend ' th the hand;' "wa-na-ktan," "to bend | th the foot;" "ba-ktan," "to make lokcd witli a knife;" "ho-ktan," "to iid by punching;" "o-na-klan," "to bend to of itself;' "(ipa-hta," "to look •lulily at aiiylliing;" "ya-sto," ; to li( k smooth," aiid so on, in intinite rietv. Then, by using either iiicor- rated syllables, or auxiliary verbs «jr verbs, we can express simply and iell> the so-called (lubilative, supposi- (. Iiiiditional. causal and reciprocal nils u ith a iiithiness which our language ' together lacks. In Dr. Higgs' grammai e curi(ms may see exhibited a simple j rli, ixpanded in a lew of the ways I vc iiieiitioned, and even then giving j arly ."HH) changes. We cannot now say i ore concerning the verbs, unless v.e add is iiiteresliiiR fact, that, as is, I believe, e case in other American languages, ere is no pure substantive verb in kotii We can express the idea of isiciue in connection with ideas of place condition but not alone. Aiiioiigst a i)eoplc whose only book is lure, with her ever .arying symbols, we ould exjiect to find, especially if they be ace of great imaginative power, a Ian- age full of poetry and metaphor. iSome time ago a mild controversy was ged in a local paper concerning the ■lie Minnedosa and its meaning. The ief difliculty seemed to be about the t(T, for while one held its meaning to " hills and water," Ihi.' other contended meant " running water." In reality lere is no such word as Min-ne-dosa. !' Hakota word which it is supposed represent is " Mi-ni-ka-du-za," which ^oiiK'tinies contracted to "Mi-ni-du-za," id ineans "a swift current." Though 8 is hardly a good example of what we i\e been speaking of, I have introduced 'lere because of the local interest at- hing to the word. As an example of metaphor, let uh lake a word often used At this season, ".%!a-cu-wl-ta," "I am cold," literally, "my sides are dead (»r palsied:" in allusion, nrobably, to the uncontrollable oulvering of the .tides when one is thor' oiighiy cnllled. Again, a pretty bird with black and while plumage is called "the skunk's dog,' either because it is marked like a skunk, or because it is often found about the haunts of that animal. Here is another highly (Iguralive expression; "Si- ya-ka-ma-o," "I have a sore or boil; " liter- ally, "I am bitten or wounded bv the 'si- ya-ka.'" The "sl-yaka" is a small duck, probably the leal, but no further explana- tion of this obscure expression is forlli- coming. The common fowl is called, "that which calls al day -break," a horse, a "great doff. ' or «t "spirit dog;" a gun a "sa- cred iron; ' a sheep "a tame while deer." "Va-ta-ku-iii-sui" means "to speak con tempt lujusly of," literally, "to destroy with the mouth," while another wonl meaning "to deafen by talking to," strii i ly renchred, is "to bite througli the ear." Two other examples must sulllc*': "I'apa" means both "fat 'ler" and "meat;" "ma-iiia" both "mother" and "milk." The language is poor in names of colors and numbers. IJlue and green of all shades have but one 'ivord; so w ith other primal colors and connected shades a deeper shade being expressed by rcduiilicatioii, as "/i-zi," bright yellow. l**or c.inlinal numbers up lo ten, there are distinct ssords, beyond that lo KKl, tenia always expressed or iinjilied, as 1(1, "ten more six,' or "six again;' :U), "three tens,' etc. There is a curious excc|ilion to this in the case of 1!), which is ofleti .spoken of as "the other nine." Thereseems to be no precise term higher ih.ii lluinsaiid, .i mil- lion being calh;d "the gre;\l count," and it is a significant fact that one-half is the onlv fraction we can express. j Within he limits of a short paper, it is of course impossible to lake more than the j most cursory glance al a lan^juage- full I and rich, as is the Dakota. Of lis fullness I let the dictionary by Dr. Higgs, containing ^ about lti,(KX( words, be.ir witness. We have yet to see what n-lation this tongue [ bears lo (Vee and the kindred dialects. As I I have already intimated, they have noth- ing in coninion, or al least not more than almost all primitive tongues. There is I the same tendency to synthesis, the same \ rejection of thecopula in a. sentence, the im- • potency to express certain ideas, foreign to ' the untutored mind, but stillthere isnoreal allinity. There certainly is a great ditter- [ ence. Allinity between languages we most I naturally expect to Hnd in roots of the most common verbs and nouns; but so far as our observation has gone w c look in vain for such common roots in these languages. Let us take a few test words such as eat, drink, see, bread, wood. Kntclish Kat, drink, see, bread, wood. Dakota -Ytita and wota, ya-tke. waii-ya-ke, ftKU-ya-pi, can. ■ ('reo (Watkinsl— Mechiaoo, iiiin-ekwao, twa- ' pew. pukwasikun, niisli^. ! OJibway iHarai^a) Wis-sin, ininikwc, wao, pak-we-jigan, mitig. This is but a short list; but I believe a long examination would only give the same result. 1 r ^' Thero aru, it in true, a few wohIh lit Da- kota which havu t>eeii Irarrowod fruiii Cree or itH dinlcctH. Such (are ''o-ki- ma," Crt'o; *'o-kiin-ow, "a chii-f; "ni-po," Crec; **ni-p«w," to die; "ku-kuH," Crc« ; koo-kooH-wc-yaM, " pork, liut exnnipli'H of Huch are very few, and they ar» Hfldoiii used, exL«t wliuii HpvakiiiK Willi thoHt' w)io are not very fniiiiiinr with tlin lanuunKt*. AiiioiikhI thuiiiHeivcH they Kox^rally UMe pure I)u- kolu wordH. On tnu other liaiid tlie Kriini- maticdl difTereiices are ^ruat. Kor in- Htancc, in Diikotii i nan i mate ol>jertH are treated in intlection exiietiv iv* tlie ani- mate, exeeptinK dial tliey do not take a plural form. Apiiii, lliere are definite and indeflnite artii'leH, and a rew. I am afraid if we are to seek for evidence of connection between tlie loHttribeH and t'.ie DakotiiH, we muHt not seuk it in the lan- ftuage of the latter. HeHemblanceH there certainly are, but 1 think they will prove but a poor foundation upon which to build any grand theory of a Jewiub origin for our duNkv neighbont. The following ' aomn uolntit of reHembhince:— The hi] thetic form, the nimple form of verb ist :ird iM^r., Hing. ind., -the UHe of onlytJ dlNtlnct teuHen, the cauaalive, InleuMltij rellexiTfl and reduplicated forniH or h|h'( and tlie UHe of the future to expreNM J Junctival relatiomt. Hut all llivHe alllni;] are probably owing to the prliiiitj nature of eacli language. Sinipiicitv, fr^ dom, Ih the characteriHtir of all priinii.l tonguen. For any verbal likcneHH we sh so far an my own obHerralion IniM go^ l(M>k in vain. fn <'on('IUHion. let nic fur one niomd refer to a nioHt iiilercMtlng fuel. Tlierpii| UHU amuiigHtlhe "medicine men" a xira giliberiHli or dialect, UHcd espcciullTl throw an air of inyHtcry about lhenisil( and llicir doings. Ii cdnHJHU (a) in tliej of names of cuinmo*^ obJectH in an nil get her foreii/nHciiHe; for inMtuiice"uiiri !| "grandmotlier," in uned for "nun; wordH derived from oth(>r languages, ori their own wordH UHcd in a mctapliiirj sense; so that cxcenl to tlir> initiated it , sealed language. Nliicli more miglit In l)eeii said on tViis interesting l:inguaK<'. wp have no wish to be Witrisome. Ift] rough sketch of the Dakota or "All:« tribes should interest Home few in th behalf, the writer will have been uiiij rewarded. The followluK I hliime: -Thf nil fui'iii of verb iii B une of only tJ native, liiteiiMltif •d forinn or h\kh kire to exprcHH «i I all IhwHe aniiiitl to the prliniil B. Siiiipllcitv. W l(* of all iiriiiiiiij I likc'iieHH we hIi ierTulioii hiiM koJ e for one iiitiiiiJ iiiK fact. There i(| •liie men" a straJ UMed espeelnilTJ iihIhIh (at ill tlie^ hjcctH in an al r instance "uncil {l!inK»aKi' wcMriHonie. Ifl )Hk()ta or "Al jonie few in th I have been anil