iO^ ^.^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 12.5 ■^ IIIIM il.8 1.25 1.4 - 6" 1.6 Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MA!M STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 s ^ iV ^ ^ "^:v^ "'f!^.^ N <> io ^ A^. ^^S\, i^ CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH ^^ Microfiche Collection de ^ Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques \ \ ^ > Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features olr this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou no que bleue ou noire) trations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ j I Bound with other material/ n n n Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure sarree paut cauner de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la inarge interieura Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* le mailleur exemplaire qu'il lui a iti possible de se procurer. Les details de cat exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. n Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es D Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tachetdes o j piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes 0Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de Timpression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suoQlam«n Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible □ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmies i nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ca document est film* au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X I 12X 26X 30X 16X 20X 24X 28X n 32X lire details jes du modifier )er une filmage les errata to pelure, )n d n 32X Th« copy filmed hare has baan reproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: 0. B. Weldon Library University of Western Ontario (Regional History Room) Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha filming contract spacificationa. Original copias in printad papar covars ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, or tha baclt covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad imprassion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol --^> (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbo'i V (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Mapa, plataa. charts, ate. may ba fllmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba entirely included in one expoaure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, as many framea aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'axamplaire filmii fut reproduit grdce i la gAnirositi da: D. B. Weldon Library University of Western Ontario (Regional History Room) Lae !megea suivantea ont 4t6 raproduites avec le piua grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at de la nattet* da I'axamplaira film*, at an conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. Lea axeinpleirea originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmte an commenpant par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la darnlAre paga qui comporta una empreinte d'impreasion ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autras axemplairas originaux sont filmto en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impreasion ou d'illustration at an terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symbolea suivants apparaitra sur la demiAra image de cheque microfiche, seion le caa: la symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symboie V signifie "FIN". Lea cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre filmte i dea taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimi A partir da I'a.^gle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en baa. an prenant la nombre d'imagea n^cassaira. Las diagrammes suivants illuatrant la m^thoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 M AN A SOJ FO 1 Au so^ A SYSTEM Of MODERN GEOGRAPHY, WITH THE OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY : COMPREHENDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS, REMARKS ON THE CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, RELIGION, STATE OP EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, AND POPULATION OF THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES, WITH A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF SACRED GEOGRAPHY, AND NUMEROUS PROBLEMS ON THE GLOBES. COMPILED UPON A NEW AND IMPROVED PLAN, FROM THE BESf AND MOST RECENT AUTHORITIES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS. By JOHN WHITE, TEACHER OF ENGLISH, GEOGRAPHY, AND HISTORY, EDINBURGH, Author of Abstract of General Geography, New Mop of Palestine, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Books for Children. SECOND EDITION. EDINBURGH : W. WlIYTE AND CO., OLIVER AND BOYD, JOHN JOHNSTONE ; M. OGLE AND SON, D. ROBERTSON, GLASGOW ; W. GRAPEL, LIVERPOOL ; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL AND CO., LONDON ; AND ALL OTHER BOOKSELLERS. (Price 2s. 6d. bound,) ENTERED IN STATIONERS* HALL. l>ftmTfiD BY MURRAY ANt) GI^B, GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. PREFACE. In consequence of numerous solicitations from various Instructors of Youth, the Author has been induced to compile the following Treatise upon a similar plan to that of his Abstract of General Geography, which has met with such extensive patroiage. In the selection of the materials, he has studiously avoided all unnecessary minuteness of detail, and has endeavoured to present to the student only what is essen- tially necessary to give him a competent knowledge of the subject. He has freely availed himself of the information contained in the most recent and the best authorities among a number of others may be mentioned, Malte Brun, Balbi, M'Culloch, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the Penny Cyclopaedia, and the Edinburgh Cabinet Library. Every authority which could be procured has been con- sulted in the accentuation of the Proper Names, and it is confidently hoped that this department of the work will be found as accurate as can be expected from the nature of the subject. *: \ Edinburgh, 3, North St David Street. 'ilst October, 1842. CONTENTS. Introduction, General View of the Earth, Europe, . . . Asia, .... Africa America-North Amorica, South lorica. Eu. ^ ^. B^^tish Empire;— England and rage 6 8 9 10 12 13 15 Wales, Exercises on England and Walos, Scotland or North Britain, .* Ireland, Foreign Possessions of Great Britain, . Portugal, . . . ; Fnuice, .... Switzerland, . Belgium, . . . ; Holland, .... Denmark, . Norway, . . . . .* Sweden, Russia, . Prussia, . Italv, Turkey in Europe, Greece, . The Austrian Empire, Germany, ,., , Asia. Turkey in Asia, . Arabia, . Persia, . Attghanistan, Hiudostan, or India within the Ganges, . Eastern Peninsula, or India beyond the Ganges, The Chinese Empire, . The Empire of Japan, . Western or Independent Tar- tary, Siberia or Russian Tartary, ' East Indian Islands, . Australasia, ..." Polynesia, . . . ' ^ , Africa. Barbary, .... Western Coast of Africa, Southern Africa, . astern Coast of Africa, eutral Africa, 16 28 30 38 44 45 47 51 63 66 69 72 74 76 78 82 85 89 92 94 98 103 107 109 111 112 118 120 123 125 126 127 129 131 132 135 136 137 138 Abyssinia, , Nu"bia, . . • • Egypt. . . : : ' African Islands, . m T, .]y9'^Tu America. ' The British Possessions, . The United States, . . lexaa, California, . , * ' Mexico, . . . ' ' Central America, . AVest Indian Islands, . n 1 , .^ouiH America. * Colombia, Guiana, ...*** S,'- : ; : .— Bolivia or Upper Peru, Paraguay Uruguay, or Banda Oriental. La Plata or the Argentine Re- public, Chili, .'.::• Patagonia, ..." Sacred Geography! Palestine or the Holy Land Egypt or Mizraim. . Arabia, .....' Syria or Aram, Mesopotamia or Padan-Aram, Babylonia or Chaldea, . . Assyria, . Persia or Elam aud Media. ' Asia Minor, . Macedonia, ..." * Greece, ... Italy, . . . : • Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. . Islands in the ^gean Sea, .' Outlines of Astronomy, General View of the Solar SvS' tem, ....•' Table of the Constellations.' Table of the Principal Ele- ments of the Se'condary Planets, ... "^ Astronomical Terms. . OsE OF the Globes! The Terrestrial Globe, Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, The Celestial Globe. ! ! Problems on the Celestial Giobe, . . .210 Pagt 139 140 141 142 143 145 150 160 151 152 153 155 157 157 159 160 161 161 162 162 163 164 171 171 172 173 ib. ib. 174 ib. 175 176 ib. ib- 177 178 190 195 196 197 199 209 ICA. CA. ental, ine Ke- PHY. and, Pagt 139 140 141 142 143 U5 150 150 151 152 153 155 157 157 159 160 101 161 162 162 163 164 171 . 171 . 172 Aram, 173 ib. lia. mean ib. 174 ib. 175 176 ib. ib- 177 NOMY. iv Sys- . 178 ns. lyo Ele- idary . 196 . 196 ES. . 197 strial . 199 . 209 itial . 210 MODERN GEOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION. • Geography is a description of the earth, embracing in its widest sense, its form, magnitude, and motions; its natural, artificial, and political divisions ; its vegetable and mineral productions ; and its inhabitants. The form of the Earth is nearly that of a globe or sphere ; its equatorial only exceeding its polar diameter by about 26^ miles. The mean Diameter of the Earth is 7912 miles; its circumference is 24,856 miles ; and its superficial extent is upwards of 196^ millions of square miles. The Earth has two motions,— its annual course round the sun, which produces the seasons, and occasions the difference of the lengths of the days and nights ; and its diurnal rotation on its axis, which is the cause of day and night. The Earth's Axis is an imaginary line passing through its centre, and terminating at the north and south poles. The Equator is a great circle, every point in which is equally distant from the poles. It divides the globe into northern and southern hemispheres.* . !w^''^*''-''''I®^A^^^^f'^ ^"'« '^^^ ^q^^l parts, called degrees; each degree into 60 equal parts, called minutes ; and each minute A " INTROnDCTION. Latitude is the distance of a place north or south from Intrr , ""''''• ^'"•"■« *'^<' ">« A-tic, the iropic of Capricorn, are the most remarkable. Mendians are lines drawn from pole to pole. fte first mendian. The First Meridian, from which the Royal Observatoryr at Greenwich. The Tropic of Cancer is about 23j degree, north from the equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn the same distil" Bouth from .t The Arctic Circle is about 23i degrees Stts^pl^:-''"'^^"-"----^^-- The spaces between the two poles and the polar circles are called the Frigid Zones ; the spaces betwel the pS space between the tropics, the Torrid Zone. The Zenith is that point in the heavens which is directly above us, and the Nadir is that point in the heaveni .exactly opposite to it. "eavens The Sensible Horizon is that circle which bounds our J.Z' "T.^'t"' ""^ ''^""' "''"' "' 'arth, seem to meet. The Rational Horizon is a circle whose plane passes through the centre of the earth,-a„d is parallel to the sensible honzon. A map represents, on a flat surface, the whole or any are ^" ". thS^Wv'""'^ ''T.^!- ^^' ^^-^^ indicating these degree on' the eq fator^rLv olr^'^ ' "^'?"-«^ ^^ «-«ndT A • south from equator are Arctic, the •er, and the ' west from rom which 5es through north from ne distance 3^ degrees le distance lar circles, 1 the polar ; and the is directly i heavens mnds our seem to •se plane arallel to 3 or any f these are Jonds. A ual to 60 urmoDucTioN. 7 portion of the globe. The top of a map is north, the bottom, south, the right hand side, east, and the left hand side, west. In maps of the world, the longitude is marked on the equator, and the latitude on the circles which sur- round the two hemispheres ; but, in maps representing only ^ a portion of the earth's surface, the longitude is marked at the top and bottom, and the latitude at the sides. The surface of the earth consists of land and water, the latter occupying more than two-thirds of the whole. The divisions of the land are continents, countries, islands, peninsulas, isthnmses, promontories, capes, coasts or shores. The divisions of the water are oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, creeks, straits, channels, estuaries or friths, lakes, and rivers. A Continent is an extensive portion of the earth, com- prehending several countries. A Country is a smaller por- tion of land, known by a particular name, with a distinct government. An Island is much smaller than a conti- nent, and wholly suiTounded by water. A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land, between two seas, joining two larger portions of land together. A Promontory, Cape, ' Point, Head, Naze, Ness, or Mull, is the extremity of a portion of land stretching into the sea. A Coast or Shore is that part of the land which borders on the cea. _^^ An Ocean is a very extensive portion of salt w^ter. A Sea is a smaller part. A Gulf is a portion of sea nearly surrounded by land. A Bay is a part of the sea running ' into the land, with a wider opening than a gulf. A Creek is a still narrower portion of sea running into the land. A Strait is a narrow passage uniting two seas. A Channel is wider and longer than a strait. An Estuary or Frith II 'f m' i INTnODUCTION, .8 the widening of a river into an arm of the ,ea. A Lake .8 a col ection of water surrounded by land. A Hiver ie a considerable stream running into the sea, a lake, or into a larger iiver. * The Earth is politically divided into Empires, King- doms, and Republics. An Empire generally consist, of sevral states or countries, governed by a sovereign, who .s styled Emperor. A Kingdom is a country governed by a Kmg ; and a Republic is a countiy governed by Rulers elected by the people. ' GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. D,v,s,0N8.-TheContinentsofEuWE,A's,A,Ap'a.cA, in he" Pa"« n ' "' 'T ^"'"'^'^ ' ""-^ '"e I''"' ^ A„ tL! r."' ^'•'^ ^"™ ">« '^» divisions of AusTBALAsu and Polvnb'su OoBANs._The Atlan'tic, th; Pacific, the In'dian, the Northern or Arctic, and the Southern or Antarctic. The population of the Earth has been variously esti- ma ed The latest and best authorities state its amount at 955 millions, of whom 2G8,000,000 are Christians. 4,000,000 are Jews. 96,000,000 are Mohammedans. 120,000,000 are Brahmins. 320,000,000 are Bhuddists. 147,000,000 are followers of Confucius, &c., &c. 955,000,000 9 EUROPE, 9 sea. A Lake A River is . lake, or into ipires, King- ly consists of vereign, who governed by ed by Rulers 'ARTH. iAjAp'rica, the Islands divisions of n'dian, the rctic. riously esti- its amount &c., &c. EUROPE Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Mediterra'nean ; and on tlie E. by Asia, the Black Sea, the Sea of Mar'niora, and the Archipel'ago. CouNTBiEs. — Eno'land, Scot'land, Ire'land, Por'- TUOAL, Spain, France, Swit'zerland, Bel'oium, Hoi/- land,Den'mark, Nor'way and Sweden, Rus'sia, Prus'- 8IA, It'aly, Tur'key, Greece, Aub'tria, Ger'many. Seas and Gulfs.— Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of Ly'ons, Gen'oa, and Taran'to, Gulf of Ven'ice or Adriat'ic Sea, Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, Sea of Az'oph, Bay of Bis'cay, English Channel, St George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, German Ocean or North Sea, Ska'ger Rack, Cat'tegat, Bal'tic Sea, Gulfs of Ri'ga, Fin'- land, and Both'nia, White Sea. Islands— Great Brit'ain, Ireland, Fa'roe Islands, Ice'- land, Spitzber'gen, No'va Zem'bla, Zea'land, Fu'nen, Laa'land ; Can'dia, Ne'gropont, and many others in the Archipelago, lo'nian Islands, Si'cily, Mal'ta, Cor'sica, Sar- din'ia, Major'ca, Minor'ca, ;v'i9a, Azores'. Straits.— -Caf fa or Enik'ale, Constantino'ple, Dardan- elles' or the Hel'lespont, Messi'na, Bonifa'cio, Gibraltar, Do'ver, the Sound, Great Belt, Little Belt, Wai'gatz. Isthmuses. — Cor'inth, Per'ecop. Peninsulas.— Spain and Portugal, Norway and Swe- den, the More'a, the Crime'a, and Jut'land. Capes.— North Cape, Naze, Skaw, Dun'net Head, Clear, Land's End, la Hogue, Or'tegal, Finisterre', St Vin'cent, Spartiven'to, Matapan'. 9 10 ASIA, Mountains. — Pyrenees' Alno a^' •' « « Carpa'thian, DovWdl^i kX u^^-^f ^-' VoLCANOBs.-Kt'na, Vesu'vius, Strombo'IvH^la GeneC'"^''"'''' ^"''^' '^'"'^'' '*^''''«' Con'st-^ce. square miles. ' "* superficial extent is 3,710,000 ciMiu^ation, literature, arts, science n^^^ / 'mportant. In power. Its inhabitants are greyly l^Sl^r^tT'''^ ^^^ commerce the earth. ^ ^ superior to those of any other portion of ani' WnSgtfl^^^^^^^^^ sheds its benignant of Turkey, w1>ere MohaSan^^ nrl^^ k^^ ""''^ ^^^ «^^«Pt'on libber of the inhabitantsproSchSTankv 'S'" *?^''^ \^^«** less forward in some states than n nS •^* ^^ ***''»' t^^ough to with solicitude. *'**'^*^^ •' everywnere attendid In moat of the princinal sfnfoo tr, monarchies. ^ " ^*^*^^' ^^'^ governments are limited Population estimated at 229,820,000. ASIA Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; W by Europe, the Black Sea, the Archipelago, the Le^J'' til Isthmus of Su'e. and the Red Se.Ts b; the n'dL Oc.an ; and on the E. by the Pacific Ocean Coo»TK„ ,._1Vkkhv in As-A ; Aka'bu , P.B's,x . ASIA. 11 inea^ BaJfkan, »on, "Ban'ube, ', Ehone, Po, r, Con'stance, ' N. Lat., and »e islands. Its •eatest breadth mt is 3,710,000 of the earth, is mt. In power, nd commerce, her portion of its benignant the exception there a great ation, though lere attended ' are limited ^ ; W. by Bvant', the le In'dian PfiR'siA ; NINSULA ; Piiopsa, WfiSTEBN i >i or Independent Tartary ; Sibe'ria or Russian Tab- TARY ; Japan' ; Australasia ; Polynesia. Seas and Gulfs. — Levant, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal', Chinese Sea, Gulf cf Siam', Gulf of Tonquin', Bay of Nankin', Whanghay' or Yellow- Sea, Gulf of Core'a or Sea of Japan, Sea of Ochotsk', Sea of Kamtschat'ka, Cas'pian Sea, Sea of A'ral. Islands,— Cy'prus, Ceylon', Suma'tra, JaVa, Bor'neo, Cel'ebes, the Moluc'cas, Phil'ippine Islands, Japan Islands, Ku'rile Islands, Aleu'tian Islands, besides numerous other groups in tJie Southern Pacific, comprehended under the, general divisions of Australasia, and Polynesia. Straits — Bab-el-nian'deb (Gate of Tears), Or'mus, Palk's Passage or Straits of Manaar', Malae'ca, Sun'da, Macas'sar, Tor'res, Bass, Beh'ring. Isthmus. — Suez. Peninsulas. — Arabia, Malacca, Corea, Kamtschatka. Capes. — Sev'ero, Com'orin, Negra'is, Roma'nia, Cam- bo'dia, Lopat'ka, East Cape. Mountains.— Ural, Cau'casus, Tau'rus, Lebanon, Ar'- arat, Si'nai, Ho'reb, Eastern and Western Gauts, Him'- maleh, Alta'ian. Rivej>s.— Euphra'tes, Ti'gris, In'dus, Gan'ges, Brahma- poo'tra, Inawa'dy, Maykaung', Kianku', Hoang-ho', Amur' or Sega'ilen, Le'na, Yen'isei, O'by, Ural, Gi'hon or Amu". Lakes.— Bai'kal, Bal'kash or Palka'ti. Asia is situated between 1° 20' and 78° N. Lat., and between 26* E. and 170° W. Long. Its greatest length from W. to E. is about 5600 miles , its greatest breadth from N. to S. about 5300 miles • and its superficial extent 17,500,000 snuare miles. * Asia is by far the largest division of the earth, and in many — ^ ... „ ■• r.^,5t;ii-. iicic ina.li \\^3 uruatuu J ana in process of time his species multiplied and spread abroad over the whole eartli. It was in this portion of the globe that the Almighty «et apa^t a people peculiar to himself ; and here the advent, suffer- !i II ^.ji f /I 12 AFRICA. id„Iaty°''&te'^twr'''' "'■"'y "' Mohammedani™ and Educafion isZt ^tended t„ ;r°aif,'if' °' Ohri.tian, and Jews upon it in Europe. ""^ """« '*« ">« care bestowed pJXc™rotdrn?.i'at''o7r°f ^, ■";'•'■■-■"' "-p""™'- »l 620,300,00(). ^ *' °' J^-^t^J""" and Poljneaia, estimated AFRICA Is bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean ; W. by the Atlant.0 Ocean ; S. by the Southern Ocean and on he E. by the Ind,an Ocean, Red Sea, and Isthn,us of Sue T.?l~ r'^r ("-P-h-ding MoKoc'co and ftz, AiGiEEs or Aloe'hu, Tu'nis, Tkip'ol,, and Bak'ca) • S.HA«, the Ghkat D.,.ht; W.s.Ha« Coast of Apkioa ; SouT„BR« Africa ; Eastbkn Coast of A™L C.NTBAI, ApbICA ; ABVSSm'lA ; NU'BIA ; E'avPi ' Gulfs ANB BAVs._Guin'ea, Saldan'ha, Table, False A^^o^a, Delago'a, Sofa'la, Red Sea, Gulfs'of Sy'ia 5 IsLANBs—Madei'ras, Cana'ries, Cape Verde Wan'd, St Matthew, St Thon,as, Fernando Po, Ascensio^ S^ Hele'na, Madagas'car, Com'oro Isles, B^urbonW I' ! France or Mauri'tius, Soco'tra. mand!^.'""^""''"'' ^'''""'' of Mozambique', Bab-el- IsTHMus.—Suez. Vavl7"^°"' ^P"''^''^J»^< Bl-n'oo. Verde, Eox'o, nlri J':," ^?'"'!: ^0™-'-. Ne'gro, Good Hope ■'■""^" '•^-^ A^eiga ao, iiuardafui'. ' ' ',1 NORTH AMERICA. iantly accom- edanism and ns and Jews. 5are bestowed ;isms. ua, estimated 13 W. hy the md on the of Suez. Roc'co and [Bar'ca); Coast of ■ Africa ; 'PT. le, False, >^'dra and Islands, nsion, St , Isle of ;Bab-el- ?, Rox'o, d Hope. Mountains. — At'las, Sier'ra Leo'ne or mountains of the Lions, Kong, Cameroons', Table Mountain, Lupa'ta or Backbone of the World, Je'bel Kum'rah or Mountains of the Moon, Abyssin'ian Mountains, Peak of Teneriffe' in the Island of TenerifFe, one of the Canaries. Rivers. — Sen'egal, Gam'bia, Ni'ger or Jol'iba or Quor'ra, Con'go or Zaire, Or'ange, Ol'iphant, Zambe'zi, Sfia'ry, Nile. Lakes. — Tchad, Dem'bea, Zawa'ja, Mara'vi. Africa is situated between 37° 20' N. and 34° 50' S. Lat., and between 17° 30' W. and 5] ° 30' E. Long. Its greatest length from N. to h. IS about 4988 miles ; its greatest breadth from W. to E. about 46 1 8 miles ; and its superficial extent is estimated at 1 1 ,870,000 square miles. Africa is the third division in point of extent, but the lowest in importance. Possessed of few large rivers, a great part of what is known presents the appearance of a desert, but an immense portion ot the mtenor is entirely unknown. Abyssinia, Nubia, Egypt, and the whole coast of the Mediterranean, were, in ancient times, in a high state of civilization, but the whole continent is now sunk in barbansm. The religion consists chiefly of Mohammedanism and idolatry, and education is entirely neglected among the native tribes. Every kind of government exists in Africa ; but that prevalent, in the native states, is the most absolute and degrading despotism. Population estimated at 60,000,000. o <= *- AMERICA Is divided into two parts, viz. North and South America. NORTH AMERICA Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the Panifir. r S Kv iho Pn/^ifi^ l^*^h- — c -^ t\^/ • , J — ,,j „..^. .1 ^i,^iii^j i.i3i,niuus VI x/arien, and Gulf of Mex'ico ; and on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean. ! I '.ili I'l'll 'i Mil Hm 14 KOETH AMEEICA. Divis«,N8._BR,x,sH Possessions, Russian Tmbitobv UmxBD States. Tbx'as, CaliporVia, Mexico, Ck"ZI America, West Indian Isiands. Bavs and GciFS._Bris'toI, Cook's Inlet, CaUfomia Honduras, Mexico, Campeach'y, Flor'ida, ChesW Baffin s, Prince Regent's Inlet, Coronation Gulf. jTn'^-~FT'^^'^'"^' ^*"^ «^'''». I-rinoe Ed. ward Bermudas, Long sland, Greenland, Southamp'ton. North Georgian or Par'ry's Islands, Fox Islands Queen Charlotte's Isles, Vancou'ver ' ^ STBAiTS._BeUeisle',Hudson's,Da'vis',Fu,yandHecla Barrow's, Behring's,Noot'ka Sound. ' Peninsulas. -No'va Sco'tia, Labrador', Mel'ville ^ Alas ka, Cahfornia, Yu'catan, Florida ' CAPES.-St Lu'cas, Catoche' or False Cape, Sa'ble or Tancha, Florida, Cod, Sable, Ray, Race, Char es Chid' ley. Farewell, Icy Cape, Cape Prince of Vales " MouNTAiNS._Eocky Mountains, St Eh'as, F^rweather Mexico, Appa a'chian or Al'leghany Mountains. ' 0^'oTi '"'^'^'' "'''""'"' A*«"'^»^. Red River Oh. o, St Laurence, Church'ill, Nel'son, Macken'de Con^ permme, Colum'bia, Colora'do, Bra'vo ' '^ ' Lakes -Superior, Mi'chigan, Hu'ron, E'rie, Onta'rio Se"" r ; f'^T'T' ^'"'"'P^^' Athabasca sC' Lake, Great Bear Lake, Nicarag-ua. NnUh A "."''"•' »»""t ^4UU,UU0 square milPR * ^ tion ^ .« «.i,o, v^uiuiiiDus discovered tho Woo* i j- — *'''«, ur nve SOUTH AMERICA. 15 rERRITOBY, >, Central California, ^hes'apeak, 8, James', f. *rince Ed- hamp'ton, ds, Queen nd Hecia, MelVille, Sa'ble or is, Chid'- •weather, Jd River, ie. Cop - With the exception of the British and Russian posf essions, all tho governments are Federal Republics. Population about 29,365,000. no. Dnta' , Slave !^at., and om N. to les ; and t or five popula- * « i. X _l M SOUTH AMERICA. Is bounded on the N. by the Carib'bean Sea, and the Isthmus of Darien ; W. by the Pacific ; S. by the Southern Ocean ; and on the E. by the Atlantic. Countries. — Colom'bia ; Guian'a ; Brazil'; Peru^* BoLiv'iA or Upper Peru ; Par'aguay, Ur'uguay or Ban'da Orien'tal ; La Pla'ta ; Chi'li ; Patago'nia. Bays and Gulfs. — Maracay'bo, Darien, Pana'ma, Buenaventu'ra, Guayaquil', St George, St Matthi'as, All Saints. Islands. — Gallipa'gos, Ju'an Fernan'des, Chi'loe, Ter'ra del Fue'go, Sta'ten Land, Falk'land Islands,SouthGeor'gia, New South Shet'lands, Ork'neys, Sand'wich Land, Juan'es or Mar'jo, Trinida'da, Margari'ta. Straits Magel'lan, Le Maire. Isthmus. — Darien or Panama. Capes Horn, Anto'nio, Mary, Fri'o, Roque. Mountains. — An'des or Cordille'ras, the highest of which are Sora'ta, lUima'ni, and Chimbora'zo ; Pari'me Mountains ; Mountains of Brazil. Rivers. — Magdale'na, Orino'co, Essequi'bo, Am'azon or Mar'anon, Madei'ra, Ne'gro, Tocan'tin, Francis'co, Para'na, Par'aguay, La Pla'ta, Colora'do. Lakes. — Pari'ma, Maracaybo, Titica'ca, Xaray'es. South America is situated between 12° 2.5' N. - r /! m" «. Lat., and between 35° and 83° W. Long. Its length frv?iL N. to S. is 16 ENGLAND AND WALES. ft^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^. to W. about 3160 .i,e, ; and South America wa-diw^ovPrnA !?"''^'"e ^iles. in 1498. Civilization had^aSi"^ Columbus in hi« third voyage and Peru when fir^rvisfted^lyX sVaS^f ^f IV^'^^* ^" ^^' -' cation is little attended to ^ ' Prevalent in all the States ; edu^ ^oXion'lZl fsl^i^;^: --P' B-.il and Patagonia, BRITISH EMPIRE. ENGLAND AND WALES Eko..«„ i, divided into forty coumies, viz. :_ shire, Berkshire, Middlesex, Sur'rey Kent 1 ' Wales IS d™ded .nto twelve counties, vi2. _ Mo!^^ol'f:ttf ":"'™"' ,^"'«'-. Merioneth, CWthenfSZie ""' ^"*'"''^'' ^'^"'-'S^' ENGLAND AND WALES. 17 >0 miles ; and third voyage" ht in Mexico native popu- States ; edtt" gonia. ; George ^«F Channel ; 'tingham, irop'shire Suffolk, m, Ox'- t, Wilt'- Sus'sex, )rnValL *'ioneth, nor'gan, 'lington 3s, The Bay, Bris'tol Channel, Swan'sea Bay, Carmarthen Bay, Mil'ford Haven, St Bride's Bay, Cardigan Bay, Carnarvon Bay, Me'nai Strait, More'cambe Bay, SolVay Frith. -4=^, Islands. — Isle of Man 48,* the diocese of the bishop of Sodor and Man. The towns in Man are Doug'las 9, Cas'tleton, Eam'sey, and Peel; Anglesea 51 j Lun'dy, the site of a lighthouse ; Scil'ly Isles, the chief of which is St Mary's ; Isle of Wight 43, in which are New'port and Cowes; near the coast of France are Jer'sey 48, in which is St He'lier 24 ; Guernsey 29, in which is St Pierre' 15 ; Sark ; Al'derney ; Than'et j Shep'pey ; Foul- ness'; Coq'uet ; Holy Island or Lin'disfarne. Capes. — Flam'borough Head, Spurn Head, North Fore'- land, South Foreland, Dungeness', Beach'y Head, the Nee'dles, St Al'ban's Head, Port'land Point, Start Point, Liz'ard Point, Land's End, Hart'land Point, Worm's Head, Gow'en's Point, St David's Head, Strum'ble Head, Hol'y- head. Great Orme's Head, St Bee's Head. Mountains.— Che'viot Hills, Scafell', Skid'daw, Hel- vel'lyn, Bowfell', Whern'side, In'gleborough, Pen'nygent, Peak of Derby, Snow'don, Ber'wyn, Ar'ran Fowddy (Vou'thee), Ca'der I'dris, Plynlim'mon, Wrek'in, Vann or Brecknock Bea'con, Mal'vern, Cots'wold, Men'dip. EiVERS.— Tyne, E'den, Wear, Tees, Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the union of the Swale and Ure, with its tributaries Der'went, Wharf, and Aire, Rib'ble, Mer'sey, Dee, Sev'em, Upper A' von, Lower Avon, Wye, Trent, * The population of Great Britain and Ireland is according to the census of 1841. The figures at the end of each county and town indicate the population to the nearest thousand ; thus, 7348 is marked 7, and 7643 is marked 8 thousand. The population of towns under 5000 is not inserted^ The letter •". affixed to the num- ber, indicates the population of the parish. B 18 ENGLAND AND WALES. HumW, formed by the junction of the Ouse and Trent, A\ .th an, Wel'land, Nen, Great Ouse, Thames, Med'way It Chen, Test, Southern Avon, Exe. Wm dermere, Wit'tleseamere. -_/-', ,^ m tie 50, wr h an extensive commerce and various manu- fee ures, parhcularly oflead, iron, glass bottles, crown and plate glass, &c., .„ its neighbourhood are extensive coal fo,«ht between the houses of York and Lancaster in U63, m which the Yorhstsgaineda complete victory, Mor'peth with one of the largest cattle markets in England ; Iln'- TOck 7^ Its castle is the splendid residence of the Dukes o Northumberland; Wool'er, near which is Flod'den iyTfiS"""^^ ''''■■ ^'''^'' ''-^"^ ^o- « CuMBEBiiNn 178.^CaraisIe 23, a bishop's see ; White- h» ven 12, with extensive coal mines sunk to the depth of 130 fathoms and extending under the sea , Work'i^gton J iTV^- ;7'^'°" ' ■' ^^^^'*' ^Sht miles sLh lid tmte. ^"' '"""" "" ''^ ' '"""'^<' (^■-■^- Wkstmobeland S6.-Ap'pleby; Ken'dal 10, noted for Its woollen manufactures. Durham 324.-Durham 14, a bishop's see, and the «te of a university, founded in 1832,_„ear this city is NevUle s Cross, where Philip'pa, queen of Edward III. defeated and took prisoner David II., king of Scotland, in 1346; Sunderland, (including Bishop and Monk Wear- mouth) .4, noted for ship-building, and for an .Wa-* / ENGLAND AND WALES. 19 cast-iron bridge of 237 feet span, and rising 100 feet above the river Wear; Stock'ton 10; South Shields 9; Dar- lington 11 ; Har'tlepool 5/?. ; Gates'head 20jo., a suburb of Newcastle. ^^/ y York 1 million 591 — York 29, an archbishop's see, with a beautiful cathedral; Leeds 152, famous for its woollen manufactures; Halifax 20, and Wake'field 15, manufacturing towns ; Don'caster 10, noted for its races j Rip'on 6, a bishop's see ; Sheffield 68, celebrated for its cutlen' and plated goods ; Hull 42, one of the principal sea-ports in the kingdom, with an extensive commerce ; Scarborough ]0, a fashionable watering-place; Whitby 7 ; Hud'dersfield 25, and Brad'ford 35, manufacturing towns ; Har'rowgate, noted for its mineral waters. Lancashire 1 million 667. — Lancaster 14, with a noble castle ; Preston 50, where the rebels were totally defeated in 1715; Black'burn 37, and Bol'ton 50, both important manufacturing towns ; Man'chester and Sal'- ford 296, famous for cotton manufactures, the greatest in the worid ; Liv'erpool 286, the second sea-port in the kingdom ; Old'ham 43, Ash'ton -under- Line 46 jo., Wig'an 26, Roch'dale 85 jo., Bur'y 21, and War'rington 19, all manufacturing towns. Cheshire 396.— Ches'ter 23, a bishop's see; Stock'- port 28, with flourishing manufactories ; Mac'clesfield 24, noted for its silk manufactures ; Cong'leton 9 ; North'- wich, in the neighbourhood of which are extensive mines of rock-salt. Derby 272.-^Derby 33, where the first silk mill in Britain was erected in 1718; Ches'terfield 6 jo., with some silk and cotton manufactures; Bux'ton and Mat'- loek, eclebrated for their mineral waters. ■\., 20 ENGLAND AND WALES. Ml Nottingham 2 50. —Nottingham 53, where Charles I. raised his standard in 1642, which commenced the civil war,— noted for its hosiery and lace manufactures; New'- ark 10, where king John died, and Charles I. delivered himself into the hands of the Scots ; Mans'field 10 p on the borders of Sher'wood Forest, which is so famouL for the adventures of Robin Hood. ;f Lincoln 363.~Lincoln 16, a bishop's see, with a fine'' cathedral, in which is a very large bell, called « Tom of Lincoln ;'» Gains'borough 8 p., where Swein, the Danish king, was murdered ; Grant'ham 9 j». ; Boston 13, with a fine Gothic church, and a great trade in corn ; Stam'ford 6 ; Louth 9 p., with extensive manufactures of blankets and carpets. Rutland 21.— Oak'ham ; Up'pingham. Leicester 216— Leicester 48, noted for its manu- factures of hosiery, cotton gloves, and lace ; Lough'- borough 10, with extensive hosiery and lace manufac- tures ; Har'borough ; BosVorth, near which, in 1485, was fought the battle between Richard IIL and the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VH., in which the former was slain ; Lut'terworth, where Wickliffe the reformer died; Mel'ton-Mow'bray, noted for its cattle market, among the largest in the kingdom, and for its fox-huntinc club; Hinck'leye. ^ Stafford 511. -Stafford 9, noted for its manufacture of shoes ; Lich'field 7, the birth-place of Dr Samuel John- son, Bishop Newton, and Garrick, joined with Cov'entry, IS a bishop's see ; Wolverhamp'ton 36, noted for its iron manufactures; Newcastle-under-Line 10; Stoke-upon- Trent 46 p. ; Burs'lem 16 p., the original seat of the pottery manufactures ; Bil'ston 20, near which are large ENGLAND AND WALES. 21 Charles I. the civil es; New'- delivered M 10 j»., 10 famousu- 'ith a fine ' Tom of le Danish 3, with a Stam'ford blankets s manii- Lough'- manufac- 485, was Earl of B former reformer market, -hunting ufacture el John- )v'entry, its iron :e-upon- ■ of the re large mines of coal and iron ; Bur'ton 8 /)., celebrated for its ale ; Wal'sall 21 p., noted for its saddlers' ironmongery. Shropshire or Salop 239. — Shrews'bury 18, where a battle was fought in 1403, between Henry IV. and Percy, Burnamed Hots^ ur, in which the latter was slain ; Wel'- lington 1 1 p., with extensive manufactures of nails j Lud' low 5 ; Bridgenorth 6, noted for its fairs. ~-J_./, Hereford 114. — Hereford 11, a bishop's see; Leo- minster (Lem'ster) ; Led'bury 5 p. ; Ross, the native town of John Kyrle, Pope's " Man of Ross." Worcester 233. — Worcester 25, a bishop's see, famous for the manufacture of gloves and porcelain, — here Charles II. was defeated by Cromwell in 1651 ; Kid'derminster 14, noted for its carpet manufactures; Dudley 17, sur- rounded by Staffordshire ; Droit'wich, famous for its salt springs ; Stour'bridge 7, noted for the manufacture of hardware and glass. Warwick 402 Warwick 10, with a fine castle; Strat'ford, where Shakspeare was born ; Cov'entry 31, noted for its manufactures of watches and ribbons ; Bir'- mingham 183, famous for its immense hardware manu- factures ; Leam'ington 13 p., celebrated for its mineral waters. Northampton 199. — Northampton 21 ; Pe'terborough 0, a bishop's see ; south-west of this town are the remains of Foth'eringay Castle, the birth-place of Richard III., and where Mary Queen of Scots was cruelly beheaded in 1587 ; Dav'entry 5 p. ; Nase'by, where the Royalists were defeated by Cromwell in 1645. Huntingdon 59. — Huntingdon, the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell, in 1599 ; St Ne'ot's ; St Ives, with a large cattle market ; Stilton, noted fov its cheese. 22 ENGLAND AND WALES. CAMBHinoB I64._Cambridge 24, with a famous unl- Ve ™ty, co„s,st.„g of thirteen college, and four hall,, 11 wt"^^ T '' ^'"''""H ""'•'J for it, horse, races ; Wis beach Op. j . ^ ^ NOHKOLK «3._Nor';ich 82, a bishop's see, noted for herring fishery; Lynn Re'gis, or King's Lynn 16 with an extensive com trade ; Thet'ford SUPKOIK 315.-IpsVich 25, the birth-place of Car- CO n and cattle market; Wood'bridge 5 p.; Sud'burv 5 with an extensive silk manufactory. ^ ' Hebifobi. or Hems IST.-Hert'ford S, near which is Lf ?"^'^' '^'™^"« '" *"^ ^-' '""^^ ^-- pany Ware 5p noted for its trade in malt; St Allan's 6, where the celebrated Lord Bacon was buried. Bedkohi, I08.-Bed'ford 9; Duns'table, famous for Woburn Abbey, the splendid mansion of tl>e Duke of BuoKiNr.„.M 156.-Buck'i„gham, near which is Stowe, thmagmficent resident of the Duke of Buckingham E ton celebrated for its public school or college! nea^ which ,s Slough, formerly the residence of Hersch 1 th^ asronomer; Ayles'bu.y 5, noted for its manufacture o thread lace ; Great Mar'low; High Wy'combe S p. OxKOBD 162.-Ox'ford 24, a bishop's see, witfa very TaSs HenT""t' r'""'"^ "■"^'^^" -«eg-andfiv^ halls, Henley; Ban'bury 7 p., Wit'ney 6 p., noted for ENGLAND AND WALES. 28 its manufacture of blankets ; Wood'stock, famous for its manufacture of gloves. Near this town is Blen'heim, the magnificent mansion of the Duke of Marlborough. f Glouckstbr 431.— Gloucester 14, with a beautiful cathedral ; Gloucester, along with Bristol, is a bishop's see; Tewkes'bury 0, near which was fought, in 1471, a decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster ; Chelt'enham 31 jo., much frequented for its mineral waters; Bristol 140, (partly in Somersetshire), the third city in the kingdom for commerce, and noted for its mineral hot baths ; Stroud p. ; Cirencester (Ci'cester) 6. MoNMuui'H 134— Mon'mouth 5, the birth-place of Henry V. ; Chep'stow ; Pon'typool, long noted for its japanned goods ; New'port 8, celebrated for its trade in iron and coal. Somerset 43G — Bath 38, a beautiful city, celebrated for its medicinal waters; Wells 7, with a venerable cathedral (Bath and Wells, a bishop's see).; BridgeVater 10/>. ; Taunton 12; Frome 12 p., celebrated for its manufactures of woollen cloth ; Wel'lington 6 p.y from which the Duke of Wellington derives his title. Wiltshire 259.— Sal'isbury 10, a bishop's see, with a fine cathedral, the spire of which is 410 feet high, the loftiest in the kingdom; Trow'bridge ll/>., with manu- factures of cloth, &c. : Wil'ton, noted for its carpets ; Brad'ford, and Devi'ses 5, with considerable trade and manufactures ; Marrborough. Berks f,'Kjfi 161.— Read'ing 19, with a considerable trade in malt, corn, &c. ; Windsor 8, with a magnificent €astle, a favourite residence of the British sovereigns; Ab'ingdon 6 ; Wal'lingford ; Sand'hurst, the seat of a roval miiitarv collei^e. 24 ENGLAIfD Am) WALES. •ill 1 ^rserT 'fl' ^J^-^-'donOncMing ;ts suburb 1.873,676), a bishop's see-the capital of the British and, pehap,, the most populous city in the world ■ Westm^ter 222, tonnerly a suburb of London, fll' for ts abbey^ crowded with monuments of the ilLstrious aead. In this noble pile the sovereigns of England are SuBK.y583.-G„ild'ford; King'ston 10^. ; Cro/don nJaf tht* "' ^■'"'^'^ ™" ""'*^'' Ad'discombe, Dear this town ,s one of the colleges belonging to the East India Company; South'wark 98, and Wbeth 116 /^.suburbs of London ; Farn'ham, noted for plantation! o^f^hops in It. neighbourhood ; Ep'som, famo'^is for its tr.f "p^'f-*'"'^''""'' ^«' '^' ^hief seat of the hop rade ; Ro'chester 12, a bishop's see ; Chat'ham 21, one fstHTZu'^'T '"' "^-oy^navy; Can'te buiy 15, the archbishop of which is primate of all England femous for ,ts hospital for old seamen, and the Koval Observatory, through which the first i.eridian pati Woolwich 26 celebrated for its royal military aremy' dock yard, and arsenal ; Graves'end 6 p opnositrfo which is Til'bury Fort : Do'ver 14 tL T V,~,„„^ T. 1 » ""■. -Lover 14, the nearest port to France ; Deal 7 p., where the Romans under Ca,s!r first landed; Rams'gate 11 p., and Mar'gate 11 ^., favourite bathing-places; Tun^ridge 13^., about four'^^Uelfrol which are the medicinal springs, called Tunbridge WeUs .. Sussex 300 -Chi'chester 9, a Bishop's see ; fciXn ^7/,., a favourite resort for sea bathin/ L-v'l- " " ENGLAND AND WALES. 25 its suburbs, the British ommercial, he world j on, famous illustrious ^gland are th a great Croy'don discombe, ig to the 'beth 13 6 [antations s for its the hop 21, one I'terbury Jngland ; t^ich 30, e Royal passes ; "ademy, osite to port to sar first Lvourite fs from Wells. ' ight'on TT * ; Ha- stings 12, where Harold II. was defeated and slain by William the Conqueror in 1066. Hampshire, Hants, or Southampton 355. — Win'- chester 1 1 , a bishop's see, famous for its public school ; Southamp'ton 28, the port of arrival and departure of the Peninsular, Mediterranean, Oriental, and West Indian mails, with a magnificent harbour, and considerable trade, and the birth-place of Dr Isaac Watts ; Ports'mouth 53, the principal station for the British navy ; Gos'port 14 jo., near which is the naval hospital of Haslar j Lym'ington ; Christ'church 6 p. DoiisET 175. — Dor'chester, famous for its ale ; Wey'- mouth 8, and Lyme Re'gis, much frequented for sea- bathing ; Poole 6, with a good trade ; Brid'port 5, noted for ship-building ; Bland'ford. Devon. 533 — Ex'eter 31, a bishop's see; Plym'outh and Dev'onport 80^ the second station in England for ships of war ; Dart'mouth 5, with a considerable trade ; Barn'staple 8 p. ; Tav'istock 6 p., the birth-place of Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman who sailed round tlie world; Tiv'erton 10 p. Cornwall 341. — Launceston (Lan'ston), Tru'ro and Red'ruth 9 p., in the neighbourhood of extensive tin mines ; Fal'mouth 5, whence a mail-packet regularly saUs to the Brazils ; Penzance' 9, noted for its salubrious and mild air ; St Ives 6, with an extensive pilchard fishery ; Pen'iyn ; Bod'min, 5 p. WALES. Flint 67. — Flint ; St As'aph, united with Bangor, a bishop's see ; Hol'ywell 11, so called from St Winifred's well, with large copper works ; Mold. \ 26 ENGLAJfD AND WALES. gra^d and beautiful .ceneVi r£ '^•' ^"™""''^<' •>? cas£ in" which EdwTrf n '"™, '' *'* " '"'^'"fi"^' wa. with the Itfalrir'^"'^°'^'-^»'- the neighbourhood o'S s a r^h " ' ""'""' '^•' '" pool 6, with a ^rp.f * 7"^^^"^ the Conqueror; Welch'- Neww„:LxrL:er^'^^ ^'-'^^-' -^ sorted to rsefCh'^r'''^'''^'''""'' "' """'' - college, Cde^rrfi^^^^^''^^^ clergymen. ' ' ""* education of Welch BBECKNoeK 56.-Brecknock or Bre'con fi • Fl.,;i.i, ir yea. by hisS tiyT.tfdirt-'r^-^" ^th the ruins of an aneienV.^hed^^fj/^X;^^^^^^ 35 p., the largest town in WpIp, , ;u ^^"^^^^^ ^^^ vil works ; Swan'sea 17 Jl' ^^ ''"'^ "^^^^^^^^ iron > t^wan sea 17, with aereat trade^ir, ^^,.1 • copper. ^'^'^^^^raaeincoals, iron, and per and coll.. ^ ^■' ""'* "" ^'"^"^'™ ''-de m cop- P«MOK. 88._Pe„broke 7. near whi.h ,„ .h- -ui.. ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 of a noble castle ; Haverfordwest (Har'fordwest) 6 ; St David's, a bishop's see ; Mil'ford, whence mail-packets sail for the soutli of Ireland ; Ten'by, a favourite bathing- place. — ^)^j:^^,^/)://^-y- England is situated between 50» and 55° 50' N. Lat., and between 2 K and 5 40 W. Long, Its length, from Berwick to the coast of Dorsetshire, is 362 miles; its breadth, from the N. Foreland in ' Kent, to the Land's End in Cornwall, 330 miles; and its superficial extent is 57,900 square miles, or 37 millions 94 thousand 400 impe- rial aces. The general aspect of the country is lovel, but the northern counties, and Wales especially, are mountainous, present- ing scenes of picturesque and romantic beauty not surpassed in any part of the globe. ^ As in most insular countries, the climate is humid and variable, but exempt from the extremes of heat and cold. The soil is in ^®1^r u ^*^'®' ^^^ ^^^ ^^®" greatly improved by agricultural skill. All the common species of grain are raised in perfection ; in the southern counties hops are extensively cultivated, and in Devon- shire vines are grown, from the produce of which wine is made. Most of the trees useful for their wood or bark, come to great pei^ fection, as well as fruit trees not requiring a tropical climate. The breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and poultry of all kinds, are superior to those of any other country; the English race-horse is unrivalled ior Its fleetness. Fish of all kinds are abundant in the rivers and surrounding seas, and furnish not only a plentiful supply of food but a valuable source of employment for a large class of the people! Coal ot the best quality, and iron in almost inexhaustible quantities, are found in many parts of the country ; lead, tin, copper, rock- salt, plumbago, antimony, manganese, arsenic, slate, and limestone, are also abundant. * The established religion is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episco- pacy, but all other religious creeds are freely tolerated. No national tunds have been set aside for elementary instruction, though there are a number of endowed schools and others of private adventure • the consequence is that many of the lower orders, especially in the large manufacturing towns, and in secluded districts, are totally uneducated. Besides the great Universities of Oxford and Cam- bridge, two have lately been established in London, one in Durham and one at Lampeter in Wales. The Royal Military Colleges of Woolwich and Sandhurst are expressly for the education of military men, and the Last India Colleges of Addiscombe and Haileybury are for the education of officers in the military and civil services of the company. The manners of the people are open and frank, and the tree institutions of the country have endowed them with matchless courage, and inflexible integrity. Horse-racing, field-sports, and the theatre, are their chief amusements. In all departments of science and literature, EnHnnrl ^nn imQof nt r^nnri^c ,.^... --j j_ _ • or modern times— amongst a multitude of others, scarcely inferior, 38 ENGLAND AND WALES. S:Xcgrs':?&pr "''"''™'°"'''- -■»«» hallowed in «,, Exercises on England and Wales. What are the boundaries of Encland and WnToo 9 t„*« i, countiesis England divided ? Nate the counties of Wales^" wS 18 the most populous county in England ? WhToh oJj fi * ° fand'^wrr''^^ '" ■^"^'^' ^ -^ ^-!' thel';t In' N^r ttr f land What mountain is celebrated forits black Ipad mini ? wif Z divides the South of Wales from England fw^afK • * S!"* south-west of Cornwall ? Near whit ffis fScu pLSd*^' *fn what year was a battle fought here ? Who were "lain in tW battle? For what is Sunderland noted ? Whe^was David ?! whft i ^^fo7lTTrrr/ ^y whomSfn^h^l't"^^^^^^ vvnat is tne capital of England ? On what rivpr U if Qifnfrr^ a- Name^some other towns ol this river. ForXtSrMaltstr Near what town are extensive mines of rock-salt ^ Name thft &aSh re ""wV^ Derbyshire. What island is to the south of llampshire? What bay separates it from this county? Wh^f county m Eng and lies nearest to Prance ? For what is Chps/pr field no ed? What occurred at Newark ? Which is he lam^^^^ thTolZV'"''^- .P.'^^^"* river is Liverpool sftuated? Nfme the other towns on this river. For what is Nottingham noted? What took place there ? Which is the second sef-nort Z\hl kingdom ? For what is Harrowgate noted ? BetweenChom was a battle fought at Bosworth ? What was the result of this b^ttTe? Between what count es does the Wash lie ? Name the chfef rivers that flow into it. Where is Snowdon » ^ born arnnliLYf i**'"^^^'"t'^y."«te^ ' ^^at celebrated men were born at Lichfield ? For what is Dunstable famous ? Where wn« Lord Bacon buried ? What college is near Hertford P FnTw W IS Eton celebrated ? What Idng wL born^f Moppt '?if = B--- - wi.om was a battle fought near Tewkesbury? " For what is' bIS celebrated ? Mention two bays on the west of Pembroke! WhJre ENGLAND AND WALES. 29 )wed in the ly, consist- PS, a House the people. J, Scotland mtire con- ct and re- ed by the 3 measure, expedient, I 8,203,017 th; author ' a similar low many . Which two most thumber- >P What ' is to the eld? In ri in this David II, »at year ? lituated ? -nehester ame the south of ? What Chester- ! largest ' Name noted ? ; in the lom was 1 battle ? sf rivers en were ere was or what -•cL-.vcfn is Bath' Where » does the Severn rise ? Through what countiea does it flow ? Namo the counties which border on Wales. What isles are to the south- west of Cornwall ? Name the largest. What are the principal towns in Yorkshire ? Where is Bristol situated, and for what is it noted ? For what is Salisbury noted .'' By whom, and in what year were the royalists defeated at Naseby ? For what is Coventry noted ? What town is famous for its oysters ? In what county is Yarmouth, and for what is it noted ? Where was the original seat of the pottery manufactures ? Name the mountains in the north-west of Yorkshire. What two islands form part of Kent ? What river is formed by the Yorkshire Ouse and the Trent ? Name the counties which that river separates. On what river is Nottingham situated ? Name a town on the Aire. On what river is Sheffield ? In what county is Shrewsbury ? Be- tween whom, and in what year, was a battle fought here ? For what is Leicester noted ? In what county is Luttei'worth ? What celebrated person died here ? Where was Swein the Danish king murdered ? In what county is it ? For what is Burton celebrated ? Name the towns in Worcester- shire. For what is Worcester famous ? What county surrounds Dudley ? Where was Shakspeare born ? For what is Birmingham famous ? Where was Richard III. torn ? Who was beheaded here, and in what year ? What town in Worcester is noted for tho manufacture of hardware and glass ? Name the towns in Cam- bridgeshire. For what is Cambridge famous? Between what counties are the lakes Ullswater and Windermere ? Where is Plyn- limmon ? What mountains separate Northumberland from Scot- land ? Through what counties does the great Ouse flow ? Name the town near its mouth. W^hat capes are on the east of Kent ? Where are Skiddaw and Scafell ? Where is the Sol way Frith ? Where was Cardinal Wolsey born ? What town in Bedford is famous for the manufacture of straw plait ? For what is Greenwich famous ? Where did Julius Caesar first land ? For what is Woolwich celebrated ? Where was Dr Isaac Watts born ? For what is Oxford celebrated ? Name the principal station of the British navy. What celebrated man was born at Tavistock ? Name the towns in Cornwall. To what place does a mail-packet regularly sail from Falmouth ? For what is Pen- zance noted ? In what county is Hastings ? Between whom, and in what year was a battle fought here ? What town in Dorset is noted for ship-building ? Where is the second station for ships of war ? For what is Berwick-upon-Tweed pecu!' '.r ? Name the principal river in Northumberland. Where are the Mendip Hills ? What separates Angleseafrom Carnarvon ? Name the towns on the Medway. Describe the course of the Wye. What is the population of Bristol, of Birmingham, of York, of Newcastle- npon-Tyne, and of Liverpool ? Which is the most populous county of England ? What town in Surrey is famous for its races ? For what is Westminstor famnns ? For Vrliat is Newport celebrated, and in what county is it ? What town in the same county is noted for japanned goods ? For what is Windsor remarkable ? Name 80 ill 1 'E SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN. Preston, and what occurred there » ^ "* n»Sr,'''^^*rJ^ '^^^*^» famous? For what manufactures is New- «nk :^nf °""^^"', "^'"^ • ^^'*'«'-«' ^"d '*" ^hat year was the firT PnJl?! P*;: i-ngland erected? What counties border upon the ffi^ ww"*"' • .^^^'^ *h««« tl^^t border upon the German Ocean. What counties are nearest to Scotland ? Which is neaZ^ to Ireland? Where are Yarmouth Roads ? Where irMirecambe fo"^\iVisTdr^^^^^^^^ or its trade in malt ? For what is Cheltenham req^ntdV WhoT '1 ^'i^lT""^ a"d state their population ^^ coplr woVksl m.ft?" • ^ V^^"* *^^" ^" F*'"*«h'''« -«•« large SL^^i ?^Jt** king was born at Carnarvon? For whit Walpl " i .' ^l^ Newtown noted ? Which is the largest toChi Wales? State Its population. For what is Swansei nnfpr^ p t!! what county is Llanelfy? Name the towL n PeTbrokesMre and state their population. In what county is Amlwoh, and what'is^n CaSr m ^t' ^'' ^I"^' i« ^^"^P^*- noted ? 'in wiratcointy T=i /tS 7^\t^ occurred in its castle? In what diocese is the S Wale^p" Namn,? f'1 *^"".t ^^^* '^'^'^^ formrrcount; Sand fst TTpW% wif^^"^l/" the English Channel. In what island IS St Heher ? What is the chief town in Guernsey ? What islands are near the coast of Northumberland ? WhafcounTv in ^iimieT^LlXtt'Tr'Jt^^ WhatisthepopuLYion" atfdT^WhJi''^ "^^^'r', ^^ latitude and longitude is England situ- mil i, fYi ^''^ '*' '^"S*i*' ^'•*^^'^*h' ^"d superficial extent p A\ hat 13 the general aspect of the country? What is the natVir« of the climate and soil? Mention the vegetable productions. Wha? are the domestic animals ? Enumerate the mineral productions Sp V^^- ^^*^^l'«hed religion ? In what state is^educa on p D^onle? Whif ''*'';^ ^"•^ T^^!^''' ^^^* ^^« tb« "tanners of the people? Whataretheir chief amusements? Has England pro- of GreS B?itl nT^n"' '"^'"^'^^ ^f • ^^^' >" the gl^rnm'^Bnt Fnil^ S w ,• KT ™*"y members are sent to parliament by bv fend" ^^u'; ""^ °!,^"y T ««"* by Scotland ? How man? by Ireland ? ^ hat powers does the House of Commons possess » £iX'd zs'wiit^^^"^^ °^ "^^^^-^ ^^^^ ^« ^^^ p°p"'^*Krof SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN Is bounded on the N. by the North Sea ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by England and the Irish Sea • on the E. by the German Ocean. SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN. 31 It is divided into thirty-three counties, viz. : — Ork'ney and Shetland, Caith'ness, Suth'erland, Ross, Crom'arty, Inverness', Argyll', Nairn, Mor'ay or El'gin, Banff, Aberdeen', Kincar'dine orMearns,For'far or An'gus, Perth, Fife, Kinross', Clackman'nan, Stir'ling, Linlith'gow or West Lo'thian, Ed'inburgh or Mid Lothian, Had'ding- ton or East Lothian, Ber'wick or Merse, Rox'burgh or Te'viotdale, Sel'kirk, Pee'bles or Tweed'dale, Lan'ark or Clydes'dale, Dumbar'ton or Len'nox, Ren'frew, Ayr, Dumfries', Kirkcudbright (Kirk-coo'-bre) or East Gal'lo- v^^ay, Wig'ton or West Galloway, Bute. Friths, Bays, and Lochs which are arms of the sea. — Pent'land, Dor'noch, Cromarty and Moray Friths ; Friths of Tay, Forth, Sol'way and Clyde ; Wigton and Glenluce' Bays ; Lochs Ry'an, Long, Fyne, Et'ive, Linnhe (Leen), Broom ; the Min'ch ; Kilbran'nan Sound ; Sounds of Is'la, Ju'ra, Mull. Islands. — Shetland Islands, the chief of which are Main'land and Yell; Orkney Islands, the chief of which are Mainland or Pomo'na and Hoy ; the Heb'rides or West- ern Islands, the chief of which are the Long Island, the northern part oi A^hich is called Lew'is, and the southern part Har'ris, North Uist, Benbec'ula, South Uist, Bar'ra, &c., Skye, Rum, Egg, Mull, Coll, Tiree', Staffa, celebrated for its basaltic pillars and natural caverns, the largest of which is called Fingal's cave, lo'na or I'colmkill, an ancient seat of learning, and a royal burial place ; Jura, I'sla ; Bute, and Ar'ran in the Frith of Clyde ; Inchcolm', Inchkeith', Bass, and May, in the Frith of Forth. ) Capes. — St Abb's Head, Fifeness', Buchanness', Kin* naird's' Head, Burgh Head, Tar'betness, Dun'cansbay Head, Dun'net Head, Strath'y Head, Cape Wrath, Butt I 82 SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN. 41 Of Lewis, Point of Ardnamur'chan, Mull of Cantyre', Cor sill or Fair'land Point, Mull of Galloway, Bur'row ilead, Saturnness' or Southernness. MouNTAiNs.^Ben Wy'vis ; Ben Ne'vis ; the Gram'pians, the pnncipal of which are Ben Macdu^ the highest moun- tain in Great Britain, Cairntoul', Cairngorm', Mount Bat toclc MountKeen,Schieharhon, Bengloe^ Ben Lawyers, Ben Cru achan, Ben More, Ben Vor'lich, Ben Led'i, and Ben Lo mond ; O'chills ; Pentland Hills ; Lam Wmoor Hills; Cheviot Hills; Moffat Hills; LowUers ; Lead Hills ; Tm tock ; Goat Fell in the Isle of Arran. RiVERs.~-Find'horn, Spey, Dev'eron, Don, Dee, Tay With Its tributaries, Tum'mel, Isla, and Earn ; Forth with its tnbut^ries, Teith, Allan, and Dev'on ; Clyde; Tweed, with Its tributaries Et'trick, Ga'la, Lea'der, Teviot and White'- adder ; Esk ; An'nan ; Nith ; Dee in Kirkcudbright ; Ayr .1. tT'r:^^^' ^^''^'' ^''' ^"^ ^^'^^y united by the Caledonian Canal; Lag'gan ; Awe; Er'icht, Ran', noch; Tay; Earn; Ket'terin, the grand scenery of which, teir H^alter Scott has so beautifully described in his « Lady of the Lake ;" Lomond, studded with about thirty islands, and surrounded with scenery, peculiarly grand and pic- turesque ; LeVen, on one of its islands is the castle in which Queen Mary was confined in 1568. Principal Towns.— In Obkney 30 ; KirkVall, and btromness', with an excellent harbour. Shetland 3 1 .--Ler Vick. Caithness SG.-Wick 6,* with its suburb Pult'eney- town, famous for its extensive herring-fisheiy ; Thur'so 5. * The population of the burehs is thpf nnnmr«d - *h - mentary districts. !--iJn»,a .n t,Xix: ^mrini. SCOTLAND OB NORTH BRITAIN. as Sutherland 25. — Dor'noch, near which is Dunrobin Castle, the seat of the Duke of Sutherland. Boss 68. — Tain ; Ding'wall, near which is Strath- pef 7er, noted for its mineral waters ; Storn'oway, with an excellent harbour. Cromarty 1 1 . — Cromarty. Inverness 98. — Inverness 12, the chief town in the Highlands, — five miles east from this town is Cullo'den Moor, where Prince Charles Stuart was totally defeated by the Duke of Cumberland, 16th April 1746 ; Fort- George ; Fort-Augus'tus ; Fort- William ; Portree' in the Isle of Skye. Argyll 07. — Invera'ry, in the neighbourhood is In- verary Castle, the principal mansion of the Duke of Argyll ; Camp'belton 7, a flourishing sea-port ; O'ban ; Tobermo'ry, in the Isle of Mull. Nairn 9. — Nairn, a small sea- port. Moray or Elgin 35. — Elgin 5, noted for the ruins of its cathedral ; For'res ; Foch'abers, near which is Gordon Castle, the splendid mansion of the Duke of Kichmond. Banff ^f^ — Banff 5, contiguous to vrhich is Mac- dufF'tov/ri, V. . isiderable trade ; Portsoy', noted for its marble qu.' "^ul'len ; Keith, the birth-place of James Ferguson ii. astronomer. Aberdeen 192. — Aberdeen 63, 'consisting of New Aberdeen and Old Aberdeen, with an extensive trade, and the site of a university, composed of King's College and Marischal College ; Peterhead' 6, the most easterly town in Scotland, with a good trade and several manufactures ; Fra'sei burgh, with an extensive herring-fishery; Huntly. KiNCARpiNE or Mearns 33. — Stoneha'ven, near which 54 SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN. kirk, the brth-place of Beattie the poet, and famous for the manufacture of snuff-boxes. PORPAR or Anocs 171.-Porfar 8 ; Dundee' 63, with aT TT" '""'' ' ^°"'""'' "' " flourishing town; Arbroath' ,5 with the ruins of a magnificent abbey B e^,hm 6, w.th an old cathedral, attached to wluch i ajingular round tower; Cu'par-An'gus, partly in Perth- Perth I37.-Perth 20, surrounded by the most beau- tiful scenery ; Scone (Scoon) near Perth, noted for it, palace, where the kings of Scotland were formerly crowned and now the residence of the Earl of Mansfield; Dunk^ld , with the ruins of a cathedral, and celebrated fo^ Its romantic scenery; Dunblane', frequented for its mmeral waters,-near this town is Sheriffmoor', where a battle was fought between the king's troops and the rebels r I, ., ' If' ^'^^ manufactures of linen and cotton ; Callander; Kmcardine; Cul'ross, with the remains of an ancient abbey. Fife 140.-Cu'par 5 ; Falk'land, with the remains of a roya palace; St Andrews, with the oldest university in Scotland; Dy'sartT; Kirkcal'dy 10; Kinghorn'; Bumt- isand, Inverkei'thing; Dunferm'Iine 13, the most i-^en -V '^' '^"Sdom for the manufacture of Kinross 9 — Kinross. Clackmannan ID—Clackmannan ; Alloa 5, with a good trade, chiefly in coal ; Dol'lar, with an endowed academy m the neighbourhood is the ruin of Castle Oampbell. SiiRLiNo 82~Stir]i„g 11, its castle was a favourite SCOTLAND OR NORTH BRITAIN. 35 residence of the kings of Scotland, — two miles south of Stirling is Ban'nockburn, where the English, under Edward II., were totally defeated by the Soots, commanded by Robert Bruce, on the 24th of June 1314,— Bannockburn is famed for the manufacture of tartans and carpets ; Fal'kirk 8, where great cattle markets called trysts are held, — near it is Car'ron, with very extensive iron- works ; Grangemouth', a thriving sea-port. Linlithgow or West Lothian 27 Linlithgow, with the ruins of a royal palace, in which Queen Mary was born in 1542; Borrowstownness' or Bo'ness' ; Queens- fer'ry, so called from its being the place where Margaret, Queen of Malcolm III., crossed the frith when she went from Edinburgh to Dunfermline; Bath'gate, with an endowed academy. Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian 225.— Edinburgh 138, the capital of Scotland, much admired for its elegant build- ings and beautiful situation, and famous for its university and other seminaries of learning ; Leith 26, the port of Edinburgh, with a very considerable trade ; Portobel'lo, a fashionable bathing-place ; Mus'selburgh 6 ; DaFkeith 5, with an extensive market for grain. -V' Haddington or East Lothian 36 ^^Haddington, the birth-place of John Knox, the famous Scottish reformer, with a large grain market ; Dunbar', near which the Scots were defeated by Cromwell, in 1650; North Ber'wick Prestonpans', in the vicinity of which a battle was fought, in 1745, between the rebels and the king's troops, in which the latter were totally defeated ; Tranent'. Berwick or Merse 34.— Greenlaw ; Dunse ; Lau'- der ; Cold'stream, where General Monk raised a regiment known by the name of the Coldstream Guards; Earl'ston, 36 SCOTLAND OB NOllTH BRITAIN. cclebraved m ancient times as the residence of Thomai the Rhymer, and noted for the manufacture of ginirhams BoxBunoH or Tkv,otdale 46.-Jed'burgh, with the rains of a fine abbey, founded by king David I., in 1138 : Kel so 5, containing the ruins of an abbey, also erected by k.ng David, .„ 1128. In the vicinity are the remains of the ancient Castle of Roxburgh, and Floors, the splendid mansion of the Duke of Roxburghe; Haw'ick 6, with flounshing manufactures j Mel'rose, celebrated for the rums of Its magnificent abbey, which are the most beauti- lul in the kingdom. Selkirk 8.~Selkirk; Galashiels', noted for its manu- facturos of woollen cloth. Near this town, on the oppo- site side of the Tweed, is Abbotsford^ the beautiful resi- dence of the late Sir Walter Scott. Peebles or Tweeddale lO.-Peebles; InverleiUen,with mineral spnngs, the St Ro'nan's well of Sir Walter Scott. Lanark or Clydesdale 427.~Lanark 5, near which are the much admired falls of the Clyde; Hamilton 9, near which is the princely residence of the Duke of Hamilton ; Glas'gow 275, the seat of a university ; the largest and most commercial city of Scotland, and the chief seat of Its manufactures; Air'drie 12, in the centre of extensive coal and iron mines ; Ruth'erglen 6. \ Dumbarton or Lennox 44.-Dumbarton, remarkble for Its castle, femous in Scottish history ; Hel'ensburgh, a favourite resort for sea-bathing ; Kirkintilloch 7. Renfrew 155.-Ren'frew ; Paisley 48, famous for its manufactures of silk, muslin, and cotton; Port- Glasgow 7; Greenock 36, the birth-place of James Watt, the cele- brated engineer, with an extensive commerce, and noted for thp rnQ«i]fo«+.,__ ..r i • SCOTLAND OR NORTH IJRITAIN. 37 Ayr 164. — Ayr 16, in the neighbourhood of this town is the cottage in which Burns the poet was l)orn ; Ir'vine 7 ; Kilmar'nock 19, with numerous manufactures ; May- bole', noted for the manufacture of blankets ; Largs, much frequented for sea-bathing. Here the Danes, under Haco, were defeated by Alexander III., in 1263; Ardros'^- Ban ; Troon ; Gir'van ; Salt'coats. Dumfries 73. — Dumfries 13, the burial-place of Robert Burns ; Sanq'uhar ; An'nan ; Moffat, frequented for its mineral waters ; Lang'holm ; Lochma'ben ; — in its neigh- bourhood are the ruins of a castle, which belonged to king Robert Bruce ; Gret'na Green, famous for clandestine marriages. Kirkcudbright or East Galloway 41. — Kirkcud- bright ; New Galloway ; Castle Doug'las. WiGTON or West Galloway 39. — Wigton ; Whit'- horn ; Stranraer' 5, with a good harbour and a consider- able trade ; Port-Pat'rick, whence regular mail-packets sail to Donaghadee', in Ireland, which is twenty-one miles distant ; New'ton-Stew'art. Bute 16. — Rothe'say 6, with an ancient royal castle, celebrated for the mildness of its climate, and a great re- sort for sea-bathing, — from this town the eldest son of the sovereign of Britain derives the title of Duke ; Brod'ick, near which is Brodick Castie, a place of great antiquity; and Lamlash' (in Arran). t Scotland is situated between 54° 41' and 58" 41' N* Lat., and between 1° 38' and 5° 28' W. Long., exclusive of the islands. Its length from the Mull of Galloway to Cape Wrath is 274 miles ; its breadth, from Buchanness to the most westerly point in Ross-shire, 246 miles ; and its superficial extent, including that of the islands, is estimated at 29,500 square miles. The aspect of the country ia decidedly mountainous, every where presenting scenery of the most sterile and savage grandeur ; there are, however, extensive districts S8 lEELAND. ^S^^f^^^^^ the contrast BitiSiorhthLS;r^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^^^^^ of its insular wet. ThesoSisino tlvofaste^^^^^^^ T^^'^^' «old and level districts, where iUs excel enta^H-f' ^""^^P* '" *^« ^^^^s and thougrg\"ntX „lsrtL's?'.s^ Bister country, Scotland L noted fof?f«^^^^ i*" ?"?^^"<^- ^^^^ the ^a 8, and its extensive n^oorfare well stoolf^ •/}," '^"'"^^^'^ ^"i" cock, ptarmigan, and other game MoSnJ.iT'**'. ^'•^"'^' ^'^«'^- abound in salmon, trout, pikf^nd n!^! »f-^® T^^' ^"^ ^a^es Beas abound in herS tirbot hl^^' "^^i'^^.^^^ surrounding other kinds of nutrSf fish --th^^ ''^'^'J "^' oy«*«rS' a"d rnent to a great number of the Lhabitanirof 7^^ '"'*'"*'"^ ^'"P^oy- the mineral riches of Scotland m« v K '^^ t*"®, ^'o*^*^' Among Blate, limestone, barytes^anS inS.ntH."r''^*^^ .^°*^' ^^^o"' ^^^d, and other building materials "''''*'^"«t^^J« quantities of sandstone oth?r fo^^ri^e' tS^^^^^^^^^^ ^iT^y*-- or Calvinistic, but all institution of parochial schools th««rf'^"'"^.' ^'^ t^« admirable religious education are wkffihe rP^I^^^^ ?^^ ^^^^ "^oral and and most of them can read and wh.^w'^^^ all classes of the people, be said to be liberally educated wt «62 were males, and IRELAND the E. by the Insh Sea, and St George's Channel. it ,s d.v,ded into four provinces.-Ul'ster, Lein'ster, Munster, and Con'naught, ,vhich contain thirty-two count.es, v..., in ULSTEK,-An'trim, Down, Armagh MonVhan, CavW P»rm=„'„»i, -rJ ^y>^™agri, TVr,«„;i' • ^ ■'-- •■ "6". '>™ne , L,on(iondeny, Donegal ;_m I,E,NsxBB.-Louth, Meath or East Meath. ^^OBMJtWBBSi!*-* IRELAND. 89 "West Meath, Long'ford, King's County, Kildare', Dub'lin, Wick'low, Car'low, Queen's County, Kilken'ny, Wex'- ford ; — in Munster,— Tippera'ry, Wa'terford, Cork, Ker'ry, Lini'erick, Clare ;— in Connaught,— Gal'way, May'o, Sli'go, Lei'trim, Eoscom'mon. Bays and Harbours.— Carrickfer'gus Bay or Belfast' Lough, Strang'ford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk', Dublin ; Wexford Harbour, Waterford, Cork; Dunman'us Bay, Ban'try, Kenmare' Eiver, Din'gle, Tralee', Mouth of the Shan'non, Galway, Clew, Blacksod, Killa'la, Sligo, Done- gal ; — Lough Swil'ly, Lough Foyle. Islands. — Eath'lin, Copeland, Ireland's Eye, Tus'car Rock, Sal'tees, Clear, Bear, Valen'tia, South Isles of Ar- ran, Clare, Ach'il, North Isles of Arran, To'ry. Capes — Mal'in Head, Innishow'en Head, Ben'gore Head, Giant's CauseVay, Fair Head, Howth Head, Wicklow Head, GreenW Point, Carn'sore Point, Cape Clear, Miz'zen Head, Crow Head, Bolus Head, Dunmore' Head, Kerry Head, Loop Head, Slyne Head, Achil Head, Ur'ris Head, Til'len Head, Bloody Fore'land Point. Mountains.-— Mountains of Mourne, Neph'in, Croagh Pat'rick, The Twelve Pins, Sliebh Bloom (Sleeve Bloom'), Wicklow Mountains, Man'gerton, Macgil'licuddy's Reeks, Gal'tee, Com'meragh. RivERs.—Foyle, Bann, Lag'an, Mourne, Boyne, Lif fey, Sla'ney, Bar'row, Nore, Suir, BlackVater, Lee, Ban'don, Shan'non, with its tributary Suck,— Moy, Erne Lakes or Loughs.— Ne'agh, the largest lake in the United Kingdom; Erne; Al'len ; Baffin; Rea; Derg, an island in which, is a noted resort of pilgrims ; Conn ; Mask ; Cor'rib ; Lakes of Killar'ney, celebrated for their picturesque beauty. 40 IRELAND. t )' Principal TowN8._In Antrim 361 ; Antrim, with considerable Imen manufactures; Belfast 75, noted for Jts commerce manufactures, and academical institution; C^ctfei^us 9 with an ancient castle now used as a rnnC olle? T T ' i BaHyme'na 6, with manufactures ot hnen ; Lame, where Edward Bruce landed in 1315 towns m Ireland, m the cathedral of which St Patrick was brisk t ' ft' ''■ """ '"""^■'"'^ »-"f-'"- -da bnsk trade ; Newtonards' 8, with spirited manufactures of diaper and niuslm; Dromoro'; Donaghadee'. twenty-one milesfrom Port-Patrick in Scotland. Abmaoh 232.-Armagh 10, with extensive linen manu- factures the Archbishop of which is Primate of aU Irl land ; Lur gan 5. MoNAGHAN 200.-Monaghan, with a good trade • Car- rickmacross'; Clo'nes, with interesting remains of ^ti^ of fht?" M^"''"™ ' ""'''"'''' ■' ^-'^'O'". with o!; of the largest linen markets in Ulster aJo'tr"" ''^-^""i*"')- e. on an island in almost the narrowest part of Lough Erne ' TVBONE 313._0magh', with a brisk lin;n market; Dungannon, once the residence of the kings of Ulster Strabane' 5 ; New'ton-Stew'art. * LoNDONHEHRy 222.-Londo„derry, also called Deiry 15, with an active commerce, and famous for the long siege which It sustained against James IL in 1688-9 Colerame 6, a great mart of the linen manufactures ■ Magherafelt' ; New'ton-limavad'y ' EanhoTi Tr^''"'^ ' "™^S^' ■■ B^Hy^han'non ; Kaphoe ; Letterken'nv. with a cmnA f.o^. ,v i-, I- - o ' titi'^c ill linen. Louth 1 28._Drogh'eda 19. one of the principal IRELAND. 41 ; Antrim, with 75, noted for ical institution; ^ used as a mili- h. manufactures ded in 1315. le most ancient St Patrick was ufactures and a nanufactures of ;e', twenty-one ve linen manu- ate of all Tre- 3d trade ; Car- is of antiquity, 'hill, with one ah island in inen market; ?s of Ulster ; called Deny, i for the long in 1688-9; lanufactures ; llyshan'non j linen, he principal larkets in Ireland, has trade I extensive exp( hood was fought the battle of the Boyne William III. defeated James II. ; Dun- a good export trade and large manufac- tures ; Car'lingford ; Louth ; Ardee'. Meath or East Meath 184.— Trim ; Nav'an 6 ; Kells. West Meath 141. — MulHngar' 5, noted for its exten- sive wool-market and great cattle-fairs ; Athlone' 6, a strongly fortified post ; CastlGpol'lard ; Kilbeg'gan. Longford 115. — Longford 5; Lanes'borough ; Gra- nard' ; Edge'worthstown', the birth-place of the celebrated writer Maria Edge worth. King's County 147. — Tullamore' 6, with flourishing manufactures of cotton and linen ; Phil'ipstown ; Birr or Par'sonstown 6, one of the most thriving inland towns in Ireland ; Ban'agher — here the Shannon is crossed by a bridge of nineteen arches. ^.^ -* KiLDARE 114. — Kildare, noted for the extensive com- mon in its neighbourhood, called " The Curragh of Kil- dare," the finest race-ground in Europe ; Athy' 5 ; Naas ; Maynooth', at which is the Royal College of St Patrick for the education of the Roman Catholic clergy. Dublin 373.— Dublin 239, the capital of Ireland, one of the finest cities in Europe, and noted for its university and public buildings ; Swords ; Kings'town 7, whence mail steam-packets sail daily to England ; Sker'ries ; Bal- brig'gan, with extensive manufactures of fine stockings in imitation of silk. WiCKLOw 126.— Wicklow ; Ark'low ; Bal'tinglass ; with man'-factures of flax and wool ; Bray. Carlow 86. — Carlow 10, with a magn ficent Roman Catholic cathedral ; Leighlin ; Tullow. c :l'i 42 IK ; ' IKELAND. Ql lood iUFEN's CotTNiy 154.-Ma',7boro„gh ; Port ton ; Mountmel'lick 5 ; Mountati,'. K,LKBNNV 202.-KiIke„„y 24, in the noighbo of fine marble quarries; Cal'ian ; Thon>'astown. Wexpobd 202 Wexford T 1 ,.,;.i, hniir. v^.- '., "raroia 11, with j capacous har- Dour ; Jinniscor thv 7 npar wi.;«i, • Tr- , »!,» 1, 1 ^ ' "''^f which IS VinerarHill whcro price';™!:" ''''"'^' -'-' '-'" °f ^^'^-'-« £f nTf; "^ - -^-■caSral/ca;:! ! rVh r 1°' "' """""^ "^ufactures ; Thur'Ies 8 • Cahir ; Ne'nagh S, with an active trade ; Roscrea 5 ' ^ Waterpori, 196.-Waterford 20, with 111 K bour and extensive commerce ; D, WvTn o J^", ^"- tive fisheries; Lismore'_in it ca t e one! A"" '""■"- of Sir Wa)t»r Pol • 1, ' ™ '•'<' property TalW / ''"''' "" '"'™ "'^ f-'-^ Robert B^yle ; Cork S54.-Cork 106, the second city in Ireland possessing extensive trade and manufacture's ;Y;S 10, here the first potatoes introduced info V.,r planted by Sir Walter Raleigh ; Se ca ^ oTl TZlv e A "^''^^""'^ ^I-^S in its vicinity ; vi r Mal'lo t ' r' ""''"^ -t^Wishment ; Charle'- " ,' ^^^l^o^Ts Cove 5, in Great Island, the port of Cork, with a splendid harbour '^ KHRHy294._Tralee'll,Ard'fert; Din'gle the most SXe :c;„::r "^"'^ '"■"""' '°^ ''^^^ ''^^""^"^ -'^ ; Portar'Iing- neighbourhood ;own. 'apacious har- ar Hill, where » 1708; New >f agricultural irth-place of 7, with the Car rick-on- ; Thur'les 8 ; 'Oscrea' 5. a fine har- h with lucra- the property obert Boyle ; in Ireland, I Yough'all Europe were carries on a srous manu- its vicinity ; tt; Charle'- the port of e, the most • which are eautiful and IRELAND. 43 Limerick 3.?0.— Limerick 65, the third city in Ireland, with an extensive trade and numerous manufactures ; Rathkeale' ; Newcastle. Clare 286.—En'nis 9, with the finest gothic abbey in Ireland ; Clare ; Kilrush' 5 ; Killaloe'. Galway 440. — Galway 83, with prosperous trade and manufactures ; Tu'am 6, the see of an Archbishop ; Loughrea 5 ; Ballinasloe' 5, noted for its large annual cattle-market ; Gort. Mayo 389.— Castlebar' 5, with an active trade ; Bal- linrobe' ; West'port ; Balli'na 7. Sligo 181. — Sligo 14, a thriving sea-port. LEiTRiMl55.-T-Car'rick-on-Shannon; Leitrim; Man'or- Ham'ilton. Roscommon 254.— Roscommon ; Boyle; Athlone' 6, part of which is in West Meath ; EKphin, the birth-place of Oliver Goldsmith, is said to have been founded by St Patrick in the fifth century. Ireland is situated between 51° 26', and 5.5° 20' N. Lat., and be- tween 5° 28' and 10° 2fJ' W. Long. ; its length, between Brow Head in Cork, and Malin Head in Donega' is 290 miles; its breadth, between the extremity of Mayo and Strangford Bay in Down, J 82 miles, and its superficial extent 32,035 square miles. The general aspect of Ireland is level, though in many parts are moun- tain tracks oi considerable elevation, abounding in the most mag- nihcent and picturesque scenery. The climate of Ireland, though humid, is mild and salubrious, arising trom the prevalence of westerly and south-westerly winds. Ihe soil is very fertile and produces abundant crops, though in ge- neral agriculture is in the worst possible state. A considerable por- tion ot the surface consists of bogs, the greater part of which might be reclaimed at an expense of little more than 25s. per acre, as the wliole 18 considerably above the sea level; but such is the low state ot agricutural improvement, that few attempts have been made to reclaim this valuable land. The vegetable and animal productions are nearly the same as those ot England; coal of excellent quality; copper and lead are met with in abundance; and gold Is found in the streams which issue from the Wicklow mountains. The rivers, lakes, and shores I i fi 44 FOIIEIGN POSSESSIONS OP GREAT BRITAIN. from the low state of induTrvtho ««,•''""'**''* ^^'"^^^ but though every effort ha been^^aje botlf I.v '' '"'''^^ ^^^^ectea, Pacy; but the great body of the np" h'Tk^" ^r*'^^^^"* Episoo- population) are Roman Shol*cs P^' P f "^^ i""'*-«^*''« »^" the of religion prevails. Amoni. tho Pr.! .J''' *''^ Presbyterian form attended to with much^Stml f •''"' P«P"lation education is lies it has been mud' Lglt ted t ,ouo^^^^^ th^ p,„.,,, „^,, 'f made both by the government and bv^nriff''* "''• ' ^'^^'« been schools for their instruc^n l>"nit;(^^Xio n'n , '"««t"te fast Institution, are flourish nffs"mfn.rt«?l' ^"i?''"' '"^ *^'e Be;.- elementary schools. Maynooth S Li ?oV .'i.' ^^'^ ^'^""^ ^""^ i« Roman Catholic priesthoS is suDnnrS / *^^ education of the the lowest state of ign (fiance an ZSf ^^ S^^'^^T""*' ^unk in less, slothful, and recK h,?t ^nwf*^' *^'^ People are thought- cheerful, and generou Robust J'"" ' -"^^ *™^' J'ght-hearted, future, and rea^dy to Sow mSo? tSi^"""'' .""'S-rdless of the be c assed amoni the finest^ord J n" " ^1?'^''^' *'"^ "^^^ B^SK^r srs^^ ^: t£^^^^ ^ «- «^ «-t r>ieuf,Pi,5,nf „,^„:.,. "/""/• /"^ executive is vested in a Lord M •.<''riian Catho- U t ? FOREIGN POSSESSIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN. In ^urope.^ne\igol^d', in the German Ocean • G,braltar .n the South of Spain ; Malta and G, .o in the' Medtoranean ; the Republic of the seven Ionian lid .s under the protection of Great Britain, and govern d by a mihtary officer nominated by the Crovvn ^ Martaban, Tayoy, Tenas'serim, Malacca, in the Eastern Z"T/ f "J°/^"-S' or Prince of Wales Island, " the Stra,ts of Malacca, Singapore', south from Malacca • Ceylon ; Hong Kong, near Canton. In Australasia. ■ ustralasia—Nevi South Wales in the east ; South ^ JKITAIN. PORTUGAL. 45 1 to be of better I kingdom ; but mrly neglected, rnnient and by testant Episco- Jr-fiftbs of the esbyterian form on education is J?or,ian Catho- • "'ave been institute ■■'. -lid the Btl- great want is ucation of the lent. Sunk in e are thought- light-hearted, rdJess of the ads, they may that of Great ed in a Lord- 5 at pleasure, I'retarj^. Tlie ,019,5/6 were Australia in the south, Swan River settlement in the south-west, and Victoria in the north of Australia ; Van Die'men's Land ; New Zealand ; Nor 'folk Island. In, Africa. — Sierra Leone ; several settlements on the coast of Guinea ; Cape of Good Hope ; the islands of Fernando Po ; St Helena ; Isle of France or Mauritius. In North America. — Canada ; New Bruns'wick ; No'va Sco'tia; Newfoundland; Cape Breton; Prince Edward Island ; Hondu'ras ; the Bermudas. In South America. — That partof Guiana comprehending Demera'ra, Essequi'bo, Berbice'. In the West Indies. — Jamai'ca, the Baha'mas ; Barba'- does ; St Vin'cent ; Grena'da ; Toba'go ; St Lu'cia ; Tri^ nidad'; Antigua; St Chris'topher's ; Montserrat' ; Ne'vis; Anguilla; Domini'ca ; Virgin Islands, viz. Torto'la, Virgin Gor'da, Anega'da. 3RITAIN. n Ocean ; *- ^0 in the ian Islands )verned by racan Ar le Eastern Island, in Malacca ; St ; South PORTUGAL Is bounded on the N. and E. by Spain ; and on the S. and W. by the Atlantic. Provinces.— Entre Dou'ro e Min'ho, Tras-os-Mon'tes, Bei'ra, Estramadu'ra, Alente'jo, Algar'va. Capes— Monde'go, Ro'ca or Rock of Lisbon, Es'pichel, St Vin'cent, ofF which Sir John Jarvis (afterwards Earl St Vincent) defeated the Spanish fleet, 14th February 1797, San'ta Mari'a or St Mary. Mountains — Sier'ra d'Estrel'la. Rivers.— Min'ho, Dou'ro, Monde'go, Ta'gus, Guadia'na, Sa'do or Sa'dao. PRiNCirAL Towns. — In Entre Douro e Minho. 46 PORTUGAL. frZVioTroi:: '■''' '" "-' -•-' "^ which dom • Vk'na « , r ^ which IS primate of thekinir- fisheries '' ""' ' ""^■''"^"^ '--^^ and extensive whltrp'^eTe^rr^ '""" """■ "'"'^ of onSo^z:"'^^----'«c?;^^^^^^^^ 9. t::d";;''r^!::/f;'^T";.f''-'-'-vers;ty; Vise'„ 5 -I lui US great annual fair • Pnef^i'?^ t> / Almpi'fla R ^ f i-c 1 * '^astello-Bran CO 6- impTtance' "'"^' '"™' ^'"^ '' """^-y Po^' of gl^ extensive foreln ^ J^ '"' ""' P°^'' ^ - "•"^' an earth ;£Tv ~ ; ^'^^r '^^'^"-^^'^ ^^ inhabitants ae saH fn N ' '"'"" *'"'»"» "^ '•»« Ubes 15 w,r '^'\*".''*^'«' P'="«hed; Setubal' or St tarem ' c ^ T:!T '"'^ '" "'"^ ^"^ ^^^ '' «»'- 1808 between the' Bri / / J™"'"""" "^''^ '^ere in we. ano:r t!r p: i-tst''^^ '"^^ -t.e Of Harris to the .ro;J::C„tl'C! with several ancient remains "^ ' lZT"^''" '' '"' ^^^''''' ''' with active fisheries; Jr^d^r-TT^'^ ^^'■'':-«'''- ^-„n, and - nmdo^tan , Maca o, near Uanton' in China. /« SPAIN. 47 ne, of which ed annually; e of the king- md extensive in, Duke of las important ; Cha'ves 5, nee the time ■sity; Vise'u -Bran'co 6 ; )ost of great of Portugal has a most estroyed by ,000 of the ubar or St salt; San'- de there in h the latter 'dras, gives i; Abran'- mtiquities ; ; Be'ja 5, e fisheries; ^aun, and hina. In Africa. — The Cape Verae Islands, the Azores, the Madei- ras, — Angola, Bengue'la, IHozambique'. Portugal is situated botwoen 37° and 42° 13' N. Lat and between i)" J 5' and 9'' 40' \V. Long. ; its lengtli from north to south is 350 miles, its breadth from east to west nearly 150 miles, and its super- ficial extent 3(1,5.06 miles. The general aspect of this country bears a considerable resemblance to that of Spain. The climate is delightful and salubrious ; but the soil, in general light, is not well adapted for agriculture. Besides the usual kinds of grain, this c nintry produces wine in great abundance, particularly the kind called port, oranges, lemons, citrons, almonds, tat. Mules are very common ; but the horses are inferior to those of Spain. There are mines of lead, iron, tin, and copper. The Roman Catholic is the established religion, but others are now tolerated. E;lucation is greatly neglected, and the people are consequently ignor.int and superstitious. The manners and customg of the inhabitants of the northern provinces differ widely from those of the sontliern ; sincerity and industry characterize the former, while the latter are more polite, but faithless and indolent ; and in general very little regard is paid to cleanliness. Tlie government is a limited monarchy. Population upwards of 3,500,000. SPAIN Is bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, and the Bay of Biscay; W. by the Atlantic, and Portugal; S. by ths Straits of Gibraltar, and the Mediterranean ; and on the E. by the Mediterranean. PjiOViNCEs. — Gali'cia, Astu'rias, Bis'cay, Navarre', Ar'- agon, Catalo'nia, Valen'cia, Mur'cia, Gran'ada, Andalu'- sia, Le'on, Estremadu'ra, Old Castile', New Castile'. Islands. — Balea'ric Islands, including Major'ca 136, chief town Pal'ma 34, with a university. Minor 'ca 31, chief town, Port Mahon' 20, with an excellent harbour, Iv'i9a 15, with a town of the same name, Formente'ra, and several smaller islands ; Leon. Capes.— Or'tegal, Finisterre', Trafal'gar, off which Lord 1 Sll i 48 SPAIN. Crlx ' '' *' ^'"""> ^"rto'sa, St slbas'tian, AsfuZTZ^^'^Tr' ^^"''"^'""^ - Mountain, of «f M;rs.at::^:\ -— ^ - --. oostel'la 2S w ,7 ■ ^•"'"A._Santia'go de Com- where S. T I ,f •"«'"'" "'''™I arsenal ; Corun'na 23. Vi'sol^ ' "^^ '^' ^""' ""^""^ springs i BisTAv n'lK ' „ ''°""*'"g sea-port, mefce S;l,f' r " '''"'^'° '^' -* » -tensive com- W T oM T , , " '' '"'^'" "^y •■''«^"" fro-n the French Estel'IaS. ■''"'«'* 8, vnth a good commerce; Abaoon.— Saragos'sa 43, famous for its oillant ^ fence against the French 1S08 o • H f great antiquity ; Ter'uel s . AI '■ ' . "' "' ^ "''^ "^ the Carthagm,an general, about 230 years b c S nu.nerousmanuf9-*"rp-!,-J 1 • y-"'^ ^-0; witli L.a„.,je, auu extensive commerce ; Tarra- SPAItf, 40 Jmbined fleets uro'pa Point, »t Sebas'tian, fountains of of Tole'cio, na, Guadal- BiJassD'a. go de Com- iiing manu- ^run'na 2,?, ^e French, il springs ; antilla'na ; jsive com- he French 12^ where 5 French, igest for- mmerce ; lant de- a city of its alum imilcar, , witl) Tajra- ■'/ \l go'na 11, in the neighbourhood of which is a majestic tomb, said to be that of the Scipios } Torto'sa 1 0, with several remains of antiquity j Re'us 25, with important manufactures ; Lerida 17, the ancient Ilcr'da, where Caisar successfully contested the dominion of the world j Gero'na ; O'lot 1 4, with a great transit trade j Figu'eras 7, one of the most remarkable fortresses in Europe ; Vich or Vique 13, noted for its manufactures, and its copper and coal mines. Valencia. — Valen'cia 06, with the most frequented university in the kingdom : Al'icant 1 4, with a great com- merce in wine, fruits, &c. ; Murvie'dro 6, on the site of the ancient Sagxintum ; Orihue'la 26, situated in a valley called the garden of Spain ; Lir'ia 1 0, Castellon de la Pla'na 15. MuRciA. — Mur'cia 36, has a fine cathedral ; Cartha- ge'na 30, founded by Asdrubal the Carthag'nian, has a noble harbour ; Lor'ca 40, with flourishing manufactures 5 Alman'za 5, with a great annual fair. Granada. — Gran'ada 60, the ancient capital of the Moorish kings, and celebrated for its magnificent palace, called the Alhambra 5 Mal'aga 60, famous for its wine and raisins ; Anteque'ra 20 ; Ron'da 18, noted for the manufacture of arms : Alme'ria 19, with a brisk trade. Andalusia. — Seville' 91, with a magnificent gothic cathedral, and famous for its oranges. Five miles distant from this city is San'ti Pon'ce, the birth-place of the Emperors Trajan, Adrian, and Theodosius, and of the poet Silius Italicus ; Cad'iz 59, a principal sea-port of Spain, and one of the strongest fortresses of Europe } Gibraltar 20, deemed an impregnable fortress, belonging to the British since 1704 ; Cordo'va 47, the birth-place of 60 SPAIN. 'jl f M } I ^elebrated for the production of sherry wine j Eci'ja 31 O.SU na 15 noted for it, manufacture, of hemp. ' ' in SpaTn~A!r ■"' "'"•T '"''""'"' '^ '"'"«''"'''• ''"« ""-t defeated th. » , "''"'^'^ '""versity, here Wellington pite:fipa '" '''" ^^'^''""'l' ^Mhe b.- th- .n 1812 , Mer ,da 6, ,v,th remain, of Roman and Moorish antujuitiesj Alcanta'ra; Oliven'ca in , , "^o""*" commerce. "Hven 5a 10, with a spirited OiD CA,TiLE.-Bur'gos 12, the principal wool-market m Spain ; Sego'via 13, long noted for its manufecture t-a'n '^ " '"^^""'^™' ^-- ^'l-<'-t Mt by New Castilb.— Madrid' 2 1 0, the caoital nf «„ • ... above the level of the sea • Tnlfi .VJ ^^* sword blades, Talave' a "'wl tl f; 'T" '^ "^ den^IO, noted f.r i. mines of mercu^, the^Lt^^^^^^ Foreign Possessions.— .Cu'ha nn.! p u -n-/ B^... /«*,, the Canary Wand" cI'L P '' " t VelW and Melina, on Z nJ'^fZ^'oJ'^Z' af 4^E.r riisins^ruf; .•';?."tf:f:''- 1-?;-. -<• between miles; its breadth from N to s f^-fn ^ m ^'**''" ^' *« ^- is 600 extent about 179,500 square mile ThT':!' "",^ '*« ^"P^rficia? ^yOO ^u ^uOO feet above the level of'the'sea? " '''^^ "^ ^^""^ ^'"^^ FRANCE. 51 (Sha'reg) 34, ; Eci'ja 35 ; mp. red the finest [Uities; Sala- e Wellington n, the birth- ^ "WeHington and Moorish ^ a spirited wool-market nufacture of :t built by ^ Spain, the 2220 feet nous for its h were de- >0 ; Alma'- richest in i'co, in the Pe'non de ^ Africa ; le Islands, nd between W. is 600 auperfieial eet of the land from The climate is various ; in the valleys, during the aummer months, tlip iicat is vopy great, whilo in the elevattMl districts it is more moderate. The summits of many of the mountains are above the limits of perpetual sno'v. The soil is generally fertile, but agricul- ture is much neglected. Besides the usual kinds of grain, Spain produces sugar, rice, maize, cotton, silk, and almost every kind of fruit, and it nas long been celebrated for its wines. The breed of horses and mules is particularly valuable, and in)mcnse Hocks of Merino sheep are roared, the wool of which forma an important article of commerce. Productive mines of silver, lead, quicksilver, and cobalt, are in active operation ; excellent coal abounds in many districts •, iron of the best (juality, rock-salt, antimony, copper, and tin, are also found in abundance. The Roman Catholic is the established religion. The education of the people has been mui neglected, though in no country in Eurojje is there a greater number of endowed schools. The man- ners of the people vary in ditfcrent provinces ; the higher classes are generally i>roud and indolent, but in many districts the lower orders ai-e lively and industrious. The government is a limited monarchy, though at present in a very unsettled state. The population in 1037 amounted to 11,964,000. FRANCE Is bounded on the N. by Belgium and the English Chan- nel ; W. by the Atlantic and Bay of Biscay ; S. by the Pyrenees and Mediterranean ; and on the E. by Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. France was divided into thirty-five Provinces, which have been subdivided into eighty-six Departments, includ- ing Corsica, viz., French Flan'ders, which forms the department of the North ; — Abt'ois, which forms part of Pas- de-Calais ; — Pig'ardy, comprehending Somme, N. part of Pas-de- Calais, N. part of Aisne ; — Isle of France, Oise, Seine, Seine and Oise, Seine and Marne, S. part of Aisne ; — Nor'mandy, Cal'vados, Eure, Manche, Orne, Lower Seine ; — Maine, Sarthe, Mayenne' ; — Bre- TAGNE' or Briii'TANY, Cotes du Nord, Finistere, liie-et- Vilaine', Lower Loire', Mor'bihan. 52 France, A«™u Maine et Loire ,-Toukaine', In'dre-et-LoireJ -Po-To.' Ven'dee, Deux Sevres, Vien„e';_A™,s Td -G»2ENKE' and Gas'coone or Gas'conv, Dordogne' Gironde', Lot, Avey'ron, Tarn-et-Garo^e', Lot-et-al -n^, Landes, Ger, Upper Pyrenees' ^B^aJ lower Pyrenees ; _ Roussill'on, Eastern Pyrenees -1 hZ Ta™, Upper Garonne, Aude ;_Co«'rE be Fo.x, Ariege' • —Com iat d'Avi6'non, Vaucluse'. We Rhone j-BouBooGNE' or Bt,K'«uNw, Ain CotJ ~CnlZ7''''''7r"''''' ^"P" «'''-' ^"-^ Khine -ollr 'p^''""""' """^' ^"l-^' Upper Marne JViVEBNAis, Nievre ;_Ber'bi, Cher, In'dre --Boun ?S;!:cori "^"^-^"^™''^' ^"^^^ »^-: BAYs._Bay of Biscay ; Gulf of Lyons. Islands. -Ushant'; Belleisle', in which is Palais- No,™out.er, noted for its salt works and oysters ; Y u L?J°l V""" : ',' ''''"' ■' Hieres' ; Co^ica. ' in m2"l J'T^ ^"^"^ ^^ «°g-' off which Frail 'SM y n " '""'^^"""^^ ^^''^''^^ ''"" of France; fet Matthew; Du Raz. Moy„,„s._Pyrenees, Alps, Cevennes', Cantal, Puy a-e Dome, Jura, \nscr^= n^t„ J.^^_. ,,.,.' ^ yflj^^ ' ' "~°^"' ^^^"^ ^ ^^> celeDiated for ita I FRANCE. 53 RjVERS.— Somme, Seine, Orne, Vilaine', Loire, Sevre, Cliarente', Gironde', formed by the junction of the Dor- dogne' and Garonne', Adour', Rhone, Saone, Rhine, Mo- selle', Meuse, Marne, Escaut' or Scheldt. Principal Towns.— In the Department of the North. Lille 63, one of the most important fortresses of the kingdom; Dou'ay 18, with a great arsenal and a foundry for cannon ; Dun'kirk 25, with an extensive trade; Cam'- bray 18, whence the fine manufacture called cambric, derives its name ; Valenciennes' 19, noted for its manu- factures of lace, gauze, &c. Pas-de-Calais. — Ar'ras 20, famous for its tapestry; St Omer' 18; Cal'ais 11, the principal station of the packets between England and France — it was taken after along siege by Edward III. in 1347, and continued in possession of the Enghsh till 1558 ; Boulogne' 21, a strong sea-port. SoMME. — A'miens 44, the birth-place of Peter the Hermit here a peace was concluded between Britain and France in 1802 ; Abbe'ville 17, with important manufactures ; Cres'sy, famous for the victory gained by Edward III. of England over the French in 1346. AisNE. — La'on 8 ; St Quen'tin 21, with flourishing ma- nufactures ; Soissons' 8, the capital of the successors of Clovis I. king of France; La Fere, the oldest artillery school in France. OisE. — Beauvais' 12, famous for its royal tapestry ma- nufactory ; Compiegne' 8, noted for its magnificent royal palace ; Noyon', the birth-place of the great reformer John Calvin. Seine Par'is 875, the capital of France, next to Lon- don, the largest city in Europe, is celebrated for its mag- D ■ 54 I'RANCE. TfS LSr""' '''''" ^'"'-''' "'^ "-'J-P-e of n^ntZT ?'^^-7^--«-' 30, famed for its n,ag„i. *ed Smlf ^^ T '"'"'' ^"^ •'^"- "• of England Ztml^m' ™""' '"''^""^ of Napoleon,- nere Heniy HI. ^as assassinated in 1589 S.™. A«t, MAKNK.-Melun' 7 ; Fontamebleau' 7, with a r yal palace, where the emperor Napoleon signed hb .^bd catron m ISU; Meaux 8, with a great corn trl wa^h ■:r^,sr;ht:r^" ^^-^ "-^-^ Bav'en. q 7^^'''/^ *^^ birth-place of the Conqueror : *i^;^S:^':iirT^' ^^^-^ «-» -tii^ji — i,a\ dl 16, with a rnpcirle-j^WA i^ A Hayenne' 9, the centre of extensive linenltL::^: ' FRANCE. 55 e gardens, fils 9, re- al-place of its magni* Ger'main, " England poleon,— * a' 7, with gned his trade, onqueror iqueror ; iure and antiqui- ures. ^nt sea- ictures ; Fonte- cathe- nianu- ivre, is towns baths. 1 ; La trade ; jres. Cotes du Nord. — St Brieu'c 11; Guing'amp 6jf3,ined for its manufactures of cotton, and for a kind of cloth to which it has given its own name (Ginghams.) FiNisTERE. — Quim'per 9 ; Brest 33, with one of the finest harbours in Europe, and one of the chief stations of the French navy ; Morlaix' 10, with a good trade. Ille et Vilaine. — Rennes 32 ; St Ma'lo 10, one of the principal sea-ports in the kingdom, near which is Cancale' 5, celebrated for its ovsters. Lower Loire. — Nantes 77, one of the most com- mercial cities in the kingdom. MoRBiHAN. — Vannes 11 ; Lo'rient 18, one of the five naval ports of the kingdom. Maine et Loire. — Angers' 37, in the neighbourhood of extensive slate quarries ; Saunmr' 1 1, with a fine bridge over the Loire. Indre et Loire. — Tours 25, near which in 732 the Saracens were defeated by Charles Martel ; Amboise 5, where the name of Huguenots was first given to the Cal- vinists in 1560 ; La Haye, the birth-place of the famous Des Cartes in 1596. Vendee. — Bour'bon-Ven'dee5 ; Fontenay'-le-Comte' 7. Deux Sevres. — -Ni'ort 17, a manufacturing and com- mercial town. Vienne. — Poitiers' 22, famous for the victory gained near it in 1356, by Edward the Black Prince, over John, King of France, \vho was made prisoner, and conducted captive to London ; Cha'telleraut' 10. Lower Charente. — La Rochelle' 14, with an exten- sive commerce, and noted for the siege which the Hugue- nots maintained against Louis XITL in 1627-8 • Roche'- fort 16, an important naval station ; Saintes 10. >lt 56 FRANCE. Charente.— Angouleme' 17, celebrated for its paper works and other manufactures ; Cognac', famous for its brandy. BoRDOGNE.— Per'igueux 11, with several remains of antiquity; Ber'gerac 10, noted for its wines; Sar'lat 6, near which the celebrated Fenelon was born. GiRONDE.— Bordeaux' ] 00, with a very extensive trade, especially in wine, brandy, and fruit. Lot.— Cahors' 11, with a great trade in wines. AVEYRON.— Rho'dez 8, with one of the finest gothic cathedrals in France ; Saint-AfFrique' 6, and Roque'fort, noted for their cheese. Tarn et GARONNE.—Montau'ban 22, with a Pro- testant university; Mois'sac 11, with considerable com- merce. Lot et Garonne.— A'gen 14, where the learned Joseph Scaliger and Lacipe'de were born. Landes.— Mont-de-Marsan' ; Aire, once the residence of Alaric, king of the Visigoths. Gers.— Auch 9, the centre of large manufactures of cotton ; Lectoure 6, the birth-place of Marshal Lannes. Upper Pyrenees.— Tarbes 11; Bagneres' 8, much frequented for its mineral waters. Lower Pyrenees.— Pau 12, the birth-place of Henry the Great, of France, and of Charles John Bernadotte, King of Sweden; Bayonne' 16, where the well known weapon the bayonet was invented, and from which it takes its name. Eastern Pyrenees.— Perpign'an 1 8 ; Ceret', with a very high bridge over the Tech, consisting of a single arch of 140 feet span. Ardeche.— Privas' ; Anno'nay 8, the birth-place of I'RANCE. 57 its paper js for its mains of sar'lat 6, ive trade, 3t gothic ique'fort, a Pro- )le com- learned esidence tures of innes. ;, much Henry ladotte, known it takes with a fie arch lace of Mongolfief, the inventor of the balloon, and famous for its manufacture of fine paper. Upper Loire. — Le Puy 14, noted for its manufacture of laces and small bells ; Yssengeaux' 7. LozERE.- — Mende 5, with considerable manufactures, particularly of serges. Gard. — Nimes or Nismes 41, the birth-place of An- toninus the Koman emperor, with extensive silk manufac- tures, contains numerous monuments of Roman antiquity j Al'ais 15, with rich iron and coal mines in its neighbour- hood, is the centre of a great trade in raw and wrought silk, and of various manufactures ; Beauca'ire 10, cele- brated for its annual fair. Herault.— Montpellier 36, has a flourishing trade and numerous manufactures, and is much resorted to by invalids on account of its pure air and mild climate j Beziers' 17, with a good trade in wine and brandy. Tarn. — Al'by 12, whence the persecuted reformers called Albigenses, took their name, the birth-place of the unfortunate navigator La Peyrouse, and the centre of great cloth manufactures ; Cas'tres 17, with numerous manufactures of cloth. Upper Garonne Toulouse' 77, the principal cannon- foundry of the kingdom, with extensive manufactures of hardware — here the Duke of Wellington defeated the French, commanded by Marshal Soult, 10th April 1814 ; Saint-Gaudens 5 ; Bagneres' de Lu'chon, celebrated for its establishment of baths. AuDE. — Carcassonne' 18, noted for its manufactures of cloth ; Narbonne' 11, famed for its honey. - ApvIege. — Foix 5, siirroiiRded by iron mines and marble quarries. Sd rHANCE* Lower Alps.— Digne, the birth-place of the celebrated physician Gassendi, noted for its mineral - aters ; Sis'* tercn. Var.— Draguign'an 8 ; Toulon' 35, with one of the largest and safest harbours in Europe, and the principal station in the Mediterranean for the French navy. Mouths op the Rhone. -^Marseilles' 147, with an ex- tensive commerce, was founded by the Phoceans about 539 years before Christ ; Aix 23, famous for its warm baths. Vaucluse— Avign'on 32, with considerable manufac^ tures and a good trade, long the residence of the Popes ; Orange' 9, formerly the capital of a small principality, Whence the eldest son of the King of Holland derives his title of Prince-^remarkable for its Eoman antiquities. Upper AiPs.^Gap 8 ; Brian'9on, the highest town in France — a remarkably strong fortress. Drome.-^ Valence' 11, near which are produced the delicious wines called Hermitage ; Montelimart' 8, the mhabitants of which are said to have been the first in France who embraced the Reformation. IsERE.— Greno'ble 26, with an extensive trade in gloves ; Vienne' 16, with several Roman antiquities. Loire.— Montbrison' 6 ; St Etienne' 46, surrounded by coal mines, and celebrated for its numerous manufac- tures, Rhone.— Ly'ons or Lyon' 144, the second city of France, famous for its silk manufactures; Ville'franche 7. AiN.— Bourg 9, with a magnificent church; Belley, -_L — ...1 ^,,^ iiopiiaiie ludxia m im iieignDourhood ; Fer* ney, long the residence of Voltaire. FKANCE. 50 CoTE d^Or.— Dijon' 26, with a good trade in wine and flour ; Beaune 1 1 . Saone et Loire. — Macon' 11, famous for its wine; Au'tun 1 0, with numerous Roman antiquities. The cele- brated Prince Talleyrand was bishop of this city at the beginning of the French Revolution ; Cha'lons-sur-Saone 13. YoNNE.— Auxerre' 11, in the midst of extensive vine- yards J Sens 10. Upper Saone. — Vesoul' 6 ; Gray 7, with a great trade in iron, grain, and flour. DouBs^-*-Besan'9on 25, distinguished for an extensive manufacture of clocks and watches* Jura. — Lons-le-Saul'mer 8, near which are salt springs ; Dole 9- in the neighbourhood of a forest which covers 50,000 acres. Meurthe.— -Nan'cy 36, enlarged and embellished by Stanislaus, King of Poland ; Lu'neville 12, where a treaty of peace was signed between France and Austria in 1801. Moselle. — Metz 40, with considerable manufactures and very strongly fortified ; Thionville' 6. Meuse.-— Bar-le-Duc 12, the neighbourhood of which is famous for its wine ; Yerdun' 1 1 , with manufactures of paper, glass, and iron. Yosges. — Epinal' 10 ; St Die' 8 ; Mire'court 5, noted for its musical instruments ; Neufchateau, near which is Domremy, the birth-place of the famous Joan of Arc. Upper Rhine. — Colmar' 19, with a flourishing trade ; Mulhau'sen 1 4, celebrated for its manufactures of cottons and silks. Lower Rhine.'— Stras'burg 61, famed for its magnifi- •cent gothic cathedral, with a very lofty tower and steeple 1 1 ' 60 I'RAJfCE, .wlr" '"'«h' having a clock which represents the con- of:Z::1 ''^ """"'" of theplane..ry system-carrie, on a very extensive commerce. Mathd T ''•"*"'"""' ' '^''™' ''■ "^^ birth-place of Marshal lurrenne, .s noted for the manufacture of fine ..fT7'~?u^'-'"" '^' ^'*'' " ^^'^'-^'^'l ^^hool of arts and trades ; Ehe.ms 39, the chief seat of the woollen m nufacture ; in its i.^ense and splendid cathedral tt kings of France were formerly crowned U>e son of a shoemaker ; with an extensive trade and ot which, Bonaparte was a student, Uppek MARNE-Chau'mont 6, Lan'gres 7, noted for Its cutlery and excellent millstones. '. ""ted for draf in Franct"";:'''"'''" ''' ''"' "^^ '-«-' -'^e- wool , l7::'e" " "^"'"' "' ' ""''' "'^^ ■" -= -^ co« °'"''7?'''''"' ^®' ""'^'^ <■" i'« manufactures of NiKVRE.-Nevers' 14, celebrated for its china ware which IS said to be the finest in France; also for S royal foundry, ,ts enamel, and different articles of jewellery Cher Bourges 20, with a cathedral, one of the finest gothic structures in Europe. clJr"T'~M''^"'"''™"'' ^^' ^""^ '"'8^ manufactures of cloth ; Issou'dun 12. FRANCE. 61 i the can- 1 — carries i-place of e of fine ol of arts woollen idral the ban IV., ade and y school oted for t cathe- orn and ures of which ^aid of •randy; ware, for its '■ellery. finest 'Mm. _i? ICO Ol Allier.— Moulins' 14, its principal trade is cutlery. Creusk.— Gueret', Au'busson 5, with extensive carpet manufactories. Upper Vienne.— limoges' 27, the birth-place of Mar- shall Jourdan, noted for its manufactures of woollen and porcelain. Correze. — Tulle 10, where fire-arms are fabricated. PuY DE Dome— Cler'mont 27, the birth-place of Pas- cal, and the centre of an extensive inland trade ; Thi'ers 10. Cantal.— Auril'lac 10, the birth-place of Marshall Noailles ; in the neighbourhood are mineral springs. Corsica Ajac'cio 10, noted as the birth-place of Na- poleon Bonaparte, late emperor of France, 15th August 1769 ; Bas'tia 13, the principal place of commerce in the island. Foreign Possessions. In the West Indies. — Guada- loupe', Martinique', Mariegalan'te Saintes, Desea'da, part ■of St Mar'tin. In Noiih J. 7mr tea.— Mi'qnelon and St Pierre', in the Gulf of St Lawrence. In South America, Cayenne', and the eastern part of Guia'na. In Africa, Algiers' or Alge'ria, Bo'na, Senegal, La Calle, St Louis, &c. In the Indian Oceaw.— The Isle of Bourbon', and the Island of St Mary, east of Madagas'car. In Hindos- /«w.— Chandernagore', Carical, Pondicher'ry, Mahe', the Marque'sas, &c. France is situated between 42' 1^, and 51° 5' N. Lat., and between 8° 25' E., and 4° 43' W. Long. Its greatest length is 66o mijes ; its greatest breadth 57fi miles ; and its superficial extent 204,.yo square miles. The general aspect of France is agreeably diversihed by an admixture of high and low lands. Towards the frontiers ot Spain and Italy, it is decidedly mountainous, but towards the sea-coast it is level, and in many places sandy. . , , i The climate, though in general peculiarly fine, vanes considerably In different portions of the country. In the north it is similar to 62 I'UA^SCE. that of the south of England u/ifK ^ . country, tho temperature h the most nil T^^'^'l T""''"" "^ the winter is shorter arul uiil.h.r tl in ?.. M ^ '^'^^f"* and l.ealthy. The thouKh frequently visited by v ok tZT) .' T^^ J" *''« «"">">«••! dostruct.ve to the vinos and^oi fr cVot th.l^^^^^ P'^^^ ^^--y heat - less intense than in the suutKl • '*' ''"'« ''«•»' ^"^I the cessive during .he n.uhlle of the d v'th f" r '"""'""' '* '^ '"^ *'"^- be earned on, and tho grounds to onM.^n "'^, ^P^'ations cannot quent irrigation. fJkcMhe e irnaL " " U^'""- "''"?' •'^^'''''^ fr«- different districts ; but,upon the wholi i^ ^•^'''^t. «»"«iflerably in produces abundant crops*^ ''^''''^^' ** '* exceedingly fertile, ind ^^^^^'p^'tcSt^^^;;'^^^^^ rai-, of excellent maize and vines are extcfnsi elyVSv^ted J 'r' -^'".^'^ ""^ S'"'^'"' portion, maize is produced ingrLt nlenJv '.. i . '^' '•" *''« southern principal article of export, andfs HI i v 1^'m ^^ "'^^ ^'°^ ""??'»«« *''« the inhabitants. The conn on Xf! * ^' ''»"'i"«n beverage to Jheltered situations, o^rngs'SdT ions' '^S' "-^b-"-, an'i ?„ France are sheep, in immense nunS ni , T^'''^^"''"^'^ «f --.^wui lui- uiuerenceis notsoann-ironf- tu , i"^""i"^-; more celebrated than anVoE ot" i.p ^ ^^^-'^''^ '^^ ^'>^^--.re manner of feeding them swells the i ver to .n ''^''' ^"'"^^'^- ^he gives them a delicacy much app ec ated 1 v Z,"""''',"''^' «'^«' ^"d worm is brought to great peSon in fl.^ '"r".*^'' ^'^'« «ilk- provinces. The fish most common to terit """" 'f ^'"^ '""^h^'*" are the salmon, cod, mackerX he !^-in. nilT ""7' f'T' «^ ^''^"<^ whiting, mullet, and the tunny, wll'SVouniin'l'. '"(r^"]^ '"^^^^ ««^«' in the eariy part of summer. Amony r p «"f f "-^''^ Mediterranean tioned th3 brown and the blac1 bSfr In thl pT'"'"' ™Y ^' ^"«"- the Vosges, and the wolf, so destructive othf «"','"' ^^'' '^"'^ ^^ all the large forests. The mineralTndncHn k '^^ '' ^«"»d in inferio. quality, which is very ] tirwro^lr^ ^''•'^^^ not found in coal districts, and^t ereforesS ^ 1 f ''''"' '"^''^ '^ are lead, antimony, and coppe7-Tet ;.!!*.'' '■.^'* ^^P^n^e, quantities, and some valuablS b'eau fuf '"^hf ^"*\'" l^r^e the Pyrenees. "' auiiiul marbles are found m The Roman Catholic is the Drevalmf r„i: • charter grants freedom of worship olIIoP*'" ""l ^ ''^"'^' ^'"^ *J'« the salaries of both the Cathol?c a^,d l>r tpt^^''^''^"' ''^^'^ and the state. Since 18^3, eveircon mun^hv^"^.'^''Sy ''^'*« P'^'^ others, is compelled to have one sSfo/.i ^^"'.''^ ""'*'"^ ^^th thus laying the foundation for educath,! L ""^^^'^ instruction. In 1834, it was calculated that no ess fn/f ^ '^'"'^.P^ ^^'^ P^^P^e attended school during some period of tCv ""v"""' «^' ^^^th 41 royal colleges, 318 e. iSnal coHpip! ^ifr -^'^"^^ «°»tains boardin«?-snhn"ls ';'< n < t ^^^^^^^^ l^fi institution.. 1114 „ s.n„.is, .. a..,.^ schools, and 42^18 primaryachools. SWITZEKLANl). 63 riit! nianimrs of tlio neople are extremely engaginj?. They are im- |)(tu<)U8, hi-iive, lively K*>ouniouro(l, polite, and very attentive to strangers ; but it must be confessed that tbey are lax in their morals, <;?peeially in the larger towns, and that the better ordei-g either leol, or alfeet, a great indifFerence in religiou.s matters. The government is a limited constitutional monarchy, consisting of a hereditary nionareh, a chamber of peorH, nominated by the king for life, their number being unlimited, and a chamber of SWITZERLAND Is bounded on the N. by Germany ; W. by France ; S. by Italy; and on the E, by Austria. Cantons.— Berne, Neufchatel', Fri'burg, Vaud, Ge- neva, Valais', Tes'sin, Grisons', U'ri, Unterwal'den, Lucerne', Zug, Schweitz, Gla'rus, St Gall, Appen'zell, Thurgau', Schaffhau'sen, Zu'rich, Aargau', Basle, Soleure, MouNTAiNs^—Rhae'tian Alps; Pennine and Helve'tian Alps, including Great St Ber'nard, St Got'hard, Schrek'- horn, Mount Ro'sa, Sim'plon, over which is a grand mili- tary road, formed by Bonaparte ; Mount Blanc, the high- est mountain "n Europe ; Mount Ju'ra. Rivers.— Rhine ; Rhone; A'ar, with its tvy ii(aries Reuss and Lim'mat ; Inn ; Tici'no. Lakes.— Geneva, Neufchatel', Bienne', Thun, ]!nenz'. Lucerne', Zug, Zu'rich, Wal'lenstadt, Con'stance, nr Bo'- densee', Maggio're, Lugano. Principal Towns.— In Berne.— Berne 21, the capi- tal of Switzerland, the birth-place of Haller the poet and physiologist, with a beautiful cathedral, the spire of which is much admired. This city possesses many scientific in- stitutions and societies, and in its arsenal is preserved the 1*1 'i .i ■'iH li! U SWITZEllI^ND. armour of the patriot Tell ; Thun, near which are the much frequented baths of Gurnighel. Neufchatel.— Neufchatel 5, with a castle, the ancient residence of the Princes of Neufchatel. Friburo.— Friburg 7, whose cathedral has the highest steeple in Switzerland,~its organ is the finest toned in Europe ; Charmey, in the neighbourhood of which is made the famous Gruyere cheese. VAUD.—Lausanne' 14, with a college founded at the Eeformation, is surrounded with the most splendid scenery; Vevay, the site of a college. Geneva.— Gene'va 26, the birth-place, among other celebrated persons, of Rousseau, Saussure, Bonnet, and Necker, noted for its extensive trade in clock and watch making, and for its university, founded by Calvin the Reformer. VALAis.—Sion', a very old city; Marti'gny, where the road commences that leads over the Great St Ber- nard. Tessin.— Bellinzo'na ; Locar'no, and Luga'no, with considerable trade. GRisoNS.—Coire or Chur 5, with a good trade. Uri. — Al'torf, celebrated for the brave and successful resistance made by William Tell to the tyranny of the Austrian governor Geisler, in 1307. UNTERWALDEN—Stanz ; Sar'nen, with a fine churchy arsenal, and college. LucERNE.--Lucerne 7 ; Sursee, with noted baths in its neighbourhood, Zuo.— Zug. ScHWEiTZ.— Schweitz, surrounded by the most beautiful scenery; Brun'nen, the entrepot for aU goods sent to Italy, SWlTZEPtLAND. G5 with GlaRUS. — GlariiB, with a reformed college and various manufactures ; Mollis and Schwanden with cotton manu- factures ; Elm, a small village where the sun is not seen for six weeks in winter, owing to the great height of the mountain of Falsberg. St Gall.— St Gall 10, with flourishing manufactures of fine cloths and muslins ; Wildhaus, the birth-place of Zuinole, the Swiss Reformer. Appenzkll. — Appenzell 5, Herisau' 7, with manufac- tures of muslin and cotton. Thurgau. — Frau'enfeld, with some manufactures of silk. ScHAFFHAiTSEN.— Schaffhausen 7, with a considerable trade. Zurich.— Zurich 11, the birth-place of Gessner and Lavater, with a college and many other valuable institu- tions ; Wadenschwyl, with flourishing manufactures. Aargau. — Aarau', a manufacturing town ; Ba'den, noted for its baths ; Schinznach, also famous for its baths : near this town is the castle of Haps'burg, the cradle of the imperial house of Austria. Basle. — Basle 20, celebrated for its university and other scientific and literary societies — here were born the two Bernouillis, Euler, and Holbein. SoLEURE Soleure, containing one of the finest churches in Switzerland. Switzerland is situated between 45° 50' and 47° 49' N. Lat., and between 6° and 10° 35' E. Long. Its greatest length is 208 miles •, its greatest breadth 156 miles ; and its superHcial extent about 15,257 square miles. It is decidedly the most mountainous country in Europe. The immense chains of the Alps and of Jura, present- ing on all sides enormous rocky precipices and everlasting snows and glaciers, seem to preclude anything like vegetation ; there are, however, many intervening fertile valleys, forming a striking con- < iMi m BELGIUM. B^/romS Eh^nr'^ ''''''''^ °^ ^^^ ^'"^^"^e "fountain masses which met with only in th'i /l„; . S ''«>'; "J ™"'-g»at and chamois are The government ia that of a federal renuhUp Tl,n ^- . . • , wr?retrsrntn«xl-*^^r^^^ directed bXrTerp"eUt\^o;:r ^Tnt^l^^^ ^-^'^^ '- vote. The diet meets bv tnrnt n^. ' ^*"^''" ^*^'"b' one Zurich, and BerZlthBB^ZnL , ^'""Z Iu^''^ ^^^^' »" Lucerne, as presdent under the thK ? ^^ *^' ^H^' of meeting act^ 1838 amounted tol 184 096 ^^"^amman. The population iu BELGIUM Is bounded on the N. by Holland ; W. by the German Ocean and France; S. by France; and on the E by bermany. J Div,s,o»,,-AntVe.p, East Fland'ers, West Flanders, Hamault, Sonth Brabant', Namur', part of Lux'c nbur- i^iege', part of Lini'burg. '"'^' K.vo8._eche!dt, with its tributaries, Haine, Lys, BELGIUM. 67 issea which nipered by the moun* The soil, y and skill ibundance ner fruits, 3 breeding onsist tlie lamois are [uality are ;he golden lountains. r, copper, ivel of the ,ht of the ing seven, ion being ' diffused, ;her Can- id frank ; very, and et which of depu« they are 'ing one jucerne, ;ing acts Nation in ■erman E. by mders, nburg, Denver and Dyle ; Meuse or Maas, with its tributaries, Semoy, Sam'bre, and Ourthe. Principal Towns. — In Antwerp. — Antwerp 75, the chief commercial city of Belgium with a magnificent cathedral, adorned with some of the finest paintings of the famous Eubens, having a spire 466 feet high ; Malin'es or Mech'lin 24, noted for its manufactures of cloth, hats, and iace ; Lierr'e 13, celebrated for its brass foundries j Turnhout' 13. East Flanders. — Ghent or Gand 84, built on twenty- six islands, with extensive commerce and manufactures — • is the birth-place of Charles V. of Germany, and tht jeat of a university; St Nich'olas 16, with considerable manu- factures of pins, ribbons, and cotton ; A'lost 15, with a good trade in corn ; Dendermonde' 6, with a strong castle ; Oudenarde' 5, where the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeated the French in 1708 ; Lok'- eren 16. West Flanders. — Bru'ges 44, has considerable manu- factures, commerce, and ship-building yards; Ostend' 11, from which packets regularly sail to London, &c. ; Cour'- tray 19, noted for its manufactures and extensive com- merce ; Y'pres 15, Dix'mude ; Nieu'port, a fortified town ; Pop'eringhe 10. Hainault. — Mons 23, a strongly fortified city in the neighbourhood of extensive coal mines ; Tour'nay 29, noted for its manufactures of camlets, carpets, and porce- lain ; Charlero'i 7 ; Fontenoy', where the French com- manded by Marshal Saxe, defeated the British in 1745. South Brabant. — Brus'sels 100, the capital of Bel- gium, noted for its lace and carpets ; here Charles V., Emperor of Germany, abdicated his throne in 1555 ; 68 fiELGlUM. mi Louvam 24, with a university; Tir'Jemont 8, with manu- factures of woollen cloth ; Wa'terloo, where Napoleon was finally defeated by the Duke of Wellington, 1 8th June 1815. Namur.— Namur 10, noted for its manufacture of cut- lery and military arms ; Din'ant 5, in the neighbourhood of excellent marble quarries ; PhirippeviUe, near which are iron mines. BouitaoV ^^''"^^"^^•"-^^'^«"> ^ith several foundries; LiEGE—Liege' 58, famous for its numerous manufac tures, extensive commerce and coal mines j Verniers 19 noted for its manufactures of cloths and cassimeres, and its forges where steam engines are made; Spa, celebrated throughout Europe for its mineral waters ; Theux, famed .or Its foundry and its quarry of black marble. Part of LiMBURG.^St Tron 8, famous for its manu- factures of arms and beautiful lace ; Ton'gres. Belgium is situated between 49° 27' and i^l" qi' Tvr t . between 2° 37' and 6° E. Long. It« engtS from N W I^s'f"-^ l9o miles ; its breadth from N.E, to S.W l"? 3. ..I i w ^*^' '* All kmds of /;ram and fruit are succrssfnUv n.,lf;,Tn*.„ i j , tobacco, hemp/ madder, flax, and ^opB ThV,^ ^^^^^^^^^^ though too sluggish for the saddle are JllJT\..'^T' draught; the of er domestic aSL^ \" 1T Sf i^ot:dIr 1h ir tTv Th i'v^f ""'~?"^^ '« abundant in most /arts of the co' try. The chief mineral production is coal nf «v,>iii^ I ,?^*'<^""- in immense quantity. lf„„ i. iT.^ X„l°4 b?ide"' S^o"" fi'tf ', ?'""' ni^ngiM'e. Pyites, calamine; si.lphJand ' h^J," gninding-stone, are fo?„Ti'in.™t';'i,^„fl°:L'^ HOLLAND. 69 revolution in 1831, though in several of the provinces it is attended to with creat solicitude ; at least one-third of the people are with- out any re-ular education. The manners of the people nearest to Holland partake of the proverbial phlegm of the Dutch, while those on the French frontier are possessed of more vivacity, and are in general fond of the pomp and pageantry of the clerical displays ot the Romish church. Though industrious and persevering, they never display the higher characteristics of man, unbending inde- pendence, and undaunted courage. • .- e The government is a constitutional monarchy, consisting ot a hereditary king, a senate, and a chamber of deputies. The senate is elected for eight years, and the chamber for four. Ihe electors are citizens who pay a direct tax of not less than twenty Horins, about thirty-three shillings sterling. One-half of the senate_i3 renewed every four years, and one-half of the chamber oi deputies every two years, unless when dissolved by the king, when the whole require to "be re-elected. The executive government 's ^-ested in the king and six responsible ministers. Population 4,242,000. HOLLAND Is bounded on the N. and W. by the German Ocean ; S. by Belgium ; and on the E. by Germany. Divisions. — Holland Proper, Zealand, North Brabant, U'trecht, Guel'derland, Overys'sel, Drenthe, Gro'ningen, Fries'land, part of Limburg, part of Luxemburg. Seas and Bays.— Zuy'der Zee, Haar'lem Meer, DoV- lart Bay, Lau'wer Zee. Islands. — Voorn, Ys'selmonde, Go'ree, Over Flac'kee, SchoVen, North Beve'land, Wal'cheren, South Beveland, Tho'len ; Ame'land, Schel'ling, Vlic'land, Tex'el, &c. EiVERS. — Rhine, with its branches Leek and Waal; Ys'sel, Vecht. Principal Towns. — In Holland Proper. — Am'ster- dam 220, the capital of Holland, built on piles of wood, and one of the principal cities in Europe for its commercial importance ; Rnt'tevdam 78, next to Amsterdam the most commercial city in the kingdom, and the birth-place of !!' ■ * 70 HOLLAND. the learned Erasmus, to whose memory a bronze statue has been erected by his fellow-citizens; Delft 16, the birth-place of the celebrated Grotius, noted for its earthen ware ; the Hague 58, one of the best built cities in Europe, and the seat of government ; Ley'den 35, famous for its university and learned men ; Haarlem, 22, with the largest church in Holland ; its organ, which is supposed to be the finest in the world, contains 8000 pipes and 68 stops ; it is also noted for its magnificent gar- dens ; here the Dutch assert the art of printing was in- vented by Lawrence Coster in 1440 ; Saar'dam 10, noted for Its paper; here Peter the Great of Russia worked for some time as a common ship-carpenter in learning the art of ship-building ; Alkmaar' 9, with an extensive trade in butter and cheese; Hoorn 10, with a large ship-building estabhshment; Camperdown', off which, Admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet, J 1th October 1797; Dort or Dordrecht 20, where was held in 1618-19, the famous Synod which condemneo the doctrines of Arminius ; ^riel, the birth-place of the famous Dutch Admiral Van Tromp; Hel'voetsluys ; Schiedam' 12, celebrated for its gm ; Gou'da 12, noted for its cheese. ZEALAND.-Mid'dleburg 13 ; Flush'ing 6, the birth- place of the renowned De Euyter, with a fine harbour and magnificent docks ; Veere or Campvere', which once sent a member to the General Assembly of the Church of Scot- land ; Zierik'zee 6, noted for its excellent oysters; Goes 5 North BRABANi.-Bo'is-le-Duc' 13, noted for its ma- nufactories of musical instruments and ribbons ; Bre'da 13, with a royal military academy, and a fine cathedral ; Ber gen-op-Zoon/ 6, a verv strong forf.rPs« • TqKMvy in' with considerable cloth manufactures ; Oosterhout 6. HOLLAND. 71 1 n Utrecht. — Utrecht 36, where the treaty was con- cluded in 1579, which secured the independence of the Seven United Provinces ; it is also celebrated for its uni- versity ; A'mersfort 12, a manufacturing town. GuELDERLAND. — Amheim' 15, a commercial town ; Nim'eguen 14 ; Zut'phen 10, at the siege of which the gallant Sir Philip Sydney was killed in 1591 ; Harderwyk. OvERYSSEL. — Zwoll 13 J Dcven'ter 14, noted for hard- ware and beer ; Campen' 7. Drenthe. — As'sen ; Mep'pel 5 ; Koeverden. Groningen. — Groningen 31, the seat of a university ; Winschoten. Friesland. — Leeuwar'din 17, with a considerable trade. Har'lingen 7 ; Sneek 5, noted for the manufacture of wooden clocks. Part of Limburg. — Mae'stricht 18, a strongly fortified town ; Venloo 5. Part of Luxemburg; Luxemburg 11, one of the fort- resses of the Germanic Confederation, and one of the strongest in Europe. Foreign Possessions. In Asia. — Java, part of Su- matra, and the Moluccas or Spice Islands. In Africa. — El Mi'na, and several forts on the coast of Guinea. In South America, — Surinam', the islands of Cura9o'a, Aruba, Buen-Ayre, and Aves. In the West Indies. — Part of St Mar'tin's, Saba, St Eusta tia. Holland is situated between 50° 45' and 53*> 28' N. Lat., and be- tween 3" 23' and 7" 28' E. Long, Its greatest length is about 190 miles ; its greatest breadth 123 miles ; and its superficial extent is 11,897 square miles. The general aspect is flat and marshy, a great part of the country being from twenty to forty feet below the level of the sea. The climate, in consequence of its low situation and its exposure to the sea breezes, is foggy and humid, with the exception of the four winter months, when the prevailing easterly winds dissipate 72 DENMARK. the foga, and render it much more dry and healthy. The soil is excellent, and is every where rendered highly productive by the care bestowed upon its cultivation. In the north, the chief vegetable productions are wheat, flax, hemp, and madder ; and in the south, besides these, tobacco, and a great variety of fruits are cultivated, while in every part of the country are vast meadows of the most luxuriant pasturage. Great numbers of cattle are reared here, the produce of the dairy forming one of the staple articles of export. There are no mineral produc- tions of note, except iron, which is plentifully distributed in the province of Luxemburg. There is no dominant religion,— the majority of the inhabitants are Calvinists ; the Lutherans are next in number, but all other professions are met with, and freely tolerated,— the clergy of all denominations being supported by the state. In no country has education been attended to with more solicitude. Schools are established in every parish for the instruction of the young ; and the universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and OJroningen, so justly cele- brated, have produced some of the most learned men of modern times. The manners of the people are grave and coid ; and their persevering industry, frugality, and strict business habits, are pro- verbial. The government is a constitutional monarchy ; the legislative power being vested in the king and two chambers, called the States General. The population in 1840 amounted to 2,859,111, of whom 1,399,680 were males, and 1,459.431 females. The population of the Dutch colonies is reckoned at 6,650,000. DENMARK Is bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack ; W. by the German Ocean ; S. by Germany ; and on the E. by the Baltic, the Sound, and the Cattegat. Divisions. — North Jut'land, Sles'wick or South Jut' land, Hol'stein, Lau'enburg, the Islands, viz., Zealand, Fu'nen, Laa'land, Fal'ster, Moen, «fec. Gulf. — The Liim Fiord. Islands. — In the Cattegat and Baltic. — Zealand, Fu- nen, Laa'land, Falster, Moen, Al'sen, Aeroe, Lan'geland, Fem'ern, Born'holm, A'mak, Samsoe, An'holt, Lessoe, &c. In the Atlantic. — the Fa'roe Islands, twenty-two in num- ber, of which seventeen are inhabited ; Iceland 56, in which ( DEKMARK. 7d f are Mount Hec'la, 5110 feet high, and the famous hot springs called the Geysers,— chief town, Reiklavik. Stkaits.— Sound, Great Belt, Little Belt. Cape. — Skaw. EivER.— Ey'der. Principal Tow:ss.-In North Jutland, AalT^org 7, noted for its herring fishery ; Aar'huus 7, with a con- siderable trade ; Vi'borg, a very ancient city ; Col ding. Sleswick or South Jutland.— Sleswick U, a coni^ mercial town; Flens'borg 14, with a good harbour and a flourishing trade ; Ton'ningen ; Ribe, noted for its cathe- dral; Hu'sum ; Fred'erickstadt. HoLSTEiN— Al'tona 26, with a considerable commerce ; Kiel 12, has a university, and an important trade in grain > Rends'burg 8 ; Gliick'stadt 6. Lauenburg.— Lauenburg, where all vessels passing up and down the Elbe pay toll ; Ratze'burg, a fortified town. The Islands— Copenha'gen 120, in Zealand, the capi- tal of Denmark, is strongly fortified ; it contains a cele- brated university, a royal library of 400,000 volumes, and a museum of northern antiquities, &c. ; Roskilde the ancient capital, with a cathedral containing the tombs of the kings of Denmark ; Elsinore' 7, where all vessels passing through the Sound pay toll to the king of Den- mark ; Fred'ericksborg, with a venerable palace, considered as one of the finest specimens of gothic architecture in Europe ; Qdensee' 9, in Funen, with a fine cathedral, and several manufactures ; Ny'borg, where vessels passing through the Great Belt pay a toll. Foreign Possessions. In Hindostan, -Seramvore and Tranquebar'. In the West Indies.-St John St Thomas, and San'ta Crux or St Croix'. In the Northern 74 NORWAY. be?v?e"er,[^i)^tn2^4'lToL'n.'^ and .70 44' N. Lat., and i« 300 n^iles ; its bread thwS to ol ^ISn*^ ^""^ »«"*h *« "^''th fiml extent about 21,887 8qLTmilesT.L'^''J ^"^ '*» «"P^^- the country is level, with the excenHnr, f ^^"^''*^ appearance of in Sleswick and Holstei " exception of some partial elevations Bpeai^nglrt^^L'^altTyftiou"^^ -'^^ generally Bevere. In the south S soH t fp^Hi^'"*^"" ^ "^'^'eti^^es very the north of Jutland it b sandy'LTb™' "'" '"^*^^^*^^' ^"* '" thJt^rS^^'o^- ^^XrhaTl ^^^'^^^^^^^^^^ b— nd of late HOstein ifavj K been fl ''" '""^'^ extended. The horns of «nd its horned cattle^lTinh "'' """f •"'"^'^ ^^^"ed by foreigners esteemed ; the breeding of ,f' "'Y'^ '^ ^''^^ ""^^ers, are Sly improvement. '''^^'^'"S ^^ sheep has also of late undergone gfeat ar J^olette^'^E'dSlon ?n tt?*^ '? Lutheranism, and all others of perfection, and there aJrnofr*7u ^^'?"^'"«'*a high degre^^ and gramma; schoo^rbes des wo'Sot"'' i^"""^ *^'«"«^"d parish trian and Bell systems T ,?,« "^ousand more on the Lancas- orders of the Danes are np«Hv • " -f ^"^ ^"^t^'"^ of the higher in the other countries of Eu'l'e''""''*^^ *^ *^««« «^ "'« «ame fank l^rom the year 1660 till \s\'\i tir. absolute monarchy , from the L^L*"™™,"".!"',"' D^-™* was an VI. granted to l,i. snkTJ?. "'""^ P"""' ">e late King Frederick popufation in "smICS ^ VmX''"' »"""»«''"• The NORWAY Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean; W by the Northern and Atlantic Oceans; S. by th SkJl Ra.k ; and on the K by Sweden and Russian iL^T Divis,oNs.-FinWrk,Nord'land,Dron'th.n, B rW Aggerhuus or Christia'nia, Chris'tiansand. ^ ' BuL^^-IclSi."'"""^- ^-0-- ^'-> IsLA™._Ma'geroe, Loffo'den Isle«, south of which is H, 4?^r f !'P-' "^ MalWo., Vig'ten Sel NORWAY. 75 Capes. — North Cape, Naze. Mountains — Ko'len, Dov'refield, Lan'gefield. Rivers. — Ta'na, Glommen, Drammen, Lau'ven, Lakes. — Fce'nmnd, Mios'en, Rands, Ty'ri. Principal Towns. — In Finmark. — TromsoCj on an island where a newspaper, perhaps the most northerly journal in the world, is published ; Altengaard' j Ham'- merfest, with a considerable trade ; Ward'huus. NoRDLAND — Alstahong, the most northerly bishop's see in Europe. Drontheim. — Drontheim 12, formerly the residence of the Norwegian kings ; Ro'raas, in the vicinity of rich copper mines. Bergen. — Bergen 23, with a safe harbour, and a flourishing commerce. Aggherhuus or Christiania. — Christiania 24, the capital of Norway, the seat of a university, with a con- siderable trade ; Fred'erickshall, at the siege of which Charles XII. of Sweden was killed, in 1718 ; Fred'erick- stad, said to be the only stone built town in Norway ; Drammen 8, with a greater export trade in timber than any other town in Norway ; Kongs'berg, in the neighbour- hood of a celebrated silver mine ; Fred'ericksvorn, the naval arsenal of Norway. Christiansand. — Christiansand 8, with a consider- able trade ; Stav'anger 5, with a fine harbour, and noted for its cathedral, considered the finest gothic monument in the kingdom. Norway is situated between SS** and7P 10' N. Lat.,and between .5" and 3P E. Long. Its length, from the Naze to the North Cape, is about 1100 miles ; its breadth varies from 200 to 50 miles; and its superficial extent is about 122,460 square miles. With the ex- ception of Switzerland, Norway is the most mountainous country in Europe, particularly on the side next Sweden, and the scenery 76 SWEDEN. A ."L,^?.^ J .•' ""^ ^h "'""* ''^-a^'tiful ana picturesque de3rrii.tl„n. A great pn.port.on „t th. country is covcrell xsith forests c.f Hr und S li ' Tv """""'""«' »"*l the whole coast is deeply indented witli bays and lionls or friths. y^hih^ n^^'lhl ^^"'V n^" l*'"' '"*''*'^"* '^'^^^ ""'•*»' «* ^'^^''^'^y 5» intense, Si H-n? ♦>! T'"'^ "'^ temperature *. n.Uder; the sunnner is de- fS,r hllr^ '''V''"'r.",' ^"nrrally the climate is healthy, and yet m some districts there are tracts of great fertility l,Pmn 'rTi^ ''•''''^' ?''-:\ "' this country are oats, Imrley, flax, and hemp. The principal wild animals are the bear, wolf, fov, IvnK and lemming, the last a kind of rat, peculiar to the K<,!;n moSah s, Avhence vast svvarms migrate to the coast, doslroynig lu their pro- gress every particle of vegetation-the chief of its domestic animals are, the rem-deer, which constitutes the principal wealth of the Laplander, and the horse, which though sufall, is swift, hardy, and remarkably sure-footed. Norw.y is rich in minerals, particulaHy iron, copper, and silver. ' «"v.uiaiijf fnlTi'f.rr'''!'''''!''"'^'^'"" '" T.utheranism, but all other sects are IrSl' ''^l"'';^*''^" •« pretty generally diflfusod, but reading and writing constitute nearly the whole. The Norwegians possess much spirit and fire m their manner ; they are lively, frank, bravt, and hospitable, but addicted to intoxication. Norwfy was annexed to the crown of Sweden in 1814, but is K[y l!200,m """ '^^^'' population in 1C35 amounted to SWEDEN Is bounded on the N. by Russian Lapland and Norway ; W. by Norway and the Cattegat ; S. by tlie Baltic ; and on the E. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Bothnia, and Russia. Divisions.— Norr'land, including Swedish Lapland and West Bothnia; Swoden Pioper; Goth'land. Islands.— -O'land, Gothland, in which is the town of Wis'by. Rivers.— Tor'nea, Lu'lea, Ti'tea, U'mea, Dahl, Klar, Mota'la, Go'tha. Lakes.— -Wen'er, Wet'ter, Mae'ler, Hiermar. Principal Towns. — In Norhland Her'nosand, where books for the use of the Laplanders are printed ; Lulea ; Umea, with a thriving trade ; Pitea. 3 f i SWEDEN. 77 Sweden Phoper. — Stock'holin 84, the capital of Sweden, is built on several islands, and contains a great number of literacy and scientific institutions, — its modern palace surpasses all the other city palaces in Europe ; Up'sal 5, with a elebrated university, in which the famous Linnceus taught ; Gef'le 8, with a considerable trade ; Fah'lun, surrounded by rich copper mines ; Ny- kop'ing, near which are mines of cobalt : Carlstadt' ; Dannemo'ra, famous for its iron mines, the quality of which is superior to any otlier in the kingdom. Gothland Got'tenburg 29, the most commercial city in Sweden ; Linkop'ing, with a very fine cathedral ; Mal'mo 8, with considerable trade and manufactures ; Lund, the seat of a university ; Carlscro'na 1 2, the principal station of the Swedish navy ; Cal'mar 5, noted for the celebrated treaty of 1397 Norrkop'ing 10, a commercial and manufacturing town, — its cloths are con- sidered the best in Sweden. Foreign Possession. — Island of St Bartholomew, in the West Indies. Sweden is situated between 55° and o!)° N. Lat., and between 11^ and 24** E. Long. Its length is about 1000 miles ; its breadth nearly 200 miles; and its superficial extent about 170,240 squaM miles. No country is diversified, in a more singular manner, by large lakes, gloomy forests, wild cataracts, craggy precipices, and verdant valleys. The climate is excessively cold in winter, but in summer the heat is so great, and vegetation so rapid, that, in some places, com is sown and reaped within three mc :hs. 'Jlie atmosphere is generally pure, and the ravages of com gious diseases are never felt. The soil is in general poor, but agriculture has of lato experienced considerable improvement. The difi'erent kinds of grain raised ?re oats, barley, rye, and sometimes wheat in the southern provinces, Potatoes have lately been introduced, and have superseded the necessity of using the bark of trees as a substitute for bread The animals of this country, both wild and tame, are rir riy tluj same as those of Norway. Sweden has long been famous, for its mineral wealth ; its copper E 78 RUSSIA. 1^ and iron are partioularly celebrated. There are also minoi of gold, Bjlver, load, cobalt, &p. Lutheranism is the establishod religion, but other sects are allowed the froo cxerciae of their worship, RIoiiipntary education IS generally diffused. There are many classical schoolv and the two universities of Upsal and Lund. The Swedes are represented as generous, enterprising, hardy, and brave; but, like the Norwe- gians, much addicted to intemperance. The government is a limited hereditary monarchy. Population about 3,000,000. RUSSIA Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean, and Nor- way; W. by Sweden, Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea, Prussia, and Austria ; S. by Turkey, Black Sea, Sea of Azoph, and Persia ; and on the E. by the Caspian Sea, and Asia. Divisions. — Russia contains fifty governments or pro- vinces, viz., Archangel, Fin'land, Ol'onetz, Volog'da, Nov'gorod, St Pe'tersburg or In'gria, Rev'el or Estho'nia, Ri'ga or Livo'nia, Cour'land, Wil'na, Vitebsk', Pskov, Mo'ghilev, Minsk, Grod'no, kingdom of Po'land, Volhy'nia, Tver, Jaroslav', Kostro'rna, Viat'ka, Niznei-Nov'gorod, Vlad'imir, Mos'cow, Smolensk', Kalu'ga, Tula, Riaz'an, Tam'bov, Pen'za, Tcher'nigov, O'rel, Kursk, Podo'lia, Kiev', Polta'va, Kharkov', Vo'ronetz, Bessara'bia, Cher'- son, Tau'rida, Eka'terinoslav', Don Cos'sacks, Sar'atov, Sim'birsk, Kaz'an, Perm. The last five were formerly considered as partly in Asia. O'renburg, Astracan', Cau'casus, including Circas'sia, &c., and Daghistaii', are now considered as belonging to Russia in Europe. Bays and Gulfs.— Tcheska'ia, Archan'gel, One'ga, Kan'dalax, War'anger, Bothnia, Finland, Riga. Islands.— /w the Northern Ocmw.— Spitzber'gen,No'va Zem'bla, Wai'gatz, Kalguev.— /w ike Baltic A'land, Da'go, Oe'sel. 10 minei of r sects are y education )N, and the roproHenteJ tlie Norw©- and Nor- a, Prussia, if Azoph, and Asia. s or pro- Volog'da, Estho'nia, c', Pskov, /"olhy'nia, rov'gorod, , Eiazan, Podo'lia, a, Cher'- Sar'atov, formerly Utracan', Stan', are , One'ga, m, No'va -Aland, RUSSIA. 79 ■! >- Mountains. — Ural, Olonetz, Val'dai Hflla, Caucasus. HiVERS. — Petcho'ra, Mezen, Northern Dwi'na, Onega, Ne'va, Western Dwina, Nie'men, Vis'tula, Dnies'ter, Pruth, Bog, Dnie'per, Don, Kou'ban, Vol'ga or Wol'ga, the largest river in Europe, with its tributaries O'ka, and Ka'ma; Ural. Lakes. — Lado'ga, the largest lake in Europe, Onega, Il'men, Pei'pus, Sai'ma, Ena'ra. Principal Towns. — The following towns are in general situated in the governments of the same name : — Archauj^el 24, the chief commercial city in the north of Russia, with a good trade ; Hel'singfors 1 0, in Finland, has a fine harbour, and is strongly fortified ; A'bo 12, also in Finland, and Tor'nea, at the head of the Gulf of Both- nia, — from a mountain in the vicinity, the sun is seen all night at midsummer ; Olonetz, where Peter the Great erected his first dock-yard, and Petrozavodsk' 5, famous for its gunpowder manufactory, cannon foundry, and great iron- works ; Vologda 14, with a good trade, and nume- rous manufactures ; Novgorod 8, three hundred ytarsago one of the most flourishing cities in the north of Europe, but now much decayed. St Petersburg 470, the capital of Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1 703, is now one of the most splendid cities in Europe, with a very extensive commerce ; Cron'- stadt 40, the port of St Petersburg, in the island of Retusa'- ri, — its harbour is the principal station of the Russian Baltic fleet ; Revel 1 4, with a fine harbour and a flourishing trade ; Riga 57, exports great quantities of timber, iron, and hemp ; and Dor'pat 9, the seat of a celebrated univer- sity ; Mit'tau 14, in Courland ; Wilna 56, with a fine cathedral; Vitebsk 15 ; Pskov 9 ; Moghilev 21, with a 'ii 80 RUSSIA. :ionsiderable trade, the archbishop of which is primate of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia; Minsk 15. Grodno 9 ; War'saw 140, the capital of Poland, famous for its repeated heroic but unsuccessful struggles for inde- pendence; Kal'isch 15, one of the finest cities in Poland, with flourishing cloth manufactures; Cra'cow 37, the ancient capital of Poland, with a splendid cathedral, in which are interred most of its kings and great men, was, in 1815, made a free city, which, with a small surround- ing territory of 490 square miles, was styled the Bishoprick of Cracow; Ji'tomir 17, in VoLHrNiA ; Tver 22, with a magnificent imperial palace and Gothic cathedral ; Jaroslav 24, particularly noted for the manufacture of jjaper, table- linen, and silk. Kostroma 10, with a good trade, and numerous manu- factures ; Viatka 9 ; Niznei-Novgorod 25, with a great internal trade, and famous for its annual, fair, which is attended by from two to three hundred thousand people ; Moscow 385, the former capital, burned by the inhabi- tants, when occupied by the French in 1812, but since rebuilt ; and Borodi'no, a village west from Moscow, famous for a most sanguinary battle between the French and Russians, 7th September 1812, when nearly 35,000 men were slain on each side ; Smolensk 11 ; Kaluga 26, with extensive manufactures; Tula 39, noted for the manufacture of fire-arms, and all kinds of cutlery. Riazan 10, noted for its numerous churches; Tambov 16, with considerable trade and manufactures ; Penza 11 ; Tchernigov 10 ; Orel 31, with a good trade ; and Briansk 5, with an extensive manufacture of arms ; Kursk 23, famous for its fine fruit ; Kamin'iec 13, in Podolia ; Kiev 3C, once the capital of Russia, the seat of a university, and RUSSIA. 81 primate of 15. id, famous s for inde- n Poland, J 37, the hedral, in men, was, surround- Jishoprick 12, with a ; Jaroslav per, table - )us manu- li a great which is d people ; le inhabi- but since Moscow, le French ly 35,000 Kaluga 26, i for the Tambov enza 11 ; i Briansk [ursk 23, .lA ; Kiev rsity, and noted for its annual fairs ; Poltava 10, where Charles XII. of Sweden was totally defeated by Peter the Great in 1709 ; Kharkov 13, with a flounshing commerce ; Voro- netz 19 ; in Bessarabia, Kichinev 20; Ismail 12, cele- brated for its siege by the Kussians, in 1790, and Ben'der, for seven years the residence of Charles XII. of Swedon. Cherson 25, where Howard the philanthropist died, in 1790 ; and Odes'sa 69, a free port, exports vast quantities of grain ; Sebastopol 30, in Taurida, the station of the Kussian Black Sea fleet ; Eka'terinoslav' 8, and Ta'ganrog 17 ; Tcher'kask 16, inhabited by the Don Cossacks ; Saratov 35, with a good trade ; Simbirsk 13 ; Kazan 57, with a university, and an extensive trade ; Perm 10, and lekat'erinburg 11, on the Asiatic side of the Urals, cele- brated for its mining college ; Orenburg 20, the centre of the tiade with Bokha'ra; Astracan 40, with extensive commerce and manufactures; Stavropol', in Caucasus; Tif'lis 17, in Geor'gi a, famous for its warm-baths ; Der'- bend, in Daghistan. Russia in Europe is situated between 43° and 70° N. Lat., and hetween 21° and 68° E. Long. Its length from west to east i» 1790 miles : its breadth from north to south is 1720 miles ; and its superficial extent 2,000,000 of square miles. The whole of this country, with the exception of Finland and Lapland, may be con- sidered as level, a great proportion of which is covered with lakes, forests, marshes, and extensive plains called steppes. The climate presents great diversity of character •, in the south it is temperate, while in the north the cold is excessively severe ; gene- rally, the summers are warmer, and the winters colder than m similar latitudes of western Europe. The soil, m so extensive a country, must necessarily be exceedingly various ; in the middle and south, the land is so productive as not to require manure, and its fertility is shown by the very excellent crops which it yields. The grains most commonly cultivated are rye and oats ; but in the south, the best wheat, millet, and rice, are produced; the vine is cultivated to a great extent in the Crimea. Hemp and Wax are largely cultivated. Sheep are reared in great numbers, and those called Merino have been naturalized in various parts of the country; •hawl- wool goats have been introduced, and there are camels in *' l?i lit. 82 PRUSSIA. S Wn f)? ^^®"«"- ,A™onS «>e wild animals may be mentioned 1 e ^usk rat "IhiV^'' ^2'' '^''- ^"*^'^P«' '^' «'^' '^'^ mu.k-deer. »r! ,T 1 . •' * n^ beavf ,the ermine, &c. Valuable mines of copper are wrought m Finland and Perm, and mines of iron occur in Perm and the neighbourhood of Moscow. Springs of naphthaare foundTS Ind rS ^o'u'^h""^ ? ^"'•'""P' ""^ ^" *he Isle of Taman,in Taurfd^ and rock-salt abounds in various provinces are^';oufrrJ'i?^''p 'f'^T ^'•*^'*'*. ^^ ^^'"^ ^'^^^ ^'^^''^h, but all others are tolerated Education is miserably neglected, and the people are fnTSK'"*' ""'^^^'^^d, aniag?eat proportion ol^h^m tahl« fJf^i f ^'"''V- ^^^ ^"^''«'' '•^"'^« ^'•« social and hospi- fnn fuV ^'^^'" *':^''''^^ ^''^ "^"•^^^ addicted to the use of spiri- to them """^ gaming, and the virtue of cleanliness is unknown popu^:tfo7a^u^5Vooo:m ^^^ '^"'^*^^^ "'^"^^^^^' ^"^ *^^ PRUSSIA is bounded on the N. by the Baltic and Germany ; W. by Germany, Holland, and Belgium; S. by Germany, and Austria ; and on the E. by Eussia. Divisions.— East Prussia, West Prussia, Po'sen, Sile'- sia, Pomera'nia, Bran'denburg, Prussian Saxony, West- phalia, Rhen'ish Prussia. GuLFs—Cu'rische Haff, Frische Haff, Grass Haff, Lake. — Spir'dingsee'. Island. — Ru'gen. Rivers — Nie'n^en or Mem'el, Pre'gel, Vistula, Oder, with its tributary War'tha, Elbe, Ems, Rhine. Principal Towns.— In East Prussia.— Kon'igsberg 68, the seat of a university, with a celebrated observa- tory ; Eylau and Friedland, where sanguinary battles were fought between the French and Russians in 1807 ; Memel 8, with an extensive trade, particularly in grain and timber; Til'sit 12, where a treaty of peace was concluded between the Emperors of France and Russia in 1807 ; Pillau'. i 1 3 mentioned mu?k-deer, BS of copper 5ur in Perm ire found in in Taurida, it all others the people on of them and hospi- se of spiri- 8 unknown y, and the any; W. lany, and !en, Sile'- y, West- Haff, a, Oder, n'igsberg observa- '■ battles n 1807; in grain ace was i Russia PllUSSIA. «S West Prussia.— Dant'zic 56, noted for its immense exports of corn; Elb'ing 18, with considerable com- merce ; Thorn 8, noted as the birth-place of Coperni- cus the celebrated astronomer; Ma'rienburg 6, with a magnificent castle ; Culm 5. PosEN. — Posen 31, a commercial city ; Brom'berg 7. Silesia.— Bres'lau 89, the seat of a university, has an extensive commerce, and is noted for its great wool markets; Glogau' 12, with a good commerce; Lieg'- nitz 11. PoMERANiA.— St^t'tin 31, a strongly fortified town, and one of the principal sea-ports of the kingdom; Stral'sund 15, with a good trade in corn; Col'berg 7 ; Bergen, in the Isle of Rugen ; Stargard 10; Greifs- wald 10, the seat of a university. Brandenburg, — Berlin 291, the capital of Prussia, one of the finest cities in Europe, with a celebrated uni- versity, and a great number of scientific and literary esta- blishments ; Pots'dam 26, containing the palace and tomb of Frederick the Great ; Brandenburg 13, with an ancient cathedral, and considerable manufactures ; Frank'- fort 23, noted for its three great annual fairs ; Cus'trin 5, a strongly fortified town ; Prenz'lau 10, celebrated for its vapour baths. Prussian Saxony. — Mcg'deburg 51, one of the strongest fortresses in Europe ; Burg 1 3, famous for its clocks ; Halberstadt' 17, a commercial town, with a splendid cathedral ; Halle 25, the birth-place of Handel the celebrated musician, with one of the most celebrated universities in Europe ; MerselDurg 9, with a fine cathe- dral, in which is one of the largest organs in Germany ; Eisleben 7, the birth-place of Martin Luther, the great wmwii I< ! ii: H PKUSSIA. Eefonner,In 1 483, noted for its copper-mines and foundries ; Er'furt 24, Wit'tenburg 8, where Luther and Melancthon are buried. Westphalia.— Mun'ster 19, where the peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, was Bigned in 1G48 j Min'den 8, where the British and their allies defeated the French in 1750 ; Pad'erborn 8, near Which is Dri^urg 8, noted for its fine baths and mineral waters ; Is'erlohn, with great hardware manufactures. Ehenish Prussia Cologne' 66, a very ancient city, a free port, itnd the emporium of the trade between Germany and Holland ; Cleves 7 ; Dus'seldorf 33, with a great commerce ; Bar'men 26, El^erfeld 25, and Cre'feld 21, with veiy extensive manufactures; Aix-la- Ciiapelle' 38, the favourite residence of Charlemagne and his successors,— noted for its hot baths, and for treaties of peace concluded here ; Bonn 13, the seat of a university ; Coblentz'16, with a great trade in wine; Treves 15* believed to be the oldest town in Germany ; NeuVied 6^ noted for its manufactures. Prussia is sitnated between 49° 0' and 55° 50" N Lit in,! between 6» and 22» 50' E. Long. Its length from eaVt* to ^'estt 7oU miles; its greatest breadth from north to south about 350 miles ; and its snperfieial extent about ]07,894 square miles Thft general aspect of the country is level. • ^"e The climate may, upon the whole, be coiisidered as healthy and temperate, though on the borders of the Baltic the winters are ex- ceedmgly cold, and the weather variable v the western and central parts of the kingdom possess a milder and less changeable climate i he soil, with the exception of the provinces along the Rhine and wlf * IS in general sandy and unproductive. , Wheat, barley, oats, rye, millet, buck-wheat, and peas, are raised m abundance ; and m East Prussia the potato is as extensively cul- tivated as m Ireland. This country prod jces one mineral, almost peculiar to itself, viz., amber, which is chiefly found near Pillau in 1 russia Proper ; but generally it contains few minerals. ' 1 he established religion of Prussia is Lutheran and Calvinistie I rotestantism, but all other sects are not only tolerated, but aro 1TALY# 85 undries ; lancthon eace of ar, was nd their 8, near mineral ires, ancient between 3, with />, and Aix-la- ?ne and saties of ^ersitv ; ves 15, wied 6, at., and west i« lout 350 ^s. The Ithy and i are ex- central climate, line and e raised ely cul- almost illau, m (vinistie but ara admissible to every office in the state. Education in no country ia more attended to, or the systum of instruction more complete tiiaa in this ; a school is established by law in every village, to which parents are obliged to send their children. The manners »ad cus- toms of the Prussians are nearly similar to those of the Germans. The government is an unlimited hereditary monarchy, and the population in 18^8 amounted to 14,271,530. i ITALY Is bounded on the N. by Austria and Switzerland ; W. by France and the Mediterranean ; S. by the Mediterra- nean ; and on the E. by the Gulf of Venice or Adriatic Sea. Divisions. — Kingdom of Sardin'ia, including Sav'oy, Pied'mont, Gen'oa, and the island of Sardinia ; Kingdom of Lom'bardy and Venice, or Austrian Italy, including Mil'an and Venice ; Par'ma j Mod'ena and Mas'sa ; Luc'ca ; Tus'cany ; States of the Cnurch ; Kingdom of Na'ples, including Naples and the Island of Si'cily. Gulfs.— Genoa, Gae'ta, Naples, Salc/no, Policas'tro, St Eufe'mia, Squilla'ce, Tar'anto, Manfredo'nia, Venice, Trieste, Islands. — Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, M-alta, chief town Valet'ta, with a fine harbour and strongly fortified j Go'zo, Lip'ari Islands, Ca'pri, Is'chia, El'ba. Straits. — Bonifacio, Messi'na, Oiran'to. Capes. — Passa'ro, Spartiven'to, Colon'ne, Leu'ca. Mountains. — Alps, Ap'ennines, Vesu'vius, Et'na. Rivers. — Po, with its tributaries Se'sia, Tanar'o, Ti- ci'no, &c. ; Ad'ige, Ar'no, I ; ^aici'no {Rubicon), Ti'ber, Voltur'no. Lakes. — Maggio're, Luga'no, Co'mo, Is'eo, Gar'da, Peru'gia {Thrasime'nus), Bolse'na, Cela'no {Fuci'tius). 66 ITALY. Principal Towns.— In Savoy— Cham'bery 13- An'necy 6, in the neighbourhood of iron mines, with numerous manufactures. Piedmont.— Turin' 114, the capital of the kingdom, one of the most scientific and literary cities in Europe, and the birth-place of Lagrange ; Alessan'dria 36, near Which is Maren'go, famous for the victory gained by Napoleon over the Austrians in 1800 ; Vercelli 18 ; Nice 26, the birth-place of Cassini, the first astronomer of his time, with a good harbour and an extensive trade, and a great resort for invalids. Genoa.— Genoa U5, long the rival of Venice, con- tains many magnificent buildings, and carries on a great trade; Savo'na 12, wii;h some manufactures of silk. Island op Sardinia.— Caglia'ri 27, with a university and considerable trade; Sassa'ri 18. Milan.— Milan 185, the capital of Austrian Italy, With one of the most magnificent cathedrals in the world, built of white marble; Lo'di 16, with a great trade in Parmesan cheese— here, on the 10th May 1796, Bona- parte gained a great victory over the Austrians; Pa'via 24, the ancient capital of Lombardy, with a celebrated university-bere, in 1525, Francis I., king of France, was defeated and taken prisoner; Cremo'na 29, formerly famous for its violins ; Bres'cia 84, wi*h manufactures of silk and cutlery ; Ber'gamo 32, with a great annual fair ; Man'tua 28, the birth-place of the poet Virgil, and one of the most important fortresses in Europe. Venice.— Venice 103, once the capital of the most commercial state in Europe, is built on seventy-two islands, connected by five hundred bridges ; Pad'ua, 51, the birth-place of Livy the Roman historian, and the'seat rr ALT. 87 )ery 13 ; ines, with kingdom, n Europe, 36, near gained by :erii 18 ; 5tronomer ive trade, lice, con- 1 a great ilk. miversity an Italy, le world, trade in 5, Bona- ; Pa'via elebrated iTice, was formerly ctures of :ial fair; and one he most jnty-two rua, 51, the seat ii t)f a celebrated university ; Es'te 6, the residence, during the middle ages, of the Marquisses of Este, the progeni- tors of the present royal family of Great Britain ; Vero'na 47, the birth-place of Pliny the naturalist, with a Roman amphitheatre in fine preservation ; Yicen'za 31, noted for its manufacture of silks; Trevi'so 19, with numerous manufactures ; Possa'gno, a large village, the birth-place of the sculptor Canova; Udi'ne 20, in the vicinity of which is Cam'po For'mio, noted for the treaty of peace signed between France and Austria in 1797. Parma. — Parma 36, the seat of a university j Piacen'zl or Placen'tia 30. MoDENA AND Massa. — Modena 27, with a magnificent ducal palace ; Keg'gio 18 ; Massa, 7 ; Carra'ra 6, noted for its quarries of statuary marble. Lucca. — Lucca 24, surrounded with elegant villas. Tuscany. — Flor'ence 68, famous for its splendid col* lection of statues and paintings. It is the native city of Michael Angelo, Dante, and of Americus Vespucius, who had the address to give his name to the New World j Leg'horn 76, one of the most commercial towns in Europe ; Pi'sa 20, noted for its mild climate and hanging tower, the birth-place of Galileo; Sien'na 16, where Socinus, the founder of the sect of Socinians, was born ; Arez'zo 9, the birth-place of Petrarch. States of the Church.— Rome 157, the capital of the Pope's dominions, contains some of the finest build- ings, ancient and modern, of any city in the world — it contains 304 churches — the church of St Peter is the largest and most magnificent structure in existence ; Ci'vita Vec'chia 7, a free port with a considerable trade ; Peru'gia 30, with some silk manufactures; Loret'to 5, .-# f ll w ^' m «8 ITALY. A great resort of pilgrims ; Anco'na 24, a free port wkh a fine harbour and considerable manufactures ; Sinigagl'ia 8, with an annual fair, the best frequented in Italy ; Ra- ven'na 10, of great historical fame; Ferra'ra 25, a strongly fortified city; Bolo'gna 71, the second city in the States of the Church and the seat of a university, one of the most ancient in Europe ; Urbi'no 1 2, the birth- place of Raphael, the celebrated painter ; Rim'ini 13, with important remains of antiquity. Naples.— Na'ples 350, the capital of the kingdom, and the largest city in Italy, is situated on one of the most beautiful bays in the world ; Fog'gia 21, noted for its corn magazines ; Sulmo'na 8, the birth-place of the poet Ovid; Tor're del Gre'co 13, in the neighbourhood of which is produced the celebrated wine called Lacrima Christi; Saler'no 16, famed for its ancient school of medicine ; AmaFfi, where the mariner's compass is said to have been invented ; Cam'po Bas'so 8, noted for its cutlery and commerce; Arpi'no 8, the birth-place of Cicero and Marius^ Gae'ta 14, with a safe harbour and several ancient remains; Cap'ua 15, considered one of the keys of the kingdom ; Beneven'to 16, belonging to the Pope ; Brindi'si 9 {Brundu'sium), famous in Roman his- tory; Bar'i 19, a commercial and manufacturing city; Tar'anto 14, a fortified city; Lec'ce 14, a commercial city ; Reg'gio 17, almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. Sicily.— Paler'mo 140, with a great trade; Ter'mini 19, celebrated for its mineral waters ; Messina 8^, with one of the best harbours in Europe and an extensive com- merce ; Catania 52, frequently destroyed by earthquakes and the lava of Mount Etna; Syracuse 17, the birth- . P ill \\i TURKEY IN EUROPE. 89 place of the great mathematician Archimedes ; Girgen'ti 18, near the ruins of Agrigentum ; Trapa'ni 24, largely engaged in the coral fishery ; Marsa'la 23, celebrated for its wines. Italy is situated between 37° B6' and 46° 40' N. Lat., and between 6° 40' and i8° 30' E. Long. Us length from N.W. to S.E. is 700 miles : its greatest breadth in the north is 365 miles, but its mean breadth is not much more than 100 miles •, and its superficial extent is reckoned at 122,870 square miles. The general aspect of this country is mountainous, diversified however with numerous plains of extreme beauty and fertility. x v i, The climate of Italy is various ; in the north it is temperate, but in the south the heat in summer is excessive ; it is upon the whole mild and healthy, except when that terrible scourge the malaria, a kind of noxious air, prevails during the hot season, causing ievers which cut off great numbers of the inhabitauts. The soil is m general fertile, and in many places well cultivated, especially in the north, in the neighbourhood of the Po, where the system of irriga- tion, the most perfect that can be conceived, is practised on a very extensive scale. , . _ , , , Besides the various kinds of grain, this count-y produces m abun- dance a great variety of wines, silk, oil, cotton, citrons, pomegran- ates oranges, lemons, almonds, raisins, and other delicious iruits. The'fine cheese known by the name of Farmesimis made in Lom- bardy and Parma. Of domestic animals, the sheep and horses of Naples have long been famous. Mineral treasures are said to abound in tins country, but the mines have been almost entirely neglected ; the most beautiful marble is found in the north, and in the neigh- bourhood of Sienna and Florence ; precious stones are also found in the Apennines. , ,,.,,. n xi ^ i. t^ The Roman Catholic religion is established in all the states, in no country of Europe is the education of the lower classes so much neglected as in Italy ; few of the peasantry can read, and among the mechanics, it is difficult to find one who can write his own name. The modern Italians are lively and courteous, with much delicacy and refinement of taste in respect to the fine arts ; but they are extremely indolent, revengeful, and supcrstitio..., and notorious tor robbery and assassination. With the exception of the small republic of San Manno, the government in all the states is absolute despotism. Population 21,483,000. TURKEY IN EUROPE Is bounded on the N. by Eussia and Austria ; W. by Dalma'tia and the Gulf of Venice ] S. by Greece, the f Ml r 1 ii; 90 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Archipelago, and the Sea of Marmora ; and on the E. bv the Black Sea. ^ Di\ isiONs.~-Molda'via, Walla'chia, BulgaMa, Ser'via, Bos'nia, Croa'tia, Herzegovrna. Alha'nia, Roume'lia, in- eluding Roma'nia or Thrace, Macedo^nia, and Thes'saly. Gulps.— Sa'ros, Contes'sa, Mon'te San'to, Cassandra, Saloni'ca, Vo'Io, Ar'ta, Avlo'ria or Valo'na, Duiaz'zo. Islands.— Lem'nos, Im'bros, Samothra'ki, Tha'sos, Can'dia, with a town of the same name. Straits.— Constantino'ple, Dardanelles'. Capes— Mon'te San'to, Drepa'no, Cassan'dra oi Pai- lou'ri. Mountains.— Bal'kan or H^'mus, Rho'dope, A'thos, Olym'pus, Pe'lion, Os'sa, Pin'dus. Rivers.— Dan'ube, with its tributaries Save, MoraVa, Se'reth and Pruth ; Marit'za ; Var'dar ; Salam'bria, (Pe'neus), Drin. Lakes.— Jani'na, Scuta'ri, Taki'nos, Kasto'ria. Principal Towns.— In Moldavia.— Jas'sy 20 ; Gal- atz' 10, with a great trade ; Ok'na, with valuable salt mines. Wallachia.— Bu'charest 80, with a considerable trade ; Ter'govist 5. _i- Bulgaria. — Sophi'a 46, celebrated for its baths- Wid'din 20, Nicop'oli 10, Sisto'va 20, with manufactures of cotton, and a great trade ; Ruts'chuk 30, with a con- siderable trade in corn, cloth, and indigo ; Silis'tria 20, Var'na 16, a strong sea-port ; Schum'la 20, a very strongly fortified town, and noted for its commercial industry. Servia.— Belgrade' 30, a famous fortress ; Semen'dria 10, Nis'sa, famous for its baths. '^1 ' ,11 1"! TUllKEY IN EUROPE. 91 E.by ' m ' Bosnia. — Bos' i-Serai'o 70, with a great trade and extensive mai 'factures, particularly of fire arms ; Traw'- nik 8, Zwor'nik 14, in the neighbourh< od of which are lead mines. Croati > . — Bihacz' ; No'vi. Herzegovina. — Mos'tar 8, noted for a bridge across the Naren'ta, of a single arrh of 300 feet span. Albania. — Jani'na or o uanni'na 12, celebrated as the residence of All Pasha ; Duraz'zo 5, where passengers from Italy usually land ; Scuta'ri 20, with woollen manu- facti- es. RouMELiA, including Romania or "^ \ce, Macedonia, and Thessaly. — Constantino'ple 600, one of the most commercial cities in Europe, the capital of the Turkish Empire ; so called from Constantine the Great, who made it the seat of the Roman Empire in the east. It is often styled the Sublime or Ottoman Porte, and by the Turks, Stamboul ; Adriano'ple 100, the second city of the empire, built by the Roman Emperor Adrian, from whom it takes its name ; Philippop'oU 30, founded by Philip king of Macedon, noted for its manufactures of cotton, cloth, and sillc'J CTailip'oli 17, with ; great trade, and famous for its excellent leather; Saloni'ca {Thessaloni' ca) 70, after Constantinople the most commercial city in European Turkey, and noted for its various manufactures, — westward of this city are the ruins of Pel'la, the birth- place of Alexander the Great ; Dra'ma, with thriving maivifactures, near which are the ruins of Philip'pi, famous for the great battle in which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Augustus and Antony ; Se'res 30, with extensive manufactures and the centre of the cotton trade ; Laris'sa 20, a great emporium of trade, noted for its m m tl». ■a. m if mm . , ^ t. ■ > ^ 7/ r t> W A^ \^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 y. f/, % ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■-IIM :t 1^ liio IM 2.2 LL 111.6 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # ■1>^ iV iV N> # %^ % ^1> > ? .*/ m li !' 92 GREECE. manufactures and red dye ; Pharsa'Ha 5, famous for the victory gained by Julius Csesar over Pompey ; Monas'tir 15. Constantinople is about 700 miles ; its greatest breadth from the northern boundary of Greece to the north-east frontier of Moldavia, about 650 miles; and its superficial extent ij about 180,000 square miles. With the exception of the provinces on the north of the Danube, and the extensive tiact watered by the Maritza, and its tributaries, Turkey in Europe may be regarded as a mountainous country. The climate, though subject to considerable variety, is in general delightful. The soil, except in the mountain districts, is naturally very fertile ; but agriculture is much neglected. _ Among the vegetable productions of this country may be men- tioned wheat, maize, millet, tobacco, flax, hemp, wine, fruits, coffee, orangf s, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, &c. 1'he fallow- deer, the roe, and the wild boar, are found in the forests, and the principal carnivorous animals are the wolf, the fox, and the bear ; the horses of Thessaly retain their ancient celebrity, and the sheep of Wallachia have been long noted for their spiral horns. The mines are entirely neglected. The established religion is the Mohamme-wo"n 18 also cultivated in the southern part of the empire. Ihe minerals, which are of greatest value and importance, are gold, Sa''«*^."*^^'^T'^ *"'PP^'''' ^^*^» *^"' ^'•«n' =^'nc» antimony, coal, salt' Vfoda, natron, sulphur, graphite, &c. O-^ . "♦ T,»n!'i!^"n*"r!''''*l'"^i'' H'^ '« professed by the great body of the lhr^\^. ^ ^"""r?^. •^"'■*'^ '■^°'^« °*'^* »" P«i"t «f numbers ; beside* which there are Calvinists, Lutherans, and almost every sect, which are not only fi-eely tolerated, but are allowed to hold any situation civil or military. The civil power is supreme in all matters civil or ecclesiastical. Education is attended to with much care, and elemen- tary schools are established throughout the whole empire ; but in Hungary and the remote provinces they are not adequate to the wants of the population. The manners of the Austrians are similar to those of the Germans,— they are cold and distant, thouch civil to Btrangers, and greatly deficient in intellectual attainments. The Hungarians are an indolent race, imbued with strong prejudices ; they are, however, a high minded people, exceedingly tenacious of their nationality, and affect to look witli no small contempt upon their Austrian masters. ^ The government is an absolute monarchy. Hungary and Tran- sylvania have each a separate chancery, and are governed by their own laws. Ihe Italian states have also a separate jurisprudence* "^^.^^^S^^^rned by a viceroy. The population, with tlie exception of the German states, amounts to 23,793,652. GERMANY Is bounded on the N. by the Baltic, Denmark, and the m German Ocean ; W. by Holland, Rhenish Prussia and France ; S. by Switzerland and Austria ; and on the E. by Austria and Prussia. Divisions. — Kingdom of Hanover, Kingdom of Sax'ony, Kingdom of Bava'ria, Kingdom of Wir'temberg> Grand Duchy of Ba'den, Hes'se Darm'stadt, Nassau', GERMANY, $9 uze, nee, ns, and at ;8t8. The ingary the attention of a large I, but the numbers, al wealth, \e empire, , are gold, coal, salt, >dy of the '8 ; besides ict, which r situation rs civil or d elemen- e ; but in ite to the .re similar ;h civil to nts. The pejudices ; oacioua of 3ipt upon nd Tran- l by their prudence, exceptiou and the ;sia and I the E. iom of emberg, Massau^ Hesse Oas'sel, Saxe Principalities^ An'halt, Bruns'wick, Ol'denburg, Meck'lenburg, Free Cities or Hanse Towns. Mountains.— -The Hartz, Swartzwald or Black Forest, Erzgebirge (Erz'berg) or Metallic Mountains, Biesence'* birge or Giants' Mountains, si ' *»;* Rivers. — Elbe, We'ser, Ems, Rhine, with its tributari^ A Neck'ar and Maine; Danube, with its tributaries Iller, I'ser, and Inn, Lakes. — Mu'ritz, Plau, Schwe'rin, Diepholz', Constance or Bo'den-See, Chi'em-See. ^^ Principal Towns, — In Hanover. — Hanover 28, the capital, which claims the honour of being the birth-place of Herschel the astronomer ; Hirdesheim 15 ; Got'tingen It, with a celebrated university, founded in 1734 by George II., its library contains upwards of 400,000 vo- lumes ; Lu'neburg 12, with a considerable trade; Os'na- burg 11, noted for the manufacture of coarse linens, called Csnaburgs ; Em'den 1 2, the most commercial town in the kingdom ; Celle or Zell 11, the seat of the supreme court of justice j Claus'thal 9, noted for its mines of lead and silver. Saxony. — Dres'den 70, the capital, famous for its royal library, picture gallery, and numerous manufactures ; in its neighbourhood is Meis'sen 8, noted for its beautiful porce- lain manufactory ; Leip'sic 48, celebrated for its university, its three great annual fairs, each lasting fourteen days, and for the defeat of Bonaparte by the allies in 1813 ; Chem'- nit3 23, with manufactures of silk, woollen, and cotton ; Frey'berg 12, noted for its silver mines, and mining academy ; Baut'zen 12, where the aUies were defeated by Bonaparte in 1813; Zit'tau 9, the centre of the linen manufactures of Saxony. .%? 100 GERM ANT. I ' WW Bavaria. — Mu'nich 107, the capital, with a university, one of the finest galleries of paintings in Europe, and seve- ral scientific and literary institutions ; Rat'isbon 27, where a monument is erected to the memory of Kepler the astro* nomer ; is noted for its jewellery ; Augs'burg 35, where the Protestant Confession of Faith, drawn up by Luther and Melancthon, was presented to Charles V., emperor of Germany, in 1530, — famous for its commerce and manu- factures ; Nu'remberg or Nurn'berg 40, where watches were invented by Peter Hele ; Passau' 11, a strongly for- tified town ; Spire 8, where in 1529, the Reformers pro- tested against the measures of Charles V., on which account they obtained the name of Protestants ; Deux Ponts 7 ; Blen'heim, famous for the victory gained by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the French and Bavarians in 1704 ; Hohenlin'den, where in 1800 the Austrians were defeated by the French, under Moreau ; An'spach 17 ; Bam'berg 21 ; Wurtz'burg 22, with one of the oldest and most celebrated universities in Ger- many.- - WiRTEMBERG. — Stutt'gard 32, the capital, — its royal library contains 200,000 volumes, besides a collection of 12,000 Bibles; Heil'bronn 10; Reut'lingen 12 ; Tu'- bingen 8, with a noted university ; Ulm 1 4, formerly a strongly fortified town, with considerable trade, — famous for the capture of General Mack and his army by Napoleon in 1805. Baden. — Carlsru'he 20, the capital ; Baden, celebrated for its mineral waters ; Man'heim 23, a free port with a considerable trade ; Hei'dleberg 14, noted for its univer- sity ; Freyburg 1 5, with one of the finest cathedrals in Europe ; Constance 6, famous for the council held Ueie OEKMANY". 101 liversity, md seve- 7, where he astro* 5, where y Luther nperor of d manu- watches »ngly for- ners pro- 1 account Fonts 7 ; Duke of jnch and 800 the Moreau ; with one in Ger- -its royal lection of [2 J Tu'- Drmerly a amous for Napoleon ;elebrated rt with a ts univer- edrals in leld keife between 1414 and 1418, which sentenced John Hubs and Jerome of Prague to be burned, and condemned the doc- trines of John Wickliffe. Hessk-Darmstadt. — Darm'stadt 28, the capital; Mentz 0'' Mayence' 40, a very strongly fortified city, disputes with Haar'lem and Strasburg the invention of printing ; Worms 8, one of the most ancient cities of Germany ; Gies'sen 7, the seat of a university. Nassau. — Wisba'den 7, the capital, celebrated for its warm baths j Nassau j Weil'burg, in the neighbourhood of silver, copper, and iron mines ; Dietz', noted for its agricultural school, /<* '^ ' Hesse-Cassel. — Cas'sel 31, tne capital, consistmg of tlie old and new towns, united by a fine stone-bridge across the Ful'da ; Mar'burg 7, the seat of a university ; Fulda 10, Avith a fine cathedral ; Hanau' 15, with considerable manufactures and commerce. Saxe Principalities — The chief of which are Saxe- Al'tenburg, Saxe-Co'burg-Go'tha, Saxe-Mei'ningen, Saxe-Wei'mah, &c. — Altenburg 12 ; Gotha 14, with one of the richest museums in Europe ; Coburg 0, with several manufactures ; Meiningen 6 ; Hild'burghausen ; Weimar 12, noted for its scientific and literary establishments; Je'na 6, celebrated for its university, and the defeat of the Prussians by Napoleon in 1806. Anhalt. — Des'sau 12 ; Zerbst 9. Brunswick. — Brunswick 36, the capital, noted for its fairs, — the invention of the Fpinning-wheel in 1530 is ascribed to a statuary of this town, named Jurgen; Wol'- fenbuttel 8, with a rich library. v^^ y / Oldenburg. — Oldenburg 8, the capital, with a con* siderable trade, several manufactures, and a valuable col- 1; :S; I. .^1 ■ ?l io3 GERMANY. lull , f I lection of German antiquities ; Del'menhorst, noted for a great horae and cattle-fair. Mecklenburg. — Schwe'rin 13, the capital; Wis'mar 11, where ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent ; Ros'tock 19, the seat of a university i NewStre'- litz 6, built in the form of a star ; Gus'trow 0. Free Cities or Hanse Towns. — Frank'fort on the Maine 55, the federal capital of Germany, with an exten- sive trade ; Hum'burg 128, the most commercial city in Germany, upwards of 2000 ships annually entering its port ; Bre'men 42, the ancient capital of the Hanseatic League, with several manufactures and an extensive com- merce ; Lu'beck 26, with a considerable trade, the birth- place of Sir Godfrey Kneiler, the portrait painter, and Mosheim the ecclesiastical historian. Germany is situated between 45° 30' and 55" N. Lat.,a>id between 6° 48' and 19° 20' E. Long. Its greatest lengtli is 678 miles ; its greatest breadth 600 miles ; and its superficial extent about 246,795 square miles. The face of the country it exceedingly varied— the south, south-eastern, and central parts are mountainous and rugged, •while the remaining part is a wide sandy plain, almost on a level with the sea. The climate, though upon the whole healthy, is how- ever much modified by the elevations of the land. In the north and north-east, it is humid and changeable, much rain falls, and deso- lating hurricanes are frequent ; while in the centre and the south it is more steady and genial. The soil, especially in the plains, and along the borders of the rivers, is very productive, but in the south it is considerably lighter than in the north. Germany has long been celebrated for its forests, which contain an inexhaustible supply of the most useful timber. Grain of every kind, as well as the potato, is extensively cultivated, fruit-trees and culinary plants are found hera in the highest state of excellence, hops, tobacco, madder, and flax are produced, and the vine in the southern provinces arrives at perfection ; the German wines, parti- cularly that called Hock, are reckoned among the best in Europe. The horses in the north-east are admirably adapted for draught or heavy dragoons, but in other parts the breed is very inferior ; great numbers of cattle, and immense herds of sheep are reared. — the vool of Saxony and Silesia being esteemed equal to that of Spain ; goats and swine are fed in large numbers, and domestic fowls are plentiful. Among the wild animals inhabiting the forests, are deer, wild boars, lynxes, bears, and wolves. Minerals arc abundantly dis- I AfitA« 103 sd for a derable on the I exten- city in ring its anseatic ve com- e birth- er, and ' > between niles ; its t 24G,795 ried — the d rugged, n a level iT, is how* lorth and md deso- e south it ains, and ;he south 1 contain of every trees and scellence, lie in the les, parti* 1 Europe, raught or ior ; great red. — the of Spain ; fowls are 1, are deer, lantly dis- tributed, the raoflt important of which are tfold," oilver, chnabar, iron, coppor, tin, loud, calamine, bismuth, cobalt, nickle, titanium, arsenic, rock and Glauber Baits. Precious atones are frequrntly met Mith. About one-half of the population arc Roman Cyatholici, one-fifth belong to the Kvangolical church, — which is a union of Calvinists and Lutherans, — and the remainder are either Christians of various sects, or Jews, the whole enjoying the most perfect toleration. In no country of tho world has education been so mnch diffused. Parochial schools are established everywhere, and elementary edu* cation offered at so cheap a rate as to be within the reach of every one. In all tho larger towns are schools for classical education, and the nineteen well endowed universities offerinstruction in the higher departments of learning, upon terms oil but gratuitous ; besides, in all the capitals are institutions for instruction, in the medical, cle-* rical, legal, military, agricultural, and mining professions. The ( JermauB are hospitable, frank, faithlui, and sincere, indus< trious, and extremely persevering, but at the same time they are f "'nial, and possessed of an absurd aristocratical pride of family. In regard both to religion and philosophy, they too often allow an excessive enthusiasm to mislead them. The Germanic Confederation is composed of forty sovereign states, which exhibit every kind of government, from {)ure democracy to absolute despotism. The confederation is represented by a diet held at b'raukfort on the Maine, and composed of plenipotentiaries from all the states, that from Austria being president. Population 3«,300,3G5. ASIA, Gkneral Divisions. (See p. 10). TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded on the N. by Russia, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Marmora ; W. by the Archipelago and the Medi- terranean ; S. by the Mediterranean and Arabia j and on the E. by Persia and Russia. Divisions. — Asia Minor, including Anato'lia, Cara- ma'nia and Roum ; Arme'nia, Kurdistan' {As8yr'ia)j I'rak-Ar'abi {Chalde'a), Algesi'ra {Me80j)ota'mia\ Syr'iaj Pal'estine or the Holy Land. Islands. — Ten'edos, the vrine of which i« highly es- 104 ASIA. teemed ; Les'bos or Mytele'ne, the birth-plaoe of Sappho ; 6ci'o, famous among the ancients for its wine ; Sa'mos, the birth-place of Pythag'oras; Pat'mos, where St John wrote tlie book of Revelation i Stan'co or Cos, the birth-place of Hippoc'rates, Simon'ides and Apel'lesj Rhodes, in which was the famous statue of Apol'lo j Scarpau to ; Cy'prus, in which is Nico'sia ; Astropala'ia, Mountains. — I'da, Olym'pus, Tau'rus, Leb'anon, an- ciently famous for its cedars, Ar'arat, on which it is sup- posed Noah's Ark rested after the flood, Olympus in the island of Cyprus-, — - Rivers. — Mein'der (Mecm'der)^ celebrated for its wind- ings, Sa/abat, Kis'il-Ir'mak (red river), Saka'ria, Je'kil- Ir'mak (green I'.ver), Euphra'tes, Ti'gris, Oron'tes, Jor'dan. Lakes. — Vaai, Salt Lake, Asphalti'tes or the Dead Sea, Lake of Tibe'rias or Sea of Gal'ilee. Principal Towns. — -In Anatolia. — lamyr'na 130, a place of great +rad(:, and the ei.^.porium of the Levant ; Manis'sa 30 {Magne'sia), famous for its plantations of saffron; Bru'sa or Pru'sa 60, noted for its mineral waters and raw siik ; Kutay'ah 50, the capital of Anatolia, with a good trade ; Ca'ra-liis'sa: 60, famous for the immense qaantity of opium collected in its neighbourhood, and for its woollen manufactures ; Ango'ra 5Q, celebrated for the fineness of its goats' hair j Kostamu'ni 42, with a great trade in wool. Caramania. — Ko'nieh 30 (Ico'nium), with numerous colleges, and considerable trade and manufactures ; Kais- a'rieh 25, celebrated for the production of a yellow berry used in dyeing ; Tarsus 30, the birth-place of St Paul, once the rival of Athens for learning ; Ada'na 1 0, noteu for its fruits. ASIA. 105 RouM. — Tokat' 30; Ama'sia 25, the birth-place of Stra'bo, the geographer, and of Mithrida'tes, Sivas' 6, noted for its fine grain. Armenia. — Er'zeroum 35, the centre of a great trade; Treb'isond 35 (Trape'sus), with a good trade ; Kars 10. Kurdistan. — Van 12, a strong commercial city; Bed'- lis or Bet'lis 15 ; Erbil (Arbe'la) 6, near which Alex- ander the Great gained a decisive victory over Dari'us. Irak-Arabi. — Bag'dad 70, famous as the scene of so many Oriental tales ; Basso'ra 60, with a very extensive commerce, and the seat of a British factory ; Hil'lah 10, in the vicinity of which are inmiense mounds of ruins, supposed to be those of ancient Bab'ylon. /" Algesira.— Diarbek'r 40 ; Mo'sul 35, from which the manufacture called muslin takes its name. Opposite to Mosul, on the east side of the Tigris, are the ruins of ancient Nin'eveh ; Or'fa 30, supposed to be the Ur of the Chaldees' mentioned in Scripture. "*""" Syria. — Alep'po 60, famous for its silk stuffs and other manufactures, and the centre of an extensive inland trade ; An'tioch or Anta'kia 10, once the capital of Syria; Damas'cus 130, a city of the highest antiquity, surrounded by gardens, extending, it is said, not less than thirty miles round, and the centre of a very extensive commerce. The manufacture called Damask receives its name from this city ; Beyrout' 15, the port of Damascus, with an extensive commerce ; Trip'oli 15, with consid- erable exports of soap and sponges ; Ham'ah 44, the Ham ath of Scripture, v. th a flourishing inland trade ; Ai!i'tab 20. Palestine or The Holy Land. — Jeru'salcm 30, so celebnited in the Holy Scriptures ; A'cre (Ftolema'is), 106 ASIA. the principal cotton mart of Syria, famous in the lime of the Crusades, and for its successful defence against Bona- parte in 1799. It was nearly reduced to ruins by a three hours' bombardment from the British fleet, in 1840. Nab'lous 1 0, on the site of the ancient She'chem. In its vicinity are Jacob's well, and the tomb of Joseph ; Taba- ri'a, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in January 1837; Jaffa {Jop'pa) 5, the port of Jerusalem, and one of the oldest sea-ports in the world ; Ga'za 5. L- Turkey in Asia is situated between 30° and 42° N. Lat., and between 2(j° and 49° E. Long. Its length from E. to W. is about 1200 miles ; its breadth from N. to S. about 850 miles ; and its superficial extent about 500,000 square miles. The aspect of this country is exceedingly varied ; many of the provinces are traversed by chains of lofty mountains, interspersed with extensive and beau- tiful plains of great fertility, while the countries watered by the Euphrates and Tigris consist of a vast continued plain of alluvial soil of inexhaustible richness. The climate is highly salubrious, — the colder air of the mountain districts tempering that of the plains, which would otherwise be excessively hot. The soil is naturally very productive, although agriculture is in a most wretched state. . The mountains are every where clothed with wood ; and the northern shores of the Black Sea present a continued succession of gloomy forests. Corn, silk, cotton, tobacco, opium, wine, and fruits of all kinds are produced in abundance. The chief domestic ani- mals are sheep, which are held in the greatest estimation, and the goats of Angora, famous for their fine luiir, of which the best camlets are made. Among the wild animals, we may notice the lion, which never appears to the west of the Euphrates, the hyena, the jackal, the antelope and the ibex or rock-goat. The copper mines near Tokat are very productive ; but little else is known regarding the mineral productions. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism ; but there are numerous Greek, Nes'.rian, and Armenian Christians, and Jews. Education is attended to with considerable care ; there are numerous elementary schools, and to all the mosques are attached colleges for students of law and of religion — the number of students for these professions in Constantinope alone is reckoned at 10,000. In a country inhabited by so many distinct tribes, a great diversity of manners must necessarily prevail. The Osmanlee family are ignorant, simple-minded, devout, honest, and well-disposed ; the Kurda are fierce and turbulent ; and the Turcomans, though a nomadic tribe, are considerably advanced in civilization. The government is an absolute despotism, vested in the Sultan or lime of st Bona- y a three n 1840. . In its i; Taba- ry 1837; le of the Lat., and \ is about i ; and its 3ct of this traversed and beau- ■ed by the of alluvial mountain lerwise be , although ; and the ccession of and fruits mestic ani- ation, and 3h the best notice the the hyena, rhe copper is known there are and Jews. ^ numerous colleges for 8 for these 300. In a ,t diversity family are posed ; the , though a e Sultan or ARABIA. 107 Grand Signior, who usually delegates his authority in civil and military affairs to the Grand Vizier, as his absolute lieutenant. The affairs of the different provinces are administered by Pashas of three tails, with the official title of Vizier, who are invested with absolute authority in all matters within their provinces. Population about 11,000,000. ARABIA Is bounded on the N. by Turkey in Asia ; W. by the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and on the E. by the Persian Gulf and Turkey. Divisions.— Hed'jaz, Ye'men, Had'ramaut, O'man, Lah'sa, Ned'jed. Gulfs. — Suez, Akaba, Oman or Or'mus. Islands. — Camaran, near the south-east coast of the Red Sea, used as a depot for coals to supply the steam- vessels ; Bahrein', in the Persian Gulf, where is one of the most valuable pearl fisheries in the world ; — Manama 40, its chief town, carries on an immense trade. Capes — Bab-el-mandeb, Ras-el-had, Mussendom'. Mountains. — Si'nai, on which the Lord delivered the Ten Commandments to Moses ; Ho'reb, on which Moses saw the burning bush ; Sham'mar, Ar'afat. PaiNciPAL Towns. — In Hedjaz Mec'ca 28, the capital of Arabia, and the birth-place of Mohammed the Impostor in 569 ; Medi'na 18, the residence of Moham- med after his flight from Mecca, and where he was buried ; Jid'da 5, the port of Mecca, with an extensive com- merce ; Yam^bo, the port of Medina. Yemen. — Sa'na 40, with a great trpde, chiefly in coffee ; Mo'cha 7, long noted for its excellent coffee ; aen, uciungmg lu unutia j ijuio-ui-iu KUi o, a, greas emporium of coffee. 108 ARABIA.. Hadramaut. — Si'hun ; Do'an ; Da'far ; Makaflah 5, the chief place for trade on the south coast. Oman. — Mus'cat 12, reckoned the hottest town on the globe, — ^possesses a very extensive trade ; Ros'tak ; So'har 9, Lahsa Lab'sa; El-Ka'tif 6; Grain or Koueit 10; Ras-al-Khy'ma, a great resort of pirates. Nedjid. — Derey'eh 15, the chief seat of the «ect of the Wahabees, Arabia is situated between 12° 30' and 34° 30' N. Lat,, and between 32° 30' and 60° E. Long. Its length from the straits of Bab-el-man- deb to the Euphrates is 1500 miles ; its breadth, from the Red Sea to the most easterly point 1280 miles ; and its superficial extent is computed at 834^000 square miles. The distinguishing features in the appearance of Arabia are its immense deserts of sand, diversified only by a few spots of great beauty and fertility, called oases or islands. The heat in the low flat parts of the country is intense ; but in the more elevated parts the climate is milder. A great proportion of this country is absolutely barren, but the district of Yemen and eome others produce excellent crops. Wheat, Turkey-corn, dhourra, barley and beans, are the common grains. Manna is found abundantly in all the deserts ; figs, dates, pomegranates, cotton, tamarinds, oranges, coifee, sugar-cane, betel, nutmeg, senna, and all sorts of melons and pimipkins are produced in perfectios'tak ; leit 10 ; ;t of the I between b-el-man- i Red Sea extent is Batures in iiversified i oases or se ; but in (Toportion emen and 3 common igs, dates, me, betel, produced yields the )us for its ral Arabs 3 the pan- The only h contains i rock-salt ;ct. Edu- id science, and their are in fact ly by their uelty, and or, the pa- e cities are man Porte. PERSIA Is boun(3ed on the N. by Independent Tartary, the Cas- pian Sea, and Russia ; W. by Turkey in Asia ; S. by the Persian Gulf ; and on the E. by AfFghanistan. Divisions. — Mazanderan', Ghilan, Azerbi'jan, Trak- Aje'mi, Khuzistan', Fars, Laristan', Ker'man, Western part of Khoras'an, Astrabad'. Islands. — Ka'rak, Kish'ma, Or'mus, all in the Persian Gulf. Mountains. — El'burz ; Elvvund^ Rivers. — A'ras or Arax'es, Kiz'^zel-CXzien, Hawe'zaor Kar'asu. Lakes. — Uru'meah or Ur'mia, Bak'tegan. Principal Towns. — In Mazanderan. — Saree' 40, Amol, Balfroosh' 30, with an extensive trade, Ghilan. — Resht 70, with a good trade j Enzellee, the port of Resht. AzERBiJAN. — Tabriz' or Tau'ris {i. e., fever-dispelling), 50, was a favourite residence of Haroun al Raschid ;■ Uru'meah 12, said to be the birth-place of the famous Zoroas'ter. /^ / Irak-Ajemi. — Teheran' 60, the capital of Persia; Ispahan' 150, the former capital, with the most impor- tant university in the kingdom ; Cas'bin 40^ one of the most commercial cities in Persia ; Hamadan' 30, sup- posed by some to occupy the site of the ancient Ecbat'ana, —a building, said to be the sepulchre of Es'ther and Mor'- decai, is still pointed out ; Ker'manshah 30. Khuzistan. — Shus'ter 15; Dezphx' ^0. i AIiD.- au:..-r.' on noted as the birth-place of Sa'di, the philosopher, and Ha'fiz the lyric poet, the Anacreon 110 f -:r8IA» of Persia, — 35 miles north-east of the city, are the ruins of the celebrated Persep'olis, and 49 miles farther in the same direction are the ruins of Pasar'gadse, among which, a building in perfect preservation, is considered to be the tomb of Cyrus the Great ; Bushire' 10, the principal 8ea-port of Persia, and the emporium of the trade with India. / Laristan. — LaVl2, with the finest bazaar in Persia. Kerman. — Kerman 30, noted for the fineness of its wool, and its manuiactures of shawls, &c. ; Gombroon'. Western part of Khouasan. — Mush'ed 50, greatly resorted to by pilgrims to the tomb of Imam Reza ; Yezd 50, celebrated for its commerce and manufactures ; Toor- but, with a considerable transit trade. Astrabad. — Astrabad 20 ; Ashruif, the favourite resi- dence of Shah Abbas the Great. Persia is situated between 25" 40' and 39'*40' N. Lat., and between 44° and 62" E. Long. Its length from N. W. to S.E. is about 1250 miles ; its breadth from S.W. to N.E. about 870 miles ; and its su- perficial extent about 500,000 square miles. Persia, on the north and west, is a very mountainous country, but on the east and south it is an elevated dry salt plain or table land, with no vegetation but such as requires a saline soil. The heat in summer, especiallyin the low groundsnear the Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea, is scarcely supportable, —and the climate here is very unwholesome, while in the mountainous parts there are sreat storms of rain and snow,and the winters are exceedingly cold. The soil in the south is barren, but in the valleys of the north it is remarkably fertile and productive. Wheat, barley, millet, and especially rice, are common crops. Persia is believed to be the native country of the almond, peach, fig, pomegranate, apricot, and mulberry. The vine is common in the north ; the sugar-cane, cotton, silk, opium, tobacco, saffron, &c., &c., are also common articles of culture. The most remarkable plant is that from which assafoetida is obtained. The domestic animals are horses, famous for the elegance of their form, and sheep remark- able for their long fat tails, some of which weigh thirty lbs. ; the lion, the panther, the leopard, the tiger, the wild boar, the wild ass, and the hear, are among its wild animals. Copper, iron, silver, nitre, sulphur, naphtha, and bitumen, are found in different pro- vinces ; and in the valley of Lake Urmiah there is a spring whose AFFGHANISTAN. Ill fie ruins r in the ; which, 3 be the )rinGipal de with Persia. 3s of its broon'. , greatly I J Yezd 1 ; Toor- rite resi- l between 30ut 1250 nd its su- the north and south bation but ;he Indian le climate there are ngly cold, lorth it is on crops, peach, fig, ion in the , &c., &c., able plant c animals p remark- lbs. ; the e wild ass, on, silver, jrent pro- ing whose petrifying quality is so remarkable that it produces the beautifully Variegated Tabriz marble. Turquoises are lound in Khorasan. The established religion is Mahommedanism, but there are still a few of the followers of Zoroaster, or worshippers of fire. Education has of late made ^eat progress, and a general thirst for knowledge prevails among the Persians of the present generation. They are noted for their vivacity, gaiety, hospitality, and humanity, but they are treacherous and insincere. As a nation they may be termed brave. The government is a military despotism, and here, as in almost all oriental states, justice is sold to the highest bidder. Population estimated at 9,500,000. AFFGHANISTAN Is bounded on the N. by Independent Tartary ; W. by Persia ; S. by the Arabian Sea ; and on the E. by Hin- dostan. Divisions. — Eastern part of Khorasan, Seistan', Beloo- chistan', AfFghanistan Proper or Cabul'. Mountains. — Hindoo' Coosh, Paropami'san, and Sol'y- man range. KiVERs. — Indus, Cabul, Hel'mund or Heer'mund. Lake. — Zur'rah or Dur'rah. Principal Towns. — In Eastern Part of Khorasan. —Herat' 45, the emporium of the trade b^ween India and Persia. /■ _ // ^^ -----.... Seistan. — Tellalabad' or Doo'shakh. Beloochistan. — Kelat' 7, with considerable trade. AFFGHANISTAN pROPER or Cabul. — Cabul 60, the capital with an extensive trade, and surrounded with gar- dens producing the choicest fruits ; Can'dahar 50, sup- posed to be one of the Alexandrias founded by Alexander the Great, and the centre of an extensive trade between India and Persia \ Ghiz'ni 9, the former capital ; Pesha'- wer 100. li.fiiliiiii' yTtiff MHiiai^lH 112 HINDOSTAN. Affghanistan is situated between 25° and 37° N. Lat., and between 58° and 72° E. Long. Its length from N. to S. is 800 miles; its breadth from W. to E. 7.50 miles ; and its superficial extent about 400,000 square miles. The northern, eastern, and southern parts are very mountainous, containing, however,numerous fertile valleys, which afford rich pasturage ; a great proportion of the west, as vfell as the coast of the Indian Ocean, is composed of barren sandy plains. The climate of this country exhibits a greater variety than per- haps that of any other on the globe -, in the plains the heat is exces- sive ; on the central table land it is temperate ; while the higher mountains are covered with perpetual snows. Dates, almonds, melons of an immense size, olives, tamarisks, mulberries, and almos* all kinds of fruits and flowers arrive at perfection. Tigers, leopards, wolves, hyenas, jackals, foxes, boars, elks, and many kinds of deer, are among its wild animals. The principal domestic animals are horses, mules, asses, camels, buffaloes, and humped beeves. Lead, antimony, iron, copper, lapis-lazuli. rock-salt, asbestos, and silver are found in the mountains iiround Cabul ; and gold is found m the sand of the rivers which flow from the Hindoo Coosh, as well as in those of Beloochistan. - , ^ . The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan. The useful arts have made considerable progress, and education is very general. The Affghans are a brave, hardy, and warlike people, whose chief virtue is hospitality ; but some of the other tribes who inhabit this coun- try are much adiiicted to plunder. The government is an absolute monarchy ; but besides the king, there are many princes who are sovereigns of particular provinces, some of whom are under a very slight degree of subjection. It is at present in a very unsettled state, owing to the interference ot the Indian government. ^^,^r.^t^nn Population estimated at from 8 to 12,000,000. ir >\i HINDOSTAN, OB INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES, Is bounded on the N. by Thibet ; W. by Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and on the E. by the Bay of Bengal' and the Eastern Peninsula. Divisions. Bengal', Bahar', Oude, Nepaul', Del'hi, Kumaon', Ghur'wal, Cashmere', Lahore', Moul'tan, Aj- IlINDOSTAN. 113 mere', Sin'de, Gu'zerat, Mal'wa, Candeish', Aurungabad' or Dowlatabad', Bejapore' or Visiapore', Concan', Cana'ra, Mysore', Malabar', Co'chin, Travancore', The Carnat'ic, Golcon'da or Hydrabad', Cir'cars, Oris'sa, Be'rar, AUaha- Z s bad', A'gra. \^ Gulfs. — Cutch, Cam 'bay, Maiiaar, Bay of Bengal. Islands. — Ceylon', in which are Colom'bo, Kan'dy, Trin'comalee', Maldives, Lac'cadives, An'daman and Nicobar' Islands. Strait. — Palk's Passage. Capes. — Jugget Point, Diu Head, Com'orin Point, Ca- limere Point, Palmy'ras Point. Mountains. — Himmaleh or Snowy Mountains, the highest of which is Chimularee, 29,000 feet, the loftiest mountain in the world ; Hindoo Coosh, Vindhya, Western Gauts, Nilgher'ries, Eastern Gauts, Adam's Peak in Ceylon. KiVERS — Indus, with its tributaries Je'lum, {Hydas'- pes), Che'nab {Acesi'nes), Ravee {Hydrao'tes)^ Sut'lej (Hesudrus), Ghara {Hyph'asis); Nerbud'da, Taptee', Ca'very, Pennar, Kist'na or Krish'na ; Godav'ery, with its tributary the Bain Gun'ga ; Mahanuddy ; Gan'ges with its tributaries Jum'na, Sone, Goomtee, Gog'ra or Sarjou, Gunduck, Cosah or Coosy, Attvi ; Brahmapoo'tra. The Ganges falls into the Bay of Bengal, by a great number of mouths, the chief of which is called the Hoog'ly River. Principal Towns. — In Bengal Calcut'ta 450, the capital of British India, with a most extensive commerce ; Moorshedabad' 1.50, once the capital, and still the resi- dence of the Nabob of the province ; Dac'ca 200, formerly noted for its muslin manufactures ; Chittagong' or Islama- bad' 12. A n,\ 114 niNDOSTAN. Bahak. — Pat'na 300, in the neighbourhood of which ig produced the greater part of the saltpetre which is brought to Britain. OuDE. — Luck'now 300, the residence of the king of Oude ; Fyzabad', the former capital. Nepaul. — Catmandoo' 20 ; Lalita-Patan 24. DELHi.—Delhi 200, formerly the capital of the Mogul empire, and still the residence of the Great Mogul, KuMAON. — Almo'ra. Ghurwal. — Serinagur'. Cashmere. — Cashmere 40, the vicinity of which is celebrated for the manufacture of shawls. Lahore. — Lahore 80 ; Amrit'sir 100, the principal seat of the Sheik religion. MouLTAN. — Moultan 4.'), noted for its silks and carpets. Ajmere. — Ajmere 25. Sinde. — Hyderabad 20 ; Tat'ta 18, celebrated for its rich fabrics of silk, cotton, and gold. .. — GuzERAT. — Ahmedabad' 100; Surat' IGO, where the the first commercial establishment of the English was founded in 1612, — here is an hospital for all kinds of aged, sick, and maimed animals ; Cam'bay 1 0. Malwa. — Ougein' 100, considered by the Hindoos as their first meridian ; Indore' 30, the capital of Hol'kar, the Mahrat'ta chief. Candeish. — Burhampore' 40, with a considerable trade. AuRUNGABAD or DowLATABAi). — Aurungabad 60 ; Poo'- nah 110, formerly the capital of the Mahratta empire, con- tains a Sanscrit college. Bejapore or "V isiapore. — Bejapore or Visiapore, said to have once contained 984,000 inhabited houses, and 1600 mosques, has now a very scanty population. IIINDOSTAN. 115 CoNCAN.— Bombay' 230, on a small island of the same Jiame, is the great emporium of Western India ; Go'a 9. Canaha. -Mangalore' 30, a flourishing sea-port. Mysore.— Serin 'gapatam 30, on an island formed by the Cavery, was stormed by the British forces, May 4, 1799; Bangalore' GO, with an extensive trade j Mysore, the residence of the Rajah. - \ Malabar.— Cal'icut 30, where Vasco de Gama first landed : the cotton manufacture called calico takes its name from this town ; Cananore', with a strong fortress. Cochin. — Cochin 10, where the first Portuguese fort was erected in 1503. Thavancore.— Trivan'drum, the residence of the Eajah. The Carnatic— Madras' 400, capital of the presi- dency of that name, carries on an extensive trade with all parts of the world ; Ar'cot ; Trichino'poly 74, strongly fortified and very salubrious ; Tanjore' 38, with the finest pyramidal temple in India. GoLCONDA or Hydrabad. — Hydrabad 200, Masu'lipa- tam' 75, celebrated for its manufacture of fine chintz. CiRCARS. — Visagapatam' ; Corin'ga. Orissa — Cut'tack 40 ; Juggernaut' 30, properly Jha* gatna'tha, " Lord of the universe," with a famous Hindoo temple. Berar. — Nagpore' 100, the residence of the Rajah. Allahabad. — Allahabad 65, visited by vast multitudes of pilgrims to bathe in the sacred waters of the Ganges ; Bena'res 200, the chief seat of learning of the Brahmins. Agra. — Agra 97, with very considerable inland and frontier commerce; Gwal'ior 50, with a noted fortress; Bhurtpore', a very strong fortress, stormed and demolished by the British, in 1826. si -) -/r\ I ,u ■ II 11 ^^^p~ i 1 1 ^^B^K 1 1 i j HI 1 1 1 ! ^^HLi H Ill 116 IIINDOSTAN. The Bhit18h Possessions in Hindostan comprehenfl Bengal, Rahar, part of Allahabad, part of Oude, part of Agra, part of Delhi, Kumaon,Ghurwal, part of Ajmere,part of Guzerat, Concan, part of Candeish, part of Aurungabad, part of Bejapore, \)&Yt of Canara, part of Mysore, Malabar, The Carnatic, part of Golconda, Circars, Orissa, part of Berar, part of Malwa, Sinde, and the Island of Ceylon. French Possessions.- — Chandernagore' 40, in Bengal, Pondicher'ry 40, and Carical in The Carnatic, Mahe' in /Malabar. /^f f^'^ Danish Possessions. — Serampore' 15, in Bengal, Tran- ^ -quebar' 1 2, in The Carnatic. Portuguese Possessions. — Goa 9, between Concan and Canara, Damaun 6, in Guzerat, Diu, a small fort and island south of Guzerat, Pangi or New Goa 9, is the seat of Government. Native States under British Protection, viz. — Kingdom of Hydradad, comprising parts of Golconda, of Bejapore, of Aurungabad, and of Berar ; Kingdom of Nagpore or Rajah of Berar ; Rajahs of Satara and KoLAPORE in Bejapore ; Rajah of Sawuntwarree, be- tween Concan and Goa ; Rajah of Travancore ; Rajah of Cochin ; Rajah of Mysore ; Rajah of Kolaba in Concan ; the Guicowar or king of Baro'da in Guzerat ; Rajah of Bhopal in Malwa ; Cutch ; Rajah of Rewah in Allahabad ; Hariaoutee in Agra and AHahabad ; kingdom of Oude ; Rajah of Sikim, north from Bahar ; Ghurwa' Sheik States in Moultan ; the Rajpoots and Jauts in Ajmere and Malwa. Independent States. — Scindia's dominions in Malwa, Agra and Ajmer-; ; b;ajah of Dolpoor in Agra ; kingdom of Nepaul ; and th-i Sii^iks of the Punjaub'. / IILVDOSTAN. 117 Tiprebend e, part of mere, part rungabad, , Malabar, a, part of Ceylon, n Bengal, Mahe' in gal, Tran- 1 Concan small fort I 9, is the IN, viz. — Grolconda, INGDOM of TARA and RREE, be- e; Rajah [^OLABA in Guzerat ; Rewah in ; kingdom Ghurwa' Jauts in in Malwa, ; kingdom Hinrlostan h sittjatod Lotwoon 7" nnd IVt" N l.-^t ...,-i i ♦ mC With the' T^ '^V"P-H^-ial oxtont al.out l,ffi^^^^ ZrtLrn front or anT''^""' " /''" "i'"rnal..h nmuntainH on tho of tZ v^ar rn rJ V\?'* ^'^''^^'^'^ »'«ats, form tho chi.f variotioJ hnm r .r*""'/ Bi'nd out shoots whi.h fall to the LM-ouml ; Hi f X U E h; ' "^^^^v^' T^ precious stones, tho most va uable of which IS the diamond, tound in various districts About nine-tenths of the people are professors of Brahminism Siv7arrthe?hi'of""Tf''* of gods, of whU Brahma, vX "Zi 8 "ul rnr different bo^d^ '''"" '''' '" *'^^ transmigration of the Every village has its school, which is open to all bovs of nnr« mon'rh?," Tkv'\^^' '•^"^'"^' writing,and rrithmotic. The gov^ern! ZfitT- ^'^'^.t^'^hed or sanctioned,' the establishment ot^olEes an cia,i rs^xhibit the greatest eagerness to avail themselvL's nf nn oolltfs htrarro 'r' ^'^r ^^"^^^" ' ^^-'•^' of^thrsd ooi: anS colleges have already produced accomplished scholars In thpir E"'rh.*^' ^^'"^""t "•^ ^^"*'^' ^"^ inoffensive, b„ rather imL Aui' *Vy^^':« "^"«h attaclu-d to the comforts of domestic 1 f^ Sntvl'^mor?&oSr"^^^^ *'^^"^ *" ^^^ severafret ^y pre^sdvf form "S ^" "f "?V"" '''*?*''^ '^ despotism in its most op- Tc TenSy """^'^^'"'^^'^ "^«^"««d «i"^^ the British obtaiufd L/ 118 EASTERN PENINSULA. The superintendence, direction, and control of the whole civil and military Aovornment of British India is vested in a governor-general and councillors, styled " the Governor-Genera ot India in Counci , who are subject to the orders of the Court ot Directors of the East India Company, acting under the superintendence of tl^e Board oi Control for the Attairs of India, iind ultimately responsible to the British legislature. The capitals of the three presidencies are sub- iecttotbe laws of England, administered by judges appointed by the Crown. But in the rest of India, justice is administered accord- ing to the Hindoo or Mohau.inedan law, by various courts under European and native judges, from whose decisions a,ppealslie to tne supreme courts of civil and criminal law, attached to each presi- dpnov and ultimately to the Kins in Council. Poputatton eTtlna^ted at from 131 to 134,000,000, of whom 10,000,000 are blav33. EASTERN PENINSULA, OR INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES, Is bounded on the N. by China and Tibet ; W. by Hin- dostan and the Bay of Bengal ; S. by the Straits of Malacca and the Gulf of Siam'; and on the E. by the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tonquin'. Divisions.— Bir'man Empire; Siam; British provinc: 4 comprehending As'sam, Aracan', Martaban', Ye, Ta'voy, Mer'gui, Tenas'serim, Wellesley and Malacca ; Mala'ya, or Malacca ; the empire of Annam, comprehending La'os, Cambo'dia, Siam'pa, Cochin-China, and Tonquin. Gulfs Martaban', Siam, Tonquin. Islands.— Domel, St Matthew, Junk-seylon or Salang, Pu'lo Penang or Prince of Wales' Island, in which is George Town ; Singapore', with a town of the same name, a central emporium of an extensive commerce,— the two last islands belong to Britahi ; Tantalem. EASTERN PENINSULA. 119 Straits, — Malacca, Singapore. Peninsula.— Malaya or Malacca. Capes.— Negra'is, Roma'nia, Cambodia. RivEBS.— Irrawa'dy, Saluen' or Thaluen', Mei'nam, ^lay-kaung' or Cambodia. Principal TowNs.—In the Birman Empire.— A va SO, the capital of the empire ; Ummerapoo'ra 30, — these two cities were reduced to vast heaps of ruins by a terrible earthquake, 23d March 183.9 ; Prome 8, a very ancient city ; Pegu' 5, containing the famous temple of Shoemadoo or the Golden Supreme ; Rangoon' 18, the chief port for foreign trade in the empire ; Martaban ; Bhamo 1 4, with a great trade. SiAM. — Ban'kok 100, the principal seat of the commerce of Siam ; Si-yo-thi-ya or Siam ; Quedah ; Ligor ; Patani. British Provinces. — Rungpoor' 15 ; Aracan 10; Moulmein 17, with a considerable trade ; Am'herst ; Ye ; Ta'voylO; Mergui 7 ; Tenasserim ; Malacca 12, with an Anglo- Chinese college, established in 1818 by Drs Morrison and Milne, for the instruction of nativ(i youths in the principles ~f Christianity. JVIalaya or Malacca. — Salangore 12. Empire of Annam.— Hue 30, the capital, a strongly fortified city ; Zammai 25, the residence of the Prince of Laos ; Lanchang or Kanniah 20 ; Sai gong 100, a great naval arsenal, with a good trade ; Turon'; Ke'sho or Kacha'o 150. The Eastern reninsula is situated between 1° 25' and 28° N. Lat, and between .90'' and 109° E. Long. Its length from north to south is 18;J0 miles ; its breadth from east to west 950 miles ; and its superficial extent about 800,000 square miles. The general appear- anuo 01 this country is diversified by lung parallel ranges of moun- tains, which divide it into a number of valleys, through each of vvhicji flows a considerable river. 120 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. The climate is various ; in some places the heat is moderate, while in others it is excessive. The soil, v/here sufficiently moist- ened, is remarkably fertile, but in those parts where rain is deficient, it is scorched and barren. The usual products of tropical climates are found in great abun- dance, viz. rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, pepper, the sago and cocoa palms, the banana, many fine fruits, and medicinal and aromatic Slants. The forests are peculiarly magnificent, from the gigantic eight of their trees, consisting of the teak- tree, white sandal- wood, eagle-wood, iron-tree, true ebony, sycamore, fan-palm, and Indian-fig. Elephants, tigers, and dilferent species of monkeys are numerous in the forests. The elephants of Siam are much esteemed for sagacity and beauty, lliis country is rich in mineral treasures ; gold, silver, tin, lead, copper, iron, zinc, petroleum, coal, antimony, &c., also rubies, sapphires, and amethysts are found in great abundance ; amber is dug in great quantities near the Irra- wady. The religion is Buddhism. The governments of all the states are pure despotisms. Education scarcely exists, not one in ten being able to read. Population estimated at about 21,000,000. THE CHINESE EMPIRE Is bounded on the N. by Siberia ; W. by Independent Tartary and Hindostan ; S. by Hindostan, the Eastern Peninsula, and the Chinese Sea ; and on the E. by the Pacific Ocean. Divisions China Proper ; Eastern or Chinese Tartary, comprehending Core a, Mandchoo'ria, Mon- go'lia, Little Bucha'ria ; Tibet Proper ; Little Tibet with the tributary state of Boq'tan. Gulfs. — Pechelee', Tartary. Islands Hai'nan, Maca'o, Hong Kong, Amoy', For- mo'sa, Loo Choo, Chusan', Saga'lien, Straits. — Formosa, Corea, Perouse'. Peninsula. — Corea. Mountains. — 'xntaiari, xeen-fouan jj.v"\Yaii-iun,i5GioUi -= tagh, Himmaleh. THE CHINESE EMPIHE. 121 ^ Rivers.— Amur' or Sagalien, Pei'-ho, Hoang-ho or Yellow Eiver, Yang-tse-Kiang' or Kian-ku or Blue River, Choo'Kiang' or Ta, Sanpoo' or Brahmapootra, Yarkand. Lakes.— Hang'-tse, Tai, Po'yang, Tong-Ting', Koko Nor', Lok-Nor', Temourtou, Alak-tou-Koul, Zaizan', Parte, Terki'ri, Manasarowa'ra or Sacred Lake. China Proper is divided into eighteen Provinces. Principal Towns — Pekin', probably about 2 millions, the capital of the empire; Nankin' 500, noted for its manufactures, especially for the cottons bearing its name j Canton' 800, the only port with which foreigners were permitted to trade; King^e^shin', 1 mill., with the greatest porcelain manufacture in the world ; Sou-chew 500, one of the most commercial cities of the empire, and extolled as a terrestrial paradise ; Shang-hai,* perhaps the greatest emporium of trade in the empire ; Hang-chew 600, with an extensive trade in silk and green tea ; Fou- chew,* one of the largest and most populous cities in the empire, noted for its commerce, and the residence of a great number of the literati : moy'* 200, the emporium of the trade with the Indian Archipelago, Formosa, and the maritime provinces of the empire ; Nant-chang SCO, with a great trade in silk and furs, — an immense number of idols is made here; Ning-po* 300, about 12 miles from the sea, with a great trade in silks and green teas. Eastern or Chinese Tartary In Cokea.— King- kita'o, the capital. Mandchooria. — Mouk'den or Chin -Yang'; Kir'in- ou'la-ho'tun ; Saga'lien-ou'la-ho'tun. Mongolia. — Ourga 70 ; Mai-mat'- .nin, the emporium * These four ports were opoucd to British commerce in 1842. f I 122 THE CHINESE EMPlllE. li;i!l of the trade between China and Russia ; I'li or Goul'ja 75, the entrepot of the trade with Central Asia. Little Bocharia.— Cash'gar 40 ; Yarkand'50; Kho'ten. Tibet.. — Las'sa 20, near which is the vast temple of Pootala, the summer residence of the grand Lama; Te'- shoo-lom^boo, the residence of the Bantshan Lama ; Ji- kadze, a large town said to contain 23,000 families, and a garrison of 5000 men ; Leh or La'dak, the seat of a great trade, particularly in shawl wool ; Gor'tope, the chief market for shawl wool. BooTAN. — Tassisu'don. The Chinese empire is situated between 20° and 55° N. Lat., and between 70° and 140° E. Long. Its length from east to west is about 3500 miles ; its breadth from north to south about 2400 miles ; and its superticial extent about 5,350,000 square miles. China Proper, though presenting every variety of surface, may, in general, be considered as a level country, intersected by many large rivers and canals. Eastern or Chinese Tartary exhibits great diversity of appearance ; its distinguishing features are its immense plain or table-land, and its extensive sandy deserts, particularly that of Cobi OP Shauio, which is 1400 miles in length. Tibet is a region of table-lards, deep valleys, and high mountains. The climate of China Proper, from the extent of country, is neces- sarily various; in the southern provinces it is considered as hot, yet in the north all the rigours of a European winter are often felt. In Chinese Tartary the climate is very cold in winter ; it is, on the contrary, in summci* almost as hot and parching as in Arabia. In Tibet the cold in winter is extremely severe The soil of China Proper is in general fertile ; in some places there is a fine vegetable mould four or five feet in depth, and every spot capable of produc- tion is cultivated with the greatest care. In Chinese Tartary and Tibet, though by far the greater portion is uncultivable deserts, and sterile mountains, yet there are many fertile plains and valleys. The principal object of cultivation in China Proper is rice ; among the other vegetable productions of this vast region may be men- tioned the orange, lemon, sugai'-cane, pomegranate, black and white mulberries, wheat, millet, barley, and oats. In the deserts of Tar- tary are found the true rhubarb and the ginseng, the universal medicine in the estimation of the Chinese. But not the least im- portant of the vegetable products is tea, of which the Chinese botanists reckon 200 species. Most of the domestic animals known in Europe are reared in the Chinese empire, but the breeds are inferior. Among its wild aniraals may be noticed the clephaRt, tiger, rhinoceros, musk-deer, wild boar, wild horse, grunting ox or bushy- tailel bull of Tibet, &c. J 1 a ii t t: o 5 c r p THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN. 123 oul'ja 75, ; Kho'ten. temple of ima; Te'- lama ; Ji- [lilies, and seat of a 'tope, the ^. Lat., and t to west is 2400 miles ; irface, may, ed by many hibits great its immense icularly that is a region ;ry, is neces- l as hot, yet e often felt, t is, on the Arabia. In )il of China ne vegetable ! of produc- Tartary and ible deserts, and valleys, rice ; among lay be men- ik and white ;orts of Tar- he universal the least im- the Chinese imals known e breeds are phant, tiger, ox or bushy- The chief minerals found in this empire are gold, silver, iron, copper, cinnabar ores rich in quicksilver, rock-salt, tincal or crude borax, &c. Of those peculiar to China Proper, we may notice a natural combination of iron and zinc, called tutenag; a species of white copper called peton(/, and the fine clays and earths called petuntse, irom which porcelain is made. The religion of the higher ranks in China Proper is a kind of deism, while the lower clai^ses are Buddhists, and grossly supersti- tious. The Chinese have no Sabbath, and no division of time by weeks, yet the temples are always open to worshippers. The Mand- choors have neither temples nor idols, but worship one supreme being, whom they style the limperor of Heaven. The Mongolians are Budd- hists ; they worship one supreme God, but regard ten of the superior order of lamas, styled Kutukhtu, as his vicegerents, who, they believe, never die, their soul only migrating to another body. In Tibet, the Grand Lama, or spiritual sovereign, is the object of religious wor- ship—he is considered by his votaries as an incarnation of the Deity, and is supposed by them to pass by transmigration from one body to another. The prevailing religion in Little Bucharia is Mohamme- danism. In China Proper, literature being the only channel of introduction to advancement in the state, and to the acquisition of office, rank, and honours, a taste for letters is almost universally diffused. Schools abound in every town and village, and the best education which the country affords may be obtained on very moderate terms. A grand national college, supported by govern- ment, is established at Pekin, the members of which are the chief literati of the empire. Learning, however, remains the same as it was centuries ago, the student of the pi'esent day not being allowed to go beyond the sages of ancient times. The Chinese are peace- able, industrious, orderly and regular; but they are cowardly, deceitful, and cunning, and have little or no regard for truth. The Mandchoors are indolent, poor, and proud ; the Mongolians simple, kind, and hospitable ; and the Tibetians mild and honest. The government of China Proper is a sort of pct^rzarcAa/ despotism ; and the agents of government, called maudnrins, are chosen, accord- ing to fixed rules, from the literary class. In Chinese Tartary, each tribe is under its own chief or khan, who pays an annual tribute to the Emperor of China. Tibet is subject to China. The population of China Proper is estimated at 367,000,000 ; that* of Chinese Tartary, about l'J,O00,000; and that of Tibet about 5,000,000. THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN Consists of a group of large and small islands in the Pacific Ocean, to the east of Chinese Tartary, the princi- pal of which are Niphon', Jes'so, Sikokf', Kiu'siu'; and I Jr ' 1 1 ! Wf 124 THE EMriKE OF JAPAN. Fatsi'sio, to the last of which the grandees who have incurred the displeasure of the Emperor are banished. Principal Towns. — In Niphon Jed'do, 1 mill. 500, the residence of the civil sovereign and capital of the em- pire, with an extensive trade, — the imperial library con- tains nearly 1 50,000 volumes, and here the Elncyclopsedia of Japan, consisting of eighty volumes, was published ; Mia'co 500, the spiritual capital, with a university, and the chief seat of manufactures and trade ; Osaka' 150, the port of Miaco, one of the richest and most commercial cities of the empire, and the great resort of voluptuaries. Jesso. — Mats'mai 50, with a flourishing trade. ■ SiKOKF. — Tosa. Kiusiu. — Nangasa'ki 70, the only port with which foreigners are permitted to trade. The empire of Japan is situated between 30° and 42° N. Lat., and between l'2ii° and U3° E. Long. Length upwards of 1000 miles ; breadth varying from 50 to about 200 miles ; and the superficial extent of the whole empire about 2G0,000 square miles. The prin- cipal islands have a very imeven surface, interspersed with rocky hills. Fusi, the highest peak of the mountain chain in Niphon, m upwards of 12,000 feet. The climate in the north is intensely cold, while in the south it is, though more variable, nearly as warm as in the south of Franco. Althougii the soil is not naturally fertile, yet by the diligent culti- vation of the inhabitants, it is rendered very productive. Of the vegetable productions we may mention cotton, tobacco,, ginger, pepper, rice, barley, beans, buck-wheat, potatoes, melons, ^c, and the fruits of the south of Europe are common ; next to rice, tea is the grand objeci. of cultivation, and not only are there large plantations of that shrub, but the hedges of Kiusiu consist of it. Among the wild animals may be enimierated boars, bears, foxes, deer, (Sec. The mineral wealth of this country is said to be very great, comprising gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, lead, and sulphur. The prevailing systems of religion are Buddhism, and that called Sinto, or a kind of polytheism. Education is more generally dif- fused throughout this country than perhaps in any other of Asia, The Japanese are intelligent and desirous of knowledge. The government is a hereditary absolute monarchy. The popu- latMMi is unknown to any European, but Dalbi rated it at 25,000,000, and others at 30,000,000. WESTERN Oil INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 125 WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY Is bounded on the N. by Russian Tartary or Siberia ; W. by Russian Tartary and tlie Caspian Sea ; S. by Persia and Affghanistan ; and on the E. by Chinese Tartary. Divisions. —. Country of the Kirghiz, Kha'rism or Khi'>a, Great Bucharia or Bokha'ra, Western Turkistan'. Inland Seas and Lakes.— Caspian Sea, Sea of Aral, Lake Bal'kash. Mountains.— Hindoo Coosh, Belour-tagh. Rivers.— Gi'hon or Arnoo' (Ox'us) ; Sirr or Si'hon {Jaxar'tes) ; Ural. Principal Towns.— In Kharism. — Khiva 10, the greatest slave market of Tartary ; Urghenz' 12. Great Bucharia— Bokhara 150, with numerous col- leges, and the seat of an extensive trade ; Samarcand' 10, was the capital of Timour or Tamerlane, the famous con- queror, and is still regarded with high veneration by the people; Balkh, one of the most ancient cities in the world ; Koka. ' CO ; Tash'kend 80 ; Khojend. Western Turkistan.— No towns of any importance are in this division ; the inhabitants, migrating from one place to another with their flocks and herds, live chiefly in tents. Western or Independent Tartary is situated between 36° and 55° N. Lat,, and between 51° and 82° E. Lons'. Its length from east to west IS 1350 miles ; its breadth from north to south about 1250 miles ; and its suijerficial extent about 800,000 square miles. The greater part of the country consists of sandy plains, intersected by a few rivers, and studded with small lakes. The climate is subject to the extremes of cold and heat, the sandy surface causing an intense heat in summer, while in winter the cold is very severe. The soil, except on the banks of some of the rivers and lakes, is generally sterile. H ?;! 126 SIBERIA OH RUSSIAN TARTARY. The natural productions peculiar to the country, with the excep- tion of silk, cotton, and wool, are comparatively tow in number, and of little consequence. The religion is Mohammedanism. Among the numerous states of this country, the governments are more or less despotic ; each horde or tribe is governed by its own khan. Population estimated at 7,000,000. SIBERIA OR RUSSIAN TARTARY Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Eussia in Europe ; S. by Independent and Chinese Tar- tary ; and on the E. by the Pacific Ocean. Divisions. — Western Siberia, containing Tobolsk', Omsk, Tomsk ; Eastern Siberia, containing Irkutsk', Yen'iseisk, Yakutsk', Ochotsk', Kamtschat'ka. Seas and Gulfs. — Sea of Ka'ra, Sea of O'by, Gulf of An'adir, Sea of Kamtschatka, Sea of Ochotsk. Islands. — Liakhov Isles, St Lawrence or Clerk's, Gore's, Behring's, Aleutian, North Ku'rile. Straits Behring's. Peninsula. — Kamtschatka. Capes. — Sev'ero, the most northerly point of the con- tinent of Asia ; East Cape, the most easterly point of Asia ; Lopat'ka. Mountains- — Ural, Altai'an, Stanovoi. Rivers. — Le'na, with its tributary Aldan ; Yen'isei, with its tributaries Anga'ra and Tongouska ; O'by, with its tributary Ir'tish. Lakes. — Bai'kal, Tchan'y. Principal Towns. — In Western Siberia. — Tobolsk 18, with a considerable trade ; Omsk 11, with a military college ; Tomsk 11. Eastern Siberia. — Krasnoi'arsk ; Irkutsk 14, the EAST INDIAN ISLANDS. 127 great seat of the Russian commerce with China; Kiach'ta, — here only tlie Chinese government allows its subjects to trade with Russia ; Yakutsk, the seat of the fur trade; Ochotsk carries on a considerable trade with the Russian territories in North America ; PetropauFovski, with a good harbour. Siberia or Russian Tartary is situated between 52° E. and 170° W. Long., and between 47° and 7H" N. Lat. Its length from the south- ern extremity of the Urals to Behring's Straits is upwaids of 4000 nules ; its greatest breadth from north to south about 1870 miles • and Its supertieial extent about 5,^00,000 square miles. Siberia may be desck'ibed generally as an immense plain, sloping upwards from the Arctic Ocean to the Altaian and Ural mountains ; but with an ascent so gradual as to be scarcely perceptible. The climate of Siberia is excessively cold ; the winter lastintr for nine or ten months. The soil in the south-western parts is re- markably fertile, but three-fifths of Siberia are scarcely susceptible ot any sort of culture. The Siberian dog, resembling the wolf, serving as an animal of draught; the rein-deer supplying the place of the horse and the cow, the wild horse, the wild ass, the musk-animal, the white and brown bear, the ounce, the argali or wild sheep, the lynx, the glutton, &c., are found in this country ; mprtins, marmots, ermines, sables, and squirrels are the principal animals hunted for their skins. Siberia IS rich in minerals, comprising iron, copper, platina, silver, gold, &c. IheCireek church is the religion of the government, but some tribes are Shamanists, others Mohammedans, (Sec. The inhabitants of this vast region are generally rude and uncivilized. Siberia forms part of the dominions of the Emperor of Russia. Population estimated at 6,000,000. EAbi INDIAN ISLANDS. Suma'tra, noted for its spices, — chief towns, A'cheen 35, with a considerable trade ; Palembang' 25 ; Bencoo'len 6 ; Ban'ca, famed for its tin mines ; Bil'li- TON contains rich iron mines; JaVa, — chief towns, Rata' via 60, capital of the Dutch Indian possessions ; Samarang' 38, the seat of a ^reat trade : Sourabav'a ryO^ With a fine naval arsenal ; Souracar'ta 105 ; Djocjocar'ta 128 EABT INDIAN ISLANDS. 100 ; Madu'ra ; Ba'li ; Lom'bok, noted for its superior cotton ; Sumba'wa, in which is Bi'ma, with an excellent harbour; Flo'res; Ti'mor,^! — chief town, Coupang', a free port with a good trade ; Bor'neo, with the exception of Australia, the largest island in the world, — chief towns, Borneo 10, carries on a flourishing trade witl' Singa- pore' ; Pontia'na ; Banjermas'sin 7, with an active trade ; Cel'ebes, — chief towns, Macas'sar ; Bo'ny 8 ; Moluc'- CAS or Spice Islands, the principal of which are Gilo'lo ; Ceram'; Amboy'na, noted for cloves ; Ter'nate; Ti'dor; Ban'da, famous for nutmegs ; Ti'mor-laut; Great Key, — chief town, E'ly, with a great trade ; Phil'ippine Islands, the chief of which are Lu'zon, — chief towns, Manil'la 1 60, with an extensive commerce ; Cavite 6 ; Mindana'o, with a town of the same name ; Pala'wan ; Mindo'ro ; Panay' ; Ne'gros ; Lebu' ; Bo'hol ; Leyte' ; Sa'mar; Mac'tan, in which the celebrated navigator, Magellan, was killed in 1521 ; Sooloo', noted for its ambergris, and for its pearl fishery. Straits. — Sun'da, Banca, Macassar, Molucca Passage, Gilolo Passage. These islands are situated between 19° N. and 11° S. Lat., and between 95° and 132° E, Long. •, extending from east to west about 2500 miles, and from north to south about 2000 miles. Their gene- ral appearance is mountainous. Situated within the tropics, the climate is exceedingly warm, and presents a great uniformity throughout all the islands, with the exception of the Philippines, which are exposed to dreadful hurri- canes. The soil of the greater part of these islands is surprisingly fertile, though that of the Moluccas, Celebes, the eastern part of Borneo, and Sooloo, is less so than the others. The vegetable productions are rice of the best quality, sago, cloves, and nutmegs in the greatest perfection, tobacco, sugar-cane, pepper, and all kinds of spices; cotton, coffee, hemp, sandal-wood, indigo, and a great variety of the finest fruits. The ])rincipal domestic animals are horses and sheep of a small breed, goats, swine, and (-attic ; the wild animals are elephants, tigers, bears, deer, and innumerable species of monkeys. Among the mineral AUSTKALASIA. 129 productions may bo mentioned diamonds, gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, coal, sulpliur, arsenic, saltiR'trc, &o. The ^'reutcr part of tlie people are Mohammedans ; a considerable number profess Christianity •, Huddhism and Brahminism are also proteased ; wlule several of the independent tribes are PaL'ans. l<.ducation, though not entirely neglected, is much less attended to than on the continent of Asia. The natives are hospitable, goo.l- humoured, and cheerful, and very tenaeic.us of their rights ; but tljcyaro at the same time revengeful, and have a total disregard for ftunian lite. 1 he Malays are the most noted pirates in the world. Cannibalism is said to exist in the interior of Borneo. Kvery variety of government, from the patriarchal to the extre- mity ol despotism, prevails in these islands,— the more civilized being governed by elective kings. Poi»ulation supposed to bo about 15,000,000. AUSTRALASIA Comprehends Austra'lia, the largest island in the world, Van Diemen's Land, Pap'ua or New Guinea, New Britain, New Irkland, Sol'omon Islands, New Heb'. rides. New Caledo'nia, Nor'folk Island, a settlement for convicts, Lord Howe's Island, New ZEA'LAND,_chief towns, Auckland and Wellington, founded by British emigrants; Chat'ham Island, Lord Auck'land's Islands, Macquar'rie Island. Australia is divided into Eastern Australia or New South Wales,— chief towns, Syd'ney 30, with an ex- 'tensive and rapidly increasing commerce; Paramat'ta j Liv'erpool; BaUurst; Nevvcas'tle ; Mait'land; Car'ring- ton ; Port Macquar'rie ; Mel'bourne. South Austraha. — Ad'elaide. West Australia — Perth ; Free'mantle ; Al'bany. North Australia. — Victo'ria. Gulfs. — Carpenta'ria, Die'men, Cambridge, King's Sound, Exmouth, Shark Bay, Spencer, St Vincent, En- m »-, I 130 AUHTlIALAMtA. counter Bay, Port Philip, Bot'any Bay, Tryal Bay, More'- ton Bay, Hervey Bay, Princess Charlotte Bay. Islands near the coast of Australia. — Wel'lesleys • Groote, Melville, Ba'thurst, Kangaroo', King's, Great Island. Straits. — Tor'res, Bass. Capes. — York, Dale, Londonderry, Leveque', N. W. Cape, D'Entrecasteaux', Spencer, Wilson, Howe, Scindy. Mountains. — Blue Mountains, Australian Alps. HiVERS. — Bris'bane, Hastings, Manning, Hunter, Hawkes'bury, Murray, with its tributaries Darling, Lach'- lan, Morrumbitlgee ; Swan ; Maccpiarrie. Van Diemen's Land. — Chief towns, Hob'art Town, 14, with a fine harbour, considerable nianufcictures, and a flcarishing trade ; Launce'ston 6, with a good com- merce ; George Town. The principal rivers are Der'went and Tamar. The highest elevation is called Table Moun- tain or Mount Wellington. The islands comprehended under this name are situated between V and 55" S. Lat, and between 112° and UW K. Long. Australia, with the exception of the south-eastern cori.er, and a small district in the south-west, is ahncst unknown. (Jrcatcst length from east to west, 2400 miles, (ireatest breadtli from nortii to south 11)70 miles. The east coast throughout its whole extent is bounded by ridges of steep, and in some places, lofty niountaius, between which and the ocean is left a belt of cultivable Iai:d intersecte«l by short rivers. The southern coast is low and sandy; in many parts there are ex- tensive plains which afford pasturage for numerous flocks of cattle and sheep. Van Diemen's Island is 210 miles in length from north to south, and in breadth from east to west 150 miles. The grneral aspect is decidedly mountainous, varied by lofty table-lands and extensive fertile valleys and plains. The climate in the south and south-east of Australia is temperate and delightfid ; the climate of Van Diemen's Land is not very dif- ferent from the maritime parts of New South Wales, The chief vegetable productions are wheat, barley, oats, maize, millet, tobacco ; and wine of superior quality is produced in several places. The grand staple product of Australia is wool ; and cattle are reared in great numbers. Coal has been found in various places, and, in New bouth NA'ales, iron ore of the richest quality is found in abundance. Polynesia. 131 a Tlio ProtPfltniit IS tlio p^('vailin^r religion ; thorfi i^ Iiowovor, »uini her of Uoinan Catliolics, and the iiiiiuHtcrs of ail soctH aro pr..- vi.led for by tlie Kovernniuiit. UohuIvh many scIiooIh Mui.port.'d by Koverniuent, tlioro ar« minu'rouH private sciuiiiarics, aiul at Sydney uro two collcgos. Tlic iiiannurH of tlio eolonists are similar to tlioao ot (»r(;at liritam. Tlio exoeutivf govermnciit is vcotod in a govornor, who is aided by a couneil ; the IcgiHlaUve j.ower is vested in a eouneil, eoiiHistiiig of the Kovenior and exeentive oouneil, witli tlie addition of the ehief. justiee, tlie attornev-general, the ehief olHcer of the eustoms, the aiKlitor-Keneral, and seven private gentlemen of the colonv, who are epltointed by the Crown for life. Kun)pottn population, 1(JU,0U0. POLYNESIA Comprises the Pelew' Islands ; the Ladrone' or Marian' Islands, the principal of which are Gu'ani, Rot'ta, and Tin'ian ; Bonin' Islands ; the Car'oline Islands, principal U'alan, Hog'oleu, and Yap ; Mul'grave Islands ; Sand'- wich Islands, principal Ovvhyhee' or Hawaii', where Cap- tain Cook was killed in an affray with the natives in 1779 ; Navigators', principal Oyola'va, Po'ia, Mao'ona ; Feejee' Islands, principal of which are Vi'ti-Levou' and San'dal- wood Islands; Friendly or Ton'ga Islands, principal Ton- gataboo', Eou'na, Ananiou'ka ; Society Islands, principal Otahei'te or Tahi'ti, Ulite'a, Huahi'ne, and Eime'o ; Low Islands; Marque'sas (belonging to France), principal Noukahi'va, Ohivo'a or Doniini'ca, and Ouahoii'ga ; Pit- cairn's Island, noted as the place to which the mutineers of the Bounty retired in 1789 ; Cook's Islands, principal Earoton'ga ; Aus'tral Isles ; Eas'ter Island ; Vic'toria, the most southerly land known, discovered by Captain Ross in 1841. The islands comprehended in this division are situated between 30 N, and /8" S. Lat.. and heturon 13:'." K -wi iift<. av t ...., extending in length from east to west about JjOOo' miles; and'in' % ' 1 1 :4 : ' ': ■ m 1 ill t fWUgM - ^ S^^^l lllfl 132 AmiCA. breadth from north to south about 7000 miles. In regard to general aspect tliey may be divided into three classes, the mountainous, which has an elevation of from -JOOO to 13,000 feet ; the hilly, from 100 to 500 feet in height ; and the low coralline, very little above the level of the sea. Beauty and sublimity are the characteristics of the first class ; the second is less romantic but equally beautiful : while the third is tame and monotonous. Nearljr the whole of these islands being within the tropics, the ehmate is warm and equable. The soil of the two first classes is of good quality, but that of the latter is in many places so thin a» scarcely to support vegetation. The principal vegetable productions are the bread-fruit tree, the cocoa-nut tree, plantains, and bananas, sugar-cane, and other tropi- cal productions. The principal animals reared in these islands are liogs and poultry ; the dog is also very common. Coral of every variety of sliape and hue is found in great profusion ; almost nothing IS known of the mineral productions. The religion is polytheism ; but from the recent exertions of the missionaries to introduce Christianity, a very great improvement ha» already taken place, particularly in the Sandwich and Society Islands. The people are purely the children of nature, many of them gentle in manners, but the whole of them addicted to gross and dis- gusting vices. The government in all the islands is nearly the same, the people being under the absolute authority of a number of hereditary chiefs. Population estimated at 5,000,000. AFRICA. General Divisions. (See page 12.) BARBARY On the north of Africa stretches along the coast of the Mediterranean from the Atlantic on the west, to Egypt on the east, and is bounded by the Sahara or Great Desert on the south ; it comprehends Morocco, including Fez Taf'ilet, &c. ; Algiers or Algeria ; Tunis ; Tripoli with the dependent States of Fez'zan and Barca. Bays and Gulls — Sy'dra, Ca'bes, Tunis. Capes.— Bon, Spartel, Blanco, Can'tin, Nun. Mountains. — Atlas. AFRICA. 133 to general untainous, lilly, from above the itics of the ful : while opics, the lasses is of 5o thin as t tree, the ther tropi-* slands are of every st nothing ns of the iment has li Society ly of them 33 and dis- he people iry chiefig. t of the Igypt on t Desert ng Fez, Tripoli Rivers. — Tensift, Morbeya or Om-erbegh, Seboo, Moulouia, Shellif, Mejei'dah {Bag'rada). Lake. — Lowdeah [Trito'nia Pa'liis). Principal Towns In Morocco. — Morocco 50, Fez 88, with manufactures of silk, wool, morocco leather, and hardware ; Mogadore' 10, the great emporium of the empire ; Mequinez' 56, frequently resorted to by the emperor on account of its salubrious climate ; Tet'uan 16, with considerable manufactures and a good trade ; Sallee' 10, formerly the great resort of the Moorish pirates, — separated from this town by a river of the same name is New Sallee or Rabat' 25, the principal resort of European merchants ; Tangier' 1 0, Ceu'ta 8, belonging to Spain, — deemed almost impregnable on the land side ; El-Araish or Larashe, the usual station of the imperial fleet. Algiers or Algeria. — Algiers 30, a strongly fortified city, bombarded by the Brilish fleet commanded by Lord Exmouth in 1816, and taken possession of by the French in 1830 ; Mostagan ; O'ran, long occupied by the Spaniards; Trem'ezen or Tlem'san 10; Bo'na 12, near the site of the ancient Hippo'na, the episcopal see of the celebrated St Augustine ; Constanti'na 30 {Cirta), adorned with splen- did remains of Roman architecture ; Tug'gurt 18, with a great trade in fruits and salt. Tunis. — Tunis 100, of whom 40 are Jews, with very extensive trade and manufactures, — ten miles north-east of this city are the ruins of Carthage ; Kair'wan 60, cele- brated for its splendid mosque, supported, it is said, by 500 columns of granite ; Cabes 30, in the neighbourhood of which are extensive plantations of henna ; Kefl\, esteemed the third town in this state ; Sfakus, with an extensive trade, and surrounded by 50,000 gardens. f Jl 134 AFEICA. Tripoli, &c, — Tripoli 25, carries on an extensive trade with the interior of Africa ; Mesura'ta, with considerable manufactures and inland trade ; Mourzouk', the great ren- dezvous of caravans between the coast and the interior ; Sockna, celebrated for its dates, — Der'na; Benga'zi, whence much wool is exported ; Ptoleme'ta. Barbary is situated between 28° and 36° N. Lat.,and between ll** dU' VV. and J7 K Long., extending upwar tlie lion, panther, hyena, antelope, jackal, &c. The locust is a t-ml'le scourge to this country ; it is said that one female lays 700,000 eiras in the sand, which are hatched in a very short time. The locusts are used for food by the Moors. Lead, antimony, copper, and silver are found in considerable quantities among the Atlas mountdns The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan, Almost all the men read, write, and know something of arithmetic. The people are represented as cruel, fickle, perfidious, and incapable of being re- strained by either fear or kindness. ihe government in all the states of Barbary is despotism Population estimated at 13,000,000. Sahara or The Great Desert, is situated to the south of Barbary, and extends from the Atlantic to the confines of Egypt, a distance of neariy 3000 miles, with an average breadth of nearly 1000 miles, interspersed with a few fertile spots, called oases. Its interior is very little known WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA. 135 nsive trade onsiderable ! great ren- te interior ; 'zi, whence between 11° es in length, . With the may be con- easant ; the intolerable. I oppressive, shade of the veral draw- lorocco ud ih. was once ted for ages ; so rich and iick in order 1. Barca is le, rice, rye, pricots, the can) el have ;reat impor- nals aro tlio is a terribie 00,000 eggs 3 locusts are id silver are tuins. all the men people are if being re- ism. the south e confines m average tth a few le known. the only caravan routes being from Morocco to Timbuctoo', and from Tripoli to Lake Tchad. The principal oases of which we have any information, are Asben, its chief town, Agha'des, is a place of great commerce ; Tuat, in which are Aghably, and Ain-el-Ssalah, which last was visited by Major Laing ; Hoden, Tisheet, and Taude'ny, are noted for their mines of rock salt. WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA. Divisions. — Senegam'bia, which includes the countries of the Fou'lahs, Yal'offs, and Mandin'goes ; Upper Guinea, comprehending Sierra Leone, Grain Coast with Libe'ria, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, Ashantee', Daho'- mey, Benin', Bia'fra ; Lower Guinea, comprehending Loan'go, Con'go, Ango'la, Bengue'la. Gulfs. — Guinea, Benin', Bia'fra. Rivers.— Senegal, Gambia, Rio Grande, Niger, Old Cal'abar, Congo or Zaire, Coan'za. Principal Towns. — In Senegambia.— Fort St Lou'is 12, and Goree', on islands of the same name, belonging to France ; Ba'thurst, belonging to Britain. Upper Guinea. — Free'town 11, capital of the British settlement of Sierra Leone ; Monro'via, principal town of Libe'ria, an American colony, founded in ] 821 for liberated Africans ; San'guin, once a British factory ; Ses'tre-Grand ; Cape Coast Castle, a British settlement; El Mi'na 10, belonging to the Dutch ; Whi'dah 7 ; Ar'dra 20 ; Bad'- agry ; Coomas'sie 15, capital of Ashantee, and the centre of an extensive commerce ; Abo'me) 24, capital of Da- ho'mey ; Waree' 5 ; E'boe 6, the .^ at of a gieat trade in palm oil, &c. ; Bon'ny 20, with a great trade. \ V 136 SOUTHERN AFRICA. Lower GuiNEA—George Town ; Loan'go 15, St Sal- vador ; St Paul de Loan'do 8, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Southern Africa ; San Felij 3' de Bengue'la. The general aspect of this division of Africa is that of a moi.oto- nous flat plain along the coast, with low hills in the distance, which gradually increase in height as they approach the great range of the Kong Mountains. The climate is hotter than in any other portion of the globe, and often very unhealthy. The soil in many parts i» exceedingly fertile. Some of the principal vegetable productions are cocoas, palms, bananas, tamarinds, citrons, pomegranates, the shea or butter-tree, the tallo\y-tree, and the immense baobab, cotton, indigo, pimento, various kinds of valuable gums, and the usual grains of tropical cli- mates. Grasses grow here to the height of from ten to thirty feet, Ihe domestic animals consist of beeves, buflPaloes, sheep, goats, and dogs which do not bark ; among the wild animals mav be mentioned elephants, lions, panthers, leopards, monkeys, &c., the hippopotamus or river-horse here attains a monstrous size ; the tall giraffe is found in the deserts, and the zebra also in large herds. Chameleons, cro- codiles, lizards, centipedes, and a variety of snakes, some of which are of an enormous size, everywhere a, ound. Gold is found in great abundance in the sand of the rivers, and iron is forged in various places ; but of the other mineral' productions nothing is known with certainty. The people, where not Mohammedans, are gross idolaters, fetichism being the prevailing faith; education is at the lowest ebb. The natives, though excessively savage and revengeful, arc brave, patient under misfortunes, frugal, and temperate. In most of the states the government is absolute despotism. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Divisions.— Cape Colony, the countries of the Caf'fre», Hot'tentots, Bosh'mans, or Wild Hottentots, and Natal'. Bays.— St Hele'na, Saldanha, TabI ), False, Simon's, St Sebas'tian, Plet'tenberg, Algoa, Delagoa. Capes.— St Martin, Good Hope, False, Agul'has. KiVERS. — Orange or Gariep, Oliphant, Great Fish River. Principal Towns. — Cape Town 20. r-pr>itnl of +^^ British settlements in Southern Africa, — a most conve- EASTERN COAST OE .^RIGA. 137 . St Sal'- rtuguese 3ngue'la. I moi.oto- ce, which nge of the 3P portion ly parts is IS, palms, itter-tree, pimento, )pical cli- lirty feet. ;oats, and lentioned opotamus ) ip found ?ons, cro- of wliich found in 'orged in othing ia idolaters, e lowest :efnl, are 3m. nient port for supplying vessels bound to or from India j Graham's Town; Lattakoo' 7 ; Kurreecha'nee 16, with considerable manufactures of pottery and hardware ; Port Natal. Of this region the most important part is Cape Colony, which extends from the Cape of Good Hope, northward 230 miles, and from east to west about 000 miles, comprising an area of 130,000 square miles. The general appearance of Cape Colony is mountain- ous, rising by successive stages to the high table-land of the interior. Ihe climate is temperate and very salubrious, and the soil is, in some places, so fertile as to produce three crops of Indian corn in the year. Besides the usual kinds of grain, fruits of every variety, belonging to the tropical and temperate zones, are produced in great abundance, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and the tea-plant have long been reared in the country ; the vine is extensively cultivated, producing excellent wines, particularly those called Cape Madeira and Constantia. Among the domestic animals not introduced from Europe are the Cape ox, remarkable for his wide branching horns and great limbs; and the Cape sheep, noted fur their large and fat tails. The wild animals are nearly similar to those of AV estcrn Africa. Few min- erals have yet been found ; coal exists in several places; alum and lead ore are found in abundance, and mineral springs are common. Among the colonists the prevalent form of religion is Calvinism, but all others are tolerated ; little is known of the religion of the native tribes, but great efforts are being made by missionary so- cieties to introduce Christianity among them. The laws of the colony are administered by a governor, aided by an executive council, and there is also a legislative council appointed by the British government. Population of the colony, 158,741. >uk h ■'I Iftf h I^affresy Natal', on's, St s. tt Fish of the conve- EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA. Divisions.— Mocaranga with its dependencies Sofa'la and Sa'bia ; Mozambique' ; Zanguebar' ; A'jan ; A'del. Rivers — Mafu'mo, Sofala, Zambezi or Cua'ma. Principal Towns.— Zimba'o j Ma'nica, a place of con- siderable trade ; Sofala, supposed by some to be the Ophir of Scripture, exports considerable quantities of gold dust ; Quillima'ne ; Sen'iia ; Mozambique, chief town of the 138 CEXTllAL AFIUCA. Portuguese possessions on the east coast, and the em- porium of th9 trade of Eastern Africa ; Quilo'a, on an island of the same name ; Momba'za ; Melin'da ; Maga- dox'a ; Berbe'ra, with a large annual fair ; Zei'la. The eastern coast of Africa is situated between 12° N. and 26° S. Lat. Its eastern extremity is 51" 30' E., and it extends indefinitely westward, the sea'coast stretching about ,'JOOO r-:: ^ Mo fur ^s is known, this portion of Africa presents an altern> ; ■ (nountaina and extensive plains. The climate is various ; in ^ parts it ia delightful and salubrious, while in the low niar&..y plains it :3 exceedingly hot and unhealthy ; the soil is likewise various, but in most parts fertile and productive. The chief vegetable productions are coffee, myrrh, gums, rice, Bugar, ghee, and almost every species common to tropical climates. Gold is the chief mineral production, and is found in great abun- dance. Mohammedanism is professed by considerable numbers, but the ' great body of the people are idolaters. They are jealous, vindictive, and exceedingly treacherous. Nothing is known with certainty regarding the native govern- ments, but the sovereignty from Abyssinia to Cape Delgado is claimed by the Sultan of Muscat, and the remainder of the coast by the Portuguese. CENTRAL AFRICA. Principal Divisions.— Timbuctoo', Beroo', Ludamar, Bon'dou, Kas'son, Kaar'ta, Kong, Bambar' ., Hous'sa, Bor goo, Nyffee, Yar'riba, Fun'da, Manda'ra, Bornou', Ka nem, Beghar'mi, Ber goo or Wadai, Dar'fur, Kordofan'. Principal Towns — Timbuctoo 12, the most com- mercial city in Central Africa, first visited by Major Laing in 1826, after many fruitless attempts by European tra- vellers during three centuries ; Wa'let, with a great trade in salt ; Benowm', where Park the traveller was for a short time kept prisoner ; Fattecon'da ; Kooniacar'ry ; Kem'moo ; Kong, noted for the industry of its inhabit- ants ; Se'go 30 ; Jen'nc 10, the centre of a great ABYSSINIA. 139 the em- a, on an I ; Maga- and 26° S. ndefinitely r> fui' ^s is (iiountains parts it is lains it '.s us, but in jums, rice» d cliinatcs. reat abun- s, but the vindictive, fe govern- )elgado is ' the coast ud'i amar, Hous'sa, Bornou', Jidofan'. st corn- er Laing ean tra- at trade ,s for a acar'ry ; inhabit- i great trade ; Sackatoo' 80, the most populous town in Central Africa, with considerable trade and manufactures ; Ka'no 40, the chief mart of Central Africa, and famous for the dyeing of cloth ; Zar'ia 50 ; Ni'ki ; Bous'sa 1 2, where Park was killed; Kia'ma 30; Wa'wa 18; Rab'ba, a great mart of trade ; Eg'ga, with an active commerce ; Ey'eo, where, on every afternoon, are held seven different markets ; Fun'da 65, with considerable manufactures ; Mo'ra; Kou'ka; New Bornou or Bir'ne 15, the resi- dence of the Sultan ; Angor'nou 30, a large commercial town ; Log'gun ; Maou' ; Mes'nah ; War'ra ; Cob'be ; Obeid' 20. Central Africa is undefined in its limits and position. The general aspect IS a continuous plain, interrupted, at intervals, with hills of considerable elevation, and bordered towards the south and east by the immense chain of the Mountains of the Moon, and the Kone Mountains. * The climate is insufferably hot, and baneful to European consti- tutions ; and the soil is in general extremely fertile. The vegetable, animal, and mineral productions, are similar to those of Wi-stern Africa. Mohammedanism is professed throughout the whole of this coun- try, though a groat number of the natives are idolaters. The people are extremely ferocious and deceitful, arising in a great measure from the slave trade. Most of the governments are despotic. ABYSSINIA Is bounded on the N. by Nubia ; W. by Nubia and Central Africa ; S. by the country of the Gallas ; and on the E. by Adel, the Strait of Bab-el-mandeb, and the Red Sea. Rivers. — Bahr-el-Az'rek or Blue River, and the Ta- caz'ze, affluents of the Nile. Lakes. — Denibea, Haik, Zawaja. Principal Towns. — Gon'dar 6, th? capital ; Adow'a 140 NUBIA» \rk, New district of Caroli'na, Missou^ri, ouisia'na, VIZ. : •— 'staple or ties'apeak, orida and I, Rhode, Hat'teras, pala'chian ; the name ihe Laurel 3r Rocky St Peter, nois', and and Ten'- Santee ; Hudson J ;rain, and 5 ; Port'- THE UNITED STATES. 147 land 15, with a considerable trade; BanW 9; Bel- fast'. New HAMPSHiRE—Con'cord 5; Ports'mouth 8, a strongly fortified town, and one of the naval stations of the United States ; DoVer 6. Vermont. - Montpel'ier ; Ben'nington ; Bur'lington, with a university ; Wind'sor; Mid'dlebury, the seat of a college. MASSACHUSETTS.-Bos'ton 93, with a good harbour, and a very extensive commerce, the birth-place of Frank- lin and of American independence ; Sa'lem 15, with flourishing commerce ; Cambridge 8, the seat of the Harvard university, the best endowed in the United States ; Low'ell 21, the most noted town in the Union for its manufactures of wool and cotton ; Nantuck'et 9, in an island of the same name,--the inhabitants are noted for their enterprise and success in the southern whale fishery; Spring'field 11, with thriving manufactures. Rhode IsLAND.-Prov'idence 23, with a good trade and numerous manufactures ; New'port 8, on a small island called Rhode Island, much resorted to for sea-bathing CoNNECTicuT.-Hart%rd 13, the seat of Washington college; Newha'ven 14, the principal sea-port, and the seat of Yale college ; New Lon'don 6, with a flourishing commerce. New YoRK.-Arbany 34, with great trade and manu- factures ; New York 313, the largest and most commercial city in the United States ; Buffalo 18, the seat of the lake trade ; Sarato'ga, a celebrated watering-place,~-here, in 1777, a British army, under General Burgoyne, capitulated to the Americans, under General Gates ; Hudson 6', with an extensive trade ; Brooklyn 36, on Long Island, near 148 THE UNITED STATES. E! "i which the British defeated the Americans with great loss in 1776 ; Ro'chester 20, noted for its flour, carpet, and other manufactures. New Jersey. — Trenton ; New'ark 17 ; and Pat'erson 8, with extensive manufactures ; Bur'lington. Pennsylvania. — Har'risburg 6 ; Philadel'phia 229, the third maritime city of the United States, founded in 1682 by the famous William Penn : this city contains a flourishing university and many benevolent, literary, and scientific institutions ; Pitts'burg 50, with extensive manu- factures of cotton, wool, glass, and particularly of iron ; Lan'caster 8. Delaware. — Do'ver ; Wil'mington 8, with a thriving trade ; Newcas'tle. Maryland. — Annap'olis ; Baltimore 102, with a fine harbour and an extensive commerce. District of Columbia. — Wash'ington 23, the capital of the United States, and the seat of the government ; Alexandria 8, with an extensive trade ; George'town 7. Virginia. — Rich'mond 20, with a great trade ; Nor'folk 11, one of the principal naval stations ; Pe'tersburg 11, with thriving manufactures ; Wheeling 8, with an exten- sive trade and numerous manufactures. North Carolina. — Ral'eigh, so called in honour of the famous Sir Walter Kaleigh ; Newbern' ; Fayette'- ville. South Carolina. — Colum'bia ; Charles'ton 29, a large sea-port, with a flourishing trade ; George'town. Georgia. — Millidgeville ; Savan'nah 11 ; Augus'ta 6, with a good trade in cotton. Ohio. — Colum'bus 6 ; Cincinnat'i 46, with extensive trade and manufactures ; Cleve'land 6. THE UNITED STATES. 149 great loss ;arpet, and i Pat'erson phia 229, Founded in contains a terary, and sive manu- y of iron ; a tl) riving with a fine the capital vernment ; e'town 7. ! ; Nor'folk rsburg 1 1 , L an exten- honour of ; Fayette'- 29, a large I. ^LUgus'ta 6, extensive INDIANA—Indianap'olis ; Vincennes' ; New Albany. Michigan.— Detroit' 9 i Monroe'. lLLiNois.-Spring'field ; Vandalia ; Kaskas'kia : Chi- ca'go 5. MissouRL-Jefferson ; St Lou'is U, the centre of an extensive trade ; St Charles. KENTucKy.-Frank'fort ; Lou'isville 21, with extensive trade and manufactures ; Lex'ington 7. TENNESSEE—NashVille 7, with a great trade ; Knox'- ville ; Mem'phis. Alabama.— Tuscaloo'sa ; Cahaw'ba j Mobile' 10, with a flourishing trade in cotton ; St Ste'phen's 12 MississiPPi.-Jack'son ; Natch'ez 5, with a great com- merce. Louisiana. — New Or'leans 109 «nfU «„ • . ^^ v^i it^diis ivz, with an immense foreign and inland trade ; Alexan'dria; Monroe'. ARKANSAs.-Little Kock or Arkop'olis ; Arkansas. TEERITORIES NOT YET ERECTED INTO STATES. Florida.— Tallahas'see ; Pensaco'la ; St Augus'tine. Wisconsin.— Mad'ison ; Milwau'kee. Iowa.— Iowa ; Bur'hngton. The United States are situated between 25° and 49" N T nf nn,i between 67^ and 124; W. Long. Greatest lengtrabout 2800 miles fquar:titsThJ^^ "'''''• "^^. '''''' ^"P^^««^^» extent SSod square miles. Ihe country is intersected by three immense ranees oi mountains between whieh are extensive tracts of leTelland ^ Ihe climate is exceedingly varied and excitine. The soil with the exception of the more mountainous parts, is fitemely fe tire h.?."''"^^'..*^" •^•■^"''''y '^'"^« «^ g'-^i"' *1^^' liemp, rice maLe to- bacco cotton, mdigo sugar, and vines, are successful! y'c^Kated The domestic animals are similar to those of Europe, whence thev were imported, and the chief wild animals are the Wffalo Loose andjrem-deer, tlie elk, the bear, the wolf, the spotted tLer^^/rZ hp^jjflf i^T"*^^"" ' '*.'^ ^'''^'^ «*■ America are celebrated f.:rUieir beautiful pfumago, and In the prairies are numerous serpents, of I 150 CALIFORNIA. which the rattliefinake is the most formidable. The more raluable and abundant of the mineral productions are gold, iron, lead, coal, and salt. There is no national religion or Establisliud Church, the great bulk of the people^ however, profess Christianity, and the clergy of all sects are entirely dependent upon the voluntary contributions of their members. Elementary education is extremely deficient, though immense sums have been set aside for educational purposes ; free schools, high schools, gymnasiums, and colleges are numerous, but no general system of instruction has yet been introduced. The in- habitants are acute, enterprising, brave, high-spirited, but at the same time excessively vain and inquisitive. . The general government is a federal republic, the executive power being vested in a president, who holds his office for the term of four years, and the legislative power in a congress, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives^ Each state has also a similar form of government for the regulation of its internal affairs. Population 17,062,566, of whom 2,487,113 are slaves. TEXAS Is bounded on the N. by the United States ; W. by California > S. by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico ; and on the E. by the United States. KlVERS. — Ri'o Bra'vo or del Nor'te, Colora'do. Principal Towns. — Hous'ton, the centre of a great trade ; Nacogdoch'es ; Gal'veston, en an island of the game name. CALIFORNIA Is bounded on the N. by the United States ; W. by the Pacific Ocean ; S. by Mexico ; and on the E. by Texas. Gulf. — California. Cape. — St Lucas. Rivers. — Rio Colorado, Gila. Principal Towns. — San Francis'co, with an excellent harbour ; Mon'terey ; Loret'to. MEXiCO. 151 aofe raluable jn, lead, coal, cb, the great the clergy of ntributions of icient, though irposes ; free umerous, but 2ed. The in- I, but at the jcutive power ! term of four ig of a senate similar form IS ; W. by )xico ; and do. of a great and of the W. by the by Texas. ti excellent MEXICO Is Wnded on the N. by Texas and California, W. by Pad-fic and Central America ; and on the E. by the Gulf of Mexico and Texas. Mexico contains nineteen states, three territories, a federal district, and the independent state of Yu'catan GutFS.— Mexico ; Bay of Campeach'y. Cape.— Catoche'. Mot;NiAiNs.-Popoca.tepetl, or the mountain of smoke, Onzata, Coffer of Perote, JoruHo. KiviHs._Rio Bravo or del Norte, Rio Grande. Lakes— Chapa'la, Tezcu'co. Pbincipal ToWNS.-Mexico 130, the capital, one of the n«,st splendid cities in America ; Acapul'co ; Quere- V U '^;.;'* "^""'■"^t^e^ of cloth and morocco leather , Valladoiid ; Guanaxua'to 34, near which are the riches silver mines in the worid'; Zacate'cas 25, in the centre of nch silver mines ; Cinalo'a 10 ; Aris'pi' 8 ; San'ta P^, with numerous manufactures ; Durango 25, dreadfully infested by scorpions; Chihua'hua 12, in the .dcinity of silver gold, and copper mines; Monclo'va; Mon'te Bey; San Lu IS Poto^si 20; Ve'ra Cru. 15, the principal sea port of Mexico ; Xa lapa or Ja'lapa 13, which gives its name to the medicinal root Jalap ; Oaxa'ca 40,-in its neighbour^ hood great numbers of cochineal insects are produced; Puebla50,with extensive glass and hardware manufad ures ; Mer'ida 10 ; Balize', belonging to Britain, whence large quantities of logwood and mahogany are obtained. ..90 w^l-'.r'*™."'' "'"1 Mexico, are situated l,«t„„„„ i« e„ „ , lengtb exceed, 2000 -1-, wi.i.rw^tag^ISof'i'lfSt k m^^ 152 m, |l: CENTRAL AMERICA. above 1000 miles, the superficial extent has been estimated at 1,700,000 square miles. The face of the country is exceedingly ' rsified, the central portion being an extensive plateau at an elevation of from 6000 to 8000 feet, from which several volcanic peaks tower to the immense height of 17,000 or 18,000 feet above the level of the sea. 1 he climate in th« more elevated parts is mild and genial, in the low plains it is excessively hot and unhealthy, and the soil is exceed- ingly fertile. The vegetable productions include almost every species found in temperate and tropical climates, while the tops of the higher moun- tains are clothed with the vegetation of the north of Europe. Im- mense herds of cattle and sheep, both in a tame and wild etate, are fed in the northern prairies — the stag, the jaguar, the couguar, and the tapir, are the more remarkable among the wild animals. This country has long been noted for its mineral wealth ; the gold and silver mines, though now considerably neglected, formerly produced annually nearly five millions sterling. Copper, iron, lead, tin, sul- phur, &c. are also found in abundance. The established religion is the Roman Catholic, though others are tolerated. Owing to the unsettled state of the country since the revolution, education has been almost entirely neglected. The people have few motives for exertion, and are consequently indolent and unenterprising. The government of Mexico is a federal republic, similar to that of the United States ; but is still extremely unsettled. Texas and California were formerly States of the Mexican Confederation, but are now independent republics. Population estimated at between 5,000,000 and 8,000,000. CENTRAL AMERICA Is bounded on the N. by Mexico and the Bay of Hondu'- ras ; W. and S. by the Pacific ; and on the E. by Colom'bia and the Carribean Sea. Central America consists of five states. Gulfs. — Honduras ; Fonseca. Island. — Eoatan, belonging to Britain. Cape. — Gra'cias a Di'os. Lakes. — Nicarag'ua, Le'on, Atitan. Principal Towns. — Guatimala 40 ; Comayagua 18 ; Truxiilo ; San Salv'ador 39, the seat of government, with istlmated at the central 'rom 6000 to he immense I. enial, in the til is exceed- ies found in igher moun- urope. I ra- id etate, are ouguar, and imals. This le gold and •ly produced !ad, tin, sul- h others are ry since the Bcted. The itly indolent ilar to that Texas and eration, but 000. f Hondu'- Colom'bia WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. 153 agua 18 ; [lent, with an extensive trade in Indiffo • T p'n,. qo xt- Cos'ta-Ri'ca20; Carta'go7' ' '' '''"'^«"''' an&e1,'?lT„i'9|i'S?.'',J "C^ f «' -"^ "' «' N. Lat, niiles; breadth from 90 to 2?n S. °'"»«?f' l™Kth about 1000 196,000 square miles. The counl^ f ' °1"', »"P0''««»1 extent ^Jhe government is a Moral repuhlfertlrar to thato, the United Population about 2,000,000. WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. ,i,'f '"T'"'";^""'^'°' " ^^^^'"^ I^l'""'^ ; Great A„- Wles; V.^,„ Islands; Carib'bee Islands, i^ded fnto Lee .ard and Wind'ward Island. ; Little intil es British Isla»ds._B^„^„^s, principal of which are Niru''6'r^°:^'^''''°= ^-^-'A-chieftwT Wassau 6 the seat of government ; An'dros ; Eleuthera San SaI'vador, the first discovery of Columb«, oTn .T ' 1 492 ; Inagua. Columbus, ] 2th October Great ANTiLLEs.-Jamai'ca.-chief towns, Kinds' ton 35, a strongly fortified city, with an extens ve com" Royal; Grand Oayma„,_chief town, George To^n ViKGiN Islands.— Bieaue or Ci, r i j . Virgin Gor'da, Torto'la ' ""^ '''^"'' ^"'l^^' Leewabd IsiANDs-Domini-ca, so called by Columbus from,tsbemgdiscoveredonaSunday,-chieftown T^r ; or Charlotte Town : AntiV,,, ^ i^ ™"^**''^«n. Kosseau' Tj„ , ,, » ' -&-^"> — ^niei lown, St John's 'i • Barbu'da; Anguil'la ; St Chris'topher's or sJ KittC-chW ! If II \'} ill : m 154 WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. town, Basseterre' 6; Ne'vis.— chief town, Charles'ton; Montserrat',— chief town, Plymouth. Windward Islands. — St Lu'cia,— chief town, Cas'tries 5, one of the best harbours in the West Indies ; Barba'- does, the oldest British possession in the West Indies, — chief town, Bridge'town 20 ; St Vin'cent, — chief town, Kings'ton 7 ; Grena'da,— chief town, St George ; Toba'go, — chief town, Scar'borough ; Trinidad', the first land dis- covered by Columbus in his third voyage in 1498, — chief towns. Port of Spain 12 ; St Joseph. French Islands.— North part of St Mar'tin's ; Gua- daloupe', — chief towns, Bassterre' 9, and Pointe a Pitre 15, with an extensive trade ; Desirade' or Desea'da, the first discovery of Columbus' second voyage, 3d November 1 493 ; Mariegalan'te ; Saintes ; Martini'que, — chief towns. Fort Royal 7 ; St Pierre' 18, the emporium of the French trade in the West Indie 3. Spanish Islands. — Cu'ba, — chief towns, Kavan'nah 135, a strongly fortified city, with a capacious harbour and a most extensive commerce ; St Ja'go 27 ; Puer'to Prin'dpe 30, with a good trade in tallow and hides ; Matan'zas 20, the second commercial town in the island ; Trinidad' 13 ; Por'to Ri'co, — chief town, St Ju'an 30. Dutch Islands. — South part of St Martin's ; Sa'ba ; St Eusta'tius, with a town of the same name 6; Buen-Ayre ; Cura9o'a, — chief town, Williamstadt 8, with a consider- able commerce ; Oru'ba. Danish Islands.^ — San'ta Cruz or St Croix', — chief town, Chris'tianstadt 5 ; St Thomas, with a town of the same name ; St John. Swedish Island — St Barthol'omew, — chief town, Gus- ta'via. COLOMBIA. 155 harles'ton • n, Cas'tries s ; Barba'- t Indies, — ihief town, ! ; Toba'go, ;t land dis- 198,— chief in's; Gua- a Pitre 15, a, the first [iberl493; Dwns, Fort rench trade Havan'nah rbour and a o Prin'cipe tan'zas 20, nidad' 13 ; I's ; Sa'ba ; iuen-Ayre ; a consider- chief town, f the same town, Gus- I^DEPENDENT.-Hay'ti or St Domin'go,^,hief towns. Port-au Prince 18, with a good trade ; St Domingo 12, the first town founded in America by Europeans. In the cathedral of this city were deposited the remains of the celebrated Columbus ; Cape Hay'tien, lately destroyed by an earthquake .—Tortu'ga, the celebrated resort of the buccaneers. T J^*° Tr'x ^""^'l" Islands are situated between 10' and 9«o w Lat.,and between 5.9° 30' and 85° VV Lnntr t . *" and 28 N, ous, the summits in tCu^ntl-i i* A^-' ^"eyare all mountain- Most oTZTiZIm^^^ ^"r'"^ ^ S*"^^* elevation. hot, and rna„7of KfnT veri uSLaX'' T? "'™f*' !» e^«««dingly ^nc. the n^LmountaSJ^S^'S-eii^SlySi:^^^^^ ^h^X'clS^rpiSlf '' *^<^ sugar-cane; besides plants and dsoTose used Tr'Hv'-^"'"' '^"""' "^*"y medicinal ibund'ance. IV ho fru ts o^ troSfcH^^^ ?'''^ '" *''« ^'''''''' cattle are of a diminuMvP sizp • Sf f «l™ates are common. The or mules, are reared h^ithnL^ -"^ '^''^P' .S'*^*^' '»«''«es, asses, the wild animals are wild svit'^Sevs^r P^"'"'* ^'"^"^ and there are immense nuXr'sorthemrtS VrThftf *^^ Immminff-birds (inU aii,,.- • , P'Y'^"* '"^e, flamingoes. an4 areamolgtSn^Vnt'al^lS^^^^^^ generally that of the country to wK fhilM ^'''^^^. •^^'«'^" « the isla/ds is education mucrattlnied to ^ ''''"^' ^""^ ^" ^^"^ «^ PubHcVn'Ts'Slf aS ''' ^' ^'^'V^'^^^' *h<^"Sh nominally re- SOUTH AMERICA. Genebai, Divisions — (See page J 5.) COLOMBIA Is bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea ; W. by Central America and the Pacific Ocean : S. bv P«r, Brazil ; and on the E. by Brazil and Guia'na. ' If 11 156 COLOMBIA. Colombia comprehends the three independent republics of Venezue'la, New Gran'ada, and Ecuador' or Equa'tor, Gulfs and Bays — Pa'ria, Maracay'bo, Darien, Pan- ama, Buenaventura, Guayaquil. Islands. — Margari'taj Gallipa'gos. Isthmus. — Darien. Capes. — Nassau', Gallinas, San Francis'co, St Hele'na. Mountains. — The Andes, the principal summits of which are Chimbora'zo, Cayam'be, Antisa'na, Cotopax'i, Tungurag'ua, Pinchin'cha, and the Parinie mountains. Rivers. — Essequi'bo, Orinoco, with its tributaries Guavia're, Meta, Apure and Carony; Magdalena, with its tributary Cauca ; Amazon or Maranon. Lakes. — Maracaybo, Valen'cia, Parima. Principal Towns. — Carac'cas 20, capital of Vene- zuela, the centre of a great trade ; Cuma'na 1 0, with an active and flourishing trade ; Maracaybo 20 ; Valencia 15 J Var'inas 8, famou. for its tobacco; Bogo'ta 30, capital of New Granada ; Pana'ma 1 ; Por'to Bel'lo, with an excellent harbour, but very unhealthy ; Cartha- ge'na 18, with a good harbour and considerable trade ; Popay'an 25, in the neighbourhood of which are gold mines ; Ri'o-Ha'cha, noted for the pearl fishing in its vicinity ; Cucu'ta, where the first general congress of Colombia was held ; Qui'to 70, capital of Ecuador ; Guayaquil' 22, with a commodious dock-yard, and an active trade ; Cuen'9a 20 j Riobam'ba 20. Colombia is si "^ed between 12° 25' N. and 5" S. Lat., and be- tween 60° and 83 W. Long. Greatest length 1320 miles; its breadth 1100; and its superficial extent 1,160,000 square miles. A great portion of the country is occupied by the mountainous regioa BRAZIL. 157 t republics rADOR' or rien, Pan- >t Hele'na. iimmits of Cotopax'i, n tains, tributaries lena, with of Vene- 0, with an ; Valencia logo'ta 30, r'to Bel'lo, r; Cartha- tble trade ; li are gold fling in its ongress of Ecuador ; d, and an lat., and be- ) miles; its re miles. A iuous region tt'ota"''"' "' "" """""'<' •""""•I" "«loh from lheirba,e I, "lligatot, and almost Sr^Xc'^^^of'^l't. ''T"''' *"'"'•• """"'' Population 3,187,000. ruoucan. GUIANA Is bounded on the N. by the Atlantic ; W. by Colombia j b. by Brazil ; and on the E. by the Atlantic. DivisioNs.-British Guiana, comprehending the three counties of Essequibo, Demera'ra, and Berbice' ; Dutch Cruiana ; and French Guiana. Rivers.— Essequibo, Surinam', Marony. Principal Towns.— In British Guiana— George'- town 20, the capital ; New Amsterdam 5. Dutch Guiana. -Paramaribo 20, with an active commerce. French Guiana .-Cayenne' 5, on an island of the same name. Guiana is situated between 1" and 9° 40' N 1 at ^r,A !.«♦, mo dfi' ar^A (i^Qwr T fi 1 1 . „'" '^ ^" ■'^'« A^ai., ana between 51' X^^J^^j^i;:^^i ■" "» -""".'- - -.el frrHlf vtlfv'" •'' T'' J'""""'' ""'" ""he-ithy; the soil exlremelv Population 184,230 BRAZIL Is bounded on the N. by the Atlantic, Guian.. «r,d Colombia; W. by Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, 11 i'.'ii ..I ii:<:i 158 BRAZIL* and La Plata ; S. by Uruguay and the Atlantic ; and on the E. by the Atlantic. Brazil is divided into eighteen provinces. Islands. — Juan'es or Mar'jo, Pernan'do Noron'ha, Trinidada, San Catherine, in which is Dester'ro, a free port for British commerce. Capes. — North, St Roque, Fri'o. Mountains.' — Acaray, Parexis, Martha, Cordille'ra Grand, Tabatinga, Fri'o. Rivers. — Amazon, Orellana or Maranon, the largest river in the world, with its tributaries Ri'o Ne'gro, Ya- pura, Madeira, Tapajos, Xingu ; Tocantin or Pa'ra ; Paranahyba ; San Francisco ; Para'na ; Paraguay, Uru- guay. Principal Towns. — Ri'o Janei'ro 200, the capital, and the largest city of South America, with an extensive and flourishing commerce ; Victo'ria 12 ; Por'to Se- gu'ro; St Salvador or Bahi'a 140, with the most mag- nificent harbour in the world ; Cachoei'ra 1 6, where the produce of the gold mines is disposed of ; Sergip'pe del Rey ; Alago as 1 4 ; Perucimbuco, with its dependencies Olin'da, San Anto'nio, and Bo'a Vis'ta 60, carries on an extensive trade ; Parahy'ba 6 ; Natal' ; Cia'ra ; Mar'- anhao (Mar'anham) 28, with an extensive trade in cotton and rice ; Pa'ra or Be'lem 20, with a great ex- port trade ; San'tarem ; Ri'o Ne'gro ; Vil'la Bel'la 25 ; Cuya'ba 10; Villa Bo'a ; Villa Ri'ca 9, with extensive manufactures, and famous for its gold mines ; St Pau'lo 18 ; San'tos 8, with a good trade. Brazil is situated between 5** N. and 34° S. Lat., and between 35** and 72'* 20' W. Long. Its length, from north to south, is about 2700 ; its breadth, from east to west, 2600 ; and its superiieial extent 2,500,000 square miles. The greater portion of the country consists and on ^oron'ha, 0, a free Jordille'ra 16 largest gro, Ya- r Pa'ra ; lay, Uru- } capital, extensive or'to Se- lost niag- A'here the gip'pe del endencies arries on a ; Mar'- trade in great ex- tel'la 25 ; extensive St Pau'lo id between th, is about icial extent try consists TEllU. 159 tho hilh'ij'nY'' V" ^•?"'''' excesflively warm and healthy, but in the higher elevations it is teinporato, und even eld. with alS /^'^''^tl''*' '"•"^I'f.t'""" ''""^ «"»»••' coffee, and cotton, Tnd shZ , rr^ other, usual in tropical climates. Horses, cattle^ ?t8 diuinonl Zf •!' ""'"""*" ""J"^^"'"'^- ^'"^^ •« celebr'ated fo^ us diamonds; gold, silver, copper, iron, platina, and a variotv of precious stones, are found in abundance. ^ ^ ^ °' tolprl?/'' ^''"''^*-''^^'*^''''" •' l''^ ^*"'"'*" Catholic, but all others are ItXtl etSngVlcroso*'" '"^^^' ^^^' ^"^ *^« "--'» °^ ^'^^ Popui:SS;a '""'"*^^y constitutional oionarchy. :» PERU Is bounded on the N. by Brazil and Colombia ; W. by the Pacific ; S. by the Pacific and Bolivia ; and on the E. by Bolivia and Brazil. Peru is divided into seven departments. Mountains.— Chipicani,Chuquibamba. EiVERs.— Ucayal'i, with its tributary Apu rimac ; Mar- anon. Lake — Titicaca. Principal TowNS.-Li'ma 70, the capital, with a good commerce, is frequently disturbed by earthquakes ; Calla'o, the Port of Lima, with an excellent harbour ; Truxil'lo 14 ; Caxamar'ca 7, where the last of the Incas was put to death by Pizarro in 1533; Tar'ma ; HuancaveHca, famous for quicksilver mines in its neighbourhood ; Gua- manga 25, the centre of numerous silver and gold mines; Cuz'co 46, once the splendid capital of the Incas of Peru' has a considerable trade and numerous manufactures,- Arequi pa 30, has been six times destroyed by eruptions of Oma'ti, an immense volcano in its neighbourhood ; Ari'ca ; Pu'no 18. Teru is situated between 3' 20' and 2-2« S. T.at or^i v>'<* 'J"- 160 BOLIVIA OR UPPER PERU. and 81° 20' W. Long. Its greatest length is ahout 1500 miles ; its breadth 900 miles ; and its superficial extent 500,000 square miles. This country is exceedingly mountainous, being traversed by the Andes throughout its whole extent. Thti climate is healthy, but varies from extreme heat in the low plains, to extreme cold on the summits of the Andes. The soil is equally varied,— that of the eastern valleys is extremely fertile, while the other parts are sterile and sandy. Peru is not so noted for its vegetable productions, as for its mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, and mercury. The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic. Education, with the exception of missions for converting the natives to Christianity, is but little attended to. The government is a federal republic, but still very unsettled. Population about 1,800,900. BOLIVIA OR UPPER PERU Is bounded on the N. by Brazil and Peru ; W. by Peru and the Pacific ; S. by Chili and La Plata j and on the E. by Paraguay and Brazil. Bolivia is divided into seven departments. MouNTAiNS.~Sorata, 25,380 feet high, the most ele- vated summit of the Andes, Illima'ni next in elevation to Sorata. Rivers.— Guaporc, Mamo're, Pilcoma7o, Paraguay, Be'ni. Principal Towns. — Chuquisa'ca 12, the capital; Cochabam'ba or Orapi'za 30, so called from the gold found in its neighbourhood ; La Paz 20, a great emporium of trade ; Poto'si 9, situated about 13,314 feet above the level of the sea, in the centre of the richest silver mines in the world ; Tari'ja ; Gobi j a ; Santa Cruz de le Sierra 9. Bolivia or Upper Peru is situnted betv/een 10° and 25° .30' S. Lat., and between 57° and 71° AV. Long. Its greatest length is about 1100 miles ; its breadth 750 miles j and its superficial extent 320,000 square miles. It is traversed by lofty mountains on the v est, while on the east it expands into an immenae plain= Owing to the mmuality of the surface^ the climate is exceedingly L L ai w M s. tei niles ; its ire miles-, id by the 1 the low he soil is ly fertile, t so noted r, copper, tion, with ristianity, ettled. by Peru [ on the nost ele- vation to URUGUAY OR BANDA ORIENTAL. 161 diversified The soil of the plains is very fertile • the ve^pf^Wp S;:plT^"'''^l-P^''^'^^*r ^n^''^ «™''^^ to those of Pen? ' f hi ^ P'^^^^'hng rehgion is the Roman Catholic. Three-fourths of the people are aborigines, and in a very low state of civiliSn The government is republican, but still very unsettled Population about 900,000. ^ unsettled. PARAGUAY Is bounded on the N. by Brazil ; W. by Bolivia and La Plata; S. by La Plata ; and on the E. by Brazil. RiVERs.—Paraguay and Parana. Principal TowNs.-Assump'tion 10, the capita^ the centre of considerable trade; Villa Ri'ca ; Concep'tion : Coim'bra No Va. twiTir'^J'anJ'i'^v'^r'" Z ^"^ 2^° 30' S- Lat., and be- Ss itsbreaSth iSn!^' ""^'i .}^' Sre^}^^t length is about 450 m es , Its breadth 180 miles ; and its superficial extent 00,000 square miles I he greater portion of this country is a vast plain the so Uf winch IS exceedingly fertile ; the climate is agreeable Indl^^alth;^ nf fi ™*'^^^"?t«d vegetable production is the yerbu-,nute\ a specie's of tea, which IS produced in great abundance. ^ Population about 250,000. araguay, capital ; he gold nporium )ove the mines in Jier'ra 9. iO'S. Lat., is about It 320,000 est, while ceedingly URUGUAY OR BANDA ORIENTAL Is bounded on the N. by Brazil ; W. by La Plata ; S. by La Plata and the Atlantic; and on the E. by the Atlantic and Brazil. Rivers. — Uruguay, Ne'gro. Principal TowNs.-Mon'te Vid'eo 10, the capital, with an extensive trade in hides, and strongly fortified • Maldona'do; Colo'nia. ' veen30°20'and34°40 Uruguay or Banda Oriental, is situated betwi ». Lat., and between 53° 3(y and ■'i»'' w T,<>ncr Tf= = p-;-i "' K 1G2 CHILL LA PLATA OR THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC is bounded on the K. by Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia J W. by Chili ; S. by Patagonia ; and on the E. by the Atlantic, Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay. • Capes. — San Antonio, Corrientes. EiVERS.-— Rio de la Plata, with its tributaries Uruguay, Parana, and Paraguay ; Colora'do ; Ne'gro. Principal Towns. — Bue'nos Ay'res 100, a great em- porium of trade ; Cordo'va 15, with a university, and con- siderable manufactures of cotton and wool; Mendo'za 10; Tu'cuman 8 ; San'ta Fe 6, with an active trade; Sal'ta 9 ; Corrientes. La Plata is situated between 22° and 41 ° S. Lat., and between 52° and 71° W. Long. Its superficial extent is 726,000 square miles. The surface of the country consists of immense plains, called Pampas^ traversed on the western border by the chain of the Andes. In the plains the climate is oppressively hot ; but in the higher mountains any temperature may be obtained. The greater part of the soil is extremely fertile, producing, in the northern and central districts, all the productions of northern countries, and in the south, excellent wheat and other p-rains. Immense flocks of oxen, horses, and sheep, both in a domestic ahd wild state, roam over its boundless and luxuriant plains. Among its mineral productions are gold, silver, copper, tin, lead. &c. The religion is the Roman Catholic, and the government a federal republic. Population about 700,000. CHILI Is bounded oh the N. by Bolivia ; W. by the Pacific ; S. by the Pacific and Patagonia; and on the E. by Patagonia ahd La Plata. Islands.— Chi'loe, in which is St Car'los ; Ju'an Fer- han'de?:, celebrated as the lonely four years' residence of PATAGONIA. 16a [NiS I Bolivia J . by the Uruguay, jreat em- and Con- do'zalO; Sal'ta le etween 52" miles. The id Pampas^ es. In the mountains the soil is il districts, I, excellent lorses, and 1 boundless are gold, it a federal acific ; S. Patagonia u'an Fer- iidence of Alexander Selkirk, on which event the popular history of Robinson Crusoe is founded ; Mas-a-fue'ra. Mountains — Aconca'gua, Descabeca'da. Principal Towns.— Santia'go 65, the capital, with • an extensive trade; Concep'tion 10, overthrown by an earthquake in 1 835 ; Valdi'via 5, with a magnificent har- bour ; Valparai'so 20, the chief sea-port of Chili, with a very extensive commerce; Coquim'bo 1^, — its vicinity abounds in the precious metals. ««?5a/ '^ ^'-". o*^?r between 25« 20' and 43« 20' S. Lat., and between • V f"u^ '^ ^^' ^°""- 5 ^^^ ^^"-t^^ boinjr about 1150 miles by 120 in breadth ; and its superficial extent 130,000 square miles. The whole ot Chih is a vast sloping plain, rising gradually from the sea to the summits of the Anrlos. The climate is steady and healthy, and the soil generally good. 1 he usual grains of Europe, fruits, and drugs, are abundantly pro- duced. Great attention is devoted to the breeding of cattle, horses, mules, and asses; but the sheep are inferior. The chief mineral productions are gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, zinc, &c. 1 he religion is the Roman Catholic, and educatioq is at a very low ebb. The government is republican. Population about 1,600,000. PATAGONIA Is bounded on the N. by La Plata and Chili ; W. by Chili and the Pacific Ocean ; S. by the Straits of Magel- lan ; and on the E. by the Atlantic. Gulfs.— St Anto'nio, St George, Pe'nas, Cho'nos. Straits — Magellan, Le Maire. Capes. — Blanco, Virgins, Froward — ^^the most southerly point of continental America. EivERs. — Rio Negro, Santa Cruz. Lake. — Colugua'pe. The natives are a tall and robust race ; they have no towns, but '^^nti J^«*iv'"^*^""^ ^"^ unsettled life. The papulation is estimated »t 600,000. 164 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. SACRED GEOGRAPHY. PALESTINE OR THE HOLY LAND. Was bounded on the N. by Syr'ia ; on the W. by the Mediterranean Sea, called in the Bible the Great Sea ; on the S. by Arabia ; and on the E. by Arabia and Syria. It is also called in Scripture the Land of Ca'naan ; the Land of Promise ; the Land of Ju'dah ; the Land of Is'rael ; and the Land of the He'brews. Palestine was originally inhabited by the Am'orites on both sides of the Jor'dan ; the Sido nians in the north - West ; the Hi'vites in the north-east ; the Gir'gashites or Gergesenes' east of the Sea of Galilee ; the Per'izzites on the western side of ihe Jordan ; the Hit'tites on the west of the Dead Sea ; the Jeb'usites west from the northern part of the Dead Sea, and the Philis'tines along the south- west coast. Tribes. — Ash'er, in the north-west ; Naph'tali, east of Asher ; Zeb'ulon, south of Asher ; Is'sachar, Half Tribe of Manas'seh, E phraim, and Ben'jamin, west of the Jor- dan ; Ju'dah, west of the Dead Sea ; Dan and Sim'eon, in the south-west, on the coast ; Half Tribe of Manas'- seh, Gad, and Reu'ben, east of the Jordan. Roman Provinces. — Garilee, in the north ; Sama'ria, in the middle ; Jude'a, in the south ; and Pere'a, east of the Jordan. Galilee (divided into Upper Galilee or Galilee of the Gentiles, and Lower Galilee), comprehending the tribes of Asher. — Principal towns, — Tyre and Si'don, famous for their commerce, but no less notorious for their wicked- MCREB GEOGRAPflY. Jiess J Sarep'ta or Zar'ephath, . by the Sea ; on Syria, an ; the Land of •rites on e north - ihites or zites on he west lorthern e south- , east of If Tribe ;he Jor- lim'eon, Manas'- ima'ria, east of B of the ;ribes of famous vvicked- where or Ptolema 165 'jah raised the widow' coast. Naphtali— Ka'desh^Naph'tali ; Kar'tan or Kirjath- a'lm ; Bethsa'ida, and Caper'naum, in the neighbourhood of which our Saviour often preached and performed many miracles ; Chin'nereth ; Ha'zor ; Har'osheth of the Gen- tiles ; Ham'moth-Dor ; La'ish or Cesare'a-Philip'pi, near the source of the Jordan. ZEBULON.-^Jok'neam, near Mount Car'mel ; Ta'bor j Tibe'rias, on the Sea of Galilee, so called in honour of Tiberius Caesar, where Matthew was found sitting at the receipt of custom j Naz'areth, noted as the place where our Saviour spent the earlier part of his life ; Ca'na, of Galilee, where our Saviour performed his first miracles- turning water into wine. IssACHAR.~Jez'reel, where Na'both was stoned to death by order of Jez'ebel ; Shu'nem, where Elisha raised a young man from the dead ; Dab'erath ; Na 'in, where Christ restored the widow's son to life ; A'nem or Engan'nim ; Beth^shemesh. Samaria, comprehending the tribe of Ephraim.— Sama'ria, the capital of the ten tribes of Israel ; She'chem or Sy'char, near which was Jacob's well, where Christ conversed with the woman of Samaria ; Lyd'da, where Peter healed E'neas, who was sick of the palsy ; Sha'ron, Lasha'ror or Sa'ron, situated in a district celebrated for its roses ; Shiloh, where Josh'ua divided Canaan among the tribes, and fixed the Tabernacle, which remained here upwards of three hundred years. Half Tribe of Manasseh.— Cesare'a, the residence of the Pvoman governors, where Herod Agrip'pa was eaten 166 SACRED GEOGRAPHY* up of worms, and where Paul was tried before Fe'lix and Fes'tus; and Dor, both on the coast; Megid'do ; Scy- thop'olis or Beth'shan ; En'dor, where Samuel appeared to Saul at the witch's incantation ; Do'than, where Joseph was sold by his brethren to the Ish'maelites. JuDEA, comprehending the tribes of Benjamin — Jeru'salem, the city of David, formerly called Je'bus or Sa'lem, capital of the kingdom of Judah. This city was about five miles in circumference, and had eleven gates ; Beth'any, where our Saviour raised Laz'arus from the dead ; and Beth'phage, on the east of Jerusa- lem ; Jer'icho, the first city taken by Joshua ; Gib'eon, where Joshua defeated five kings, on which occasion the sun and moon stood still ; Ra'mah, where Samuel dwelt and was buried ; Luz or Beth'el, remarkable for Jacob's surprising vision ; Em'maus, on the road to which our Saviour first appeared to his disciples after his resur- rection. JuDAH. — Bethlehem, the birth-place of our Saviour, and of David, near which the angels appeared to the shepherds ; He'bron, where Abraham was buried ; Ka'desh-Bar'nea, whence Moses sent the spies; Makke'dah, near which Joshua defeated and hanged the five kings who had made war upon Gibeon ; Adul'lam, near which David concealed himself in a cave from Saul ; Beth'shemesh, where the ark was restored ; Kir'jath-Je'arim, where the ark remained for a long time. Dan. — Jop'pa or Jaffa, in the north-west, on the coast, where the prophet Jo'nah embarked for Tar'shish, and where Peter restored Dor'cas to life ; Gath, the city of Goli'ath the giant ; Ek'ron ; Ash'dod or Azo'tus, near the coast, v»'iiCi'C stood the faniouj ieniple of Da'gon ; Tim''- BACKED GEOGHAPIIT. 167 ftath, where Samson slew the lion ; Ai'jalon ; Arima' the'a, where Joseph the honourable counsellor dwelt. Simeon.— Beer'-sheba, where Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob dwelt. In the neighbouring desert, Ha'gar, fleeing with Ish'mael, was visited by an angel; Hor'mah ; Ge'rar; Ga'za, the gates of which Samson carried almost to He- bron ; As'kelon, on the coast, a noted city of the Philis- tines. Perea, comprehending the Half Tribe of Manasseh.— Ge'shur ; Go'lan ; Cho- ra'zin ; Mag'dala and Dalmanu'tha, on the Sea of Galilee ; Ash'taroth'Kar'naim, the residence of Og, king of Ba'shan ; Ed'rei; Gad'ara, near which two men possessed with devils were healed by Christ. Gad — Ea'moth-Gil'ead, where A'hab, king of Israel, was slain by an arrow ; Kar'kor, where Gideon defeated the Mid'ianites, and slew their two kings ; Suc'coth ; Ma- hana'im, so called from Jacob's vision of two hosts of angels; Ja'besh-Gil'ead ; Penu'el or Peni'el, near the Jab'bok. Reuben.— Hesh'bon ; Ja'haz, where Moses defeated Si'hon, king of the Amorites ; Be'zer or Boz'rah ; Med'- eba ; Bethab'ara, where John baptized, and near which the Israelites crossed the Jordan. Mountains — Leb'anon, on the north of Palestine, divided into two ranges, Lib'anus on the west, and Anti- Lib'anus on the east ; Car'mel, in the north-west of the Half Tribe of Manasseh, west of the Jordan, where Elijah offered his famed sacrifice, when the four hundred and fifty prophets of Ba'al were slain ; there is another Carmel in Judah where Na'bal and Ab'igail lived, and in a cave of this mountain, near En'gedi, David surprised Saul : 168 8ACRED GEOGRAPiir, Mount Tal)or, supposed to be the place of Christ's trans- figuration, in the south of Zebulon ; Gil'boa, noted for the total defeat of the Hebrews, and the death of Saul and his three sons, and Her'mon, in Manasseh, west of the Jordan ; Ga'ash, where Joshua was buried ; E'bal and Ger'izim, where Joshua promulgated the law ; on Gerizim the Samar'itans built a temple at which they worshipped in preference to that at Jerusalem ; E'phraim, where Micah and the idolatrous priest lived, in the tribe of Ephraim. Zi'on, AW, Mori'ah, and Bez'etha, on which Jerusalem was built J Mount Cal'vary, on the west of the city, where our Saviour was crucified, and Ol'ivet or the Mount of Olives, on the east of it. On Moriah, God commanded Abnaham to offer up his son Isaac, and afterwards Solo- mon's temple was built upon it. The mountains of Ab'- arim, in the tribe of Reuben, the most noted of which are the Heights of Ne'bo, Pe'or, Pis'gah, and Ba'al. From Pisgah, Moses viewed the Promised Land, and here he died and was buried ; Gil'ead, famed for its balm, on the east and south of the Half Tribe of Manasseh, and the north of Gad ; Her'mon, Sir'ion or Si'on, on the north- east of Manasseh : Scripture alludes to the frequent dew3 which fall upon this mountain ; Ba'shan, in the Half Tribe of Manasseh, east of the Jordan, noted for its rich pastures, fine cattle, and stately oaks. RiVEBS.— The Waters of Leb'anon flow ""iath-west through the tribe of Asher ; the Ki'shoUj in which a great part of Sis'era's army was drowned, flows north-west through Issachar and Zebulon ; the Ka'nah flows west, forming part of the boundary between Ephraim and the Half Tribe of Manasseh ; the Ga'ash, between Dan and Epkaim ; the So'rek with its tributary the Esh'col, so SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 169 called from the large cluster of gi-apes which Ca'leb and Joshua carried thence when they spied the land, rises in the mountains of Judah, near Jerusalem, and flows south- west through Judah and Simeon ; the Be'sor, where two hundred of David's men, being overtaken by sickness, re- mained, while with four hundred he pursued the Am'alek- ites who had burned Zik'lag, flows west through Simeon ; the Eiver of Egyipt or Sihor forms the south-western boundary of Palestine ;—aU these flow into the Mediter- ranean Sea. The Jor'dan rises in Anti-Libanus, flows south through the Waters of Me'rom and the Sea of GaUlee, and falls mto the Dead Sea ; the Ar'non, forming the eastern and southern boundary of Reuben, falls into the Dead Sea; the Jab'bok, near which Jacob wrestled with the angel^ flows north-west through Gad and joins the Jordan ; the' Gad'ara flows through the Half Tribe of Manasseh, and falls^ into the Jordan south of the Sea of Galilee ; the Kid'ron or Ce'dron, which Christ crossed in his way to the garden of Gethsem'ane, rises north of Jerusalem, and flows south-east into the Dead Sea ; the Che'rith, in Ephraim, on the banks of which Elijah was fed by ravens, falls into the Jordan^ Lakes— The \/aters of Me'rom or Upper Lake, near which Joshua overcame the confederated Canaanitish kings ; the Sea of Gal^ilee, or Lake of Gennes'areth, or Sea of Tibe'rias, or Sea of Chin'nereth,— celebrated for Christ's walking on its waters— stilling the tempest- causing the miraculous draught of fishes, &c.,--between Manasseh on the east, and Naphtah, Zebulon, and Issa- char, on the west j the Sea of Ja'zer, in the east of Gad ; the Dead Sea, or Lake of Sod'om, or Soa of the Plain, or ml !ii.- nl W 170 SACKED GEOGIUrilT. Salt Sea, once a beautiful and fertile district, where Sodom, Gomor'rah, Ad'mah, and Zebo'im, were situated. Plains, Valleys, Woods, &c.— The Plain of Megid'do or Jez'reel, where Josi'ah, king of Judah, vas slain, in Issachar and Zebulon ; the Plain of Sha'ion, in the west of Ephraim and Manasseh ; another in the east of Zebu- lon, and a third in Gad ; the Plain of Mo'reh, between Mounts Ebal and Gerizim, in the north of Ephraim ; the Valley of Anchor, where A'chan was stoned t( deatii tor having concealed part of the accursed spoil at the taking of Jericho, contrary to the express? command of Joshua ; the Wilderness of Jude'a, where John the Baptist began his public ministry, and where our Saviour fasted forty days, and was tempted of the devil, along the west bank of the Jordan and the Dead Sea ; the valley of Hin'nom, ■where the Jews sacrificed their children to the idol Moloch ; the Valley of Sha'veh or King's Dale, the Valley of Je- hosh'aphat, and the Valley of Eeph^aim, in the neigliboui' hood of Jerusalem. In the north-west of Judah are the Valley of Zeph'- athah, the Valley of E'lah, where David slew Goliath of Gath; the Forest of Hareth, where David hid himself from Saul ; the Plain of Mam're, where Abraliam enter- tained three angels, south of Hebron On the west of the Dead Sea are the Valley of Salt, where David smote the Syrians; the Wilderness of Ma'on ; the Wilderness of Jer'uel ; the Wilderness of Ziph ; and the Wilderness of Teko'ah, — of which city, A'mos the prophet was a herds- man ; the Wood of E'phraim, in Gad, where Ab'salom'a army was defeated, and himself slain by Jo'ab. SACKED GEOGIlAPItT. 171 EGYPT OR MIZ'KAIM "Was bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean; W. by the Deserts of Lib'ya; S. by Ethio'pia; E. by the Red Sea and Arabia ; and was watered throughout its whoid extent by the Nile. DIVISIONS AND CHIEF TOWNS. Upper Egypt — No or Thebes, on the Nile ; Sye'ne, in the south, on the Nile, near the borders of ^.thiopia. Middle Egypt.— Noph or Memphis, or the Nile, near which are the famous pyramids ; Bab'ylon, on the Nile, where some suppose St Peter wrote his first Epistle. Lower Egypt.— Zo'an or Ta'nis ; Sin or Pelu'sium, on the coast ; Alexan'dria, on the coast, founded by Alex- ander the Great ; Tali'panhes ; A'ven or BethUemesh, called also On or Heliop'olis ; Mig'dol ; Rame'ses (now Cairo), on the Nile, whence the IsraeJ les took their de- parture ; Pi'thom and Raam'ses, were the two cities for the building of which the Hebrews made brick ; Suc'coth, where the Israelites on their journey first set up their tents; Phib'eseth. ARABIA Was bounded on the N. by Palestine, Syria, and Chalde'a ; W. by Egypt and the Red Sea ; S. by the Erythrae'an Sea ; and E. by the Persian Gulf. DivisiONS.--Arabia Petr^'i, in the north-west ; Arabia Fe'lix in the west and soudi j Arabia Deser'ta, in tlie east and in the interior. Tribes— AmWnites, Mo'abites, E'domites, Am'- alekites, Mid'ianites, Ish'raaelites, &c. Towns.— Rab'bath or Pliiladerbhia : Be'la or Zo'ar /*« u i','A\ -•' 172 SACRED OEOURAPnY. the south of the Dead Sea ; E'zion-ga'ber, on the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, from which the ships of Solomon traded to O'phir ; E'lath, on the same gulf. Mountains.— Se'ir ; Hor, where A'aron died ; Ho'reb, where Mo'ses saw the burning bush ; Si'nai, where the Lord delivered The Ten Commandments to Moses. Places mentioned in the Route op the Israelites. — Ma'rah, the waters of which the Israelites could not drink on account of their bitterness, but which were made sweet by Moses casting into them a tree that had been shown him by the Lord ; E'lim, where were twelve wells and seventy palm trees ; Wilderness of Sin, between Elim and Sinai ; Reph'idim, where the Israelites tempted the Lord, and murmured against Moses for want of water ; Mer'ibah, where Moses by striking the rock brought water out of it ; Wilderness of Sinai ; Tab'erah, w':ere the fire of the Lord, which burned among them, was quenched by the prayer of Moses; Kib'roth- Hatta'avah, where those who lusted for flesh were buried ; Haze'roth, where Mir'- iam, the sister of Moses, was smitten with a leprosy for railing against him, and was cured by his prayers ; Wil- derness of Pa'ran ; Zalmo'nah ; O'both. SYRIA OR A'RAM Was bounded on the N. by A'sia Mi'nor ; W. by Asia Minor and the Mediterranean ; S. by Palestine and Ara- bia ; and E. by Arabia and the Euphra'tes. Divisions. — Syria of Damas'cus ; of Ma'achah ; of Ha'math; ofZo'bah; of Tob ; of Re'hob. Rivers. — Ab'ana and Phar'par. Towns. — An'tioch, where the disciples were first called Christians j Damas'cus, whither St Paul was going when SACUED OEOGILVPIIY. 173 he was converted ; Rib'lah, where Nebuchadnez'zar put out the eyes of Zedeki'ah, and slew his sons ; Tad'mor or Palmy'ra, built by Solomon ; Seleu'cia, whence Paul and Bar'nabas embarked for Cyprus ; Tiph'sah or Thap'sacus, on the Euphrates, was the north-cast boundary of Solo- mon's kingdom. MESOPOTA'MIA or PA'DAN-A'RAM Was situated between the rivers Hid'dekel or Ti'gris, on the east, and the Euphrates on the west. Towns. — Tel'abib, on the Che'bar. On the banks of this river Eze'kiel saw several of his visions ; Car'chemish or Circe'sium, on the Euphrates, near which it is joined by the Chebar ; Ha'ran or Char'ran, near the source of the Chebar, where Te'rah the father of Abraham died ; CJr of the Chaldees', near Haran, the birth-place of Abra- ham ; Reho'both, on the Tigris. BABYLO'NIA or CHALDE'A south of MESOPOTAMIA. Towns. — Bab'ylon, the most ancient city in the world, founded by Nim'rod, on the Euphrates, in the plain of Shi'nar ; E'rech, on the Euphrates, below Babylon ; Cal'- neh, on the Tigris, afterwards the celebrated Ctes'iphon ; Ac'cad, west of the Tigris. ASSYRIA Was situated between the Tigris on the W., and Me'dia and Per'sia on the E. Towns. — Nin'eveh, on the Tigris, founded by Ash'ur, 1^ 174 SACRED GEOGKAPHY. to preach ; Re'sen, on the Tigris, south from Nineveh j Ca'lah, still farther south on the Tigris. PERSIA OR E'LAM, and ME'DIA Were situated on the E. of Assyria. Towns.— Shu'shan or Su'sa, the capital of Persia, jn the Ulai, where Daniel had his vision of the Ram and He-Goat, and where the events related in the Book of Es'ther took place ; Ach'metha or Ecbat'ana, the capital of Media, where was found the decree of Cy'rus for build- ing the house of God at Jerusalem. ^ ASIA MINOR Was bounded on the N. by the Eux'ine Sea ; W. by the Propon'tis and ^ge'an Sea ; S. by the Mediterranean ; and E. by the Euphrates and Syria. Divisions. — Mys'ia, Lyd'ia, and Ca'rii., in thewes?tj Lyc'ia, Pamphylla, Pisid'ia, and Cilic'ia, in the south ; Cappado'cia, in the east; Pon'tus, Paphlago'nia, and Bithyn'ia, in the north ; and Phryg'ia, Gala'tia, and Ly- caonia, in the centre. Mysia. — Tro'as, on the coast, where St Paul often preached, and planted a church, and where he had a vision in the night of a man of Macedo'nia, who said, " Come over and help us ;" As'sos, on the coast, south of Troas> where Paul embarked for Jerusalem ; Adramyt'tium, on the coast, east of Assos, in a ship belonging to which Paul sailed for Italy ; Per'gamos, in the south. Lydia. — Eph'esus, near the coast, to the Christians of which Paul wrote an Epistle : here also was the famous temple of Dia'na ; Smyr'na, on the coast, north from SACRED GEOGRArHT* 175 Ephesus ; Sar'dis and Philaderphia, east from Smyrna > Thyati'ra in the north. Caria. — Mile'tus, in the nortL west, on the coasty where Paul sent for the elders of the chareh of Ephesus, to whom he gave solemn charges ; Cni'dus, on the south- west coast, which Paul passed on his way to Rome. Lycia.- — Pat'ara, in the south,, on the eoast, at which. •Paul touched on his way from Macedonia to Jerusalem ; My'ra, in the south, on the coast, where Paul embarked in a ship of Alexandria for Italy. Pamphylia. — Per'ga, where Paul and Bar'nabas^ preached ; Attali'a from which Paul sailed for Antioch. PisiDiA. — An'tioch, where Paul and Barnabas preached till a persecution stirred up by the Jews obliged them ta leave the place. Phrygia. — Laodice'a, in the south-west ; Colos'se,. near Laodicea, to the inhabitants of which Paul addressed an Epistle from Rome ; Hierap'olis, north of Laodicea. Lycaonia. — Ico'nium, Der'be, and Lys'tra, where Paul and Barnabas preached the Gospel. At Lystra, Timothy was born, and Paul and Barnabas healed a man who had been lame from his birth ; here they were taken for Mer'- cury and Ju'piter, and Paul was nearly stoned to death. Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadel- phia, and Laodicea ; in these towns were the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation. If': hi ' m I rtii !l! rvii MACEDO'NIA Was situated on the north of Greece. Towns. — Neap'olis, on the south-east coast, where Paul arrived from the island of Samoihra'cia ; Philip'pi, north-west of Neapolis, the first place in Europe where I 176 SACRED aEOGRAPHT. Paul preached the Gospel. Here he and Si'las were mi- raculously set free from prison, on which occasion the jailor was converted with his whole house. To the inha- bitants of this city Paul addressed an Epistle j Amphip'olis and Apollo'nia, through which Paul and Silas passed after their deliverance from the prison at Philippi ; Thessalo- iii'ca, on the coast, to the inhabitants of which Paul wrote two Epistles. He was obliged to leave this city by night, on account of a tumult excited by the Jews ; Bere'a, west of Thessalonica, where Paul preached with great success j Nicop'olis, in the south-west^ where Paul wintered and wrote his Epistle to Titus. GREECE. Towns.— Ath'ens, in At^tica, the most celebrated city of antiquity for learning and the liberal arts. Here Paul preached and disputed with the philosophers ; on which occasion, among others, Dionys'ius the Areop'agite, and a woman named Dam'aris, were converted ; Cor'inth, in Acha'ia, where Paul planted a church, and to the inhabi- tants of which he wrote two Epistles. ITALY. Towns. — Rhe'gium, on the south-west coast, at which Paul touched on his voyage to Rome ; Pute'oli, on the coast, where he spent seven days ; Ap'pii Fo'rum, and The Three Taverns, where the Christians of Rome met Paul ; Rome, to the inhabitants of which Paul vn-ote an Epistle ; here he lived two years and preached the Gospel, and here he was afterwards beheaded. ISLANDS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Cy'prus. — Sal'arais, on the east coast, where Paul and SACRED GEOGRAPHY, 177 Barnabas preached ; Pa'phos, on the west coast, where Paul converted Ser'gius Pau'lus, the governor, and struck El'ymas the sorcerer with blindness ; Crete (Candia) ; Pheni'ce, on the south-west coast ; and Lase'a, on the south coast, near the Fair Havens. Titus was the first bishop of Crete ; Clau'da, south from Crete ; Mel'ita (Malta), south from Sicily, where Paul and his companions were shipwrecked on their voyage to, Rome. The natives imagined Paul was a god, because he shook a viper off his hand without receiving any hurt from it. Here he healed the father of Pub'lius, who lay sick of a fever ; Si'cily ; Syr'acuse, on the south-east coast, at which Paul tarried three days on his way to Rome. . :' B ISLANDS IN THE ^.GEAN SEA. Co'os and Rhodes, which Paul sailed past on his voyage to Jerusalem ; Pat'mos, whither St John was banished by Domit'ian, and where he wrote the Book of Revela- tion ; Sa'mos, north of Patmos ; Chi'os, north-west of Samos ; Les'bos, north of Chios ; Mityle'ne, at which Paul touched as he sailed from Corinth to Jerusalem ; Samothua'cia, in the north of the -^gean Sea. I 1 rt Ml 1 11 ii 178 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. GENERAL VIEW OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. The Solar System consists of the Sun, and the Planets, and Comets which revolve round him. The planets are distinguished into pHmary and secondary. The primary planets revolve round the sun as their centre of motion ; the secondary planets, which are also called satellites or moons, revolve round their primaries, and are carried with them round the sun. The number of the primary planets is eleven, viz. : — . Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, Her- SCHEL, or the Georgium Sidus. The number of the secondary planets is eighteen, of which one, the Moon, belongs to the Earth, four belong to Jupiter, seven to Saturn, and six to Uranus. All the planets, beside their diurnal rotation round their own axis from west to east,* have also a periodical revo- lution, from west to east, round the sun, in orbits more or less elliptical — the Sun occupying one of <;he foci of the ellipse ; and the secondary planets describe orbits of the same kind having their respective primaries in one of the foci — the motions of all being from west to east with the * It has been ascertained from the observations of spots on the surface of the sun, and several of tlie planets, tbat they revolve on their axis, and from certain regular changes in the brightness of Ju-. piter's satellites, and also in those of Saturn, corresponding to those of our moon, it is inferred that they revolve on their axis, in the same time in which they revolve round their primaries, and like the moon always present the same side towards them. m OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 179 singular exception of the satellites of Uranus whose mo- tions round him are from east to west. The planes in which the orbits of the planets are situ- ated all pass through the centre of the sun, and are all inclined to each other at very small angles, with the exception of those of Juno, Ceres, and Pallas. All these bodies are oblate spheroids, that is, their equa- torial is a little longer than their axis or polar diameter, which is supposed to have been caused by their rapid rotation on their axis, when in a state of fluidity, which motion under the circumstances would certainly cause an accumulation of matter in their equatorial regions. They are all supposed to be similar to the earth in their composition, and it is reasonably inferred that the greater number of them are similarly inhabited by both rational and irrational beings, whose cr>nstitutions, and capacities for enjoyment, are adapted to their peculiar climate and atmosphere. THE SUN. The Sun, though not exactly, is very nearly,, the centre of the Solar System. The real centre is the common centre of gravity of the sun and of all the other bodies which compose the system, and round which the sun and those bodies revolve. The centre of the Solar System, owing to the immense quantity of matter contained in the sun, is never at a greater distance from the sun's centre than the length of his own diameter, and this only when all the planets are on one side of him ; di » aier times it is much less, being generally within his ovt ft body. His diameter is about 886,150 miles, ajid he revolves on his axis in 2& days, 10 hours. m m m ly- 180 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. Dark spots are frequently seen upon the body of the sun, varying in number and magnitude, sometimes break- ing up into two or more, at other times several uniting together ; — they have been observed much larger than the surface of the whole earth. Various conjectures have been formed regarding these spots, which first make their appearance on the eastern limb, and progress onward till they disappear at the western edge of his disc. Sir William Herschel thought that the body of the sun was similar to that of the planets, with a double atmosphere, the outer being luminous, diffused light and heat through the whole system ; the innei consisting of dark clouds, pro- tected the body of the sun from the heat of the luminous one, and that the spots were occa-i'oned by separations in the luminous atmosphere, revealing the dark clouds below. Whatever may be the true explanation of the phenome- non, one thing is certain, they have enabled astronomers to determine accurately the time of his revolution on his axis. To a spectator on the earth or on any of the planets, the motions of the others appear sometimes eastward, sometimes westward, and at other times they appear sta- tionary ; this arises from the combined motions of the body on which the spectator is situated and the other bodies; but, seen from the sun, all their .notions are constantly from west to east, and at all times they present towards him a full enlightened disc. The weight of bodies at the surface of the sun is nearly twenty-eight times as great as at the earth's surface. The immense quantity of matter in the sun enables him, by the force of his attraction, to restrain all the other bodies in their spheres ; quickening their onward motion as they I OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 181 approach nearer, and gradually lessening it as they recede farther from him, they pursue their onward course, with- out any visible sign of deviation or decay, and can only be arrested or destroyed by that Almighty power which originallv called them into existence. MERCURY AND VENUS. Mercury and Venus, being nearer the sun than the earth is, are therefore called Inferior Planets ; and all the others, being farther from the sun than the earth, are called Superior Planets. Owing to the proximity of Mercury to the sun, he can only be seen for a short time before the sun rises, or for a short time after he sets. This planet passes directly between the sun and the earth fourteen or fifteen times in a century, and has the appearance of a dark spot moving across the sun's disc. This is called a Transit, and occurs only in the months of May and November, as in these months the orbit of Mercury crosses the echptic at the sun's position. The diameter of Mercury is 3108 miles ; he revolves on his axis in 24 hours, 5 minutes, and 28 seconds ; his distance from the sun is 36,791,000 miles; and the nit-an sidereal time of his annual revolution round the sun is 87 days, 23 hours, 1 5 minutes, and 44 secondsu Venus appears to us the largest and brightest of all the planets. She rises before the sun, when she is to the west of him, and is then called Lucifer or the morning star ; and she sets after the sun when she is to the east of him, and is then called Hesperus or the evening star. Transits of Venus across the sun's disc also occur, though much more rarely than those of Mercury, and they H JH m ■\i % 182 OUTLINES OF A8TI10N0MY. afford the most exact method of ascertaining the distance between the earth and the sun. The diameter of Venus is 7687 miles ; she revolves on her axis in 23 hours, 21 minutes ; her distance from the sun is 68,748,000 miles ; and the time of her annual revolution is 224 days, 16 hours, 49 minutes, and 8 seconds. Both of these planets, when viewed through a good telescope, exhil)ft phases similar to the moon, which is an incontestible proof that they are opaque bodies^ and shine only by the reflected light of the sun. THE EARTH. The EARTtt is the Third Planet from the sun ; its dia- meter is 7912 miles ; it revolves on its axis in 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds, sidereal time ; its distance from the sun is 95,044,000 miles ; and the time of its mean sidereal revolution is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 10 seconds. MARS. Mars, the first of the Superior Planets, is easily distin- guished by his red and fiery appearance, occasioned, it is supposed, by the density of his atmosphere, through which the strong red rays of light only can penetrate. This plahet is remarkable for bright spots round his poles, espe- cially the south pole ; they vary in appearance, being more brilliant as they are turned more towards the sun, and are supposed to be accumulations of ice or snow, during his long polar winter, which reflect the sun's rays more powerfully than the rest of his body. The diameter of Mars is 4218 miles ; he revolves on his axis in 24 hours, 39 minutes, 21 seconds ; his distance from the sun is 144,000,818 miles ; and the time of his OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 183 annual revolution is 686 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes, 41 seconds. VESTA, JUNO, CERES, PALLAS. Vesta, Juno, Ceres, and Pallas, from their smallness, are generally called Asteroids, and from their orbits being so near to each other, and differing so much from all the other planets in their eccentricity and in their inclination to the Ecliptic, are supposed to be the fragments of a larger planet which once revolved between Mars and Jupiter, and which has at some very remote period been burst by some internal convulsion. The atmospheres of Ceres and Pallas are remarkably large and dense, that of the former being perceptible at the distance of 700 miles, and that of the latter at the distance of 500 miles from its body. The time of the revolution of the Asteroids on their axes is unknown. The diameter of Vesta is 238 miles ♦ h'3r distance from the sun is 225,052,000 miles ; and the time of her annual revolution is 1325 days, 17 hours, 50 minutes, and 4 seconds. The diameter of Juno is 1425 miles; her distance from the sun is 253,667,000 miles; and the time of her annual revolution is 1592 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes, and 33 seconds. The diameter of Ceres is 163 miles accordiiij^ to Her- schel, or 1 624 according to Schroeter ; her distance from the sun is 263,01 1,000 miles; and the time of her annual revolution is 1681 days, 9 hours, 26 minutes, 4 seconds. The diameter of Pallas, according to Herschel, is 80 miles, but Schroeter makes it 2099 miles ; her distance from the Sun is 263,547,000 miles ; and the time of her annual revolution is 1686 days, 12 hours, 55 minutes, 52 seconds. m m \ iP ; r 184 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. JUPITER. Jupiter is the largest of all the planets, and notwith- standing his immense distance from the earth, appears to us nearly as large and brilliant as Veii is. His axis being nearly perpendicular to the plane of his orbit, he has therefore no variety of seasons. When his longitude is less than that of the sun, he is a morning star, and appears in the east before sunrise ; and when his longitude is greater than the sun's, he is an evening star, and appears in the west after sunset. From his vast size, and the rapidity with which he revolves on his axis, his equatorial is upwards of 6000 miles longer than his polar dia- meter. When viewed through a telescope, several belts, vary- ing in number and appearance, but all lying in the same direction, are observed on his surface. Some of these belts are dark, and others luminous; they have been supposed by some to be seas, but a more reasonable sup- position, and that which generally obtains, is, that they are occasioned by clouds in his atmosphere, formed into strata by trade-winds at his equatorial regions, — the dark belts being formed by the clouds, and the luminous ones by the body of the planet, reflecting the rays of the sun more powerfully between the interstices of the clouds. From the great quantity of matter in this planet, he har considerable influence upon the motions of comets. This was exerted in a remarkable manner upon the comet of I^exell, which he detained for several months in his vici- nity, and changed its period from fifty years to five and a half years, and finally to twenty years, its present period. Bodies upon the surface of Jupiter weigh between two and three times more than upon the surface of the earth. OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 185 The diameter of Jupnur is 89,070 miles ; he revolves on his axis in 9 hos.s, .^16 minutes ; his distance from the sun is 494,494,000 miles ; and the time ol his annual revolution is 4332 uays, 14 hours, 2 jninut^'ij, and 9 seconds. SATURN. Saturn appears of a pale redd' 'i hue, and when viewed through a telescope, presents tho remarkable appendage of two rings, revolving round him in the plane of his equator, in about ten and a half hours ; the breadth of the interior rin is about 20,000 miles, and its <^ 'stance from his centre about 73,000 ; the breadth of the .Aterior ring is about 7000, its thickness 4500, and its distance from the interior ring about 3000 miles. When the plane of the rings is turned towards the earth, they appear as one, a bright line, extending on both sides beyond the body of the planet, only being seen. Various conjectures have been ventured regarding the use and economy of these rings. The diameter of Saturn is 78,730 miles ; he revolves on his axis in 10 hours, 16 minutes ; his distance from the sun is 906,607,000 miles ; and the time oi liis annual revolution is 10,7.59 days, 5 hours, 16 minutes, 82 seconds. URANUS, OK THE GEORGIUM SIDUS. Uranus, the most remote of all the planets, is seldom visible without the aid of the telescope. The most re- markable thiig connected with this planet is the motion of his satellites, which, unlike that of all the other bodies of the Solar System, is from east to west, or contrary to the signs of the Zodiac, and in a plane nearly perpendicular to that of the ecliptic. 11 ' t » IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 li^iilM 112.5 32 ^ m I.I 40 m 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ► Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WCBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 . >P^^.- i' ^^' " 4'^ » «.-', L.y '€i6 t/jD ^ 9 h 186 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. The diameter of Uranus is 85,112 miles ; he revolves on his axis in 1 day, 18 hours, 30 minutes ; his distance from the Sun is 1,823,178,000 mUes ; and the time of his annual revolution is 30,086 days, 19 hours, 42 minutes. THE MOON. Luna, or the Moon, of all the secondary planets, first deserves our attjntion. The other satellites may perform an equal, if not a greater part, in the economy of the uni- verse, but to the inhabitants of the earth, their importance;, in comparison with that of the moon, appears as nothing. The axis of the Moon is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic, the angle which it makes with it being 88° 17' She can, therefore, have no diversity of seasons ; and, as she revolves upon her axis in 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 3 seconds, which is exactly the time of her synodic revolution, or from new Moon to new Moon, she always presents nearly the same face to the earth. The diameter of the Moon is 2160 miles ; her distance from the earth is 237,000 miles, and her sidereal revo- lution rouad the earth is 27 days, 7 hours, 48 minutes, 1 1 J seconds. At the time of new Moon, or her conjunction with the sun, i. e. when she is between the earth and the sun, being an opaque body, that side which is turned towards the earth is not illuminated, and she is consequently in- visible to us. In four days after her conjunction she is in her first octant, and is seen in the evening a little to the east of the sun, with her convex edge towards the west, and her horns or cusps towards the east. As she pro- ceeds in her motion eastward, a greater portion of her disc gradually becomes enlightened, until, on the seventli Jay OUTLINES OP ASTRONOMY. 187 evolves listancer time of iiinutes. ?ts, first perform the uni- ortancC;; nothing. T to the 38° 17' and, as lurSj 44 ! of her oon, she I - distance jal revo- ites, 11 "I with the the sun, towards ently in- she is in e to the ;he west, she pro- • her disc enth day ffom her conjunction, when she comes to the meridian about six o'clock in the evening, she is said to enter into her second quarter, and has exactly the half of her disc illuminated; advancing still towards the east, on the tenth day, she enters her third octant, and appears gibbous, or with both sides convex ; and, on the fourteenth day from new moon, when she enters into her third quarter, she comes to the meridian at midnight, and is directly in op- position to the sun, consequently the whole of her disc is illuminated, and she appears a complete circle, or is said to be full moon. Continuing her progress eastward, she again approaches the sun, exhibiting, in a reverse order, and upon her opposite limb, the phases just described, until, at the end of 29^ days, she is again in conjunction with the sun. ECLIPSES. Eclipses of the Sun can occur only at new moon, and are occasioned by the moon's concealing a portion of the sun's disc from a spectator at some particular place on the earth ; eclipses of the moon can occur only at full moon, and are caused by the moon's falling into the earth's shadow. If the planes of the moon's orbit, and that of the ecliptic coincided, the sun would be eclipsed at every new moon, and the moon would be eclipsed at every full moon ; but as the moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of about live degrees, eclipses cannot occur when the moon's latitude is greater than 1° 3' at the opposition, or greater than 1° 34' 18" at the conjunction ; tiie eclipse is certain if in the former case her latitude is less than 52', and in the latter case if it is less than 1° 24', but between these limits it is uncertain. When viewed through a telescope, the surface of the 188 OUTLINES OP ASTRONOMY. Moon is found to be greatly diversified, and has the appearance of high mountains and deep valleys. Some of the mountains exhibit the appearances of volcanoes, and from careful measurement are said to be at least as high as any upon the earth. It is a matter not yet settled among astronomers, whether the moon has an atmosphere, — seeing that all the primary planets have atmospheres, we would infer from analogy that the moon must have one also. JUPITER'S SATELLITES. The secondary planets next to the moon in importance to the inhabitants of the earth, are the satellites of Jupiter, by means of whose eclipses the longitudes of places on the Earth's surface are most exactly determined, and from which also the velocity of light has been discovered. When Jupiter is in that part of his orbit which is nearest to the earth, an eclipse of any of his satellites is observed to commence and terminate sooner than the calculated time (the calculations being made for his mean distance) ; and when he is in the remotest part of his orbit, the eclipses are observed to commence and terminate later than the calculated time. These facts satisfactorily prove that light takes about eight minutes and a quarter in travelling a distance equal to that of the earth's distance from the sun, which is at the enormous velocity of ] 90,000 miles in a second of time. COMETS. Comets appeared to the ancient astronomers as a sort of erratic visitants of the Solar System, sent to foretel dreadful famines, pestilence, or war ; but the progress of ! OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 189 science in modern times, combined with more accurate observation, has dispelled these illusions, and fully proved that they are permanent members of the System, regu- lated by the same laws as the Earth and planets, and diifering only from them in the extreme eccentricity and inclinations of their orbits, and moving in all sorts of directions. They approach exceedingly near the sun and then move into illimitable space, far beyond the view of all the instruments which man has invented to explore the heavens. Their appearance is various, most of them have tails of prodigious length, supposed to consist of thin vapour emanating from the head, and expanded by the heat of the sun ; each has a more dense part called the head or nucleus, but even this is so thin that stars of the sixth magnitude have been seen thro .:Ji it. The number of comets recorded as having been seen is 350, of these, the elements of the orbits of 130 have been determined with consi'lerable accuracy, and the periodical revolution of three have been calculated with great preci- sion. Halley's comet was observed in 1531 and 1607, and its return predicted by that astronomer in 1682, which took place very nearly at the computed time, while the calculations for the return to its perihelion, in 1835, were extremely near the truth. Encke's comet, which has a period of 1203 days, or about S^ years, has often returned to its perihelion exactly at the calculated time. The calculations of the periodical revolution of this comet are the more interesting, as they led to the inference that a certain resisting medium of extreme thinness pervades all space. Lastly, Gambart's or Biela's comet, whose period of 6*7 years has also been exactly determined. ' 190 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. FIXED STARS. The fixed stars are so named from their always retaining the same relative position to each other. Their number appears to be indefinite, for in proportion to the augmentation of the power of the telescope, new stars are discovered, which had previously escaped observation. The fixed stars are for the sake of distinction, classed in groups, called Constellations, which are named after some object or animal which the outline of the figure has been supposed to resemble. I. Constellations in the Zodiac. j^"'"" Naniea nf tht principal Start, **'■ •" and their Magnitude*. Stars. ° Hi) Arietes, 2. ( Aklebaran, 1. 141 < The Pleiades. (The Hyades. 85 Castor aiul Pollux, 1. 2. 83 Acubene, 4. j Regulus, or Lion's 95 110 51 CONSTELLATIONS. 1. Aries, 7%e /if am, - - - 2. Taurus, The Bull, 3. Gemini, The Tivi/is, 4. Cancer, T/ie Crah, 5. Leo, Tlie Lion, - - - 6. Virgo, TIte Viryin, 7. Libra, The Balance, 8. Scorpio, The Scorpion, 9. Sagittarius, The Archer, 10. Capricornus, The Goat, 11. Aquarius, The Water-bearer, 12. Pisces, Tlie Fishes, II. Thk Northern Constellations. 1. Mens Mienalus, The mountain McBualm, _ - - 2. Serpens, The Serpent, 3. Serpentarius, The Serpent-bearer, 4. Taurus Poniatowski, Bull of Po- niatowski, - - - 5. Scutum Sobieski, SobieJcVs Shield, 6. Aquila and Antinous, The Eagle, 71 Altair, or Atair, 1. 7. Equulus, The little Horse, - 10 8. Leo Minor, The little Lion, - ^ 53 9. Coma Berenices, Berenice's Hair, 43 , r. J Asterion et Chara, vel Canes \ ^e ^"* I "Venatici, The Grerjhounds, '' ( lieart, 1. Deneb, 2. ( Spica Virginis, 1. \ Vindemiatrix, 4. j Zubenel Chaniali, 2. \ Zubenel Gemubi, 3. 44 Antares, 1. 69 51 Deneb Algedi^ 4. 108 Scheat, 3. 113 11 64 74 Ras Alhagus, 2. 7 8 OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 191 always Their n to the stars are jrvation. assed in ter some las been xipal Start, riitudu. lux, 1. 2. Lion's Deneb, 2. lia, 1. X, 4. uiiali, 2. nubi, 3. 4. 2. .ir, 1. Jfum- tJamrt (\flke principal Stari^ NoRTHKRN Constellations. sta'i «"<"*«- *-*r«"«<^- \\. Doote^ The Di-over, - - 54 Arcturus, L Mirach, 3. 12. Corona Borealis, The northern Crown, - - - - 21 Alphecca, 2. ,o f Hercules and Cerberus, The \,io f Has Algethi, 3, in tho *•*• < thrcA-lwadcd Do(j^ - - j^"' *■ head of Hercules. 14. Lyra, The Harp, - - - 22 Vega, 1. 15. Vulpecula et Anscr, The Fox and (r'oOSC, 16. Sagitta, The Airrow, 17. Delphinus, The Dolphin^ 18. Pegasus, The Flying Horse, - 19. Andromeda, . _ - 20. Triangulum, The Trinngle, - 21. Triangulum Minus, Tile lUtle Trt- aiKjlc, _ _ _ - 22. ..vlusca 13orealis, Tluj. noiihern Fly, 37 18 18 Of) (Algenib, a ^^-^ ) Markab, 2. Schcat 2. 60 Mirach, 2. Almaacli, 2, 11 5 6 The fullaimnn constclhUiims do not set in the latitude of London, ,. ■'„. '^, ,•.„,..„ 24 Pole Star, 2. 23. Ursa Minor, The little Bear, 24. Ursa Major, The great Dear, 25. Cor Caroli, Charles'' Heart, 26. Draco, T^- Dragon, 27. Cygnus, The Swan, 28. Lacerta, 21ie Lizard, - 29. Cepheus _ _ - 50. Cassiopeia, The Txtdy in her Chair, 55 Shedir, 3. 31 i l*ei'f"s and Caput Medusa:, > 59 ^jj^ 2. ( Head of Mednm, - - j '^ 32. Camelopardalus, T/ut Camdopard, 58 33. Auriga, The Charioteer or Waggoner, GC) Capella, L 34. Lynx, The Lynx, - - 44 The Southern Constellations. g- (Dubhe, 1. Aliotl^ 2. ' \ Benetnasch, 2. 8 80 Etanin, 2. 81 Deneb Adige, 1, 10 35 Aldcramin, 3. 1. Cetus, The Whak, 2. Eridanus, The river Pa, 3. Orion, - - - - 4. Monoeoros, The Unicorn, 5. Canis Minor, The little Hog, C. Hydra, . _ - - 7. Sextans, The Seodant, 8. Microscopiuni, The Microscope, 9. Piscis Notius vel Australis, The southern Fish, 10. Officina Sculptoria, Tlie Sculptor''s Sh-)p, . - - - - 11. Fornax Chcmica, TJie Chemical FarnctcCf _ _ - 97 Menkar, 2. Mira, 3. 84 Achernar, 1. 7P ( Bellatrix. 2- Betel- '** X geux, 1, Rigel, L 31 14 Procyon, 1. 60 Cor Hydraj, 2. 41 10 24 Fomalhaut, 1, 12 14 '%: I 192 OUTLINES OF AeTRON03IT. Southern Constellations. 12. Brandenburpium Sceptrum, TIte Scaptre of lirandenbury, 13. Irtjpus, The Hare, 14. Columba Noachi, NoaWs Dove, 15. Canis Major, llie great Dog, 16. Pyxis Nautica, The Mariner*» Compass, - - - 17. Machina Pnenmatica, TTie Air- Pump, . - - - 18. Crater, Tie Gup or Goblet, - 19.. CorvuB, 27^6 Ch>w, Num- htrnf Start. Nam ft (\flhi jrrifnipof Sttm^ and thtir Hagmtudln, 3 19 10 31 SiriaSy I. 31 Alkes, 3. 9 Algoreb, 3. Thefdhwirtg constellations do Ttot rise in the latituda o/Loaulam^ 20. Centaunis, The Centaur, - 35 21. Lupus, Tim Wolf, - - 24 22. Norma, vel Quadra Euclidis, Eudid^s Sijmirc, - - 12 23. Ciwjinus, The Compasses,. - 4 24. Triangulum Auatrale, TJie south- ern Trianglei, * - 5 26. Crux, The Gross, - - G 26. Musca Australis,. vel Apis, The sotUhern Fly^ or Bee, - 4 27. Chamsokon, The Chameleon, 19 ' 28. Ara, The Altar, - - - » 29. Telescopjum, The Telescope, 9 30. Qorona,A\x9,iv&\h,ThesoiHhemCro'mi,l'2^ 31. Indus, The Indian,. - - 12" 32. Grus, The Crane, - - 13i 33. Pavo, The Peacock, - - 14 34. Apus, vel A^is Indica, The Bird of Paradise. - - -. U 35. OctansHadleianas, //arf%'s Od(mt,A^ 36. Phcemx, - - - , 13: 37. Horologium, The Clock, - 12 38. Reticulus Rbomboidalis, The Rltomboidal Net, - - 10^ 39. Hydrus, The Waier-snake-, - 10- 40. Touchan, The American Goose, 9 41. MonsMens8e,.rAe Table Mountain-, 30 42. Praixiteles,velCelaSculptoria,Z%9 Graver''s or Encjraver'^s Tools, 1ft 43. Equuleus Pictorius, The Painter\ Basely _ .. - - 8 44. Dorado or Xiphias, The ^wovd Fi^, 7 45. Argo Hi 3i\is, Tlie Ship J rgo, - 64 CanopT!%J. 46. Piscis Volans, Tlie Flyivg Fish, 8 4I..Robur CarolijCAarfcs' OcA, - 12 OttTLINES OF ASTRONOIklY. 193 iln. OS. The number of fixed stars visible 'without the aid of a telescope is not above 2000, and these have been divided into six classes according to their brightness or apparent magnitude ; the brightest are called stars of the first mag- nitude, the next in order of brightness are called stars of the second magnitude, and so on to stars of the sixth mag- nitude, while such as can only be seen by the aid of the telescope are called telescopic stars. The stars of the first magnitude are denoted in each constellation by the Greek letter a (alpha), those of the second magnitude by ^ (beta), and so on ; the Arabic numerals are also used to denote the stars of the different magnitudes. Nebulae, are whitish cloudy appearances in various parts of the heavens, which appear, from examination by the most powerful telescopes, generally to consist of the blended light of immense numbers of stars, at vast dis- tances from the earth, and from each other. The fixed stars are at such an immense distance from the earth, that no means have yet been devised to ascer- tain it ; we, however, know that none of them can be at a less distance than 20 billions of miles, or about 210,000 times the distance of the earth from the Sun.* That the fixed stars are luminous bodies, similar to that of our Sun, can scarcely admit of doubt, as from their vast distance, they cannot be visible by reflected light ; and as they do not appear to exert any direct influence upon the individual bodies composing the Solar System, it has been reasonably inferred that they are each the centre of systems * It has been found that the diameter of the earth's orbit, a dis- tance of lJiO,000,000 of miles, gives no parallax with the nearest fixed star ; i.e. subtends no sensible angle with it, hence it cannot be less than about 20,000,000,000,000 miles. 194 OUTLINES OP ASTRONOMY. like our own, with similar planets revolving round them, teeming with animal and vegetable life. Though the same appearance and position have obtained for them the name of fixed stars, yet remote as they are, attentive observation, aided by powerful instruments, has detected changes in the position and brilliancy* of some of them, which has led to the opinion, that while the planets in each system revolve round their centres of mo- tion, these systems themselves revolve round each other, and the whole revolve round a fixed point in space, which is supposed by some to be the immediate residence of the Deity. Such a view of the subject is certainly the most exalted and sublime ever imagined by the human mind ;— System upon system, unnumbered and numberless, wheel- ing their eternal course round the throne of the Most High, and obeying laws which nothing short of the Almighty fiat can suspend or control, all contributing towards the glory of their Creator and Preserver, and towards the happiness and comfort of the myriads of beings by whom they are inhabited, fills the mind with such ideas of the power, and wisdom, and goodness of the Almighty, as the contempla- tion of no other subject is fitted to produce. * Some stars have appeared for a short time and then vanished, others mentioned in old catalogues of the stars are not now to be found, while others appear to change in brightness from stars of the second magnitude to stars of the fourth magnitude, — the star Algol in Perseus, is an instance of this kind. Double stars are such as appear only as one to the eye, but when viewed through a telescope two are distinctly seen, and, in some instances, these revolve round each other. Castor, the principal star in Gemini, is a double star, which completes its revolution in 252| years ; and ( in Corona Borealis in 43^ years. . OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. 195 A Cn 4k ;^ KS )-> _d -I ci til *h w 1-5 M rx ^m s-iH T3 S V. '. . . a; a * * xS (b ^m • • ^a ^a • • 2 5"' ^•^ « • • a • • ^^ • » R !? ^^ 1 • « w ??• ■ • * • • 5- . • » ^- • • • 7* 3-3 >-• M M e = Co s; Jp- n 00 i>a J- Jo S6 Li C Pi la •-4 «C li <;£ 1— So ^1 o o o S o o o SI si 9 5 -ft. « J 2- i o 3 MW MM t9 s^s? po io o ew P-J Si OS na © >'» a S" ^-^ 1 7i O to '-' M Ml-" OSNTCOM i5« It 1-1 M InS l-i W 05 M M W 05 t-" tS M M I.S M M t* lO -4 H- 00 W Ci CO M » -.K Ml*. tri M 05 C30 GC It-. 3J W C. It*. IS *» ^ til CO bx M bt wi :« M cx> CO i*>. >-i lO WCO it-OO fea re a 5? o O «; S Oi o c ooooo o COS© 3.0 3 b d 6 s 6 6 o 6 s d d c s 6 ©ddd «;.• ■?§ O ^-v-'^-v' o ■^•| Is: 2.5i 3 o © o gS" gs- ^"l ^1 • fii ?> It* it 3. H ««1 n o© o o © coo© © 5-° © :;5 © © i-i c- c © © ta © - © © VI • #..••• feasss^ •SI til M CO M " Orbits first six ly in the of the ■ that of seventh ly coinc with th - liptic. 1 Inclined ! 78-'58t< y ecliptic j tion ret j grade. «^ M p' C<3 Ci p' iJ\ lt» (C CO o 00 'iff <6 S"B 11-3 B f^ 00 . © -I 1 c». 1 O .. (5 1 c» d © d H W M O w w ►^ w a M H CO O ►^ H a W o rji 19^ OTTTLINES OF A8TR0N0MT. ASTRONOMICAL TERMS. Attraction, is that property in bodies by which they mutually tend towards each other. Amplitude, is an arc of the horizon, contained between the east or west points, and the centre of the sun or star, at its riwng or setting. Altitude, is the height of tke sun or a star above the horizon. Azimuth, is an arc of the horizon, contained between a vertical circle passing through a star, and the north or south points of the horizon. Antoeci, are those who live in the same degree of longi- tude, and in the same degree of latitude, but on opposite sides of the equator. Periaeci, are those who live in the same latitude, but differ 180° in longitude. Antipodes, are those who live diametrically opposite to each other. Perihelion, is that point in the orbit of the earth, or of a planet which is nearest to the sun. Aphelion, is that point in the orbit which is farthest from the sun. Eccentricity of the orbit of any planet, is the distance between the sun, and the centre of the planet's orbit. Sidereal year, is the time which the sun takes in moving from any fixed star, till he returns to it again. Sidereal day, is the time from the passage of any fixed star over the meridian, till it returns to it again. The Culminating of a star or planet, is when it comes to the meridian of any place. USE OF THE GLOBES. 197 USE OF THE GLOBES. THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. The Terrestrial Globe is an artificial representation of the Earth, with the various circles for determining the position of places on its surface, and for other purposes. It is suspended on an axis in a brass ring, called the brass or universal meridian, and supported in a flat frame which represents the rational horizon, and which is divided into degrees, &c., numbered from 0° at the poles to 90° at the east and west points, and also from 0° at these points to 90° at the polos. The points of the compass, the months and days of the year, and the signs and degrees of the Ecliptic, in which the Sun is on each day, are like- wise marked upon the horizon. On the Globe are drawn the Equator, the Ecliptic, the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Equinoctial and Solstitial Colures, Parallels of Latitude at equal distances, and Meridians at every 15th degree, but in some globes at every 10th degree. T. e Brass Meridian is divided into degrees, and parts of a degree, numbered on the upper half, from 0° at the equa- tor to 90° at the poles, and on the under half, from 0° at the poles to 90° at the equator. The degrees on the equa- tor are numbered both eastward and westward from the first meridian, and the equator is also divided into twenty- four equal parts, corresponding to the hours of the day. The Ecliptic is divided into twelve equal parts called signs, and each sign is subdivided into thirty degrees. The names of the signs, and the days of the month on which the Sun enters them, are— 198 USE OF THE GLOBES. T Aries, the Ram, March 21 or 22 ; « Taurus, the Bull, April 19 ; n Gemini, the Twins, May 20 (Spring signs) ; gs Cancer, the Crab, June 21 ; ^ Leo, the Lion, July 22 ; TTJ Virgo, the Virgin, August 22 (Summer signs) ; =:^ Libra, the Balance, September 23 ; T\ Scorpio, the Scorpion, October 23 j f Sagittarius, the Archer, No- vember 22 (Autumnal signs) ; 1^ Capricornus, the Goat, December 21 or 22 ; as Aquarius, the Water Bearer, Januarj' 20 ; K Pisces, the Fishes, February 1,9 (Winter signs.) The first six are called northern signs, being on the north side of the equator ; and the last six being on the southern side of the equator, are called southern signs. The Spring and Autumnal signs are called ascending signs, be ause the declination of the Sun increases while he is in them ; and the Summer and Winter signs are called de- scending signs, because the Sun's declination decreases while he is in them. The Colures mai> the seasons of the year, and divide the Ecliptic into four equal parts, in the first points of Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. The Hour Circle is a small brass circle, placed at the north pole of the Globe^ divided into 24 equal parts, to represent the hours of the day, and these are subdivided into halves, quarters, &c. On some Globes the hour circle is fixed, and has a moveable index, on others it is moveable, and the brass meridian answers the purpose of an index. The Quadrant, of Altitude is a thin slip of brass, with a notch and screw to fix it on the brass meridian, and it is divided from 0° to 90° in one direction, and from 0° to x8- m ihe oinsr. 1 * USE OF THE GLOBES. 199 I' PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Pros. L — To find the latitude and longitude of a place. Rule. — Bring the place to the brass meridian, the de- grees. &c., on the meridian, immediately above the place, is its' latitude, and the degree of the equator cut by the meridian is its longitude. jg-^.—What are the latitude and longitude of Rome, Constantina, and Calcutta? Ans.—\Mi. 41° 54' N., Long. 12° 27' E., Lat..3G° 18' N., Long. 6° 28' E., Lat. 22° 34' N., Long. 88° 26' E. Find the latitude and longitude of Paris, Edinburgh, Dublin, Pekin, Sydney, Cairo, Ispahan, St Petersburg, Mexico, Monte Video. Prob. IL — Given the latitude and longitude of a place ^ to find it on the globe. Rule. — Turn the globe till the given longitude on the equator comes to the brass meridian, then under the given latitude is the place required. Ex.—\\\\&i places are in Lat. 46° 49' N., Long. 71° 16' W., Lat. 42° 53' S,, Long. 147° 25' E., Lat. 39° 54' N., Long. 116° 28' E. ? ^«s.— Quebec, Hobart Town, and Pekin. ,^ ►«/ Find the places whose latitudes and longitudes are Lat. 16° 50 N., and Long. 99° 49' W. ; Lat. 41° 43' N., Long. 26° 30' E. ; Lat. 7° 56' S., Long:i4° 24' W. ; Lat. 25° 15' S., Long. 57° 35' W. ; Lat. 21° 50' N., Long. 95° 50' E. ; Lat. 3° 48' S., Long. i02° E. ; Lat. 36° 32' N., Long. 6° 17' W. ; Lat. 51° 7' N., Long. 1° 19' E. Prob. IIL — To find the distance between any two given places. Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude over the twro given places, — the zero or 0° on the one, then the number over the other will show their distance in degrees ; mul- tiply this by 69|. to bring it to English, or by 60 to bring it to Geographical miles. When the distance is more than 90°, stretch a thread from the one place to the other, and find the number of degrees on the equator. Ex. What is the distance between London and Constantinople, Constantinople and Teheraun, and between Calcutta and Pekin .^ ul«s.— 22^°, llW and 29.f , or 1350, 1065, and 1770 Geog. mUes. 200 USE OF THE GLOBES. I'!i i Find the distance between London and Cnleutta, L mdon and Quebec, London and Pekin, London and the Cape of Good Hope, Paris and St Petersburg, Paris and Tobolsk, Rome and Cairo, Rome and Mecca, Edinburgh and Quebec, Edinburgh and Berlin. pROB. IV. — Given ike hour of the day at one place ^ to find the hour at any other place. Rule. — Bring the place of which the hour is given to the brass meridian, and set the hour circle to 12, then turn the globe till the other place comes to the meridian, and the hours passed over on the circle is the difference of time between the two places. If the place is to the east of that at which the hour is given, add the hours passed over, otherwise subtract them from the hour at the other place. Ex.. — When it is six o'clock at London, what is the time at Alex- andria and at Quebec? Am.—kt Alexandria, eight o'clock, and at Quebec, 1 h. 15 m. Find the time at Teheraun, Mecca, Gondar, Morocco, Mexico, Lima, B'lhia, and FTavannah, when it is 10 o'clock at London, when it is 12 o'clock at Paris, and when it is 6 o'clock at Rome. pROB. V. — To find the Anta^cijPerimci, and Antipodes to the inhabitants of any place. EuLE I — Bring the place to the brass meridian, and observe its latitude, then in the opposite hemisphere, under the same degree of latitude, you will find the Antoeci. Rule II. — Bring the given place to the brass meridian, and set the hour circle to 12 ; turn the globe till the index points to the other 12, then under the latitude of the given place, in the same hemisphere, you will find the Perioeci, and in the opposite hemisphere under the same latitude you will find the Antipodes. Ex. — Find the Antoeci, Perioeci, and Antipodes, to the inhabi- tants of Madrid. Am. — Antoeci, Gough's Isle in the Antlantic Ocean, Perioeci, a point in the North Pacific, and Antipod-BS, Cape Turnagain, in New Zealand. Find thfi Ant.mni- Vprinpoi. nnr! Antino'l"'! f'^ fl^" r-^^n'" "* Tr'Ji:„ burgh, Oporto, Pekin, Mexico, Valdivia, Cairo, and London. W '1 USE OF THE GLOBES. 201 Prob. VI. — To rectify the globe for any given place. Rule. — Elevate the North or South Pole, according as the given place is north or south of the equator, till its height above the horizon is equal to the latitude of the place.* Ex. — Rectify the globe for Dublin, for Edinburgh, and for Hobart Town. A7is.~FoT Dublin elevate the North Pole 53° 23' above the horizon ; for Edinburgh elevate the North Pole 55° 57' above the horizon ; and for Hobart Town elevate the South Pole 42° 53' above the horizon. Rectify the globe for Cairo, Cape of Gfood Hope, Calcutta, Mexico, Rome, Valparaiso, Manilla, Pekin, Rangoon, and Tobolsk. Prob. VII. — To find the sun'' s place in the ecliptic, and his declination for any given day. Rule. — Find the day of the month on the wooden horizon, against which, in the adjoining circle of signs, will be found the sign and degree in which the sun is for that day. Bring the same sign and degree of the ecliptic to the brass meridian, and the degree, &c. on the meridian immediately over the sun's place is the declination .t Ece. — What is the sun's place in the ecliptic, and his declination, on 31st August, and 25th December? -4ns.— Virgo 8°., dec. 8° 40' N. ; and Capricorn 4°., dec. 23.^° S. Find the sun's place in the ecliptic, and his declination, on the 10th and 20th day of each month of the year, Prob. VIII — Given a place in the torrid zone, to find what two days of the year the sun will be vertical there. Rule. — Find the latitude of the place (Prob I.) ; turn the globe, and observe what two points of the ecliptic pass under that latitude ; find these two points in the circle of signs on the w^ooden horizon, and opposite to them are the days required. * The globe should also be set due north and south, and it would then be in a position exactly similar to that of the earth itself. t This problem may also be performed on the celestial gioLe, using the same rule. 1^ 202 USE OF THE GLOBES. Ex. — On what two days of the year will the sun be vertical at Manilla and at Bombay ? ^ws.— April 2.9th and August 13th at Manilla ; and May 15th and July 28th at Bombay. On what two days will the sun bo vertical at Bata^^a, Bencoolen, Quito, Singapore, Havannah, Sierra Leone, and Madras. Pros. IX. — Given the day and month at any place {not in the frigid zones), to find what other day of the year is of the same length. Rule. — Bring the sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day to the brass meridian, and note the degree above it ; turn the globe till some other point of the ecliptic falls under the same degree of the meridian ; then find this point of the ecliptic on the horizon, and directly opposite to it is the day of the month required- Ex. — What other days of* the year are of the same length, at Edinbui'gh, as May 25th and August 5th ? -4«s.— July i7th and May 7th. What other days of the year are of the same length, at Paris, as February 15th, April 20th, July 30th, October 1st, November 29th, and December 4th ? Prob. X. — Given the place, day of the month, and hour, to find where the sun is then vertical. Rule. — Find the sun's declination for the given day ; bring the given place to the brass meridian, and set the hour circle to the given hour ; turn the globe till the index points to 12 noon,* then, exactly under the degree of the sun's declination on the meridian, is the place which has the sun vertical at the given hour, and all the other places under the meridian have noon. Ex. — At what place is the sun vertical on the 7th January, when it is 9h. M. and 4h. A. at Edinburgh ? Ans. — In Lat. 22^° S., Long. 41|° E., or very near St Felix in Madagascar ; Lat. 22^° S., Long. 63" W., or a little to the N.W. of St Jago in La Plata. Where is the sun vertical on the Ist March and the 22d June, when it is 8 and 10 o'clock u. and 2 and 4 o'clock a. at London, at St Petersburgh, at Calcutta, and at New York ? * If the time given be before noon, turn the globe westward to 12, otherwise turn it eastward. E C IQ USE OF THE GLOBES. 203 Prob. XI. — Given the place, day of the month, and hour, to find where the sun is then rising and setting^ where it is noon, or midnight, and where it is evening or morning twilight. Rule. — Find the place to which the sun is vertical at the given hour ; rectify the globe for the latitude of this place, and bring it to the brass meridian ; the sun is rising to all those places on the western edge, and setting to all those on the eastern edge of the horizon ; it is noon to all those places under the upper half of the meridian, and midnight to all those under the lower half; all places 18° below the western edge of the horizon have morning, and all 18° under the eastern edge have evening twilight. Ex. — When it is 5 o'clock m. at Edinburgh on the 10th February, to what places is the sun rising, setting, &c. ? A)/s. — Rising to Tver, Kiev, Adrianople, islands of the Archipelago, Dema, Lake Tchad, and Loango ; setting to Agattou Island, Lisiansky's Island, and KiG" W. on the equator ; noon at the eastern part of Sumatra, Johr, Pontiama, Tching-tou, Irkutsk ; and midnight at Washington, Kingston, Jamaica, and Lima. When it is 4, 7, and 10 o'clock M. and 5, 8, and 11 o'clock a. on April 15th and May 26th, at Edinburgh, Dublin, St Petersburgh, and Rome, to what places is the sun rising, setting, &c., &c. ? Prob. XIL — Given ang place {not in the frigid zone), and the dag of the month, to find the time of sun-rising and setting, and the length of the dag and night. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day to the biass meridian, and set the hour circle to 12 ; turn the globe till the sun's place comes to the eastern edge of the horizon, and the index will show the hour of sun- rising, which taken from 12 will show the hour of his setting ; double the hour of setting, gives the length of the day, and double the hour >r rising the length of the night. Ex. — At what hour does the sun rise, &c., &c., at Edinburgh, on 10 th May, aud at Paris, on 15th August ? Ans.^^A.t Edinburgh, rises 204 USE OF THE GLOBES. 4h. /im. M., sets 7h. 5Bm. a. ; length of clay ]51i. fiOm. ; length of night 8h. 10m. At Paris, rises at 4h. ^oni. m., seta at 7h. 5m. a. ; length of day 14h. 10m. ; length of night .Oh. 50m. At what time does the sun rise, &c. &c., at Madrid, Oporto, Berlin, Cairo, Brussels, Stockholm, and Constantinople, on 2l8t October, 15th December, 1.9th February, and 25th May ? Pbob. XIII. — Given the day of the month, to find all those places to which the sun is vertical on that day. EuLE. — Bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the brass meridian, turn the globe, and all those places which pass under the degree of the sun's declination have the sun vertical on that day. Ex.—1o what places is the sun vertical on Aug. 1st, Sept. 29th, and Feb. 20th ? Ans--1o all places whose Lat. is 18° N., 2° 45' S., and 11° S. To what places will the sun be vertical on the 10th and 20th of each month of the year ? Prob. XIV. — Given theplace^ and day of the month, to find on what point of the compass the sun rises and sets. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the eastern, and also to the western edge, of the wooden horizon, and the points which it cuts on the circle of rhumbs, are the points required. Eai.—On what points of the compass does the sun rise and set at Edinburgh, on 11th Nov. and 22d March ? ^«s,— Rises S.E. by E 33°, sets S.W. by W. 33° ; rises E. by N. L^°, sets W. by N. 1.^°. On what points of the compass does the sun rise and set at "Lon- don, Quebec, New York, Mexico, Pekin, and Calcutta, on 24th June, 26th August, 25th December, and 22d February ? Prob. XV". — To find the sun's meridian altitude at any given place. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the brass meridian, and the number of degrees between it and the horizon is the sun's meridian altitude. ^ir.— What is the sun's meridian altitude at Paris on IstMavand atii j-rueemucr .- juis. — oo" io', and ii " oO'. Find the meridian altitude of the sun at Rome, Madrid, Tunis, > i 25t USE OF THE GLOBES. 205 Sydney, Pekin, and Rio Janeiro, on Ist June, 20th August, 30th October, 25th December, and 14th February. Prob. XVI. — To find the sun's amplitude at any place on a given day. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the eastern edge of the horizon, and also to the western edge, then the number of degrees from the sun's place to the east point of the horizon is the amplitude at rising, and to the west point is the amplitude at setting. Ex. — What is the sun's amplitude, at Edinburgh, on 22d June ? Ans. — At rising 45°, and at setting 45°, What is the sun's amplitude at Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Athens, and Cairo, on 1st August, 25th January, and 1st May ? pROB. XVII. — Gi'oen the place ^ day of the month^ and hour, to find the sun's azimuth and altitude. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; and fix the quadrant of altitude upon the degree of lati- tude on the bra?:i meridian ; bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the brass meridian, and set the index to 12 ; if the time given be before noon, turn the globe eastward, otherwise turn it westward, as many hours as the given time is from noon ; then lay the graduated edge of the quadrant over the sun's place, and the number of degrees on the horizon, reckoned from the north or south pole, to the edge of the quadrant, shows the sun's azimuth, and the number of degrees on the quadrant, be- tween the horizon and the sun's place, shows his altitude. Eije. — What is the sun's azimuth and altitude at Edinburgh at 10 o'clock M. and 4 o'clock a., on July 21st ? Ans. — Az. 45° from the south, alt. 47° 45' ; az. 76° from the south, alt. 33°. Required the sun's azimuth and altitude when it is 9 o'clock M. and 1 o'clock A. at London, Moscow, Bombay, Singapore, Lima, and Mexico, on the 24th August, and 11th November ? pROB. XVIII. — Given the place^ and day ofi the monui^ to find at what hour the sun is due east^ and due west. 206 USE or THE GLOBES. RuLE.^Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place j bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the brass meridian, and set the hour circle to 12 ; screw the quadrant of altitude upon the degree of latitude on the brass meridian, and move the other end of it to the east point of the horizon ; then turn the globe till the sun's place comes in contact with the graduated edge of the qua- drant, and the hours passed over on the hour circle show the time, from noon, when the sun is due east or west * JufnT^J what time h tho sun due east or west at London, on 10th June ^ Ans.-DuG east at 7h. IWnu M., due west at 4h. ;jOm. a. At what time is the sun due east or west at Copenhaijen, Stook- mIv '2Q?h"f' '"'1'r.^l''',"' Sr'''^'^ ^^^«»"^' .-^nd Naples! on 2G h May, 29th June, 16th July, '28th August, and 2,5th December. PKOBi XIX.— .Given the sun's meridian altitude, and the day of the month, to find the latitude of the place. Rule.— Bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day to the brass meridian ; then if the sun was south of the observer when the altitude was taken, count the number of degrees of altitude from the sun's place on the brass meridian, towards the soutli point of the horizon, and bring the point where the reckoning ends, to the south point of the horizon, ana the elevation of the north pole shows the latitude ; if the sun was north of the observer when the altitude was taken, the degrees of altitude must be counted towards the north point of the horizon, and the elevation of the south pole will show the latitude. pla^erto"be^5b-,f k"?''?^* ''•*\® '^V^*l' °^ ^^"^ ^«"g^»t ^^ay and longest night at the North Cape in Lapland ? Aris.~ Longest duy beeins on Mav 1 >! and ends on July 2H, its length is therefo^re 74 d^f Zesf ^^^^^^^ begins on Nov. 14 and ends on Jan. 27, its length is th!rlr?74 Find the length of the longest day and lontrest nieht it Ponp Qo vero Fi-anklin's Bay, Mel vilkaslandt norther.fpoiSVpitzSerin" northern point of Nova Zembla, and Barrow's Straits. ^P'^^^'-'S*^"' PiiOB. XXll.— -Given the place and the da?/ of the . month, to find tJie beginning, end, and duration of twilight. Rule.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of tlie place,' bring the sun's place in the ecliptic on the given day io the brass meridian, set the hour circle to 12, and fix the quadrant of altitude upon the degree of latitude on the brass meridian ; turn the globe westward till the sun's place comes to the edge of the horizon, and the hours passed over on the hour circle will show the time of the sun setting, or the beginning of the evening twilight • Gontmue the motion of the globe till the sun's place comes to 18° on the quadrant of altitude, below the horizon, nft! J-f ^ ^''^^.f' ?^y ^^'^''y^ ^«S'"« before the 21st of June and en.I, f r^L^'^l^l^V^Tv "^'' '^^f ^, '^^''^'•^"^'^ 21st ot- December i^""thesouVh frigid zonr"""'' "^ '''' ^'"''"" ^"^^^^'^ ''' Pl-«« USE OF THE GLOBES. 209 then the time on the hour circle shows when the twilight ends ; the diiference between which and the time of sun- set is the duration of twilight. The beginning, &c., of morning twilight is found by turning the globe eastward. Ex. — At what timo docs twilight bi'gin, &c., at Edinburgh on 25th April ? Ans. — BogiriH at Ih. .'i3rn., ends at 4h. 3()in. morning ; begins at 7h. 24ra., ends at lOh. "11m. evening ; its duration is there- fore 3h. 3ni. At what hour does twilight begin, &c., at London, Berlin, Paris, Madrid, Morocco, Cairo, Pekin, Ylobart Town, and Quebec, on 2'2d March, 25th October, and 25th December ? THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. The Celestial Globe is an artificial representation of the heavens, on which the stars are accurately laid down ; the diurnal motion of this globe, like the apparent diurnal motion of the stars, is from east to west, and the spectator is supposed to be situated at its centre. It is suspended in a brass meridian, and supported on a wooden horizon, in every respect similar to the Terrestrial Globe. The first point of Aries and the first point of Libra, in which the Ecliptic cuts the Equinoctial or Celestial Equator, are called the Equinoctial Points. The former in which the Sun appears to cross northwards, is called the Vernal Equinoctial Point, and the latter^ in which he appears to cross southwards, is called the Autumnal Equinoctial Point. When the Sun is in either of these points, the day in every part of the earth is of the same length as the night. The Solstitial Points are, the first Point in Cancer, and the first Point in Capricorn. When the Sun enters Cancer, we have our longest day, and the Summer Solstice commences ; and when he enters Capricorn, we have our shortest day^ and the Winter Solstice commences. 210 TTSE OF THE GLOBES. The Declination of a lieavenly body is its distance in degrees, north or south from the KqiiinGCtial, and its Kiglit Ascension is its distance, measured on the E(iuinoctial, from the first point of Aries to tlie point cut by a Great Circle drawn througii the body, and per[)endicukir to the Equinoctial. The Latitude of a heavenly body is the distance between it and the Ecliptic, measured upon a great circle, drawn througii the body, and perpendicular to the Ecliptic ; and the Longitude is its distance from the first point of Aries, to the point in which this circle cuts the Ecliptic. The Sun being always in the Eclipse has no latitude. The days of the month are marked on one side of the Ecliptic, and the signs and degrees of the Zodiac on the other side. The Zodiac is a belt or zone, which extends about 8° on each side of the Ecliptic, within which all the planets move, with the exception of Ceres and Pallas. PROBLEMS ON THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. Prob. L — To find the right ascension and declination of the sun or a star. Rule. — Bring the sun's place or the star to the brass meridian, the degree on the equinoctial cut by the meridian is the right ascension, and the degree on the brass meri- dian is the declination. Ex. — What is the right ascension and declination of the sun on 15th May, and of Regulus in Leo? Ans. — Sun's u. a. .'5h. 30m., dec. J 9° N. ; II. A. of Regulus 9h. 57ra., and his dec. l.T N. Required the right ascension and declination of the sun on the 1st August, 25th December, .'ilst March, and 15th Mav ; and of Castor in Gemini ; Altair in A^quila ; Alphccca in CoroTi L\>. cali.'? ; Rigel and Betelgeux in Orion ; and Arcturus in Bootes ? Prob. IL — To find the latitude and longitude of a star. Rule. — Bring the north or south pole of the ecliptic into the zenith, according as the star is on the north or south side of it ; fix the quadrant of altitude over the pole of the elliptic, and lay its graduated edge over the star, then tli'i 'i '.grees between the edge of the quadrant and the USE OF THE GLOBES. 211 Ab ; first point of Aries show the longitude, and those between the ecliptic and the star show the latitude. />.-Renuircd tho lati^u.lo an.l longitu.le (jf AldolKiran Jn Tatw ruH, and of Vollux, in ( J.unini. yl/«.-Lat. 6" SC S., Long. 28. o4 , '"''LlTuiSlo ktUude i\nonKitu-B»)So;r-<(.«^«S»1WI A TABLE, BHOWlNG, IN QROGRAt'HICAL MILKS AND iJECIMALS, TttE LBNGTH Off A DEGREE OF LONGITUDE, AT EACH DEGREE OP LATITUDE, FROM THE EQUATOR, TO THE NORTH AND SOUTH POLES, THE EARTH BEINO SUPPOSED A SPHERE. Degl«e» of Latitude. Miles. iJexrees of Latitude. Milet. Degrees of Latitude. Miles. 1 59.99 31 51.43 61 29.09 2 59.96 32 50.88 62 28.17 3 59.92 33 50.32 63 27.24 4 59.85 34 49.74 " 64 26.30 5 59.77 35 49.15 65 25.36 6 59.67 36 48.54 66 24.40 7. 59.55 37 47.92 67 23.44 • 8" 59.42 38 47.28 68 22.48 9 59.26 39 46.63 69 21.50 10 59.09 40 45.96 70 20.52 11 58.90 41 45.28 71 19.53 12 58.69 42 44.59 72 18.54 13 58.46 43 43.88 73 17.54 14 58.22 44 43.16 74 16.54 15 57.96 45 42.43 75 15.53 16 57.67 46 41.68 76 14.52 17 57.38 47 40.92 77 13.50 18 57.06 48 40.15 78 12.47 19 56.73 49 39.36 79 11.45 20 56.30 50 38.57 80 10.42 21 56.01 51 37.76 81 9.39 22 55.63 52 36.94 82 8.35 23 55.23 53 36.11 83 7.31 24 54.81 54 35.27 84 6.27 25 54.38 55 34.41 85 5.23 26 53 93 56 33.55 86 4.19 27 53.46 57 32.68 87 3.14 28 52.98 58 31.80 88 2.09 29 52.48 59 30.90 89 1.05 30 51.96 60 30.00 90 0.00 t ! 7 THE END. MURRAY AND GIBB, PRINTERS, GEORGE STREET. m NEW WORKS, BY THE SAME AUTHOR. FROM / -^ t ! / The First Book for Children. 16th Edition. Price 2d. The Second Book for Children. 7th Edition 4d. The Third Book for Children. 1 2th Edition Is. The Fourth Book for Children, with numerous exercises. 12th Edition. ... Is. 6d, An Abstract of General Geography ; comprehending a more minute Description of the British Empire, and of Palestine, or the Holy Land ; with numerous Exer- cises for the Use of J unior Classes. Forty- third Edition, with many important Improvements and Addirions ; including the Sacred Geography of Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, Media, Asia Minor, &c., &c. Is. A New Map of Palestine, full coloured, for the use of Schools and Private Families ; with part of Egypt and Arabia, and a Plan of Jerusalem, from the latest and best Authorities. Is. 6d. " The words third, second, second, and third editions, upon these small tomes, respectively show their estimation in the north, and a nttn edition of ' An Abstract of Geography' from the same quarter is equally worthy of commendation."— iiterar^/ Gazelle. " The Abstract of Geography is the most brief and self-contained of all school-books ; it is a vivid outline of the subject. '—AUas. " We have perused them all carefully, and can pronounce them excel* lent.-The Abstract of Geography ought to be put into the hands ot children, were it for nothing else than for its admirable description ot the Holy Land. In this respect it is a befitting manual even for adults. —We have examined the Map with care, and can pronounce it worthy of the character of the author ; and this we reckon no slight praise.— We hope it will find its way into every school, perhaps into every t&mi\y.'—Edmbur(jh Chronicle. " What we consider highly valuable is the vory full account given, under the head of Palestine, of the places mentioned in bcripture, with hose events for which they ave noted. We have looked minutely into h chapter, and have to congratulate the author u^ion the adniirable arrangement of his materials -nd the manner iii which he has, from a great variety of couflictiog authorities, managed to complete his task. I Jpnn the whole, we hate seldom seen books, especially school -boofca. Which ^ave us so much satisfaction in all respects.— This Map will be very suitable for the school-room ; and we would recommend it to the managers (. our Sunday schools especially. The work altogether does much credit to Mr White."— Dumfries Courier. << This chapter JPalestme) in fact, both from its interesting nature and. the skill with which it is managed, is worth the whole price of the book.-In short, all these little works are admirably fitted for their purpose, and we heartly recommend them to the attention of burgh and parochial teachers."- Ar^A ConstiMional. •'This Map is a valuable addition to the author's popular set of Bchool-books, especially his Geography."— Gtos^w Argy^. "The Map is brought down to the latest period, and from the best authorities, and does great credit to Mr White. It is engraved in the best style ; and from its very moderate price, we have no doubt that it will meet with an extensive sale."— /fefco Mail. *' We can conscientiously recommend this Map both for the use of schools and private students."— i)Mn(fc« Chronicle. •1^\ .T^^S™!?.*"*^ 3® ^ap as a P'ade Mecum which none should be without. •~