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The next day being Wednesday, the 2()in of March [1542], the Governor came to jV/7co ; he lodged with all his men in the cacique's town, which stood in a plain field, which was in- habited for the space of a quarter of a league : and within a league and half a league were other very great towns, wherein was great store of maize, of P'rench beans, of walnuts, and prunes. 'This was the best inhabited country that was seen in FloriJa, and had most store of maize, except Co^a and .ipirlachc. There came to the camp an Indian accompanied with others, and in the cacique's name gave the Governor a mantle of martens' skins, and a cordon of pearls. The Go^-ernor gave him a few small margarites, which are certain beads much esteemed in Peru^ and other things, wherewith he was very well contentetl. He promised to return within two days, but never came again : but on the contrary the Indians came by night in canoes, and carried away all the maize they could, and made them cabins on the other side of the river in the thickest of the wood, because they might flee if we should go to seek them. The (iovernor, seeing he came not at the time appointed, commanded an am- bush to be laid about certain store-houses near the lake, whither the Indians came for maize : where they took two Indians, who told the Governor, that he which came to visit him was not the cacicjue, but was sent by him under pretence to spy whether the Christians were careless, and whether they determined to settle in that country or to go forward. Presently the Governor sent a captain with footmen and horsemen over the river; and in their passage they were descried of the Indians, and therefore he could take but ten or twelve men and women, with whom he returned to the camp. This river, which passed by A'llco, was that which passed by Cayas and Autiamqiie, and fell into Ku f IM GrdHife, or the Great River, which pp.ssed by Pachaha and yl(/nixi) near unto tlic province of Guachoya : and the lord thereof came up the river in canoes to make war with him of Niho. On his behalf there came an Indian to the (Governor, and said unto him that he was his servant, and prayed him so to hold him, and that within two days he would come to kiss his lordship's hands : and at the time appointed he came with some of his principal Indians, which accompanied him, and with words of great offers and courtesy he gave the Goverrior a present of many mantles and deers' skins. The Governor gave him some other things in recomj^ense, and honored him much. He asked what towns there were down the river. He an- swered that he knew none other but his own : and on the other side of the river the province of a cacicjue called (Juigalta. So he took his leave of the Governor and went to his own town. Within a few days the Governor determined to go to Gnachoya^ to learn there whether the sea were near, or whether there were any habitation near, where he might relieve his company, while the brigantines were making, which he meant to send to the land of the Christians. As he passed the river Nilco, there came in canoes Indians of Gnachoya up the stream, and when they saw him, supposing that he came to seek them to do them some hurt, they returned down the river, and informed the cacique thereof : who with all his people, spoiling the town of all that they coidd carry away, passed that night over to the other side of the Rio Grande, or the Great River. The Governor sent a c.iptain with fifty men in six canoes down the river, and went himself by land with the rest. He came to Gnachoya upon Sun- da}, the 17th of April. He lodged in the town of the cacique, which was enclosed about, and seated a crossbow shot distant from the river. Here the river is called 7\imaliseu, and in JVi/co lapatu, and in Co^a Mico, and in the port or mouth Hi, As soon as the Governor came ta Gnachoya, he sent John Dannsco with as many men as could go in the canoes up the river. For when they came down from Nilco, they saw on the other side of the river new cabins made. John j)anusco went and brought the canoes laden with maize, French beans, prunes, and many loaves made of the substance of prunes. That day came an Indian to the Governor from the Cacique of Gnachoya, and said that his lord would come the next day. The next day they saw many canoes come up the river, and on the other side of the Great River they assembled together in the space of an hour. They consulted whether they should come or not ; and at length concluded to come, and crossed the river. In them e m id m came ilie Cacifjue of Guachoya, and brought with him many Indians, with jjruat store of tish, clogs, deers' skins, and mantles; and as soon as they landed, they went to the lodging of the Governor, and presented him their gifts, and the cacique uttered these words; — " Mighty and excellent lord, I beseech your lordsliip to pardon me the error which I committed in absenting myself, and not tarrying in this town to have received and served your hjrdship ; since, to obtain this opportunity of time was, and is as much as a great victory to me. lUit I feared that which I needed not to have feared, and so did that which was not rea- son to do. But as haste maketh waste, and I removed without deliberation; so, as soon as I thought on it, I determined not to follow tlie opinion of the foolish, which is to continue in their error; but to imitate the wise and discreet, in changing my counsel, and so I came to see what your lordship will com- mand me to do, that I may serve you in all things that are in my power." The (jovernor received him with much joy, and gave him thanks for his present and offer. He asked him, whether he had any notice of the sea. He answered no, nor of any towns down the river on that side ; save that two leagues from thence was one town of a principal Indian, a subject of his; and on the other side of the river, three days' journey from thence down the river, was the j^rovince of Qnignifa, which was the greatest lord tliat was in that country ! The Governor thought that the cacique lied unto him, to rid him out of his own towns, and seni John Danusco with eight horsemen down the river, to see what habitation there was, and to inform him- self, if there were any notice of the sea. He travelled eif^ht days, and at his return he said, that in all that time he was not able to go above fourteen or fifteen leagues, because of the great creeks that came out of the river, and groves of canes, and thick woods that were along the banks of the river, and that he had found no habitation. The Governor fell into great dumps to see how hard it was to get to the sea ; and worse, because his men and horses every day diminished, being without succor to sustain themselves in the country: and with that thought he fell sick. But before he took his bed he sent an Indian to the Cacique of Quigalta to tell him that he was the child of the sun, and that all the way that he came all men obeyed and served him, that he requested him to accept of his friendship and come unto him, for he would be very glad to see him ; and in sign of love and obedience to bring something mr wiih him of that which in his country was most esteemed. Thi- cacique answered by tlie same Indian : "'i'liat whereas he said he was the child of the sun, if he would dry up the river he would believe him ; and touching the rest, that he was wont to visit none ; but rather that all those of whom he had notice did visit him, served, obeyed, and paid him tributes willingly or i)erforce ; therelore, if he desirecl to see him, it were best he should come thither; that if he came in jjeace, he would receive him with special good will ; and if in war, in like manner he would attend him in the town where he was, and that for him or any oiher he would not shrink one foot back." IJy that time the Indian returned with this answer, the Governor had betaken himself to bed, being evil handled with fevers, and was much aggrieved that he was not in case to pass presently the river and to seek him, to see if he cculd abate that pride of his, considering the river went now very strongly in those parts; for it was near half a league broad, and sixteen fathoms dee|), and very furious, and ran with a great current ; and on both sides there were many Indians, and his power was not now so great, but that he had need to help himself rather by slights than by force. The Indians of Guachoya came every day with fish in such numbers, that the town was full of them. The cacique said, that on a certain night he of Quigalta would come to give battle to the Governor. Which the Governor im- agined that he had devised, to drive him out of his country, and commanded him to be put in hold : and that night and all the rest, there was good watch kept. He asked him wherefore Quigaila came not .' He said thai he came, but that he saw him prepared, and therefore durst not give the attempt : and he was earnest with him to send his captains over the river, and that he would aid him with many men to set upon Quigalta. The Governor told him that as soon as he was recovered, himself would seek him out. And seeing how many Indians came daily to the town, and what store of people was in that country, fearing they should all conspire together and plot some treason against him ; and because the town had some open gaps which were not made an end of inclosing, besides the gates which they went in and out by: because the Indians should not think he feared ihem, he let them all alone unrepaired; and commanded the horsemen to be appointed to them, and to the gates : and all night the horsemen went the round ; and two and two of every squadron rode about, and visited the scouts that were without the town in their standings by the passages, and the crossbow- 5 men that kept the canoes in tlie river. And because the Indians should stand in fear of them, he determineil to send a captain to Niiu>, for those of Guac/ioya had told him that it was inhabited ; that by using them cruelly, neither the one nor the other should presume to assail him : and he sent A'uflez t/e Touar with fifteen horsemen, ?iwA John de Guzman captain o\ the foot- men, with his company in canoes up the river. The Cat icpie of Giurc/una sent for many canoes and many warlike Indians to go with the Christians : and the captain of the Christians, called Nunez de Touar^ went by land with his horsemen, and two leagues before he came to Nilco he stayed iox John dt' Guzman, and in that place they passed the river by night: the horsemen came tirst, and in the morning by break of day in sight of the town they lighted upon a spy ; which as soon as he perceived the Christians, crying out amain (led to the town to give warn- ing. Niificz de Touar and his company made such speed, that before the Indians of the town could fully come out, they were upon them : it was champaign ground that was inhabited, which was about a quarter of a league. There were about five or six thousand people in the town ; and, as many people came out of the houses, and fled from one house to another, and many Ind- ians came flocking together from all parts, there was never a horseman that was not alone among many. The captain had commanded that they should not spare the life of any male. Their disorder was so great, that there was no Indian that shot an arrow at any Christian. The shrieks of women and children were so great, that they made the ears deaf of those that followed them. There were slain a hundred Indians, little more or less : and many were wounded with great wounds, whom they suffered to escape to strike a terror in the rest that were not there. There were some so cruel and butcherlike, that they killed old and young, and all that they met, though they made no resistance ; and those which presumed of them- selves for their valor, and were taken for such, broke through the Indians, bearing down many with their stirrups and breasts of their horses ; and some they wounded with their lances, and so let them go : and when they saw any youth or woman they took them, and delivered them to the footmen. These men's sins by God's permission lighted on their own heads; who, be- cause they would seem valiant, became cruel ; showing them- selves extreme cowards in the sight of all men when as most need of valor was required, and afterwards they came to a shameful death. Of the Indians of Nilco were taken prisoners fourscore women and children, and much spoil. The Indians F^ li ' '. f. of duachoya kept bnck before they came at the town, and stayed without, beholding the success f)f the Christians with the men of Nilco. And when they saw tiiem put to flight, and the horsemen busy in killinn; of them, they hastened to the houses to rob, and tilled their canoes with the spoil of the goods ; and returned to Guachoya before the Christians ; and wondering much at the sharp dealing whicii they had seen them use towarcl the Indians of Nilco, they told their cacique all that had passed with great astonishment. The Governor felt in himself that the hour approached wherein he was to leave this present life, and called for the king's officers, captains, and principal persons, to whom he made a speech, saying : — " That now he; was to go to give an account before the presence of (iod of all his life past : and since it pleased him to take him in such a time, and that the time was come that he knew his death, that he his most unworthy servant did yield him many tlianks therefor ; and desired all that were present and absent (whom he confessed himself to be much beholding unto for their singular virtues, love and loyally, which himself had well tried in the travels which they had suffered, which al- ways in his mind he did hope to satisfy and reward, when it should please Ood to give him rest, with more prosperity of his estate), thai they would pray to Cod for him, that for his mercy he would forgive him his sins, and receive his soul into eternal glory : and that they would quit and free him of the charge which he had over them, and ought unto them all, and that they would pardon him for some wrongs which they might have re- ceived of Iiim. And to avoid some division, which upon his death might fall out upon the choice of his successor, he re- quested them to elect a principal person, and able to govern, of whom all should like well ; and when he was elected, they should swear before him to ol)ey him : and that he would thank them very much in so doing; because the grief that he had would somewhat be assuaged, and the pain that he felt, because he left them in so great confusion, to wit, in leaving them in a strange country, where they knew not where they were." Baltasar dc Galle^os answered in the name of all the rest. And first of all comforting him, he set before his eyes how short the life of this world was, and with how many troubles and miseries it is accompanied, and how God showed him a singular favor which soonest left it : telling him many other things fit for such a time. And for the last point, that since it pleased God to take him to himself, although his death did justly grieve ii^ thev ke re- his re- n, of they lank had a use in a rest, short and ^ular s fit ased rieve them murh. yet as well he, as all the rest, ou,2;ht of necesstiy to conform themselves to tlui will of Clod. And toiichinjj the (iovt-rnor which he commanded they should eK'ct, he bt'souj^dit him, that it would please his lordship to name him wh'ch he thought fit, and him they would obey. And presently In named Lnys lie Moscoso dc .■i!riV(u/i\ his captain-p;eneral. And presently he was sworn by all that were present, and elected foi governor. The next day being the 21st of May, 154?, de parted out of this life, the valorous, virtuous, and valiani ("aptain, /->,'// Frrnarulo dc Soto, (iovernor of Culxi, and Ad« lantado of Florida: whom fortune advanced, as it usetli V- do others, that he might have the higher fall. He departed in such a place, and at such a time, as in his sickness he had but little comfort : and the danger wherein all his people were ot perishing in that country, which appeareil before their eyes, was cause suftkient why every one of them had need of comfort, and why they did not visit nor accompany him as they ought tf» have done, Luys de Moscoso determined to conceal his deatli from the Indians, because Ftr(/i/i(mdo dr S()t(> had made th.eru believe that the Christians were immortal ; and also becaus*^- they took him to be hardy, wise, and valiant : and if they should know that he was dead, they would lie bold to set upon the Christians, though they lived peaceably by them. In regard ot their disposition, and because they were nothing constant, and believed all that was told them, the Adelantado made them be- lieve, that he knew some things that passed in secret among themselves, without their knowledge, how, or in what manner he came by them: and that the tigure which appeared in a glass, which he showed them, did lei! him whatsoever they prac- ticed and went about: and therefore neither in word nor deed durst they attempt anything that might be prejudicial unto him. As soon as he was dead, Luys de AToscoso commanded to put him secretly in the house, where he remained three days ; and moving him from thence, commanrled him to be buried in the night at one of the gates of the town within the wall. And as the Indians had seen him sick, and missed him, so did they suspect what might be. And passing by the place where he was buried, seeing the earth moved, they looked and spake one to another. iMys de Moscoso understanding of it, commanded him to be taken up by night, and to cast a great deal of sand into the mantles, wherein he was wound up, wherein he was carried in a canoe, and thrown into the midst of the river. The Cacique of Guachoya inquired for him, demanding what was become of his brother and lord, the Governor. Luys de Moscoso told him w 8 that he was gone to heaven, as many other times he did : ;incl brcause he vv.is to stay there certain days he had left him in his phice. The caci(|ue th()u;;ht with himself that he was dead ; and coinmaiuied two young and well-proportioned Indians to be brought thiihcr; and said, that the use of that country was, when any hiid died, to kill Indians to wait upon him, and serve him by the way, and for that purpose by his connnandment were those come thitiier : and piayed /.ins dc Mosc<>so to com- mand them to be beheaded, that they might attend and serve his lord and brother. J.uys tie Afosrosd told him, that the (iov- crnor was not dead, but gone to heaven, and that of his own Christian soldiers he had taken su( h as he needed to serve liim, and |)rayed him to connnand those Indians to be loosed, and not to use any such bad custom from thenceforth : straight- way he commanded them to be loosed, and to get them home to their houses. And one of them would not go ; saying, that he would not serve him, tiiat without desert iiad judged him to death, but that he would serve him as long as he lived, which had sa\i(l. his life. Lays tte Moscoso caused all the goods of the Governor to be sold at an outcry: to wit, two men slaves and two women slaves, and three horses, and seven hundred hogs. For e\ery slave or horse, they gave two or three thousand ducats : which were to be paid at the first melting of gold or silver, or at the division of tiieir portion of iidieritance. And they entered into bonds, though in the country there was not wherewith, to pay it within a year after, and put in sureties for the same. Such as in Sp,iin had no goods to bind, gave two hundred ducats for a hog, giving assurance after the same manner. Those which had any goods in Spain bought with niore fear, and bought the less. From that time forward, most of the company had swine, and brought them up, and fed upon them ; and observed Fridays and Saturdays, and the evenings of feasts, which before they did not. For some times in two or three months they did eat no Hesh, and whensoever they could come by it, they did eat it. Some were glad of the death of Don Ferdinando de Soto, hold- ing for certain that Luys de Moscoso (which was given to his ease), would rather desire to be among the Christians at rest, than to continue the labors of the war in subduing and dis- covering of countries; whereof they were already weary, seeing the small profit that ensued thereof. The Governor commanded the captains and principal persons to meet to consult and deter- mine what they should do. And being informed what peopled hold- lO his rest, (1 dis- jeeing inded deter- opled hnbitntion was round about, he understood tliat to the west the country was inosi inhahittil, .md that down the ri\er beyond Qiiii^a/tii was luunhabited, and had Httle store of food. He de- sired them all, that every one would give his opinion in writin;^. and set his hand to it: tliat thcv tniy:ht resolve bv ;reneral corj- sent, whether they should };o down the river, or enter into the main land. All were of opinion, tliat it was best to go by land toward the west, because Nuera lispaf\a was that way; holdinj^ the voyage by sea more dangerous, and of greatei hazard, be- cause they could makt; no ship of any strength to abide a storm, neither had they master, nor pilrf. compass, nor chart, neither knew they how far the sea was off, wox had any notice of it ; nor whether the river did make any gre.- turn"ng intf) the land, or had any great fall from the rocks, where all of them might be cast away. And some which '> d se^n tho :>ja-chart did find, that from the place where they were by iiie sea-coast to i'\ V ■■' ' Espafla might be four hur.drcd lea^ii.s. little more oi' less; and said, that though iliey went somcvvhjt about by land in seeking a peopled country, if some greai wilderness which they could not pass did hinder them, by spending that summer in travel, fmding provision to pass the winter in some peop' 'I country, that the next summer after they might come to some Christian land, and that it might fortune in their travel by land to find some rich country, where they might do themselves good. The (lovernor, although he desired to get ort )f Florula in shorter time, seeing the inconveniences they laid before liim, in travelling by sea, determined to follow that which seemed good to them all. On Monday, the fifth day of June, he de- parted from Guac/ioya. 'I'he cacicjue ga\e him a guide to C'h(jguaii\ and stayed at home in his own town. 'I'hey [)assed through a province called Catalte: and having passed a wilder- ness of six days' journey, the twentieth day of the month he came to Chaguate. 'I'he cacique of this province had visited the (joverner Don Frrdinam/o i/e Soto at Aiit/iednia long remained in manu- script in the archives at Seville, and was first published in n French version in 1N41 ; and irom this William li. Rye translated it for the volume already referred to published bv the Hakluyt Society in 1851, which included Hak- luyt's version of the f^lvas narrative. An abrid.gment of this also appears in Fiench's I/isioriial Collections of Louisiana (vol. ii.). A third original account of De Soto's expedition is the Florida del Y'ncaui La \'cga. written forty years after De Soto's death, it is based upon con- versations with a Spanish noble who had accompanied De Soto, and the written reports of two common soldiers ; but its spirit of e.\aggcration has brought it into discredit with many historical schol.irs. An I'aiglish version of it is embodied in Bernard Shipp's History of JLmando de Soto and Florida. Still another account of the expedition \a the official report which Rodrigo Kanjel, the secretary of De Soto, based upon his diary kept on the m.irch; but this account is incomj/lete, and there is no English version of it. There is a letter of De Soto, dated Julv 9, 1 539, describing his vovage and land- ing, which was translated and jiubli'^hed by Buckingham Smith in 1854. A version f)f this letter may also be found in French's Historical Collections of Louisiana, vol. ii. Further information concerning the works upon De Soto and the other ex- plorers of Florida may be found in the notes appended by John (iilmary .shea to his valuable chapter on Ancient Florida, in the Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. ii. The (piestion of De Soto's route is here fully discussed, with the aid of valuable old maps. |illy re- is an Is who lan of Her of Iresent Per the da, her J of the bn was land is