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I
z^-
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.'^
UNITED STATES NATIONAL Ml'SEUM.
[Serial Number 45. J
BULLETIN
OK THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
. »
:N^o. 84.
THE BATliArillA OF XOKTII AMERICA.
' i^
BY
A
^
Nir^^
E. D.^ COPE.
\VA8HTXGT0N:
rJOVEHNMKKT PKTNTINr; OFFICE.
1S8;>.
I
ADVEKTISEMENT.
IS
The present ].iiblicatiou (Bulletin >\.. M) is tl.e tortylitth ut a «ones
of papers intended to illustrate the eolleetions belon-ing to the Initnl
States, and eonstitutinj,' the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of ("on-ress of August 10,
1810.
The publications of the National Museum consists ot two series— tli.'
Bulletins, of which this is No. 34 in continuous series, and the I'roeecd.
ings, of which the eleventh volume is now in press.
The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, earli
issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis-
tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.
Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-
rent catalogues of the jmblications of the SmithsoJiian Institution.
Tapers intended tor publication in the Proceedings and r>ulletins of
the National Museum are referred to the Committee on Publication,
consisting of the following members: T. II. IJean, A. Howard Clark
(editor), Otis T. Mason, John Murdoch, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick"
W. True, ami Lester F. Ward.
S. P. Langlev,
Secretary of the Smithsindan Institution.
Washington, April l>, 188'J.
/ 1
fl
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^F'i
mi
k
THE
BATEACHIA
OP
tf i
ii
NOETII AMERICA.
If'^
BY
^a
*♦«
\
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1889.
A
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
■4
1
4
rHiLADELi'HiA, 'February 18, 1887.
Dear Sir : I have the honor to present to you for publication among
the Bulletins of the United States National Museum the manuscript of
a general work on the Batrachia of North America. It embraces the
results of a thorough study of the characters of the species, with their
variations, which has been rendered effective by the very full collection
contained in the National Museum, and which this work thus illustrates.
Besides this descriptive part, I have i»resented the results of a thorough
study of the osteology of the class, based on the material contained in
various museums of the United States and Euri)pe. I have expressed
these results largely in systematic form, in the belief that descriptive
zoiilogy will never be complete until the structure is exhausted in fur-
nishing definitions. Wherever practicable, reference is made to the
relations between the extinct and living forms.
I have been greatly indebted to you for the use of the manuscript
l)re])ared by yourself and Dr. Girard many years ago with such a pub-
lication as the present one in view. Of the descriptions of the fifty- three
Urodela, nineteen are from your pen, and of the forty-seven Salientia,
twenty-t)ne are the work of yourself and Dr. Girard. This has materally
lightened my labor, the only additional work necessary to these descrip-
tions being such as increase of material has recpiired. In the same way
the figures of the external characters of the Urodela of which your de-
scriptions appear in the text, were prei)ared under your direction, and
the drawings of the crania of the same Urodela were partially prepared
at the same time, and have been completed by myself, now appearing
for the first time. The other drawings were made by myself, excepting
some which are credited to others at the proper places.
Besides the collection of specimens in alcohol, the collection of skele-
tons prepared by yourself, and now part of the National Museum, has
been of the greatest service in the preparation of this work and of the
various papers by myself which have preceded it.
I am, with much respect, yours, truly,
Prof. S. F. Baird,
Secretary of the Sniithsonian Institution.
E. D. Cope.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Lettor.if trausmittal
JSatracbia 1
General chaiaetcrs '_
(Jeiieral auatmny '
Larval eliaracters '
Class! ticatiou . , '
AffiuititM
Pbylogeiiy ■ ^\
Exiilaiiation of teims "'
Noiiieuulatiire ami history 1''
Proteida
Urodela '■*
Tracliystoiiiata
Salieiitia '^'■^~
Recaiiitnlatioii '^'"^
Addenda ^''■'
Bildiojiraphy 't'l
Addendum to liiljlioj|;rapliy ^'■'
List of cuts ^-'
Exjilanation of letterin-,' on [iJate^ 4'j;!
Exiilauatiou of platen "I'J'
Index 51*
I
THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
!
BATRACHIA.
Bonguiart, IdOO. Amphibia Latreille, 1825 (not of Linnsens 176G).
OKNEllAL CHARACTERS.
Vertebrata witb a ilistinct coracoid eleuu'iit of the scapular arch and
with an os quadratutn. The limbs consist of a single proximal element,
two propodials (sometimes united), a carpus and tarsus, metapodials,
and phalanges. The cartilage of the basis-crauii unossified (except some-
times a basioccipital ossilication), but supported by the single mem-
brane bone, the parasphenoid ; vertebral column consisting entirely or
in part of intercentra. Stapes present.
Brain with the cerebelhun small, and the mesencephalon smaller than
the prosencephalon ("hemispheres"); the latter with the ventricles on
the inner sic.v ot Eryops
unknown). The intermedium is either present or fused with one of the
adjacent bones of the tirst row. There is a series of carpalia and of
tarsalia, pviny attachment to tlie met.'podials. whose nund)erand con-
dition ditfer in the dilVerent families, im' number of di-its is -onerally
not more than four in front and live behind. There is very often a rndi-
mental thumb on the anterior foot in the Salientia, and in the extinct
rhaehitomous jienus Eryoi)s there are live \vell-devcl(.i)ed dijiits on the
mauus. (Plate 1'). tiy'. 1.) In the .Salientia there is often a rudimental
sixth toe internal to the liallux. ( Plate 07-Si.)
The shoulder-f,nrdle is not connected with the skull in the P.atrachia,
excepting in the genus Ilemisns. There is a large suprascapula. The
osseous coracoid is of various proportions, and it has various cartilagi-
nous extensions, as epicoracoid and procoraconl. These are ossilied in
some of the extinct forms. There is much variety in the pieces which
occupy the middle line of the scapular arcii. The (uders may be ar-
ranged as follows on this basis :
An t'liisti'niuin amino sternum: UnnonphnUt. HhiuJutnuii
An oniosternnni and stenmni ; no ciiistfrniiin. SaVuntm. N-
Triichjintohuita, I'vote'ula, rrodtla (fxcejit TniiKitiiditui).
The pelvis is always fiu'iiished with an ilium, but the pubis is want-
ing or represented by rudiments, except in the extinct forms, where it
is present. The ischium is i)riniitively an undivided cartilaginous plate.
Xo obturator foramen. There are some characters which are common
to all or nearly all Ijatrachia. but which may be found on further knowl-
edge of the extinct forms not ro have been always present. One of
these is the continuity or fixed articulation of tlie quadrate cartilage
or bone with the skull. The proximal part of this bone is intercalated
between the squamosal aii:l exoccipital. and the i»terygoid when present,
so as to i)resent only its distal extremity free. In the Salientia it is an
insignifleant element, being generally cartilaginous.
The vomeroi)alatine bones are always double, except where wanting,
which is only the case in the Trachystomata. They are nearly always
deutigerous.
The orbitosphenoid bone is always well developed.
In the existing orders the atlas is undivided. I have put forth the
hypothesis^ that the vertebral bodies in the existing and most of the
' Cope, American N'arurali>t, l-'T, ]). -136. ~"
-Baiir, Carims u. Tarsus ,\nv Vcrrel)iatcn. 1--T. I5atnicliia. ]<\k <;-13.
'On the Intercfntnini >{ th.' Terrestrial Vertebrata. Transac. Anier Philosoi.li.
Soc, I^Sf), p. 34:!.
'iiiilitihiiiu ri. StiijiHipiiali.
an sternal elements :
1
I
'f
^
.a
4
THE HATRACllIA OF NOliTH AMERICA.
k
extinct onlcrsot' Uatnicliia are not th« centra of the higher vertebrata,
but are intercentra, w hidi are occasionally seen in the higher vertebrates
in a rudiniental condition. This is especially the case in the remark-
able saurian of New Zealand, the Si)henodon, and in the extinct order
of the Theroniora. Owen has shown that the mtcrcentra exist also in
the mole. I have given the following reasons for this view:
1. The intercentra are very large in the Ganocephala and KhacUi-
tonii.
, They support the neural arch in the Enibolomeri.
J. They are not rndimental in existing Batrachia.
4. The chevron bones, which originate from the intercentra of Kep-
tilia, are continua with the caudal vertebral bodies in Iiatrachia,
.J. Tlie ribs, which originate from the intercentral cartilages in Kep
tilia, originate from the vertebral bodies of Batrachia.
Tiie paleontology of the Batrachia and Beptilia shows that the order
Enibolomeri is tlie only one with complete vertebral bodies, and so
probably gave origin to the reptiles; while the intercentra in some
Batrachians become so connected with the neural arches as to lead to the
belief that they become the vertebral bodies of later forms of the class
whii'h JMve atrachia. The testes are single on each side in the Salientia; there
are several in the Urodela, esi)ecially in the Ca.'ciliidre. The penis is
wanting. Impregnation is accomplished by copulation in the Urodela,
I!
12 Bl'I-LETIN 31, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
but iu the Salientia the sperinatozoiii.ls are dischar-e.l o.i the ova after
leaving the bodv pf the female. (Plate.s IS, ll>, ;W. 4J.)
The aliinentarv canal iu the Batraehia is .simple, since it is not highly
specialized into distinct parts. The liver is larse and is . The gall-bladder and pancreas
are present. The teeth are not implanted in alveola-, and are iu the
recent forms more or less pleiirodoiit.
LAKVAL CHARACTEKS.
In the course of the growth of a batracjhian there is always a period
which follows the freedom of the embryo, in which there are structures
tor securing respiration in the water. These gills difler from those of
fishes, in that the fringes in which the blood is aerated .stand on lieshy
processes of the branchial arches, and not directly on the arches them-
selves. Similar structures are found in the preliminary stages of
some tishes. During this stage the tail is more or less modified as a
swimming organ, and the condition of the skull differs materially in
character from that of the adult. In the tailless or anurous Batraehia
the limbs do not appear until this period has nearly closed, while in
the tailed or urodele order the liml)s api)ear almost immediately after
the gills. Besides these transitional characters, the Urodela possess in
their early larval condition a long process in front of the first gill on
each side, which is termed a balancer. This remains in a few abnormal
cases in salamanders, but is permanent in the suborder of the ea'cil-
iaiis or worm-like >>atrachia. A similar process exists in the larva of
the frogs of the genus Xennpu.s: whi'-h resembles superficially a siluroid
fish ; but in the Salientia generally tnc balancers are wanting.
Tlie gills in the Salifiitia (frogs, toads, etc.) are soon concealed by a
growth of the skin, which leaves a small orifice for the di.sciiarge of
water from the i)haryngeal cavity. In one group of these animals this
opening is on the middle line l)elow, but in the great majority it is
single and is situated on the left side.
The changes undergone by the skull in the metamorphosis are much
more important in the Salientia than in any other order, and are treated
of under the head of that order.
The eggs of Batraehia are always deposited in the water or in damp
places. In a few instances the young do not seek the water, and iu
one species (Salamandra atra) they are born free from the egg.
Under the head of the Salientia will be found a table of the various
modes in which the eggs and larv.-e of those animals are deposited and
cared for prior to maturity.
Under the respective orders the descriptions of their characteristic
peculiarities of development will be found. (IMates 30, 11, 78.)
I
THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
CLASSIFICATION.
There are several orders of Jiatrachia, and they disi)lay remarkable
diversities of skeletal structure. For the better understaudiug of these
I give the following table of their principal definitions:'
I. Basioccipital, supraoccipital, iutercalaiy,- and supratemporal lioues present. Pro-
poilial boues rlistiuct.
a. One cotyloid occipit.al condyle,
Vertebral centra reidaced by one basal and two lateral elements
witli one nenral arcli GimoceiihaUi.
aa. Two occipital condyles.
Vertebral Viodies, including atlas, segmented, one set of segments
togt*lier suppcrting one arch L'hachitomi.
Vcrtebr.T segni< nted, the superior and inferior segments each
complete, forniini; two centra to each arch Emholumeri.
Vertebral bodies, including atlas, not segmented: one to each
arch Sttgocephdli.
II. Basioccipital, suiiraocciiiital, and supratempi>"al bones wanting. Frontal and
propodial bones distinct.
a. Au OS intercalare.
A palatine arch and separate caudal vertebra? Prottida.
aa. No OS intercalare.
A maxillary arch and vomers; palatine arch present, imperfect;
nasals, iiremaxillaries and caudal vertebne distinct Vrodtla,
No niBxillary or palatine arches; no vomers: .lasals and pre-
maxillary. also caudal vertebra*, distinct. Trachi/'stumata.
III. Basioccipital, su])raocci))ital, intercalare. and supratemjioral boues wanting-
Frontals and ]>arietals connate: proi)odial bones and lumbosacral vertebra^
each continent.
Palatines distinct from vomers; a palatine arch : a.stragalus and
calcaneum eloiiy,ate, forminu a distinct segment of the limb Salientia.
The animals of the liivision I are all extinct. Division II includes the
Salamanders and their allies, witii the worm-like Coda),
while the third division embraces the frogs, toads, etc.
AFFINITIES.
The Batrachia are, tlien, intermediate in characters, and therefore iu
position, between the tish-like forms and the reptiles. Among the
former the Dipnoi ai)pi'oacii tliem most nearly, while the extinct reptiles
of the oldest order, the Theromora,^ are the nearest allies on the rep-
tilian side. It belongs to the series of vertebrates which have a dis-
tinct coracoid bone in tiie shoulder-girdle, ami a distinct quadrate bone
in the skull. The greater part of the basicranial axis is cartilaginous,
but it is protected below by the membrane bone, the parasplienoid. In
all these respects, and in the absence of an amnion of the embryo, the
Batrachia agree with the fishes. They differ from tiiischissin the jtres-
ence of legs and absence of fins, and in the absence of various bones
whi(!h belong to the l)rauchial and opercular .systems, and to tin- sus-
])en,sor of the lower Jaw.
'This is partly derived from the talde which I have given iu Vol, if. Paheontology
of the Geological Survey of Ohio, l-iTI, p. ;!,";). See also Americau Naturalist, 1-84.
'Of Cnvier : Kpiotic of Iluxloy, according to Vrolik.
^ Thcromor2)ha Cope olim; name preoccupied.
14 BULLETIN Ml, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Thii ('liariicters display-'d l).v tin? three divisions in question indicate
their rehitionship to l)i'. iis Ibllows: The orders of JJivision I ])resent in
their cranial structure a greater resembhiuce to the limblinned or
cro8soi)ter.> siiHi iishes tlian do either of the others. The third division
is the most divergent from tiie t.vi»y, and is in various respects tlie most
speciaHzed. This si>ecialization consists not only in a departure from
the i)rimitive Batrachia, but also from all other forms of vertebrata.
Its specialization is seen in the loss and cocissification of various parts
of the skeleton. The ITnulehi display chara(;ters intermein'll AMKIilCA.
17
f
(lid iit»t fiivi' ilistiiictive naiiiL'S I'or tliu groups which he luoposed, which
wt'ic very iirliliciiil.
!>ion(/iii(tr( published lii.s system iu I80()-'()3, in the Meiuoire.s de.s
SiiViUis lOtraiijfc'i'sde I'liistitiit. lie did not distiuyuisli the Ijiitrachiii
as a chiss IVoiu the JJeptilia, but h(^ distinj;uished it lirst as a natural
jjfroiip and named it. Ih; divided the lieptilia into the (bur irders, Che-
Ionia, Sauria, Ophidia, and IJatraehia. lie placed the salanmnt'ers in
tlni IJatiachia Ibrthetirst tinu'.
LntrciUe published a system of Keptilia in tho Nouveau Dictionaire
d' llistoire Naturelle in ISOi, Vol. xxiv, paj^'e (Jl. lie adoi)ts the sys-
tem of Ilrongniart. The Batrachia are divided into two sections: I
/>. (vurcurs, aiul 1 1 li. pisciforuics. The secoiul section included the gei;-
era Proteus and Siren; section I, all other Batrachia known to the
anihoi'. In l.S2r> Latreille published another classification iu the bro-
chure "Les Families Natunlles du Hegne Animal." lie divides the
vertebiata into warm-blooded (llaemathermes) and cold-blooded (llae-
maerymes). The latter include Pulmonees antl Solibranches. Tiie lat-
ter includes the lishes. The Ibrmer division has two subdivisions, Wep-
tiles and Am|)hibia or Batrachia. We here find the system of Do
IJlainville adoi)ted in the reco;;nition of the Batrachia as distinct from
the Keptilia, and the na!;ie Amphii)ia is used for it for the first time.
Daudin in l.SO'.'-Hl.'i ])ublished his Trait6 (ienerale. He adopted the
classifu'ation of Brongniart.
Dnnieril, in ISOt, in the Traite elementaire d'histoire naturelle, also
adopted the system of Bron<;'niart. He placed the Cu'ciliidie among
(he Ophidia. In his ZoiUogie Analyti(pu', published in 1807, he followed
I he same arrangeuuMit, and divided the Batrachia into Auura and Uro-
dela. The latter included four genera: Triton, Salamaiulra, Proteus,
and Siren.
lAtnitirck, in 1S()!>, published a Distribution (ien«''rale des Auimaux, as
I he (chapter viil of the Philosophie Zoiilogique. He did not distinguish
the Batrachia from the Keptilia as a class, bat recognized the four
orders of Kejjtilia already proposed by P>rougniart. The Batrachia are
divided into two divisions: Urodelii and Anura. (Jcecilia is placed in
the serpents.
CkvIck, in the Le(M)ns d'Anatomie Comparee, in 1801), and in the
Kegiie Animal, in 1817, adopteil the system of Jirongniart. In the
si'cond edition of tlie lattei', pul»lished in 182!) he divides the Batrachia
into live genera, vi/ : C(ecilia, Kana, Salamaiulra, Proteus, and Siren.
Opjxl published his "Ordnungen Familien u. Gattungen der Kep-
liiien" in 1811 (Munich). lie adopts the class name llei)tilia, and
divides it into three orders : Testudinata, S(piainata (snakes and lizaids),
and Xiida or Batrachia. The Batrachia are divided into three families ;
the Apoda (('(cciliida), ICcaudata or Aniira, and the I'rodela.
!>(■ lUdinriUe published in ISKI in the Xoiiveau liulletin des Sciences
-,XeueClassilication der Reptilien (lSL'G),adopttj the nainesof
Leuckart for the prinniry divisions of the IJeptilia, the Monojmoa cor-
responding to the Keptilia ami the Dipnoa to the IJatrachia. He places
Ccecilia among the ."\Ionopnoa. The Dipnoa are divided into .Mutabilia
and Imnuitabilia. The latter includes the lamilies Cryjjtobranchoida
and IMianerobraiichoida. The Mutabilia inelmle all other r.atraciiia.
Duineril and Bibrou, iw the " Erpetologie denerale," published be-
tween 18;U and 1841, adopt the system of IJrongniart. The fourth order
of reptiles, the I5atrachia, is divided into three suborders, viz : the
IVromela (Co'ciliidie), Anura, and Urodela. The Urodeia are divided
into Atretodera (Salamandres) ami Trematodera, which end)ra(;es tlio
rryptobranchida- and forms with pernmnent branchiae
Johannes Miilkr, in Ktininius' JIandbuch der Zoiitomie (18.50), uses
the Lniniean name Amphibia for the combined lieptilia and IJatrii-
1.
TIIK 1JATKA(;HIA ol' NOKTll AMKUICA.
19
ii's, ihmUt
U'llt I'll J- 11
liU's'' iiiul
ions, viz:
iil)liil>ioiis
; liero lind
ii (liviision
ts to the
tiiicliiaiis,
ht'sc, riio-
podii (C(i>-
mdirs iivo
sta, or tlio
ilii(leli)hiiij
ainos \W\tr
IS Emydo.
uiropliidia,,
tabilia and
Ibnns, witli
einbraci'd
k'sol!{«'i)-
Sciences of
les the Ba-
le t'xternal
V only ; in
neither the
le names of
lopnoa col-
lie places
) Mntaliilia
hiaiichoida
IJatrachia.
blished be-
ourth onler
x'vA : till'
are divided
ibraces the
(ISotJ), uses
and IJatni-
cilia. The hitler two divisions be rej^ards as subclasses, under the
names Monopnoa and i)ipiio:i. The Dipiioa (liatrachia) are divided
into IJrodelaand JJatracliia (=:Anura). Tlie Urodelaiii tiirnaredivided
into l'ereniiil»ranclii;ita, Derotremata (Trematodera pt. of Dumeril and
llibron), and Mycitoder.i (sala:iiandeis in .nenenil).
Haiclid i)iiblislied in lS(J(j iiis (}eiii'rel!e ]\Iorpiiolo;:;ie. lie then dis-
tin;;iiished the IJatrachia not only as a class from the Ilei>tilia, but
placed it in a separate };roiip of the vertebrafa, which he called the
Aiiamnia, from the absence of the amnion, alonj;' with tln^ lishes. He
uses iiidis(!iiiiiiiiiitely the names Uatrachia and Amphibia for the (tlass.
lie divides it into two primary divisions, the IMiractamphibia and Lis-
samphibia. The former are the extiiuit forms, tojicther with the Ca'ci-
liida'. The Lissainpliibia are divided into three divisions: Sozobran-
cliia ' '.'ereiinibraiiclisV Soznra (IJrodela), and Aniira.
( '(il>L', iu ii "Synopsis of the Kxtinct Ijatrachia «)f North America,"
lS(».S(l*r(>ceedin^'s of the Ac idemy IMiiladelpliia), re('o.i;iiiziMl the Uatra-
«-hia as a class distinct from the Ivcptili.i, and divided it into six orders,
as follows: Tiacliystiniiata (Hiiens), i'mt. ida, Urodela, (Jyniiioi)liidia
(the ('o^(!iliida'), 8tL'<,M)cepliali (extinct forms), and Annra. In a paper on
the IJatraidiia of the Permian I'eriod of Noitli America, bSSt( American
N itiiralist), two orders were added, tiie Kliachitomi and Kmbolomeii,
linth extinct. In the "Origin of tiie Fitti'st" (Philadelphia, ISSO) still
another order is added to the IJatraiiliia, the (Janoiu'phala of Owen, and
t 111 (iymnopliiona((J(et;iliida')are united with the IJrodela, makiiij'- eight
oi'ders in all. Tliis systiMii is adopted in tiie iiicsent work. In 18(15, in
•I paper on the Primary J)ivisioiis of the liatrachia Salientia (Natural
History Ileview) the .Vniira were divided into Ajjlossa, |{iifonitbriiiia,
AKtifera, and Itaniformia. These divisions arc here adopte«l, except-
i:i,u the Ibifoniformia.
Ilii.tlcj/, AnatDiny of Veitebratcd .\niinals, 1871, «livides the vertL!-
Iir.ilainto hditliyopsida, Sauropsida, and Mammalia. The Ichthyopsida
correspond to the Anamniaof Ilaeckel, plus the Leptocardii and Mar-
sip(»hiancliii. This division is divided into two classes, the Pisces ami
AaiphiUia (Hatrachia). The Keptilia and Aves form the Sauropsida.
The An;pliibia emlnace, according; to Iliixley, four orders, viz : Uro-
dcl.i, lialiyrinthodonta, Gymiiopliiona, and liatrachia or Aniira. The
trodela are divided into J'roteida and 8alaniandrida, which corro-
spmid to the Trematodera and Vitretodera of Dumeril and iJibron.
Professor Ilnxley j,'ave the (irst (dear osteoIoj;ical delinition of the class.
'<'''ii i>"; by ('avier, in 1801) and in 1817; by .Merrein,in bSliO; by ilarlaii,
in 1825; hy Dumeril and Hibron, in 1811; and by various modern writers
since that date. The name Amphibia I find first used by Dc r.lainvllle
in 181(5 as intcn^hangeable with the name Xiidipellifcri, and also as a
siibili vision of itself eipial to the I'eiennibranchiates of somk; later au-
thors. The name is first definitely adopted by liatreillein ISL'o, a^jnar-
ter of a century after the introduction of the name IhUrachia. lie is
followed after a long interval by Ilacckel in 18(!(!, who, howexcr. uses
the name Amphibia as interchangeable witli IJafracliia. It is ex(du
sively used by Ilnxley and by (legenbaur, and by a number of modern
naturalists, chiefly anatomists. From the ab:)ve record it is (inite evi-
dent that the proper name for this class is Matrachia.
The true classification of the (contents of the (dasa wa.s of much later
discovery. The tailless division was recognized, it is true, by the earlier
authors: and, first of all, in 17(!8 by Laureuti. who called it the Salient ia
audgaveitadeUuition. This naniL' must be therefore retained. The di vis-
I
TIIR HATUACIIIA OI' NOUTll AMF-RICA.
21
i!i(l their
iiml iH'W
» express
)ieseiileil
atiire.
iiliiiils is
II lii^'lier
Mieializa
oil (»(■ llie
|uir(> tlial
ily exact,
i, acinar-
ia. lie is
l'\ t'T, IISI'S
is fx(rln
r inodeni
(jiiite cvi-
uieh later
he earlier
Salient ia
The divis-
ion of true Siilaniaiiders was not properly (list in.uuisheil before the pub-
lication of the system of De IJlaiiiville, in 1S1(5, who eillcd fiieiii the
Pseiidosaiiriii. lie, however, omitted from them the Ca'i;iliida'. In this
:)iiiissioM ho was followed by rll siibse(|iieiit authors, except Cope, who
called the entire order, iiicliidin.!;' tlie(%ec.iliida', the IJrodela, a(loi»tiiij{ ii
name already proi>osed by Dumeril, in IHOt, for a division of wider
scope. On this a(!(!ount the name irrodola is ailopted in the present
work. The iiaiiu' (irradientia was (irst used to iiniliide only Uatiachia,
without lizards, by Merrem, in ISUO. The two branchiate or.lers, I'ro-
4ei. mixillare and
inrfi'onlalia wautiii}'-; vomero-i)alatiuiim and pteryfjoideiim luesent,
(Mniliiiiioiis; oibitosi>heuoid eloiifjate, not forming part of palate; eera-
tohyals connate.
This order aji'rees j^fenerally with the Urodela, but i)roscuts one most
important feature of dilVereiKU', in the presence of theOs intercalare. It
is this point that yives the Troreida its position between the Stejjo-
cephali and the Urodela, and which indicates the line of conneetion
betw( ". the extiiKtl forms of the Carbon iferou.< period and the mod-
ern t^> pes.
The hyoid apiiaratus dillers from that of adult Urodela, and resembles
their larva; in liaviii;;' three e[iibranehials, instead of one only. The
second basibraiicliial is also eonneeted with the first, which is not the
(rase with the Uroilela. Thi' centrale is present iii both carpus and
tarsus.
No extinct <;euei'a are certainly known to belong to this order, but
there is one that n'sembles it nearly, and may belong here. This is tiie
('ocytinust (Cope), which has been found in the coal measures of eastern
Ohio. If it be not a larval Stegocephal, it belongs to this order. It
would not enter the same family as the recent forms, as it has a small
maxillary bone. Another extinct type from the Wealdoii of IJelgium
has been suspected to belong to the Troteida, but the cranium is not
•Oil tlic Arcirt'ioiis Aiiiir.i, Joiirniil Acadoiiiy I'liilaili'lpliia, l-iliti, p. 102.
t (ieo!o;;iciU Survey of Oliio, ii, r.iii'dntolojiy.
22 I.CLLKTIV :il. IMTHl) SI'ATKS VATIONAL MtfSKltM
sullid.i.tlv NvHl P.VM..V.. I to:.ll..w,.IM positive .I.trnninalion. This is
,1... ll,,I.Mn,rl,»s n-oiiii of Dullo.* It .Hilars IVo... any ..t the known
KemM;i..|-thoonh-riiihaviii-nv.".ii-its..:.iillth.-lr.'t.
Tiic'iv is bill on., rxistin- family of I'lotei.l;., whirl, is dohnnl as lol-
lows :
i>H()Ti;ii).K.
No iiMMliMM stcniiil ('l.'MUMits. Vcit chrii' aini.hico'loiis. Carpus aii.l
tarsus (•artilaj:iiioMs. Iiiii.t wall <»f vcstil.iih- osseous. Nasalia waut-
iiij;. 'IVrlh oil all tlu" usual lioiics cNcept the uiaxillarit's, which aro
wanting'. Tlic s.roii.l c.'ratobrancliial is present, as in IJrodehi gen-
erally, ''stapes (lireclly eoi eted with the siispensoriuin. ^
Of this family hut two ;^euera are known. They are the followin;; :
IMi'iiiMl l.niiichiM'; (limits 4-1; i-yrs exposed \r,
1
i
i
This is
' known
I iis lol-
pus illlll
ill wiint-
hicli iiit)
I'lii },M'n-
1 wins':
. S'lilinii^.
. . I'rolnis.
II. Tlir
'rr.ini'.ni
lie hypo-
wanting-
1 sinalltT
Is.
iuo intiT-
iptly lor-
(ijiiinKsiil
witli it
uailralr,
IH, Wii.
tliat (lie
)nni'(:tc'(l
•nl witli
ii'ie arc
!" llic
;h alike.
loids, but
niucli
ildle line.
It is (bon-
ier lar;;er
nous c;ir-
r'.iilo the
an acute-
Tin; IIA'I'I:.\('1IIA or NOI.'TII AMKUICA.
NKCTUKUS l{alines(|ue
23
Do Uliiiuville'M.Ioiiriiiil I'liyMUjiii', i.xxxvm, Hl'.t, )i. 117 ; \Vii;;l. Nat. Syni. Aiii-
pliili., IHliK, p. 'ill); (!iay, Ciital. Mi it. Miis., cd, I, |). (1;1 ; Honlonjjcr, Catal.
Hal, (irail. Hiil. MMH.,tMl. ii, lHHt>, p. rt;i.
rhaiirrohiaiiiliiiM, imrt., I.riickait, Isis, 18il, p. 'J(»0. I'it/iii^f., Xciic. (Massif. Kept.,
p. (is, IS.'C.
MiiiohniiiiliiiH, Ilailan, Ami Lyi'. \. V., i, H]r>, p. 'J.'l ; Tsi^hiuli, Katr., p. '.(7 ; Dimi.
iV IJilir., IX, p. ls;t.
External {(Ills persistent. I''in^ers and toes, I'oiir; voineropalatine
teeth in a single series. I'^yes exposed.
This yenus is distriliuteil throii;;li()ut the eastern district of North
Ainerieii only, whore it is represented Uy two speeies. These are distin-
;,niished ainonj; other characters by the ibllowiii}* :
.Miiz/lf loiijfiT, more tlcprrssiMl ; liiimilii;i' Mlunlrr; Irclli, prcinaxillarii'M ll-ir>; vnm-
criiii's IvJ-lll; Itiowii, tiaikcr spotted ; lar;;i'i' X mariiliitiis,
Mii//.le slioi'tcr, loss (li'iirossed ; liran(dii;r li)ii;;i'r; Icclli, prciiiax illarics ll-H ; viun
criiics ■•'-It: pale, iinspotti'd ; smaller .V. piiiictalii^.
MXTIIRI'S MACI'LATl'.S RaC.
Plates i-iii.
S'lrliiniH mnciildliin, h'lijin., I. cr.; llolitr., N. A. Herp., V, p. 1Il,pl. ;!7; iSoiileiif^or, CatT
|!;itr. . S7, pi. is, f. I,", ; Dum. A: |5il,r., p. ls:t ; Wied, Nova
Aeta I.eop. -Carol xxxii. )). IIW, pi, 7, 1'. 1.
Mciiiihiiiiichns liliadachiliiK, Harlan, .lomii, Ac, Plila., i\', ji. li'JI; (iray.Ami, I'liilos.,
X, 1 >-,':., p. 'JIC.
Miitohniinhiis siiyi, (ii'ay, 1, e.
yivtitrus mavitlimiiK, Gray, Cat. Hatr, Orad, Hiit. Miis.,ed, i, p. C>i\.
/')()/c((i iiittciihtliiK. Hariies, Aincr. .loiirn., xi, ji. y.")S.
,]h'iioliraiii Jilts laripcilii, Ciray, in (Jrill'. ,\, i<.,ix, ji, l(l~.
I'littnn'ohrniirhiiH hirijuilii, l''it/.., 1. c.
.\trliinin latiriilin. \Vai;l,, 1, c.
iSinthiii liiiimalin Kiicelaiid I'rocecds, Hoslon Soc. Nat, Hist., vol, vi, p, L'rJ, l;*.")(i; p,
'JlH (ls^»7).
Muiiolniincluis hiiiiiKilis KiKM'iaiid, I, c., p, 'J,~lt, ls,")7.
In this si»ecies the body is only moderately elongate, measuring, with
the head, four and a li;iU' to live times the f-reatest width of the latter.
The body is deiiressed, though not so much .so as that of thi> known
sju'cies of Cryptobranchus. The section of the tail at the ba.se is a ver-
lical oval ; beyond this point it is more compressed, so that the distal
half is Hat and oai'-like, with a wide dermal border above Jiud below.
The length of the tail varies somewhat. It usually enters twi(!e into the
lenjith from its base to a point posterior to the eye, but .sometimes this
point is anterior to the eye, and even rarely as far as the end of the
muzzle.
The head is a Hat oval, and the nuiz/.le is Hat, rather short, and some-
what truncate in outline. The eye is situated anterior to the middle of
the head and is quite small, itslont!,er diameter enteringr the interorbital
r:
ill
If
si>;ur live times
TlH. Mostiils :uv sm:ill, ;n.il are situato.l "wir U.c
mills from thrco- lift lis
bonl.r ol ll.c lip. 1 in <• -■ ' j ^j^^,. ,.„„ .„„j
t'o ..a ...nl.nvdn, it at the e.nthns. sineo ,t .s attacliod w.l n,
. „ ; .vl.ieh iMMUuls it below. The lower lip .s decnrved, ami the
l^r . ,rt is .leeper, or ...ore eoi.vex aownwar.ls, thai, the Dostenor
i;';;;';;;;,;:: s.;.r,..e.l IV..,.. n.e ......respo,..lin, part of the opposite SHle
by a' e,oi.si.le.able interspaee, which is without groove.
^'':-'iA'
I'm. ;.. 1-7, Xfctiirujtmneiilatiix lliif., Xo FS1.1, Sfi)nnt Caniicl, III.; 8, Slriihm iiurifnninii Wiii;!., l;irv:t.
lii'ivil ; ft, ClinmU-nliix liiiihrdxiDiW. S: (I., liirvii, licild. All ii;itiii';il Wv/.i\
The hranehial;u()(!esst'.s lire undivided, and form vertical plates, whicih
thin out dowiiward.s. Tiie exteriiiil iiiid ii.tei-nal faces, Ihi^ inferior
iiiiii',i;ii., iiiid the free exticniit.v are frinjied with lather short linibria'.
The Miiterior jiroeesses ai'e shorter Hum Ihi' two olliei's, whi<'li are sub-
e»ju;il. The longest about ecpiids the length oi" the iimzzle from the eye;
I
1
tllK HATRACIIIA Or NORTH AMERICA. 25
ficjlr the they are frequently shorter. In two specimens from Kinj^ston, lTp[»er
ireoliftlis Caniula, tlu'y exceed the length of the mnzzle, but this is very seldom
V fall and the ease.
posteiior The tunj;ue does not reach the symphysis of the lower jaw, and is
3d wilinn obtusely rounded in front. It is considerably free anteriorly. The in-
1, and the ternal nostrils are an oblique slit on each side, which lies oblicjuely and
posterior ojjposite to the interval between thevomeiine and pteryj^'oid teeth,
oslte side Tiie i)remaxili.iiy teeth are in two straight divergent series, which unite
at a rounded angle in front, which would be, if completed, a little less
than a right angle. Each side usually contains eleven teeth, but there
h are sometimes thiiteen and in one huge specimen (No. S'AH)) lllteen
M teeth. The vomerine series is parallel within the premaxillaiy, forming,
f like them, an obtuse angle anteriorly. There are twelve or thirteen
teeth on each side, but sixteen in the large specimen (No. H.ICJO). Imme-
diately posterior to the>e and at a short interval, the pterygoid series
!7) commences. It is slightly convex outwards, and embraces usually six
if tei'h, rarely live, and in llie large^Xo. .Si.(I())ten teeth. Thedentary boiK>,
' supi)orts twelve or thirteen tec tli, which are dire(!ted obliquely inwards
at a slight angle. The si)lonian)oae siipi)orts tour and sometiaies live
" teeth, which form a short series posterior to those of the dentary l»<>ne,
' whose base ascends gently backwards. In two specimens from (Jr.tss
Iiiver, N. Y.(Xo. 7()o8) the teeth are rather fewer in number, viz: I'rc-
maxillaries, eleven; vomeropalatines, eleven; jjterygoids, four.
The limbs are well developed, but short and weak, as in salamanders
generally. The two external lingers are subicpial in length, and siiorter
than the two middle ones, which are also subeipu'' There are no dis-
tinct palmar or su bdigital warts. The phalanges are, beginning on
the inner side, l-.'S-IJ-L'. The toes are all unequal. The innei' is the
shortest; then follow in order the fourth, the second, and the third.
There are no solar or subdigital tubercles. The phalanges number
l-L'-'J-L*. The limbs are of about enual length, and are ecpial to the
width of the head just in front of the brancliia'. Tressed to the side,
they are separated bv a distaiu!e equal to one length and a half of
either of tlKin.
The skill is entirely s.nooth, and has no longitudinal later.d fold.
There are fourteen transverse folds — very rarely lifteen— which are not
visible on the belly nor on the median dorsal region. A fold crosses
the throat, connecting the branchial fissures; it is not very profound,
and be(;omes obscure in specimens which have not been well preserved.
I Wii-i.,iiirv:t. There are two branchial lissures only, there being none behind the pos
terior branchial arch. The vent presents two short obtuse i)rocesses
, „.,■ , inwards and backwards at the i)osterior i)art of its lateral borders. An-
tes, \\ liicli ' '
■ ,. „; „ terior tc these there are three short processes, one on each side and oiu^
le inU'rioi ' '
,j (i,,,!,,.;,,. 'd the anterior angle, which are principally composed of fine papi»ilhe.
h are sub- Uesidcs these, the entire walls are i)api)illose. These are especially
., prominent at the breeding season,
111 I'lli'tAvj
'^i ■
26 BULLETIN ;il, rMTIll) STATHS NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MiKaunminlfi of Xo. 'J897.
Total l..n«tl. "-if
Li'iiyth li> c'liil <)1' vent -"'^
Loii^jtli to opiKisilc j^roiii. '-'~^
L('ii;;tli to ojipo^ilc axilla ""•'
Length to oiipositc aiitciioi' lirancliia "•'•>
Length to opposite eye '"•'
Wiillhofheadat eyes "^i"'
Width ofliead lietweeii eyes "-'•!
Greatest widlli ofliead •"<>
Length ot'anteii.)!- I i nil is "Ill
Length of )iosteiior linilis ''I-'
iK'ptli of tail at middle ":>•''
The ground coloi' is ii lio]it cliocoliito brown, wliidi is .soinctiint's
(iiio'od witii piiiic, and which i.s nsiially rcndorcd liyiitcr in tint It.v ;iii
iiilinitiido ol' wliitis'i s[K'('ks and small spots, which ivduce llu' j^iitiii.d
to a iiiinute reticulate jiattern. On this j>round are distributed several
rows of spots ofMark l)rowii, which are (piineuncially arranged, not very
close together, in from four to eight or nine iricgiilar longitudinal rows.
These are w:tiiting on the belly, but are continued on the tail. The in-
ferior surfaces are dirty white, clouded with the color of the hack, but
they are sometimes colored like the l)ack, iiielnding the dark spots.
The soles and judms are yellowish. A dark brown band passes along
the canthus roslrtdis through ih(> eye, ;ind extends some distance pos-
terior to it, Jii young s|)('cimeiis this band extends to the end of llie
tail, involving the greater part of the sides. It is bordered above by an
ochreous yellow band, which also extends from tlie end of (ho muzzle to
the end of the tail. The median line of (lie head and back is dark
brown, this color ceasing above (he vent.
An entirely :Jack variety litis been sent me by J)r. ,T. (1. Carnier of
Luckiiow, Ontario, which he hits obtained from the Maitlandiind laick-
now Jlivers. The only variation in the color consists of two obscure
baud-like aggregates of yellowish brown specks tilong the inferior and
suiierior borders of the muscular part of the tail.
Hahih.—Uv. Samuel Kneeland, of IJoston, gives an aceoniit of the
habits of (wo iiidividtiiils of this species which he kept several moiidis
in coiiliiiemeut. They were very hardy, having been frozen tind thawed
several tim,.s during the winter. They were (piite rapacious, eating
worms and (Islies. They Mere niost active at night, t.ud
o:!i;
02:!
(ik;
010
di;?
ii:;:.
THE 15ATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
IIESKUVE SKRIES.
27
CatiiloKiio No.of
Ulliubul'. H])L'C.
8348
n
78U7
h;150
2
8r>«0
88ir>
!t20:!
!t2ll7
791)7
] 08110
1()8!»7
45;il)
7(141
7011"
;«i(i7
n^:.!)
7(1(18
7(i;t8
7(i(;i
7(1:"
7(112
7(1 ir>
12(171
4(I')S
127f.l
i;i:i'.i(i
49
Locality.
K'ii.ston. N. C
(iiaiiil KcdisK, Midi
Whon
vuUectod.
Oct'— ; 1875
JUIH!— , 187.''>
From wlioiii recoivtd.
^lasoii & Welsher
J. W. MiliuT
<;iarkHt()!;, Jlicli
do
M. Hanks
Moiiiit Caiincl, HI
(irt'jiT: Lakes
Saimiel Turner
(Jrand Ecoisc, Mich
do
(ieiu'va Lake, Wis
do
.Ji'i'lv'2bir88l'
...do
CM. Clark
(J. Clark
If. W. Wcl-.' er
do
ltiii'lin<'toii, \'t
I'rof. 8. Kliaird
Dr. K. Owen
1). (iiinn
Tyicc S|irini;s,Tiiiti
I.akc Sii|u'rior
(.'ook Coiiiily. Ill
Ill' ■ '—] VwiV
1{. Iveiinieott
Dr. Ticnildev
I'oita;;!' Lake
AViii. Dirkiiisoii
(Iiaws Kiv( r, ^1 ad rid, N. Y
('levcland. Oliici
Dr ,J V Kiillaiiil
T)(tii)it, Mich
'riis<'iiinl>ia, Ala
(Japlain (iiiiiiii.sori, r. S. A..
'L'ailidid, N. (;
— , I^.-^l
1882
1882
.1. t. liriduer
MdiiMt ('ainicl. 111
Arkansas Ivivcr, mai' Foi I
.Smith.
Miilchoiisc Palish, La . ..
M(iiitf;iiiiiciv, Ala
I,. .M 'I'liriier
C. Sliiiiiiard
I!. II. liroadnnx
T. S. Doian
Nature ol'
siicciiuen.
Alcolielie.
Do.
Do
I'o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
(iEN'KUAI, SEUIES.
12079
70.')9
:ill(i7
70(1(1
7(111
70".7
7o."iJ
70(l(i .
7058
40.58
7(I5'I ':
7111
7(l(il
7(1 III
:i9so
I44(;(i
Mich
Mount Caniiel. Ill
Saint l.oins, Mo
Conk CoiMily, 111
Hoot KiM'i.'ltacino, \Vi
'I'vri'e S|irui:;s. Tenn...
Detroit. Mich
I.ako Michigan, ',
Isle Koyiil
('oliiiiilills, ()liii>
Arkansas liivei-,
Meadville, I'a
(.')...'.
Cleveland, Ohio ..
(^iliiriiliiis. Ohio. ...
(.'I
Detroit, Mich
Nov.
l.e«l
Ark
L. M. 'i'linu'r
Dr. ( ieor;;e Kn;;leinann
It. Ki'iinicotl
I'rof. .S. K Haiid
I'rot. J{. Ow.n
Caplain (iiinnison, 1'. S. .\ .
I!ev. .•\. C. liarrv
Ma,ior Whittle.sJ'V
Dr. Worniley. .-
Dr. li. !■'. Shinnnrd
Dr..). I'. Kutland...
I'rof. L. I.esi|iiereiix.
(0
(!)
Alcehel ,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do,
Do.
Do
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
NKCTITKITS ITNCTATl'S (iil.bos.
Jotinijil of tlic licmton Sdiioty of Naliiiiil Histoiy, IH'.:!, vi, ]k '.WJ
Fin. 4. Xirftinin ptDictnti's. Xo II,':];!, Cliinlc'-ti 11, S. C, tiatnial .'~ize.
The j,n'iu'r;il iippciiiiiiicc ol ilii,'^ species is (|iiit(' (linerciil (roiii tliaf of
the K. macuhilus, aiidtlius is snpiiorted h.v Hcveriil strueturiil characters.
4
28 lUJLLKTlX ol, rXITKI) STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.
H
The animal is not coinnK
National ."Museum.
)ii ill <"olloctions, and tlit'io are but four in tlio
on
Ic
Tiic j-cncial form is mncli like that of the X muculatus, but the muz-
is (IHlerent. I nsteail (tf bein^' depressed or even coucavc above, iunl
ratiier wide, it is itinclicd at the si(b's,soas to be ratherelevated at the
-nd,an(l tohave atnincate jirolile. 'J he head is wide in proportion to its
enytii, tlic two measurements hein;;- about e(iual. The length of the
taiNs the same as in S. nKicnlaliis, twice its length marking a point pos-
terior to tluM'.ve. The limbs an' not quite so hing as in the N. maciilatiis,
the spaee between them, when they are ai)pressed to the sides, oquabug
twice the extent of the antciior leg, wliich is little longer than the pos-
terior, in the specimens in the IMnseum the body is decidedly com-
pressed, and (here is a distinct median doisal groove. These char-
a(!ters aie less marked in the .V. muniUiliis.
The upper li^) is more iieiidulous than in X maciiJatuN, or perhaps
sueh an appearancto may bo ascribed to an elevation of thepremaxillary
liorder, in accord with the more elevated muz/.le T!:e nostrils are
a little closer together than in the larger species, the distah ,'e between
them e(pialing half the interorbital spa(;e, nistead of two thirds. How-
ever, in one of the four specimens this space measures two-thirds that
l)etweeu the orbits. The brancthial processses are relatively considei ■
ably longer than in X inncuhitKs in all the specinuMis, and they aic
more a(!umiuate in form. Tiieir length (tonsitlerably exceeds that of
the muzzle in fr(»nt of the eye. In .V. maoulntuH they are usually
shorter than this length ; in two or three specimens, however, they arc
as long as in the X7>HHr/r(/H.s'. There are but two branirhial lissur.'s.
The width of the head enters .").() times the length of the head and body
together.
The numbers of the teeth furnish distinctive characters foi' this
sjiecies. They are: Premaxillaiies, 0-S; vomeropalatiues, 8-!> ; i)tery-
goids, (J. Thus while the pterygoids are as numerous as in X maciddhis,
the numbers of the other teeth are reduced. There are eleven !terior uares aie a
longitudinal slit opposite the space between the vomeropalatine teeth
and the pterygoids. The tongue is short ami roumled,and extensively
fr.ein front. The phalanges of the anterior foot are, L'-L'-I-'J. The
metacarpals are connected by a slight web to their distal ends. The
middle toes are equal, and the external and internal ones are e(pial.
The posterior phalanges number 2-2-3 -L', and the digits are all unequal,
and are very slightly webbed at the base.
The skin is entirely smooth. The lateral tblds number fourteen, as i n .V.
inneulalus. The muscidar part of the tail has a wide, free, dermal border
above and lielow, The fonner is more slender than in most specimens
of the .V. Dutciihitiis; but this charac^ter does not always hidd good.
There are five cloacal papilla-, with the three anteri.u' iinelv fringed,
as in N. Maciilatus.
THE HATIiA(;ill.V OK NOllTII AMlMilCA. 29
Mi'ttiiirviiuiiln oJWu. l\fi\'.t (tvpe).
M.
Total leiiytli -• 171
!., -Viitli to end of vent I'JO
l,ciiK.'-'i to i) i)f. r,. K. (liiitii's ..
Mar. — , IcK.' Ddiialil Milt.ir
-- i C)
i
Nature of
HIK-ciiiiei).
A]f. typo.
AI(i>lioliu.
Oo.
UKODELA.
Dnm^^ril jit. 1>0I ; Cope, 1.<'7 : J'.niulosaiirhi pt. De IJlainville, l^lfi.
No intercalary, snpraoccipital, nor basiocciiiital bones. (). maxillaro
present ; prefrontale present (with one exception); vomero palatina pres-
ent, not ai)proximated to usually present pteryyoidea ; orbitosphenoid
lar;i;e, not reacliinj; palatal surface; mandible with teeth on the deiitale.
IJody of proatlascoiissilied, with the atlas forminj;' theodontoid proi;-
ess of the latter. Cervi(;al vertebra' without verteb'-arterial canal.
No rutlimental (centra or intercentra. Kibs with two, fre(iuently closely
approximated, heads.
No median sternal elemer.ts. Ooracoid bone rudimeiital. Sacral
ril» well developed. Tubes represented by a sinjjic cartilaginous plate,
which sometimes contains a median osseous (;enter. Iscliia in mutual
«'ontact throughout their length. No obturator foramen. Femur with
distinct great trochanter.
The stapes has no coiinectiiui with the susjiensorinm in the adult ex-
cept in the Cryptobranchida' and Ampliiiimida'. It is connected with
the suspensory (iartilagi', w!ii"'!i is (•;)'itiniiiHis with the (piadrate carti-
lage, in the latter families, and in the young of other Urodela. The
■50 iUILLKTIN lil, KMTKU .STATKS NATIONAL MIJSKUM
(xTiitoli.val iscitlier lice ;il its posterior I'-xticiiiilv, iis in IIh^ Proteidii,
or in tlic more tvpiciil lonns it Joins tlic (iniulralc ('artiIaf,'o Ity «lirect
ai-tii'iilation or by li-ainiiit.
TIicIi.vomI a]>|i,tiaiiis lias a very uniform cliaractiT in tlic various
fiiNiilics. ('.\ci'ptiM,u- in tlic CrvptolnMiu'liiida', Aniphiurnida', and Co'cil-
iidif, wlifrt' it is (piite ditlVrtMit. In tiie typical forms it is constructed
as follows: lis si:si)(iisor is, as usual, tiie eeratoliyal, wliicli is undi-
vided. This is eoiiiiected witii a median hasal piecte, the i'lvat Uasi-
branchial, i»y a sej-ineiit, i^enerally slendei', the hypobyal. Soinelinies
tins piece docs not touch the cciatoliyal. Imoui the posterior lateral
border of the basibraiu-hial there orii^'inatcs on each side a rod, the lirst,
cerafobranclnal, which is continued after a Joint, as the first eidhran-
chial. From a i)roccss which orij^inates between the bases of these, on
flic siijicrior side of the Iiasibranchial, there oii,!4inates on each si iirst,
and is situated far posterior to it, not far in advance of the corac(tid
bones. It is better ossilied than iiutst of the rest of the liyoidx, and was
called the thyroid bone by Ciivicr. Thatitis the distal extremity (d'
the second basibranchial is shown by the fact that it is continuous with
the first by a median rod in the larva-. (Plates l.l, l',">, I'O, ;}(», ,'{7.)
The important differences disi)layed by the different forms of the
liyoid ill the Urodcla may be tabulated as follows.
I. Mi'liy:ils(livi(l(,:!, and l [ncHi'iit. TrcmiitotUni Umii.
aa. Oiii' i)iiir oftcratoluaiicliials.
Coratoliyalsiiiidividrd; ciiibiaiRdiials, ',>, ;), and 4 prctsi'iit. tmiihiiinwidm
C'opi'.
II. Lateral f' 'MciiIs conliniKnis across middle line.
Xom-UiaiMlnmnls (/w?a OppH.'
The Trematodcr.i, Ampliiiimonlra, ami Ai)odii contain one family
each, viz: the Cryiilobriiiichida', .VinpliijiMiibe, and ('(elciiidic. The
value of the differences scpnratiii- them is diininislied by the fact that
in the larva' of the I'.scndosauria the 1, 1', .!, and J epi'biMiichials arc
present, and the eeratoliyal is lrc(pieiitly divided (c. 7, VJunubotits tauhro-
sits, Plate LT), fi- 1).
The subordinate diiniviices presented by {\w families and genera
are indicated under their rcs]icctive heads.
The Trodela. excepting the Apo.la. have limbs. The toos number
from two in both IW1 to five in flic posterior foot, and four in the anteri.ir
foot.^ No r,ro.h-lc a-rces with theextiiKtt .oe„„s Tlryops (Cope), from the
*0(.p''l, 1,^11, n„i ./y,,W,.,of L.mia'as(i„ lidiesj; r.vahpkitiiaD^liL, Irtlti.
^s*
TIIK nATIv'ACIIIA t»l" KOKi'll AMIMIICA.
31
Protciilii,
by direct
(' various
1(1 Cd'cil-
iistnic'tcd
JH iiiidi-
inst l»asi-
onu'liiiics
II' latciiil
I, the lit St
eplln'an-
tlK'SC, »)I1
;li sido ol"
i(* second
led to tlie
he second
11: ' ilrst,
coracoid
, and was
(I'eniit.vot
loiis with
, .'57.)
IIS of the
lit. I'kcikIo-
mU va Diiiii,
Hthiunwuku
0(hi Ointfl."
le family
da'. Tlie
fact that
I'liials arc
(n tcii'hro-
id genera
s iiuiiiber
e anterior
, from the
Perinian beds of North America, where there are (iv(i toes in the anterior
foot. In the cari)ns there is at least one iiiterniediiim, e.\cei)t in soau'
Salamandrida' and JMeurodelidie,* where it is united with the uli ar. .
(Jenlr.ile always present. The carpaliii are live in Cryi)tobranchns and
Aiiddystoma. and tlirei^ in Pletliodon and Dieniyctylus. In the tarsus
then; are three bones in the lirst row, a lar^e tibnlare and intermedium,
and ii sniiill tibiale. There is one centrale, as in the (!aii)us. The tarsa-
liii nund)er live, except that there are four in tlie Salamandrida' and
rieiirodelic'a', where the carjialia are on]/ three. Tiie internal or lirst
tibiale is not distal, but lateral in Amblystonia and IMethodoii. It is
are no internal gills such as are found in Anura. The branchial pro-
♦•es.ses vary in lonii, but all terminate in IViiiges, in each of which is a
va.scular loop. The varieties displayed by larva; of IJrodela as coni-
pared with tho.se of genera with permanent branchiie are as follows:
(i'latel'.)
1. .'^t'|it;i witii l)i|iiiiiiiitc liiiiii.
liaiiii willi iiiuiiy tlirciid like liiiiliri;!- Siren.
II. .Si'iita witli iiiiiiiimiatc rami.
A riKliiiiciital inner row of rami ; liiiiliria' tliicad-liko I'lottua.
III. Scpla with .siinpli' rami.
.(. Ifami Ion;;, comim'.'^scd ; liiiiliriai (Iciii'iKlcnt from lower cil^ro.
Fimliria- tliicad-Iike, cxtt'iHliii;; on liotb ()iit( r and inner I'aee of proeecN.
N(i.(uruH.
riuiliria' Hal, loii^, dnelly conliiied lo tlie lower niaiMriu of iiroee.s«. Lar-
va- of Sprlrrinn nilur; S. hilinivliis, and (lyriiiojihihis porpliijrilinis.
Fimbria- few, isiilielavate ruilmlou viiinriis.
AA. liaiiii loii^:, narrow ; lu-arin;,' liiiiliria' only on the side next tlie liody.
Fimbria- .simple, Hat, snl)e(|iial AmhIjMoma.
AAA. h'iinii very .short; liiiibria- extendin^r ,iii ihe vertical nepta.
Fimbria- in uniiierous rowson tlieed^c ollhe .septa ; .slender, iinlmuK-hed.
,.,.,, .,, , . /. m
1^
:ii
r.ri.M.iiN :;i,
IMTKI) STATI.S NATIO.NAI. MISI I'M.
1
,.l..vdo,.:n...l oltl.r vnlrl.n.allaiv li.^t bic.....^lv<^^.■lisl,.|iU^
„.,.,.,„,„,,„,,, ,,,,,ih„. ossilifs later, m.hI attacLrs Uscll to tl.o
r,?
ill tii«-
'!;;,,,,,, ,,,s,..nor -oil, funning' an o,.isll>onrlous art.cilat.mi. J lu-ro
'",,.. ,,,, „, liist siinpl.. a. tlH- ..Miriiiily (IMatc L'O, h;.. 0), Imt s ,
,,,,„,„, ,„•„,,„.. (l.'i,. .-,), nr .itii two dibits. Tins was iirst ol.smxMl
bv IMMM.iii ill ISL'l ill 111.' Knn.i.rai. UcmisnUminuhit cnshita. I ro-
Ic'.ssm' IMiid* lii'st ..hscivnl tills in tlic .l;H/>///,s7«"Hf iH<«c/.///n« iii larvir
„,• , , i„ i,,iinti, Tlio saiiu- lias since lurn obscrvi'il by myself in
ISIi'l't ui.l later l.v (iiittef in liis essiiy on tlic .leveloinnent and re-
..eii'eration of tl.e" Inotskeleton in Hx" tiitoii; also l.y Strasser and
hv Ilov ill \>iihliJxto)ii(( jHinctittiim tlie nninhers ot dif^its succeed
.;,,I, oilier as follows: First sta-e, li before, hind limb none; second,
;. i„.,„,,. i.iiHl Imibnoiie; lliird, ;J before, liind limb 2; Ibiutli, ;5 l.o-
f,„,' hind limb :>. Sometimes the anterior dif-its are complete in nnni
l„,,.'l„.|„re the jK-sterior foot appears, and we have cunibinations of
,„„„l„.rs from 1-0 to l_;i, and t— Ito the fall nnmber, l_r,, which is
found in alt specimens of I'.o and npwards.
As already observed, the Uatrachia are supposed to have been de-
rived from t'lie Dipnoi. Spicimens ;;f L,-pi t wo se<;iiieiits each, epibranehials
and ceratobranchials, or, in the c.ise of the anterior arch, into cerato-
liya' and hypohyal. Ho the maiidibiilar cartilaj^e immediately uiitciior
to the ceratoliyal, divides into the superior (iiiadiatc, and the inferior
iiiccUelian or mandibnlar. A snbseipient cliaii;j(! is the fusion of the
(piiidrate cartiiafic at its superior end with the trnbeculiiin of its side-,
and with the pterygopalatine arch with the inferior end. (.See IMate l>^,
fijis. 7-',* ) At this time the cluudadorsalis bus retreated till it is only
present lietwceii theexoccii»ital cai'tila.uel>elow. Whenossiticatioii com-
mences, the vomers, palatines, and ptervudidsare nil distinct. Towards
the end of the metaiiioridiosis the former two. unite, and tlu^ piery.uoid
separates from the palatine. Iloth these elemeiits contract away from
each othenintil they are widely seiiarated, and the pteryj;-oids are niiieh
" Icoiidnrniiliit; lOiicyclopii'di'i, \H,)\.
t I'nicccdiiiiis I'liilii. Acail., ]>. !••').
I l^T'.l.
v\ liy StciiuliicliMcl'.
II [4eilriii;c /iir M()i|ih();;cnic d. Cnrims ii. 'I'ai.siis ilcr Vci tflMalcii, l-^T, p. I'lT.
liTlic fads as to I lie llrst sta';(s of tin- ?,liull of t lie ia.va of Aiiiblystoiim arc duiivud
from JJr. W. K. I'aikcr, l'liilnso|ili. rraii>ar l-^;7, p. .Vi',1.
'd. I'ro-
ill liirvic
4
THK nATKACIIlA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
''■"^I'l'''"'' rc«Iiici'(l ill si/c. In some fiuiiilii's the ptcryfj^oids iiover ossil'v, iiiitl (lis-
••" !•• t''^' apitoiir. All illiistiation of the late persistence of the osseous ptei'yjjo
• There palatine arch is seen in the larva of Cliondrotus IcnfbronUN. (See Plate
21.)
l>ut soon 'j'lie tiyntcmatic urmixjemcnt of the Urodela may be represented us
Dl.served follows:
1. Iviili'ial jiiid iiicdiaii li.yoid ck-iiiciis (li.stiiiet.
A. 'I'wo imirsdl' ciMJitoljriincl'.al Ixmcs; Htiipiis coimcctod with <|iiudi'titc arcli ;
tiysell in no (lnnldc liyp()iio|di.vs('n. 'rrcmaloiUra.
; and re- No lirst cpiliraiicliial ; no dimldt! lij i)oii()i)li\is('.s of vfrtidiiM' ; vrrtclna' aiii-
SSer and jiliicirloiis; (■(.■riitdliyal comieutcd witli (|iiadrutt! by li^ainciil oiily;
^ ^ ^ 1 voiiici()]>alat iiu! l)oiH'H witli teeth on tlie anterior margin; vcslilnihs
witli nicnihranotis inner wall ; no iiaraHplienoid teetli.
1 «l'<:'>"«') Cruiilohniiichiiln:
'th, 3 be- ]{. One iiiiirolceratohrancliial bones; .stapeHconnccted \vitli^\^^■ 2. Vertebr.e opisthoc(elous.
. Voinero|iaIatinc bones not sendinf^ processes over paraspheiioid bone;
\ ceratohyal eonnccteri with (piadrate by cartilajre; paraspheiioid
^'" "' 'he teeth; no ])()stfrontos(|uani()sal arch; carpus and tarsus cartila;;i-
f lis si(l(-, nous iJcsmoyiiulhidtr.
l>l;l(,. js, Voineropalatino bones not produced posteriorly ; paraspheiioid teeth; no
j( j . ,,,,i> liostfroiitosi|uaiuosal arch ; carjiiis and tarsus osseous Thoriidw.
\ tiueropalatine bones extended over parasplieiioids in two dontii;erous
processes; no paraspheiioid teeth; no osseous postfrontosqiiatiiosMl
Towards arch; ccrat(diyal only connected with quadrate by linanieut , carpus
[)tcr,V.i;(»id and tarsus osseous Salumuiidrida:
Wav from N'oincropalatinc bones extended over parasi)lieii(»id in two dentij;erous
are much processes; no itaras|dicii{)id teeth; an osseous postfroiitos(|uainosai
1 '. arch; ceratohyal only coiiiiccteit'.sciitiii;; ;Mli>t iiicl <»i(l«T,
wliidi twar.s tlif i>;iiiirs AimmIii or (;.viiiii<.i.lii(.ii;i. Tlit' .U'liiiilii)ii «ivcii
(.•lliisonlciln Mr. I'.oiilcii-t'r* is: "Noliiiibs; t;iil ni.liiii.'iilitr.v. MaU's
witiiiiii iiiliomilH'iil cnpiiliilorv «>r;;aii. Adiiplnl lor hm rowing;.'' Of
tlifS(..riniiisy,\ui\ llcrpdc iwhrturjihuJa is not an espeeial oryaii,
but isiiicn'I.v the evoti-d eloaca. The hard pai»ilhe observed by (liiii-
therf ill i\\o Ichthijophin (jUttinniiVs are \vaIltill^' in tln^ above speeies.
The protnisioii of tiie cloaca is eirceted by two espe(!ial inns(des, wliieli
are waiitiiii;- in Ainphiiiniida'. Asia limbs, their extremely rndimeut-
ary character in Aiiiphinma is well known. To rej^ard tlieir condi-
tion as indi('atiii,n' ordinal separation from tlieCariliida' is not in aecord-
aiice with our practice in similar cases in tlie l{ei>tilia, as in the oriler
Laceitilia.
1 have endeavored tosnstain the order Gymnophiona by the cliui'acter
of the fusion of the nasal and premaxillary bones found in the majorit;*
of tlie gonora.J lint Stannius§ shows that these bones are, distinct in
Ichthyojilns. Huxley states (Anatomy of Vertcdtrato Animals, p. l")."))
that in Jrlifhiiopliis nliidnosKs a distinct bone neaily eneindes the orbit.
This he compares to the supra and postorbital i)ones found in the Stej^'o-
cepliali. Uur in ("hthon;rpeton, Ca-iiilia, Dermophis, and other genera,
this bone forms part of the maxillary, so that it is not (diaraeteristicof the
family, and may not be homol(\iions with the bones wliieli occnjty the
same position in Stcfioceidmli. Wieder.slieim calls it maxillary.
With these fact in view I liave united || the Ca'ciT'da' with the L'rodela,
a i»roposition which I fully believe to be sustained by the evidence. The
Ca'cili'uhv is nfamiUj of I'rnihUt, cniiiiertnl with the typical forms throiiyli
the Ampkiiimida'.
ihwjrophical (listiHiution.''nni distribution of the families of the
Urodela and their contents is as follows : None exist in the Australian
realm and, exeeptiiij;- some Ca'ciliida', in the Kthioi»ian realm. In tlie
Neotropical they are restricted to the Central American ami Mexican
districts, with a few species in the northern Andes, and one reputed to
be from the West Indian island, Santo Domingo.
The Ca'ciliida' are more widely distributed, belonging especially to
tropical regions.
•(■al:il(>j,'ii(; of tin- Jh'itisli Miiscuiii, \ri-^, \t. dS.
I Kcplilcsof Biiiish India (Kay Society), p. 4!1.
! American Natiiralisr, 18>l, ji. 'JC.
v^ Zooloniie (lev Amijliiliicn, lii:A), p. 41.
il American Naturalist, l^d5, p, ;il4, note, an.l l',ocee,l«. Auut. l-hllu8. Soc, Feb.
leoo p. 44'.i,
ill
M.
liiict »>r«l»'r,
itiun ;;iv('ii
11 V. MiiU's
w'ini;." or
I', HjU'cios is
me~victai
'n.lal
51
'J I
;!i
. :i
U(l
H
III!
:i
I
I J
in
1
;i:
us
The temperate rej-ions of the New World is, then, the home of the
jiieatest niimher of species of Urodela, after which the temperate re-
jiions of the Old World follow.
The distribution of the families and their spe(!ies in Xorth Ameriiia
is as follows:
I'liinilivti.
Ka.sliMii.
o
;i
1
AuHlni-
lijiaiiaii.
Ki'jiiiniN.
Cciilral.
i'vy pitiliraiu'liidii'
?(iiiiiraii.
PatMfir.
(i
1
1
1
1
1
H
11
I'li'iiiudrlicia'
i
L'(i
17
1
1
■JO
The details of distribution are given under the family and generic
heads.
riij/loycuy — This order is probably of considerable antiquity, but no
siteeies positively referable to it is known from any pretertiary forma-
tion. In tertiary beds we have re])resentativesof ditferent types. The
.utniis Chelotriton I'omel from the Miocene of Allier, France, has opis-
llioiMcclous vertcbrie like most of the e.\istin{>' sjiecies of Euro])e, and
has in addition an expansion of the neural spine of each vertebra, to
which tlie epideiniis was closely adherent, yiviiiya row of roujih plates
down the middle line of the back. Jleliarchon and I'olysemia of Von
.Meyer are known fronj specimens from the Miocene beds of (Jermany.
They have apparently the cartilaginous carpus and tarsus of the Amer-
ican genera. The .Miocene of Switzerland has liirnished the renuiins of
a species, i»robably of Cryptobranchida', which has been referred to the
genus Aiidrias by Tschiidi. It is very nnu^h like Cryptobranchus.
In older foimations we have in the North Aniericau Laramie the
genus Scauherpeton Cope, which may well belong to the Urodela, but
the skull is unknown. In the Wealden of Belgium the genus Ilyheoba-
tnichus Dollo may belong to this order, but the skull is not yet well
kuowu.
30
miLl.KTIN :il, I'MIKI* STATKN NAIIoNAh MISKUM.
The most priiiiitivf roiiii of tlic cxisliiij,' CnMh'lii is !i|ti»;ir('iitl.v Ciyp-
|()l)i'aii>'liiis.
\Vit'(l( tsIk ill) ' (/. <:, p. !>.■») Ims iitti'iniiU'd to tnici; tin* aiuH'stry of llio
("n'ciliidii- to the St(';,n)i!i'itliiili of the (-'.iil»:)iiilV'r()iis pi'iiod, from \vlii(;li
Iio supposes tln'iii to liiivf arisen by a process of (IcjfciiciMtioii. lie re-
marks that ill order to (h'liioiistiafe this piopDsitioa if is only necessary
to discover a type witli rudimeiital iimlH wliichsiiali coiii!ecf the two.
Th.it the Ca-ci iida' is a type which lias resulted from a (Iciiciieratioii,
I have also proposed,! Imt I have derived liiem from the t'rodela rather
than from tiie Stef;oeepl;ali direct. They have, liiI, J), -jet). It()iilcn;r,.r, Caliil. Hair. (irad. liiitr. Mii.s., 1H,+J, p. HI.
.thtiiii(liii». Marian, Annals, l-yci iini Nat. Hist. New York, IHJ.'), I, p. 'J'jl.
MiiiDiiiinia. llarlan, /. c, [t. •JTC; 'rsclinili, Kalr., !Mi ; Dinii. Miltr., Kop. (ic^n., ix, p. 'JOr>.
S,il,im,niilroiix. Wa^i., N'al. Syst. Anipliili., l-^;ill, p. !>(l'.».
luii-iinn. Ivaliiii'siiiH' (ti'sti- Hainl), Allantii- .Fournal, HIW, p. I'il.
rvKiiHiiip^is. " Marlon ", CJiay, Catal. Uatr. Orad. liril. Mns., I'd. i, \\.Wi.
Ill tliis ;;('iiiis the voinc riiie leelh form a re<;iilarly arched series, eon-
«'eiilric with the maxillary seiies. Tliir lon};ue is but little free, and
that only round the edges. The coliiMiella of Ihe stapes is eartilaf-inous,
and is connected by a close articular contact with the quadrate carti-
l.i.neand with the under sideof the siiiiamosal bone. The ceratohyal
is connected by a ligament with the posterior sideof the quadrate, with
the intervention of an oval cartilage, which has the position of the sty-
lohyal bone of fishes. The posterior extremity of the ceratohyal is not
in(Mirved, and is free from the skull. (Plate IS, lig. 3.)
Tiie hyoid apparatus is«piit(^ characteristic. They have been already
desciibedso far as they , with which it is prolyably homologous.* Tlie second,
"Tlii.s suffffCKtion I nui' to Dr. (iait.
!BP
BULLION :!l, UNITKl) STATES NATIONAL MirSKlTM.
third aiul rum-Ill oi-iLranchials arc present, between the bases ..f thr
socoii'l and third is a radiiiieutal third coratobrauchial. (IMat^^ U,
''ilie cirims in Crviitol-raiichus is vsomewhat variable in the typieal
siu'cies. The cent rale carpi always separates the intermedium from
(li.Mdnarc, thnsreaehinji- tiio ulna, while the eontrale tarsi is always
shut oll'Croiii the libala l)y the intermedium. (Plate 15, iig. 3.) TIktc
iiMy 1)0 tuocentralia tirsi (i'late-tO, li-. :{), as hasl)een shown by Wic-
,1,'rsheini. Ther.' are h>ar carpalia and live tarsalia, but the tonrth and
liirh tarsalia may be Cnsi'd. (IMat." K>, li,i;'- '•>■)
The hoii.s ol the oxtninities arc simple, the I'cnuir beinj? without the
l.(K'|i;i:it T Ibuiid in tlic Psendosauria, a'.id the humerus bciuj;- withont
tlie condyles. The scapular arch is entirely eartila;iiin(»ns, oxcopliuo-
the scapula, which is small. There is a larj,^'. cartiIaj;iuons coracoid
])late whirh overlaps that of the opposite side, and is deeply lissured
transveis;' oMiiiaely in iVont l;om the interior b<»rder, euttiuf-- oil' u
iinrrow i.i ) 'onicoid. There is a cartilaj;inous sternum posterior to tin-
eoiacoids. The pelvic arch has an osseous ilium, which is in contart
with an osseiMis ischuim on eaea side, which does not meet its fellow on
the middle line below. The i»ubic region is represented by a lai'j>e sim
l»le eartilajje, which is pr.xluced into a style on the middle line anti'ri-
orly, as in the Pseudosauria.
In its visceral anatomy this genus resembles the Pseu(bisauria. The
stomach is distiuct, and there i.s a [tyloric llexurc. (IMates and ."iD,
lip;, i-)
Ther,' is one widely-ilistriittited species of this geuus, and i)robably
a se(;ond, U!U)wn only as yet from the upper waters ol' the Tennessee
liiver, but the latter rMpiires further investigation, as I have seen but
a single specimen of it^. Tiie distinguishing features are the following;:
I'lislciior (linils IVcc; Ionium- fni' in IVoiit, its siipt'iior .surface thrown into jilica';
iiiti'iiial Mines oiii'U (,'. iillnihriiiniKlK.
Post t'lior (lij; its wi'hlicd, tlic i'\ti'ni;il to llioll|i; ton^nu' not free, covt-rcd willi lur^'c
cliisi l\-pl,i(('(l |i,i|i|iillii> ; intcriiKl iiiircs valviiliir ('. I'iihiiih.
CUVrTOliHANCms ALI.i:(iIIi:NIi:NSISDiimliii.
(riiiit'H.vH.')
('.niplnhntHchtiH 'tUciilKiiiciinin, Vaudcr Homcn, 'I'ijilsclicr, v. Nat. He
IV, i>. :W), I'l. V A, f. :!-!, i\: V. !!; lio'ikiiKcr, (';if. Hatr. Grad.
II. l-^^-i |>. SI.
Siihiiiutiiilfit alliiihiiiiiiiisis, Daiid., Ii('|)t., viii, j). •>'M,
SiihimnHih-ti ijUiaulcd, liarlmi, On Sinn Imntiua.
Moh/r iiiijdiilv.i, Mi'ir. Tent., )i. IS7.
I'riiiiiohrdiirltiin Huhimniiihiihlis. Leuckart, /. r.
.Hiiiiiirhii.f iillr;ihiiiiUii^i>i, llarlaii. I. c.
Mnioimniii ((//, //((niir/iviv, Harlan. /. ., : |[,,lhr., X. A. Ilt'ip , v, ]i. !».'>,
N. V.,]-ann. i;,.|,t., p. si, p|. |v, c. ||. i,,,^, ^^ I'.il,,'.,-,',. -JOT, pi'.
Nov.i Ada i.iMip.-C'aiol, \\\ii, p. i;;;!, |'|..;,
sell. ('
IJlit,
II I'liy.siol.
Mils'., .,
ic typical
limn i'roiii
is always
J.) TIUTC
11 by Wi(^-
onitli and
itiiont tlio
j;- witliont
excoplinj,'
s ("oracoid
y lissurcd
tinj;- otV a
run- to the
in contact
^ follow on
lar^c si in
inc anti'ii-
nria. Tlio
s and r):J,
1 jtvohably
Tennessee
,«' seen hnt
following:
n 'iito jilici';
ullaihoiiciixis.
■d will) l:ir;;i'
(.'. fllHIIIK.
li. (Ml riiysidl.
irit. Mils., .v,
I, C. 1 ; Wicil.,
I
I
THE MATUACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Snhimuiidrojinf/i'iuiilia, Wuyl., /, c.
Enrijcvo muvvoiiulu, h'aliii., /. c.
M( iioimiiKi t/ii/<(ii(i'(l, 'I'scliiidi, I.e.
Vrolonoiinin horr'ula, Giuy, Cat. liatr. Grud. Brit. Miih., cd. i, p, 53.
39
I
l''lii. r>. Criijilnl, r(i)if!iii>i nlli'ijlii'iili-iixiii DiXuA.; \o. 9752. IVntisylvaiiia; ii.itiiral sizo.
Body moderately elonjj;atc and depressed ; tlio liiidts qnite short. Tlic
tail nuicli CDiiiitressed, ahinit onelialf the lenj^th of tiiehoad and body.
Tlie neck wide; liie head a little wider, plane above, llat and much alatin(' seri;s is (juite close to the niaxillopreuiaxillary, and
extend al)out one half way as far posteriorly as the external row. At
the middle of the arc it sometimes presents a (ionvexity l)aekwards for a
short distance. At each ol ilsextri niitiesissitnat.'d the posterioi'nnslril,
which is an oval nu)re or less open, and never a slit, as in the C./iiscus.
Its position dilfcrs from that seen in .1 mphhnna menus and XcctKnis in its
beiuj;iit the end of the row, and not external to it. The roof of the mouth
is everywhere Hat. The ton;;ue is wide and is considerably free in Ironl,
the free border iiarrowinj,' laterally and jjosteriorly. It nearly fills the
floor of the mouth, leaving;' but a narrow space between it and the man-
dibular arc. Its surface is thrown into numerous elevated folds, which
are thin, and generally anteroposterior in direction. They inter(!oni-
municate by lesser (»bli(iue folds, which with other delicate ridges form
anet \vo>k between the principal ones. In old specimens or badlypre-
serv'.i ones the plica' may be tlattcned or lowered.
The legs are (piite short ; when pressed to the side they are separated
Ity a space equal to l.'J.j the length of the anterior limb. The lingers
are short and rather free, and the external one is considerably shortej'
than the internal one. The others are subsequal. An extensive fold
of the skin extends from the axilla to near the extremity of the external
finger, forming the posterior expanded border of the limb. It is mo>t
prominent at the h)wer part of the ui)i>cr arm. The posterior t(»es aie
rather short, ami are free from web as to the phalanges. The first is
the shortest, and the second a little exceeds the fifth. The third ami
fourth are subetjual, and, with the fifth, are somewhat depressed. Ibis
appearance is produced by adeimal wing on the external border, which
increases in width from the third to the fifth, becoming veiy wide on
the latter. It continues from the fifih toe on the hinder border of the
leg to the base of the thigh, (iorrespouding with the similar fold on the
fore leg. The ei>idermis is not hardened into ungues in this species.
The skin is perfectly smooth, but is thrown into a longitudinal iindir
lating fold on the sides betwten the fore and hind legs. Th s fold i^
obsolete in some specimens, apparently on account of the distension of
the luHly with food or eggs. There are a shallow median dorsal groov.'
and lourteen costal grooves. The latter are not distinct on the back or
belly, and are best seen on tlu- sides (.f the latter. The tail has a fre.'
dermal border oi: its superior edge, but none on the inferior edge, thus
If .]
I- „ I
^
SI.
mtoropos-
jtrarrrom
v/Aii is pei-
torior I'lid,
toiids only
)!■ ciintlms
I ii point :i
:)f tlu^ c.vc.
:illaiv,ant
'lor toes arc
The lirst is
K> third ami
3ssed. litis
)rder, which
ciy wide on
)nler of the
• fold on tin-
is species,
ndinal nnvlir
Th s fold i«!
distension of
(H'sal <;roove
I the back or
lil has ii free
)r edge, thns
Tin-: HATUACIIIA OF NOimi AMKRICA. 41
dilleriri},' from the siiecies of Necturus. A groove along the side of the
tail divides it into ii snperior and infeiior portion, and a lateral wedge-
shaped mass, covered with longitndinallyfoldetl skin, intervenes between
the two for abont one third the length of the member. J)ermal mncons
pores arc especially abnndant on the head of this species. They generally
appear in the middle of a low, elongate, dermal papilla, dividing it into
two pai>illa'. These are closely placed in a triangnlar patch, of which the
maxillary border forms the hypotennse, a line extending backwards from
the nostril i»arallel to the middle line, another side ; and the other bf)rder
transverse, pussing abont its own diameter poir^terior to the eye. Ibit
there are nnmerons other similar papilhe posterior to this patch, and
on the siih's of the anterior half of the neck. A series of donble i)a-
pilhe extends ronnd near the border of the lower Jaw, becoming obso-
lete on the symphyseal region. A
I.i'n^tli from end of iiui/zlt' to line of axilla 100
Width between nostrils Oi;{
Width hetween eves O-J'.t
(ireatest width of head O'lO
Width hetween axilhe 015
Width at base of tail OHO
neplh of tail at middle !.'').">
Len;;tli of for(^ linih from axilla OM
I-enjfth of fore foot !)il
Length of hind limb U\'l
I,en.;;th of hind foot O'iO
Len;:;lh of lower lej; O'ili
Width between internal nostrils i>'2\'*
Tin- largest spe(!innMi (No. 10(113) measures i>l') '""".
The usual color is rather light lead-colored above iind a still paler
shade of the same below. Tliert' are indistiintt darker spots on the sur-
face above, only visible when the animal is in fluid. Sometimes these
shiides are represented by very distinct ilark-brown spots (Xos. I'i'.U,
7(101). Soiin^ specimens have the ground color brown of a lighter hue
(No. TOO,")), the dark spots being present or absent. Tiiroe s|)ecimens
(No. 0L'0.">) are abnost entiri'ly black.
This speckles is distrilmfed from western New York and IVitnsyl-
vaiiia and the (Ireat Lakes to Iowa, and soiitli t!> (leorgia, N«nth Caro-
■M
42 i-.cLM-nx r.i, uxitkd states national miiskum.
linn, :un\ Louisia:.;.. It is not vet known from Florulaor Texas. A sin-
o-lc .siu'cinu'ii in tlio Nalional Mnscnni was taken in tlieSnsqnelianna
JJiver, IVnns.Nlvania.
The "Iieilben.h r" is entirely aquatic in its liabits, and is frequently
taken by lisliernien on tlieir liooks. It is very tenacious of life, and is
pcricctly Iiaiinlcss. Its larval pcriotl ninst be of brief duration, since
it has not been yet observed. Tlie es are rather large, and are at-
tac'hed l)y two strong suspensors at opposite j)oles.
UKSKKVK SKIMICS.
llllllilli'l'. -^IMl'.
I.liCllilV.
Wliiii
iillccl.'d.
ioiii;i
1 Sii-(|iirliMiin;i Kivcf
!iin i;
I
1 All.!.M"vCcllllll\. X. V
I Kv;iii-;viili'. Iiiil
:i (ii.at I. likes,
OT.V.'
7(lli:i
"IIVi
-OC'.t
4.'i:il
51)17
;is7!i
7IIII4
i:i!t."j
0310
1 rflllls\1\Mlli:l
:; Aiihcxillr.s. c
1 r.iliinil.Olii"
1 Tvii'i' Spiiiii;'*. 'rnin
1 HilUlmniii'.'li. N. C
1 MiMdvillr. I'a
1 C.ni-ia
■J I'laini' Mcr It'iilL'!', l/l
■J Niiiirliurk.v, K. 'rniii
1 Di's Miiirii's, l()Wii
I ('.>
:!i
•J mil' l,lK7ft
ICBI
Fkmm wliuiii n ccivcil.
Xiituip (if
s|ii'('iiiii'ii.
Al.
111'.
Ilii
10
111'
1)1'
V.'<
D".
I MI-
DI'.
II. I!. Wiiulit
Dr. .1. 1;. lianiill ..
I'li't. S. K. n.iiiil ..
I'liil 1;. Ortiii
i;iv. M. A. Ciiili.s.
.1. !■'. 'riiirKslcii
Dr. W. I,. .Ii'tiis ..
.laiiii s Faiiir
U. ElUwiiilli Call
(0
(IKXKUAl, SEIIIKS.
7000 I 'I'mi'i' S|iiiim«, Ti'im
711OI 1 Niilii'liiirkv liiviT, Trim.
;i:ilii 11 (?) '
I'li.f. It. Owt
Alri'lii'lir
Do.
Do.
Hi
There is .some variation in specimens in the relative distance of one
nostril from the other and from the eye. In some specimens these dis-
tances are identic^il ; in others the former is somewliat less than the
latter, and the same measurement, usually one half the w idth between
the eyes, may enter it L'.'_'."i times.
A local variety is .seen in three .specimens (No, 7()(>r») from Abbeville.
S. C. These aie a li.yht brown, much resembling the G. /'iisviis, but are
spotted with a darker brown. The double papilhe are not vi.sililc on
the superior surface of the head, and are faintly marked on the inferior
aspect. The rows of pores are, however, as in C. (iIletilicniciiKis, as are
the tongue and internal nares. The digits are all iikhc .slender, and the
dirmal ala 011 the extei iial toe and that of the elbow are niiieli reduced.
IJesides the generic character, the following dirfereiices may be ob-
served on comitarison of this .siiecies with the Mcnidiihiitfaclnis ina.rimus-
of Asia. In the latti r the tongue is not free, luit is sessile, and with-
out plica'; head with rows ofoltu.se tubercles; sidcy and limbs williont
dermal folds.
THE BATRACIIIA OF NOliTlI AMERICA.
43
s. A sin-
(inchanna
requently
ife, and is
ion, since
lul are at-
CUYPTOUKAXCIIL'S FII8CUS Holbrook.
Minopoina fuDCiim llolbiook, N. Am. Ilorpetoloj^y, 184^, \', p. tit).
Niitinp (i{
siii'ciimii.
Alcoliiilii'
Do.
Do.
I)o.
l)o.
110.
IJO.
1)0.
n».
l)o.
l)o.
1»«..
«■'.
1)0.
DO-
Al<<(li()lii'
Do.
Do.
mce of one
; these dis-
;s than the
th between
AhbeviMe,
•Its, hnt ai»^
vi.sil)le on
the inferior
H.s'(',v, as are
ler, and tlie
'li redneed.
may be ob-
l^s■ iiKi.iimus
. and witli-
d>s withont
Vi:.C,.—Cr;ii.l:i'iniiii'liii:i/iiiriin, Ivnowlili', 'I'lMinnssn' : iiiiliir:il si:c
Besides the character-^ aheady assi^nx'd t) tills spceies, the single
s|K'iriinen on whieh it r(^sts (blf.-r.-i fr,):a nio-it of those »»f tlie C.'alhykc-
#
■■M
44
lU
LLETIN :)l, IINITKI) RTATKS NATIOXAI. Ml'SHUM.
SU if:-
nicnuis in tlic absence of the loii^Mtiuliiiiil .lernial fold on the si.h", aa.l of
the papilla' on tlie, ni»per surlac' of the hea 1. lii botii tiiesi- icspcets
ita;^ive.s with some siH'i:iiii>Mis fi'^ai Abbeville, S, C. (No. 7()0.">), already
refiM ivd to. I do not attacii niaeh importance to the abstMiee of tiie lat-
eral folds, as distension of the alidomen from any oMiise would be apt to
canse it to disappear. These two characters, however, with the brown
color, supplement the three important ones f-iven in the dia,unosis, and
c(»iifiim the propriety of recoj^iiizinj,' the species. Nevertheles-^. tiu' ob-
servaion of other specimens prescntin;;' the same features will be neces-
sary befoie the siiecies can be rejiarded as fully estalilislied.
Tiieheiid hasthewi.lc, (1 ir form of t lie other species, with the very slim-
and broadly rounded mu/zle, but these characters are e\ ij>j;erated.
Thus the Icnjith from the end of the muzzle to the lines c.oiinecMii.j; the
anj^lcs orcauthusof the mouth entt'rs the greatest width of the head
loar times and a fraction ; while in the ('. ((Ilriihciiini.sis it is one-half tlir
liwuo. measurement of the width of the lu>ad, or even a little Ioii;^rr.
The sliortness of the <;ape as compared with its width is also indicated
by the fact that the canthus oris is below a j)oint anterior to the anterinr
canthusof the eye in the C./iihciih, while in the (\ (tllnilicnifiisis i\w nu<^\v
is below the posterior canthusof the latt /r. The eye is smaller than is
usual iu the C aUc(jhcntci}.sis, its lonj^ diameter entei'inj; the iidcroeulai'
Bpace a little over seven tiniL's; while in the more abundant species it en
ters five times to nearly six tiiru's. The extremity of the maxillary series
of teeth corresponds with the canthus of the month. TIm^ vonu-rincs
have only half us much length. The int.rnal nostril is a slit, nearly
closed, in line with the series of vomerine teeth at tiieir extremity. I
have not found it closed in tiiis way in any specimens of tlu^ ('. nlhulir-
nicii.sis. The characteristics of the toii,i;ue form one of tlu^ slroiij^cst
character* of this species, Its superior surface is covered with lai',n-e
truncate papilhe, so closely placed us to be everywliero in cont;icl.
Tliey are only distinguished, as in the human tongue, by Ixuiding the
surface. Xotliing like this is known in the other si)ecies. Here tlu^
surface of the t')ngue is murked with longitudinal plica', separated by
considerable intervals, .wliich are tluunselves subdivided by smaller ami
lower plica', the general result being an appearance somethiMglike tripe.
The width between the external nares is half of that between the orbits
or the posterior nares.
Thecrtptsof the skin of the superior surfaces are coarser than in
the r. aUcghcnicnsis, especially on the posterior half of the head. The
anteri(U- half of the latter is smooth. X.. trace of the double papilla'
is to be found on t'u', sii'iir.or surfaces, but they exi^t iu tlie arched
series rouiul the lower jaw below the lip, as in the other specie's, bnt
with thisdiflVrence: the papilhe one above the other ai'c net round,
but short longitmlinal keels, so as to be parallel to each other.
The fingers are entirely free, ami the phalanges are, begM„ning^ on the
ninerside,'J, 2, ;5, -. The ala on the posten.u- edge of the n|.pcrann is
* I 1
M.
idi', ii;nl of
'»), alrciul.v
oftlinliit-
I bi' iipt to
the hiowii
gnosis, and
■s-!, tin' o'»-
II he iicccs-
' very si Kir
iicctii.^' till'
>t' the lifinl
iiu'-iialftlir
tie loiij^fv,
;(> iiidicatcil
Llio antcrini-
/.•.■thii aii,ult'
lUrr than is
iiitcroi'iilar
pccii's itcii-
illary srri<'s
> VOIIlClilK'S
slit, luariy
•itrcmity. I
c, r. oilculir-
ho. sti'()iij;('st
I witli lar;;(^
) in coiitiict.
l»(Ui(liii,n' tlic
;. Here tli»>-
H'i)aratiMl by
smaller and
unlike tripi'.
CM the orbits
I'scr than in
' head. The
'iblc, iiapilla'
1 tiii^ archrd
species, but
■(> not round,
ther.
inninjjf on the
upper arm is
T
Till': llATliAClllA OF NOliTll AMKKlCA. 45
well developed, iiiul terminates Just below the elbow. The toes eonie
in the order of length as follows, beginnin";- witli the short inner, 1, 5,
!',;>, 4; and the phalanjies, in the same order, are 2, 2, 3,3, 2. The
three external are ribbed from the tips ; the notch between the third
and fourth reachinj,' the end of the lirst phalange, but between the
fourth and filth extending from tip to tip, with a very slight notch
(easily enlarged by tearing) ; the legs are about as long as in C. allajhc-
nicn>iis. \\'hen they are pressed to the side they are separated by ii
distance equal to one and a (luarter times the length of the hinder leg.
This measurenuMit must betaken with some allowance, as the S[)ecimen
has been coiled in strong alcohol, and its true form is not easily restored.
It is impossible to distinguish the true lateral folds. An estimate
nuikes them equal those of the other si)eeies, tburteen. The tail has
the usual form. Its superior outline rises from the base, and is convex,
and consists partly of a thin dermal border. Tlu^ extremity is thin, as
is also the distal fourth of the inferior edge.
Mciiniircmoils,
M.
Ti>t;il Icii^rtli (I. Ill)
Lcnj^tli (ot'iiilol' vent 'Jltf)
Lciiiilli to gri)in •iUt
l.cii;,'lliti) axilla 11)0
Li'iij;tli to line of oaiitlnis (iri.s 015
l.i'iij^th of anterior Ic^i; OIW
Lciij^tli of anterior foot 015
L'.'iij^tli of jioHterior h'j; 05:i
Lcii^rtli of jtosterior foot {))>\'i
Witltli l)et\vi'i'ii external nares Ol'i
Width lie t ween orbits Oi,')
Wi.Uli of liead or)l
Kciitliof tail at middle 042
'I'lie color of this si»ecimen is a rich chocolate brown; the inferior sur
faces rather paler tlian the superior. No spots.
(j'aliilii^Mi' iiiiTiiliiT. Nil. spcciiri. Li)cality.
Knoxville, Tcnii . .
1
Donor.
I'lofcNsiir Milclull.
AMlJLYiSrOMIDJC.
This family is of particular interest among the Urodela, us furnishing
«'onnecting forms between the ordinary types of the order and those
larger species which we suppose t(> be more characteristic of former
periods of the earth's history. It also furnishes us with transitional
coiutitions of characters which have been regarded as indicating very
diverse origin and nature. The species are mostly of large size, and
are probably confined to Xorth America; perhaps a species exists iu
Farther India.
40
iirij.KTiN :;i, r.Niri:!' si.\ri;s national mi;skum.
li
TIh- i'li;inictrr.s wliicli icstiiH Hit' li""''l.v '"■«' "'^ i<»Il"«'<:
Nnclhmoi.l I'.ilatiiicl.oiM'siH.l piolon-oil over piinispliciioids, In-ar-
,„;,. ,,,.,1, „i. the'ir postiTior iii:ii-iiis. Orhitosplieiioi.! scpiirati-d IVoiii
p,oMiirl.vii).'i,ihi;n,uiis\v:ills. liiU-niiil wall of vt'sliluih' osseous, (lar-
,,„s iii.l" t usiis i.ssili,'(l. Vcrlchra", aiiii.Inco'Ious. I'refroiitals and
,,t,.n....i.ls pivsciit. I'lciiiaxiUani's I'liUy (h-vclopo.l. I'arasplicnoi.l
witluMit dciiti-i'n.iis plates. An otojilossal caitila-v; only oiio, tlic lirst
(•piliiMMcliial ; srcoiiit hasiltiaiicliial i: what I have termed nioi'idiie;
that is, one lias not Ix'cii assnined after iiossession of the other, nor is
it identical with the ininiatnre sta.ye of the same. Such are the short-
ened form of the i»alatine bones, as coniitared with the posteriorly i)ro-
(hiecd lamina' of tin' Salamaudrida-. and the absence of deiitij?eious
plates on the paras]ilieiini(l in the IMetlKMlontida' is a character of the
same kind. Under sneh eirciunstanees we infer tliat the fanulies ex-
liiliit an ontojieny moditied by eienoj-eny.
The biconcave vertebra- constitute a ix-rsistence of a larval feature.
The preseuce of ptery.i;oids has the same siynilicancc with refereuce
toother families.
Theossilieatiou of the carpus and tarsus are characters in which this
•iKiiip develo])s beyond the larval condition which is permanent in the
family riethodontiihe.
Thus of eight characters fAo are iiKuphic and six developmental;
of the six, two are of advanced develoi»inent and four of reitrcssed
development, as compared with other fanulies.
The writer characterized this family nearly as above in the .lourual of
the lMiiladelj)hia Academy, lS(i(!, 105. J)r. Ilallowell proposed it in the
same worii, 1858, 337, but on iiisulllcient characters. iMany of the char-
acters of the i)riiicii)al {^enus Amblystoma had been already pointed
out by Professor ilaird. The .yenera imduded by Ilallowell were Am-
blystoma, Xijiltonura Tsch , and Onychodactylus Tschudi. Clray had
previously end)raced the same genera with llctvrotriton dray, in liis
first section of the IMethodontida', which corresponds with this family.
The writer in lS5',)embraeid Onychodactylus, Amblystoma, Camarata.iis
Cope, and 3Ie,ualol)atrachus Tschudi. in the above citetl essay of 1S(»<»
the {ieiiera are limited to the two first nuMitioned with Ihimtinn (Iray.
The wivestijiation of the subject which I j^'ave in my nujuograph of this
family, i.ul)lislied in IS!);), n'sulted in the followinj,' disposition of these
supposed jiencra, 15;iiid having- already shown the identity of Xiphn
num with Amblystoma. ^^ llcfcrotriton is identical with Amblystoma.
Megalobatrachus, the great salamaiuler of Japan, I have determined
to pertain to the Cryptobranchida'. The genus Camamtaxh, as will
appear further on, was established on a larval character, permanent
in some individuals it is true, but not permanent in any si)ecies. On
the other hand, there is some probability that onci or both of the species
of riynobius Tschudi from Japan enter the landly, but this I am not
"^
i
[luM\ nor is
' the sliort-
Tllli liATKACIIIA «>l' NOKTir AMKKICA. 47
ii'.ilc (t) t'sliiblisli.'' Till! latti'i- genus, to^ictlicr with lianitlcns, On^M'lio-
oids, bear- (lai't.vliis and 8alaiiiaii(irc'lUi (Voiii A.sia, have been sineo reft'ircd to I lie
ated iVoMi Aiiihl.vsluiiiida' by l!()idan<«er, but 1 now liiid the hyoid apparatus to bo
ous. Cuv- «|iiiti' (lillli rent in the two groups.
Mitals aud Tlirt'c genera of this lanilly are known to nie. Another has bi-i n
•aspiienoid (iisiiiignished on dental characters (Dieaniptodon), but whether iden-
le, the tirst tie.il with or distinct from those I have seen 1 do not yet know.
I. N'oiiicrdiinlatiiic tci'tli in a traiisvcrso lino, which is straight or angiiiatL'd ami not
'lining this nmch intcrniiitcd at tho iniddlo.
dniorphic; Otoglossal cartilage foriniiig a ring, attached posteriorly to the first liasiliraii-
chial cartilage ImbhjHtomn.
Ologldssal carlilage t'orniing a snhtriangnlar plate attached posteriorly to the
lirst hasilivanchial Clioiidruliif).
^riorly pro- H. Vomcropdlatine ti'cth in two scries, scjiaratcd by a wide interspace.
lentigerous Otoglossal cartilage not annular, free IVoni the hasibrancliial, on which it moves;
Cter of the '"'' '""'"^ lAityualaimnit.
... ^, Tail cominessed; dental series converging l)ackward niidwploiloii.
The species of these genera are all North American cxcei)ting the
I (■j.jitm.i.. AmbljjstomapcrsimiUs Gray of Siam.
\^ vGi'er^vcii AMIJLYSTOMA, Tschiuli.
I which this Tsclmdi, liatr., ).. '.i'2 ; liaird, Jonrn. Ac. I'liila.(-J), i, l>^',[), p. ',>81 ; Oray, Cat., p. IM ;
inent in the '"""• "^ ''''"'• '^' !'■ ^"^ ' ^'"l""' l''"*"'- ^^''- I'l'ilii-. l"' 1>- I'iti; «( ranch, Salam, p.
(1(1; lioulcnger, Cat. liatr. Grad. JJrit. Mus., !.M ed., ltir^2, p. :!-:.
.Mlil.ointm, Tschndi, /. c, p. '.).'>; Gray, /. c. ; Duni. i(hf<, I'it/ing., Syst. Kept., p. :?:$.
f rei>ressed iiri,vi>irium, Gray, /. c, p. :i:!.
Ciimiir.il.ixiii, Cope, Troe. Ac. Tlula., lfi'>[), p. I-JiJ.
e Journal of l'ir!„iilosm, Mivart, I'roc. ZoOl. Soe., 18()7, p. G08.
. . Lai val I'oiins :
sed It in the SUrdv,,, Wagl., Syst. Ami.h., IrtliO, p. :.'()•) ; Duni. & Bibr., p. 17(1.
of the char- .\.t„h,tv>^, (),ven, Ann. and Mag., X. II., xiv. p. 'ZW.
ady l>ointed IkKmiimlomu, Sagcr, renins. Joiir. Medic, LSoH, p. 4-Jt*.
II were Am- \'oiin'rine scries of teeth in the same line, though often interrui)ted.
• <^'''''y '"\'* (cMiadrateJugal bone wanting. Premaxillary bones distant from each
(Jray, in his othei', not embracting a fontanelle.
this family. T.uigiie attiehod l)y its whole base, but with a narrow free margin ou
Camarattuis all hut the postei ior portion, capable of but a moderate protrusion,
•ssay of ISdO The ot tglossal cartilage forms a ring, which pa.sses entirely round the
satiuaiUwy. nivAuniviviu'e of iho interior base of the tongue. It sends a i)r(>eesy
graph of this on each side near its base, which terminates above theccratohyals with-
tion of these out articulating with then).
ty of Xiphih liypohyal cartilages slender, of moderate length. (Plate 2U.)
Vmblystoma. CuMtohyal articulating by its abruptly rccurVed superior e.xtremity
) determined with tiie po.storior di.stal part of the quadrate. (Plate 18, (ig.s. lystoma' at the pi'riod of their transformation :
(1) The series of teeth on the splenial bone is shed ; (-) the caii)us and
tarsusossify; (."5) the tail narrows and leiijrthens; (4) the branchia' dis-
appear; (5) thetonyue enlarf;es and covers the lloor of the mouth; (0)
the pteryj^oimlatine series (»f teeth becomes more nearly transverse;
(7) brightly colored pij;;ment is deposited in the chromat(>i)hora' of tlie
derm. These changes are stated in the order of their occurrence. IJut
in some of the protean species this order is not exactly observed in all
individuals, and in conse(|ueiice of the assumption of one or the other
character of maturity in advance of another the number of s[>ecies has
been supposed to be greater than it is. The same irregulari!.\ in the
successional appearance of structures is well known in the earlier pe-
riods of embiyonic lite, as stated by Von I'.aer in the sdudia of his lOnt
wickelungs geschichite. In the chick, different poitions of the vertebra!
axis and the abdominal plates may or may not appear in the usual
Older of succession.
In Amblystoma the aiiproxiiiiation of the period of reproduction to
that of transformation varies with the species, and it is evident that
the closer this api)roximatioii, under tlie above i»rmciiile of variation,
the more protean will the species be. As we know from the exi>eri
meiits of Hogg, J)umeril, and others that inetamori>hosis i.s greatly has-
tened or delayed by the conditions of temperature and light, what would
mit be the elVect on individuals of such a protean si)ecies of a change
of toiiographical situation, such as the elevation or (lei»ression of the
land :' And I have no hesitation in saying that if the peculiarities of
series of individuals of .1. t'Kjr'nuini, in the respects above enumerated,
were permanent, they would characterize those series as species as
completely as any that zoiiiogists are accustomed to recognize. For
the evidences on this head, see the discussion of this species below.
tl! i
VI.
niijillliitrtl
ii|>l)iUiitus
, tlu' iintf-
f the lirst
ses of the
atlu'r tliiiii
•ilsiiri'foii-
ircli, \vlii<^h
bacUwiirtls
boiu's. A
piMllliUll'Ut
It coiulitioti
liiiiclius.
is UDiic (»U
icteis which
sfDriniitioii :
farpiis lunl
lauchiii' ilis-
niouth ; (0)
transverse ;
[)horie of the
rreiice. But
served in all
)r the other
■ si)eeies has
ilari;.\ in the
le earlier pe-
a of his Knt
the vertebral
in the nsnal
rodnetion to
evident that
of variation,
n the expel i
i greatly has-
t,\vhat wonld
of a ehangf
I'ssion of the
Hinliarities of
cnnnierated,
IS speeies as
;ogni/>e. For
lies below.
I
TlIK IIATUACMIIA (»l' N'OlM'll AMi:UU'A.
49
Tlie expeiinu'niH of lloi;^, above albided t*., are as ftdlows, as t,Mven
l»y him in the Annals and Ma;;azineof Natnral History.
llo placed a nnnd)er of inii>rej;nated ova of fro;,'s in vessels arran;;ed at
re;;ular distances from th(! li;,Hit in a cave. The lessenin;,' degi'ees of
lij^ht were of conrsi' acurompanied by a (!orres|»ondin};' bnt much less
rapid decline in temperatnre. The rcsullin;;' ellcclson the metamorpho-
sis may he tabnlat»'d as follows:
j^Ii'^ii. I'iiliri'iilii'il
111"
Kii
:i 11 K!:i;
■JO l.iiiva In i> '
■j."i ■ : li;ii \ ;t licr
;ii • . - '
1 111 I,iivj viTv liii';;i' !,:itv;i 1 n-'-
'11 Mi'l.iiniiiiiliiisi.i uoiii MrlMiiiiir|p|iii.-(i.i I'oiii
X 11
■IX
Ill :ii
.w
51 J
I0U« K'AK
I.iiiMi IriM' I.iii va I'lnv
l.ai va lai'}!i< Larva Miiiall.
Mrtiiin(ir|ili().si« fiiiii *
|il(|i'.
Mrtaiiiiii pliiLsin ciiiM
|.l...r.
Other experiments, whicli will not be (pioted now, aic ('(pially (ton-
elusive as tot lie effects of iinlit and heat on their process. The dis-
tinction between iiiatiirity, or adult aj;v, and complete devel()pinent
must be borne in mind. The former (Mtiiditioii is attaiiu'd when the ova
an; fitted for imprej^iiation and the spermatozodids are capable of accom-
plishing; that result. Development may or may not advance much
beyond this perioil. .Vs one or more periolsin the life of every species
is characterized by a i^reater rapidity of develoinnent (or metaiiKM'pho-
sis) than the remainder, so in proportion to the approximation of such
a period to tlm ei>ocli of maturity or reproduction is the olfspriny liable
to variation.
The j^reat dilVerence l)etween the dilfereiit speeies and between indi-
viduals of the same species in this res|(t'ct, may bi> illustrated by the
followinn' comparison between the siz,' of the ani inuls at the time of
losiiin' the biaiicliia-, so far as known, and that to which they nlti-
matelv attained :
Sprrii'H.
Aiiililyiliiiiia.iill'rrsDiiianm'
Aiiililystuiiii |iiiiirtatiiiii .. .
A iiiM.s stiiina i'iins|iri.Hiiiii . .
Aiiiltlysli'iiia opandii
Oliiiiiilriitiis li'\aiiuH
('Iiiiiiili'iitiis nili'msloiniis . .
Aiiihh .sloiiia talpiiiilcHiii . ..
CliiinilKitus paruticiis
Ainljlysloiiia tiiji iiuiiii
('Iiiiiiili'iitim li>iii'l>i'iiHiiH
Si/,r at
lu.Hs uT
M aiii-liia'.
A
\ 1*1
II .s
aur
i/.c.
/;i. I.iii
/»
I.ii:.
1 r.. 7.".
Ci
1 10
li
li
1 10,:.
• 1 '»
:i
I . ■>
II. :>
■-' i
1 ;i, ."i
1
;i 7. :>
•J. 5
y.\ 7t
H
i)
1 '> It
11
• I'll Imp** liMi lai ;;(■
i!>.")i— liuU ;u — 1
t Nut siiiallrsl.
hO
Itn.lJlTIN :il, |-NITi:i) STATMS NATlONAI. Ml'SKlIM.
P.I
1,1 (his Meet ion it is dcsiniltU' to asccitiiiii liow liir cliiiriicti'i-s »li«
tiii-;iii.siiiii^' iiii(l()iil)ti"s.sii'i' "f the iiitcriiiil iiiii't',-
I'll
of tongiu! ladiatiiij; lioiii its poMti'iior imriion. I'moloid <;l;iiiil
foriiiiii},' ail ovoid distinct mass. I'oiir idialaiiKcs in fomtli loc'
s llnl
A. ( 'ostal grooves, ton.
i(. Voiiicriiic scries, tint
Head lii'oad ; width :
■ 1 to frioiii ; Mni//h' coiitrac
ted :
•\t.
iial ii.'trc;
closer tlian iiitenial ; iiahiline scrii-s convex haekwards; tail mIioii.
coniiiressed ; hlackish-hrowii, .ura.v sjiucke I.
B. Costal 1,'rooves, eleven.
a Vomerine series three.
li No, or one iiidistinet plant.-ir liiUcrele,
J. itdiH
Middh- s.'
ru's transverse or concave to lieliind posterior inarj;ins of nan
width of lieail in specimens of :{ inel
ics, ureatertliaii one-fonrtli lenijll
to irroin : in adnlts, 1.7 tin
l)!ael.
k ahove, with urav <;r
OHs-nanil
.1.
o/iitciiiii.
Vhl,
!■ UU CMlllIlllll Mlicl( J .1 II.
JSl
Tin; IIATKACIIIA (»r NoKTII amkuioa.
51
tcrs «lis
solve an
,11 not no
•80 t'liai-
till I'liiu-
thi' i>nla-
oMipan'tl
iilnals «)!'
trillion ••!
\ uniroiin
u'lininbiT
!.•; (2)tlu-
iltt'S I'lJillt
spi'cii's ol'
n;;- specit's
, iucveast'tl
iblislii'd in
(iR's Uein;,'
iiin, seconil
iiicIiuliiiK a
iiitti!il,oni'
)trartit»n ot
ipsus. l"'oJ'
stilution is
I hat of till-
niislH'd its
hu late l>i.
liiiivs. t'lici
mill 1«'»"'"
ill iiiin> mm li
(Is: tail hIi'iH,
.A. tKlpuidiiiiii
iiriiiiis of iiuro'i
ic-foiirlli I'Miulli
JIV (MOSS-tlillllN-
,1. oiitiniiii-
i
i
I
'reel ii iiM III (he last; wiiltli of li<-amiiiim.
r. ('o,-.lal niooves, twelve;
i( l,.arH;erspe<'ies, with iwo distinct plantar, tuborclos and mucous poicson the
side of the mil//.le.
( \(p I'aiilhiis nistialis; tail sliortei' than head iiikI body ; chin not pr(ijeclin}f.
N'omeropalal ine tooth series with the median portion pre.sentin;f a very
tdilnse allele fiirwards, rarely straij;ht, somctiincs with the lateral
]ioi'lioiis separated; hrown, with larj;e yellow sjiots of larj;er or
smaller si/e I, (iijriiiiiiii.
Mn/./le Iiroad olitnse ; dark brown, with vertical yellow sjiots on sides;
teeth in four distinct series, in a nearly transverse line.
./. Irixriijiliiiii.
;1,< Canthns rostralis distinct ; chin jirojeeting.
I';xternal nares nearer lojfct her than internal ; mn/.zhM)l)tu.se ; headsmall,
width") times to };roin ; front convex; tail longer than head and
body; voineiine teeth in one series, si iglitly con v«'X forwards; yel-
low, Willi irregular brown baiiils above /. j-iphiai.
atcSmaller species ; the mncons pores not extending beyond the orbits; teeth
in three series; no, or one indistimtt jilaiitar tubercles.
External and internal nares eiiiiidistant ; vomerine series nearly trans-
verse; width of heail, 4..") to (i times in length to groin; length of
oyo, 1.7r> to 'J.,') limes in width lietween anttirior canthus of same ;
lead colored to brown or black, with or without jialu or distinct
lateral spots A. jiffcrnoiiianiim.
Nares c(|iiidistant ; width of head, •> times to groin ; niiizzlt) contracted ;
length of eye, entering l.(!(i times in width btstween canthus of same,
once to nostril; median dental smies angulated forwards; digits
long; blown mlead colored, usually a broad gray band on vertebral
line of tail and body expanding on occiput : sides, dark reddish-brown.
-/. mavvoilactijlum.
.Muzzle wide; width of head entining h^igtli to groin I times; tail long
as head and body to groi:> ; digits short ; black, upper surfaces bright
yellow A.t'inxnnthum.
These .si>eeies are distributed as iullows: One, the A. persimilc trray,
is said to be tin inhabitant of the mountain regions of Siain. Tlie others
are all North American. One sjtecics only, the A. (iyrinum, c-\teuds
52
lUJLLETlN ;;i, nNITi:i» STAIKS national MTSKIiM.
soiitliwiuds oil tlMi Mi'xiciiii pliitvHU as lar as the Cit.v o( Me.\ic(». Tlio
reiiiiiiuiny species are distiibiited as lollows:
Eastkun Kkcion.— -i. oixiriim : A. piiiiclahim : .1. vun.-. lit;; Diiiiicnl A I'.iliniii, Kip.
(Jen., VIII, p. lU'.l; Cope, I'liKct;!!,-.. Acini. l'liil:i.. l-liT, p. 17-J; SI niiicli,
(S:il;iiii..fi:i: ISimlnigcr, Cutal. liatr.lJrad. I'.rit. Mils., ii eil.,l"<.i:.', p. 10.
iSalaiiiiimlia laljinidm IhiHuook, N. Aiiicr. lltiip., \, 7;i, I'l. ','1.
Siiortest, stoutest, and most cluiiisilv furiiu'd of all the tenestiial
Ambli/fifiiiiialu. Character of skin as to },'laiids pits, etc., much as in
A. punvtiitiim and (iiHUum. A row of lar^'e |»ores on the head, interior
to the eye and nostrils, extending;' anterior to the; latter. This i>asses
behind and beneath the eye, reachinjjf forward nearly to the nostril: a
patch on the cheeks above the lateral j^roove and another below it,
probably oxtendinj;' lorwai'd aloiifi; the lower Jaw.
The head is very broad, and laifj^e, and is wider than the body anterior
to the constriction at the neck. Its width is about eipial to the distance
from snout to gular fold (thus wider than Ion;;;, and is contained about
;3.] times to the j^'roin. The eyes are sujierior and ratln^r small, separated
anteriorly by nearly tlii'ee len;4ths of the orltit; about oik^ orbit froi!i
the nostrils, which are separated about 1.] orbits. The mu/zle is rather
an^'ular. The ui»per Jaw is visible beyond the lower when viewed from
below.
The body is short, siiurtt, and depre.s.sed. There are 10 costal i^ioov «'s
on the side.
The tail is contained about 1.] times in the rest of the animal. It is
much as in .1. oixtcum, but hi^ij^her, thou;-!! witiiout a crest.
The dij-its are rather Iou{,' and slender, .scarcely dilVerent from those
of A. opftcum.
The i)alatine teeth are in a transver.se series of three sections. The
middle .section is not interriii»(ed alon;;' the median line. In the type
it is slightly concave anteriorly, .scarcely ivachiiijn to the inner line of
the inner n arcs, and behind the rani^c of the lateral sections, which
beyin a little interior to the outer line of the nostrils. The middle and
lateral sections are separated by the width of the inner nostril. In
another specimen the middle patch is nearly strai,i,Mit ; in another, com
po.sed of two ares concave anteriorly.
The tongue is thick, fleshy, and adherent, though the edges are free
at the sides; le.sssoat the tip. Its width is not niT-lhun half that of
the head. The papillo.se i»ortion is separated itosteriorly by the exten-
1
N'li. Ill
liiii'.
TIIH HATRACITIA OK NORTH AMKIJIOA
53
I
Hion forward oftlie plain basal portion oftlie tongue, altlionji'h tliorcis
no }ifro(>ve, and exhibiting two prominent cornuii to tlie tongue i)roper.
The papillose ridges are longitudinal and nearly parallel.
In alcohol this spe(;ies is a light brown above, paler beneath, irregu-
larly spriidvled, blotched, and marbled with silvery or jduinbeous gray,
oC a li(;hon-like character. Specinu'ns when alive show the ground color
to be a dark brownish or liver black, more livid on the sides, and per-
haps lighter beiu'ath ; everywhere spriidded with the silvery-gray dots
of larger size on the back. The ;ii)per part of the tail is of a purer
brown than elsewhere, and is bordered by a series of obscure blackish
spots ; seen also near the lower maigin. A few similar dusky s])ots ap-
pear .scattered on the back. The iris appears to be a dark brown with-
out nu'tallic luster.
A. series of speciiiuMis from Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana, is quite
similar. ^Souu^ of them appear to have just completed the change from
IIh' tadpole state, and the tail is higher, more compressed, and .somewhat
crested; the toes, shorter, Hatter; the papillo.se folds of the tongue
more indistinct.
Mi'axin(,:>i'iils.
Iiiolios.
Loiigtli from snout to tiMusvoi ■!' lint' of month '.W
liCn^^tli from snont to ;;;ulin' folil .'i.'i
Jjt-nj^di from snout to ^jroin l.'.XI
l,('nH;tli from snout to licliiuil aruis y. .{((
I.('Ml;I|i from snout to cntl of tiiil It. HO
l.i'ny;tli of t.iil l..'.(l
Widtii of liciid :>•>
Li'Utttli of forc-.nrm -Ki
l.cnf^tli of liind Icjj; frT'.l
;i'.l7L'
N.I. Ill
M|H'<'.
I,0(:i1ilv.
Ijlii'ily CiiMMlv i
l'l:lil ic Mi-1 l.'.ill'J
Ni;m Caiiii. Ill ..
I,:l
Kiiiiii wlioiii ri'ccivcd.
Or. .tonc'M.
I. Kllilir.
i: K. Ill .lit.
vf.
m
i i
: It. '
. 1,
:l:i
;|
I
hi
ri
i
r
' i
'i
I i
54 BULLETIN ;!l, ITXITHI) STATKS NATIONAL MFSKUM.
AMIJLVSroMA (d'ACI'M (inivciilioisl.
(I'liilcs UI-'Jl.)
A»ihlii>'fnmno]mrn, I?nin1, .lonrn. Ac. Pliila. (v!) i, !-'"><•, p. '>-*.\: Orny, Cut. I?ii1r. (irn.1.
I?rit. Mils., I'll. I, p. ;!/>, H.'iO; ILillowi'll, Jdihii.. I'iiili. .V'Mil., iv, :!r>l.
Salaiiiandiitopara, fJi'avoiih., UcluTd. Ziuil. Sy.st., p.liU, .•iml Dclic, ]>. T.'>, I'l. H': l»iiin.
»t nilir., |>. <>(!.
Siildiiiniiilrd fiiHciitta, (Jivon, Jniirii. Ac. Pliila. I, 1-!1H, p. li.'.il: llollir. N. A. II. -rp,. \,
1). 71. I'l. will ; ll.'lviiy, N. Y., F.in'i , IJ'pi-. !>■ *7. I''- '*. li;:- •"•
Arnhhisloiiiitl'iitridhim. Ddiii. ife 1511)1.. p. Ml, I'l. 101, ijm-, .">.
.Imhhisloma oimnim, Copf, I'roc Ac. I'liila. 1H17, l>. \r.\; Sf raiirli, S.ilain )).(;:!; lioii-
loii-,'cr, Cat. Mitr. (Jrail. Miit. Miis 1. ii. issj. p. Id.
Body swollen, tliick, c.vliiidritiiil, (U'prcs.scd: skin pcrrcctly sniontli,
altlioiijjh under a lens ev(M'y wiicrc sliowin^' niiniitc .simple pores or ])i(s
connected with the ylands, whieii lire seen everyw hei'e on the Wody and
tail, except, perhaps, on the lower part of sides, belly, and beneath the
liead ; on the tail, however, they are most developed on the npper hall".
There are no rejjiilar patches of more conspieiions pores on the liead
and parotoids, as seen in A. puuctatiim.
Head rather broad, depressed, its {greatest width about •,' the length
from snout to jjnlar fold, and about f, the distance to insertion of hind
lefjs. Axial leiifjth of mouth half that to ji'ular fold, which is iiiter-
rnpted on the nape; a constriction behind the aiif-lc of the month, with
a lateral {jroove (or ridj^e) connecting;' the two as in ^1. piiiirtdfiiin. Ins-
tance from snout to {jnlar fold not (piite 3A times in that to insertion of
himl lefj. The eyes are moderate; the pupil (arcular. The jicneral r»'-
lation much as in .1. piinrtdtiim.
r.ody nearly cylindrical, but decidedly depressed. No indication of
a dor.sal furrow. Eleven well marked costal furrow.s inciudiii;: flic in-
guinal. There are about four pelvic; furrow.s; those on the ba.se of the
tail aredistiiHit anteriorly, but "rradually become fainter.
The tail is oval or subellii»tical in cross .section, thou<;h williont any
indication of a keel. It is nearly cylindrical at ba.se, lhou;;li sb<;|itly
(ioi.ipressed, becoinitifj more and more so to the pointed tip. It is
thiM the back, but are more liiu^ar on the tail. These vary in number;
about seven on the body and as many on the tail; sometimes more or
less; sometimes (continent with those before and behind them; soine-
tiiiies interrupted in the middle. They do not tlescend one tliird the.
depth on the sides, beiiij;' eonlined abruptly and well delined ti» the
dorsal region. There is a similar patch on the snout.
Mitixiiri mcntn.
Inrlii's. Ini'lioM.
Tiifjtl lonirtll li.HI L.'iintli to t:iil -J.:!.'.
I,«iij;fli «.(■ iiioiitli lid l,('ii>;tli of tail I.r.l)
I,i'ii;rlli to liiil.nl'iilil '.:! Will til of )i(':i
mi
The principal dill'ereiice in I'orm and strnctnre between this species
and A. pumfatum aresec^i in the abseiuie of any dorsal furrow, and a less
proiniiien(u> of that on the side of the tail. The limbs are more feeble,
the head narrower, the tail shorter, et(t.
Iv specimens from Prairie .Mei Konm', t().'>.'> .' the body is thicker and
more ('Iniiisy, tlie lej^s weaker, the toes shorter than in Pennsylvania
spj'cimens. The te«'th, too, api>ear more transverse, and there is little
or ni> interval l»etweeii tin' midtlle and lateral combs.
This species is found in drier jiroiiiid than is conociiial to most sal
amanders. I have taki'ii it in tiu' sandy ri'^ions of New Jersey and
Delaware.
e:'/ !5
fo)
]•']•;. fi A iiihlii!.t4iiiin nponiiti (inivi'iilmr- 1 ('ildniTstrr, Vfi.
f
III
1
i
of. lin.LKTIN ;.l, TNITKI) STATKS NATIONAL MirSKUM.
KICSKKVK SKUIKS.
I
l.iicalilv.
" = y-u
Wli.ii col.
llCKMl.
I''iiiiri wliiirn irccivril.
:V2(i«
3
Ann
!ll!»l
llL'Hit
mill
■uis;
II wit:;
i-ji:)i
1(1
■fllS"!
WITH
■MM
tilJll
:i:ir.i
iLTillS
;inii
y.tr,-,:>
:i!i:):i
4111'^
:i(t:i-j
1.1
;inin
iiniii
;i!i.'.s
:v.m
lii.clininiiuli, (l:i Dr W. I.. .Ion.'
Ni>il
. _ IS
A;.r.
Ni)V
1S>:|
I SSI
— , IST.'I
Hin.»tiMi, N (1
Moiilliin, Aln
Siiiill.crii llliiioi.t
I'rairii- Mi'i- l;iiiii;i', I.a . .
Wlii'iilliirid. lull
Mdiiiil Canii.l. Ill
I.aiiraslci-. Ohio
Kinslnn. N. ('
N,.w Vciik
Kloriila
Texas
St..l('i(>inc CivcU. M(l Krii. — . Ii^s-J
AMirvilli'. S.(!
Ni>« r.i'iiriMci. ^Ia^^s I
'I'vi'i'i' Spiiiiu.;. ri.|Mi I
New (Irlrans, I, a '
('arli,.^lc.. Pa
Ki-rnpi'i- ('iiiiiilv. Mis.s
liai-ini'. Wis
.\iix Plains Itivcr, III
Saliiii. N.<:
.1. W.Miliir.
i; Kcmili I'laiiir. MiT K'niinr, f.a
;in.'K 2 .\niliTsoii. S. (•
liil !l :i Criii;;!.!
;i!MS I 'raili'io. N.C.
;!!I'J7 S (;iiiiin'sli'r, Va . ..
-, l.-T.I .I.W. MiltPM ....
«' Mann
.[lis. I''aiii..
Daniel ...
.r.I.eCMiile
r. I-. liii.ljiei-
liiii.s i; ('tiliinil)iis, Ca '.'.. Dr (iesnei- !!!.
141S1 1 (jo ,|„
;i!li:i I MeaiUillc. I'a .1. K. Tliielislon
:«l-l >i lleiii-ia Di..r I,eC.,nle
:i!lll- 1 Kiplev (lliio ||a\
111
.Aleoliolii'
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
AMIil.VSTOMA ITXirrATI'M Linn.
(I'llltPS 1 1-1,-i, •jr.. Iii;.s. I, ;-.; |'!:,|,. |>, Dm, III.)
y/m/Ji/.v/omrt /i»»r/((/»i/i, ('i)|)('.. I'liic. Ac. I'liila., I-ilT, |i. 17.'); Sir.inrli, Siil.iiii , |i.<>:!;
Itiiili'lijii r. ('.It. liatr. (iiaii. I!ril. .Miis.,ni;iU(l. h'rpt., \iir, p. ■.'•J;i ; llnll.l-., N. A. Ilrlp., v. p (i7,
I '1. •,'■,'.
I.iirirld sHliVHiliiria. H;irt(iii. Aiiii'i. riiil. 'rriins., \ i., p. lii.-', I'j. J (ij;. C,
Sain 111(1 iidni ■■^nhriiilitrni. Il;iil,in, .loiini. Ai. I'liihi.. \, p. ;!|T ; Itrkay, N. V, I'aiiii.
li'i'pl., p. 71.1'l.-.'. Iln. lit;.
.tmhliiKliima siilii-inliKt iiw, 'I'scliiuli, I!iir.. p. '.I','.
Amhliislonia n,rnli,„i . (iiM.v. I'Mt. liatr. (iriid. liiit. Mii.s., ni. i. p. ;;,V (U:\\ rinr ZiWil
Sor. l.s-.;!, p. 11. ■ '
.imhhisloiiKi innirtdld. I',,iinl, .Imiiii. Ac riiil.i. (•.'), i. p.-JSl; Ij.ill.nvill / .• iv H>
|.. X.i. ' ' '
Amhhinlnmii aiijiix, \hm\.\ llil.r.,viii, p. lli;!.
No. .{!»;-.(► ;. l!<)(lys\vnII(Mi. stout. .'.vliiMliiciil. I[o;iaiot<)i«l rcjiioii,
and aiiotiier on the top of the head inside of tlie orbits and extendirij;'
antei'ioily in a straijiht line towards thc^ nostrils and passing;' bactkwards
seMiiciniuhirly behind tlie e.ve. A doable row around the edjje of the
lower Jaw ; a jiaii' on ea(;h outer (postal space alonu' tlie side of the body,
and a row on each side of the top of the tail ; the latter indicated {jen-
erally by a whitish dot.
Head broad ; depressed ; width nearly (Mpial to distance from snout to
K'nlar fold, and nearly one Ibuith the distance to insertion of hind le^s.
licn^th of mouth alonj^' axis of body half distance from snout to liular
fold, which is nearly continuous a<'ross the nape. There is a constiic'tion
behind the ar-yle of the Jaws, interrupted above and below, and a fur-
row eonnectinj;" the two alonji' the jjaiotoid re.i^ion and extended in a
lateral line to the oibit. Distance troni snout to jiular fold <'outained .'U
times in distance to insertion of hind legs (four tinu's in another speca-
nien).
Theeyes are moderately laru'e; the longlh of the orbit contained t.l times
in distan(!e from snout to third or longest linger is contaiiu'il al>out 2\ tinu's in
the distancic to the elbow. The second linger reaches to the last artic-
ulaticMi ; the fourth to the |)enultimate.
The fourth toe is longest, (contained L*;\ times in the (listan(!e to the
knetc; the third, second, lifth, and first succ(vssively shorter. The dis-
tance between the outstretciu'd hind toes is rather more than L', the
length to behind anus.
The tongue is thi(!k, lleshy, and attached, although free at the (^Iges
except behind; it is about two thirds the width of the upper jaw, tu'arly
orbicular, though the outline of the papillose i)oiliou is a little emar-
ginate behind. Italmost seems as if the tongue wei-e capalile of closing
round an obi(M;t in its c(>ntt>r. as in th(> hollow of the li;ind.
ilH
'•■^
■p.
..-■^* >
.58
lUTr.LETIN :!l, rXITKH STATKS NATfONAT. MUSKITM.
II'
Tlio triinsvorsoliiM^ (.Itoctli is in tlircc piirts ()r(M)inl)s; ii (U'lifnil about
two-liniis the. widtli of the lieud, uiul scpaiiilcl IVom llic liitcriil by ii
sli-ilit interval. Tiio central patch is nearly strai-ht in its middle, but,
tluM-nds enrve a little, torwards, and continuously with the lateral i>i)r-
fion of the line which forma a curve concave l)ackwards, itonndinfi- the
orbit. The inner edj^e of the imsterior nares marks the extent of the
central row of teeth. The lateral comb of teeth is about half the length
of the central.
The color of the spe(!imen described is, in alcohol, of a dark liver brown
above, abruptly light olivaceous beneath. On each side of the back is a
series of nearly circular rounded spots about the size of the (U-bit, about
three on each side of the head, eijiiit or nims on the body, and as many
on the tail, where they are sonu'tinu's conlliuMit. These spots are white,
in alcohol, but yellow in life. Alon.y the sides and nnuv sparin.i;ly be-
neath are some scattered, (piite small whitish spots,not very c(Mispicuous.
The lejisareof the color of the under parts, not of the U|)per; I hey show
some of the small lij^lit spots seen on the sides.
4
\n
■I i
11
Ii
ft
a
3
Total IciiKtli of :VM)
Li'iijjlli (if itiiiiitli
Leiiu'lli to ,i;'nl;ii' lolil
Loinith to uroin
McnKiircmiiilK.
Iiulios. niclics.
('(.'id Ii('ny;tli oftiiil licliiiiil ;iiins :!.!(•
Id \Vi(Uii ol'licad i'.."i
.-'•J Arm I'roiii i'IIkiw (ill
.. . vi.Sd Hind It'" IVoiii kni'o "^a
Loiifjtli to bcliind aims :t.l(l |
In the preceding paragraph I have described a specimen from Abbe-
ville, S. C, as a lo(!idity nearest to that whence the original of liinna-iis's
des(!ri|)tion was obtained. An exaiuinatiou of a large sei'ies of speci-
mens from different localities shows certain differences, whicii, however,
arc not of a character to indiiNite specific separation.
The external appearaiKte of the skin varies consideral)ly with llie
.strength of the alcohol used far lueservation, and probably with the
season when capturt'd. The animal, when alive, is perfectly smooth and
lustrous, and readily exudes a large (piaiitify of a white milky Juice fVoin
the upper half of head, body, and tail, or from the dark-cohu'ed portion.
This is due to the presence of glands closely implanted in the skin, the
])ores of whicli are sometiiiu>s (piite iiieonspi(Mious ; sometimes very dis-
tinct. On the tail they are much largest and di'cpest, and the lateral
groove marks their inferior boundary, being there implanted verti(!ally.
When these pores are very full of their milky juice and the alcohol is
very sfrtuig the contraction of the skin betwciui the mouths of Wwsv,
pores gives imue or less the appearance of roundtMl, thick-set granules,
of rather large size. This also gives rise to an ai)parent deiuession (tf
the digits, the skin forming quite a margin
The proportions of the body vary slightly. The tail is generally not
'■
80 long as the rest of the animal, tli
le groin IxMiig more iisuallv in^ariu"
TIIR I5ATRACIT1A OF NOUTII AMFUIOA.
59
the middle point oftlic axis. Yonnjier specimens appear to liave sliorter
tails.
Tliei'c is considerate diviMsity in tiic cniv*', of the tiansverse series
of palatine teeth. In ncnirly all more northern specimens the central
row is formed of two arcs, concave anteriorly, more or less continuous
with the lateral, which are anterior and convex anteriorly. The two
central arcs arc continuous at their inner ends, forminj;' an inveited
an^ie on the axial line. Sometimc^s, however, as in mosr of the
sptuMmens from Prairie Mer lioujje, tins central anslc is wantiu}?, and
there is only a sinjjle arc or curve, (loncave anteriorly. In tlui type
spiMMmi'u described this central row of tiietli is nearly or (piite strai};ht
(which is quite apt to ho the case in v(M'y large ones), while in one
specimen of No. U'tSi it is convex anteri(>rly. The transverse extent
of this middle line of teeth varies. Sometimes there is «;(iite an interval
hetwi'cn it and the lateral, while in 31).'>(>, from New Yo k, they are con-
tinuous without ai>pre('ial>le interruption.
There are no very great variations in the pattern of coloration. (Gen-
erally the outer surface of the limbs is colored like the back, in which
cas(^ there are one or mon*, large, rounded light spots. The under parts
aie generally dark bluish; the sprinkling of small whito specks on the
sides and beneath varies considerably in prominence. Tlie large dorsal
spots are always nearly circular, and vary in number, generally only one
series «)n ea(th sidt*.
In living specimens from Carlish', Pa., the iris is dark brown, without
metallic color, scarcely distinguishable from the jiupil. The color of
the animal above is adeep anthracite black; beneath, dull livid. On
ea(!h side the .
Professor IJaird (I(M>nographic Etn-ycloiia'dia, 1S,51,) thus describes
the reproduction of this spcM'ies :
' ICarly in April, or towards the (Mid of Miirch, large masses of gelati-
nous matter may be observed in ditches, jiools of water, or mountain
streamlets, which on closer inspection will be found to consist of a num-
ber of hollow spheres, about a quarter of an inch in diameter,embedded
in or combined together l>y a perfectly transparent .jelly. Within each
sphere is a, dark obje(!t, a sph iindal yolk, which in the course of some
days becomes (considerably elongated and exhibits signs of animation.
Omitting, as unsiiited to our pages at present, any ac(^ount of the em-
bryonic development of tin^ animal, we resume its history at the time
when its struggles have freed it from the shell of the sphere in which it
I! t
:n
■J
m
i' }
bi ? ■ _i
'ffi
m
i
♦
if
60
iM'LMrriN :!i, r.N'ri'Kh statks naiionai- mi'skiim.
ii
\v;is inclosed. At (liis Ii'iik- it is alioiit liaH';ili iiicli in It'lifjtli, iilld con-
sists siMi|)i,v (»r Ih'ihI, ImxI.v ;niills projecting: (Voni ca(!li sido
of (lie neck, of very siniple construction, liowcNcr, and willi Init t'vw
Inanclies. 'I'lie alis<'iice of limits is compensated It.v tlie existence of .,
ciiilt shaped appenda^^c on each side of (lie head, proceedin;: froMi tlic
an.nle of the month, and representing the eini (dtserved in some ixliilf
salamanders. I!.v means of lliese appendafjes flie voinif,' salamanders
are enalded to anchor tliemsei\('s securely to (dtjects in the wafer. In
the coarse of a few days a tnltercle is seen to form on «>acli side, just
hehind tlit^Iicad and niidei' the i;ills. wliieli eloiinafes, and tinally ftuivs
at each end. lirsl into two. tiien three, and at last into four brandies,
tlins exliil»itin<,' tlu' anterior extiemilies. with t lie tour linijers, which
lattei', in the larva, are V(>ry h)n<::. I'.efore the foi-e Ipj^s I>ec<»me (M)ni-
plelely foniied tiiose heliind sjtront ont in a similar manner, witli first
three, then four, and finally live toes. During' this time the yiils iiave
increased in (he nnmher of brandies, and tinally exhibit a i)oaiitif'iiI
arboreseeiil aitpearance. in wliidi the circulation (»l the blood can i»e
distinctly seen by means of a simjile lens. (See plate Hi.)
Pi
^ 7
Kn; '■! ~.\iiihl:i.itli>ii V:i,
.i'.i'j
tha
it n
Ilia
IIO.'>
reii
IIk'
ml
i,r>|
.i^iiii
antl
lasf
(;ai|
sit<|
TIIK HATKACIIIA ttK NolvTII A.MIiKlCA.
UKsi;i!vi; SKUiKs.
61
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y, '■
\-,:w
1
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4077
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1
:tiMi:i
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1
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I.IM ItlitV
Wlini
nilli'i'li'il.
riuin wImmm ivi.iv.a. N.ilHi'c.l Mp.Ti
IIII'II.
WliitliilcIC I\, ti.i \.(ii'|iliinl
Kit cliiiriMmli, , Win I'lor. S. K. i;alril
failisli., I'a .1.1
I'lMii ill Mel Uiiii::.', I, a il ami's I'aiiii'
t'lfM laiiil, tlliii) I 1)1. ,1. I'. Kiiilaiiil
Mi.iiiil(',iiini.| III Niiv. —,!.•-.■- 1 I,.M.'rmiirf
.Sum 11 ill. I, N. Y 1 (?)
(Villi, I,.. I'.i i I'liif. S. K I'lainl
Miiiial .Iiiv, r.i
CimI II ('iiiiiil V. I'a.
Mr.iilvill.., I'a'
• ■.ulM.', I'a
Ililil'.ix, Niiva Si. ill
\Vi.>l|i.iil, N. Y
I. SlaiitVii'
S iiiii;;i;. T
- ■•• (')
I'r.if. S 1'. r.iiiil ..
Dr. (iil{iiii
I.^.'<.-. Mis. !■'. I,. I...' ... .
('ll■^^■l,lll.l. Olilii 1)1. Kiillaml
(>)u.1hm' I i;. Niiiii'
Saiiii l.iiiiis Mil Dr. ll. i;ii:;li'maiiii
Kii.iw ill.'. T.iiM .. I'l.iri-^.siiiMll.lii-M
W.vsiiiiiil, N. Y ' (i. W. I'.iii.l
{■Irvil.iiiil. Ilhi ' I)i. liallaii.l
I'r.iuii' .M.i IJiiii.;'' I„i i .lam.M I'.iiiic
Al.-oli.ilic.
D.I.
Dii.
I)i>.
D.I.
|)i>
Dii.
D.I.
Dii.
Dii.
Do.
D.I.
Dii
Di-.
Dii
Dii
Dii.
D.I.
D'l
Di.
Dii.
Dii
D.I
Dii.
D.I.
Y.Hlnu
.\|i .ill.ilic
D.I
D.I
Dii
D'l
D.I
D'l
Dii
Dm
Dii
Jit
AMI'.LV.sTOMA ('( (NSlMlKSl'M ('..ii.
I'l.it.'i'il
. A(;i.l. N.U. Si'i. I'liilii., l-."i'.», I'.';;; i«i7, ITT: .S| rancli, Saluiii., \>.
Itiiiilciincr, (';il. 1!. (i. I'.ril. Mils., I'll. ii, H-.', p, I.'.
'I'liis ill Dill- ol' tilt' siiiiillcst spt'cii'sor the .m'liiis. ami tlioiii;!! li'ss stout
tliaii lilt' two pifci'iliii^, is iiioiv so tliaii tlic .1. jf(l'crsi>iii(inuin, which
it I'csiMiilth's ill ;;i'iu'ral I'catun's.
Skill cYcrywhiTi' siiiootii. in soiik' spci-iiiu'iis only a si'rics of poivs
'Jt' ■ may l»i' (raced alonu the superciliary rej-ioii ami in a line to near the
nostrils; sevi'ial arc on the parotoid rci^ion. The skin ol" the Uody is
remarkably free from YisiMe pores. wImIc, as usual, the supeii(*r part ol
the tail is thickly studded with them.
'I'hc head is a broad oval, its width making the len.uth to the L;roin
1..") tiiiu's or a little more, and is a little over three-louiths distance to
i^iilar fold. Kye tissuii' equal length to nostril, and 1.7."> limes between
anterior angles, and a little more than ilistaiu-e between nostrils. The
last distance is a little less than that between inner iiares. Posti'rior
can til IIS of e\ »' a little anterior to caiithiis oiris ; anterior cant bus oppo-
site middle of upper lip from iUiterior |>oint. Muzzle loiijier than cliiu.
Furrows bi'hind llieorl»it iiic.)iispieuoiis,biit presiMii. C(»stal .ijrooves
i
()2 IIIII.LKTIN ;il, IJMTKU STATKS NATIO.NAI- MIKSKIIM.
cli'vuii. Tiiil slioil, cvt'iywhoiT coiiiidcssi'd, iiicasiiriiii; IVoiii its ori •j:,
1j(^iij;(Ii IVoiii siiont to end iiriiis I'.l. '.t
Loiijjtli from snout to I'lid lail ai. ',i
lii'niftli ofiiioMlii on liicdiiui line ;i
I,('nj;tli 1)1' I'on'-iirni and hand IVoiii dliow 'A
Ii('n;;tli of It'K ami foot from knuc r>
Width of In'ad if. 7
(leiieral color above leaden, below pale leaden, the latter usually
bounded by the line of tho liini)s, but in one s[)ecim(Mi rising' as hij*!! as
the line of the eye. Lower parts of sides and sides of tail more or loss
varied with small whitish spots, the former often in a re^oilar line. A
similar line on the uiipi-r part of the sides is present in saiiu! specimens ;
in others wantino;. The end of the muzzle is sometimes pale marbled.
Eiyht specimens of this species before me conlirm its validity in every
respect. Specimens of the developed yoiiiio of both A. (>i>nvnin and .1,
l>UHt'teculiar
colorations and a o-ivater width of the head, etc.
From the api>ended localities from which it has been scut the raiiy-e
is seen to be extensive.
iir,
I i
I
,:l
.SZi ff tf
, _ a e r - 3
l''lo. h>.—Alllbl!lStullltll•lll^^■|llrl|lllll. N'u. ;)1);;|. Caili.slr, I'.i.
I'. S. NATIONAL MISKIM
No. No. spt^c.
Loi'iilitv.
I
:)ii;ii :i Cailisli', I'n
li'jih I ; (Ill
Diiiiur.
S. K. liiiiiil.
Do.
I'I1II,AI)I:I.IMII.\ ACAIIKMV .M ISKC.M.
1 i (;ii;iilt'»liiii, s. c
'.; ' I.ilxii.v Coiiiitx. (in*
1 ' Cliislrl- r. Ilalldwi'll.
I 'I'lllll l.rCullto.
E. I). ( !o|H).
' Spi:ciiiii!ii ilo.tciibcil.
I Tjpo.
>
7
>/'
IIIK IIATKACIIIA Ol' NOU'i'll AMKKICA.
G3
AMIJLYSTOMA (.'OrKANTM I lay.
l'i(i(!t)o«liii|;s U, S, Natioiuil Musoiiiii, lri."*r), \i. 'M*, I'l. xi\'.
The lu';i(l is lar^'f, somewhat wider than tlie body, and Ualdiiu'd; the
body short, and tiio tail h)ii^ and coiiipitissed. Tiiesi^in is tor tiic most
part smooth, bnt rvcrywiit'iv, as seen nnch-r a Kmis, is pitted with the
openin};s of the entaneous follicles. Of tliese, there area fewenlargeil
ones in a band snrronndin;;: tiie orbit and extending; forward to tlu;
iKKstril. Others are fonnd alK)ve the angle of the Jaw, and a few still
lariier ones on the posterior border of the i arotoid n'gion. The promi-
nent keel and the whole tip of the tail aie so riehly provided with
eidarjjed pores as to present a Ki'iiniilated appearan(;e.
The width of the head is somewhat greater than that of the body. It
is possible that the breadth and llatness of the head havi^ been exag-
gcu'ated somewhat l>y the injnries that it has recu-ived; but this can Ix'
trne only to a very slight (vxtent. The breadth is abont the same at the
angle of the Jaw and the corner of the month. From the former point
the head tapers backward, the ontline being coiutave to its posteiior
border, where it is snddenly constricted into the necik. From the cor-
ners of the month tlie head tapers forward to nearly opi>osite the nostrils,
beyond which it is rapidly rounded to form the snont. The width of
the head is a little less than the distance from the snout to the gnlar
fold, and is (contained in tlu' distanei^ from the snont to the groin .5.0
times. Tlie distance to the gnlar fold iscontained in the distance to the
groin 3.1i tinu's. The depth of the head, on a line Joining the angles
of the Jaws, is a little less than one half its width. The gnlar fold does
not overlap, as it tloes in some s[n'cies. It may have done so in lile,
bnt manipnialion of the skin fails to restore an ()verlai)ping fold. Tlu;
npperjaw projects beyond the lower. Fyes of moderate size. Externiil
naies small; their distance apart somewhat less than the width of the
interorbital space.
The tongne is not notably dill'erent from that of .1. fitfriiium. The
teeth are arranged in four series, which together form an inverteil V?
the angle of which is very obtnse. The limbs of the V? 'i'"* •'^^•^"' ^^''•''' tlie
nnaided eye, ai>pear nearly straight, and are .seen to extend beyond the
internal nares along their external lissnre. Examination with a lens
pnnes that the inner seriesare each slightly /-^/shaped, ami .so disposed
as to make the angle of the V r«)iinded oil". Th(M>nter series on each side
is nearly as long as the corresponding inner series ; is plaiidy .separated
from it, and nearly straight or slightly concave on the pt)sterior side.
Inner nares more; distant than the exterinil. The body is sonn;what
dei>re.s,sed, but has not the swollen ai)pearan(!e |)resented by A.opacnm.
The distance from tlM^snontto the axilla isjnstetinal to that from the
axilla to th(> groin. There are eleven well-marked costal grooves. Then^
is a median fnrr<»w, not deep bnt distinct, beginning on the occipnt
ami riinnwigalitii ^ (hv^ b.ick, di'i-pening o.i the sacral ri'gion, and emling
over the middle of the vent, at the comnn'ncement of the caudal crest.
4:
\
If
wmmm
li
I'Jl
! I
r,4 i;ii,i,i;tin :!i, imtki* station national miiskitm.
The t loacal iv^ioii is r(»iisi(li-riilily swollen, and is liioad and loiiiidfd,
oisli'^lill.v fniar^iiialr lu'liind. i'lic distaiict' lioui the {,'ioiii IoIIu'ikks.
U'lior cud of the vent in tliis species is jircater pntportionall.v (liaii in
any other of the j^cnus so far as I liave I»cen aide to dctcrniiMc. It JM
contained in tlie distance from tlie snoni to the ;;n»iii Init .'{,', limes.
Tile tail is e(|nal in !en;^tli to llic distance from tlie snout to tlio be-
^iuniu;^ of the vent. It is niucli compressed and rather liinli. ItluiHU
well ileveloped keel or crest, which l)e;jfins luinitMlialeiy over the chmc-ii
and extends to the tii» of the tail. The keel is sharp above, and is
bounded below on each side liy a shallow <;ro(»ve. inferiorly the tail
is broadly rounded for its anterior third or nn)re, and is traversed by a
median longitudinal {rroove. The remaimler (»f its lower Ixuder is
compressetl t(» a sharp ed^^'. A tiansveise section of the tail, taken Just
behind the cloaca, would form approximately an isosceles triangle whose
base would be about one half ils heij^hf. One-third of the distance back
toward the tip the heijjfhtof the tail is three times its thickness.
The limbs aic well developed. The posterior aic a little loiij,'er, some-
what stouter, and the foot broader than the sanu^ limbs of a specimen
of A, tiiiriuinii that measures the same distance from the snout to the
end of the vent. They are also tally as lon^j as the same lindis of ji
specimen of A. punctdtinn that measures from snout to the end of the
vent tliieefourths of an inch moic than the specimen 1 am describin<;.
The t(»esare Hat, much like those of .1. titjtinniii. perhaps not so broad,
while they are not so slender as those of a specimen of .1. itiunlnliiin
now betbre nie. They are jjidvidcd with a narrow niar;4inal and basal
membrane. There are two distinct i>lanlar tubercles.
Li*'"K"i: IiuIiis. l.iii.H.
I'lliiii siKiiil t(i iiid (if t.iil .", ,s
l'"i(iiii .snout 1(1 i;iilar lold H. ,'»
i'ldiri siiont to line jiiiiiiiiL; :i \ill,c I )_ ;,
From .si.oiit lo ;;idiii •^» ;{
I'ldiii snout tu cnil of vent ;; n
From end of vcnl to lip of tail -j H
I'rom axilla to j^roin 1 | ;,
I'rom j;T(iin to cml of vent h. .''i
Width of head at anj;ic of j.iw 7 -
Ui.stanco lie! ween anterior can I hi | (;
Inttrorliital space d ;;.);,
I ''iijrth ol' wliiilo forc-Ici; II
liowcr arm and hand H ■> -
ljeij,Hlli of third finecr 1, ., r
Hinder liinli, total Icn;;th I ,, ,,-
Ijower Icf^ and foot ,, ,,
Free portion fonrtli to • •>
Hxpan.se (ifoutstretche.l md der Inn lis .. -
Distillici^ lietwecn external iia res I, ., ,;
IJi.slance hetwecn inner nare.> ,, ■[ ,•
ludii
low
half
othi
T
liist
has
limb
teeth
bodic
ill tlu
Ui(Jer.i
the di
appro
trace
has u
and h
A.
transv
less sj
a
Tin: KATKACIIIA Ol" NOKTIl AMKUICA. 65
I'rtipoilioiial dimeiiHions,
Miizxle to Kiilar foltl: Times.
In tlistiiiici" IVom snout Id ;{riiin , ;\,\i
In distuiici' to I'nil ol" vnit (iiciirly) <1,'«J
Foro-iirm iiml ('m't :
In (list unci' tit ;;r()iii ;{. i;
In ili^liinci' to t'Mil ol" vent .1.7
LowtT li'y; lUid font :
In (list II HIT to ^jidin H
In (liNtiMiri- to I'hil of vent 4
Width ofli.ad:
lu tlistaiii'f to groin 3. G
'
Fin. II A iiilihintiimn ininitniiin Iliiy. iiiitinnl wi/r ; i'ii)iiiil frinii Hay.
Tlii^ coloi' is (liiik itrowii, almost liliicU, iiliovc, biowiii.sli vcllow below
JJet\v«'«'H tilt' lort' and liiiis below and in front yellowish, us
other lower parts. I-Vet, especially alxtve, dark.
This spe(!ies must be compared with .1. birolonuu} A. tinrhiuni. The
last belon;fs to the j^ronp wiii(;li has twelve costal ;j[rooves. .1. t'KjrUium
lias the interni nares no more widely separated than are the outer; the
limbs of the vomerine V are decidedly concave, and the inner series of
teotli are about twice the lenjitli of tlie outer. It is also a rather loujf.
bodied species, the distance from the snout to the axilla being' contained
in the distance from the snout to thej;roin nearly L'.t times, while in vl.
I'opt'KHKin the latter distamu? is but twice the former. Iiuleed, this form
dillers from all others, in the shortness of the body, or the equality of
the distances from snout to axilla and from axilla to j;-roiii. .1. bicolor
ai)proaches it most nearly, but this s|>e(ties dill'ers further in havinj; no
traces of the yellow spots so chara(!teristi(! of that form. .■I. copcanum
has also a broader and more depressed head, ii more compressed tail,
and lonp'r limbs.
A. bicolor is described as having the palatine teeth in three entirely
transverse series; as having a Vi'iy short muzzle, and as beiii},' more or
less spotted. A t'omparison of some of the dimensions of the two spe-
lySl— Bull U 5
N '■!
i
r
66
BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cies is iiecessiiry. Tlie type of A.hkohr now in the niii.seiini of the
AcadoniY of tlic Xatuiil Scioneos of riiiliulelpliia fiiruisiios tlie mens-
urenients found in the first cohinin.
Mcasiiri'iiRiils.
A. liicolor. ■^- ';3'"'-
Lenpfli from snniit to cular fol 1..
Liii:;lli limn sunlit to axilla
Ll'IlL'tll In nil Hllllllt t" LTDill.
Liiiiilli I'liMii .-iiiMil KmimI (if vent .
Lc'iiiilli iiiiiii axillii tDt'idiii
Lrii"tli iiriiiwcr Ic^ 1111(1 1'diit
AVidtli (ifliciul
In
II
1
lit
F(irc-arm and foot into (tiKtiincc fioiii snout to uToili
I.(U\ IT li'u' anil fiKil into distaiico I'lmn snout to yi (liii .
\Vli(ilcai"tcii(ir liiiili into (lislanci' from Hiioiit to (.'roiu
Wliolo anterior liiiili into (Il8tan(e fioin snout to vent.
/,i/i
It.
J. fl
7.'J
•i. .)
4.5
H. H
8.:;
Tiiiien.
4.6
;i. .••4
H
4J
III.
1
/.in.
l.K
;i
(I
1. 15
II
7.5
Tiiiun.
:).fl
-11
Tlic above table of t'oniparative measuronients sliows that -1. hicnior
h.is. in comparison witli .4. vopeannm, a h)n{j('r and still broader head;
ii! spite of tliis. a distance from (lie axilla to the {iroiii ^Teater than that
Irom the .snon* to the axilla, a nuich shorter pelvic rejjion, and shorter
fore and hind limbs.
Found at Ir\ inyton, near Indianapolis, April 7, 1885, by Mr. George
II. Clarke.
The siiecimon on which the description is based was found dead anart of the
former in the jireccdinj,' para;;iaplis. It is evidently a distinct s|»eeies,
c'haracterized anion}; other tliin;;s by the shortness of its boily. In
coloration it is abont identical with the Amhlystoma jr(}'er.soiii((nHm
fiifivHm.
AMHLYSTOMA HirOLOK HallowPll.
Proc. Ac. I'liilii., l-,'.7, i>. Ui:.; Cii]w, cod. hn:, IrtiT, p. i7f; Straiirli, Salam., ji. ( :t;
lidiilnifrcr, Cat. Itatr. (irad. lirit. Miis., td. ii, l«vj. p. f.'.
In the type specimen of this sjtecies the nsnal snperorlvitivl and lat-
eral frontal serirs of larjic jiores are not di.scernible. In a second spe(!-
imeii they are well marked, in the former the skin is »|iiife smooth,
with eleven lateral ;;rooves, and the folds of the throat and sid«' of (he
head not stron<;Iy maiketl. The head is broad and obtn.se, enterinft-
the len^rth of the <;Toin ;i.T."» times. The front convex in protile, con-
taiiiinji' the len<,'th of the li.ssure of the eye in its width betwj'cn anterior
cantlms of .same 2.7") times. The sjirno measure is a tritle h'ss tiniii the
' y
>^
<
\f
THE BATRACHIA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 67
distance from same to nostril and one and a (juarter the distance between
the hitter. These are mueh ehiser together than the inner nares. Dis-
tance between outer margin of nares equal length from end muzzle to
midinterorbital space.
Dorsal line with a faint groove. Tail much compressed, equal f''om
end vent to eanthus oris. Body stout and heavy. The lin»bs are stout
and the digits not elongate or depressed. The appressed lind)s over-
lai) by the length of the toes. Two well-marked palmar tubercles.
Third and fourth toes nearly equal; fifth a little longer than first.
Tongue large, disciform, not emarginate behind. Palatine teeth in
three entirely transverse series, the interruption taking place considera-
bly inside the line of the nares. The teeth themselves are in numer-
ous rows on each of their bony crests, presenting a brush-like arrange-
ment. Median series notched behind.
Mtamtrcminta.
Inches. Lines.
Lfiifitli from cihI iiin/zl«' to (pillar iVld !' 75
Lt'ii^illi from (Mill iiiuzzlc to jjroin 2 7. '2
Lriifjlli from end iiui/zlc to cml vnit . ',] 2. 3
l.niirtli from end iinizzli' to fiitl tail o 10.05
I.t'ii^tli of iiioulli (strai;;lit) (3.1
L(n;;tli of fon-arin ami foot G. 75
l-tMifjtli of lower Icj; and foot H. H
AViiltli of h.'ad 8.75
Cohu' above, olive brown; below, yellowish, olive shaded in the mid-
dle. The inferior yellow risi's on the sides as short l)lotches; above
them are sevcnil ill-delined yellowish .spots. I'arotoid region yellow,
with a ln.'l \ , .Mil-
When
culluuted.
l'"rom wlioiu lei'ilvfU.
I'nif. S V lliiinl
T. S. lliniiii
N'liliiw of apoo-
iliicn.
4fiI)'J
1U3!I|
'
AU'oliolic.
Do.
1
1
(j
f
t I
u
68 BULl.KTIN :U, UNITKD STATICS NATIONAL MUSKUM.
AMliLYSTOMA TIOK'INrM Grpcn.
I I'lati' -jr.. lij;. 7.)
Copo, Pioc. Ac. I'liihi., 1-117, p. 1T;>: Straiicli, Sahini., p. C3 ; Bouleiigcr, Cat.
IJatr. (irad. Jirit. Mils., l-t'v!. .d. ii, j.. i;!.
Salt! ni nil (ha liyriiiii, (iiiuii, Jduni. Ac I'liila., V., p. lltl.
iStiliiiiKiixIni iiii/aii (iivru, I. c, \\, ]>. •J.M,
SiihiiiKiii'lra hiiidii. S.ijiii', Aiinr. .((HUii. XXNVI, p. :W'J, 1~TO.
Triloii li,/riiiiix, HtiHir , N. A. lliip., v. p. 711, 1 'I. •,'(); Dc Kay, N. Y. Faiiu., p. K!, Tl. ir>, Ii. 32.
Triton iiKjiim. Hdllir,, /. c, p. Hf), I'l. ',".•.
JiiihilntuiiMtiijiiiKi, liainl, Joiirn. Ac. riiila. (ii;, I, p. iJt^-l ; Duiii. &, IJibr., p. 108; llal-
l(i\v , .loiirii. Ac. I'liila., C-M, III, p. :!.'i'i, '^M ; Hallow., ). c, p. ;15'J.
AmhijxIuiiM iiiisciijiiis, ISjiiril, /. c, jip. •>■!, '■iW: Ilalhuv., /. r.. p. :i.")l.
Amhiisinmii jirnnirjiiiii', liainl. /. c , -J-J, ',';!!' : Hallow., /. c, p. :)")•!; U. S. Mox. Bomid.
Siirv., II ; Kept., I'l. :i.'>, lij;. 7-11.
Hettroti-iloh inijciin, Grav. Cai. Il.iir. (Iiatl., Brit. Mus., od. i, p. 33.
Xijiliiiiiitya ii{)'i r^iniidiKi. id., ihid., p. 31.
JiiilijI'-tiiiiKi tiijiiitiiiii, id., iliiil., \>. ■\').
.lHl^//•^^'(/l(/ iiuiriiftiinii. id., ibid.. \t. 37.
Amhi/sluhia inlifoyninisr, (U:\\. I'roc. '/.i.iW. Soc. 1^,")3, p. 11, PI. 7: Hallow., /. c, p.
:i.'..'. : I'.ainl, IJcp. I'. S. I:n)i1. Smv., xiii, I'lnt iv, PI. 30, Hjj. 1-3.
Amhji-'.tomii /line .niii. \ar.. Dmii. A liilir., ji. Iii7, J'l. lll.">, li;;'. 1.
Aiiihuxtiimii iiiliiiliiniiiii, Hiiljow.. /. I., ](. ;!.")'^.
Aiiihiiitoinii iiiiji ».•<. Hallow.. 1. c. \\. W'l'.V. Coopci,!'. S. ]!x]il. Siirw. Xll. Part il. IM. 31, tiy. 'i
Aiiihi/sliimii mm iihiliiiii, H;illo\\.. /. r., \>. X\'>, and Proc. Ac. Pliila., l-^."i7, p. 'Jlo.
Ciiiiuini toxin maiiiliila. Cope. Proc. .Ac. I'liila.. l-.">',(. p. I'jo.
Atiibl;i-liimii mavorliiim, f'oitc. /. c. : ."^Iraiicli. /. c. ; Coiic, in Y.irrow's Report, Zoill., ]>, ()31.
Aiiilihi--clir. wiss. Zoiil., XXXII, p. 21ti, i'l. ll,l!».
/.iirriill'diiii.
Siredoii liihriioidii<, ]]:\\ri\, Proc( i -U. I'lijl;i. Acud., 1-.V,>, p. (W; Sfaii.sliiirv'N Report,
1KV,>, p.33(;, PI. i: h'cpl.r. S. I'.ic. IM>'.,cxp|. X. PI. Xi.iv.
Siredoii ijnirili.i, Uaird,!'. S. I'ac. U. Ii. I;, pi., \,\Villiaiii.'.oirs licpL.p. 13, PI. xi.iv, lig.2.
lUnmiii.'iloiiKt muiiilntiim, Sa^cr, Pciiiii-i. .(oiirii. Medic., l,"i.")f<, p. 4y'H, ti^ 1.
Sin lion pisrifoniiin, Dmiicril, .Journal dc la Soc, Accliiiifitatioii, l-'(i(>, liiry,
Sirtdoii liijrinus, Velasco, Natiiralcza, Mexico, i\-, leTf^, liys.
,.
Ml
„ 2 \ 7
Fl(i. l2.--AwM!i.sf,„„n ll.jii,,,,,,,. (in.n. \V, M NoHliflol.l, HI. \„. 4001.
THE IJATUACHIA OF NUHTII AMKRICA.
69
^1>
(ieiKMul form very thick ami iiiassivc, altliougli tlic lii'ad is propor.
tioiially small in mature specimens; not as broad as the hody. The
skin appears cpiite smooth when fresh, esjtecially when covered with
its epidermis. On removing this, however, the skin is seen every where
closely covered with shallow pits, interspersed with yranuh like pro-
jections of (he ylands. There is an indistinct line of i»ores on each side
of the head interior to the eye, but they can be scarcely traced else-
where.
The parotoid rejjion is innch swollen, w ider than the skull, and about
e(|ual to the from elliow »u' kut ( ; soiiu'tiuu's even les-;. In
the individuals whicli live on land the di;;its appear louder and more,
eyiiinlrical. The expanse of the ontstretchcil toes is aiioiit four tilths
the distance from snout to ;^roin.
The ton;iUe is lU'sliy, iuDad, altoul half the width ol the head, ami
with the outline of the papillose portion siiglitl\ eniar;;iinite behind.
Th(^ palatine teeth of this spech s e\tenecomes lu-arly straiyhl or even eon-
cave uiiteriorly.
m
i
-J!^
( >
)
'I
; hi
m
70 UULLLTIN ;J), UMTKU STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
There is some vaiiatioii in the .specimens, of tlie pieci,-,e outline of
tbe onrve of palatiiu- teetn. Sometimes this is less an-ular anteriorly
iiud does not reach lie.voiul the posterior 1 order of the inner nares.
Ill life this species is of .- dark, livid blackishhrown above, oliva-
ceous on the sides, and from lijihl olive to dirty white beneath. On the
upper surface, ^uencrally on the side of tiie tail and limbs, are nearly
circular yellow spots about the size of the eye, and j^i nerally sharply
detined. These aie iiiucii liUe those .)f .1. piinvtatiim, though not (piite
so distinct, and althou-li a fi'.int indication of airan}>vmcnt in ten dorsal
rows may be traced, yd liiesc are less symmetrically disjiosed, and sin-
gle ones "are sc;ittercd lift wi en thcotiicrs alonji' the back. Similar scat-
tered spots are seen alon- the belly, wiiich af-ain is bordered, as on the
lower part (»f the sides, with larger, more (piadrate si>ots, which are
more or less conllnent. giving rise to elongated blotches, overpowerinpf
the "iduntl color. This is also sometimes the <'ase on the l)elly and
almost always on the chin or lu'iieath the head and neck.
The rounded spots above souietimes vary considerably in size, and
occasionally are almost wanting. Sometimes they are iiKue or le.ss c(Ui-
fluent, in which ca.se there is u.>ually a predominance of yellow <»n the
bellv. In a large series of specimens I have not observed any vertical
yellow bamls on the side of the tail.
In the young, jrst peifected from the larva, the upper parts are d:irk
bidwii; the under jtarts of a miifoim browiiishyellow. The yellow-
spots next make their apiiearance, liecoiiiing more and more prominent
to a certain age. In very old spcciiueiis the dorsal spots be.ome in-
distinct, but may generally be discovered when held under water or
alcohol.
IHiiH'iinioni of H'Ol.
Idi'Iich.
Fniiii snout aloii^; jixi.'il liiii' fo fiul of nuiiifli
J''nuii siioiit III >;iilni- Cold 1 1. 0(»
I'l'iilll riliolir to^loill t. .'it)
l-"niiii snout to ciicl of .III us 'I. -U)
Ftoiii snout to c-nd ol' tail .'^. 00
Widtli of licad w)
Foro-anii from <'llio\v >-t)
Hind Icjc froiu iy
I
THli HATUACUIA OF NOKl'lI AMKKICA. 71
Inrli H.
VVidtli of lu'iid 70
Foi't'-iinii tVoiii elbow 75
Hi ml It';^ (Voin knoc IK">
(tri'iitiint lifij;lit of tail (!;"»
Stretch of liiiul logs ±80
III this variety tlio nppreciable diflVTOiice in color consists in tlio teinl-
ency to transverse or vertical bars of yellowish on the side of the tail
more or less continent.
I tind no ditference in form between the two series, the snpposed A.
I'lmcopum now at iniiid (.{SiM) and 38S7) and young specimen oi A.luri-
(iitm (as .'{J)?!), Irom Marietta, Ohio. The color above is a light reddisii-
brown ; tln^ sides a sharply delined dusky l)rowii ; th<> belly of a lighter
shade of the color of the back. There are some very obsolete indica-
tions of whitish spots in tiie belly and sides.
Tiie following eximination of the nature of the variation to which
the Eastern foi-m of this species is subject and their (), 1»{)71, 401)2, 47()(i, and eight in
in museum of the i'iiiladelphia Academy.
;'. Neaily e(pially and not coarsely marbled above, with blotches of
deep brown ami bright yellow ; 40.")!).
6. Entirely yellow, with brown linear patches irregularly arranged;
type of ^l. imjfus, from New Orleans ; one specimen.
The above otli outer .se<4iiients are well .separated iVom llio
meriiaii: the tail is loiij^er than head and body, and width of J.iws \M
to line of yroin. Tliis individual is alieiranl.
V. Series aii.uiiiated, not exteiidinji- anterior to anterior inar«iiH»f inner
uarcs. Xos. ;5!i.')(;. L'!t71, .'J'.KJ, ;!S<».-), ;iS;i!t, rinhraeinjjf live speeiinens,
three laijic ones, in I'iiiladelphia Aeadein.v inuseuni, and type of A.
i)tf/rn.s (ireeii in same.
This latter s|>e('iinen is peculiar in some respeels, as already noted, in
coloration. 1 he head is relatively a little wider than in other speciinen.s
ol' the .same lar^e si/e, the width entering the leiij;tli to the ;4ioiii four
times, as in individuals of the smaller aveia;;*' size of the species. Tho
leii.uth of theeyc lissure enters L'..') times the interoiltital width, instead
of twice. thoii;^li in one ofcMpial si/e from Ifoot Ifiver it enters L.'.!.' times.
The nares are not more than usually separated; hence the muzzle is
more eoiitraitteil than usual. It is also depressed in prolile, but not more
than ill some other specimens. I l>elie\'e it not to he a distinct si)eeies,
hut a form dependent on causes similar to those prodiiein;: Dthers heie
enumerated, and not more pennaneiit than those, so loiiu as those causes
are not iinivcr.-al. In other words, it is a lar.uc specimen, with tcctii.
head, and tail of adult character, hut body and muzzle inoie larval. The
fold on the hind U"^ and outer toe, mentioned by (Irceii, is not marked,
or dilfeifiit I'kuii that seen in the species uciierally.
No. I(i!t7, sixteen specimens from westt'iii Illinois; two have the seiit s
divided into tour; KH>'{, two specimens; No. KliM. Cook County, III.,
thirtylbiii speciiiieiis; one has the three iiilcrruptions. and live, with
one (»f U)\y,i. a nicdian, makiii;^ two series of teeth.
Of theattove the tongue is of nor.mal size ami the braneliia' ab.soibed,
exeei)t in twelve spe<;imeiis (No. M't'M) of which live present stumps of
the braiichia'; and two (Kll»7) where both the loimiic is very small and
the ,uill stumps remain. The wi.lth ol the head is .'_'."» to j:roin, and the
tail never lonj;ertlian head and body.
(I. i\Icdian series arched, extemlinji' anterior to anteiitu' mar;;in of
inner nares, Oiiespeciiiieii (.ilMKi) is fully developed in all other points.
c. Palatine series an.unlated, extending; anterior to inner iiare.s' ante-
ri(U' border. Nos. KMT, .litT I, .'lUTd, tw(» ot lii'.»;{, .'is.ST, .is'.t'.i/*, four of
4(>!»7, nine of KI'.H. All ofthe.se have the sluut head and tail -iveii in
the pieliininary dia<;nosis, The small or lar\al t(mj;iii' Oi-ciirs in (Uie of
10!t;{. ;;()7(l. ;{!I7I, nine of Ki'tl. (woof |(>!I7; branchial iiidiiiieiils remain
in two ot Kl!»7 and nine of HUM. No. I(».")7 is remarkable in having ii
very small tonjiue, and short deep tail, no stumps of braiichia-, and
brilliant coloration, with lar;:e size and -eiici.il adult appearaii<-e. It
compaivs with certain specimens ( K;'!,".. ;!!IS I j of the form iiiiirortiKin
in this stroiij;- retention of .some larv.d characters, and, like them, is
from northern .Minnesota, a reyioii noted for its cold and late .seu.sons.
•'
T
I
V I
Tin: i',Aii;A('iii.v of noutii America.
7a
M VII nil If mi Ilia of .Wo. 'lOr)?.
Inchra.
Li'll};tll iVniil siKMIt Id end III' ;;Ml>r ol' iiioillll 'I'l
liCliiilll IVoiii siiiHil Id iiiilai' I'l "Id I. (Kt
I,('Iih;I1i I'ntin siioiil to jintiii ;(.'><•
Ia;ii<{IIi I'll Mil snout Id licliiiHl :iiiuh 4. ltd
Lcn^tli I'nim .sin ml lo cini nl iail (alxiiit) H. f>ri
Lciififli of lail (aid. II I) J.'i')
Drlilliof tail (al iMl.l veil I) 1. '.>.")
WiilMi of lua.l 1.00
I^i'iiy;lli (if roicanii riiiiii clliow 00
lA'ii^th (iC liiiiil li'if I'niiii kiu'ii 1. 10
Slfftcli til" hi ml U"^ ;{. 40
A spt'ciiiM'ii I'litirclv similar, j'xccpt in size and cnloiatioii, was round
l)v l>r. Horn near I'.ccsU'y's I'oint, N. .1., a well-known locality for the
,sji('(;i('s. Till' tail is rcinarUaldy tliick and deep at tlu^ hasc, and only
cqiial from its hasis to tlic cantlins of month; a ;ii'oovo in the ody lu'a\y, wlili twelve costal furrows. Head vt-ry hroad, ,
tail, I'xtciHliiif; down on tlic sides as tiaiisverso ellipsoid bauds of
lai'j;e size, perhaps equal t(» the spaee between I wo costal {grooves; the
bIol(^hes of opposite sides scuuetiiues alternate, sonu'tinies are opi)osite,
and are I'nMpuMitl.v eonllneiil here ami there, which is ^'enerally the
case on the tail, where they form yellow eneirelinj; riujjs, interrupted
below. Alonj; the sides ol" belly and lower part of the sides is ii sinii-
lar series of yellow ellipses, but usually lariLM'r; those of the same side
usually somewhat eoiilluent, .soiuetiuu's entirely so, leaviufjf a du.sky
central Hue of the belly. The limbs are blot(!he' lai'^'ely, too, on the yt'llow of the belly. In general,
however, there is little or uo tendency to an anastoim)sis or reticula-
tion of the dark intersi»aces, as in an allied sjx'cies. Smaller, rounded,
irregularly scattered spots of yi'llow are seldom, if ever, seeu as iu
Eastern form.
The ground C()lor is sonu'tiuu's uniforndy dusky above, although the
lighter transverse ellipses can be usually made out; perhaps they are
always apprecial)le in life.
Dunuh'il and IJibrou have given a good colored ligure of this form
under the nauu^ Amhi/stoinv 7S), the branchiae are still a[>-
piei'iable, the lissures in the neck not being closed up, although the
ovaries and oviduct would indicate that it was captured when in full
breeding (tonditiou. Thisembryonii' tendency isalmostalways indicated
further by shoiter gape of the mouth, the tongue smaller. Hatter, more
.idherent, not at all or very little free at the edges, ami little or not at
all papillose, but exhibiting a cartilaginous surface. The palatine
teeth in the embryonic stati' are more aiclied anteriorly, more or less
parallel with the maxillary seri»'s. less |uominent above the soft palate,
and extending a less distance laterally. T'he digits are more depresed,
f
I,
■■■ <■ 1
■'l
i
V ^
r
J I
t
7G iu;lletin 'm, tnited .states natk^nal Mrsr.UM.
tl.cir outlines more oval tlian triangular, the third and fonrtl. toes and
second and third lin-ers more nearly .M,nal. The develepn.ent ..( the
diin-rent embrvonic eonditit.ns mav be carried on ver.v nne(|nall.v in
dillcrent specimens, so that one cannot see the true specilie charac-
ters in small individuals, or even in lar-e ones in which tiiere is the
slij,'hfest indication of the brandiial slits or their tults.
The same adult individual ditrcrs, too, in dillerent seasons. While
somesi)ecies appear to reside almost entirely in water, others do so only
partially. Kven the same species may pass a more aquatic lite in one year
than in'anodier. A more i)ersisteiit residence in water is shown l»y tlio
broader and more depressed (li;,'its, Iiij;herand more compressed tail, and
more or less decided ridjre (sometimes even membranous). I have no
doubt that an animal while possessinj; these Ceatiires in marked decree
when in the water wmild lose tlieiii to a measurable extent after ii
Ienj;lhened residence on land. This aijuatic habit is j,aMierally greatest
(hiring the breeding season.
The preceding paragrajdi is taken from Professor liaird's maims«*ript.
I will further extend and illustrate the same, and add that the names. I.
calij'ornicnse and A. iiutvuhttum have iteeii applied by (Iray and llallowidl
to forms of this species.
Various changes of form during the late metamorphosis of this ani-
mal have been already enumerated in the prefatory remarks on the
genus. A feature of diifeitMice mentioned altove -the varying length
of the fourth vel-
oped, especially below ramus of the Jaw on each side. From California
only ; eight specimens; No. lO.Sl.
fi Brown, yellowish below; larger lateral and smaller dorsal yellow-
spots, irregularly arranged. Fewer miu-ous pores (»ii eaeii si,So, two from New Mexico, and
two from Chihuahua; Nos. lOfJo, 4()i(», 3!t.o5«, 1(m;-J, |(l.S4, l!)(>S, ;5!)S|«.
The type of A. uehnhmnn belongs her*'. There is no material diUerencc
between this and the coloration of A. t'uirinum.
y Ground brown, crossed I)y transverse yellow bands, which inoscu-
late more or less ou the dorsal region, so as to obscure, sometimes almost
T
T
')
TIIK UArUACUIA OF NolMIl AMKIUCA.
77
^'U
i
onfiri'l.v, tlio Rroiiiid ; miUMiiis ,.ort's, as in tlio lasl ; lu'll.v with a median
(laiii or ItlacU l>aii(l; sumctinH's tin* yellow is sJiadiMl '.vitli olive: Nos.
Hii;{, no.'), .{!»!»(», I7(»;5, WM to Kl!»!l, ;;!r»r», lOlS, 407!>, KMKJ, ;J!»82, 53r)9,
•lOSJ, ;;!>1M. No. HL'O iiii;;iit he assij^iied to either (i or ;'.
()' (ii'oiiiid olive, with iiiiinei'oiis small hiowii spots; otherwise na
altoNc; No. UW>, and the t.vi»e ol'.l. iiiiwiiUthim.
I- Urowii al)ove, yellowish helow, otherwise as above; .'{U.St/>, -4702,
3902, .'{!).■>.■)/;, t'roiii most diverse loi;alities.
1' Color as in r, the yellow leaving; only inosculatin}; linos of brown;
no frontal, nasal, oi' mandibular series of mneoiis pores; on*' specimen,
No. i(H)S.
So much as to theprineiple of ornamental variation. The followitiff are
the tbrnis resnltin;;' IVom unetpial development of parts. The rea. I'.tos and .").">iji» (J s|»ecimens); in all re-
spects fully ^rowM. the former nut more than half the size of the usual
ty|»e. Approacli distantly .1. Irisnijitinii Cope.
7'V/R' />. — Palatine teeth tormin;; a strai;;ht seiies on each side, meet-
ing at a more or less (»pen unfile between tln' nares. Most ()f the speci-
mens; Nos. ITOL'. ;;y!L'. iTtr.. i(;i;{, khm, loio. kids, .'jiMio. no.}, -lom,
to t(l!M>, lOSl. ;;<):».-). |(>7!>. <)f lliese, the an-ile of the tooth series
«loes not extend beyond liie anteiior mar;;in of the nares in twenty-
six si)ecimens. of which one exhiltits a small, undeveloped ton^^ue, and
none have the stumps j)f the braiichia' reiiiainin;:;. In eleven specimens
the an;;le extends beyond this point (in ."»'.»!)(), and another approaching;
anarch in Ioimii, :ind ol these the inn.uue is small and larval in six,
and inon*> of thcNC stumpsuf the luaiicliiM' remain; this last is of medium
Hize only, but Nos. UW, and 'M>\)\ arc lar;;e, the lirs very huj-e; they add
the larval character of a slnnt, det p t:iil. It is to i»e noted that the.so
Bja'cinu'us art' from Minnesota and the holders of Ibitish America — re-
jjions subject to ;;reat cold — to which ( ause we may with much proba-
bility assi^iu their characters. Two individuals lu'esentin;; the same
IH'culiaiities are desciil»ed under the hea«, t07S, KML', K>S4; two
Mu.seum of IMiiladelphia Acaih'my, one type of .1. Hnfc»/f(/Hm Hall. Of
these, two have the small tonyue and traces of branchiae while four are
fidly develoiied in these ii'spects.
|!
th
i
i
nn.LKTiN :ii, i-nmti:i> statks national museum.
Tiipc />.— Piiliitiiio scrips fonniii;: n pMiiiltnlicjnvli iVoriKdM' cxtrcmiry
to the olhcr, ('xt(•lli""'>' Inll.v .U.iil.le
tlif siz.' of otlifis from tJH' saiiM' lofiilii.v (Hm' IMiitlf Vallf.v), wliidi mv
ivf.'iT.Ml to tvprs (' and 15. vvitii larval ton^iiic ami luaiu'liial stumps.
TIk'oiIi.ts (HMiO), with larval toii^iiic l.iit the hraiicliia- iihsoilu-d.
Ilt'ivma.v ln' iiiciitiniifd a ri'inarkaltic spt'ciiiifii (.5!>Sl'), wliicli is in all
otlit'i ri'spt'cts fiiilv
larval anh, \\liiie type i> is proil'iced Itya retardation h\ the presci Na-
tion of the oblitpie lateral series of the larva at the expense «)f the arch.
I add lieie a description of the var. ohseninm {AinhlyHtoiiid ohsritrinn
Haird, Proceeds. Acad. I'liila.,. IS(i!», p. 1!L').
The head is very l»road and the ;;ape nniisnally lar},'e. The internal
nostrils are veiy huj^i', their width half the diameter of tlioeye; the
distance between their inner borders is the same as that lu'tween the
oilier. The ton^Mie is Ia!j;e, broader than lony', its width about two
thirds that of the iipiicrjaw.
The palatine teeth are in I iiir series, eolleelively foiinin;'' a broad in-
verted V; the an;;les anterior, and would beqiiit<' sharp but that there
is an iiileriiiption aloii;: the median line. The blanches reach as far
forward as tlieanteriorl»oidcr of (lie inner nostrils. 'J'liey are decidedly
concave aiitero-e.xicrnally. The ten iiiiiei anterior sections of the pal-
atine scries are each about twice the lcii;;th of the external ones; they
fall short of the inner border of the inner nares by nearly a diameter of
the latter, which space separates them from the outer section, which,
iiiiiijcdiatcly lichiiid the inner nares, are about as loii^ as the latter are
wide, and do not pass exterior to their outer border.
There are twelve costal furrows. The tail is compressed, Init not
hijih.
The C!»1(U' ai)pears to have been of a uniform brown above and on tlio
sides, brownish yellow beneath. On the sides daiker vertical blotelies
can be detected in the sinjile specimen before me. Similarly indistinct
markiiij^s are visible on the tail.
The \ery convey, frontal re;;inii and the concave interrupted .m lies of
teeth alone distinjiuish this variety from the .1. t'Kjrininn of the West.
It dillers from -I. //7/»H»«n»f the Kast in much larjier inner nares
and more widely .separated nostrils, tiie inner borders of the two beinj^
at about the .same distance, instead of liavin;; the latter more approxi-
mated. The toii;jiie is wider, as well as the liea I. The teeth are more
V-slnipetl and roach farther forward. The outline of the limits of the V
is concave antero externally and is interrupted by spaces equal to the
wide nostrils, the outer section not extending' itcyoiid the nostrils.
The specimen which lepie.sents this variety is Irom l-ort Des.Moiue.s,
Iowa (No. auOi.)
^ ,.
TTTE IJATFtArHIA OI' NolMII AMI'.IMCA.
79
I
"''
The duiriU'tern of llui xiirii'tv (Mliforniciisii (Amhli/slDinn cnlifoi niennv
dray) aro as I'ollows:
The proportions ami j;«'H('ral (;liat'a(;trr of \\w f^lands, pits, etc., ajuxMr
liilicli lik«'! tlios<' of vl. // ('>*' nii;;le siiarp, and reaching to tlie anterior margin ot
the inner nostrils. The limbs extend backwards, sli^'htly in an 3 shapi',
a slnu't distance behind the inner nostrils and in line with their inner
border, and then connect with the external sc^nieiils of the jialatine
series, which extend (iie.irly transversely, but a little obliipiely back
wards) to a line with the outer iiiarj;iii of the inner nostrils. In both
specimens the two sides (»f tliepalariiie seiies a;e lui synimetrical and
of niieqnal It'll j^tli. One specimen shows a distinct interval bet ween
the central V i"i spetamcn; not so much in another.
The limbs are well developed, the di;;its depres.sed ami trianj^ular,
but le.ss so than in many atpiatic Anihlii-stnindfa,
The (M»lor of the sjiecies is blackish in alctihol ; rather i)aler below.
On each side i>\' the belly or lower part ol tin' sides of body and tail is
a series of brij;lit sulphur yellow spots, mostly nearly circular, .some-
times obloii;;, and varyiii}? in size, tlioiin;|| ^jcnerally lar<;er than the
orbit. The spots are few in number: live or six from h.ead to tail and
four or live on the side of tail.
In one of the specimens aresume smaller rounded spots on each side
of tlu^ diir.sal line, three or four in each series. These are not syui-
nuitrically dispo.sed, as in .1. pKiicfdlinn.
As Dr. Gray remarks, this variety lias a certain resemblance exter-
i-^lC
;>
F ^
J-WB-8
I
yi
IJIi;
80 un.i-KTix ;ii, itmtki) states national museitm.
nallv to .1. |nn,rl>lfll>n,^^■h\<•\\, liow.-v.T, iicvrr fxliil.its flic scru's of
spots oil 111.- si.l.- of l.clly iiii'l lower piirl of sides of bo.ly iiiid t;ul, tlio
spots liciii-' .'onliiKMl I., til.' vi.'iiiily ..f tli- ii.'.li.m linf iibow. In .1. /.
ctli/ornieiisc wUi'W .lorsal sp.Us ...•ciir lli.'V :nv l.'ss iv^-uliir. tli.ni^ii of
iiMicli the siiiiie si/..'. In Ivpi.-iil .1. rujrin>im tlie vcllow spots inc. iniirli
smaller. 111. >n' numerous, an. 1 iii.nv seatieicl: very i>i.>iiiiiieiil mi llic
lielly. Tli.'iv are ma:iy essential .litlerenees in foiiii iVoiii .1. innirtn-
tum—iis the re m i.l.'ly s.'para'e.l .'xtenial nostrils, t li.^ anterior an-
gle (»f the palatines, the tlepresse.l short (limits, more eoinpress*-.] and
sharply ridded tail. et.-.
A description of a specimen of var. r may al-o he usel'nl for refer-
ence.
The form is very heavy and clumsy : the head very broad : the f-apo
twice as wi.l.' as loii^-. The iiiii.'r nan-s are al).)ur as fai- ajtarl as the
outer. The gnlar tol.l is very (list In. t and ovci laiipiii^ ; the neck much
constricted. There is no dorsal .i;roove disliintlv cvi.leiit.
The tail is mii.'h .•oiiipr. sscd ai..l elevate.l. In the ly|»e selected
there is a sharp lidyf above and liel.iw ii.'ar tli.' tip.
The limbs are rat hei' short ; iIh- .ligils \i'i> broad at the base. lrian;;u-
lar, and mucii depressed. Then' is litll.- ai)prcl' the third and tbiii i h toes.
The toii^iiie is v.'iy br.ia.l, wi.l.r than Ion::. Illliii^ the lami anteriorly
and consi.leiably more than halt' the wi.llh .if the head.
The palatine I. '.'Ill rorm a nearly conlinii.tiis series; nearly slraij;lil,
but slightly obtuse antcri.trly wli.'!.' it reaches to the lin.'or Ihc p.iste-
rior bonier of the inner nares. Latcra"' -
site (uies Komeiimes conllueiit), ; ml aiDthei on the side cf the belly, of
]iU';4'er size and as.'.Mi.lin;; lii;:li on the si.les. The latter arc soiiielinies
more or less conlluent on 1 1. ■ sam." si.le. The cential rc;;i.ni of the
belly is ;;-eiieralIy .)f the dark j^roiin.l .'olor. There may be six or ei^T;
of th'.'sc blotches from liea.l lo base of tail, and as many on the si.le of
the tail, wher.', in.lce.l, ih.'y ;;('iieially form y.'ll.iw liii^^s, interrupted
below. Till' limbs are bl.it.the.l bla.-k ami y.'Uow in ab.ml e.iiial pro-
jiortiiuis.
fr'-jiiirliiiriiil iliiidiisiDiis.
(Fp.^c. — !t',l."iril. Amliijxinma iiiiiiniiii, Foil liiiss, N, .Mi-x.)
n.'ii.l :
l,Cll;;lll c'";;.'!!!!' Ill' 111! HI til I'l il.S Willtll Oll.'-llillf.
Wiillli (il";;a|M' of iiKiinIi to ili.st;iiicc IVoni siio.il to ;;iil:ir ir:M. . . f«iilill.
Width .ir>,'a|)n ornmiitli to distaiicc (Voiii mm mI to j^ioin font aim d :!', tiiiicH.
Width of >{ajie <'fiuoutii to .Uslanci' tVom-uoia to bebiuil aims JJ uiiu'n.
V 1
I
T
•^
aaaasa^g^-
Tllli JtATUAClliA OF NORTH AMliUiCA.
«1
V i
I
Ucilil- ('otilililicd.
I''iiiiii .sMiiiii to ;{iilai' I'dIiI ciiiitiiiiicil in ilislani'i' IVoni siimit (istaiifi' I'loin I'.Vf.s to noHiriis in Iciiiitli ol' orliit l-j- liiiu'.
Itistaiuf lu!t\v<'cii cxliTiial iio.stiil> in icniftli of orliit nearly 'i liiiu's.
|)iHlutii:t; Ih'I With internal nostrils in leM;;t li ol' ol liil .. v,'] tiineH.
Wiiltli of ton^jiie to widtli of lieail ratlicr more tlian .} time.
Iiiinlis:
Kne porlion ol" longest linger eonlaiiied in tllstanee from elliow to tip.. W times.
Free porlion ol' lonj;est toe conlained in ilistanee from Uiiee to
tip nearly ■• timi's.
Distance lietweeii onlstl'etelied toes in length from siioiit to j;ioin once.
'Tail: Lcnj;lli rroni iK-liind anus to rest ol animal nearly eijiial.
Uody : Niinilier ol' costal I'lirrows ( inuliidiiiii axill.sry and iiij;iiiiiiil) 12
, '■
Miii^iin nil nil, ill iiicliifi.
!,enj;lli, measured alon;; axis ol' liody: lie. id — (''ontiiincd :
l''roiii snout to u,ape til) Distance liel ween inner iiostiil.-i If)
I'min snout to ;;nlai told l.iHl Tail:
I'rom snoni to ;;roiii :!..Mi lleii^lit of tail wliere liij;lie8t 75
I'roui Niioiil to liehind anils t. .'ill lireadtli of tail where Iii^liest.. . 15
I'rom siioiit to end of tail l.nii l.imlis:
Head:
Width of head 1.(15
Width of ttancc I'loiii snout to ;inlar told e(|iial.
W id III (o distance from snout lo j^Kiin t times.
I'rom snout to ;;iilar fold, contained in distance Irom snout to i^ioln .... | times.
from snout to uiil.ii fold, contained in distance frimi siioiii lo lichind
anus nearly 5 timt'H.
Distance anteriorly liet w cell lyes in length id' orliil ;! tiii-'s.
Distance Irom eyes to Host rils in leii^t h of oiliii I ', tj
Itistailce hetweeii cNlernal imsllils in len;;lli of orlut neaily \! Ii
Disl.'inee lint ween interii.il nostrils m leiinlli of orliit -J limes.
Will til ot' toiii;iic to w idth of head little over A time.
I.iimlis :
l''ree portion ol' longest linuer conlained in lUslaiicc I'loni dliovv to lip ;t| times.
I"'rec porlion of loimest toe ntaiiieil in distance t'loiii knee to tin
p '.i^ times.
Di>l:ince lietween outstretched Iocs in leii^^th from snout lo <;roiii .'ihoiit e(|ii;il.
liodv
Width com] la red with that o'" head eijiial
Niimlier of costal furrows ( indudin;^ axillary and in;;iiiiial) 12
rv:«:~r.iiii .n — c-
^li
■ii?
82 IIILI.M'IN M, lIMTi:!) STATIvS NATIONAL MIISKIIM.
.]tiiisiinm(iil, ill iiiiliix-
J...n..|l,,.m-M-s.imlal...,-axis..nH«l.v: , Ho.ly-Continur.l :
,',:,' Dintaiici' lii'twfcii aniipil aiMl
|'"|(.M1 MIOIII ttlHJ'l"' '
Kn.iii MMMil 1(1 fiiiliii- Colli I.""
I'roiii siiiiiit |ciaiin|iil I--''
|"iiiiii siiipiil III yriiiii
^'111111
Tail:
:t. no
From siKiiit Id liiliiiiil aiiiiM 1. T.'i
I'riiiii siioiil III t'lul '>*' '"'' ^' "•'
ilrail:
Wi.llli of lii'Mil '■""
Lcii;illi iiC iirliit -"
Distaiirr lirlwrcli i-Vi'.s aiiti'li-
(illy •"'•'
Pi-laiH'i' lii'lvMfii (iiiliT iiii>liils .'.i't
1 (islaiicc lirlwccii iiiiiiT iKisli'ils . lili
r>iiil\ :
CiKUIllti'lrlur of liiii.V :!.".">
llri;;lil "f lail wlicri- Iu-;licst .. 7(1
Unadlli of lail wlicn' lii^flifsl .. .In
Lliiilis :
Free portion of longest liiiifcr.. . ii?
From clIiDW to lip of loiii;cst
liiijirr 'X>
V'rvv portion of Ioiihi'sI toe ;t;^
I'rmii kiici' to lip of loiiy;('sl Ikc 1. •_'.')
nistalUT ln!t\V«'('ll OIllstlTlcllfll
I tics ;{. r)ii
I'lnimylKiiiiil diiiii iisiimn.
(Spec. 10""J. 'I\v.{.';;.at'. ..'. /tono/ohc, 'I'ainaiilipa^).
III. Ill:
l,( ii;;tli of >;aiM' of iiioiilli lo ils wiiltli iiioir lliaii lialf.
\\ iillli of ;;,ipr of iiiiiiilli to ilislami' lioiii siiiiiil In ;.'iilai fold . . . not i|i, ciiiial.
Wiiltli of ;;apr of inoiiili lo (listanci' fioiii siioiil to ;;iiiiii iirarlN tliiiii's.
Wiillli of ^ape of iiiiHitli to (listaiirc from simiil lo lii'liiml anils IJ, liml■^.
I'loiii siii/iil lo ;;iilai folil roiitaiiiril iii ili>lani r iVoiri snoiit lo i;niin ;>.( tinii's.
I'rom siioiil to ;,'iiiar foiil ronlai 1 in ilislancr from snout to liiliiml
anus I timt'N.
I )i si ami' anicnorly lift ween ryrs in li'in,'lli of oiliil I! I inics.
histanri' fioiii ryes lo nostrils in Irnntli of tiiliit 1 tiliic.
I (island' lirlw ii'ii I'xtiTiial nostrils in iriiul li of orliit iirarly 'i t iiiics,
Itislanii' lictwci'ii iiiti'inal nostiils in lcii;;i li nf mliii nraily ',' t inn-.s.
Width of lonum' to will 111 nf head nmir I lian half.
Liinlis:
I'l'i'i |i;ii'|iiin of liiii^ii'st lin^i'f I'linlaini'il in liislaiiri' fiom lilimv to tip :itinu\s.
Fire poriiiin uf Inn^isl toe containi'd in di.stani'i' fmni knii- tu iip :i liiiirN.
Tail : I, II Iii III In nil hcliind anus In irsl nf animal less.
l!nd\ : Niimliii of nistal fiiliou s ( inrlndin;f axillary and iii;;iiinal; I'J
Miiisiin iiiiiih, ill iiicliin.
Li'n;;lli, mcasiiri'd alonj; axis nf hndy : 'I'ail :
I'rom SI I lnj,'api' :!l llfinht nf tail w hciv lii;;hrst . .
Finm snout to oi,l;,r fnid tin liivadlh nf tail w lurr lii;;hiNl.
Fmm snout In armpit ;i(l |,imhs:
Flom slinill lni;rnin "J.dO
From snipiil to hchind anus o. Ill
From snout In iiid nf lail 1. 10
Iliad: I
Width of head W
Distance liclwi'i'ti cvfs antcri- i
'•'• '. :ti
Disi M'twiMMi outi'r nostrils .i2;i
Distance; liotwccn inni'i nostrils .'il ,
Fill' pni I ion nf inii;;i'sl liii'^cr . .
I'rom illmw In lip oi' liili;;c.sl
tiiifii'r
I'lir pnilinn nf inii^fsl Inr
I'lom km r In I ip nf lnnt;i'st Inc.
I)istanrc lii'twi'i'ii niilsln'tihcd
I lies
. I-,'
•,'ll
.till
. Ill
.III
I.Tf)
r
t
M
r
,,
iiii; i;.\ rii'AciiiA or noktii A.MKuifA. 83
I'lDflDI lillllllt llillll IflllllH.
(S|(rc, IH'I. Iiiili'i^hmiti h iiihniiti iiilil'i>riili iisi , I'ctatlllllii, miI'I mt.)
li.M.l
Will til III «lisl;iiiiT tVoiii HI Mill I I" pillar (olil I J liiiics.
Willi li III ilislaiiii- I'll III! sill Ml I 111 jj;ri>iii U liiin-s.
I'l'iiiii siiiiiil til ii^iilai I'lilil ciiiilaiiii'il ill ilislaiii'r tVniii siiiuil to i;i'iiin . . .. ',\', tiiiic.'i.
l-'niiii siiiiiil til I'lilai' I'lilil I'lHiiaiiii'd in ilislaiii-c IVuiii siiiiiit In licliiiiil
anus U t iiiu's.
l>istainT aiilfi iiirly lii'l wmi r\fs in 1imii;i1i iiforltit '.'A linirs.
I >islani'r I'll nil ryes to linsl lils in li'iinlli ut' inliit 1 ', times.
Dislancf lift vvccn cNli'inal iinstrils in lrii;;lli ut' mliil I i liiiirs.
1 Mslanci' lii't Willi iiitiTiial nnsiiils in Irnnlli ut' urliit not '2 liiiifs,
Willi li 111' ti>n;;iir Id will 111 III' lii'ail twn-tliirils.
Linilis .
I'l'i'i' iiiirl inn III' iiini;rsi liii^rr I'uiilaini'il in itistancc t'nini i-lliuw
to t i|i nut i|nitr :i t inirs.
ri'i><- portion of liiii;j;rsl tm- containi'il in dislaiin' I'riitn kiirr|iiti|i itiiincs.
Tall ; lii'iii^tli I'll nil ln-liiinl amis to ii'sl i it' animal less.
Midsiin nil Ills, ill ilichrs.
I,rn;;t li, inrasiinil aloiifi a\isi)t' liiiily ; ISoily: IHstancr lictwi'fii aini|iit
I'liiiii siiiinl III najii' In
Fioni siiuiit III Liiilar I'lilil ■■."i
From siiiiiit liiariii|.it I.V.'.'i
I'lom snout III ;;riiiii It.iMi
I'rum sunlit to luliinil anus .... ;!.7."i
I'linii siiiiiil III cml of i.iil (i. ','(1
lliail :
Willi li of licad TO
Willi li III' loiij^nr J."i
l,i'n;{lli of iii'liil !»
Ilistanri' lirlwi'in ryrs antrll-
orly Ill
Dislancf lictwcrn outer nostrils . ;tit
IHstanee lielwcen inner nostrils . :tn
anil ;;roin l.TTi
Tail:
lleis-lll of tail where lii^iliest .. :!it
lliiailtli of tail where !ii;;lies|.. 1-
Liinlis :
free inirl ion of loii;;est lin;;er.. . ','>
I'roiii elliow to ti|i of li)n;;esl
linger -^it
free port ion of liili;;()sl toe :!(!
I'l'inii knee to t ip of lon>:e>| toe .'.til
Distanee lietween oillst retelieil
toes '.i. -^t
Habits, etc, — The lai'vic of llii.s .spi'iMiss iiic t'xcuu'iliiioiy iilmmhmt in
all .still water in the ii'ocli.v Moiiiitaiii Kt'oioii and tlic I'laiiis. Tlii'v au'
rapaciDii.s, ratiii.o aiiiiiial I'ooil, anil taUinj^Mlic liook icadily. Late in
tin' sniiiiiici' llifv citiiipk'tt' their mctainofitlio.si.s and take to tiie lainl,
wIh'ic tlie.v hide in the In le.s iif niaiinots, l>ad.!ner,s, etc. l-'foin tliese (hey
eineio(' diiiiiiii' and al'tei' rains. The iarxa- ai'e iniieli less lVe(|iiently
seen in tlie Mast, wheic the species is less abundant, and tlu' opjun'tu-
iiities (tf eoneealtiieiit an' oi,.;it,.|'. .Market Fjake is a temporary Imdy
«)!" water c(»\('iiiio many stpiat'e niih's in eastern Idaho, it is forint'd
l>v the overllow oj' llieSiiaki' Kivei' in spiino. On its shores 1 have
loiind this species. On tiiv' shore of an adjacent pond of more perina
neiit character I have ohserved this species oeeiipyinj; vertical holes,
which were kept tilled with water by occasional waves, but from which
llieir heads eiiieri;-ed into the air. In this position their branchia' were
;iradiially absoibed. An adult I'roiii New .lerscy occupied a biiriow in
!lic soil III' my Icrncry for several weeks. The Inirrow had two oriliees,
III one or the ittlu'i nl which its head ciUild be o;(.n»'rally si'eii, observing
what wa> t;oiim on.
\
» I
H
»
^m^Sm^S^Sm
sssm
St
III I,M;TIN :i1. t'MTKI' MA IKS NAIIONAI, .MISi;";.M.
I'ltili'ssor iJiiinl lirsl iviK-luMl tlif roiicliisictii lli:i( llic ciiily stiiyo of
this species is a Siretloii, iiii1\ sioina. I.oiijr al'leiwanls Pro!'. AM;;iiste Diiiiieril
ri!cei\c(l some laiva' ol'tlie .1. tifiriniim iVoin Mexico and ol»s(!ive
ti
flMl
1
K!Ut
fi
SI.Vi
1
7h:i!)
I
OIMI
'
.mu
1
4l)7!l
1
lOH'J
;i
l.iii'.llll.V.
will II
ollnli'il
I'liini » liiiin II iri\ I il
N.iliiii 111 H|M ri
null.
S. II. l.Ullll
I'lias Al.liiili
1)1.. I. K llfiiil, Its. \.
Dclruit, Miili A. Sa;;ii
Viii;iiiiii .Si|i|. --. |!-7I
Wi li-li I (My liiw.i M;i\ Jl, |H7h I'lini Alilliili
Nnillinii lllihi.i- ■ ' i; K.iiiiirnll.
W,.-l Niiiihlh 1.1, III .. ill,
('Iiiiiii;ii. Ill Sept 7. 1X77 I Swiiiiv
KilL'iliilil. S. (■ Apr. — , 1^7l)
Wilwtii I'ily, Iiiw.i
I'dii Kipliv. Minn
Ni» Vi.rk'
Inilipriiilino'. Mil . . '
KiK-iilKilli', Ky
Mi»l.s-.i|i|ii
N'lillllrln IliillilH
Saint I is. Mo
I.akr Kiuiiiilo. < 'hi
Iiiialiiia.
Wi-l N.illlillrl.l. Ill
K.HHlr, W is
('nlilnilills. llliiii
Niw Mi\iiii
I'lPil I'liiiin. \. Mr\
Dr. .I.(i ( iiiiiiir
Ilr riiiiM. II.W.Iil.
Or. Ii. V. Sliiiiiiai'il ..
I! Ki'iiiiii'iiit
.1. I'litl.s
Ii Killllinilt
I'll. IS !•. r.aiiil
I'liil I.. I.I M|Mrli'll\
.' Ilr .1 I,. l.iCnlll.-
I'llrl I 'iinnrll
Null las, N. Ml v .. Hi i ' (1 Vrw In 1 1
liiMiilnCaiiiin, .\iiz liin.i.il W K M .\iii\
Aii/iii;li
I.iiiil W'. r, Caijiriilii I
S. \ .
I'inl lili-s, N Mix .. ' Or.S W riav\ li.nl, r ■ \ '
I'liit liinlnn, Mil !(,. K V ||.,m|,.„ .
laniaiilipaN Mrs |i, i, A K.hvanls. f S A '
I'liiii iililio^ |'|lil,ii|rl|.|iiii .\. ;|(liiii\ , i-J.",>
Ali'iilii
Aln.lii
Ilii
III!
I III
1 1.1
I I.I
Oil.
III.
|)i.
1 1..
III.
Ii.i
Hi.
III.
I III
Mil
III.
I III
Alnilii
Al'i'li.
III..
111.
Hi.
III.
III.
III.
Id)
III.
i|n .
.Ill l\|H'.
.Ill
mm
TTwrr
Tin; I'.ATIJACIIIA or NOUIK AMKI.MfA.
85
:i
.Imlihislitiiiii liiiriniiiii (irccii— ('mil iiuic(i:i j
Hi:.7
'.tl^<7
I'.v.r.'
ll!f.'S
i'jiii:i
WM
Wi7.'i
I(I7S
I. •■.11
i:i:t:iii
'.II !i;
iiifr.
11. '.Ill
iiLi;
•Kill
IIIKI
iili.*:)
ItllJ
I I I.e.
I I l-'T
.IIITI
I I I 111
lili.J
ItlHI
IIIKI
HlSIl
I IIH7
I alilv
MiMilli !•! CiiniMKiii
I'.iit i;ili'v . K.itiM
l.dHlT I'l.lllf
I'ml l,;iiiiiiiii' W'vii
ilo
. .In
S\(liii'v, Nrlir
Wlii'ii
lillr.lnl.
Mi'\iiii
M.iKiilii
rclrl.Mon, I'llll . ...
1. 11' ijiii |Kiil<', Minn
Kill I I'l.liiii. ('ill
I'nit liliili;,.!, \V\,i
NM.r;iHU;i
Kcli. Ill, lh7il
n.i' .\ IHTS
S:iiitii I'V CriiU
i U.u'kCiv.li
I M..\i.o
ll.ih l.iK..
Nr« .Mislru
: Siiiiili I'.iiK, Ciilii
SmiiIm I''i-. .\ Mi\
I l''iiil Sii'i'li', Wvii
I Niiilliriii I'lminliiiv
Sui\.-v.
' I'llll i;,Miii;iii n.iu ..
Ill's MnllM'M, IllWil
At i/.iiii;i
I'lii I riiiirii
I''iiit Sl.'.'li'. \V\ii
tll(.i»M,('.lll;lilj. ...
Ilii) Miiiilui'-i, N Mi'\
Silll l''.li'/;ll III, ri'\
Saiilii I'l', N. Mi'\
Siiiiiliiin llliiiiii.'< . .
1 ( iiii|i Sii|i|il\ . Iiiil. T
Al.llil. ri;l
Vi'lliiw Htiiiii' I.iiKi-
.\iiliiiiii. .Ml' .— - — , l.»x:i
l''llll \Vlll;;atl' N. Ml.'^. — , l,SK"l
tiiMii.l t. ill an l.a
Ann Ailiiii, Mlili
I'liiiii « liiini iiiViMil
.I.II.Claik
III. \V. A. llainiiiKnil, 1' S A
111 .1 ll.(iii|ii'i'
(lias. IJiiliv
. ill.....
. ill.
i.ii'iii s. \v. Ci'iw I'liiii, r.
s. .v.
("A. K
K llii.'-l
S 1!. UIl'i."*
Hi', s. \v. \Viii.iiiioii.'4i<
l.li'iiti'iiaiit IIi'MinliU ami
II.'. I'- V. llaMi, 11
1! II. U-aiii :
l.li'iil. 1''. T. r.iyan, 1' S A
.Mill. Nat Mi'xici.
— , 1.-KJ
.Iiiiii' -. is7:i
-—' -!'l.<7l
!lJ"'i;'iH7:,
- - -,'iV.-lltl.'4
Hi. .1 I' KiitliiiH'k
CliaH. Kiiliv
III. K Ciiiii -t
r S A IIii.';|iilal
(')
I.iiiiti'iiani r.riLilaiiil
Cipl lin rupi' .
Cii.iH. Unliv
Di. Kiil.i'ii Hill
Hi W. I.I.
M.ijiir r'.niiiiv
I ' I
II Kriiiiiriill
III. r i: Wiii'DN, I'.s A...
Pi'.Chai.C, Ni'al . .
I.ii'iili'iiani Ilavili'ii
i; I' M.'iiill
Hi l; \V. Slnilil.ll, T S. A
Saint Cli ail.'s ( 'ii|li'::i'
I'l'iif. S. K IJaiiil
Nat nil' i.r K|M'ri-
llli'll.
Alriillnlir
|l>..
hii.
III.
Do
Di.
Dii.
I If.
III.
Di..
Dm
Dii
Dm.
111.
D.i
Hi..
111!
III.
Do.
Do.
.Ml iiliiilii l\ |.it.
.Ml olmlir.
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Ho.
Ho
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
(IKNKl; \1. SKUIK.**.
Kiiisas Mroliolii.
Hill l''oil Colli. l'i'\ Dr K. I'.il I Do
r.iiilniiM l'a^.'<, \\\o I.ii'iil. 1'' 'I I'.ivaii 1' S A. Do.
Chi'M nil.' I'asH Dr. K.Sh ill, r'.S. .\ Do
I'oii l.aianiii-, W mi I.ii'iit S. Waiiiii, T S A Do
I'lalli' \alli'V. NiA .. ('. Hii'xlor Ho
I'liit I'.liss, N. Ml \ Hi. S.W.Ciawloi,!, (I.S A Ho
(': 1''.. In-i isiill Ho.
Katisa.'* .. Hi I') ralinrv ' Ho
I'l .. Ho.
H.'tiiiit. Mirli A.Sa-i-r Ho.
Wanlv.'i^aii, 111 i .IWMilnov Ho.
Noillii'Mi r.iiiiiiilai'V ' — , IsTl Hi. I'l Coiii's Ho.
SlIIM'V. '
(') ....'. i .. I'l Do
N'i'\vM,\i.o I i'; Ho.
I'l I S. I'". liaii'il Ho.
Snili r... N. M.'\ .. , (') ! Ho.
l;ii. U Islaiiil, 111 .. .1. It. Sai'!;i-'if, i Ho.
' 'liana , -,l,s.v^ (l.l'.IIa.x Ho
'onllii'iii Kaiisii.i I .. ilo ... Clias. Kiiliy i Ho
.. ill. '. j....ilo. ili> .. Ho
M.iiii'lli, (lliio I I'lol'i'Hsov Aiiili'i'vv Ho
tl I I'l Ho.
!'l I CI Ho.
Ni'« Mi-\ii'i> \. SMrCji llan Mi oliolir lv;ir.
(?) .; Ci Ali'oliolii'.
CI CI Ho
hi
H
..t.1
r
CI I Hi I'\ V, Iliivili-
1 I
Ho.
I
<@e
SSBSS
$
]*
Sd IMM.KTIN ::i. rMTHI" STATKS NATIoN.M. .Ml'SKUM.
.iiiililii»liiiii(i tiiiriiiinii Kill I'oniii list (ir,i,\
W'liiii ..I 1 Naliiii- iiT sill ri
riillrrli il. "" "■
CiilaliiL'iii' Nil 111
IHIImIm T. M|"T
l.iiialitv.
IIWI •-' I'.lMliiinii. ('ill K.Niinui'lM
II71II I K.iNiiiiCal -.IST'i (,11-it^n li^ni
Illiri 1 i;i I'iisii Ti<\ -,IKSI NrulMiiSii MM ....
.Mii.liiilii'
|ii>
Dm
AMIiLVSTOMA ri.'ISl.Tl'irM i\<\»\
I'riH (Is. Aciiil., riiila., Hti7, |.. I'.U.
Tlu' species is stout and lieav.v in ItniM; llie lieail \eiy liroad nnil
niiieli (lepresscd. Tlie sliin is },nannlated I).v citntraction of the alcolml.
but in respd't lit jilaiids, pits, etc., appears niiicli like otiiei species.
Tliere is, lidwever, a de(!ide(l realiin' in ccitain particles wiiicli eiinvd
tlie paiotoid re;:ion, and are seen also on tlie top of tin- head alonj^ the
inner inarjiin of the orbit, and perliaps below the ev«'. I liaxc not
noticed this character in aiiv otiiei' species east of the itocky Mourdains.
The head is bioad, ovate, ratiier ]>oiiited anteiiorl.v. The inner and
outer nostrils are nearly the same distance apart. The tonjiiie is broader
than loiifj', more than half the width of tlie head, lillin;; the intersi)ace
of the same anteriorly.
Tl»' teetli are in Ibnr very distinct patches, with d»'cided intervals.
Thoy form one tr.insveise series, nearly straij^ht (teiitraily (where they
are in a line with the posterior Ixtrder of the internal iiares), but ciirvin;;
slij,ditly backwards lateially. The two central patches aie wider than
the lateral, which vaiy a little in Icnutli and are separaled by iiii inlei-
val half the diameter of the inner nates. Their fjistance from the exte-
rior patches is al>oiit twice as j^reat, the center of the interval falliiii;
about ()pp(»site to the inner bolder of iiiiiei' iiares. The outer patches ex-
tend about half a diameter iteyond the outer border of inner iiares.
The remaining;' external cliaractti'is of the speciincn are not dill'eieiit
from those of .1. lifiriinnit.
The colors of the specimen are much obscured by bad preservation.
It appears to have b(>eii of a iiiiiforii) dark blackisli or bluish brow n, with
a sin;;!e sei'ics of lar^c transversely elliptical blotclics of yellow from
head to tip of tail, half on body and half on tail; the foremost one
rounded and ]>lac(Ml behind the eyes. Those of opposite sides nearly
meet on the back, and aic c(Uilliient on the iipi>er cdyv of tlu' tail.
This is the only species I have .seen of the ■;ioiip in which a strictly
transverse series of palatine tee.th behind the eye is divided into Ibnr
{ironjis.
The only known specimen is the Ibllowinji :
No. KKiS; 1 speciMicii ; ( )cate Click, New Mexico. 9.
()(!ate("reek ison the eastern side of the .S:ni;;re de ( iisjo .Moinilains,
the .southern |»ait of the eastern raii-e of the 1,'oeky .Mountains in New
Mexi(H).
■I-
s
tin; RArKACIIIA OF NOltTIl AMKIMCA. 87
l'll>lt(ll liilllill (/((»( (/.flO 11. S-.
(Spec. KKW. (I.Mlc Kivi T, New Mcxii'tt. 9.)
Ilrilil :
lii'iinlli of m:i|>i' dt' iiiiiiitli to its will ill I it 111' iiM>rc I tin 11 liiilf.
Willi li 111 (list iini'r (Villi I Ml 11 111 I III l;ii 1:11 Icilil mil ijiiili' I'lpuil.
Willi li 111 ilisi;iii('i' rriiiii SI I 111! I III "iiiiu 1 I imi's,
I'liiiii Miiiiit III n'llur I'lilil riiiil.'iiiii'il ill ilisliiiirr (ViiiM siiiiiil lii';riiiii -Jl linii-s.
Disl.iiiri' iiiili'iiiirly lirt with i'\ rs in liMi;^tli nf iiiliil it liiiii'N.
I (istiiiiiT riuiii i'\ I'M III iiiisti ils in li'iiiil li "I iU'liil 11 I iiiii'M.
nisliinri- lii'l wci'ii oxtcrn.'il iniMlrils in Ini^il li nf nrliil mil niiid' .' t iiiii'M.
I lislanri' lirt WITH 111 torn ill nostrilM in Icnj^tli nf miiit 'J I iini's.
Willi li III" li'iiiiMi' til Willi li of lii'iul iiviT iinr-lialf.
I^inilis :
{•'rt'i' piiiliiin nf 1iiiij;i'mI lin^iT iinif aiiii'il in ilisiMin r 1111111 rllmw
til I i|i lit 111' liver ;". I iiiirs.
I'rri' liiill inn 111' inli'^i'Ml I in' iiilll ai liril ill iliMl'llli'r 1111111 klli'i' In I l!i ... '.\\ I i nil's.
1 >is|:iiii-i' lii'l wi'i'ii iinlMlirtrlli'il tors in li'ii;;l ll Iriilii si nil I In "inin . . iiliniil i'(|iial.
Tail : I.i'ii'^lli I'll 1111 lii'liinil anus In ri-st of aiiiinal Itms.
I'nilv : Nniiilii r nl' I ii^ial rnri-nws (i ml ml in;; a\iilai> ami iiii^uiiial ) 1 - ( .').
Miiixiii) nil Ills, ill iiiiliiH.
i.rnu^lli, ini-asiii'iil alnii;; axi-^ ii("linil\ : | limlv : I H-iiaiii'i' lii'twi'i'H ai'iii|iil ami
I'lnlll slinlll lii^apr In
r'niiil sunlit 111 ;^iilai' I'nlil 'M>
I'll nil Slinlll 111 a I'll 1| lit 1. In
l''liilil Mlinill In ;;inin ;i. In
rinm Slinlll tn lii'Iliinl anils... :!. -^11
I'inm Slinlll In I'liil 111' tail I'l. •'Il
lliail :
Wlillll III' ili'ifil HI
Willi li III' lniiy;m' I.'i
LrliHl li III' nrliil 1>
nisiani'i' lii'iwi'iii I'vi's aiilrri
nlly ,Ml
IHstaiii'i' lirl WI'I'II iiiiliT iiiisirils . -J-J
Mislaiiii- lirlwrin iiimr iinsiiils .'M>
'4;inlii
Tail
I.HI
. II ;
lli'ifilil nf tail wlii'i'i' lii;;lii'st. .
lirrailtli 111" tail wlu-ri- liii;ln'st.. ','1
Liiiilis :
Kli'i' linrlinii lit' lnii;f|'sl liiiy;i'r..
I'liim I'lliiiw In tip (it' lim^fi'st
liii^"'"'
I'm- pniiiiin III" IniiMost till'
l''riilii kliri" 111 I ip III" liili;;rst tm
l>islani'i' lirtwi'i'M niilstli'tilli I
tlH'S
•Jl'l
III
AMItLVSToMA Ml'lllAS Cnpr.
I'm Is. .\i'ail. riiiia.. l-ilT, p, I'.l.'; .', p i:..
Tlic spcciiiii'M si'li'i'tcd as tlic type of the (Icscu'iptioii has tlii' skin
soiiicwliat alU'i't'il l»y alcDliol, s.) tliat an c.xai^t dosuriptioii <',iii iiol ho
iiiatlc (»!' tho <;hiii(ls, jiits, and p ires. Tlicr ' <1 );'.s not, howm't'i', appoiir
to lie any inatciial (lilViTciicc Iroin ,1. tii/riiiinii in tlu'so respects.
Th(^ head appeal's small in pidporlioii to the size of tlie animal, and
the cheeks nniisually swollen ; the width of t he head is contained about
I'oiii- and one half times in the distance to yioiii. The eyes are lathei'
small, distant three lenn;tlisof the oiliif : the iiiiier nostrils an* consider-
ably more distant than the «mter. The torf;'ne is larji'o and llesliy, tilling
m'':'n
\ I
ii
] \
M
8SSSS?
H« I'.ii.urnx :!i, rN'm;i> staths naiionai. miskim.
the rami iuit.Ti.»iI.v, ami moiv than lialf fix- widtli of Ww head. The
iiiiM'i' nostrils an- (|"'''' lii<«'''i>''
Tlir palatine K-ctli tonsi a very <>l>fns.' aii;;le aiiU-rioily, iracliin- l(.
i.lMMit cpposil.' tlir mi.l.llrnf thr iniuT iiaics aiifecial.l. e elsewhere. Tlie Iiml).s of
the V are not entirely strai-lit. l»iit l'»nn a double eiiive (seairely apim'-
eialde) .Ml .'a.di si.h-. Their an- Iw.-lv.' .-..stal Kn.ov.-s. The p(dvio
grooves aie n.>l appreeialde, and oidy tiio.se al lh»^ Wa.se ol the tail.
^ (5?.
^;
(T-
^^^
•%
Vli:. W- A iiil'liil'miii 11 i.lnru: Nil \\ 'S: . 'i.l I ,ii lin-< 'line
ii'i)
Til. 'tail is MTV lonu. iT>nsi(ler.ii)ly ese.'.'dini: the icst ol t he :iiiimal.
niiieh eomiti.'sse.l from the has.'. tlion;;li not .-hnaled ; o\al ill (Mosssec
lion, and only h.-eoininu sharp ii.-ar the tip, without any erest. No
fjrooves an- visiiile aloii;^ dorsal or ventral .mtline.
There »h> not ajipear l.» he any peeiiliarili.'s in Hie feet .lisliii-
ter of the .*ye, th.)ii;;h \aiiable in this respect. ( 'ompared with yl. ^/
(jritiiim, tlii.s species iias a i»r.>portionally smaller head, more prominent
'ower jaw, much l.)n<>-ei tail, and .lilVei.'iit c(»lor; yellow predominatiii.t;
in *lie (»ne and biown in the other. The r('lali.)nsliip. however, appears
to be very close. The .lij;ifs, p.'ihaps. are narrower, th.m<;li also triaii-
pillar and depressed.
The only specimen oi'Uw A-xiphias yet kiiowi< is from ('oluinl)ns, Ohio
(No. n ;•..".).
I
T
« ■ ■•
TIIK r.AI"l!A('IIIA or NOIJTII AMI'.l.'ICA 89
AMlU.YsroMA ,li:n'i;i{S(>MANrM (ii.ni
(I'liitc •,'.'>, li^'. 11.)
^Ut\u\ 1*11(1 Is, A'Mil. I'liila., 1^(17. p. Ilt.'>, Slr.iiirli, S.iliim.. p. f.l: lloii
IcnjitT, (!iit r.:itr., (ini.l. Ilrit. Miih., cd. ii, H"i, p. IC. I'l. n. fp^. •.',
Siihimnmlni Ji (yirKiiiiiiiiiii, liiuiiini Jiffitsoiiiiniii, 'rsrlmili. I'.iitr., p. !•:!; l>iiin. iV llilti., p. Hil.
Trilnii iiifiir. Hi' Kav, N. V. I'liini.. III., p. ■<•">, I'l. |.'>, Ii;;. H.'i.
Siiliiiiiiuiilni iiniuiildhi, Di' K.iy, N. V., /. c, p. 7^<, 1*1. 'l\. liy;. t'.Ci ; llciiltr , N A Ilcip
V, p. (hi.
.tiiihiislomii /cll'irxoiiiiiini, I'liiiiil, .Imirii. Ar. I'liil.i. (vJ), i. p. •,'-;(
.tiiililjistiimii I'lisiiiiil, ll.'iilow., .Iiiii|-Il. .\r. I'llilil. ('.M. Ill, p. I!."i.'>, I-'Cp.'i.
.tiiihhisloiiiii ji (I'l rsiitiiiiinim, viir. I'lisiimi, (Jopc, Vvm-, Ar. I'liila., l-'w. p. I'.'T ; I'miilcM-
firr, Cut. li.itr. (Jrad. Iliil. Mum., ciI. ii, l.-i-^J. )>. li'.,
(!nst;il <;!oov('s twi'Ivc; miieoii.s pores on tMcli .side of I lie imi/zlc not
(^xtriidiii;;' lu'voiid tlic urliil.s. Tcctli Iniiisvcisf, or ikmiIv so. in lliict'
.si>i'io.s. No or oii<> iiKlistiiK-t plantiir ttiltcrclr. I']\t('i'ii;il iiiul in! ricil
iiiii'cs i>qiiiilist:iiit ; lead colored to lirowii and Itlack, witli or willioiit
jiale or distinet lateral spots.
Tliis deliiiitioii eovers a (•oiisideral»le riinye (»!' variation, wliic.li is ex,
pressed in the following: diagnoses of three snlispccMes :
Width iiflicaii I tci l..''i times in Irii^lli tr> urojii ; li'ii^^lli n\ rye ■.'.."> liiiii's in width of
hi'ad aliiivr , iiiiil'iiriii lead rnjiir to hrowii I. /. i( (I'lrsnniinnim.
Wit h of hi'.'id ."• tiiiH's in li'nj;tli to ijroin : iciiiiili ol' I'Vf nnc h.iir widili nC jicacj lu'-
t wren anti'iior lantlms nf cyi'.s ; hlaik williwhitr spots nn sides and hi'll\.
I. /. lull Villi .
Width cd' head .'i t imis to uroin : leimlli id' eve I .7.'i in widi ii of head as ,il>o\ c ; I oolh
:]
'
■'1
:1
sel h's sli
rlltl
slendef ; nniCorni h'ad eojoi' I. ;' iiluli
n
1'
Aiiihlifst to this siihspoeies only.
Ilody decidedly more slender and elonoated than in .1. puuctdtiim.
Skin exerywliere shio«»th. and sliouino liironoh the transpirent epi
ileiiiiis the ends of the ohmds wiiicli thickly stad the entire snrface.
Under a lens are seen nimierons small, rounded, shallow pits lielween
the glands, not on them. The contraetioii of the skin in stroiio alcohol
between these o;lands would readily impart a yrannlated a|)pearanee.
The glandules are acciimiilaled into a thin stratum altove the parotoid
j,'ro;)V<'.
'I'he head is elongated, with the miiz/.Ie obtuse, or trinuv.ite, the jire.at-
est width contained 1..~» times in thedistaiice to th(^ ^nilar fold, and frotn
four and a half to live times to the <;roin ; the distaiicc lo the f the orbit
from the nostrils (which are separated by iicirly twice this h ;th). The
anterior extremities of the orbit are distant more than twice their len.irtii.
iil^
90 i!i:i,i.i'.Ti\ ::i, rMTi:i» statks national MirsKr.M.
The ^Milin I'ol.l or \'myn\\ is disliiict, not vcr.v |tioiiiiiM'iit above; tl>at
Itcliiiid iIh' aii;;lL' oI llu'jiiws is im oiisitifuoiis, as is tlie lateral |»ai(»t«)i«l
J'liri'ow.
TIk'IV aro twclvo costal fmrows, iiiclmliii;; llic iii^'iiinal aii«l axillary.
The tail is a little slioitrr than the hoilv ami licati (iiicasiiriii^- IV<»m
postciior extrcinit.vol' vent). It is oval in cross section, widest, helow,
tlion^jli without any riil^je or crest. It is little liiylier tliiiii Itroad at the
anns, hut heconies more and more compressed to the tip, the upper and
under outlines remiiiniii;^ nearly parallel for a consideraldc^ distance.
The anal .slit is proloujjed into a }:roove, which extends heiieath the, tail
(o its very tip.
The limhs are lari^ely developed and the toes ver.v lonp-, Thedifjils
arc cylindiical, depressed, without any lateral or itasal weh. The third
linj^cr is longest, then the second, fourth, and tirst. It is one third the
Icn^jth of aim from elliow. The fourth toe is louj^est ; then flu^ third
(l)iit little sliorlci), second, tilth, and first ; it is contained altont two and
one-half times in (he length of leu from knee. The expanse of the out-
stretched toes is very nearly etpial to thedistance from snout tothe uroin.
The lenj;lh of the lindts vaijes a little ; when extended on the sides they
may scarcely meet or considerably overlap.
The toufi'ue is thick and Ihvshy. much as in .1. jtuurtutiim.
The teeth are in four patches; the two central in a nearly stiai^iht
line, or foiniiiij; in smallei- individuals a very obtu.se /\ , the aniile ante-
rior but not pn.ssiii}; the posterior l)orderof the interim I imr«'s. Thesi('ii<;tli from siiniit to niiliir told , 7e
Ijcii;;! Ii 11(1111 siiciiU Id L;i(iiii -J ,"i."i
I.ciii;tli riiim snniif to nid cif muis ;!. 'JO
lii'iii^lli iVoiii siiiiiit til irimi.'iiit (if t;iil •,>. .''id
Width (d liciid -,(l
!ji'n};lli of inoutli iiloiit; iiicdian line :t-^
t'orc-Mi'iii from (dliow Cvj
Ijci; Iroiii Uiit'c H.">
The specimen from which the precedin;^- des.-riplioii has been taken
i.s, if not the orii^iiial U))on which Dr. (Jre^'ii's species was to. inded, at
least one collected in tiie same locality atid named i)y him. Iia\itiii
formed part of his collection auii presiMited m my yeat's a-i-o iiy its
owtier to the Smithsonian Institution. The "li.iiht-biue spots" .so con-
spicuotis in fresh si»ecimens have disappeared.
I'l.
■:]l
!
.,!»■.
f
nil: isArijAciiiA r. ll<>ll)r(M)lx-, ill (l»'scril>iii,i;' tliis spcrics, Ii;ih inixtMl willi it iliciu'.-
«!>!inUnir:
■!■ rsniiiiii'iiiii i< 'fi rKiiiiiiiiiinil. Nii 'l!U5R.
.■|.t (.
\V l'iiiliM\lviilii:i
A <'oiii|»aris(>ii of tlif spcciiiicii (li'xTilx'd witli tlic t.vjtf of He Kav's
SdhiDKiHiIra iinniiihini cxliiltits no apprcfiahlc (lilVcrnic*' except in llic
(larker coioi. lailicr nioic (l('pr<'ssf(| toes, ami perhaps inoro niassix e-
iookinj" jaws of (lie latter, the niii//,le a little more pointed — all iiiieer-
tain eliaracteis in r.leoholie speeiineiis. The palatine teeth are in hel
(er preseivation tiiaii in the si'eeimeii here described. The central
patch is interrupted aloii;; the median !ii>e, and does not extend quite
so far laterally. The le;;s and dl.:;its are inneli leiij;tliened, the tij;iire
and description of |[oll>r.)ok (see I)e Kay) (M)nveyiny- a very erroneous
iinprt'ssioii in this lespect. The ;;rannlatioii referred to is in pait the
<»l»tieal etVeet of tiic ^laiidsof the skin showing throiij;ii the transparent
(^Itidi^'inis, partly the result of iMintraction of the skin by ahrohol.
Ill the type sjx'ciineii then- are no symnietrically ariaii;;('d patches of
pores on the head. Their ab.sence may be owinj,' to the loii;^' contimied
preservation of the specaiiiens, or to ,M)nie a(!(!idental deticieii(\v. In the
typ*' of N. tjnniuldtd these are cIow the <;roove is a crowded patch, which is
conliiiiied in a siiiipK- series aloiii; the inner edj^e of the lower jaw. One
or two are seen at the side of tlu' ba.se of the lower jaw, and others aloii;>'
the sides of bo.ly.
It has been stated that in the type no indication of lif;iit spots was
visible. In others, however, of more recent ])re.scrvati()n these ar«
I
k
!.»I
lUi
I
iHl
ii
:»
U
V
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
■50 ^^"
^ m
^ ifS. 12.0
|25
12.2
L25 114 II lA
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0
(716) i>73-4503
L&
^ *
92
JtllLLKTIN :;i, rXITKn statics national MliSKUM.
(piitc ovidciil. In tlic sinnllcsf spcciiiuMi of ;5!»!»S iiro visible iniimToua
louiidcd, im-jiiiliiil.v disposed Ii,ylit snots on llic lower i»iiit olllic sides,
with some scattoml over on the bcli.v, :ivriaf'in}>- Iialf the, size of the e.vo,
Imtwitli faintly dt'rmcd niarj-ins, Somio scatteml ones are seen on tlie
side of the (ail. These iiiav he j)hindu'ons or l)]nish in life. In the lar;,'est
specimen of .">i»7!>, l{ii)le,v, Ohio, these l)lnish sjiots are (inite evi(h'nt,
on the side of Ixxly and tail.
(Jencrall.v the f,Monnd coloi of the alcoholic specimen is lead-colored
to olive brown and blackish; lijjht beneath. The coh»r of the livin}>'
animal is similar to that seen in alcoholic s]»ec,iinens. Specimens liave
been h>nn(l at locali(i<'s latlici' distant from each other of a dark brown
color, with a lateral shad<> of a still (hirker hue. Snch specimens are
of the stouter type of the species as to pi'ojtortions. Of two sj)e(M-
mens from ('lark Connty. Va., llie width of the head enters the leiifith
to the yroin 1.', times in one specimen, and the other but little over four
times. Other specimens aie from Saint Catheiine's, Ontario, in the
National Alnseum, and from southern Indiana in the riiiladel])hia
Academy. They have liecn referi'erl to as f-
^ i
\
i
6 ' 7 ^^IZ^ 4
Flii. 10. A iiil'hixloiiiri jijK rmniininiiii l\ )ic nl' \ in fii;. li.'-j.
Amlihinloiiia Jitlirxoniniiiim, viir. hiliKili l'it\n' i ,■.. I',(inl(ii^r,.|.; c,.,!, I{,.,|). (Ini,!. i!rit.
iMiis., nl. ri, l-J-i'j. |,. 17.
This form is (juite distinct tVom the typical A. jcJ/o-NonininDn, -.uul
would rank as a sperblend. In typical si)eeimeiis of ih,. ,l. j, la Irni Ir thi'\w:u\ is
Jiarrower and the body more slender. When the lind
IS are lani
the sides they frcfpiently do not meet by a short interval, while tl
ll(MI}>
io.se
'It
TIIK I$ATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMKUIOA.
1)3
oit\uiA.J.,i>[l)'('r.s<>ni<(iiumUnivA\ eacli otlicr iind even oveiiai) a little.
Tlie laediiiii portion of tlicsi)e(',ies is straij^ht; bnt
this character is in some cases not retained. The color is j;enevally
easily recognized: black with light lateral sijots. It resembles in this
respect the rictluxlon ylut>nosus, and to a less degree the Amhlystoiud
microstomntn as pointed out by Ilallowell, and the unwary observer
may easily confound it with one or the other of these species. liut
lateral spots appear in some s|>ecimens of the typical variety, and tlie
ground color varies, as has been already described.
This form is altogether northern in its distril)Ution, l>eiiig especially
abuiulant in Canada.
i
Ambliintomn jcllrrsoniainim pldfincitm Co[»e.
Cluck-list, \>. •Jii; IJinilcii^cr, Cat. Matr. (Jiail. l>rit. Miis., I'd. II, 18rV, p.
17.
Amlili/Htoma iilitlhuiim, Cope, I. c.,\\. IIW ; Straiicli, S.ilaiii., ;>. (i.">.
This is a vi'ry (elongate form of the .1. Jcjlarxonianum.
The head is oval and the muzzle rounded. The lengtli (»f tlu' fissure
of the eye eni((nitm: in one
specimen (ty[>e) they arc separated by nearly an intercostal spa(!e when
lh(^ limbs are pres.sed to the sides; in another they me»'t. Tail rounded
above at base, liiially much compre.s.sed, but not elevated; iMpial in one
specimen to body and head to middle of orbit, measured from posterior
extremity of vent. In the type, however, it is much shorter, extending
from its basis e paler below, with numerous indistinct whitish
blotches. I"]yelids yellowish margined. S[»ecinien 4(>.SS has the abdo
men darker and without spots.
The nar >wer head ami more elongate body will tlistinguish this
species from the typical A. Jr()'ersonitniKni. It is readily distinguishable
m
)
wm
wssesBB^mm
'■: I,
ii;:
"I
94 HULLKTIN ;il, I'NITKU STATHS NATIONAL MIISKIJM. .
iunoiiH iiiiin.v individuals. Nevcrtlu'Iess miiii.v «»!' tliosc of tiie siihsiu'-
cies A.J. hito-dk' approach it in (lie proportions of the jiarts ol" t'le hoad
to cadi other, indudiMj- the closer aiiproxiniatiou of the eyes and of tlie
nostrils. The body is, however, always shorter. The si/e of the A. j.
laUrah is considerably less. Those (tf the typicid varietv of the same
snbsi)ecies are invariably stouter, not cnly in i)ody, but especially in
the head.
Aiiilihi^tiimn i< (firxoiiiiuiiiiii i<'(l'<'rK(t)iiaiiiiiii (iiccii.
iii:si;i;vK skkims.
Cnlaliiyiiti No. of
iiiMiiIii'i'. spi't'. :
Local ily.
Wlicii
collniiMl.
I'loiii wluPiii iiM livn
llllliM
lillTli
;i!)ll7
4ll!Ki
■tXSI
IIS.SK
i(is;i(i
;1n77
::iis|
■ IIMIS
1 ' Wistciii IN'iiiisvlvaiiia ' Dr. .f. Oiitii
■I liiplcv, Oliiii ..' : Di. e. I{. Uoy
1 iiaciiif. Wi.M ill)
1 St. (.'atlitiiiic'.i, Can Dr. U W. IJiaiMo
aila. I
Miiiiiit .Joy, I'a J. Staiillii
liiirlin^to'ii, Vt ! I.. 'riniiup.iiiri
lairkiiDW, Ontariip July la, IhHl Dr. .J. U. (iai riii r . ...
1 ■ Ohio i ...'. Di'. J. S. New lirii \- ..
J Niw York ! '.....
:; I'll vilaiid. Ohi'i Dr.J e. Kirllaud. ...
1 I Wist Viryiiiia .loliii W .M. Ap|ililoii
I I I
Naliitc (■! sptci
iiii'ii.
Ali'oliolic type
All iiliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Amhlijuliimii JiffcrsiiniiniiiDi /(t.iciiin ll.-illow.
C'alaloyuo No. of
iiiiiiilicr. H\i:r.
I.ocalilv
4ir.'u' L' St. (Jatliiliiir'.'<. ("ail
ail.i.
HH'.IT :; Clariii- (Joaiilv. Va ..
11171 •_' St. (Jalhi'iiiic'.H, Can-
aila.
))''";", Kroioul,o,„ur,,v..l N'alMfolsp.Ti
iilli'clc'il. mill.
... Dr 1) \V llrailli' Alri.holic
CI
Dr. D. \V. liiaiUr
Do.
Do.
AmhUjulimiii 'nffirxiuiuiiiiiiii jilnlim iiiu Vu\n\
Calalo^ilr
lllllllllrl.
Tll.'i
Xo. of
spii:.
1
1
1
Loialily.
Cli'Vi'laiid, Oliio
Wliiii
colll'l'tl'll
4(iH,S
5:iGK
.Moosi' i;jvii'. lirilisli
Aiiu'riia.
1
rioMi wlioiiil.r.Mvr.l. Nat III .■ ol sprri
lllrll.
I'liilrssiii ,1. 1'. Kirllaud ..
i'rolr.ssol .\^;issi/. I
(• Dr.Mir Alioholir.
Amlihislmnu jiffi isiiii'niiiiim liilrnilc Hallow.
(Jal iloi:iir No. of
imriilivr. .spir
I.oi alilv.
Wlini
rollri Icil.
Kioi wlioiii rrciiviil.
r)!)41 :i Near I.alir .Miiiil,,
j lliiiUiins lia\.
<'. DlcxllT
Nat mo ol .spici
IIK'II.
All oliolic.
i
Th
this r
soniu)
The
eonsti
two Ic
one or
osi((' 1
outer n
Tiie I
(ail is I(
(lian in
on both
while (I
liin-fes a
The c(
HtrijK' ol
(lie liead
with anil
to (he en
of (hiik
onto the
.s(ri|H'. 'J
and pcrh;
1 wo S)
preceding
a litth? UK
however,
niori' (;on(
Imt ji colo
little in fn
If.'a.l :
l'''ii,i,'tli .
Widili t.
wi.idi t„
BEB
IIIK ItATKACIIlA <»!' NolM'll AMKUICA.
95
i
t
AMUI.YSroMA MACI.'ODACrVH'M Uiiinl.
(l'la(<"jr., li<;. (i.)
liiiiid, .loiiin. Ac. riiilii. (•.•) I, i>. 'Mi, and U. S. Kxi)!. KxiH'ii, xii, pail 'i,
ri. ;!1, li'-. :i; ('"I"', I'l'"'- Ac riiila., isr.r, p. I'.W; Stram-li, Salaiii.,
p. or.; I5oiiliMij;i'r, Cat. 15atr. (ira:l. Hiit. Mas., cd. ii, \^^>, \>. >■<.
This species is the shMidei'est ol' all our spceies of Ainblifstoina ; in
this respe'it, as well as leiijith or(lif>its, ex('eeirni,ii' the t,vi)ical A.jcffcr-
noniitnuin, but I'eseiiihliii};' the A.J. plutinciim.
The head is rather larye, ales through the color of the sides
onto the belly. There are also a few s[»ots of the satne in the dorsal
stripe. There are a few grayish-white dots scattered along the sides,
and perhajis on the limbs.
Two specimens (Kt54) from I'ugi^t Sound agree in Ibrm with the
preceding speitiiiu'ii, the two central patches of i)aliitine teeth perhaps
a little more, angularly arranged. Instead of the grayish dorsal stripe,
however, there is a brownishicd one, and the sidi^s areof a darker and
inon' (!ontinnoiis brown. No. 1711 has a similar eharaitter of palatines,
but a coloration mort^dvc the type. The palatines, in fact, extend a
little in front of the anteriiu' border of the inner nostrils.
l'ri)jii>rlii)iinl iliiiitiitiiniN,
Spec. No. till',', (tvpf).
Itoa.l :
l.rii!;tli (if i.api' I if 1111)11 111 lt> ils width t wo-tliinlH.
Width tu ('islaiiio IViMii siiDiil to sjjiilar Cithl ahmii t hi'('f-(|iiartfrM,
W'idlh Id dislaiKM' iVoih mimhi Io •^^niin ', (imcM.
B
W
\ !■
1:1
mr^
!l(i
iti;hLi:ri.\ .ii, i'mi'ku .^tatk.s national mtskum.
ii^i
: t'!
I 'cud" ('iiiiliiiiicil.
I'iniii siKiul i(i.;iil;ii- l.)l.l (oijliiiii.'il ill (listiiiico from mmuM (o ;;n)iii lij (iiiiois
DisiMiiiraMiciioily l»M wren I'.v.'s ill lcii,i,'t li of orl)i t less than '^ (iiiics.
|)isi;iii((l>ftu(ciic\lciiiiil iiosdils ill lcii;;tli..lorl(it . omi oibil.
I>i.st:iii(c 1h'|>vci'ii iiitciiKil nostrils in Ici ^;lli of orliif oiio orliil
Liiiil>s:
Kdlioii of Idiots! Iiii;;i'r coiitiiiiii'il ill ilistiilicc IVoili clliow to
■ ri'f |)orl
111'
niton I 'J.l tiiiK'M.
I'n'v iiorlion of ionuisl loc coiitiiiicil in (list;inio from kiioi; to tip ■-'.' tiini'M.
Ulstiincc lii'twfcii .iiitslivlcliiil Iocs ill lcii;r||i (loiii siiDllt to j,'roiil.. alionl ('i|iial.
I.o.ly : Niimlii'r of costal furrows (inclnilin.;,' axillary anil iii^niinal) l\>
Midsiin wtlll'', ill inilii.^.
liCiiulli, iiu^asnivil aloiin a\is(if lioily : lioily: Distance Ijctwccii arinpit
I'l sMoiil to cape '-'I' and •,'roiii , llii
Fiipiii ■~iionl to unlar folil M I'ail: Hcicjit of tail wlicic lii^iicst . !■<
l''ioiii siHiiii to uiiu|iil lio Liiiilis:
I'loni s il to cKiiii 1,;.() Free iiorlion of loii;,'csl liiij,'cr.. . lo
Fidinsnoiil lo li(diind aims l..-^,; , I'roin clliow to tip of l(Mic;cst
I'roiii snout to end of tail., broken. ; liiicei- :(;)
Head: ' Free portion of loiij;c,st toi> "JO
Widlii of licad ''W I'roin knei! to I ip of loiiii;i'st toe .5(1
Widlli of loiij;ue 17 IMslanee lielweeii oiitstretcdied
l,clii;tll of orliil I-' toes l.oll
Uislaiicc belwecii eyes aiilcii- Tolal leii;;t li cd' a larger s|M'ei-
oily ','0 men I in. 1 liii.
Distance bctweeii oiiti'r nostrils . Iv' ,
Distance bclwccii inner nostrils. . FJ
TIii.s .spccii'.s is round in .stiilabU' localities tliroiiojioni Ore.yoii :iii(l
Wa.sliiiioioii, raii,i;iiij;' a.s far ca.sL a.s I''oi'( Walla Walla, and cvi'ii as Car
as Koit Custer, near (lie l»io Horn IIiv(M', Wyoniiiio', from wliiidi a
KlK'ciiiion was l»roiio!il by ('ai»t. C'lias. Iicndirc.
Niinu'ruiis si»etiim'ns IVoin Fort Walla Walla iiiid si.\ from Fort
.--i^
2 " -- 3 '
Klii. 17, .\iiihhixt<'iiiii iiiai-rinl(irhilii}ii. Nii, ((i)'.'. Asliiriii () retroii -
:t
I'ilaniatli dilVoi rroiii tlntsi' from more wi'stcrn regions in {\n\ al>scn(!0
of till' (lor.sal color stripe. In some of I lie former the width of the,
head enters the lenoth to the .i^roin '>\ times, showing a narrower
form than in the tyiiical form. In others of them the head lias the
usual width. Tli«> single specimen from Fort Custer has the dorsal
band. A salamander from the Flathead River, Montana, was deserilied
by I'rofe.ssiir Peters tinder the name of Ainhljfstoiuii hraiissii* There
is iiothin.ii- in the description to show that this si»eciiiieii does not beloiiR
'Sit/iiii-vlieiichic dcrtlcs, llschafi Xaluil'orsilM'ndc I'lviiiiile, I'.cijin, I-!-.', p. II.'..
i
11 '
TlIK UATRACIIIA OF NOKTII AMKKICA.
1)7
V i
to tho. A. mairiHlactiflnin. The width of tlie head, sa.ys IVters, enters
the length to the ^M'oiii 4;r; times. The ical .4. mavrodavlylmn it is j^laiicoiis or mauve color.
Amhlj/ntoma m(UriHUtclii!iim IJiiird.
KKSKKVK SKKlliS.
Caliilii^iu' (^1). Ill'
iiiiiiilii'r. s|H'('.
4054
4012
flS7S
HKOH
ijriui
IUUh
r«'.'48
r.';>H7
10UJ2
XUIiti
1 4V.H
4711
4o;).'i
L()i;llil V.
I'lijiot: Soiiiid, On'unii
Asloriu, On';;(iii
OliilowN urk l.aUc,
Wliuii »'o,
1)0.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1)1-. J. (i. Cooper Ak'uhuliu liirva.
AMHLVSTOMA Kl'IXANTIIUM Coitc*
rnu'cc'il. Acjul. I'hiliul., ISK!, \i. U).
Nearly related to Ainhli/stoma mac roil net i/him IJaird, and to l»e placed
next to that species in any synopsis of the ju'enus. Costal folds twelve.
Nocanthiis rostralis. ir|)[n'r Jaw overlapping;- lower. Tail strongly
compressed, as loiij;' as head and body to <;roin. Head wide-oval ; its
{greatest width t.ne fourth in total lenj;th to theyroin. l)i<;its all rather
shiu't; four phalan.i;('s in fourth posterior dij;it. Internal nares as
widely si'.paratt'd as the external. Eye-tissure one half width between
the anti'rior canthus. Median dental series present in, i-' an an;j;le for-
wards. Tonj;ne lar«;e, deeply plicate, licnjjth, in. .(KS3; lenj'th to ax-
illa, .017; to j:;roin, .OH); lenjifth of anterior limb, .012; of anterior
foot, .001; of hind limb, .((14; of posterior foot, .0005.
Sides of body and tail and superior surfaces of limbs, sliiiiiiif>- black.
Dorsal region to end of tail and muzzle, j;amb()j;'e yellow. The yellow
expands on the head and forms two cross bands on the up[>er surfaces
of each of the limbs. The black of the sides is occasionally inter-
rupted by the yellow spots irrcfiularly jMaced. lU'low, dilute black,
dusted with minute white spetddes.
Th(^ strui!tural dilfcrcnces between this and the .1. noicrodadiilKm iuv,
not many, but are well marked. They are : (1) The j;i'eater width of
the head, whicii enters the length (without the tail) live times in the
latter, and finir times in tho. A. < pi. rant hum ; and is also setMi in the
greater iiiterorbital width; (2) in the short toes, which are very much
longer in the .1. mueroihictijlum. In color this species is the more bril-
il
. !(
,i;l
m
i
1951 liull. :u-
Tliitcii.-., Ii«. ».
:i.; (
i
i
1
' i
'■^
D.S
1!ILLi;tin-:u, unitkd .stativs national musioum.
lianf tl.c cast spock'S l.dnj;- (loscrilu'd as biowu witl. a «ia.v dorsal
stii...' iiistca.l of black with a yellow dorsal stripe. In it the limbs
a,v Ja banded, and the bellyis nnitbnnly i.ale, contrary to what holds
i„ the present species, which is the han.lson.est of the j;vnus. I ob-
tain.Ml fotir si.ecin.ens of this salamander, nnder lo-s, in a, swamp near
(I,c liea.l of (he S(.nth IJoise lliver, on the south side of the Sawtooth
Mountain ranjje, Idaho.
ff ^
35-
Flo. 18. Aiiihli/Kloma fpijcaulhinn. Atlanta, Miilio; |.
This species is in all respects more robust than the A.macrothu-ttfhm,
and is more brilliantly colored. Its tints are (hose of the Kun.pean
SaUmandnt ni. riS (Jamiiiry).
Otog'.ossal cartilajj:e trianj^fular, attached by a base to each side of the
Jiyi)obranehial cartila{;e.
in otlier respects this genus agrees with Anddystoma. The larva of
the type species {C. tcnchrosus), the only one I have ideiititicd, dillers
from tliose of AmbUiftoma in the absence of basal branchial processes,
and (tf spleiiial teeth. (Plates L'O-LM.)
1 have examined the hyoid apparatus of the sjiecies of this genus,
and 1 refer two others to it. One of these, (\ vhujuhttns, very probably
belongs here; the position of the otlier, C. tc.vanus, is altogether uncer-
tain as yet.
Considered with lespect to the forms of their otoglossal cartilages
tiiese species fall into three sections, as follows (see IMates LTj and L'(J):
(I) Tlie cartilage uninterrupted in front. C. (cntbrosus, C. aterriniKs.
and V. ilrvortiaitits. (Figs. 1, '1-5, 8-".».)
(•J) Tiie cartilage divided in front, and without median processe.s. (J.
2)i. (Figs. 0-7.)
(.'{) The cartilage divided, each half with an internal and external proc-
ess in front. (Figs. 1-2, I'l, 2().) C. microstomits,
111 addition to tliese characters, it may be observed that in the C.
tenchrosus and C. dterrimus there is a sheet of strong librous tissue
extending antericrly from the otoglossal cartilage, and forming the
base of the tongue. A few similar fibers are found in the correspoiul-
ing position in the A. pary>tk'iim.
IJesides the characters of the otoglossal cartilage I have already
given, I may add thac in the species with entire anterior border, the crest
of the superior surface of the basibranchial appears to pass through a
foi-a
lissi
IM. 1
T!
A
r
temb
Th
tiori]
Texa.^
from
Th(
1. Vi
r
( k
r
i
rilK UArUACIIIA Ol' N'vtIiTII AMKIiU'A.
99
Ibriiiiidi ill the l»a.s(M)t tln' (tt()j;l<>.ssiil caitilajit'. Wlu'ro tlic latter is
lissuu'd tlm (!ivst appears to be deeurved tlir()ii.i>li it, as in C. inwoticus,
IM. i>5, Fiy;. (i.
Tlie speeics of tiiis jfciius are distributed as follows:
Al'sruoiMl'AKiAN lki',(ii()N. — ('. inivrn.sti)ni KK and (J. ritujulatus.
Pacikk! liiiiaoN. — a. iKirotiouH, C.deoorticatiis, C. ittvrriinus, and C
tenchrosus.
The (J. microstoinits is not coimnon in tlie eastern part of the Aus-
tioriparian re<:;i()ii, but is cliielly found in the Mississippi Valley and
Tt'xas. The Pacilic species are all northern, none beiiij; yet known
from the middle and southern [Kirts of California.
The speeies of Vltondrotus are eliai'aeterized as follows:
1. V()iiicr(>|iiiliitiiit', lootli scries cxtciulinj; fxtci-ior to (lit^ liiii! dC Ilm iiitcriiiil iiarcs;
liiiif|i;il plicir riidiatiii;; iVoiii iK^iiiul ; piirotoiils nut ilistiiict.
CI. Canlliim rostralisdistiiicl ; fail .sliorti'i- tliaii head and body.
Miiz/.1(! i'lini;:ati', Hat, iii't«liiccd lii-voiid nostrils; voint'ioiialat iiir toctli in
two latlicr short scrii's, wliicli prcsi'iit an open an;;l(' backwards; brown,
marl (led with darlicr brown spots f '. tviuhrosua,
IF. Series of (ccth f\ti'ndMn;to external tissnre of innernares; liiif;iial plica' radiat-
inj? from Ixdiind ; parotoid j^lands forming a distinct ovoid mass.
ex. Teeth in thr(!(^ series (no canthiis roslralis o'- plantar tnbcrch.'s) ; fourth too
with three phalanjj;es.
Mnz/le not i)rodncclialanges.
Vomerine teeth in one transverse series behind i)osterii)r lino of choana' ; tail
nearly as long as head and liody ; inn/.zh! very obtuse ; nostrils terminal ;
light brown, with ret iculations of dark brown C. dvanlictilK.'i.
\'onierino teeth in t wo sigmoids, which converge and Join antorlorto elioana' ;
tail only as long as Imdy ; mu/.zle llat , produced beyond nostrils; unifortii
black ('. (itcrrhnitii.
(ill. Konrleen costal lolds; fourth toe with foui' phalanges.
Teetl* arched between inner narcs; head one-fourth to groin (in small sptici-
mens") ; ey(M)nr-half width bet ween canthus; mn/zh" br()at; outer nearer
together than inner nares; brown, with a series of lighter sjnits on upper
part of sides, below yellowish; ninzzli' and tail marbled with the same.
('. texaiiiiH,
\\. Series '>f teeth not ext '
Hi
lUO JIULLKTIN ;;i, CMTKI) STATKS NATIONAI, MUSKUM.
CIIONIH.'OTI'S ('l.\(;ri, ATI'S CoiM'."
AmhUjHUwm vbxjnhihm Cnpr, Vvov. Ar. I'liila., 1-(17, |.. •.'(»:,: St,„,i,|,. Si.liiin., ).. (I.".;
lidiilni.iiiT, Cit. ItMtr. (ir.iil. liril. Miis., cd. ii, l>.--.', \k W.
This spt'cios ;ii»pr(tiidiL's the €. microstoiints in general, but iiiii.v be
mulily kiiowii b.\ its inori' cloiifiiito-ovoid head, with loiiff iniiz/.U', more
sleiidei' form of body, iiiid peculiar coloiiitioii.
iMiieous (!i'.vpl.s and pores aii' not miicii devcdoped iti this animal; a
fi'w only of the latter extend alonj-' the superciliary rei;ioii. The costal
folds are fourteen, and are visible across the abdomen.
The liead is clonijate, eonvex both transversely and loui^itudinally ;
the upper face of the muzzle is narrowed, and projects beyond (he
mandible. The width at the Jaws enters the lenjith to thi! «;roin (i\
times, and 1=1 to the edjje of the }>ular fold. The external nares are
(juite close top-ther, nearer than the lonj;' diameter of the eye, iiml
nearly l.o (his diameter in advance of (he eye. The au(erior anj-ies of
the latter are -'.3.') diameters ai»art. The folds on the side of tin; head
and neck sM'e as in other species. The distancie between tlie inner nares
is l.GO times the distance between the external.
The tongue is oval, (juite elon,nate, I)u( not tilling' the space between
the rami of the mandible; its median j;roove stronj-ly marked. 'J'he
palatine teeth are in a sinj;le row, sliifhtly eonvex forwards, cndrely
between the inner nares, their posterior margins of the cuds of (he
series and nares corresponding. The gape of the mouth isshorl, bu(
longer than in V. mirroNfomus; its external candius falls aiderior (o
the posterior canthus of the eye, while the anterior eanthusof (he same
measures the i)osterior third of the ga|)e, commencing at tins middh' of
the premaxillary region.
Costal grooves fourteen; a median dorsal groove strongly marked.
An unusually strong fold across Ix'twien angles of mandible, wliicli
sends a branch to tiie orbit; gular fold continued (»n neck, sending
ii parotoid groove forwards. Ijength to gular (old .l.T.") in length to
groin.
Length of tail nearly e«|ual from l»asis of same (o (he mental cross-
fold. It is of rather uniform depth, much compressed, keeled abov»5
and (or its distallialf below, (ieneral form of the body slender and
compressed, elevated at the scapular and pelvic regions.
Limbs stout; the lingers slender, bu( not veiy elongate. Ajipressed
to the sides they fail of meeting by the leiiglh of the sole and longest
toe; length from tip to tip when outstretched, .(»() length (o groin.
Length of lower leg and foot, scarcely .S from muzzle to gular fold. No
visible plantar tubercles. Fourth toe distinctly longer than third : then
2, 4, 1. Fingers 3, 2, 4, 1.
Color in alcohol black, (he under suilaces (hiekly speckled with gray.
A vertical narrow gray line passes between every |»air of costal folds
and meets its feUow on the dorsal line or bifurcates to meet a similar
bifurcation in like manner, end)r,icing ar. a-. These narrow annul! ex-
*'IV\t, iijr. 117.
F
tend
extre
Toljil
Widlh
Wi.lll
'J'he
Xo.
.Imhli/sti
/ilii/r
Amhljisln
ISiijil
Til is
and has
is veiy ;
than in
with sill
shows tl
probably
pores <»r
dent ill .v.
The h
t'oiislrict
limes ill ,
head is n
'I'lie lowe
the lattei
length ol
rated I»y
'I'iie aiitei
instead ol
gnlar fold
The 1)()(
incliidin^r
dorsal grc
Tiie (ail
dricalat b
to the (i|),
iire siiarp.
tlietiil. I
m
THE MATHAfMlIA OF NORTH AMKKICA.
101
tcinl nearly as far forwards as the orbils, and .siirrouiid the tail to its
y t'xtreinity. Muzzh; bhick.
MiKxiiydiicnln. '"• •''!"■
» I Totiil l('Mj;tli :! <>.
Li'iiitlli to <'iintliiis oris (strtiif;lil ) 2. ti'i
. LiMi^lli III ,i;iil.ir I'dld (I.
Lciijitli I" liniiii If*. 7
Wi.ltlM.rii.a.l :!.'^
"•■• Wiiltli iilmvc i'ciiiorii 'i.'2'i
'l'h(^ sliach's of cohuatioii in this creatiiri^ are those of the Amhbixtnmn
oiKiriiin, liiit arc dilVcrciitly arraii<;ed.
X(». .'>7S(;; 1 spec; (irahaiiiville, S. C. ; I»aih\v.
: (
CHONDKOTl'S MlCl>'OSrOMrS Cope*
Amciicaii N':i turn list, l"^"<7, |i. f^S.
.Imhiiisliimit piirjiliiiriliciim, Hallow., Vruv. \r. I'liila., I"*.'!!!, p. S (ore Sidhima iidrn por-
phijniivu, (iii'i'ii ).
.Imliliislniiiii niirnislDiiiinii ('(i|to I'roc. .\c. Pliila., I~ti7, |). 'JlHl; Str;iiU'li, Siilaiii., p. ti."i;
ISoiiicii^^ci', (.'at. I'.atr. (irail. liiit. Miis., cd. ii, Hsj, p. ,f)ii, I'l. ii. lii;-. I.
Tiiis species is amoii;^ the most shMKh'r <»f Aiiicricaii Ainblystoinida',
.•'r ■ , and lias other pecidiaritics l»y which it is readily rcco<>'nizal»le. The .skin
J is very smooth and slippery, with thi^ f>laiHls less evident in the skin
' than in A. ()i»i<'iim,j<[(}rrs(>nirannU's
probably corresponding to the ends of the {glands. Thei'c are no evi-
pores or pits of hir.i;i'r size than the others on the head and parotid, iis
dent in some Ambly.stoinata.
'i'lie In-ad is very small, narrower than tiie body, with little or no
const ri(!t ion at tin; iu>(;k. It is (^oidained about six and one-half to seven
tiim-sin the distance to the i:i(»in. Tlic muzzle i< short and wide. The.
head is much arched in every direi;tioii, the eyes far forward and latiM'al.
'i'lie lower Jaw jtrojectsa little beyond the border of thenpper, e;)neealin^'
the latter when viewed from above. The i-yes are distant h'ss than the
leiij^th of tln' orbit fiom the nostrils, their anterior extremities sepa-
rated by I J, times this nnil. The nostrils are one orbit lenjjth apart.
The anterior edye of the orbit falls opposite the middle of the j^apo
instead i»f in its posterior third, as in A)iihljfsltt)H(( JcJ}'<;r,s(mi.-., lii-H. 1,
10:
lUIMJll'IN' :ll, r.VITi:i) SI'ATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM,
Tlio limbs arc wi-ak. Tlic tUresse(l to the sides
they an' separated by six of I lie inteicoslal spaces. This indi(!ates
thai the le<,'s arc shorter tlian in any otiiei' species of tlu^ ^eiiiis. The.
ton^nie is thick, lleshy, and attached, although sli;ihtly free at sides and
tip. There is a lonniliidinal uimovc in the toii;,nie, separatin,!,' tho two
papillose portions, ol' an oval sliajie, placted side by side, with the e(U;e
of the ton^^Mie projecting;' beyond tlieiii. The |/apilhe Ibini pai'allel st'ries
ill each oval obli(pie to the (H'litral f;roove. Tin's is not round in Amhli/-
stoma Jcjrrrsou itni II III .
There are only two patches or lines of palatine teeth. Tlu'se o(!eii|)y
the middle of the palate, forinin;i;aii Ai the aiif^leantiu'ior and reaehin;;'
as far forward as the aiderior border of the inner iiares. The postt'io-
external ends do not pass th(^ inner marj^inof those nares (in the soft
palate, the in'oportions beiii^' a little dilfereiit in the skull).
Sometimes these two patches form nearly a stiai;;lit line, or at least
the central portion is straight, the lateral beiidin.u sli<;htly backwards.
Fin. in. riiiDiilmtii.': i,ilfi;i>.liiiini/i. No. 39!t!». S.niiit I.oiiis, Mo. ; ',
The color in alcohol is a dark brownish-black, a very little paler be-
neath, and thickly anil irre;,'nlarly si>rinkled on the sides with plma-
beons spots about the size of the eye, of no delinite ontline. These are
less iinmerous above and below, sometimes nearly waiitin;,^; sometimes
they are larger than as described, and look not unlike patches of a <,'ray-
ish lichen growing on the sides.
Mmsiircmcnis. ^ ,
Iriclioa.
LL'n{,'fli .'ilonir axis of Imily rioin Hiioiit to aii>,'l(( of inontli oo
Lcn<;tli from snout to ^iilai' fold " ^r,
Lciif^tii from snout to M-roiii '>'>()
Leni^tlifromsnont lolicliind anus _ ij j^O
Lcnstli from snout to tip of tail \[[_ ^"I,^)
Lcnirth of tail .' rn
Widtli of head ..""" 'm
Lcnjrfli of foro-iirm from (dliow ",,)
Lenjjtliof !(■;,' from kni!(; .".'.".!.'.".'.!!".! .KJ
Expanse of hind leys ,' .r
i
!
HUM
■M'M
,'i!IS2
;iss 1
.'lillVJ
lo:;7
IIH7K
.•)!l»5
:iMl<) I
IIU.'XI
s:Mi(i
|-.'II.-,,K
S777
ii,v;i
III7-'
III71
iiiiii; I
llMII I
4(187
TIIK liATK'AOIlIA OK NORTH AMKRIf'A.
103
Tli»! total Icii^^tli of liir^icst s|«'('iiin'ii svvu (.">!).;!>, Saint Louis) is
iiiclit's, of wliicli tlio tail tbriiis 2M(). The smallest adult is li incliea
louj-'.
In the Just jxM'iVctcd younf;- is simmi a series of illy-dediied liylit spots,
lai't-er tiiau elsewlieie !ilon,u' eaeli side of the back. The belly is (|uito,
lij-ht (rolored.
'J'his speeies bears a close reseinblaiiee to I'hthotlon (ilutinosHS, from
\vlii(th the jjenene pcculiiirili' the lon^'er digits, etc., readily distinguish
it. The bluish spots, too, a. inneh less sharply delined and duller, less
silvery, and do not o(!eur on the l)aek to anythin<;- like the same extent
as in /'. {ilKfiiiosiis. From A. jfircnionidntiin it will be known by the
projectiii}; lower Jaw, much smaller and more arched head, j-reater
nund)er of costal furrows, more evident spots on the sides, etc., besides
the important peculiarities of t()n<;'ue and teeth.
This is one of the species whose metamorpiiosis is completed some-
tiuH' before il attains full si/,i^ A specimen in which minute stumps of
the branchiu' remain measures 2 in(;hes in len<,'th ; another without
traces of them, 2.1."* inches. The width of the head enters the len<;(h (o
the f>roin l.'J times, and tiie tail fall* short of the axilla from its base.
These measuremiMits may l»e compa/ed with those (jf the adult in illus
tration of the j;eneral jiriuciple that the relative lenji'ths ot body and
tail increases with iiutreased size.
Th(! well developed lateral procM'sses of the otoj;lossal cartilaj;e ai»-
proach the character of Amblystoma more than is seen in any other
sp«'cies of (Jhondrotus, its very lonji median processes are not found
in anv other species of this ueiius. AIthou<;]i they lie closely apju'essed
in tl ■ lonj;' axis of the tongue, (hey are homologous, each with a half
of the (iircle of And)lvstoma.
P4
1 1
1 1
:il.
il
m
■; 5
t
ClionilvotiiK mkronlomim Copt'.
liKSia.'VK SKUIKS.
ruiMiii^iic
N'o. Ill
iiiinildi-.
Slice.
HH?.")
,'
kk:)7
1 1
:i!t!»!l
1
MS'2
I
:i)
1
:iiU!t
<;
un.'id
;i
HlMlCi
1
I'JII.W
;i
ST77
'■! J
IllnlC,
1
11. '.(U
1 ,
lit"'-'
1 i
14474
1 ]
4ii!in
:!0
llKII
•J ;
■ji;87
'-'1
l.oialiiv.
Maiiili'vill,, r.ii
^ M Il (\n nii'l, III . . .
Siiiiil l.iitiis, Mo
(')
I'liilrio Mcr i;iiu"c,
I.a.
Nrw Madiiil, M.i ....
Kurt Sinitli, Aik
NToiiiii <'aniii'l, III ...
Wlicallaiiil, Iiiil
('(iliiinliiiM. I Hijci
Niw Mailiid, Mo
Mount CariiiL'l, III . . .
OaKlrv, S.<;
Moiin't Caniiil, 111 ...
n.'Uinill.', Ill
IIiKl.ion'.s liay
C) '.
{'■)
Saint I.otils, Mci
Sollllll'Ill IllilloiM
I.aiiiaslcr, Olijn
(iiainl Coteaii, La
Wli.n
nillcctrll.
KicMii whom iri'riM'il.
Nov.
•I line
-,1H7C
-, If 7".
Nov. -, 1HS1
.\lir. — , IhSI
\.(). .Viadniiy
SaiiiiU'l rimii 1
Dr. (ico. I'lii^iU'niaiin. .
.la.s. Kiiiiic
N'alnio of siirci-
ini'ii.
Alcoliolir
I III.
Do.
Do.
Do.
N'ov. — , l.-'SI
Apr. T), 1H87
It. Kciiiiicott ! Do.
Dr. H. !•". Sliniiiaiil Do.
I,. .M.'riiiiii r I Do.
ItoliiTt I!iil;;wa.v Do.
j I'riil. I.. I.i'siincicnx Two larvii'.
I U. Kriinicotl i'llUi.
! I/. M. 'rimicr ; Alroliolic.
— , 1«K1
I''. W. liaywaiil
I<. M. 'J'lmii'r
Dr. A. Kciis.s
V. W. llavdcn
{'■) -.
W'.r.T.'l. Ks
Dr (ii'o. KnCflinaiiti..
]{. Kciiiiiciitl
I.. I.rsiilliTclIX
Sl.(,'liailcs('i:l!f.;c ...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
11
I I
[^
, ': '
ill
i!
ir:
' i J:
i !
104 lii'MJ-rriN :!i, unitkd srATKs national muskum.
t'llOXDKOTIS TEXANIIS Mattlics.
(I'latcr)!, lij,'. I!l,)
.%il„mtui(lin Ir.nnin. Mattings, All,!;i'iii. .hiilscii.- natnili. /.•iliiiiR, I, IH.Vi, p. 'ififi.
.tnihlHsloiiHi hj-ainin, liair.l. I". S. Mcx. ISdiiiMl. 8iirv., ii, I.Vi)f., -"■'. I'l. :<•"., fly;. If.;
Cope, Pn>c. Ac. I'liila.. ' \i).'.'(M: Sliaiicli, Salaiii., j). 0.
The (U'seriptioii <»t' this spcc-ios is taken from si)eciiiuMis uliich iiro
not fully j^rowii. Tiic proportions iirc, liowcver, inucli llioso of llic (!.
viicnKstowus at tlic saiin' a^ijc. This, with the Iarj;c nunilu'r of costal
^Moovcs, ivndors it alMi(»st (joitain that the fiill-srown individuals are
imich like those of the latter species, and very probably of near the
same si/e.
Skin ever;s .. Iiere ]it. A mediali dorsal
Lt'ii^fdi from t'lid iiiii/./lii to fjroiii (• 11
Lciifjtli from end muz/lo fo I'lid tiiil 'i I?. 7.">
Ijfiijjth from (^lltow lo end finucr ;>. I
Lciif^tli from knco to *».
Amhljintoma paroticnm Haird, Coih'. I'mc. Ac. I'liihi., IH(;7, p. 200 ; Strancli, Salam.,
p. (•).-.; noiil.'njj;t'r, Cat. Hatr. Grad. Hrit. Miis., cd. ii, IS-i, p. 1^ IM. ii, lij^. 3.
This salamander is of very i)ecnliar (iharacter. It is one of the stout-
bodied spe(!ies, in this respect about e(]nal to A. piincttitum, but with a
broa(b>r head.
In the type specimen (47(t8) the skin is remarkably free from pits,
pores, and milk olands. Tiiese are found on the parotoid region, both
above and below the horizontal furrow from eye to side of neck, which
is swollen in conseiiuence. There is also a small patcii on top of head
borderiii};- the orbit, a pat<-h on the s|)a<'es between the intercostal fur-
rows, on the ujyper pint of the sides, extending-, though faintly, nearly
to the belly. Along the ridge of the tail, bordered below by an in-
dented line, the glands are tliickly crowded. A few scattered glands
are seen along tlie back ; elsewhere the skin is perfectly smooth and
glandh'.ss, with the miisch^ directly beneath it, although probably when
fresh the usual shallow pits of tlu' group stud the skin thickly every-
where, as usuid. These are distinctly visible in a second si)ecimen
(I7(t!>). In this also the ghuuls an; more numerous on the back and
extend fart her 7 is
inu 1 N.ah r.iiy, (>ii'l:iiii ....
4711!) , - Xcai'SrijihiliniiMi, Oil'.
i;nn.
1 Cnal iiiiii('.< (if VaiH'ciii.
\VV l.'4lall4l.
FlKiii wliDMi irci'ivi'il
N'aliui' of ,t|ic(i
iiii'ii.
A. Ciiiiplicll Aliiili.ilic l\ |H
Dr. (". r.. 1!. K.iiihtIv Al. (iliolir.
.1. (i. Swan |i(i.
A. Cainplhll I),..
AUli'ii W. Iti^\v.s(in
Do.
I
T
H(
THE BATRACFIIA OF NORTH AMKRICA,
rroiiorlioiiitJ (limfiisioiifi.
107
47Ud. L'hilowyiick.
Head:
fifinj^th of jjtapo of iiiontli to its widtli inoro than half.
Width to disfiinct' from snout to giilar fold contained IJ tinies,
\Vid(h to distance from snout to j^roin 'l.J tinics.
\\ idtli to distance from snont to Ijehind aims -f fi tiniuH.
From snout to ^nlar fold contained in distance from snont to irroin '.ii times.
From HUO'.it to guhir foUl containud in distance from snout to hchind
aims +4 times.
Distance anteriorly Itctween eyes in huijjth of orbit 2 times.
Distance from eyes to nostrils in leiij;tli v f orbit little over 1 time.
Distance between external nostrils in huij^tli of orbit little ovtsr 1 time.
Distance between internal nostrils in lenj;th of orbit about 1 timo.
Width of toiif^nc to wiilth of head little over i time.
Liinl>s:
Free ))ortion of hnifiest finj^er contained in distance from elbow to tip 2ij ti'nes.
])istance between oiitstrctchi'd toes in len;i;lh from snont to jiroin e(|nal.
•i,
McdHircmctiln, in iiichcH.
» w »
Leiifjth (measured aloiifi axis of body):
From snout to^japc^ r>0
Fnnii snout to jjnlar fold '.•.">
From snont to armpit l.Tid
From snont to irroiii li. Id
From snout to l)(diind aims .
:$. sn
From snont to vui\
of ta
1...
7. t]0
lead:
Width of he.-id...
. . . .
. - -
.7.')
Width of ton"ne
to
Lenj^th of orbit ...
. 2.".
Distance between
eyes
ant<
M*i-
orly
.
. »r>
Distance between
outer
nost
rils
. 25
Head— Continued.
Distance b(!tween inner nostrils .24
Tail :
Height of tail where hij^hest.. . . 4.^>
I'.readlh of tail where hi-;hest.. .20
Limbs:
J'ree portion of l()iii;(>st (inj»or.. . !?0
I''roiu ell»o\v to tip of lon>;e.st
r"-f,'<'i- «5
Free portion of loni^est toe 'MIt
From knee to tip of lon^fest toe 1.00
Distance between ontstretehed
toes :? 05
CHONDUOTUS DIX'ORTICATUS Cope. *
American Naturalist, 18.-'7, p. i^-< (February).
Anihlnnlomn dccottiialiim Vo\w, I'roeeeds. Aiucr. I'hilosoph. Soc, l."^8f), p. r>S2.
Tlii.s species has a {jood deal of allinily in its character to the C.
paroticiis I>airial proportions are not slender; and the limb.s, especially the
posterior ones, are very stout. The tail is Ions', i>»it'.s.s<'«l to the
side ovt'iiap l>v tlio loii^^tli of tlii' liiis^'i's.
There is no eantliiis lustralis, ami the lower jaw does not extend be-
yond the upiKT. The external iiares are almost terminal, and are as
far apart as the distance b.'twcLMi the inner bordiM'S of the choana'.
The latter are rather lar^e, and are transverse. The vonieropalatino
series of teeth form a short transverse line, which is entirely within the
internal borders of the inner nares and a considerable distance poste-
rior to them. The ton,-;ae is wider than Ion;;-, bnt docs not till the wide
floor of the mouth laterally. A dermal yroove extends posteriorly
from the eye to the side of the neck above the anterior border of the
liiunenis. A branch groove descends a short distance posterior to the
eye and turns forwards to the eanthns of the mouth. These grooves
divide masses of crypts, those on the inferior side of the {groove hi'.\u line (if eyes (!(),")
liiMif^tli (if i'lirc-lcjx O-ji;
liCiintli oC lurc-fodl 111(1
I.ciinlli Dfciilpitiis (II IH
IjtMij^lli of hi ml I<'
Widtli bi'lwfcii (■.yes (I0(!
Width of liiiid OKi
Widtli ofKolo OtW
D.'pth of tail at miihllo W8
Till' iii;uiiu'r of (U'S('i-il)iiijf tlio color i)iitti'rn of this .species «li'(>eii(l,s
on wliiit we ii-oaitl as tlie j^rouiul. We can assume tliat the ground
color is represented by a dark chocolate-brown, and say that this is
closely studded with brownish-white spots of irrej;nlar forms and
sizes. On the back, limbs, and top and sides of the head the pale
spots are so close tojjether as to reduce the brown to a network. On
the l\nM-leos the p.ile spots arc lar<»er than anywhere else. The spots
are few on the tail, and those chielly near the base. The inferior sur-
tiUH's are dirty lif,ditbrown.
Tiie characters which separate this species from C. j;; Dr. T. II.
Streets, U. 8. Navy.
CiroNltKOTUS ATKKKIMUS Cope*
Ainericiin Niituriilist, 1887, \t. 88.
.tmhhistiiiiKi iilirriminii, Co]»(', I'rot,'. Ac. IMiihi., 1^(17, ]>. 'JOl ; .Stiaiitli, Sahiiii., p. (i.'>;
Honliii^. r, (at. Itatr. (Jiad. Hiit. Miis., cd. ii, ls,--,>, p. 4i».
This is a stout spe(^ies, haviiifj; a form of head intermediate between
that of tlu^ C. fenebrosus and .1. tiyrintim. The deidition is (piite pe-
(Miliar, and with the ensemble of its characters refers this species to the
immediate neiyldiorhood of the C. ienthiosus.
Head a broad oval, its ••reatest width a little over three-quarters the
leiijith from end of muzzle to {?ular fohl, and 4.2 in same to "roin. The
pupil marks three-sevenths the distance from canthus of mouth to ex-
ternal nostril. Fissure of orbit equal lenj;th from same to nostril and
enters l.OU times widtli between the latter; it is contained 2.L'5 times in
widtli between anterior canthi of eyes. Canthus rostralis marked at
orbit, terminatinjjf very obtu.sely at nostril. The i)rolile descends steejyly
from line of latter, imt being prolonjjed, as in C. tenebrosns. Thus from
the line connectin}»- middle of inner nares to lip is .To external interna-
rial distance and .0 between anterior canthus of eyes; in C. teiwhrosus,
same eipials ititernarial width and .75 the distance between eyes. The
distances between inner and outer nares are the same; the former are
round. The series of palatine teeth commence oidy ojjpositc the middle
of the posterior marfjin of the internal nares, and describe a slight curve
• Phitciit, li,KH. 4,5.
■^
'm
\
, ij
\
Z. 'i
'fU
I'i
;1
4 .
■
^'1
7
r
' 1
ii:M
110 IIULLIM'IN :{l, UNITKI) STATlvS NATIONAL MI'SKUM.
round their inner margins to a point Ju.st in advance of their anterior,
then turn abruptly inwards and slightly l)a(;k\var.ls, making a right
an-lo with their previous course. They converge, but do i-ot unite.
lo ue large ; as broad as long. CJular fold well n.arked ; parotoid
.rroovcMiot visible, perhaps accMdentally. It is dilllcult, as in the C. tent:
hrosus, to distinguish the costal folds. There are not more than twelve.
The tail is short and stout; its upper edge is much coini.ressed, as is
the i)osterior half; its glandular structures are much less developed
than in other species of Amblystoma, the erypts of the erest being
minute and globular. Length of tail e(pial from its origin (posterior
margin vent) to pcsterior outline of sternum.
Tlie extremities are very st()nt,.iust meeting when laid along the side.
The palms and soles are very wide, and the toes short and llattened.
They stand, as regards length, behind, 3, 4, 1>, 5, 1 ; before, 3, 2, 4, 1.
1 4 Q 6
Kii;. 2;t. Vhiiiiiliiildi- alcrriiiiiii.: No. W^i'2 ; raliiral size; Kinky MuiiiituiuH.
The color is black above, lead colored below.
Measinrmnitn.
Ill
Length from HiKiiit to "fapo (lint projection)
Lciigtli I'roiii snout to };iil:ir loltl
Len};tli iVoni .snout to axilla (•
LiMijith from snout to j;roin
Lcni^tli from siniut to end of vent
Lcnjjth from snout to muI of tail (i
Width of head
Width of tonyue ((
Width between eyes anteriorly t)
Width between nostrils
Width between inner nostrils (t
Width from eye to nor.tril
Circuniferenee of belly
Greatest lieijjht of tail
Greatest width of tail
Free portion of longest linger
From elbow to tip of linger
Free part of longest toe
Knoe to tip of longest too ... (I
E.xtcnt of outstretched toes
No. 5242; one specimen ; North Rocky Mountains; Lieutenant iNIallen.
Liii.
-.1
12.7.-.
I'.l. 1
■».-*
(i
1>. 75
f). 2
5
4
:s
2. ar>
y;j. (I
.'■>.4
•i.r,
y. r.
i>. 7r»
;{
11
<;. (i
I
(SI/
w
Sll
I
1
TIIK IfArKAClllA or NOl.TII AMKUICA. Ill
f IIONDliOirs IKNHI'.UU^r.S li«l. (linl.
Colli', Aiiicricuii Niitiirjilin(, l."^.'*/, p. 8H.
Amhhjxiiimii li inlinisiiiii, li:iinl and (iiranl, I'l-oc. Ac. riiilj'.., H.Vi, i>. 171, tiiiil U. S.
Kx|il. Siirv., xii.,|inrt ii., I'l. M, lij?. 1; (Jopt', rroo. Ac. I'liila , 18(17, p. i/CCJ;
Sliamli, .S;ilaiii., p. ti:>; Uimlmmcr, Oat. Hair. (Srail. Hrit. Miis., I'd. ii, IrtS'i, p. U).
.\ililiiiiiin-(( liiKlinixii, (iir., l'. S, Kxpl. Kxpcd., llcrp., )>. M, IM. i, lins. salamanders, as well as by other peculiarities, liereafter
to Itc mentioned.
The skin is less glandular than in A. pnnctatiim or ^(^r/«jn)i, although
scattered glands may be detected (closely and evenly distributed on the
wlioh' back ami sides and on tiie chin. The remaining under parts and
snout befiu'e the eyes are smooth.
The head is v«My massively built, large, broadest behind the eyes and
triangular, the sides being nearly straight to the narrow and roundt'd
tip. The eyes an; very large and prominent, se|>arated by less than
two lengtlis of the orbit, ami distant less than one length from the outer
nostrils, which arc separated by \\ orbits distance, and placed on the
side below the distinct eanthus rostralis. Tlie outer nostrils are much
more distant tiian the inner, which are very large, much excavated,
and iiave the external canal occupied by a soft, plaited membrane.
Tlie tongue is thick and tleshy, nearly orbicular, but angular anteri-
orly. It tills up the lower jaw pretty well, and is more than halt' the
width of the head.
Tlie palatine teeth are in two patches only; each very slightly convex
antericu'Iy, coming together at a slight angle, with the apex backward,
l)nt separated along the nu'dian line. Lateially the patches of teeth
form the p(»sterior margin of the inner nares, and do not extend beyond
their outer margin. The eidire .series is thus posterior to the nostril,
in younger specimens the series are more transverse, the inner extrem-
ities slightly incurved.
The width of the head is contained 1;^ times in distance to gidar fold
and 4 times to groin.
The l»ody is roumled and depressed. As nearly as can be ascertained
there are about twelve costal furrows.
Th(^ tail in the two specimens before me is considerably less than half
the total length. It is much compressed from near the base, and the
edges near the end are (jnite sharp. It is far short of being as deep at
the base as the body.
The lind)s are stout. The digits, the fingers especially, are short, con.
sii'erably depre.s.sed, but linear ami blunt at the tips. The under sur-
faces of these are souiewhat swollen into a kind of bulb, which in alcohol
contracts into something the appearance of a disk. The third finger is
I I
m
0m
V
P
\[2 lilLLiniN :;i, UNITKI) STATKS NATIONAL Ml'SKUM.
loii'-est l»iit is very littlo iiiarc! tliaii tlic scooiiil, iiu.l this than the first
■iiul'lou'itli Tlic tl.inl liii-cr is .iontiiiiuMl nearly four tiii.cs in tlio (lis-
iancc lion, elbow to tip. Ti.c lomtl. loc, is louf-vr than third in three
specimens; in one the second exceeds the fourth a little, ami the same
are nearly eipial in case of the lin-ers.
The color of this si.ecies in alcohol is a kind ot (hirk reddish-brown;
paler beneath, mottled and marbled above, and on the sides with darker
brownish; iuost distinct on the head, especially on the snout, where the
skin is i)erfectly sino'>f h. The head shows a tinye of f^rayish in the
«;ronnd color. . , ,t ■ i
(For fresh color see the ligure in (lir.ird's Ileri>etology ot the United
States Exploring Kxpedition.)
There are two varieties of this species: 3. fi. The loreal rc-iioii swollen in
front of orbits, ami hence the muzzle broader; tlu^ f,M(»und color {gray-
ish, with coarse brown marbiinji-, like larye hollow spots, distributed
over the whole upper surfaces of the body and tail. Hei)resented by
No. r»!»Sl and a larj>e specimen (leiijith S inches (J lines) in .Mus. Phil-
adelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, from I'.ody I'.ay, latitude .'i8^ 18'
north, on the coast of California, procured by (leor^e Davidson, of the
U. S. Coast Survey.
Clioiidrotiin Idnhromin lid. (iinl.
IJKSKKVK SKKIKS.
Cataliisiio No. u(.
luiiiibi'i-. spec.
I.iKiility.
Wlifii
cjllccti'il.
KlDin M liiilii irnivt'cl.
I
4710
4053
SD81
14182
mm
U5.-)U
13781
1 I OlPiIoii K\| lorini; c\|M-(li(iciM
] ■ Astoria, Oit'soii I I.iciit. W. 1'. Tii>\\ In itljic
I r. .S. Aiiiiy.
1 Cliilow .viirli I.aUc, Dr. ('. 11. K. KciiiKilv
(hfumi.
1 l'ii;;ct Sdiiiiil. Oic;;iiii "Ill
1 ! roillunil, Oii'Uo" l***^''' •!. I'i'visiiii
1 ! Slia.sia Cuuiit.v, Cal... I'^KH I.. W. ( liviii
7 do 18h.') (y'lia.s. Ti)W iiHiiiil ..
N'aliiii' »rHiicii-
IIICll.
Ali'iilicilic t.vpr.
.Miiiliiilic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ad. and larvii'.
rroportional dimcnuions.
Head:
Lenjitli "I" 'X'i\»' of iiioiitli to it.s width two-tliirils.
Width contained in distunce from siiont to fftihir I'ohl l\ times.
Width coiitiiincd in di.stancc fVoni snout to >;roin -I times.
Troni .snout to j;ular fold oontaiiu'd in di.staiu'c fioni unout to
jrroin lilt If over li tinii's.
Di.stancc anteriorly lii'twecn eyes in lent^th of orl)it not <|nite twice-
Ui.stancc from i^ycs to nostrils in lenj^th of orbit four-tiftli.s.
Distance between external nostrils in length of orbit H timt^s.
Distance between inte'iial nostrils in length of (ubit ionr-lifths.
Width of tnncnus to width of head one-half.
1
t
\
liimi
Tail:
F.engll
I'
1'
I'rl
I'rj
1 I.
ad:
Wi
Wi
Wi.
Dis
Disf
])isl
Disti
!!•
The lai
any other
1051-
THE lUTRACHIA 01' NORTH AMERICA.
113
< .
I
i r;
liiiiilm:
Eroo portion of lonj^ost linger t'oiitiiiiicd in distaiico fron» cl1)o\v
to tip nearly I tiiaos.
Freu portion of lon(l| Distance lii ween armpit and..
Erom snout to armpit 'J. I(» ninin 'J. (i.">
T ■"
Ei'om HUoiit to groin 1. .'•.">
Erom snout to liehind anus r>. (i.">
Eromsiiont torn 1 of tail lt.:!U
Mead:
Widthof head 1.1.'.
Width of tongue (Id
Width of orbit :M
Di.stanee liet ween ryes anteriorly .."18
Distance between ouler nostrils .10
Distance bet ween inner nostrils . i!()
Distance from e^o to nostrils. .. .*2(J
Tail :
Height of tail where highest... .(15
Ibeadtli turiiv.
;>T?»"
r
LIX(iU.i:LArSUS ANNULATITS Copo.*
American Naturalist, l^•'7, p.8H.
AmbUjHiomn (umiihditm Cope, I'roc. Aiiicr. I'hilos. Sue, H"^7, p. "('iri.
TIlis specii's ivsciiibU'S the ('liondrotii.s mii-rastoinns ratliei' than tlio
C. (iii(jiil((lu.s or this L. Irpdiriis, llowcvoi', it appi'oachcs Iho histtiuiiu'd
spt'cit's ill the form and leii^'th of its tail, and exceeds that and all the
other si»ecies of the lUiiiily in the lenyth of that part of the body.
'llie muzzle is very shorl, and the head is not distinoiiished from the
neek. The leos are short, and when apinessed to tlu^ sides are sepa-
rated by a space of three and parts of two other intercostal spaces,
e(pial to four spaces. The tail is in section cylindricat base, and widely
oval to near the extriMiiity, where it is more narrowly oval. It is not an-
{filiate, and has no dermal marj;in on the middle line above or below. Its
lenylh exceeds that of the head and body by the lenoth of the anterior
foot, iind it may have been loiicctii", sis the extremity is injured.
The head Is short, and the width enters the lenoth to the groin six
and a (luarter times. 1 he front i.> :oiivex to the upper lip or profile,
and transversely between the orbits. The parietal region is very con-
vex transversely. The width between the canthi ocnlorum behind ex-
ceeds the length from the same point to the end of the muzzle. The nos-
trils present anteriorly, aud they tiro not , li, ;{, I; and the phalan-^es, 2, 2, .{, I, L'.
This species is lar<,'er than tlie L. IcptKnis or tlio Chomlt'otus micro-
alumua.
MianKii miiiln.
M.
Total k'ii;.'(li '•'•''
Li'ii^lli (obiiMOof tji=l "'.»-
Lcii^jtli ti) ;;r()iii •'**
Lmjitli (oaxillii I'-'-!
Lciij;tli tt» caiitliiis oii.s i"i;i
Lt'ii^^th of fore liiiil> iVoiii iixiliii t'l'-.'
Loiij;lli (if lore- toot I'i'T
Lonjjtli of Iiiiul liiiil) from ;;roiii (i',''J
Li'ii-,'tli ofliiiul foot IIIV
Widtliof lu'iiil til-,'
lh>iAh of tail at iiiiddic (Ki'.t
The tyi)ieal and only specinien is preserved in ah-ohol. The color above
cverywliere is dark brown; below, very lij;lit brown. Tiie sides are
pak'r, perhaps pak' yeUow in life, and tlie color ascends at several
points, so as to form cross-bands of moderate width ami very well de
lined. One of these crosses at the occii»nt and one at the axilhr; be-
tween the latter and the ^'loin tliere are live, nearly e<|iiidistant.
There is an imperfect one at the sacriiiii, and there are seven on the
tail, one of them imi)ei'fect. Tln^ coloration of this species is «|uito
uni(pie in the j^enus in its rej;ularity.
The locality of the only specimen, \o. llatJI, is unknown.
LINGILELAI'.SU.S LKl'TUKUS Cope.*
Aiiierii.'aii Naturalist, 1SK7, p. 88.
Amhhjulomii Irptiinim Copi', I'roc;. Aiiicr, I'liilsoiili. Soc , ls-i(l, p. :,->.\,
This species resembles the Chondrotus riiufulatHs, but dilfer.s from it in
the entirely dillereut form and proportions of the tail. This i)art is very
slender in the L. kptunis, with round or vertical oval section, without
keel above, and lacking very little of beiii};' as loiij;' as the head and
body together. The legs are of the same proitortions as in tlu^ C. cin-
qulatiiH', that is, when aitpressed they are s(!parated by a space equal
to the length of the posterior foot, showing their greatly superior length
to those of the C. microsto mus. The body is cylindrie. The head is
* Plate '24, fig8."ia, 13. "
._
t
T
an
low
of
act
'I
poii
mid
e\t(
tern
<'(|M;
liflh
is ei
The
len-t
to Ih
TIkI
gilte.
•i, I ;
himi I
The
is mar
linger^
linct p
/•
If)
f
TOK !»ATRA("IIIA OF NOKTII AMERICA.
117
an oviil, with prmliiccd iiiid ioiiiuUmI iiiii//1c, wliicli ])r()j«>(;ls Itcyoiul tlio
lovvi'i- Jiiw. 'I'lic iiiiitiial rcsi'iiiblt's ii rictliodoii nillicr than the .s{i(>cii'.s
ol' Anibl.y.stonia, bnt its vomcrino teeth and t()n};ne liave all the ehsu'-
a(',t«'rH of the ChovdrotitH mirrostomus,
TUv vomerine teeth form a (!onvex series, extondin^j forwards to ii
point between the ehoana-, where they are slifjfhtly interrnpted on the
middle lin(>. The ton<;iie is lar^'e, tilling' the tloor of the mouth, and is
extensively free at the sides oidy. The external nostrils aro nearly
lernunal and ai'o rather near to;^ether, the space between thcni beinjjj
e(|iial to jtist half that betwetMi the basesof the eyelids ami abontthreo-
lifths that between the ehoana-. The width between the eyes behind
is ecpnd to the axial len<,^th from the .sanu^ to the eml of the muz/.le.
The width of the head enters the len;;th to the jjroin seven times. The
lenjith from tlie muzzle to the axilla tMiters the distance from the latter
to the ji'roiu I v time,'.
The lateral di;;its are distinct and the median ones moderately elon-
gate. Their lenjjths, bcfjinniuf; with the shortest, are: Fore-foot, 2, .''»,
;5, 1 ; hinir»
Li'ii;itli 111 111! I'liil of 111 1 1 //I !■ lo axilla flvJO
l,cn;jlli iVdin end of iiiii/,/li! lo ran 111 us oris dlKt,')
r,('ii;;lii of I'orc-li'j; {)\;\
!,fni;tli of fore-foot Oli.^'t
Lnijitii of iiiiiii U"^ on;
li(Mijj;tli of liliid foot OOT.'i
Willi li of Iicail 007.'".
Depth of tail at iiiidille OO-^.
The color of the typical speiMinen in alcohol is ptirplish-brown above
ans am-oss the posterior part of the back. The tail is
densely si)eckle>':. y, I.
I »
■
i
J
k
i
n
' '1
,
1
h
*J
rn M
i
■WA
i!
Ii
lis I'.HF.LKTIN :ll, TTNITi:i) STATES NATIONAL MIJSKUM.
tlicuppor siiilacti of tlio tail in a ivliciilatc iiiamu'r. The limbs arc
palor than the back, and tiic di^iits art" cross barml with whitish.
The habitat of this sj.ccics is uiikiiowu. The only spocimon was
Ibiina in a Jar with a speciinoii o! lHoiiycti/his tomsxs and one of Ii<()m
toiqwraria; the former ('alifornian, the latter Pala-arctic.
])IC A M 1 'TODON St ranch.
Strand), Salmn., p. (i^; r.oiilongfir.C'at. ISatr. (irail. lirit. Afns., 2il cd., l.S8-,>. p. 38.
Tongne nearly entirely adherent. I'alatine teeth in two lonj,' trans-
verse arched series, convex forwards, con verj-inj; backwards, sit nated
behind the line of the (;hoana', si>parated from each other by a wide in-
terspace. Toes live, Tail compressed.
This genus I have not seen. Its characters and those of its only
species are copied from 15onlen;;er's work above (pioted.
DICAMPTOl^ON 1:NSATIIS Kscli.
Straiicli, /. c, p. r.'.1; HonU'iij^cr, Cat. liatr. (Jrad. Uiit. Mus./Jil nl., 1>-S2, p. .38.
Tiiloii oisaliis, Escliselioll/, /.(><'>1. Atlas, ]). ('<, I'l. 'J-J.
Ilealbroad. Snont rounded. I'.ody stout. Lind)S short. Toes free.
Tail Sivord-shaped, (curved upwards, as long as liead and body. Skin
nearly smooth; parotoids and costal grooves appai-ently absent. L'ed-
dishbrown; back marbled with brown. Total lenstli about four decim-
eters.
I liavc not seen this sjjecies, and know it only from the figures and
descriptions above cited. It is said to come from California.
IIYNOIillDJ:.
JTijtwh'ihlKC C(t])e, prno. Acatl. I'liila.. 1<)1>, p. l'2r>.
Otoglossal cartilage, none; a second ei)ilu'auchial. Second basi-
branchial not continuous with the first.
Vertebra' ami>hico'lous.
No parasphenoid teeth; vomerines on the posterior edge of the
vomeropalatine bone. Pterygoid bones distinct.
According to Wiedersheim* two genera of this family, llynobius
and Eanidens, jjossess a lachrymal bone in addition to the prefrontal.
Whether it is a characteristic of the other genera remains to be ascer-
tained. The same author shows (/. c.) that the hyi)ohyal caililages are
very elongate in the two genera named, and are not articidaled with
the basibranchial, thus permitting of inde[)endent m(>tion. (See IMate
25, figs. 10-11.) Jle also tigures a cartilaginous coune(!tion luitweeu tli*'
stapes and the cpradrate, as occurs in the Trematodeia, whicdi is a char-
acter of ninch importance.
•f '
Jl
Ii
St
in
(o
Das K(.|.fsk.li.t ]
. m-'].
-T*
r r 1
V /
THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMKRICA. 119
The latest work on tliis subject, tliat of Doulenj^tM', throws iiiuch
light on it, owiiig to the opportunities on.jcyed by its aiitlior for the
study of the forms of salainaiulers found in Asia. He gives the follow-
ing table of the genera of the family, but refers them all to the Anrblys-
(omida- :
I. Series oi'p.'ilatiuc tooth coiivorsinn; 1»a(;kv\ > .Is, forming a V-s'i-T*^'! figure.
Toes live Ifyiiohiiix.
Toes four .. Stihinutiidrclla.
11. Series of i)al;itiue teetli uniuferrupted, doubly arohod, forming a fY^"**'''iP<^*^
figure.
Kingers and toes with eitidorinic claws OinjrhodactyhiH.
III. Series of i)aIatiuo t(^oth iu two arehcs, convex forwards, separated l»,v a wido
interspace.
Talatinc series short, between the choanii:. Toes live, Haiiidciis.
Falatine series .short, between the choan;e. Toes four Halrdchypvriin.
Of those genera all are Asiatic. Tiie iiorny claws said to character-
i/.e Onychodactylus may not be confined to thiit genus or be constant
in it, as they develop by the hardening of the epidcrniis xv Amblystoma
and .some other genera on exposure to dry coiulitious.
Tiiere are twelve species of this family known, distributed as fol-
lows: ll^'iiobius 5; Salamendrella 2; Onychodaiitylus 1; Kanidetis .'};
l>atrachyi»erus 1. The hyoids of three of the.se genera have not been
examined.
rLETriODOXTID.E.
Gr.ay, Cat. I5i»tr. fJrad. Hrit. Mus., ISrut, ;n, exclusive of Anildystoma and Dos-
nioguathns,
riflhoiloiitidii i',o\)0, ,l()\\rt\. Ac. Nat. Sci., Pliila., tstiii, 10,">.
SpclcrpiiKr Cope, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Piiila., K,[), l',':i.
ricthodoutidd' l>.
Vertebra' amithico'loiis, simple below. Ethmoid wanting; no ptery-
goid.
Carpus and tarsus (^irtilaginous.
Vomeropfilatino bones not produced posteriorly over i)arasphenoid ;
dentigerous plates on the parasplienoid.
('eratohyal undivided, arti(Milating directly with the (piadrate bone
or cartilage; no otohyal. One only, the first epibraiichial in adults;
second basibranchial not connected witli the lirst.
Stai)es not connected with the (juadrate by cartilage, iu adults.
\'estibnle, inner wall o.sseous.
The abovi^ characters define a very distinct and natural group of
genera, which arc all but one ((leotriton) coiilliied to America. Many
of the species are of small size, some of them indeed of very small
size. The largest species, Sprlcrpcs hcllii, rea(!hes the dimensions of
the Amhifisfoma tijin'num or Axolotl. Some of the species are hand-
fi
■:M!\
; I i ■
Ifif
hi
120
IJULl.ETIN
l^NITKO STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sonielv coloiTcl. All arc (li>cau(his, and hcJHij and
Pkthodon (fliidnosiis and cincrciis the external part of the crown termi-
nates in a transverse cutting edge, while the inner extremity is more
prolonged, leaving a transverse depression between the two. In Sp.
hcllii the inner apex is transverse and prolonged a little beyond the ex-
ternal, while in the other Spelei])es and the I'lcfhodon ghdinnNiis the
inner crown is more prolonged and is incurved conic. In 1*. chwrciis
it is a little more obtuse. In Desmognathiis and the Amblystoinida".
the twoai)i('esare of equal height and are both transverse cutting edges,
the outer narrowed in the former. In the larva- of IMethodontida' that
I have examined the crowns are sim])le. The teeth of Autodax are
more like those of Ccecilia, or of Ilylonoinusof the Coal Measures, and
distiiiguisli the genus from other IMethodontida'. t They are large,
com]>i'ess('d, and simple.
Tliis fiimily is more remote in its skeletal (iharacters from the Sala-
mandrida' and I'leurodelida' than is the Amblystomida'. Thus the
absence of parasphenoid brushes, the ossification of the tarsus and
cari)us, and (he persistence of the pterygoid bones aie characters eom-
nion to Die two latter and wanting in the present fiimily. On the other
hand, the nonprolongiition jiosteriorly of the vomers, the articulation
of the ccratohyal with the (piadrate, and the ampliic. iOlt.
rilK ISATllACHIA (iV NORTH AMERICA.
121
r-':
r?
latter liimily is, tlieieforo, between tlie Pletliodontidie and the Sala-
niandrida'. The AinhlyiStoniidie and Plethodondida^ may be tluis eoni-
pared with reference to tlie devehipmental character of the features
whidi distin^nish tlieni.
AMllLY.SrOMID.K.
Superior.
(.'iirpuH .'iiul tiirHua o.sspoiis.
rroiiinxilliiry foiitancllo closod.
Inferior.
O. i>tfr!if/oidi'um ppraistcnt.
I'l.ETIIODONTID.K.
Inferior.
Ciirpns and tarsus carfil!i<;innns.
rnMiiaxillary fonfanolle open.
Superior.
O. plrri/yoiilcuiii olilitisratod.
Tlie inferiority of some Piethodontidie is seen in tlie non distinction
of the di;;its ((Edii)ns), the tliinness of the ossiticatioii of the purietal
nioaihranc bones (Hatrachoseps), and in (Elii»ina the persistence of tiie
mcinbranons <;raninm by the limitation of llie i)arietal boiies to two
small oval lateral scales and the wide divarication of the pi)st(M'ior ex-
tremities of the frontals.
The <(enera embraced in this family are as follows:
Section I. Tlie toiij;iie attaclied from tlio central or |)nsterior pedii'el to IIk^ anterior
niari^in in narrower or wider liaiid. ( I'lelIioilitnt;i'.)
A. Two preniaxillary Ixnies.
Dij^its I,"); maxillary lione rej^nlar, willi niimerons small teetli: parietals
I'lilly osailiod Plclhodon.
Uij^its 1, I ; maxillary as al)ove, paritstals fully ossifuMl IlimidKcliilium.
AA. f)n(\ ]ireinaxillary.
(Y. Di<;it.s I, 4.
Maxillary rei^ular, with small teeth ; parietals not ossified .. . nntrachosepn.
itt* . i)i^its I, 'i.
Maxillary normal ; teeth Hiiiiill, very niiiner'^"s ; no preniaxillary fonta-
nel le SlervochihiK.
Maxillary edentulous jiosteriorly, decnrved, formin}:;aeiittinj^odij:e ; teeth
few, larpe, Iviiife-shapeil ; a iiremaxillary fontanello iuloilnjr.
Section II. The ton;;ne free all round; attached hy its central pedicel only. (Sjie-
leipes.)
A. Two preniaxillary bones (with fontanolle),
I)i};its 4, 5. closely united hy a broad palmar membrane Cenlriton.
I)ij.;its 4, r>, entirely fivf Gjiriiwjihilii.'i.
AA. Olio preniaxillary bone (with fontanelle).
(>•. ni^its 4. 4. '
Dijfits free ; parietal and palatine bones well ossified MiUiruhii^.
liiY. Dijiits 4, ;').
!>i^itsall free; craMal bones well ossified S/iclcrprs.
Dijiils little distinct: ]>ari<'tal and palatii'e cartila^jes not OHsiliele, ;uid the case with which the atiimalscan be analyzed ren-
ders the ciisc free from the donbts which constantly arise in discus-
sions of {generic relationships as to the probable omission of characters
:i ,\
i\
■yj
'r
fi V
rj I
IP '
!fni
iri
122 BULLETIN :U, UNITKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.
from the arj,nimeiit. Hero it can be safely asseitetl that, as far as tlie
skeletons are concerned, there exist no other generic distinctions than
those given above. If, now, any -ciples can be derived from consid-
eration of the osseons system, th. ch of all others ])res(Mits ns with
by far the greatest number of u\ .0 modifications of structure, the
same may be with considerable probability inferred for the other sys-
tems.
The primary groups are distinguished by the different degrees of at-
tachnuMit of the tongue. That form which is most attached rej)reseuts
and is i(h>,ntical with an imnmture stage of the species of section second,
where it is more extensively free, as any oneniay satisfy himself by the
examination of a larva of Spelerpes at a certain period. The tongue
will be found to be tlmt of Tlethodon.
The secondary groups are distinguished by the separation or cou-
Huence of the premaxillary bones. Those presenting the latter type
exhibit separate premaxillaries at the beginning of larval life, though
the union often takes place very early. The mimber of digits dis-
tinguishes groups of genera of less value; in some tiie hind limb has
five digits, in others four. In an early larval stage all possess l>ul four
digits, and in some of those with live the inner consists of one i)hal;nige
only even at maturity {Spdcrpes chiropfcrK.s ct. aff.) Not lli'.^ iug as c(mii-
plete a series of larvae of Spelerpes and IMethodon as uf Anihli/stDiiKi
imndatum, I describe the develoi)ment of the digits in the latter as iudi-
eating the meaning of variations in the same at maturity. At a leugth
of l.L"""' the fore limb only is projected, ami bears two digits only, as in
the genus Proteus. At 1.5""" sometinH\s the posterior limbs are devel-
oped, sometimes imt, and from this size to U.-'i"'"' the nund)er of digits
bears little relation to the size of the animal, an additional digit sonu'-
times appearing earlier, sometimes later. Their numl)ers aie then at
first 2-0; then always 3-0. With the hind foot divided, they ar(^ .'{-L».
and then ,'5-1. Sometimes the anterior digits are couiplete iu number
before the hind limb api)ears, and we liave coml)iuations of numbers
from 1-0 to 1-3, 4-t, and the full nund)er, 1-5, which is found in all
specimens of 2.5"'"' and upwards, denera which exhibit reduced digits
are in all other respects Spelerpes (/. e. ^Manculus) or Plethodon (lleiui-
dactylum), or riemidactylinm with uuossified parietal bones and eonsdli-
dated premaxillaries (Hatrachoseps). Api)lying the case of Anibly-
stoina to tiiese, we could not assert that Ilemidactylium, for instance,
is identical with the undeveloped stage of Plethodon, since when Ambly-
stonui exhibits digits l-t it is branch iferous. IJi.t making the more
legitimate eomi)arison with Plethodon itself, I find that the complete
number of i)osterior digits appears much later in life than in Ambly
stoma, while thebranchia' are absorbed much earlier; that development
in the first regard is retarded, while in respect to the gills it is a(!cel-
erated. Thus in riefhodon ciin'rcus the exterior digit is longer than
the interior; iu si)ecimensof 2.1""" the outer di.":it is the shorter; in those
^ A
!♦
.
\
TIIK I'.ATRACIIIA OF XORTII AMKUICA.
123
^ k
J
i
V 3>
of l.S' , \vlii(;h jiiv witlioiil j;ills, it is ;i very minute tubercle on tiie
outer inetiitarsiis. In ■'■. '■'tie eailier stiige it (t.iii not but be wantinj^,
tlioiijjli this I liiive not seen, and I have little doubt that it is then a
llernidaetylium, unless, indeed, the parietal bones be not ossified.
Another fu'tal condition rendered pernianent is seen in the generic
character of the <;enus (Hdipus, whi(!h dilfers from Spelerpes solely in
the f«etal non-separation of the dijifits which continues even after the
bones of the diffits have been developed. In the larva of Sp. ruber the
digits are early entirely distinct, so that so far as this species is con-
cerned (Edipus i)resents an inc.ract parallelism, but they are also
nu)redistin(!t than in the mature ISpclerpeH beJlii, where, as might besup-
I)osed, the fo'tal union is delayed to maturity in other respects, as ip a
speirinu'U from Orizaba, INIexico, of l(!.o lines in length. There the union
is about as extensive as in (Etlipm iiiorio. In the young of Tliorius
peniuttttluN, the digits are not distinguished in specimens of .GO of the
full size, and otherwise entirely mature. In the adult they are distinct
for half their length. The digits in the young larva of Gyrinnphilus
porphi/ritiruH are as distinct as in those of Spelerjtcs rubra. In one exam-
l)le 1 find the simple foot of earlier stages retained, resembling exactly
that of (Kdipus, excepting that there are emarginations for but three
toes instead of five, (lenera which have no ])remaxillary fontanelle
at maturity have it in the larval stage. Finally, closely allied genera,
whiatrachosei)s and Stereochilus, Ww
with the fcetal digits of the latter the former preserves also its fcetal
cranium. It only renniins to ascertain whether Stereochilus loses its
branchiae before or after aecpiiring the normal number of digits. From
the very small size of one at least of these the fcn-nu'rcase seems pro!)
able, but I have not yet been able to prove it by direct observation.
Should it be so, we would have a ('s wiicii (icidiiii of its species present l>iit loiii'
liiini toes, as in .Miiiic.iiliis ; tlierefoio the n'lation of these two is also of
inexact parallelism. The relation of Thorins is also one of iiicrart par-
tillcli.siii, for thoMiiii its eliaractters are fonnd in some .voiui^" Sjx'lerpesat
an immatjire a^ne snbseqnont to the absorption of the brancliiiu, it lias
opisthocu'Ins vertebra'. With (Edipns, if the condition be not that of
cvdcl iiiiniUfli.sui with some species of Spelerpes, the approach to it is
close, as above observed. It is chiefly pi'cvented by the fact that the
ossifK^ation of the parietal bones in most species of the latter takes
place after the extremities are fnlly developed. It is to be ol>served in
tliis connection that, as has been above pointei;;it.s (listiiict.
'I'wo prt'inaxillarics.
OiH' I'ri'iiiaxijjary.
^v. Diifitmiiiitcd.
Two priMiiaxiiiaricH.
One itrcMiiaxillary.
DifriLsJ-l.
Scr.l.KIJI'K '.
Hi/riiinitliHiis.
S/wlirpen.
}.
(KiliptiK.
Mmu'iihiK,
i
'See Oriij;in oC (Jcttcra, p. .>;{.
^Mtowr:»-u
X
i'llli IJAl'UALMllA OF NOKTll AMEUICA,
12r)
Or tliiis:
Two rU10.MA.\Il.LAKII':S.
(lijriHoiihiluH,
I'ltlhiidoii.
dvotritoii,
IhmidavhjUum.
Dif^itH 4-5,
a. Distinct.
Toiifjiiu IVnc.
Toni^iio iutiiclicd.
iX(X. United.
Dibits 4-4.
ONK PltlCMAXIl.LAKY.
Sjtvliriwu.
SUnvchiliin.
(Kiiipun.
(titculitn.
Ilalravhoscjin,
Some other chanicters found in tlii.s tiu lily are those of low develop-
ment nnd iiijproxiiniitions to the larvul condition. Thu.s three of the .spe-
eie.s exhibit at tinie.s a subnareal cirrhn.s, which occurs in some of the
Co'cilid! ', and Xenopus among Salientia. It is the persistence of that
long sulDcular tentacle characteristic of the early larval stage of Uro-
dehi generally (see Plate 10), and of a later larval stage of Xenopus
(cid. Wyman and (Jray), where they resemble the appendages of the
Siluridie. They have been called crochets by Itusconi, and homologized
with the cylimlric cephalic processes of the larval liana, with what cor-
rectness remains to be proven by ob.servations on other types.
I'ischscholtz correctly rei>resents 7><(/ra(7/f>.st7).s' attcnuatiis i\>i without
pretbntals. An elongate process of the frontal occupies only part of its
place, forming no suture w ith the maxillary. This is (juite ditUirent from
J)enK)gnathus, where the orbit is comi»leted by the union of frontal and
maxillary. In ^fan(^nlus ijiiadi'idi(iit(itun the prefrontal occuipics this
depression as an elongate vertical .scale.
In fSpclerpcs ruber the (luadratum presents a small internal anterior
ala, whi(;h has a superlicial resemblance to a pterygoid. In this species
there is ai)parently an a/.ygus bone behind the luemaxillaries. This is,
however, only the expo.sed extremity of their united spines, w hich are
nearly or (piite i.solated by the approximation of thi^ anterior parts of
the nasale. It does not occur in the Gyriuophilti.s porphyritkuti.
JJATUACIIOSEPS Donap.
Faiuia Italica; Oniy, Cat. Hrit. Mun., \H20, 4vJ ; Coiic, Piococil. Ac I'liila.,
1809, p. 1)8 ; Straucli, Salani., i>. 84; Houlen^cr, pt. Cat. Brit. Mns.,
Oil. n, lS8i, J). .V.>.
Tongue adherent anteriorly. Digits I, 4 ; a large parietal fontanelle.
i'remaxillary single, pierced by a fontanelle.
This genus embraces the tbrms which may be considered the lowest
in the family. It dill'ers from Ilemidactyliuni as Thorius does from
Si>elerpes, /. r., in the nonossitlcation of the parietal bones. This low
grade of development is liero «een in the extremities also, whi(;h are
f >
ft. i^m
i
120 JUILLiniN lil, IIMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL MUSKUM.
imich reduml, and the snake like form of one of the species. The speeies
are four, as follows :
I. Costal i)litu', ei),'Iitefii; (ho toes well dovclopixl, palmutt!.
Outer posterior toe woll (lov.'Ioi.ed ; liinil liriili extending' over 7.5 eostal Inter-
spaces, fore liiiil) toorl.it: tail e(|iial boily and liead to orliit, more slender than
tlu- body; belly yellowish II. i„u-iJic,iH.
II. Costal pliea'. nineteen to twenty-one : toes very nidiniental, little distinct.
a. Parasplienoid teeth in one patch.
Mind linibexlendinj; over six costal interspaces; fore limb nearly to orl>it ; tail
as Ion-,' as body ami head to orbit ; width of head seven times from nin/zlo to
jrn,in;"belly black J'- iiiynniilnn.
Hind limb extcndinj? over fonr costal interspaces; foro limb not to iiiiHiIe of
month; tail thick as body, .is loiij; as body and head plus the len>;tli from
mn/./.le to axilla; width of head vl'^ht times (mm nin/.zlc to ;;roin; belly
f,,.„^y,, Ji. atlvnuatun,
aa. rarasplu'noid te<'tli in two [patches.
Hind limb extendiii'; over lour costal spaces; tail uu)ri! than twici^ as lonj; as
head and body; sides dark /'. aiiiilalii'i.
l$ATlx'AClI().'. (tttenitdtus the tail is !.(> the len^^th of the head
and body and less (measurements made from femur). Limbs about {»s
in B. attenuatKH, the anterior reachiiij;' the lirst dermal j^roove behind
tlie mouth, and the posterior eoverinj.;- four intercostal spaces when ex-
tended forwards. The inner dij,qts are rudimental, that of the anterior
foi)t possessing a metacarpus only. The costal fj;ro()ves number f went'
one; they extend across the abdomen, liut are not visible on the bacL.
The tongue is a longitudinal oval. The vomerine teeth form two con-
vergent brands directed inwards and posteriorly from within the choan;e.
They are better developed than in li. aftenuKtiis. The i>arasphenoid
teeth are in two distinct patches, thus ditfering from those of the Ji.
attenuattiHj where they form a single patch.
Mtasitrcinents.
M.
Total length Kid
Leuf^th to axilla Oll.'i
Lenj;tli to 4''
ll
t|
(I
til
Tilt; IJATKACHIA OF NORTH AMKUICA.
127
Tliis is the most vormit'orm North Americiiin sahunaiitlor, reseinbliii}>;
the (KiUinna laiijonitis KoR'i'st. of Contral America in its proportions.
Its rehitioiis t;) the Jiatrocliosc/ni ultenuatus are close, but its dillerences
may be siimniarized as Ibllows: (1) The two patches of paras[>ljenoi«l
teeth; (li) tlie absence of dorsal grooves; (.{) tlie very elongate tail;
(I) the longer pat. aftcniuUuii has been ob-
tained.
cS
ti tl
6 7
I 3
Fi;;. 'J7. lliilnii-ldisejis rdinJiitvii, No. l;).'(il. H.i.sslri'.s Uaibor, AliisUa; ; except Via. '>=\.
(;iital(iL:iii- N'o. ol'j
miiiilier. , siiec.i
I.iieiilitv.
13JU1
I UasHler llailiiir, Alaska
From wli.an re.'eive.l. ^'''t'"" '''' «1»'^'-
i men.
Uelliy K. Xielmls i Aleoliolie.
.V
IJATK'ACHOSKPS ATTENUATUS Escli.
liniiiiii., rjiuii. H:il.; Ilullow., Joiini. Ac, I'liila., iv, 1,'<)8, p. IMS; Copo,
I'roc.'td. Ac. I'hilii., l,i(>'.t, p. "Jrt; Striiucli, Salaiii., p. !*:>; Gray, Cat.
I5iit;-. (Jrad. I'.rit. Mils., cil. i, p. ■«•>; IJoiilcnyicr, Cat. 15atr. GraJ. Brit
Mil • , I'.l. v., 1~.-^-,', p. til).
iS<(liini(iitiliii(ii iilliiiiKittt, Ksclisfli., Zool. Atlas, p. 1, 1*1. til, tii^. 1-14.
Tliis species is well cliaracteri/.ed by its slender form and its very
weak extremities. The costal folds are nineteen, more rarely twenty or
eighteen, and are well marked on the back and belly, and turned for-
wards toward tlie median line on the former, which is marked by a
delicate groove. There are tour latera\ folds in front of the fbie limb,
three of wliicli are crossed by a longitiullnal fold from tiie orbit. The
tail is longer than in any other North American salamander, except the
/.'. candatit.s, and is entirely cylindrical, and undistinguishable at the
origin from the Iiody ; it is marked by forty-seven distinct annuli to the
end of the vent. The toes are very small and obtuse, and free for the
length of only one plialange: below this a web connects them. The
inner toe on both feet is a mere knttb. The extended fore limb reaches
the transver.se Ibid behind the canthus oris; and the extended hind
limb covers four intercostal spaces.
The head is short, broad, and flat, and the muzzle is as long as the
diameter of the orbit. The lip is more or less luominent below and be-
Ibre the orbits. Tlie palatimj teeth do not extend to behind the nares;
they form two very oblique short series, which nearly meet posteriorly
If-
I hi
« )
f\
r ,
V\
.rn
128 nULLKTlN 34, IJNITKl* STATKS NATIONAL MII.SIUJM.
on the iiiiMliiui liiu',iiii(l are well .sepiiriited froiii ihesplieiioulal initchos.
The latter are not separate, ami fonii one wide oval brush.
Mcaitiiriinnitu i>f Xo. IIHOI.
M.
T.ital loiit!!!! ^^*
Total ImiKth oflii'iKl ami boily ^'"
Total Icii^'tli IVom inuzzle to ;,'roiii •'•'■'
Total Ifii^lli iVoiu iiiu/./lc to axilla. "H
Total luiijjili iVoiri inii//lc to cantlm.s oris OOl
Leiijith of loiv liiiil) 00»>
Lon^'tli oI'IiIikI liiiili <"*7
LiMijjth ot'liiiid loot ^•*'-
Width of hoa.l **05
f'll
vJ
.vrl
Til
I''l(J. 'J8. JIdlnichiiKijiK (illi iiiiiitnx. 11)!*!).'), ]; li;;. — ■}.
The color of the lower surface is brown, with a few whitish points on
the },Milar reyion and tail, and fre(|uently over the whole abdomen. The
sides are darker, sometimes almost black. The upper surface is <,'ener.
ally a paler brown, with a lij^ht shade extending on each side from the
nape to the base of the tail. These bauds arc composed of numerous
short longitudinal streaks, which become separated on the base of the
tail, and cover its surface to the end, or to the middle, as the ease nii»y
be. This light color has generally a reddish hue, and in many speci-
mens exteml entirely across the dorsal region, forming'a band, not un-
like that of riethodon cincreus ti(s.
Habitat. — Tliis is an abundant species of the Pacilic coast region of
the continent, but it has not becui found to the eastward of the Coast
Kange of mountains. I have ^^\aulined eight specimens from near iSan
Francisco, in the ^Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from William
M. Gabb, and one in tlie iMnseum of the Essex Institute from the sauio
locality, obtained by Mr. Samuels, and the following:
JtatraeliowpH atlinitatun Ksch.
KESERVE SKltlES.
Cataloiriio
No
(if
iiiiiiiIk'I'.
H|)l
;c.
0890
1
'.l«)l
10
■Kill!)
•>
w:oi
li
■1017
It
4114:1
■>
i:i!Mi:i
4
144-4
7!
Locality.
(;alifoiiiiii...
l''ii'mio, Ciil ,
Whpii
cdllcctdtl.
Kroin wlioin Nature of
ILTl'iVt'd. i HlK'fillU'Il.
187y
\)v. Win Stiiiip.siiii
(jurttavo ELsoii —
MoMliTe.v, (':il j CanlicUl ...
I'ctaluiiia.Cal I';. Saiimc'ls.
('alil'ornia...
('.('. liovlr
Siena Nevada Moiinlaili.s, Oil! . .. Jul.v, 1«84 : J{. IC. ('. StiariLS . ..
liallciia.s liav, (.^al
K. Ilciiipliill
Alcoliolic.
Do.
Do.
])o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
S^
\
,L
^ *
J
•■-.^,u..„;;;,!■''';:;::'•""■^■^■''-•'>■'■:N•'■«,« .,,,,,
» '111,1 if'i) t II 'N. i> ,
129
'J^"'s .s„.an species roso, , , «•'-'•". l«8o
'''"'■■il l.'n"(li f.v,"i",.' •
"" '''oCIi,.,,,!
;^''"^«!i „(•,;.,, ,(,;,-,; ;;;
tines.
-. 22
■■ 13.5
• 3.5
1.7
1.8
2
<^oIor above ,Ieei, In". ■-"'''-■■: ^-^
i«o .s])eciiueii.s of ih\ * ^^«
J''"rncho.,l>. >n,nra.M. Vo^,.
A«^.«.
^'I'l'alily.
H'l.cn
'••'Ili'ctcil.
""""■■"^^;!^^,^:r^^i-.
''"'■""1 wliiiiii re
•■'•ivcl.
N'Uiiro of
speciinon.
_ I ^'■^^•^•'^''^'"■"«- 1 Alcoholic.
'»"si""«"ai -im,,^,:; ;:'::'«■'*«; ''■'''■''"":;::; lit:: -;-■ ^.4;:^,,^;^:;/: '-
fj
Jil
I
130 nrLLirriN :;i, unitkd wiatkh national muskum.
iiics. Fore limb to orbit, liiml limb .scinccly longi-r, roiUiliiii}? tlic oijjlitli
fold from bcbiiiil. Tlie iimcr di^it on both oxticmitics is .so short as to
render tlio members almost 3-3. Tail elongate, slender, sia)cylindrical.
Gnlar fold represented by a line.
Miasunmoiln, in iiirlun.
Length of head to angle of niontli
JJreailtli of licad licliind cyi'H ^
Kroni uinz/.lo to liiinKMiiH f»
Trom nnizzli) to groin IC. f)
Leiiglli of tail f
Length of posterior limb •{&
HalrachoscpH pnciJlvHS Cope.
KK.SKKVK SKUIKS.
IjilirN.
» r.
Catalnf;ii(' No of
niniibcr. Bpcc.
07.13
4000
1
LofiOity.
Santnlinrbnrn, Cnl
'i San Frnmisco, Ciil
When
collected. 1
!
1
1
Kroiii wliiim vcocivctl.
Nature of
Hpi'cinieii.
ni. llavH. .,
K. I). OlltlH .
Ale. tyiti'.
Alcoliulic.
IIEMIDAOTYLIUM T.scliiuli.
Classif. tier Batrachicr, Trans. Noudiatol, 183S, p. .'il-DI; IJonap., Fauna
Ital., n, llil,Nio. 10; Filzingor, Syst. l{cpt.,:i:{; Hainl, .Jonrn. Ac. Nat.
Si'i. rhihi., I, lidl, 1810; Hallowfll, /. c, IS.'.S, HCm; Gray, Cat. Hrit.
Mas., 1850, 41; Copi-, rroei-cd. Ata.
Desmodactjilits, Dnni. &, Hibr., Krp. (Jen., ix, p. 117.
Tongue adherent anteriorly; digits t-4; parietal bones fully ossified,
without fontanelle; two i)renia.\illaries, with fontanelle; prefrontal
boue present.
This genus is oidy distinguished from Plethodon by the deticieney of
its bind foot in digits. Tho.se that remain are quite rudimental. It
differs from Batrachoseps in the i)resence of the prefrontal bono. There
is but one species known, and its habits are entirely terrestrial.
IIEMIDACTYLIUM SCUTATUM Tschiuli.
Batr.,p.94; ILillo\v.,.Ionrn. Ac. Pliila. {■>), in, p. :'.(!() ; Stranch, Salain., p.
7(J; Gray, Cat. Batr. Gratl. Brit. Mus., ed. i, p. 41.
Salamandm scutata, Schlcg., Faun. Japon., Amph., p. 119, •■iiitl Abbild., PI. 40, tigs. 4-6.
Salamaiidm melanostida, Gibbos, Best. .Jonrn. Nat. lILst., v, p. 89, I'l. 10.
Umnoddctyliis sciitatim, Dnin. Sc Bibr., p. 118.
DmnodactijlHs melaiiosticttis, Dnni. A liibr., p. 119.
llatmcho8cps sciiMus, Bonlongcr, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Miis., ed. ii, 188',>, p. WX
Whole skin finely and beautifully granulated; viewed vertically, the
sides of head arc parallel, the eyes forming the anterior corners, and
not projecting beyond the line of head ; nuizzle not tapering, but .sides
nearly parallel, almo.st entirely truncate, and overhanging lower Jaw;
eyes nearer muzszlo than Plethodon enjthronotus (viewed from above) ;
outline contracted beh^ud tUo occiput, then expanding, taniiddJe of body
J
Total Jenj
I'ungtli to
Length to
I^l'ngtlito;
^"■"gth to
J-'f'iigth of
J-L'n(r(Il ofl
I-'L'ngdi of ]
Width of h
s
I'ect very weak- fJ . "'"'•»".> «l»oeimens. "*^ ^•'"'
I'eatli. Cent -.1 h... ''"''•'•'*''' ''''^"y «i
f)
'f""«n. off„,eii,„,... "■
^^™«:(I. ofliiiwlliml, ■"■
"Kltli of head
■•"••"-...
""'''"'■'."''■inn ,, ■„,„„„„
Mat
"'"'lllCKld, 111.. J
•1(1 L'
ir.s
ir.. (i
.•{. .{
2
•{. a
1.1
2.0
' tWWP
I
TT^
132 BULLiyriN ;u, unitkd states national museuxM.
IJesides spt'ciiiioihs from Cliestor County, Ta., from Iluntiiiftdoii
County, Pa., and from Chicago, 111., in the Museum of the rbiladelpliiji
Academy of Natural Science."*, the followinjr are in the National IMuseum.
Professor Verrill ,says it is abundant near New liaven, ami the Essex
Institute po-ssesses it from Gloucester and Beverly, Mass. Dr. J. E.
(Jray, ('atalos'ue oflJritish Museum, gives Niagara. Dr. II. AV. Gibbes
described it from Abbeville, S. C.
Idii !l
IlcmidavljiUnm nciilatiim Tscli.
KESEKVK SKKIKS.
Catiil(i"iii' No. of
nmiilier.
408:5
'Um
4":ii)
40!(:i
4(iy4
40H9
40:111
:i743
144r,U
4UU1
4724
HI)ec.
Loc.Tlity,
\Vhi«n
collected.
From whom received.
Ci.rli.s1e, Pa I'rof.S. F.Biurd.
.ill) 1 <1(>
St. Ciilliiiine'!), Ciinada ' Dr. D. W. IJeaclle
Itiplev, Oliid 1'. I!. Iloy
Nortlilicld, 111 U. Keiiiiicott
Moadville, I'a William.s
Hicelionni};)!, Gn (')
Anderson, S. C Mrs. Daniel
(') (')
W'a.sliinj'ton, D. U (?)
lioor;;ia Dr. .F. .Tones
Nature of
Hpecimon.
Alcoliolic.
D...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
4rp».
^;.- -,1;
I i
I' V
ri"
PLETITODON Tscbudi.
Systoiii (1. Batrachier, Trans. Neiicliiid'l, ISHH, .VJ-'J2; Uon.ip., r.iuii.-v
Ital., II, V.n. Uaird, Joiirii. Ac. Niit. Sui., Pliila., i, ii'J2: llailowell, ib.,
18.">8, :{4-,'; Cope, I'roc. Ac. N:it. Sci., Pliila., lf«(Jl», l',M ; l{oiileii<,'er,
("iit. 15;iti-. (irad. Hrit. Mils., 11 vd., 18,-^-,', p. M.
Jhredia Girait], Trocced. Acad., Pliila,, l*,i, ]>. t:!.".
To!igue attached by the median line below, from the glosshyal bouo
to near the anterior margin ; vomerine and parasphenold teeth present ;
a large fontanelle between the spines of the separate premaxillary bones.
Toes 1-5, normal. Anterior teeth not enlarged. Cranium well cssitlcd.
Prefrontal bone present.
This genus is highly characteristic of the lienio nearctica, where five
species represent it on the Pacilic slope and three in the eastern dis-
trict. A species from Japan, named P. pcrsimUis by Gray, is shown by
Mivart not to belong to this genus. The species are all terrestrial iij
their habit.s, and three which I have observed (/'. omjoncnuis, P. ffhiti-
nosns, P. eincreus) undergo their metamorphosis while quite small.
The last uanu'd, and probably P. (ilntinoNus, never enter the water, but
are hatched in damp places on land. The branchiie have therefore
no functional service. The species are as follows-
J
> '
-
' 1 *
TlIK HATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
133
a. The i)araHi>lifiu>iil iiatches in coutiict throughout ; voineiiiio aeries well separated
iiKMlially.
(i. The tail cjliiulric.
Costal plit:i' 10 toll); form slender; tail c.vlintlric ; limbs weak; inner toes rii-
(limental ; vomerine scries not cxtcndinj;' hejond nares externally; belly
brown marbled ; above plumbeous, or with a red longitudinal band.
1'. viiiorns.
Costal pliea! II; I'orm stout; tail rounded; limbs short, stout; inner digits
distinct ; vouieriiu! series extending outside of inner uares; black, usually
with gray lateral blotches and smaller dorsal spots /'. (jIiiHiiosuh.
Costal jdicie i;i; form as in /'. ;/?i(/(»(>.si;.s; tail longer than liead and body;
. I].">G.
I'IcIIkkIoii linoriix, Tsehudi, liatr., p. 'J2; Cope, Check List N. Amer. Hatr. Rept.,
Saluiimiulni irijlhroniiUi, (ireen, .lourn. Ac. I'hila., 1, jt. IJ;")!!; Ilolbr., N. A. Herp., v, p.
«:!, IM. 11; l)e Kay, N. Y. Faun., Repl., ].. 7.-), I'l. 1(1, lig. :!H ; Wied., Nova Acta
Eeop.— ('and., WNii, \\. l','(i.
l"(tlioiliiii .
This species is iiiiu)ii<; the ino.st eloiiR'atetl .aiitl slcndor of American
saliiiiKUnltTs. It is almost lUM'Coctly cvliiidriital tliroitglioiit ; a very
sW^ld amount of oompressioii only beiiif;- visible towanls tlie end of
the conical tail, which is loufjer th;in tiie head and Ixxly. It is much
• Plate 111. iigM. l-t;.
il I
4
I
li'
f :\H
\U nULLETIN :!l, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sloiKlorer aud more veniiitbrm, with much weaker le.i-.s than Rf/Iulinosus.
Tims in .specimens of the two, measuring l.HO from snout to groin, the
head and body of r.gUHinosu.s have the widtli onetliird greater.
There are eighteen well-marked costal furrows between tiie limbs,
excluding any in the axilla. The posterior are situated in +he groin,
bifurcating above. In a single specimen of var. Cinereus (No. 3805)
we reach a count of nineteen. This increase in the number of costal
furrows is coincident with the wide separation of the limbs, the distance
from head to axilla being contained about ^ times in that to the groin,
instead of 2i, as in 1'. ghitinosus. The tail is longer than head and body ;
sometimes considerably more so.
This species, including all varieties, has an extensive range, being
found throughout the United States east of the Mississippi JMver. It
appears to be more abundant in the Middle States; its northern range
is to the middle of Maine, Ontario, and Michigan.
Its habits are entirely terrestrial, as it is never, even in the larval
stage, found in the water. It is abundant under stones and logs in the
forests everywhere, and does not occur in open llelds. The eggs are
laid in a little package beneath a stone in a damp place. When the
young emerge they are provided with branchia', but these soon vanish,
and they are often found in this young stage apparently quite devel
oped.
ridhuhn vincrcus ciiurcu,, Green.
The color of the upper half of body and tail is a dark liver-brown :
beneath dirty whitish, linely vermiculated or mottled with brown in
about e(|ual i)roportions, giving rise to a ''pepper and salt" appear-
ance. There is sometimes a yellowish tinge towanls the head, and ii
phunbeous under the tail. On the sides the appearance is more that
of whitish specks in a dark ground. Sometimes the upper |>arts are
clear brown, at others more or less varied with very minute spots of
dull grayish-white. Sometimes the under parts are so much clouded with
'..fown iis to ajtpear principally of this color, only faintly mottled with
lighter (3805.)
This species is easily distinguished from /'. f/liitinoHUfi by much slen.
derer form, smaller limbs, more webbed digits, eighteen costal groov«'s
stead of fourteen, vermiculated under parts, which have not the black in-
ground, the absence of the appearance of i)ieces of lead foil on th(^
sides, etc. The limbs are very small and weak. The digits arc distinct,
though sliort. The basal web extends rather farther forward tlian in
i'. (/luiinosuif, the two terminal joints of the longest toes only being free,
instead of two and a half.
I can detect nothing in the characters of bead and tongue difl'ereut
from /'. glutinosus.
THE IJATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
Miaauirmciiln, in iiivlivs.
135
LenRtb,nioasiirc(lal()ngiixi8of body:
From snout to tia\tii . ir>
From snout to gular fold :!'>
From snout to armpit 55
Fronis nout to ^roin 1. M(
From 8iu)ut to behind anus 2.00
From snout to ind of tail 4. 10
Tail 2.10
Head :
Width of head 23
Width of orbit Olt
Distance belwei-n t-ycs anteri-
orly 12
Distance between outer nostrils .08
IJody :
Circumfirence of belly 75
Distance between armpit and
f^roin 1.24
Tail:
Hoij^htof tail where Ligbeat 12
Limbs:
Free portion of longest linger .. .05
From elbow to tip of longest
linger 21
l're(! portion of longest toe 07
From knee to tip of longest toe. .25
Distance between outstretched
toes 8-3
rkthodon ciucicus cincvcus Green,
KESKUVE SEUIES.
H«5»».
> '
Cat uloanc No. of
iiuiiiltor. himh;.
Locility.
AVlipn
t'olli'Ctrd.
Fioni whom roceivcil.
Nature of speci-
men.
4885
4888
5063
4720 j
:noo ;
I'JOIO I
:i8i5
8:)7;t
IMI!)
r.'oi:.
:wiH
:ift0."i
:iK«7
■1788 I
47'jn
;iHj5
;t787 j
;i77o
13:110
3818 I
11708 I
31*07 I
47Jfl
3813
3H-J4
4721
4731
4U0U
10
1
i
13
I
1
3
4
I
1
1
ir.
11
1
18
1
4
1
Mipiiiit Joy, I'a J. StaiillVT
I!iookvilU>, IikI '
lliulson's l!ay Triri- 1 C. Drexlcr
lory. I
.St. C a I h .! r i II uV, Dr. 1>. W. lioadlo .
('aiiaila. '
Cailisl... I'a ,. I'rol'. S. R liaiid...
I'otmiiac liiviT, I). C..1 Apr. — , I8s.' i Kdwiii I'liiidlc
Carlisle, I'a S F. I'.aird
liaiiihiid^i'. Pa Doe. 8, ISTS J. K. (iarivtto
(,>
(')
Clark (y'lmiity, Va
Coliliiilms. Ohio
Ailiron.la.k, N. Y.
IJaciiir, Wis
(icoiiiia
Itoslon, Mass
KIplt'y, Ohio
(Nixsarkic. N. V
Drtroit, Mich
I'aiiTax Comity. Va .
Claik Coiiiilv, Va. .. '
(!l .' 1
Adiroiid.irk M o ii n-
fains.
IMiilad.lphia
llainpsliiri'Ccmiily, Va
'ryiroSpiiiijis, Ti'iiii..
(iroi'j;iii ....
Uctroit, Mich
Soiitlicni Illinois
(')
.1.11. Uichaid
C. It. It. ICciiiicrlv ,
^'■> '
K. Clarko
(.')
In-. William .loiics
T. Kooscvcldt
1'. K. IIov
I'lof. S. !•'. Baird
C.Sa^'iT
(ic(ir;;o Sliocmiikor
C. IS. 1!. Kciiiicrlv
C> '
K. Clarke
J. II. Uichaid
M. McDonald ....
Major It. (hvcii...
Dr.' W.C.Jcmes ..
Dr. A.Sa;!(^r
H. Kenuicolt
Alcoholio.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1)0.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
riethodon cinnrns cri/thronotus Green.
(;i7(>ti, Clark County, Virginia.)
I have been uiiiiUle to detect any tlilt'croneo in striictnre, proportions,
and general character between tliis snppo.sed species and P. eincreus.
The only diil'erencc, if any there be, is to be found in the color of the
back, thatof tlie side and belly being very much the stmie. A broad,
light-reddish stripe coininences at the nape of the width of the inter-
orbital space, and continues to the tip of the t.iil, on which it dimin-
ishes gradtiidly in width. The central region of this stripe generally
\
f
if
11
13n HULLETIN P.I, rXlTED STATKS NATIONAL MFSEUM.
!^ I
%
'i ■ ., i -
hip
i::'H'
exhibits ii very line inoltliiiy ol" luowiiisli, scaicely ub.sciiriii<;' tlie t'lU-ct
of the ml jiTOund. The mottling i.s suiiR'tiiiios tMiiially ilistribiitcd—
sometimes concentniteil in some phices more than otliers. The sides of
tlie body are abruptly and continnously dark brown, but soon fades oil'
below into the pepper and salt of the lower sides and belly. There is
sometin)es the etfect of a broad dark stripe on each side the red, but
this is usually very illy delined below.
The color of the red stripe varies considerably. Sometimes it has a
shade of pink— sometimes of orange or yellowish. The close resem-
4 3
Fk;. 30. riethoihiii eliiciriis cr/ilhronolKg, 4(<2c
^ti
St. CaUiariius. Canada; ;.
blance in size and character with the l're(iuent association in the same
localities between the two species have given rise to the belief that tlu'y
were ditJereut sexes of the same species. That this supposition is in-
correct is i)roved by the fact that both males and females are found of
each kiiul, as was long ago noticed by llaldeman. As varieties they
are very permanent ones, as I have Ibund all the young of the same
brootl or set of eggs, whether in the eggs or Just escaped from them,
uniforndy with either dark backs or red ones. 1 have found adult red-
backed specimens watching eggs with red-backed endiryos, and biowii
backed in charge of brown-backed embryos. Tliere is also some dillci-
euce in geographical distribution. Thus, on the west side of Laki;
Champlain,in Essex County, New York', I'rol'essor Jiaird states that lu^
lias found the red-backed salamaiuler very common, and never saw there
the r. cinercus. Among a very great numlterof specimens which I hav(^
examined iu the collections of tlie Smithsonian Institution, the A(!ad-
emy of Natural Sciences, and Mssex Institute I have observed but four
specimens of the red-banded variety and four of the gray which could
be regarded as intermediate in cliaraiiter. This apjiears in a rufous
cast in the dorsal color of the latter and a slight obliteration of the
borders of the dorsal band in the former. Such coloration is, however,
very uuconimou in the living animal, which is everywhere exceedingly
abundant. The statement made by J. A. Allen that such are aliundant
in Massachusetts is not conlirmed by the siiecimens iu the museum of
the Essex Institute, ]\Iassaciiusetts.
An examination of
types
indra (ifiilis (.'5770)
shows them to belong to this subspecies. His variety with livid back
is the ricthodoH cincreus cbiereus.
T
^^.
\
l\
Tim 15ATRACIIIA OF NOIITII AMKUICA.
137
Miaaiiri'inoilfi, in hiclicx.
Length, nieastucd alonj; axis of body :
From snout to {Jjapc II
From snout to {jular fold :?l{
From snout to aiiuitit 'IH
From snout to j^roin 1. (iO
From snout to bcliind anus I.H2
From snout to ond of tail It. W
Tail 1.70
Iload :
Width of head 20
Length of orl>i t (!!•
Distaneo between eyes anteri-
orly Vi
Head— Continued
Distuuco between outer nos-
trils ?(.07)
Hody :
Circumference of belly (55
Distance between armpit and
groin L 10
iiimbs:
From elbow to tip of longest
linger 20
From kne(^ to tip of longest toe. .tJo
Distance; between outstretched
toes 7(!
ridhoilon rhinriia crjilhroiioittx Green.
ItKSEUVK SICKIES.
(lixtalosiio
Xo. of
iiiimliiT.
»])PC.
4H!W
;i
1S!»1
I
r,:if;i
a
SUTi
o
.liiT.'"
.l
71-18
1
-8i;;i
10
iKIIIO
•»
O'jrm
1
37(ir.
1
37.->rt
18
48-JH
2
4S:i!)
1
482!t
;:
;i78S
A
■17-.'X
r,
•i7(;n
•_'
ijtJii
1
Locality.
When
coUeitiil.
From wlioni received.
Wasliiiifjton, D. C Dr. William Sliiiip.son .
New Vork
Koit William, Lake ' K. Keniiicott .
Siijierinr.
Iiukc Superior do
South of lli;;lilaiidM ' ('. Drexli'r
Koek Cn.k, 1). (; I II. W. Klliott
WaHhiii;:toii, 1). C Dr. IC. Cooes, I'. S. A . ..
Norfolk, (Joim ; Seiit. IMi, 1S77 I A !■". Wooster
Wood's lloll. Mass 1S7I I U. S. V'lsli Commission
("l.irk Conntv, Va ... ! Dr. ('. I!. It. Kennerlj'. .
Westpcnl.N. Y | I'rof. S. K liaird
Sl.Calhariiie's.Canada | Dr. 1). W. lieadle
r.iciok villi', 1 11(1 ! Dr. 1!. llavmond
St.c^atliiiiines.Cumida Di'. D. W.'ltendli^
Uaeiio'. Wis —
West Norlhlield. Ill . , It. Kennieott
Alle;ianv<'ounlv. N. V 1). Stevens
I'otionae Itiver,' l>. ('. . Apr. —,1882 10. 1'rindlu
IIU
Nature of speci-
men.
Alcnliollc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
^1
u
(ilOXKUAL SKUIES.
;||
^
n
i
782S
.■ir.
;i7r.i
.'■)
!t9!U
:i
1.11 1»
11
:i78:i
1
rj7iij
;!
i;i."(i
i:i:iii
l;t.i8tl
:i7(!»
:)7(i.'>
;i7(!:i
HI.V2
:!77S
;t778
(;.
Washinuton, i
(iliiileestil', \'a
Miilillelowii, (Jonn ...
liiisliiM, Mass
Itiple.v, Ohio
I.oiikoiit Mountain
Tenn.
XorldlU, (.'onn
:i Washington, D. (J. . . ...
L- Itawliv, Va I ..
'J!» I Meadville, I'a ...
1 I Lancaster, Ohio ; I,. I,e!
J. W. Da^iins . .
Itev. (;. Mann. .
W. !I. Harnes..
T. Itoosevelilt .
I'rol. II. IV
W. I'.l'o'e
.')
(ieor;ji' Shoemaker .
nrnjaniin Miller
Williams
squeienx.
1 I .Mississippi ' Dr. Shnmard
1 I (')
in Oian^e, N. Y
(0-
Dr. .I.Cr.Cc
1 Ouenia Countv, N. Y 11. Da'js
Miper
Hi
1
•J7
,1
20
.1
70
:i
:.'. Carlisle, I'a
I'pper Darliy, I'a
I'hiladelphia, I'a
leoruia.
(
Detroit, Mieh I I Dr. Sa
S. Kliaird
Mr Smelt
J. II. Ituhard...
Dr. W. L..Ione».
AU'oliolic.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
■ >\
138 IJULLETIN 31, UNITKI) STATKS NATIOXAL MIJSKUM,
riefliotloii cincrcHS (lorsalis ISaird.
Cope, Tror. Ac. I'liila.. l.-(!!), p. 100 (niiine only).
This snbspecios lias tlie sizciuul jjioportions of body ami limbs as in
P. cryllironotitft, but may be readily dif^Miij-iiislied by the smaller number
of costal furrows, shorter body, and (lillereiit character of the dorsal
stripe.
There are only sixteen costal furrows between tlie fore and hiiul legs,
instead of eighteen, as in /*. rn/tlinniotus. This indicates a shorter body,
and accordingly we lind that the distance from snout to armpit is con-
tained only three times in that from snout to groin, instead of 3^ or ;M,
as in tlie other.
I am unable to detect any difference in the mouth, tongue, teeth, or
limbs.
In alcohol there is a broad yellowish red dorsal stripe, which begins
Jit the uape and extends to the end of the tail. On the back it is otj an
average as broad as the interorbital space of the head. The outlines,
instead of being parallel or nearly so, are very irregular on the back,
exhibiting tour or live coarse dentations between shoulders and rump,
which in some specimens are nearly opposite each other (causing the
dorsal stripe to be twice as wide at some places than in others), or more
or less alternating. On the tail the outlines are straight, converging
slightly to the tip. The sides and beneath are dull brownish-yellow or
whitish, finely mottled, or vermiclated with dark reddish-brown, which
becomes more crowded to the dorsal stripe, and is sharply relieved
against it.
There is a distinct light line from the upper eyelid, passing internally
to the nostrils and meeting its fellow iu an angle in the middle of the
muzzle, then sending down a single line to the edge of the lip.
i
Mcasunmciiln, in inches.
LengtU, nioasiueil along axis of bodj
:
From .snoiit to gapo
.11
From 8nont to gnlar fold
.lit
From snout to armpit
.K)
From snout lo groin
1. :!G
From snout to Ijoliind anus
l.(i2
From snout to end of tail
2. 'M
Tail
l.:i2
Head :
Width of Lead
.'20
.12
.17
Width of tongue
Length of tongue
Length of orliit
.(111
Distance between eyes anteri-.
orly
.1:!
Head— Continue .iJid uiimber of costal furrows
already referred to. Tlic very jagged or irregular outlines of the dor-
sal stripe, the light line on the nose, and the lighter and more reddish
shade of the lateral and inferior mottling will at once distinguish it as
far as color is concerned. Tlio duskj* shade of the sides is not continuous
above, but shows distinctly minute mottling of lighter.
It is somewhat dillicult to assign to this form a definite status. I
should be disposed to regard it as a good species, but for the fact that
out of a great number of specimens of the i'. crythrnnotus var. cinercm
1 lind a single individual (Sm. No. 382.")) from Ohio which presents the
proportions of the present species, and the same number (sixteen) of
costal plicas For the present therefore I refer itas a subspecies. I have
seen live specimens, which agree in every particular ; one in the Museum
of the Kssex Institute in a bottle with the common varieties of the P.
crythronotm, the Spclerjics hilincatns, and Desmognathus, all from Es-
sex County, Mass., and four specimens in the Museum of the Smithson-
ian as follows:
I'hthodoii crulhronoliis dorwlii IJiunl.
(!iiliilo>;uc Xo. of
iiuiiilit'i'. spec,
377C
Locality.
WllPTl
colK'itiil.
From wlioin received.
Loiii.sville, Ky .
Nature of speci-
men.
Habits. — The Pkthodon cinorns is the most abundant salamander in
the northern and central eastern United States. It is of terrestrial
habits, and is easily found under logs and their bark, stones, etc. It
feetls, like other species, on insects and their larva', cai)turing them by
applying to their surface its Hat and projectile tongne and jerking
them (juickly into its mouth. It frequently climbs to the summit of
low vegetation, from which it springs by a sudden straightening or
curvature of the body, as the case may be, in the manner of a cater-
pillar.
PLKTHOUOX (JLUTINOSl'S Green.*
T.schiidi, IVitr., ]>. [)> ; (.'ope, I'roc. Ac. lMiil;i., ISlW, p. 100 ; Stiaiieli, .Salam.,
It. 70; nonlcnjjei', Cut. Hatf. Gratl. Hiit. Miis., ed. ii, 1882, p. ">(;.
SiilamaiKlid nhiliiiosa, (Jiccii, Joiini. Ac. Tliila., i, p. :i.'i7 ; ll((lltr,, N. A. Herp., v, p.
:W, I'l. 10; De Kay, X. V. I'aiin, Rcpt., p. Hi, l'|. 17, p. l-,>.
Stilamtitidra miiohiln, (iilliains, .rourn. Ai". I'liila., i, ji. 4ti(t.
Saliimttndrn riiUndnicai, llarlaii, .loiirn. Ac. I'liila., \', p. l.">(i.
I'Ictliodiiii ; ■!**. •'«• IJ-
^iil;
i 'I
■l
\v: 1
\'>.\
pM
Q
i-^^
i"-,.
i".a
!^
lii
'n
i
140 lU'LLKTIN :!l, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSHUM.
(•.vliiiilriciil, vciy sli}?litl.v co^ .imsssed towiiids tlif pointed <-oiiicaI tip,
iiiid loiigcf than the body.
Theskin is evorywiicre closely lined with short perpendicular slnnds for
secreting a milky jiiico. Tliese are largest on the upper surface of the
tail and more scattered on Wh'. belly. The skin is also closely covered
with shallow pits. visii)le only when the mucus is removed and through
a lens. I have not observed any large pores in patches on the head.
The head is broad, the sides i)arallel to the eyes, then converging and
distinctly truncated at the cni[
•U
.I'M
I
THK nATKACIlIA OF NOltni AMERICA.
141
The piilatiiie t«>i'tli iorin ii sciies on each side in the shape of a short
an!, tlio convexity anterointer'ov Tiiesc do not meet internally, but
are Heparatedby a short interval, as they are Ironi the two plates of
l)arasphenoidal teeth, beginninj-' a short distance behind them and ex-
tendin};- backwards, meeting along the median line. The inner nostrils
are rather small, i>laced anterior and interior to the commencement of
the palatine teeth. IJesidesthe broad, shallow, shortehannel proceeding
from the outer end of these nostrils past the exterinil extremity of the
palatine teeth, there is a deeper and very narrow one i>assing along the
upper edge of the broad channel and along the nuirgin of the ui)per
jaw to its posterior extremity.
6 7
Fir,. 'M. I'll tliinlon ;tUit!iii>imii. No. 378'.'. Alilmvillc, S. C; ',.
This species in alcohol is of a livid bluish black. The upper parts
and sides are nuukcd with well-detiued specks of a grayish-silvery
color, looking like torn i)ie(!es of foil. These vary with the specimen,
but are generally more numerous and larger along the sides. The
under parts are sometimes tinely dotted with whitish, but this isusually
the effect of the whitish glands seen through the integument. The
under i»art of the tail is of a pale bluish-gray. The light spot on the
chin, showing the attachment of the tongue, has already been referred
to. The soles of the feet are also whitish.
The back is sometimes destitute of spots, or they are very minute
and these when present are often duller than those on the sides. There
is occ^asioiialiy a yellowish tinge in the lateral spots- A few sjiots of
the same kind are sometimes found under the chin.
Young si»ecimens are marked like the adult, except in being whitish
beneath, and in freciuently having the white spots more i)uuctifornx
and s(!attered.
A number of young of eighteen lines in length from caves in Mont-
gomery County, Va., have ii series of small bright red spots on
each side; some others from the same locality do not exhibit them.
The variation is thus remotely similar to that in IhsmoifHathus/KNca.
I have not been able to discover any permanent dilference between
the southern specimens of this species and the northern. I have
thought tliere was a greater tendency to expansion of the light spots ou
the side, so as even to form a continuous band, and to a reduction in
size or disapi)earance of those on the back. I have, however, Ibuud
:1: iH
142
UlII
.LirriN ;!i, unitki) statks national muhkiim.
m
Un
ii
si)eciiiieii.s of precisely similar chanictor iVom iiortheni localities. Some
soutlu'iii speciiiieiia appeared to liiive tlie ai;;its less webbed than usual.
Ill certain 8i)ecimena from Sontli Carolina described by llallowell the
white sitots fail to exhibit themselves on the sides, the color being
everywhere a deep black, the gular region, lips, palms, and soles being
of a clear yellowish-brown. This (^institutes a well marked color vari-
ety, but no ditierences of a higher value can bo found. There are four
specimens of it in the iMusenm of the J'hiladelphia Academy.
The range of this species is from Texas to Maine. It is recorded by
Packard as from Okok, Labrador (.Mem. I'.oston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1808),
but I suspect that this animal will be found to be the Amhly-stomu
jefcrsonianum var. lateralc, which has, with the .1. ,;. platincum, the
highest northern lange. It appears to bo common in Massachusetts
and Maine.
This salamander is entirely terrestrial in its habits. It is found much
more abundantly in the mountainous districts, and haunts rocky locali-
ties as well as Ibre.st mold and fallen logs. 1 have found it mote
abundant in Tennsylvania and New York than in southwest Virginia.
1 believe that it prefers a cool climate; in the Hat and warmer tertiary
and cretaceous eastern coast region it is rare. In southern Pennsyl-
vania I have only Ibund it on the northern exposure of the south Ches-
ter Valley hill, never on the southern exposure or other part of the,
north hill. In southwest Virginia it is more common in caves than on
the surface.
MeaHurcmciitH, in inches.
liPiifjtli, iiicasiircd alonj^ axis of
body :
From Hiioiit to jjapo
From suoiit to y;ular fold
From snout to armpit
From snout to j;roin
From snout to beliindanus
From snout to end of tail
Tail
Head :
Width of bead
Widtb of toiigno
Lenyth'of orbit
Distance bet ween'eyesanteriorly
Distance between outer nostrils
Distance betwcou iuuer nostrils
.:tl
.()(;
. IKI
2. 5(1
3. (10
f). 1)0
2.1)0
.48
.10
.17
.■27
,17
,15
IJody :
Circumferoiico of Itelly l.Ciii
Dist.inco between armiiit ami
ffroiu 1.00
Tail:
Heij;Iit of tail wberc liij^bcst. .. .112
Hreadtli of tail where lii}j[liest .. .'.]'i
Limbs:
Free i)ortion of lonffcst lin<;er.. . KJ
From elbow to tip of longest
iingor I"»J
Free portion of longest tot! 10
From kneo to tip of longest toe. . 'm
Distance between outstretched
toes 1.85
T
•^JS"
TIIK liATKACIII-V (»!•' NOUTll AMKKICA.
J'lilhodoii (ilnliiiOHiiii tiri'iiii.
IlKSKUVE SKUIES.
143
('atiiloKiic
iuiiiiIm'I'.
Bl-Td
:i7,"(i
;i7ri!)
:i7Hi
;i7f;'j
;)7t«i
:;7r.i
■Ml'J
4 Sill
;i7x!)
(iSf'.t
:i775
lllMill
i;i:iir>
;)7ii7
No. of
HpOC.
I
;i
2
I
I
2
HI
ti
III
1
I
1
r>
miii
.Ill
i T.vMM' S|iviii;.'!', 'I'l'iili.
Il'iivtnii, All
OclawiiiK (Nimilv, I'll
Cailisl... I'ii
Nalcliiz, Mi.i.H
Sllllllll'lll Illilllli.H —
MdiiltiMi, Ala
Siiiilli ('anilliia
'VIl.M
I'lllluvtt'll.
...iNiiv.— , 1K7!».
Tvicc S|M iiiy, 'ri'iiii
MCa.lvillc, I'a
('Ii nliMtnii, S. ('
Alilii'villr, S. C
Ilii rliiiliiMi;li, (ia
Caih^l.', I'a
New Uraiiiiri'l.t, Ti'x ...
From wlmiii rt'cuiviil.
N. (). Ariidt'iiiy ..
iii'.'w.Y, .r.iiitii!!
A. !■;. K(l;;i'\V()rlli
I'lof. S. l-\ liaiiil ...
Ci.l. «.(;. I.. Wail.H
U. KcMlliCKtt
Niitiii«()f Rpcri-
luun.
I'r.pf. K. Owen.
Williaiim
.1 I'li.f.S. !•'. Ilairil
. I Capt. S. VaiiVliet, L'. S.
I ! Army.
Clnilii- Ciiiiiit.v, \'ii 1 Dr. C. ii. It.Kciimily ..
NfwVoiU i.I.SIaiiHer
liaiiiii'. Wi.s i (
('Il.lllrsldll (.')
Wisl Niiiilili.Iil, III ..
Milton, Kla
\Vasliiiit;t(p|i, D.C
(•lanjje, N..I
K. Kcnniciitt
S.T. Walker
(icoruc' Sliiii'iiiakcr.
Dr. Coiipir
Alniliollc.
i)i>:
1)11.
Do.
Dii.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
lili.NKKAL SKKIKS.
4ssn
;i7>'r)
;•.7^1
!I|HI
lollli)
llTlil
IJ
IHII
iKii;
ui,'-.:i
lll.'-.H
47i;'j
:)774
.")!lli7
.('
■I-
r.ailc
Nnifolk. Va
(!raliani\ llli', .'
Uii rlii)i(iiii;li, ( ia
Mcadvill., I'a ' Williams
W.sl N'.,illilirlil, HI Ii. KcimicDtt
Ncii 111 Caicil ilia I (;aiil. Wllliaiii lloldi'li ..
I'liioTi riiiinty. Mo i ! I*. I{. Hoy
UriiDkvilli', Iml Dr. Ilayiiionil ,
r.iiMiUvilli'. lull Dr. I!, ilayiiioml
Mi.'*sissi|i|ii ! Dr. Slmmaril
tliMisr Cn lOi, S. (" i {')
W'l stern Mi.ssimii I»r. Sluiniaril
i;> : c;
(iioryia Dr. W. I,. Jones
Kemiii'r ('ninit.v, Miss D. (". I.loyil
Soiilli Oariiliiia. (.') ."
fniDiitiiwii, Ala ; K. K. Sliowaller
I I
Aleiiliolli;.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
AiiiiTicaii Niitiirali.si, ISSI, p. ST?*.
Proi)ortions as in P. f/htlinofiKN. Head oval, Haf, its width entering
lenj-tli of head and body to tliij^h si.x tiine.s. Tail a(Taii(irn)iiilli(>|)arasi.liL-ii<)i(l.sl..valittU'l()iiKt'iM)iH'. This
fonii is (juilc dilVcivnt from tliat ciianictoiistic of tlio P. (/liitino.sHs.
There tlio series pass beliiiul tlie choatiie, soinet lines even beyoiul their
external border, and from (wo arched scries, not directed backwards in
any such dej;iee as seen in tiic i'. anded at the tii)s, as in the /*. (jIutiiiosHs.
There are thirteen lateial dernnd folds and a gular fold. The skin is
smooth cNcry where.
AfeasunmtiitH.
M.
Totiil U'li^'th ll"^
LL'iij;tli oriieml and body ('•">-•">
Li'iif^lli to iffoin ••17
LeiiKtli to axilla 018r.
Leiiijlli to richisoiis 0(17
Lciifitli of forc-loi; from axilla ol.')"*
Leiijjtli of ('111 lit us (lO.")!}
Li'ii^tli ofl'oro-loot OOt;
Lenj^tli of hi lid 1('<; 017.')
Lcii}i;tli oflibia OO.W
Leii-illi of hind foot 0(l.<)
Width of head .. . 00.>^:{
Width bctwi'cn eves 003(!
t
s
tl
w
if ff
z
3 5 ' ' "
l''I(i. 3'J. J'titltddijii II iicim Cti\ti', R. Ti'iiiiossoo; }.
The coloration is peculiar. Instead of the black color, with or with-
out ])ale bluish dots, of tiie /'. fjUifutomiN, the sides and back arc thickly
spotted with large yellowisli-grecn blotches of irregular form, produc-
ing an etfect something like tlie coloration of the ."Mexican Spclcrjxs lep-
roNUS. The dorsal spots are much larger than the lateral, and are often
continent. On the head they almost exclude the ground color. The
s[)ots on the sides are (juite small, as are tho.se on the feet. The lower
sides of the tail ami belly are dusted with yellow, and the throat is also
dusted, and a little more coansely than the belly.
The characters which distinguish the.se species from the 1\ glutinosus
are theditlerent torm of the vonuM'oi»alatine series of teeth, the ab.sence
of a costal dermal fold, and the coloration. There is some reseiublanco
i
TIIK HATWACIIIA (tF N(»i;lli AMI:KI''A.
Ufi
to tlu' I'.jliiripiinrtatn.s ol' Stiiiiii!li, Iroiii C'uliloi ;iiii, to Judaic by tlio dc-
s(;ri|)tiuii ^ivcii l>.v lliat iiiitlior. Ih* stales llial llu* tail is sliortiT than
tlio liuan ol this species. I look it al llie nninlli
ol' the. Ni(;ka.jack (7ave, wliicli is in the nionnlains al the jnnetion ol
the bonndarie.s of the States of (leorjuia, Alabama, and Temu'ssee.
1
1
i
l'l,i;Tli(»l)()N FLAVIITNCTATIS Stiamli.
Siilaiii., |i. /I; Ifiiiilciinci-, ('ill. Ii:ilr. (liail. Mill. Miin., cii. ii. H-i-.*, p. ,'p."i.
Pahitiin- tcctii in two very oblitpic si'iics, (tonvci.uin.; ba«tk wards, scpa-
rated iVoni each other by a sli;;lit iiitersi»ace, not c.\tcndinj;(»nl wards
lu'yoinl (dioaiia", jtarasphcnoid Icclh in t wo elonjiate patcthes in ironlaitt
thron^lionl, widely separated IVoni the palatine teeth. Toii;;ne vciy
lar},'e; posterior border tree. Head ralhei loii^. with a median lonyi-
tndiiial juroove. IJody cylindrical, liiiiibs as in /'. (ihitiiinsiis, bnl the
lin^^ers nniro slender and more pointed, 'i'ail cylindric^al, a little shorter
than head and body. Skin smooth; thiit»'(Mi costal .nro(»ves. I'dack,
with larji'e, iire,i;nlar yellowish spots, more iiiimeidiis on the sides ami
(HI the npper part of thc! tail, smaller on the throat and bidly, absent
on thci npper snrlace ot the head and the lower sin face of the t;ul. To-
tal leiijith, I 17
I lia\e not seen this species, which is said by Dr. Stranch to have
been obtained at New Albion, (lal. Il iiiiist be rare or of local distri-
bution. 1 have c.«»pied tlu^ above dcscriptit*,! trom IJonlen^'cr's Cata-
loj;ne of the i»ritish .Mnseiim, pa.uc ,"».'>.
I'l.i;i'il()i)()\ IM'Kli'MKIUrs liaii.i.
rroiTi'il, .\c. Nat. Sci. i'liila.. l-.')7, -J'''.': Sliainli. Salrini., |i. *•.': lioiiliiii;('r,
Cat. lialr. (iiad. I'.iil. Mils., |--.>. p. ."w.
This species, in m'licr.il appearance, proportions of body, etc., is very
similar to /'. t-iii'iuns cfjitlirounlits, althon.^h aimndant dilVereiices arc
easily discoverable. The body, as in that species, is slender and de-
pressed, but tin' tail is sli;4htly compressed at the middle, and more
Klroii.niy at the extremity,
There are no a|»pareiit peculiarities aboii! the liciid. The tonj;ne i.s
eloiij;a ted, elliptical, withonl postei-im-emariii nation. There are l'onrl«'('n
costal fiinows, or pi'ihajis lirtccn, if we include one al)ove the axilla.
The distance I'roin siiont t(» axilla is cmitained latlier less than three
times in that to .uroin.
The dibits are well developed; more as in !'. (/liifihosns. There is
little, if any, indication of web at their bases, the three terminal plia-
lan.ues of the third and fourth toes beiim free. The third and loiirlh
toes are about e(pial. Tlu^ outer toe is not more than half the second;
i!ir»i— iJnii ;;i U)
< [ 1
HI
.»,
f
i.
:4
\ ' '
146 BULLKTIN III, INITKU STATES NATIONAL Ml .slU'M.
the liiist tiM,Ler ami too are almost riuliinciitaiy. The third linger is tie-
cidedly longer than the .second.
The dorsal .surface of this si)ecie.s is traversed by a broad brownisli.
red .stripe, extending from tiie nape to the end of the tail, the sides
regular and nearly parallel, though more .separated towanls the middle
oflhe back, where it is as wide as the inferorbital .s|»ace. The stripe is
sparsely dotte.l with dusky spots throughout its extent. Tiu) sides aro
abruptly blacki.sh brown on each side the dor.sal siriite; at Jirst con-
tinuou.s, but l»ecoming more and more interrupled by mottling. The
belly is light browni.sh-yellow, Ihickly mottletl >\Hii dark brown in
aboiite(iual proi)ortions; lightest under the chin. There is a du.sky lino
from the eye to the point of the mu/zle.
1 4 3 8 6 7
V\i:.:V,t. I'litliiiil'iK iiilrniir.liiis. Nil. 17:1-'. Kml Ti-.joii Cal.; j.
The general i»roportions and structure of (his sju'cies are luore tho.se
of I'. t/!utinosi(s than of /'. rinercini, althimgli slenderer of body. In
lM»th tlieie are about fourteen costal grot»v«'s. Tiie outer digit in /*. in-
(munVim is neaily rudifneiilary, in.slead of luominent, as in the other
spe(!ies.
A distinguishing feature, when «;ompared with /'.(•//(<■/•< «,v, i.s found
in the fourteen instead of «'i;;liteeii cost.d j;rooves, (lie f<»re ami hind
limits iM'ing thus le.ss widely separated piopoitionally. The legs are
stouter and the digits much less weldu'd (scarcely at all in WxcX). The
third ami fourth toes esi»ecially aie much longer.
liMlejiendently of the structural pccnliai ilics I liml ik, thing in {\w
color to distinguis'ii this species from /*. rlnrrriis < fijlhronotnx,
Mtioiiti I iimiln. ill imliix.
lit'ii;;tli, itH'a.siircil aliiii;.' axi.s nl'
liiidv :
I'roiii .siiiiiit to j;ii|it!
riniii MKiiil III pillar Itiiil
I'roiii .siiiiiit toaniipil
I'llllll SIKHIt to jivo'wi
I'iciiii Miiilll to lii'liiijil anus -J. i:.
I'toiii Niioiit to fiid (it' tail ...
Tail
If. ail:
Willi li of licail .j;,
Width |
.It
. I.'.
. iiri
. -II
:!. ti.'i
t..-.(i
Lt'iiH;(li oforltii,,
Difst,
. (i;i
llicc liftwecii eves aiitti i-
orly,
Uody:
( 'irciiliifi'lrlici' of lulls fO
I >i.'^tall^l■ lirfvstrii aiiii|iil and
;;ioiii 1. :..'■»
■fail:
llri;;ll( of tail W line lii;;ln'.sl . . 17
lii'i'.'iddi ol'lail wIktc lii^lii'st . . Ili
l.ii.iU.-:
i'ri'c |Hii tion of l(Mi;;fst linp'r. . . l»/
|-"roin flliow to tip of loii;;i'Nt
lin-.T :il
I'liM' |ioition of lonj;r.sl toe 11
{''loni klirc to tijiof jont^i'hl (or . I!7
Distance lict ween oiitst rrtclicd
•Iocs 1. JU
THE r.ATKAl.'lllA OK NOUIIl AMKUICA.
I'll llioiluit iiiltriiiii.liiiti, liainl.
147
Cat-iliii;iii'
uiimlici.
Nil III
SJUT.
1
1
473-'
OKI-)
l.iir.ili'.y.
I'lnt 'rr.jou, ('ill
I'll il ininrH, Viiiniiiivri
M.inil.
Willi f. . . 1 1 Natl I' o n)M!Ci-
1, . , 1' 111 I \v II II II rvi I . '
CO U'cicil. iit'ii.
.r. Xiiiitiis
Aldrii W. Hcvv.sDU ,
1 'r.viii'ot'dim'riii-
liiiii.
I Iiiive also this spccit's IVoin iit-ai' SaliMii, in tin; Willamette Valley,
(>re;;(Hi, HO that it prohalily (ktui's tlii'(Hi,i;h(ml theeiitiie I'acilie rej;ioii.
rLi;rii(»!»()N ck-assi^uis Cik-.
l'l;ili' lAWI, li;;. 1.
riiirird. Aniil-, l'llil(isi)|ill. Siu-., l"''^<), |i. .VJl.
'I'his speci.s lias a siipci-rnial leseiiihlaiu'e to the /*. orctjoiuitsis, but
its iiiaiiiloltl (lilVeieiH-es are easily |)ei'i;eive(l.
Tiie Wnm is (|iiite lolmsl, ami the head is larye, its width Koii.g into
th»; len!;tli to the thijuhs only live times. The tail is very much com-
pressed tVum the base, and is also shallow ; its length ecpnds the dis-
tanci' iVom ils iiaseto the ;4nlar Ibid. The le;4s are robust, but not very
Idiiu ; when a|»pressed to the side they Tail to meet by the lenj-th of the
posterior loot.
The t(>n,i;ne is lar,i;e, tilliu";' the Moor ot the month. The vomeropala-
tine teeth aie in two short series, which eonver};e backwards, without
coinin:; into eontael, IVom behind the internal eye of theduKune. The
pirasphenoid teeth are in a single undivided patch, which commeuucs
well behind the vomeropalatiiu-s. The maxillary and uiandibular teeth
iii'e minute.
i|-i|i5
^n
1 ,: V
•»--•
> '
3 5
I'lii. ■.W.—l'llli;,!,.,, .•i-,/sM((ii,v. Nil. '.HIT. CiiliCi.riiia;
^itf
e 7
'I'he hcMtl \ lewed from above is oval; in profile the mu//Ie is thick
and Iriineale, ami prtijeels beyond the mouth. Theedneof the lip is
.>li,uh(ly an^iilal*' below the iiar»s. The eye is lather larj;e, its length
etpialin.-; that of lli»' niuzzle. The distance bet\vn'n the nostrils isecpia
lo that between the bases of the e\elidsat their middles. The toes
are sIkui and fiee, (Uie iihaiaii^t- of the first difiit tm eacdi foot |>roJect-
\\\%. The ends uf the tiu's aie obtus«' and bulbiform. A yular foUl.
liMteral folds foiirleeii.
il
lilfl 1 1
148 BULLETIN 34, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Metxnitremi'iits of So. "J 147.
M.
im:>
Total leiif^lli y.^^
Lt-iigtli ol' lu'iid iiiid body '
Length to groin ^'^^^^^
Longth toiixilhi - • ;
Length to lino of rictus oris
Length to line of oy^i '
Length ot »ore-Ulit brown.
I liiive seoii but one siteciiiR'ii of this si)ecies, as follows: No. 9147;
California; Ih: J. G. Cooper, collector.
PLETIIODON OKEGOXEXSIS (liriinl.
Cope, Proe. Ac. I'hila., 1809, p. 100; lioulenger, ("at. Hatr. Orad. Hrit.
Mns., eil. II, iSrJ, p. .>!.
i:nx(iliiiti v>irhxrhoIt:ii, Gray. Cat. I5atr. (irad. Urit. Miis., ed. i, p. 4S (iter Triton lunnliix.
Escli.sch.).
Uircdia onuoiieiish, (lirtuil, I'roc. Ac. I'hiia., If'M, p. '-iXt, and II. S. Expl. Exped..
Her]... I'l. I. lig. IH-','."); Ktraiich, Salani., p. "ti; Hallow., I'roc. Ac. I'liiia , IH.'.t;,
p. 'J:!;').
rivthodon ciisaliiK, Cope, I'roc. Ac. I'liila., HOT, \k l(i7.
This species may be readily known by its relatively short and slender
tail, its lono;, weU-develo[)ed liinl)s, and wide head, as well as by il.>
delicate coloration.
The form of the body is rather depresse.'SS times; in th().se of medium size, 4.a times; in the youii},'
of 17.") lines in length it enteis ;i.."» times. Costal folds II, the an
terior indistinct or wanting, the po.sterior nunx! than usually obliiiue, the
inguinal extending forwaids and upwards one si)ace in advance «»f the
originof the femur. The limbs appre.s.setl overlap, sothat the lingers reach
the bases of the tot^s. There is no vertebral groove. The tail is slightly
compressed, more distinctly so towards the extremity, and, what is excep-
tional and (!liar;i(;teristic of this spe(!ies and the /'. rroaatcr, most so in-
ferioily, leaving the nppi'r outline Hat for the pr(»ximal two-thirds the
length. The postorlntal fold is well marked and (Mtntinnes into the
traiisver.se fold of the tliroat. The head is oval, and without iiiii. No. irSOlfi. Biikcloy, Cnl. ; \.
Miiimnrmctila, in inclivn.
In. I.iii.
Lciif^tli
I.i-Il
of III nil foot 4.5
E
,1
\')
it
: 1
r',
ffl
I- M
In
let
4' t
" if I
i Ijj; !
150 lUJLLlOTIN 34, IJNITICO STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
111. l.lii.
Will til ol'sdlc oChiml loot ~-^
Wiilthoftiiil :••'
Wi.lllioflMHly ^-'j
Willi h oC Iioad (j,nviitc,st) •'■''
Width lifiwocii fxti'iiiiil iiiiiVH
Widlli lict wccii iiitcniul iniri's '•''
Tlii.s liiiiKl.soiiic spccit's woiiltl iippiMi'to lu' nor micoinidnii in ()r«'<;on,
I Ibiiml it ;il)iimliiiitl,v in ihc it'dwood (oicst at Russian liivcr, (!ali-
fornia. It.s »\v('s arc pioiiiiiii'iit and hcantiliil in lili'.
(lirai'd refem'd tliis .spc(;ic.s to a .ycnn.s wliicli lie called IhMcdia, and
as it appears to ine without reason, as I can liiid no cliaracteis liy wliicli
to distin.i,niisli it IVoin I'lelhodon. \)v. Mivait inl'oinicd me that tliis
species was labeled as identical willi tiie Triton cnstdKs Kscli. in tlie
llrilisli Mii.seiiin, and i»resiiininj;' on lln^ accnrac.v of tlie det<'iinination
I called it /*. eusatxs. On examination of his (i<>iircs I find liiat ilsciis-
cholt/Zs animal is very dillerent, perhaps .ucnerically so, and i>rol»al>Iy
worthy of reference to a {jentis I'^nsatina, in accordance with Dr. (iray's
cataloiiue of tlie IJritish Mn.senm, a coarse followed I»y Dr. Uonleno'cr.
{{(•sides specimens in Mnsenmoflhe IMiiladelphia .Academy and l-'ssev
Insfitiite, and my own «!al>inet, the following have come nnder my ol»-
siM'vaMon :
I'lillitxUiu tirfijiiiii iisis (;ii.
' r »
p
Ciitiilntno N'o. Ill
iiIm'I'.
H|iec.
XI II II I
1
•ICIIll
:i
7(L'.'
I
•IIIII4
.1
liis.'l
1
IlliMCiJ
•J ,
U7!t:i
2 ;
i
l.iiialil V.
WI..11
fdllciinl.
Kliplii wliiiiii iiTrivril.
Mdiitoirv. Cal CnilicM
I'llfli'l Sidinil. Oli';;iill .. . III. I ' 1;. Ki'llMi'liv
ilii (• I! l; K. I'M.ih
I'l-tiilimiii, (.'ill I M. SiiiiiiirU
(J;ilil'miii:i I''.»4 .1. S. .VihIk iin
Hcikilcv.Ciil
I'iif;('t Soiiiiil..
ls«t
I'LF/nioDON ('I{0('i:ati:i.' copr
U. Iv C. StraiMs
W. llia.vtiiii
Natiiii' (il'siH'cl-
null.
Alriiliiilii'
Do.
Ho.
ii.>
ii».
Ho.
Uo.
rror(>(>d. Ac. Xiit. Sci. I'liila.. iSiT, p. -Jlo, /. ,■.. HC'.i, p. |iH: Stniiicli,
Siiliim. ji./il ; lloiilnij;iT, Cat. l!atr. (Ir.id. Hril. Mils., nl. ii. Irts.', ji. .'>,',.
The largest sjteeies of the jicnus, and one of the ".lost oiiiamented of
the Aiiieri(^an salamanders.
In primary features this species is near the /'. ortfioyinisis (lirard
havinj;' the altachmeI^t of the toncne aloiin' the median line (piite nar-
row, and a very narrow free margin in front. 'Ihe jialatine teelli form
two lonjj transverse .separated ar(;s, which aic directed more poste-
riorly at their median than extcri(»r extremity, the latter e.xtendinj;' far-
ther ontside the outer mar},nn of Ihe inner nar(>s than the Iran.sverse
diameter of the same, Th(> tail is snltcvlindrical and slender: conr
THE nATRACniA OF NORTH AMERICA.
15i
■
' r »
pressed and narrowed in seiitiou below. No prominent glandular ag-
glomerations or pores. Only three jdialanges in the fourth toe.
Form of head peculiar. It is very broad, with straight converging
maxillary outlines and truncate muzzle; upper surface nuich narrowed
on nuizzle; loreal regions plane, very oblique; canthus rostralis not
miirked. Maxillary outline oblicpiely spread at and behind orbits,
where it is exceeded by the projecting margin of the mandible. Ante-
riorly, and at the end of the nui/.zle, it [>roje(!ts considerably beyonrohU^; a slight euiarginaticni at middle of
premaxillary Ixu'der, and a groove on vm'.U side of it on inferior pro-
jecting ftice of lip. Nares terminal, some distance above the angulatioii
of the lii>, continued below in a groove, which bifurcates near lip mar-
gin ; the posterior line exti'iiding a short distance, the anterior to the
median ennirgination separating the anterior from the inferi.n* plane of
the muzzle. Kyo. large, not very prominent; its anterior canthus well
in front of ndddle of Jaw, and 8e|)arated one diameter from nostril and
1.5 from the other eye.
No f'^ld acaoss front angle to angle of mandible, but the gular, pnro-
toid, and postoibital grooves well marked. Costal grooves indistinct;
!.'{. Skin everywhere very smootii.
Tail longer than head and body by the length of the mouth. Width
at (Mirves of niiiiidible 4.0 times in length to groin. Extremities slen-
der and long; when pressed to the si longer thiin fourth; s(>cond much longer than tiftii.
Lower leg .7"» thigh to groin.
Patches of parasphenoiibd teeth, two in conta<^t anteriorly, well
separated front palatines. All the teeth minute, mnnerous, acute
cylindro c(uii«'. Tongue with ratlu'r straight lateral and posterior out-
lines.
(\)1(M' tlu'oughout pitchy itbick, fading into bright red orange below ;
limbs orange, a blackish cross baiul below tlie knee. A large red-
orange si»ot on «>acli paroroid region, and tbursniiiller, irregular, similar
spots on the body to base of tail on each side of and near the vertebral
line. A pair of orange spots at base of tail and a distant seiies on the
upper face of the tail.
Ilesides the type, a specimen of this species was obtained at Cape St.
Lucas, in Lower CaIiforui;», and I have seen om^ from near San Diego, at
the northern end of that peninsula. As the typical specimen was
ifouiid at Fort Tejon, Cal., the range (»f the species is extensive.
HH
l-jl
I !■
t .
J
IfyJ ni]u.i:TiN .M, uNiTi:i> s'I'ati.s national mi skum.
Miaxiniiiii iil-^, ill iihliin.
III. Liu. In. Lin
Lci)i;tli: lli'iiil — (Jontiniitd.
M«!a.siire(liiIoii};iixisnflioil.v- .' 11 |j Dist.'uicf lift ween itiiicr ims-
Froiii Hiirtiit lo j;:i|if (on ' trils 'J
front.) •'■' '•'■•''I-'
From snout to j,nil;ii- l'il 1 . "•'> lircinllli
From ."iuont to}j;roin - -^ IJinlis:
Free |iortiiHi of loners! (iii-
'J. 5
From .snout to center ot ;ni;il
slit
Heu.l:
Wi.ltiiorlieail
WiiltlioCtoii^riic
Leiifftli of orliit
Distance Itefvvcen eyes .'in-
teriorly
Di.stnnri^ lietweeii outer nos-
trils
1. ')
II. /.;
;!. 7."
From elliow to tip of loiij;est
'■'llifer 7. •.'."
I''iei' portion of loii;jest toe.. 'J. 7ri
From liiiee to tip of lon|!;est
1 1 le H. ,"i
nist.ince liet wi'cil ontslrtMeli-
I'll toes M '1.1
No. 4701 ; oii('.siu'(!iiiHMi : Kort Tcjoii, CmI.; .loliii Xaiitus,
;->TI';i;i:()CillLlIS Vn\n\
Churacicr. — Toiis'iic attaclicd alono- tin' mt'diaii line to \\\v aiilnior
iiiiir^tii; toes l-"*; prciiiaxillaiy l)()iit'.s (•iiiilliiciit, witli a .siiii|)|»> .spiiu',
witlioiit fontaiK'llt'.
Tliis oeims isreincsciitcd l).v Itiit one species ol llie aiistioripariaii «lis-
ti'ict of the iioarctic; i'(';iii)ii. It is cvidciilly oi'atpiatii! Iialtits, iiml is oi
larvaliko proportions and appcaiMiicc, but lias tiie craiiiiiiii (iill.v eeccl. Ae. N,it. Sei. I'liila.. Ifrifi, p. i:!(t.
.S/ic/iryx'.f mar
Tin; batkaL'Iiia of noktii a.mhuica.
laa
eye. Both iii)per and lower pali»ebiie are transparent, a feature pecu.
liar to til is species.
Tlie pores of tiie skin are large and on all the upper surfaces closely
placod ; on the sides more distantly. The mucous p(U'es on the head are
distinct and larjie. They form a douhle seri«is along the canthus ros-
tralis, ami a snigle one ahove the orhir, which turns round the latter be-
hind, and is conf'inued b'dow it and along the side of the muzzle to the
nostril. A series of similar large i)ores extends along the middle of each
side, one a little in front of the median point of the intercostal spaces.
Tiie tail is compressed fnun the base, and not elevated ; it carries a strong
free dermal border along the median line aboveon the distal two thirds;
a narrower dermal margin exists on the inferior distal half. The limbs
are short and weak, but the digits are well developed. The posterior
extended forwards measures If) intercostal intervals; the anterior
measures backwards 4i of the same, counting the axillar. The jdia-
langes nuMd)er on the posterior feet \-2-',i-',i-2; on the anterior, 1-2-3-2;
the terminals are (piite acuminate, especially behind, where in one indi-
vidual they have a slightly corneous sheath. Tiiere are 17 costal folds
and an axillar space. The tail is not annulate.
The rictus of the mouth measures nearly the diameter of the eye
behind it. The tongue issmall and free all round, cxceptat the anterior
margin and along the median line to the glossohyal pedicel. The
vomeiine teeth exteiul behind the nares in two series, which are con-
vex posteriorly; they approach each other as though at an angle
directed anteriorly, and then suddenly curve backwards and form the
pterygoid series. These are more slender and more nearly approxi-
mated than in any other species, and consist ea(!h of but one row of
teeih to th(^ point where they begin to diverge; /. c, near the posterior
|)art of th(^ globe of the eye. They do not diverge widely and exhibit
but a few scries of teeth.
' H
1 i!-'.
^
V. !!
>'
^4
Pin. 36. Stfrrochilu* marginnhu. No. 3907. Goorgiiii J.
The color is a deli(Mte yellowish-brown, with numerous brown lines
interspersed, which form several dark bands along the side. A nar-
row dark line extends from the orbit to near the axilla. A narrow
yellow line, brown-bonlered above and below, extends from axilla to
groin. The tail, belly, and gnlar region are closely brown-8i)ecked;
similar specks occur on the sides of the heaf :M, UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
.liidl mruHuremenU.
U.
From iii;i//;li- to iiiilciior (•Miilliiis t-yti ■ "<'-'
From mii/./lc to rii'liis oris '
Fr Ill II //Ic to II xi Mil
From iiiii//li' to ;,'ioiii '•''*;
From mn//lr to |io.s|rrior nijirfj;iii vent "j'lti
From imiz/lc to cml of (nil "''-I''
Lciij;lli foiv limli '"""_
I-iMi«tli foiv-toot "<'■-'"»
LtMijjIh himl liml. "'"^
[.ninth liiiiil foot "04
Width lift ween fxtcniiil niircs WOl
Wiiltli liffwccii iiiti'nial riarcs , "'•!
Will til lii'twccii caul li us oris <"•••
Willi li lii'twciMi I i-ri at axilla •''•■-'7
Width licrwi'cii ffiiiora at ;^i(iiii ""•'•'»
TIlis i)('(!iilijii' siil;miiiii(l('r is |>iol»iii>l.v aqimtiti in its liiil>its. Tliis is
iiidiciitcd In- tlu^ (!(>iiiinv>s('(l liii like tiiil and the transparent |»al|U'-
hviVi. It is (|nite ole},'iiiit in its coloration. Nothing is known of its
iiabits, as it is as yet very rare in colhH'tions. IJcsidos thi' type siuicn-
nicn of llallowcll in tlic .Miisenin of the Academy Natural Sciences, I
have only seen the I'ollowinji-:
No, 3!tt»r; two specimens ; (reurjjia; Dr. Joseph Jssoliyal |)edi(!el, holetoid ; craiiinni
tally ossified, the jiremaxillaiy hoiu's remaining; «listinc,t and enihracino;
a fontanelle. J)ij;ils entirely distinct, 4-.").
This geinis is distin},niislied from Spelerpesjin act;onnt oftlie marked
pe(!iiliarity of the premaxillary hone, in wliich it resembles IMetliodoii
rather than the first named. Uiit inie species is as yet known. It has
u siiperfi(!ial resemhlaiice to tin' Spclvrpcs ruber, hut dillers in .several
osteoloftical peeiiliarilies. Its misal bones iire well separated, and the
pi()(>ti(;s(piamosal crests are peculiar. Tho anterior or proiitii! crest is
short, distinct, and carved inwards und backwards; that on the proxi-
mal extremity of tlu^ squamosal curves towards it, but leavi's si consid
eraitle intersjiace. This is occnpi(>d by two os.seous processes, like two
teeth of a comb. In S. riihcr the anterior crest only is pn'sent, and
forms a rectaii«!,le, tln^ anterior liiidi beinjjf transverse and the anj-le in-
wards. Tiie nasal bones also are in conta<;t across the prennixillary
spines.
The type of the fienus remains for a more than usmilly long period in
the larval condition, and Just before its metamorphosis is jjenerally
identi(!al in its osteoloojical (iharacfi'rs with the jjonus Neeturns, except
in the absence of the intercilary bone, and tho number of posterior
digits.
X
»
Tri
.(-
Slirl
Sjii I,
TIIK IJATRACIIIA <)l>' NORTH AMERICA.
155
CoNtiil i)li(ii' Ki. Head wido, widlli li's!#tliiui seven tiiiu-H to uroiii, not over twico to
aNillii; » hIi'diij; etintliiis roMti'ali.s; tail roiiiideil at tlio liaso, not linncil; liir^o;
unifonn |inr|>Ie-j;r,i.v aliovo 0. porphjiyilicii'f.
i
(JYRIXOl'IIILUS I'OUI'IIYUITICUS Given.*
(^ope, Troceetl., Ae. I'liila., \^t\0, p. lo,-j.
Siiliniiamlra pnrphnritica, Green, Contr. Macliii. li.vc, i, l>*'27, ji. '.\, PI. 1, Cig. 2.
SdliiiiiiiiKlnt HHlmoiini (Storer), Ilollir., N. A. Ilerp., v, p. :i;{, I'l.H; De Kay, N. Y.
Faun., Kept., p. TC. I'l. HI, li;,'. :«•.
Tiiloii itiiriilijirilhiiH, llolln-,, /. c, \t. H:t, I'l. "Jf^.
I'l^tiiilonilDii HalnioiiniH, .Journ. Ae. I'liila. ("il, I, p
•JM7
Hallow., I.
IV, p
:m7
.liiihlijiliiiiKi snliiiDiiiiiin, Miiiii. i,V' l!ilir., |>. IK).
Sjii liviK's siilmniinis, SIraneli, Salam., p. h;!.
S/irlr
7"
niiiininifti,
(!ia\, Cat. Mafr. (irad. Miit. Mns., e.l. I, p. K!
.s'/i(7( )-y»( s .' iiDyiilijiiiliiii, ill., ihid.
.s'/)(7«i'/i(.'* tiitrphjiiiHrii'i, l>iiiilen;;er. Cat. liatr. (iiad. Mrit. Mils., ed. ii, IKSv', i>. (14.
Tlii.s \\\H\ sjM'cit's of .siiliiiiiaiKli'r li;is an cloitfiatt'd and .sU'iidcr body,
iiiiK'li depressed III roil jiiioiif-, witli very little eoiistiietioii at the neek,
and (he tail lapeiinj;' very inqH'r('e|>til)ly Croin the body. TIh' skin is
siii«' shaped, the whole u|)per
part to the mn/./le bein<;^ nearly in one plane. The niM//.le is promi-
nently and bi'oadly lriiiu;ate, thon;;h a little roiindetl. The sides of tln^
head are aliniptly oltliipic and also ipiite piano, the <'aiithns rostralis
lieiny; very slron;^ly marked as an an<;ular rid^jfc e.vl i liiiij forward
outside the nostrils to the edj;*^ of the jaw, where it lorins a sli^^ht
and obtuse proJe<'tioii. This rid;;e is further indicated by a lioht line
(always present) I'rom the anteriiu- anj^ies of the eye aloii;; its summit
to the niar.uin of the jaw; the two nearly parallel. The nostrils .send a
narrow I'm row from their outer extremity down this rid^e.
The lower edoe of the upper jaw viewed from before is (loiicave, being
bounded on eait ; the external nostrils one orbit len.iilh apart;
the inner less than this. The latter are very minute. Tiie touffuo is
circular, entirely (ree, pedicellate, and j^n'atly protractile.
Theteelh are much as in Sprlcrpr.s riihrr; tho. parasphenoidal bauds
perhaps rather narrow.
The body is rather vermiform, beinj;' of equal si/,(^ throu*;ho(it, uuich
depres.scd, with a furrow fiom nap«' to above anus, where the tail risi ;
into a sharp rid^f, which continues to I he tip. There are sixteen distinct
l'late:tn, (ij^. t;; :f.t; :tl, li^rs. I-I; X., «};. (1; .«(», Ii;,'. :{; \>*, Ii
i:t.
^M
lij
'5
•J
t-t--.
PC
I 1
m
li
III '
IftG BULLETIN :U, HXITKI) SIATI'-S NATIONAL MUSKUM
costal fiiiTows, oxd^l(lin^' an axillary oiic, and livo pelvic. Similar fur-
rows ran In- traced to the tip of the tail. Tlie tail is (juadrate at the
base, with ronnded anj-les, broailer than hi-;'!!, but becomes more and
more compressed to the tip. The limbs are feeble and widely separated.
The di^'its all distinct, but small ; the lirst rather riidinicntary.
In alcohol mature individuals of smaller size are of a lij;hl brownish-
red on the baitU, the sides and itenealh pile reddish salmon t'olor. The
sides of body and tail, however, and to a less extent the back, are closely
covered by a coarse, indistinct reti(!uIation or network ol" rather dark
brown, showinj? the li;.jliter -iionnd color in tlu^ areola', and nerally a dull
(iloudiuH' (»f darker and a. faint indiiiation (»f the light spots, especially
on the lower part of the sides.
This species dilfers from tSiKlrrpiH nihcr in many details of external
fiU'iii — the more vermifoiin and depresse more costal furrctw ; the more depressed, nu)r(^
truncate, and broader head; larger eyes; prominent ridge iVoin eye eon-
tinned to margin of upper Jaw. etc., not to nuMition the diU'creniie in
coloration. To S. r. Jhirissiiii lis it is related l»y the |Motuberan(U's on
the upper jaw on each side the muzzle, iuit these are less pi-onnnent. The
tifteen costal groovesandsiiai'ply detined idaek sp(»ts without reticulation
on the sides distinguish the former.
A specimen from (Icoigia (I7l(i) dilfers in a more slender shape, and
in having dark, horny tips to the digits, as in tli<' afpiatic Audilystonue,
as if having lived in a drier region than usual. 'I'herc are only lifteen
costal grooves to be distinguished.
Flc;. :i7. thiriiKiiihlliix j,(irjili:irltifiiK No. :i:i74.
Miiixiifi nil }iin iif All. :!*ri(/, ill iiiiii(n.
LfiiiKtli, incMsiin'tl iiloii^r axis of l-iii;;ili, cic.— CoiiliniK-i).
'""'y ' I'nilii Mioiil lo;;i'iiiii
From HiioiK to ^rap,. lo . I''ioiii .snout (o ln'liin,! aiiiiH.
FroiiiHiioiil to,..,iil;ir Col.! h() i From .snout (d rii.l of tail . .
F"oni Hiiout to iirmpK L lo | 'I'iijl
.'< JO
4.10
y. '10
> »
J
THK IJATKAC'llIA OK NOUTII AMKRICA,
157
ra'
i
4 »
Ikutl : .
Wiiltliofli.-atl .")
Widdi (iftitiitriit) ','.">
litllKlll ol'olliit 'ii)
niNtiUict! butwcfii eyes aiitt'ri-
oily :io I
Pistanci) Iwtwt'cii outer nostrils. .'-'1
J)istaiicf iM'twfoii inner nostrils. . l'>
Body :
('ircninli'i't'iicc of liclly 1,8")
Dislanco between arinpil ami
Uroin ii. 'Jii
Tail :
lloi^lit of tail wliere hinhesl 40
Breadth of tail where hi)j;h(>st.. . :ir>
Linihs :
Fret) portion of ion;;est linger.. . 14
I'roni elhow *.<) tip of lon
l''roni kneo to tip of longest. to(<. , (iU
Distance hetween outstretelied
toes !.!»(»
lleijjht of body '>!
Wi.llh t,'»
TIkt' (^iiu he VitiW tloiiWt tliiit, its ISiiinl has sn;;'^est('(l, this is [Uv.
Stilinmnnlni lutrphnrith-n of (lii'eii. Tho aii^iihitioii and paUM;(>h>r of
(he. ••aiithiis rostralis is dcsca-iht'd acuaifati'ly as well as tlie cohn" (tC the
hody. Tlic hirj^o hirvii, \ iiicluis h>iij>', is only rt-fiTahle to this spcrics.
')^\\{}. Chonihotus iitkrontomuH, \\\\W\\ llolhrook inid IlaMowtdl have iiii-
ajjiiiiMl to he. (Irccii's species, is not iiiditrated hyGfeen's des(riiptioii.
It is not so hiij-c, lias not the eanthns r(»stral;.', thi^ hiiva is very small,
and the eoloiatioii is (piite dillerent. (lieeii's limine represents it well,
tlioiiu I lie same plate is represented as
larirer — a relation of size tlui reverse of what nsnally holds in ntitiire.
Tliis is tlieoidy one of oiir I"]astern salamanders wliitrh ttttempts ^elf-
defense. It snaps liereely, hiil hai inlessly, and throws its body into (Con-
tortions //' tcrrontii. It prefers tlie (M)olest ioealities thron<4;lnmt the
Alle>;liaiiy mountain n',i;ion,from New Vork to Alahama. It isaipnitic,
bn' jirefers the still waters of swamjis or sprin,i;s to riinnin<^ streams.
Il is (tomnion in tlie region wlieinH' (Irecii procured it, while C. micro-
atomus is rare, if e.visliii;; at all.
ft •• I
m
W
Uiiriiiiipliiliin j>(ivi)hijni\('U8 (ircen.
liKsr.Kvio s!;i;ii:s.
> ; »
(,'.ll;llip-llc .Nil. el'
Iilllllbil. .-llcf.
8J(10
:i
■MH 1
4
3MU
1
3817
'1
as.ij
i;
li'.ti'i
1
(•jtiii
Id
U749
12703
aritU
3174
8S12
4710
mOH
1 U7:i
3Klil)
Ul|M
•lam
o.
Do.
Do.
l)i>.
Do.
Dii.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
J- = '
P"
>'';jS S
l;j.S miLLi:HN :il, IIMTKD .SIATKS NATIUNAI. MII.SKHM.
i'n.riT.I. .\-. N.il. S,i. I'liilii., isil'.i, i>..-l(il; Itoiilciij;.-!', fat. IJalr. (iia.l.
Ill it. Mil .,.m1. II. I-^-.'. p. '■:
Ton-lie liri- iill iouimI, huli'K.i.l. To.-s l-l. Piiriclal bones o.s.siHc.I,
iind witlioul roi:tiiii«'ll<'. Piviiiii\ill:iiii'sc(Mi.s,sili(Ml.
This "iciiiis omIv (lilUTs ridiii S|H'U'riM.'.s in the nlrsi'iicc ol'ii ili;;it IVom
the ImimI loot, .sliiiulin- Ihiis in the .siiiiie ivlatioii (o it thiit lleiiiMliiet.v-
Ijiini does to rietho.h.ii. Its t.vpieal speeies was i'oniieil.v jelene.l to lla-
tiaelio.scps, l>iit, liesides tlie yreat dilVeieiiee in the tongue, the latter
lias a parietal I'.iitaiielle and laeks the prefrontal hone. The latter
piiiiit is iiidieated b.v lOseliselioltz in his atlas. In the pre.seiit jicnus that
bone is pre.sont.
The, two speeies as vet known have a limited distrilnition. Tliev are
the smallest Nnitli Ameiiran salamanders.
They are distiii;;iiislied as follows:
Tail Hliiiit, comiticsMMl; l.ody .slioilcr I'.V lin^'lli i>l' tcnmi ; lila.k, Niilrw ii;;ii(
M. n iiiil'tr.
rklnl
Tail .sii'inlcr, c.vliiKlrif; ImhIv Ioiujit ; iim/./lf lnnadfr; ullnwi'-Ii. ,i (Inisolalcial
luown l.aii.1 '^ tli to tln' foie limlis Mitels that bi'-
tweeii the limbs but little over twice, iiidieatiiij;' a less slender lonii than
in the »S'. tiiKdlriilii/ittdiis of eipial size. The head is an eloii,i:ate oval,
its width enti'i'inj"' tin lenj;tli to tlu^ ;;ioiii nearly seven times. There
are si.xteeiM'ostal folds, ineliidiii;^ the axillar, and these are eontiniu'd
upwards to near a median :roove. The tiill is deep anti Hat and
marketl with the liiteial intermitseiilar ;;i'ooves, besides a stionj; median
f;roov(! above. The latter j;ives way to a low fin on the distal half of
the tail.
The limbs aie slunt and weak. The posterior extends lorward o\ t'l'
si.x jii'ooves iind half an interspace, the anterior ov»'r live and one-half,
inclndin*;' the axillar. The tinkers an^ slender; tlu^ interior on both
limbs (;uite short, though (listiiicl.
The vomerine teeth are in the two usual series, which are more pos-
teriorly directed thiiii is iisiiai. The paraspheiioid patches cease far be-
hind the lirst iinntioned, and a' ■ in narrow, very convex biiishes,
\vlii(th are distinct from each othi'r thioiij;liont their leiij;tli. The ton;,Mie
is eloiif^ato oval.
The color is black above and dark brown below; the black extends
downwards iind nearly meets round tin; uw.k belov . The lower part
'^^km '^ .
~i
I
X
TIIK UATliACIIIA ol' NOKIII A.MKKH'A. 159
of tliii si«U>.s of tlic lit'utl, body, aiitl bii.sal tliinl of tail are r III, axiiil, tVtiiii I'liil tit' iiiii//,lo III ii\illii iiii-
Only one. spt'ciiiicii of this Npocit's li:is (Miinr iiimI*t my olisiTvatioii.
It was I'oiiml liy C .1. Mayiianl, of Sali'iii, .Mass., at .lacksdiivillc,
Kla., in l"\'l»iiiaiy, l>ii;!>. || Is pit'scrvcil in tliii iiiiist'uni of liic Pea-
body Aradi'iiiy of Scii'iMM's, wliicii insiitiilion It-nl it to iiic lor dftcrini-
natioii.
l''roiii till* t'onn of tlit> lail it is piobalily a more aijiiatic animal than
its roiijLiriu'r M.^iKiiilriilifiiliilKs, .\\\tl W {\tv s|n'fniH'ii in- an avci'a;:^ ony
it is not ((iiitc s(» diminiit ivc.
MANCI'l-l'S (,it AI>i:il)|(;ii'At'fS III. ,1.1.*
('ii|M-, I'n.iiTil. \i\ I'liihi., I'll',!, |.. im , li..iilrii>;i r, CjI. It.ilr (Jiiiil
Itiit. Mils., 111. II, I--,', p. "■'..
.N'i(/(()ii(i»i//(i l//lll(//'i(^■.(/(^(/||, lli.llii., N. A. Ilrr|.., \, \i, li.".. I'l. '.M.
JlalriKlioniiis iiiiailriilii/iliilns, Hainl, .li.iini. .\c. I'liila. (•-'), I, |.. '.'-T , .si i:ii((li, Salaiii.
].. ».".; (irav, Cat. iSalr. (ir.nl. I'.iil. .Mils., nl. i, \>. \>.
This inli'i't'stin;;- s|u'(',i('s is amoii.i;' the least, if not tin* very smallest, of
Ameiieaii salamanders. It is mileh like .S'y>r/rcy>r,v /;/////( (f^(.s- in iieiienil
aiip<'iiranee, lint is still sleiideier, and with lunger di.s;its.
I can see nolhiiij;' distiuelive in the head. «'.Keept that the pedieel-
late tongue is veiy lar;;(', oval, elongated elliptieal, nearly twice as
loii.i;' as wide, and lilliiiuf the interspace of the lower J iw. The teeth
appear as in S. hilliittdiis. Tlie head is narrower than in tliis species.
The body is cylindrical, depre.s.scd, with liftccn costal furrows; a six
tcLMith would lie in the axilla, lint can mil be traced. The separation of
the liinlis varies consideralily ; in the lar^^cst specimen the distance from
snout to a.\illa is contained nearly three and one-half tiiiu's in that to
j;roiii ; in others hardly .'5 times.
The tail is slender, subqnadran;;iilar, and lon<,'er tiiaii the rest of tho
animal.
'J'he di,i;its are iein;tlieiied and slender; tho loiifjest to« .
'i i\
1 •
«it;
Ill '
ri
IGO lUILI.KTIN 3i, IMTKI) STATKS NATIONAL VHSKl'M.
toe is eiitiivly wamiiiy, without a trace of it beiug lelt. Tliere are thus
but four (lif^its to each limb.
W^ ^ ' lA M //) 2 G y
< 4 3 6
Fio. 38. JliiiifiilKii iji(ii. 31HI4. AMiivillf, S. C. ; i, [.
TIk! coloration n'seml)U'.s that (tf S. hiliiicatti. Then^ is a broad red-
dish or brownisii yellow dorsal stripe from hea«l toeiid «)f tail, bounded
oil each side I».v a narrow (hirii line extending- from the eve, fadiii'''
jjiadiially olf below. The sides are closely dotted oi' mottled with
brownish dots, the dark line leferred to beiii;;- merely a closer ananye-
iiient of the aird, without probably having seen the ty|>e of the lattt-r, no do'il»t
on the faith of I5(»naj»aite"s erroneous description of the toiij^ne of the
same. It is evideid that tht^ two si»ecies oiijiht not to be re;;arded as
coiif>eneric, since the /»'. tUtniuiiins turns out to be more neai ly alliccl
to Ilemidactylium than to Spelerpcs.
The known raiij^c of this, one of the smallesl of land Vi-rtebratt's, is
from middle North Carolina to the border of Texas, includinj; I-'lorida.
Mni.fiiniiii Ills, ill iiihiK.
L('ii;^tli, iiii'ii.iiiiril ,'iliiij;; axis iil' ilrail (.'mil iiiiii'd :
'•<'| . . | |
!''.'i>iii MMiiil to licliiiii) anus . . . . 1. |ii l,iiiili>:
i'rulll sliolll lo (11(1 of till It. ISO I'nc |Hir| ioli o|' |oil^( SI llll;;cr.. .Il.'i
'liiil I.i>l> from clliow to tip (>r |oii;;( >|
"•'■■I'l: liii^'ci l,s
Widlh oDicad ]>; \,,i- |ioilioii of l,irii;cs| toe 0-
Widlli (if loii;,Mic Ill I 'mm km c to ti|i ol' loii;;( >l toe. .'S.\
l.cii^'th oftoii^ilc 1.1 , Iti.staiicc liclwccii oiit.stich lied
l.t'ii^'tli ofoiliit .(»;: ' ti>«H ;•,<
(Jiita
null
i
CataliidiH^' No. of
lllllllllUI'. H\)Vf.
Tin: HATIJACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
AlanciihiH qiKnlridiijitiitnH llolhr.
IGl
I.ipcalitv.
When
I'ollucti'tU
l.-r<.>n who,,, r.HWve.l. Nat,.ro of spec
03;i7 I :i MninU'vilK', La Nov. 2,1870 (i. Kuhii
;isiit 7 Iticfhordiiyh, (ill (')
XSii7 U (!)
.■I!tu4 1 Al.hcvilh", .S.C, I'loC. S. K. Bairil ,
KiiiMtoi,, X. (J .f. W. Mihic,'
Alcdhuliv,
Do.
Do.
Do.
!
*,'
SrKLEIJPES Katinosque.
Atlantic Journal, i, p. 2i, 18^'i.
SinlciiicK (iiiiy, Cat. Hut. Mils. KM, l.l; Co\w, rritcui'tl. Ac. Thila., IdliO, p. 101;
Itoiilcmr, Cal. IJatr. (irail. Urit. Mns., cd. u, I-8-i, p. (lO.
Cjllindrosoma TMcliiKli, \at. Sy.sl. IJatracliitT Ncncliatcl, lH:iH.
('nHiKlroiiiiiiKi il llolitonlonsa pars Diiint^ril, Krp. (J(^n., ix.
Sptliriws il I'll iidolrilon IS.iinl, .lourn. Ac. Nat. .Sci., i ; Ilallowell, 1. c, iv.
The toiijiuc iVi'c, oxcopt at tho yios.soliyal .siii)[)ort. Pivlatino and
jiaiictal hones fully ossilicd; pronia.xillarics coiisolidatotl, and their
s|>ine.s enibracinf; a lonlanclli'. Toi'th small. Toes 4-5.
Tliis i.s a natural ^cnu.s, and i.s abundantly represented by individ-
nal.s in the eastern di.stiiet of the nearetie realm, and the Mexican of
the neotropie.tl. Its di;;ital characters oidy distinsnish it from !\raii-
eidns, and some of the .Mexican species approach that genus in the
great reduction of the inner digit, which ri'snlts from a diminution in
the nundter of phalanges. The cdiisolidation of the premaxillarie.s — a
marked t'liaracter — appears very early in the developmental history of
such of the species as I hav*' i)een able to study {S. niba; S. bilincatus).
The .Mexican siiecies pass their me(amori>ho.ses soonest; then such us
S. hilin(atii.s, and the S. ruber remains longest a larva.
The characte.s of lune species of Spelerpes are given in the follow-
ing table. 1 know of none otliers, tliinUing that the genera (Ediims,
(I'Mipina, and (leotriton should l»e maintained as distinct. Of these
species four only inhabit the ju'arc^tic realm, and five are found in the
Tieira Teinplada of Mexico, on the eastern .side of the plateau. The
nearcti(! specii s are all conlined to the ei'.steru region, the genus differ-
ing in its range from IMethodon in not extending to the Pacific region.
The largest species of the Spelerpes is the S. bcUii of Mexico, which
among salaman 'ers is only exceeded in dimensions by the Ckonilrotiis
ttiirbro.sits. The largest species of North America is the -S'. ruber. The
species of this genus display more brilliant colors than any other of the
family, yellow and red l>eing the usual ones.
I. \'()iii( line tcctli nut conl iiiiicd liatk to itarasplicniiid jiatchct, cxtouded outwardly
l>i'yoi,d nail's,
ri. Costal t'olils I l-l'i; tail cylimliic ; inner toes rndiincntal.
riii'a> I','; cxlrcinilii's of inner toes free ; ot hers short, thick, suhociiial ; a
eanilins lostralis; iiiii/./.le triiiKMie; vomerine series in (umtact ; lead-col-
or times, and h-nj^th liead to axilhi, "2.5 to 3 limes, to gri>in ;
tail yeneially more eloufjato ; bhiek ; sides, tail, and often back, gray
varied; larger *'• lepioaiix.
PlicH) 11 ; inner too not distinct; otiier toes very sliort, margined ; width of
liead li, to axilla, 1.3 to groin ; tail short; black, unspotted ; medium.
S. repliulicHg.
II. Vomerine teeth not continued posteriorly to the psirasphenoid patches, uor exte-
riorly to beyond the nares.
rt. Tail round; costal grooves 11-1-'; inner toes rudimental.
Plieie 11 (without ingiiiual) ; width of head 1..'>; length to axilla 'if' times in
length to groin ; tail rather short ; toes very short ; upper lip more or lees
truncate ,um1 angulate S. chiropltrnfi.
an. Tail siibronud; costa' grooves -il ; inner toes minute.
Width of head near one-seventh, length to axilla .M of length to groin ; limbs
short ; tail thick at base; brown, with a dark lateral baml on each side;
small *'■ inHlt'q>licntiig.
txim. Tail compressed ; costal grooves 13-lJ ; inner toes distinct.
Plica- usually 14; width of head less than one-sixth to groin ; head to axilla
well over .33 (d'tlie same; body longer, tail not keeled above jiroxinially,
comparatively short ; \omerine series turned iddiv<-; yellow, with three black b.iuds; tail black, yellow-barred ;
belly motth'tl ; larger .s', (iiilli>liiiialii».
III. Vomtu'ine series of teeth <'ontiiinoMs posteriorly with the parasphenoid brnshi-s,
and original ing behind n.ires.
Costal i)licie 1.'>-1(I; head widi-, not more than seven times to groin, not
more than twice to axilla : no canthns rostralis; t.iii :■■—:;, h-d at l»ase,
not tinned; laige ; v(-rmiliio|»ortion.s Unnitlarti/lium
scntdfnm. It is well eliafatteiized in tlii.s ifvum by its imineroii.s co.stal
plica- and tliittkeiuMl, .siMiecly coiiipre.ssed tail.
The width of the head enters the lenj^th to the jjroin (I.Tfj times; the
length to axilla enters thiice. The hind limb, extended, pa8.se.s six iu-
terval.s from the gioin ; the foot is wide and tlio toes short, especially
the inner and outer; the inner has .i one minute Joint free. The
.same iiiiiy be said of the anterior di',.,s. 'I'he tail is tiompro.s.sed a little
and eonsiderably tliiekened; in the smidlest specimen the terminal .75
above and ..'W below are keeled; in others the superior keel is more
distal.
^ i
i
\
^ .
1
TlIK IJATUACIIIA OF NOKTIF AMEUICA.
1G3
Upper lip inodtTiitrly tniiiciiti', with iiilVauiiroal iuiglos, and in one,
rmliniental (5ini. The innz/le is rather thiek and slioit, the head Hat;
in one snniUer spt'cinien the former is a litth^ loiifrer than in the others
ami the width of the iiead rehitivcly less. Tiio vomerine teeth form
sliort series, each rather suchlenly bent haekwards; the pterygoid two
narrow patches not approaching the vomerines, the rehitions in this
respect being as in »V. hiliiwdtus.
Tiie eoh)r in ftmr specimens is an nnspotted brown, the inferior sur-
faces paler, especially the gnlar region. In the smaller specimen above
mentioned, which seems to constitute a variety, the brown color forms
a broa«l dorsal band with dark j)oints; the sides are of u i)inkish gray,
aiul the uuder surfaces light yellow.
6 7
4 3 5
VUi. :;0. Sjirlrriirs iiiiiUifliidtiiK. Xo. JOIIS. V\vt\ llivcr. Alk. ; f, t-
Miii-iiiniiiriils of tin htvijvxl xjnr'iiniH on the rM'iv of llu: body.
Inches.
Lfiiy;tli fioiii mii/./lc to (iiliil O.'i
l/cMijj;lli from mii//.li' to riitiis }•>
l..'iij;tli iVtiiii iimz/li- t(i axilla l','."!
l^fii;{th I'll (111 iiiil//l(' III j;roill I. ;">:{
I.i'iij^lli riiim 111 II //li' to CI 1(1 (if tail ;\.'-i\
ij'iijilli 111" Ion; iiiiili M.V.i
l.fiij;tli of I'oK -loot OS
I. distil of liiiul liiiili *,';»
l,iii}r)ii of iiiiid loot i:{:j
Width of licail at aiiti'iior aii;;I(' orliits. 1
Willi h of Ilea. I at rictus -22
Width of liody at- .sacriiiii i.^
The form of this species woidd iiidi<;ate it to be terrestrial in its hab-
its. Of its geograi»Iiical range we have as yet little information, except
that it belongs to tiie southern central region of the . Ci!!.
SuliiiiiiiiKlra hiliiicditi (Jrccii, .foiirii. Ac. IMiila.. I. p. '.'Wi; Molhr., \. A. Itcip., v, p. r>5,
I'i. 1(1 •, lie Ka.v, N. V. I'aiiii. l.'-pl . p. 7'.t, I'l. -J;!, li-, C.T.
• riaic 'i'*, !!;;«. I-C..
^f
-
' ,
i
m
V
1G4 HULLliTIN :il, I'NITKI) .STATIvS NATIONAL MUSIiUM.
Salamandid Jitirhslmu Ilarlaii, Aiiii'V. .lourii., lf''iecimens from
Orange only distinguishable under the lens, and impaiting a slight
dusky shade. The amount of dotting here on the side is scarcely
greater than that on the back.
'ii perhaps the greater nund>erof specimens the mottling of the sides
is „reater than as described, making a broad lateial band, .sometimes
fading giadnally out of the dorsal surface, ami fading out along the
belly, sometimes leaving the lower edge of the dorsal stripe well
marked; occasiomdiy the whole sides are almost as dark as the lateral
stripe. There is a row of pores on the upper part of the sides, one to
each intersitace between the costal furrows. The.se show in the «lusky
sides as a line of whitish spots, as tliey «lo in *S'. (jutlolincnta. This may
be owing in both either to the transparency of the epider«nis or to the
actual presence of spots of white around these pores.
This species bears a cIo.se resemblancse to ncsm<>(fns in that to the groin.
The tail, as in other species, is slender and compressed, longer than
the rest of the animal.
The digits an; unusually long and very slender, considerably longer
than in var. S. h. hilini'dtiis. Tlu' limbs are also well developed.
Tliecohu' is \\\\u:\i the same as in s. h. hiliticatns — yellowish, with a well,
detlned line of bla(;k on each side the back, tlu; intermediate si)ace
i;^ii^
! I
I p
16(i IM'UJ'.TIN :!l, l\ITi:i> STATKS NATIONAL MISKUM.
(lotted with nitlu'r hw^v iiiid distinct spots of bliicUisli witlioiit dolinito
arniii^'i'iiK'iit. Tlio sidi-s iiic ohsciiici.v iniirblcd with dusky. The uii.
der parts iii)pL'ar to be iiiimacidalo, oxcepl some indistinct nuubling on
the cliin.
Althon^di tlie form wiiidi presents this sin^^idar eliaraeter is not typ-
ical of the species, 1 do not consider it to lie referable to any other.
IJesides the original two specimens of (Ireeii, I have seen threeothers
bearinff cirri, which 1 took with two noncirrigerous ones on the slope of
tlie IMack Mountiiins of Nortli Carolina. These specimens are otherwise
of typicid ciiaracter.
Tlie cirrus is a larval character retained, which, were it peinianenr,
wouhl be of ;>eneric value; but it is not so, and in this case an individ-
ual feature only. The same peculiarity I have observeit 47
From snout to unun l.W
From snout to IxOiiiMl anus l.r)U
From snout to t-nil of tail :<. ID
Tail I.(i0
I lead-
Width olli.'ad
Lfn<;tli oCorliil
Distance bi'twot'uc.vi's ant fiiculy
Distance lu'twecii outer nostrils
Hody :
Cireuniferencu of belly
'JO
10
1-.'
l'.>
IJody — Continued.
Distance between armitit and
groin
Tail:
Heij;ht of tail where highest...
Breadth of tail wln-re highest..
Limbs :
Free portion of longest tiiigor..
From elbow to tip of longest
liiifier
Free jiortion of longest too
From knee to tip of longest too.
Distance between outstretched
toes
,88
,12
,05
7fi 1
MiiiHinvmeiits of Xo. 47;M, hi iiwhen.
Length, measured alongaxisof liody :
From snout to gape Iv!
From snout to giilar fold 'i'J
From snout to armpit '!'>
From snout to groin 1. ttH
From snout to behind anus .... 1
','7
Fr(un snout to end of tail 'i
'.t7
Tail 1
70
Head :
Width <.f bead
20
Length of orbit
00
Distance bet ween eves anterior! V
10
Hoily : Circumference! of belly
Tail : Height of tail where highest.
Limbs :
Free portion of longest linger..
Fioni elbow to tip of longest
linger
Free portion of longest toe
From knee to tip of longest toe.
Distance between outstr«'tched
toes
.08
,20
.79
.00
,15
.07
. 25
,11
,27
.87
SpeUrjtfs bilhieatiiii (Jreen,
l^iUalii^m"
iiiMiilirr.
Nil. ol
Mpt't'.
T
1
7
!:
1!
10
I
r>
1
10
17
I
•1
T
1
1
I
1
17
4
1
1
!
I.ciralil.v.
Wli.-i.
t'llllHUtcd.
t'liiiii wlioin lecoivoil.
Nature of Hpcci-
uieii.
37:i8
Hs:i:i
WcsliTII 1'fMIlS> IViUliil. .
( 'iiii'iiiiiati. Oliio
ill)
Dr. .1. <:i
ISn!
IKs;i
is-i:!
l«s:i
ibKl'
Williiiiiis. .............
Do.
47;i.'i
0(1!.!
:<7itt
:i7;t7
Dr.T. Il.n.an
Kuiiilii'ii \ ISraii
I'r.il. .S. K. liaiiil
,1,1
Do.
D,..
Do,
Do.
1.I42.">
.1, X. 15. Si'aili,ii'iiii;;li . ..
Do.
D,>.
i:>7l(i
ti.l'. Mfirill
.. . ,1,1
Do.
D,i.
i:i7ii
ilo
,Ii>
Do.
I.i7i:i
lid
,1,1
Do.
i:t7i:i
,\«
.M.lM'vill.. S. (•
Waxjiiii^tiin. I). (;
Ma.lii.l. \. V
( itlMK'r.^tt'r, Mil
,|„
Do.
:i70S
IJIIJO
:i7;i(!
.r. It. Hairatt
( tfiii );,< Sli,ifiiiakcr
(.')
(b
(?>
1)1. Ua^lll^
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I4».'-.7
;!T."J
Allllrvillc. .s. »:
\Viliiiiii"l(.ii, l>tl
Do.
Do.
ill
k
r
I :
1: » 'I
! ']
mi
|;
':.t
^
KIS m'MJiTiN :!i, i:niti:i) statks national mcsimm.
SjuhriKx bUiiiinliiH (irccii— t'oiiliiimi:iii'
IIIIMllll'l'.
X.I. of
Itpi'V.
Locality.
Wliiii
C.lll.llCll.
l''rciiii wlmiii ifci'ivi'il.
3702
1
3763
1
3751
3717
5
3741
1
3720
lU
3721
uo
3742
1
3726
o
4710
7
37L'H
o
a7l7
o
Ni.liolH. X. V
Mrmlilli l!ricl;;<', N'- H..
Gloncivsirr. Va —
Clarkr (,'oiiiitv, Va
('lllllIllllllS. dlli"
Salriii, N.C
t'|i)Mi JaiiH'S Kivi
Aiiilcisdii. S. (' —
Alilirvillr. S. C ...
\a
Clivclaiiil.Oluii...
Kaciiic, ^Vi^^
I!. TIi.wMl
S. V. r.airil
l!rv. r. Mann
{'. I!. IJ. Krniw'ily.
I,. I.ciijnricnx
.1. '!'. I.ini'liaik
S. 1'. iiaitd
Mm. l>ani; dray, Cat. Ualr. (Irail. Hiil. .Mum., t-d. i, p. i:?;
JIallowi'll, .Journ. Ac. I'liila., IV, p. :tir.; I{i>iik'iio,.r, Cat. ISatr. (iiad.
Ihit. MllH.,t>tl. II, l■^^\.^ II. liJ.
Salamamha loiigiraiKht (irccii. Jmirii. Ac. I'liila.. i. p. ;!.'il : li.illir., N. A. Ilcrp., v, p.
Cil, ri. lit: iv Kay, N. V. Kami.. Kept.. 1>. T-. I'l. 17, li;;. 11.
Spcln-jwn liinfmjn Kaliii., Atlaiit. .I.iiini. i. 1-:W, p. ti (liile Hainl).
Ci/Undrosiimd loiiijiciiii(lii 'I'scliiidi, Mali'., |i. 'Xi.
CyliiKh-osoma hniijiiitiuhxtiim Dmii. iV liilir., p. 7>.
This .species i.s .sU'iKlt'r and i'loii};ato(l; (lie head llalteiied and iiiiudi
depressed; the body depies.sed; the tail compressed troni the hase, and
considerably loii{;er than the rest of the animal.
The surface of the skin, thoii^di smooth, shows everywhere shallow
pits under the niicro.scope, and closely a;;<;lomeratcd granules, the ends
of glands, which probably secrete a milky Juice. 1 have not made out
any satisfactory indications of itatclies of pores on (op of the head,
althoiijjh (hen^ are .some on the chin.
The head is liattened, tlioii;;li not wedj;e-sliaped, qiiile jdaiie above, and
twice as wide as dee]). It is longer (liaii wide, the n|»i>er Jaw overlapping
the lower, especially anteriorly; the ninz/le is triangular, broadly trim,
cated anteriorly. There is a slij^ht swellin;,^ in the upper lip on each .sitlo
of the muzzle, impar(iii}j^ an eniar^finated or (loncavc appear.ince (o the
front view of the month, and a concavity to (he lateral outline, wliicdi
liosteriorly i»as.scs into a conve.K curv«'. There is a sli}.;ht narrowing; of
the lower jaw (o (it into the eiiiar<;ination Just referred (o.
The ton;;iie is elliptical, rather lonj;-er (ban wide, inserted on tho up-
perpartof thee.\(remity of a jirotractile pedecil; it has no other attacli-
meut whatever. The palatine teeth form a short arc which bejfins bo-
\
\ I
Inn
wai
beg
how
T
timt
'0
^-.
INK HATK'ACIIIA (H' NOUTII AMIM.MCA.
1 (JJ)
T*-.
I
« t
hind iiiid on a line with the innor boitU'r of inner naivs, and cnrxcs in-
WiU'ds and bactkwards for a short tlistanci'. The parasplionoid ti'cth
begin ashort distance bohind their termination (witii a decided interval,
ho\V(r\er), and lorni in patdies, in contact aloiis longer of the two; the second and lifth are
nearly ecpial. Tin? first linger and toe arc very short, though not rudi-
mentary.
tl
4 5
Tir.. 41 f!j„irriii:i liniiiirn'idin. Xii, luS.'i
Lanoaslrr, Oliio; J.
The ground color of this species is of a clear bright yellow, paler bc-
iH'atii, the baresenting the IS. ynttoUneatus of the far
Scmthern States.
1 have recorded a specinu'ii of this speciies from Tennessee (Anierican
Naturalist, IS71, p. KM), in which the b;dancers were persistent, as in
the cirrigera form of ISi>dcrpvs hilin(ahi.s.
. ;'
170 lU'M.KTlN :M, UNITKI) SI'ATKS national Ml/SKIIM.
'< 4
Lenj{tli,iiii'!iNiiii'tl aloii}; axis of Ixidy :
Fitmi snout tin !.;(.'>
T.iil:
j|ii;;lil (if tail wlirrr Iii;;lifst .. . . 'J.'i
Itiradtli of tail wliiTi' lii;;lit'st .. . I!»
Linilis:
Fret' jiortion of lon<;f'st linp'r .. .11
From elliiiw to li|» of lon^jrst
linger W
I'rrr port ion of loily;i'st tof l,"t
I'rom kni'c to tip of loiiy;cHl toe .U\
Instance lii'twi'cn oiitstrt'trjn'd
toes 1. (iri
V.
:i((
7.")
'>
II.-I
II
;!.-.
r..
(If)
•>_
TO
i:.
i:.
•JO
i:>
10
SjuUriua loHtjlvtiiiiliin (irccn.
ClllalO)!!!!'
No. (if
uuiiiIkt.
HIICC.
2
8«42
:i7:ir)
1
8s4«
1
882 1
1
hS();i
I
882(i
1
;iMUi
•1
4118')
3 1
lHlf,
1
14117
1
:i7i()
r.
:i7:i()
1
;i7;ii
3
3739
3
Lixalitv.
Wlicn
Colll'ltKl.
FmMivvlM.n.tv.nvul. Ni't'";'' «'/ .-I'fci
(Miuiimnli, Oliio i .1. N. H S. nilMiii.iiyli. .
CiiliiMiliiis. Oliiii --
Mfii.lvillf. I'a : Williams
»'iiiiliiiiali,()liiii ! ■!. N H Siatli(pn>iif;li. .
I'niciii ('iiiiiitj', Tciiii . .
Aii^iisla. (tit
l''iaiilh.'i Cnl M. Mil) till.
1H1!» 1 S. I". I'.aliil
' Malllii'ws
Wi'.Mt Noillillilil, III ...I K. Krmilciill
Sciiitlii'iii lllimiis ! ilii
Wanliiiintoii, 1>. <; I Dr. K. K. (iiUt
Uroliullc.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
D.>.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Uo.
SrF.LKKrKS CSFTTOLINKATITS lT(d1.rool».
Biiird, .Tonrn. Ar. Pliila. (2), I, p. l-W ; Coiie, I'ror. Ac I'liila., ISC,;), p.
107; Straiicli, Salani., j). S-,»; (iray, Cat. M.ilr. (Jr.id. Itril. Mas., rd. i,
p. 45; Hallow., .Fonrn. Ac IMiila., iv, Itlli; ll'inli iigi r. Cat. Katr.
Orad. Urit. Mas., t-d. ir, 1S8-J, p. 115.
SalamnndraijidloIiiiKita llollir,, N. A. ]l. '2!t, 1*1. 7.
CiiliiKhonoma iiiitloHiicaliim Dum. iV liilir., p. 7'.i.
This si)ecio.s in its gouoral proportions, sliiipc, vlv., is vriy similar to
S. lonf/icitiiihis. It appears to be latiu'r stout*'!', and tin; licad ii little
l>roatk'r. The eyes tire hirfjcr, tiie tocsshortei', 4'tc. Tiic protnbcranreH
of the upper lip are ratlier hirf,'er, whi(;h }j;i\es a more einarfiinated out-
line to t lie Jaw when viewed from before.
There tire thirteen well-marked costal ;,Mooves, a fomteeiith falliiifj
just iibove the insertion of the arm. The most posterior falls in tho
groin.
This species is of a brownish-yellow above, bejiinniii',' id the muzzle,
includiiif; the upper eyelids and e.xtendin;,' to the tip of the tail. On
the back it occupies nearly one-third the circumference of the body. It
I
IS,
I
« k
l
T "^ '
-
i''
TlIK MATKACMIIA OK N(»UTII AMKUICA.
171
is (lividtMl (H'liti'iill.v l).v a loii^Mtuiliiial ilark lirowii line, b('<;iiiniti<; as a
few (luts, oil the t(ii> of tlu> licai], tlit-ii uniting; into a (Mtntiiiiioiis stripe,
which vxtciids to the riitni>, and is a littk; iiairower than, or about e(|iial
to, the two li}>ht stiipos into wliich it diviihs tliu color of the back.
Tim lij^ht dorsal stripe is bordered on each side by a continuous dark
stripe well delined on the upper ed}je. The under parts are .vellowisli
in alcohol, distinctly mottled or veriiiiculated with brown in about
e(|ual proportions. In tlu^ present specimen there is no distinct li^ht
line below the brown of the sides, which breaks up gradually below,
passiii}^ into the reticulation described. There is a sinjjle light spot in
the darkest part of the sides, one to each intercostal section. The sides
of the tail are dark brown, with vertical light bars analogous with the
white spots just described.
In other spe«'iniens the dark brown which bonlers the yellowish of
tli(^ back is sharply defituMi on its lower margin, also forming a con-
tinuous line of variable diameter, with a series of white spots, one to
eacth space, between tli(> costal furrows. ISelow this iigaiii is another
contimious, quite well-delined light stripe, after which succeeds the
inottling descriiietl. In this casii then' are three black stripes, om>
median dorsal, and two lateral; and four light stri|u>s, two mtMlJan,of a
brownish-yellow color, and two lateral, whitish in alcohol.
The comparison of form has already been made with «S'. loiifiictiuthis.
The color dilfers essentially in tlic vi'riiiiciilation, with l»rown beneath,
instead of being p«'rfec(ly immaculate. If the varieties ofN. Iinii/icainhtu
having Ihrei^ series <»f (basal dots hail these united iut«» eonliniiouH
stripes there would W some resemblamu' to the present species. Such
is, however, never the case. The tail, instead of being yellow, with
narrow vertical dark lines, is dark, witli narrow verti«!al light ones.
1 have found a cirrigerous form of this species in North Carolina.
^r— -
(^g^
<( if
e
Fni. I'J. RinUiiim iiiilli.liiiiiilni). Ni). :i7'j:i. Kiilinv, Ala. ; }
Mnf'ini nil iil.-i lit \o. 'M'2'.i, in iiirluH.
lA'Uf^th, nifiisiiri'il iiliiii;; a\iM nf Hody :
l)()(l.v :
I'rom snout to f;:!]"'
I'loin . snout to ;;nlar I'lilil
I'roin snout to :irni|iil
I'nnii snout to •;niin
l''i'oiu snout to lit'liinil iinus
Ki'oiu suoMi lo rnil of tiiil
Tail
lloail:
Wnltlioriicail ;'..'
I.cu
f
:^1
1
172 III LMTiN ;ii, rMir.i' ^'^((7«ry/( I ijiiiUtintintii^ Ijtillir.
Infill'
niiiii'
Im'I.
37'j:i
S7L'7
S7»9
47;i:i
n7:i»
f.7'.MI
37:t:i
N'ii.»r
Si'\
H|M'('.
:lllilll|;r.
4
I.ui'va.
I.iir.ility.
Kiilaw. Alii
Siil.iii.N. <•......
Alilii'vill.'.S. ('....
MiS'
r.'t't al.ovc the sea. Dr. A. K. Tislier, of the IJ. S. A;-iicnltnial hniean,
also lonnd this species in Virginia, only eight miles soulli of Washing,
ton, 1). <'., a most lemarkalde extension of its range.
The specimen reconle-,1 in Dr. Yarrow's checklist as from Lan-
caster, Ohio, belongs to the S. linKjimudns.
SPKLKKrKS KMIiKK Danrlin.
(1'1mi.h-.".i,:!0, iijis. 1-:.: :ii. li.i,-^. i-:.; :!-', lijix. i-:': ■>■'< ^'H'*- 7-">; '»". "««• '.'-'; ■'•'•■ '•«•
ti; 4-', li;j. II''. >
Cope, rnicrnl. Ac, riiil.i , l-dH, 1>. H'T : Slr.iiicli, 8al,iiii., p. Kt ; Hou-
l.'iiiicr, Cat. IJalr. (iiail. Hiit. Mils., «iI. ii, ]-'*•>, p.tW.
Siilamaiidm nihni Daiiil , i:.).!., viii, ii. 'J'.'T, I'l. Hv', li^'. 'J ; llollir., N. A. llc-rii., v,
1.. :tr., I'l.K; ]h' Kay, N. V. I'ami. l{i'|it., |'. -'I, I'l, i:, Ih^. lit.
Sdhimaiiilni minntntn (irceii, .Imirii. Ac. I'liila., I, j). It.'iO.
Sdliimaiiilni ^iih/iixca (Irci'ii, /. c, ]•. I!''l.
SalmiKiiKlnt nihriroilris (Jifcii, /. c, \>. :!,'>;! {iirc. Daml.).
l'si:iii x/i^/'dscdn Tsclimli, IJati., ]>. 'X>.
I'miidiilritiiii riilnr ISainl, .loiini. Ac. I'lii i. (v!), i, ]!. 'Xi ; Hallowdl, /. c, IV., p. :!47.
.s'y)(7( i/x ••< riilini (iiJiv, Cat. I'atf. (ii.i(i. IWil. Mils., cil. I, \t. |.'>.
Udliliiijltiss.i iiihi-a Diiiii. iV Itilir., ]>. -^It, I'l. l':t, Ii;;. 'J.
I'MCiiilolriloii Jltivhximiis Hallow., I'nic. Ac, I'liila., iS'ti, ]>. i:i(l.
I.arva":
Sinn op(i(iil(i(. ','<;•, I'l. — , li^. ;i.
I'liitiim i/(iii((.-((/C(<()nr'- (iiL'iii, /. c, \t. It.'>8.
The form of this species vaiies with its age, the v<'ry old ones being
neaily as stont as Amhiistomn itinicttiliim ; more so than A.opacKm. The
more immature, however, are rather slender.
The skin is perfer(»jeetin}( and overhips th«^ h)\ver. Tliejjape isal»nnt .strai;,dit. Th*-
end ol' the iipiterjaw is llatlened oliliqnel.v a little, visilde oiilv IVoni lie-
low. The nostrils aie very saiall, placed more laterally than snperioily,
andalittlu below the anterior end ol the ronnded eanthiis lostralis.
Theey«'sarc directed antero laterally, so that the lines of the upper eye-
lids would intersect before leachinj; the lip of the nose.
There is oidy a sli<>ht constriction at the neck, the entire animal from
head to rump hviu^ nearly of the same diameter, and the body passes
insensibly into the tail. This is ipiadrate or nearly stpiai'e at the base
(with riMinded corners), but becomes more and more compressed to the
pointed tip. The dorsal surface of llu^ tail rises into an acute rid;;(> for
the posterior twothiids, the ventral for one-third. There are liftcen
costal ;;roovcs, including one in th(>. ;4:i'(>ii>. If cdiitiuned to the axilla
there would be sixteen, but theic is no distinct axillary one. The verti-
cal ;^roove.Hof the tail are distinct at the base of the tail, but so«»n bectome
indistinct.
A.S stated, old specimens havu a prop(U'tioiially larger body than
yoiin;;c'r.
The lindts are all very weak ; the dibits feeble. The third linj-er is
lou^M'st, then the .second, fourth, and first. The third and fourth toes
are nearly equal, then the second. The first dibits an* (piite rudiment-
ary, especially the first toe. The youiijicr spei'imeiis appear to hav(*
proportionally lonj^er diyits and more slender liiiib>.
The toii;;iu^ is a nearly circular disk, entirely free, supportc'd on a
slemler pedicel like a mushroom, and capable of beiiijn <'xtended beyond
the mouth. The palatine teeth are transverse. Just beliiml the nostrils
(by one diameter), and form an abrupt rectan;;le with each of the .series
oil the parasphenoid bone, which widen behind and leave a free chan-
nel down the median line. This free space ant«'iiorly is as wide as the
diameter of the inner nares, but like the patches ol' teeth widens a lit-
tle behind. The space is encroached upon by the plates of parasphe-
noid teeth with aj;e.
The inner nostrils are minute, about transversely elleptical and con-
tinuous, with a well-delined narrow -groove runninjiout to the maryiii
of the jaw. They are situated about opposite the center of the trans-
verse portion of the teeth, the lenjj;t!i of which may be about three times
as ;;reat as the major axis of the nostrils.
The colors of the younjjfer specimens of this species in alcohol are a
pale salmou-yellow, lighter beneath; the back and upjter part of the
sides sprinkled irn'fjularly and thickly with sharply-deliued blackish
spots, lookinjj like };rains of c()arse ots vary in
si/e with the specimen, and are jiciierally lar<;cr towards the dorsal line.
With aj;e, and sometimes in yoiiiincr specimens, the borders of these
spots are less distinctly delined, and the };round «'olor between them
" -*"
^IP
1
J 1 •
i ^(1
il
i; i
. ^
I r
i
174 humj:tin :(i, umtku .srATi::s nati(»nal mlsku.m.
bo(!Oines sufliisetl with ii Uiri«l of jmiplisli-biown. The lu-lly is goner-
ally immacuhitc until tho animal iscniito ohl, whfii it is lluely sprinkled
with (lots iilie grains of line powder.
Tlie color of a fresh specimen is as follows. It is fully grown, and was
taken April 7, 184S
I''l(i. i;!. Sjiilirinf ri'l'i,: No. TOu:!. ('iuli.slf, I'a. ; ].
Pupil small, illiptical, major axis horizontal, hrassy, with horizontal
dark line. General color dark salmon r<'d. Whole upper |»arts marked
with rounded si)ots, largest along back, about size of the eye and less,
of black or dark. Iletwcen these spots is a clouding of dark red
dish-brown, as if the black of ui)per parts had run after being tirst
put on. ]''re(piently, however, there is an obscure areola of the ground
color around the sjtofs; on sides of body iwid t.iil, external poili. f
limbs, less of the interstitial dark reddish-brown. Wliole under surface
sprinkled with minute black dots, larger towards the chin. Ivxtreme
edge of snout blackish, as also of lower Jaw to a Ii'ss degree.
Individuals vary somewhat in coloration; sometimes the dots on the
belly are more aggregated towards the center, sonu'times the interstitial
color on back purer, so as to dcliiie spots better, while agein, on theot
hand, the whole upper parts aic so much shaded with the reddish-brow u
as to nearly obscure the black spots.
The eye can be retracted or protiuded as in the ligures, and also con-
cealed by the approximation of the lids. The transparent lower li*i
can be brought up and over lower half of the eyeball.
in yoiing individuals the colors aie much purer; the whole body
being of orange, of ditVerent shades in ecimens with sixteen costal
l>lica'. refciable to S. r. monfunus, where t!ie width of the head may
be one-sixth the length to the j;roiu, two specimens measure thesame,
Oft and (t'i{ iu the same, ami another (i|, and another (.'{S4S) 7 times. In
one the posterior part of the par^sphenoidal patch is widened, as in the
Msual form. Ii; two specimens (.WTO-TO.'M) tlie sixteenth pli(!a falls over
the femur and does not descend before it; the vomerine series of both
are angulated. In Td.'ihf, from the same locality as TOM, all the char-
acters are those typical of S. r. ininitainis.
In two specimens having the head and coloration of var. IJuber, from
Miitaw, Ala., one has lifteen plicie and angnlat«' teeth, the other sixteen
plica' and curved series of tet'th. In a number of >S'. r. nihcr from Ab-
Iteville, S. (!., one has sixteen plica-. In this variety the width of the
head enters the, length to gn»in usually tivv times, but varies to i}.\, r)!|,
and in 7(L'.{, ii\ times.
In the typ»' of I'.JhtrissimiiN, this relation is 1 to (iA, with but lifteen
plica-; the truncation of the muzzle is less than described, and there
are no cirri. In var. Sti(!ticeps a trace (large), though nonti are siuu-
lar in the puiu',tulatiou of the front ; in IStO, from Eutaw, Ala., the ab-
domen and gular region are sindlarly punctulate.
As regards the size of the eyes in r.j!it.
Distantf IntwiTii internal nostrils in !i-nj;lli of orliit ii'ss tlian 1 orliit.
Limits:
Fri'c portion of Ioi»<;ost liii;;i'r contairnMl in ilistanci! from cIIhiw to tip. I times.
Fri'e portion of loiif;ewt toe toiitained in distaiiee from knee to tip l! times.
Distance lielwei n oiitslrel. I!"^!!", ill iiiilim,
L('n;,'lli, measured alon;;: axisof liody : Itody :
I'roni siioiii to >;ape "JH j ('ircnmferer.ee td' lielly 'J. ir»
From snont to <;nlar fold 70 > |)ist:ince lietwivn armpit and
From snoiiMo ainiiiil 1.0(1 i;roin •,'. Ill
From snout lo j;roin If.OK Tail:
From smiiil to Ixdiind anns. ... It. .'id llei;;lit of tail where lii;;he.st .. . .15
From .snout to end of tail -t.W l!re;nltli of tail where |ii;;Iiesl . . .10
Head: Limits:
Width of he.id rt.'i i I'ni! portion of lon;;est linj;er.. .10
Width of lonjiiu' ti'2 \ From 4'lliiiw to tip of louf^est
Lenj;lh of nrliil .11 lin;;er 10
Dislaiice lietween eyes ante- Free port ion of lon;;eHl lot- 1.^
riciily 'Jt'i From kiu-o to tip of lon<{est toe. ..'if
DistaiM'c lielweeii outer nostrils. . l.'i 1 Distain'e lietween onlstreteh<'d
IMstanee lietween in rnostril.H. . I'i I toes l.I'iO
Spilcrpcs ruber Jia vinxiin us 1 1 allow.
I'unidotritini lliiriKfiimiis Hallow., Proceed. Ac, Nat. Sci, I'hila., l-'.'iO, i:(0.
Tlie I'urm and pro[)ortioiis, e.xeeptinfjr about the head, are so .simi-
lar to those of IS. ruber, that it i.s uimeeessary to repeat these eharae-
ters. The tli},'it8 are rather lowg, as usual in yoiinj; .S'. ruber. The outer
ones, hv)wever, appear proiMtrtionall.v l()n<;cr tha!i in the lattei'. The
head, viewed from above, is narrower and more triineaie. It is arched
imt not wedo:e-shaped, depre.ssed, the mnz/.ie bein^ much hiolier than
in S. ruber. lOaeh side of the tri' »ted snout is bordered by a vertical
ridof, which is a little exterior tt ; outer nostrils, and descends a
I ' .
/
Mead:
J'eil,:;lll,
I'roM
I'loiii
iw'on:
l''i'oni
I'roin
I'riirn
'fail..
lie.id:
Wi.lth
i
Tin: IIATKA'.MIIA OF NOIJTH AMKIMCA.
177
iittli! lu'low tlio lovol of tlio J;i\v, lookin^j; liken fiinj'' wIkmi vicwetl latt'r
illv
Viewed from in front, tlio lower outline, of the muzzle is stron«:lv
» oneave, boniered on eaeli side by the downward extension of this
lidfic Tlieni is a slijfht indentation of the side of the jaw behind this
\'u\iir, and there is a line linear channel leadin;;- down the back of this
rid"i^ IV(»m the outer maryiii of the external nostrils. A similar chan-
nel, but no ridi^e, issei'u in J*. /
nbcr.
Tiie outline of the upper jaw, as viewed from below, is decidedly an-
fiular anteriorly instead of rounded.
The eyes arc unusually larye and prominent for this section of sala-
mainlers, and are sei)arated anteriorly by little more than one oibit's
l("ii;:fh. The two parasphenoidal ranj;«'s of teeth are in contattt ante-
riculy, as in S. r. montaniis, without the interval of S. r, nilnr.
There are llftei'ii costal furrows, excluding' an axiliary one. The tai|
is a little more than half the rest of the body.
in alcohol the color is li};ht brownish red, paler beneath; tlu' upper
parts and sides thinly but (piite uniformly spriidiled with small,
roiindcti, well delined, Itlackish dots; very few of them on the head.
As stali'd, this variety is distini,Miished from >'. rubir, as well as
N /'. niinttdiiiis and sticticrps, by the shape ot the head, the anji'ulation
ul tl'" uppei' lip, the much larger and more approximated eyes. The
scaiilinessof the black specks is more as in S. r. moiituints, from which
aiiain it is distinL'uished bv lifteen instead of sixteen costal ijtrooves.
■!i'
^
ih
.t
11. ail:
rropovlionnl iliiiu nsinux.
Willi li to ilistaiKT fpun snout to ^'loin al'oiif (I tiiiios,
I'loiii Mioiil to ;;iila>' lolil roiitaiiii'il ill ilistaiiri' rroiii snout to
fjiiiiii alioni I J tiiiU'M,
hiMtaiiif aiitrriorlv lirtwci'ii eyes in ii'n;;lli of orltit... srarirly more than onrf,
l)i>,tanc.' Iroin cyi'N to nostrils in li'n;;lli oforl)!! a limit once,
liislaiK'o lit'twmi cxtfrnal nostiils in ii-n^lli ol'orliil aoout one linir
Pistanci' 111"! WITH ontslri-tilu'il tin
II llMl^tll tVoiu
snoiil to ^loin ralliiT nioro than halt.
IJiiilv : Nniiilirr of coital t'linou s (incluiiin;; inuninal ) 1,')
Miii'^iin nil Ills, ill iiirli(s.
hrn^tii, niraHiiicil alon;^ as is of lioily
lli'ail- Continiiril .
I'rom hiiont to jiapo
I'l'OIII SllOl.t to irlilar I'oM .
i' roll: snout to aniipil . . .
I list a
nil' hi'twi'iMi inner iiosiiilH .<•.-(
\:
Uistanrr iVoin eve to noMtriis.. . lU
I
Mini .>n>iui to •'nun . -
l''roin Miiiiit to lichinil aii's
I'loin . snout to mil of tail It. :to Liiiili:
, ti,') Koily: nislaiH'i' lift wren ai'iii|iil
I.S-.
'J. Ill T:
iiiil uroin I. n
llri;rlil of tail wlii'ii- liiy-Jii'st
•JO
Ta
ll.ail:
Wiilthof head
Li>ii^;lli III' iiiliil
Pi-itanri' liftwcrii I'M's aiiti'ii-
l.'Jd , l''i('i' iioition of lon;r,.s| (inyirr.. .(W
1 . ,-. f^
j I' Idlll I'lllOW to ti|i of liiiip'.st
liiiniT :U)
I'li'r iiiirl ion of loii";i-st lOf It
:tn
II
orlv
l>islaiiri« lii'lwriMi until' noNlrils . II
i'.»r.i— p.uii M — iL*
I'luin klirr to tip of lniii^i'.sl tor . I!.")
Ilista""!' Iii'iwi'rii oulstn-lchi'il
toi'.s 1.0.')
*i^i»
17.S lUILLKTIN :;i, rMIKl. states national MlISKl'M.
ISpclcriHS ruber .sticticeps IJaii'tl.
Proceed. Ai'. Fliilii., l-^f'''.», ]). 1(H. (Name only.)
This varit'fy in all it.s details of sliaitc, proiMMtioiis an times.
Free portion of Imi^jest toe contained in dist;incc from knet> to
lip nearly I ti'iies.
Distance between oulstretclicd toes in len;;tli from snout to^jroin iieailv t wice.
Distance between ontstictdii'il toes in Icni^lli from snout to
belli lid anus iiiipie tliai, twice.
Body : Number of costal furrows (inclndiii}; :iii;ninal) 15
Mviixiin iiK r'n, ill iiiiliis.
LeiiHtli. measured aloiif^ axis of body : Umly :
.1111
From snout to ^ape
From snout to ;jular fold . .
From snout to ai nipit . .
From snout to jjroiii
l-'roni snout to behind anus .
I''roiii snout to end of tail . . .
Tail
Head:
Width of head f.t
licnj^th of orbit II
Distance bet ween eyes anteriorly .'-'-'
Distance between ou'.er nostrils . Ill
Distance between inner nostrils , Itt
'■>. f'>
l.lKt
■J. ().")
CiliiimlerelKHl of belly 1 .''(O
Dist.'iiiee between armpit and
;iroin l.ri.'i
'fail: llei;;lit of tail where lii;;hest
est M)
I.imbs :
I'ree poi'liiiu cil' loiij;e,st lillj^er .07
From elbow lo tip ol' lolij^est
lin;;er Xi
Free port ion of loii;;est toe \\i
l'"rom knee to lip of lonj;est toe .I"!
Distance between onlslretrlied
Iocs I . ;ii)
T\u>
I
I
-. i
TIIK IJATKACHIA 01' NOUTII A.MKUICA
SpcleriKs ntlnr ninntttinis llainl.
179
r.-iiinhlriloii moiiliiiiiis Itainl, .loiini. I'liilaililpliia Ai;aii<;at('i|, cyliinlrit'al, aial with the tail nearly I'qiial tothedis-
Miice IVotii the lieaiii,
TIm' head is rather small an*l iiarri>\v. The proportion of eyes, eU\,
iiiiKih as in S. ruUvr. The snout is, howevei', more ainiiptly truneatetl,
sliowin^" the nostrils on eaeh side at the eorner formed with the side «»f
the head, and with an indistinet rid<{(> riiiinin;;' down to the Jaw as in
a. in>ri>liifritiit no furrow (»f sepaiatiun. and very
little of on(M)e!iiiid. Tlie palatine portion does not extend outwards
licyond the outer border of the inner nostrils.
[•idfessor l»aird described this species in ISI!> from a siiijile adult
>p(-ciiueii can^iht in the South Mountain, near Carlisle, I'a. Siiicti
tlii'ii several others iVoin tlillerent localities have been oiitaiiied, and
after the renewed examinali(ui of many speciineiis of S. nilnr I am
silislied of its distinction as a subspecies. The cohMMti'Ui is always
appr«'ciably dillerent in the very . sk iris without loiiLjitudinal bar of
.Moiitaims, compared with the brassy yellow iris with longitudinal dark
bind' Jtulter. The ;iioiiiid color above is iiuiforinly and continuously
Uiiiwnishsalmon, much as in (i. jxirjiliifrilicHs, with a few well defined
circular spots. In IJuin'r where the ground cohu" has become dark I'cmI-
dish brown, it is alw.iys mottled with Milliter, ami the larger and more
iiiim -rors dark spots are iikuc obsolete in their outline.
Tiie Iliad of Moiitaiius isnarrower and much more arched tr.iiisv'Msely.
The snout is more truncate. The two series of teeth on each side the
jtai.isphenoid bone come closer, .so as to be almost in contact, without
I lie interval of S. ndnr.
Till' body and tail are more slender and elon<;ated; the latter propor-
,icn.i!ly consiih'rably lon-'er. Thereare 1»» costal tiirrows, exdudiii:.; an
axillir one, instead of lo, as in iS'. riilnr.
Tliere are Iti distinct costal j;roo\('s, excludin;;' any in the axilla.
The tail shows similar furrows at lirst, but they soiui become indistinct.
It is (piadrate at the base, then jjiadiially becomes more and more com-
press, -d, with a sharp ridj-e towards the end, as in S. ndirr. lis len.i;th
is n.'aily equal to the distance from the s • it to the ;;roiii.
Tlie limbs are not appreciably ditVi'ient from what has been destaibed
ni S.
ntlnr
\ \
^ !■
M
The color of the type specimens, as presorvod iu alcohol, i. a iiiiifoi'i
»
1«() ItlLMMI.N :!l, UN;TKU STATKS national Ml'SKUM.
roiitiimoiislnowiiisli salmon !il»()Vt',iiH!lii(liiijj:(lu' limbs; tlu' iiiHU'iparts,
iVom the middli' ttf tlii' .sides, latlu'r altniptly pale salmon. The dark
|M»itions are marked with eirenlar, thinly scattered, w( lldeliiied ilaik
brown or black spots. The belly is immaculate.
In life this .same .specimen had the ^'roiind c »lor reddish-brown; bei-
neath, deep .salmon. The iris dark reddish brown, almost black, with
faint mottli!ifj;s of bron/.e on the inner bonier, and without any hori-
zontal dark bar.
The difference of form and color are appreciable in younj,' as well as
old specimens.
The distribution of this toiin is in the Alle^h.ny .Mountains fnini
Tennsvlvania to South Carolina.
j:
i
rriiiiiirlidiiiil (liiiii iiniinin.
Ili'iiil:
I,cli;;lll (ir;;;i|H' of iiioiilli to ilH will III illiiillt t liri'i'-I'mil I lis.
Width to (IinIjiiut iVo.ii .snout to f;iilai lolil iiUoiii \\ limes.
Width to distance lidiii .snout to ^loin Jiliont 'i.^ I iiiii's.
I'l'oni .snout tii;:iil;ir I'olil eiuitained iiidisiaine iVoni snout lo^ioin. a I ion t 1 1 t lines.
|)ist;illi stance lict wi'e'i internal nostrils in leii^rth of orliit less than I time.
Liiulis:
i'ree poitioii of loii^re>| li!i<;c|- cotitatni;il in ilislaiiee from elliow
to tip nearly I times.
Free port 1(111 of loii;reiit toe contained in ilistance from knee to tip. . alimit :t| times.
Itistance Iielweeii oatstretelied toes In leii;;tli from snout to ;,'roin . .•iltiiut i;i t imes.
Tail :
l.('ii;;tli from lieliind aniiH to rest of animal I ^ I imes.
I.eii;;tli iVom lieliiiid anus to total !eiii;tli three .sevenths.
I5ody :
Widi h I'ompaied with III at of head rather hss.
.Nuuiher (d'costal liiirows, iiielndiiii; axillary and ini;ni!ril Id.
r^.
Miiixiin imiiln. ill iiirluH.
Lcii;;'tli, ineasnrcd alonj; axisol liudy : liody :
rroin .snout to<^.ipe I'.ii CireMinl'erem'e of lielly '..'.((I
from snout to ;;ul,'ir fold )'i."> histance lielwcen armpit and
I'rom Hiioiit to armpit '.(I ;;idiii !.'/."»
I'rom snimt to ;{roin ','. K"i Tail:
!''roni .snout to heliind anus ;!.■,','> ilei'^hl of tail w here highest . . . ,:;
I'roin snout to end of tail .">. 7.'i Hreadlh of t.iil w here liii;liesi . . . :!J
Of tail 2..'i(» Limits:
Head : I Free pmtion of loni;est tiiiuer . 1(1
Width of liejiM \Ci !• rom elhow to tip (•
Mistanci'lictweeii outer nostrils .1' l>isiiiice lietweeii ontst retched
JJi.stance lift ween inner iio.strilM. . ■".) toe; l.T.'i
* j'
.1
I
TIIK HATRArniA OF NORTH AMKKICA.
Spelii-pcH fiihrr fiibrr Daiidin.
KESEUVK Si:UIES
('atillnglic
No. or
tiiiiiilH r.
mii'f.
hKII
,
r.iK'j
1
7'HM
III
;i.-tri
•_'
Th-jii
;i
hSIl
r>
yxih
1
HCIII
1
!l 1 ill
1
U'lUi
ri
:iH;i7
«
UAVI
3815
ri
M31
:i
:iai8
1)
vm
•J
0A5t
'J
»031
4
nHiKi
•1
40Jt
T
lH4n
1
l:i.ii:i
1
ami
;i
ItOOl
•t
ftOlM
i
IIM3
1
mill
1
aiKi?
i
38n:i
4
LiH'allty.
Wli.ii
rolli'ctrtl.
l"irim wliimi ii'ceiM'ii.
rilli'iiiliiili, Oliii)
ruililsvillf, N. .1
r.iilislr, I'a
llrlllWlllo CllillllV. I'.l ■■
\V:ililHliiiriiiii2li. S. V, . ...
TuMilnii. N. .1
>\ii\ ri.iiiiH Uivvr, III ...
Carlisle, I'.i
•1. \. It SiuiliiiiitiiKli. ■
N. II ItiMllop
I'iKl. S. I'. Ilaiid
Dr. v.. (N.ius. r S. .\
Dr. (irnmi' ,N'. .Moiaii.
.1. .v. I!. .Siailiiiriiii;;!! .
II. W. W.UIi.r
Dr. ('. (• Alilioll
K. Ki'iiiiii'iilt
I'riil. S. r. Ilaiiil
(',iili.ili, I'.i I'liit. S. K r.iii.l
Aitcii'iMciii. s. (;
('iiliiiiiliim. (ill
i'liit llrnliiii, Mci .
WaHliiiiiltMli. I>. (< .
( illlllrCMllT, Vi» ....
Millon, Kla
Ilcauli.rt. N. ('.
liiillaii l\i>v. I' la . .
Iiirl Tiivis.iii, .\rU
rr.iMic Mrr Ki>iii:i', I,:
DiT.-JO, \HM
Mr«. M. i;. iMiii.l .
|)r.(;,..iirr ,
Di.r.V. llaMl.ii...
(iro, Slloi-lliaUrr . ..
Ki'V. (;. M.mii
S. 'l'. \Vall,,r
Dr. Will. Siinipsciii
(')
Dr. Kilw.iiil.s
.Ian. Kail ir
Tyn 1' S|iriiiK«, Tiiiii I'ml. K. Owcii
181
1ci\1miii;1i, I'a rrcf, S. K. I'>.iliil
Mcaihill.', I'a ' Williaiin
.Milicvillr, S. C j Dr..l. li Itarialt i
Miii;.'iiit>
o.iaii
\
|IIM)8
1
2IW3
:i7
:t)ct.')
III
i;t.5«i
1
:i8iti
!l
1170.-.
■'
;i8mi
■>
Mit
'1
Uf.'O
1
7il7:i
:).H,-,ii
111..-.
UliiT
IIITt!
iii;h
ll.-li
:i.><;i7
;iKi:.
4711
;is7>.
:ts7:i
:)s.-.i
(')
M.'ailvill.-. P.i W'illlaiiis
riiiiloi!, N. ,1 Dr. C.C. .U. lull I
Viiuiiiia I I'Vli.'Jlt, 1N77 I'". F. Tall.ol
I I
( 'arli.iU-. I'a I'lol.S. K ISainl. .
. . .ilo Dr. .Sirvi'im
Iliwloy. Va S.'pt., iS:>:\ 11,11 Millrr
I'lixliiiiyli, I'a .S. I' .ri.iiiil
.lo ,1
I'l.irki' Oiiiiiil V, Va ('. It. I;. Kiiiiii'ily .
l''.iiii|tiiir Ciiiiit V, Va (". \V .Slum nianii .
Wvlliivill... V.i! IH-,-i Col. M. Ml Diiiialil
.MilMvill.. S. C Cl
C.uli.slr. I'.l I'lol. S I'. It.lilll .
('i ('I
(') (;»
'I
Ill
I'l
SiMiinii'i'villi , .S (J
r.iili^lr. I'a
Cinirr ( 'oiiiiU. r,i
l'illsliiiri;li. I'a ...
I'olllMlllll-.. Olli'l . .
.Vllcli'isiiii. S. (' . .
.Sal.iii N.C
Cl
mx
('I
I. W Nair
S. K Itaii.l
S. I!. Itiiiu'-.r ...
Mr. l''aliiii-»loik . ,
I.. I,rs(|iii|rau\ ..
Mr-. M K Daiii.-I
.1. r. I.iii.li.i.k ....
Uiiiliolj.'
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
SnrlrviH's nihff flarinsimiis IIjillnw.
47i:i
^ll'l.llll■l K II
\. C.
.r C.Ma.N.iir
?PI
1H2 I!i:lm:ti\ iu, rxiT::!) statks national Mrsi;ir>f.
Sjitlrriiri nihir uliilirijin. Itail'il.
(■jliilipiiiic Nil 'if
niintlM-i'. H|H-f. '
Mm
l.iicalilv.
i:i;sKiivj': skuik.s.
Willi I' ■ I Nil III')' lit MIH'I''
,1.1 lliilll ulliilli II irlMll. '
ni iilril. lllirll
lUT.'i :.' (ii'iiiijiii...
Dr. W. I.. iloiii'H .Mroliiilir.
iV/xVccyx'i nilnr iiiinilniiiix llaii'il.
riiil'.S. Kll.tinl Alioliiilii (t\|i)')
;iHiH
«l
•171.'.
;iHT(i
MUX
7n:il
I'M;!!
Siiiilli Miiiiiilaiii. Cat- IH4H ....
li'^li'. l-a. I
S.iliiii. N. »' I .r. T. I.iii. liai'k
.Mii.i'villi. .>>. (• i l»i..r, II. Ilaiialt
I'Mri' .S|ii iii;;H. Trim .. I'liil. I!. (iHi'ii
Iliaiiroit. .\ '! Will ,Siiiii|iiiiii
IlilUliiiiiiiiiili, N. <: I M. A CiiilH
I'liiiin (.'iiiiiitv, 'J'i'iiii I •!. N. It. Siai liiiii>ii;ili .
Do
ill..
III!
I III.
III).
I
AUTODAX r.oiilciificr.
Ami. iiiid Ma;;. Na(. Ili.st. H>7, p. O*.
.Itniitht liainl, Icmid^i. Mnc.vcl., ii, Hl'.l, p. '2''t'>; (iiiaril, 1'. S. Kxpl. F.xpiil., l>'ri>.,
p. H; Cdpf, I'ldcud. Ac. I'liila., IM'.I, p. IC.I; Sliaiu'li, S.ilaiii.. p. M ;
Itiiiilciigi'i', Cal. lialr. (iiatl. ISiit. Miih., ( d. li, Itif'M, p. fi'.'; iiom. pi'a'occiip.'i-
tiiiii.
Toiijjue iittaclu'd IVoiii ^ilo.s.soliyal to aiitoiior marjiin on the nu'diaii
lino; coiLsidt'ialily free. One picinaxillai'.v bone. V»)MU'rin(» tcclli on a
rid^c, wlii(;li is conf iimoii.s lii'twt'cii the interior iiaics. Maxillary teetli*
confined to (lie anterior part of the areli, eonipre.ssed, knil'e shaped, with
entire enamel; inandibniar teeth of similar Ibrm and Iar;;edevelo|>nieiit,
few in nnml>er, and confined to the anterior half of the ranins. Toes l-.'t.
This (Mirions ^enns is fninished with l)v far the most powerful den-
tition of any of e.\istin;jr salamamh'rs, and lesmiivles in this respect
the dfciieniof theCoal .Measures, Ibaeh.vdeetes, llylerpeton, and II.\Iono-
mus. In other points there is little difference between it and IMethodnn.
Oin; marked feature brin<;s it in-arer Desmo.unathus than any other
fjenus of IMethodontiche. The e.xoccipitoinoiHics are each furnished
with a hij;h lonj;iludinal crest, ov«'r which fhe temporal muscle i)as.scs
from its oiij^in on tlie atlas. It has, however, the usual ori;;in from fhe
nH"lian line of the jiarietrds, which scarcely exists in Desmo^xniithus.
This line is marked in A. lujiuhris by an elevated crest. The j-nd of the
nnizzle in that spccMcs bears evidences |r> ;i habit similar to that which
accompanies the sin^Milar structures of l)esnn>;;natliiis, viz, that of bui'
rowing; or rootinj;' ainoufj stones or of her resist in;; objects. The derm is
similarly adherent to the bone , and the latter is exosfosed and ru;,M)Us.
The prefrontal bones are well d(^veloped.
* (iiiiinl, /. <\, (icscrilii's llio ti-i'lli a.s not lixixl to Hie Jiiw. and capalilr " of .'i depres-
sion liai'U wards." Tlii.s is only trnt' of .sncci'.ssion.'il tcrfli or foetli aliniil to lie slicd ;
till' I'linrtidnal li'clli ,irc. lirniiv anrliv'o.scd.
l***-
sides
axilla
TIIK MATK/iCHIA OK NORTH AMKRICA. 183
No species liii.s yet beeii roimd east, of llie I'.u'il'K! coast region.
or. Distal liaH'ot tuil ioiiikIciI or oval.
haij;<', (itoiit ; tliiiinlttlt'Vfloiii'd; liiiy;(is slioit ; i>aiasiiluiioi(l snics tianow, vom.
^I j,Mi)in; li;;lit liiowii
iil>(>vi>, with yellow si»i)t.s I. liitjnliris.
SiiiulliT, HlutitliM", tliinil) not (liHtiiu't, liii;;ci-s loiii;, Nltnili r; iiaiasplicnoiil sciics
J wiilur; voiiii'liiio KiTicsNcaicfly rccnivcil ; wiiltli o|' Inad li.;i;i iIiikh in lcii!;lli
to i^roiii ; aliovf lilacU, sidi.s ;;ia.v t. I'lrims.
■^^ not. DiMtal liair ol tail stroii;;lv lonipriNsi'd.
Woliiisl ; mii/zlc Willi'; |)aras|diciioid tooth patch wid" ; difjitsMhoit, th'- liim r
not I'H'v; width of head 'i-.'i tiiiicM in lni;;lh lo i^iom: Idack, spiinkh'il
with small liliiish spots aliovc I. Uraiiun.
I
I
i
% "^ 1
1
AITODAX I-rtUrHRIS Hallow.
(I'latoa?. Ii>;s. I-I; :i.".. li;.. :i; |H, liu. 1.-,.)
.Inaiilix Uiqubr'tH HaJid, Icoiio;;!'. I'.ncycl., II, Hl'.t, p. 'A'iti ; Ihiird Ar fiirard, I'loc.
Ac. I'hila., H.'.:i, p. :iic,>: Maird, V. S. Kxpl. K.\pcd., Ilcip., I'l. i, li«s. •>(i-:i;i, and
Rcpt. U. S. Kxpl. Suiv., .Mil, ]). IV, 1*1. :ii». li;,'. I: (Jopc, I'loc. Ac IMiila., isllt,
|i. I. 7.'> : Itonlcn^rcr, Cat. Hatr. (iiad. Itrit. Mils., cd. ii,
ICHJ, p. Wi.
Siihimiiiiiird liiiiiiliriH llaliow., .lonni. Ac. IMiila., I'^H, p. I'JIi.
Tmiiliii .' hiiiiihrin (ir.iy, (-'at. Matr, (irad. Mrit. Mas., cd. I, p. v'(i.
.tmliljiMliiiiKt iiinicldliim tiray, ihiil.. p. 117.
The head is eh)ii;;ate(l, vcf.v iniieh depressed, liatteiied, and when
viewed IVoin above is miieli swoUeii posterioil.v. Tlie stioiit is very
proiiiiiieiit, protnidin;,' beyond tlic lower Jaw. Tlie nostrils are ele
vated, lateral, siibtcrininal, and far apart. The eyes very prominent ;
their diameter enters only once in the distance between their anterior
j'im and the extremity of the snout. The cleft of the month is larj:e
and imdiilafinj,'. The maxillary teeth are proi)ortionally lar<;e, espe-
cially on the lower jaw. They are lanceolate in shape, very acute ami
thill. The palatine teeth are iiicoiispieiioiis, rather blunt, dispo.sed in
an open V«haped lij;ure, the sninmit of which is directed ba(!kward,
whilst its branches extend to the internal and posterior margin of the in
tier nostrils. There are two elongated patches (»f miiinte teeth on the
parasphenoid, clo.seiy appro.ximateil anteriorly and diverging slightly
posteriorly, where they are rounder and broadesi. The cordiform or pel-
tall tongue tills the whole space of the inferior lloor of the mouth. It
is alt ii'lied along its meitial line, whilst its sides are perfectly free, as is
also slightly its tapi-ring tif) and its posterior bilobed expansion.
The neck is elongated and slightly (!ontracted; a distinct ami well-
iiiarked gnlar fold may be observed. It no doubt exists during life,
tliongh its|)resence has been contested by some writers.
Tlie body is siibfiisifoim, diminishing towards both extremities. The
siih's of the abdomen are transversely folded thirteen times between
axilla and groin. Tlie tail is almost as long as the head and body to-
m
, 1 1
I I
V
i I
; 1
r
i il
184 nULLKTIN 111, I'NITKI) RTATKS NATIOXAL MI'SKir.Nf.
ijcllicr. It is siilM'.vIiiKlrical, soiiu'wliiit coiniu-essed, and tiuu'iiii;,' at
Iho 011(1. Il;i iippci- and Imuci eddies art' roiiiidcd.
Tlic limbs aiv sleiidor, tiif posti-rior oiu's a liltk- loiiijor aiitl stoiiu-r
tliaii the ante rior. Wla'U tlii' loriiicrare liroiijilit Ibrvvanl and tlicl.itli r
backward al(.ii;,'sid.' tlu' body tlio toes of citber sliKbtl.v ovi'ilap (lie
(ttluT. The toes tlicmsrlvcsarc sIcikUt, oiiliicly froo, niid t«Mininalcd
by a callous, disk-like cxpansi.m, resembling' in that respect some Annr.i.
Tile anterior inner toe is (jiiite small; the third is the loiifresl ; tlie sec-
ond nearly e(pial in si/e to the lonrlh ; the second and lourth are nearly
e(|nal.
The skin appears quite smooth; when examined under the micro,
scope, however, il is found to contain a net work of minute irregular
stelliform i)ores, each stella havin;; a Indlow or clear center or mouth.
The enlor, as preserved on specimens in alcohol, is of n uniform li;;lil
brown aiiove anil li^ht ycHow beneath. The sides, and frei|Ueiitly the
upjier surfaces, are markeil with small irre{,ndar yellow spots.
• ' * lA r^ KS 1 '3
5
Kill. 1 1. Aiil'^liir hfiiihrls-. No. |ii|7. I'rlaliliiiil, Cll. ; |.
Miiltlircilli lllx, ill ilirliis.
llH'llll.
I,fii;;tli, axi.'i!, rioiii snout tn oiliit 'J
IjrMj,'tli, ii\ial, I'll nil Hill 111 ( In 1 ictus oris .">
I.fiij;l!i, axial, Cioiii hikmi; to axilla 1. IS
I.rli;,'tll, axial. IVhiii mioiiI In ;;r(iiii •,' Ci'.\
iiiM^lli, axial, iVoiii siimit to riid of vent '. )i. la
L(Mi;;tli, axiiil, from snout to niil of tail 'J. (11!
Li'li;;tll of foil'- li Mill -Ti
I. I'll;; til of III ml liiiili i
I.i'll;;tli of foic-fool 'JM
I.i'ii;;fli of liiiiil foot I
Will ill o( iiiiiii-foot soli" :i:i
Willi li of licail at liiliis oris 1
Wiiltli of liody at iniddlt' .V.I
Width of lioily at s.icnini . II
The raii^'e of this species is limited. embra(Mii;;(>nly middle California,
It is, however, not rare in that rej^ion.
1
I
TIIK HArHACHIA 4)1' NOinil AMKUICA.
.iiiliiilii.r liiijiihris Kiilliiw.
i:i:si;i!Vi-: skimks.
185
('iilalii;^!!!' No. Ill'
iiiiiiiIm'I'. n|M'V.
I.CM'illilV.
Willi,
rollocti'il.
K.uM, «l„.m ivniv.'.l. N'»""«' '"■ "l-'l
iiii'ii.
4017
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imn
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irHii
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HIT.-.
li
rcliiliima, Tftl K. SrtimifN Al.nli.ili.-.
raiiilloiiis, Cal l.ii'iil \V. 1'. 'liiiw 1»M.
I I liliiljir, I'.S. A.
Ciilil'iiniiii (?) lUi.
Sail l''nuiri.'<>.
r.i;l r.juii.Cal Auk.— , iHT.'i H. \Vlliii»lia« |ti>.
San I'raiiiUc II. < 'al I,ii'iit<'ii:iiil Waiicii . .. Itii.
r.cikcli'V.C.'al ... I'-MI |{. i:. ('.SiiaiiiH Ito.
ilo' IK^I ilii .. . I»ll.
Mniii.ii-v.t'al Hi. r.iiii|illi'lil I Mi.
f'aliliiiiiia (') 1)11.
^ '■
■■I
i
This is one of tin' inost iiiaiUcd siu'cics ul Norili Aiiit'iiciiii salainati
lU'i's. Tlio lai';;:t' tciiiporiil iiiiisclcs be-
liiiid, ami s(>|tarat(> tin* ilt'iiiia IVoiii tli*' craiiiiiiii. Tiii' latt<-r adlicrcs to
tiu' top of tli<> proiiiinctit iiiii/./.lc. 'IMic tissint' ol° llit' iiioiitli is siiiiialt',
iiiosi stroii;;ly so in adult spt'ciincns. On the wlntlt'. the |>li,vsio;,'noin.v
is not nnlik(4 that of the siiappini: toitoisf. 1 have little tlonhl that it
is Mioi'<> capaldi- ot' inllictin;; a liitc than anv other of the Aineriean
I'lodela. Its t'ood does not appt ar to dilVer nnieli IVoni that of other
salainainlers; in the stomaeli of one I I'onnd ants, in anithet* three tn
fonr species of lieetles, annni;.; them an entire Coeeinella.
.MIuD.W l'KI{ICi;f.S <.'(.|.c.
. I »i(ii/ci /(•)•; r/M ('ii|ii'. I'niri'cil. /,(•. Pliil.i.. l-.;.t. p. lii'.it IJoiilrii;;!'!', Cat. Italr. (iiatl.
liiit. Mii-^., «•.!. II, 1<-.', |.. .■,:;.
This is a smaller and more slender spei'ies than the last, not hein^'
very iiill'eieiit in proit trlions froMi I'Ullnnliui Inlrniir Hits, \n\\ with a
inoatler and more llatteiied head.
The head is an elon;;ate oval, sli;;litly trniieat'' in front. The nostiils
an' antero lateral, and with a delicate ;;roove coiiiiectinn' with the com-
misstire of the month. ( 'anthiis lostralis not marked. The mn//.le is
as lon.ii as the iissnre of the eye, while the len;;tii t»f the c:)minissiire of
liie month (diagonal line) is ei|nal to the width of the head at the
rictus. The tonjj;iie is largely free, the posterioi' pcntitm rather
narrowly. The inner nari's are nearer lo;;('ther than the outer. The
vomerine teeth commence heliind the nares, and form a siiifi'le series of
einht on a rid^e, which is ;;;ently arilied hackwa ds on the median line.
Tlie parasphenoid patch does not extend »|iiile foiward to tlie mid-
tile of the orbits; it is minh Hatter and wider anteriorly than in
.1. httiithris, and con tains opposite the posterior margin of the orbits ten
ion^itudinal series of teeth, those oj' adjaceiil rows aiternatin;^'.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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11.25 nil 1.4
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WIST MAIN STUET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716)872-4503
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186 DIILLKTIN :U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
t )
Giilar fold well niarkcd; costal folds foiirfecii, not contiiinod on back
or abdomen. The limbs, and especially the digits, are .slender; appressed
to the side, they fail to meet by the length of the lin«ers. The form of
the body is .slender and cylindric, and the width of the head enters the
total length to the groin seven times. The tail is, as in .1. liifjuhns,
eqnal to the head and body in length, cylindrical, slender, and .slightly
compres.scd at tip.
The thnmb po.ssesses a short phalange, but no part of it is free, as in
A. iKfjiihris; on the other liand, all the phalanges of the other toes of
both feet are more slender than the .1. luguhris, and the distal ones
distinctly truncate and .slightly emarginate, with dermal thickening
below tip. All are qnite free. Number o'' phalanges, 1-2-3-2, l-2-;}-3-2.
Coloration.— Hides and nape greenish-gray; toj) of hea
L(Mi};tli, axial, I'rom snout to end of vent ',*.
Lenf^tli, axiiil, from .snout to end of tail :i. (i.")
Lt'iifrtli of forc-limh i")
Length of fore-foot 'J
Li'iigth of liiud liml) 'i.'i
Lt'i);;tli of 111 ml foot *J\
Width of body at sacrum 2
The maxillary bone displays the same sudden deeurvatnre anterior to
and below the orbit which the A. hif/uhris does, but it is less marked;
in consecpience, the commissure of the mouth is less sinuate. The long
mandibidar and maxillary teeth, while of similar structure, are le.ss de-
veloj^ed. IVf]iai».s larger specimens of this spi cies may be fuiiinl where
they may be larger, as in small specimens of .1. Iiif/iihri.s they are nearly
sinn'lar in proportions.
Thoiigli nearly allied to the A. Iminhrh, the presefit species will never
be confounded with it. It is a much weaker Ibrin.an i does not disp|:i.\
the characters of llic g(Miiis in .so .striking a degre'. The form of the
>\ \
iO(l
1
THK HATRACIIIA OK NORTH AMERICA.
187
t ,
»* ;
h
■
:
\
tail is that of A. luffuhris, ami not tliat of ^l. iivdnus. lUit one speci-
nu'ii has come under my oUservalion, as follows:
No. 071>4i 1 si»ecimen ; Fort IJmpiiUii, Orcfjon ; Dr. Vollen.
AUTODAX liiCANL'.S C.ipc.
I'h'hodini ii'caiiHs Copo, Proccod. Ac. Pliila. 188!}, p. 21.
.Iiniidct ii'ii'iiis Cit\K', I'rocciMl. Aiiicr. I'liilosoph. Sdc, 188!), p. ^viC).
A I'liily f^rown imlividtial of tins speeics i)resents the followiuf;' char-
acters: The form is ratlier robust, and the head is distiii<;nished from
the neck by tiie swollen temporal mnscles. The muzzle is short and
wiile, with roiiuded border, and is not so contracted as in the.l. liiiia-
/>//v. The len<;th from the end of the muzzle to the axilla enters that
IVom the latter to the t-ioin one and a half times. The tail isof moderate
Icnjith, equiilin,n' tlmt of the body (includinf? vent) nearly to the thora(!ic
fbhl. TIh! width of the head enters the lenj>th from end of muzzh? to
j;ioin live and one half times— a proportion intermediate between tho.se
exhibited by the two other species of the fi'enus. The limbs are rather
robust, and when ai)pressed to t!,.; .sides leave an interval of three
iMler<;ostal spa(;es.
The top of the head is flat, and the least interorbital width is ecpial
to the lenj^tii from the eye to th(^ end of the muzzle and to the space
inclo.si'd between the external borders of the external nares. The
commissure of the mouth rises behiml the line of the orbit as in the.l.
Iii(/iihri^. The muzzle does not project lieyond the mouth, as it does in
.1. luiftthris. The internal nares are very small. The tongue is lar<>e
and antero posteriorly oval, and is t'xtensively free at the sides. The
vomero palatine teeth are in two short rows of three or four teeth each,
which (M)mnK'nce behind the internal nares, ou a liiu' with their inter-
nal borders, and converge, with slij;hi posterior inclination, without
meetinfj. The patch of parasphenoid teeth is wide and subtruneate in
front, and is undivided except towards the i)osterior ])ortion. The
larjxe teeth of the Jaws are not so well developed as in the .1. int/Kbris^
ar(^ nH)re sleinler in form, and not so numerous. They s of the larji'cr size in the uppi'i- jaw. Three or four
of the posterior imixillary teeth are like those (»f the dentary bone, but
Ihey ;4iadiiate anteriorly into teeth of the usual type. An examina-
tion of otherspeciuuinswill be necessai'y toascertain whether these teeth
i»econu5 permanent or not, or whether they are developments of the
lireedin<>' season. The larj;e temi)oral muscles, curved coi: nissure of
the Mn)Uth, etc., so re.send)l(^ the correspondiiiii' parts in the .1. liiijiihriii,
that I suppose their i)ermanentdtMital characters to be alike. Thennix-
ill-ry bone projects abruptly downwards behind th(^ last nmxillary
lOoth, formiuff a snn)(>th eil;i'e. as in A. hifiKhris.
-l
\v >
T
188 BULLETIN :!l, UMTEI) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The skill ol" the A. iiranm is smootli. Tliere are tliirteeii hiteral
IbUls between axilla aiid yroiii, and a stroiij; pectoro jiiilartbld. The hit-
ter rises on each side in front of the shoulder, and then turns upwards
and forwards. It is soon changed into a narrow dermal ridge or rib,
whieh is (Irst eonvex iii)wards and then eonvex downwards, and then
terminates in line with the e.ve a diameter of the latter behind it.
The feet are short, i.nd the diyits are tlattened and are obtuse at the
tips. The pollex is only free by a slight notch, and the hallux by a
rather deei>er one. The phalanges are: Anterior, l-2-.'5-2; jmsleiior,
l-L'-:5-3-2. The third and (iflli anterior digits ar<' equal, while the
l)osteriors run l-2-i"i-;i-l, beginning with the shortest. The third and
fourth are nearly equal.
The tail is somewhat depress(>d at the base, and beeonics round in see-
tion to the end of the jtroxima] two -fifths. It then becomes giadually
more compressed, until ic is quite Hat for the distal third.
2 V / ^^afi/ III m \\\ ^ 7
1 3 4 6
T\r..W). AiitmJax iVcaniin. No. U'lOC. Slmst.i County, ('alifuniiii ; \.
The color is black, relieved by a yellowish-brown shade of the ehin.
and of the i)alms and soles, and half the inferior side of tiie fore aim-
A line of the same (!olor passes from the nostril to the upper lip, and lln'
lower eyelid has the same color. The sui)erior surfaces and sides ot
the hea I, body, and tail are dusted rather thickly with small suiH'(pial
bluish-white spots, much as are seen in Plethodon (jlKtinosus.
M(enj;tli of hind limb (117
lieiiniii of Iiind foot (t(W
Width between orbitH (least) niKti;
Width of head (;j;reat(>Ht) Oil
The typical adidt specimen displays the anomaly of the suppression
of the fourth posterior digit of the left side.
This salamander resembles tiie rkthmhn glntinosus in various re-
spects, especially in coloration. It lias, however, a compresscMl tail, like
tiie /'. intarmeiliiin, and short series of vomerine teeth. The reeurviMl
commissure of the mouth gives it the smiling expression ehjiraeteristie
I
«i
t'.ii.
;f'ffq»'i
THE ISATKACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181)
of the other species of Autoilox, which is quite (litlereiit from that seen
ill ricthodoii.
TUii Aiitodnx ii'canns was originally established on a half grown speci-
men found by myself in Shasta County, Cal. A second specimen of
the same size was sent to the National i\[useu.n by Mr. Charles Town-
send from the same locality. The young specimens do not display the
physiognomy of the genus, but have the usual want of character as
coMipared with the adult. The vomerine series of teeth are, however,
rather better developed. The typical specimen has the following char-
acters :
The vomerine series are straight, and do not quite meet on ihe mid-
dle line. They are entirely behind the nares, and do not extend exteri,)r
to them. Tiie paras[>henoid patches are united into one, and are well
separated from the vomerines.
Form rather stout, and the tail short, etpiiding (from vent) the length
of the body (with vent) to the gular fold. Costal folds, 1'}. IIea O'JTf)
Willi li of Lead at e-aiitlms oris 0(Hi
l.i'iinlli of anterior limb , ()();l
Lciifitli of anterior f.)ot (102
Len<;tli of ))(i.s(erior limb OOV.")
l.fn;;th of jKLsterior foot OUlVi
This species is to be compared with the Vkthcdon inteniwilinn of
western Oregon. It is shorter ami more robust in form, having only
thirteen costal plica* instead of fifteen. The color is very diBerent.
I'al. Nil. Xo. spcr.
I:i71ll
I I.V.Ki
I.ociilily. (;()llrcliir.
Mil i III, Sli;isl:i Cuuiil.v, Ciil i'nia, .Mn:int Sliasta. From the same name the
town of Yrekii d<'riv«'s its name. So I am inlbi'med by Judge liose-
bor(Uigh, of that place, to wlioin I am under great ol>!igations I'or many
facilities and much inl'ormation.
190 liULLKTIN HI, L'MTKI) STATES NATIONAL Ml'SlOUM.
i)i<:sM(XJNATinj)Ji;.
Copt', Joiiiii. Ac. Nat. Sim. IMiihi., ISCUi, 107.
Ptor.vgoids wantiiij;-. Oibitospliciioid sc'i)iiiiiteuishes this laiiiily eliielly from
the last. Ill the only genus wliicli represents it, there are iiiiiiientus
peculiarities, which are not found elsewhere. Should other j,'eiiera b(^
found which do not possess tliciii, the above diaj-nosis would probably
be the proi)er test of their family allinities.
The distribution is continod to the eastern district of the nearctic
realm so far as yet known.
The Thoriida' only dill'er lioiii the DesnioKiiathida' in the o.sseons
carpus and tarsus. The single genus Thorius Cope is included by
iJoulenger in the Desmognathida'. Thorius has a boletoid tongue like
Spelerpes, and the parietal region mostly membranoiis. Toes, 1-5. One
species, T.pcitnatulus Cope, of small size, from E. Mexico.
DES:\IO(JNATnUS Baird.
.JoiiMi. Ac. .Nut. Sci., I. •JSj.-J-jr. : Gray, Cut. I?rit. Mas., isr.ii, iii ; (.'ope,
I'loccfd. Ac. Pliila., l-^Oll ll'i : Straiicli, Salam., j). 72 : 15(iiilcnj,'cr.
Cat.Hatr. Sal. IJiit. Miis. -(Lii, \^S>, p. 77.
Premaxillaries united, embracing a fontanelle ; parii'tal bones o.ssi-
lied. rretVontsil bones wanting. ()ccii»ital condyles on cylindric i>ed-
estals. Temporal muscle arising only from the atlas, with ii tendinous
external margin and insertion, i)assing freely over the parietal and
I)rootic bones. Tonguti attached, except by its lateral and posterior
margins. V^oinerine and sphenoidal teeth present. J)igits distinct, l-"*.
The absence of o. prefrontale does not ai)iiear to be the result of its
confluence at any late [)eriod with thenasale; its ordinary position is
traversed by the frontal suture. Tiie frontal bone is decurVed, and
closes the preorbital aspect of the super[)alatal vacuity, usually opsii.
This marked genus, so aliundantly represented by individuals in the
eaMtern district of Xorth America, is not admitted by either Diimeiil
(u- Ilallowell, probably becaii.se it dojs not dill'er in external characters
from riethodon. It is anexcellent illustration of the error of adhering to
external characters only, iii tlieexitlanatioii of the relations and allinities
of organized beings, except for a liiniteil range. Tlie examination of
the .skeleton of six'cies of this genus utterly changes tho imi)ressions
produced by a consideration of tlie extcrnil cliara(!ters. It may bo
stated aschar.icteristic of the Ijatr.uihia in general that their iiflinities
can not be determined without study of the skeleton.
i: if'^^fi
J
Till-: IIATUACIIIA OF NORTH AMlUilCA.
191
There arc no (loriniil appeiulages developed in tbis genus at tbe
hreedin}^" season.
1. Mali^s witli posterior liii'f of the mandible coiiciivo and edentnlons.
Infciior liiteriil scries of poros iniperfoct or wanting, HnjH'riar nono ; no luln'iclc
ill cantiiiis ocnii ; tail mostly roundi-d ; fourtiu'ii costal plica'; a jiillowisli
(lorsiil band ; belly immacnlato ; size small If. ocliroiilidK,
II. Males with mandibnlar alveolar mari^in continnons and completely tootb(!d.
Iiil'crior lateral series of pores well dc^vcloptid, snpciioi' irregular or wantiii,^; a
tubercle in caiitluis ocnli ; tail compressed, keeled, and linned; fourtetiii costal
plica'; above dark spotted, below niarbb^d ; size medium 1). fnncd.
I'w o well-develo|)ed lateral seric s of pores ; a marked tubercle in the cantliiis of
the eye; tail llattened, linned above, attcMiuate; twelve costal folds.; black
above and below ; sizi! larjft; I), nigra.
DIvSMOGXATHUS OCIIROPILKA Cope.
I'roceed. Ac. N'at. Sci. I'liila., ISV.t, l','-2.
This small species bears a strong reseniblaniie to the Spclerjx.s hi-
line(ttu.s Vtvaaw, and, apart from generic characters, may be known from
it by the rounded tail, the paler-colored abd()men, and the light bar
iVom the eye to the angle of tiie mouth. Its proportions are stouter
tiian in Plethodon cincrciis crijtliyonotnH, to which it also bears some re-
.send)lanee.
Tiie costal folds are thirteen, but fourteen if that which is immedi-
ately above the groin be counted. The hrst falls immediately into the
axilla. This is the chaia(!teristic an-angement in I>.fnsc. itiiiru the fold above the groin usually extends to it, and is the twelfth,
vviiilc; that which corresponds to the first of the species before named
I aiisjust in ailvaiuie of the axilla. Though this is typical of />. ni(;i. ochroi>h(va are very difUcult to observe. In a few
specimens I have seen a few of those of the lov.er .series ; the upper I bc-
lii've to be wanting. The gnlar fold is distinct, and another vertical fold
coiiiinences behind its extremity, and turning longitudinally, extends
more or less distin(!tly to the orbit. As in other species, the derm a. /kscun.
The structure of the males is in the luaudibular dentition (juite that
of the genus Autodax ; the A. fcrrcits presenting the characters but
little more stiongly. No such sexual dil!ereiu;e can be found in the
I), /'itsrd, though the commissure only may be sometimes more (Icxu-
ous in uuiles. The Jaws antl dentition in the 7>. iiifjra do not dilfer in
t!i(! two sexes. I have observed that two of the many males of />. ovhro-
^>//fm possess the female denition. The tongue in I). ochviq)hnt( is an
elongate oval, cousideiably free behind.
The color of females is a bright brownish yellow, fading to dirty white
below, with a dark brown shade on each side from the eye to liie end
»)f the tail, which is daikest above ami gives the dorsal space the char-
acter of a band. There is an irregular scries of brown dots along the
vertebral line. .Males are rather larger and usually darker in color ;
thus the dorsal baml is brownish, the lateral band blackish, and tlu^
dorsal spots more distinct. In most speciuu'us of both sexes there is a
light band from the eye to the rictus oris, and the belly is idways im
maculate ; the gular region nearly always. The testes and v is deferens
are covere. fitscn when roady to be dis-
charged, and as the species is only half the size of the same, the eggs
in the oviduct of a gravid fenuUe atone tinu', are oidy half as nnnu-rous.
I have oidy found from (5 to 10 in />. ovhrophmt, in each oviduct, while
from 18 to 30 may be counli d on one side in D. fifscd.
('aljl(,
iiiiimImI
"n
I
THE IJATRAcnilA OF NOUTIf AMERICA 193
MiaiiivniuHls of Xo. (WJl, iii hiihiH.
ItlcllI'M
Li'iigtli, iixial, from Niioiit to rictus oris j
Li'ii;;tli, fixiiil, from snout to iixiliii 4(;
I,('i);;tii, axial, from snout to j^roiii l.«2;)
Li'ii;;tii, iixijil, from snout to end of vent l.f)!
I,('ii;;tli, axial, from snout to end of tail ;i. (II
l,rn.i;tli of fori! liuil) ;{
1 -I'll:; til of for(! foot (W
hi'nj;tli of hind linil> ;{(j
Li'n;;tli of Iiind foot 17
W'idtll of liind-foot sole ^
Will III of head at lictns oris ecies befor.', I described it.
I published his su^'^festion, expressed in ii letter, tlnit. it was tiie S.
Iialdnnani of Ilolbrook. Ilolbrook's fiojure does not represent tlii.s
species in any deoree, nor is his description more conclusive as to the
reference of this species to it rather than some others. JJe says it is
marked with spots on the upper surfaces, which are "disposed without
much regularity," but the largest arc on the iiaidvs. There are but few
sjjots above in this animal, and they are in a regular mediiin series.
The sides iire banded. He also describes and ligures the belly as yel-
low, which it is not in JJcHmof/nathns oohropluva. The ISalamandra hat-
dvman'i ai)pears to me to have been proposed on an unusually s[)otted
Spclcrpes bilineafus.
PvsmofjiKtthHn ochrophwu Cope.
(!atiiln(jiii'
Xo. of
IIUIlllllT.
.SJIOC.
3017
10
4U11
;i
■-'0
4530
5
Locality.
Alli'Kiiiiv (!i)iuitv, X. Y
liiaiUiinl Cipinil'v, I'a...
.Mciiilvillc, l>a
Wlu'iii'ii anil liipw
ubtaiuL'il.
Or. Stevens.
C.C Martin.
l'r()re.s,sor Wllliani.s.
Siis(iiieliaiuia Comity, I'a j I'rofew.sor Coiic.
u
I M
I "h>
J
11)51— Bull 31-
■13
,
194
nULLKTlN 'M, lJXI'"-'i:0 STATlvS NATIONAL MirSKUM.
„
! *
'i:
If
.'
Varictji. A spi-ciiiK'n with Hii' ik'iitition, colonitioii, aiid pioporiicMis
of body iiiid tail of this spi'dos wa.s sent to the Sinitlisoiiiiin Institiilioii
Worn iiortlieni (Iforgia by Dr. .loius. It iipinoaclics tUv. IK fnsca in
having a snnill tuhvrvuUm cunthuK oaiU, and a woll-devt'loiied infericM'
series of niucoi s pores.
DliSMOGNATIIUS FU.SCA Kill.
(riati's:it,lij;s. ."),(;; :i(l, lif?. 1 ; ir>, li^'.7.)
(var. fiinva.)
Baird, Jonni. Ac. riiila. (■.'), i. i>.'^-.'>; Cope, I'loccil. Ac. riiilii,, i. lf^(V.»,
p. 11.'); Sfraiicli, Saliiin., p. T»; (irav. Cat. Hatr. (iiail. IJrit. Miis.,
c(l I, p. 10: nonlci),>;cr, Cat. ISatr. (iiail. Hiit. Mii.s.,c(l. ii, \S-*'2, p. 77.
Triliirut fiiariiH Raliii,, Annals of Nature, \&i\> (jUh IJainl).
SaUimandra iiitirmi.rta('. HI.
J)esinogiiathH8 J'nsvd var. aiiricitlata Cope Proc. Ac. Pliila., lHi;i» ,)). lltl; l{oulen>;er,
Cat. Hatr. Grad. Hrit. Mns., ed. in, l-^Si, p. 7H.
This, perhaps the most abundant salamander in North America, is
(luito variable in coloration, but not in proportions and struettiral jte
culiarities. Tiio.so of the latter which characterize it are the presence oi'
fourteen costal plicae; one well, and one little developed lateral se-
ries of mucous pores; the equal and regular distribution of teeth on
the mandible of males ; the compressed tail keeled above and tinned
distally ; the presence of a tubercle in the anterior canthus of the e.ve ;
the marbled color of the belly. In many quarts of specimens I lind
four specimens from southern localities; two in tlie I'hiladelpliia AiMd
eniy from Charleston, two in the Smithsonian from IJiloxi, .Miss., whicli
have fifteen plica', but one of the latter has fourteen on one side. In
specimens which have been preserved in too strong spirit th(5 pores
are rendered invisible; the same occurs when the spirit is impure or
weak. In soft specimens, the canthal tubercle sometimes disappears,
and in many young si)ecimens and some sidult females it does not ap-
peal' to exist.
The head is more depressed and the muzzle prolonged than in species
of other genera. The eyes arc piominent; llic plica' behind them
strongly marked. These consist of one on each sitle the head and nape,
which convei'ge posteriorly and then turn abruptly outwai'd, to be
continued into the gular plica. A secLMid plica extends from the man-
dible across the rictus oris to the upper plica. A second longitudinal
-i A
A I
Tf
of \\
(! times. The vomerine teeth are often wanting, and when present
iiie minute and few. Their basis is a ridge, whi(!h extends from behind
(lie middle of the posterior nares Jicross the palate with a posterior con-
vexity. The parasplienoid patches are small and not in contact; they
do not extend to opposite the middle of the orbits.
The median toes are elongate, and as in I). orliroplKva ; they fail to
meet by four interspaces when pressed to the side. The tail has a char-
acteristic form, which is invariable at all periods; near the base the sec-
tion is trigonal ; the dorsal keel increases in elevation and becomes a
narrow tin i»osteriorly ; the extremity is attenuated. Its length is just
ecpial to that of the remainder of the animal.
^/
^
f
I'
^ii|!;
i
I
■ A
a.i
'A
tf
; 1
11
''!
'1
VVi.ix. Demiwfjnathtis /iinyjt fituca. No. 40. (^arli.sle, Pa. -, f.
i i
There are two color varieties, which blend together so as to indicate
that no higher value can be attached to them ; one of these is the Sala-
iiKtniIra aKricidata of llolbrook.
AImim- Itiown, Willi ^r.iy an;i()n; tliey are rarely so well distinjjiiislied or so brijjjlit as in tlic
specimen of the same which furnished the type of IFollirook's S. (juatl-
rimaviildtd. The pink fades to oraiif^e brown or oclii r, and to pale lirowii,
with a^'e, and at the fnllest maturity all are lost in a uniform blackisli
Mvasiinminln of Xo. (W.)2, in incites.
IllCllt'H.
Lciiji,'(li axial, from siioiit to rictus oris :i
Leiij,'!!!, axial, tVoiii snout ti> axilla 71
Lt'iij,'tli, axial, I'loin Niiont to ^roiii l.;t:,
Lciijjtli, axial, from snout to end of vent '2.'.i
Lcn!^;li. axial, from snout to end of tail 4.(i
Len<;t!i of fore limli Iv!
Length of fore foot I">
Lengtli of hind limb (i-J
l,eiij,'th of hind foot "Jii
Width of sole foot 1(1
AVidtli of head at rictus oris. :i7.")
Width of body at miildle .'if)
Habitat, etc. — This si)ecies lives chiefly JUiionj; the stones in the many
shallow rivulets iind springs of the hilly and monntainons regions
of the country. It is not so partial to deeper iind stiller waters as tlie
Spclcriirs ruber, hut prefers the rapid and shallow streamlets; here it
may be found under every stone, or its delicate larva may be ob.served
darting rapidly from jdacy to place, seeking concealment among mud
and leaves. The />. fusat is one of the most active and vigorous of our
species. The i)eciiliiir structure of tlu^ temporal muscle and its ten-
dons, and of the occipital condyles, with the siriiigth of the bones of
the front, enable it to bnri'ow among stones and in earth more readily
than the species of other genera. When pursued, it runs ami wriggles
out of sight with the gretitest rapidity, and is (piickly concealed by as-
sistance of its dusky c(dors.
Professor Baird originally noticed the enritais disi)osition of the eggs
iu this species, which I have verified on a lew occasions. As in the
J
M
17
47
fi8
OH
rw^
THE nATRACiriA OV NOUTlI AMKRICA.
197
)
I
iiiiiii'ou.s genua Alytes, tlni psK'^j '^" I'lnissioii, uro comu'C'ted by an iilbu-
iiiiiioiis tlirt'iul, which soon coiitr.Kst.s iiiul hanliMis. One of the soxes
protects this rosary by wr.ippiii;; it sevenil times roiiiul the body iiiiil
reiiiiiiiiiii}f cuuceiiled in a (ionipiiratively dry spot. How \ou{i this
;;niird continnes is not known.
Tiie most lOastern specimen I luiveseen is from Kssex (!onnty, Mass.
ISesiiU's a {^reat nnmber of spe. of
Npt'L'.
21!
[^(loiilily.
:iU(i!)
:i!iu
hMIJ
(iSM
KS.'H
li:il7
«>(i:t
7s:in
:i!tl!t
:iMhO
(;h:i(i
sk:ii
:i7K4
llttii
7!llM
;i!)ll!
:i7ii:t
KKi:.
:is7ii
;iii7H
.'I'.Ki:.
171H
4717
08:1(1
«is:ij
I
I
K
10
ID
.'i
2
III
ir.
1
1
u
(j
diirlisli'. I'll
M:iliilfvilli>, I.:i
Kinsldii, N. i;
.Mrailvillr, IM
(^'iiiliilc, Vii
Siilcm, \.(;
N;ishvillc, da
Alilicvilli', S. C
Wc.sl|i(irl, N. V
'I'l IlllfSSt'i'
CI kImiiiiii Ciiillit v. I'oilli
WllCIl
(MiUi'cled.
From whom icceivod.
N..V.-, IS78
Aiij:. 5, IKSU
Vin{. S. V. Iliiinl
N. (). Ai'aclnniv
W.'lshtM' A MiliiiT
I'ldl'i'MHcir WillianiK . .,
I'lof. S. K Itairil
.1 T. Miwliack ,
\V. .1. Tavliir
Pn.l. S. [■: ltair.1
j . . <1(>
lK7fl .r. N. It. SiarlMMKiiKh...
. lid
:-8 :i
.'■.
:iii|4
:i
:i»(i8
3
:i8!)l
&
:i7i;o
:i
11. -.la
1
4K4:i
1
aui2
4
u:iot
•1 '
1*477
>l
:iii25
:!
UIIUI
10
(wai
-
1«51
r.iliiniliiis, Uliiii ' I'ldl. I,. I.i's(|iii'HMix.
itiaiii;!'. N. .1 Dr .J. (i()liiiii;li, I'a
Ilii;lilaiiil Ciiiiiity, Oliiii
Km aw, Ml
Mi'ri>iiL:li, (ia
H.I„\i, Mis.H
NiitillK of
H|irrimi ii.
A!
1H7
(:,<]. IJ I.. ('. Wiiili^s I
J. Itlcliaril I
I'. I,. JdUV I I.
III. K. Ilaviiiiiiiil {
K.CIaikii' !
A. V. Wiioslor j
(!) !
lir w.'i.'.JiVnVH "!!!;.'.'.'!
(;. Itilliuau !
riiliiilic.
Oil.
Do.
Dii.
Do.
I>i>.
I o.
l)i>.
Oil.
1)11.
1)11.
I III.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
niva.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
UKNEUAI. SKUlIiS.
I
•JO
1
1
Hi
*J7
.'I
I
I!
2
•I
\
I
I 'JO
Sali«m,N.(;
Illj.'lilaii(l CoHiily.Oliio J
Mivicl villi', I 'a , Williams
Aujjiisla, (!.i ; Win. I'liil i|n
(•> I (.')
Kraiiklio Coiiiitv, Ti nil 1 .1. N. Ii. S iiiltoinoKli
WiisliiiiL'loi, D. (; ' (.'»
<'oliipil)ia,.s. C I Dr. (i>o. A. Moraii,!'. S. A
U'a-ililii;;lOM, D (! I Dr. 10. (!oUrs
fliuki'Coiihlv, Va ' [ (". It. K. Kciinrrly
Sal.iii N.(; ; ' .1. T. Liiiiliaik .:
Amli'iMiiii. S. C
(^iiiriiinati, Oliio.
(Iliiiilnrtloii. S C
Wvlhi'villr, Vii .
fa'rlisli", I'll
.il Col. M. Mi'Domilil ...
I Prof. .S. K liain;
.III!
MI.H.sis
2
.ilo
Knoxvillo, TiMin
Columlila (^iiiiiity, I'li
(ioorjiiu 1
ilo
ilo
... ilo
ilo
■ ! (.'1
.1 I'lolM. It. Mililii-ll
Dr. Ilinclc'isoii
I Di . W. L .1 m:n ....
.; .... ilo
llll
Ilo
ilo
Aliviliolir.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ilo.
Do.
Do.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
D.i.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
IfU
I---!
198 BULLETIN ;il, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEITM.
DcsmoijiialhuH fimca tiiiricnlala IloHtrook.
KESKUVK SEKIliS.
Ontnlii'iiic
No. of
iiiiij
spec.
Rno«
8
HHII)
Id
:in(ii
1 ;
(m:io
5
»8C0
3
Locnlily
Oakloy, S. ('
('iiiciiiiiiiti, Oliio ...
1 ■ Itiifbinoii^li, (jii . . .
(.'»
Knoxvillc, Ti'iiM —
When
I'olU'l'tcll.
Apiil ."i, IH77
Kioiii whom iTi'i'ivi'd,
K. \V. Hay ward
.1. N. 1!. Sr:iiI)i>ioii};li.
Dr. \V. L. .lolifs
(.')
I'rof.J.Jl. Milcli.ll ..
Nature of
!4|IVI'illlrII.
A!( iiliolic
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
I
DESMOCiNATHUS NIGRA (irc.n.*
Baird, .Iimrii. Acad, riiila. (•,') i, \^.'2di> ; Copo, rroecc.l. Ac, Pliilji., IHd'.t,
J). 117; .Straiuli, Salam., p. "li ; (iray, Cat. liatr. (irail. Brit. Miis.,
0(1. 1, p. -10; Boiilengcr, Cat. liatr. (iia. HI, I'l.'i?.
AmhUjHioma n'Kjnim Diiiii.A; Bibr., ]>. 10.'>.
J'hthodon n'Kjvr IIalli)\v.. Jour. Ac. Pliila. (2), in, p. :M4, partim.
Tliis i.s the most robust SiilaiiiaiHlor of tlie oastorn ro;;i(>n.s oC our
zoological roalin; it i.s not so sIimkUm' as the (ii/rinophilusporphi/riticns,
and isainudi stronger animal. AscompanMl with the P./usca it isiinnli
larger, tlie tail ismoreconii)rosse(l and extensively finned, and the color
is uniibrmly different. Mesides the ciiaracters already pointed out in
the table, it differs from ]>.fuscii as follows: The parasfdienoid i)atcli(s
of teeth are prolonged more anteriorly, and approach very near the
vomerines in most instances; tliey are always i)rol(niged beyond tlie
middle of the orbits ; their prolongation is at the same time nsirrowed,
and in most the patches are not distinguished at this point. Tlie v(»m-
erine series are better distinguished (though not always), being oblia(iiie paljtebrue. A tubercle oeeu-
pies tlie iinterior angle, wliicli, after an exiuninatioti of tliat in D./usca,
is i)roven to be a disMienibernient of the superior eyelid.
The coloration is uniform in about twenty specimens examined. It
is simple, viz: Uniform blaclc above and below, except the muzzle from
between the eyes, the lower Jaw, the end of the tail, and the soles of
the feet, which are brown.
Fi'.\, in inches.
Indies.
I,i'n;;tli, ;ixi,il, from ciul of iiiii/zlc to oiliit 2'.)
I,('ii«;tli, axial, from t'lid of iiiii/./'i^ to cuntliiis oris !'>rt
l,('ii,;;lli, ;i\i.ii, from cud of iiiiiz/l(> to ax II In l.'J'J
l.i'M;;lii, iixial, fiom ciui ol iiiii/zU^ to }iroiii ;t. i»;$
1/iijilli, axial, fioiM I'lul of muzzle to cml (.f voiit, I?. 7()
l.c'ii^lli, axial, from t'lid of mtizzlt> to cud of tail (i. i)G
I, CM Hill ol' fore liiiili (i!>
l.eili;tll of fore foot i!(5
l.cii^lli of liiiid liml) l.O'i
I.eiiu'lli of liiiid fool 47
Willi li of hind -fool sole 27
Willi li lici wccii cyc.s ill front :iO
Width at can 111 us oris Cm
Will 111 of hoily 7't
Will 111 of liody ;il sacriiiu ,')4
ll(ihil>!, cIc.—TUis creature is aquatic; but iifter the fashion of the 7).
fiisca it occurs only in slmllow stony brooks. It is, so far its known,
conrincd to the AUeohiiny mountain ranges from Pennsylvania south-
w;»rds. It is abundant in the streams of the rocky ravines and cold
springs in the remotest depths of the forest, where its retreat is cool
and dark. It seeks .'.onceaime.it uiuler loose stones and sliibs of slate
with great activity, and is not easily caught. Its habitat does not seem
to be shared by any species but the D./tiRcn; the fijirinophilKH porpliji-
riticiis, the other characteristic Alleghany species, haunting standing
springs and bogs, where stones are not so numerous. Green described
it from Pennsylvania, but IJaird, who i.s familiar with the Alleghany
fauuiiof our State, says he has not observed it near Carlisle; nor have
:\ met with it north of Virginin, where it is common. Besides Green's
I .'
1 1
4
■ui
! 'i
?'
'I' '
ii
20;) lillLLETIN ;VI, CKITKD STATKS NATIONAL MUSEUM.
{yim and .specimuiis iVoiii near tlie Kanawha River, in soiitliwcstoni
Virginia, in the iMiihi(U'l|>hia Academy Museum, the Smithsonhm con-
tains tlie following:
Di'smtii/iialliiiH iiiyni Green.
eiit..l()^iio NiuiiIh'v
lllllllllUI'. j of M|IUC.
Locality.
WluMico aiiil liow
olilaiijril.
3880
392:1
14U0
I (;i.(>i"ia , Dr. W. Ii. "'iiiirs.
4 AhlM'villi'.S. (• ■ 1>1-.''- r-. liaiiiilt.
•> (iilcs Cimiitv, Vi\ K. D.Odiii'.
1 I Wyllio (.'oiiiitv, V;i <"'>1. M..Mil)(Piialcl.
SALA.MANDKIJJ.K.*
Oiiiy PioccL'd. Zool. Soc. London, 18.")H, p. 142. Cope, Jouni. Ac. Phil.,
iscr), p. 107.
Noethinoid bone. Palatine.s with i)o.sterior separate processes e\.
tending over tlie parasphenoid, bearinjj; teeth on their inner margins.
Prel'rontals and pterygoids present. Parietal entirely separated from
jtrefroiitals by broad frontals. Orbitosphenoid continent with prootie.
No d(Mitigeroiis plates on the paraspheuoid. No postfronto s(piamosal
ar:'.h. The ceratohyal free, connected with the (piadrate by liganienf.
Carpus and tarsus osseous. Vertebne opisthoctelous. No otoglossal
cartilage.
The hyoid apparatus in this family is like that of the IMethodontidie.
There is a hyi)ohyal on each side, of the anterior extremity of the basi
branchial which does not irticul.itc! with the ceratohyal. In Triturus,
Salainandra, and IlemisalamaiidiM, it is short 'Mate 30, (ig. S) : while
in Chioglossa it is recurved posteriorly, passing under the ceratohyal
of each side, and almost reaching tlu basibranchial again near the point
of origin of the ceratol)ranchi;il (Plate 30, fig. 9). It thus forms a nearly
complete ci'ch', suj)i)orting the circumference of the tongue. This
circle has the same function as that in Amblystoma, but is of diiVerciil
homologicjal value. Api)ropriately to this functional resemblance to
the American forms, the proximate extremity of the ceratohyal is at
tached to the distal extremity of the suspeihsoriiim, but by ligament.
In ITemisalamandra, on the other hand, it is attached to the pwri nal
l)artof the same by ligament, thus furnishing a condition intermediatei
between the types of (Miioglossa and of Dieinyctylus.
This family is condned to tlie Old World. It embraces the following
genera:
L Miixillary and pti'rv},'()id Ijones .scpaiiite, the fornier not rearliinj; iiiiadratc.
«i,
Ton^iU! lari^e, scarcely free, at edfre.s ; (cetli in two ionj{iti»dinal cnrveiU;e-
ries Saldiiiaiitlni.
Ton^^ue .small, not fr(!e; teetli in two stiaij^lit, p trallel Heries.. Iliminalanuiiidva.
r
II.
IK
Joi
1
I
*^ f
TITK HATRACniA OF NORTH AMI'^RICA. 201
(\(X. A lij;;iiii('ii(()ns iiostfroiito-siiUiUiiosiil arch.
Toiij^iit' siiiiill ; voiiicnipiiliitinc. Iciali in loiii^iliiiliiiiil Mcrii;s, wliiuli convoi'j^u
and join anteriorly, fDnniii^^ a /^ TrilitniH.
II. IMi'ryyoid united broadly with nia::illary bon?.
I'oHt('lonto-.s(|naniosal arch partly lif^atiiontons ; tongue littlo fri'c ; teeth
rorniinj; a A Piichyliilon
The si)(>(;ies of this family let'onled in IJonleiigor'.s CatiUogue of the
l)iitish >[usouiii an' the following:
Chio(jhtsf() to 12,000feet; »S'. caucnsica Waga, Caucasus; Hon-
isdlanntndm cr'tstata Laur., Europe; Trifunis blunii De I'lsle, north-
west France; T. marmoratun Latr., France, Spain, Portugal; T. alpcs-
/;/.v Liitir., central Europe; T. ntlfjaris Linn., Europe, except southern
France, Spain, ami Poitiigal; temperate Asia; T. vrocntm ('oi)e, Syria ;
7'. 7)innt(inus Savi, CorsicM ; I'lfchytriton hrccipes Sauvage, South Kiansi,
China.
PLEUIJODELID.E.
('ope, .Jonrii. Acad. I'hila., 18-*li. p. lUS.
J'lnir I'leiiroih'lin.
II. Maxillary bono reaching quadrate.
Toes .') (1 lossoIcgaA
The species of the above genera arc as follows : SalamandriHa pcr-
)itillata Savi, Ftalv; Dioniirtiilus vittatua Gray, Asia Minor, Syria;
fipt
/>. pxbuafus St'hneid., central an.d western Euroi)e; ]>. ^nontanihniii
IJoul., aMohlavia; />. hnsrw Latasti', Spain, Portugal; J). 2>!l>'rho(faslcr
!?
Scirniiold ltarM<-s.
t Tyhlrilon Anders.
^02 niTLLETIX :M, TTNITKU STATKS national MUSKUJi.
IJoio, Japan, Cliiiia; P. sinensis Gray, Cliiiiii , !>. lorosus Escli., Cali-
Ibriiia, Orej,'oii ; />. riridcsccns Hal", Nortli Ainciica, oastcni and aus-
trofipariau rt'-iitns ; />. r«.sxY>«// (l(''ii(', Saidiiiia ; />. asper Dngvs, I'.vr-
oiiee:-*, Spain ; PIrnrotlclcs irallli Miclia'.i., Spain and Portugal, Tan-
{"•iers; aioss()lc!/(t itnircli V,i^vvii\>i, Al.-^icis; GJidf/cnmnellcri hutiista, Al-
ff'
ors; W. .'YVTHtusvr Anderson, Eastern Himalayas, Yunuan.
DIKMVCTVLUS Kaf.
Annals of Xiit lire, Marcli, l-'-JO, X... '22, p. ">: jrallowcll Jonrn. A-\ Pliiln.
(\. s.).iM,|>. :!i'>;i: ('|>1H>, rroiM'cd. Ac. IMiila., Irt.V.t, p. V>il
Xoloplillmhinis ]:ni\\\r:.:>: M.iinl, Jonrn. Ai'. I'liila., (.v. .s.) i.p.'iHI.
.V»/.v<; Mcin:::,Tcntaincn, Syst. Ain|iliiliiarnni, l-^Jit. p. K> ; Honlcnjii-r, Cat.Malr.
(iiad. lirit. Mns., ii, C, H-i-J, jciik.
/•;»;)w/H.v (MMi<^,.^.vn. l{.'plil..SMnIinia, p.'-'S: Itonap., I'anna Ilalit-M ; Ciipf. /. c,
).. 1','7.
('liuojix 'I'sclindi, I'.afr., |s:!>, p. '.H.
Tiiyirlid (li;iy, Cat. li.itr. (irad. IJrit. Mns,, ISJ,",, p. ',>,"),
The liyoid api>aratns in this fjenns is inn(^li as in thi- IMcthoilontidai
and tii(! Salaniandrida'. Tiiere is a small liypoliyal, which does not
aiticnlate with the ceratoliyal. In Dil'itii/riiilHs forosiis there is a .second
lirocess on earh side posterior to tiie hyoohyal,* which nniy he honinln
jions with tlie sinular second lateral cartilajje in Jjin(iii(il(ii>siis ttniiii
hitns, or even with the oto^^lossal cartdajic. The ceratoliyal is divided.
lliei)roximal half o.ssoons. Tlie first ceratol)rancliial ami epibianehi.il
are osseons. The second ceratobranchiais ori<"inatc from a hi{j;li nic
median longitn. vitiiU'scciis it extends all the way
to tlie inferior .snrfaee of the exterior jmocc^s of tin; oxocciptal l»one.+
with which it is in close contact. In the />. toyoNns it , in
the Journal de Pliysi(pu', | Lxxxvill, p. IIS, KafiiM'scpu' proposed to
rei>lace the name Triton of Lanrenti by his own name, Triturns. In
18.-0, in the Annals of Xatiire^ for March, p. i, he says: "My genus
Triturns is the same as the Triton of Dumeril, there being already
another genus of animals called Triton. It differs from the Salamandra
* I'-ir.st indicated tiy Wicdcrslicini in Dcr KopCslitdct dcr ITniddcn, I'l. vi, i\'^. HI.
tTliis was (irst shown inc liy Dr. I'".. IL (ialt in one ol'Iicr disscclioM.s.
t I'rodromo do soixantc-dix nonvcanx jrcnn'.H d'aninianx dcco;! verts dans I'intc^rieiir
desfilats Unis d'Anu'ri(|tn', dnrant I'aniUMi H18.
(iiAiinals of Xatnn; or Annual Synopsis of n<'\v Genera of Animals, I'lanls, etc., Dis-
covered in Xortli America, by C. .S. lialhie.stiuc, Transylvania University, Le.\iiijj;ton,.
Ky., Id-JO.
* f
\\
th
I"
ti(
W(
M;
lis
ill I
li<
on
do
seh
1
THE llATRACIIFA OF NORTH AMERICA.
203
iiiliaviiigacomprt'ssed tiiil." UiMk'rtlu.sgoiiii.slieiiiclu(k'y tiie same author, nnist yield to this one. Now Ijaurenti does not in-
cludi^ a single species of J)iemyctylu8 in his Triton, so that the name
is not applicable to the i)resent genus. It must be applied to a genus
of Salamandrida; whose sjjecies are i>laced by Uoulenger in the section
i' ' / of his genus Molge, which is without i»ostfronto scpiamosid arch.
One year later than IJallnesqne, IMerrem (ISiMi) proposed the name
Molge for a series of species wnich euibraced, with tliose of Triturus,
one species of Dii'myctylus, iKpalnidtits {MoJ, Ioi'h.^k.i.
I lend narrow, more, eluviiteil, ami with two lon^itiidiiial keels; middle" (iiij;eis and
toes lon^rer ; spotted more or less tliiikly : smaller If. riridrficciin.
r.otli of these sjtecies are aquatic iJi their habits, and they are the
only si)e(;ies found in North America which are truly so; that is, they
do not live on the bottom or under stones, but swim or suspend tliem-
selves in comparatively deep water.
I'l
'I
■i
■ ; ■
'
" ' ?i
m
ii
I
s
I
i!'! I I
r I
nil
¥
201 miLi.KTix :ii, unitkd stati;s natioxai. MUsiarM.
1)IKMV( TVMJS TOKOSUS Escli.
(I'latis :i, fi{j. d ; 4y, lig. 3.)
Copp, Cb(>ck-Li.st Hatr., Kept. N. Amcr., 15iill. U. S. Nat. Mils., i, p.
2,-1, 187").
Tiiloii loro^iiH Escli., Zool. Atlas, p. 12, PI. 21, (if,'. T) ; Straucli, Salain., p. f!().
S(i lama 11(1 ra heechcyi Oray, in fJrill'. A. K., i., p. 107, and Zool. BcccIh'.v'.s Voy., PI. :!l,
Triton crmani Wioyin.,iii Erman'M Kois(' niii dio E.df, p. 21.
Salamatidra (Triton) tjranuUmi Skilton, Amcr. .Toiini. (2). vii, p. 2(»2.
yotoplhalmiii^ torosiiH Uaird. .loiirii. Ac. Pliila. (2), i, p. 2^4.
Tariilia torosa (Jray. Cat., p.2.">: (i Irani, T. S. Kxpl. Expcd., Hcrp., p.."., PI. 1, (i. l-H.
Tmivhu hn-ix IJuird & (Jirard, Proc. Ac. Pliila., 18.'):i, p. mi.
Triton Iivrin Straiu'li, I.e.
Moli/c lorom Hoiilciijrcr, Cat. 13atr. Grad. Brit. Miis., second cd., 1882, p. 20.
TIlis fine species i.s of mtlier robust proportions. Tiio hoail is wiiU'
iiiid distinct from the neck, tlirough tiie protuberance of a postcrini'
superior angle on eacli side. It is also perfectly tlat and smooth above,
e.\ce|)ting a f>entle slope from a line connecting the orbits ' ) the end
of the muzzle. The body is .slightly compressed, atid its length from
a.xilhi to groin is just equal to the length from the axilla to the end of
th(^ muzzle. The tail is long, exceeding the length of the head and
body by the depth of the latter. It is very much compressed, and has
a wide dermal border both on the inferior and the superior edges.
Viewed from abo> e, the head is contracted t(twar. riridcsccus. The second (first) finger is very short, and the fifth
is a little longer, while the third and fourth are of usual length, the
third the shorter. 1 iie phalanges are l-L'-;{-'-'. The toes are arranged
iniicli as the tlnger.s, the hmger ones of m.'dinm length, and the lirst
#
Tot
/-(■
l-cn
Lcn
Lcnj
Lcn
tiitc
Grcji
Dcpi
TIIK HATKACniA OF NOKTII AMKKICA.
20;")
\\
11
h
st
very short. Tlie lengths are, bogimiiiiy witli the shortest, l-.i-L*-!-."}.
The imiiiber of i»hahiiige.s (aken in order is: l-U-JJ-.i-L'. Thi' epider-
mis oil the extreinitii's of all the digits is horny. Tiiere are no distinet
palmar or phinlar tnbereles. 1 iiave not diseovered any horny phites
on the inner sides of tlio posteiior legs, sueh as occur in the 1). rifitJcs-
cvns (hiring the breeding season.
The cliaraeter of the surface of the skin varies aceording to the sea-
son and h)eaiity. In a majority of specimens the upper siiifaces are
sinootli, but wrinkled more or less closely. In si)eeimeiis which have
been exposed to drought, the surface becomes rough, with small liaid
pnijections. The lower surfaces are always studded with minute lioniy
points so as to behisi)id. These become more numerousand prominent
in specimens where the dorsal integument is roughened. Lateral folds
are very obscure in this species, and can only be traced on the superior
part of the sides. Twelve such grooves may be (tounted, the first and last
being opposite the humerus and femur respectively. There is a dis-
tin(;t transverse postgular fold. The digits have thin dermal margins
towards the base. The genitalia are very prominent during the breed-
ing season, and the orifice is longitudinal, and its edges are marked
with transverse wrinkles. Internally there is a large promiiient papilla,
simulating an intromittent organ, which rests in a fossa, whose jmste-
lior wall is comjtosed of a series of columnar papilhe, which radiate
backwards and downwards. The free membrane of the edges of the
tail is much reduced, or is even wanting, in the specimens with rough-
ened skin.
2
6 ■' ' f 4
Via. 51 . Dii'mv'''.'/'"" ' irDKim
No. 11407. S;iii Francisco; J, f.
McanKremcnts of Xo. llf)"?.
M.
Tdliil length 170
Li'iiglli ol' liL'ail iiiid Itmly 078
Li'iigth to groin OCtl
Lnigdi to axilla O^C.
Length to can thus oris Ol'i
L(!ngth to anterior cantluiH oeuli 005
Length of Core-leg 027
Length of eiibitiis Oil
I.iengtii of niiinuH 0115
Length of hind leg (KW
Length of tibia 0085
Length of pes Oi;!(i
Interorhital width 075
Greatest width of head 0175
Depth of tail at iniddlu, with flu 014
'.m
4
R 1
t
W-'-f
I
1' i
jm
i
1'
20(J KiJLLirnx lii, i;mti;i» statks national muskum.
The iimcoiis poivs oC tliis species liavi'. tlio tullowiiij;' »listiiliiilioii:
Tht'.v Ibniiii band on ciu-Ii sido of \\w inn/zlc, nliicii passes witliin the
c.Vflul to Just behind tlie eve, where it divi(h's. One line extends back-
wards and turns lowaids tlie nii(hlle line without joininj;- its fellow of
I he opi)osite side. The other branch iiasses behind aiul below the e.ve,
and Ibrnis a patch on the Io:eal rej;i()M. On the body the system con
sistf *■ a series of pores alonj? the lower part of each side.
The coloration of this species is simple. The sides and superior sur-
faces of the head, body, and limbs are brown, and the inferior surfaces
are yellow. In rouj;h sjiecimens the brown becomes almost black, and
the yellow is correspondin;;ly deep, in smooth specimens the brown is
])ale, and has an olive tinj-'e. The upper membrane of tbo tail is yel-
lokvi.sh-brown ; the lower yellow.
This species has the widest I'anjie ol' any Pacific salamander, since it
extends from San Die^o on the south to southern Alaska on the iiorth.
It is very abundant in some parts of California, and may be seen swim-
ming in the streams and [)onds in numbers.
l)iciinicl!jliiH Idiosiih Kscli.
UKSKIiVK SKKIKS.
(JMtaliiiriic No. of
llllllllii'l'. nlMT.
Lociililv.
uo."i;
47
1070
■lO-Jri
4tJt(i
ilL'M
O-'ir.
1111)7
1 1 r)77
11701
405J
!);">■(!
uri>i."i
lll'idO
14107
i:iit4o
i:i!i4ii
i:t!i,')2
llCifl
14170
1 I4MI
ItlOU
i:i02s
n.Mi;
11704
4U14
Wlicn (ril-
loiU'tl.
Fkiim wIkoi) received.
U. S Kxpl. Kxpcil.
IMmi't Sound, Otufjoii .
Call lorn hi
i'oit Stcilacooni, Wasli Dr. liro, Smklcy. t'. S. A
Kii^foo (,'it.v, On iicin Di. (,'.(i, Ncwln'iiy
Foil Vanroiivcr, \\anli.. l)i. J. (i.Coiipir
Koit Sttilarooii], Wash
San Kianci.tco, ("al I'. S. lOxpl. K\|i
Fresno, Cal | \>il'J liiistav I'.iscn
Asto:ia, Oregon ' liii lit. W. I'. Tio« bridge,
U.S.A.
(Jalirornia Dr. Win Stiiiii>.-Miii
Monterey, Cal ' Dr. ( aiilield
lIuHsler's Ilailior. Ala.sUa
Lako Coiiiitv, Cal
lierkelev, Cal ,
do:
Jlinvcdl Mountains, Cal.. I
San Diejio. ('al ..
I'cirl, (,'lirslcr, Alaska
Ni.'<(iiially. ( IrcLioii
ltevillajii;i(l') liar., .Mas.
r.aird, i'al
niiniliijlill Coiiiily, Cal ..
Ficsno, (;al
San Kianeiseu. C.il
U.K. Nieiioks
18K-) U. W.Turner
1K«I U.K.C. Stearn.s
18*1 I do
1«K4 . do
I.hk:! Clias. It.Oieiilt
188J 1,1. II. !•;. NielKds, U. S. \ .
Kxpl. Kxped
\) Dr. T. U.Stieets. C.S. N..
KS.-5 Clias. ll.TiJWnsend
ilo i
(liiHtav Ki.-ien :
Dr. J. L. Leeontii*
Nature (d'
Hiieeinieii.
Aleidiirlie
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Di.
Do.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
J)o.
ilKNKItAr, SKKMCS.
40J7
40 LI
4011
Uh.V.'
11701
rj7:ii
i-.;i.''p;i
40.-,l
11471
lliOlO
401).')
144.">0
14401
144i;.'i
14400
1 : Kl Dorado County, Cal Dr.C.C. I!o\le
1 San I'lani iseo, C il II. D (iitts ..
1 do Hr. .1, I,. I.eecHiti' . ..
•J Sin (,iiieiiliii, Cal April - , lh71 Capt. Win. Hidden ..
10 l''ri'.sno, Cal .. U;7'.) liii.slav Kisen
:! liallina^ l'.av. C,il Il.nipliill
1 Oakland, C.il 1'. L. .)ouy
1 I'etalinna. Cal K. Sainueis
1 l'ii;jet, Sound, Orejion . . I (.')
4 Fori I'lnpipia, Ori'^on.. .1 I.ieutenant MielikM'.
(.').
(?)
1 Oregon I (')
1 ; KeLseyville, Cal. "
187:! I<. Stone
1 ' Orei^ou 1 1 K.xpl. lixped.
Aleoliolie
Do.
Do.
Ho.
H(i.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Do.
Du.
Do.
Ho.
Ho.
J)o.
Typo ol' T. Ui-vU.
mil
sIk
^lli
!lic
ji'w
Cl-.i
l.'lill
'I
era
Til,
an(|
■nil'; IIA'I KAI'lll A ; l.», lij;. 1)
lliillow., Jimrii. Ai'. riiila. (N.s.) ill, ji. :M:{ ; Co\n; I'ldtcfd y\i'. I'liila.,
lrr>i», i>, 1-J(1.
Iriliini^ (IHemjutiiliiK) ririilcKcciix Waliii., Annals of Naturr, l-'^O, Xo. 'J'J.
irdiinis {Xoti)jililltiiliiiii><) iiiiiiiithin Kalin., I.e., Xii. 'JI,
SiiliUiiiiiKlni xtvlliii Say, Anicr, .lonrn., i, j). '.'(ll.
S((liiiii(tiitlrti (loiHnlix Harlan, Juiirn. Ac. I'liila., v, |>. I'Jl ; Wit'd., Xova Ada Leop.,
(•ami , xxxil, i>. l:!l.
Siildiniiiidnt niimmrlrlcn Harlan, l.r..\K laT; Hollir., X. A. Hfrp., v, p. fiT, 1'!. x\ii;
Dc Kay, N. Y. Tann , l.'rptil., p. 7:?, I'l. xv, ti-;. X! : Winl., /. c, p. l",'.'..
Sii. 77, I i. xx\'; i'mn. iV IJilir., p. 1.").').
Trillin niiUcpiiiirliiliis I)c Kay, /.<■,, ji. -'I, I'l, x\', liy;. ISI.
\iiiojililliiitmii>i miiiidliiH liaird, .lonrn. Ac. I'liila ('J), i, p. 'i"'! ; Gray, Cat, Hatr. Grad.
IJrit. Mns., cd. i, p. •,»•,'.
yotoiihtlialiHHH riri(h'8rciiH liaird, /. c. ; Gray, /. c. y. iilJ.
Trilini piiiictulinHimiit Dnm. iV- Bilir., i». 1,") I,
Tritini Kunnittlririin Dnm. A- Hihr., p. l.')l ; IM. 107, fig. 2.
l)ii mjivtijltiH mhualiin Hallow., /. c,
Tiiloii ririthnrriix Strancli, Salani,, p, .'>().
.!/(////(■ riridaiciiH liinilcn.!;(riato
siilispe(Mes. These are two, as foUow.s:
]]\iiriial linjicr half as long as fonrtli or .shorter ; ha-.k with small hlack-cdged red
spots I), r. riridimriiH.
K\tcrnal linger more than half as long as I'onrth ; no red spots on hack, hut largo
black ones, wliicli are present also on the tail D. r. iinriit.s rarely wanting ; ground color olivaceous form ririihxiriin-
Tlie form niiniatus never has a caudal fin-membraiie, while it is }>eu-
craliy present in the form Viride.scens; but this is a seasonal character.
Tiie characiters ab()vc mentioned are not always combined as described,
atid one (ir another may be wanting while the others are present.
) !i
20S miLLKTIN :U, ITNITKI» HTATKS NATIONAI. Ml'SKl'M.
Tiny will 1»L! rcforml to latiT in lliis iiiticU'. Mfuiiwliili^ I (U'scillij ;.,
typii'al sin'ciineii of the form Viiidi'.sccii.s.
/
2 \ I 4
3 5
rill. 5'J. Dininietllliin nriili'KCi'ii:i rlriilcg'rnii. No. I«lfi3. Aiki'll, S. ('.; jj.
TlK'oiitliru' of till! Iiciul si'oii from above is an oval, wliirli conliiutts
anteriorly and posteriorly, and is not distinj;iiislied from tlic neck liy
tlie abrnpt contraction of the latter. The back is r(»ol'sha[»ed, and I lie
section of the body a vertical oval. The leiijjth from the axilla to llie
end of tho muzzle is Just a little less than the di.staii(!e between the ax-
ila and the "roin. The tail is niiich compresseil tliroii<;h(int, and is as
Ion;; as the head and body (vent iiududed).
The muzzle, viewed from above, is triii.cateromided, and it projeitts
a little beyond tho month. The two ridj^es o»' the top of tl.i^ head in-
close a long lenticular open {jroove which is closed in front on the muz-
zle, bur open behind on the occiput. (Jii their external sides is a
shallow jjroove. There is a distinct but obtuse eant'nis lostralis, and
the lorea' region is slightly concave. Thi^ protlle i-i slightly dt'c rved
at the muzzle. The eye is rather large; is length exceeds a litlle the
length from its anterior canthns to tlii' end of the muzzle, and is a.
little less than the interorbit 1 'vidth. The nostrils are close together,
and look upwards as well as outwards. The distance between them
enters the interorbital space two and a half times. The eyes do not.
project ujiwards, so that the eyelids avi' nearly plane with the front.
The lower Jaw is only partly overlapped by the posterior paitof the
upper lip, and there is no distinct lower lip or groove. On the side of
the head posterior to the eye is a straight row of four jiits, the tiist of
which is near the eye and the last is in the position of the first branchial
lissnre. Those pits are shojtly linear and curved, as tlmugh made by
the pressure of an instrument with a short curved edge. The tlistancis
between them are equal to each other and to half the diameter of tin's
eye. At the position of the posterior iiit are traces of three branchial
lissiires in three vertical short rows of minute pits; but these are not
always present. The (theek-pits, moreover, are fre(iiiently wanting. I
give the results of the examination of seventy individuals of the forms
\'iiidescous and Miniatus:
riyidvbceiis. I
fossil' prt'st'iit y8 ' Fosnic pri'HCMit
M'uiialiiK,
10
l-'oSSill WiUltillLC
1
dssM' waiitini;
The pits are g<'iierally syninietri(!al, but in :; Miniatus there is but one
pore on one side, and in a Virid(!scens there are no pores on one side
and three on the other.
4
^1
11)
*
TIM': IJATUACIIIA OF NOUTII AMKUICA. "JUD
Tlu' t(Hi;;iU' ofdipii's hut little ,s|)ii(;e <»ii tlio lloor (»!' the iiioiilli. It ia
Mli;;litl,v I'l'cc. at tlic. sides, hut not, at the anterior or posteiioi' cutis, wliicli
pais.s insensihly into the a(l.ja(;ent tissue, lis t'onu is oval auleroposte-
I'iorl.v. Tiie voineropahitiue teeth aie in t\v()lou;>'itu(liiuil series, wliieh
converj-e anteriorly, and J(»in after iiinMiu;^- <*Iose toj;ethei' hetween the
internal nai'es. The latter are ahout as t'arajtart as the external nares.
When applied to Wus side the tore lindioverliips the hind lind) by the
len^'th of the hiiul loot. While of nearly tln^ same leii<;th, the foro
limbs are not more that hall' as thick as the hin-; i-1. In nudes in the breedin;^-season the hindlejusare thickened,
especially the inte;;iiment of the inner side. It is then divided by tiaiis-
verse folds, and the portions between them become corneous oi' chit-
inous. There are thus Irom ten to twelve transv»^rse jdales on the in-
side of the thij^lis, and an irregular nuinbi'r on the inside of the tibiii
and tarsus. The iiidimcntal external and internal toes have a (!ap of
the same substance. These bodies aid the male in maintaining- his hold
on the female during copulation.
The skin in the form Viridcscens is smooth on all the surfa(;es, but
ralln-r closely wriidilcd. The tail has a free dermal margin or tin (of
about etpial width and length) on both the superior and the inferior
edges. The genitalia arc very prominent at the breeding season, and
in the male t orilicu' is oval. It is very papillose, especially within
till' anterior liorder. (See Plates '6\i and 11, tig. .'{.) There is i.o trans-
verse postgular fold, and there arc no transverse lateral grooves.
Miiisiin mi'iil-i of So. liTiri.
M.
Tot ill Icilf^tll dlKI
l.cii;;tli (iriioad aii:{
Lcnirtli of 111 11(1 foot ()0H«
Widlliof licad 008
Width lictwocii orliits 004()
Depth of tail at niiddlo 0075
I!).")! iJuii ;m — u
'■'. I
r I i
i^i
: i
I
i
m
i
210 lUJLLKTIN :tl, IINIIKK STATKS NATIONAL MTSKIIM.
Tlie ct>l(M' of Mic roriii Niiitli'sct'iis is ii lii^li* iHowiiisliolivo aliovc,
Nvliicli is or is not iiiiukcd olVtlistiiicH.v IVoiii tlir piiici' troloi- of the lower
siiiliKH'S iiioiiji: IJK^ sitlc. TIm' iiil'ciior smfiuu's avo stiaw rolor or ilirt.v
while. On I'iM-h sidoollhc .crlt'liriil lint' is a row of IVoin three to six
small ronnd reil spols, each with a hiaelv border. The rest of the snr-
liK^e is marked with small lila<;k points, whiehare smaller Init more dis-
tinet on the lower sintiuu's. On the Ie;;s they are huf^cr and more erior surfaces is vernnliou red and the lowt'r sur-
faiH'S eitron-yellow. The red spots an- present as in the other foi'iu, but
the small black sp()ts are rart'ly pr.'sent on the back. They are present
on the sides, belly, lindts, ami tail, and lU'ver run to^'etlier into liiu's.
In this form the skin of all the upper surfaces is rou^h, with numei'ous
minute, semitrausparent horny points of the skin. These are not chn'el-
oped on the ird'erior surfaces.
These characters would be likely to follow the exposure of an aquat it;
1. I>ii iiiili'lillii" iiiiiiliiliiK iiiiiiiiitiin Kill'. :iKOL'. Tttirc iLitiiial Hi/i«. Itmit Kivrr, Wis.
animal with soft skin to the coin|>arativ<^ drou^^lit of the atmosphere.
The f^reatei' a. miniatus is a state of />. r/r/V/cvcf/fv,'' and that
1 have had itchan^'e to the latter in confinement. Dr. Howard A. Kelly,
in an article in the American Naturalist, states, he " broii^'ht home a
number of />. iniiiidtu.s (Kaf.), or little red li/ard, or red eft, and after
keeping them in a daik box filled with saturatiMl moss, they (diaufjed
their color from a brijfht vermilion to the olive state characteristic of the
/>. I'iridrstxn.s,'''' and he keiit them all winter. (3oi. Nicholas I'ike says in
tliesamejourual (.January, 188(5): "I have j^radually come to the conclu-
sion that the two are identical. Some years aj^o I captured (piite a nam-
berof red ones in theCatskill Moiintair.s, brou^^htthemhonu'!, and kept
them in a box with other salaiiuuiders, where they could resort to water
}■
r
i
rilK ISATKACIIIA Ol" NORTH AMKlilCA.
211
if tlu'.v ••liosi'. Koi- sitiiMi jlays tlii-y rciiiiiiiit'd liidiiij,' iiiHlcr llu-. wt-t
moss iiiid stones, hut liiially crept out at iii;'lit and wi^nt into the water.
I iinxi', lliein some inseets and worms, widcli tlit'.v I'eadil.v devonied. In
.ilxMit three moid lis rliey lost their lii'i;>ht red, and in less than a year
tlie.v weieof the usual oliv«: of the N'irideseens. Another laet, still more
decidedly iteariii;,' on the, case, is, tiiat some two-y<'ar-old N'iridescens
taken Irom the ponds and (uit in earth and dead wet leaves in a tub in
my {garden, wiilniut water, in a month or so beyan to lose their ;;reen
tint and assume a din<;y, hrownish hue.*'
I'rolessor IJaird thus descrrihcs the breeding; habits of this sahi-
iiiander :*
"In the spriii;; of the year a broad tin be(;«)mes developed alon^i' the
tail and back of tiie male, and the feet (^iilar;;'e, with the addition ol' a
Idaek «Mrtila<;iiious mass on the toes and inside of the thighs, for the
|iurpose of enabling' it to hold on to the female. This it does by elasp-
\ue time in this way, linally j;ive birth to small larva', the };«'neral
cluuaeter of wlmse metaiiiorphosis is inneli the same as that of the
species already desi lihed." 1 have found the habits of specimens of
this si)e(riea in conlinemciit osit
of e.i!:f;s i)y the lemalc. (See .loiiriial Philadelphia Ac^ademy, lS(i(>, p. (JS.)
/>/('m//(7///((.v rin'ilesccns )nei'i(lioit(ili>i Cope.
Itiillctin f. S. N;it .Miis., No. •Jii, lH-(i, i>, :!(i. Mohji: iiivridioiKiliH Vi>[>i';
I'xiuliimcr, Ann. Mm^m/. Nut. Hist., iSriH, Junnary.
This subspecies has tiie lon,i;er di{>itsof the form Miiiiatus, and low
«aanial crests of the Viride.scens, with which it also ayrees in color,
{'rom both Ibrms it ililVers in the absence of red spots from the dorsal
rej^ioii, which is instead covered with rather large bhudi spots, which
(joiitinue on the tail. The j;roiiud above is olive; below it is yellow,
which is marlvcd with numerous small l»lack spots. A characttr wliicli
appears to be of importance is seen in the tore foot. The outer toe is
more than half as lonj^ as the penultimate, while in the varieties Viri-
des(;ens and Miniatus it is less than half as loiij;.
The lirst specimen of this form whi(;h 1 met with was sent to the
Smithsonian Institution froai .Mataiuoros, Mexico. G. W. Marnock
"Jcoiidj;!'. l^inyil., vol. ii, j). 5>ri4, ISfil.
*— •; ';^r
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I
212 lUILLETIN ^1, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
finds it in tiic tributaries of the Medina River and southward, and Will-
iam Taylor has obtained a good many specimens from San Diego, in
soutliwestern Texas, it lias not been found east of that region. I did
not see it in the plateau country.
Dr. lioulenger thinks that this form should be regarded as a distinct
species. Uesides the (-haracteis I have cited he says the head is more
depressed and the lores less vertical and the gular fold more distinct,
than in the J). I'iridenccus.
3 ' 2
Fii;. 51. Oieiiiiiclijliiii riridixcciiii iin'riilioiiiilif:. Sun I>ii'i;o, Tux.;
Diimyctyhis rirulcsann miiiiiiliis li'ul'.
KESEUVE SEKIES.
Ciit;il(>j;no
Xo.
ot
iiiitnlii'i'.
spe
<■.
;!8()2
:i
:i«l!)
li
;iMii
(i
wiriK
1
hX'J4
1
7SJ!)
1'
!i:!i',i
1
•M'M
r,
!i;i'):!
:)
!t;«i.'.
1
•Ur.'ii
1
i)lh9
(!
!IJ7I»
1
11411.')
;i
•XM
a
i;)-,«i
1
.")!lii!)
1
\;m:,
2
Loi'iilitv.
Wlicii <'i)l-
hitcil.
I'liiiii wlioiii icciivid.
Nimiic ol'
spi'cilllCII.
]!(ii)l Uivpr. Wis I I'ldt. S. I', liaiii'
(Iiiolc ('iiniitv, 111 U Kcniiicdlt
Mi;i(lvillr. I'ii rKilr-siii- Williams ..
Kinstoii, N. C I. W. Miliin
( 'i lie ill Tint i, I lliii) I. N. r.. Seal I'liinnyli..
Wasliiiiytoii, |). C 1)1'. 10. ('iMii> r. S. A
Xdi tiilk, Coiiii Si)it. 'Jli, l.'^77 A. 1'. Wddslci
Wc.^t rtiiiit. N. V i .-■■. S. K. liainl
I'lipi'f Mi.Hs. Vallrv
A1
Urazds Uivor, Te.\ Mr. H. I'. Shiiniaid.
(;) (0
(0 ''>
t!) (') .
Aiix I'laiii.-i KiviT, III ('. I'.. K. Ki'iiiiicott
\Vnsliiii;rti'li. I> «' (let., IH8i 10 II. Haw ley ....
Hinlscm Hay (^ linxlrr
Itawli'V. Va lien. Mi Hit
'(iliiilic
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
ixi.
Do
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Do.
l>o.
iJii'inyfljihtu ririihwrns rirhUsa iis Kat'.
lUOSIOKVK SlOlillOS.
(I.ilaloyiU'
No
of
niiinli 'I'.
spi
i;.
3402
7
;i.-i(iK
4
7!UI'J
10
,'11142
2
,'>4II>
li
;)8i7
10
:)H2ii
:i
KH4'J
10
!f.i!)0
4
]2U5:t
4
:i8ii:i
(i
95,-i7
li
TU.W
1
Locality.
Wlii'ii col-
kHtfil.
KloMi wlioiii irci'ivr'l.
N.iIiih' of
Npl'CilllCII.
Aiix I'laiim UiviT, Ml \l Ktiiiiicott Alroliolir.
TioL'a Count v, N. Y 10. 10. Uow.ll
Carlisle, I'a '. I'lof.S. [■'. i'.ainl.
... ilo ilo
(ii'iHKia i Dr. W. I,. . I ones.,
Illinois (.') 11. Kcnniiolt
Aliliovillc, S. (• Ui..l. II. Itaiiatt
New Voik I'rot. S. F. liainl
I,rNiiij;toii, Va : .. I'iril. .Matlirr
Moiilloii, Ala
Mount Oaiincl, 111 Nov. — , 1.<8I I.. M. Tiiinpr ....
.Iirs.v City, N..T .
I If. I>. W. lloa.llo ...
SI. Cliiuk's CoUefjo.
St. Calliariiif's, ('anada.
tiiaud Coloau, La
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ilo.
ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Di>.
F|
■
ill-
ill
lid
\vX
)1C
ct,
?
THE liATRACHIA OF NORTH AMERICA
Diviiiycljiliia riridenccim riridvHceiin Raf.
CENEKAL SKItlES.
213
('iit:»lo;;ii(* No. of
iimiiiIh'I-. spec.
TilOJ
.•)7!).'.
nilK
!i:i:u
:isii
;t7!i:t
111)21
i;m-j4 I
HHUI
i44n.'i I
1440.1 I
I Froiii wlioni ifccivcil.
(Jiiilislr, I I'lcl. S. r. llainl.
.Ill ' ili>
Siiiilli Cipiintv, Viv I A.I,. Kiiiiilicii ..
Viisiiiiiii --.'- I Miiv •-•«. li'Tf!
■liiiiifs IJivci, Vii^iiiiia. .' Krli. 1!0, IH"
Wi.m oiisiii
Ni.iri)lli, Ciimi fiil.v, \Hr.i
sterlt)rly. No
paiasphenoid teeth. Liver not linely divided. Cloaca withont pro-
jet;! ile nuisdes. Tail tleveloped. No external frills. There is but one
eciatobiainthial bone, antl but one basibranchial. There are three
epibranchials. I'.esiiles liypohyals there are basihyals. No ott)j>lossal.
The stapes is tliiectly connccteil with the tpiadrate by c.artilajje.
r.y all antliors the j;-enns Amphinma liatl been incliuletl in the same
family ilivision with I'rottintipsis aiitl iMefialobatrachns until 18(5(5. At
that time the writer pi'opt).setl to separate it fnun the latter genera as
the type of a family .Vmpliiniiiiihe, wiiilc the ttther .uenera were platsed
in ant)ther family with the iiamt^ I'rotoiiopsithe. This course has not
been followed by later writers; in the catalogue of the Uritish Museum
by Dr. i'>oulenjii'r (ISSL*), for instance, the three j-enera are intihitled in
one family, the Ampliiumida'.
The reasons for keepin,n the Amphiumiila' tlistinet from the Protonop-
sida' were statetl to be the Ibllowing:*
AMiMliiMin.i; : "An axial t^ranial bone (? vtymer) in front of orbito
sphenoitls, anil one lormiiifi' palatal surface in front of ]>arasphenoitl.
* * * rarietals jM'tylonjietl laterally, not reaching P>'t'f»'ontals. Vesti-
'.I.iiini. Ac, I'liila., HCC. p. IDI.
t
IH
I
:im
\y
< 9
\ I
)
I
I
214 BULLETIN :fl, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
bale, wall osseous internally. Preniaxillaries consolidated. Occipital
condyles on cylindrical pedestals."
ruoTONOPSiD.i;: ">"o anterior axial cranial bone. * * * Parietals
and pref'ontals prolonjjed, meeting aiid enibraciniLj IVontals. Wall of
vestibule membranous internally, rremaxillaries separated. Occipital
condyles sessile."
The following observations were made on tlu^ Ampliiumid:e: "Tlie
(>ccipital condyles and temporocervical tendon are quite i>s in Desmojjfua
thus; they have not been previously described.* In Amphlnnut iiiians
there is a minute non-articulated bone on the suture between the o. o.
froutalia and piefontalia in the situation of tlie lachrymal. There are
some a])proximations to Ca-cilia in Amphiumida-. It does not appear
to have been noti(!ed that the * * * free nuuf'in of the frontal seems
to foreshadow the overroolinj^ of the oibit and temporal fossa seen in
Ca'cilia. Theic is also a v»'ry iar,i;e foramen or canal i)assinjf throii.uh
the o. maxillare from lu'ai' its middle to the orbit, foreshadowiii};- the
(■(DKilis trntdciili/crus of C.vv.lVux : a narrow one occurs in (he same situa-
tion in Protonopsis. rurther, the jjrominent horizontal anterior inle
lior pro(^esses of the vertebral centra are the same in Ami»hiuma and
Ca'cilia."
The characters assigned as above to the two families Amidiiumida-
and Cryptobraiu'liida- are abundantly suHifient for retaininj;' them as dis-
tinct, t The form of the occi[>ital r. .1, (i. I'isclii'r, Aiiiiloiiiiscli. Ahliiintll. iil>. I'ciciiiii-
lir.incli. II. Dcrotrt'iii., lirslcs Ilcfr, p. fit, ixil.
t I'rocct'd. AliiiT. I'liilosopli. Sdc, IS.-ii;, p. | |-J.
IWu'dcrslicini, Aiiiilniiiii' ilcr (iyiiiiMipliidiirn. .Fcnii. I"'7'.l.
,K^
'M,
THE BATRACIIIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
215
as well. Tlioy arc unique in the i)resen<;e of only one ceratobranchial,
Necturus only a[)i)roa(niin};' it in this respect. In the absence of the
second basibranchial it aj;rees with Cryptobrauchus, aiul approaches
the rsemlosiiuria, wliere a part of it nndenee ol" Unna-ns, i. )>. fill'.* ; Waf^ler, Systenia Am-
phih., IKin, p. •j:i;t; Tschndi, Itutr.. )-^>'.K p. tlT ; (Jray, Cat. Hatr.
Grail. I?rit. Mns., .V.; Diim., Mihr., ix, p )>0\ ; Honlenjjer, Cat.
IJatr. (Jrad. IJril. Mus., ed. II, p. "^J ; h'yder, I'roeeeds. Aead.
I'hila., 187'.), p. II; (.'ope, I'roeeeds. Anier. I'hilo.soph. >Soc.
ISSC), p. Wi.
Chnjtiodnnia Milchill, Medical Keeorder, l^JH-J, p. :>2d.
Siriiioiih^ Kit/. , Syst. K'eittil. 18','(!, ]). M.
^fll|■|lH0|lxi1 l'"ilz., /. c. ; Gray, /. r.
The only portion of the shoidder girdle of this genus which is o.ssified
is the scapula. The <'ora<'oid (iartilages of oi)i)osite sides are distinct
fnun each othei-, and there is a produ(!tion of the precoracoid region
The hunuMiis i.s truncate at both extremities, making its articulations
with cartilage only. The carpus is cartilaginous. The osscus ilium
is quite short and slendei'; it has a long supcricu" cartilaginous portion,
which is attached to an cipially long cartilaginous sacral rib. The
iid'erior element is an undivided plale, which is wider than long, and
pn'sents an obtuse angle anteriorly. The posterior portion of eacih
is occupied by a rouml