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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". IC» lure, I : Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est i\\m6 d pariir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de hbut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. I I I t Mr. CALilOUN nut to adsvrate or <; state til" re«f ttna ihal ita raiifj'atiiin. Thi ception, vfA* not »'ht or wlirt'iT \t wa« lia whetlier it was «uch etanrc!! of Jb«^ case, ii or r«'i*''*t. T!»u» r< ;,'a fairly th»: reai^ons in tion } 8T»J to ass«;,'Ti ning XT»si!i the por«i boundary, the tettler &nA |)roij'iioe»t olijcci He «!<.» on<^of t doubt 111,-'.', the tiound Coi»len<}eJ waa the treaty of peac« tn 1" corded Uis »«»e, aftor vuliject. But, altho) not (ioubiat the tiim: fettled bv f.comprom l»« doulifujj at an ear lion of Washing.jO ly, by slipulatinj; to friendly power, by t' (hiiB admitted oa «> •treiijfthoned by the yr'no had been cmli the treaty. So stron pre&sion ihftt the dis Compromise or con' friend ri the then i Was made a few year sent to England on I his name, among oth that the question coi and fortiiat purpose, section ought to be e other Southern man these previous impr the neijotiation ope adjusting the difficu on a compromise I tras first announced a consideiable pon west of the line awai was incredulous, i against it- Hia fi more strongly agair . -fixed on the river ?■ river, taking the St. by the King of He comprom se boi.ndai portion of tho dispi fiver, and west and junction; and all the On a little reflection his opinion of the m rumor or imperfect i whole subject was b SPEECH OF MR. CALHOUN, OF SOUTH CAROLINA. IX SECRET SKSSION. OX THE BRITISH TREATY. » » I t Mr. CALilOUN sa'.J thnt his object in iuir<: wos < nut U»adsi>rat*» orojjxisp the treaty, but simiity to j state ill" re«f »n9 that ^-ouM gnvf in liini in vutinj* tor ita raiifi'atiim. Th** tjuis»«on, accoriling io hif con^ j ception, XVA* not whether it was all w«j eovlit «Jf£i:e, or wl»".'i''r »t wa« liaW« tu itus or thai ot jictioa ; Imi whether it was «uch a on** that, unJer alJ the circuni. etftnre!! of Jb»' «a«i»% il WoulO li« most ad* i»^altle t.) adojpl or r«'i*-'*t. T!»u» r< i^ardctl, it was hi» intcntjot* to siate faiiiy th»: reawns in favor of ami againsst i»» ratilica- tu th« Northeast .'rn btfUndafV, iho «ettleiBenl of w^i ■ wa» tbc ioiijiediate aii.h>ro"'''0^»* olijfct lif the neo .lialion. He WfiS on<^of th«^« wha had not the slifjhtest doubt llu>.» the boundary for which the State of Maine C»i»tendetl waa the true one, as cstalilished hy the treaty of pear« in 17S3; and had accordingly so re- Corded Uisvute, after a deliberate investigation of the KUl'ject. But, although such was his ofiinion, he did not uoubi at the time thai tiie hnundary could only be fettled by r, compromise Jibc. We had admitted it to l»edoubrujl a« an early iwrioJ «luring tiie Administra- lioD iii \Vashing.o.o; »nd more lecently and explicii- ly, by stipulating to suhm t it to the arbitration of a friendly power, by l'.« tii-aty of Ghetit. The doubt, «hUft admitted va «>ur part lo«xist, had been greatly •trengthoned by the hvvard of ttie King of Holland, Wiio had been Ciutually selected as the arbiter under Ihetrealy. So strong, indeed, was his (iMr. C's) ira- pie&sion"ih»t the dispute could only be settled by a Compromise or conventional line, that he said to a friend ri the then Cabinet, (when an appropriation Was made a few years since for a special mission to be Sent to England on the subject of the boundary, and his name, among others, was mentioned for th ^ place,) that the queitioii could only be settled by compromise; and for that purpose, some distinguished citizen of the section ought to be selected ; and neither he, nor any Other Southern man, ought to be thought of With these previous impressions, he was prepared, when the negotiation opened, to expect, if it succeeded in adjusting the difficulty, it would be (as it has beenj on a compromise line. Notwithstanding, when it was first announced that the line agreed on included a consideiable portion of the teiritory lying to the west of the line awarded by the King of Holland, he was incredulous, and expressed himself strongly against it- His first impression was, perhaps, the more strongly against it, from the fact that he had .-fixed on the river St. John, from the mouth of Eel '•river, taking the St. Francis branch (the one selected by the King of Holland) as the natural and proper comnromse bor.ndary, including in our limits all the portion of tho disputed ter/itory lying north of Eel river, and west and south of the St. John, above its junction; and all the other within that of Great Britain. On a little reflection, however, he resolved not to form his opinion of the merits or demerits of the treaty on rumor or imperfect infoimation ; but to wait until the viliok subject Was brought before the Senate official- ly, an.l then to nn^te it up on f«'f in iwled^c of ^I! i.'ie fict* .,«>d cJtvoui4tince» after JiJibc ate and lu^- turt care and !iiip»flialiiy. Wbat he nir as the question of the boundary sitfecu their peculiar interest, through commissioners vested with full powers to represent them; and the question for us to decide is — Shall we reject that to which they have assented 1 Shall the Gmcrninent, after refua- ing to agree to the award of the King of Holland, because Mail. e objected, now reverse its course, ar.a refuse to agree to that which she and Massachusetts have both assented 1 There may, indeed, be reasona strong enough to autliortze such a course ; but they must be such as will go to prove >hat we cannot Tive our assent consistently with the interests, the honor, or the safety of the Union. That has not been done; and, he would add, if there Im; any such, he has ttot been able to detect them. It has, indeed, been said that the as«ent of Miiac was coerced. She certainly desired to obtain a moro favorablfc boundary; but when the alternative wa« presented (,f another reference to arbitraticr., she waived her objection, as far as she was individually coneeiried, faiher tha.n incur the risk, delay, uacer. Jrson's collec- rebut the ir.- still more so. in the year rhere Frank- ded,and was ound'-ry line r, and in the nklin — aline claimed ij- coincidence, I to e-tablish wever, be in uage of the . You may 'ting inquiry . confirm all idity of our of the Ar- rts ; but so es, that any •' a little re- ) aid of the tnerica, by .een inchev ne through- Sta'es, an- :ion. The e with red incil, or a ir coloring t this line ween the Penobsco! line novi t it coi:- ne, after nslead of lat point, the Bri- St. Joh.n, irs Hill, c to thfi I the wa- is acli:- ny other the cir- his do- le place ount d':* rchives, . dotted em the vhich f g with hat th.- >us and ibtedly of th' age of in ths confi- -ff^ tainty and vc\ation of another tnVnissioR »f h»f tlaims t;j arbitration ; and letl it to the Senate, ihe constituted authority appointed tor the purpose, to de- cide on the general nier.ta of the treaty, as it lelates to the whole Union. In 3i> doing, shi^ has, in his opinion, acted wisely and patriotically — wisely for herself, and patriotically in refeienceto the re^t of the Union. She has not }i;ol, indeed, all she desired ; and has even lost territory, if the treaty be compared to the award of the King of Holland ; but, as an ofiset, that which she has. lost is of little value, while that which she retains lias bei^n greatly increased m «aluc by the stipulations contained in the treaty. The whole amount lost, js about half a million of a»r«« — K lies along the eastern slope of the highlandii, skirt- ing the St. Lawrence to the east, and is acknowledged to be of litiia value for soil, tipjber, or anything else — II sterile region, in a severe inhospiii'ble clime. Again?t that loss, she has acquired the right to navii.ate the liver St. John ; and that, not only to float tJown the timber on its banks, but idl the productions of the ex- tensive, well-timbered, and taken as a whole, not a sterile portion of the State that lies on her side of the bosom of that river and its tributarits. But that is not all. She also gains what is vastly more valuable — the rigtit to shi;> them on the same terms as colonial productions to Great Britain and hei cuionial {wsiet- eions. These great and important advantages will proba* Dly double the value of that extensive region, and make it one of the most populous and flourishing portions of the State. Flstimated by a mere moneyed standard, these advantages are worth, he would sup- pose, all the rest of the territory chMmcd by Maine without them. If to this be added the sum ti about $200,000 to be paid her for the expense of de- lending her territory, and $300,000 to her and Mas- sachusetts in equal moieties, in consequence of their assent to the boundary and the equivalents received, it must be apparent that Maine has not made a bad exchange in accepting the treaty, as compared with the award, as far as her separate interest is concern- ed. But be that as it may, she is the rightful Judge of her own interests ; end her assent is a sufficient ground for our assent, provided that to which she has assented does not involve too great a sacrifice on the part of the rest of the Union, nor their honor or safe- ty. So far from that, as far as the rest of the Union is concerned, the sacrifice is small and the gain greit. They are under solemn constilutional obligations to defend Maine., as one of the members of the Union, against invasion, and to protect her territory, cost what it may, at every hazard. The power, claiming what she contended to be hers, is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, on earth; the dispute is of long standing, and of a character difiicult to be adjusted ; and, however clear the right of Maine may be regard- eii in the abstract, it has been made doubtful, in con- sequence of admissions, for which the Government of the Union is responsible. To terminate such a controversy, with the assent of the party immediate- ly interested, by paying the small sum of half a mil- lion— of which a large part (say |200,0U0) is un- ijuestionably due to Maine, and would have to be paid to her without the treaty — is indeed a small saciifice, a fcfrtunate deliverance. President Jack- son was willing to allow her, as has been stated, more than twice as much for her assent to the -award; and in doing so, he showf I his wisdom, whatever might have been thought of it at the time. Those, at least, who opfmed the treaty, will not charge him with being willing to sacrifice the inter- est and honov of the Union in making the offer ; and yet the charge which they make against this portion of tlie treaty does, by implication, subject wnat be W«t) ready to io to 3 similar one. But it a »aid that the territory whteb England would acquire bcyoi^ tbc boundary of th* awarded Inc, woul4 greatly strengthen ber frontier, and weaken ours ; ant! would thereby endanger the safety of the counti7 in that ♦juarler. He did not profess to be deeply versed in military science; but, accord- ing to his conception, there was no foundation for Iho objection. It was, if hfc di-.!J. be. 8ut if it should be thought by any one that tittle considerations, as conclusive as they seemed to b*^ were not sufficient tft justify the ratification of this portion f "je treaty, there were others, waich appeal- ed to hin. .0 !je perfectly ct.ncluaive. lie referred to the condition in whicli we would be iefl, if the i.^aty should be rejected. He would ask-^if, after having agreed at Ghent «o refer the subjt ct to arbitration, and, after having refused to agree ta the award made under that reference, by an arbitrato? of auf own se- lection, we should now f«'ject this treaty, negotiated by our own Secretary of Slate, under our own eye*, and which had prev.'ously receive:! the assent of the Stales immediately interested — whether there would be the slightest prospect that another equally favorable would ever be obtained. On the conirary, would we not stand in a far worse condition than ever, in refer- ence toour claim.' Would it not, indeed, be almost certain that we should lose the whole of the bas^in'of the St. John, and Gre.nt Britain gain all for which she ever contended, strengthened as she would be by the disclosures made during (his (liscu«>ioo1* He was *. %' * The following eitract from the speech of Mr. RiVEs,the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Re- , lations, will show what the disclosures were: It appears to the committee, therefore, in looking back to the public and solemn acts of the Govern- ^ ment, and of its successive administrations, that the time has passed, if it ever existed, when we could be justified in making the precise line of boundary claimed by us the subject of a sine qua non of nego- tiation, or of the itllimo r.dio — of an assertion by force. Did a second arbitration, then, afford the prospect ot a more satisfactory result .' This expe- dient seemed to be equally rejected by all parties — 'a I ['1 .^^SSP^a^ b ■g wjip wiiiupiiiww— wimmiMMui 111 i\ •^ 3 ■I ftf frora Mfriingtl.at th« ftctf iiMe)ow .V , " ^**?' December 6, 1782. B.a . 1 nave tlie honor of returning herewith the ifiap your Excellency sent me yesterday. I have marked with a strong red line, according to your de- sire the limits of the United Stales, as settled in the preliminaries between the British and American d'c iiipotentiaries. "^ " Witb great respect, I am, &c., «' B. FHANKUN." "This letter Wi, written >:'S days after the nre- Iir>iiianes were signed ; and if v- could procure the idei.Mcal map mentioned by Franklin, it would seem io aitord conclusive evidence as to the meanihg af- fined by th« commissioners to the language of th? treaty on the subject of the boundaries. You may well suppose tliat 1 lost no time in making inquiry for the map, not doubting that it would confirm all my previous opinions res^ectiig the validity of our I claim. In the geographical department of the Ar- j chives are sixty thousand maps and charts ; but so j well arranged with catalogues and indexes, that anv ' one ol them may be easily found. After a little re- : search in the American division, with tne aid of the i keeper, I came upon a map of North America, by j D'Anville, dated 1746, in size about eighteen inches I square, on which w.s drawn a strortg red line through- i out the entire boundary of the United Sta'es, cn- swering precisely to Franklin's description. The I line is bold and distinct in every part, made with red : ink, and apparently drawn with a hair-pencil, or a ; pen with a blunt point. There is no other coloring ; on any part of the map. I "Imagine my surprise on discovering that this lir^e runs wholly south of the bt. John, and between the head waters of that river and those of the Penobscot and Kennebec. In short, it is exactly the line no> contended for by Great Britain, except that it con- cedes more tiian is claimed. The north 1 ne, after departing'from the source of the St. Croix, instead of proceeding to Mars Hill, stops far short of that point, and turns ofl" to the west, so as to leave on the Bri- tish side all the streams which flow into the St. John, between the source of the St. Croix and Mars Hill. It is evident that the line, from the St. Croix to th^i Canadian highland, is intend-d to exclude all the wa- ters tunning into the St. Johi "There is no positive proof that this map is actt;- atly the one marked by Franklin ; yet, upon any other supposition, it would be diflTicult to explain the cir- cumstances of its agreeing so perfectly wi'.h his de- scription, and of its being preserved in the placv>. wiiere it would naturally be deposited by. Count d? J Vergennes. I also found another map in the Archives, on wh'ch the same boundary was traced in a dotted red line ivith a pen, apparently colored from the other. '•I enclose herewith a map of Maine, on which f have drawn a strong black line, corresponding with the red one above mentioned." I am far from intimating (said Mr. Rives') that the documents discovered by Mr. Sparks, curious and well worthy of consideration as they undoubtedly are, arc ofweight sufficient to shake the title of thi^ United Siates, founded on the positive language of ..:., ,,.,!., !,, ji., .j!.!.', ut,x .nej Culiiu nut lall, II! i:- event of another reference, to give increased conii- r »ftin to deny that it was aeort.loratiag rirrumtUnce, calculated to add no small weight ta her claim. J*!?'ou'J 1'^ still f;irthtr increawU by the fact tnat trance was our ally al the time, and, as imch, must have been consulte<^, and kept r oD^tantJy a ' tne treaty, it remained to be considered whether we the representatives of the Union on such questions' would not also do so in ratifying it, so far at least as t:je boundary r.uestiou is involved. He would add nothing to what had already been said of the portion in which Maine was immediately interested. His remarks would be confined to the remaining portion 01 the boundary, extending tVonj the northwestern corner of that Stale to the Rocky Mountains. I Throughout this long-estended line, ever} questioD . has been «ettled to our (satisfaction. Our right has t been acknowledged t« a tcrritor;- oi about one hun- ,dred thousand acre* of land, m New Hampshire, which would have been lost by the awavti of the Sving of Holland. A long gore of ,'ibout the tame amount, lying in Vermont and Xew York, and ! which was lost under the treaty of Ohe.it, would fcj , regauicd by this. It includes House's Point. Sugar Island, lying in the water connexion betceen Lake* Huron and Superior, and heretofore in di*,.ute, is acknowledged to be oyrs ; it til large, and valuable for soil and position. So also is Isle lioyji; near the northern .shore of Lake Superior, acknowledged to be ours— -a large island, and valuable for its fishc- rtes. And also, a large tract «f country to the nortli and west of that lake, between Fond du Lac and the nyer St. Louis on one side, and Pigeon river on the otlier—containing four roillions of acres. Ft i» «aid to be sterile, but cannot well oe more so thaw that acquired by Great Uritain, lying west of the boun- dary awarded by the King of Holland. In addition aJJ the islands in the river Sc. Lawrence and the Jakes, which were divided in running out the division line und'ir previous treaties, are acquired by us un- der this ; and all the channels and passages are open- ed to the common uses of our citizens and liic sub- jeets of Great IJritain. Such arc the provisions of the treaty in reference to this long l;ne of boundary. Our gain— regarded in the most contracted point of view, as mere equiva- lents for the sum assumed to be paid by us to Maine and Massachusetts for their assent to the treaty— is dence and emphasis to the pretensions of Great Bri. tain, and to exert a cor.esponding intkence upon the D^md of the arbiter, ft is wortli while, in this con. nexion to turn to what Lord Ashburtoti has said "„ one of his communications to Mr, Webster, when explaining his views of tiie position of the higiS described in the treaty : S"'^"cis "My inspection of the maps, and my csaminatton of the documents," says his Lordship, ''lead me to a very strong conviction that the highlands contempla- ted by the negotiators of the treaty were the only highlands then known to them-«t the head vf the pl -.cbfcot, Kennebec, and the rivers west (f the n't. Croix ■ and that they did not precisely kr.ow how the north line from the St. Croix would strike them ; and if i were not my wish to shorten thisdiscussion.i believe a v^ry good argument might be drawn from the words iith r'7 '" P'r^ "'■ ;^"^- '" »^« negotiat^lins With IMr. Livingston, and afterwards withMr. .^Ic Lane, this view seemed to prevail; and, as you are fZT: T'^ "'^'"^ proposals to search for these high- lands to the we.st, where alone, | believe, t> ,cy will f-eatv ;A?"'^''P-'=''^'^"^ '^^ description ^f the ueaty. Jf this question should unfortunately so to a further rejerencc, I should by no mens despair vfj\ndin j produced .t, could see nothing but the microscopic i (lotted Ime running olf in a northeasterly direction ; I but the moment other eyes were applied to it, there ' was lound, in bold reliel, a strong red line, indicatine the limits of the United States, according to the trea- ^'•?i; J!^^?^' ""'^ coinciding, minutely and exactly, with the boundary traced on tiie map of Mr. Sparks! that this red hue, and not the hardly visible dotted I ine, was intended to represent the limits of the Uni- ted States according to the treaty of peace, is con- , clusively shown by the circumstance that the red line { IS drawn on the map all around the exterior boun- ' .,^''U V"" ^^'^"'^ ^^''^''^ ' through the middle of the NorJiern Lakes, thence through the Long Lake and the Rainy Lake to the Lake of the Woods; and from the western extremity of the Lake of the Woods to the river Mississippi ; and along that river, to the point where the boundary of the Unitea States according to the treaty of peace, leaves it: and thence, by its easterly courst, to the mouth of the St, Mary 'J, on the Atlantic. 4^ .iv.u'd s."*, r •S'f'^^^^xssssi.i-/ 5 m ^ mt iu>Uj greater iUun what we have cotttractei! to pay. Taking the whole bout.darj.- question togethrr, i:.nd r. imming up the Iom ard gam of tite whole, ijirludmR /;), I afloct* hlunc and Massachusetts; and lie could iOt ccubt that, regarded merely ai set-offs, mr gain prfutljf exceeds ««r lo?*— vastly »»>, roinpaie«l tii the African 'Lve truJe . Tli;it wa« followed by tUtt treaty- of Ghent, which «""'«'«'•. *»'f a«'«"l «f ibe King gres- wu* parsed de-laring it to he piracy jaada^ •l^l^"i')'^;.!'*^.!V:*.'"^''^^«'i"*!?'^ Hluch«uri;o. .olulioa %»*». adopl.d by Congress, requ^trn^ttT lU'.'nment was w lUmg to allow Mainu for her as**ent. fi'jt It would be, indeed, to take a very contracted, i.t\v to regard tt in that light. It would be to over. Iwli the vast impprtance of permanently ctabhshinp •.etwccn •wo such potters a iinc »)f boundary »>f »<■• *cral thousand !!!•>;.», abounding in disputed points of rnw.'.H diflicul'y an » U^ug standintg. The treaty, he •r.-'tcd. wo: J d" wnith lo Jav tlie foundation of a so • J.CPW Ijr •e'^a Ute coaii»tr>.wa thing su luuclj to be dr »ed, Vj»c«j a:r!y mt'ch to bo reg.etfd, after scftJlna H. 5;...:^ i. portion cf the boundai/, ha*, tiic part be. l.'iua '..^B Rocky jr.ouitrins should rer.v ,i, r rudju^tcd. .t« sclilc'tijcut ikould hav« contributed vuch to •'«<^•«:>■;!:•.l>t^e four-i3iion of a t'u aWe pe.ice. But •.tv,u'd it be tr-EC '-> reject fhe ireat-, because al! has not I cen done that could be aesired r lie placed a •iigh value on our territory on the west of those niotm- tain«, and held our title to if to be clear ; but he •-vould regard It as an act of consummate fully, to .:ak« our claim on a trial of strength at tliis time — • The terntorv is now held by joint occunancy, under 1;.e treaty of Ghent; which either party' may terroi. r..ite by giving to the otli^r six months' notice. If J we were to attempt to a ..rl our exclusive right of rreiident tv» enter into arrangements with other i crs tor it» •iiippresM.in, Oreat liritaiii, actuatcdifait the same feelings, succeeded iit making treaties wUl^ the Kuropcifi maritime powers for its suppresoioii ;; and, not h)iig before the commeiiccmcnt of thm ne^ goliation, had entered into joint stipulations witis the five pireat powers to back her on the question ofi s. atcii. She had thus acquired a general supervbiim' cf the trade along the .African coast; so thiit veseeb- carrying the flag of every other country, except oimjs, were subject on that coast to the inspection of her- cruisers, and to bu eaptured, if suspected of bekig engaged in the slaviMrad*?. In consequence, our* be- came almost the oniy tlag used by tiiose engage© in. the trade, v.licther our own people or forcignei-s ; ai.- though our laws inliiliited the tiallie under the se- verest penalties. In this state of things, Great Brit- ain put fo-ward t!ie claim «f the right of search aa indispensable to snppre-s a trade prohibited by the laws of the civilized world, and to the execution of the laws and treaties of the nations associated with her by mutual engagement* for its sijppiesition, A': this stage, a correspondeiicB look place between ©r.j late minister at the Court of St. James and Lord PaJ- mcrston ou the subject, in which the latter openly anc boldly d-iiincd the right of search, and which, was promptly and decidedly repelled on our side. Wo had long since taken our stand against i», and had iz~ sisted its abuse. a§ a belligerent right, at the inoutir,og ' the caimon, Neither honor nor policy on our p.^^t could tolerate its exercise in time of peace, in in'r form—whether in that of search, as claimed by Lot\«. occupancy at present, the certain loss of the territory jiust be t.ic result ; lor tlie ph'>.in reason that Gre;.t -Sntam could concentrate there a much larger force •»aval and military, in a much shorter time, and at ;.ir less expense, than we could. That will not be oemed ; but it wiU not always be the case. Our po- ..ulation H 8teadily--.hc might s.iy rapidly^advancing .„:„.-.„ ,..u..i ... u.a. ... searcn, as ciauned by L.ou< .cms the continent, to the borders of the Pacific i Palmcrston, or the less ollensiv; and "nrea^onS (-cean. Judging from past experience, the tide of , one of visitation, us proposed b^ is .uc"e.^orS population will sweep across the Uocky mountains, Aberdeen. .\m vet L, Lu-eplLed ii^.S circuit 7e* se or bToodsTed ^ tLT^ "" 'i ''"t' '■•■'^"«"* f 'i' ^' ^^^ "' ^f^^ " ^'^^« "«' «hi"g^ that thi ,u.gotbtL: ftinnfU- ni .1 ^^ '^ ■ \''\'"S f^' «»• Wait comnicnccd-aud C(*mmenced, irM'ari. in reference patient >^ and al we claim will be ours ; but if we to this subject, which was tei d n- r .Sly to b4^ 'f^l^^^'^<^^^^^'^^}iovce,-^imnh, sure to elude j the two ^unWs into collisi;3T%VS/s.de'w! ij •"■* ' ..... . I were deeply cnmiiiitted .Tsainst the traffic hx^^t-^ hv Havmg now stated his reasons for voting to ratify legislation and treaty. ThS inf uence and the eftbrt; tr.e articles in the treaty relating to the boundary, he of the civilized wor d were dSer uain^^^it-S' 7^iT^ .r'f "* '"* T^ "'"^'^ f^^' ^""'^ govern that, too, under our lead at the comUtcemei IrA 'TJ. ^^^u ^T '''"."."S »«.l'^« ^■^'■'•i^'^'' slave with such success as to compel vess.l eraged iR S .radc. And here he. would p.-cmUe, that there are j to take shelter, almost exclusively under" he frUdu' .everal circumstances, which caused no small repug- lent use of our (lag. To penu.t uc a "[■ • e^^^^^^^ .ance on his part to any stipulations whatever i-ith to continue, could not Init^leep y mpeaeh our } .^of i.reat IJritam on the subject of those articles ; and and turn the, sympathy of the worhl aS ?t -s Or ■le would ada, that he would have been gratified if,theotber side Great liritain Tad ISed by tr^al S be e'll ti eW^nS"".' fl '" l''':'^!' *""'' J ^'^^ '''' ''^''''^ -P-vision, ineludin! that ^Psea^eh . mV °^^"^"!7'y omitted ; but he must, at the same and capturing, over the trade on the coan of Afnc'^ tmie, say he did not see how it was possible to avoid I with tiie view to its suppression. tVom all he man .- ntermc '"to some arrangement on the subject. To ! tme powers except ouV"elver' Tim M aafeJ^ te ;mderstand the difficulty, it will be necessary to advert must say that he si w no allernalive fm- us bu? he'oS .0 the course heretofore taken by our Government in ! adoptod-lo take the supervision of our ow^rtrade^t .eference to the subject, and the eircumstau-.es under that coa.t iMto our .wn hands, a^idt^™ conneiced"'^''''''""* "^'' '^'""^'"^ in this treaty own cruisers, the fraudulent use of '^ flag. 'S r'li . , , only quest'ou, in the actual state of thines as it s:) • - Congress at an early day-ai soon, in fact, as it peared to him, was. whether it shoudSfdo^bv^. •oMu Icgislae on the subject, under the Constitu- foniia! er informal arran-ir^it' He vo"^dhuV^ tioa-passed laws euactmg severe penalties against prcleyrcd tiic letter; but the d We be wceut£^ 6 was not, in liis cj)inJon. n.cJj a> *oulJ JMttifv, on ! tltot account, the rpjpction of tJ.e treaty. Thej would, in subi.taiice, be the »anie, and Jiave diH'eied 6wt little, probably, ui the expcn-ie of execution,— Ether was, bitter than the ctiitr iltf inativcs— to do toOthinc; to leave thingi iu tin- danseroiw ^:ut«• a eomiuon inlmv,! iViTpftrtm^^V.rthV's^^^^^^ we^ 8100(1; orttf jieldlol^ie ri^Wcif w:ai«hor vis. vice or remo«is.trancc ; but it would be carrying hj« But it aiay be a»hcd. why, with liicfi* imprcs>»jor*. should he have any ohjectioj. tothi> provision of \J.»' treaty? It uas, because he was averse to iiiteiferin; witii other powers, when it could be avoided. It ex- tends tveii to cases like the present, where there wm l^tMMB. St te objcctfid thut t\,f utttku^fa.tt\ enicred tuto it Virtually an acknowiedgiutt,; ,4 ihc right of warth. Ke did not so regard it. On the contrar^r, hf con- bHlercd It, under all the eircuiii!.tar]t« -, as a lurrender ©f ihat claim on the part «f Cireal JJrilair*; a con- clissioii, which a revicAf of thj. whole tran saction, in bh, opinion, would justify. Lord Palnier»"tou. in the Itiirsii place, claimed the umjiiilitied light of ".earch, i'i which it is understood he was buekeil jy Ihn five gicatoowers Lord Aberdeen, with taorit wisdom and moderation, explained it tv iijean the right of visitation simply; and, titmiJv, the ne£?otiaiiot> is closed without reference t.> cither, »-imply with a stipulation between the j irtie* to keep up for five years a squudron i>f not i «... tiian eighty gunj on the coast of AlVica, to enforce Nepuratelv and rc^ncctive- ly t.ie law.s and obligation?" of each of the countries lor the suppression of the shivc-trade. It i!« carefuU iy worded, to make it n.utu;d, l.ut at the same lime Mparate and ii.de]wndent ; er.< h looking to tiic exe. cution of it* own laws and «.;.iii;atioris, and carefully excluding the supervision of eki.ej ever ihe other, and tliercby directlj' rcbuttinc the object of search or visitation. The other article, in refcrtnre to the same sub- jcc',itipu!dfcs that the parties will unite in all be- coming repre^entatiott and reiuonstrance, with any powers, wiiliiu %vhose doiviinioun market.* are permit- led for impoi t.'d African slaves. If he were to per^ mit his lceliiig> to govern him ««clii.»ively, he wou!d object to this more strongly than any other provision in the treaty,— nut that he was opposed to tiic object or the policy of closing tlie market t<» imported' nc groes, on the contrary, he thought it both ri^ht and expedient ii> every view. Brazil and the Spanisli colonies were t!ie only market.*, he believed, still re Biaining open, and to which thi.* provision would ap- ply. They were already abundantly supplied with slaves, and he had no doubt that sound policy ou their part reipitred that their tnarkets should be final- ity and efTectually closed. He would go farther, and say that it wu* our interest they should be. It would free us from the necessity of keeping cruisers on the African co:ihi, to prevent the illegal and fraudulent use of our (1 (g, or for any other purpose but to pro- tect our commi'rec ia tliat Ciuarter-~a thing of itself much to be desired. U'e would have a still stronger joicrcst, if v/e wire governed by selfish considera- tions, Wc are rivals in the production of se eral articles, and more especially the greatest of a!, the agricultural staples—cotton. Nest to oU"* own coun- try, Brazil possesses the greatest advantages for its production, and is already a large gixjwer of the ar- ticle, towards the production of which, the continu- ance of the market for imported slaves from Africa would contribute much. But he would not permit such considerations to influence him in voting on the treaty. He had no objection to see Biazil develop her resources to the "full ; but he did believe that higher considerations, <;onnected with her;- the dccrttary of Stat'*. T» all thi* it ni;iy be tjidti^ ucnce, without even bringing tt'c lubjort before Con- ^ that str. i)g assurance's arc given by the British nosD* press. With such pert'ect indiU'erence \va* the whole tiator, cf his belief that a final arrangenunt Blav DO affair tttated, that, during the Iodk j)criod the .icjio* I made of the subject by po-itivc stipulations in Loa« liation was pending, the i^uhjcct was never once rucn^ ' don. tiuch is the state iu wliich the uegotiatioe hM lioncd, ai far as he recollected, in any Executive incs-j left the subject. «agc; whi'e those of far les' magnitude — Ibr. dei)t of | Here again he would r#pcat. thatnueh stiputattocs :i few millions due from France, and this v»-ry boun- : in the tr-aty jisdf would huve been preferable. Bkit cary question— were constantly brought before Con- j who can deny, when lie roniparca the state of th» ;:ress, and had nearly involved the country in war i fact*, as they «tood btfore and ^incc the close of ttU with two of the leading powers of Europe. Thosetnegotiation, that we have gained — largely gained— in wiio are now so shocked that the boundary question I reference to this importani subject ? Is there nodif* should be settled, without a settlenwitit also of this, ! ference, he would ask, between a stern and pereinp- ttood by in silence, year after year, during this Jong j tory denial of our right, on the broad and insuhiag; period, not only witnout attempting (o unite the set. ! ground assumed by Lord I'almerston, and its eH>linik ilement of this with that of the boundary, but with- uut ever once naming or alluding to it as an item in I' the list of the dispute between the two powers. It was regarded as beneatl» notice. lie rcjoicid to wit- riess the great change that has taken place in relation to it ; and to lin.l that those who were then silent and indifferent, now exhibit sc much /cal nnd vehemence about it. He tcok credit to himself for having con recognition iiy I^ord Ashburlou?— none in the {wigtt that instructions should t»e given to guard against the recurrence of snch case*; to a positive i^suiaJ that v.c bad suhtred wrong or i: -suit, and h'danyri^t to complain?— none between a linal closingof all n*« g.otiation, and a strong assurance of a fmal adjust* merit of the subject by satisfactory arnmgenwnt by treaty ? .-Vnd xvould it be wise or prudent ots wx iribute«l to bring this change about. It was he who part to reject wl at has been gained, because all hoa revivcil our claim when it lay dead and buried I not been ? As to himself he must say that, at the among the archives of the State Department— who I time he moved hi» resolutions, he little hoped, in the called for the correspondence— who moved resolu. short space of two vears, t» obtain what lias already tions artirnung the principles of the law of nations in I been gained ; .t.kI that he regarded the jirospect oE a reference to these cases, and repelling the presumj)'! final s,nJ satisfactory atljuslmcnt, at iio distant day tuous and insulting assumption on which it was denied hy the British negotiator. Such was the force of truth, and so solid the foundation on which he rested our claim, that his resolutions received the unanimous vote of this body ; but he received no support — no, not a cheering wort!— from thu quarter which now professes so much zeal on the subject. His utmost hope at the time was la keep alive our right, till some pro- pitious moment should arrive to assert it successfully. Jn the mean time, the case of l»ic Creole occurred, which, as shocking and outrageous as it is, was but the legitimate consequence of the principle main* tained by Lord Palmerston, and on which he closed the correspondence in the case of the Enterprise. Such was the .State of the facts when the negotia- tions commenced in reference to these cases ; and it remains now to be shown in what state it lias left of this subject, «o vital in its principles to his ooafttit" ucn's and the whole "Sout)!, .is far more j.roboWe thaa he then did this explicit rc:-ognition of thf principEeJ for which he contended, in the me;Mi time he felt; assured the engagement given t- iie Uiitish negotxa* tor would be fulfilled iij taooA ith; and tliat tJ-* hazard of collision betv.'ceu the coMitriess, ami th* disturbance of their jieacc and friendship, has passeA away, as far a« it depend* on this dunu'trous subject- Hut 'if in tliis he should unfortunate I) lie miistafeen, we should stand on much more solid izmund ia de- fence of our rights, in cor.sequinoe vi v. hat has bo«a gained ; as tiiv.*!-e would then be supei ndtled bcpkca faith to the violation of the laws of luti'oii!}. Having now said what te intended on th* biops important points, he woultl pass over, v, ithout dwel- ling on the provision of the trca'y for (ieliveriHjt'g ihem. In the first place, the broad principles of the to justice persons char-ed with certain crimen; tfca law of nations, on which he placed our right in his I affair of the Caroline ; and the corrcspotnl^^nce in ref- •csolutions, have been clearly stated and conclusively jerence to impressment. The first is substantially vindicated in the very able letter of the {Secretary of j the aame as that contai-.ie'l in Jay\ tn'aty oD the State, which has strengthened our cause not a little, j j,anie subject. On the jie\t, he hr.d i.Mibing toadd as well from its intrinsic merit as the quarter from to wha*. has already been j ttd. As tc tin; iast,h« dii which it comes. In the next place, we have an ex- »ot doubt i hat tlie strong ground taken in the corte»' 4 plicit recognition of the principles for which we con teml, in the answer of Lord Ashburton, who express ly says, that " on the great general principles aii'ect. ing this case" (the Creo'c) " they do not dilFer ;" and that is followed by " an engagement that instructions shall be given to the governors of Her Majesty's col. nies on the southern borders of the United States, pondence against the imp!C;i!nent of seamen onbo&n). of our merchant vessels^ iu liine of war, would ha»e a good efl'ect. It will contribute to convince Great Britain that the practice cannot be renewed, iC' the event of another European war, without a certain! j and immediate ccnfiicl between the two countries. . 1 I (said Mr. Calhocv) have now stated my opiEicft o execute their own laws with careful attention to | fully and impartially on thb treaty with the connected 'he wishes of their Government to maintain good i subjects. On reviewing the whole, and weighicig the iieighbornood ; and that there shall be no ol^icious in- ! reasons for and against its ratification, I .?annot doubt terference with American vessels driven by accident i that the lormer greatly preponderate. If we Haw vr violence iato their port*. The iaw» and duties of not gamed all that could bo desired, we have gaiawi UN EH S3 He< bidei •of ti clusi first I io wi great ,-ar.d 4 visita fitipuu j'eai G , ly ^hc lor the iy wof cut/on esolud and tilt ©r vjsiti The ject, iti consing powers, twl for I mit his I object t( in the tr» or the pc groes, on expedien colonies y UJaining c , ply. 'I'hi slave*, an their part 3y and effe say that it free us fro African cq use of our lect our co^ Miucii to be interest, if tions. Wo; art jc leg, ant? agricultural try, Brazil f production, tide ", towar ance of tlie ■would contri such considei treaty. He 1 her resource higher consid iuax oi the iS^ that their maff florthtjaMtern bonmlury s('UiOi)-.Wiu *":"♦ 'r'.'.T:"- , ^ot l,c desirable to ii..r,c w..^ — , . — # r. - iS^coosentotllK, State. .ranK..l.a«yu^^^^^^ JS^ject which fuis been in dispute ahriosttrt.miiiouu j bcui,.. b , ,__ , .„„_„.„(„„ n<,rtion««rfto cioof the Government, and wliich 1 aod more cntans'ed, and adverse vwn att-inpt bcHvtofore made l« set J« - Sittle imp..rluncc t., have the whole l.tie of bounda- , .« Mr..n» iliij Qii- benefits n iigli uUlies aiiH wa»«riius b.x|.. ..>^.--v-, ^^ .tu. it. Nor i- ii^ of bk.Hs.us.- 'ri'f-. •'«•« r . *%: :.a,/ tb ?«cSK rv between US and the" Ikitish ,lomim>^i«, from the .JS of the St. C-n,.» to the JVr'!^ .r,": iT 'J ,h wantint: peace. We want it, t ,i„i,,a conlractr*! to ft period ol fallaciou" |)iospenM» ied-a line of m<..e than three *>;"''^'^ I'V'^'^^,^' i, ;rwhS «th*.r iione«( and honorabfr ««ay disputed poin.s of long *ti..d.,g^ J^ »f^V u^. ^'^J ^X^t^J.^ p^y^.nt of wb.t k dj*. To «^. ofwl..obhaubnllleaallprev.ou.uUenit, A»^^^^^^^ anS IndividuaN to par th«»r debis cf Istile imptn.mce to have adjusted Ibt erB'tan a^*" ( o'f J" _^ ,_ ,^^ ,^ f„„ ^^.^pe^inn nf all their mew». adjusted V'\"''7"T:;':i r,;r.st be left in fu- possession of all their mew». .»«vt. relating to the African ^^i^^vx-tradc b, .d^ptm J th mu t e ,«« m^,^^ _j^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ their in4«. tbekast cbjeetionabie of tlw alternatuc*. Aor»i»fwiu« ,^^ .i,„ „„„» ^ tuu tintpinmen*. T« *ast cbjeetu,nabieoftb. ^Itejmmx.^^^^^ h»ve the pr nciples of the law ©t "^.''"'f '"V ' , i I iP; "' A,ttled stat.; of peace, afid an open «im! 9m ■Si «ntefded, !n reference to ^'-^^'rf^l'j;; °'^«,; i^S.^er^^^^ With tllese, .r^lh* - St to satisfy the most grasping ambition, and abound > { -iri'ih'a reasonable Assurance (^r satisfai-tory supula «i(K)6 by treaty. Nor h it of little importance o have bv tbc settlement of these inveterate and diatcult ques- Hior-s the rchtion of the two countries settled down in tPiily and I'cace- permanent amity and peace, is i?.i.y LhopJd-:n the place of that '^-^^^;^^^:;::^,;::^:;:;;i^^^ requiV* I ti<>fl coadition, between peace and war, sv b t h has for '"^^^^^s developed to make us tl.e greatest and mo:-; I «o sauny years characterized it, and whu li i« so ho.- to be luiiy leve p h^^^^ devMopment f ^c to tl./ interests and prosperity of both countries. P™ .;™« Surc^ of our country, wo hare politie»l * i>cace (s..id Mr. C.) is the hrst of o .r wants ,n ^^'^ «^ ^'^^^iJ^/*^^^^^ cmstituted. indeed, ff : v^nt condition of our country. We wantedpeaee, | JJ^JjK'^'liiSt tcf imJgi^ a systen. more so thw; | our Federal ilepuulic— a system of State and General | Governments, so blended a- to constitute one subliwt | whole ; the latter having cha-ge of the interests com. • mon to all, an d flie former those loca' and peculiar* to each State. With a system so happily con;;titute.^, , , the great producing let a durable and firm peace, be ^^^l^^'^he^' J^^.^oV * .as-B^s-^of the country.- Peace settle/and -disturbt | Gove..ment be cc^^ , ting'thTsfa'S; . *d, « indispensable to a thorough reform, and such a f^^!' J/^/ii'^iVerouf S^^ to develop, by the atte rtfonntothe .luration of tlie Government. .^"'^ *»,*'; ""^^^Zf^^'Je^^^^^^ and a scene of Jo^4rasthe relation l^-^tvveen the two countms can- of W "J j. ',,,, ^erctofw a^n^^s in a state of doubt between peace and w»r, all F"SF^ ^ J"'* the She 1 trust (said Mr. C.) that n^lemptsatsuch reform will P'-"^ ,"««f^"-5: J'"[ S«at« may ^ P^^^^^^^ stcP towards such a Vj. step in any such, to be successful, mu4 be to r*- tb» ««»l Aw t<^ •name Mic pecfl« selves from theit«Bk» lorne down by fewwy fallacious prosperltei I jnest and iionocaW 1 to par th«ir deblit ion of all their me»«», ctions arv their inloi* 1)19 GoTcrnmen*. To idi an open toA Tkh With these, «n4 1b» id industry BO*- *y«e3- th* period of erabjkT* ;o be suececifd hj ob» )crit«. . A kind providence f the globe sufticientiy ambition, ami abound • i ;rs, which only requil* I 3 tlic greatest and mo:-f I fo the full dev jlopmer.t f intry, wo have politic*! I nstituted. Indeed, P. a systcni more so thar mofState and General ► constitute one sublin'.* , ;e of the interests con»« lose local and pcculia? 1 so happily contititutei, . )e established, and thif I ly to the few great o> ' led ; leaving the State* ^ , to develop, by the atte sources; and a scene of ould fo'low, heretofore irust (said Mr. C.) that :9t step towards such ft 1 Great Britain, it wouW ioi» and prudence, to ef« Uthts rest of theworli,^ 18 of prwpetily way It, \ I: *.•->