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M f \' ii -'/ ■<^/f]", v 'fi' m us iSf © a 4 ■,,! i'i » t-A i MESS WITH THE «EA]LAMBEa§. eOLJ..KGK.AT roTTail W THArA.V,-«aE. § V X \ ^\ Hi N It 5^ V THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY or mssionns; CONTAIMNQ FAITHFUL ACCOUNTS OF THE VOITAGES, TRAVELS, LABORS AND SITCC ESSES OF THE VARIOUS MISSIONARIES, WHO HAVE BEEN SENT FORTH TO EVANOELIZE TH^ HEATHEN, OOMFZLBB FROM AXTTHBimo »OOUaffllfT0, FOn.MINO A ILLUSTRATED BV NUMEROUS ENORAVINOS, ; FIIOM On.G.NAL DRAWINGS MADE EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK TO >. ,„„„ rRO- THE rR», .« rOUHTII. .„CCE,„V« .UMe^R, PA«T TH« HlHAMINa KUMBKRS THK 8K(o«D VOLUME. ""ITUTl Till riR$T, AND IIV TUB REV. THOMAS SMITH, MIHI8T1CR or TRI.MTV CIIAPK.., LONDOW, REV. JOHN O. CIIOULKS, A. M. WEWPORT, R. I, " To iniliut men ll.oroughly with the MU.ionary Spirit, wo mu,l aciuainl them intimatel, with the Mi.»io„.ry enterpri...". ■ — i>mHe't Mitnmary StrmoH. XW TWO VOIiVMBS. VOL. I. BOSTON- PUBLISHED BY E. WALKER. AND LINCOLN 6c EDMANDS ia32. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Samuel Walker, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. PREFACE It of Jehovah, and ,ho revelation he'hL Zeot .hetel wXt l'° T"""' mercy shall bo di.played to a ruined race The l»!,T . '^ u " '°™ ""^ revolution in the militant church T,« u ^ ''*"" '"'™ """^''^d » of his pleasure Z, hi nZ '' I '^'"L^"™" ""^ "'«''«"» "'w communication l.« command was "t yelrth Zd ."'"k 'n ""' " "■""«'" '"'^ ''""'™'' •>" has been an -W.^?^ JT. t^^r^Sl^^ ^^^^^^ o'^- --' •^- took upo'n themset ho characT'" " ^7'^.'' " '"'""'"""' "''"' ' '^«''. "-^ mtaionarios. Tol evinl tha tllT' "", ""'^''""''"««<' ""' <<•■«-, of Christia^ .ho work, of tl" devil an" tb^Hsh? """ '° ^r' '""™""'"<«"'y «» destroy oarly churches «Pptd Tht::^ t trtlrt'l'-of'ttrta'!'" """"'" " ''" every where, an/i.loTl ^^ '/T .''" ""^ ""'o ".e." they preached Christ word of the 'Lord pre; ,e; m^^.i ! ''o.r'J: Z"^" -'°" '"» "-• ■""• "■» make through this dark world if ll >• ,^u " ^'"^'^"^ *""''' "'" e™P«' principle which no v"d I el^rt 0?" 71 f" 7 T"'"" '" '"" «""" behovo. and therefore wo Lak r W . ^ " ""'' """'' '=«»<>J'«o", " We homo, or missionarierarortl sil: I :.' ;:L':;"ofr.rtiLTr •' ~::^aTor;r::'.."r cT '-r '";•,"-"■■ —-^^^^ -^^^^ Sorrows, the Church would exclaim. "Give me ,«,m, that I \x \\i\ PREFACE. may dwell ;" she would gain upon the wilderness ; every augmentation would be the pledge of her future success ; one would become a thousand, the small one a strong nation, the glory of the Lord would be revealed, and all flesh would soon see it together. When I read the Word of God, I am satisfied that the spread of the gospel throughout the world, is the determination of Heaven. Light and mercy beamed upon the human family in the first promise ; and for a long line of ages, in each prophetic vision, and every impartation of predictive knowledge, the reign of Jesus became more distinctly seen, till, in the fulness of time, the Messiah came.* Then, with the authority which he possessed us " head over all things to the church," he delivered the law of the kingdom, a law to remain in perpetual obhgation. " All power is given to me, in heaven and in earth. Go ye, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." Matt, xxviii. 18, 19. And when I regard the constitution of the gospel as a remedial system, and mark its invariable results upon the minds of men, under every possible variety of age, place, and circumstance, I see the necessity and cer- tainty of its success. I examine the gospel of Jesus Christ, but I find no particle or element of its nature, which can indicate adaptation to a particular period of time, or special class of character. It is founded upon the very principles of human nature, and is intended for the various and perpetually changing relafionships of our race. It unfolds doctrines, duties, and ordinances, which commend themselves to the faith, obedience, ond observation of men, in all ages and all climes. Now, since it is evident that God has always crowned faithful attenii)ts to spread the gospel with success, does it not follow, that if the sacred task had been per- formed, that the moral world would, at the present day, have exhibited a lovelier aspect than it now presents to the view of holy intelligences ? The early Chris- tians knew their Master's will, and performed their duty; but hardly had the apostles and their contemporaries fallen asleep, before those who were heirs to their hopes, were apostates from their practice ; the glory of Christ was bartered, by those who bore his nanie, for the honor of men ; but he that was crucified frowned upon them, and then followed ages which are properly called " dark." This will be illustrated in " The Introduction ;" and I therefore remark, that the signs of the times most delightfully announce the dawn of that day, which the • Roinana x»i. 85, 96. PMlm IL 7, 8 j xxU. 37 j Uxll. 10-lS. Micah W. 11 ImUJi h ; hi. 5, ft PREFACE. . Scriptures speak of, and which the natural tendency of things tells us must arnve when the knowledge of the Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea. » About forty years ago, combined prayer-meeUngs, for the outpouring of the Holy Spmt, and the spread of the gospel in heathen lands, introduced a spirit of acvty among all classes of Christians. On the first Monday evening of eve,y „„„,h, " the thousands of Israel" united in pressing at the thLe of g^ace earth, and hy savmg health among all nations;" thus affording a de ightful earnest of the per.od when " all flesh shall come and pray before God." eZ^. wI^sL e'Z'o "'"f r" '"'-^''''^-' "''"S',- .he tvill produ^Jtho way^ Since the opemng of the present century, efforts have been made to spread reryTartf on, 7f " "'7^" ^"^ "°"'' "' '-"' "-"^ 'he inha^Ln't of every quarter of the globe; and to the praise of divine grace it is to be recorded a m,ss,ona,y labors have not been in vain in the Lorl „ i, , el^erTng fact' that »hc„ proper .nstruments have been employed, the amount of conversio,; among the heathen will not shrink from a comparison with the same process i" lands of hght and pr.vjege. Past endeavors ,„ convert the world have Id t le most ben,g„an. .nfluence upon many portions of the human faml Tl'slnfl enco has been felt by the Hottentots of Africa, the swarming myriadJ o ont . .tants of the great Southern Archipelago. Let the gospel be proclaimed and it must answer the purposes allotted it by God. To doubt the efficacy If gospe trutb, ,s almost as cruninal as ,o aposta.i^e from its profession. Only sow To mcorrupfble seed of the wor.l," and it shall never perish. The v""ories of o cross ,„ Cormth and R „, Ephesus and A.hens^re all to be ep"2, 1 lauU addresses are to be listened to in Ava, Pekin, and other stroL holds "f papm worslu,., w.th all the spirit-stirring effect which m„rke,l ,1 1 „V 1 „1| f, :rr ,. :"'?: r ''""""'""^ '■■ "■" 1-""-"^ "f "■« .."-ionarT ntepTs" .s no to be den,ed, but they are not of a n,ore formidable character than Thl' wlml. ho gospel has already vanquished. ..The prince of h wo W-'C marshaled us hosts, and brought all his resources against the King in Z on • b , h knows that "the battle is the Lord's;" his judgmtn, has been ifrolured W ln.gdom ,s eonung to an end. Difficulties do not belong to God, though .her may afl-ec. h,. servants. The energy of the converting Spirit is mdZnis led U.e d,vmo compassion, are unexhausted, the precious pronL. whiTl II ted vt PREFACE. patriarchs, prophets, and apostles, remain for our consolation, whilst we carry forward the.r labors. It ought not to be forgotten, that if success has been great in the incipient stages of our missioriff to the heathen, we may rationally expect brighter results from future and more matured operations; although I am far from supposing that the perfection of human wisdom in device or action, will avail any thing, separate from the blessing of God. To form a proper estimate of mission- ary labors, it should be recollected, that a considerable part of past effort has been devoted to "a vast apparatus of means for attack and defence." Transla- tions of the Sacred Scriptures have called out the best energies of the ablest missionaries. Now, translations of Divine Truth, and the production of elementary books, are but means; yet, to use the language of the late secretary of the Lon- don Missionary Society, " they are ends as well as means ; they are legitimate objects of Christian labor ; many of them will not require to be done again, and the man who has accomplished them ought not to be considered by his brethren as having lived in vain." It is delightful to mark the growing interest which the church of God displays in the conversion of the world. The good news from far countries, which is contmually received, rejoices the hearts of a multitude, who give God " no rest tdl he establish and till he make Jerusalem a praise in the wliole earth." Intel- hgence so important is embraced with avidity by all who are able to appreciate Its value. As it is impracticable, however, without devoting much time, atten- tion and money to this object, (without, in fact, purchasing, arranging, and carefully perusing bundles of reports, volumes of magazines, letters, journals, and memoirs of missionaries, with various other sources of information,) to obtain any thing like a correct and luminous view of the societies which have been organized, and the triumphs which they have achieved in this noble enterprise • It IS believed that an impartial and connected account of the various missionary societies now in existence for the spread of the gospel among the heathen, will have a claim on the attention of the religious public, as peculiarly calculated to revive pleasing recollections, to animate to fresh effort, and inspire jovous hope in reference to a cause which has been so signally owned by God. Anxim.s to extend the knowledge of those great events, which, in recent years, have begun to realize the visions of ancient prophecy, I have endeavored to furnish a work, which though moderate in its limits, and accessible to all ranks by its mode of publica- tion, may form a repository of missionary intelligence, and present a sort of panoramic view of those various societies, which, diftering from each other in PREPACE. «''- -'"• »" energy and with the land aS.r off. T^ R^v ThomLT:"' "''"'" '"' *""' '"""'''' P«.™.„g„„f that excellent .n..y .L ^Zs !?';," uZ^r-tlH: IT ',"" was brought to the knowledire of Chri.t „ i i • """fe"°"- '« early life, he •■in. .o viint l..™cu.i„n hfs\tm erte?e , 3tr" ''' f'^T^r"'' Sinith was a man of wonderful cner»v • ZJlT ■ ''°"^«''°'''- Mr. multitudes received their ear LsrZjilnr ^^ ,:: ""'°'""' ''" i"''"' P'"'^'' = •hey heard this bold ambassador declare . cur of Zr"'T .f ""l'™'' "" of its law, while he closed by telling ,h„ storv of r„f T, " "'""'''" of .he man to whom the Lo^l imnuLb .rZ. ',,^T' t"". I''". "^ T""-' 1830, in the 55tl, year of bis age. " ^'^^ *' ""' """"" """' """■ ^'' vm PREFACE. With respect to that portion of this work which was furnished by Mr. Smith, 1 would only state, that, eight or nine years having elapsed since its pages were written, much interesting matter, which has subsequently been developed, will be incorporated in its appropriate place, and several inaccuracies or misconceptions, which the nature of the work rendered almost inevitable, will be corrected by later information, and access to fresh authorities. And here I would gratefully acknowl- edge my obligations to the Rev. Secretaries of the London Missionary Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Wesleyan Methodist, and Baptist Missionary Societies, and the Rev. Joseph Belcher, of London, for the kind assistance which they have afforded me in the prosecution of this work. Disappointment may connect itself with the pursuits of commerce and the re- searches of science, but positive and glorious success is certain to the cause of missions. The desires of the Son of God must be satisfied ; his power in heaven and earth is unlimited ; and soon he will reign over a willing world, con- quered by his love ; for it is written, "The Lord shall be King over all the earth." The voice of prophecy is solemn testimony to the spread of his power and the aboundings of his glory. O that " the sacramental host of God's elect" would make themselves acquainted and familiar with the revealed presages of Zion's glory ! O that they would ponder the merciful purposes of God respecting the North and South, and East and West ! O that they would remember that a Saviour's blood hath sealed the conquest of the multitude which man cannot num- ber ! Then they would feel, that, truly as there is a God in heaven, the kingdoms of this world are to become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ ; and, with an energy and rapture superior to that which once impelled all Europe against the followers of the false prophet, they would cry out respecting the conversion of the world, " It is the will of God ! It is the will of God !" May the Christian church never forget its solemn responsibilities ! May all its members listen to a voice from the shores of darkness and cruelty, crying, " Come over and help us ;" to a voice from the grave, which exclaims, " Work while it is called to-day ;" and to a voice from the most excellent glory, saying, ** Go ye forth into all the world, and preach my gospel to every creature." Newport, R. I., March, 1832. JOHN OVERTON CHOULES. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Preface, _ Introduction. ^*8es 3—8 The Redeemer of men a missionarv_Tl,« a: „• i pointed missionaries by hrfa "in u^^In ^tT^^%^^ Cornelius, means of spreading the jro<.npl "'/;'*^*° view of the labors of the aDos.lpT ^p f "^ "^^ncise missionary— the field nfll i.kr,-"^ *" °"="^e 0CMuTiS^!Zipl°!','»''»"''}:^'^'«''l'^n d», and 'c™l5"."h "''"-"" """'■•''I* «"■ sionaries SSaiion- or;he^-;::-:^ . -r'^'^^ «;-"- 7%irrf C>«/«r^,_Acco.int of ' * ' ' * * * '•^~' of the Scriptures ^^rniHrj/ Acc of divine truth greatly extended -Wisd thp emperor* Phili'pULight of God display;,f:77 -""'ded -Wisdom and power rourth p«/«ry._Remarkib]V "conversion tine the (Jreat-IIis subse ''"'"'"°" heresy— The gospel iiurod^ of «reat-nis subsequent conduc"t-The"A 15 Constan- rian sion in of the Iberiaiis— Many of the"inonk» •n^^missionary labors-AccLnt 'of Abraham 'd coiiver- engage the ■. 15-17 into Ireland by ■?i P„, "7 "^T'"" ^""P''' introducer S . Pa r.ci(-Conversion of the Pic ..S'r'"- •""« "f '»'" Franks ML^:!'':r''-^""y''''!i°'' of EthelbnrV king of Kent- ,. ,^ . king ^rrz2:.[ :':. ;'— ^-p^*- » Missionaries the mission— Diffir"nI.ro";*^""-^ '" ^-nRmnrt-Hnccess of the first Zsiot'Jiel^Mi::'!!^^.!^"''"' "«• -«ny of "•e nrst missionaries-Missionary labo sof rZn . ' Conversion nf ih» 4K..„; ,_j ,r^ ,. '* "' Colomlv S vrnth Vrnturv -The'sii^'A n"l « " ' ' \' ''^•-'" cHu.H-Mi.^ion:!^i;:n:^£nrar^^ Sa^dr's^onidU";^ Batavia and other p.ace»- aries-A Syrian miVslnf "'''^'°"^'-y-I"sh mission- character an^pro^re of */'r T 9''in''-The rise, Eighth Centurv ThlT I ^''^'"netmism 20—^ Bonifac'-ZawTof fcr"'''''^*'' "'^ ^'"'""'J' '=«"«d lehad among^e SaxmfSj\^"""*"y' """lofVil- and the Saxons-Nestorti^^ ' ^^•"■*'*=" Charlemagne of the missionaries of this ''^"•"'■y. 23,24 Tenth Century. — The " irnn n„„'> o' •*"> •** the age,. .:.... ..! .71. "'°'' '"="^'' missionaries of Eleventh Cmtuni'.—iy,so'rVclA 'h.i \i"i', ''^*' ^^ of the gospel fn Ilunfarv and S J. ^"/y ;^ar_Succes3 Russians, Poles and n»„- f^^^'^-^'? a^-ong the Ulfrid and Eschil "''""'-labors and murd?r of "^o^rts^jr-'^^^'^'^'^--^^^^^^^ countries *^nina, 1 artary and other ...26 -Wor- -,...26,27 tjormatton — Account of Lapland '""^ *^"' *° ®''""' America ^£n"n'n ('^"""•^-A field for" missionary labor, s^.:if K:i':iVhe""';jl^'' ^'""'' t^- Francis V.vil, m- -''?/'"^''<""«— Accu., and Lapland, .7. .'".'!"!?r ''"' *° ®''"''' ^ Seventeenth Centum Tli'n'mV„I.* * V • • • . .27, 28 ««lese-Lab:;nf 1^^^^^!^^:^''' ''' ^'" galese- aniong th(! Indi f.:,, „ n """"« "^ N°'»'' America :.".'r^ ^tZ nJnT i'^'"'T^-'^'"' ^" of mission^Tle kS of Denmark sends missionaries to Tranquebrr-Their Mras'" A «"!^'=««^S£,h"lt=^e undertake' a missiln'o da?oreil^tT''''J '" ^anjore-Missionaries visit CuS Triiif ^f^P"' •"'""''' '" Calcutta-Swartz visits tTcSir'.7ure"r"r'".^'""^ ^""■^ "-'S uta Btate of the Danish mission in India— S«,i«,.. ^'T:T <"-""7/--Calle';^"he ';is;i;,;;rV «Ve-Wifa" has^^been accomplished, and what ma/ y?t be ex- * ' 40 CONTENTS. HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS OF THE MORAVIANS. CHAPTER I. MISSION TO GREENLAND. The United Brethren propose to send the gospel to Green- land — Matthew and Christian Stach offer themselves as missionaries, and embark for Greenland — Discourage- ments after their arrival — Joined by John Beck and Frederick Boehnish — Danger from famine — More assis- tants arrive — Success of the mission — Kayaruak is baptized with his family, and received into the church — Death of Kayarnak — First church erected — Distress from famine, cold and storms — A contagious and alarm- ing distemper prevails — New missionary settlement called Lichtenfels — Narrow escape of four mission- aries — Baptism at Lichtenfels — A mission-house and church built — Death of Frederick Boehnish — Two hundred baptized at Lichtenfels and New Uerrnhut — Arrival of Christopher Michael Koenigseer — New mis- sionary settlement called Lichtenau — The stations afflicted with a contagious disorder — Remarkable pres- ervations — A painful catastrophe — Extracts from letters of the missionaries — Interesting conversions — Intro- duction of a hymn-book attended with happy effect*^ Account of Beck the missionary — Pleasing accounts from Beck and Gorcke — Notice of Beck's jubilee — Interesting account of the labors of Mr. Klcinschmidt — Letters from Gorcke and Eberle — A new missionary station called Fredericstall — Pleasing account of it given by Mr. Kleinschmidt — Prosperity of New Herrn- hut and Fredericstall,. 41 — 63 CHAPTER II. MISSION TO THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS. St. Thomas — Singular origin of this mission — Leonard Dober appointed missionary — His arrival and recep- tion, accompanied by Nitschman — Arrival and labors of others — First baptism — Death of John Bonike by lightning — Persecution — Missionaries are imprisoned — The work of God progresses — Visit of Bishop Watte- viilt — Death of Frederic Martin — Shipwreck of six missionaries — Capture of missionaries by a privateer — Contagious fever — Violent hurricane — Dreadful con- flagration — Remarkable escape of Mrs. Eberman, who was wrecked, with her husband, on their passage to St. Thomas .6:1—68 St. Cnoix — Commencement of this mission — Discourage- ments — Renewal of exertions — George Ohneberg — Burning of the mission-house — It is rebuilt — Destruc- tion of the churcli, dwelling-house, offices, &c. by a hurricane — Consecration of a new church — State of this mission as communicated by several individuals, 68 — 70 St. Jan. — Commencement and progress of this mission — Dreadful hurricane 70, 71 Jamaica — Zechariah G. Caries appointed to this mis- sion — Favorable commencement — Return of Caries — Labors of Frederic Schlcgcl — Discouraging circum- stances attending his death — Arrival of Thomas Ellia and Joseph Jackson — Jackson's death — Labors of other missionaries and general progress of the mission — Arrival and death of several missionaries — Pleasing account of the mission given by Mr. Ellis 71 — 75 Anticua — Samuel Isles commences his labors in this island — Place of worship erected at St. John — Death of Isles and arrival of Mr. Brown — Discouraging cir- cumstances — God's work prospers amidst persecution — Sunday schools — The colonial government encourages the mission — Prosperity of the mission — Evening schools — Favorable information 75 — 77 Barhadoes — Unfavorable commencement — Benjamin Bruckshaw, Mr. Bonnet and John Angerman — Dis- couragements — James Waller and others escape from shipwreck and robbers — A distressing storm — Bishop Hueffel's visit — Mr. Taylor's account of this mis- sion , 77 — 80 St. Chhistopher. — Berkley and Gotwald sent to this island — Prosperity attends the mission — Dreadful inun- dation and hurricane — Invasion of the island by a French fleet — Prosperity — Hurricane — State of the mis- sion as given by several missionaries 80,81 CHAPTER III. MISSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. Commences with the Indians of the Creek nation — This station abandoned in consequence of war — Christian Henry Rauch arrives in Now York from Herrnhut — His lalwrs among the Indians at Shehomeho— Work r.fthe Holy Spirit — Visit of couiii Ziiizrndorf — Violent persecution — On.'idcnhultcn — The gospel preached to the Iroquois — Indian war — Tragical catastrophe at Gnadeiihutten — A striking providence — New settle- ments called Nain and Weikquetauk — Distressing state of the mission — Conduct of Benjamin Franklin and the Quakcfn — Renatus — Cessation of hostilities — Set- tlrmcnt of Fridenshuetten — Extraordinary preserva- CONTENTS. tion— Frequent changes of location— The divine bless- ing attends the mission— Difficulties arise in conse- quence of war between Great Britain and the American colonies— Indian barbarities— Hardships of the mis- sionaries— Horrid massacre of the Christians— Re- markable escape of two youths— The missionaries are removed to Detroit-The gospel introduced among the Oherokees-Indian crueltie»-Death of the laborious Ul Zeisberger— Difficulties arising from the war between ieLKfl ®'r ""' Great Iritain-ConverslTna^d PrZLu cVu^^ opposer-Death of John Schnall- StaTnT^i?^ rt mission-Account of Philip Ignatu»~ State of the Cherokee mission-Establishment of an CHAPTER IV. MISSION IN ^'tSrii.""* ^""^ ^'^ "" »•="»««— Difficulties at- nf & /?^ commencement of this mission-Studv of the native language— Conversion of Indians in the V cinity of the Oronoko-New difficuIties-The „i^ sion abandoned, 1(^1 in Sharon, on the SARAMECA.-CommenVement, sup- pression and renewal of this mission-The missiX aries attacked by slaves- Arrival and death T new missionaries-Settlement abandoned, no ni Hope, ON the Corentvn.-L. C. Daehne commences the mission amidst a variety of difficulties— A remarkable escape-Arrival of three missionaries-Building of a church-Labors of Fischer-School establishedlMi*^ SOUTH AMERICA. smllPmp'nF'-'^r^^- '"T 'J'o^ning-Destruction of th« settlement including the mission-house, church. &c Dy nre — 1 he mission abandoned, i i2__i 1 4 n^v^'V ""* '■'"= SARAMECA.-Conversion of Arabini ^f„ ;r^" anecdote of him-Another of C. L. Schu^ PARAS7;7„r°T®^'"M**~^''"<'" K'^^" up,. 114-116 A numwTf '^'?"*''^"°™"'''''*'"""* "^ '^^ mission- nParZZ.A ^ interesting anecdotes of the converted mifsTonT^t.. .'..?"''' ""'^^"^'^'om state of the SoMMELSDYKBi-De^h 'of 'thV 'fiVs; miMiMwiJlfliutS of the mission-Its final suspension °...120, la? InAA^'l 7^ early state of this mission-Education and death of an Esquimaux boy-Erection of a miss on" house at Nam-Severe cold-Encouraging Xum called'^lT nj'-'onaries drowned-A newlettlement caned OMnA:-Two very remarkable deIiverances_A third station called flbprrf«/e_Singular loss of J W Keiman— A remarkable and pleasine event— A tp" nval of God's work-Dangers occasioLdb; floating" .ce-An occasion of joy-Singular preservation of a CHAPTER V. MISSION IN LABRADOR. young Esquimaux convert-Gratitude of the Esquimaux ZJtr '""'^ ''^ God-Remarkable phenomenon" Another singular preservation— Evidences of real con. version among the Esquimaux-Pleasing intelligence from the miss.onaries-Two instances of preservation from drowning-Letter from Amos Ovangd AjortuHk a converted Esquimaux-A malignant disorder-A fourth station caWed Kangertluhoak, 121-1^ George Schmidt labors among the Hottentots-His re- moval- 1 he mission renewed by Marsveld, Schwinn and Kuehnel-Various difficulties-Mr. BaUw's nc count of the mission at Bavian's Kloof-A destructive epidemical fever-A second settlement called Grucn- .tfoo/_Favorable circumstances-Rebellion of the slaves-Anecdote of a tiger-Prophecy of a Hottentot nrJir ."!,'T"." "."""* ^y ^ I- Latrobe, secretary to the United Brethren's society in London-A distressing CHAPTER VI. MISSION IN SOUTH AFRICA. torrent from the mountains— Visit from the governor brd Somerset, and others-New station at Witte Kevier— The mission troubled by the Caffres- Prosper- ous state of the settlement-Distress atGnadenthal and Gruenekloof-Also at Enon-Pleasing account from ?l"f Pff '."'' G/uenekloof-Distressing inundation at tnon-Effects of the grace of God— Labors of Mr Leitner among the lepers-Mission among the Tam- bookies-Noble spirit of a Hottentot 7.134-149 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. MISSION IN ASIATIC RUSSIA. A. MISSIONARY settlement formed on the banks of the Wolga called Sarepta — Two missionaries visit the Calmucs — An alarming event — Grabsch and Gruhl visit the Tschecks — School at Sarepta — Labors of J. Q. Schill and C. Huebncr among the Calmucs — Parable of a Gellong — Death of the Calmuc prince — Account of his funeral— The festival of Good Works— Installa- tion of a lama — An interesting letter — Conversation with the lama— Darkness and superstition of the Cal- mucs — First fruits of this mission — Account of the Calmuc converts — A distressing fire at Sarepta — Con- cluding account, 149 165 CHAPTER VIII. UNSUCCESSFUL MISSIONS. Lapland. — Three of the United Brethren undertake this mission — They are thrown into prison — A second at- tempt to establish this mission fails, 165, 160 Guinea. — All who engage in this mission die, and the object is abandoned, 166 Algiers. — This mission is attended with some success, but soon given up 166 Ceylon. — Tl.o opening of this mission is favorable — Mis- sionaries removed by order of the governor, and the mission abandoned 166, 167 Peusia. — This mission attended with serious diflicultics and suspended, 167, 168 EoiPT. — Dr. Hocker undertakes this mission — He visits Grand Cairo — Letters from the Coptic patriarch — Hocker leaves the mission — He returns again with George Pilder — Serious difficulties — attempts to in- struct the Copts — The sufferings of Mr. Antes from imprisonment and the bastinado— Mission given up, 168—174 Nicobar Islands. — The first settlement called the Breth- ren's Garden — Account of the split snake — Ideas of the natives concerning God — Their reasonings on the subject of religion — Missionaries taken by a priva- teer — Distressing circumstances — The mission aban- doned 174—177 Island op Tobaco. — Origin and progress of this mis- sion — Death of the first missionaries — Encouraging circumstances — Attempts at insurrection — State of the mission, 178, 179 Principles upon which the brethren conducteb THEIR LABORS, 179 Igl Enumeration of all the missionary stations of the United Brethrm's church, together with the names of the mis- sionaries employed, towards the close of the year 1830, ...181,182 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY. CHAPTER I. Formation op the society and subsequent proceed- ings. Association at Nottingham — Monthly missionary prayer- meeting — Rev. W. Carey — Formation of the society — Mr. John Thomas — First converts — Mr. Carey engages in the mission with Mr, Thomas — Address to the churches — Plan of the society — Continuation of the history — death of Rtv. Andrew Fuller— Dr. Ryland chosen secretary— Death of Dr. Ryland— Painful event — A NOTICE — Contributions — Missionary stations — Table of receipts and expenditures — Table op STATIONS, 183—193 CHAPTER II. MISSION IN BENGAL. Difficulties attending its commencement — Letter from Dr. Carey — Description of the Hindoos — Manner of worshipping the Riin^-^Otlinr rrrftr.r-.t'Ars — Hir-..-!, castes — Preaching of Mr. Carey Church formed at Mudnabatty — Serious inquirers — The missionaries visit the saobah — Interesting ceremonies — Account of Igna- tius Fcrnaiidc!: — A calamitous flood — Account of the missionaries Marshman, Grant, Brunsdon and Ward CONTENTS. They are set apart for this mission— A woman burninff herself with her husband— Sailing of the missionaries-I Singular interposition of Divine Providence— Arrival of the missionaries— Manner of worshipping the sod Rajn— Death of Mr. Grant— Translation of the IVew Testament-Happy death of Mr. Fountain-Baptism of Kristno and others-Mr. Carey appointed professor of Bengalee and Sanscrit in the college at Fort William —Pleasing conduct of Kristno— Death of Mr. Bruns- don— Character and death of Mr. Thomas— Dulol, the fomous leader-Marriage of Mr. Ward-Account of Neelo and Seeb Ram Dass— Arrival of Mr. Chamber- lain and wife— Death and burial of Gokool— Super- stitious ceremonies— Ordination of Kristno and Petum- ber Shingo— Affecting scene— Death of Mr. Chamber- lain— Prosperity of the mission— Arrival of Messrs. BissMardon, Moore and Rowe-A new church consti- tuted at Dmagepore-A serious event-Solemn event —Horrid superstition- Pleasing accounts— An unhao- py event-Death of Mr. Creighron and Mr. Grant-I^ rampore taken by the English-Opening of a spaciou^ -rblnd^of r "h{l~^7r''^' "^'oWished at Calcutta —A band of robbers— A drstructive fire— Death of Mr Mardon-Tiie work of God progresses at Calcutta- Discouraging occurrence-S«^ng!ng festival-Accou^ of DeepChund-Three females burnt .„ ,Wk ?""* M ;< n-.k- r T females burnt to death in a at-Bathmg of Juggernaut-Interesting account of luhummud Bakeer-Singular circumstfnce-Exam? ot the Benevolent Institution at r>iIri..»D_i„ progresses at Calcutta — ufjiiig uv^uurrcijce — ow' 3p Chund— Three fem; iathing of Juggernaut- nmud Bakeer — Singula nation of the Benevolent Institution at Calcutta— In- stallation of Lawson and E. Carey-A melancho?v ZT~£l ^'f m" ^' ^-g»P-^-College at Seraji- Religious pilgnmagcs-Death of Mr. Ward-Alarminir rrSe-pTritT.fr. .^^'.^-^-^He stationTn '^oTrBibie!?!!.?!;:? ">'-- '^--'^i"£!i CAX.cvTrA.-Review of this mlssioZ-A lisl oftheVorks n,.hl„h.,, at this press-P/„,. for fire 7pera. DiNAGEPouE, :::::;::::: ^^~^^i '^'^""^ • • • :::::::::::::::::i^:S published tions CHAPTER III. MISSION IN THE BURMAN EMPIRE. RiGiN of the mission— Festival in the ffohkn tcmnk~A n n;ffi i.- • , Burman funeral-Horrid cruelties-Destructh^fi^i K,^"""-""' '" "'« n>'ssion-Mr. Carey visits the k.ng- iructive lire- 1| Distressing event-Transfer of the mission,. .268-272 Orig CHAPTER IV, MISSION IN ORISSA. The mission commences favorably Wnrshinrv^r. «<• r ., . hoojya-Suspeusion of .he mission; r.!^.T.! .^^^''"'"'-*^''^''^" featival-Account of Jugunnaf ha Mook- 272—276 Commencement of the mission-Description of the country and people-Trying circumstances-Encour- aging prospects-Account of the mission at Patna and Digah— A religious murder— Striking anecdote— CHAPTER V. MISSION IN HINDOOSTAN. Drowning of a leprous Hindoo-Effects of reading the Scriptures-A cruel and revolting scene-RemaKe Sm' "''"'""^ incidents-beath of l5r Rowe- DiGAn— MoNOHVB— BEN.iKEs, 277—288 CHAPTER VI. MISSIONS IN THE ASIATIC ISLANDS. CEYLON.-Preachmg of Mr. Chater-An afflicting occur- rence—Alarming disease— Conversion of two ^oodhist priests-Death of Mrs. Chater-Death of Mr. Chater —Arrival of Mr. Daniel— Prosperous slate of the mission, J. . ••■•........ 289-293 JAVA.-Labors of Mr. Robinson_Mr. Bruckner's visit to Pr.m6„««m-Difficulties from fiXB^Chohra morhus- Translation of the New Testament-Insurrection- Mr. faruckncr removes, 1^93 ^397 ^?f1heB«t^r'5".''f'°"r '■""".^^- Burton-Account of the Battas-Schoola^Letter from the missionaries- Stan V /• .. . - — funeral- Mahometan views of the world-Description of a ineral-Cruel amusements-Anecdote of an elephant -Superstitions of the Battas-The mU«"n T. "„ up,. mission given 297—306 vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. MISSION IN THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA. Orioin of the mission— Death of Mr. Rowe, the first mis- Bionary— Prosperity of the mission— Death of Mrs. Coultart— Dei.ih of Mrs. Godden— Death and character of Mr. Kitching— Attempt to burn Mr. Godden— Anecdotes of the converts— Mr. Coultart's visits to Manchmeel and Montego Bay— Interesting account of a negress— State of the mission— Power of religion among the negroes— Two hundred and forty-nine bap- tized m one day— D ath of Mr. Knibb— State of the mission at Kingston— Interesting anecdotes— State of the mission at rnffaAs— Interesting facts— Mission at Spanish Town— At Port Royal— At Old Harbor and Vere—A striking hct— Mount Charles— Afontego Bay —Interesting anecdotes— Oooforf Spring— Falmouth —Anotta Bay— Port Maria— A tabular statement of the Baptist churches in the island of Jamaica— Oppoai- tion to the mission, , , 300—325 South America !!!!,. 326 South Africa,. !!!!.'!"* 328 HISTORY OF TlIE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY. CHAPTER I. Formation of the society. Preparatory measures— Circular address— A meeting of ministers- Another circular— A general convention — Formation of the society— Choice of officers, 327—331 i CHAP MISSION IN THE Otaiieite.— Sailing of the missionaries- Arrival at Ota- r"i~ ■ ?" '■•^'^'^I'*'"" ''y the natives— Commencement ol their Inlwrs— Striking inci.icntfl— Return of cnpti.iii VVil.son— More mismonaries sent out— A storm— An alarm— Captured by a Froiich privntoi-r— Their Irent- mcni froH. the enemy— They are cnplurod ngniii— 1 lieir miireriuus and return— A painful circumstnnce nt Otaheite— Murder of Mr. Clode— An afllicting event —Description of the (rreiit w»r«(— Dentil of Mr. Lewis —A severe trial— Arrival of more iiiissionarie.s— Death and character of Pomnre, kin«of Otaheite— Letter from I omare— 1 roubles at Otaheiio— EncouraRiii^ state of the mission— A conspiracy—Omheitnu Auxiliary Mis- sionary Socic'y formcd-Desrripliou of the n„,al mi,, mon rA«/(r/— Missionary uieetiiiK— Baptism of the kiutf — Jrogress of the mission— D<'alli of the kiii(j— Ilis character- Coronnliou of the ymug kiii>:— Ueuuiicia- tion of idolatry in the island of Kurutu-Iiilroduclion ol the gospel into various places— Trousjat ion of the hcripliires — Lach station iiotiri'd seiiarntely, arfi 370 *"',!.'r~".'^"'/*' "^ •''" '"'^••*''"' "• H"- diHlrict of Mntarai —Of Ahhuru—Or P„para—0( Pare— Of Tain- '■''/'« 37 1— 373 Hini.*.— .Stale of the iiiissioii .'," ' 374 i.im:,K-R„hy', rinn-ariffin Totrn, and S,*,utlI*Sen ^, "fi'dcrny 374— ;17« ho. ii'.Tv rsi.AMm.- //,/nAinf ;i7»l 377 Maiaoiti .... .377 '' TER II. SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. RAiATEA.or Ulietea.— Origin of this niission— Religious Slate of the people- Pleasing account of the sta- tion— Anniversary of the Uaialcn Missionary So- ciety... 377-4180 I auaa. — !■ avoralile account of this station— Speeches of the natives at a missionary meeting— Feast of the childr.'u belonging to the schools— Elfects of the gospel,... 3H0-~!W4 Hohaiioha— Description of the station— Its pro.^per w"^ 384, \\H& Maii'iti, ..^, Pai MOTH, or pAi.i.isF.n Islands, .'.*!'.*.!.*.'! 380 AisTRAi, Islands, r^i^n IFauvi'.v Islands,,., , .....380 "187 New Soi Til Wai.iih, '..'.'.'.*.'.*.., .',!W7 NaviiiatouV Islands, !!'. .388 SANDWirii Islands— f)rigin of this missi.m— Letter's of Mr. Lllis— Discription of //«(rrt//— Pleasing account ol the station— L<'tler of the king— The king and queen visit Knubin.j— Their denlli— Mr. Ellis returns to Europe— Prosperous state of the station,, ,;J88— 301 Tonoataiioo — Coiniiieiueiiieiii of this mission— Murder of a youth- Supersliiioiis rriiellie.H— The missionaries meet with dilliculiies- Apostasy of Vreson— An un- fortunate event — Murder of four missionaries- The others leave the island !])»4 400 Mah«i KsAs. St. Chhibtina, or Taiiiata 400 401 CONTENTS. TU Origin of the mission— Account of Dr. Vanderkemp— Vanderkemp, Kicherer, Edmonds and Edwards sail fol^ of°?hp?Th~ aT' "/ "'t** voyage-Commencement of their labors— A battle— Interview with the king of ll?h H ffi "i: '".'l^ anecdote-The missionaries meet m„.v1h K T^'^'^'P"?," "'' ^°'* Place-Mission attacked by plundering Hottentots— Other difficul- n "*'^' • • 403 — 411 BETirELSDoRP.-Success of the mission-Account of nIT'"pV^",f"';''^P'"^"'^P^°v''J«n'ial escape —Death of Mr. Vanderkemp— Rev. John Camobcll arrives at Bethelsdorp-State of the scMlement-rre markable providence-Sabbath Bchools-Improveme.U of the station-A general description of it,. .411!!!^ 9 /^AK RivEH.— A description of the Bushmen- Mr Rich- erer visits Cape Town-Account of John and Tray converted Hottentots-Remarkablo deliverances-Mr Kichcrer goes to Orange river— Difliculties on his return-He visits Europe with three of the Hottentots —An affecting incident— Mr. Kicherer returns to Zak IviVGrj •■•••••••••(•••••« ^10_ Anr Griqua TowN.-Mr Anderson's'lVbo;; Vn'thU station- Ihe station visited with the small-pox- Mr. J. Camn- bells visit to the sctt!e.nent-A remarkable awakening —Mr. Campbell's second visit— State of the mi.^ *'°i 4i5__4'io South NAM.jqiMi.A.VD.-Pella-Co.nmonccim'nt" of the nnssion-Doath of Abraham Albrochl-Discourag^ monts-Uov. J. Campbell visits Pella-State of this m.ss,on-R,,.,narkal.le conversion of Africaner-Ancc- .hit^os concerning him-Concluding account of the """°" 430—434 CHAPTER HI. MISSIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA. ^'"'^Tir'*T^*"^u'?.- "'■ '^'^ Station-State of religion PaI^, ^.?.! . .?:.''*'' '*34. 435 Stellenbosch, ....'.''.*.'.'!*' Tof TuLBAOH, ".!!!!'.'.'.! lo^ B08CHESFELD, !.'.*.*.'.'.*.*.*!'..'**.' 43a Caledon Institution, .'.*.**.'.* '436 '437 Pacaltsdorp or Hoooe KRAAL.-Mr. Campbell's' first visit to this place— Improvement discovered at his second visit— Account of Old Simeon— Labors of Mr racait- Prosperous state of the mission,. . . .437— 440 Gbaham'8 Town **..* ."*.!.'.".".!!!!!.' .'"440 liiEopous.— Commencement of the mission- Destruc- tion of the settlement by rain— State of the mis- „*'0". 440 441 ZT'^T^"-^''" ^'•'"" ««"««-I>e8cription of the place and people-Labors of Messrs. Williams and kead-Clauns of Caffreland-State of the mS campi/eL;:::::::::::::::;::::::;::;;;;;:';^;;;^}} PniLippoLis, 44! Bushmen Mission, .'.'.'.'.*.'!.'.* 444 Mission to the BACHUANA8._'/,a«„VoollDifficulties attending the commencement of the mission— Progress of the mission— Mr. Campbell's description of Kurree- chanc— His interview with the inhabitants— Anecdote ol a rhinoceros— Account of Tsousan— Eiicouraeinir appearances 445—453 Namaqualand. — Komaggas, 4'eo Steinkopff, .".*.'.*.'.'.*.'! 453 Mai mrirs. — Pnt-t f.rtpi.s nci-ouiil of ih(^ mission Mai.a.iasiar— Desci .«tion of tliViMlViid I heir religion— Trials of the journey to Tananarive— Hi CHAPTER IV. MISSION IN THE AFRICAN ISLANDS. ioscription of the island— ....454,455 and people — inissioiiaries — Mr. Jones's IS reception by the king- Treaty with the king— The king's proclamation— A letter from Mr. Jones-Letter from the king of Mada- gHHcar— Prince Ratatfe visits England— D.ath of Mr Hro<>ke.s— Pleasing state of the mission- AVi/e youths— Prosperous state of the mission. 4J)I i'M Salem, ' '*'~ C0.MUA1 o.MM, '.!.'.'.".!.'.'!!.* '.'.4m III. Travancore. Mission commenced by Mr. Ringeltaubo— Persecution of the ChriMians at I inevclly—Viows of the natives con- cerning religion— Report of the directors— Division of the inm8ion-l>ros,M-rity of the Western Division-State 01 the Lastern Division— Seminary at Nagercoil— Last accounts from the mmion— Oul-statiom,.. .4iHi— 4m IV. Ultra Ganges. China -A general description of the country— Account of he language, government, religion and morals of China, given ,n a note-CANXON-Commencement of this mission by Mr. Morrison— His visit to Pak-ti-ou- saat- Chinese customs— Mr. Morrison appointed Chi- ne^ translator to the English factory-Chinese pirates —Printing of the Acts of the Apostles-Edict against Chnstianuy-Mr. Morrison's travel^The Christian and Chinese religion contrasted— Failure of lord Amherst s embassy— Mahometanism in China— Pajro- fm!;;::^ . f ^•''"'"n'^Notice of an earthquake and inundation-Letter from Dr. Morrison-A storm- Persecution of the Catholic converts-Tryine e»-cntsZ Death of the emperor-His son ascends ^the' throntl Notice of a murder-Dr. Morrison's dictionary-Dr. Morrison visits England-He is presented to the kina- His return to China-Labors of Afi.-Mn„„s. BridV man and Abeel join Dr. Morrison-Concluding account of the mis.sion 4«»7— 510 m'" M r^'^T""'"'^'""'"" "I" ""' •T'ission-Labors of Mr. Milno-Account of Sabat-Of Lonng-kiiiiLr-fah- Anglo-Chincse college-Death of Mrs. Milne-D^eath of lir Mi!m—Conclmlingaccountoftliemission,.'',l(>_510 rXr'~''"^'." °'^*'': Milton-The Anglo-Chinese college removed to this stntion-ConcIu.ling r- „ POf* rt.r r.lQ Pi>Lo PiN.M,, First labors of the mis.ionari^s-J^Uce ot a lestivnl— Affecting accounts— Rqwrt of the di- rectors—State of the mission I IIS—.?", JAVA.-D..s,-rip,ion of Uie ixland-Commenccnuni of the miss.oii-1 leasing accouiits-Denth of Mr. Simpor- Arrival ol Mr. Slator-His voyage-Notice of a Hre- Idolatrous coremon.es-A general account of the mis- tr,;; ii'^ °' ''' Medhurst-Encouraging statc"";;^ iiir mission y,. -„„ AMi,ovNA.-Mr^ Ham's InlmrS-Hls visit to the i,;i,:i;;,or- ng IS niHls_( cK,d effects of his second visit-l)!^,ruc. tionol Idols—Prosperous state of the mission, .W,S_.';:J3 *• 533 DEMKnARA.- «rrA,r^— Mi^Hioii commenced by Mr Wray — Klfecis ol the gospel— Account of Mr. Pnsi— Kxleii- sion of th,. ini-sioii— A trviiig event- Mr. Wray re- moves Iroi.i Kesouvrnir in B.-rbire- Visit of Mr. Elliot— Mr. Hmilh s.'nt to U.-souveiiir— Anecdote of a slave— Mr. Sniith s nr<( t of his sialion— Serious diiriculiies — Jiisurrcciion ot the slaves— Arrest of Mr. Smitli— His CHAPTER VI. MISSIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA. ft''''7l''1 •'""•''■""""i"" "nd imprisonineiit-Lnters f>o -. Mr S,i„,h-||,s ,lea.h_TlK. c,rcu.„s,,.„ces of li burial-I iries wnden by one of the .lirerlors-histruc Uo IS o, ,0 , ,„.,.,ors-Tbe.r pr.H-ee.l.ngs in rHa.io. ,0 M . SiiMh, rial-F,xtr,Ki fr..,.. .he missioimrv Clinmi. CI.— IroceiMlnig, of parliaineiit-State of (he ,„i* """ 5;j:»-55a CHAPTKR VII. OTHER STATIONS. EDUCATION OF MISSIONARIES 4c d.. SLRr™:":::::::: ««4„f.,m.. M' ' • KIIITl:RR(Nr 4 .554 5.V. LlBT OP Stationh, ,VW5 .555, 55M CONTENTS. IX HISTORY OP THE CHTBCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. '** •....,, ,567, 558 CHAP MISSION IN Formation of the Church Missimary Society f,^ Af • Mr. Hartwg and o.her^-Di^couragemem^Ane^do.es TER II. WEST AFRICA. ness— An affeciinR scene— F,fi ""^^[""""K '"«='^- Ita prosperity-Death of M^J^h^" "[-"'^ mission- ficuJties-Schools-A c,^i';;^°''y«°".-F°"nidable dif- of the mission .7 "'""" ^"«"'"t'on-Sun,mary 659—576 CHAPTER III. AUSTRALASIA MISSION livri iTr»T,vT^ A „..„,„„„ .r.,„ J.? '!!':"'''''° "'='' ^'^"^''■' -«» N^W SOUTH ,v...s. Affeciing interview— Marsden an.l ivri, i '.~ night in the camp of .h^Se^^h t e'sabfi " Death of Duaterra-Settlement at Rangherii.Si ne";; settlement — Two chiefs visit P., i j rw- «cene^Canniba,ism-Lco tofai-tS^^^^ irnd"t '"« •'"^P'^^*'' «' Australnria and NewTea Holland . .r Zealand-Aborigines of New 570—680 St CHAPTER IV. MISSION IN CALCUTTA amt. kt^„ v^AutUTTA AND NORTHERN INDIA. Hehcr-EdtaSi!^;"''^ 1 fa'i— Bishop count of Abd..iXJ^;;XS^b:;!l2^;-;^f aikCw;;/,!^ Miss C.».W,'L fi, *^ """"''""'"'"""" «'"l «l<-ath— MISS Cooke , hrst visit to a native school,. . .580-65)3 CHAPTER V. MISSION IN MADRAS AND SOUTH INDIA. ing— A healh.-n f.siivn <• ' " " """K pravrr-ineet. I.'..V.ng the ti.u„da.i,.„ „r „ „„,,i„„ ,.,11..' r '':''»- do.o-Accoun. of the mission ilMis'l'.'r^^^S '^sSs'V:.?"'''V'''''"'' ""-'""-Orea. prosperity.^ THAVANr„«r.-(^haract,.r «.f .."'../.ILV^'J •''"<'• "«> I-atost account of the mission »«»n «m noMBAv AND wkstrbn fnima" ...!!....; j *.; ;..;;];;,' Stations of the missionaries — Account of these stations Superstitious ceremonies — Laying the foundation of a church — Visit to a dying woman — Strijjing instance of delusion — Schools — Annual meeting of the mission- aries — The church at Badagamme— Method of collect- CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. MISSION IN CEYLON. ing hearers — Account of the mission at Kandy—Ai Cotta — At Badagamme— /it Nellore — State of the mis- sion generally— The printing departmentr— Concluding report, 6(»— 610 3;f CHAPTER VII. NORTH AMERICAN MISSION. Location of this mission — Founded by Rev. J. West Commencement of his labors — Indian method of bury- ing the dead — Mr. West visits Beaver Creek — Exten- sion of the mission— Letter of Mr. West— The first church — Mr. West leaves for England— His journey to Fort Churchill— Escape from a bear — Indian hiero- glyphics—Circumstances attending his visit to Churchill —Interview with the Esquimaux— Melancholy event- Arrival of Rev. D. T. Jones— Prosperity of the mis- sion — Summary of the whole, 611 618 CHAPTER VIII. MISSION IN THE WEST INDIES. MissioNABT stations— Schools— Catechists— Summary of the mission, .618, 619 fll CHAPTER IX. MISSION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. Malta. — Labors of Mr. Jowett — His journey to Palestine —Labors of Rev. J. Hartley — School in Syra— Con- clusion G19, 620 Abtssinia. — Missionaries sent out — Their reception Missionaries in E^pt— Contemplated mission on the north coast of Africa, 620, 621 Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society at home, , , , noi 622 END OF VOL. I. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK. Myers's Geography, 2 vols, quarto, London, 1822. Ward's History of Hindooism, 2 vols, quarto, Seram pore. Brown's History of Missions. Lord's History of Missions. Simpson's Ecclesiastical History. Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History. Haweis' Ecclesiastical History. Tyerman and Bennet's Journal. Ellis's Hawaii. Ellis's Polynesian Researches. Missionary Register, 22 vols. 8vo., London. Harvard's Ceylon. Watson's Memoirs of Wesley. Wore's Memoirs of Wesley. Gillies' Memoirs of Whitefield. Bower's Lives of the Popes. Swift's Memoirs of Barr. Jefferson's Memoirs, by his Widow. Bennet's Life of Bogue. MemoiTs of Dr. Waugh. Morris's Memoirs of Andrew Fuller. Ryland's Memoirs of Andrew Fuller. Memoir of Mrs. Judson. Memoir of Honry Martyn. United Brethren's Missionary Intelligencer. English Baptist Magazine. Evangelical Magazine. Christian Observer. Panoplist. Life of Reginald Heber. Hober's Travels in India. Todd's India, 2 vols, quarto, London. Columbian Star and Latter Day Luminaiy. Christian Watchman. Reports of London Missionary Society. Reports of Wesleyan Missionary Society. Reports of Baptist Missionary Society. Reports of Moravian Missionary Society. Reports of Church Missionary Society. American Quarterly Register. Armenian Magazine. Carnes's Lives of Eminent Missionaries. Memoirs of Bishop James. Swan's Letters on Missions. Malte-Brun's Geography, 3 vols, quarto, Boston. Lettres Edefianfes. Swan's Memoirs of Mrs. Patterson. Campbell's Travels in South Africa. Latrobe's Journal in South Africa. ' Weal's History of the Puritans. Watson's Defence of Methodist Missions. Trial of Smith, the Missionary at Demerara. Memoirs of Mrs. Matilda Smith. Dr. Bangs's History of American Methodist Missions. Crantz's Greenland. Loskiel's History Brethren's Missions. Heckewelder's Narrative. Holmes's History Moravian Church. ' Life of Captain James Wilson. Williams's Missionary Gazetteer. Chapin's Missionary Gazetteer. Pamphlets on the Serampore Missions. Publications of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Publications of the American Baptist Board foi For- eign Missions. Publications of the American Episcopal Missionary Society —Jjc. &c. DIRECTIONS FOR THE BINDER. lii Let the Contents follow the Title-page of each volume, and place the Plates as follows, viz.- VOL. I. Frontispiece (The Gospel preached to the Heathen) to face engraved TUle-paee Awful Death of Mr. Bonike, ■"«' The Settlement of Gnadenhutten destroyed, and the Missionaries massacred by the Indians, ' 85 The Place of Professor Carey's Nativity, Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, .... 183 Baptism of Kristno, a Hindoo Convert, 212 Devotees in India sacrificing themselves to the Idol Juggernaut, ...'.'.'* 243 Shipwreck of Felix Carey and Family 271 Drowning a Leper, Map of Polynesia, '••....'.'. \ ' ^32 The High Priest of Tahiti ceding the District of Matavai to Captain Wilson for the Missionaries, ' 334 A Prince of Tongataboo strangled as a Sacrifice for his Father's Recovery from Sickness, 395 Perilous Situation of Mr. Veeson at Tongataboo, 397 Rev. J. Campbell crossing the Great River, View of Calcutta, \ View of Benares, ... ^^ ' /^-j^ Mr. Ince showing the Chinese the Folly of their Idolatrous Worship, ... ' ' 519 Part of Regent's Town, a Settlement of liberated Negroes in the Colony of Sierra Leonej 570 Messrs. Marsden and Nicholas passing a Night with the Zealanders 579 Miss Cooke's first Visit to the Schools in India 59, VOL. II. Seizure of Dr. Judson, to face engraved Title-page. Rev. B. Shaw meeting a Hottentot Captain jAg View of Jerusalem, • • • Map of Burnmh, ' * * ' 401 INTRODUCTION. Of a world enveloped in intellectual daZelt TZelef.'^V'^^ '"u'^' evangelization him, for a season, to exchange the sonrof a JorLrnn.'. .'' *,^" °^J""'« ^'^^^h induced Father, f the contradict.on f f sinners fudtlej^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^,7 '^ °' '^!, ^''"'^^^^ On these he mused with such evident delight thnt ^Ln T ^^^hsemane and Calvary, cross seemed swallowed up in the cer attv ofits attrnot- '"'"'T^^'f «»fferings of the with sacred love, and eyes beaZ-rw thiol . attractions; and with a heart throbbing will draw all n^ei unto .Cl'' T ^1 t noZroh' 'f ""'""^'' " '' '' ' '^^ "^^^ "P^ him," in that never-to-be-forgotten dr^hen'h "nut ill: ""h''"k'' "^^^ ^^^^ ««^ ^^''^^ appeased the wrath of God, subdued tl.; powers of he 1 nd^ V^u T'^'' "^ *^^'"««>'''" to all believers ; for then did he » see otlfe travail nJl, . ^"T^ '^^ ^'"^^^n^ of heaven he arose triumphantly from the Ive ra pr/the^^^ ^"^ ^hen -and was about to ascend to tbl / ^^ ^ the sting of death in his victorious hand, were already chanting, "l ft ^^ ^l'^, 3;^"\«^ »^'-' «»"'«V;'^ ^'""'"^ ^^oirs above doors, and the Kmo o. Glouv sLv7come t - 7h/ ' T-"" '''' ^'^'^ "P' >^« «^«^'-«ting that, as his last parting injunction he all o lii^ d scX^^^ '^ '^ '-'' baptizing them in the name of the Father and of til ^^' , ? T' ""** ^^'^^'^ «'^ ««"««*. them to observe all things whatst^er .'^re 1 ^^d'^^^^^^^^^ ""'T ^'^^^'^'"« oven unto the end of the world " ^'^mmanucu you . and, lo, I am with you alway, , ary travels had not yet commenced I^LtZZv^ "^ ^'"'''''^* ' '"^' ^''«"g'' ^h^- '"--on- character ; the hand of Divine Pov,eLetS^h''"rtT "T '^^''""^ "'^ "^ '"'««-"'^'y vout men of every nation under 1 eav "n "Ian o ' T'^''' "' '^'''" ""''*t°r«' " do- with such irresistible power, that about' t^o hn "''7^";'«''^«^«' •>y Poter being attended constrained to inquire the way of station wo n vl]' 'M"^'^ '""^'"^^^' "^ «'"' «nd The seed of golpel truth continued tol' « ''""!« .''l "^'^''^^ ^^ ^''^ ^''^^^i^^" -»"'rch. in« all the attempt! whicrvre ml to i„t nZ/ n'. 7'' "V" "^P"^*'"' -twithstand- laborswero crowned with such comnVtn ..'''"'-*''*''" ' ""^ ^''^i"" ""wearied multiplied rapi.lly, n, d'^a T eat roTn ZT' '''"' ''*" "'""^" ""^ ««"^«^ts in Jerusalem blessing of I eaven ostcd !o vln 1 '^ ^ . "'.° ^"'''' ^''^^ "^'"^'•'"t *« ^he faith." S Voi..!.^No. J ''''a^ '" "'^''^'^ "P°" ^h« doctrines which they promulgate,!, and the INTRODUCTION. t! if power of God was so clearly manifested in the miracles which they wrought, that obstacles of various kinds gave way before them, and their most implacable enemies found it impossi- ble efiectually to restrain them. And, though the prince of darkness exulted with malignant pleasure, over the martyrdom of Stephen, and fanned with vigilance the rising flames of per- secution, these identical circumstances were overruled, by the wisdom of Jehovah, for the spread of the gospel, and the cultivation of a desert and barren world. The servants of Christ were, indeed, " scattered abroad." But what was the result of their dispersion ? Did they either abjure those tenets the profession of which had exposed them to the most serious dis- asters, or did they confine within their own bosoms the newly-revealed scheme of redemption ? Ah, no ! Immovably fixed upon Jesus, as the rock of ages ;— glowing with love to Him, who had lived as their bright example,— died as their sacrificial substitute,— burst the barriers of the tomb, as their victorious deliverer, — and ascended into heaven as their eloquent interces- sor, — they panted to communicate the tidings of mercy to their fellow men, and " went every where preaching the word," of which they were not ashamed, knowing it to be «' the power of God unto salvation." At this memorable period, Philip went to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ to the m- habitants ; who, on hearing the blessed truths which dropped from his lips, and witnessing the surprising cures which he eflccted in the name of his adorable Master, " gave heed, with one accord, to the things which were spoken," and with joyfulness of heart enlisted beneath the banners of the cross. The subsequent interview between this primitive deacon and an offi- cer of queen Candace was, probably, the first means of introducing the gospel into Ethio- pia ; and the miraculous conversion of Saul of Tarsus, together with the mission of Peter to Cornelius, opened " a great door and effectual " for the dissemination of divine truth among a variety of nations, which had hitherto been sitting in darkness, and in the region of the shadow of death. Of the missionary labors of the different apostles we have but very brief accounts, exclu- sive of those which are either evidently fabulous, or of very questionable authority. The follow- ing outline, however, which has been selected from the best sources of information, may not be altogether unacceptable to the reader. Peter, who had received an express command from the risen Saviour to " feed his sheep, and tend his lambs," appears to have been eminently ownod and blessed, as an instrument in the hands of the Holy Ghost, for converting sinners from the error of their ways, and explain- ing to them the scliome of salvation. For some time, indeed, forgetful of the injunction to » go into all the world, and preach tiio gospel to every creature,"— unmindful, too, of his own assertions, that " God would pour out of his Spirit upon alljlesh," and that in Christ, the prom- ised seed, should " all the kindreds of the earth bo blessed,"— he confined his attention ex- clusively to his own countrymen, and to the Samaritans ; the latter of whom, though not con- sidered as Jews, retained the rite of circumcision, and professed a religious observance of the Mosaic law : but when the Lord had admonished him, by a most remarkable vision, to con- sider nothing common or unclean which had been divinely cleansed, — and when he perceived that the unction of the Holy One was poured out upon persons who had no pretensions to claim affinity with the stock of Israel, his prejudices were effectually removed, and he appears to have labored with ccjual zeal and success in Greece, Thrace, and Asia Minor ; and to have extended his travels eastward as far as, or even beyond, Babylon, preaching the glad tid- ings of redemption both to Jews and Gentiles, and performing such miracles, in the name of the Lord Jesus, that wc read of instances in which the people " brought forth the sick into INTRODUCTION, the streets, and laid them on beds and cnn^h^a ♦». ♦ * i . ** might overshadow some of them "here cl". ""'*.' '^^ '^"^ °^^^*«^ P*««i"g by ^^..c...,andthem..elf--^^ ^^^'^^^^l;:^:^^ te„s us that he ..hored Cilicia PampU, Pisidia, LVcao'nfa Ga^^^^^^^^^ -^^ ^yria. Phc^'nicia, Ara^ Cam, Lysia, Ionia, Lydia, Thracia. Macedonia Th ^^^'^^r.'*' ^^'^^^^ ^roas, Asia of Cypn,s.Crete,andMelita.orMalt; He Z ' ^ir;^^^^ T' ^'^^''' ^"'^ ^" '^^ i«J-"d penal city of Rome, and was evidently desirous of ^n '^ '?^"" ^^ *^° ^«^^« i° ^he im- Spam; but it does not seem that his w Jh, in Zrelct Z ^'^^^^-g^ of salvation into who was contemporary with this apostle tells us ZHh? "'""^Tu^^' ^'^•"^°^' ^^^^^er, scattered abroad in Asia Minor, and TreXl^um;^^^^^^^^^ ^™-g the Jews who were nt Jerusalem, and finally fell a sacrifice to the c u!kv of h' b"t as he resided several years travels were either frequent or extensive ^ ^''''^' " '" "^^ P'^bable that his Andrew seems to have chosen Scythia and tho o^- missionary exertions. He passed along the shore of th^T '°c"*""' ^' '^^ «^«"« °f his tmm, now called Constantinople; whefe he kbor.H T' ^'"' ^"^ '^''''''^^ toByzan- Buccess. He afterwards travelled 'through Thrace M^^^^^ ^t 'T"^ ""^ considerable preachmg repentance and forgiveness of sinTrn '^h ^^' ^^essaly. Achaia, and Epirus : of Calvary that he might «« abolishTeath,Tnd brin: lif^T;' "'" "'" ^*P^'^^ ^ ^^eVo- pel. ' Andrew was crucified at Patra,, in AcEaia bf old r ;?""^^^^"ty *« "ght by the gos- He .s considered, by the modern Greeks, tthrfou'nre'^t.r ^^'^"^ °' '''^' P'«^'"««- Ph.l.p .s considered as the apostle of Upper Asfn'nV ^ ^°"''''"**"^P°"^^" ^^urch. Andrew, to have sown the seed of divine truth amonl;. ^"'^ /\«"PP«««d, in conjunction with ter part of his life, he preached at Hil apo "s „ Ph "!" •"5"'?'*^"ts of Scythia. In the lat- those blessed truths which he had p 3iaJH IF""' ff '^^'^ ^^ ^^^^'^^ ^"h his blood was inflicted by hanging him to a p'lZ ^ ^''^ ''^"'^^ faithfulness and affection. Death Bartholomew, who is suDDosed h ael. extended his travels as fifr as IndlaTnThlslIdS ^''^''^'^ '''' ^^"^^ ^^"'^ Nathan- habitants m the revelation of divine truth and „A . ^'' ' ^^"'"^ ^"^ instructed the in- of the Gospel of St. Matthew. He is alio said' to h ^^''T' P'^^^"*^^ '^'^^ ^^th a copy the Lesser Asia. '"''^ ''^'^ ^o have preached in Lycaonia, a province of Thomas, according to the testimonv of T labored among the Medes, Persians, ParthLriia'l^rirnrr '''"'' ""^ "''''"' missionary, who gmns ; and travelled as far as the island TaSane whl ' ^"'^"^'^f '^"«' Hyrcanians, and Ma- Ceylon. When the Portuguese visited IndTar^hJ/' 'T*'''^ *^° *^^^^ certam traditions, and the existence of somel f '"'"'*' "'"^^'y- "^"^y discovered, from ed there ; and it is asserted thrhe wL ^^X^ monuments, that this apostle had p each ed that his labors might eventuali; ZTXtl'^ll^^^y.^'^l someBramins, wfofear- »_f_.,..^. tucii juoiairous superstitions. This «ii INTRODUCTION. took place at Malipur, on the coast of Coromandel. He was carried to Edessa, and there buried. Matthew, or Levi, the son of Alpheus, remained for some time in Judea, declaring the glad tidings of salvation, through his crucified Master ; and there he is said to have written his Gospel, about the time that the apostles Peter and Paul suffered martyrdom at Rome. He then went, as a missionary, into Ethiopia, Persia, Parthia, and India ; and, either in the latter of these places, or in Abyssinia, he was put to death by the enemies of divine revelation. Simon, who was probably called Zelotes, as having been one of those furious Galileans, who refused to pay tribute to the Romans, and who was also styled the Canaanite, appears to have taken a wide range as the field of his missionary labors. He travelled through Egypt, Cyrene, Asia, Libya, and Mauritania ; and Nicephorus asserts that he introduced the gospel to Britain, where he preached, and wrought many miracles. Others, however, are of opinion that he directed his route towards Persia, where he labored till he received the crown of martyrdom. John, the beloved disciple, who, from the sublimity of his revelations, and his vindication of the essential deity of Jesus, was called John the Divine, shared, for some time, with Peter, in preaching, working miracles, and enduring severe persecution at Jerusalem ; and in Sa- maria the Holy Ghost was given by imposition of their hands. About A. D. 52, this apos- tle continued as a pillar of the Christian church in Judea ; and, after that period, he is said to have carried the word of life to the inhabitants of Parthia and India : but it is more evi- dent that ho labored for some time in Asia Minor. In the persecution which raged under Domitian, about A. D. 95, tradition asserts that he was thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil ; but, on coming out unhurt, he was banished to the Isle of Patmos, in the iEgean Sea. Here he was providentially preserved, and favored with a series of the most important visions. Under the reign of the emperor Nerva, he was recalled from exile, and returned to Ephesus, where he continued to preach the gospel of Christ, till, at length, he peacefully breathed out his soul into the hands of his Redeemer, in the ninety-ninth year of his age. JuDE, or Judas, not Iscariot, was the son of Cleophas, and brother of James the Less. Ho commenced his missionary labors in Judea, Galilee, Samaria, and Idumea ; and afterwards extended his travels to Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, and Libya; and, either in the latter place, or in Persia, the faithfulness of his preaching was rewarded by a cruel death. James the Less, who, from the exemplary holiness of his life, was surnamed the Jimt, was an eminent supporter of the church at Jerusalem, where he preached the gospel with un- wearied perseverance, though he does not seem to have extended his labors beyond the Jew- ish metropolis. About twenty-four years after our Lord's ascension, the Hebrew rulers, being violently enraged at the rapid dissemination of evangelic truth, commanded this apos- tle, then in the ninety-sixth year of his age, to ascend one of the galleries of the temple, and proclaim to the people that they had deceived themselves in supposing Jesus of Nazareth to have been the promised Messiah. Fired with holy indignation at these orders, and resolving to devote the last remains of life and strength to the honor of the Saviour, and the benefit of mankind, the venerable saint ascended the eminence, and, with a loud voice, asserted that the crucified son of Mary was the incarnate God, and that he would, in the fulness of time, appear in the clouds of heaven, as the great Judge of quick and dead. Exasperated by this declara- tion, the Pharisees threw him headlong over the battlement, and their sanguinary associates beat out his brains with a fuller's club, whilst he was in the act of praying for his inhuman murderers. • ^1 MWRODUCnON. xiii xm and Satan in the heathen world. Thf dT^in oJ .1!^^7k/'"^ ^"'^ the strong-holds of sin ly rapid, and the united opposition of LtfTorefuK! ^f^' ^P^'"''' *° ^^^« ^een extreme- learning, and imperial influence feH nklTh P'^^'J"'^'^? '/dolatrous superstitions, philosophic trines otthe crosCv^W h, thr;h delitereS vvTh T "1 T'*?'''' "^"' ''^''^'^ *^^««« ^oc panied by the inv/ncible^oSth^riJ Spiri! "*™°«* «-P'-*y. -ere invariably accom- Christian church was planted i^^ this island S f''"^"f f * '« '^^.'^'^edly of opinion, that a states that some of them had " n^^^^^^^^^^ '""" "['^^ 'P,^^^>^«= ^ ^usebius distinctly Theodoret, another lea ned eccTeTasticaTht^^^^^^^^^ '^" BrMMe. :» and whom " the fishermen, publican and teitrTr^'^'T"' l^" ^J"''"' ^'"'^"^ ^'^^ °^t'°"« brace the religion of tiie crucified Jesus ' '' ^" ''^''' '^''^' ^"^ '"^^^^^ to em- th ':;t;\he^:^;:ur B^ ^^ ^^^^ -—able revolt and over- then began to be successfully puS;frtht;ount^ "'ird tb '" "'"^^^"' *'^^ ^^« ^«^P^» is supported by those ancient Cambrkn ecord'cXd^hrr^-r "^^" ^^^^^^^^t the celebrated Caractacus, who after^ wnrl f f '' ^" '^^''' '^ '« ^^^^^d, that together with his father Llnnl and tie wLl r',^"""'' ^'? ^'''"^^'^ '""'^^ ^^'««»«' --«' year 53, where they remafnTd" ^ aterl^o'^^^^^^^^^^ P"^°"^'^ ^^ ^-«' ^^^ ^^e hist:::;;,rc:m:;rsi'^^^^^^^^^^ r "~' ^^^^^ -^--^ they were permitted to return, ^nd were thu^Srd ^^h^ At the expiration of seven years ducing the gospel into their own countrv if ^ ^ T u ^'^"''''^^'^ opportunity of intro- and the other two gentiles wih whom th.v. n "^ ''"* '^V^'"' Christians, one an Israelite, them from Rome,Ld berme iltZe^^^^^^^^^^ accompanied fro. their anc.nt^uperstUioTs,'rdTsrcli. ^ r^eT n^'^;;: l^lTrifiri ''''^ "'""^ c> i ^d r.s-^-= -~ n£S?^?- - - sentod as the grandfather of kinw T „n;„. ,.,i, j J^riusn samts. Ihat son isrepre- Christianity in Siluria, the «v ^ ir; ."' ' ^7'* '-'"^^^"^ ^^' ^^'^ P^<>"^«tioi of seems to live beeZdlendarofhrr-^ '■''''" *^' '"''^'"''^ '^'"^ ^^^^"' to have bestowed her Imnd on a ^^ i^ cSvn Y"' ,"" ''"^'^'^ "'' Caractacus. is said known by the nan.e of Old Sarum ; S Ck d.a in'eof h 7' '^'''' ""^^ ''^'"^^' '« ->- the wifeofaRon.an senator named Pudens' ""^ ^""^ '"''^''^ >« supposed to have become foundations which had been laid bv thol in !, I ^"P«'-«tructure of the churches on the • Thoy also imitated tti example fndSriSn'^^ ^"T^ servants of the Most High. believers ; and. quitting tSenwn Toum v "Inf f T''"""'.^'^ ^°°^' "'"""^ ^''« necessitous of the Rcdeem^rLamf.anTtoZlockritrsof ? •" T' ''"'^' ^" ^P^^^^^'^^ '^'^^ ishing for lack of knowled J' A mnn„ .K f J"^ revelation to those who were » per- enabled to organiL a ChhsHan t7J^^ '"'^ "°^ ^"""'"'^^'^ missionaries, who, on being Vou I.-NO.T 3 ''''^ '" °"" ""^•'^"' immediately hastened to another, on thf xhr INTRODUCTION. same errand of mercy, we recognize the names of Andronicus, Aristarchus, Crescens, Marcus, Sylvanus, and Trophimus ; and to these were afterwards added Pantajnus, who travelled into India, and Irenaeus and Pothinus, who came from Smyrna, and settled themselves in France To show what brilliant success had attended the preaching of gospel truth, even at this early period, we need only refer to the remarks of various ancient writers on this subject Pliny, in writing to the emperor Trajan, about the year 106, expressly says, " The number of culprits (as he calls the Christians) is become so great as to call for serious consultation ; the contagion of their superstition having spread not only through cities, but even in villages and the country." Tertulliati, speaking of the extension of the gospel, about ninety years after- ward, numbers among those who had previously embraced it, the Dacians, Germans, Scy- thians, and Sarmatians, together with many of the Getuli, great numbers of the Moors, the utmost bounds of Spain, various nations of Gaul, and those parts of Britain which were inac- cessible to the Roman arms. And Arnobius demands, " Is not this a powerful argument for our faith, that, in so short a time, the sacraments of Christ are diffused over the world ? that orators, rhetoricians, lawyers, physicians, and philosophers, now love our religion, desl pismg those things in which they previously trusted? that servants endure cruelty from their masters, wives submit to be separated from their husbands, and children are content to be dis- inherited by their parents, rather than abandon the Christian religion ?" Nor was it merely the diffusion of new principles, or a warm attachment to a new religion which now claimed the attention of mankind ; but the heavenly purity of those principles formed a striking contrast with the superstitions of the heathen, and the conduct of the wor- shippers of Jesus shone forth with refulgent brightness amidst the darkness of pagan vice Hence Athenagoras, who, toward the end of this century, wrote an apology for the Christian religion, says, " The Christians made small account of the present life, but were intent only on contemplating God, and the divine Word who is from him ; what union the Son has with the Father ; what communion the Father has with the Son ; what the Spirit is ; and what are the union and distinction subsisting between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit » And the learned Bardasones of Mesopotamia, in alluding to the influence of the gospel upon the lives of Its professors, says, "In Parthia polygamy is allowed and practised ; but the Christians of that country practise it not. In Persia the same may be said with regard to incest. And ,n Bactria and Gaul, ■^vhere the rites of matrimony are defiled with impunity, the Christians act not thus. In fact, wherever they reside, their practice triumphs over the worst of customs and the worst of laws." The following anecdote of an event, said to have occurred in the year 1G7, is too remarka- ble m Itself and has been too respectably attested, to be passed over in silence :_" Marcus Antoninus, being engaged m a war with the Quadi, a people inhabiting those parts of Germany which are now styled Austria and Bavaria, was exposed to imminent danger, from the extreme heat of the weather and the want of water for the army. At this juncture, the emperor was inform- ed, by oneof his officers, that the Melytcnian legion was entirely composed of Christians, who were accustomed to obtain whatever they desired by their prayers. Antoninus immediately commanded that they should call upon their God for assistance; and, in obedience to his injunc- lon, they fell upon their knees, and earnestly besought the Lord to send them rain. Scarcely had they preferred this solemn and united request, when the sky was suddenly overspread with clouds, and such a terrific storm of thunder and lightning burst upon their enemies, that they were panic struck and completely routed ; whilst a copious shower, descending upon the impe- rial troops, afforded them ample refreshment, though, a few minutes before, they were perish- w INTRODUCnON. corroborated, a, to the .ubstance of the fact 61"°™,!^!^ ' . "^"'"^^ ''' ^"'^''i'"' •»<> we^aya.k „ith the late piou, and .eneLw/ZretJ^^^^^^^^^ " Why should it be thought incredihl*. hv „,« i ^^^^^7 °' *"e London Missionary Society prayer, and sent rain at his eqTes should on"" ?"«*'^°«'/*^^* ^he God who heard El^ plication of a whole legion of Slianslln imthr^r'^'I' occasion, listen to theiup! "^wlZthrdol^" ^";f- ^"^ thT^^lJ^fSLl^^"'^""' " ^^« glory Of Chrift, Whilst the hvesanTd^p^rrfrr^^^^^^^^^ fects of those doctrines,_and whilst God him llf "^ . / •""' ^"^'" ""'^ ''«"«fi<^i^i ef- the highest honor upon faith in the promise 3 DoweroH«''^"'' '"''''''' ^^"^hsafed to put ing the HolyScriptures occupied tL hrrtsa„drnd, o tl' '"T''^' ^'''''''^'^ ^^^'-^^^^t- of the people'.' to our adorable Shiloh A.Z ""/' '^*^° P^^^ed for the « gathering understood, at this time, than any o ht, ^tnJZ'::Tni^ ''' T'""" "^^ >"-« S"t 1^ with equal zeal and diligence, and that whLh wHyied tl^e/.T ' "' ''""^^ were multiplied cidedly the best. The Syriac, Ethiopian and E^vnt ni ' ''^'■''°" '"^« considered de- of time but their dates cannot now bTa^celtXrr""' '^^^^^^ ^*"^^'-* ^^-^ance ever, which they contained were so now^rft n ? P^f >«ion. The blessed truths, how- that, wherever they were circuTted! tT^ inirtke '\T' '^ ^°' *^^ "^'^ Gh-t. transformed the moral desert into a garden „„?■?' I ''^'"'^"°"« ^"d fertilizing stream praise to the once crucified, but iow S n a;d hthte"'^^^^ H T"^ --"-"l-ting t^ribute of In the third century, the DrocrrP,« J ru . r^ exalted. Saviour. 245, the emperor pl^,tToTh:Sr^^^^ enced by the spirit of the gospel, wasTndLed to make ^ r'^'^'"'^^' ^"'^ ^"^ ""^^ -««- openly to patronize its friends and adherents Abo^Jh? ^ "''''' ""^ '^' "^^ ^^"gion, and was greatly extended both in FranceTnd Ger nanT AnT^^^ "'V'^' "^*^* of divine truth seemed to decline both among pastors and nrnf ^' • ^"^'/t'^ough the power of religion o barbarians, became a scene^Crab^Tonrion •) T^ '■ T' ^'''' ''^"^ ''^ '"'-d" ' overruled events, that the invaders, by carrvin. Z '^/^.^'^^om and power of God so forced these persons to become nii^ar Tc' nZrv t"o *; """ """' ^'^"^^'^ ^-hops' n.n"=G:::;,^^^^^ durmg which time he had reigned in Gaufh J r^ 11' ^"^'^tthe expiration of six years anny of Maxentms, who had^Ien docl td eZ^^^^^^^^ ^ P-iod to tirtyr.' most intolerable manner. With tbi. Z ''"'P.'''^'^ "^ ^^ome, and had there acted in th« thatthoidol.ofhi.sforcfathclco aSrnt':;^"' '''''\ ^ ^^"^'^^'«" "Pon 1 ni ^d prayer to Jehovah, and his petitions lere 'rrcioXT"' \' ^i'^«^^««d'»--lf in fervent relates, that, whilst he was on his march a 1^ ""r ^ answered. Eusebius, his biographer ton.hnient of the army, with this i^cW ti^ T„' g;^^^^^^^^^^ '" ^'^ '-vens. to'thfas: 1 n, ,n ureck. By this overcome. And theaunic his- XTl INTRODUCTION. ™ mi ■ i torian adds, that on the following night, as the emperor was musing on this remarkable cir- cumstance, our Lord appeared to him with the same figure of a cross, commanding him to use that symbol as his military ensign. How far this story may be correctly stated, is certainly open to opinion. Instead of an actual vision, the whole might probably have been a dream ; but, in either case, it is certain that, from the time to which we have alluded, the banner of the cross waved over Constantine's camp, and he not only professed to believe in Jesus, but studied the scriptures with apparent seriousness and attention, and publicly countenanced the ministers of divine truth. Having obtained a decisive victory over Maxentius, and made himself master of Rome, Copstantme placed a spear, formed so as to resemble a cross, in the hand of the statue erect- ed for him in that city. He also built several churches for the Christians, patronized the meetings of their bishops, and extended his benevolence to their poor members. He after- wards took up arms against his colleague, Licinius, who reigned in the east, with pagan prin- ciples and a persecuting spirit. Licinius was content to put the truth or falsehood of the new religion on the event of the war, and the result was, that he lost both his dignity and his life. The external splendor of the church was augmented during the remainder of Constantine's reign, but her peace was disturbed by the Arian heresy, which came in like an overwhelming flood ; and, whilst many were carried away by that awful delusion, the friends .of genuine truth were almost exclusively employed in defending the faith once delivered to the saints. It is pleasing, however, to relate, that, during this century, the gospel still continued to spread among the nations of the earth ; and some interesting proofs of this important fact will be found in the following particulars. Meropius, a Tyrian philosopher, wishing to explore the interior of Abyssinia, travelled in- to that country with two young lads who umlcrKtood the Greek language. On their arrival at a certain place, Meropius was attacked and murdered by the natives ; but the boys, whose names were Frunicntius and /Edcsiua, wore presented to flio king, who not only spared their lives, but took them under his immediate jjatroiiago and protection. On the king's death, Frunicntius was made prime minister, and both the superintendence of the government and the education of the young prince were committed to him and his relative by the queen downger. Re- solved to improve the advantage of so exalted u situation for the extension of gospel truth, the premier inquired of some Roman merchants whether they had met with any Christians in Abyssinia ; and, having discovered some, he erected a church for their accom- modation, encouragi'd them to celebratt* their religious rites, and had soon the satisfaction of perceiving some of the natives flock to the newly-(>rected standard of the Redeemer. On the king's assuming the reins -of government, Frumenfius solicited permission to return to his ■ own country ; and, on his arrival at Alexandria, he related his adventures to Atharuisius, the bishop of that city, suggesting the neccissity of sending out some faithful missionary, and stat- ing the (.robahility of success with which such an attempt might be crowned. Alter mature deliberation, Athannsiussaid that none was so fit for th<< office as him with whom fh<> propos'M originated. Frumentius was, therefore, njtpointed the first bishop of the Axumi ; and appears to have labored for the conversion of souls with unremitting zeal and vigilance in the country to which he had been so singularly led, and in which he had been providentially preserved and exalted, for the most important |)urftose. In thosauH! century, the conver-sion of the Iberians, a people honleriuh "" the Black Sea, was effected in a very remarkable manner. TheHc ancestors of tin; modern Russians had, in one of their predatory excursions, taken captive a female Christian of most exemplary piety, INTRODUCTION. xtB Whose holy deportment seemed to excite the respect of these barbarians, and whose cures, in certam cases and m evidept answer to her prayers, appeared to them completely miraculous On one occasion, a child belonging to the king was sent, according to the cSstom'of he coun-' Wir l.'ir ^°™^;.^ho professed the healing art, to be cured of a distemper; but all then- skill was exerted in vam, and the infant was at length taken to the ChristL captive w^n'l H h''" 7°gf"»g 'anything to herself, expressed her confidence that the Lord Jesus who had healed such multitudes, would honor hor faith in him on this occasion. She accord' mgly presented her supplications to the Lord, and the child was restored. For this important service, and for the subsequent recovery of the queen herself, through the instrumentalky of ths Christian's prayers, the king sent her some costly presents ; but she modestly de- tt GoJ :iTZZToZT ^^ ^^^'' ^-^- "P- ^- -"'„hj.. „ . contury, '"■"i- ';»;,';- -if ™"«-..™ ,h„ idoZrrint: jt t an^trv r=T^^ ;r in wlucii he Holemniy Hiippl.cuted for the conversion of tho n„„„n. • i *^'^«ctcu a clu rcli, proceeded to overturn some of thoir altarT tZhL n/l^ ' ami burn uig w.th zeal, ho wa.s driven from thoir torritorie.,. l4 ! aston Z^^^^^^^ resentment, and ho and on various occasions exhorted then to C^^tSi^^^^^^^^^^ '"'r!'""'!' he now encountered very vere treat.uont lo rrZ 1 T ^"'^ ' •""' '''^"^''' l^r';h::tr:?r.,::':;-!:s:E:r7„rhi;:i;r7^ vm p- 'i t INTRODUCTION. Thejifth century affords but few details relative to the cause of missions. St. Patrick, as he ,s called, however, now visited Ireland with the anxious wish of proving inslru. mental in the conversion of its. barbarous natives, among whom he.had formerly passed sever- al years m captivity; and notwithstanding the discouragement which attended his first exer- tions, he persevered with unshaken fortitude and resolution in his work, till he had erected a great number of churches, and instructed many of the Irish in the use of letters, as well as in the truths of the gospel. I or these reasons he is considered as the apostle of Ireland ; but the vicinity of Glasgow, in Scotland, claims the honor of his birth. In the same century, the conversion of the southern or lowland Picts is said to have been ef- fected through the instrumentality of a British bishop named Ninias ; and though they were soon afterward, reduced by the northern Picts, their heathen conquerors permitted them to retain the profession of Christianity. The baptism of Clovis, king of the Franks, took place about the year 496; and it has been justly remarked, that, "notwithstanding he was an ungodly man he became an instrument, in the hand of an overruling Providence, to promote a cause of which ho knew not the value." Through the influence of his queen, Clotilda, who was a zealous Christian, he was induced to profess the faith of the gospel, and he was baptized at lihcuus, together with his sister and three thousand of his troops ;_a circumstance which proved prelusive to many signal cflocts in Europe. In the sixth century, the Roman pontiff, Gregory the Great, sent a number of Benedictine monks as missionaries into Britain, under the superintendence of Augustine; and a variety of circumstances proved favorable to their reception. Ethell.crt, king of Kent, the most con- Bidcrab c ol the Anglo-Saxon princes among whom the inland was, at this time, divided, had nmrricd Bertha, a pious descendant of Clovi.., and by her inlluonce he was persuaded to as- sign Augustine and his companions a habitation in the Isle of Tliaiict. He also consented to hear tlicm preach, and, after receiving the rite of baptism, he gradually introduced the pro- lession of Christianity among his subjects. Gregory it seems, had for many years felt extremely anxious that a mission should be sent to Lnglami and the circumstance which gave rise to his anxiety on that subject has been thua related :— Walking one day in the market-place, wlion ho was only a presbyter, he observed some remarkably fine youths, who wore bound with cords, and .'xpusrd to be sold as slaves. Mruck with their appearance, he stopped an ira, (i. e. from the wratl. of Go,l,) and called to the mercy of Christ. What is the name of their king ?" " /•;//,/." "Then," said he, (continuing to play on the name,) " lot us teach them to sing AlhUijah:' Charme.l with the success of his first missionaries, Gregory sent over others on the same piouH errand: and, through their instrumentality, many are said to have been converted to the hnth ol the gospel. This opening prospect, however, was Hn.,r, and sadiv cLnKlrd, by the intemperate and impolitic zeal which Augustine (who had I.een con.titufd archl.ishop Ol the English nation) displayed to c;stubliMh a complete uniformity in customs and discipline. Ihis was naturally opposed by those prelates and monks in \Vales, who were the successors INTRODUCTION. ^^^^^^^^ or.e3eeorRo.e. Violet bnans whose only crime consisted in Their cSntinn^"'"'' ' ^°*^ ^^e unfortunate Cam- w " '' -'- - ^--- or their -ier raTrsr i^s:^^^^^^^^^ s p.o w ^j^'^jz^^ tt? i.rar' ^^^" ^^^ — ^- -•^ -e^ «. attention the accounts which have bengiTero Them bv t "''''" °'/"^'' ^« ^-^^^ with mg ages For by these accounts it appf^L that the co-'^ ''^"''" *'''' '"*^ ^''^ '"^*="^*^- oftheir former impiety, 8"perstition,Tnd fi emiousne^^^^^^^^^ a mere outward and nominal profession, the/inS^^ and that, attached to Christ by and. the authority of his gospel bv thp^ ">«>:'>» effect, renounced the purity of his doctrine ntes andinstitutfons whifhTey 1 nTed f r^Jr'!?"' T "P^'^'"'°'^ ^^ ^'"^-s of this century, the conversion of these undviH, 7 • "^^'^ '' *° ^« g'^^n to the writers tVuV^'T'"''^''' -** «--^- wIchX h:^^^^^^^^^^ '''"^"'^"•*^ "^« principal; ef! ts behalf But the conduct of the converted nn "'" ^°'P^' ^^''^ ^^^^led to work in these testimonies ; for certainly, if such „, Laeles hT^ u '"^^''"* ^^ '"^^''^ate the force o? would have been more suitable to the'^rofesln /'? ^""^^S*** '^'«°"g ^hem, their lies the doctrines and laws of the gospe mTre^s^rdZ' '", '^''" ."Attachment and oiedieLe 'o been. Besules, in abandoning their rcient In ? • "'''''"P'^^y ^han they appear to have inore mfluenced by the examplf and auTori^! of th" "'' ''\ ^''''''' P"^" '' them were the power of a rational conviction ^d L ? r P""*'^' ^*''^" ^^ ^'^r*^^ of argumenT or wh.ch many of the first ChristLTmi.ionai^^^^^^^^^ ''^ wretched rn„:' Tn taken, we shall perceive that they wanted not m„ '^^ '°'^'"" '^'^ ^^ey had under" taug t, and the discipline they r/coXnded for thT'""'' ? '"'^^^^^ ''''' doctrines they pcope that was difficult to be perforn.ed or that laid anv'''""l T^'""^ ""^'^''^ '^"^-°"' pet tcs and pass,o„s. The principal iniuncl s tli ^ •"^^'kable restraint upon their ap- ha hey should get by hea/t certain sT.rars of ^, 'T''"^ "P"" '^''^^^'^^ proselytes were and the sa.nts the same religious servlr w "h h " - '^^ P^^ *« ^he images of ChrS t e gods Nor were they at all delil ^oT " pubL i'" f" "'^ ^""^^^^ ^« *'- statues o the.r credit ; for they deemed it lawful and Pv.n l '''"'"""S *''« »"««"« "f establishing eoMve multitude, by representing as p;o ^/u^^^^^^^ ^° '^^^'^ -> 'gnorant and iS from the most authentic records of the' e times .^' ''"' ""''' "''^''^y ""^ural, as we learn It was in this century that Colomh nr r i ' . tam.ng the charge of several other ins itu. ns^^^^^ thirty years, beside re ^u, app.nesH of baptizing the Pictisl/ ^e.^ "n 'ir''"' ^"??''"' '" '"■'"'"'• ^oiomb haj h.s character an.l p.-rsor. i„ ,„eh high est maX^ Zl ^ ""«''^'''''"8 ^-^'^ ""«! liritonshelci refer to h„n as ,h„ f.„a| »„ ,1^, i„ ,f^, ^, X^' '? 7^ "" ""^""""o" thing for them o pern, talent., an.l numeroul »ccon. ." C " imi^'^f^'-- «'>oyal La.^^: •» 'H l,o„efK.e„co ; unmoved by in.iri..s an I.:.. f '" '" '"' ^^"fions and unbonn le,l o " r>tjUuiuc3, and win- XX INTRODUCTION. II ' ning the affections, of the most violent enemies of the gospel : he was also fervent and unre- mitting in devotional exercises, and he expired in the act of transcribing the Holy Scriptures. The following little anecdote of this extraordinary person places his character in a striking and affecting contrast with that of the ferocious age and country in which he lived. A Highland chief having earnestly requested him to pronounce a blessing on his weapons, the venerable missionary looked up to heaven, and said, " God grant that they may never shed the blood of man or beast !" His disciples were remarkable for the exemplary holiness of their lives, and, through the medium of their missionary labors, the northern Picts, the Anglo-Sax- ons of Mercia and Northumberland, and several of the northern nations of Europe, were converted, at least, to the name and profession of Christianity. To the sixth century has also been referred the conversion of the Abasgi, a people of Scythia; and the Heruli, who resided on the banks of the Danube ; together with that of Zathus, a prince of the Colchians ; and Almundurus, a prince of the Saracens. Early in the seventh century, the six Anglo-Saxon kings of the heptarchy, who had hitherto re- mained under the darkness of their ancient superstition, were induced, partly by the earnest entreaties of the Roman missionaries, and partly by the persuasions of their fair consorts, to enter the pale of the church. Paulinus was now appointed bishop of York, and as Christianity had obtained admission to the abodes of royalty, the number of its adherents incrensed with great rapidity in all parts of tiie island. The fire which Augustine's intemperate zeal had kindled was not yet extinguished ; but, whilst wo sigh over the fact that British ministers should iiavc been stigmatized and treated as schismatics, merely because they could not consent to submit to the domination of Rome, and that the peace of the church at home should have been disturbed by an idle quarrel about the time of keeping Easter,— it is pleasing to record, that some pious individuals were occupied in the more important business of going forth from the shores of England, Scotland, and Ire- land, to carry the news of salvation to their neighbors. Among the most famous of these we may notice VVillebrod, an Anglo-Saxon, and eleven of iiis countrymen, who cross(>d over into Batavia, for the express purpose of converting the Fricslandcrs to the Christian faith. Hence, in the year 692, they went info Fosteland, which most writers consider to have been the same with Helij^M)land ; but being cruelly treated there by Radbod, king of the Frioslanders, who put one of the missionaries to death, they departed for Cimbria and the neighboring parts of Denmark. The next year, however, they returned to Fricsland, and proved much more suc- cessful than they had formerly been, in propagating the knowledge of divine truth. Wille- brod was ordained archbishop of Wilteburgh, now called Utrecht, and died au.ong the Bata- vians at an advanced age ; whilst his associates continued to spread the rays of divine light among the VVestphalians, and the contiguous nations. Some of the disciples of Colomb appear to have been equally zealous and succrssful at this period. One of these, named Aidan, is said to have been a bright example of godliness. Ho made the Scriptures his daily study ; exerted himself on all occasions for the conversion of infidels and (lie edification of believers ; was remarkably liberal to the poor ; an.l altogether exhibited a character which would have done honor to tiie purest ages of the Christian church. Oswald, a British prince, who had been educated and baptized in Scotland, sent for this inde- fatigable missionary to promote the cause of religion in the north of Britain, and acted per- sonally as iiis interpreter, Aidan having but an imperfect acquaintance with the English lan- gua^^e. Other ministers were also invited from I-colm-kil, and several churches appear to have boon planted by their instrumentality. INTRODUCTION. about Wurt8b«rgh. A pagan dukerm.^™hr« *"'T"'V ""^ """'''"«' »' the inMeb baptized ; b„. kL„ h.v';af?.,Sir"pl^hrm II^ ' '""'""'^ ?' '""'• "■" •"• mi;?i'.riix «;:,&t±^ r„7bt,l'^'"°:::. ?"" "« ™'-™'-'e»ce of . on record. ^ ^ °*™^' °^ '^"''''''^ ^»«hops and other ministers are still left acrimony of their di;putes:::SX"r;ari^^^^^^^^^ ''^" P^^--" '^^ * '« a severe scourge. This extraordinary^ha^: ter v^Ls a nat^'o of J'"'''"'""^ *''™ '** P^*^^^ Fehx; and, though meanly descended; illiterate anZ tn^Pn. '''^' * '^"y '" ^'^'^'^ a fine countenance, ready elocution, deep cTntnvanc^ '"d.gent circumstances, he possessed perseverance. In the early part of his life he haTZ^' ""'^f ""^"^, T'''^'^ ^"'^ unwearied factor ; and in this capacity he h^d occasi'on to tr^v!? T^^""^"^ ^J ^'' ""''"' ^''"^^'^b, as a was afterwards taken into the sprvforf , '"*"* ^^"^' Palestine and Egypt. He Christmnity, as professed in the countries which hP Ctr„ a ^l'^""'^^ to agree, the gross errors of Arius, or wretchedly minS with h ^r''"*^' ""^ ^"''"•" ^^'^^^^^ with Arabia abounded with Jews, wirhad LT th tllr ' t 7 «»Per«titions ,-Egypt and other inhabitants were pagans Mahomet h ™, '^! '^"'"^ ^^ Persecution ;-a„d the mind.formedtherosJurofof seSuna^r"^r - u" '''''' circumstances in his of paganism, Judaism and Ch istiaS mi.h.T Trl f''**' '''"« " ^^'"P'^^^ compound classes which he had cont^p at^d ^^C^^m„ T '"' '" '' T'"^*'^*^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ '-«« the most sensual gratificatioZi, tinTo nn^ ? """ '' P"''«"''^'-'y '^^ it would allow of In the prosecutln of this d "i^^h; w„« ZT^ t '""r" "' f'^''"'^' P'^'^^"'*'^ '» ^^^^nity. ter of whom was well quailed ?of«..nn7 T ^^ V"'" ""^ "" '"""^'^'^^^^ "'on^, the lat- and neighbors ; and in a hort Ze ho h.ln^ 7 ^ " ■ •'Pr'"'" ''"'^^^'^y '*"'*^"« '»« f"«nd8 ■ — ' ^ i ■ •■••' --^ trrcS xxu INTRODUCTION. li'i their attempts had proved ineffectual, God had now sent his last and greatest prophet, with a more ample commission than either Moses or Christ had been entrusted with. He added that he was expressly commanded not only to promulgate the divine laws, but to subdue, by force of arms, all who should refuse to believe or obey them ; and for the attainment of this object he was to establish a kingdom, which should propagate the revealed will of the Most High through all nations ; that God had decreed utter ruin and destruction to those who should in any way oppose his prophet's success ; but to all his faithful friends and adherents he had promised the spoils of the earth, and a paradise abounding with al! sensual enjoyments. He also artfully represented it as the irnjvocable purpose of Heaven, that those who perished in fighting his battles, or otherwise piopagating his doctrines, would enjoy an extraordinary share of honor and pleasure in the mansions prepared for the reception of their disembodied spirits. These tenets, together with a number of pretended visions, having been formed into a book called the Alcoran, the new religion was openly published and promptly received by great num- bers of the impostor's countrymen. In Mecca, however, where his person was familiar to the inhabitants, his bold assertions procured him but little credit, and the leading men of the city formed a plan to cut him off. Mahomet, however, obtained intelligence of their design, and fled to Medina, whc ro he was received with open arms by a people already dazzled and deluded by the fame of his doctrines and protended miracles. From this time the Mahom- etans reckon all events, the era being called in Arabic hegira, or " the flight." This took place A. D. 622. By the assistance of the inhabitants of Medina, and by the success which crowned his artful representations and addresses, ho gradually brought over the mass of his countrymen to a belief in, or, at least, to an acquiescence with, his doctrines. And the rapid propaga- tion of his system among the Arabians, was a powerful incentive to its adoption by the inhabi- tants of Egypt and the East, who were previously disposed for its reception. Pagans, Jews, and Arians, all abandoned their former professions, and enlisted beneath the banner of the crescent, which was used as a symbol of the Mahometan faith. In short, tho contagion spread, like an overwhelming flood, through all parts of Arabia, Syria, Egypt and Persia ; and Ma- homet, from an obscure individual, became the most powerful monarch of his age. At his death, which occurred A. D. 631, he leff, two branches of his race, both of whom were consid- ered as almost divine by their respective subjects. These were the caliphs of Persia and Egyi)t; the former of whom turned their arms to the west, and subjjigated many countries in that direction ; whilst the latter directed their attention towards Europe, and, under the name of Saracens or Moors, reducctl a considerable part of Spain, France, Italy, and the islands of the Mediterranean. Thus did the successors of the Arabian impostor extend their religion and their conquests in Asia, Africa and Europe ; and immense numbers of the human race are still under the power of Mahometan delusion. The Turkish empire, how- ever, is evidently hastening to its fall ; and it is our happiness to know that the absurdities of the Alcoran must eventually vanish before the gospel of Christ, Hke the mists of the morning before the beams of the rising sun. At the commencement of the fiir/ith century, when ■' considerable part of Germany was buried in the darkness of pagan superstifion, Winfrid, a Bcn(<]iftino monk, born in England of illustrious parents, and afterwards known by the name of ".oiiifnco, attended by two companions, went over into Kriosland, to water the churches wis; »i Willibrod had plant- ed. Ilo afterwarJa removed to Do v aria and Thuringia ; and, thr; iMiout the greater part of INTRODUCTION. He«e even to the frontiers of Saxony, he published the revealed will of God • and in th. v. 719, Gregory the Second made him bishop of the new German rhnrlhl i V ^® ^^"^ attacked and Lied, wTth the XleofTAT *'°°'^""'' '° '^^ P'*'"« of Dockum, he was Of ferocious pagans', Irtd luhti d^^^^^^^^^^^ ThTGeVlfSS^^.^^'^^"!' '' ^ ''^^ sidered Boniface as the apostle of their cnLvZ a ? " Christians, who had con- the pagans, whose lives Ze onlv soa L T .7' '"'''^^'^'fj^^^d an army, and conquered in the truths of ChristtanTt^ ^ ^ consequence of their submitting to be instructed mis':;:!;S rG^ma^nrS^^^^^^^^^ among those who labored as Saxons, whilst they were aacrito^rth"; f^^ '""TT ^'^'''' "° ^''""^^y ^^ ^he turn from such vanfties, and trl"! ^J^^ ^"t^J^: ^"' '"" ^^'^'^^'^ *^^™ *« aters to such a degree, that the zealous mis fonart wou^n, nK ki'T ^P^-'ated the idol- the spot, had it not been for the remonstrares oflC"^ Tr '^ ''^"^ ^"«" immolated on that an ambassador of Heaven ought not to be LiT^t f'^' ""™^'* ^"^°' ^^o contended from the king of some neighboring natioL L efuvv^ w^^^^^^ '' ^« ^^^^ --« out molestation, and he continued an acUve anf ullJunaborr T' P'™'"'' '° ^^^'^^ ^^^h- Villehad, a native of NorthumberlLd I al^o ^h t ^^ ! " ^'""""^ *'" ^'^^^^th. the Saxons; whose ferociourstrUs ^c^^^^^^^^^^ minated by his instructions, and oLrwhnm^K '.'"''''""''' ^'^^^^ "''"^^ ^^^e illu- instrumentality. He became bishop of Brinn' ''. r^f- I''' '*'^"^"y ^^^^^ ^h^^^gh hi, the^o.^^^^^^^^ ute?^XTr;;rioto^^^„t^^^^ ^'^^ «-^^^^^ which contrib- the Saxons were subdued ; and, wh^n %«„ ll - "" "^ ^""^ ^^'''"^'^ ^^'•"^g'^' brace the gospel, coercive metholwerradopTeT^LT^^^^^ """t"^ *° '"'"^^ ^^^^ *« '- What sort of .«„..,,. these were, may ^a^lv Tl c;n.« 7 T' '*'"" '^"P^'^"^ ^^^ ^''^"^ands. terios were founded, and minister wl appointed to rH ''"'Z'''' "" ^^^°^'« ^"^ monas- cdgc of divine truth must have been pZe2eIvdffrr^ k'""' '''"^' Senerr.1 knowl- with the superstitions of the age ^'""Sresmely diffused, though wretchedly intermingled Clialdoa introduced the liit o^hni . ?"" '*'"'*'^'''^' doctrines, the Nestorians of Hyrcania, Bactria, M^gil^na rn^tS^ «"^ ^"^ ----es Lo od with very considerable success ' their labors are said to have been crown- Frl:.::;^LSi~-;2-^^^^ ed the word of life with much success dnr 1 .1 / """^ '''^°"''"« missionaries preach- bria and Jutland. Afte the ratHf 7 T' ''^ 'T ^^^^^ ^^^''^ inhabitants of Cim- gar, hnving been informLl t J t ^y o hrs^cb '^ '"• "'"^"? ""'^ '"'^^"^'^^'^'^ ^- of Christ, resolved on a visit to Sweden and commonTJr''^"' '''''' '"'''"'*^' '" '^' ''^•^'' named Vitmnr. On their nassaire . v Tl ''^"""•^"^^'^ ^'' ^^y^S^ •" company with a friend pod our venerable missio^TShiJ etcr I'oS:.:!^ ^^^^^'^^ ^^^ ^^ -^P" , J- J. ....,j T^/juinc3 whicn ne had col- iJdf INTRODUCTION. P- lected for the use of the ministiy. Both he and his companion, however, preserved the most unshaken fortitude on this trying occasion, and having with difficulty got on shore, they gave tiiemselves up entirely to the guidance of that Being who led the tribes .of Israel in safety through a pathless wilderness. At length, after walking a very considerable distance, and sometimes crossing an arm of the sea in a boat, they arrived at Birca, the site of modern Stockholm. Here they were favorably received by the king, who permitted them to preach to his subjects, and they had soon the pleasure of witnessing some happy effects result from their evangelic labors. Returning to Germany, in the year 831, Ansgar was created bishop of the new church at Hamburgh, and also of the whole north ; and to this dignity the super- intendence of the church at Bremen was added, A. D. 844. It has been justly remarked, however, that " the profits attached to this high and honorable charge were very inconsidera- ble, while the perils and labors in which it involved the pious prelate were truly formidable." Ansgar travelled frequently among the Danes, Cimbrians, and Swedes, in order to promote the cause of Christ, to form new churches, and to confirm and establish such as were already planted ; and upon all occasions he evinced the most ardent zeal and the most complete dis- interestedness. Ansgar terminated his life and labors in the year 865, and his confidential friend, Rembert, was appointed his successor by his dying words. This missionary presided over the churches in the north for twenty-three years, and encountered many perils both by sea and land, in propagating the doctrines of his divine Redeemer. From his lips the natives of Branden- burg first heard the glad tidings of the gospel, and there is reason to hope that some of them were " turned to the Lord." About the middle of this century, the standard of the cross began to be unfurled among the Bulgarians, a Sclavonic people of extraordinary fierceness, who had long proved extremely troublesome, by their contiguity, to the Greek emperors. The sister of their king, Bogoris, having been taken prisoner in a military excursion, was carried to Constantinople, where she heard and embraced the truths of the gospel. Afler some time she was ransomed ; and on her return home she was so deeply affected by her brother's idolatrous practices, that she used t!'.e utmost exertions to point out the absurdity of his worship. The king listened attentive- ly to her arguments, but did not appear inclined to change his religion, till, on the appearance of a pestilence in his dominions, he was persuaded to pray to the God of the Christians, and the plague was almost immediately removed. This circumstance convinc>^.I him of the om- nipotent power of Jesus, and he took an early opportunity of sending to Constantinople for missionaries, from whom he and many of his subjects received the rite of baptism. In the same century, the truths of the gospel appear to have been introduced, together with the use of letters, among the Sclavonians and the Chazari, who resided on the banks of the Danube; the subjects of the prince of Moravia; thcRussianinhabitantsof the Ukraine; and the inhabitants of several provinces of Dalmatia. And Dr. Mosheim remarks that the missiona- ries of this period were superior, both in their principles and conduct, to those of preceding ages ; as they were more anxious to inform the minds of men than to extend the domina- tion of the pope, and they made no attempts to add to the number of their converts by rigid and coercive measures, altogether inconsistent with the spirit of the gospel. The tenth century has been emphatically styled " an iron age, barren of all goodness ; a lead- en age, abounding in all wickedness ; and a dark age, remarkable, above all others, for the scarcity of writers and men of learning." In this deplorable state of the church, however, some rays of light passed across the gloomy scene, and some pleasing occurrences evinced that 'i INTRODUCTION. XXV the Roman pontiff was in aomp nlLni J ?V '^"'^*'' *°°g"^ ^ the supremacy of of transubstLi^Lnk Venfed by^^^^^^^^^ '/""TT' ^^^" ^'« '*^^^'^- as it is in Jesus." ^ ^ '^***'™ ^^^ "^'^ ^P"'* ^^d revealed " the truth to adopt the ?enets of the RolirclrT^^^^^^^^^ H ^'^ ?""" '^'^^ ''^ ^'^"^ «^ -""«" r^:^t:dT:::riHi^^^ bec?mTmTre?„;t etdThZ^^^^^^ -me faint dawni'igs of the ChSan faith, now garians. whom she%ersuaded to cfanr^^^^^^ '^^"g^^ *he Hun- churches were erecirbishoprics wefe t.nt?^" 'Z'?^ *" '^' '''§" "^ ^^^'^ ^«"' ^^^Phen, general in all parts of the country ' P'""^''''^" ""^ Christianity became da^rffrsrre'prmVtL^n?^^^^^^^^^^ the gospel among hLthen nalr The sword ^0"'"' "' ''""'^^' '^"'^ *^^ •^^«"--" ^^ with more success, in the propagation of fh^r .h' ^u T' ""''' '" '°"'^ instances, wielded Harold of Denma;k and hrsrbS adold I'pt" ! "^""'"'^ "' missionaries. Thus independence ; and in Norway mu it „dTw ^ "'"""u ""'""' '° ^^""""^ *^»«i' "^^ional which Olaus vi'sited l^s pZnc^r Bern^^^^^^^^^^^^ r ^ \^^P*'«-^' ^-^ by an army with tive missionaries of this period ^ndwh! ^"'l^!*'"'" ^nghshmen were among the most ac fellow laborers in diffeirparts' of tl wn M '^^ ^^'''' "'^^^ ^'"'^ ''''''^ '" '^'"^ ^"^ their tion of mankind ; and t may be hoped Z ' ' ""' '"'""'^ instrumental in the ciyiliza- subjects of a true and savfug fehh ^ ' "''"'" '"''"°*=''' '^'" ^^'^^^^^ «'^'« ™-d« the n,o!;'TmtoM;:;Z'u!:tLtral^^^^^ *'^ 'r^^ ^"*^ '^-^'-^-^ «^ -»•- ^as been triumphs ofVciLtianf/th' sL,t kiro7r"' '"'""^ °/ '''' "^^^"^^^" ^°^ ^'^^ spread of the gospel, that h"f eaiinnHv „' ^ «^"»"f'•y' ^vas so deeply interested in the and to their arguiLntsuoeraSn^ accompanied the missionaries from place to place, recovered by the arm rRobert r." T r'''"T ^"^ff-<^^i«"«te exhortations. In Sicily come nearly'cxtfn , V :s happ^^^^ ^'^'"^"^ ^'^'.'"-' Christianity, which had bJ: Danes, the word of God Z IwnTd with . n"""*" ''"^"' tribes of Russians, Poles, and the effects of the gosnd win IT ^" V'"?"' '""^^'^ ' ^"^ '" ^^^n^^^^k especially, exclaims cone r in^i ^L^orat tCL" ''"''"^' '''V''' '"^*°"^" ^'^^'"' ^^ Bremen have been accustom°ed o stg L pra^e T'od , T" 'f. '" '''"^^^ '°^ '^ ''"« ^'"^ ^"^^^ contented with the productions of^.. '"'''^ ^''^* P""^^'*^'^' P^«P'*^ ^ they are now erly inaccessible on rcou„ of idol^^^^^^^^^^ Contemplate that horrid region, form- In Sweden Kimr OInl " ^ ! ^ ' """"^ ^'''^J' cordially admit the preachers of the truth ! » a learned and P^ ^1" iZa^ nlr^ur ,"^' '"^ ''^ T^^'^' ^^ '^^'"^ ^^"^^ ' ^"^ »>-« till the year lo'>8 whpn hi ^ '^"''' " ''^''''■" *" ^ave labored with great success ing tw'Tdo^n lilt ido. Th''''"f ^ T"'"'^'^ ''^^ *''^ P'^^"'^"^' '" consequence of his hay- wa'spuMoS t some oAhe'l' "" ''""W' • ^"^^^^ ^"^'^"^ --^-X' -med ^schil. the gospel. ^ '^'*S^ *"^^« '" Sweden, whilst in the act of preaching Vol, 1.— No. 3. 5 XXVI INTRODUCTION. mm The Uoelfth century affords little more than a varied picture of the extension of the Romish faith by force of arms ; at all events, the zeal of the missionary bishops, who now undertook the conversion of the pagans, was not only preserved, but crowned with nominal success, by the patronage and the armies of the respective princes to whom they were attached. Thus, whilst the bishop of Bamberg, and the archbishops of Upsal and Lunden are held up as apostles to the Pomeranians, the Finlanders, nvA t'iu heathen tribes on the Baltic, these nations were in reality compelled to change th.- .. < ]»^.o/i by Boseslaus, duke of Poland, Eric, king of Sweden, and Waldemar, king o! Dennira k. The Sclavonians, still attached to their ancient pagan rites, called forth the missionary zeal of Vicelinus, bishop of Oldenburg, aided by the military forces of Henry, duke of Saxony ; and the Esthonians and Livonians were con- verted in a similar manner, being literally baptized at the point of the sword. In the thirteenth century, whilst the crusaders, reckless of human life, and only intent on the accompliiihment of their enthusiastic projects; joiujnued to shed torrents of blood, and to disgrace the Christian name and character, a people called tlie Waldenses were raised up to withstand the usurpation of the Roman pontiffs, and to contend boldly for the doctrines of divine grace ; nor did they shrink from the righteous cause which they had espoused, though they were persecuted with such dreadful severity that, in the city of Paris alone, one hundred and fourteen of their number were consigned to the flames. Among the idolatrous nations the nominal church was gradually extended, particularly in the parts inhabiied by the northern pagans, and in the Saracenic territories in Spain ; where submission to the rite of baptism was too often enforced by carnal and coercive methods. Some writers have also asserted that, in this century, some of the Tartar princes received the Christian faith, and that in several parts of China and Tartary, churches were erected by the missionaries who had been sent out by pope Nicholas III. Whatever might have been effected, however, seems to have had but a short duration, as a general apostacy took place a few years afterwards. The fourteenth century presents us with many instances of Jews embracing the profession of Christianity ; but when we consider the dreadful sufferings to which that people were in many places exposed, in consequence of the reports raised and industriously circulated against them,— reports which stated that they had crucified and eaten Christian children ; that they had pierced the consecrated wafer, from which issued drops of blood ; and that they had even poisoned the public fountains ;— it is iiot difficult to discover that they submitted to the rite of baptism merely to save their lives. This century was marked by the conversion of the Lithuanians, one of the last European nations who embraced the gospel. The vacant throne of Poland, and the beautiful daughter of the preceding sovereign, proved sufficiently powerful, with Jagello, duke of Lithuania, to emancipate him from his pagan ceremonies ; and, on his entering the pale of the Christian church, he persuaded his heathen subjects to adopt his new religion, and united his duchy with the kingdom to which his lovely bride was the legitimate heiress. Missionaries were again sent into China, Tartary, and the adjacent countries ; and, for a season, they appeared to labor with considerable success ; but the wars carried on by the Tartars against the Chinese and other Asiatic nations appear to have been fata! to the cause ; for, on the expulsion of the last emperor of the race of Jenghis Khan from China, all foreigners were precluded, by a public decree, from entering into that country. Thejiftervth century opened a wide and interesting field for missionary zeal and mission- ary labors, in the newly-discovered hemisphere ; but, alas ! how little was felt on that INTRODUCTION. _ . , , xxvii occasion, beyond an insatiable thirst for irnW i i.«„ i«i • . , except cruelties at which humJiZuZi^Ml^^ZJf' " '''""'f *^. °° '^' P«S« ''^^^^'orj, turns away in disgust ! It has however hi ' ? ^'T ™°<^'^«"««. ^om which religion writer, tha't " Thf civilizatio'^^trne;?^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ - -«»>le and exceC duction of Christianity, even in its mo8^!or nn^H w TT' ^''^ P''^™^*^*' ^y ^^e intro- honored the sun and Lon b; sbgTnTdaX' howl' ^f ''*'"' *^^ ^^-^ of America The Canadians, and the people of vSink anTkr^^^^^ ^'"5 T^ *=""'"« ^''^'^ A^^^. tude of idols. They sometimes sacriS iJ ' ^orsh.pped the devil, with a multi- complain of thirst, 'they quenched iw^h humaTblo^^^^^ ^^^ '^ ""'' ^^PP^^^ ^ worshipped the sun and a variety of idoTs thev oSpS ,K T^ '"habitants of New Spain and drowned boys and eirls in a LZ Tl ' ^ ^^^"^ ^^^ ^^""'^ o*" "^^^ in sacrifice • it- All these s/nguinaf;tae > .^^^^^^^^^^^ reTb^ohlh V'^ ^'^' ^"^"^^^^ *° ^««'^^ ^ ^^^ tion of the gospel, blended as itwas wir!ZlT. ""^"^'f^f ' '" consequence of the introduc- In the sixteenth century, the pure 1 Iht of th "' ^^ /'^f P^^'^^ -"^ Portuguese teachers." Reformers, began to irradiate the churlh wJfch^rH ', '^T^*" '^^ instrumentality of the darkness ; and those who had previous vlrroan.H K l^ ^"° ""'"'°P^^ "^^ ^'^"ds and were now roused to a sense of ^therdSra1ieT« f ^""""*^*»'« y<^'^« «f the Roman pontiff, Lord^to contend for the faith o:^'lJ^t:r^r^;;::^^' l^ '''^ ''T'^^^' ^he characters, had, indeed, at an earlier neriod mnT T ^''''^^'^^^ Huss, and other pious sin," and to burst asunder the cha „« wh ch'p^^^f ., ^n' ^T^'^ *^ ""'"^^'^ " *he man of of nominal Christians ; but the grand Tnd suroL f l T^ ^^ ""P*"'"^ ^" *he consciences persevering Luther, wko seemelexpreTsfy f"^^^^^^^^^^^ "^! ^^^^'^^^J/- *he intrepid and xatrih^^^^^^^^^^^ Molucca islands, Japan, and several other nkr.? ^ravancore, the Island of Ceylon, the appearinthefollowinganecdote Xavtr h • 1' ""^"'^ '™^ missionary spirit will extremely perilous, wfs strong ydisfuad J f'om'the atJ '' TMw'^ '"•^^'^" which seemed ly picture of the dangers he mult encounter frnm^h Tu' ^^ ^'' '^^'""^^' ^''^ ^^^^ ^ li'^e- the soil, and the barbarity of the fnhabital H '"',"''"'5' ""^ '^' ^"'""^«' '^' «t«"»ty of he replied, " The nations' which rrftractble .T^ -tened attentively to their remarks, this mission is for me, because othprr ^"^ opulent wdl never want teachers; bu abounded in odoriferou woodrand mL?nf"'\f T!' **^ ""'^^'*^''« ''' '' ^^e country procure them. Should merchants thrh ^ • ''" ^""^"'■^ ^°"'^ ^^ ''^^^^^ in order tl unfortunate people be kep^^ " o^^^^^^^^^ '"^'P'^, ^\- ----- -^ Shall these certainly very barbarous and brufaT but ev-^r > ^'""^' of redemption ? Their character is ble of transforming stones intrchi'ldrel of Ah ^'^ ''°''"'^"" '' ''' *^" ^^'^ ^^ho is capa- Should I be instrumental in the saj^a Z of t [ *" 'I'Tf^ "^'^ '"^ ^°^^«" ^^eir hearts, myself amply recompensed for al thldaL one individual among them, I should consider terrify me." With tLe sentTmenLhe set o[f ^/^'T ^' ^^'^^^ ^^^ endeavor to made to shake his determinaZ and hi ' ^"^".''^'^^^ /^ '^^ the attempts which were zeal and self-devotedness rnrt' rat or'r\'' '"'^ '"^ ^^'^ corresponded with his brace the profession of ChrLtilnky ' '''^""' ''"''" ^'^"8*'*' ^y degrees, to em- toltt'uTo^edtdirnstrutrArrt^^^ r^^^' T"' *'^ '^^^^ °^ ^^^^- --^-- ouum America. Scarcely, however, had the missinnnrics taken XXTIII INTRODUCTION. up their residence in Brazil, when the apostasy and cruelty of the commandant of the colony drove them from the country ; and, after a painful and perilous voyage, in which they were reduced to the most pitiable extremity through famine, they returned to the coast of Bretagne, just as the master of the vessel had formed the resolution of killing one of the ship's company, in order to provide food for himself and his fellow sufferers. About three years afterwards, the celebrated Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden, sent a mis- sionary named Michael into Lapland, with a view of promulgating the truths of the gospel in that cheerless country ; and, as he was aware that, notwithstanding the previous introduction of Christianity, the natives were at this time completely enslaved by pagan ignorance and superstition, he issued a royal mandate, commanding them to assemble at a certain period of the winter to pay their annual tribute, and to receive religious instruction. At the commencement of the seventeenth centimj, the Dutch, having wrested the island of Ceylon from the crown of Portugal, attempted to convert the natives to the Protestant faith. Unfortunately, however, they induced the Cingalese to become hypocrites rather than Chris- tians, by absurdly ordaining that no native should be admitted to any employment under the government, unless he subscribed the Helvetic confession, and consented to become a mem- ber of the reformed church. Tho effect produced by this regulation was precisely that which might have been anticipated. All who aspired after dignity or office professed their readi- ness to change their religion ; and as nothing more was required of the candidates for baptism than a repetition of the Lord's prayer, the ten commandnientH, a short morning and evening prayer, and a grace before and after meat, they flocked in such numbers to the font, that in the year 1663, in the district of Jaffnapatam alone, there were, according to the church regis- ters, 62,558 men and women who professed Christianity, exclusive of 2,587 slaves ; and the children who had been baptized, within a few years, amounted to 12,387. During this century, the Nonconformists, who had settled in New England, resolved to make some attempts for the conversion of the native Indians ; and the exertions of Messrs. Elliot Bourne, and Mayhew appear to have been crowned with great success. The former of these devoted missionaries commenced his instructions, in the year 1646, to a few natives about four or five miles distant from his own house ; and in 1674, the number of towns within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts colony, inhabited by praying Indians, as they were called, had increased to fourteen ; and to all of these, in a certain degree, the labors of Mr. Elliot were extended. Several of these were afterwards taken up, in consequence of hostilities which took place with a celebrated chief named Pliilip ; but, notwithstanding this discouraging cir- cumstance, the zealous and affectionate missionary, who obtained, as he well deserved, the ti- tle of the Apostle of the Indians, continued to preach among them till he was completely worn out with the infirmities of age. This devoted servant of God translated the whole of the Scrip- tures, together with several catechisms, tracts, and school books, into the Indian language ; and in the prosecution of his favorite work he appears to have endured many severe hardships. Hence he observes, in a letter to a friend, " I have not been dry, night nor day, from the third day of the week to the sixth ; but at night I have pulled off my boots and wrung out my stockings, and put them on again ; and thus 1 continue to travel ; but God steps in and helps." His death, which occurred in 1690, in the eighty-sixth year of his age, was truly happy, and his last words were, "Welcome, joy!" After his decease, some of the natives, who had been converted under his ministry, became useful preachers of the gospel ; and some of them were instrumental in turning many of their pagan countrymen from the error of their ways. INTRODUCTION. that they had experienced a wTofi^^^^^^^ ^^^t '^u T' '^^^'^-'ory evidence of their conduct, grieved thrsouTZTnV?"''^''''^^^^^ upwards of fort; years! affectionate mstructer, who labored among them M:^h:Jrs^:iJS^:--s:^^^ -er -ysteries/anTcTrS 'embSr^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 'f °"^^^ °^*"- °^^'^«-"- coomes, who had been converted through h! . ^^T'' ^ ""^'^^ ^°'^'*"' °^"»«d Hia- herald of salvation to manrof Ws 00^/! ! '"^'"'"'"""^^'ty ^^ ^r. Mayhew. was also the was unfortunately drowned Tn a voya'e TfTT u'^'lV^' '^"''^ "^^^- ^^^hew, who of Martha's Vine'yard, though „eaHyseventv;!^'''f^'' ^"'''''.' ^^e patentee and governor attainment of the Indian language Ud'lled to ^^ applied himself sedulously to the success for about twenty-three years 1 1 vvhl! V • T'^' ''''^ "^"^' acceptance and work of evangelizing the heathe'n wa's stilt ontLurd?'"v' '° ^^^--"'y -st, the blessed these, Mr. Zachariah Mayhew, exp Ld b aoT *^ ^^'' P'*'"' descendants. The last of him terminated the n^issionJ: rCr of this Vr-^' -ghtyc ghth year of his age ; and with .C.W generations by the. -votednes^Jl^Tlll^lttl;:^^ :jtsr':t:e^^s^-i-^ activity; and the triumphs of the crosf"t '' '"^'tements to zeal, devotedness and exertions. ^ ^^^ "°''' ^'"^^^^^ achieved, prompted to new and vigorous aen\\tBrhoVomtXnS T'"'''^'''' ^^ ^^^^ '^^^'^^P^^^-. on the coast of Coromandtl, with a view to th!' T P'^"7«""g»"en, to Tranquebar, India. On their arrival, theyZlied him' L''?"^ ""^'^'^ ^«^^'»- '" that part o guese languages ; and when'they were "Tet addr^^^^^^^^^ V ' "' ''" '^"""^ ^"' ^"^*"- peared to rest upon their labors ThVv 11 I n r "'''''"'' ^ ««"«id«rable unction ap- their hearers on Ihe great sub^^^^^^^^ '"'""''^'^^ conversations wiSi school for the suppo'rt and eZl^Jor^;:::^:,:;^ ^' ^''^ ^^ -P--' a charity EuroTe:„Te:;tnt':;rtr^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^— r-- '•-- the opposition of the every privation, and endure eeryspecfes of n7 """T''' ' ''"'''"^' '^"^^^«'' '^ «"bmit to they had undertaken, they relaleS iZ Pf '""":'«"' ''^thor than abandon the work which with a considerable ;uppIyormoneyand"th "' ''"' P'^*' ^'^ ^ ^^'P "^"'^^^ ^^^ Europe Jordan. '^^^ ^''"''^' ^"^ ^^'^^ assistants, named Bocving, Grundler, and po..„g that low ,«,„„„, are unacquainted with their enterprise It is onlv h. .h ."""""r"" '' Tranquebar, I h.ve only noticed them, sup- •d, that the hmils of the work will allow a suitable notice ofth.™ II J "'"■?"'''"« <"'<" ^fo"* which have been so generally record- eonun.nc.ment of the pr.«,nt century. '""" ""^"" """'"?'"'' »»<« inter,sting operation, of th.Chri.ti.„ church, inc. Z XXX INTRODUCTION. i!Ji ; l*i t ■"! In 1710, they began to be patronized by the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge, which had been established a few years previously in London ; and from the directors of that institution they received an edition of the Portuguese New Testament, for distribution among the natives, together with a printing press, a quantity of paper, and a fount of Roman and Italic characters. They were also furnished, by their friends in Germany, with a fount of Tamul, or Malabar types ; and after some time they erected a letter foundry at Tranque- bar, and built a paper mill in the ticinity. The Tamul copy of the Holy Scriptures, by Ziegenbalg, issued from the press in 1715 ; and, though he and his beloved colleague, Grundlcr, were, within about five years, removed into the world of spirits, the happy effects produced by their labors were evident in many of the converted heathen : and in the hands of their successors, Benjamin Schultze, John Hen- ry Kistenmacher, and Nicholas Dal, the mission was not only preserved but happily extend- ed. In 1728, Schultze, at the instigation of the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge, undertook a mission to Madras, in which he was eminently successful, notwithstanding the op- position of the Catholic priests, whose adherents were convinced of their errors, and in- structed in the truths of God by his preaching and conversation. Divine Providence was, in the mean time, opening an effectual door for the introduction of Christianity into the kingdom of Tanjorc, through the instrumentality of an inferior officer in the army of the rajiih of that country. This young man, wiiose name was Rajanaikcn, and who had been educated 1.^ the tenets of the Cnthoiic church, wns Bcriously iniprosscd with a sense of his viieneasnnd wants, m ii sinner, from perufiiiig a meditution on the sufferings of Christ; and, having subsequently road, with dcoj) attputioii, a copy of the Four Evang'.'lists and the Acts of thu Apostles, he resolved, on returning to his native land, to quit the army, and to devote his time to the instruction of his countrymen The missionaries of Tanjorc gladly employed him as a catecliist ; and, notwithstanding the inveterate fury of his popish enemies, and the attempts which were sonietiines made upon his life, he |)ursued his hallowed avoca- tions with unduninished zeal, and he had the satisfaction of perceiving that " his labors were not in vain in the Lord." In n.'n, J. A. Sartorius and J. K. Giester, who had "labored in word and doctrine" for several years at Madras, proceeded to Cuddalore, in order to establish a brimch of their mis- Bion in that pi. -;e ; and though, at first, the inhabitants evinced but little desire for religious instruction, the truths of the gospel were attended with the gracious influences of the Holy Spirit, and many of the natives were ha|)pily " made wise unto salvation." In 1746, the missionary house at Madras was demolishtd, and the church was converted into a magazine, by order of the French governor, who captured the city after a siege of six days, and caused several streets in the Black 'I\iwn to be razed to the ground ; but on iho restoration of peace, after about three years, the missionaries returned, and the losses which they had sustained were compf^nsated, on the part of the government, by the grant of a spacious church, an excellent dwelling-house, a good garden, and a burial ground in an adjacent village. In 1752, and some following years, the war, which continue*! to rage between the French and Knglish in India, and in which manyof the native princes took an a.tive part, materially impeded the operations of the missionaries; and in 175H, Mr. Kiemander, who had quitted Cuddalore, procoeded to carry the ghul tidings of salvation f«) the unenligluened natives of Calcutta ;— a movement which appears to have been signally owned and blessed of (Jod. In I7()i, that enunent and laborious missionary, Christian Frederic Swart/., who had nr- rived in Tranquebar about twelve years before, visited Trichinapoli, with a view of making vji! I .'«*!•♦• INTRODlj; >N. . , xxxi attentive perusal of those sacred oracles whTr ^^^° *^'''"*''y illuminated by an withheld from the members of the" otn colinit^'V" 't'' '^' ^° pertinaciously Manuel Jotze da Costa, a Portuguese friar ofTn """"^ '^^'^ "^^^ ^« enumerated -- Corta, .ho, aaer ma^^ ^^ ^^^^IJl^I^^n:;^^:^ ind:i:::f;^^r;^:;: ---^ Ssr?:^ -^^^-' ^^^ ^-^«" -i««- in missionaries and upwards of fifty natlrasLi tant the 'h 7' ^^^^. °^^"P-d by thirteen lurty-thrce chil.lren ; and. in the short spa e of one yLr nint, "TT' f'' ''""^^^'' -^' hers were added to the dillerent churches ^ ' ''""'''■'''' "^"^ "'"« "ew mem- the editor would wish to turn away Si ce i^ ol';r"'^ 1 '^ '""'^"' *''--"d men, o. the sy„,p.thizin, reader. In a'work o hi's IZ ZlT" " '"" • '^^""^"' '^"'^ ^"-- mark, that the n.issionarie., who, in happier ,ncsl2l' '^ n^^"-' ^^ '«»>"» J»«ticc to re- to tlu. heathen, were now selecte. to recoTo con uL r''" '"'"^'"^ '^""^' ^'"^ ^>'-^''«' «f 'i^ the distribution of th. r.ce which luu be^ ^ t"^^^^ opulent, and tosuperu.tend niKserublo beings, who tottered like cluidren al 1 ": t the supply of those hundreds of tons covered whh a slender skin, and e ,^ L T"'"' '"*'' *''" «PP-»ranceof skele- bodios of those who had literall J peri" T^r want" I '""" "".^ '"^ ''^"^ ' "'^"^^ »''« and, in some instances, partially devoured \JZ V '" ''""'"' '^''^^^^om aiound them, On the capitulation' Lf Cuddalor: i^ 1 78^;^ c nfk"';! '"'' ^' '^"^• rendered some services to the cause of humanllv al.i . l' "'«. '"'««'«n'^'-y in that town, .ng the French general from deli veri , , Z pL- " tl^e'fr '' '"'/T'f'''- "^ '''--^- frou. the most cruel .levastation ; a.nl by co ce Z T ""^ "y*^"' ''" P'--««rved it whon. a,ln.iral SndVein had pro nised to sZnl"? '"''"''""'' '*'''^" Knglish officers horrors of a dungeon, and frouM. til; "^^^^^^^ "•':'"^^'. '^ ^'^^^''^ ^''«'" '-"' »"« BO nmu.tained, for a consul.rable time at is o T '''""'' '^"'"'^"** ^''^^"'- '^«»'- been severely wo.uuled in a recen a'vl , ""^"'''": ""' '"'""'•"''^ "^''^^'''^^y' >^'"> b^'l a brother ; though, at this t n o o isio^^ S ""' 'T''' '""' *^'"' "'« "^"'-♦-" oC converted .to a u.aga.ine, and Mr S kc'ltd oT "'7'''1^ ""''"^"'' ^'" ^'»'"='' ^-« or m his own dwelling. ''''"''' ""''y P"'''«"» '•'*"'« ^vorship in the school, •• '"="o ="cwca wan iiiviotn itxxB INTRODUCTION. . '*4 fl "■f! fl»«t bodies. There was grain enough in the country ; but the inhabitants, having formerly been denied full payment for the supplies which they furnished, would neither bring it themselves, nor send in their bullocks, notwithstanding the orders, entreaties and promises of the rajah. As the enemy was at hand, and the exigencies of the fort were every moment increasing, Mr. Swartii was, at length, empowered to treat with the people ; and such was their confidence in that venerable missionary, that he had no sooner circulated letters through the surrounding district, promising to pay, with his own hands, all persons who should come to the relief of the fort, than he obtained upwards of a thousand bullocks, and so considerable a (junntity of corn, that the place was saved, and the inhabitants wece, for the present, effectUHJIy relieved from their miseries ! Such, indeed, was the high and universal estimation in which this man of God was held, that a military officer, who has written on the subject of India, assures us, "the knowlrdjre nnd integrity of this irreproaclial)le missionary retrieved the character of Europeans from the imputation of general depravity." And ovon Hyder himself, whilst refusing to negotiate in a certain treaty with other persons, was heard to say, " Send n)e Swartz ; send me the Christian missionary ; I will treat with him, for him only can I trust." In 1784, an application was made by some persons residing at Palamcotta, in the south of India, for a missionary to visit that part of the peninsula, witii ;i view to the evangelixation of the natives. Several of the native assistants were accordingly despatched thither ; and so graciously were their exertions owhcmI nnd blessed by the Lord of missions, that within a short time they formed a church consisting of one hundred persons, some of whom had been previously heathens, and others llonum Catholics ; and since that period, the congregations in the south of India have become very nnnierous. At the conunencement of the yoar 1 7H7, the rajah of Tanjoro, having lost all his own children, adopted, as his successor, a youth of a noble family, abont ten years of age. A few days be- fore ins death, he sent for Mr. Swnrtz, and, pointing to the yotuig prince, earnestly solicited him to become his guardian. The disinterested missionary, howiner, declineil the honor which was designed for him, and persuaded the dying rajah to place the guardianship of his adopted son, and the administra'ion of allairs during his minority, in other bauds. Other hon- ors, however, were reserved for the Christian veteran, which he could not refuse. At his dt!ath, which occurred in February, 1798, in the seventy-second year of his age, the young |>rince of Tsnjore shed a Hood of tears over his corpse, covered it with a cloth of gold, and accom- panied it to the grave ; he also placed his portrait among the pictures of the Hindoo prince's in th(! hall of audience ; and wrote to Kngland for a monument, to be erected in the ciiurch where he had long and faithfully published the glad tidings of salvation. In addition to the Danish missions to India, we must notice that of Mr. Kgede to (ireetdand in the year 172!. This pious and disinterested serviint of Christ had, for a period td'thirteen years, felt an uncon(|uerable desire to carry the words of et<>rnal life to the natives of those in- hos[titable and drtary regions ; nnd, after a variety of attempts and ap|)licati«)ns had successive- ly proved nliorfive. h<; succeeded in raising a subscription of U|)wu.ds of eight thousand ri.T dollars, and piircliased a ship to convey liim and some other settlers to (JrJM'iiland, where tlioy enga!T(>d to remain during the winter. Two other vessels were also freighted, on«' for the purposes of the whale fishery, the other to bring l>ack an account of the colony ; and it is pleasing to add, thiit his Danish majesty not only ap|)roved of the uiid(>rtaking, but presented the missionary with the sum of two hundred rix doll.irs towards liis equipment, and ajipomlod him a salary of three hundred per annum. On their arrival in Ctroenlaiiti, after n choerlcss and perilous voyage, Mr. Kgedc and bis INTRODUCTION. xxxiii companions began to erect a house of turf and stonfi • nnH f«r «««,„ ♦• .r. cordially disposed to assist them in their olrat?l'/w[^^ ^^ the rising fabric was intended f^ rregularhSon .^^'.^ ^'^^1''"'"'' ''°"'«^^^' '^^' proach of winter, it would be bur 'eS nfhe snow wS^he v^^^ ''^""'u"^' °" '^' ^P" the ice. and the setUers would inevitabl/be fr^^^^^^^^^^ J-^oras by by the Europeans, the savages began to feel verrserious anDrionZ ""''" ^T^"'*'"^ of their visit, and entreated their anaeknk« ^^'J T ^PP'^hensions respecting the object but these ter;ors graduXllred a^d fn' !LrT ^^'^'^^ ''**''" ""^ incantations; and were visited by them in return ' ' ' ''"'"' '^'^ """^"''"^ "" ^^'^ ^^e colonists. having desired his eldest son o ketch^out th. ^^^'^'f ^"""'^ 'T *^ ^''''''^- ^^ ^^8^^' scripture, as the creation o7 the worw\hef^l of ''"''T'^^^ ?"""' ^"^^^ ^^^'^''^^ '" death, and ascension of our Rodeeme tt '"^"' ^•i^"»'^«••«^' deluge,-the miracles, -he exhibited these to t^e GreenSr whT'^T the last judgment ability, their various siglcat o„s TlS draw'" 1. '"'"' '"'^ '•'P''""^''' ^" ^^e best of his they excited the laughte'r of trra;ive?whrnref;h.:"'" ""f -^^ '"'^'^ ^^^^"^«d' ^^at The following year, having obiZeTaJ^Zr^r'^^ "'■''''' "'^^«^»»««'^ "P«« them, of Denmark had resolved tofunpo rtL miS Ir'^'^'p ''?'' '"^ '^" '^^^"^'^"^^ ^hat the king der to make himself master of X languor Wm^^h'^^ T''''' ^ ^^"^ "° P'^'"« '» °- natives in his vicinity, notwithstandin^T^ "^'^ ^'" """^^ '^^*'*1"'^"» ^'^^^^ »« the stench of their hous ';;t" iSr "ol^ tZ""''""^? "^^'^^ he suffered from the filth and take up their abode w. h i n WuHhre 1 " ""' '"'' y^'"^' Greenlanders to time to their mstruction in readirgani fn h pZ^^^^^^ '""^'' «^'"« ed them to attention and emulation bv enrnL„? ' ? of Christianity ; but though he excit- of their employment, a„»- nii! • JJl^:;:;.^ j^^^^^ rur zs= •'"^•' r -^«^"«"^"« ^»>« ^---^ li"«l«i8hed by the Company at \lraL ZlZ '"■"''''' "^ unsuccessful that it was re nis for the erection of i fort a m aHmall ' '"^'j ''" "'"' ""^ ''''^•"^' ^««««'«. ^'th materi- Besides the n.iluarylc^e Ire sev rT Ln "" "^ ''"'^^^ '""'" ^''« P'"^''«''«" "''»•'« -'^ny- whom had volunte/redt oi^ v ::: :^^^ S^'^'^'Tr'^^ T' "^'"^'''''^ ^ ^"^ '^ riedto females fro.,, the house f correction ."^^ ''"^ "^ """fi^'^'nent and mar- Two new missionaries, ^foss. s llr^dS *°"'" P"|)"lution of the country. •vangeli.a.ion of the imtivos: ^ ''^' '"''' "P'"'"*^'^ ^" "'^^'^^ ^r. Egede in tlio Vol. I.— No. 3. a ZXXIV INTRODUCTION. !J|p IP'' I I: lUi m^ As the colony had been hitherto fixed on an island, in an unfavorable situation, it was now removed to a place, some miles distant, on the main land. This new settlement was called Good Hope ; and a second colony, which had been commenced at Nepisene, about 200 miles to the northward, and subsequently abandoned, was re-established by the new settlers. The ensuing winter proved extremely disastrous; as, in consequence of the heavy rains which had fallen during the summer, and the dampness of their new habitations, a malig- nant disease broke out among the settlers, and many fell victims to its irresistible fury. Great discontents were consequently excited, and Mr. Egede was severely upbraided as the original cause of these misfortunes. In 1731, Christian the Sixth, who had now succeeded to the crown of Denmark, consider- ing that the money expended on the Greenland mission would never be reimbursed by the trade, transmitted orders that the colonies should be abandoned, and that all the settlers should return home. Mr. Egede was allowed the alternative of returning with the others, or of retaining as many of the settlers as might be willing to stay with him ; but, in the latter case, he was only to receive such a supply of provisions as would cuffice for one year, and he was ex- prcss'y told that he must expect no further assistance from government. As none of the col- onists would consent to remain in so cheerless and drear region, and as the Grcenlanders besought him not to leave them, he petitioned the governor and the other members of the council to appoint eight or ten men to remain with him during the winter, to preserve the buildings and other property of the colony ; and having obtained this boon, he bade adieu to his former compa moiis and even to his two collcagos, with a heavy foreboding that he might be abandoned forever. In 1132, a ship arrived at Greenland with a fresh supply of provisions; and, as a larger cargo of blubber was sent home this year than in any preceding season, his Danish mnjesty resolved to re^ew the trade, and he niunificently ordered the sum of two thousand rix dollars to be appropriated to the support of the mission. The sorrows, which had for some time past preyed on the spirits of the faithful and devoted missionary Egede, were dispersed, by this unexpected intelligence, like the mists of the morn- ing before the rising sun ; his faith, long shaken by storms and tempests, now seemed to take deeper root than ever ; and his hope, which had recently been almost swallowed up in despair now revived like the face of the rural landscape on the return of spring. Little did he know, however, what painful events were behind the curtain of futurity ; and little did he anticipate how soon his joy would be blighted, how severely his faith would be tried, or how completely, withm a short period, his hope would be almost overwhelmed by the clouds of affliction and inexplicable darkness. The following year, two yuung Grcenlanders, who had been taken out, by the colonists, to Denmark, were sent back to their native land, as the climate of Europe seemed unfavorable to their health. One of these, a female, died on the voyage, the other, a boy, arrived at home, apparently well ; but, after a short time, he was seized with an eruptive disorder, to which ho eventually fell a victim. A youth employed by Mr. Egede as a sort of catechist among the other children, was next seized with tin; same disorder, which proved to bo the small pox snd, as neither the entreaties nor arguments of the missionary could induce the natives to adopt any plan for preventing the extension of the infection, it soon began to sprcn.l in various directions, and lew of tliope who were attacked by it survived beyond three days. Such were the distress nnd consternation excited by this distemper, which had never before appear- ed in Greenland, that many of the Buflbrors ciihor stabbed or drowned themselvcu, to put a INTRODUCTION, speedy termination to their miaerv • anH nno «,„„ u , ""'^ to it. actually stabbed his wi^s fsier and IbZ wTf" ?^^^"g''*«'- had fallen victims «he had caused their death by witchcraft ^ '"*"* ^^^ '*^^' "°^«' ^^e idea that Deeply affected by these heart-rending scenes Mr F„n^ *u . and sometimes sent his son to comfort aL instruct hS V"' ^^outfrom place to place, gling with their suiferings on the brink of etern tv He ^ ^^^J TT'' ^^° ^«'« ^^^g" who had recently arrived from Germanv klLdlv J;.. ' . '.^"^^ '^^ ^°'"^^'^" missionaries houses, and nursed them with unreSj^^teLon T^'^t'l^ T"^ °''*^««'*^^ in their own own health was materially affecJeT Th!se acTof' rt"f 'l ''''^" '^''°" "'■'«^«'" ^^eir pression on many of the native, • nn« A I u Christian benevolence made a deep im- Egede. said to L, wh?nt Se' Z'oftl '^tJuZf '"^ ^'^ 'f'' of deriding^™, countrymen ever would have done • when wrh„/ .k """^ """"'^ '^^ "« ^^^^ O"-" own food ; thou hast buried the dead bodils of our MoS l^ T ''''..'^°" ''^'' ^"PP''«^ "« ^^^h voured by the foxes, the dogs, and the ravoZ h i. "" "'' ^^'"''^ *'*'''^'^'«« ^ave been de- "it^piiiitradrtLr^^ •" "^'"^""^^^^ Green.:nders r^/u^^r ^twTl f ^ S^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the unfortunate nearly as far to the south ; and such was Z !fZlVnn \ T ''"^""' "orthward, and when the traders went into the countrv at i 2h ^ ? ""^ ''"'"^'^^ its progress, that empty for thirty leagues northward" ^' ^"'^^'^'1"^"^ P«"od, they fo.nd all the houses ^f^^^^^^t;!::::::::^^^^ - ofMr.Egede,Mr. of the country called I^sco Bay. Tl ese W^^^^^ ^ "^'"''"^ ^ "'^^ ^^'^"^" '^ P^'^ equate for the vigorous prosec^.tion of t^^ nZ o^ 7:rtt Tt i '^^'■- *^^^'^' ^^^" ' ^ '^d" ed him from the prosecution of his former exerUons ho til a ! '*' '"' ^^" ^'^^'^^ Proclud- to co.n,nunicate full information as to the ^tHf the mil T'" ^^ Denmark, in orc^er whirh It might bo most advantageously p osecuted 'Z r .' ^ '" "''^'''" ^'^^ -""""^ W dccoa.o of Mrs. Egede ; and after laboring more tit „ fiff el v '" T «*'«"gt''«n«d by the 'an.i amidst the most severe trials, hardfh^s a'Zfv^rnJ m 1' '"'7 "'' '"'"^'"^^"^'^ cess, he preached his farewell sermon from that truly aTnronri: ^ "PP"-"";'^ ^^'t'' "ttle suc- ed in vam, I have spent my strength for noriit ZlTv '^ " P'"'"''^"' " * «'^"'' ' ^''^^'^ 'abor- the Lor,l, and my work wiU. my God » ^ '"^ '" '"'" ' ^^^ ^^^^''X "^X Judgment is with ^^^^^"Co/r:i::^;;:^^ r »« ^"^ ^i-.. - w^m he gave a was instituted, in Denmark, for the e ucaTc^ of /niss^o ' '^/""""-ndution, a seminary sent among the CJreenlanders ; that,T. mSti^n L JtlT"''^ T''^"''' '"^^"'^'''d »« »^o qu.ro ,1.0 language of that people .d.^uVna Id t^^^ ^''^'^ '"'^ht ac- ""•"e.l.utely on arriving at their respective Icorn • r '"'"■ """ "'" ^"'"^ «*' instruction „ -.• ^-»ir-iitl3 ■L.JiriS w ZXXVl INTRODUCTION. ir*rp If ''i ill tianity. The introduction of the gospel, however, has evidently tended to the diffusion of civilization among them, and the difference between their manners and those of their pagan countrymen is sufficiently obvious to every observer. We must now return to the exertions of the Anglo Americans in the cause of iSivine truth ; and, in fixing our attention on the province of New Jersey, in this century, we i^hall meet with a mission which exhibited, in glowing colors, the power of Jehovah's grace on the minds of the Indians, and which excited the admiration of the Christian world, on account of the decided piety, the evangelic seal, the unwearied patience, and the steadfast faith, which were evinced in the conduct of it ; as well as by the splendid success with which it was crowned by the great Head of the church. In the spring of 1743, Mr. David Brainerd, a young man of exemplary piety, commenced bis missionary labors among the Indians, about twenty miles from Albany, in the province of New York ; and though, in the discharge of his important duties, he endured such ex- treme hardships that his constitution seemed ready to sink under them, his spirit was cheered and supported by discovering that his instructions had, even within a short space, made a serious impression on their consciences. Their reformation of manners was also evident and decided ; as their idolatrous sacrifices were no longer offered ; their heathenish dances were, in a considerable measure, given up ; and the religious observance of the sabbath was gen- erally established. After he had labored among them about twelve months, he advised them to remove to a place called Stockbridgc, about twenty miles distant, and to place themselves under the care of the pious Mr. Sergeant ; and with this advice most of them complied. The following year, Mr. Brainerd proceeded to the Forks of Delaware in Pennsylvania ; but as the Indians in this part of the country were now greatly diminished, the major part hav- ing been dispersed, or removed farther back, the number of his hearers was at first very small, often not exceeding twenty-five, and, even afterwards, they very seldom exceeded forty. Even these lived at remote distances, so t!iat the little congregation could not be assembled, at the wish of their missionary, without some difficulty. Here, however, he pursued his evangelic labors with unremitting zeal and diligence, and invariably combined his exertions with the most earnest importunities for the divine blessing to crown his instructions with success. lie also proceeded to visit some Indians at a distance of about thirty miles ; but, as they were just about to remove to the river Susquehannah, he had but two opportunities of preaching among thorn. A few of them were at first jealous of his intentions, but they heard him with seriousness and attention ; and, at ihcir request, he afterwards proceeded to visit them, in company with a neighboring minister, at their new settlement, and remained among them several days, preaching regularly when they were ut home; whilst they, in order to benefit by his instructions, delayed their general hunting match, which was just about to commence. The following spring he repeated his visit, accompanied by an Indian from the Forks of Delaware, who acted as his interpreter ; but, in travelling through the wikU^rness, ho was ex- posed to the most sevoie perils and hardships. One day, being overtaken by a tremendous storm, having no |)lace of shelter, and being unable to kindle a fire on account of the rain, which fell in torrents, he resolved to prosecute his journey, in the hope of finding some dwelling where ho might obtain a temporary refuge ; but, unfortunately, the horsco, both of P^- Brain- erd and his friend, were so seriously affected by having eaten some poisonous herbage, for want of better food, that the travellers could n«*-'« to the prog- sung, during a season of most rerSle awaLrn' 'L'"^ 'f'' ^'''''''''' *« Crossweek- such poignant convictions of sin, that fo .o.ne Z?'h'" '^"' .P'""'' ^' ^^^ •'^^"ght under possibility of redemption; yet, even , n.isl ' ^°"«'^«'-«d himself lost beyond the listen to the gospel fand be'ing I en" 1 tS'e'ritt.'' f T'"'^'" ^^^^ ™^^* ---^o ;ng proofs, by his Hfe and depitment? tatS Imd nd.oH . '' '' "'^'''^''' '^' most con vinc- J'ght, and from the power of Satan unto God '' " "'"'""^ ^'^"^ ^"k»««« »°to ev^e:t;r:;:i^;^:^ j^r;^^ and privation, was now to have accelerated the progris of iL disorder On" h ''^"'^^^'^^ Susn.ehannah seems a cough, nocturnal sweats, and spitting of blood • -^ '^^''T"''"': ^' "•^"''"'^ ''''^'^^y <"••«•» frequently compelled to sleep in the woods an ' ^ ' ""' '''"'" ^'"'"'"•"S ^^"Ptoms, he was that he was convinced it wou'ld probai;;t;ve a"^^^^^^^^ T'" ''^. ^^ ^ -^remely faint no other resource than to climb a youngX tree tl^^f ? ?"' '" '^' °P^" "•^' ''« ^ad to form some kind of shelter from the heavy dews '" ''' ""''^ '"' '^"''''' "^"^ ^'^"« of his age. mdelatigable missionary entered into eternal rest, in the SoJh year broT;:r oT:.rd«^^ -^- the care of Mr. John Brainerd, the younger the mission continued to incre s an^pro 'l^f ^^^^^^^^^ "^ '^'""^^"^'^ ^^^^ -^ l>'c-ed, tha of the former converts adorned theirrorssion 1 v rr'"; '" ^ ^^ P'--"g -anner. Most ers, who had recently joined the settlement "erLnn''?"' '" •' '"''"P'^^^ '''"« ' ^^ oth- as sumers, and were led to Christ for life «L "PP'""^"tly convmced of their ruined state made in civilization and useful arts; and the " hon '""''"" ^°"«''^«'-«»>'« Progress was also In addition to his stated labors amol the non 7 cT '" "" ''"''' °^ i^^^easing prosperity, casioaally traveled among the ndZs in Ifant^l' 1 r T" '^'^'^^' ^'- J^^'" Brainerd'oc plan, he sometimes found his congrega L a t ^ '1 ''' T"''^ ' ""'' '^ »^«P^'"S ^his however, were inclined to remove from their foZ! ^'^^'^''''^^y '^"gmcnted. Whilst some. others determinately opposed the gospel rndTnonofr""' '"'" '''' ""^^ ""' *"^ instructions 6u»,jci , and, m one of his visits to th« hank- n^ ^i^- «^ xl INTRODUCTION. ■ lii' hannah, he met with a most unexpected obstacle. No sooner had he arrived than the In dians, tutored, most probably, by one of their artful angekoks, informed him they'had just been favored with a divine revelation, which, after warning them against a few particular vices and enjoining them to offer certain heathen sacrifices, concluded by informing them that the Deity, in his wisdom, had created two distinct worlds, one for the white people, and the other for the Indians; that, in respect to religion, he had commanded these different classes to worship him in different ways ; and that the white people ought not to intrude into the terri- tories of their red brethren ; since, whatever specious pretences they might hold out their only object was the eventual acquisition of gain. We hardly need add, that the poor bewil- dered souls who could believe and repeat so absurd a tale as this, were by no means disposed to lend an attentive ear to " the words of truth and soberness." As the circumstance of the Indians being scattered through the wilderness, in small villages had hitherto been reckoned one of the most formidable obstacles in the way of their civiliza' tionand Christian instruction, Mr, J. Brainerd, in 1759, settled his congregation upon a tract of land purchased on their account by the government of New Jersey, and comprising about four thousand acres, well adapted for the purposes of general cultivation. Whatever might have been the cause of the failure, however, it seems that this new arrangement was not crovvn- ed with the expected success. Toward the close of the American war, Mr. John Brainerd died ; and in 1783 he was succeeded m the charge of his congregation, by an Indian, named Daniel Simon, who had betn ordamed to the work of the ministry. Whatever professions this man might have made however, or whatever opinion might have been formed of him, it is too evident that he was a stranger to the vital influence of godliness ; as, on account of inebriety and other irre«ru. larities, he was very soon suspended from his ofiice ; and it unfortunately happened, that°no missionary was appointed to succeed him, but the congregation was occasionally visited and supplied by the neighboring ministers. Of the nineteenth century it is only necessary to observe, in this introduction, that it has been justly said to deserve " the honorable distinction of the missionary age," greater exer- tions having been made, and with more abundant success, tlian in any period since the diffusion of gospel truth in the primitive ages. This success, under the divine blessing, has resulted in a great degree, from the formation, plans, and operations, of those missionary societies which will now demand our attention; and, whilst we look back, with grateful hearts, upon what /.as been achieved by their instrumentality, may our souls be cheered by a recollection of those animating words of our blessed Lord, " Ye shall see greater things than these." " They who prophesied of ihe grace Ihnt shonlil rome," were " holy men of (io.l, who spake as ilicy wore moved l.v ihu Holy tJhosl "—I IVler i. II. 2 1'elcri. 21. Uy Ihc oulpouriiijf of the Holy ^.;^ >^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation WTA ^V3 13 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTIR, NY. MStO (7i6) 173-4503 go out cs inw«onaries to Greenland, but desired that others might follow them, and even condescended to recommend them to the friendship of Mr. Egede. in a letter written w :ih his own hand. Whilst they were preparing for their voyage, these humble and devoted servants of God formed an ac- quaintance wilh many excellent characters and persons of distinction, who admired their truly apostolic zeal and provided them, without solicitation, with a sum of money adequate to their expenses, and with a variety of articles for their first settlement. Being one day in conversation with Count Pless that nobleman inquired how they proposed to main- tarn themselves in Greenland. They replied, they hopeo to subsist by the labor of their hands and the divine blessing; as it was their intention to build a house and cultivate a piece of land, that they might not be burdensome to any. To this he objected that there was no wood in the country .it for building " Then " said they, « we will dig a cave in he earth, and dwell there. Struck with this proof of ardent zeal and ready self-denial, he exclaimed, " No ; you shall not be driven to that extremity ; take timber with you sufficient to build a house ; and accept of these fifty dollars for that purpose." On the 10th of April, the missionaries embarked for Greenland, and, after a safe and speedy voyage ar- rived m good health and spirits at their place of des- tination. Here they were cordially welcomed by Mr Egede ; and, having fixed on a spot for a settlement' to which they subsequently gave the name of New Hermhut, they built themselves a house with the tim- ber which they had brought from Copenhagen : they also erected a hut in the Greenland style, for the ac- commodation of any of the natives who might feel in- chned to come to them for instruction. They now began to think of adopting some plan for mamtammg themselves, but U,is was, at first, attended with considerable difficulty. Being unaccustomed to hunting and fishing, they could obtain but little by these occupations ; and. though they Imd purclmsed an ol( boat from the captain who had broudit them from Denmark the very first time they went out in search of drift wood among the islands, they wore overtaken by a storm ; and, after their return, the boat with Its htt e cargo was driven away by the wind, a„d materially damaged, before it was recovered. Consid ermg these circumstances as designed to warn them against entangling themselves with the cares of this present life, tlu-y resolved, when other work failed to earn something, like their frionds in Europe, by the humble occupation of spinning. Mr. Egede, on their arrival, had kindly promised to assist them to the best of his ability in learning the MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. language of the country, and this promise he was now sionaries, says a respectable writer. " who *..« «,«k m :;tTaTrf '"^ P'^ °^ " .™-t raSt ment of a barbarous language, containing a variety of declensions and conjugations, di verified by newmlf and perplexed by suffixes both active and passive must' have been doubly difficult ; particularly aLhey haTto commit to memory a copious vocabulary of wCds .he Greenlanders having many different teLs to express hesameidea^ And if to this it be added, that they had .0 learn the Danish language before the; could under- stand their instructor, the reader will.'^o doubt ad mire their patience and perseverance " The terrific scenes which Greenland presented on he introduction .f the small-pox by one of the „>! nd"'aft:r"t, " ""'"'^ """'^'^ '" ""' Introduction ; and, after the prompt assistance which the Moravian hrethren rendered to Mr. Egede on that occasion, the^ were themselves successively attacked by an e^ptivj disease, which increased so violently during the win- ter, that they nearly lost the use of their limbs. Prov- identially, ho«^ver, they were not all similarly affect- ed at once. Mr. Egede, also, acted toward them with the sympathetic attention of a father; and his amiable wife never omitted an opportu.iity of sending them some cordial or refreshment ; so that they were merei- fully supported in the time of their distress, and were constrained to acknowledge the goodness of the Lord m the darkest period of their affliction. In these circumstances did the brethren pass the firsr year of their abode in Greenland; and as they did not see how they were likely to effect any good ma country so awfully depopulated by disease, and where the natives had hitherto shown no disposition to associate with them, they began to consider it advis- able to retuin to Europe. On the arrival of John Beck and Frederick Boehnish, however, in the char- acter of assistants, in 17.34, and on their receiving an assuranc" that the congregation at Hsrrnhut had resolved to support the mission to the utmost of their power, their languid hopes were re-animated, and they resolved to pursue their work with redoubled ar.lor rhcy now applied themselves to the study of the language with unremitting diligence, and so far con- quered Its greatest difficulties as to bo able to hold a short conversation on ordinary subjects ; but greatly regretted to find that it contained no terms expressive of spiritual and divine ideas. Having obtained copies of some pieces which Mr. Egede had translated, such as the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed and the I^,rd's Prayer, they enil.rH.e.l every opportunity of rru.hng these to the Grecnlnn.lers, re.nin.ling them of what they had already been taught, and endeavor- ing to show them the necessity of such subjects mak ing .n impression on their hearts. Bythesi vi t^|„ equally free from levity, on the one hanrf «nW e nv Dr^stn i ' "° '^'' "'^y ^""S*" their compa- visited them m return ; though, in calling upon the missionaries, It was obvious they had some other objlcl n v.ew than that of religious instruction. InXd ^ZkTeJtT 'Z " "' '■^^ ^'""^ ""'^'^ -hit struck their fancy, and it was necessary to be on th^ watch against their little depredations. ' In the year 1735, some ships arrived from Europe • but, m consequence of forgetfulness or accident no ZLa \- ^y '^"^ ""-' therefore, involved n the deepest distress, and had no other prospect but that of perishing by famine. Their whole st^k" provisions consisted of a barrel and a hoK f . P;;t of which they exchaS t Im X":^' and ship b,scuit; and it unfortunately happened that' they were less successful i„ fi,l,i„g .^j ^Eg hi ^;^:r;:^etc^rt£:b;:r .herefore. found it so difficXla JptSZ^ ' on some occasions, they were reduced to the neiSv of eating shell-fish and sea-weed, to satisfy -"ife eTa ^ ngs of hunger. They were, als , frequently xpose. to the most imminent peril, in consequence of bZ compelled to venture out to sea. in q^est of food in a cn..y boat, and in stormy weather ; and, one of tl e Imvuig ventured to embark in a Greenland kaiak n fishing boat, was overset by a sudden sqia 1 «? wi'nS «nd woui.1 inevitably h„ve been drowL.I, l.a.l "o. rst:;r ' ^"^ -''- '"^ -'''-^' "— - h^ Trials ,0 severe and accumulated as these were ^vas her mercy to cast their burden upon ,hj F.ord and the immutability of his favor, „„.| thoall-sufruiciiry of Ins providence, were ,.« and the mission- .h. m.,ber of M.uh.w Stteh, . wido,, t^ kZ five ye,„ of .g,, „,,,, ,,„ , dauuhieA Z, „. '^ "z-T, ^: —'-"». ""^'"-rrv ITS„ ■"Penmendence of their domestic acting as missionaries among their own set °"f- "f themselves sedulously a:d succe!; ul Jto h^at^ ment of the Greenland language. fi.lTh ""'■■ T^Tl '='"'^""«""'««s were now more cheer ful than they had been for a considerable time past but their spirits wore severely depressed by The cJar' acter and conduct of the savages to whom theyWed rz^pStr:'r;r,Jt-i5 j::^;iiSor:t-dt~ heir dissolute practices ; and, when foiled in thdr at! empt, they endeavored to provoke him, by mi mckin; "s read„.g praying, and singing, or by ^nTerp. nf hese devotional exercises with their frig'htfJl Z linf and the deafening noise of their drums. Nay, on some occasion. ,hey pelted the brethren with sLe, de! sro,ed their goods, strove to drive their boat o . o hem in. r"' "";' "" "^"'"""" "'•—ina.mg .em in their tent. In the midst of dangers, however the missionaries were mercifully preserved and not-' wi hstandmg all their severe discouragements, th y re- solved to continue in the work of the Lord 1. consequence of an alarming report, set on foot .« n.)7. relative to an intended invasionof the South- hm.iers. many of the natives fled to the Europeans for protection ; but no sooner did .hey discovef a heir fears were unfounded, than they all dispersed and the missionaries were obliged to search after them R...ong the islamls. in their old boat, which was now so loaky and rotten that it was scarcely possible to <.n.« « wunoui danger. In one of these excursions, they 44 MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. were driven by contrary winds to the southern islands, where they met with their friend Ippagan, and many of the Greenlanders. By these people they were re- ceived with great kindness, and Matthew Stach was permitted to remain with them about a month, for the purpose of improving himself in their language. Dur- ing the time of his visit, their behavior was very va- riable. At first, they allowed him to converse freely with them, and to read certain parts of the New Tes- tament ; but they soon grew weary of these instruc- tive exercises, and not only refused to listen to his observations, but annoyed him exceedingly by their noisy and tumultuous dances. The children, howev- er, were extremely partial to this devoted servant of God, and used to run after him with evident marks of affection. Sometimes he collected them together, talked with them in the most familiar and pleasing manner, and asked them a few questions ; but he found it extremely difficult to fix their attention, and per- ceived, with regret, that the most trivial object which attracted their notice was sufficient to obliterate all his instructions. A scarcity of provisions, which was severely felt by the natives, early in 1738, induced many of them to visit the missionaries ; and among those who came to solicit food, was a young pagan of the name of Man- gek, who expressed himself desirous of aking up his abode with them, provided they would consent to mamtam him ; and, at the same time, he pledged his word that they should receive whatever he might take in hunting or fishing. With this proposal they readily agreed, and labored day by day to direct his attention to the concerns of his soul. This, for some time, seemed a hopeless case ; but at length he began to discover some deep convictions, and whenever the missionaries prayed with him, his eyes were suffused with tears. This was sufficient to excite the displeas- ure and persecution of his countrymen ; and, accord- ingly, when they found it impossible to allure him back to his former heathen practices, thay basely ac cused him of having stolen different articles from his instnictors. After a time, he quitted the missionaries of his own accord ; yet the recolloction of the impres- sions which had been made upon his heart, through their instrumentality, inspired them with renewed zeal in their work, and led them to cry mightily unto the Lord that his great salvation might even yet appear to the benighted barbarians by whom they were sur- rounded. The prayers which were thus offered with unfeigned ardor were graciously heard and speedily answer- ed ; for, although five tedious years had now i oiled away since the missionaries first landed on the shores of Greenland, and though, with the exception of the solitary case just now related, they had seen no fruit of their labors, the dawning of an interesting day was now at hand, and the arm of the Lord was ready to be revealed. In the beginning of June, a number of Southland- ers were providentially led to call upon the brethren whilst John Beck was busily employed in transcrib- ing a translation of some parts of the New Testament The natives expressed a wish to know the subject on which he was writing ; and the missionary gladly em- braced so favorable an opportunity of sounding in their ears "the words of eternal life." Accordingly, after reading a few sentences, he gave them a concise ac- count of the creation of the worid, the fall of Adam, and the work of redemption, as effected by our adorable Saviour ; and, in discoursing on the latter subject, he was enabled to speak with peculiar affection, pathos, and energy. He then read to them, from the Gospel of St. Luke, the beautiful and affecting history of Christ's agony in Gethsemane. At this juncture, one of the heathens, named Sayamak, stepped up to the table, and exclaimed with great earnestness, " How was that ? Let me hear that again ; for I, too, am de- sirous to be saved." These expressions, the like of which had never before dropped from the lips of a Greenlander, penetrated the missionary's heart with indescribable emotions, and tears of joy chased each other down his cheeks whilst he endeavored to set be- fore his auditors the principal scenes in the life and death of the Son of God, and to explain the way of salvation through him. Whilst he was thus engaged, the other brethren, who had been absent on business, came home, and joined their fellow-laborer in testify- ing of tho vileness of ;nan as a sinner, and the precious- ness of Christ as a Saviour ; and, though a few of the pagans disliked the subject, and withdrew secretly, several placed their hands on their mouths, in token of admiration, and others earnestly solicited that they might be taught to pray. In short, they exhibited such a strong desire for religious instruction as had never been previously witnessed in Greenland ; and when they went away, they not only expressed an in- tention of paying the missionaries another visit, but promised to make their countrymen acquainted with the important subjects which had so deeply excited their own attention. It was soon apparent that Kayarnak was truly con- vinced by the Spirit of God, and after repeated visiu to the missionaries, he took up his abode with them. This stop seems to have been productive of mutual graiificntion ; as ho was now influlgcd with constant o|i|iortunities of inquiring more fully into the truths of Christianity, and they were peculiarly rimrmrd with the contrast between his character and that of th« generdityofhi.r^nt,ymen. "When we speak to him » GREENLAND. •h. G„.. H»d of L7h r^H^S" ,^ »r™'<«'. \ lions. And soon .«„ ,? ""»f«o»tjr inslroc o™e„,.nde„t:i7.^r™;„i;r„i:'r'''''''' ary settlement "^-'imy oi the mission- ^n.Uructing the heathen. «„7a? f !" '*?'• "'f'^* <>/ others .ight partak;:fThrs liX:.'::? ''l' ^'"""^^ ^^^^ '^« ^-MWnTZL^TnT'^ *^ ''' success attended the conversationsTh th heh.lV"'. *«:'"-«^''V Me Ae«Men, „nrf3, *" 'J?'' 'if^of his countrymen on this tmlv • . • ''^ ''«'<1 with wtVA which that chanL ^ f^cnhar bleuing within the' short siaeo'r"'""^ f'J*"^'' ''''''' ^-"-'"/y *e « nt7f:,r' «"-'^«''- ^Aey aS «r>1 l.ennanently profi hie to "k". """ '"'''>'*''''« witl. unutu-raWe gS o :r ho a^ ""' fV ''^''''' and couhl not venture to ^h K u "'' "'^ Kayarnak, '"« return. olTZ "'' 'J" ^"'""^« ''"P« "f «.-i„, .he n?;i^,ir:T^;d'e •i'Sih^-h ^"; -:""^":hr-~^^-^^^^ remained ttdf "and '''"'"''": ,"°' ""'X 'ha. he had P-pel, hut Uat h »ad T°?'"^"' »'"' «''•'■ "^ «he and'hi.; fam ; to M?;:?'/'^" ^'"" '"^ ^-'h- ^•«.i .i.lin,,s of 'eter:a.rivltlon ''""""""-'"•^ 'h" •o«k':p'.tirTh:d'r'N"";i' "'r ^'^-"'«"''- -questionabl pmlfs "ha^I ""'"V "'"' "'^"^^'^ Severely m ,h„ f.;.i. .f ,u. ^._., . 11 unenlightened c„..„...„„!f f" ° "P°'*"' """'"8 'heir Vol. 1.1-N„: 4r- ' ^'^ ^— « ^« «.jd ij i„ .heir inquiries^Ai^di:;;;^^!!!:^! """"""y accompany them, and at length in^ . laends to return. before the joy excited by this interesting LZ^Zco was succeeded l.y „ dark and menacing clo'dTle bro her..„.l„w of Kayarnak, who also rt'ided ithTl I brethren, was murdere.l by „ northern han.li.ti, nl^ he pre ouce that he ha.l CK^casioned the death of te nngleader'sson by son-ery ; „„d „« both Kay„ ^k and h,s survvmg brother-in-law were threatened vi, he ame fiue, the fonner resolved to retire with 1 fannly to the south. Against this determinaZ H^ nuss.onanes rcmonstr„...d, under an .ppreh:: ion ,lt -."h young converts u.igiu be easily lured back "o the prnctu-es of the heathen. All their exhorta tons „ 'd entreaties, however, proved ineffectual ; and in the course „f„ fortnight, they „ot only .saw theolunt , «r pped of most of their pupils, hut they were co J polled to bear the galling reproach that, ,houKr,Z n..ght succeed in baptizing a few of the G een "J habits 48 MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. time, they were enabled to render many important services to the brethren, particularly in respect to the more perfect attainment of the Graenland language. Eaily in 1741, Kayarnak was attacked with a pleurisy, which soon put a termination to his earthly pilgrimage. During his illness, he exhibited the ut- most patience and fortitude, and appeared alike regard- less of woridly concerns, and unaffected by his bodily sufferings, whilst musing on his adorable Redeemer, and on the " pleasures which are at his right hand for evermore." Observing some of his relatives bathed in tears, he affectionately asked, " Why do you weep on my account ? Are you not aware that, when be- lievers die, they go to Jesus, and become partakers of everiasting joy ? As I was the first of our nation who was converted by his grace, he has determined that I should be the first to enter into his presence. He knows how to provide for you in my absence ; and if you remain faithful to the end, we shall surely meet again, and rejoice for ever, before the throne of God and the Lamb." His dying words appear to have completely tranquillized the minds of his wife and brother, who evinced the most pious resignation to the bereavement which they were called to endure, and solicited the missionaries to bury him according to the rites of the Christian religion. Accordingly, on the day of the funeral, a*\er singing an appropriate hymn, one of the brethren delivered a short discourse In the house ; four Greenland youths then carried the body to the place of interment, where one of the Danish mission- aries gave a concise exhortation, and the solemnities were concluded with prayer. Though the missionaries sustained a severe loss In the removal of this excellent man, the field of their usefulness appeared rapidly to extend, and their pros- pects seemed to brighten in proportion as their labors of love increased. Wherever the now converts went in quest of food, they proclaimed the riches of the grace of Christ ; and, as the consistency of their conduct harmonized with the truths which fell from their lips, their savage brethren beheld and heard them with mingled respect and admiration, and a spirit of inquiry was widely diffused, which led numbers of the Greenlanders to the Moravian settlement, anxious to understand more fully the great truths of divine rev- elation. The missionaries, however, were extremely cautious in administering the rite of baptism ; not only as they had had many and painful proofs that serious impressions were often very transient among the Green- landers, but because some of those who had obtained a theoretical knowledge of the gospel, evinced a spirit of pride and self-conceit, and wore even desirous of assuming the character and Importance of teachers possessing extraordinary acquirements. In proof of the extensive awakening which took place, about this time, among the heathen, one of the baptized Greenlanders informed the missionaries that he had found his countrymen many leagues to the north, so anxious to be instructed in the things of God, that they urged him to spend a whole night with them in conversation ; and, after he had retired, on the second night, for the purpose of obuining a little repose, some of them followed, and constrained him to resume a subject in which they felt so deeply interested. Even one of their angekoks, or necromancers, was brought under such serious impressions, that he wept almost incessantly during two days, and asserted that he had dreamed he was in hell, where he witnessed scenes which it would be utteriy impossible to describe. This general awakening, after a time, began to subside ; and the angekoks, aware that their craft was endangered by the difl^iision of gospel light, invented and circulated the most absurd and ridiculous stories respecting the effects of the Christian religion. God, however, graciously frustrated these attempts of the enemy of souls, and the little flock of believing natives increased both in r umbers and in the graces of the Holy Spirit ; so that, at the close of the year 1748, no less than two hundred and thirty Greenlanders resided at New Hermhut, of whom thirty-five had been baptized in the course of that year. A few of these, indeed, exhibited many imperfections ; yet, upon the whole, the brethren had abundant cause to blesa God for the proofs which were continually manifested in respect to the Influence of the gospel on their hearts, binding them to each other in the bonus of fraternal affection ; rendering them more and more solicitous for the Improvement of their religious privileges ; and enabling them, in the hour of sickness and In the arms of death, to look forward and to look upward with " a hope full of immortality." In 1747, the missionaries erected their first church, the frame and boards of which had been sent by their friends in Europe ; and in this humble edifice they had frequently the pleasure of addressing a cor.^.ega- tion of more than three hundred persons. At the same time, some commodious storehouses were erected, both for the brethren and their converts ; and such excel- lent regulations were adopted in respect to their little settlement, that the believing Greenlanders were not only enabled to subsist comfortably themselves, but they were enabled, in times of scarcity, to extend their charitable aid to their indigent neighbors. The winter of 1752 proved more intolerably severe than any which had occurred in Greenland, in the memory of even the oldest natives; and in this, as well as in the two following years, the intensity of the cold was productive of all the horrors of famine. For a GREiENLAND. considerable period, the inleta »>*<> . ^^ that those who att«mn»„^ • '^'npestuous, wast™,,,hast.,.;e.ed::;Xhe:r^^^^^^^ tore .t.n pieces with herteeth, and devoured itv^thX' utmost andity. Four children had alieSy Se J with hunger. We distributed «nong them a pS of our own scanty pittance, and advised t"emT "^ ^ reluctant to do, as they evinced no inclination to hear cakmitt's oJT "^ '■'""'"' "*"« "o-superadded the calamu.es of d«ease; a contagious distemper havine been unfortunately introduced by some DuL vesrif which had run in.oBall's river to avoid the icrirmade ChrirtanX'^r/'"""^^''^ P"^''"' -"^ '•'-he Christian Greenlanders ; and carried off great numbers of them, for thirteen or fourteen leaeues ro?.nH .1, colony. For about the space of threZon.h" 1 1' such ravages, even at New Hermhut. thatta«X ! day passed without a death or fune al a^rf T„ ^ mstance, four corpses were depos ted ?n Ih! °"^ the same day. iSany other. S\'t iZ^^rj •n situations where they could not be brought to Se place of interment. No less than thirty-five S the Greenland converts were carried off by this disorder • but whilst the brethren wept over so extensive a„d unexnected fl hBro.„» . .u. "lensive and hat those who attempted to ; ourin; ToTfrd d^d so at the risk of their lives,and seldom succeetS » far as to shoot a single bird. At this dread uTS however.only oneof the members belonging tott mi^ionary settlement perished at sea. HeLtcar' and r'' '," * r™' '^ '""^ ™P«'"°«"y of the wave Zrl^ r!'""'^^y ^''^ ""^ "ot •'"own till after a rhr^kll'TaTf '' '^''r.''" "^y ^'^ '•---^ oLT'T y ''^''""'^*' ^y f^^" ""d ravens. One day, durmg a terrific tempest, a new and large boat belonging to the missionaries, was literallv Zh ! to pieces, though it had been dn^Cp'^t beach and securely fastened to a post • and « 7 T ' afterward, the storm was sTtv^my' trJ^ ."'" that the mission house and chul were Ztl^ I ""? r 'T' 1 '^'"^ -P'etelyTmlt7°" rZ^- ^u ^'«-'«»'J«" '^ere now in a truly pitiable condition being in danger of perishing from Ct Tf the Z„t2 't^T'"'' ^"' greatly ameliorated by to extend assistance .n .K„:. ...T'^.^'^'^'^'y "«'-«« I -PPorted the.». poor creatures in the^ mo^t .rvW in whom they1.a7;:;tvS.ThTr;;l«7f most pleasing and substantial proofs of he^lSy of d.v,ne grace in many of their surviving disciples whe„ they saw the readiness with which they undert J^ boar each other's burdens, in respect to'^^he suplt of the wuiows and orphans of the deceased ; and they were especially gra.efol for the triumph of divine inSLre when they saw such of the female convert^^as Ce .nothers, alternately suckling the helpless infant wh" nust have perished without their timely aid, an^ who 'f lef m similar circumstances among the heathen' must have been buried alive ^vlth thfir paren 3 aj nothing IS so abhorrent to the foelings of a'^Jjreenl'and woman unacquainted with the gospd. as theTdea "f noimshmg with her own milk the child of another Another pleasing instance of the power of eosnel truth, in expanding the heart and exching to syZ thy and active benevolence, is thus related in c3, H.s.ory of Greenland. " „ ,., ^^ ^™» » brethren, at some of their meetings, to read .0 the^ flock the accounts which they received from their , congregations m Europe, and esneciallv ,„.h ». J..!. ii to missions among the heathen." These coniinun"ica" -extend assistance to t;;;ir*;:;-:nrsri^ support themselves there than at hnll. a u «„r.i • u .'"''""8 ''««'' frozen around them aiiye in another. I„ an account of one of their visits ler:e'^»N::;"'l"l.-\^"' "'-.the missionari sinpTf L " '"'*""'t'on, which had been lone smce forsaken, we found fifteen persons half starved lyng m such a small and low provision hoZ Zt r rt,r 'r'r-* '^^^ fo^oTr-c're: t: .0 ul T . ^y '"^ ""« "PO" "nothor, in order Znl ' '"'' ""y '""^ "« «"'«*^iated that thcv 1. ir. '"7'''«"'-'ve.. oreven tospeaktous' At length, a man brought in a co„„i« „f Ji... . ^, MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. lioiu were generally heard with a considerable degree of interest ; but no intelligence ever affected tbem so deeply as that of the destruction of the Moravian settlement among the Indians at Gradenhuetten, in North America. When they were told that most of the missionaries were either shot or burnt to death, by the savages in the interest of France, but that the Indians had escaped to the settlement at Bethlehem, they burst into tears, and immediately prepared to raise a little contribution among themselves for their Ameri- can brethren. ' I,' exclaimed one, ' have a fine rein-deer skin, which I will give.' ' I,' said a second, ' have a new pair of rein-deer boots, which I will cheerfidly contribute.' 'And I,' added a third, ' will send them a seal, that they may have something both to eat and to burn.' It is hardly requisite to add, that, however small might be the intrinsic value of such contributions, tliey were duly appreciated by the missionaries, and the value of them faithfully trans- mitted, according to the wish of the simple-hearted and benevolent donors." As the congregation at New Herrnhut had now become very numerous, the missionaries felt anxious to establish a new settlement, more contiguous to the Southlanders ; many of whom had repeatedly solicited them to come and reside in their part of the country. This wish was no sooner communicated to the congre- gation in Lusatia, than Matthew Siach, one of the first founders of the Greenland mission, who had returned to Europe, after a series of labors, toils and privations, resolved to go out a second time in behalf of the heathen, notwithstanding the perils to which such a step might expose him. Accordingly, in the month of May, 1758, this heroic soldier of the cross, accompanied by two assistant brethren, sailed from Europe, and, after an unusually pleasant voyage, they arrived in safety at New Herrnhut, grateful for the success with which past labors had been crowned, and humbly anticipating a more extenuod diffusion of that knowledge which is eventually destined to " cover the earth, as the waters cover the sea." After resting a few weeks at the mission-house, and concerting measures with the brethren there, Matthew Stach and his colleagues, together with four Greenland families, proceeded in search of a situation for a new settlement; and, after carefully exploring that part of the country to which their attention was principally directed, they fixed upon a small island about three miles from the main ocean, and at an equal distance from the Danish factory at Fisher's Bay. This spot did not afford such a prospect of the sea as they could have desired ; but it possessed three advantages which were too imporUnt to be overlooked, viz: fresh water, which is never totally frozen ; a secure harbor for their boats; and a strand, which remains open the whole year, and is at a moderate distance from the sea. Here, therefore, they pitched their tents, and called the place of their little encampment Lichtenfels. Owing to the want of building materials, the new settlers exprienced much difficulty in erecting their houses ; and at the same time, such scarcity prevailed in their district, that it was hardly possible for them to provide a subsistence. This calamity was not of short duration, but unfortunately continued two or three years, during which period many of the sav- ages died of absolute want ; and even the Greenland fannlies at Lichtenfels were at last reduced to the ne- cessity of feeding principally upon muscles and sea- weed, which they gathered upon the strand, at low water. The missionaries themselves having hitherto been precluded from erecting a storehouse for their provisions, were often reduced to the most painful straits, and could afford but Uttle assistance to their necessitous fellow sufferers. In addition to the afflictions resulting from the want of food, the brethren and their companions were expos- ed to many and severe hardships from the tempestu- ous state of the sea, and the terrific storms which pre- vailed on the island. In the month of March, 1759 four of the missionaries, being suddenly overtaken by a heavy fall of snow, were so completely entangled among the floating masses of ice, that for some time it was impracticable to stir in any direction ; and when, at length, by the most violent efforts in rowing, they approached the shore, the waves were so boisterous, that the mere attempt to land seemed to be identified with inevitable destruction. They had, in fact, given themselves up as lost; but just as they were devoutly praying that one of their number might escape, to re- late the sad destiny of his colleagues, an opening was providentially made in the ice by the tide, and they were enabled to land in safety. In the month of November the weather was so stormy, that on one occasion, the mission-house wa» sh iken to its foundations, as if by an earthquake ; not- withstanding it was very low, and the walls were three feet nine inches in thickness. Many of the Greenland houses and boats were also destroyed or materially damaged ; and in some places immense bodies of ice were split and torn open by the storm, though the chasms thus made were almost immediately filled up by the snow. It is a remarkable fact, that both pre- vious to and immediately after these tempests, balls of fire were seen in the air at different places, and one of them had nearly proved destructive to a house, by- falling upon the roof. Amidst all these trials, however, the missionaries had the satisfaction of seeing «< the work of the Lord f^A •". •'""^- Notwithsunding the steeo cliffs «,d rugged valleys which lay between them Z the natives who resided near the Danish f!^. of the latter frequently visitedl'Ll't r;~Tf wiT-.:"r?°"'. r^'^ --^-»"« '-Son was m,.e on :„e m.nds of others, who came to the settlement occasionally, and obtained, byTeUes ! general acquaintance with the leading tr'uthsTtiie -.ofacco^mmodeiions^l-dhtlton^^^^^^^ much inconvenience Thon,;„- l "^""'emm ^cro:d^ T'of ''""^' ' ^^^ p'^^^^''' - ^^- 10 crowd the congregation into the large Greenland tents, the sixth part of them could scarcely assemb e n an, one of these, and they were frequen.fy preeTu" could be comfor.;bly acclmldaL""" '""^^^ At New Herrnliut, in the mean time, the cause of our adorable Emanuel continued to flourish! maTy^f tt tretu/""?'"'^: '■"'"*''« -"th,cominued'to d o s t 1 "f X"'' '"''"' '"'P''^^'^' -"h "-won. arous tale of the cross, took up their abode with the believers ; and between tbii-iv La r . that even those who were the original founders of tl- mission still labored "in word ani doctri " "ith diminished zeal and activity ; and it is peculiariy wol- thy of remark, that notwithstanding the toils they had endured, the privations they had experienced, and the penis to w^uch they had been exposed, no one of teL In r "'"'r rl'*" «"/-«« o^alaring disease. In the month of July, 1763, however the .ZrT- ^ '"^ "•'*' ''"''^ f^""' his labors, and entered into eternal rest, in the fiftv.fnur.K "LcT. Vol. I — «08. 5 k e. " /'^r^i his GREENLAND. and NewV i;!;!"; '"° ""'^™^"'^ of Lichtenfels In 1773, Christopher Michnpl K^^^i in Greenland as supLintendem Jf thr •^'''' ""^"^ country; .„d i„ addition tole fahhfS'T".' '" ''^ the various duties connected will discharge of enabled to render r!o *"' °®*=®' ^e was brethren rytrc:mp^rk:r2e:ftl " ^''^ which he speedily obtained H«! ''' ""^""8* advantages of a iLral ?/ \- T^ '^'^^'"^'^ ""^ qualified^ocorrL thetran,!? "'ru' ^"^ «'^« -«" and he added to thdr t.L 2"^' r" ^'^''^''^^-^^ ' Lmhtenfels. and within a few days' sail from C^ Far we,, ,„3 ^^^^ ^^^^ ^J popuTous L not less than a thousand inhabitants are said o h^v^ resided w.thm the cin^uit of . few n,;i« ul^ tnorejore, an extensive field was opened formissionaty' MISSIONS OP THE UNITED BRETHREN. exertions ; and the faithful and unremitting labors of the brethren were crowned with the most pleasing success. Even at first, considerable numbers of the heathen flocked to hear them preach, so that they were frequently obliged to worship in the open air, previous to the erection of a church ; and during the winter of 1775, nearly two hundred persons took up their abode with them. In fact, many of these were baptized at the expiration of a few months ; and, in a few years, the believing Greenlanders at Lichtenau ex- ceeded in number those at either of the other settlements. In 1782, Greenland, was again visited by a direful and contagious disorder, which appears to have been unfortunately introduced by a vessel belonging to the whale fishery ; and during its continuance, its ravages were so extensive, that, in some places, there were not sufficient persons in health to tend the sick, or to commit the bodies of their deceased friends to the grave. At New Herrnhut, the number of deaths from April till August, amounted to one hundred and twenty-five ; and though the disease broke out later at Lichtenfels and Lichtenau, it proved equally fatal in those settlements. Whole families were left dfistitiite by the death of their parents, and the situation of in- fants at the breast was peculiarly distressing. Among the heathen Greenlanders the mortality appears to have been still greater ; so that the population of the whole country must have been greatly reduced by this melancholy visitation. Some new regulations which had been made by the directors of the Greenland Trading Company, though designed to benefit the natives in a temporal point of view, proved highly injurious to their spiritual interests ; particularly an order which enjoined that fewer Greenlanders should reside together in one place. This necessarily led to a partial dispersion of the con- verts, and compelled them to fix their abode in dif- ferent situations, at the distance of ten or twelve miles from the Moravian settlements ; by which means they were deprived of the regular instructions to which they had been accustomed. Many of them, indeed, were so deeply convinced of the danger to which they were exposed by such a separation from their teachers, that they gradually returned, and refused to leave the settlements in future ; and after some time, it was resolved, in regard to those who were obliged to go to a distance, that one of the native assistants should accompany each party, and remain with them during their absence, regularly keeping up among them their daily morning and evening devotions. They also received occasional visits from some of the missionaries, though, on such occasions, these devoted servants of God were frequently exposed to the most imminent danger, from the masses of floating ice, which frequent- ly intercepted their progress, damaged their boat, and sometimes threatened to cut off all communication with the shore. In their secular employments they were likewise frequently in peril of their lives ; as will. appear from the following well authenticated anecdote : — Two of the brethren having gone to an adjacent island, for the purpose of obtaining drift-wood for fuel, were so com- pletely surrounded by the ice, that for several days their return appeared to be absolutely hopeless. Their companions at New Herrnhut, alarmed at the unaccountable length of their absence, repeatedly sent out some of the converted Greenlanders to ascertain what had become of them ; but all the efforts of these men to penetrate through the ice with their boats proved unavailing. Providentially, however, the two brethren succeeded in catching a sufficient quantity of fish to satisfy the cravings of hunger, and, after a consid- erable time, worked their way to the shore, but at such a distance, that they were obliged to perform a fatigu- ing journey over lofty mountains, and across extensive plains, before they reached the missionary settlement. The perils to which the missionary Grillich was exposed, and the providential deliverance which he experienced on a voyage to Copenhagen, in the year 1798, are too remarkable to be passed over in silence. In the month of October, this zealous servant of Christ sailed from Greenland, in a ship belonging to Julianen- haab, on business connected with the missions ; but at the expiration of five weeks, the vessel was obliged to return in consequence of the damage which she had received from the drift-ice. Early in the ensuing year, he again set sail in the same ship, but the drift- ice had now increased in quantity ;' and, after being completely surrounded by it, from the 18th to the 25th of February, it was deemed advisable to quit the vessel, with all the property on board. Accordingly, the whole of the crew, under their captain's directions, commenced their march over the ice, dragging a boat after them. Two nights they passed in the open air, and had no other means of allaying their thirst than by drinking melted snow. On the third morning, they launched their boat into open water, and after sailing about five leagues, once more reached the coast of Greenland. Soon after they had landed, a terrific storm arose, accompanied with showers of snow and sleet ; and it unfortunately happened, that they had neither food nor shelter for the night. They Iblt thankful, however, that the tempest had not overtaken them previous to their reaching the shore ; and the following day, a favorable breeze sprang up, which enabled them to proceed in safety to the colony at Frederichaab. Here brother Grillich experienced a long delay ; but, by the good providence of his I^ne Mnster, he .t length arrived safe at Copen- trie^tSeZrjH "^" '?''"^"°"'' ^H^^-once more tned the fa.th of the missionaries, and thinned the ranks of their disciples. The former, however, w^re as • usua,, humbly submissive to the chasteni;g of 'the Almighty, and unremittingly attentive to the'sick and the dy.„g. whilst the latter, weaned from sublunary attachments, and immovably fixed on the Ro^k of ifnn.fflTV"""'' '" '°°'' '^-'h - ^h« face with unruffled calmness, and to contemplate the graved a bed chamber which had once been honoreTby The presence of the King of glory, and perfumed wth the richest odors of the Rose of Sharon retuniTF.!!^' "'I"""? ""^"'P'^' '" «"emp,ing to return to Europe, after devoting twentv-six veJ. „f his hfe to the rauso r^rn^A • /-. , "v six years of enliaab. The bay being nearly blocked up by drift-ice Uiey were detained here several weeks • hnf L Greenlanders having stated that the sea I'as « 'en aTI short distance, the captain weighed anchor onTagd motion, through immense fields of ice • hnf «„ ,u 25th, a storm arose from the south-we t,' w ^h dro I he mountams of ice close upon the ship, and appelL to menace immediate destruction. The scene wa^ now truly tremendous, and it appeared as if "e lei sel, with her sails closely reefed, and driving beforeThJ wind, must inevitably be dashed to atoms At on! escaped with their boats to an adiacpnt fi^M c ■ when nothing more appeared abovfr u ce^of S water than the larboard gunwale n„. ■ ■ wreck and just before they qui„ed it, they were above^their knees m water, and clinging firml/to T The mariners were now anxious to make toward he hore which was only about a league distant bm be a rough, pointed rL, anVd^tute^^^e^rttr GREENLAND. 61 except one small spot, at a considerable height which was covered with shori erass H»r- ,u ^ ' to land the provisions S had been Zl^lf Sdriven tn^h '' '""'. ''^^'^f'^'^ sailors on board! cru bed L pile s' T^T' ^T ""'' '''''''^' '"»'« ^s Mr. rS;,, 4LTanli:3;l^lThJi: were completely soakerf in ^o. • . ' """^ "'^ the midst of a pool" "'' '^'"S' ^ '' ^^"«' ■«» dolph and the partner of his affectioL wouW w iilin^^v' Time now passed heavily indepH «•;»», „ • • arv anH Jiia ^« • ' '""^^"'^'tn our mission- of d,„„ve„„g Ceenlande, h„«„ L ' » beij naturally conceived h!. ?J^ ". ^^"""S' they and we soon felt entirely resigned to A.. wS' ' Th^'tVr "^' "" ""'^'^ be literally fulfilled -'f'f^ftunaio persons, who had not tasted food- MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. since they left the wreck, and whose existence had hitherto been prolonged by their occasionally drinking a little of the fresh water collected in the fissures of the rock, were now apparently sinking into the arms of death, when on the 2d of September, as they were lying down to sleep, the wife of Rudolph happened to raise herself, and discovered some Greenlanders, who had been rowing about in their kajaks the whole' of the day without seeing any persons on the rock, and who were now proposing to return. From them the sufferers obtamed a few herrings, but were obliged to remain on the rock another night, as the Green- landei^ had no boat for their accommodation. The followmg evening, however, they were safely conveyed to the colony of Julianenhaaf, where they learned that the whole ship's company, with the exception of one man, had been providentially preserved ; and on the 11th they proceeded to the settlement at Lichtenau, where then- miraculous deliverance afforded inexpres- sible pleasure to their fellow-laborers and to the whole congregation. Here they passed the winter ; and in the course of the following year they removed to Lichtenfels, whence they sailed, in one of the Danish vessels, to Copenhagen. The rupture between Grieat Britain and Denmark, m 1807, naturally occasioned an interruption of the intercourse between Greenland and Europe ; and, as the medium of obtaining supplies in the former country was thus shut up, the Moravian brethren at the differ- ent settlements were much distressed for want of the necessaries of life. Gloomy apprehensions were, of course, excited ; and these were considerably aug- mented by a series of untoward circumstances. One of the two ships sent out by the British government was lost in the ice ; and tlie provisions purchased in London, in 1809, could not be sent, as the fitting out of vessels from Great Britain to Greenland was found to be attended with much inconvenience. A Danish provision ship was, also, unfortunately captured by the English ; so that only one small vessel arrived in Green- land during the year, and her cargo was, of course, very inadequate to supply the various factories on the coast. At New Herrnhut and Lichtenfels the brethren were now obliged to use such economy that it was necessary, as they expressed it, to measure every mouthful they ate, in order to make their provisions last as long as possible ; and the following extract of a letter, written by Mr. Beck, one of the missionaries, in 1813, will afford some idea of the distress which was felt in the settlement of Lichtenau. "In 1807, we received the last regular supplies; which were sufficient, in addition to what we had saved m former years, to maintain us for a considerable time ; and, as we hoped that the interruption occasioned by the war would not last long, we felt no anxiety ; but when both the colonists and our brethren at New Herrnhut and Lichtenfels began to suffer privations, we cheerfully helped them, out of our store, to various necessary articles, of which we afterwards felt the want. In the north, there was still some trade, by which partial relief was obtained ; but here nothing could be derived from that source. We thanked God, however, that we had still the means of supporting life, though deprivedof many little comforts, as coffee, sugar, and wine ; and, afterwards, of butter and salt ; at last, we were the only people that had any tobacco, the favorite article of barter with the Greenlanders ; and, with this, we were enabled to purchase birds, fish, and a small supply of vegetables, together with furs, for our boats and clothing." In this situation, both the Moravian brethren and the colonists remained till the year 1811, when, not- withstanding the war, the British government humanely permitted the Danes to send vessels with provisions to their factories in Greenland; and the congregations in Europe were enabled, by the same means, to trans- mit supplies to their faithful missionaries, who, on receiving them, were filled with emotions of joy and gratitude. In 1812, J. C. Kleinschmidt, whose wife had been removed into the worid of spirits, after a residence of nearly nineteen years in Greenland, resolved to convey his young family to Europe, in order to place them m one of the schools belonging to the United' Brethren. He accordingly quitted Lichtenfels in the month of July, and, after a tedious and perilous voyage, he arrived at New Herrnhut, where he embarked with four of his children, and the widow and daughter of another missionary, in a vessel bound for Leith in Scot- land. At first, the wind was propitious, and they congratulated themselves on the probability of a pleas- ant and speedy voyage; but, before they had sailed any considerable distance, a tremendous storm arose from the north-west, and raged for three days with unabated violence. When the tempest was at its height, on the evening of the 29th, the passengers were alarmed by a dreadful crash, and the vessel seemed to shake to its centre, as if from some terrific concussion. The fact was, that an electric flash had struck the ship, and thrown down two of the sailors, one of whom expired imme- diately. The mariners were, of course, thrown into the utmost consternation, and the captain, pale and agitated, rushed upon tho deck, exclaiming, '< We are all lost, and there is not a ship at hand to save us !" It seems he had anticipated that the vessel had taken fire ; but this fear was happily unfounded ; and whilst Kleinschmidt and his widowed sister were solemnly commending themselves and the dear children to the Lord Jesus, in whose presence they expected shortly to appear, the v.dence of the storm gradually suli sided. A series of severe gales and contrary winds subsequently prolonged the voyage, and rendered it necessary to put them on short allowance of water • a circumstance which was peculiarly distressing to the children. A few days afterwards, however, the^ amved safely m Leith roads; and, though a gainful bereavement here awaited our excellent missionary, yet, whilst he wept over the loss of a beloved child he acknowledged with unfeigned gratitude the sooth- ng and affectionate attentions which he received from ^m:lT ~' *"'' ''-' ""' ^" ''^ '''y Durbg the absence of this excellent man, a most painful catastrophe occurred in the congregatioL which he had long served with equal devotednefs and IS tion. A party of seventeen baptized Greenlanders having celebrated Christmas at the settlement, wer" returning to one of the villages, or out-places, as they are called, m which they resided, by ali order of the government, for promoting the interests of trade. When hey set out in their skin boat, it was so intensely cold that Reaumur s thermometer stood twelve degrees below the freezing point. On approaching the mLse of floating ice their fragile bark was soon crushed in pieces ; but they escaped upon a large ice field and wandered about for several houi-s. During the night however, a tremendous storm arose from^he noftl ' which IS supposed to have driven them into the sea' as they were never heard of afterwards. Having placed his children in the care of the brethren at Fulneck, in Yorkshire, and having again entered into the state of matrimony, Mr. Kleinschmid" and his wife, with several other brethren and sisters Greenland; and, after a safe and tolerably pleasant DiskTn' 'T"'^' '^"y ""^^'^ ^^ Godha'ven," renin ,'^i A ^"P*"" ''"'•"S most ungenerously refused to land them near either of the missionary settlements.thoughneither the wind northeice preclud- ed him from setting them ashore atLitchtenfelsorlVew Hermhut. His conduct, on this occasion, appears to have been the result of wanton and premeditated barbamy; for though the sailors repeatedly remon- strated with him on the cruelty of carrying these passengers so far out of their way, he continued sailing on, and merely replied, " Never mind, they have the summer before them." In consequence of this unfeeling treatment two of the brethren had to sail back in a bo.t SIX hundred miles to New Hermhut ; another amdy were compelled to proceed ninety miles further, to L«htenfels ; and Mr. and Mrs. Kleinschmidt, afte^ reaching the first of these settlements, had stUI to GREENLAl^. 53 perfom . voyage of five hundred mUes before they amved at Lichtenau. At length, however, by thJ persevermg care of their Heavenly Father, they all amved m safety at theL- respective pl«5es of destination, and forgot, ^idst the congratulations of their beloved brethren and sisters, the perils to which they had been so recently exposed. ' .1 '" ^®*^; ?^ ""^'"""'es at New Hermhut had the pleasure of baptizing an adult convert from heathen- ism ; and. as such an occurrence had not taken place •n that setUement for several years, a deeper imLs- sion than ordinary was made on the minds of all the spectators. At this time, indeed, there were but few pagan Greenlanders in the vicinity of this district most of the inhabitants having been baptized either by the Moravian or the Danish missionaries, and instructed in the leading tmths of Christianity. The winter of 1817 appears to have been unusu- ally severe, and the frequency of the storms from the north-east increased the cold to such a degree, that even the warmest clothing proved insufficient to keep f . fT'- ^^^ P*^' Greenlanders were now precluded from cjtaining any subsistence by fishine • and, as their winter stock of provisions was soon exhausted, they suflfered severely from hunger at the approach of spring. This was a source of unspeak- able grief to the missionaries, whose hearts yearned over the hosts of half-famished children crying for food at their doors, whilst pmdence reminded them of their own limited means, and of the legitimate claims of fifty-seven boys and sixty giris, then in their own schools Providential aid, however, was much nearer than had been anticipated ; for when the natives were m immment danger of perishing with famine, the weather suddenly changed, an opening was made in the ice, and an ample supply of seals and herrings dispersed the general gloom, and excited the most lively gratitude to that adorable Being who "openethhis hand and satisfieth the desire of every living thing." In a letter written at Lichtenau on the 3d of July, 1818, the excellent missionary Beck observes, " Most of our Greenlanders have learned that most important lesson, that there is no good in ourselves; but that we must keep close to Jesus, as poor creatures, standing in constant need of Am help and mercy. They make these declarations with full conviction of heart, and we see manifest proofs that the Holy Spirit is daily guid.ne them into all tmth. Of the greatest part of our con- gregation we may say with confidence, that their words and walk give us great joy and encouragement. Many of the excluded persons have been led, with weeping and supplication, to confess the error of their ways, and to retum to the fold. And those who reraamed faithful have been preserved in the conviction h4 MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. that real happiness and rest are only to be found in Jesus. " Compared with other missions, our increase has been but small. One girl, however, has been baptized ; and five families have come to us from the heathen, all of whom assert that it is their earnest desire to be converted to Christ. This they continually repeat, and, in process of time, we shall know whether the declaration proceeds from their hearts ; for, during the summer they leave us with the rest, to go in search of food, and to procure a stock for winter con- sumption. " There are many heathen in the south, in the vicinity of Staatenliook, but their hearts are as cold as the ice by which they are surrounded. In June, we had a considerable company here, who accompanied our people during the herring fishery ; but not one of them evinced the least inclination to listen to the truths of the gospel. They all returned home, the ways of the heathen being more congenial with their dispositions than those of the people of God. We hope, however, that a time will yet come, when they shall not only hear but believe." In the same year (1818) five families of the believ- ing Greenlanders, who had hitherto lived in the out- places, took up their abode at Lichlenfels, regardless of the displeasure of the traders ; ami as the congrega- tion knew how essentially both they and their children would be benefited by residing under the eye of the missionaries, they received them with the greatest pleasure and afl^ction. It seemed, indeed, on this occasion, as if there were a peculiar revival of life and love among the people, and whenever the church Was opened for divine worship, it was filled with serious and attentive hearers. During the Christmas holydays both old and younn; afforded the most pleasing demon- strations that the Holy Spirit was progressively leading them into all truth ; and one day, in particular, a party of them came, of their own accord, to the front of the mission-house, and began to sing hymns of praise and thanksgiving, accompanied by musical instruments, with such solemnity and devotion, that none of the brethren within doors could refrain from tears. The singers themselves were evidently affected by the great truths which I- ing upon their lips, and one of tliem was heard to say afterwards, " I have often attended and assisted at such solemnities ; but 1 never felt what I experi- enced on this occasion. Surely our Saviour was present with us to-day. We have made a new and entire Burrendor of our hearts to him, and he has graciously ncceptpd them. Oh ! that we may evince our thank- fulness, by keeping the promises which we have made, and by living more to his honor!" During this year, 6v8 persons were receivec? into the congregation at | Lichtenfels, and eleven were admitted to a partici- pation of the holy communion. In a letter, dated Lichtenau, June 25, 1819, Jio missionary Kleinschmidt says, " During the last winter a great quantity of snow fell, but our Greenlanders were very constant in their attendance at church. The Lord our Saviour has shown great mercy towards us and our people. His love and power have been manifested among us, and the congregation has increased both in numbers and in the grace of Jesus Christ. More adults have been baptized than for many years past ; and in all our meetings the Lord has been present to bless us. It was to us an easy and delightful duty to speak to our people of the suf- ferings and death of our Saviour ; for their hearts were prepared to receive the doctrines of the cross, and the divine power of the word was displayed in their walk and conversation. Often have we shed tears of joy and thankfulness for this singular proof of the mercy of God, towards us ; and when we have joined our dear people in their songs of praise ' unto Him that was slain, and hath redeemed us unto God by his blood,' we have felt an emotion of rapture which words are inadequate to describe." The following interesting particulars are extracted from a letter of Mr. Beck, written at Lichtenau in 'he same year and month as the preceding communicati in. "The Southlanders, or those Greenlanders who live beyond Cape Farewell, though not quite wild, are ignorant of the things of God, and in reality a heathen race. Many of them come hither every year to catch a small species of herrings in our bay ; and, as our people are at the same place, the way of sal- vation is sometimes explained to them. Some of them, indeed, appear to have been led to reflection ; but they cnnnot resolve for the sake of the gospel, to quit their own country, and take up their abode with us. A few parties of them have been here on a visit ; but, though we spoke seriously to them of the necessity of convnrsion, not one of them could he persuaded to re- main with us. Tlio time of their visitation does not seem yet to Imve arrived ; but if the Lord would open their hearts, as he did that of their rour>trynian, Kaynrnak, ihcir present objections would soon vanish, "Thcio is another description of heathen who live on this .side of Cape Farewell, and frequently join our people at what are called the out-pluccs. These have acquired some knowle«' satisfactory reliance on the mercy and merits of the Redeemer i and, in the course of the year, his widow and two children were united to the congregation by baptism. Several others expressed a warm desire to become partakers o the I blessings enjoyed by the people of God, and wi.Wn he space of twelve months, seventeen Adults, gTt ::X1;.^ ''''' oldandunder,andfifteen LLI thi J timl"''"''""'"" 1 " ^''^"'^"^ hymn-book, about theirf ^''"!'«''«)""S natives eagerly adopted it in their family devotions, and such as' were unable o read got others to repeat the hymns to .hern! and bus committed them to memory. "One even Imu' 'Z ^'- ^"'' "' ^"^^^^'^ ^ GreenLder's o se,and saw one of our native assistants sitting in f r""","'""' " ''^ '""'- ""'^ ^ ""'"'- of boyf ittmg before him, each with his book, employed in earning the verses, and singing delightfully, whilst i.e other inmates were quietly listening to them. In another house, some of our sisters were teaching the g .Is to s„.g the new tunes, and we have had a general meeting for singing every week." In a letter from Liehtenfels, dated June 15, 1820 Uie missionary J G Gorcke, after some remarks on the manuscript translation of the Now Testament, adverts to tins subject m the following terms : " We see already what ^roat benefit «c,-ru3s to us from the pnntmg and distribution of such works, by the blessing jvlnch a...o,„pan,ed the new hymn-book, printed m Oormany aiHl sent tons Inst year. This has been enlarged by the introdiution of many new hymns some of winch have tunes hitherto unknown to !"•' and the use of ,t has infuse.l new life i.-.o that beautiful part of our worship. Our (Jrconlamlers .spc„,l many an evening, even till mi.lnigh.,in rca.lii.g, I. .rnin^, and s".gnig the new hynms „n,l versos; and they hav'- fZ 'iuently expressed their ideas respecting the use of '<'"' "' a very striking and affecting manner. A.none .1.0 school chihlrcn. also, the liveliest joy has S excite, by this valuable present. Some, who saw how >">.el. those who could rca.l delighted in it, whilst they thonisn vna wnr,. ......i.i.. ... . . . J .1." ,.!.., or ..,„„„„, .„., „„i, 1- :::si:^ 1 2:2 ore unable to use it, applied In t)i< iiig Willi the utmost and understand so interesting a book. Nay, that they might MISSIONS OP THE UNITED BRETHREN. many of our youth, of both sexes, who had been in a state of indifference, or guilty of deviations, have been awakened by its contents, and constraiued to seeic for mercy, and have subsequently evinced the greatest consistency of conduct." In the course of the preceding summer, two heathen families arrived at Lichtei.fels on their way to, and theii return from, the north. As they staid sev- eral days, and attended the worship of the congrega- tion, the brethren entered into conversation with them, and found them ingenuous and unreserved. They acknowledged the necessity of conversion in order to the obtaining of everlasting happiness ; but they ob- served that they could not possibly exchange their fine southern land for the dreary spot inhabited by the missionaries. They seemed extremely anxious, how- ever, that some teachers might be sent to them ; in which case, they expressed a confldencc that many of their countrymen would embrace the truths of the gos- pel. A widow belonging to this party at last made up her mind to remain with the brethren ; and, as she was soon and evidently favored with clear views of her own state as a sinner, and with a thorough con- viction of the precious truth that " C'-.rist Jesus came into the world to seek and to save those that were lost," she was solemnly admitted into the church, by the name of Magdalen. As no adult heathen had been previously baptized at Lichtenfels for a period of seventeen years, the solemn transaction was attended by such a "melting sense of the presence and grace of the adorable Redeemer, that every heart was over- whelmed with indescribable emotions, and every eye was suffused with tears. On the 29th of June, the venerable missionary Beck, then in the eightieth year of his age, celebrated the jubilee of his missionary labors ; having, on that day, completed the fiftieth year of his service in Greenland. He was born in this inhospitable country, where his parents had been long employed in the work of the mission ; and, after receiving his educotion in Europe, ho returned to his native land, as a preacher of the gospel, on the 29th of June, 1770, being then nearly thirty years of age ; and, from that time, his labors were uniformly characterized by zeal and fidelity, an' ''''' ""'"^^ou^ly and eagerly attended by all classes. ° ^ With a view to promote the spiritual welfare of the now comers, a weekly meeting was held expressly for le. instruction; when the brethren, by .Ulreing o lead them ,„ n knowledge of , he Lord Jesus Chris, On one o these occasions, n female native observed' It IS uideed a crcu.ns.anee which should excite us ^gratitude and ahnsemen,. ,ha, we, who are so lir.l GREENLAND. 6T ':., , "•"•-■"^^m, mat we, wlio are so lirtle I l>„...,..,„, i... ..:. ... „ . . i-- .-^-i me imtu, «"nny oi aiteiu.on, have a separate meetinir for mli ii »V n "'./ i" •"'" V'7 "'""'' '" **"'*''" ^^°" »«"»' ; Vol. I._Nos. 5 &t G. "^ [f' " *""* h*"'' ^"""8 tl>o last winter and this autumn, many gious instruction. O that we may make a right use of such an important privilege !" ^ In a letter, dated Lichtenfels, June 2. 1821 th« m^sionary Gorcke writes to the following effect •_ "Brother K emschmidt, at Lichtenau, has^ow mal a fair copy of the whole New Testamem in the Green land language. We have all revised and corrected U according to our best ability, and it is to be sent to Lngland this year, to be presented to the venerab e Brush and Foreign Bible Society, who have geJe ! ou3^ offered to print it for us. The SocLy w' udge for themselves of the number of copies whTch will be wanted, when they are informed that theTh ee congregations under thecareofthe brethren in G een- land consist of 1278 persons, old and young- com. pnsmg 359 at New Hermhut, 331 at Lic'hten^ls Id ova at Lichtenau. "As to our congregation here, grace and peace from God our Saviour have ruled among us. and his ^0.1^" has attended the preaching of the word of his cross Last year, a female heathen, between seventeenrd e.ghteenyearsold,cametoresidehere,andgavussome reason to hope that she would be truly converted unl Ood; but m an attack of illness, during the months of Novembe. and Deccmber.she evidently lost gZnd and her heathenish habits began to re-appear, ^ovv however, she seems to repent of these absurditie-' and cries to the Lord, with many tears, for pardon ; sp that I am again induced to indulge the hope that she "'ay yet be born again of the Holy Spirit. She possesses a remarkably good capacity for learning, and .f her heart was savingly changed, she might be useful to our mission in a variety of ways " nry Beck, of Lichtenau. observes, " We have not ninch to report that is new. as the history of every year IS .nearly similar to that of the former. However 1 will mention a few occurrences which may bo inter' csting to you. ' " in 1797, the Danes established a new factory about tinrty-five miles southward of us, near the island of Cape farewell, and appointed a Greenland cate- Hust n, take charge of the congregation, as „ branch of the mission. The missionary goes thither twice a yer:r to adimnister baptism to the catechumens, &c. Hetween that place and Lichtenau, there were, and still are, sonu. heathen families settled, who always preferred coming to us, if th..y wanted any thiiiK W Len we we„, ,0 see our own people i„ the out-places '" the.r ne,Rhl,orl,.,o,l, from year to year, we visited tl"'"., and preached the gospel among them, b,„ with- out any visible effect. It has now pleased the Ix^rd "■ny opini, to Mwukun their souls ; 58 MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. of them came to us, who appeared to be in earnest for their conversion. Thirteen fi'^ilts from among the heathen have already been added to the Christian church by baptism; and there are several heathen families, in the islands belonging to this district, who have declared their intention of coming among us, and of embracing the truths of the gospel. These' have been frequently visited, during the winter, by our Greenland assistants, who were received with every demonstration of joy. " One man, who had often been present when the gospel was preached, but would not hear any thing about conversion, came hither, at Christmas, with his whole family, in order to attend our public services ; and paid the most serious attention to the great truth with which he was formerly offended. In fact, he appeared completely changed in his whole deportment, and re- turned with a resolution to remove hither. Before this design could be put in execution, however, he was seiz- ed with a bowel complaint, which threatened speedy dissolution, and he died, crying to Jesus for mercy, and I expressing a wish to "J! Greenland assistants, by whom he was visited, that he might be buried at Lichtenau. " We will wait and see what the Lord will do for the south Greenlanders. They are much attached to their own country, and think there is not a better or more beautiful place in the world. The time, however, may soon arrive, when, as in former instances, tliey may excite others to come and believe the gosi l for their salvation. " The number of Greenlanders now belonging to tiiis settlement is not far short of six hundred ; and during the winter our people have diligently attended at church. The building, indeed, is too small, and frequently could not contain tiie numbers that came to it, especially when the rite of baptism was admin- istered. At Christmas and Easter, when the natives from the out-places come hither, there is no room for many either U lit or stand." At New Hermhut, in the mean time, the state of the congregation wns peculiarly satisfactory. The meetings of every description wore well attended during the winter, and the grace bestowed upon the communicants was clearly demonstrated by the uniform tenor of their conduct and conversation. The young people, also, evinced an increasing desire after " tJie one thing needful ;" and the obedience and docility of the children afforded ample cause of gratitude to (Jod. In addition to these mercies, ll;o wyiter proved remarkably mild, and the missionaries, in gen- eral, enjoyed an excellent state of health ; though, in consequent n of the wet weather during the months of Juno and July, fevers prevailed among many of the (ireenlandcrs to an alarming dogroo. A strong desire having existed for some time, to ascertam the practicability of establishing a fourth settlenient, m the neighborhood of Staatenhook, or Cape Farewell, in consequence of the wishes express- ed by the heathen in that quarter for the introduction of the gospel among them, the missionary Klein- schmidt was commissioned by the directors of the Moravian missions to undertake a reconnoitring voyage, southward from Lichtenau, during the summer of 182l' He was directed to obtain the best information concern- mg the state of the country, and the character and disposition of the natives of southern Greenland • to ascertain whether any difficulties existed to prevent the establishment of a new mission in that district ; and, finally, to communicate the truths of the gospei to such of the heathen as might fall in his way, hum- bly depending on the divine blessing to crown his labors with success. With this commission and with the best wishes and fervent prayers of his fellow laborers, Mr. Klein- schmidt set out from Lichtenau on the 3d of July, in company with three native assistants, Benjamin,' Frederic, and Shem ; the first two having their fam- ilies with them. Eight Christian females were en- gaged as rowers ; so that the whole company consisted of thirteen adults and four children, in two women's boats. During the first day they proceeded about thirty Eng- lish miles, and in the evening they arrived atNennor- tahk, the last Danish establishment towards the s.... Ji ; where they experienced a most hospitable reception from the resident merchant. The kindness which they here received was tiie more welcome in consequence of their having just escaped from a violent shower, which not only drenched their clothes, but threatened to fill their boats. But their spirits were sadly damped on hearing that the sea was so completely covered with drift-ice towards the south, that it would be im- practicable for their boats to pro<;eed ; and 'to increase their ai)prohensions, a storm arose from the same quarter, which might be naturally oxpocied to drive the ice towards the land, and tlius frustrate the whole design of their undertaking. In tiiis exigency Mr. Kleinschinidt cried unto the Lord for help, and that adorable Being, who ruleth the waves, and holdeth the winds in the hollow of his hand, vouclmfed to hear and to answer the petitions of his faithful servant. On the morning of the 5tli, the storm died away in silence, the heavy clouds dispersed, and from the summit of a lofty hill hut little ice wu to be scon. In fact, the Greenlanders were of opinion that the frozen masses lii..d beep driven to the north- ward, and that the storm had rather furthered than im- peded the progress of the brethren. On the 6th, they resumed their voyage, having been joined by a party of heathen from the south; so that their ittle flotilla was augmented to three boats and eightkajaksj and, in the forenoon, they passed a lofty CT^^' "'m '°7^'^^' " ^'"^ y^^'' «in"' '^ boat filled with Southlanders was upset, and all on board perished. "Having heard," says Mr. Kleinschmidt, "that several boats full of straggling heathen had lately arrived m this neighborhood, I felt a great desire to visit them, and to speak to them of the way of sal- vation. In the evening we cama within sight of their camp ; and, on our approaching nearer, they invited us to come forward, promising to accompany us to the south We found here twelve tents, and as many on the other side of the water, filled with a considerable number of people. When I stepped on shore, I found myself surrounded by a crpwd, all pressing forward to bid me welcome ; and, before I could begin to address them, both old and young repeatedly exclaimed, • We are quite in earnest, we all wish to be converted.' When I replied, that having such an opinion of them, 1 had felt anxious to visit them and to speak to them concerning the Saviour, they said, ' You are, then worthy that we should thank you, and we will nav attention to your words.' On expressing my surprise at their numbers, they cried out, ' Did you suppose, then, hat we heathen in the south, were only a few ? O no ! we are a great multitude.' Soon after, a poor old Southlander, named Ajangoak, whom I had seen twenty years before, at New Herrnhut, and who had since become blind, came creeping along, supported by a stick. He appeared deeply affected, aid said, I repent truly that I formerly paid no attention to your words, and that I have put off my conversion so long. am now near unto death ; but I always exhort my children to remove to your settlement, which thev have promised to do." ^ Our missionary and his party had no sooner pitched the.r tents, than the people from the opposite shore came over m their boats and kajaks, to express their gratitude for so friendly a visit. Among those who pressed forward, with pleasure in their countenances, and "words of welcome " on their lips, were two jamilies who, on one occasion, had spent a month at Lichtenfols, and seemed likely to profit from the glad tidings which then sounded in their ears. The nrs sionaries were sorry, therefore, when they returned to the south, as fearing that all their serious impres- sions would bo soon obliterated; but it now appeared that the instructions which they had received, remained indelibly impressed on their memory, and they ex pressed an earnest desire to devote themselves to th« GREENLAND. sg Jesus. spiritof inquiry and serious attention prevailed amon^ the generality of the heathen, at this place, that Mr Kleinschmidt had scarcely time either to eat l; drink ; his tent being constantly filled, and the entrance to^U^crowded with Southlanders, anxious for admS «l'rJn/!'Hf"" P«°P'«'"«»y« this faithful laborer. I repeatedly explained the object of my visit and that my brethren had sent me L them, becT 'e we could not bear the thought that they sh;uld be oZ but wished to teach them to know Jesus, that tS might find eternal life and salvation in h m. Thev rep led, . This, indeed, is the main reason why we wish to be converted; that, when we die, our souls may find a safe passage into eternal rest.' I rejoiced to find that the three native assistants I had brought with me were never ashamed of the gospel, but con- fessed Christ boldly before their heathen countrymen- declaring to them that if they did not turn to Jesus,' and believe m him, they could never be saved ' We ' said they, 'were children of wrath, and no better than you ; but we have found pardon and rest for our .souls with the Saviour.' I frequently heard them conversing .n this way with their countrymen, and was much affected by it. especially when they described the love mercy, truth and grace, which are to be found in Jesus, and the happiness of living in communion with After spending the greater part of the day in famil- •ar and instructive conversation, Mr. Kleinschmidt proposed holding a public meeting. On the first mlimation of his design, the people quitted their tents and assembled to the number of three hundred or up- wards m the open field. Even blind Aiangoak pro- cured somebody to lead him to the plice, that he might not lose so interesting en opportunity. Our missionary seated himself on an eminence, having his assistants close to him ; whilst the men sat down on the right and the women on the left, in regular order. When all were seated, some of the old people, ad- dressing the young and the children, desired them to take off the.r caps, to fold their hands, and to remain perfectly still. An appropriate hymn was then sung by the Christian Greenlanders. whose powerful and melo- dious voices .sounded delightfully among the circum- jaoent rocks; and Mr. Kleinschmidt and the assistant Henjaimn delivered two affectionate and highly ani- mated discourses, to which the heathen listened with the greatest seriousness and the most unremitting at- tention. Another hymn was then sung, which closed the solemnities of this highly interesting day. 11" a!!! ^'*'' '" **"' '"''abitants of the little encamp. ""•' "t ""r misaioiittiy party set out with - •" •"-•""° iiicmseives lo thn I ...«»» A„. • _ . . "...p- 11 IS, also, pleasing to add. that such a ii'."„'" r"' T"" ^ ""'' '"'^''""'"y P»"y »«« out with 6 an. tnat such a || thom for the south, and they ,vero afterwards joined 60 MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. by two boat3 from the opposite shore; the rowers observing that they must conduct the visitors to their habitations near Staatenhook, and there receive them properly. For some time the voyage proved very pleasant ; but, on arriving within a short distance of Staatenhook, the brethren from Lichtenau encountered such an immense quantity of ice that they could not venture to penetrate it, but hastened for safety towards the shore. Most of their friends, however, apparent- ly regardless of danger, continued to work their way, both between the fields of ice and agaList a strong current, and all reached their dwellings in safety. After spending the sabbath in a small bay called Nutarmio, and speaking affectionately to the heathen, concerning the salvation which is in Christ, Mr. Kleinschmidt feared, from the appearance of the coast, on the morning of the 9th, that it would be impracti- cable to proceed any farther. At length, however, he was informed by a friend, who had been recon- noitring from the top of a hill, that the ice was rapidly dispersing, and in a short time the sea became per- fectly calm. He, therefore, set out immediately with his companions, and in the evening arrived at a place called Narksamio, which is the rfouthemmost point of the continent of Greenland, Staatenhook being an island divided from it by a narrow channel. On their approach to Narksamio our party rowed by an encampment consisting of several tents, and the inhabitants immediately launched their boats, and fol- lowed them to the place of debarkation. « These good-natured people," says Mr. Kleinschmidt, " re- ceived me with open arms. One of them, in the joy of his heart, jumped into my boat, and seized my box of provisions, designing to carry it on shore ; but, not knowing how to handle it, he turned it bpttom up- wards, by which much was spilt or otherwise spoiled. When I afterwards opened it, and the damage became known, they all expressed the greatest regret, and observed, in excuse for the poor distressed man, that he was in such a hurry because he had the greatest desire to he converted." Our missionary was now conducted to a spacious verdant plain, which appeared peculiarly eligihle as a station for a settlement. It is enclosed by two bays fit for shipping, the land sloping gradually towards each ; and from the interior proceeds a brook of fresh water, ever flowing, and abounding with salmon. The land, for an extent of several miles, both east and west, is flat, and covered with birch, juniper bushes, and dwarf willows, which would afford an ample sup- ply of fuel ; and the hills, which are of a moderate height, arc covered with grass to their summits, and form a striking contrast with the aspect of the western coast. I After an interestuig conversation with the natives on the possibility of some missionaries coming to re- side among them, Mr. Kleinschmidt addressed them in the open field, with his usual fervor and affection, from that beautifiil passage, " Unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of Righteousness arise with heal- mg in his wings," and the greatest order and solemnity prevailed during the discourse. The next morning some aged females expressed a strong desire to hear something more concerning Jesus ; and the Greenland assistant, Shem, in speaking to the people, not only exhorted them to seek the Saviour with full purpose of heart, but gave them an affecting account of the mercy of Christ, as illustrated in his own experience. " Even me," he exclaimed, " wretched sinner as I was, Jesus did not despise, but sought me with un- wearied diligence ; and because he is so gracious, he does not withdraw his power, but resolves to preserve me as his own property. And thus he is disposed towards all who have a desire wrought in their souls to know him, and to be converted by his Holy Spirit." As the Greenlanders had stated that at the extremity of the bay there was a considerable quantity of birch wood, our missionary and two of the native assist- ants set out in their boat, and, on landing, walked several miles into the country ; but they found only low bushes, such as abound in most parts of this dis- trict. They then began to ascend a lofty hill, in order to obtain a view towards the eastern sliore, but the heat was so oppressive, and the inusquitoes Avere so numerous and troublesome, that thoy were unable to reach the summit. They discovered a beautiful grassy valley, however, and a fine lake, both of which ap- peared to extend to the eastern sea. Fresh intelligence on the part of the natives induced Mr. Kleinschmidt and his friends to make a second excursion, and, accordingly, on the 11 ih, they rowed the whole day along the coast, leaving Staatenhook behind them, and the continent of Greenland on the left ; but their search after wood proved unavailing. On going on shore, however, to seek quarters for the night, they were agreeably surprised to find some tents filled with straggling Greenlanders, who had come hither in search of provisions ; and a favorable oppor- tunity was thus afforded of addressing tliem on the interesting subject of the love of Christ, and his willingness to save all that come unto God by him. On the 1 3th, after affectionately commending the inhabitants of this eastern coast to the care of that omnipotent Saviour to whom the Father hath promised " the heathen for his inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for his possession," the brethren set out on their return ; and, though laboring against both wind and tide, they proceeded without much GREENLAND. difficulty till they got round to the western side of Staatenhook, when the strong north wind came full upon them. The sea then became so boisterous that the female rowers were put to great inconvenience, and the whole party were exposed to hnminent dan- ger from the violence of the wpves. At length, how- ever, they were enabled to run into a small bay for shelter ; and, the following day, they walked across the country to Narksamio, a distance of about four miles. Here the inhabitants immediately assembled from both sides of the water, and our missionary addressed them on the pathetic subject of our Lord's agony in the garden ; a subject which, in relation to the conversion of Kayamak, must be for ever identified with the success of Christian missions in Greenland. Some following days were, also, devoted to their spiritual mstruction, and when the missionary party were about to leave them, the regret which they evinced was only equalled by the gratitude which they expressed. The friends from Lichtenau were accompanied back to their tents by severaJ of the heathen ; and when they set out on their return home, they were attended by a boat full of the inhabitants of Staatenhook, whose affections had, no doubt, been excited by tho blessed tidings of salvation which had been brought to their ears. A northern gale had providentially cleared the sea of ice ; and, as the female rowers exerted all their strength, they proceeded with great rapidity, and at length arrived in perfect safety a: Lichtenau, grateful for the protection of their Heavenly Father, and rejoicing in the prospect of the grand object of their excursion being crowned with ultimate success. Intelligence relative to the missions in Greenland is communicated by the brethren Gorcke and Eberie, in letters dated March and July, 1823. The former of these, in a communication from Lichtenfels, observes, •' Though we have, in general, the greatest satisfaction m observing the Ci.ristian walk and conversation of our Greenlanders, and their growth in grace at home, we sometimes feel much uneasiness respecting those of our young people of both sexes, who are obliged to attend the seal catching of the colonists in the out- places ; where they are too apt to become familiar with persons by whom tiiey are seduced to sin. It is out of our power to prevent such connections ; partly because by that occupation they must earn their sub- sistence, and partly because we are expected by gov- ernment to encourage our people to serve the mer- chants in every possible way, in order to promote the trade of the colony. Wo can do nothing, therefore, but pray for such poor people, reminding them, whenever an opportunity occurs, of what they have heard of the way of salvation, and warning them against the snares laid fcr thsm by the enemy." 61 To Mr. Michael Eberie, of Lichtensu, we are indebted for the following particulars: "As to our congregation here, we have reason to rejoice over mostof them, and are particularly encouraged by seeing so many heathen arrive among us, declaring their sincere desire to hear, believe, and experience the power of the gospel, and to become happy followers of Jesus. During the last winter, thuty persons from among the heathen, and eight children, were baptized ; thirty-eight were made partakers of the holy communion ; and nine were re- ceived into the congregation. During the four years that I have resided here, one hundred and- sixteen persons from among the heathen have received the nte of baptism. At the close of 1822, our congrega- tion consisted of six hundred and eighty-five persons, comprising five hundred and seventy-one baptized] and one hundred and fourteen unbaptized, under m- struction. And this year we have the prospect of a still greater increase, as many heathen from the south have sent us word that they intend to come hither, and are desirous of tummg with their whole heart to Jesus." In a letter from Lichtenfels, June, 1824, Mr. Gorcke says, " Among young and old, there is a great desire to be instructed. This is seen by a diligent attention at church, and, when we speak with the natives individu- ally, by their thankfulness and love to the Saviour, with which their hearts and lips overflow." In this letter, Mr. Gorcke mentions that the success of the mission had determined them to form a new station, which was called Fredericstall. The missionary Klein- schmidt gives the following narrative of this under- taking, under date October, 1825. " The participation expressed by you and our Eng- lish brethren, in the welfare of the mission in Green- land, and especially in that of this new settlement, comforts and encourages us greatly. " I wish we may be able to cheer your hearts with good news from this place. We can, indeed, truly declare, with thanks and praise to our gracious Saviour, that he has helped us hitherto, and done for us above all we could have expected. Our outward situation, however, is more uncomfortable than ever, for we have not as yet benn able to leave our hut, built of sods. The building materials destined for our dwelling house are at length arrived. They were brought hither in women's boats. The frame of the house is set up, and one half of the roof finished, but we are not sure whether we shall be able completely to fit up one or two rooms before the winter sets in. We shall do our utmost to accomplish this, that we may employ our large Greenland house entirely as a temporary chapel, as the frame and wood-work of the newohurch. jireparod at Copenhagen, could not be brought hither MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. by the ship this year ; and we do not know when it _ will arrive, much as we stand in need of it, to accom- modate our increasing congregation, the present place bemg much too small, and it being unpleasant to have a crowd pressing upon us, particularly at baptisms. " I will first, my dear brother, give you a short account of our proceedings since autumn, 1824. We were obliged to live in our tent twelve weeks, to the 17th of October, the day on which we moved into our little room, being one third of a building, con- structed 6f sods, in the Greenland fashion. We re- joice to be able on the 2d of November to consecrate the other two thirds as a place of worship for our small congregation. It is twenty-four feet long and sixteen wide. The Lord, who does not despise the meanest service in his church, was pleased to grant us on this day, in this humble temple, a special blessing, and to fulfil his promise unto us, that wherever even but a few are assembled in his name, he will be in the midst of them. Twelve persons were admitted as candi- dates for baptism. " Fifty persons have returned hither from Lichtenau, and have been joined by about 200 heathen from this neighborhood, so that there are about 250 Green- landers living here. They put up their winter dwell- ings on our land, and all express their earnest intention to turn to Jesus, and be converted. This is, indeed, a most encouraging beginning, and our little chapel is already much too small. Though we thought, that, new as this undertaking was, we should, for the first winter, have nothing to do, but, as it were, to remove stones and rubbish, and prepare for our work, it ap- peared that the Holy Spirit had already wrought such conviction of the necessity of conversion in the hearts of the heathen in these parts, that we could confidently believe, that the day of their visitation was come. On the 19th of December, forty candidates were made partakers of holy baptism, and during the winter months, as the work of the Lord and his spirit became more and more manifest and effective, many more were admitted to the same privilege. Since our ar- rival here, on the 27th of July, 1824, one hundred and four heathen have been baptized. « To describe what our God and Saviour has done for us during this first year of our abode in this place, is beyond the power of words; we will rather fall at his feet adoring, and pray that our obedience and activity in his service may give praise and glory to his name." From New Hermhut, Mr. Lehman writes, July 14, 1826, " During the last year we have experienced manifest proofs of the favor, protection, and govern- ment of our Lord, in this congregation. Our people grow m grace, and in the love and knowledge of their Saviour. Twenty-eight have been admitted to the Lord's Supper. The joy we experienced in behold- ing this work of the Lord, and his Spirit, in the hearts of our people, the love and confidence we enjoy, and their Christian walk and conversation, makes this dreary and frozen region a paradise to our souls," By intelligence received in 1828 and 1829, it is stated, that at Fredericstall, '.' 120 children receive instruction, who distinguish themselves by their dili- gence." Recent information places this congregation at over 300 persons, including the baptized, and those who are on trial. From New Hermhut, brother John Lehman writes in 1827, " The number of the congregation is 370; 184 are communicants. I may with confidence call our flock a people of God." The Report of the Synodal Committee for 18P/J, at Hermhut, in Germany, contains the following state- ment, in reference to Greenland : " Our four settle- ments have experienced much blessing in the enjoy- ment of the grace and favor of God. At Frederic- stall a temporary church had been constructed after the manner of a Greenland winter house. A provision house was likewise erected ; and their new church, built at Copenhagen, had been landed at Julianen- haab." ISLAND OF ST. THOMAS. 63 CHAPTER II. • ISSIONS TO THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS. ST. THOMAS. In contemplating the singular and interesting origin of the missions of the United Brethren to the West Indies, we are forcibly reminded of the question which occurs m the prophecy of Zechariah, " Who hath despised the day of small things ?" And, whilst we trace the important effects resulting from " a word spoken m season," we are irresistibly constrained to admire the wisdom, power, and mercy of him who demanded of the far-famed ancestor of the Jewish nation, " Is any thing too hard for the Lord ?" The little maid who had been taken japtive by the Syrians, and introduced into the service of Naaman's Wife, proved the honored instrument of directing her diseased master to the wonder-working prophet of Israel ; and a negro, named Anthony, who became acquainted with the servants of Count Zinzendorf whilst that nobleman was attending the coronation of Christian VI in 1731, at Copenhagen, first gave rise to the Idea of sending out missionaries to these be- nighted islands, where the miseries of personal slavery were superadded to those of Satanic bondage. This man, m the course of conversation, stated that he had a sister in the island of St. Thomas, who, with many ol her hapless companions, earnestly desired to bo instructed in the way of salvation, and earnestly im- plored the God of heaven to send some person to their ^sistance, capable of giving them religious instructions. This statement was afterwards repeated at Herrnhut, Anthony having obtained permission to visit that set- tlement ; and, though it was now added, that the negroes could obtain no opportunity of attending to the truths ot the gospel unless their teachers were united with them m their daily and laborious avocations, two young men, Leonard Doberand Tobias Leupold, immediately forme.l the resolution of going to those poor untutored creatures, and absolutely declared their willingness to tell themclve, as slaves, should such a step prove necessary to the accomplishment of their purpose Most of the congregation seemed to consider this proposal as the mere effe, vescence of youthful zeal sad ffiorc than twelve months were suffered to glide away before any thing was done in consequence of it. At length however, it was determined that the mat- ter should be referred to the lot, a method of ascer- taimng the will of God which is common among the United Brethren ; and as Dober was thus selected for he arduous work, he was despatched to Copenhagen /""l' V^^' """"''"'^ ^y °°« of the brethren named Nitschman, who was merely to accompany Tzl^^jr'' " '*• ^'°'""' "'' »^- - -- In their journey to the capital of Denmark, they visited a number of pious people ; but these almost uniformly disapproved of their design, and pointed out the difficulties and dangers to which they would inevitably be exposed in attempting to carry it into execution. In fact, there was no individual who en- couraged them, except the Countess of Stolberg : she however animated them to go forward; observing,' that our adorable Redeemer, in whose cause they were engaged, was worthy that his servants should sacrifice not only their comforts, but their lives for his sake. On their arrival at Copenhagen, our travellers were again assured, by their best friends, that their scheme was enthusiastic, if not absolutely impracticable. Some asserted that no vessel would convey them to the island of St. Thomas; others, admitting the possi- bihty of their reaching the place of their destina- tion, contended that there was little or no probability of their being allowed to preach to the slaves ; and even the negro, Anthony, having suffered himself to be prejudiced against the church of the United Breth- ren, retracted all his former statements respecting his sister, and her unhappy companions. Regardless, how- ever, of all the arguments which were used to dissuade them from pursuing their favorite object, and unmoved by all the difficulties with which they were surrounded Dober and his companion resolved to follow their own convictions of duty ; casting all their care upon him whase salvation they were so anxious to communicate to thoir norighinar Tnllnn. .:_ mi- . , J. — Q „ ,i„jj5.„ inisunsnakeiisteHd- lastness not cniy excited the admiration of several 64 MISSIONS OP THE UNITED BRETHREN. persons of distinction, but eventually induced them to befriend and assist the missionaries in their arduous undertaking. The brethren, at length, succeeded in obtaining a passage to St. Thomas, and arrived at that island on the 13th of December, 1732, after a voyage of about ten weeks. Their first object was to seek out An- thony's sister, and they had the happiness to perceive that both she and many other negroes to whom they were introduced, heard the word of truth with gladness, and evinced the most anxious desire for religious instruc- tion. They had, also, abundant cause of gratitude to God for his providential mercies ; a friend in Copen- hagen having, without their knowledge, written to a well disposed planter, Mr. Lorenzen, who kindly received them into his house, and gave such full em- ployment to Nitschman, who was by trade a carpen- ter, that he was enabled to provide both for himself and his companion. Thus situated, the brethren passed their time very agreeably for about four months, earnestly praying for the conversion and eternal happiness of the poor slaves by whom they were surrounded ; but, at the expira- tion of this time, it became necessary that Nitschman should return to Europe ; and by his departure, Do- ber was left without any present means of subsistence ; as the want of clay of a proper quality rendered it impracticable for him to pursue his occupation as a potter. Dark and cheeriess, however, as were his prospects, he resolved to maintain his post, reposing all his wants upon that adorable Being who hatii said, " Thy bread shall be given and thy water shall be' sure." In a few weeks he obtained the situation of tutor to the governor's son ; but as the duties of this situation left him very Httle time for visiting and in- structing the negroes, he solicited his dismission, and afterwards lived in great poverty in the village of Tappus, earning a scanty subsistence by watching on the plantations, and other services. During the year 1733, many of the inhabitants of St. Thomas were carried off by famine and contagious diseases ; and a rebellion of the negroes at St. Jan which continued above six months, and was marked by a series of horrid atrocities, spread terror and con- sternation through this and the adjacent islands. The labors of this devoted missionary were, of course, ren- dered doubly difficult ; but, whilst he was struggling with poverty, and almost sinking beneath his anxious cares, a party of fourteen brethren and four sisters were on their way from Europe, partly designed to aid in the instruction of the slaves at St. Thomas, and partly destined to commence a new mission in the island of St. Croix. These persons sailed from Stettin on the 12th of lZ7 ' ?^' ^"' '''*'' ^"^''K^ ""^ "Pl«t« with hardships and dangers. As the number on board. mcludmg the crew and passengers, amounted to nearly a hundred persons, the vessel was most uncomfortably crowded; and the brethren were confined to a room below the second deck, only ten feet square, and so low that they could not even sit upright, but were in general, obliged to lie on the floor. To add to this calamity, the violence of the wind and waves some- times precluded them from going on deck for several days together; and, after encountering many storms, the captam was obliged, by stress of weather, to run into the harbor of Tremmesand, in Norway, where they were detained three months. On resuming their voyage, at the end of that time, they had to encounter many violent gales ; and, on reaching the torrid zone they were greatly distressed and enfeebled by want of water and thesmallness of their apartment. At length however, they landed at St. Thomas on the 11th of June, and, about two months after their arrival, the missionary Dober returned to Europe, having been chosen to fill the office of an elder among the conere- gation at Herrnhut. As the brethren who had been left in St. Thomas unfortunately fell victims to the insalubrity of the climate, the mission in that island suffered a temporary suspension. In Dec. 1735, however, Frederic Mar- tin and John Bonike sailed from the Texel, in order to renew the mission. Immediately after Martin's arrival, he assembled the catechumens left by Dober and addressed them in so pertinent and affectionate a manner, that they listened to his instructions with mingled attention and delight; and the negroes from other plantations, hearing of his kind and conciliatory manners, were induced to attend him, till, at theexpi- ration of a few months, he had the pleasure of address- mg upwards of two hundred individuals, on the great subjects connected with their eternal salvation. The saving power of divine truth was also demonstrated in the conversion of several of his hearers, and, on the 30th of September, 1736, three persons were admitted into the church by baptism, as the first fruits of the slaves in this island. Indeed, the benign influence of the gospel began to appear so conspicuously in the man- ners and deportment of many who received religious instruction, that several of the proprietors felt inclined to favor the mission, and one of them assisted the brethren, in the autumn of 1737, to purchase a small plantation, to which they gave the name of Pomun- enberg. Scarcely had the brethren taken possession of this new settlement, when John Bonike was summoned into eternity under Very painful circumstances. This missionaiy had come to the island with the design of working at his irade. for the Qiinn».. r »* . the Lord L.L-' ^^ ^"""^^^ himself before whin a tremendous clap oflr J"'""' ^"''•=^^''«''' among the ne•" him, from the sna;i;:„7othich" t 'C" 'k '"°^^' '''™ At the time to which wf. ""happily fallen. was taken up ^:^:^:L2o7,:^1;^1 r '^' value of ab^ut'fifte n rixlnt" r''''" '''"'' '° ^« that Martin and FreLKoh '* ^«« "ow suggested knowledge of this robber' hT ''""^ ''"^ «°™« summoned to ^^e T^deZ'. *''^^ r ''' "''cordingly orjudicature.rtl^ivTfolSJCSn'^'S"^''"" now placed in a comnUt^ ^i ^"''"°"- They were Princfples precluded ttfrot^^^^^^^ ''t ""?^°"' and their offer of answ^rbg J""^^^^^^^^ strictest veracity, and as fn th« ^ *"" '""'' *''• proved unsatisflcto" No c„n,r''"'" °^ ^'^' could induce them to';iola.: tH- ar^f tW^ "'' sciences; and thi. wci. "'""'"ates of their con- thirty rixdoHars and n '"'''''^" '^'^ ^«'« fi°ed to raL such a sum ;ir"'"'"'"°^"'«'' '"^^ility with the wife of7rfu/dlir:„r'"'?' ^° P^^"' their fine was increased fit I ' '" *^'' '"""'''"' to ninety rix dla^ ' '° '''^'^' '''"' '•"«"^"''« But ^yhilst the missionaries were thus for n « surrounded by clouds and darkness thev ha7,K "' solation of knowing that « the r;d 7th; T /""" not bound " and tL „™ i 7 *° ^^^ was lively inte;es:in' tt^ £"^0?^ 't '^'b '"^'^ * only continued to meet TogXr with a '"''^''\^^' spiritual edification, but somSs ^ Jrj •""''' s.derable numbers under the Sows of S "'"°"' where they poured out th.i7f ^ P"'™' anduni.edysinj4ThV';:sro?;h:r^^^^^^^^ allusion to this period. Mr. Martin observes "Since cri:w"'aL;r°'=°"S-S-- »- been daily'Tn strj;:i;tdr:„;Li 's;r\?'^'^ '-^ pie. also, have been led Jf serLs reT . k '''"■ confinement ; so that I trus^ Z'Zm'SZIIZ blessing to the whole country. Even in the iSrt ! good appears to have been doneTaniere is ^ T a soldier now who ventures to d;f:me I" hZh t first they were wicked enough in this resp'ect f ''an not describe what the Lord is doing Mav L „ m the grace of God, to persevere, waiting on him to overrule all for his own glory." Whilst the missionaries remained in confinement, and before they could convey any intelligence of their mis- fortunes to their friends in Europe, Count Zinzendorf was providentially led to visit St. Thomas, and, about the end of January, 1739, he arrived in that island with two brethren and their wives, who were designed to assist in the instruction of the negroes. He imme- diately waited on the governor, and obtained the liber- ation of the missionaries ; and it is pleasing to add, that Fredler himself was subsequently liberated from' confinement, as no proof could be brought forward to substantiate the foul and cruel charge which was brought against him. Count Zinzendorf was equally surprised and grati- fied at the extent of the field which God had opened to the labors of the brethren ; as, at tliis time, the negroes who regularly attended the preaching of the gospel amounted to 800. These persons assembled every evening as soon as they had finished their daily labors, and, on several occasions, the count addressed them himself Many of the Europeans, however, regarded them with the most inveterate hostility ; and on the day before the departure of their noble visitor, when the baptized slaves were returning from a fare- well meeting, they were attacked by a party of white people, with slicks and drawn swords, and the mission- ary house at Posaunenberg became a scene of riot and spoliation ; the glasses, chairs, and other articles of furniture, being either dashed to pieces or thrown out at the windows. The governor, indeed, expressed his strong disapprobation of this outrage, and assured Zmzendorfthat the missionaries might rely implicitly on his protection ; yet, scarcely had the count set sail for Europe, when more flagrant acts of violence were committed, and it became necessary to hold the meet- ings for worship in the woods, and to employ watcl,- men to apprize the congregation of the approach of their enemies. In a few weeks, however, the fury of persecution began to subside ; and shortly afterwards in consequence of the petitions drawn up by the ne' groes, and presented to the king of Denmark, an order arrived from Copenhagen, sanctioning the ordination of tlie missionary Martin, and authorizing him to preach, to solemnize marriage, and to administer the sacraments. The mission now began to assume a very favorable aspect and Martin and his faithful colleagues pursued their labors with unremitting assiduity ; as, besides preaching on their own plantation, the proprietors of three other estates permitted them t,.. vi. . .'vMr ne * > ^e of their plantation from Posaunenber^ _ , _ , Utnnhut; and, about the same time, they purchased another estate on the opposite side of the island, whicli they called Niesky. In each of these places they preach- ed the Fospel to crowds of attentive hearers, and up- wards a hundred persons were annually admitted 'nto tl. church by baptism. They also preached on several estates, by permission of the proprietors, who became more and more convinced that the instruc- uonof the negroes tended to their own advantage thwneserncewaslikewise.occasionallyperforTdr. small chapel .n the village of Tappus, for their vemence of the sick and infirm ;a„d in all thel abors. as well as in the instruction 'of so^elndreds of children, d.spei.ed through the whole island, the „is. onar.es received considerable aid from the Ltive a . w ntv L" "rr'"' "' *''" '-«' «-ounted" twenty.four, and whose public addresses and private exhortafons were, in many instances, blessed T the souls of their sable countrymen. haJ"so!oI;if "rf'«'-°f ^«""n"nicants in this island had so cons derably mcreased, that it became neces- In 1776, a party of six missionaries de^tin«^ .^ labor in this part of the Redeemer" ^hulh unfortunately shipwrecked off one of he 8^'.."^ «les called Walsey. ProvidenSy, h ^:,^M; were so near the shore that they all escaped with We, except one female, who fell among the trlt «"to7'TrJ'''-'''"'^''"" "^'^ melanchoTst' pStv bv t "°" ""^ '''"'''^ ""»' Sreat'^bos- erlS. K P'°P"«»°' of the isle, till they were enabled to ob.am a passage to Norway ; and earlTb the followmg spring they proceeded to St. ThomL An uncommon drought which occurred in 1 78qT„H lasted nearly three years, occasioned a univer/ fin ure o the crops, and was attended by the most friSt ful ca,a™,t.es. As famine prevailed b eveTquan " able pr.ce, great numbers of the negroes died of want and others were unable to attend divine worshrp in co..sequence of their extreme weakness. SeveS of the planters were induced, by want, to sell thei slaves ZZ1Z7 *'' '''''''' ^'"^''^" negroes Tet e : arated from the presence and instructions of the breth rj Ttr'u'. ''^ "'^''^^ ''^-'-'^ -ere preduded' from uifihng their religious duties, in conseLence of their having been appointed to watch the 2nZ particularly on the sabbath. NotiXirsl' distresses, however, the work of the Lord Continued to prosper ; many new hearers attended the p lach ng of the gospel ; and. in one year, 240 negroe weJe baptized, by the njissionaries, in St. Thomafand th" two adjacent islands. Jr.. '"^^^'/''^ missionary Leupold and his wife TtZZ^ " ""'•'' ^'^'"' "'^''^^ °" their passagt St^ Thomas, were captured by an English privafeer and earned to the island of Tortola. Here they e„: . o. me r.„g,i,„ ,a„guage rendered their situation ISLAND OF ST. THOMAS. 67 still more trying. At length, however, throueh th. mterference of a German captain, they ;b Zed their ies^a'tir "^'^ '''-'' '''''''' toth^eplace^f ttT . Off the coast of St Sr^.l^t'r rnTTaJ .mpracticable against such a supe ioT C the coT mandant was under the necessity of capitulati„; T„' effus.on of human blood was thus happily plvented Scent 1, h ^''^^'^'Sn^y -^ St. Thomas and the aajacent isles, however, was soon aeain cedoH to .K„ crown of Denmark, and no events occurred fo^sv .a?nJr ' "'"" '" ''' '"'^^'°"' -"'^y «^ P««icu- In the year 1817, a contagious fever prevailed here and .„ ,he neighboring islands, which fvas ,.2^ fatal to Europeans, and extended its rava.es to the missionary settlements, where, in less than five weeks n'ToJ? • '"fr ^"' ^^^ "^ *"« sisters weTe at' SeA ^ . ""* *"" ^'"^ '^'''''"^'' they were U elrlX """"V "'^^ "•''^"* ^"^ ^^^'"'•'tive in us effectsthan any former one remembered by the oWes inhabitant. At New Hermhut, the roof of the wh"tV".T""'' ''""^ ' '•'^ ^«»« of the old chur h which had been converted into a workshop, were com- pletely rent asunder; the largest trees wer^eX torn up by the roots or broken in pieces; and the whde surface of the country seemed covered \^S earth and stones. At Niesky, the devastations we e nearly similar; and in the harbor of St. Thomas many lives were lost ; as all the vessels exceptTi were driven on Shore, and a great proportion of thei^ crews fell victims to the merciless fury of the storm 1 he missionaries, however, together with their families and negro servants, were all mercifully preserved, and heir houses and churches, though severely injured, remained standing. ^ j"«cu, has been advancing. In 1825, the missionary Hope gave pleasing statements respecting the prospects in the Danish islands as to the grand object, viz. "the blessing attending, and the fruit arising from the preaching of the gospel." 0„ the 12th of Feb 1825 there was a dreadful conflagration in the town of St" 1 nomas ; the mission house and church were spared • but many free iiegroes, belonging to the congregation at Niesky lost their all. This year, missionaries were M^ rn'M^r- ""'■"^' '"^ '^"^ ^'""^^ Slates. Mr. and Mrs. Eberman sailed from Philadelphia, in 6d MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. the brig Seahorse, bound to St. Thomas. At the dis- tance of about twenty miles on this side of the Capes of Delaware, the vessel was struck by a violnnt squall, and instantly tlirown on her side. Brother Ebcrman] together with other passengers, and the captain and crew, were enabled to support themselves above water by holding fast to the rigging. The helpless situaiion of sister Eberman prevented her, alone, from extricating herself from the baggage ; which, as the cabin filled with water, was drifting about, and completely jammed her in. Providentially, she, by supporting herself on the floating trunks, was raised up into the most forward birth in the cabin ; so that, although she was up to the chin in the water, room was left for respira- tion. Notwithstanding every exertion on the part of the captain and crew, it was impossible to come to her assistance ; nor could an attempt be made to cut her out, every thing movable having been washed overboard. But it pleased God to send help in time. About half an hour after the vessel had been struck, another outward-bound vessel approached ; and, by the kind and judicious exertions of her captain, who boarded m a boat, and brought the necessary tools, a hole was cut through the side of the vessel, just above the head of sister Ebernmn ; through this opening she was drawn out, before life had fled, after she had remained in imminent danger of death for near an hour. Bishop Huefl^el, in his journal, seems to have been much gratified with the various settlements on tiiis island. At New Herrnhut, he says, •' The burial- ground is approached by a shady avenu of beautiful t-ees, and is remarkable for tiie tombs ol a number of faithful servants and handmaids of the Lord. After public service, which was attended by a great number of hearers, I had the favor, for the first time, to bap- tize two converts from among the heatiien : one couple were then married according to the forms of our church ; and m the evening meeting, seven persons, baptized' as children, were received into the congregation." In 18si9, the new mission premises at Niesky were completed, and the brethren had the gratification to occupy them upon the 7th of July. ST. CROIX. In the year 173:), the fine and extensive, but long neglected, island of St. Croix was sol.l by the crown of Prance to the Danish West India Company ; and t .e Lord Ch.mberlain Plcss, having purrhased six plantations, applied to Count Zinzendorf for some of the United Brethren to go „ut a. ..v.-rscers of his es- tutcs, and at the same time to employ themselves in the religious instruction of the slaves. This request was no sooner communicated to the congregation, than several of the brethren and .listers volunteered their services to form a colony in St. Croix, as they con- sidered " a great door and effectual " was opened for the conversion of the negroes ; and, in the month of August, four married couples and ten unmarried breth- ren quitted Herrnhut, with the view of proceeding to St, Croix. Some of them, however, were finally destined to assist the missionaries in St. Thomas. After a tedious and dangerous voyage from Copen- hagen, the colonists arrived at St. Croix in the month of June, 1734 ; but the insalubrity of the climate, added to their incessant laoor in clearing the land, had such an effect upon their health, that they all sicken- ed, one after another ; and, oefore the expiration of the year, ten of their number were removed into the worid of spirits. Their places, indeed, were supplied, eariy in the ensuing year, by a second company of eleven persons from Herrnhut ; but these were soon attacked by the same diseases which had proved fatal to their predecessors ; and, as the colony did not answer in other respects, the few who survived either went to Si. Thomas, or returned to Europe, and the idea of a settlement in St. Croix was, for the present, abandoned. The negroes on that island, however,' were not left wholly destitute of instruction, as the missionaries in St. Thomas visited them occasionally, and were successful, at least, in awakening their atten- tion to the important truths which occasionally sound- ed in their ears. In 1740, a colony was again settled in St. Croix, and Christian Gottlieb Lsrael, George Weber, and the wife of the latter, removed thither from St. Thomas, in order to renew the mission, and establish it, if pos- sible, on a pernwnent basis. A year or two afterward, the missionary Martin arrived on a visit, and purchased a sm;ill estate for the brethren : he also baptized two negro men and two women, who were tli.- first slaves in this island received into the Chrisiiun clmrrh. The cliiiinte, however, proved so destructive to the health of the Europeans, that they were compelled, however relurt.inily, to quit the scene of their lajiors ; and no missioiiaiy was siaiioiiod there, for u constancy, till the year :7r)3. The first persons who siicreoded in making good their footing on this island, were (Jeorgi^ Olineherg, and two other brethren, who wen? joyfiilly received hy the Christian negroes ; hut both they nnd the slaves in their neighborhood were, for sonic time, kept 111 a st.ite of conslant iilnrm by the repeated attempts of some wicked incendiaries to burn their Iiouros. In some instances, the fire was discovered and extingiii.sh- ed boror/> if linri Anna •n||rK mi-'U' much fni?rhief, but in oincrs. the huts of the negroes were completely consumer! and Ohneberg's house was eventually destZel' though h. furniture was happily rescued ro7tht' conflagrafon Nothing, however, could shak™ his resolution of remaining at his post; and, whe„ h .nflex.b,hty on this point became known, the tor^h of persecut.on was extinguished, and the mission began who h T '"'^ " r'""'"^ '"P^'=»' «''«' "'« brethrfn! who had previously resided on one of the Company^ plantations, purchased an estate of four acres, to whfch they gave the name of Friedensthal, and ;recTed a church and dwelling house upon it. The numlerof persons who attended the preaching of the ^osll aiso. rapidly increased, and upwards of a huTdred ri:fo7v:;sr''^ ''-''-' -^^ ^'^ ^"-^ ^T^^' In 1765, a new mission-house, at the west p„^ „f .he island, was unfortunately destroyed by "n'he course of a few yea«, however, in addition to t le r^! and in 1771 the settlement in this district received the name of Friedembcrg. received The ensuing year was a period of severe trial. Bv a hurncane, which occurred on the 31st of Aun" ^.e church, , he dwelling-houses, and all the offi e of Fnedensthal, were completely blown down ; the ne vly e^cted house at Friedensberg was romov;d froTi s «Uuation and materially injured ; and the bre.h Inand their families who had sought an asylum i„ their cellars were, for several hours, kept in constant ex pectatiun of death. The famine and epidem ^ iek nss which followed the tempest, swep.^ff .iT^f the slaves and diminished the number of the missiona nes^ Amidst the general distress, however, the cause of Go.l continued to flourish; .|,o ne.roes apncaro. more and more anxious to ascertain ,1,. way of'suu". tjon ; and .such was the spirit of hearing among .lu-n. that, nouv.thstandmg the public services nt Kriodens,h„i wore held for nearly .w.e!ve mon.hs in , he op" he au. tory f..e,„e.uly consisted of more 'th „ a thousand persons, nn.l „,„„y were every month J. ""»« to the privilege of Christian bapLm. s.., '"'loed, was .he rapi.l progress of .he n.ission, .h„, ,' soon became desirable ,o ob.ain a .hir.l and more cen.n.-uls,.u„„on; and, in 177H, „n es.a.c was p„r- chase.l for .ha. purpose, .o which .he brethren gave the name of Vrir.dvmfeUi. ^ ant^orr'n"'"""' ^""•'"^"'".'■•"•'"•'rly ,hc command- ant of St. lho„„,s, and a kin.ur.<.n>»Ji.. :_» ^. .......... ...^ .^.„,^_ ed out to their friends in England the expediency of 74 forming a settlement in the vicinity of the May day mountains, it was at length resolved that they should purchase a house, with some land, in that neighbor- hood, at a place called Fairfield ; of which Mr. Stob- wasser observes, " It is in an eligible spot for a mis- sionary station, as its elevation renders it cool and healthy, and the climate appears almost European. The house is convenient, but at present in a dilapi- dated state, wanting considerable repairs. Its situa- tion is pretty central for the negroes, retired, and par- ticularly liked by them, which is a main qualification for a settlement." Intelligewce from Jamaica is contained in a letter from Mr. Becker, dated New Eden, May 20, 1823 and is to the following effect : " I may say with truth that the Lord has done wonders in this mission. When I came to this place, twelve years ago, I found very kw who knew anything more than that they had been formerly baptized by a missionary. Not long after I perceived that, by preaching the Redeemer's word m simplicity, convictions were excited in tiie minds of the negroes, and their blind eyes began to be opened • so that many were led to inquire, ' What must we do to be saved ?' At present this is still more frequently the case. Our new church, though capable of con- taining about five hundred persons, is much too small, as the congregation generally auiouiits to nine hundred' On the 27th of Ai)ril, twelve persons were baptized and twenty-two added to tiie list of candidates for bap- tism. From Easter 1822, to Easter ]8i:i, ninety- nine adults have been ba|)tized or received into the congregation, and fifty-two have been admitted to a participation of the holy communion. Tliese are mdeed, encouraging proofs of the work of the Holy Ghost ; and, thmigh, in a few insimices, n spirit of persecution manifests itself against those who attend our churcii, we trust the Lord will nown his own cause with prosperity, and increase the desiio of the negroes to hear his word, and to exp.^rienco deliver- ance from the power of sin, by resorting to him for safety and protection ; an.l we prav that they ,nav walk worthy of the gospel, be faithful and ol.o.lient in their respective stations, and in all cirrumstances ap- prove Ihemselves the children of God." In 1825, brother Ellis, who is stationed at the new mission place, calle.l Fairfield, speaks of the pro^iess of the work of God : " About one hundred slaves from a.ljacent plantations, lia.l given in their names,' as desirous of religious instruction. The number of persons at Fairfield amounted to one thousand and forty-sever, ; among whom there are two hundred and sixty-one eominunicnnts, and one hundred and forty- one baptized members of the church." In this year, the brethren commenced the erection MISSIONS OF THE UNITED BRETHREN. of a new church at Fairfield, which was opened for worship m January, 1826. Much encouragement was afforded to the efforts of the missionaries at Hope- town, a neighboring plantation, belonging to Mr. Scott who kindly erected a place of worship. To supply this station, brother Daniel Hague and his wife sailed from Liverpool in June, 1825, and arrived at Fair- field August 10, to the great joy of the brethren and congregation. But, alas ! how momentary are all earthly enjoyments. Mr. Ellis writes, " On Wednes- day, the •24th, brother Hague began to feel slightly indisposed, and, before morning, fever came on The next day medical aid was called in, and proper medi- cine applied, but without the wished-for relief We continued, under the directions of the doctors, to use every possible remedy, till Monday, the 29tli, in the morning, about 7 o'clock, when he departed in peace, 111 firm reliance upon his God and Saviour. This be-' reavement we believed to be more than we could bear ; but what were we called upon still to witness ! " Before the departure of our dear brother H., we had the grief to hear the doctor declare that sister H had symptoms of the same fever. Every precaution^ ary measure was now taken, if possible, to disperse the disease, but in vain ; the fever became more and more alarming. Our attention was now called to brother Berger, who was seized with head-ache and fever The whole attention of Dr. Dempster was now taken up in watching every change which occurred. On Friday, September 2, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, it pleased our SaViour to release our dear sister Hague • and on the following morning, the same happy change took place with our dear brother Berger. Thus in the space of five days, was our adult family reduced to one half the number. Our consolation is to know that they -dl died in peace, as jiardoned sinners, trust- ing in the merits of their crucified Saviour. " Brother Hague said, 'I am unfit to serve the Saviour; but he knows my heart, and my motives ; and if I have sinned in reaching out my hand to touch the ark, Ihumhly crave thy forgiveness, O my Saviour!' " 'I his was, indeed, a dark dispensation. Mr. Hague was a young man of extraordinary piety, and fine at- tainmcnls. He had been a surressfnl teacher in the school at Fulneck, and had for y.-ars longed most ar- dently for the period when he should be appointed to missionary labors. It is well that it was in his heart r In 1826, the band, of brethren was reinforced by brother G. Tima-us, and two others. Mr. Tima-us was removed from his labors by typhus fever, Novem- ber II, 1827. Recent intelligence from Carmel, Irwin, New Eden, and the other stations, is of (he most gratifying nature. The missionaries have received very acceptable as- Crh^T''?"'"''™*^'^'*"^"^ his wife from .llimre's" J ^""«'' S''"- Tl,e circular 7Z he Zsion »r„t """'"'^ "' "--hut announces mT Em, S ''\'""«^«« «' «" 'he four stations." inthefn^l • '^l P'^'P""'^ "'^ »he good cause n the following, v.ew of the mission, ^vhich he addresses to the directors in 1830. "uuiesses '' The progress of the mission in this island contin- ues, I am thankful to say, on the whole, encouraging Our auduones at Fairfield are very numerousTaf- jcularly on Sundays: and, to man/of our heler he doctnne of Christ crucified, which we preach „' B mphcay, approves itself as the power of God „„ o salvation. I„ brother Zorn and L wife, who ely a good state of health, we possess active and w!E ^sistants who have already become familiar with S rouune of duty. I„ the early part of September we had an opportunity of seeing the greater number of our married people, at a meeting specially appointed kv ;„d Chr" ."' '"" ' '^'"" '' "J''''=« '" "-ir fidel. ty and Christian conduct towards one another. The s.ght of tins company, consisting of one hundred and e-ghty negro couples, of whom te can believe that however abandoned some of tliem may 1. "' £„' .n times past, , hey are now living according to tl^ scriptural institution of marriage, could not fail to xcke feelings of gratitude in our hearts. The children of uch parents may be said to enjoy much comfort and many advantages, in comparison with others, whose pa ents lead irregular lives. We have, inde d, st II to lament, that ."stances of unfaithfulness occasionally occur, even among persons of this class ; but I trus^ they are becomm^ more and more rare ; and, to the pra.se of our faithful Saviour, we can state, 'that an nstance has very lately occurred of the influence of dmne grace, in counteracting the strongest temptation to tr n re, „,, ,,,^,. ,^. ,^^^^. ^ ^,^^^ ^^ I ^»tl.