"^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h A / / A *J^ >> ^ ^ f/. 1.0 I.I I^IM |2.5 |50 "^ i^ Ui 1^ ||2.2 1^ l£ 12.0 IL25 ■ 1.4 1.6 /i ^>>' ^ A V /^ ^ « :\ .^v \ ^^ ••<» CIHM/ICMH Microfiche CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm6 le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains difauts susceptibles de nuire A la quality de la reproduction sont notfo ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce d la g6n6rosit6 de i'^tablissement prAteur suivant : , La bIbliothAque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de I'angle supArieure gauche, de gauche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthoda : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 L Pl^lflQE ^DU//\I^D ISC/^flD ^ -^ m^ "garden 9rmnee cf ^Canada •^r- -•— < — )»» ITS HISTORY, INTERESTS, AND RESOURCES, — WITH — INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS, ETC. W. H. CROSSKILI. OFFICIAL COURT STENOGRAPHER AND LEGISLATIVE LIBRARIAN Published by the Provincial Government CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND MURLEY & (lARNHUM, StEAM PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS 1899 QUEEN SQUARE GARDENS \ ( 'PRETTY * * SUBJECTS FOR THE CAMERA AT EVERY TURN," ■*i;:-- -•• "GOOD WAGGON ROADS ARE EVERYWHERE FOUND." .' I ■ cl Ml > C t c CONTENTS. Geographical Situation Historical Sketch Some General Characteristics Geology Climate - - . Meteorological Table - Scenery ... Its Population The Indians of P. E. Island How P. E. Island is Governed The Provincial Government Receipts and Expenditures Taxation Land Tax Income Tax Speakers, House of Assembly Speakers, Legislative Assembly Presidents, Legislative Council Provincial Premiers Attorneys General The Judiciary Chief Justices PAQB I 6 6 7 8 9 11 13 H 14 i6 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 tl VI CONTENTS :l Federal Representation The Militia - List of Governors General Assemblies P. E. Island's Educational System The Teaching Staff Educational Statistics Colleges, etc. Scholarships, etc. - The Resources of the Garden Province The Flora and Fauna of P. E. Island Agriculture in the Garden Province Its Importance Agricultural Products - As a Stock-raising Country - Cattle Horses - - . . Sheep Swine - . - . . Fruit Growing The Dairy Industry Cheese Factories Creameries - . . Cheese - - - Butter - - ... Indian Corn - Exhibitions P. E. Island Farm Methods Farming Weather Legislation affecting Agriculture - Drainage, Dyking, etc. i t 21 31 22 23 25 26 26-27 28 29 30 32 33 33 36 38 38 39 39 39 40 4» 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 47 CONTENTS VII Its Fisheries - - - Commerce and Shipping Foreign Exports Imports - - . P. E. Island's Markets Tonnage Statistics Its City and Towns - Land and Water Routes, &c. The Island's Financial Institutions Merchants and Manufactures Industrial Establishments ArrRACTioNS for the Tourist and Sportsman Fish and Game Fishing and Game Laws - ' - Game Protection Prince Edward Island's Future Agriculturally As a Field for the Farmer Emigrant Improved Winter Communication As a Summer-resort A Final Chapter — Hotels, etc. Summer Hotels - ist of Hotels Routes, etc. Map of P. E. Island 47 48 49 49 49 50 52 6r 65 65 66 68 70 70 70 7' 71 72 72 72 75 77 77 79 mmt\ GARDEN PROVINCE OF CANADA " 0, it's a snug little island! A right little, tight little island! "—Dibdin T. 30 miles. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION N the great Bay of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and separated from the Continent by the North- umberland Strait lies the beautiful Province of Prince Edward Island. It is situated between 46' and 47' 7' North Latitude and 62° and 64° 27' West Longitude, and is distant from New Brunswick at the nearest point 9 miles, from Nova Scotia 15 miles, and from Cape Breton rhe Island presents the form of an irregular crescent I I ii I — 2 — concaved towards ihe North, is 130 miles long, and from 2 to 34 miles wide, and contains an area of 2,133 square miles or 1,365,120 acres. HISTORICAL SKETCH Wrapped up in the mists of the cloudy past, the exact date of the discovery of Prince Edward Island is a matter of conjecture. A commonly accepted belief is that it was first sighted by John Cabot in 1497, who named it Saint John in honor of the day, June 24th, the anniversary of the death of Saint John the Baptist. Many writers contend that it was dis- covered by Cabot's son Sebastian in 1498, while other author- ities state that to Champlain is to be accorded the honor of naming the Island and of planting thereon the Fletir-de-Us. Unfortunately no details of the early voyages have been pre- served, and it is doubtful what navigator first viewed this Island. The history of the Island of St. John may be divided into two distinct periods, namely, from its discovery until it passed into the hands of the British in 1763; and from that time to the present. The Island long remained in its primeval state. Neglected by the English Government, the French appropriated it as part of the discoveries made by Verrazzani, a native of Florence, in 1523. In 1534, Jacques Cartier, the intrepid mariner of St. Malo, made his first voyage to the new world. He first trod Canadian soil at Brest in Esquimaux Bay; thence touching at Newfoundland and the Magdalen Islands, he after- wards reached St. John's shore. There are extant several quaint descriptions of the country as he saw it, and from one, the "Relation Originale," we quote as follows: — "All this land is low and the most beautiful it is possible to see, and full of beautiful trees and meadows; but in it we were not able to find a harbor, because it is a low land, very shallow and all ranged with sands. We went ashore in several places in our boats, and among others into a beautiful but very shallow river, where we saw boats of savages, which were crossing this river, which, on this account, we named the Kiver of Boats. That day we coasted along the said land nine or ten leagues, trying to find some harbor, which we could not ; for as I have said before, it is a land low and shallow. We went ashore in four places to see the trees, which — 3— are of the very finest and sweet smelling, and found that they were cedars, pines, white elms, ashes, willows, and many others to us unknown. The lands where there are no woods are very beautiful, and all full of peason, white and red gooseberries, strawberries, blackberries, and wild grain like rye ; it seems there to have been sown and ploughed. This is a land of the best temperature which it is possible \o see, and of great heat, ani It n n II M M M »r M II II II II II II II II 300 i»ooo i»4oo 3.000 9.676 24.600 28 600 23,266 32,292 47,034 55.000 94,02 1 108,891 109,078 THE INDIANS OF p E ,^ ^ HP r .. IS1.AND I ^^ 'ndians are of fh^ n* 79 women, and .4, ch»dr7 "■" '"'^ «' ■"«". i." '«7' ".ey numb ted '/ri;. !""" "' 303. There are „vo Reserves ^n- '" '*''• »S'- Lennox Island, ,„ r-.Th"^ " '"""'^^ °" '.320 acres. The „, '"^""'"<* Bay and contains serve ic - . '"gs Counlv. Or. .1, . "^^". Lot 40 " "^ ™^""'^- Of .his banV re '«:"■ '"" " «- church ' ^""""n Catholic. These — 13— Indians are quiet and inoffensive and for the most part temperate. Their principal occupations are farming, fishing and the manufacture of Indian wares. They had in 1897, 130 acres of land cultivated, 9 acres of newly broken land, and 120 farming implements. They raised 78 horses, cattle, sheep, etc., 1,151 bushels of grain, 695 bushels of potatoes and roots, 78 tons of hay. The value of Fish, Furs and other industries amounted to $9,545. The present Chief is John Sark. re Chief John Sark m ii m ■' ( THE P«ovmc,A. GOVBHNMHKT N addition to the Central r„ ^-sts in Pnnee fid„ardlkn;i""""L " °"'»'^' "-e- ° 'he Dominion, a Loca, r . • , '" "'^ °"'*^'- ^'"^inces all matters of Pr^vinci.! '^^^"'^'^"'^ for the control f IS vested in the I i., ,""''"'' "nportance, Thi, f .1,. I- J Lieutenant Governs. , mis Oovtrnment 'he Federal Administration a„d I """'"'''' '°^ 5 y-'-'s by annum, an Executive Councif "f """^ '^ «^°°° Per ■n the Legislature and who a i ' """"^'' "^o have seaL Legislative Assembly ellted VX°'""^'° "' --• - ---. .^ 1.60. „i., ,„ aLteriiCsf"--' The Executive Counril ic Attorney General, Provincial Secret's i-„ t -secretary -Treasurer anrf n Crown and Public Lands C'-mn-'ssioner „f f^r^ioner of Public Works Prior r ""'"''''' "^"•o- Ponfolio. one called ;: tgLt-e" CorcVr^ ^^ '^^ '-^«■•''-- holders and the other the House of A '''?"""8 '^e property Council consisted of ,, "° l ' Assembly. The l.e.isla,iv! constituencies. The Ho'u se ^ A " 1?'^'^ '""' oerta,: 1 1" Counc, lors were elected by voZ wh '' ''"^ '"^^''^'^'-e ^asehold property to the value of I ^"""^'^ '^^^''o^ or House of Assembly were eiec ed''^' ""'' """"'"^'^ of the suffrage. «'«'ed practically by manhood The present Legislative Assemt,. • amalgamation of these two Hou ^ t I" ""= ^""'> "f the " consists Of 3o Member-" Coun"c.r '°°' ^'^^ ■" '^9S '5 Councillors elected (,y one set -15— of electors, and 15 Assemblymen elected by two sets of electors, two of each being returned by the 15 districts into which the Island is divided. These sit side by side and have exactly the same powers. The protection supposed to be given to property holders by the Legislative Council still exists. There is no property qualification for either Councillors or Assemblymen, for the electors of Councilloii the qualifications are British citizenship, full age of 21 years or upwards, and the ownership of property to the value of $325. The qualifications for the electors of Assemblymen in addition to citizenship and full age, are ownership or occupancy of real estate of the yearly value of $6 for 6 months before teste of writ, or a residence of 12 months, and the performance of statute labor on the public roads, or in lieu thereof, the payment of 75 cents com-, mutation money. The number of voters is 25,245. The duration of the Assembly is four years unless sooner dis- solved, and the sessions are held annually in March or April, The Legislature expends money for Provincial Legislation, Administration of Justice (except Judges' salaries). Education! Public Works, such as Wharfs (being of Provincial as di - tinguished from Dominion or Federal importance,, Ferries, Roads, Bridges, etc. It maintains offices for the Registration of Deeds, Mortgages, Wills, Judgments, etc., and pays for Poor House Maintenance, Inspectors of Licenses, Hospital for Insane, Coroners' Inquests, Boards of Health, Dairy Associations, etc. For educational purposes, the Province is divided into School Districts, each of which has authority to spend moneys for school buildings, running expenses, and supplements for teachers' salaries, The City of Charlottetown (which is incorporated) expends money for general civic purposes, such as streets, sewers, water works, fire prevention, city buildings, lighting streets, etc., and the towns of Summerside and Georgetown (the latter to a very limited extent) have somewhat similar powers. Prince Edward Island has not yet adopted the municipal system, and the expenditure of the Provincial Revenue is authorized directly by the Legislature. The principal sources of revenue are the Dominion Subsidy, ';'i ir — 16- Direct Taxation of Land, Income Tax, Succession Duties, Com- mercial Travellers', Peddlers', Vendors' and Marriage Licenses, Incorporated Companies* Tax, Public Lands, Prothonotary, Registry, Provincial Secretary Office Fees and County Court Fees. The following table shows the Receipts and Expenditures of the Province for 1898. RECEIPTS Dominion Subsidy Public Lands Commercial Travellers* Licenses Incorporated Companies - Ferries Prothonotary's Offices Registry Offices County Courts - - - Provincial Land Tax Income Tax Debentures sold Various other sources of Revenue $181,952.95 14,273.88 4,860.00 4,275.00 5,740.00 2,029.31 4.745-50 1. 154.77 30,084.48 5.556.74 18,094.77 3.415.58 $276,182.98 EXPENDITURES Administration of Justice Civil Government Education Ferries Legislation - - - Roads Bridges ... Hospital for Insane Poor Asylum and Charities Interest - - * Wharves Miscellaneous Public Works Debenture Sinking Fund Various other Expenditures Capital Expenditure $ 17,022.68 13,710.62 129,817.81 19.74935 7.789-43 14,712.40 15.13742 19.735-05 6.93349 18,558.80 3.376.29 15,672.41 2.775.00 7,966.00 $292,956.75 8,743.00 $301,699.75 -wm — 17— - STATEMENT showing the Revenues and Expenditures of the Province of Prince Edward Island for the years 1868 to 1898. Year Receipts Expenditures 1868 $270^559 $299,867 1869 288,722 312,653 1870 302,855 343.892 1871 385.014 406,236 1872 395'473 506,666 t 1873 * 484.979 * 401,662 1874 403.013 442,767 1875 306,597 395.277 1876 524.144 353.226 1877 326,274 331.632 1878 312,684 334.^33 1879 288,062 • 313.845 1880 269,603 257.309 1881 275,380 261,276 1882 233.465 257,228 1883 228,169 270,477 1884 280,271 279.545 1885 248,222 266,318 1886 233,978 304.467 1887 - 241,637 288,052 1888 254,209 279,939 1889 + 434.635 263,605 1890 224,882 305.799 1891 274,047 304.486 1892 245.652 259,012 1893 2i7i473 294,201 1894 282,468 280,596 1895 277,314 310,177 1896 273.496 287,631 1897 272,550 310,752 1898 276,183 301,700 ■:'*-iW "^■'■■•Ja * 11 months only. t Note —Prior to and including 1872 the flnancial year closed at the 3lfll January. In 1873 the present system of closing the accounts at the Slst December came into force. t Including $200,000 drawn from capital at Ottawa. — IB- TAXATION Taxation outside of the municipalities of Charlottetown and Summerside, is very moderate, and is applied to the main- tenance of the Provincial Government. LAND TAX The present Land Tax system was introduced in 1894, and the amount paid ranged from i to 6 cents per acre ac- cording to the value. In 1897 the Act was amended and a percentage tax at the rate of one-fifth of one per cent, on the value of the property, or 20 cents on $100, was adopted. The owner makes a declaration before the Deputy Receiver of Taxes, of the cash market value of the land with the appur- tenances, and on this the percentage is paid. The value of the land includes the value of the buildings thereon ; but no improvements are embraced after the first year. This tax is collected either from the owner, tenant or occupier, and the land, as well as goods and chattels, is liable. In case of undervaluation provision is made for proceedings at the expense of the owner to ascertain the correct value. This, however, has rarely to be resorted to. Cemeteries and Church Yards are exempt. INCOME TAX The assessable income of every person receiving wages or salary for any employment or income from his or her own actual manual labor is calculated upon the amount over $350. Every other person is taxed on the full amount of his or her income. The sum to be paid is left to the voluntary declaration of the individual. Non-residents of the Province receiving an income from money invested or property situated therein, are liable. The present rate is one per cent. Speakers House of Assembly R. Stewart, 1773 A. Fletcher, 1790 John Budd, 1776 J. Robinson, 1790 D. Higgins, 1779 J. Stewart, 1795 W. Berry, 1780 J. Curtis, 1801 A. Fletcher, 1785 R. Hodgson, 1806 P. Callbeck, 1788 R. Brecken, 1812 — 19— Speakers Hotise of Assembly —{Continued) J. Curtis, 1813 Joseph Wightman, 1867 Angus Macaulay, M. D. 1818 John Yeo, 1871 John Stewart, 1825 Stanislaus Perry, 1873 W. Macneill, 1831 Cornelius Howat, 1874 George L airy m pie, 1835 Henry Beer, 1877 William Cooper, '839 John A. McDonald, 1883 Joseph Pope, 1843 Patrick Blake, 1890 Alexander Rae, 1850 Bernard D. McLellan, 1891 John Jardine, 1854 Edward Thornton, 1854 Legislative Assembly Donald Montgomery, 1859 James H. Cummiskey, 1894 Presidents Legislative Council John Duport, 1773 S. G. W. Archibald, 1825 P. Callbeck, 1774 George Wright, 1827 J. R. Spence, 1776 E. J. Jarvis, 1829 P. Stewart, 1779 T. H. Haviland. 1839 T. DesBrisay, 1780 Robert Hodgson, 1840 P. Callbeck, 1786 Donald McDonald, 1853 T. DesBrisay, 1788 Charles Young, L. L. D., 1854 P. Stewart, 1790 Donald Montgomery, 1863 R. Thorp, 1802 Herbert Bell, 1874 T. DesBrisay, 1805 Joseph Wightman, 1876 C. Colclough, 1808 John Balderston, 1877 T. Tremlett, 1813 Thomas Walker Dodd, 1887 C. Worrell, 1825 Benjamin Rogers, 1891 Provincial Premiers George Coles, 1851, Lib. John Holl, Feby., 1854, Con. George Coles, July, 1855, Lib. Edward Palmer, April, 1859, Con. John H. Gray, 1863, Con. James Colledge Pope, 1865, Con George Coles, 1867, Lib. Joseph Hensley, 1869, Lib. Robert P.Haythorne, 1870, Lib. J. C. Pope, Sept., 1870, Lib.-Con. . — 20 Provincial Premiers —(Continued) Robert P. Haythorne, April 1872, Lib.-Con. J. C. Pope, April 18, 1873 to Sept. 23, 1873, Lib.-Con. Lemuel C. Owen, Sept. 23, 1873 to Sept. 4, 1876, Lib.-Con. Louis Henry Davies, Sept. 6, 1876 to March 7, 1879, Coalition William W. Sullivan, March 11, 1879 to Nov. 12, 1889, Lib.-Con. Neil McLeod, Nov. 12, 1889 to April 21, 1891, Lib.-Con. Frederick Peters, April 21, 1891 to Oct. 26, 1897, Lib Alex. Bannerman Warburton, Oct. 27, 1897 to Aug. i, 1898, Lib. Donald Farquharson, August, i, 1898, Lib. Attorneys General Philip Callbeck, September 19, 1770 Joseph Aplin, John Wentworth, Peter Macgowan, Charles Stewart, Wm. Johnstone, Robert Hodgson, Charles Young, Joseph Hensley, Charles Young, Frederick Brecken, Edward Palmer, Joseph Hensley, June, 3, 1780 September 15, 1800 November 4, 181 1 January 15, 1813 May 18, 1829 May 29, 1 85 1 May 2, 1853 June 29, 1858 April II, 1859 January 28, 1863 March 14, 1867 Dennis O'M. Reddin, (Solicitor General,) 1869 Frederick Brecken, September 10, 1870 April 18, 1873 September 6, 1876 March 11, 1878 November 21, 1889 April 21, 1891 October 27, 1897 THE JUDICIARY The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court with one Chief Justice and two assistant Judges (the Master of the Rolls and the Vice-chancellor), which Court meets in Charlottetown, Summerside and Georgetown; a Court of Chancery of which Edward Palmer, L H. Davies, W. W. Sullivan, Neil McLeod, Frederick Peters, H. C. Macdonald, - — 21- the Lieutenant Governor was formerly Chancellor, and the judicial powers of which are exercised by the Master of the Rolls and the Vice Chancellor ; a Court of Marriage and Divorce, insti- tuted in 1836, of which the Lieutenant Governor and Members of the Executive Council are Judges (this exists as yet but in name); a Court of Vice-Admiralty with one Judge (the Chief Justice) ; a Court of Probate and Wills with one Judge ; three County Courts with one Judge for each ; a City Court in Char- lottetown with one Judge ; and Stipendiary Magistrates and Justices of the Peace. Prince Edward Island has authority to make its own civil laws, but in all criminal cases the form employed by the Courts is the Criminal L^w of the Dominion. k m ri tm I Chief Justices John Duport, Peter Stewart, Thomas Cochrane, Robert Thorpe, Casar Colclough, Thomas Tremlett, S. G. W. Archibald, E. J. Jarvis, Sir Robert Hodgson, Edward Palmer, William Wilfred Sullivan, Appointed September 19, 1770 June 23, 1776 October 24, 1801 November 10, 1802 May I, 1807 April 6, 1813 August 7, 1824 August 30, 1828 April 2, 1853 July 7, 1874 November 12, 1889 ■. •■:;M| FEDERAL REPRESENTATION The Province is represented in the Dominion Parliament by four Senators, and by five Members in the House of Commons. THE MILITIA In Military affairs the Island is the Twelfth District of Canada. The established strength of the active force by arms is composed of five companies of Garrison Artillery, one double company of Engineers, and eight companies of Infantry, a total of 60 officers and 646 non-commissioned officers and men. Hv, — 22 — GOVERNORS The Governors of Prince Edward Island have been :- In connection with Nova Scotia Montague Wilmot, 1763 to 1766 1766 to 1770 Lord William Campbell, As a separate Province Walter Patterson, P. Callbeck, (Administrator) Thos. DesBrisay, (Administrator) Lieut.-General Edmund Fanning, Col. J. F. W. DesBarres, W. Townshend, (Administrator Charles Douglas Smith, George Wright, (Administrator Col. John Ready, Sir Aretas W. Young, George Wright, (Administrator George Wright, (Administrator Sir John Harvey, George Wright, (Administrator Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy George Wright, (Administrator Sir Henry Vere Huntley, Ambrose Lane, (Administrator Sir Donald Campbell, Ambrose Lane, (Administrator Sir Alexander Bannerman, Sir Dominick Daly, Charles Young, (Administrator George Dundas, Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator) Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator) W. C. F. Robinson, Sir R. Hodgson, (Administrator) Sir Robert Hodgson T. H. Haviland, Q. C, Andrew A. MacDonaid, 1770 to May 1774 Aug., 1775 to July 31, 1779 July 31, 1779 to July 6, 1786 July 6. 1786 July, 1805 Oct. 21, 1812 to July 13, 1813 July 13, 1813 1825 to 1826 ♦ Oct. 24, 1825 Sept. 27, 1 831 to Dec, 1, 1835 May J 8, 1834 to Sept. 29, 1834 Dec. 2, 1835 to Aug. 30, 1836 Aug. 30, 1836 to 1837 1837 June 25, 1837 to Nov. 2, 1841 Nov. 2, 1841 to Nov. 13, 1 84 1 Nov. 13, 1841 to Nov. I, 1847 July 25, 1847 to Oct. 7, 1847 Dec. 9, 1847 to Oct, 10, 1850 Oct. lo, 1850 to Mar. 10, 1851 March 10, 1851 July 12, 1854 May 26, 1859 to June 7, 1859 June 8, 1859 to Oct. 22, 1868 1865 Oct. 22, 1868 to Oct. 6, 1870 Oct. 7^ 1870 to Nov. 15, 1873 July 30, 1873 to July 18, 1874 July 18, 1874 to July 18, 1879 July 19, 1879 to Aug. I, 1884 Aug. I, 1884 to Sept. 4, 1889 -23 — Oovcrnors— (Continued) J. S. Carvell, Sept. 5, 1889 to Feb. 14, 1894 Wm. VV. Sullivan, (Administrator) Feb. 4, 1893 to May 31, 1893 Wm. W. Sullivan, (Administrator) Feb. 14, 1894 to Feb 21, 1894 George W. Hcwlan, Ftb. 24. 1894 to June i, 1899 Peter A. Mclntyre, June i, 1899, ••-A ^ ^••' . ^^ General Assemblies since 1873 No of General Assemblies Sessions Date ok Opening Prorogation Dissolution I St I St March 4, 1874 April 28, 1874 ) 2nd M 18, 1875 II 27, 1875 [ July 1, 1876 3rd II 16, 1876 " 29, 1876 ) 2nd I St II 15, 1877 II 18, 1877 1 2nd M 14, 1878 II 18, 1878 V March 12, 1879 " 3rd Feb. 27, 1879 Mar. II, 1879 3rd I St April 24, 1879 June 7, 1879 j 2nd 3rd March 4, 1880 II I, 1881 April 26, 1880 II 5, 1881 V April 15, 1882 4th II 8, 1882 II 8, 1882 ) 4th I St II 20, 1883 II 27, 1883 j 2nd II 6, 1884 II 17, 1884 > June 5, 1886 3rd II ir, 1885 II II, 1885 ( 4th April 8, 1886 May 14, 1886 ) 5th I St Mar. 29, 1887 May 7, 1887 ) , 2nd Mar. 22, 1888 April 28, 1888 \ Jan. 7, 1890 3rd Mar. 14, 1889 M 17, 1889 j 6th I St Mar. 27, 1890 May 7, 1890 ^ Nov. 18. 1893 2nd Apr. 23, 1891* July 15, 1891 3rd Mar. 23, 1892 May 5, 1892 llWTt * vf «WW 4lh March 8, 1893 April 20, 1893 7th I St M 28, 1894 May 9, 1894 ) 2nd " 21, 1895 April 19, 1895 > Jone 25, 1897 3rci II 24, 1896 !i 30, 1896 ( 4th II 30, 1897 May I, 1897 ) 8th I St April 5, 1898 May 14, 1898 2nd April 17, 1899 May 19, 1899 * Adjourned to the 16th June. -24- • —25— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM |RINCE EDWARD ISLAND possesses an excellent edu- cational system, which is under the control of a Board composed of the Chief Superintendent of Fiucation, the j|j| Principal of the Prince of Wales College and Normal School, and the Members of the Executive Council. There are if three Inspectors, one for each County, and also an Inspector ' of French Schools. The Island is divided into school districts, and in each of these there are elected annually by the rate- payers, three trustees who serve for a term of three years, one retiring every year. Schools are supported partly by government grants and partly by district assessments. The school age is between the years of 5 and 16. Attendance between 8 and 13 is compulsory, but it has never been enforced. The school system is free. Schools are divided into three classes, primary, advanced and high. In the country districts the school houses are rarely more than three miles apart, and in the majority of cases, there is but one teachc "^ for each. There are, however, a number of graded schools. Prior to 1852, when the Free School system was introduced, the schools were mainly supported by voluntary subscription and with such local assistance as could be had. " Before that year, there existed some good private schools, and one Central Academy for the higher branches of knowledge, but there was no definite school system. Since 1877, the year in which the Public Schools' Act was passed, many improvements have been introduced into the educational system. The average salary paid first-class male teachers is $440, female teachers $332 ; second-class male teachers $254, female teachers $221 ; third-class male teachers $197, and female teachers $150. Teachers are paid from the Provincial Treasury, but such salaries may be supplemented by local assessment. Those employed previous to 1896 are, after a service of five years, entitled to a small bonus. The total number of teachers in 1898 was 581 ; of school districts 470; and of schools 468. The number of pupils was 21,852, and the average daily attendance was 13,377. The ■V,; 11 —26- total expendil.ae for education by the Provincial Government was $129,817.81. The Teaching Staff Candidates for teachers must hoi'd certificates from the Board of Education, based on examination, and on at least five months' attendance at the Normal School. These certificates are first, second and third-class. The number of teachers employed according to class in the year 1898 was as follows : — Class I Class II Class III Male Teachers Female Teachers 71 30 181 M3 68 88 Total lOI 324 156 The following statement shows the educational growth from the year 1833. YEAR NO. OF SCHOOLS NO. OF PUPILS 1833 74 2,176 1837 51 1,649 184I 121 4-356 1847 ^25 5,000 1851 135 5-366 1856 268 11,000 1861 302 12,102 1870 372 15 oco 1871 381 15.795 1874 403 18.233 1878 465 19,240 1881 486 21,601 1887 437 22,460 1891 531 22,138 1897 1 467 21.845 1898 468 21 852 The dates of the principal Educational events are 1821. National School opened. 1825. First Education Act passed. IF Department of —27- 1830. First Board of Education appointed 1836. Central Academy opened. 1837. First Official Inspector of Schools appointed. 1838. First Teachers' Association formed. 1852. Free Education Act passed. 1855. St. Hunstan's College opened. 1856. Provincial Normal School established. i860. Prince of Wales College established. 1877. Public Schools' Act passed, and a Education instituted. 1879. Prince of Wales College and Provincial Normal School amalgamated, and Ladies admitted to the College. 1885. Arbor Day established for the Schools. 1887. Provincial Teachers' Association founded. 1896. Provincial Teachers' Association incorporated. 1899. New Prince of Wales College erected. The Provincial Teachers' Association meeting annually, and the Charlottetown Teachers' Institute which meets fortnightly during the winter, are flourishing organizations, doing much to promote the cause of education. The following table is a summary of the Educational statistics of the Province from 1885 to 1898: — c X Expenditure 507 Pupil« Enrolhui V = Percent a of Attenda Year Govern't School Board Total 1885 494 21.983 12,166 55,34 109,317 36.282 14.5,.599 1886 509 498 22.414 12,612 56.27 111,992 33.787 148.779 1887 510 605 22.460 12.325 54,87 110.485 36.294 U6,779 1888 512 509 22.478 12.248 54.49 108,846 .■J8.609 147,4.55 1889 523 518 23.045 13.1.59 57,10 108,092 37.810 145,J)02 1890 529 529 22,530 12,490 55,43 113,626 37,610 1.51.2:« 1891 531 531 22.330 12,898 .57,75 111,1.54 35.629 147.783 1892 538 638 22,169 12.J«6 .58,58 114.570 36,542 151.112 1893 543 543 22,292 12,9(50 58,13 118,106 34.592 152,698 1894 556 5.13 22.221 12,849 58.00 122.077 37,854 159,9.37 1895 561 559 22,250 13,254 .59.56 121.781 39,426 '61.201 1896 569 569 22,138 13,412 60.58 124,084 34,809 1;>S,893 1897 579 579 21.845 12,978 59.44 128,663 32,781 161,444 1898 581 581 21,852 13.377 61,58 129,818 33,135 162.9.53 — 28— The number of Pupils in the Indian Schools of Prince Edward Island in the years 1892 to 1897 was: — 1892 - 43 1893 - - 43 1894 - 33 1895 - - 31 1896 - 33 1897 - - 28 Colleges, etc. The Prince of Wales College and Normal School is unde- nominational. It is situated in Charlottetown and has a staff of a Principal and four Professors. In connection with the College is a Model School with two teachers. This is the only Goverr .nent Educational Institution where fees are charged, the rates being $10 for the session (year) for students resident in the City of Charlottetown, and $5 per annum for country pupils. Graduating Diplomas were first conferred in 1885, and are of three grades — Honour, First-class Ordinary and Second- class Ordinary. These Diplomas are accepted by the Faculty of Pine Hill Presbyterian Theological College, Halifax, as sufficient in ceitain subjects for admission to that Institution, and by all the Faculties in McGill University in the place of the entrance examinations. St. Dunstan's Roman Catholic College (annexed to Laval University, Quebec) is located in the suburbs of Charlottetown, and is under the direction of the Bishop of the Diocese. At this Institution the fees are:— For boarders per term of 5 months $53; day scholars per annum $12; day scholars who follow the course in Philosophy and in Sciences, per annum $25. This College confers degrees, and many students attend from abroad. The Roman Catholic Church also possesses two Convent Schools in Charlottetown, ands everal others in different parts of the Island, where boarders are received. At St. Peter's School for boys and girls, which is connected with the Church of England of that name in Charlottetown, pupils are prepared for matriculation into King's College, Windsor, N. S. The fees are $24 per annum for boys, and $15 for girls. . -29— Scholarships, etc. Examinations for scholarships in connection with the Prince of Wales College and Normal School are held biennially. These scholarships are eight in number. Six of the annual value of $80 are held for two years, and entitle the possessors to ex- emption from fees. Two are assigned to each of the three counties, and the competition is restricted to pupils who reside in the particular county. The two remaining scholarships, which scuure for the successful candidates immunity from fees, but confer no endowment, are tcserved for pupils from schools in the City of Charlottetown. The examination for these scholarships is the same as that designated the Junior Entrance Examination. There are no scholarships in connection with St. Dunstan's College. The "Con.iolly Bequest" provides for the education of boys of Irish parentage. These young men can be sent by the Trustees of the Fund to any Institution, but they generally enter St. Dunstan's to prepare for the Universities. The " Daniel Hodgson Scholarship," entitling the holder to a three years' course, and worth $150 per annum, is open for competition to intending students for King's College, Windsor, N. S., or Laval University, Quebec, alternately. The following medals are awarded at the Prince of Wales College : — The Anderson Gold Medal to the most distinguished Student; the Governor General's Silver Medal to the 'best student in Mathematics ; the Governor General's Bronze Meda| to the best student-teacher in the department of School Manage- ment ; and the Vice-Chancellor's Medal to the best student in English. His Excellency the Governor General also awards Bronze Medals annually to the student having the highest standing in the three Public Schools of Charlottetown, and in the High Schools at Summerside, Alberton, Tignish, Sourik and George- town. I3f -30— THE RESOURCES OF THE GARDEN PROVINCE GRICULTURE overshadows every other resource in this Island, and few countries, considering everything, are better adapted for profitable farming. No floods or tornadoes destroy the labors of its inhabitants, or mar its beauty. o a H 55 a C5 a S o > OS o n K The soil is light, warm and easily tilled, and its productive- ness is, on the whole, equal to that of any other part of Canada. Very great progress has in recent times been made in this line. That agriculture will continue to be the great resource of this country, is certain. —31 — The fisheries must always be one of the standard resources of Prince Edward Island. But the inclinations of the Islanders are so decidedly agricultural that the culture of the deep has not received from them the attention it deserves. The Island waters are of immense importance, and the mackerel fisheries in the "North Bay" are considered to be worth more than those on ail the other eastern coasts of the Dominion combined. One of the greatest sources of profit is the Lobster Fishery. This industry shows signs of deterioration from over- fishing ; but the strict enforcement of the regulations regarding the close season, which is from the 15th July until the 19th April inclusive, etc., is having a good effect. The oyster fishery is extensive, is annually increasing and is capable of vast development. The employment by the Dominion Government, a few years ago, of an expert in this line has been, and will still be. productive of good results in the preservation and replenishing of the oyster beds. The close season is from the ist June to the 15th September, inclusive. Of two former resources not much can now be said. The forests, once extensive, have been reduced, although there, are still specimens of the principal trees, such as beech, birch pine, maple, poplar, spruce, fir, hemlock, larch and cedar. An approximate estimate of the area of forest and woodland in 1894 was: forest and woodland 797 square miles, woodland 39.85 per cent. Much of this, though wooded, is covered with small growth only. Ship-building too, formerly a considerable resource, has declined here as it has done in other parts of the world. —32 — THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF P. E. ISLAND Flora * " The sandstone swells of Prince Edward Island are everywhere clothed with a rich and varied vegetation. Its flora is much the same as spreads over the rest of Eastern Canada, but its dry and fertile soil pro- duces a greater abundance of deciduous forest trees and the flowering plants which usually accompany them. On the rolling districts, affording the best agricultural soils, Beech, Yellow Birch, Maple. Oak, and White Pine flourish, with an undergrowth of Mountain Maple, Rowan, Hazel, Elder, and thick-tangled brambles. Grasses carpet the soil, jeweled with roses, convolvuli, and sweet-scented violets. These plants belong to the Central Canadian F'ora. On the cold soils of the swamps and barrens a different class of vegetation abounds. Spruces and sparse-foliaged Larches, Poplars. Birches, Aspens, and moss-grown Firs form the timber growth; while a thick, shrubby carpet of Andromeda, Ledum, Whortleberries, and prostrate Arbutus spreads at their feet. These are members of the Sub- Arctic Flora, inhabiting the far north of Canada and penetratin,T even within the Arctic Circle. Thus two distinct floras occupy the tv.o distinct classes of soil common on the Island. Other peculiarities are noticeable. The Cedar is confined to Prince County, and we never saw the Arum, the Calapogon, or the grand-flowered Habinaria in other parts of the Island. The Hemlock is not found east of St. Peter's. The assemblage of plants on the Triassic hills is something diff"erent from that on Permian districts. The sand dunes have a flora peculiar to themselves. And amid the surf-lashed skerries of our rocky coasts, the lover of nature will find a distinct field of study in the Algae, Fucoids, and Corrallins of marine growth." Fauna ** The Fauna of Prince Edward Island is numerous and varied. A few larger animals, as the Moose, the Caribou, the Wolf, the Raccoon, and the Wolverine, which roam over the continental lands are excluded from the Island by its insular position. But this is much more than compensated by the numerous marine animals which inhabit our coasts, and which afford some of the most interesting studies of animal life." Of swimming, wading, singing and other birds there are the genera common to most countries. Rabbits and squirrels are very numerous. The beaver, formerly met with is now unknown. HIack bears and foxes, (particularly the silver-gray and black varieties) are rare, and the wild-cat or lynx once found, is now extinct. Wolves have been known to cross the Northumberland Straits on the ice to the Island. ltain'» Natural History of P. E. Island, 1890 —33— AGRICULTURE IN THE "GARDEN PROVINCE" Its Importance RINCE EDWARD ISLAND has been aptly termed a " great million acre farm." It is essentially an agri- cultural province, not less than 80 per cent, of its total population being interested in this industry. It is the most thoroughly cultivated territory on this side of the Atlantic, and is one great garden from end to end. There were according to the census of 1891, 718,092 acres of improved lands of which 536,175 acres were under crop, 178,072 acres of pasture land, and 3,845 acres of gardens and orchards. The total amount of farm knd assessed in 1898 was about 1,267,876 acres. The average size of the farms is 75 acres, and the average value $1,000. In 1891 the total number of farmers was 15,137, and including sons 20,227. Agriculture is the main-stay of the Province and the im- portance of the industry cannot be over-estimated. A larger amount of capital is invested in this than in any other pursuit, namely : in lands, buildings, implements and stock about $22,000,000, as against $2,911,963 in trades and manufactures. In the production of milk, butter and cheese alone, there is invested in Prince Edward Island at least $1,325,600. It is somewhat difficult to determine the annual value of the products of the farm in this Island, but the following figures at current market prices are probably nearly correct : — Field products Live stock increase Dairy produce Orchard and Garden products Pasture Eggs, wool, honey, etc. - Total $5,000,000 500,000 1,000,000 100,000 400,000 400,000 $7,400,000 The following is taken from a pamphlet on Prince Edward Island issued by the Provincial Government in 1888: " The Island is noted for the fertility of its soil, and it may confidently be asserted that, with the exception of a few bogs and swainps composed of a soft spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet black mould, the whole Island T —34— ■■•' *" ¥? - ••..-- - ■ ■ ■ %";§p.- ■■■■ ';kr'^h ■ T '. V ^.-■S . ■ . ■ ' ■' i*.-'. Eg^^iai^iiSi^H^^ 4 < • ^j^ — . — mm- •^:^ •.':'•■■■:■ ■ ; *" - a'j- 1 / ' ^S-iT^A;:; . ■ •^ ';■■■' ■ ■■^■f?^##;- j IP ■:-,: v■^^^V••■^;'^»v^- 1 1 j kI ' ■ ':^f^' ■'.■.■ 1 1 il f S? o o k -35— consists of highly valuable cultivable land. The soil, which is well watered with numerous springs and rivers, is formed for the most part of a rich layer of vegetable matter above a bright loam, resting upon a stiff clay and sandstone ; the land in its natural state, being covered with timber and shrub of every variety. The under-lying rock through the main part of the Island, belongs to the upper Permian, capped about New London and Cavendish, with a triangular section of Triassic of considerable size ; but in Prince County, west of Summerside, where the denudation has been greater, the lower Permian comes to the surface. All kinds of grain and vegetables grown in England ripen here in great perfection. The principal crops raised are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and turnips, of which oats and potatoes are exported in very large quantities. Mr. J. P. Sheldon, Professor of Agriculture at the Wilts and Hants Agricultural College, Downton, near Salisbury, who visited the Island in 1880, thus writes of it : — ' In some respects this is one of the most beautiful Provinces in the Dominion, and it has probably the largest proportion of cultivable land. The soil generally is a red sandy loam, of one character throughout, but differing in quality. On the whole, the grass land of the Island and the character of the sward, consisting as it does of indigenous clovers and a variety of finer grasses, reminded me strongly of some portions of old England. The people, too, are more English in appearance than those of any other of the Provinces with the exception of New Brunswick. This is probably owing to a cooler climate, and the contiguity of the sea. Prince Edward Island is covered with a soil that is easy to cultivate, sound and healthy, capable of giving excellent crops of roots, grain and grass, an honest soil that will not fail to respond to the skill of the husbandman. The Island grows very good wheat, and probably better oats than most other parts of the Dominion. Of the former the crops are from 18 to 30 bushels, and of the latter 25 to 70 bushels per acre. Barley, too, makes a very nice crop. Wheat, at the time of my visit, was worth 4s. per bushel of 60 lbs., oats is. gd. per bushel of 34 lbs., and barley 2s. 6d. to 3s. per bushel of 48 lbs. The Island is noted for its large crops of excellent potatoes, which not un- commonly foot up to 250 bushels an acre of fine handsome tubers. Swedes make a fine crop, not uncommonly reaching 750 bushels per acre of sound and solid bulbs.' In acidition to the natural fertility of the soil, the great facility for obtaining manure may be set down as one of the principal advantages. In most of the bays and rivers are found extensive deposits of musselmud, formed by decayed oyster, clam and mussel shells. These deposits vary from five to twenty feet in depth, and their surface is often several feet below low water level. Machines placed upon the ice and worked by horse power are used for raising this manure, which is then carried off by sleds and distributed over the fields while the covering of snow still remains. Procured in this way, in large quantities, and possessing great fertilizing qualities, it has vastly improved the agricultural status of the Island. An cnttnent nuthi>rl«y, Sir J. W. DuwHon, K, K, S, C. M. tJ., Pilncipnl «inl Vioc-l'hrtiuclloi of Mo(»ill Uiiivoisity, MoiUirnl, snys : — ' Tlir ijtcnl wrnllli o( rriiKc I'Mwanl Nlrtinl consists in its fcililc soil, ami the picM'i ration of this In rt pioiluctivc sime Is an object of intpcralivc impotinnco. The oiilinaiy soil ol the Island Is a bright, red loani. passing; into stifV clay on the one imnd, nml sandy loam on tho other. Naturally it contains all the ntineral rrtpiisiles for cvtitivatcd crops, while its i\bo\uidinj^ in peroxide of Mon enables it rapidly to iligesi orj^anic tnanvires, and also to retain well their Anunoniacal products. The chief natural mainues atVorded by the Island, ami which nmy be used in addition lo the farm nianures to increase the fertility of the soil, or restore it when exhaustetl, aic, — (i). Musxvl mM(f, or oyster shell mud of the bays. Kxperiencc has proved this to be of the jjreatcst vahie. (a), /V soil. These alVord orj;anic matters to the run out soil, at a very cheap rate. (J). ■.SVyittvA/, which can be obtained in larj;e quantities on mai\y parts of the shores, and is of great manural value, whether fresh or c«)mposted (4). Hsk i)jfsphales and alkalies, more especially lH>ne earth, super-phosphates of lime and guano ; but when lisli offal and seaweed can be procured in sulhcient quantity, or when good dressings of the oyster deposit are applied, these foreign ai»ls may well be dispensed with, ai least for many years.' Of this deposit Professor SheKU)n speaks as follows: — 'The Island ^wssesses one .idvanlagc which is unique and very valuable. I refer now to its thick beds of " n\ussel nuid " or " oyster muus animals generally. The shells are generally more or le.s.s intact, eml>edded in a dense deposit of mud-like stuff, which i , found to be a fertilirer of singular value and potency. The supply of it is said to be almost inexhaustible, and it is indeed a mine of wealth to the Island. A gotxl dressing of it secures fertility in a striking manner to the poorest soils ; clover grows after it quite luxuriously, and, as it were, indigenously by its aid heavy crops of turnips .ind potatoes are raised, and, indeed, it may lie reganled as a manure of gre.it value and applicable to any kind of crop. Nor is it soon exhausteil, for the shells in it decay year by year, throwing off a film of fertilizing matter.' " - . AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ' According to the census of 1891, the proportion of oats and potatoes grown in the Province per thousand acres is higher — .^7- thiin timl of any pnrl (»f ('nnnd.'i cast of ihe I'rairicH, and the proportion of wheat, tiirnipn and other crops and rootH ifi C(Hially W\nU. The following fimirc:« indicate the progress made in farming during the last three (jiirrters of a centnry : In 1825 there were raised 766 hiishels of wheat, ro,7i7 bushels of oats, and 47,220 bushels of potatoes. In 1841 there were of wheat 160,028 bushels; of barley, 8;^, 299; of oats, 611,824; "f potatoes, 2,250,114 bushels; number of horses, 9,861 ; of neat cattle, 4i.9'5; «'iee|), 73,650; hogs, 35,521. In i860 (as shown by the census of 1861) there were raised of wheat, 346.125 bushels; of barley, 223,195; oats, 2,218,578; buckwheat, 50,127; potatoes, 2,972,235; turnips, 348,784; hay, 31,000 tons; horses, 18,765; neat cattle, 60,015; sheep, 107,242; hogs, 71,535. In the year 1890, the products included: — Wheat, acres under cultivation '44,703, Yield, 596,761 bushels Hailey, 1. m 7,594, II 147,880 II Oats II n 123,924, II 2.922,552 M Buckwheat, II 84,460 M Potatoes, acres under cultivation 43,521, It 7,071,308 tl 'J'urnips, n m 4.41 '» M 2.005,453 tl Hay, M II 150,108, II '32,959 tons (Irass and Clover, II 12,417 bushels Corn, tl 2,65* It Heans, II 2,445 It Peas, II 4.735 It Kye, II 221 tt In 1881 there was grown in this Province 1,367 lbs. of Tobacco; in 1891, 795 lbs.; and in 1898, several tons. The following table gives the yield per acre and present prices of certain products : — Weigtit per bunhel BunholH to tho acre Value Wheat 60 lbs. 16 to 20 $ 0.70 to 0.90 Oats 34 lbs. 30 to 40 0.35 to 0.40 Barley 48 lbs. 25 »o 35 0.45 to 0.55 Potatoes 60 lbs 150 to 250 0.18 to 0.30 Turnips 60 lbs. 400 to 1,000 0.12 to 0.16 -38- AS A STOCK-RAISING COUNTRY TEADY improvement is being made in the raising of farm stock. Excellent specimens are to be met with in every section, and they enjoy immunity from disease to a very large degree. P: Census of 1891 Estimates 1898 Horses 25^674 30,000 Colts and Fillies 11,718 14.060 Milch Cows 45.849 55.017 Working Oxen 116 138 Other horned Cattle 45.730 54.876 Sheep 147.372 176,800 Swine 42,629 51.100 Hens 485.580 582,700 Cattle Owing to the ease with which turnips, potatoes, oats, &c., are raised, coupled with the excellence of the hay crop, Prince Edward Island is exceedingly well adapted for cattle feeding. The following breeds are well established : Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein, Aberdeen and Angus. The increased quantity and superior quality of the fodder resulting from the application of mussel mud to the land has produced great improvement in the quality of cattle. ' .1 —39— Horses Prince Edward Island is noted for a fine class of horses, much attention having been bestowed upon their breeding. The leading pure breeds are as follows : Clydesdale, Shire, Percheron, Trotting Standard Bred. Owing to early Government importations of thoroughbred and cart Stallions, which have more recently been followed by many private purchases from abroad, the horses are regarded as among the best in America, and command ready sale at good prices. In exhibitions of late years held in different parts of the Dominion, Island horses have received a large share of the honors and prizes awarded. Sheep This country is well adapted for sheep, the soil being light, dry and sound, growing a thick-set, tender and nutritious herbage. The mutton is of excellent flavor, and the export of sheep and lambs to the other provinces and to the United States is assuming large proportions. The leading breeds are : Leicester, Cotswold, Shropshire, Oxford Down, Southdown. Swine Great advances are being made in the raising of swine, and the principal breeds are : Yorkshire, Berkshire, Tamworth, Poland China, Duroc Jersey. Near Charlottetown are two up-to-date farms. One is the Heartz farm of over 300 acres, which produced last year in addition to pasturing its cattle and horses, 300 tons of corn and ensilage, 20,000 bushels of turnips and mangels; 600 bushels of wheat which was sold for seed ; and enough hay, oats, etc., to feed the stock. On the farm are 100 head of milch cows, 60 head of young cattle, all pure bred Jerseys, Guernseys, and Holsteins, and 40 horses. The Creamery in connection with the farm produced last year 100,000 lbs. of Butter. The other is the Eastview Farm of over 200 acres of good pasture land, and on it are bred pure Guernsey Cattle. Besides these, there are many model farms throughout the Province. —40— A stock farm devoted to the breeding of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, is maintained by the Provincial Government, and the yearly surplus stock is divided among the three counties. »■• -^. '^^ FRUIT GRCV^ .G HE old idea that fruit could not be grown in this country has been exploded. This industry is now receiving more attention than formerly. There is considerable raised, and the country generally appears to be well adapted to its cultivation. The most abundant kinds are apples, plums, and cherries, omall fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, and gooseberries, etc., are also grown, and the culture of cranberries on the waste bog lands is increasing. Cultivated strawberries, wild raspberries and blueberries are exported to some extent. Prior to 1898 there was very little )ort of fruit, but in the fall of that year, owing to the su ing of ocean steamers, fitted with cold storage for direct service between this Province and Great Britain, several successful shipments of apples were made to the old country, and there can be no doubt about the possibilities of the extension of the industry. The shipments have commanded good prices. With more careful selection and better packing of the fruit, together with good transpor- tation and storage facilities, this trade can be vastly extended and made very remunerative. The interests of the Fruit-growers are carefully fostered by the Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers' Association, an Institution incorporated in 1898. Its objects, like those of all similar societies elsewhere, are co-operative and educational. It disseminates information as to the best methods of culture and as to proper handling, packing, and marketing, and also promotes legislation in the interests of the industry. Connected with the Association are some of the most prominent and scientific Fruit-growers of the Province. There were raised in 1891, of apples 52,018 bushels; plums 1,479 bushels; and cherries 4,265 bushels. \\ —41— The yield in 1898 was estimated to be: — Apples - 65,030 bushels Plums - - 1,850 Cherries - 5,330 Pears - - 90 Other fruits 3»o9o II II II <« < ( ►—►-^ ))))> m THE DAIRY INDUSTRY NE of the most important branches of agriculture is the dairy industry. Since 1891 there has been great improvement in this line. An experimental station for the manufacture of cheese started in 1892 under the supervision of the Dominion Dairy Commissioner, was followed in the succeeding years by several other factories, all, with one exception, being on the co-operative principle, each company owning its building and plant. Since then 34 cheese factories (of which 16 are also creameries and 4 are separating stations) and 7 creameries have been established throughout the Province. The exception just mentioned is that of a Charlottetown gentleman who imported a large number of pure-bred Holstein, Guernsey, and Jersey cattle, and started the manufacture of butter in a factory of his own. There are also three other creameries now owned and operated as private enterprises. This new industry is well adapted to the Province. The products are admitted to be first-class and have found a ready sale in the markets of Great Britain, Newfoundland, and the West Indies. These factories originally managed by the Dominion Government are, with the exception of the four creameries above mentioned, now conducted by Joint Stock Companies of farmers. Prince Edward Island derived last year from the Dairy Industry the sum of $364,557.63. The factories are located as follows: — ^^^ ^^^-v ^ Cheese Factories Abram's Village Alberton Campbellton t Cornwall * Dunk River East River Emerald Gowan Brae Grand River * Hampton * Hazel Brook * Hillsboro * Kensington Lakeville * Marshfield * Montague Morell * Mount Stewart -42— * Murray Harbor North * Murray Harbor South * New Dominion t New Glasgow * New Perth O'Leary * Orwell * Red House St. Eleanor's * St. George's St. Peter's t Stanley Tignish * Vernon River Bridge t Wiltshire Winsloe Creameries Central, Charlottetown Charlottetown Central, Summerside (with separating station at Freetown Crapaud, (with separating station at Bonshaw) Lot 16 Park Corner Tryon In all 41 Incorporated Dairying Associations. CHEESE The development of the Cheese Industry has been remark- able. In the summer of 1896, the cheese manufactured and sold in the Province amounted to 1,612,209 '^s. valued at $i4i.235»i9« 34 factories made cheese in 1898, 16 made butter also, and there were 7 Creameries. In 1898 there were 2,816,045 'bs. of cheese manufactured valued at $229,249.17. - BUTTER . '' /^ ■■' ^ ., w. . \:.r^i The Butter Industry is not so advanced as that of the * AIro a creamery. t Also a eeparathig station. .. . t ' ti \ —43— cheese, owing lo the lack of proper facilities for getting the product on the market in prime condition. Prince Edward Island is capable of producing a very fine quality of butter and with the proper means of manufacture, packing and transport- ation, there is every prospect of this product competing successfully in the British market with the article from other countries. In the summer of 1896 and winter of 1897 the output of the butter factories amounted to 225,802 lbs. the value of which was $41,706.37. In 1898, the quantity of butter made in 25 factories was 746,544 lbs. or over 373 tons, valued at $135,308.46 Many factories are now making butter during the winter season, and cheese during the summer, and the number of creameries is steadily increasing. The average yield of butter from milk passed through the separator is about 4 lbs. for every 10 gallons of milk of 10 lbs. each; so that the average cow produces annually from 150 to 2CO lbs. of butler or 400 to 450 lbs. of cheese. The yield of milk from fairly good milking cattle is approximately 400 to 500 galls, per annum, although from 600 to 800 galls, per head are frequently obtained from selected herds. The rate paid for milk at the factories at present prices of cheese should average between 75 and 80 cts. per 100 lbs. INDIAN CORN The growth of Indian corn for fodder has been greatly extended on this Island. In 1890, the area devoted to this article was not more than 10 acres. In 1896, it was estimated that the area of Indian corn for fodder was about 10,000 acres. Many farmers have built silos, and others stook the corn for feeding during the winter season. EXHIBITIONS Exhibitions of live stock, farm, garden and dairy produce, and manufactures have for p number of years, been held at Charlottetown, Summerside, Georgetown and other places. The Provincial Fair at Charlottetown in connection with horse races under the auspices of the Driving Park Association, which up to 1897 was held annually, is from an agricultural! point of view, superior to any show of the kind in the Mari- time Provinces. i —44— PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FARM METHODS In agricultural matters old methods are rapidly giving place to new. Following the example of other countries, many P. E. Island farmers are now bestowing attention upon the higher branches of agriculture, or in other words turning their raw material into a finished product, instead of marketing it as such.. They are now feeding their coarse grain to live stock instead of selling it, and are producing butter, cheese, meat, poultry and fruits for the British market. This change: will preserve the fertility of the soil, and give better returns for the labor and skill expended. Still, the average P. E. Island husbandman remains a general or mixed farmer, and specialists are relatively few. FARMING WEATHER The summer season is very favorable for farming oper- ations in Prince Edward Island. Although the tedious springs retard to a certain extent the early work, yet seeding is gen- erally through by the first of June. The summer is short and the crops rapidly grow to maturity— first hay, then barley, closely followed by wheat and oats. After the close of October, outside work is practically at an end, and from then until the beginning of April the farmer has comparatively little to do except attend to his stock, and haul wood, mussel-mud, etc. The farmers of this Province are worthy of their fair heritage. They are an industrious, independent and moral people, and are generally a well-to-do class. The typical hus- bandman is a plain hardworking and law-abiding citizen. As a rule, the far ns and houses are characterized by great neat- ness. LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURE At the session of the Legislative Assembly in 1898, an Act was passed for the establishment of a Department of Agriculture. This Department it is expected will shortly be inaugurated. The Domestic Animals' Act, passed in 1888, with a later amendment, restricts the running at large of certain animals and provides for the arrtst and sale of animals unlawfully at -45— o H > O -46- large. An Act passed in 1881 contains provisions to prevent injury by dogs. In regard to Dairying, provision is made by the Farmers' and Dairymen's Association Act of 1892 for the organizing of two Branch Societies in each Electoral District of the Province. The Provincial Government appropriates a small sum per annum for the use of each society. These Societies have for their object the advancement of dairying and agriculture generally throughout the Province. An Act passed in 1895 provides for the incorporation of Cheese and Butter Manufacturing Associations, under which statute many companies have been organized. A measure for the prevention of the spread of black- knot on plum and cherry trees was enacted in 1895. An Act for the incorporation of the "The Agricultural Cold Storage Company" was passed in 1896, and another to encourage the construction of « cold storage warehouse was placed on the statute book in 1897. The following legislation was passed at the session of 1899 : An Act incorporating the Prince Edward Island Dairying Association, providing for the encouragement of Dairying and improvement in the manufacture of butter and cheese and all matters connected therewith. Also for the appointment of a Dairy Instructor and Inspector part of whose salary is paid by the Provincial Government, and also authorizing the establish- ment of a Dairymen's Board of Trade. An Act respecting Tuberculosis in Cattle which authorizes the appointment of an Inspector whose duty it shall be to examine all cattle brought into the Province for breeding graz- ing, feeding or dairying purposes, and to detain such in quarantine unless accompanied by a certificate or affidavit of freedom from disease. A further amendment to the Act for the Reclamation of Marsh Lands. The Provincial Government pays half of the remuneration of a horticultural expert who is spraying, grafting and pruning fruit trees on the Island this season. —47— DRAINAGE, DYKING, ETC. Acts were passed in 1881, 1895, and 1898 for the appoint- ment of Commissioners of Sewers and the reclamation of the large tracts of marsh land that exist throughout the Province, for the purpose of rendering the same available for cultivation. As a result of such legislation, Aboideaux (which have been more or less successful) have been constructed at the under- mentioned places : — Mount Stewart Fullerton's Marsh punk River Pisquid River (not completed) M Length Acreage drained ICO feet 500 300 .1 120 100 l( 220 ■if ITS FISHERIES RINCE EDWARD ISLAND is the best fishing station in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the fisheries, particularly those on the north coast, are exceedingly valuable. They consist principally of mackerel, lobsters, herring, cod, hake, and oysters. Salmon, bass, shad, halibut and trout are caught in limited quantities. The yield and value of the Fisheries of this Province for 1897 was as follows : — Kinds of Fish Quantity ' Price "Value $ cts. $ cts. Salmon, lbs. 5,000 0.20 1.000.00 Herring, salted, brls. 28,364 4.00 113.456.00 fresh, lbs. 267,974 0.01 2,679.74 " smoked. lbs. 4U0 0.02 8.00 Mackerel, salted, brls. 1,976 15.00 29,640.00 fresh. lbs. 16.088 0.12 1.930.66 Lobsters, preserved in cans. lbs. 2,466.682 0.20 493,;J3<5.40 Cod, dried. cwt. 20,352 4.00 81,408.00 Cod, tongues and sounds, brls. 67.i 10.00 (MM) Tom cod, lbs. 31,850 0.05 1.592.50 Squid, brls. 980 4.00 3,!»20.00 Coarse and mixed fish, brls. 160 2.00 .320.00 Fish Oil, galls, brls. 12.117 0.30 3.(135.10 Fish as bait. 31.589 1.50 47,383.50 Fish as manure. brls. 3.370 0.50 1,685.00 Fish guano. tonft. 880 1.00 Total 885.00 $ 954.940.45 -48- The number of vessels and boats engaged in the Fisheries in 1897 was 2,059, ^"<^ ^^^ number of men about 4,720. The number of lobster canneries was 220, number of traps 216,133, number of smoke and fish houses 45, number of piers and wharfs 29, and the number of men employed 2,631. The value of the lobster plant was $243,022, and of the other fishery fixtures $23,440. The value of the boats, vessels, and other apparatus was $119,694. The yield of Lobsters, Oysters and Mackerel for 1898 was as follows: — Lobsters, 42,112 cases; Oysters, 29,800 bbls.; Mackerel, 3,149 bbls. The Malpeque Oysters are famous, bearing the same re- lation to Prince Edward Island and Canada generally, as the "Blue Points" and "Cherry Stones" do to Americans. Quahaugs are being fished and shipped principally from Prince County, and this industry bids fair to assume consider- able proportions. , In order to encourage sea-fishing and the building of fishing vessels, the Dominion Government by Acts passed in 1882 and 1891, provides for the distribution of $160,000 annually among the fishermen and vessels of Canada. This bounty is paid under certain restrictions, on the basis of $3 a ton to vessels, $3 per man to boat fishermen, and $1 per boat to the owners, The total bounty paid in Prince Edward Island in 1897 \vas $9,809; the number of claims paid was 1,171; the number of vessels receiving bounty was 20; the number of men, 109; and amount paid $1,144; number of boats receiving bounty 1,151; number of men, 2,147, ^"<^ amount paid $8,665. COMMERCE AND SHIPPING Commerce is maintained principally with the other Mari- time Provinces, the United States and Great Britain. The volume of Exports is large. They embrace oats, potatoes, butter, cheese, eggs, live stock, oysters, lobsters, mackerel and other products of the field and fisheries. Trade with the mother-land is growing and the large inter-provincial traffic is increasing. Considerable pork, beef and mutton is shipped —49- during the winter to Nova Scotia '^.nd New Brunswick; and large quantities of smelts, etc., go to Boston and other American cities. FOREIGN EXPORTS The total value of Foreign Exports for the year ending 31st December, 1898, (in addition to Canadian export and home consumption) was as follows: — Total Fisheries - - $ 506,501 Forest . . - - 597 Animals and their produce 474,644 Agricultural products, etc. - 343,305 Total $ 1,325,047 An estimate of the shipments of Eggs, for 1898 is 1,550,000, dozen, valued at $147,250, which amount is included in the foregoing. Much produce and live stock is carried by steamer and small craft to different Provincial ports, statistics regarding which it is difficult to obtain. IMPORTS The imports for the year ending 31st December, 1898, as nearly as can be determined, amounted in value to $477,269. Owing to the manner in which the Customs Returns, as published, are made up, it is impossible .0 ascertain the actual imports of the Island. Large quantities of goods are purchased duty paid in Montreal, Toronto, Halifax, St. John and other Canadian points and consumed in Prince Edward Island, for which this Province does not receive credit. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND'S MARKETS The question of increasing the trade relations of Prince Edward Island with the outside world, more particularly the marketing of its agricultural products, is a very important one. The present Federal Government is inaugurating a complete system of Cold Storage, which will enable Canadian produce to be delivered in England in good condition. In the benefits of this. Prince Edward Island has already participated, ocean steamships fitted with cold storage having made three trips between the Island and Great Britain in the fall of 1898. — 50— These shipments were very successful, and it is expected that the great boon of direct steamship service between this Province and the Old Country will be afforded permanently. The shipiiients by these steamers were as follows , — S. S. •' Lake Winnipeg " for Liverpool, 23rd September : 4431 boxes Cheese 414 boxes Butter 777 cases Eggs 478 bales Hay 177 sacks Oats 21 barrels Apples 18 boxes Losters 5 barrels Oysters 690 Sheep and Lambs 5 head Cattle 4 Horses Total value of Cargo $35,148 S. S. "Lake Winnipeg" for Liverpool, 12th November: 2337 boxes Cheese 1044 packages Butter 1204 cases Eggs 1009 bales Hay 249 barrels Apples 169 boxes Lobsters 54 barrels Oysters 1482 cases Canned Meals 51 boxes Hog Products 40 barrels Vegetables 18 boxes Potatoes 1228 Sheep 91 head Cattle 8 horses Total Value of Cargo $60,000 S. S. "Gaspesia" for Liverpool, 25th December 1265 cases Canned Meats 626 boxes and tubs Butter 6 tons Poultry 100 tons Bacon 96 carcases Mutton 25 dressed Hogs 6 quarters Beef 10 barrels Pork 105 boxes Cheese 24 boxes Lobsters 238 barrels Apples 300 tons Hay 10,000 bushels Oats 138 bags bones I barrel Oysters I bag Seed 1286 Sheep 85 head Cattle Total Value of Cargo $50,756.70 TONNAGE STATISTICS The following table shows the Tonnage of Vessels, British and Foreign, employed in the coasting trade which arrived at and departed from Prince Edward Island from 1876 to 1898: -51— Year Tons Year Tons 1876 883,502 1888 1,120,815 1877 929,864 1889 1,194,020 1878 862.418 1890 1.243^993 1879 559,984 1891 1,139,178 1880 628,742 1892 1,271,638 1881 951,632 1893 1,198,539 1882 902,269 1894 1,120,383 1883 1,006,481 1895 1,118,491 1884 910,175 1896 1,310,339 1885 1,157,575 1897 1,209,602 1886 891,633 1898 1,182,180 1887 1,151,023 Statement of Registered Sea-going tonnage carrying cargo into and out of the Province by five year periods, with yearly averages and percentages of increase or decrease : — Period Total Tonnage Yearly Average Per cent. 1874-78 666,351 133,270 1879-83 628,596 125,719 - 5-7 1884-88 636,135 127,227 + 1.2 1889-93 499,581 99,916 -21.4 1894 104,710 + 4.8 1895 123,791 + 18.2 1896 116,469 - 5-9 1897 107,960 - 7-3 1898 142,899 +32.3 Registered Sea-going Tonnage carrying cargo into the Province : — Period Total Tonnage Yearly Average Per cent. 1874-78 296,301 59,260 1879-83 248,167 49,633 - 16.2 1884-88 253983 50,797 - 2.3 1889-93 198,327 39,665 ~ 21.9 1894 40,692 + 2.6 1895 46,218 -+-I3-6 1896 43,255 - 6.4 1897 39,278 - 9.0 1898 54,051 ^-37•6 —52- Registered sea-going tonnage carrying cargo out of tiie Province : — Period Total Tonnage Yearly Average Per cent. 1874-78 370.050 74.010 1879-83 380,429 76,086 -- 2.8 1884-88 382,152 76430 H~ 0.4 1889-93 301,254 60,251 - 21. 1 1894 64,018 -f 6.3 1895 77.573 +21.5 1896 73.214 - 5-3 1897 68,682 - 6.2 1893 88,848 -1-29.4 -«••»- ITS CITY AND TOWNS HARLOTTETOWN, the Capital, and the third in size of the cities " of the Maritime," was founded by Morris and Deschamp in 1768, and was incorporated in 1855. It is situated at the confluence of the York, Elliot and Hillsborough Rivers, and possesses one of the finest harbors in the world. It is the principal shipping-port of the "Garden Province," and has a thriving trade. This city is the eastern terminus of the Plant Steamship Line, and it is a port of call for the boats of the Quebec Steamship Company, plying between Montreal and Gulf of St. Lawrence Ports. The "City of Ghent " makes weekly round trips between here and Halifax, and there are several local lines. One of the healthiest towns in Canada, it is yearly becoming more desirable as a place of residence. A system of Water Works constructed in 1887-88, at a cost of $165,000, furnishes water that is unsurpassed in excellence in America, pumped direct from a spring, and there is a modern system of sewerage. The city is generously laid out, its streets being wide and many of them shaded, and its four public squares are well kept. Queen Square in the centre of the town is one of the prettiest open spaces in the Dominion. In summer it is a very attractive spot with its beautifully arranged flower beds, ■53- RT ■^.J^ < Q q: o O K St O Eh U o a: '*"f —54— sparkling fountain anci band stand. Many improvements have been mrde in Cbarloitetown in recent years, and it is gradually assuming the appearance of a modern city. The wooden buildings that served as business establishments a generation ago have given place to brick and stone structures, and similar progress is to be seen in the residential districts. The city's surroundings are beautiful, and the suburbs are charming with gardens, groves and hedges of evergreen, with shaded roads and fertile fields. Pleasant drives through pretty pastoral scenery, and enjoyable excursions on rivers and bay are among the attractions of Charlottetown. Horses for driving, sail and row boats can be hired at very cheap rates. One of the most beautiful spots and probably the place of greatest historic interest on the Island is Warren F'arm at Rocky Point, nearly opposite the city and within a few minutes trip by ferry. This was originally Port La Joie, the former Capital and the residence of several distinguished people under the French Regime. First settled by the French in 1720, it was allowed to decay, but in 1749 the place was resuscitated and new buildings erected. Grass-covered mounds and excavations are all that now remain of the forts, the village of several hundred inhabitants, church, ecclesiastical establishment, governor's resi- dence, etc.. that once existed. The principal fort designed and laid off by the French and afterwards constructed by the English, was called I^'ort Amherst. Many relics have been found, and the old cellars, outlines of the earthworks and burial ground, can be distinctly seen. The air of romance that clings to the spot, the fine view from the site of Fort Amherst, with the still more beautiful outlook from " Ringwood " on the elevation west of the fort, and the presence of an Indian encampment near by, make the locality decidedly interesting. The principal buildings are on or in the vicinity of Queen Square. The^JPost Office and Custom House is a massive brick and stone structure, and in it are also the Savings Bank and other Federal Government Offices. The Provincial Build- ing contains the Local Government Offices, and Legislative Assembly Chamber, etc. This edifice is of Nova Scotia free- stone, and the corner stone was laid on May i6th, 1843. -55 u -56- Adjoining the Provincial Building is the Law Courts. Charlottetown is well supplied with places of worship, among which are one Roman Catholic, two Anglican, two Methodist, two Presbyterian, and two Baptist Churches. The Roman Catholic Diocese is located here, and authority over the spiritual affairs of the Church of England is exercised by the Bishop of Nova Scotia. The new Saint Dunstan's Cathedral is one of the finest Churches in the Lower Provinces, and Saint Paul's Church (Anglican) and Saint James' (Presbyterian) are beautiful buildings. The Chapel of Saint Peter's Cathedral is worthy of a visit. Other prominent structures are the Prince of Wales College, Bishop's Palace, City Hall, Masonic Temple, the Prince Edward Island and Charlottetown Hospitals, and the Public Schools. The Charlottetown market is the admiration of strangers. Twice a week are here offered for sale the beautiful rich cream, butter, vegetables and other farm and market garden products for which the Island is so famous. The following are minimum are maximum market prices : Apples 3c to I2C per dozen, and from 20c to 75c per l^ushel ; Barley 35c to 65c per bushel ; Brant 50c to 70c a pair ; Beef, live weight, 3c to 5c per 11). ; Beef, small, 5c to 12c per lb. ; Butter fresh, from 15c in summer to 25c in winter; Butter, tub, 15c to 20c per lb. ; Beans, green, 4c per lb. ; Blueberries 3c to 7c per quart ; Black Currants 8c to 15c per quart ; Beets 25c to 40c per bushel ; Cabbages 12c to 3C)c a dozen ; Celery 3c to ^c per head; Cheese 12c to 20c per lb.; Codfish, fresh, 5c to 15c each according to size ; Codfish, corned, 3c to 12c each ; Corn, green, 12c for a dozen ears ; Cranberries 8c to 14c per "jviart ; Carrots 25c to 50c per bushel ; Ducks 40c to 60c a pair ; Fresh Eggs 7c to 25c a dozen according to the season ; Fowls 30c to 60c a pair ; Flour, Island made, $1.75 to $2.00 per cwt. ; Gooseberries 8c to 15c per quart ; Hides 5c to 7c per lb. ; Hay 35c to 70c per cwt. ; Hake 4c to 12c each ; Herring 5c to loc per dozen; Huckleberries 8c to 12c per quart; Lamb 30c to 60c per quarter carcass ; Lobsters 5c to loc each ; Mackerel, fresh, 8c to 15c each acccording to supply; Oats 25c to 30c per bushel; Oatmeal $1.75 to $2.00 per cwt.; Onions 2c to 5c per lb. ; Green Peas loc to 15c per quart ; Potatoes l6c to 30C per bushel ; Pork 3c to 6c per lb. ; Young Pigs $1.00 lo $3.00 each; Parsnips 20c to 30c per Inishel ; Partridges 25c to 40c a pair ; Radishes 3c a bunch ; Raspberries 5c to loc per quart ; Red Currants loc to 20c per quart; Sheep pelts 40c to 60c each; Straw $1.25 to $3.00 per load; Strawberries loc to 20c per quart ; Smelts 3c to 5c per dozen : Sausages I2C per lb.; Turkeys 60c to $1.^0; Turnips 16c to 20c per bushel; — 57— '8T. DINSTAN'S cathedral " -58- Tomatoes, green, loc per peck ; Veal 8c per lb. ; Wild Geese 50c to 80c each. The cheapness of provisions, £cc., and the moderate house rents, ranging in Charlottetown from $80 to $200, combine to render this city a desirable place of residence for those of comparatively limited means. The Institutions of Charlottetown include two well-conducted Hospitals (a Protestant and a Roman Catholic), an Insane Asylum, the Prince of Wales College and Normal School, which will shortly be housed in a handsome brick and stone building now in course of erection. Saint Dunstan's Roman Catholic College, two Convent schools, three large public schools, a Kindergarten and school of music, and several excellent private schools. A quarantine station or hospital for infectious diseases is under the control of the Dominion authorities. There is a well-appointed Young Men's Christian Association. A modern Opera House furnishes amusement for the theatre-going population. Victoria Park, connected with the City by the Park Boulevard, contains 46 acres and possesses many beauty spots. Nearer the City is Government House. The Exhibition Grounds and Driving Park, and the Charlottetown Athletic Association Property contain good racing tracks, that of the former being pronounced one of the best in the Lower Provinces. Our illustration shows a race day in the Driving Park. CHARLOTTETOWN DRIVING PARK —59— The city has two electric light plants, an electric fire alarm and a gas light and power company ; and legislation has recently been passed for an electric street railway. There are three daily and several weekly and bi-weekly newspapers ; and an interesting little monthly magazine has lately appeared upon the scene. Religious and National Societies are well represented, there being no less than 15 lodges or societies including Masons and Odd Fellows. The leading hotels are the Davies, Queen and Revere. Charlottetown contains machine shops, wood-working, furni- ture and tobacco factories, a pork factory, woolen and flour mills, a boot and shoe factory, a condensed milk factory, and minor industries. The number of establishments in 1 88 1 and 1891, was: — t88i 1891 Number 198 238 Capital $980,018 $959,589 Number of hands employed 1,005 1,049 Wages paid $235,241 $281,119 Cost of material $610,209 $797,795 Value of products $998,530 $1,405,246 Value per head of population $ 87 $ 123 The city's affairs are managed by a Mayor and eight Councillors, and its population is about 12,000. Summerside, in Prince County, has a population of about 3,000 and ranks next to the capital in wealth and importance. It is situated on Bedeque Bay, in the centre of one of the finest farming districts in the Province, and has a large trade being the principal oyster mart of the Island. It possesses a good harbor, and during the season of navigation has daily communication by steamer with New Brunswick. The town is lighted by electricity and boasts of the largest and finest departmental store in the Maritime Provinces. Its schools are excellent and hotels fair. Near Summerside is the Dunk River, a noted trout-fishing stream, where many piscatorial beauties have been killed. Alberton at the western end of the Province possesses the only harbor, Cascumpec Bay, available on a long line of coast, which has been considerably improved by dredging. The village has a good trade and a number of HHB — 6o— enterprising merchants. Thirty miles east of Charlottetown is Georgetown the winter port of the Island. It is situated at the junction of the Cardigan and Brudenell Rivers, has a magnifi- cent harbor, and is one of the pleasantest places at which to take a summer outing in the Province. Souris the eastern terminus of the Railway, is sixty miles from Charlottetown. It has a good harbor and a large trade. One of the most beautiful villages on the Island, it is yearly becoming more popular as a summer resort. The other imi)ortant places are, Tignish, Kensington, Montague, Mount Stewart and Victoria, all having the advantage of water connections or Railway Stations. WHERE MANY PISCATORIAL BEAUTIES HAVE BEEN KILLED -6i — LAND AND WATER ROUTES, &c. HE Prince Edward Island Railway is a narrow gauge road 2IO miles long, traversing the country from end to end, and touching almost every point of any import- ance. Its general offices are at Charlottetown. A branch to the Murray Harbor District in the southern part of the Province, with a bridge across the Hillsborough River, is to be constructed. Good waggon roads are everywhere found. During the season of navigation, there is daily communication by the fine steamers " Northumberland " and *' Princess " of the Charlottetown Steam Navigation Company, between Summerside and Point du Chene, N. B. and Charlottetown and Pictou, N. S. This company was first organized in 1863, and it is worthy of remark that during these 36 years not an accident has occured by which a passenger or a piece of freight has been injured. After the close of navigation, open communication is main- tained between Georgetown and Pictou by the Steamer " Stanley," a boat specially designed for the winter work, and which has been wonderfully successful. The "Stanley" was built at Govan, on the Clyde, in 1888. She is constructed throughout of Siemen's-Mariin steel. Her dimensions are: — Length 207 feet, breadth 32 feet, dej)th 20 feet 3 inches. She is a screw boat of 914 tons gross, and 300 horse power, and attains a speed of nearly 15 knots in clear water. Within the present year it is expected that the "Minto" a larger and more powerful boat than the "Stanley," will be ready to act in conjunction with her. In mid-winter the work of the steamers is supple- mented by the Ice Boat Service between Cape Traverse on the Island and Cape Tormentine on the New Brunswick shore, a distance of about nine miles. The standard ice-boat is 18 feet long, 5 feet wide and 2 feet 2 inches deep. Its frame is oaken, it is planked with cedar, and the planks are covered with tin. It has a double keel which serves for runners, and four leather straps are attached to euch side. The crews are hardy, powerful and courageous men. The passage usually occupies three and a half hours, but when there is much " lolly " (small particles of ice floating in the water often to the depth of several feet), and 62 - I* - a a IS « o Si: 03 I E- r -63- when wind and tide are unfavorable, it sometimes requires from five to seven hours. A trip by " the Capes " is a unicjue experience. Freight and passenger steamers connect weekly with Quebec, Montreal, St. John's, Newfoundland, Halifax, Boston and the Magdalen Islands. Small steamers and sailing packets, most of them more or less subsidized, furnish means of coast and river transit. A direct steamship service to Great Britain was inaugurated in the fall of 1898. Telegraphic communication is maintained by the cable of the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, 12 miles long, between Capes Traverse and Tormentine, and 27 other offices of this company are established throughout the Province and along the Railway. The land line is 130 miles lonj. This system also includes i mile of cable under the Hillsborough River at Charlottetown. A telephone system of about 500 miles, reaching almost every important point is also in existence, Mails are despatched daily to the mainland and weekly to Great Britain, while advantage is taken of intervening opportunities to Europe via New York. There are good postal facilities throughout the Province, offices being established at intervals of three or four miles. The following table gives the distances between Charlotte- town and some of the principal cities of Canada and the United States, and the time required to make the journey during the summer season : — Charlottetown to Halifax, N. S. fi Moncton, N. B. .. St. John, N. B. .. Quebec, (I. C. R.) M Montreal, (I. C. R.) u Montreal, ( C. P. R.) M Ottawa. (C. A.) Ottawa, (C. P. R ) Toronto, (G. T. R. ) .. Toronto, (C. P. R.) II Boston, Miles Hours 160 12 IIO 6 20 min. 200 9 20 min. 600 23 772 28 681 25 887 31 796 28 1.105 37 1,019 35 654 24 -64- u o a. a: u H CO -65- Miles Hours 880 30 970 32 3.584 124 Charlottetown to New York, II Philadelphia, II Vancouver, «(«; ►——4 ))»> THE ISLANDS FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS HE Island Province possesses few financial institutions. Y ^ i I I^s banks are the Merchants of Prince Edward Island and the Summerside Bank. The former occupies a substantial building in Charlottetown, and does a very successful business. It was incorporated in 1871 and has Agencies at Souris Montague and Alberton. The Summerside Bank has been in existence for upwards of 30 years. Both are sound financial concerns. The Union Bank of Prince Edward Island, in- corporated in 1863, was amalgamated with the Bank of Nova Scotia in 1883, and is now known as the Charlottetown Agency of that great Nova Scotian Institution. There is also a branch at Summerside. Another Halifax Bank, the Merchants, has agencies at Charlottetown and Summerside. A branch of the Dominion Government Savings Bank is established at Charlottetown, in which the amount to the credit of depositors at ist July, 1899, was $1,800,666.92. There are Post Office Savings Banks at Summerside, Souris, Montague, Crapaud and Tignish. An Agency of the *• Credit Foncier Franco Canadien' of Quebec does business at Charlottetown. There are no Loan or Trust Companies. MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURES The business men of Prince Edward Island are up-to-date. Stores with well-selected stocks are found in every village and at many of the " cross-roads " throughout the country. In Char- lottetown the establishments of all kinds are equal to those of any city of its size in Canada, and the window dressing of many of the stores is excellent. The principal dry goods retailers send buyers direct to England for their stocks, while the large army of commercial ambassadors who regularly visit the Island, secure substantial orders. In the Capital are several —66— shipping firms, eight or nine d goods establishments (some with wholesale departments) seven drug stores, two furniture factories and warerooms, five tailoring establishments, and several stores each in the lines of groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, etc. Summerside, too, possesses excellent business establish- ments. The Charlottetown Board of Trade is an influential body and is accomplishing good work for the city and province. Manufactures are limited but are steadily developing. They include butter, cheese, starch, and soap factories, tanneries, grist, saw, and woolen mills, furniture factories, lobster and other canning establishments, carriage factories, etc. By the census of 1891, the figures of Island industries were as follows : — Number of Industrial Establishments, 2,679 Capital invested $2,911,963 Number of hands employed, 7>9io Yearly wages about, $1,101,620 Value of products, $4,345,910 An increase compared with the census of 1881 of over 25 per cent, in the number of establishments, nearly 40 per cent. in capital invested, 38 per cent, in the number of hands employed, and 27 per cent, in the value of products. INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS The number of Industrial Establishments in each County in 1 89 1 (according to the census returns, the latest available fij.1 l^'-^''*.-*'"^ ■%;"■ 'UNEXCELLED AS AN OUTING-PLACK IN HUMMER ii.. 74- X ts C E- ■75- A FINAL CHAPTER-HOTELS HE principal "North Shore" Resorts are at Tracadie Beach, Stanhope. Brackley Beach, Rustico, and Malpeque. At these places, respectively, are located the " Acadia," "Shaw's," the "Sea View," "Mutch's," the "Cliff House," the "Seaside," and the "North Shore" Hotels, These houses are delightfully situated on beautiful land-locked Bays, where boat- ing, still-water bathing, shooting, and other sports may be enjoyed ad libitum. Beyond the bars and the sand dunes, rolls in the foam-capped surf, and here is the finest sea-bathing in America ; while out in the Gulf, for those who fancy it, can be had mackerel and cod fishing with the hardy toilers of the North Bay. The strong air of this northern coast is a tonic in itself. The hotels are within easy drive of Charlottetown or other railway station. The " Seaforth " is at Cascumpec Bay. But to those who prefer a less ozonized atmosphere, the "South Shore" offers many attractions. The "Florida" hotel is a popular resort at Pownal, and the " Lansdowne " at Cape Traverse is a comfortable house. The "Pleasant View" house at Hampton is very much liked by all who visit it. There is good boating and bathing, and the hotel is beautifully situated on high ground with an extensive and pretty view of land and sea. This place is reached by boat or carriage from Charlottetown. Besides the hotels (a list of which follows), there are many farm houses where visitors will be welcomed and hospitably entertained. Numerous clean and intelligent families will receive tourists ; and if the bill of fare be not as varied as that of the hotels, the guests may depend upon getting the richest cream and the most golden butter imaginable, together with an abundance of all the other good things furnished by this fertile summer-land. 76- lis O 2 —77— The following Hotels open for the season between June 15th and July ist, closing early in September; — On the North Shore No. Place Name Proprietor Tkkms Ace. Per Per 100 Day 2 50 Week Tracadie Beach Acadia I. C. Hall 8.00 Stanhope Mutch's F. Mutch 2.5 !.:«) 5-7.00 " Cliff J. J. Da vies 40 * -it Hrackley Heach Shaw's Neil Shaw .50 i.:io fi-SOO '• Hea View E. Houston 40 1.00 .5(5.00 Hnstico .Seaside J. Newson & Co. 70 1 75 7-10.0(t Malprque North Shore G. F. Rearisto 25 1.00 ()-up Alberton Seaforth G. R. Montgomerj' 20 150 7.00 On the South Shore F^ownal Florida W. Brown 15 1 00 5-8.00 Hampton Pleasant View Matthew Smith 50 1 00 +5.00 List of Hotels Name > Daviea Queen Revere Eureka McMillan Lansdowne Clark's Cfuninercial Clifton Russ Campbell Barclay Albion Terrace Revere Winner Railway Clark's Manson Smith McDonald Aitken Tapper Revere Central Diiigwell McLean Fraser Sea View Frederick Location Charlotte town Hunter River Cape Traver.>ie Kensington Summerside O'Leary Alberton Tignish Mt. Stewart Cardigan Montague Georgetown Morell St. Peter's Souris No. Ter.ms Acc'd Per Day $2 00 up Per Week 1.50 $10 .50 up 80 150 (iOO up <)0 1 00-1 .50 4 00 7.(Kt 20 1 .50-2 00 7 00 10 100 4.00 .50 1 (10 up 4.00-8.00 20 125 (i 00 20 1 00 5 CO 40 2 00 Aut. 50 1.50 7.(0 40 1 25 up (i 00 10 1 25 5.00 40 1 .50 n.fO 20 1 00 4 (JO 10 1 50 5 00 10 1(K) 5.00 10 100 4 00 10 100 4.00 10 125 5.00 1.0(11 .50 (KK) 20 1,50 AKt. I(» 1 .50 5 01 m; 00 15 1 0(» :i 00-5 (M» 10 1 00 A 00-5.(K) 10 1 25 5 00 10 1 25 500 40 150 Agt. 25 100 5.00 * Apply to the "Hotel Davies," t 83 to family parties. -78- X X o O in o H D —79— ROUTES, ETC. Prince Edward Island is reached by boats of the " Plant Line " from Boston to Charlottetown (owing to the increased tourist traffic this season, the magnificent " La Grande Duchesse " being required in addition to the " Halifax,") and by direct steamers from Montreal ; by rail from Boston, St. John and Montreal to Point du Chene, N. B., thence by boat to Summerside, P. E. L; by boat Boston to Yarmouth, thence rail to Pictou, N. S., and steamer to Charlottetown ; by rail from Halifax to Pictou, thence by boat to Charlottetown ; and from Halifax by direct steamer. The Tourists' Information Bureau at Charlottetown, and the Prince Edward Island Railway folders afford more specific information as to resorts, routes, etc. Copies of this pamphlet may be obtained from the Provincial Government, Charlottetown. ADDENDA Since the foregoing pages have been put into print, a change has taken place in the establishment of the Militia of this Province, referred to on page 21. The force is now composed of four companies of Garrison Artillery, with the strength of each company increased by 12 and a total establishment of 244, one double company of Engineers, and eight companies of Infantry, a total of 57 officers and 717 non-commissioned officers and men. The direct steamship service to Great Britain, alluded to on pages 49 and 63, is to be continued. One of the boats of the Elder-Dempster Line, the "Lake Huron," will make several trips between Charlottetown and Liverpool this season. Poultry-fattening stations (adverted to at page 71) have been established by the Dominion Government at C\ arlottetown and Summerside. ERRATA On page 20, top line, " Lib.-Con " should read " Lib." On page 61, 15th line, omit the word "open." » A ^ el r 'i t: \ v», *r^yi->. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe '^o ,^ \ 4k o ■u i] ':/^ r V