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24 
 
 
 1 
 
 CONt^lPEKATIONS IN FAYOR OF A DOMINION /7 
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. ^ 
 
 V.\ THK Sf.CRKTARV of llIK DoMlMC.N [UiAliU OP TuAOK. 
 
 Th- noccRsities .,f nations havo givn nsf to -lultipli.d and imtoMHinti divi.ioiiH of 
 departmental .l.tnil in .nrryin^ on Gov.rnn... ami m,ul> conlct l>o saul about the 
 Jnortancc of th.. funetioTis of Minist.vs fomiing CuMn. ts ,n co<,.,tr..s ^v^uch enjoy 
 Te/pon.ible povernmont. But aft.r all tl,at might W a<ldm,d n.uaniinK tLo h. v.ral 
 offiL .hero is prolahlv none that eould now have au int. nst or inthu m.- MupassmK 
 Zt of a Departm. nt a« yet only speeitically r. ...gnis..!, it is bel. v, .1, .n V >an... an.l 
 Gernuvny,— vi/,., a D.pnrtment of ('..mm- rc'. 
 
 It seems < vid, t.t that ,.arti. nlnr attenti.m must !..■ giv. n in futur.^ hy CoverunanlH 
 to tl..ir int. rnal tra.l.. and .omm-nv, ami to fa- ili.ating tie ir . xpansion ; and tlu' most 
 casual ol server ennnot hut realise that the hondn whi.h are to hold .latu-ns tetr.th.r ,.j 
 friendly allian..-, will, h.v..aft.T, . onsist of those v.hiel. are th.- ont.r.n... ..f ...mnunnil 
 arranJments or tr.ati.s.-rather than those of n.. re politi.al ailinit.es or .on, pa. ts; 
 and >^■hen that .onsnmmation is attain, d. the prestige <.f the War D.partm.nt, as wl 
 as of s„,ne others, will have 1. . n ., !i,.s. .1 l,v the n.partuu nt of c;..n,m, r.v, i-n s,d..l 
 oyer hy a Cabinet Minist.M'. It will further W . vid.nt, that in any .nt.rnafonal tr.^ y 
 or convention which may he ratif.e.i, the country whose statesm.n ar.. most .nUmately 
 acquainted with the minntia. of its Industrie, and -on.mere.s wdl < . nv.. th-.- most 
 Jfitantial advantages. Of eourse, it is not m. ant to h.' impl...! tha then- ,8 no 
 provision ma.le under existing arrnng.m.nts, in thin or oth.T eountn.'B where th> re .» 
 no sp.<ial Departm.nt of Comnur..., for consideration hy Oovernnu.nt. of eomm..r..al 
 and trade matters,- hut C.mmeree, ,,.. *e, is only tr-ate.i .asnally.and not w.th that 
 defe.ence whi.h is due to its immense and growing importance. The expe.ien. e of in- 
 Testigators, both in the Tlnit.^d Stat.s and Canada, is that official re.onls un.i statistics 
 relating to commerce are lamentably d..f,.tive ;->shile .,f Creat Britain it has been 
 Kiid •-" There has not h.en an hour, day or niglit, in the past thirty-five years, wli. n her 
 " Government has .rased to b.- at w.,rk i<LV, stigating, debating, r.porting, exp. nnientmg, 
 .. Wi8latinp,-adiudi..ating,nn.U. lying. h-singl.. problem : Tl.nv shall Kngland secure to 
 .' her internal .omnurce th.- low.st rat. of .harg.' for transportation which is consistent 
 » with the just claims of the .apital .mbaiked in h.r .bann.ls of ..mim-rc.' ?" 
 
 The Qiii'slihii ill (hint Bnhi'ni. 
 Misaimreb.nHion has prevailed, and still .xist.s, n-garding the fniutions and duties 
 
 of the Board of Trade „f C.r.at Britain, As a i;.>v.rnni< n 
 
 hcen commonly sujiposed to be ^p.tii 
 
 fal ileiartment, that B< aid has 
 
 and. 
 
 lly charged with the duty of wiitehing over 
 
 when neetifnl, protecting the manifold iiit.rests of comm.rce a 
 Ifttions to oth. r brandies of th.' public service, and to foreign . 
 
 nd industry, in their rc- 
 .inntri. s. The President 
 
2 
 
 of thnt Hoard is not nei ( Hsarily a member of Uio Imperial Cabiufit, -lie ha« usually been 
 A C'vliinct Miiiislii, but the jircscnt I'lCf-idt'iit is not, — tbo functions of (lie niimirout 
 brniK lies of liis ili'|.!irlniciit consisting Kiniply of dituils pt rformi'ii at tliu instanco of 
 the other di partnu-nts ; it lias, in sliort, bi'cn said to " have to <io witli < v rv imaginable 
 tiling in Ihc world, but not with trade." When the Treaty of Commerce between (iroat 
 Britain and (•'nince iniui;;iirat>(l a freer coninn'reial policy on tli(^ Continent of Europe, 
 it was found that I'.ritish interests lre(iuently siill'ered for want of active and /.ealous 
 vigilance i>n the part of (he (lovi iiinient, — and a nioveni nt was Ijogun by the AR80ci- 
 atrd ( iianilicrs ot ( 'otunierci' in favor of the establishment of a l)i , artnK^iit of Commorco. 
 The result of tie :igilation was the appointment of a Royal Commission in lH(i4,to 
 inquiri into the working eonnerllons of thi^ Hoard of Trade with the Foreign Office. 
 The re|)ort of (he ('oniinis,>ion( rs showed tliat the I?oard of Trade had neither tlie power 
 ni r the organization for tlie performance of such fimctions in relation to commerce, — 
 altlioueji on<> of its liranclies (.svhcc iihoUnlieil, the duties being :iow' performed in other 
 offices,) — was designated the " Coninienial Depiirtment." In fact, the Commission 
 demonstrated that every department in Her Majesty's Government " decides upon 
 " (piestions having the most important bearing upon conimeree, with reference 
 •'only to its own particular sphere; thus the India Office imposes duties upon 
 •' maiiufactuicd (otton without considc^ring bow the Lancashire trade is affected Or 
 "injured thereby; the Colonial Office concludes treaties \<ith the United States of 
 " America, giving jirivileges to American produce which liritish goods do not possess; 
 ••the Foreign Oltice concluded conventions for tbi^ sugar trade, which ruined many 
 "British re tillers; the Treasury has proposed alterations in monetary and banking 
 "■ system^ of the ( ountry without duly considering the effects they miglit have upon 
 •'trade: taxes are imjiosed or removed without due regard to the interests affected 
 " by them." 
 
 The IJeport of the Commission also shows that many of the measures aboTe 
 referred to would not have been taken, c;r very mueli modified, if each Minister had been 
 obliged to consult a colleague diarged with the duty of considering the ultimate effects 
 of every measure upon the intirests eonlided to his care. 
 
 The Association of Chambers of Commerce are renewing the efforts commenced ao 
 many years ago, and in their latest mi>morial to the Right Honorable Mr. Disraeli, thoy 
 say : — 
 
 Your Meniorialisis submit that if such adepartinent of the Government existed, tho 
 •commercial public would have only one authority to whom to address their representa- 
 tions, assiu-ed that their matured and legitimate opinions would have a /.ealous advocate 
 in the Cabinet, whose advice may be sometimes overruled by higher, more general, and 
 even merely political reasons, but not without having been thoroughly discussed upon 
 their merit,^ 
 
 It is by no mi ans intended to convey tlu^ impression that commercial men desire to 
 see trade iiitere,?ts overrule all others, for th' y know that there may be .■on^ideration8 
 of high St ite policy, or even facts not known, or sufficiently appreciated, by the M;(.iieral 
 public, "hicliniay render the immediate fultilrnent of their most legitimate dcniands 
 inixpeifiMit I'.iit they feel thcnis'lve.s Justifiid in expressing their strong conviction, 
 that as hardly any great question can arise in any departmentof Ciovernmeut, which has 
 not a more or less direct bi-aring up(in trade, a sa(isfa(;tory consideration of commercial 
 interests can only be secured bv their representation in the Cabinet by a Minister possess- 
 ing the same pow r and inllucnce as his colleagues who preside over the other chief 
 departments of the St'de. 
 
 Sueli :i Minister,auim!ited with adiesi nseofhis responsibility asthe official guardian 
 of th<- niightv and ever-widening intensts of the industry of this great empiri-, would bo 
 summoned, as a matter of right to every (^ai)inet Council lie wotild there lie enabled 
 to se( tiiat no measure unilrrl,iken in the interest, primarily, of (he national revenue or 
 of (iuf.nce — no di;ilomaiic arrangement with foreign States, and no Act of colonial legis- 
 lation requiring the saiu tion of the (iovernment at home — received that' sanction with- 
 out its etTect on the interests of the comm-rce and industry of England having been first 
 duly considered and discu.ssed. and its probable c(msequence to those interests maturely 
 weighed, jfe would further, fnmi the rmansof information afforded by fre(|uent com- 
 mnnicatioT) (on an equal footing) with other Cabinet Ministers, and by communication 
 
■with ihv roprofii ntrttivi'h (»f romnii rciiil iiiU'ristH nmonRtlio ppopU', be fnablid todiHcom 
 hctinu s opiiiitiL'siuid (ippoitiinitirs forprninntinK tliosc interests, and to prL-ss them with 
 autliority iukI elTeet on tlic nttenlion of llie enlir<' Caliinet. 
 
 77/' Mnrrnxiil in lln fnifnl Shifts. 
 
 The (luestioii of estiiMisliiiif,' .i Depiirtmcnt of (.'omnieree in tlie Oovornment of the 
 United StnteR bns enptKed more or less of the alt-ntion of commercial men. A move- 
 ment in tlmt (iireetion «ii> eoniiiienced in IHCTi, \iy Hie ftdo|ition of the foHowing 
 resolution at Ihe Detroit Comnieiciiil Convention: — 
 
 " iif-ini iru, — Tlmt in oidei to relieve some of tiie Departments of the General Govern- 
 " ment, and esp'cially tliat of the Treasnry, from many of tin^ details with which they 
 "are now I lowded, — and in order to secure for the various indnstriiil interests of the 
 " conntry the heiielits of a systrniatis( d, experiiiieefl, and permanent Hoard, it in the 
 " jiid^'nirnt of this ('oiiv< ntion that a (iovernnient Board of Trade slinnld he formed, for 
 '• the es|ieeial oversight anil (are of all questions relating to our agri( idtiiral, mannfac- 
 " tnring, and romnnreial interests, for the compilation of statist ics, for ini|iiiring into 
 '• casnalties, and for such other subjects as may properly be included in Huch a Depart- 
 " ment." 
 
 The subject was afterwards taken up by the National Board of Trade of the United 
 Btatcs, at several of its meetings, the idea of that body seeming to U' that the Depart- 
 ment of Commerce should be an ixfciilire bram h of the Federal Government, the model 
 being apparently the Hritish Hoard of Trade. Congr(>ss was memorialised in favor of a 
 Department of Commerce in the winter of 1869 ; and the views of the National Board 
 on tlie subject were snbsi (piently embodiid in a proposed Bill, of which the following 
 were the main features : — 
 
 1. The Department to be charged with the supervision and care of the agricultural, 
 commercial, niannfactin'ing and mining interests of the United States. 
 
 2. With the execution of laws relating to trade and commerce, both foreign and 
 <lomestie, — to rivers and harbors, — to light houses, piort charges, quarantine, emigration, 
 pi'.otage, tonnage, and the measurement, registry, enrolment and licensing of vessels; 
 and generally of all matters included in the navigation laws. 
 
 3. With th. execution of the laws imposing duties on imports, and taxes and cxcisca 
 pertaining to internal revenue. 
 
 4 With the ( oUe'ting, collating and tabulating of statistics relating to the agricul- 
 ture, comment-, manufactures and mining. 
 
 There is at present before the Senate a Hill, proposing to establish u Department of 
 ( .Mnmeree in the United States Government, prepared by Hon. Wm. Windom, Chairman 
 of the Senatorial (^)mnuttee on Transportation, which will be discussed, if not more 
 definitely ai ted upon, during the present Congress. But Mr. Windom is looking much 
 firthi r forward ; for, besides a '■ Bureau of Commerce," he suggests another, to be 
 designated the " Bureau of Industry," to include agriculture, manufactures, mines, &o. 
 
 l)(p:irliHi lit 11/ (^>i>iiiiiT''<' ni Fiiiucr. 
 
 The Department of Commerce, in France, \, ■:•. siablishcdin 1830, and the Minister 
 is a member of the Cabinet. Conjointly with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, he make* 
 toninic*|-eial treaties, ajter eonvi/talioti tnihihe C/iainhers of ('ommrrc. 
 
 The Departmeni includes two general divisions, — Home and Fcneign. The division 
 for Home Tratle is subdivided into four bureaux, each of which is charged with nunerons 
 details; and the division for F'oreign Trade is subdivided into three bureaux, to one of 
 them b(!ing entrusted the subject of commercial treaties. 
 
 The Minister of Commerce, in France, is also AHnister of Agriculture, — the latter 
 Department embracing three bureaux, (1) relating to agricultural education; (2) re- 
 lating to thi- encouragement of and giving assistance to agriculture ; and (3) relating to 
 the trad(> in drain and Cattle, cattb -markets, slaughtering houses. Corn Exchanges, &c. 
 
I III \fiiiistn/ u/' ('iiiuinrnf, i('i\. in /*/•»■.»<«. 
 
 Commercial (iiruirs, no fur us tlir (Jiriiiuii Kinpirf in mtui'i aid, come iimlcrtho juris- 
 diction of tlic UfHie of ['"oiti^'ii AfTuiiii ut Ikriiii. 
 
 Tilt' Iminiiul PniFsiiin '• Miiii>try of Cummrnc, IndiiHtrlfH, und I'liblit; \Vork»,"has 
 AH ItH i( sjoumI !■• luml llir lioyal I'ms.'-iiiii Sliitin Mii.isti i, who, in tliis (oimiction 
 btarx thv tilU iul titlo of Mitiihti r of C'< mint nc, IndiiotriiK, ainl I'ulilic W'orkM. This 
 Miii'Ktiy in divided into four lU luilnx nts, and the Imsint ns of i ui li is sujit rliitc ndcd by 
 Minihtiiiul I>iit( tors. Tlic tir^t (oin|priKts the luliniiiistiution of Mining, Mitullurgy, 
 and tin- pro<liution of Saltn; tli< «• cond huH lliu miiiirvinion and control of all Govi-rn- 
 mcnt railroads, and privutt; railro.id corporations; the third attends to all Government. 
 Building; matters, in nftrcncc to i ithcr land or hydraidlc construction, — witlitlio excep- 
 tion of railroad construction ; till- fourtli Department has a cure of all mutters either 
 directly or indirectly connected with ("oinmerce and Industry. To this laiirr departmi-nt 
 belong: any matttrs c(/nnt( ted with Mechaniial Industry, and n:anuta( Inns ; commer- 
 cial luw-((unts, nuTctintilc corporations, and artizan lourts; Sliiiipinj.j, Marine Commis- 
 sions in sui-porfs,Kliip-owidnfr, and rilotajri' ; liankinyr, i'utents ; .Foint Stoi k, and Trans- 
 port-Iusurance-t'ompanies; and tin; ovtrsij^ht of techniial mercantile institutions. 
 
 An important point to be noted in connection with lachof the geuernl subjucta em- 
 braced under these four Dejiarlmeiits, is, that there are arrranf^ements made for careful 
 attention to the traininjj: of urtizuiis, scientists, and parties intending to enter Govern, 
 mental service. 
 
 7/ir Sitiiiitiiiii ill till [himiiiiiDt of' CiiiukIi. 
 
 Tn considerinj,' the necessity for u Di pailment of ("oininerie, to be presiiled over by 
 a Cabinet Minister, the reasoning and arnummts used in favorof the propo.sal in Great 
 Britain and iti the United States apply equally in Canada,— the experience here being 
 nearly the same, although necessarily on u smnller scale. 
 
 (1.) In the mc.tter of printing and publishing the Census Tablesof the Dominion,— 
 while, possibly, the Jlinister of Commerce (hud there been one) might not have preferred 
 that the Agricultural, Industrial, and Shipping Statistics shcnld be issued in advance of 
 the Vital Statistics,— there can hardly be u doubt but that the whole work would have 
 been printed before so many yt ars hud elapsed after the Census taking. Ere the third 
 Census-volunii' is circulated, the middle of the next census decade will benotfarofl", and 
 the question will then be, not so much— what of the past? as, what of the future? 
 
 (2.) It may be safe ly asserted, that, had there been a Minister of Commerce in the 
 Dominion Culiinet, when the General Inspection Law was before Parliament in 1873, 
 
 and again in 1874, it would not have hem p.issed with so many glaring defects in it, 
 
 and its liisugreenient in a number of particulars with the spirit of the Weights and 
 Measures Act, would surely hav<' been prevented ; while, us regurds the working of the 
 law, the didiculties experieuc.-d by Boards of Trade in giving effect to some of its pro- 
 visions would have b( en promptly obviated, 
 
 (3.) The Minister of Comniercc would undoubtedly be the proper member'of the 
 Cabinet to be entrusted with the nrrangenieiit of the geth ral provisions and details of 
 uny proposed Treaty or Convention relating to Trade, and wou!<n.e best qualifi.d to deal 
 with m cessary Taritl Changes. 
 
 (4.) Had till re bei n a Minister of Conimiree in the Canadian Caliimt, the anomaly 
 conid not have been allow. d to exi.-t, of thousands upon thousands of uir-loads of 
 various kinds of Produce passing through (.;unada from on- United States poit to an- 
 
i) 
 
 I'lliii, "iiliiiiit 111 1 r liiiidiiini r, — uMli [iiiik tiliouK. nl slim ti^rniNs »\.'is olisi r\ , il iila 
 live to III! n liiinilis'' ims-^inK llrMiiid lln '"iiittd Sfnli s Iriplii <ilii ('.»iii;(li;iii pdit In 
 iilliitlit'i'. 
 
 1 1 111 list, i.f CI nil Si •, III' lidili' id iiiiMi, Unit \%li< ii. at I In linn uf ('. iritVdiiatioti, tin 
 iiiiinli. r III (iil'ilnl Miliisttis v.iis iiii ii jim <I, Ciuiiiila liail tint Millii ii lit liiiiultli (i! 
 t X|pi ririli r iij.i.ii \\|iii|i III 111, »( till a-si;. hliii 111 nt lilltii s In tin lii\v |,i il t-loiids. NdW, 
 
 liowivi r, till' 111 iiiiiiiiih (Jiivrriiiiii lit iiii(..l;i w itii i niiin nt iiiniiiii t.\ and iiilv(iiitai;c rntuli- 
 llsli a l)i'|iiirtliM lit of {'nlilliirri ••, willi a (.'aMin I Miiiistrr j.l il« In ad, aiid aim n -aiiiili;,'' 
 tin: <llitii'.s ami I'liiirtidlis df sin |i utlii r Miiiisti'i',s ol' tin' Cidwn a< uoiild lir atlci ti '< 
 liy tin mlditimi it' an intivi' Mi iiili r to tlm Caliimt. 
 
 Williiiul vinliii in;c til dii^:iiiMtiy,r ii|iiiii « liat mii-'lit ti- Im iiuliidi'd in tlm v nrklrip 
 di'liiils if ,1 liri.ailin. Ill III' Ciiiiiiin II f, niniiiif,' t|ji|ji>t lliiii;.'?. to In- atlriidi li to slioiild 
 l»n :— 
 
 'I'lm iiiiikinn ul' anali;;i iinnls (nr inll. < tiiij,' s_v-tniiiiilirally lull sliilivtirs n latillK t'l 
 till' |iriidiiils ol' llic Doiiiiiiiiiii Fisin rits 
 
 'I'll.' |iiililiialiiiii (if ,1 iiiiiiitlily slati im-iit uf ini|iiirts and »xjioits, for cacli I'rovinci' — 
 witli ,1 siiiiiin.iiy fill ilin Doiniiiion — Kjiii ifviii^' «liitial)lr and tVcn goods, fit; — ;;ivin,n 
 iinanttlttH as well as vn/ni-^ 
 
 Siitniiiniii »iif l''oii i.niit'nminrii ial Stulislir^, !ini! uf T'oiii^;!! Taiir's slioiilll lit- |nir 
 lislnd finiii tiiiin to tiinr. 
 
 'I'll! ri K.lioiild 111 a lirnisli I Ki |it ol ju ii , s of tl.i \arii)iis Kinds of I'lmuK r, .Vr , in ilic 
 |ii'iiiri|iiil niarUi ts of tlir Doininloii. 
 
 Stiiti'incnts slioiild !"• piiMisljiil [n lindii ally slioviiij- ttir tonrsi and iiin;;nituile 
 of tlif iriirnii;! < i niiinri' of tin Di'iiiiiiiiii — its imturr, ixtciif, and valin — and its 
 rnlatioiis to foil ij,;ii coiinlrii s. 
 
 Till tiii/itr of till yW'/y/,,' (iiri'iid liy laihvays, st> aiiilioats. Ac. 
 'I'lii' (iiiiilal iiprisi'iiti (I ly railways, sliaiiilioiiis, An, fcf. 
 'I'lir rainiiiLjs of railways, stranilmalH, Sli\ 
 
 N' TK. I 111! line/' Hit.' IT ri'iiiiadi 11 ,if liiiL' '■• Fr;iii t iiii 1 (irrinaiiy i> a' rid^i'il fn iv. spi'C a| Oiini 
 mniiiiMliiiii- Kci'ivrd rrniii I'.iris ami I r in. wliii-li iniil;iiii iiimIi.v i llii" intcrotiiiir il'tail." nn ttiis 
 iidijo>'l.