IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ &^^ ^ ^ ^ ^/ V' s * > >' ^^ ^ ^ o/^^ 1.0 ^U2 Ui ^S ■» m 12.2 I. Hiotograidiic Sdmces CQjporation wmm. H 23 WIST MAM STMiT WIISm,N.Y. 14StO (716) •72-4503 i i '■* CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVl/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Hisfirical tMicroraproduotioni / institut Canadian da nrticroraproductions historiquas : Tachnical and Bibliographic NotM/NotM tachniquM at bibiiographiquM Tha inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat originai copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantiy changa - tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chadcad balow. D D D D D n D D D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagAa Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvarture raataurte at/ou palliculte Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua CcSourad mapa/ Cartaa gtegraphiquas an coulaur Colourad inic (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) ColourfMi plataa and/or iiluatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rail* avac d'autt'aa documanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along intarior margin/ La ra iiura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortion la long da la marga IntArieura Bitink laavaa addrd during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. tha«a havn baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa bianchaa ajout^aa lora d'una raatauration appvralaaant dana la taxta, mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibla, caa pagaa n'ont paa 4t4 filmtea. Additional commanta:/ Commantalraa aupplAmantairaa; L'Inaiitut a microfilm* la malllaur axamplaira qu'ii lui a At* poaaibla da aa procurar. Laa dAtaiia da cat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du point da vua bibllographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga rap'oduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mAthoda normala da filmaga aont indiqute ci-daaaoua. D D n D S D D D D Cclourad pagaa/ Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagtea Pagaa raatorad snd/or laminatad/ Pagaa raataurtea at/ou palllcuiAaa Pagaa diacolourad, atalnad or foxad/ Pagaa dicoloriaa, tachatAaa ou piquAaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa dAtachtea Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Quality of print variaa/ QuaiitA InAgala da I'impraaaion Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ Comprand du material auppl6mantaira Only adition avaiiabia/ Saula Mition diaponibia Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata wiipa, tiaauaa, crte., hava baan rafilmaid to anaura tha baat poaaibla Imaga/ Laa pagae totalamant ou partiailamant obaourclaa par un fauillat d'arrata, una palura, ate, ont ink fllmtea i nouvaau ^m fa^on A obtanir la maillaura imaga poaaibla. Thia itam la fllmad at tha raductlon ratio chackad balow/ Ca do«umant mtfi fllmi au taux da rMuctton indiqu* ei-daaaoua. 1CX 14X 18X 22X 26X aox J 12X 16X aox « a4x aix 32X T s di ar b< rif ra Th« oopy f;im«d h«r* hut been r«produe«d thanks to thtt g«n«iro«ity of: Harold CampMI Vwtflitn MMitorial Library Aoadia Unhranity L'oxomplairo film* fut roprodult grAeo i la OAnArotM do: Harold Campbail Vautfhan Mamorial Library Acadia Univaraity Tho imagoa appoaring haro ara tha boat quality posslbia considoring tho condition and iaglbility of tha original eopy and In kaaping with tha filming contract apacifications. Las Imagas sulvantaa ont it* raproduitas avac la plus grand soln, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattati da i'axamplaira film*, at an conformiti avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iilustratad impras- sion, or tha back covar whSti approprlata. Ail othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or Iilustratad Impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iilustratad imprassion. Las axamplalras orlginaux dont la couvartura 99% papiar ast imprimis sont fiimAs an eommanpant par la pramicr plat at an tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou d'liiustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplalras orlginaux sont fllmis an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraasion ou d'iliustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol -^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavai' appiias. Un das symboias suivants apparaftra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microflcha, salon la cas: la symbols -^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols V signifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antlraiy inciudatf in ona axposura ara filmed baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, isft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquired. Tha following diagrams iilustrata tha mathod: Las cartas, planchas, tableaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmis A das taux da reduction diffirar^ts. Lorsqua la document eat trop grand paur Atra reproduit en un soul clichi, 11 est f ilmi i partir da I'angle supirieur gauche, do gauche A droite. et do haut en bas. en prenant la nombre d'Imagas nicessaire. Las diagrammas suh/ants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 HEALTH READER, No. i. *^^>^ ^■S- ^' -^ -It £. ^^j ^ «« A - --„.,. .>.'•-"=' 'VV ] vv PROGRESSIVE SCHOOL SERIES. Health Reader, No. 1 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, ETC., UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM. ^^^^>^^(E HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA: T. C. ALLEN & COMPANY. ■^,1-..,^' .: ..' K„te.d --ding to Aet of the Parliament of Canada, in the year 1893. oy 1. U. Allen & Co., in the Department of Agriculture (Copyright Branch). A^^ ^>r i^y; PREFACE v;J-'?-2__c--s. >^^^f^ IN order to carry out the will of the Legislature as expressed in the two Acts of 1892, which are published herewith, it was necessary to provide promptly for use in our public schools, text books as accurate as possible in statement, simple m style, and at a reason- able price. For the High Schools a book was soon found and prescribed. For the Common Schools, Nos. I and II of the Pathfinder Series approached the con- ditions required very closely in many respects. A revision of these latter, with adaptations to Canadian statistics, was made by a committee consisting of Dr. A. P. Reid, President of the Halifax Medical College, and Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene ; Dr. A. W. H. Lindsay, Reg. and Sec. of the Provincial Medical Board of Nova Scotia, and Professor of Anat- omy in the Halifax Medical College ; Hibbert Wood- bury, D.D.S. ; Alexander McKay, Esq., Supervisor of the X V U E F A C E . Public Scliools of Halifax City ; and Dr. MacKay^ Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia. The Council of Public Instruction thereupon prescribed this Text Book for the use of pupils in the Common Schools. Before the young pupils are able to read^ oral instruction based on the text is prescribed to be given. With the increasing inducements for teacher* to attend the Normal School, the value of this oral instruction throughout the Province, it is hoped, will gradually become more and more effective. Always, however, the use of this text as a reader, as enjoined by the Act, will subserve more than one useful end in the hands of the pupils. The following Acts of the Provincial Legislature of Nova Scotia are more immediately responsible for the publication of this book in its present form : AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE "MORE THOROUGH STUDY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE EFFECTS OF ALCO- HOLIC DRINKS ON THE HUMAN SYSTEM." (Passsed the 30th day of April, 1892.) Be it enacted by the Governor, Council, and Assembly^ as follows : 1. Appropriate instruction shall be given regularly in the public schools as to the nature of alcoholic drinks, and narcotics, including tobacco, and special instruction as to their effect upon the human system in connection with the several divisions of the subjects of relative physiology and hygiene. Such instruction regarding physi- PREFACE. XI ©logical and Iiy; or ohewin;; tol>acco, or snurt", or liny other form or preparation of tohacco or opium for smoking, or shall supply to any person unrler ftixteen years of age any such cigars, cigarettes, or other form or preparation of tobacco, or opium for smoking or chewing, on the promise of any money or other valuable consitleration, shall, on conviction thereof, upon information under oath in a summary way, before any two justices of the peace or a stipendiary magistrate, b(; liable to a lino not greater than the sum of twenty dollars for each ofl'ence under this section, and in case of fine or a fine and costs being awarded and of tl same not being upon conviction forthwith paid, the justice may 30Uimit the offender to the common gaol, there to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding tliirty days, un- less the fine and costs are sooner paid. 3. Any person under sixteen years of age who has in his possession, or smokes, or in any way uses, cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco in any form, shall, upon summary con- viction therefor before a justice of the peace or a stipen. diary magistrate, be subject to a penalty of not more than five dollars for every ofTence, or to imprisonment in the common gaol for any period not exceeding seven days, and in case of a fine being awarded, if the same is not upon conviction forthwith paid, the justice may commit the ofiender to the common gaol, there to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding seiven days, unless the fine is sooner paid. ^ f CHAPTER. p^^^ Title-page >j Preface q Contents 25 I. — Joints and Bones 17 II. — Muscles 26 III. — Nerves oi IV.— What IS Alcohol? 41 V. — Beer ^y VI. — Distilling 51 VII. — Alcohol g^ VIII. — Tobacco 5g IX. — Opium gg X. — What are Organs? 61 XL — What Does the Body Need for Food? QQ XII. — How Food Becomes Part of the Body 76 XVI CONTENTS. CHAl'TKR PAOH. Xirf.— Stren(;ti[ SI XIV.— TiiK Heart 87 XV.— The Lrxfjs 90 XVI.— The Skin 95 XVII.— The Senses 100 XVIIL— Heat and Cold 105 XIX.— Wasted Money Ill CHAPTER I. JOINTS AND BONES. c>=^ ^ITTLE girls like a jointed doll to play with, ^ because they can bend such a doll in eight or Jointed doll8. ten places, make it stand or sit, or can even play that it is walking. 18 JOINTS AND BONES. II tl As yon study j'our own bodies to-day, you will find timt you each have better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop. HINGE-JOINTS. Some of your joints work like the hinges of a door, and these are called hinge-joints. You can find them in your elbows, knees, fingers^ and toes. How many hinge-joints can you Und ? Think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes oft" his hat and makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. How many hinges do j'ou use in rurming up-stairs,. opening the door, buttoning yovir coat or your boots^ playing Vmll, or digging in your garden ? You see that we use these hin BON ES. 21 Of what are the bones made ? Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a chicken. Put one of them into the fire, when it is not very hot, and leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak hydrochloric (hy'-dro-klor'-Tk) acid. This acid can be bought of any druggist. Bone tied in a knot. You will have to be careful in taking: the bone out of the fire, for it is all ready to break. If you strike it a quick blow, it will crumble to pieces. This brittle matter is mostly a phosphate of lime. The acid has taken the lime from the other bone, so only the part which is not lime is left. You will 22 .1 () I N TS AN I) BON SS if be surprisetl to see how easily it will bend. You can twist it and tie it into a knot ; but it will not easily break. You have seen gristle in meat. This soft part of the bone is gristle. Children's bones have more gristle than those of older people ; so children's bones bend easily, and thus ma}' become deformed. CARE OP THE SPINE. Because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them, it bends easily, and children sometimes bend it more than they ought. If you lean over your book or your writing or an}'^ other woi*k, the elastic cushions may get so pres- sed on the inner edge that they do not easily spring back into shape. In this way, you may grow round- shouldered or hump-backed. Tills bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all the room they need for breath- ing. While 3'ou are young, your bones are easily bent. One shoulder or one hip may become higher than the other, if you stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you may grow crooked before you know it. ■ Now that you know how soft your bones are, and how easily they bend, you will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not keep your legs, or OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 23 arms, or shoulders, in bail positions; for you want to grow into straij:;ht and graceful men and women, instead of being round-shouldered, or hump-backed, or lame, all your lives. When people are old, their bones contain more lime and therefore break more easily. You should be kindly helnful to old people, so that they may not fall, and possibly break their bones. CAR'S OP THE FEET. Healthy children are always- out-growing their shoes, and sometimes faster than they wear them out. Tight shoes cause corns and in-growing nails, and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot. OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBBACO? Perhaps some boy will say : " Grown people are always telling us, 'this will do for men, but it is not good for boys.' " Tobacco is not good for men ; but there is a very good reason why it is worse for boys. If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into the stone-work of the cellar, something that would make it less strong ? Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, the walls or the chimneys, 24 JOIN T S A N D IM3 N E S . r' that would make them weak and totterino;, instead of strong and steady ? It would he had enough if you should repair your house witli poor materials; but surely it must be built in the Hrst place with the best you can get. You will soon learn that boys and girls are build- ing their bodies, day after day, until at last they reach full size. Afterwards, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than need be. Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses to- bacco while he is growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. Boys who smoke can not become such large, fine- looking men as they would if they did not smoke. Cigarettes are small, but they are poisonous. Chew- ing tobacco is a worse and more filthy habit even than smoking. The frequent spitting it causes' is dis- gusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer. Tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, hurts the mind, and injures in every waj' the boy or girl who uses it. Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and have so OUGHT A HOY To USE TOBA(^CO? 25 fine a body and mind when he is twenty-ono yearn old as he would have had if he had never used to- bacco. If you want to be strong and well men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What two kinds of joints have you? 2. Describe each kind. 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. 4. How are the joints kept moist '! ry. How many bones are there in youi- whole l>ody ? H. Count the liones in your han IS ALCOHOL GOOD FOR THE NERVES AND THE BRAIN? Think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you ! You ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order. Any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong ; but a poison to hurt, and at last to kill. It injures the brain and nerves so that they can hot work well, and send their messages properly. That is why a drunken person does not know what he is about. Newspapers often tell ns about people setting houses on fire ; about men who forgot to turn the switch, and so wrecked a railroad train ; about men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars. Often these stories end with : "The person had been drinking." .When the nerves are put to sleep by alcohol, people become careless and do not do their work faithfully; sometimes, they can not even tell the difference between a railroad track and a place of safety. The brain receives no message, or the wrong one, and the person does not know what he is doing. TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. 37 You may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible things. Tl "it is true. A little alcohol is not so bail as a great deal. But even a little may make the head ache, and hurts the brain and nerves. A body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner. There are people who are not drunk- ards, but who often drink a little liquor. By this means, they slowly poison their bodies. When sickness comes upon them, they are less able to bear it, and less likely to get well again, than those who have never injured their bodies with alcohol. When a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital, one of the first questions asked him by the doctor is: "Do you drink?" If he answers " Yes 1 " the next questions are, " What do you drink ? " and " How much ? " Correct answers to these questions, would show the doctor what chance the man has of getting well. A man who never drinks liquor may get well, where a drinking man would surely die. TOBACCO AND THE NERVES. Why does any one wish to use tobacco ? Because many men say that it helps them, and makes them feel better. Shall I tell you how it makes them feel better ? 38 NERVES. If a man is tired, or in trouble, tobacco will not really rest him or help him out of his trouble. It only quiets his nervos and helps him think that ho is not tired, and that he does not need to overcome his troubles, and helps him to be contented with what ouojht not to content him. A boy who smokes or chews tobacco, is not so fjood a scholar as if he did not use the poison. He can not remember his lessons so well. Usually, too, he is not so polite, nor so good a boy as he otherwise would be. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. How do the muscles know when to move? 2. What part of you is it that thinks? 3. What are the nerves ? 4. Where is the spinal coid ? 6. Wliat message goes to the brair when you put your finger on a hot stove ? 6. What message comes back from the brain to the finger? 7. What is meant by "As quick as thought"? 8. Name some of the muscles which work without needing our thought. 9. What keeps them at work? 10. Why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused? 11. Why could you not feel, if you had no nerves? 12. State some ways in which the nerves give us pain. 13. State some ways in which they give us pleasure. 14. What part of us has the most work to do? 15. How must we keep the brain strong and well? 16. What does alcohol do to the nerves and brain? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 80 (I 17. Why (IfMJB not a drunken man know what he is about? 18. What oauBCS most of the accidents we read of? 19. W^hy could not the man who had been drinking toll the dif- ference ])etween a railroa«i track and a place of safety? 20. How does the freciuent drinking of a little liquor affect the body ? 21. How does sickness affect people who often drink these liquors? 22. When a man is taken to the hospital, what (questions does the 4 CANDY. Most children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on suirar. We would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it were not for the poison with which it is often colored. Even what is called pure, white candy is some- times not really such. There is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves. If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of watCi', it will dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of water; and, if it is made of pure sugar on\j, it will dis- solve and disappear. If it is not, you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white earth. This is not good food for anybody. Candj'-makers often put it into candy in place of sugar, because it is cheaper than sugar. I t REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. 2. 3. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Why etter, ami we feel stronfjcr, for ujoinj]: without the rum." STRENGTH OP MIND. We have been talking about the strength of mus- cles ; but the very best kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves, so that they cin not carry their messages l.i 86 STRENGTU. I correctly. Then the brain can not tliink well. Alco- hol does not stren^^then the mint). Some people have little or no money, and no houses or lands; but every person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for hiin, and make him useful and happy. Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-ti-ained to work, and a clear, thinking*- brain to be master of tlie whole. \V-,.uld you be willing to change places with a man who.-^e body and }}}'}J}^ Ji^iW8 that alcohol does not help Bailors do tlieir work. 8. What is the bewt kind of strength to have? 0. How does alcohol affect the strength of the mind ? * CHAPTER XIV. THE HEART. rrPHE licart is in the chest, tlie upper part of the \yt). strong box which the ribs, spine, shoulder- blades, and collar-bones make for each of us. It is made of very thick, strong muscles, as you can see by looking at a beef's heart, which is much like a man's, but larger. HOW THE HEART WORKS. Probably some of you have seen a tire-engine throwing a stream of water through a hose upon a burning braiding. As the engine forces the water through the hose, so the heart, by the working of its stron^r muscles, pumps the blood through tubes, shaped like hose, which lead by tliousands of little branches all through the bodv. These tubes are called arteries (ar' ter iz). Those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart, are called veins (vanz). You can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist. ■ 88 THE HEART. If you press your finf^or upon an artery in your wrist, 3^ou can feel the steady beating of tlic pulse. This tells just how fast the heart is pumping and the blood flowinix. The doctor feels your pulse when you are sick, to find out whether the heart is working too fast, or too slowly, or just right. Some way is needed to send the fluid that is made from the food we eat and drink, to every part of the body. To send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every part. So, when the stomach has prepared the food, the blood takes it up and carries it to every part of the body. It then leaves with each part, just what it needs. THE BLOOD AND THE BRAIN. As the brain has so much work to attend to, it must have very pure, good blood sent to it, to keep it strong. Good blood is made from good food. It can not be good if it has been poisoned with al- cohol or tobacco. We must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood. If we take alcohol into our blood, much of it goes to the brain. There it affects the nerves, and makes a man lose control over his actions. DOES ALCOHOL DO A N V H A II M ? Sf> EXERCISE. Wlioii you run, you can feel your hawt beat- inf'. It irets an insfcant of rest between tlio Ijeats. Good exercise in tlie fresh air makes thi; lieart work well and warms the body better than a tire could do. DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART? Your heart is made of muscle. You know wdiat harm alcohol does to the muscles. Could a heart whose nuiscle is partly chan<^ed into fat work as well as a good muscular h(>art ? No more than a fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alcoliol make.'; the heart beat too fast, and so it gets too tired. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Where is the heart placed? 2. Of wliat is it made ? 3. What work does it do? 4. Wliat are arteries and veins ? 5. What does the pulse tell us? 6. How does the food we eat reach all pails of the .)ody? 7. How does alcohol in the hlood affect the biain ? 8. When does the heart rest ? 9. How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart ? 10. What harm does alcohol do to tlie heart? J. I CHAPTER XV. THE LUNGS. 'T^HE blood flows all through the body, carrying u-fl, g(jod food to every part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter that can no longer be used. By the time it is ready to be sent back by the veins, the blood is no longer pure and red. It is dull and bluish in color, be- cause it is full of impurities. If you look at the veins in your wrist, you will see that they look blue. If all tliis bad blood goes back to the heart, w^ill the heart have to pump out bad blood next time ? No, for the heai-t has neighbors very near at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure., red blood again. THE LUNGS. These neighbors are the lungs. They are in the chest on each side of the heart. When you breathe, their little air-cells swell out or expand, to take in the air. Then they contract again, and the air • f T HE LI' N (J S 91 pasHes out* tlii'ouf;]! ycnir inoutli or nose. The lun;^.s must have plenty of fresli air, and plenty of room to work in. If your clothes are too tii^'ht and the luncfs do not have room to expand, they can not take in so much air as thev should. Then the Mood can The luiiijs, heart, aiid a ir pii.'i.s(((/i:.'i. not bo made pure enough and the whole \xn\y will suffer. For every good V»reath of fresh' air the lungs take in, they send out one of inipuie aii'. In this vva3% hy taking out what is bad, they prepare tl^e blood to go back to the heart pure INH 92 THE LUNGS. II and red, Jind to be pumped out through the body again. How the lungs can use tlie fresli air for doing this good work, 3'ou can not yet understand. By and by, when you are older, you will learn more about it. CARE OF THE LUNGS. Do tlie luniks ever rest ? You never stop breathing, not even in the night. But if you watch your own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the lungs are ver}' steady workers, both by night and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and plenty of room to work in. You may say: "We can't give them more room than they have. They are shut up in our chests." I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their aings did not have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as Ood intended, and your life will be shortened. If some one was sewing for you, you would not- think of shutting her up in a little place where she could not move her hands freely. The bings are r HE A 1 u . !)3 breatbinir f<>»* yf>", tii^^l "*'^'^1 room < )i()ii<,'li to do tlicir work. THE AIR. • The lunnr.s ])reHUio out tliu vvasto inattor that they liave taken from the blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we sliould close all the door.s and windows, and the fire-place or opening into the chimney, and leave not even n crack by which the fresli air could come in, we would die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. Impure air will poison yon. You should not breathe it. If your head aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from V)eing in a close room, a run in the fresh' air will make you feel better. The good, pure air makes your blood pure ; and the blood then Hows (juickly thiough your wliole body and refreslies every part. We nnist be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our bodies so much need. It is better to breathe through the nose than throuo-h the mouth. You can soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when w^alking or running If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through 94 T HE LUNGS. the noso, thv, little liairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities that aro floatin^if in the air, and so save their going to tho lungs. You will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth sliut. DOEP ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? The little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate walls. Every time we breathe, these walls have to move. The muscles of the chest must also move, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you breathe. All this muscular work, as well as that of tho stomach and heart, is directed by the nerves. You have learned already what alcohol will do to ' muscles and nerves, so you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is alcohol a help to them ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. Besides can-ying food all over the body, what other work doea the blood do ''. Why does the blood in the veins look blue ? Where is the blood made i)ure and red again ? Where is it sent from the lungs ? W^hat must the lungs have in order to do this work ? When do the lungs rest ? Why should we not wear tight clothes? How does the air in a room l)ecome spoiled ? 9. How can we keep it fresh and pure ? 10. How should we breathe? 11. Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth ? 12. Why is alcohol not good for the lungs? 1. 2. 3. 4. o. 6. 7. 8. CHAPTER XVI. THE SKIN. tHERE is anotlior part of your body parrying V. .. away waste matter all the time— it i.s th<' skin. The body is covered with skin. It is lined on the inside with a more delicate kind of skin. Von can see where the outside skin and the lining skin meet at your lips. There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off' without hurting ourselves; but I advise you not to do so. Because under the outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of little nerves that it will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from liarm. In hot weather, or when any one has been work- incy or playing hard, the face, and sometimes the whole body, is covered with little drops of water. We call these drops perspiration (per spi ra' shiin). Where does it com*' from? It comes through IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1 1.25 |4S ^^^ BiBI ^ 1^ 12.2 St U£ 12.0 6" V ^ Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WMT MAIN STRHI WIUTIR,N.Y. 149M (716) •72-4503 •S^v ^^<^ :^n^ ' i HSSi OG T H ^ SKIN. many tiny holes in the skin called pores (porz). Every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is carrying oft' waste matter and water from your body. It* you could piece together all these little perspira- tion tubes that are in the skin of one person, they would make a line more than tliree miles lonjTf. Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, because there is not enough of it to form drops. But it is always coming out throuu^h your skin, both in winter and sunnner. Your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out matter carried off in this way, as well as in other Perspiratory tube. \VayS. THE NAILS. The nails grow from the skin. The finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would be badly off without such .shields. No one likes to see nails that have been bitten. CARE OF THE SKIN 97 CARE OF THE SKIN. Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up tlie little openings of the tubes. It should be washed otf with soap and water. When children have been playing out-of-doors, they often have very dirty hards and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter that comes from the inside of the hoily is just as hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You do not see it so plainly, because it comes out very little at a time. Wash it otf well, and j'our skin will be fresh and health v, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you would die. Do not keep on jouv rubber boots or shoes all through school-time. Rubber will not let the perspira- tion pass off, so the little pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. When 3'ou are out in the fresh air, you are giv- 9S THE SKIN. , i: ■ f- ing the other parts of your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the rubbers off. Now that you know what the skin is doing all the time, you will understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little worn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes are taken off at night, they should be so spread out, that they will air well before morning. Never wear any of the clothes through the night that you have worn during the day. Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window, and then hang it where the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you will have sweeter sleep at night. You are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed, before leaving j'our rooms in the morning. In this way, the bed and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough for this. WORK OP THE BODY. You have now learned about foui- important kinds of work : — 1st. The stomach prepares the food for the blood* WORK O F T H E B O I) V 99 2nd. The blood is pumped out of the licart to cany food to every part of tlie body, and to take away worn-out matter. 8rd. The lungs use fresh air in making the dark, impure blood, bright and pure again. 4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration tubes. All this work goes on, da}" and night, without our needinjj to think about it at all ; for messatTes are sent to the muscles by the nei-ves which keep them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What covers the body? 2. What Imes the body? 3. Where are the nerves of the skin ? 4. What is perspiration ? What is the eonuuan name for it ? 5. What are the pores of the skin ? 6. How does the perspiration help to keep you well ? 7. Of what use are the nails ? 8. How should they be kept ? 9. What care should be taken of the skin ? 10. Why should you not wear rubber boots or overshoes in the house ? 11. Why should you change underclothing niglit and morning? 12. Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning ? 13. What should be done with the V)ed-clothes ? Why ? 14. Name the fou;' kinds of work about which you have learned ? 15. How are the organs of the body kept at work ? .1 CHAPTER XVII. 'I' THE SENSES. ^^iTE have five ways of learning about all things around us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. Sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing are called the five senses. You already know something about them, for you are using them all the time. In this lesson, j^ou will learn a little more about seeino" and hearino-. It :' i THE EYES. In the middle of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, the muscle re- laxes, and the pupil opens wide to let in more light. The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all the light they can get, to see if there are any mice about. CA«E OF THE EYES. 101 The pupil of the eye opens into a little, round room filled with a clear fluid, where the nerve of sight is. This is a safe place for this delicate nerve, which can not bear too much light. It carries to the brain an account of every thing we see. We might say the -■ .'"-. 6ye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that the nerve of / sight is describing these The eyelashes anrf, the tear glands. pictureS to the brain. CARE OP THE EYES. The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While writing, j-ou should sit so that the light will come from the left side ; then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. One or two true stories may help you to remem- ber that yovL must take good care of your eyes. The nerve of sijxbt can not bear too brisfht a light. It asks to have the pupil made small, and even the eyelid curtains put down, when the light is too strong. 102 THE SENSES. Ji I' Once, there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates : " Let us see which of us can look straight at the sun for the lonjicest time." Then they foolishly beojan to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp pain, and begged oO have the pupils made as small as possible and the eyelid curtains put down. But the foolish boys said " No." They were try- ing to see which would bear it the lonorest. Great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of both these bovs. In this case the one who looked 'longest at the sun died. The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to imitate a school-mate who was cross-eyed. He turned them ; but he could not turn them back again. Although he is now a gentleman more than fifty years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors have never been able to set them quite right. You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your eyes too much "light. But you must also be sure to give them light enough. When one tries to read in the twilight, the little nerve of sight says : " Give me more light ; I am hurt, by trying to sec in the dark." If you should kill these delicate nerves, no others would ever grow in place of them, and you would never be able to see again CARE OF THE EARS. 103 THE EARS. What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to catcli the sounds and help pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper in the head, where the nerve of hearing is wait- ingr to send an account of each sound to the brain. o CARE OF THE EARS. The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the 'drum." That is a very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in washing your ears. You should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. I must tell you a short ear story, about my father, vvhen he was a small boy. One