CIHM Microfiche Series (■Monographs) ICiUIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas 1 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the t)est original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the Images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. [3 Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged / D D D D D D D D Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculte Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^raphiques en couleur Coloured inl( (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relid avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que ceitaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6X6 film^s. Additional comments / Commontaires suppl6mentaires: L'lnstKut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les d^ils de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-dtre unkjues du point de vue bibii- ographique, qui peuvent nfKxJifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une nfX)dificatlon dans la metho- ds nomnale de filmage sont indk)ute ci-dessous. I I Cok)ured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / P&jes endommag^es Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurtes et/ou pellteul^es D r~pt Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / n Pages dteolortes, tachet6es ou piqutes Pages detached / Pages d^tach^s Showthrough / Transparence V~^ Quality of print varies / D D D Quality in^gaie de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totaiement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'enata, une peiure, etc., ont 6t6 filmtes d nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meiileure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont film^es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meiileure image possible. This Itwn It flinwd at tlw rwhietion ratio dMdwd balow / C« docutiiMt Mt film* au taux de iMuction Indlqut cMattoua. lOx 14X Ifc 22x 26x 30x 7 ., 19v IBx 20x 24x 28x 32x TIm copy f ilmMl hf has b««n reproduced thanks to tho gonsrosity of: LHMwy Agrieultur* Csnsds L'axsmplairs fNm4 f ut rsprodult grtoa i la g4n*rosh4 da: BibHoth4qiM Agriwiturt Canada Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia consMarlng tha condition and laglbility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract specifications. Las imagas suhrantas ont 4ti raproduitaa avac la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da I'axamplaira film4. at an conformM avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original copies In printed paper covers ara filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the laack cover when appropriate. Ail other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Lss exemplalras originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont fiimte sn commen^ant par ie premier plat at en terminant solt par la darnlAre page qui comporte une emprelnte d'Impresslon ou d'lliustratlon, solt par ie second plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras exemplalras originaux sont fllm4s wi commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une emprelnte d'Impresslon ou d'lliustration at en terminant par la darniire page qui comporte une telle emprelnte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^»-( moaning "CON- TINUED"!, or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un dee symbdes suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie cas: la symbols — ► signlfie "A SUIVRE". Ie symbols ▼ signifis "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, stc. msy bs filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely Included in one exposurs are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. Ths following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent ttre filmte i des taux de rMuctlon difftrents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un ssui cllcht, il est film* A partir da I'angia sup4risur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut an bas. an prenant ie nombre d'Images nAcsssaira. Les diagrammas suivants liiustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 fieaocorv mmiution tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO TIST CHAUT No. 2) DEPABT¥EKT OF AORICULTITRE DAIRT AMB OOLE STORAGE OOlOCnSIONlM OTTAWA. CANADA. CO-OPERATION AND; FRUtT GROWING BT A. McNeill, Chief, Fruit Biamtm, ■i BULLpilIN NO. 38-DAIRV 4ND COL D STQRAGfe COMMISSIONEirSr^ERIES PafcUahed Iff Dlrecttoa t tbe Boa. HMvtlCliKlfl^^MIHMMr ft MjfUmttmf*, DKPARTMEN f AGRIClILTrRE DAIRT AND GOLD STORAOK COMHISSIONER'S BRANCH. OTTAWA. CANADA. co-operation and fruit GROWING ■* A. McNeill, Chief, Fruit Vivition. kfcf? BULLETIN NO. 38-DAlRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES raMtalM« hj Bli«c«lMi 9t the ■•■• HarUB Barrell, miBiiMv mt AsriralUir*, Ottawa, Oat. FBBRUiVKY. 1913 37230—1 IKTTEn OF TRANSMITTAT^ Ottawa, Fobniorr 21. 101*. To the Iluiiounblo Tho Mini»ter of Auricuhiire. Sm.— I boR to submit for your approval tho manuscript for a new bulletin on ' Co-operation and Fruit CJrowing," by A. McNeill. Chiof of the Fruit Dirision in thia Branch. Bulletin W. ' Co-operation in the Marketing of Apples.' published in tOOT, is now out of print. The proposed bulletin is to somo extent a revision of Bulletin 18, but it also contains much new matter relating to the subject. I have the honour to recommend that it be publishetl for distribution as Bulletin S8 of the Dairy and Cold StoraBe Series. I have the honour to Im>. sir, Your obedient servant, J. A. RirDDICK, N Dairy and Cold Storage CommiuivMr. S7M0— II iBtrodiiftory KntM , 7 A|ipl« Growing in ('aiiailu 7 Nova S«oti« Export Truil. S Raecnt Dcvvlopnwnu * ConuBcrcicI Orcha^lk A Hm for th« Small Orcb«ni • Tha De%elopiMitt of Co-op«ratiou 1 Compotition vertu* (.VoiN-rttlion lU fnud. tl II 11 It \i WmU The Kritifxly Funrtioiii uf Co-opcmtioii Ethical Principlai IdtoIvi-iI ConiUanca '*> Leadvr* Loyalty. . . ITnMlilthnaw " Leadenhip 1' Go- pll agricultui'al lines in many countries. The history of co-operative apple selling associations in our own country is sufficiently interesting to demand special attention and it appears to be the line along which co-operative effort can be most easily intro- duced in many important sections of the country. To outline in moi» or less detail the principles of co-operation, the more desir- able methods to adopt in putting these principles into practice, and the objects to ho gained by their adoption, is the purpose of this bulletin. If its perusal tends to en- courage more economical methodb of produfction and distribution, And a more equit- able division of the proceeds from sales, the object of the bulletin will have been attained. APPLE GROWING IN CANADA. The apple industry of Canada originated in the orchards of the earliest settlers, planted primarily for their own use. These orchards, planted for this purpose on a somewhat generous scale, supplied not only tlie needs of the family, but also those of the nearby markets. So prolific were they that even when local demands were met there was still a surplus. This formed the nucleus of the long distance and export trade. Merchants and the more enterprising growers began to ship a few barrels to the markets of Great Britain and found that the fruit wag acceptable and the profits large. Thb created somewhat of a boom in orchard planting and developed the long distance and export trade to its present proportions. 7 TIm luuMDing of die crop naturally fell into the hands of dealers who Tery quickly Bonopoliaed the trade connections, to such an extent that they could practically dicUte the remuneration returned to the growers, and in this condition the trade haa continued almost to the present time. Of course, the form in which this monopoly existed was in a measure dictated by slightly different conditions. The net results, however, were the same. The grower was in the hands of the middleman and was powerless to secure a fair proportion of the prices which his fruit brought in the ultimate mariiet. In Not« Scotia the dealers were usually associated with some strong English firm who made advances on the applet ia their possession and who eventually built warehouses at the points of production in order to secure a better hold upon the fruit. Kot content with this, eerUin dealers often secured control of the transportation facilities, so that rival shippers and independent growers had great difficulty in moving their fruit. 8ome of the shrewdeet men among these growers, too, were employed to act as soliciting ag^ents, and by these devices the dealers secured almost absolute control of the trade. In Ontario, apple orchards were not so concentrated, and it was somewhat more difficult to secure such oontroL However, the distance from the maritets and the iitability of the English firms to become aoqnainted with the local conditions, enabled a comparatiTdy few men to pose as exporters. There grew up a large army of local buyers more or less under the control of the e^iorteri, and at times the competition among theee kept prices fairiy well up to • point corresponding with the price m the foreign market In later years the competition betwewi different buyers became merely nominal and the business in Ontario was so shrewdly organized that the apple grower got just a little more for his fruit than his actual expenses. For this reason there was no incentive to increase the orchard area. In fact after this regime had more or leu complete control, the orchard area began to fall off most seriondy, and it was no uncommon thing in the decade beginning 1800 to see splendid orchards chopped down for firewood. It was under these circum- stances that the co-operative movement began. It was adopted by Ontario as a sort of last resort. In this it follovrs the history of co-operation in every land and in connection with every industry. It is seldom indeed that it has been adopted during good times or while industries were fiourishing. But though adopted with little hope it has never failed to improve conditions. jr«T« Scotia Expert Trade.— The development of the apple trade in Nova Scotia IK similar to that in Ontario and it began about the same time. About 1870 shipmeuits from Nova Scotia to London were in large enough cargoes to attract attention. Many of these apples were sent in sailiupr vessels from local ports and, ar might be expected, the condition on arrival was variable. There was no provision for ventilation, and even if there had been none of those delays so common to sailing vessels, it would have been a difficult matter to have lauded apples in I/>ndon to do justice to Nova Scotia. Steamers sailing from Boston were then induced to come to Halifax for a part cargo of apples, and this helped the situation considerably. Later, of course, Halifax secured a direct line of steamers that has served the needs of the trade more or less satisfactorily up to the present time. The exports in 1880 were only 24,000 barrels, and in 1886, 177,500 barrels. The phenomenal crop of 1896 gave a surjJus of something like 500,000 barrels and the 1011 crop gave an output for export and long disUnce shipments of 1,600,000 barrels, representing a total yield of about 2,000,000 barrels. Briefly this is the history of the apple industry, both in Ontario and Nova Scotia, the only provinces that have yielded a large surplus for export. Becent DeTelopmenti.— Tlie phenomenal increase in the crop of Nova Scotia has been the result partly of increased plantings, but partly also of the better care which ia taken of the orchards. The increase in the acteai^e of new orchards in Ontario in the last ten yean has probaUy been as great as in Nova Sootia, but these new orchards are not concentrated to the same extent. Nevertheless, they are by no means aa widely distributed as the older orchards. As a mutter of fact the decrease in the number of trees in the older •mailer orchards in this province has been quite equal to the increase in the number of new trees planted in larsrer areas and, perhaps, in more favourable situations. Modem orchard culture is also the rule in theae new Ontario orchards. The outcome in both Nova Scotia and Ontario is a very large increase in the exporUble surplus. British Columbia has been planting very rapidly of late years but the 1012 crop was the first that seriously affected the market outside the province. Commercial Orchard*.— Recently there has been a marked change with refer- ence to apple growing, brought about for the most part by co-operation. The older home orchards are ceasing to be profitable. It is doubtful, indeed, whether orchard- ing can be recommended at aU, unless it be for home use or for the local mariiet, except where co-operative methods are used. Under the stimulus of such methods, growers are turning their attention to orcharding as a main source of income, where formerly it was only a side-line. The effect is to group the orchards in particular districts and to increase their sixe. It means, too, the application of businees methods to this branch of horticulture. In modem phrase, orcharding is becoming ' commer- cialized ' in Canada. The change is now taking place and we see the extraordiiiury spectacle of men in one part of a county receiving $2 per barrel for apples, while in the next township apples are being allowed to rot under the trees. The old order is passinR awaj' and the new is not yet thoroughly established. A Plea for the Small Orchard.— At the present time the small grower, in ueigh- bourhuods where orcharding is not a special feature, would ap!>ear to have received a setback. A little more experience will show these small growers that it is quite possible, even in districts where apples are not a specialty, to orKanize co-operative selling associations so as to dispose of the fruit without difficulty and at a fair profit. It must be admitted that of late years the small orchard, as an adjunct to the fami, has not been remunerative. All attempts at growing four, five or half a dozen trees, which would be sufficient to sui^ly the needs of the home, have failed ; the trees are not numerous enough to receive proper care in the busy life of the ordinary mixed farm, and very quickly succumb to gen ^1 neglect. Apparently the smallest area that can be recommended in general prac.cc is five acres, and there is no reason why, with co-operative methods, there should not be a five-acre orcharfl on every ftrm in the apple districts of Canada. This would not interfere seriously with the laifior interests of the farm, and yet would be sufficient to make it worth while to se> To encourage the best methods of production. (e) To encourage thrift in the fruit grower, and economy, intcllipenoe, enter- prise and honesty in the packing, grading and marketing of fruit. (d) To make it possible for a number of small growers to establish a commercial standing that will be a guarantee for grade marks or contracts. (e) To act as a credit organization to make advances on products in the pro- cess of being sold. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED. « j'^u"'* '* ■?,int*';K;We sometUinit tliat is dpmanrted hy co-op«ration M essential " and th.8 ,8 evideneea by feelings of fellowship, mutual devoUi); TnTfaitllh^tne^ '• «h member of a .•o-<.porative association should bear in mind that the success or f. lure of the or- wniiaUon depends upon the combined efforts of its members, in giving every pos- sible support tothe movement. The ultimate success of ic-operation depends largely upon the cheerful optimism and enthusiastic loyalty of the association members. It IS assunted that the leaders of the movement in any s«^>tion ate men of greater executive ability and better training than the average grower. Such men are capable oJ doing many things well. But at the same time every member must have his miml permeated with the thought that unless he gives every possible assistance the .Tortn of the leaders are necessarily limited. Oireu good feeling among the growers, earneet endeavour on the part of each member, and enthusiastic and well trained leaders, the success of the movement i. aatured. TTnie lfl i h l U M.— Selfishness is a relic of a primitive civilization. Enough remaiii« however, to make it a disturbing element in everjday life. One of the main charnn of modern social life is unaelfishness, but the ordinary methods of business appear to have no place for it Co-operation, on the other hand, endeavonra to eliminate sel- ^ness and its success depends largely upon the extent to which this is accomplished No co-operative association can possibly succeed if the memben are determined to act upon the ethics of ordinary business methods. If the few who have power in an association exercise that power for selfish ends, then there can be no re«l co-opera- tion; and though rules and regulations may be carefully drawn up to offer no temptation to the selfishly inclined, yet after all is said and done we must, in a large measure rely upon the broad moral education of the members rather than upon direct Hnd diRtinet prohibition. Have by-laws and regulations by all means, but it shouM be understood among the members that there is a higher code of morality than can possibly be embodied in these. It is for this reason that the co-operative methods limit the dividends that may be paid to capital and exclude share voting. In ordinaiy joint stock companies the influence and power is proportional to the money invested, so that the rich become richer by appropriating selfishly, through the power of money, the fruits of the labours of others, the unearned increment of values created by society, and the natural resources that in justice should be shared in due proportion by everyone. Co-operation distributes wealth in proportion to the just earninK of each worker, prevents the accumulation f large profits, and shares unselfislily all natural resources LEADERSHIP. The apple growers of Canada are ready for co-operation. They are far from being fully informal upon the far-reaching effects of the co-operative movement and far indeed from feeling with full force the spirit which should animate true co-operators Nevertheless, they are alive to the vast significance of the movement in other countries' and they are also impressed with the success which has so far attended the co-opera- tive marketing of apples in our own country. Those who are closest in touch with the Canadian fruit growers realize that what is needed most at the present moment is wise leadewhip in each locality. A few men at least in each neighbourhood are fairly well grounded m the social problems that affect agriculture. In every agricultural district there it • wealth of Icnowledce uiA publio spirit unorgauiied, which might be applied under wise guidance to the problems of that particular locality. It is not - luattcr clewrer let us take the case of thrci; iiit-nil)ers of an apple- selling joint stock company. Mr. A. a well-wisher of the association, perhaps, but a pure investor, puts in a thousand dollars of capital. Mr. B. an investor with a small orchard yielding 200 barrels, also iiivi'sts a thousand dollars. Mr. C, having a large Lidla!"^ !* ^ on hJi "PPfe*. or NM in M; C would receive for ctpiUl dividend* IS and for hi« appleH $4,000 or H006 in alL Now, it ctn be understood that with auch men at Mr. A and Mr. B ir the n'^v! lo"'„! ''T***!? '"'''!" ""^ ''""y P"» '""'•«' 'Wumenu that capiUl ,tmM n.ec.ve 10 per cent, and a. they are voting by .ham it might require very few men £ IdoS ^A ?u f^i!!' •'^ "'"Prtitire buy^. Let u. .uppow that thi. Jicy h- been adopted and that the incieaw on capital 3\Tidend. reduce, the return, for appha Lhl *k*' *^"''- ^",'" P~»>*»>"««y thi. could be done and yet the $1.76 wouW be frfbutii „° ?• ""u ^ •PP'-i'.'j»-'««l ^ ««>wer. out.ide the'a«ociation The di^ o.TlLS>?„ fc*" *"• /"""^J.-^-eiPf-: Mr. B would receive $100 on hi. capital, b" Mr f^in^' h" •PPlw. Hi. total n-tuma. howerer. would .till be the «L, $460. The pure capitalUt ha. hi. income doubled. The income of the email orchard .•-piulut remain, the .ame but the producer .uffere a lo«i o? $495. And H wm he apple, owned by h.m and thow who are aimilarly .ituated that made it poLib" lonro^riato /l^'^th'' "a ""; '' *^ '""''''""'=^ °' incorporation enable, a few ^ to induUiS «'l^«t««« of co-operation. . very grave inju.tioe i. done to the he Jil f^^"!"^^!" " r^^' Jvpothetical, but even more .triking cam might be given from the history of «.veral defunct fruit ««ociation. in Ontario, which for obnoui reason, are not mentione«l. to f.™!fJ''i^'•*^'•* ^•''^ d"".*^" If'k in the joint .took nrinciple when applied of investors, but to force it on a group of producer, often works a great hardship THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF PACKING AND SELLING. namd^^ "*"'' method, of selling apples may be classed for criticism under four head.. ♦1.^^'u '^^^ '^"^^ °' **l^ *™** '""•^ ^'"'^' P"**'' """i »^" »n hi" o'TO account or tnrquKh a commission merchant. 2nd. The grower sells by the barrel, picking the fruit, the buyer doing the grad- ing and packing. " 3rd. The grower sells by the barrel on the tree, the bu.ver doing the picking, grading and packing. gradJigthe^fi^h''^' """' ^^ ^^^ '"""'' *"" ''"•''"' °^ '''""*" P'"'"'"*' P""'''''* '»"'' The first method does not enable a sufficient quantity of fruit to be gathered together to impress the market. The expense of securing n suitable market -nd the impossibility of a single grower being sure th«t he has reached the best market, render. this method impracticable except for local markets. The second and third methods permit a larger quantity of fruit being gathered under one brand with some degree of uniformity, but the degree of uniformity is not sufficient to constitute a brand and the cost of harvesting and reaching the market ia excessive. Of course this coat mu.st nltim8t<>ly be borne by the grower Selling by the barrel where the buyer doe. the packing and grading, i. Mldom .atisfactory to either the buyer or the grower. It is almost impoMible to .o fix at in- dards before the packing is done that there will not he a large margin for mlsunder- •(undiiMT between the buyer and the grower. It not infro<)uently happens that tfc* bii.M>r will set a rery high standard for his No. V» and 2's. with the rMiilt tliat the (rmw<>r finds himself with a larip- number of culls on hand, and comparatiroljr few Xii. I's and No. 9*s. Uiually the«o culls, no matter how Rood thejr may be, find a very poor market, if thojr ore not entirely wasted. The presumption U, of coume. that tlieM* extra (cradrs are shipped by the buyer to special cuvtoinen, where they realise a price much above the ovrratre. On the other luiml. tlie buyers are often deceived by thi'ir own workmen. These workmen may be iH'rMDiiul fripinlit of the grower or the ){r<>^vcr niH.v, and often docs, cajole the workman liaviuK cliurKi' of the packing to put in ii iwnriT i|ualily of fruit than the grade ealU for. The liiiyer havintr coniiili-nce in hU mhmi fn«|uently r.hips these without iiis|>eetion, and suffers the cuuseqtien'.'e in haviuft to make a rebate to his customer or it iiiny bo to puy a fine under th<> lns|HN-tii>n luid Suit' Act. If the grower wishes to sell by the barrel the more satisfactory wu.v ii< for hiin to offer the apples for sale in barrels graded by himself. The fourth method most in vogue in Uuturio, has little to recoinmi'iMl it. Tb« buyer is of netvssity better informed than the grower to estimate (lie lumntity of fruit on the treef, because his faculties have Ix-en shiiriwned by yeur» of cx|ierienc«< in buying orchards of different varieties and at different times. The grower, thero- foiv, is not on equal terms with the buyer. Unfortunately, there is no profituble outlet, as the trudu is at present orgaiiizud, for low' grade apples, and the temptation to work off as many as imsgible of these in 'lump' bought orcliards is often too strong to be resisted. The Dominion Fruit Inspectors now regard the fact that apples were packed in a ' lump ' bought orchard as sufficient reason for examining them, and experience shows that there is an abnor- mal number of fraudulently packed apples from this source. SELLINO THROUGH COMMISSION AGENTS, The selling methods so far considered have all prmumed that the fruit was sold to a buj'er who came to the fruit growers. Ontario apples are sold almost exclusively in this way. There are a few, however, especially of the larger growers, who coiiaign their fruit to commission merchants in distant cities. In Nova Scotia it has been much more con^mon for individual growers to consign on commission. A small army of agents could always be found there, most of them representiuit English conimiiM«ion merchonts. Selling on commission has proved a most unsatisfactory way of dispos- ing of the fruit crop, but until co-operative organization is much more complete than it is at the present time, selling on commission will he a necessary- evil. The perishable nature of fruit «nd the uncertainty in the quitlity and (|uantity of it until it is packed for nmrket, innkes it very difficult for individual Rrowcrs to ^ell except by consignment. Consigning fruit is a necessary evil as the fruit trade is now organized. One of the objects of co-operation is to do away to as great an extent a-t possible with this method of selling. It is perfectly tnie that there are many reputable commission niorilinnts whose record for fair dealing is unimpeachable, but it is abso- lutely impossible for the individual fruit grower to determine whether or not he has been fairly dealt with. He cannot audit the accounts nor follow his fruit to the con- sumer, and practically he is obliged to take the word of tlic commission man for all facts connected with the sale of his fruit. He simply places the fruit in the hands of his commission agent unconditionally, and it would be strange indeed if some com- mission men did not yield to the temptation and send returns below those received for tl.e fruit. It is not a question of the financial standing of the commission merchant. Ilis standing may be high, but if he wishes to be dishonest he need not want for a plausible excuse to return almost any sum to the grower. BHORTC DM IN08 Of INDIVIDUAL 0R0WEB8. But It mutt not l» luiipcMMl that all the fraud under iion-co-operatiT* attkoda r i7":"T' ^. **^ «««*••»••» mcu. Uiifortunatt-ly many grower, ar* aa fraudu- I^Htbr jn.hiied in tb*ir metbodt of packinv Hud doinir bunine** a* it i« poaaible to b«. Well dMpaaed merchant* from the Northwest have time and again att«iiipt«l to dMil dirf-ttly with gro««-r«. and there are many .a.^^ when- inch arrangenH-nts hare bean fairly .ati»fttc-t«ry for a tune. Apart from all fraudiileiit intent, it i> extnmely diffi- • ult for even the larirmt grower to supply the need* of even a aiiiall ivtail buii- i.«. every year, and with all the varietie. require heavy « ttcM-k much of the fmit wm told at ruinous prioea, aad toat of It could not be lold at all and wa* iiiiaJljr ooademned by the health authorities. At the ««nie time there wprr iloMim i.f miiailer outlyiiiK ••itien, towns ami villages containiiic ia the aggrpgato a ?ery large number o£ peaoh ootuumura, who had au insuflaient •upply of fruit or had none. R<-iiiR a perishable commodity no time wa« afforded for • oiniiiuiitcatioa between the distributing reiitrea and those outlying t. vus. It is ".•.tikiMi. to say that the returns to the peaih groweeri in Ueoncia were estrmnely dia- ap;iointing. Xeverthelesa, it had this gcwl effect, that it proved bejoud a queetion that some improvement must be made in the mode of selliuA Georgia peaches. The fiillowinir year the cro \» still larger, more or hards had <'«me into bearing, and if wn* a gcKxl peach year. But in the meantime the peach gi mm were thoroughly or- ganised into co-operative associations with a central selling association, and hundred* of carloads were carefully routegtion of the individual buyer catering in small quantities to the likes and dislikes of single individuals. For the long distance and the export trade fho requirements are altogether different. Among these none are more important than the following, namely, 1. Lnrgo lots of fruit, 2. F'ew varietieo, :i. Uniform packing, grading and marking which implies: 4. Skilled labour retained for the most part from year to year. The underlying principle in ail tlicse is uniformity, and uniformity is asked to enable men-hants to deni in large n< to better work. ''I) Facilitiaa for aitendinf credit or making cash advances can be easily and clM'aply furnished to fruit irrowers. (15) The distoibutiva sidM of oo-operation avan beyond orphan! suppliaa will bt vncouraiad. lUft ftuuititiM.— The influence of what merchanta call ' long tinea ' is seldom appreciated by the individual grower. The cost of selling is almost as great for a small qnaatity of produce u for a large. Where each iadividual fruit grower makea Ini. own shipnicut?. these way vury from two or three barrels to, iwrhsps, two or three hundred, but the smaller number is much more common than the larger. It is naces- iary, therefore, for the merehant in selling, to open a sample of each h\ i.id and make a sjieiial effort in the sale of this brand. This takes time which mw. be paid for out of the procfcls of the fruit. It also injures the fruit to a oerUin extent. "Hiis t a becomes a chorge. Hence the advantage of co-operative aaaooiationt with % common brand and a uniform system ofgrading. But when we approach the larger markets of the world there are always merchanta whoae trade calls for extraordinary quantities of fruit. It cosU these merchants a large sum of money to aggregate this from the ordinary small-lot consignmenU. If, then, they have an opportunity of getting this extraonlinary quantity of fruit in one lot, Uiey are willing to pay on advanced price for it and save themseUes at least some' of the cost of aggregating umall lotn. For this reason, iw well as for many others, it IS always advisable for the individual co-operative associations to unite aa soon aa they are niimerous enough, into large bodies, and thus secure aa lorjr .i aggregation of fruit 88 possible. Uniformity la Paokinc tad Ondiiiff.— Of course the value of a lurge stock h lost to a great extent if the sample is not perfectly uniform throughout. As the size of a co-operative assoc-iation increases, the difficulty iii(Tcu.- the number of members that furnish a unit for a single overseer. Hence also the necessity of adopting the central packing house Hystcm where the packing will be done by a single gang of packers. Uniformu., in trruding and packing adds very largely to the price of goods ijuite independent of its intrinsic merits. The Bepntation of a Brand.— There i» a quick recognition in the markets of the world of brands that are ■ liformly wJl peeked and such brands have a value quite apart from the merits of ilie fruit. A case in point is) thot of an Ontario dealer doing a large business in the better gradea. He had graduated from the employ of a good apple packer, and when ho started in business for himself, gave five cents per barrel for the privilege of using bis employer's brand. Thouph he has paid his old employer thousands of dollars for the use of his brand it is only a small amount wmpured with what many growers are making or losing aa the result of reptitation. 1» C#-o •»«r# JffMW* M4l Bfmndt.-Th^n' i. ■ diAculty. of cotirM. in Mia- Uiiiiiig • iigh itaiKlaH of brand. ThK diffnilty it much gtrntm in the oaa* ij' ^"" ''^'''''*"*' '*»■ 'n ♦•>• ca«e of a «>-«|N>rativ» aiMwiation. A private indi- vidual baa ertry incvntlre to trad* upon hit rn>uutioii onco it ia mad*, and unkaa h« l« paHioularly foni>oi)>ntiou» and ■tronc-miiui«>r tlie other way. Tlie ttianaiTPr i* proud of hit brand and hat everything to Iom and nothinc to gain by l..wertiiK this ttandard. He ownt none of the fruit but he hat hit own reputation to maintain and thia cat. only be dona by maintaining the reputation of the brand. I iider the central packinic houie tyttem he hat direct (MTifoiial ov>>r«isht of all the work of the packcn and thua ia enabled to enforce uniformity not only for a aiuRle •eaaon but from year to year. It it not too much to tay that the axtraoHiiiary pric-ea procurci l>y tlic Rrowera of frait on the Pacific Coatt are the retult lancely of a reputation tor perfect uniformity in grading and marking. It mutt be added, how- aver, that only good fruit it thipped. but the quality totted by the eye or by the palate »i eartainly not better than the fruit grown in the ea*t. graded with the tame car.. If there were no other inducement* t!ian tlmply the tecuring and prctcrvation of ;i reputation for a brand, co-operation would juttify Itself. Xoomoajr ia Hanretting gad Mtrkttlaf.— The ».yi.tcm practiced in Ontario by private deulera ia mott extravagant. It ia teldom that a huyer can tccure all the orohardi in a particular neighbourhood. More frequently the orchcrdu of any par- ticular buyer are teparated by long diatancea. Since all the growert will not pick their fruit, the buyer* are obliged to k»>ep gangt of pickers and packort. At thia aeaton of the year labour ia particularly tcarce and apple packcrt have found it impoatible to tecure the kind of labour they would like. Tliey are obliged, however, to take what they can get. and it ia no tlander to hay that the lahM?iir mcured it fur from being efficient. The transportation of thete gangt from orchard to ort-liord take* time and ia otherwise very cxpeniive. Rainy wciitlicr intor^encg, when the appio buyer ia obliged to pay heavy expeiitet for board billt with no work whatever uoing on. Kven with lii.4 best endeavour* grove mintaket will be inadi-. the eo^t of which mutt ultimately doprraa the price which the apple buyer can pay. The apple buyer alto it not tlow to ataert that where orchards are bought the grotver not infr» :iiently failt to protect the fruit between the sale and picking time, and thut adds b- her formidable lost which fallt upon the price of the fruit. It is not too much to aay that the fruit could be picked ond packed bv the grower of the fruit for one-half what it costs the ordi".iry apple dealer. Fiekiur Prnit when it ii Xatnre.— One of the s^ources of trouble with packed apples ia to be found in the fact that the varieties arc not picked at the proper time. Under the old system of if .rant buyert this evil was a mo»t pronounced one. The packer could not usually aiTord to visit the onhard more than once, and twice would bo -Kceptional. In the meantime certain varieties of apples had become ever-mature. Other varieties were picked before they were quite ripe, inasmuch as another visit could not be made. The packing of immature fruit and over-ripe fruit, often in the same lot of applet, accounts for many cases of poor condition at the market end. Under the eo-ojwrative method this evil may be conwted. Varietien are taken just as they mature without extra cost, and there is no temptation to pack immature apples. TTtililing Special Vgrietie*.— Tn Tuany of the older on-harH* a grr.it variety of apples were planted and to long as the grower used only the local market thia pro'cd an advantage, but for shipping purpoaea these odd varieties proved very detrimenUl. Many shippers allowed them to remain on the tree, rather than break a brand for a few barrela of this variety or that. 37S80— ."H to Tk» OWr«W — ^Under co-operative inetfao<)s many of these varieties have become •meedugly valuable. A case in point is the Colvert apple in Western Ontario. The eolvert la a prolific apple, of excellent quality and, though not as attractive in colour M a red apple, is very acceptable where it is known and where it can be obtained in good condition. The ordinal apple buyer, however, found that there were too few in •ny one orchard to make it worth his attention. They were rather soft to ship with full or winter apples and so usually proved a loss to the grower. With the establish- ment of co-operative associations the Colvert has become one of the most valuable varieties for its season. The Gnanenstein.— It is not at all unlikely that co-operative methods have given * "**.""«•>' 'i'e *« ♦•>« Nova Scotia Gravenstein. For many years before the establishment of co-operation in Nova Scotia the Gravenstein, for several reasons, was falling into disrepute with the growers. Coining as it does early in the season •nd demanding the very closest attention in picking, packing and shipping, the ordinary methods of private dealers seldom proved satisfactory so that, although the iiuahty of the fruit was unsurpassed, it did not prove profitable. Under co-operative methods all this is changed. The picking is done at the proper time, the packing is better, the shipping is much more prompt, and the markets are better prepared, so that the fruit goes into constiiii|>tion immediately, when it is at its best. As it is now handled by the co-operative associations it is likely to prove one of iie best pav- ing varieties that Nova Scotians can grow. . By-prodnctl.— Among the inan.v advantages of eo-oporatioii not the least is the OM>ortiinity to utilize the lower (rrades of fruit and culls a.i a marketable product. As the orchard business in Canada has been conducted in • he past, what are ordin- arily known as the waste products have indeed been a positive waste, and it is not toa much to say that if the by-products of the orchard had been managed as successfully as the by-products of the meat packing industry, the results would have been equally satisfactory. The orchards of Canada should be turning out, in addition to the choice Kreen fruit, large quantities of canned apples, apple jelly, ev.i|K)rated apples, cider and cider vinegar. Improvement m the Grade of Green Fruit.— The advantages would not all be put under the head of iiiero ' suvinsr.' If tiu-r«' wii* n rcn^.mnlil.v proHtaWc outlet as canned or evaporated pro<. It is only then tlmt the supply can he definitely calculated upon and the quantity of it definitely known. One of the first effects of the establishment of evaporators, for inftanee, would be the manufaeture of the highest grade of evaporated fruit. For litis it would be m rcssaiy to use the very highest grade of No. 3, or possibly a large part of what is now packed as No. 2. There would be no temptation, if evaporators were established at all convenient apple-shij)- 91 iac poinU, to uae anything but the highest grade of No. 1 and No. 2 as green fruit, inaamuch aa the lower grades would probably bring a higher vtu-o a8 extra choice evaporated stock than they would as green fruit in barrels. Unfortunately the great advantage in this is not yet thoroughly understood by our an>]e growers, and there is a reluctance on the part of associations to ifudertake what they regard as an outside line of business, involving considerable expense. In this, however, they are mistaken. We hare enough examples of co-operatively nion- ag.'d evaporatora and canning factories to show that the advantages in this line are quite as great as in the shipping end of this business. The financing of this enter- prise should not be a difficult matter, once growers have confidence in their own institutions. A comparatively small amount of ready cash supplied by the growers would induce outside capital to come in at a moderate rate of interest. Storage Facilities.— No feature demonstrates the value of co-operation better than the establishment of storage facilities at the point of production. It is very true that in Nova Scotia and Ontario large warehouses were put up by private dealers that were an accommodation to the growers, but in all such cases a heavy toll was exacted, if not directly by way of a storage fee, then indirectly in the control which the warehouse owner obtained over the selling of the fruit. Many private growers found it advantageous to put up warehouses of their own; smaller growers, however, could not do this. By co-operative methods one or more storehouses are built that accommodate the fruit of all members. The same accommodation furnished in a number of small houses, built by individual growers would, of course, cost consider- ably more than one built large enough to accommodate the fruit of the whole associa- tion. Such a warehouse is always open for the reception of fruit and i. usually conveniently situated for shipping it. Warehoutet in Nova Scotia.— The co-operative associations of Nova Scotia have appreciated the value of warehouses and nearly every one resentations and rebates as is too often the case where the fruit is accepted only at the market end. Packages. — Fruit growers use large quantities of packages. Indeed in few lines of fruitgrowing is the cost of the packages less than twenty per cent of the gro-^s proceeds. It is then apparent how important it is that this ciul of the business bciire their packages conveniently. At best each must give a small order with the result that hi^h prices prevail. By co-opeMtlve methods theae small orders an assembled into one large tder, with very great economy in the buying. This economy is an essential one. It is an adrantage to the cooper or the basket maker, inasmuch as it enables him to ptaoe his order for stock early m the season, enables him to hire men and keep them at work during the usual slock seasons, and it also does away with any losses by bad debts. Many associations have gone a step further and manufacture their own packages. A set of cooper's tools for making apple barrels costs from $20 to $75, according to how elaborate the fixings may be. Any existing building having a large floor space, will do with very little change, for a cooper shop, and men may be employed during the slack months, and barrels may be manufactured here anv time during the year JSot only does this enable the growers to obtain their packages somewhat cheaper than they could get tl.em from a cooper, but it also helps to solve the problem of labour on the fruit farm. Any intelligent labourer on the farm can soon be taught to make an app o barrel as well as the ordinary cooper. In winter time and on stormy days when work outside is impossible, these men can be employed inside. Pnrohasin; and XFiing Implements in Common.— The orchardist is subject to heavy expenses for implements, spray material, and general repairs. These can seldom be purchased by private iudivM lals satisfactorily. Prices to individual growers of course must be retail prices, wiih frequently very heavy profits added. Dealers, trust- ing to the chance purchases of individual growers, can not accurately estimate the number of implements or the quantity of material required, and to be on the safe side usually order less than the needs of the neighbourhood, with the consequence that some one is short. But the experience of the last few years has shown that co-opera- tive associations can reduce the eon for implements 15 to 30 per cent, and a very great reduction is made by several neighbours using a single high priced machine instead of each purcliasing for himself. Securing Expert Bnsineu Men.— It is scarcely to be expected that every fruit- grower should excel as a business man. Not the least of the advantages of co-opera- tion 18 the fact that the best business ability can be secured for the purelv commeicial end of the nidustiy The advantages of this are self-evident. A man may be a most excellent grower of fruit, but it would be phenomenal indeed if he could form a proper judgment of market and prices, without an expenditure of time and money totaUv disproportionate to tlie value of his crop. The same time and monev expended by the Manager of the Association would enable him to sell the products, not only of one association but of several associations. Educational Value.— Perhaps no single feature of co-operative work has con- duced more to the benefit of the industry than the educational work that is bein« done. Under the old system there was little incentive on the part of anyone except the grower to improve the product. The buyer was not sure of being able to secure any particulnr ordiard .-. second year, and so he wasted no" time in giving instruc- tions; the better class of growers did not come particularly in contact with other growers in such a way that they could bring any pressure to bear upon them for improvement. All this, however, is changed under co-operative methods In a pro perly managed association, the manager is constantly on the alert to avail himself of cverj- means of scc-uring better fruit. His reputation as a manager is at stake and for this reason ho ha= a definite interest in the improvement of the brand It has bcome the practice of nearly all the associations to issue special literature givimr instructions in the care of orchards. Demonstrations are arranged for in snravin- and the more backward members are urged by their fellow growers to improve their methods m order that the g.-noral brand may be as high as possible. Every feature of the bu..iness .., an n.cent.ve to the grower of the poorer grades to reach the standaixl of the better growers. The effect of this is very marked. Many example? could be II Kiven where orchards that yielded a comparatirely small sum of money before the ndrent of co-operative awociations Imre greatly increased in output and in the .juality 01 me fruit so that the revenue is sometime* quadrupled. Cuh AdTUieei.— In looking over the difficulties that have beset ezistins co- operative associations, few have been so serious as the neccMity of making advances Tk a1 *• V'* ^'"* "^'P'^- Unfortunately many of our apple growers are not forehanded in the matter of money. There can always be found private dealers who. in consideration of a reduced price, will buy apples for ready money and there is a strong temptation on the part of many growers to accept this lower price for the sake of securing casn. It is the duty of co-operative associations to meet the neceHsities ot these men. In the incorporation of the companies, however, provision is seldom made for a large capital for immediate use. most of them depending upon the returns from the apples to meet their needs. In the case of many fruit growers this is satis- factory enough, but fails completely where help is most needed. It must be accepted, tnerefore, that part of the work of everj- association is to act as a credit association for the convenience of its ...embers. This can be done easily if the directors will proceed in a busiuess-Iike way. Although co-operative associations are not yet sufficiently well established to command capital from ordinary banks up«n the credit of the association alone, yat there are few associations where the personal note of the directors will not be accepted for any reasonable amount as security for an advance. The directors in this case liaving charge of the business of the association, run no risk whatever. They regulate the advance up to a safe limit on the quantity of fruit shipped bv each member huch an arrangement has been worked satisfactorily for many years by several of the associations, and in no ease has any director or anyone connected with the association lost a cent by these transactions. Simple as the process is, a great manv of the associations have lost valuable members because they failed to provide for their legi- timate and reasonable iinaucial demands. Distributive Co-operation.— Distributive co-openiti,.n has bi-con:e a strong fea- ture among a few apple selling associations in Canada though the great majority have made little use of the organizations for this purpose. This is particularly true with reference to Ontario, where the associations are widely separated, preventing any constant interchange of ideas and pin. -. Another cause is that many associa- tions are not large enough to get the full t. ..efit of buying in wholesale lots. Never- theless there seems to be no good reason why distributive co-operation should not be extended till it includes practically all the supplies that orehardists need. St. Catharines Cold Storarje and Forwarding Company..— An exception must be made among Ontario societies in the case of this association wiiicli is one of the older societies and from small beginnings has become one of the larjtcst. It has Wn fortu- nate in having a inuiiugor more than ordinarily intelligent and public spirited. The following is a list of the supplies distribut(>d by this associntion in 1012:— Boxes, apple 2 _r,QQ " P*""' ."." .'.' '.'. '.'. 600 ^"•^ 40,800 Crates, berry g 4/»« Baskets, 11-qt 27g'20O [[ ®"1* 780,900 .„ ' , ^^ 80 000 Basket fasteners, packages _ 2.000 Spray pumps, large 30 " hand gQ Rubber hose, feet ^ q^^ Aneuate of lead, pounds 28J34 Paris green « , ' ' 33 Blue .tone. « '.'.'..'.'.'.'. 9.480 Sulphur, " 420.200 Muriate of potash " 54 000 White arsenic " 'jgj Nitrate of iO(l» " '.'.'.[['. II [[ 15,000 Acid phosphate " Hi.OOO Lime, bushels ^'"OO Lime and sulphur, barrels _\ , _ 425 Manure, carloads 60 Sugar, bags !............... 100 Bone meal, pounds j j j ffffff Mixed fertiliiern. pounds Is 400 ll.vdromc'ters and tu\ic-i .'.'.'.* 03 Binder twine ' ] -joo Grape twine .. .. ],noO Tanks, boiling \ ' jj Ladders '.'... J 13 Posts, grape and fence C.'jMB Paper, wrapping, reain-. {^qq Oats, bushels ' • ■ • • o '«,>« Tile, drain V. .'. '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.[ Toicioo i ertilizer sowers g Tacks and nails, pounds 4 ^ifo To this list must be added many articles for houseliold use, punluised through the association in wholesale quantities. The value of supplies distributed in 1912 would agnregats about $75,000. The manager estimated that the members of the" •aaociatiou have saved in one year, by purchasing in this way, not less than $15,000. The Itlwur Problem.— During the season of 1011 the associations of Xova Scotia bad a most forcible demonstration of the value of co-operative effort in solving the labour problem. They had an extraordinary crop of nearly two million barrels, which le twice the normal crop for the province. As will be inferred, when picking time came few people were prepared for the emergency. If each individual grower had been obliged to provide for his own labour, it is not too much to say that a very large percentage of the crop would have been lost for want of help to pick and pack at tlie proper time. But the Central Association came to the rescue of the intjirirjual growers by advertizing m the labour centres for a small army of pickers, and lli.- result was that the labour difficulties were not at all serious. Even if tlie growers ,„uld have secured these labourers individually the cost would have been many times a« great As it was, few of the growers belonging to the co-operative associations had any labour difficulties. BENEFITS TO OTHERS THAN JIKMBERS. One of the satisfactory things in connection with the apple selling co-operative movement is the influence which it has upon the trade generally. The co-operative associations have undoubtedly improved the (luality of the apple pack, and at the same time they have secured a hipher price for their apples than could have been obtained by individuals. But these advanta-ies arc not confined to members of associations Others have benefited greatly in the matter of price through the work of these organizations. The Norfolk County Fruit Growers' Association, for instance, has put up an excellent pack and has received prices much above the average. ' The effect has been to increase the price of all ...phs that can (•I;tim to h^ Norfolk County apples. THE RISE IX LAND VALUES. In many caaet the price of the vrvhard laudM has iii(-rca«ed very rapidly m th« result of the worit of these a»soi-i«tioiM. The value of th* fe^i-hard land ia the neigh- bourhood of St. Catharines, OiitHrio, has at least doubled. Those who are thoroughly competent to form an opinion upon thi^', matter assert that this is dye, in a larg« measure, to the work of the 8t. Catharines association, and if it is so, this a^Mociation is a most valiiahlo a«iet to the n»'i|rhboiiriujod. The Coimty of Norfolk is «n(i*h of two or three good men in the neiglil)OHrho<«l may be accepted, but ordinarily it is Ixfter to secure a guarantee bond from some corporation making a spwialty of this business. Auditing. — A strict system of auditing should be insi.-ted lipon. In the case of smaller associations where the business is somewhat limiw«J. some members of the association will, in all probability, be ip .te competent to act ii< auditors. But usually in cases of this kind the business should be put in such a form tiiat every member of the association may know the receipts and expenditure in considerable detail. In the case of a larger asso<'iation it is better to call ill an expert accouiitanl to make a yearly .ludit. The cost uf thi.s is not Jarre. It gives Weii disposed nienibers h further con- leuce in their a88o<.iation and effectually stops a great deal of pernicious criticism .ely to grow up «ven in a well conducted association, where there is not the utmost . blicity. MembmUp.— Aa f«r as pouiMe erery aHooiation should open iu doort to the widest possible membonhip. Nev(>rthe1«M, it is seldom satisfactory to secure members by orer-persuasion. It is a irreat mistake to think that all the large growers of a district must be in the association in order to make it a success. It is usually desir- iiMc that the large growers should be in the association of the neighbourhood, but a» they are likely to benefit less immediately than the smaller growers, they aro some- times loath to join. Not infre<]uently it is bettor that large growen do not associate with the smallcT growers. Equaliiii of Intereth.—The ideal aimed at in every ansociation should be to have members with equal interests in every way. It is exceedingly diiHcult in some cases to harmonize the interes^ts of a man who has fire acres of orchard with the interests of the man who has a hundred acre*. It is often better to form two associations in a neighbourhood if there is a sufficient number of two distinct classes of growers. Small growers may unite in one association and the larger growers in another. There should be no difficulty in harmonizing the interests of these associations in that cose. Of course it is understood thp.t this recommendation is made only where the organi- zations are conducted in the spirit of mutual helpfulness. Such associations can conduct much of their business as one association. In the California orange districU it is not uncommon to have three or four co-operative associations at a single shipping station, in some instances, occupying a common building. In these associations ^re is not a semblance of rivalry except the friendly rivalry of each association to outdo tlie other in benefitting the induatty. The spirit of selfishness is just as reprehen- sible in an association as in an individual, but its power for evil is vastly multiplied. Outside Dealing. — One rule that should be considered fundamental in all associations is that members must sell all their fruit of a special kind through the association. In the early history of the associations it was thou^t imnracticable to draw the line too close with reference to this and almost without exception an amend- ment had to be made to the rules. It waa found that growers who were allowetl to sell some of their fruit outside of the association and some of it through the association, sometimes at least took advantage of tliis arrangement to the detriment of tho interests of other members of the association. If the higiier grades were sold by private sale and then the rest of the fruit ' pooled * with the association fruit, there was a manifest injustice. Better exclude a member altogether than allow him to sell any fruit without the permission of the association. Auooiation Auets. — One of the difficulties in connection with co-operative associations, especially the smaller associations, is to hold the members together from year to year. An important factor in this connection is the acquiring by the associa- tion of a certain amount of assets. This can be either as paid-up capital and in cash, or it may take the form of investment in warehouses, evaporators or other appliances for the use of the association. This gives the association a stability that it would not otherwise have, and it should be the aim of those who wish the movement success to secure these hostages to continued membership as early as possible in the history of the association. Co-operative Bookkeeping. — Co-oi)erative bookkeeping; doe* not differ in gen- eral principles from bookkeeping of any other kind. THany associations, however, will have their bookkeeping done by those who have had little experience in book keeping involving the interests of others. To such it may be said that every material fact should be a matter of record. Contracts should be in writing. Verbal ajfreements should be confirmed by letters. An entry should be made immediately of money paid and received. Receipts notine exact amounts of quantities should be taken and given for money or produce interchanged. Whenever a transaction is at all complicated a written statement of all the facts should lie on record in addition to the bare entries in the regular accounts. It will utually be found that muih time i« saved and inoro satisfuitorv work is done by having printed form* for receiptu, stock lists, packing Ubie noords, etc. In the cate of receipts for fruit they may bo padded so that a carbon papt-r between two leaves w>U give duplicates, one of which can b« filed at the office and the other given to the patron. Itwill usually pay an association to consult an expert accountant who will sug- gest books and forms to ouit the special needs of the circumstances. Each association has somethinK peculiar in its mode of working that needs a »i)e.ial provision, but n., device will take the place of conscientious carefulness on the part of the bookkei'p.iiuw where large amounts of money are conwrned, where liabilities are incurre.1, nn.l where the memlwrs are not familiar in detail with each other's affairs. Such an nssociation would, in all probability, be regarded at law as a kind of partnership wheru ea.li one would be responsible for the acts of the association as a whole. It might be even pcv^sible for some indiscreet member to incur liabilities involving rather incon- venient (onsequonces. It is urged, therefore, that every association «eek incorporation The advantages are numerous. The liability is limited to the amount t,f sto.-x held. J«o member can create for aiir.ther a liability. The association can sue and bo sued without trouble or inconvenience to the members, and responsibility is plac-d upon individuals who can be held accountable. CENTRAL PACKIXG HOUSE. In the earlier history of the -o-operative assotiatioiis the central packing hou.-a was not usually adopted. It was the almost universal custom for each farmer to toka his fruit, graded and packed by himself, to a warehouse at the railroad station where tho manager of the association assembled the different varieties and grailcs and shipiK^i in carload lots or quantities to suit his purchasers. It was very soon found, however, that while this improved the uniformity of the pack somewhat, it -still left a great deal to be desired. This is not due always to fraudulent intent on the part of the nicn-.bers, although it must be admitted thqt there were few associations practicing this method^ that did not count among their members some who wore fraudulently iiK-lined. Nevertheless, with the best intention it was simply impossible to get 10. 15 or, perhaps, 50 growers to observe the same standard, with a sufficient degree of uniformity to meet the needs of the market. To overcome this difficulty the central packing house system has been adopted by practically all the newer co-operative asso- ' itions. The central packing house system consists in having a common warehouse, usually at a shipping station where the apples can be loaded on a siding. The apples are brought from the orchard in barrels unhcaded or, if headed, unpresscd. It is abso- lutely necessary that they should be drawn to the packing house on spring wagons although a few of the similkT growers substitute for a spring wagon the ordinary hav rack filled level with liay or straw. On this the apples are placed and carry with comparative safety. These are delivered to the central packing house and a receipt is taken. In the central packing house a gang of exix'rt packers are employed who have no knowledge of whose apples they are packing. The result is that the apples of the whi.lo (Association pass through the hands of a single set of graders s .d uniformity i.s secured. "^ Jfany growers who have not given this matter proper consideration object to hav- ing the grading of their fruit taken out of their hands. Nevertheless, it must be admited that few men can be trusted to pack their own fruit. Of course the more intelligent *• Ihih imren ar* tha oiora capable they are of pwkiu,^ their own fruit Yat aves UMog crowera m intelliitent a« thoae in Hood Bivet. Ore»on. the expert paokan of IT* "T*"**"®" fM* "d p«<-k all the fruit. I neeo wt go into the fea«>n< for this. Upon the moral .ide, I think it wiU be admitted that fruit growen. on the average, •le eonatituted with enough telilahiMM to induce them to look c- " themaeWea, •nd the line between looking out for themadTea and giving tb-^ public a pro- perly packed box of applea, ia ao indiatinct that people who .eir own u^lei often yield to the temptation of overatepping the mark. On the ouwr hand, men who are employed to pack up to a certain atandard and who are working d. by day with applea belonging to many different owner.. who«> fruit they do not diatinguiah and in Whom th«8r have no special interest, have no temptation to grade below the proper JimiU. There ia alao a purely economic reason for adopting the central packing liouaa ■yjtem: individuals who pack and do nothing else become extremely expert at Uua work and can do more and better work, and so not only reduce the cost of pro- duction but actually improve the grade of the product la the eaae of early applea and soft fruits that will not admit of being readily taken to a central packing house, an altemaUve plan U adopted, namely, sending the central association expert paokers to pack the fruit in the orchard of the grower. \ jwmbination of the two systems is found to work satisfactorily in the Norfolk Fruit Urowers Association, where the greater part of the fruit is packed in the central warehouae but. in addition, expert packers from the central packing house, are sent 10 put up the fruit of gQiwera in certain outlying orchards. CENTRAL ASSOCIATIONS. Single asaociationx are experiencing some of the evils that formerly met privuta ■hippers. They find that a single association is not large enough to cope with the problem of selling fruit in the distant or in the foreign market. This has led to the formation of unions of local associations. This form of organization has been found absolutely essential in the marketing of citrus fruits in California, and the California Fruit Growers' Association may be taken as a good type for organization. The membership is composed exclusively of associations, and the business is confined •ntirely to the selling end. All details with reference to the fruit up to the time it ii ready for market are left in the hands of the local associations. Of course, pre- cautions are taken to enforce proper grading and marking. In this way it ia possible to place this, the most intricate part of the business end of fruit growing, in the control of experts who are in the employ of the association. Owing to thj large quantity of fniit under a single control, such a central association has great power in regulating the supply for different markets and thus increases the con- sumption as well as improves the price to the grower. They are able, also, to cope with many problems too large for a single association, such as questions of transpor- tation and distribution in foreign markets. The United Fruit Compaiiiei.— The best example we have in Canada of a central selling association is the United Fruit Companies of Nova Srotia. The memberghip of this company consists of co-operative associations operating ia the Annapolis ami Comwallis valleys. They operated for the first year with a very imperfect organization in 1910. In 1911. the organization was much better and did splendid work under most adverse conditions. The crop of Nova Scotia was a phenomenal one. A largo crop was expected, but even the most sanguine calculations were exceeded by 25 per cent In all probability there were not less than two million barrels grown in Nova Scotia in 1911, nearly three times the average crop. The transportation companies were unprepared for the task of moving this enormous crop and serious con- sequences threatened. Fortunately, however, the central association was iulSciently oxganized to materially assist in the work. In the early part of the season, soon after tt« mam nop Iwvan to lnoT^ it waa found that than were huadnda of carioada of %_'■» u ''" ^^ ^ ^'*" •"'•♦•'""»' '" <••. hot tun. with th* rtramfhip oapa.ity mumjukm up. Of ooune, theta apples could not mnain In the yrit lone without aerioua detriment to the fruit and aa a temporary remedy the aiaociation tucceeded in inducing the railwayi to tend out four lolid train loads of applea to Montreal, pon- neotin* there with the oeean steamships tearing for European porta. This, however, '"^'^^i"^ A temporary relief, and the managers of the co-oiwrative associations proc-eeded to American ports and oharteretl four steamships that were loaded inime.li- aiely and sent to Europe, carrying altogether something over forty thousand barrels uf apples. This relieved the situation greatly, and it is not too much to say that liaa It not been for the efforts of the central association thousands, if not tens of thousands ci barrels, would have rotted in the orchards for lack of transportation facilities. No private dealer, nor any probable combination of private dealers, could have solved this transportation problem as did the United Fruit Companies rhe usual markeu for Xova Scotia fruit would have been greatly over supplied if the older market ii.etho.ls only had been used. The co-operative a8*ooiation. how- ever, sent agents to the Northt .t and sold many thousanda of barrels in a mark.t never before supplied by Nova Scotia fruit. They also succeeded in opening up a large direct trade with Germany, celling the dealers there nearly one hundred thousand barrels of apples. t J^iS «• •ufflcieut to illustrate the great value of a central association. Without It the JSorthwest market tould not have been exploited even by the strongest single association, nor could the (lemiun market have been opene'id«ti..n. Unfortunately IzJZl^r^- ,^ thH n..*m«nage.nent with o-vopention ..nd no effort. Imf. IT^II^^^ 'i"*? *" .«'*'"•■'""» ■ Pui^'y eo-operotive selling association in that .a eiwtence of tuccesifnl co-operative a.Mciation,. several places .imilurlv situated w.ll own.« again but on better linea. Practically all the .„««sf„l a.W I^Z t?"""" ""*» "I •r'P?~'«'' "• ""'•'^ i"'"* .tock^pani" and ltnZl7lfJl""^V *" '•*• '?.*,' *•"? .*^ intluenti.l .uemben have adhered to co- ZTlZ^!^^ JL^ /•" ".P""'"' •"<• »"'• T »••««» "dTinta^ of the powen which c^ZJ^tJ^T" "".*"*•, •'i'" ** *!"" *•»• ••wci-tion into a diridend-makinB concern Indeed one or two of the Anociationi hare gone to the other estrenie and u7jt Tf l'-'';'-/", »^«P'»?' '"'«««»• Thi.. however, was so ZZfX th.t «.w * ir ""^'^'^'H ^}\^'>^ fumirfied capital much beyond tl.c averu«;. t'OOPKRATIVE LEGISLATION. None of the provin<-cs have special Acts that provide for strictly co-opentiv. incorporation. There arc, however, means by wl.i,.h faruuTs' nss.iin( rtpldly ■nd Nov. Hootia k eertain. und«r Ik.- uiuiuliu 01 Iwr «>-op»r«tiro omaniMllon, to conrinuo planting at an incn>aiieii rati*. It muat not bo w^tton. too, that thora hat been an equally riguroua Kvival o{ apple mowinit In tho Inited Htatea immediately to the louth of u*. and It <• but natural to eipecl Milllaqrer quantitie* of fruit from thia aource. For market purpoMM the apple cMp • "I* •^""M Static nMd Cnnnda ia practically one. Theiw it a turplua for export lu both eruntrie. and both countriei are lookinv to the lame foreign markeU an outleU ^r thia aui-plua. If wo do not meet the oomiK-tition of Ani.ritan grown applea in Wmnipeg, Ho»kat«)on, Regina. Calr'r* or Edmonton we munt oertainlr meet it in J-iverpool, Ola.gow Ix)ndon and Ha iburg. Huc«.» will come to the beit organiz.-.! force*. Brttith Columbio. Nova 8cotia and Ontario will meet in competition within our own border*, and without organiiation among the apple growora many of th- wortt feature* of competitive buying and nelling will be intennitied. A frank recogni- tion of tho community of intere*t* in thew three provino-ni. at leaat. t '11 go far to iniurinur the continued prooperity ot the apple indu«try. notwithRtan ing greatly increa««d production. Thi. happy atate of afTuir* can oaly come ah.)ut bv a thorough organiiation of the grower, in each prorinoe. It u apparent, therefore, that Novu Mootio with her f.:-ly efficient orgxnizition m ritally intrrexted in the thor..uttli co-operative organiwtion of Britlth Clilumbia and OnUrio. and juyt a* each provin... u interested in the thorough organiiation of all otiien. »o communitie* that have tne advantage of local a.«oorfolk who are intcreitad in the improTemtnt of thr quality and quantity oj iruit, to co-opmla for tho purpoM of toourinc a better and more unifom lyitein of pMktnf and nurketinff of tMr Fruit* •; ^"y l»»on in tba County of Norfolk in the fniit-Browiuf industry and it Mooaoiended by the Exeoutiro Committee, may become a niembvr by payiii* to the Bwrttary-Treaaurer the aum of One Dollar, on or before the Firat day of April in wy year, and luch payment aliall entitle tuch penwn to all the rightt and privilesea of membership the ensuinc year. 4. The Annual Meeting of the Association shall be held on the fint Wednesday in iebruary of Mch year, at audi place aa the Association may select The Business ^ the Annual Ifeetiuc shall be the receiving and disposing of the Auditor's Annual «W)rt upon the business of the preceding year, the Annual Election of Offlcers and •Bch other buaineas as may be brought forward by the tjiecutive Committee. 6. All elections shall be by ballot, plurality electing, and shall be conducted l.v two scrutineers appointed by tLe (duirman. 6. At the Annual jfeeting fire members shall be elected aa an EzoouUTe Com- mtttee who will hare the general management of the Association in buying. «<>||ing and any other business of imporUnco. At any meeting of the Executire Committee tkrae shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Two Auditors shall' u^ "S.^ '* **" Annual Meeting who are not members of th' EieouMvo Com- mittee. Three members, not members of the Executive CommK *■ shall als.. Im- eleotad at the Annual Meeting aa Investigation Committee, whf*p duty it will be to investigate all complainU. 7. Specia' meetings of the Association may be held at any time upon call of the President, by written notice mailed to each member at least five days before tho meet- ing. 8. Special meetings shall also be called by the President, whenever requir«l to do ao in writing, by five per cent or more in number of the moiiil)er,. of the As8,)cia- tion. ». At any meeting of the Association 15 per cent in number of the members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 10. The OflScers of the Association shall consist of a President, a Vice-President who shall be chosen by the Executive Committee from ainoim thtmselves, at the first board meeting after the Annual Meeting, the Manager and Secretary-Treasurer to be appointed by the Executive Committee. Special meetinjfs of the Executive Com- mittee may be held at such times and places as they may select. 11. The President, or in his absence, the Vice-Presidtnt. shall preside at all meetings of the Association. In the absence of both, . chairman shall be chosen from the members present. 12. The Manager and Secretary-Treasurer for the Association shall have chanre of the business in detail, but cannot rlnv any dealings tttilc-vs axnhorutd to do so br the Executive Committee. ' 13. It will be the duty of each member to so care tor liis or.knnl as to troduce the very best quality of fruit. «.. .'il'i ^" "^ hamling »t^ gr,mu by roembtn of tho AHn.iaii.,ii d scrpiiM di.p«.iii« of hi. or brr own apfilM •ball pigr to ih« AtMH-i.ii.... ih.. ..im of M) «.tit« VT tmml, >3. All iwinbrn miwl inmIi thU in thii numnar hf in to » WP'".* •" '•"P'-rt pii.k.r .n.l all fruit niiiM b.. iMMlctj in ..•.•..r.l«M.-c with tho rtiLt ol th.. .Norfolk Jniit (Jrowrr* A«Mi..i«tion h.vinir m.-h nu mUrV n«nM) or numb.r .. .Irv mi.l «U, .11 parki-H barnU murt br |>la.«d m the dry e»wy day in a well ventilal.-d biiihlinK nntil .hipnient i- le. Ka.h member muit order from th« Her.ii.ry all the barrels he will n-.|iiir.> for bii own iiw not Liter than Aniruit lut of each year, tame to be paid for by him not later than Xorember 10th. 17. Any mrinlier peraiitinic in injurioui conduct towardi the Auociation or any of iU o«.-eM nia.v lie tu^pended by the Inveatiiration Conii.iittee until Mme liii« ImhIi aubnittcd to tlu. nest aeneral meetintt and each offending mimber shall receiv,. thn^. days notMc of mnh ii mcctmir. and the membem preient have the power of cxrollina inch member or otherwi>M<, an they sec lit. 1«. The book* of the Amiociation (hall be audited before the date of the annual meetiiiK in facli vmr. und the report of the rd-ciptu and disburMnnenU, propn><)'<>,liiigs of all mei-t- iii«» of the Associati'Hi. or iui Executive roniniittee. of all r«H-ci,.ts and dicbuntenientH, and hi" shall r«'|x.rt the coiulitioii „f the tiniiiireN iiiiiiiuilly or »* often as tho Execu- tive (.'omuiitU>c shall desire. He »liiill aNo attend to the uorrespi.iidcnce of the A«*M>i. iition and keep Mme on tile. 2\. Every dispute Utwit-n nieniWr* nii.l ili.- Asx.Mlation. or any |>ersoii claiiiiini; throiiKh or under a member, or under I lie rules ..f the AsMM-iutioii. and the Exe.-ii- tive ("i.niiiiittcc. TreiiMirer, or oth.-r nttinTM fhin-of, xhull be .It.iileil bv arhitratii.ii III thr innmier following: The paity eoinplaiiiiiiK >liiill i,i„ke ii st.itemeiit in writin;,' of the mutter eoiiiplailieil of or in nrt.v f> the dispute in which cnsc tlio Exe|ioiiit a siciid Arbitrator. The two Arbitrators will meirectors a two-thirds representation of the Directors Bhnl' constitute a quorum f<,r the transaction of business. The Officers of the Assm-iation shall consist of a President. Vice-President and ^cl.•^etary- 1 reasurer. 7. Immedintely after the Annual M,-etinjr and the election of Directors it shall be the duty of the Directors to elect Officers as named in by-law six, the President and V ice-Presideiit to be chosen from the Directors. of tt Vf ^'^••'^»* »' i° his absence the Vice-President shall preside at all meeting, thoSe p^enT '^ "*'' " P''"*''^'"» »<«''<•' "''a" ^ ^-hosen from „f tK ■ ^^ S«'«"taor-Trea8urer shall keep a record of the proceedinRs of all meetings of the Directors and the Association. He shall also keep a record of all the S' and disbursements of the Association. tw^eipn la Any Fruit Grower within a radius of eight miles of Forest shall be eligible to bets and notifying members when to P80k and deliver fruit at Packing House or shipping point. as ,.„. **j ?• *■." '"*'' * '^^ "* """^ •'"* »""• " ^"''t of wwh shipper m Mch ••or and forward a copy to purthaser. «i.d iimnediately before shipment in order to ascertain if the Fruit Marka Act haa Knllt%"f T: t'"* l^K^"^. **"*' '"^ "••'P'^' '"«' intentionally disobeyed th" HP ! ,r"'v* acceptance of fruit and held responsible for i >• filK iiVr^n^*^"^' ' """* ^^^^^'^ *''"" **** responsible for space ordered in car whether n f IV " ^l!*"^-" "■^*'"" '^'««K'«'■^«'i* shiPPew regarding grade apples, for the settle- both IntT^H^T"*.*"! '*'"" '"•'""r ""^ ^'"^*»'- *•*« «'""P«' "n" Director and Fruit Marks Art '*'""*^'^*^ P*"°"' *''» «h"» "leoide. J'a'inK their decision on the loctol°kv^?i'"*"'"^^* '"Vf"** T^t *° "^ P"'*^ '^■^"''^ "" ''*"*'«'• ««''' charges to be col- lected by a levy on each barrel the car contains. 16 Each and every mon.bor shall have the right to give away such fruit of his IZ^ilZf]^" T 1r'- 'r ""' '•""' ""* ""'^- '"^'^ "^ *'"" -t-^^J" the Associat cS A "f '■""«•:'>''" "' «"y f'nit that may not be accepted by the As*.- cmtion. Any member ,o doing shall pay into the Association treasury the m.m of 50 cents per barrel for all 1-uit so sold excepting grades aforesaid. ♦„ "•. ™^^-^'" 'n the cpinion of the Directors it is impossible for the Association to receive at .ts packing bouse all fruit grown by its members, they may perm "t ind. vidua members to grade and pack the same for shipment through the AsLE the AiMr:' '"'^'""" *" "^ ^"'^^^^ *° '""^ "'^'^'=''°" °^ *•»« ins,L.tor\p^r,:rby and Isoftenlyo^d'^thltt ttrdim^te" '''"' ''''" ""'""^ "' ''"'' ^""' *'""^ two-^rd^^^vJ" ofXDitt.^ """''^ " " '"'""^' "' *•'•' ^«-"«^'- --"' ^^ - KELOWNA FARMERS' EXCHANGE (LIMITED). CO.NSTITlTIO.f AND BY-I.AWS. 1. The object of the Kelowna Farmers' Exchange is the inarketiiiK of all kinds of produce grown by the Membors of the Exchange. 2. The points of shipment for the produce shall be decided upon by Members of the Exchange. 3 At the Annual Meeting the Members shaU elect a board of 5 (five) Directors who shall at their first meeting elect the President, Vice-President, and 2nd Vice- President from their number. 4. The Directors .«hall be elected annually by ballot and shall hold oflSoe for one year unless reiiiovea for cau.se. 5. Any Director may be removed from office at any time for anv cause when two- thirds majority of the Members of the Exchange consider the removal of such Director in the best insterests of the E.xchange. In the event of such removal of a Director the vacancy so made shall be filled by the election of another Dirc.-tor by ballot at' the •ame meeting, for the unexpired term of oflice. C. The genera! work of the Exchange shall be carried on by a Secretary, chosen by the Directors, whose work shall be.the general management of the Exciinnge the soli- citing of orders, over-seeing the receiving of produce and inspecting the same, loading of caw for shipment, keeping of accounts, and shall receive all sums of tnot.cy duo or payable to the Exchange, and shall deposit all moneys received in some chartered Bank approved of by the Board of Directors; no payment to be made without the written order of the Secretary-Treasurer and the Prc'iident, or in the case of his absence of Ihe Vice-PrwMent, or in his aimetu-c „f Uie iud Viee-P««i,l,>..» . • i ... «» meetiiigij of the Assotiatin.. «nJ „r ' "'^^ .«"a v lee-lTesKleiit ; ^ivi- .Iu«- notice of ceedin*, of Mme^ write «H1p«?^ ° ^"'^ "' D.n^tors; keep a record of all ,,ro- Bori rf'j.&.r " "'""'^ '° "'" '<■"* •» •" •"»"' »>"'"•"'' «. .b. 9. Each member shall have a number or mark nK;-!. =i,,ii u i , ««k, box. crate, or other parcel or thing ship^bv'hTmTfn-^ J''"*^ ?," ."^'^'^ how such mark shall be placed '^'^ ^ "• ^*'* I>'«^tor8 shall decide ordei^i -irp^fo^t ^re ^in/rii'^ch^^rb:^^^^^^ ;j- P«per^filh„, of orders and convenience of shipper .il^^.'^^lZ' ;L^[Z1 prod;tl,f^^Svctr„?";h:tS^^^ •- -.idered um.. such ^«d found «t for Shipment, or h..f S'T^^^t J^i Xr^fd JXt bcea or other packages nsed, .hall be decided b/th "'CS of Ctr^' ""'"' -uutd^;;7b;^'h:Votro/Dit.S^. *- ^'-^ ''■'''^*''^- "••'"""^ ""'^- «-'« r. 17. Three members of the Board of Directors shall form a quorum 18. Any member of the Exchange obstructing the work of the Ex,.b«n«. « • lots or mconvenience. may be suspended by the Se-retarv until «.,uh'^' I'",? h«Te been dealt with V the Board of Directors \„vn.»" J '(»osUon shall represenUtive of the :ixcha„ge or the Bor^DirttL on S' S'he ^^.^ far any certain produce shall not disDose of it «t a„Ju ■ ^ "® ^''^ ^'^^^ to thelExchange the refusal of the same ' ^""" ""'*'" *'^fi'«* ^"•^^ 19. All complaints must be made in writing to the Board of Directors. 20. Two Auditors shall be elected annually who shall aiiHit ♦»,« k« i, j L"S.fD?s."' ''' "^ "' -^ •'-- -"•"•ll*;,!^;;;„T^•^x• .nl». U,, B..„l ..t ni„,,„„ .„ i, i. i. u»' ,„^ ™„,"^ ;!;S^' ,o d.™* '"" 23. The expense of the Exchanire shall Ik> mPt hv » «,...r.„r,t„ S7 memh^rA7th«"^K *° *^f? '"'*" "'^ '^ ""**'*' ^' * t^o-thiHs majority yote of th. no vote?),.^! *'J ^- 1"'!**'*"*^ " 1"°'""' «» »ny Shareholders' meeting, and capitS iiLJ^L^il^!"*' t"" ''":,«,.P«*" t«. J«^y «nd collect as^samenta on the capital stock the same to become delin.iuent in thirty days from day of notice in local paper of such assessment. The Directors may sell such delinquent st^k^n^blic aucuon to the highest bidder for cash, first giving thirty days' S of Tuch sK a local newspaper, such sale to be mac', at the door of the office of the E, Im,^ 26 (c) That no dividend of more than 5 per cent be paid on the stock of tha Kx..hange any surplus funds to be applied to tke running e^pensL oTIhlSchLi noltiig vlte^Stte"' ^-''"""""^ ^''*" ^•'^ •""" «" ^"^'"'^ »"^ "•'•» »'-e first In^arin^iu'Sl^/e.lteaf"'^'''^ ^""""' '^'^''"'^ """' "^ ""''' »» *'«' CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ISLAND AND OYPSnw toitit COMPANY. INCORPORATED TNDER TEffi^WS OF Omo mPT TAL STOCK, $5,000. ACT AMENDED JUNE 13^ 1900 CONSTITUTION. > in^'^'n'^i t*"'" ^''*^'"**''" f* fruitgrowers, being incorporated und.r the laws of ..:Sinthetmri;..^.*'"' ''"''' «"" "^-'■"' ^-*' ^— ^- -P'tal eto4' Section 2. The object of its organization is for the sale of the fruits grown bv ita members, also to buy and sell such fruits during the season a. opportunit^'rlsents ♦I, .^^;'°" 3 The annual meeting of the stockholders of this company shall be on the hrst Saturday m December of each year. Special meetings of the sto^kholde™ Tafh LSldeVoTrr^l.""" ''' '''' '' ''' ^-^^''^^ '^ ^^^ -'- ™S^o electS"''"" ^' ^' '^' """""' '"'''""' °* "^^ stockholder, five Directors shall be Se<.ti.,M 5. At any meeting of the stockholders a two-thirds representation of the tiof ;;buH'"""" " '" """"' '''''''' '''"" """*"*"*«' « '^-"™ f- the transac! SecrS7ryTnd%l"r '' ^'^ ""''"'^ ^*'"" ™"^'''* °' « ^-■''''"*' Vice-President. t^«. !!!*'? L^T^u 'n*^u^ \^'*' ^''^ """""^ "•^^'""« "f tl'e stockholders and Direc- S S^«o 6 ' ^"'^ "^ '^' ^'''''^'' *° *''^^* **"« "ft*^^" " »am^ «. /*^^"^ ^: -^1 «!«'*'■««'« of this company shall be by ballot, plurality electinir conducted by two tellers, appointed by U.e President. wecting. Set^ion 9 The President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, shall preside at :wrrrheit;rkhStr ^"- ^" ^'^^ «'•-"- «^ '^^'- - ^-'•^^■^ -"'^ ^"a" ^ 38 in^^H^d^'iA^^ Swwtaty thaU keep . woorf of tho proceeding, of aU th. fT^^oh ^ """ «.d director.. «„d shall woeive as remunerati,,,, the sumot $ for^each and every meeting, when .uch «,rvic« .hall be duly rendered h, aaif icre- Section 11 The Secretary shall keep • oorrect record of all the receipts and dis- Drr«VarM:r ''- ^'"•'^"^"" -' ^'^ «•"-- •--»- or^rorn-L' t Committee) to have general charge of the affairs of the cor,K>raUon during the fluh Ste tie ~r 'r "'"" "^^ t!? ''"'"•'•^ "' """P'- The Kt rs S regulate the amount of compensation this committee shall receive. Section 13 Any fruit grower in Ottawa County, this State, shall be eligible to become a member by a two-thirds vote of the stockholder, of reOoiS at U.e fme th^ application ,, made, also, a two-third« vote of ,„e.nbe« shJl d^e™i"e So vX. of br:dS:disrmrtr ""'' ^-'^ ^''" ^^ ^- *•-' *— ^^ ^ - ^^ .rwvfr**""*-^*" ^''^ Constitution or By-laws may be amended at any regular or special meeting upon a vote of two-thirds of the stockholders or stock in t^e aTmJive By-LAW9. Of f.ih'*sWl ^Sft^"'"^ *^^ Directors, during any season when there is not a failure ?uly IsVof eaTye'^r."""" -""--'"^' •-^--ng such meetings not later than n,«.»^^*!f ^ '^^^ Executive Committee during the fruit season of each year, shall Artick 3"^e%'''-/' ''rri" ^"^ '"'^"''^ "* *»'« ^^P"^- «•>«» demand company ' *'*""'' supervision of the business of the Article 4 On or before the first of May of each year, when the fruit crop i. not a failure the Directors shall meet and name their Manager for the season. ^ deUit'untrVet^^^^; SIL'pi^siT °' ''' ""'^"^'^ °^ ''' ^ ^ ^ ''^ acceplE'toVJ Df^U"' ^""""' ^"'" "^'^^ """'*' ''* ^^^'^ » -" - «'''«" ^« Article 7. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys from the Manager and denosit the same m such bank to the credit of this company. Such depository of the funK he d«ngnated by the Directors. The Treasurer shall check the same upon order ^m wrSTheTrTcro'r '^ ''- ''-'-' - -- -"- '-- ^^--- - »i ^ Article 8 It shall l>e the duty of all officers to nttencl all regular and special dS^^ ff>nn.any, and to hold office until their successors shall have been Article »• Wh,-n a vacancy shaJl happen, either by death or resignation in any of the oftces established by the constitution or by-laws of tho conipanv. it shall be filled at the next regular or special meeting ' .». li'^'^'^i'^ ^"' A* ^^"^ "'T^ f*^*'""^ f *'"' 't^x^l^holders each year, the Manager shall render a statement of the business for the season in full. Article 11 Any member of the company may withdraw at anv time between December or the fir«t day of April. Such notice of withdrawal must be given in writing to the President or any Director of this company. Thereafter it shall be the privilege of such retiring member to sell and dispose of his or her fruits ns thev shall elect, but this company shall not take or handle any of such member':, fniit thereafter during that season, nsless it shall be determined by a two-thirds vote of all member^ m the affirmative. • tiiii? sales of aforesaid grades. Article 19. All fruit delivered each day shall be <'redited to the person furnishing the same at the average price which the fruit brouRht that day. One-third of the amount so credited may be retained by the company until the close of the season for find settlement, and from the aggrejfate of the amount so retained from each person there shall be, at the end of the season, before paying the same over to the respective members of the company, deducted all expenses and 1<»m'.-.. All expenses of handling, packing and marketing fruit shall be borne by the several members of the company, in proportion to the number of bushels of fruit with which each has been credited. All losses and rebates shall be deducted in proportion to the money credit of each member. "" Article 30. Whenever, in the opinion of the Directors it is impossible for the company to receive at its fruit house all the peaches grown by its members, they may permit individual memWrs to grade and pack the same for shipment through the house, such period to be limited by the Directors. Reasonable compensation will be ullowed for such itradins and packing. Article 21. Permanent or temporary additions, extensions or any new buildings from time to time that may be constructed by the company including the present ice house, the cojt of same shall be paid by the stock of issue by a fund sufiieient to meet •uch costs by an assessment upon the said stock as it shall appear against each an 1 •rerjr member, and not as an item of general expense. Artid* M. The cort of ice and cost of putting same into ice houae aa it now ««MJa, and each and every wason when the said ice houie shall be filled, shall fo into the general expen*. ...d be paid for as named in Article 19 of the By-laws. if th.-'! f if L "? l^ /•""]••! "^*''*' " ""^ " '^'''"* 3 of the Constitution. the Board of Directors th«,. ,f ,„ their opinion it shall be deemed best, can order a f ^'" i!"*^ ^ be declared and paid to ea.h stmkholder of noord up to the first day of December of each year. r «< ■-« "«i. u«y FORM RECOMMEXDKI) FOR ONTARIO. This set of by-laws was prepared by the District Kepn-scutatives of the Ontario DepRrtment of Agriculture, in consultation with the .M.„.u«er« of Co-Operative pSaT^reui'Xi^err"^ '' '""^ "^'-""'^"^ '' ^«"^"""'^ ""'' '»'« 1. This Association shall be known as the Marketing Association. J. J he objects of the Association are for the production, gradiug and selling of i^'hL' L'fu u' T '"*•"'*"' to Purch-M supplies, packages, machinery, etc., to buy and .ell such other products during the season as opportunS pre- 3 The annual meeting of the Association shall b© held on..., in in each year. ....•« ««.«; ^""'^ i"' ^^t """"'' '"^*'"'^ "•"•" ^ «"^» «"«!» 'nember in writing by the becretao- not less than one week previous to the date of the meeting. „«tJ~; ''PT5' f"'*'"'^ ""y *>« ^^W "t "ny t'«« upon call of the President by written Te^lil'l! "^K %""'^'"''"'^' *^'« •'"y" '*'°'^ tl*^ •"«'''"*'• SP«='«1 meetings sSl 6 It Lv n, 7'^''""^ whenerer required to do so in writing by any ten rmbew! •hnl' ^* ^^^ "TiV ""**•"* • ^"^ "^ Directors shall be elected, of '"'*'™ V •*""" constitute a quorum at any Board meeting 8. The officers bhall consist of a President, Vice-President and a Secretary. fi™t KJi^,^^!^^ ff ^ chosen by the Directors from among themselves at the nrst ijoard meeting after the annual meeting. 10. At the annual nieeti»j< two auditors shall be elected 11. All the elections shall be by haUot, plurality electing, conducted by two B.rutincers appointe.« mtablished Uy the by-lawg of the A»»ooiation. it shall be filled at the next n-Kular or sneoial meeting. ' .K i"; ^1;^ "•"""> ''"«' "f Hi'" Assoc-iation xhall be payable on or bifore the date of the annual nie<'fiiitf. 20. Each member at the time of unitiuK with the AswK-iation shall give a i.romis- •4.ry note, pi^yablc on demand, to the Aasociation. for the sum of dolla's, and an additional. ..... . .for each and every owned by the membir at the i me of joining the Association, but m no cane shall the promisnor,- note be for less a sum >"«n dollars. „„o J^'/* ^ •*'"'*' °^ ".""'"•^ "^'^^ *•'*' Association and at the , i.d of each three iTI^ J*^ the incorporation of the Association, and not le»« than ten days previou. to the date of the next annual meeting, each member shall tile with the Secretary a true stat«nerit of the number of own«) by the member at that time. iii^r t » "^".''^''« «fte' the annual meeting at the end of .mh third year the JJirector. shall require each member to sign a promissory note payable on demand to the Association, of the sum of dollars, and an additional for ea.h an 1 w7L' V ■ ■ "T" ^ *•*! """**' '* *•** *'"•• '•»* ^ »*> «•« **" the promissory ■ ^J^r V, li a'v *"•" *•""•• -i "^*'"'"- ^° «>n«d««tion for the san... th' Sv .-,7JK J'?' *!!^' *" *»>«: °»«Kt^ note previously given by the me.nb,.r. duly cancelled and stamped with the seal of the AsaocUtion. he ,,!il It*ir*n"' ^^^ '°*'"'^r' "'"." ^ ^ P~P*"*y ** ^^' Awoeiation and shall be usoil by the Directors as collateral security with which to secure nee,led <>apital for the transaction of the business of the Association. ^-J.^^liiTi!'^"*^**'!,*'"' r!r. °/. '."^ "* ^ member, m deposited as security for a r^ ! .•"«•»**"»''«" individually share the liability ia proportion to the value of the note given to the Association by each member. «n..,?«t11l ^'"^ ""'T'lus moneys in the possession of the Association to be divided aniongst the memU-rs shall be proportioned to each member on the basis of the value of tlK> business done by the member with the Association. 'i^- ^y ....producer in county «hall be eligible to become a mem^r by a two-th.rds vote of the members at the time the application is made. 1 ^'!; ••••:■• f"^"*'*^ '"' *■'* **y ^^ membera and acceptable to the Wan- Zdit 1 / I^ ^ ^t Association as directed by the Directors, and in prime eondition for grading, packing and shipping. Other products may be delivered for sale as determine by the Directors. mpetiS; IJ^*^"" "'.**'«. ^^''"^^'".tion shall be audited before the date of the annual ^t^ « ? Al!"i. 1^ J " "'*"!"' * ^""**^ statement of the receipts and expendi- tures as audited shall be presented to each member. ♦I..J/' ^^^* ^r'""" T^ ^ amended at any regular or special meeting by a two- thirds vote of the members present in the affirmative. Notice of such amendments must be given each member by letter at least five days previous to the mS 30. Any member havinR a grievanoe or cause of complaint as to treatment of *"' *"■ hy the Association, may appeal to the Directora. AFPEKDXZ I. The following is a list of the co-operative asaooiationa operating in CaaaJa. eorrectod t» «lot«' :— •"-•<—, Prince Edward Itland — The Co-operative Fruit Co., Charlott4>town. Nova Scotia — Aiibiini Fruit Co., Auburn. Aylesford Fruit Co., Aylesford. •Bear Kivcr. Bear River. Berwiclc Fruit Co., Berwiclc. Blouiiiloii Fruit Co., Bloini-operBttT» Frail OHlmrio—CuiluM. Ht. r«Uiiiri»« CoM Ht„n0, k PorwanH.. TilUnbunr F. O. A.. TilliMbunf. WBllawbiinr F. (J. A.. WallBeehnrg. WardMill,. F. O, A.. Wanlivilfc. Watford F. O. A.. WHtford. Wi.||«nd F. <). A.. .Vl,ir.,hvillr. Wcntworth F. (J. A.. Hannlton. Wiiioim F. O. A.. Winoim. Wyoininir F. O. A„ W.vi.niiiiif. BrUuh Columbia— rnp«toii Fruit I'nii.ii. Crwiton. Oraiid Forkt F. O. A.. Urui.d Forka. HMmi.ioi„| F. O. rnioii. Mgmu.oii.l. Ilauic F. O A.. HaUio. Kelowna Farmer.' Exchange, KVIownn. K*/' ♦■■"•>« »•>«« fiinirw •• • criterion for the proRreM of th« rILnr«ljr^/S!!r"°"^" our home m-rketo-notobly in We.tem C.nad.-within ^^i^lZ^nLT "' '""^*"' '"^ •" "*•- - »»' • '-'•' of »-' •»«» Tabu No. 8. KKporto of Canadian Appleg by period» for the Years 1906-07 to 1911-12. incluaive. Ymt. 1906- 7.. M07-8.. 1S08-9.. iso»-ia. 1910-11.. nii-ia.., From Jalj Utto Sept. SO. Pnemt of Total Trado. Brb. 8.S70 e,,73S S.Bail.» S, (78.079 a,ll»,6« 3,MS,»)6 a»ss3;6i8 ilWl,947 BundiM. 1.9R7.44t l.MM,7W 3,(M7,5U a.S10lSlt ^7sr.Bl4 6.4IB,7IM 78,8S7 OnHi«n. Ovii. of 11311m, S.»l,8a7 •,178.7nt 4Hni.iM ^om.5M ^8ao,uii M»,ii« 5,IM4,IHI s,4>m,an \3IH.14a » MI6I,719 ..d o«,.„ import^ ,S wV; iSi liur T" . . "■■;'!"•■■■''■' "' >PPl» LIST OF PUBLICATIONS or TBI DAIRY AND COLO STORAfiE COMMISSIONER'S SERIES. Dmta iMsea. Ko. 1005 lOOS 1906 18d6 1»0« IBOT 1907 loor 1907 1B07 10O» 1«10 1910 1910 1910 I9I1 1911 1911 1011 1911 1913 1912 1918 1918 1910 1911 1911 1919 1919 1907 1911 1919 1912 I 7 11 IS IS 14 17 • 19 •80 •M 99 S« » 96 97 99 90 30 91 •39 33 34 85 1 8 3 S e HEPOBTO. **»^|*,»' **• ^^irr ComatlMtomev, JunaiT, 190B, t* Karak, 10O7, 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911 iSftltT^^^^ ^ BDI.I,BTIlf8. TltU. i^A H £^" Bxltlalt layortwa of >teM rrodasto. Wrt •< fsPfrtm of 9 »>»«r W«U» OMtea* of "'•<^"'S?**f**5? ■■»•>«*' P*'* IX »• •■louded im 1907-S. "•"JS-^Xi^-iSSSS!* '^** —• "•*- - **• — »"- 9w««t OrMm Bmtter. The FaakiaK of Amloo ta BamU aad Bas««. »o Vm of loe o» StTrnxm. n* OpvUac of XUk for caMOMaaklna. OaUMorace aad th» Cold 9toMca A«t. "•»•** «B 9oao Trial 9M»»omti of Cold Otovaco As^a^ - ■Wp5»«»t» of roaohoa, 1910. Aei^^ Iada«t»|r, aa HUtorUal aad D..ori»ttM Notoa fMP Faotory CkooMmakon. Croaai Cliooae. * '">&* VffitfiTSlir*^ O^amoH.. ^ C..d..«« Tba Can of Cnam for BattanaaJdac. 0»^y«r»tloa aad Fratt Ovowiai! 9aiall Cold Storaaroa, Jto. ^^ OIROOXABS. laad Ofceoao Cara, 1910. Tko Milk Taat Aet. s:d'*5:ir.:jLa'?»*'c*^^tSr**'~ *• *^* ^*^' OroaoMry Cold Stovaice Boaaaoa. 8PECIAI. PVBUCATIOir9. ''•'•.r'e."^"8.1Vdi;°°'**'" •' ""^^ raatoria. aad Craaa.. "'''rce'j:b\\%^tr.'L?'7Tir*l"91?""''''"*' " "''"^ ="-'*- ProceeUiaB. of the Tltird CoatareaM of Frolt Grower, of th. Domialon of Csnnda, FsbroATr 14 1012 """^ "x tao Ropopt of a Special Inontrr lato the Frtat 'orowiac Coadi. tloM. In Canada. 1911. by Wm. H. BnatJiiB. *'"»«»- „ ,*«3^ •£ *^S* P'Wi'M'tlo" wiU be »ent free of oharse oa auer of balletina 20, 28 » «. .._« ♦ ^^ •f .Byakooa. faoiopy or oreamaP, to aap^oif tJ eieh^^JSJa.*" *"'