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MICROCOTY RqpuiTNbM TKT CNART
(ANSI and ISO TESt CHART No. 2)
i25 iu
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4 v^PPLIED IIVMGE I,
inc :
16S3 tail jtoin <ilrMl
Roch«iltr„W«« York t4«09 USA .
, (718) 288 -SifM - ro«
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IIAmiTON ASSOCliTM.
tm^
Tho rcKuIar meetinir of tho Hamilton SKOclnUon wis held at thd Court
llou^e. uii Friday Evening, the 6th Uo'-embor, 1872. The following paiior
was read bv II. B. WiTTON, Bsq., M4P. ' -
A HIOHT'B WonK WITH TH» MI0B080OPB OK BOMB
or TBI MIHUTB FORIfS Or MVB VOUMD IN
BURLINOTOM BAY, WITH BOMB OOBBIP OOMCBBB-
INQ THBIR HI8T0RT AND DlBTBIBUTIOK.
NoTK— All meaanreinentit In thU paper are
exprnMeUthim: One Invh, 1"^; oue Tenth of
an Inch, 1- 10", Ac.
On a prevlons occasion when I had the
pieasare to Bubmit ta the memberB of this
AHKOciation an account of Bome of the lower-
fbraiH of lite %a abundant In our Bay, our at-
tention Was confined to the moire promloent
characteriBticB of some of the Alym, and wore
especlaliy to the modea ot development com-
mon to Bome of the Damdweem and DuUih
maeem. Tlien, none-of our" object* of study
carried us bevond the limits of the Tegetable
kinKdom. To-night, however, I will endea-
vour to serve as a gOBnipiDg guide, to an ex^
sminatipn of a few of the lower forms of life,
generaliy regarded as diBtinct anipialB. All
tbo minute objeciB, to which I Boticit your
attentiotuare common ; indeed any student
who, with but ordinal y induBtry, devotes his
leisure for a'single seatronto the study of the
organismH which may be taally found in our
Bay, vill find himHelt tolerably fiimiliar with
many membursof the families of Animalcula,
from which we select the oyeota of our
i;o8sip. • .J,
I asHUriie we have pur microscope In readf-
wm, and our gathering; made for our even-
ing's' work; so arranging our 4-10" object
glass, and ca.eiully scanning »tho field of our
animalcttla caue, our atteotion is arrested by
. phal looks like a tiny, flattened lump ^
.alihuBt coioilfss tranBlucent ]*-\\i. It i« n
at all a prominent object, partly Irom 1 ick
colour, and parti v from having- a'.most the
same power of refractioa as water. Indeed
by an untrained eye, it would be apt to be '
altogether overlooked. This little spec,
which marks the aero of animallife.is an
lilwafta; so called bv Ehrenberg from Its
failing to- retain any oue p^rticalar shape.
Muller, the celebrated Danish naturalist, who
with all his marvellouB industry, Btrange to
•ay, haid seen but two sp'-clmfns of this or-
ganism, Jiad jiears -before called it PnHetu,
after the changeful sea-god of the old mvth-
oiofry. The use of this name, however, it
wan found, ha4 been foreeUlltd by Laurenti,
by whom it had ble«h applied to i remark,
able genua of reptiles ; whence thefaduptlon
r>f the litt<tr name, slace beiootte oopumou.
The substance of this organiBm| shows no
trace of AbrouB pt cellular tistuM ; but la
found, on close examination, to be homoge-
neous, contractile and elastic; a|Bnb.4tance
called bi, Dnjarditt tareodt, and foQnd by bim
to be common to most of the Infuaoria.
Hcatt<!re<l through the sarcode, ^re two or
three kinds of granules, which. In their ac-
tion un(^ cheiiliDal reagents,di(fer trota fach
other^ and also from the Barcode itaelf. These
granules, a few clear globules callfd vacuoles,
which in the satte form vary both in^iise {Mid
number ; a larger itljbule which alternately
conttactt and exrandB almost rhythmically,
sometimes called the oontraotile vesicle, and
a nucleus and nucleolus, are all the traces of
organii«t:on ottr highest magnifying power
under the most fatorable circumttanQea will
beable to give. Indeed we miy not be able' -
to find either nucieus or contractile vesicle,
for in some ol. thebe forms oarjafnl observers
have filled to find either. Whether any of
the Amceta hav6 »n investing mombranf iB »
difficult to determine. Aurbaoh confidently ,
asserts that m. delicate lutegumeht may be>
foun.t in air the membtra of the .group, but
other observers do hot sustain bis atisertion.
Tdesii^e of the Atifceba varies consideraby.
according to age, SpecieB, and condlilonB pf -
growlh. Careful mensurenieniB show aviri- *
atinn in different forms, from the 1-70" to the
1 -2800' . The Hpeci«»ien I have flgurtd
mi'usures the l-UO".
What in tlietae forms of life mo*t strikinK-
ly arrests the attention, and ntivtr falls t»
Piterest no matter how often Keen, is their
ouliar mode of! locomotion. Thin is diffi-
cult to describ-vao 1 m«| be seen to miiy
realize its peculiarity. Wrst there is a jirad-
ual buLing out ol the sarcode at some par-
•icular part, which p nt is gradually extendt d
till in the species we ar^ watchiiig^lt lorms
a footlike protrtasion equalling in i<»ngth the
entire mafs of the body, and having •<'i<roe-
ter of about oae-iourth ito length. ^ Into (his
protruded part, which b«iomen ' uradnallj
distended, the whole mass ot the ||rcode fi>l-
lows, and the aDimal-::ulum h«* th«8 ad-
vanced, a diHtanc" equal to the , ifenitth, the
proceB* was thrown out This vinf uUr mtMle
of tdvaacement by (.-rutrudiug ■ a |pjrtlon ot
>'l
' i
\--
7
Moru
(iKurtHi I
c.Klo .like. .vlng V^T'v'LtAZl
.y i.? the Hovcrnl K.oup. of "^u -
Lruo process ia tho accUsioinrd w^^v ' *"
Si^S liB. detoted in «>m« gr«"Wot
lltirttr' which is the d.v^lopmeut of a nV w,
dl« iS lodv dual from a bud wUicl» \b«
tteBtthrowIout. To ihin mode of .acrcj^«
Kfrnmon to B,ar.y ot the luiaHorm, we mW
du<tion IK uear akin to that »«^" '" "
A/o« ■»•'<» called cbujugation, a process rt
lcrr«d to in our previous gossip.
Th« :4'«a!M Las b. en seen to tatt^ an ea
1 cyS ^-^ i a stage o. Ueiug th^B^ w^nch
mftiv of the Intusorift pa^B. inis snguiar
SI cf lufuHorial lif-, **bicto^i8 • l«te.al
t\rhd.aw.l from the world. «-^"^'-« ^-Ji
on fhe uMt of the auimakulum on itseir, is
■ inter, BtC to Btudy. Tile orJinary form of
V r«uScumm gradually changes as tbe
^ moctM of encysting goes on, uut i
tL little being bwa surrounded
Ustlfw Hninvc.HSngint.gumentforpro.
lSi«r id almost or entirely cuftsed to
V \ m^ -I^e ln.uao.ia encyst for p;^-^'on
Star «i^SS^^S;^?3£
than twenty irpecl».a of Amoil* ar«
..-.tionablo whetb- -J »^'„"te X'
worthy of ""' ' *;i^;, ^h "ar- di-v'»«'<»
fratlTa^Uturrm-ngVaiti.^^^
1 ?.,.?vcrv f«w in. ml.tr.- ol the group. By
^ wJLo rriardcd H« transiint forms,/
Huch thvy . r. gam ^^^^ organism* '
In the vaiu.^s « ,,^^ ^„,i„^.
cl,. vt-lopnient. 1 h, tvmi i ^^ ^^
„,,s..rv..nj ''X*;,^';;: .;tganl-i:i.i..ns dn/ng
of being »'*• ""7, so Widely didureut in
Huceessive ^'^""""''"''v?^ ,.:;,,,;* 1. would bB
\
iHstbouubt that it is fo r the4 a tt« purpose
the AmojlMi generally encyst
{ \. -.f animals Bo/marRed as in the in-
ZX annrluu/tUat as our kaowledge
*7h.ir whole lif^ becomes more exact,
"^ nnmS o 7 "PiicleB i« continually
our number oy p« mkroscoptsts
tsr;-ovg&«girt7ve^
naturally «-""V»M^ ^vrwas a distinct species,
thl i^SeSrS^quent observation.
^?»,»rJv tX barLuim changes taken by
^ -r.fflc/form djrin^ differ, nt stages of lU
devcrpiST.S*bo1e broods which may
ir,SX so unlike their progenitors, are
iow by?any rcgardVdas products ofasexua^
uowuy iu» J p springing from
•*"""Tn^ liSuudVmm fission. Moreover
W^be Ulowed ul;,tLt even though t^
SSL«"m«f a sperm eel withj. .^
^i .wit will be sooner or later— so soon
wteeb^ a n^version to the parental type
rrlwShthese intermediate forms^ varied
ThS curious course of -^ange 'rhich has^oj
late\ years been wfttched by many
l«r.LLtswltii much imerest, was seen as
^r 4t^ S m9.l>y Ohamisso.^ wi neSsed
its oScurrenco in some of the »alpx. I"*
kinds,\whicn eameyu**
"^'7.
tomato guncratlonM." TliU diiooverj du)ierv>
edly sUinpii Uui iluvtr Muthor uf the rIuuIow-
IfMM man, im oiiu oi Ilia fuw, in whutu ram)
powura of ulwi-rvatlun have btwn culttvutud
tiniiiltauuoiiHly with th« Kratx'it of raiicy.
Thu bvllvvcrM in thfl (loiiMil)ility o( Ilctur-
oxvntiiJH, who contttnd thut tliu divurMJtiitH ot
HUc(:ut'<iiiiK K*»*'i'n<tct)*i niay«uun ludiflnitc
ly without auy ntcuimary ti-currfucu to an
auct-Dtral typt-, havu not b«-4'U stow to arguu
ttmt thvHii chiuiKi'M Htititi in thti amceba and In
many oftlHi lufuMoria, tvnd to contlmi their
viuwM. Carufuily prepurid diawinga wuru
givuu in tho Joiirnul of tiiu li^iyai Mltiomopi-
<ttl 6lm;ttty, ulHtMt a ytar ajjo, of Ininn-
(ormatiouH of a pin pouU nmnwl, wliii h
Imd bt't-n »)-«in -liy uu EnKliHh ob-
Bfivt-r of HoMio n^o. TIiIm niouud
wliicli uudi^r tliu hiKhcat powum Ih
u luoro Hpec, bu hud Bten gradu-
ally iH-c'oniu un atiiolin, and paNM on
tMough twi initriuediiitu toruiH to a luliy dt-
V<'l<>pu:t ciiiatud iiifuqoiiu'u. Prof. EdwurdM,
of Ni w Vorli, haa given a dttuiltd atcount of
/fiimiliit' I'habguti, wiiich by watching for two
da)H ho/had Been inau amoeba. tSiniiiar ob.
servationB to tbo^e have been ipubiiabed
during the lavt few year^, reBulting in much
diBcuHBion, and the spread of a wider jntereBt
in every thing pertaining to tbu development
of inluBorial ti^e. Ihonu bcHt compttent to
Judge, are however, found with thtuu wboaie
moHt strongly protecting against drawing
from imptr£i(|;t observHtiony, tonclusionn
which the moist extt-ndtd linowledge of ani-
mal life can hupubrt by no analogy. Perhaps
nothing having fife is known, tho sight of
which more t<ti dngly tcndB to excite curiosity
in an obserytir than nn amaba. There
was an ea^ly member ot the Royal
Society, whom Butler the poet was
sot slow to satirise, who believed that
the speciflii organs of one senue might
be made to do the duty of another, and who
inHtancedr in support of his viewx, a Spaniard
who " h^ard with his eyes and could see
words.'/ Out Amoeba, though far smaller, is
more than a ma*ch for Sir Kenelm Digljy's
Spanwrd, for it difcharges the duties of
many organs in blissiui ignorance of organs
altogether. As toSi ecial provisions for dis*
charging the functions of life, it is actually
•'flans evl'rythit'g." Yet it mov«<B without
niuscle/, tee<<s and ncurisbes itself without
iuoiiUt, stomach, or any specia' arrange-
ments for absorption . and assimilation,
in/ short, performi^ all its Vital ac
tifina witli an iMlependence of special struc
iiral provisions, to which no other livng be.
'^ing, high or low, can make any pretensions.
A mere tiny lump of jelly, nothing can ue
imagined to live, with lesB differentiation t f
parts..
Althoogh the Amcbbn is ottener met with
in gatherings from bur Bay "tlian any other
Rhutopod, we may sometimes find- some of its
near relations. One of these, the Sun Ani-
malcule, Aelintphryu J^l, ia remarkable for
b«ing snironnded by flne radiatinjf paeudcv
|HKlla, which make It the miniature lem-m*
blance of Ihtse rayrd figures uiud from time
imro> morial to rijjiri'si nt the buii.
Another turm, a species of Aretl^a, lone*
times to b«t seen amongst the duckwt^id,
closely reH«mbles in sinxture the Amoeba,
but has tho i^iditlon of a tiny, dtileat*) shell.
1'lie Hhnoit&dt, the ciaHS tu which lliese
organisms so nmaikable for their siroplitity
<ir litrucinre, belong, have existing represent-
stive forniH scatter* d all over the world.
Their losMlIf, too, xlkew thi y had an cxiHtence
ill ngis ot the world so remote, that there
is i.olhliig whicli now lives, and noth-
iiig whicli t<t our present knowlidKe
ever hiiH livtd, but must yield to their clHims
to be regaided as tlie earth's earliest settlers.
Sdme groupM kindnd to these furnished by
our gtithcriiig, deserve, from their importanc«
as proniiutnt iiieniliersof this claMs, a few
woids of our goMfip One of thus< groU|i8
which hns taken, and still takes an active
part in th*; cimiiges to which the earth itself
is constantly suiijected> by its innuroeruble
iiiliabitaiits, is called, from tho minute pores
with which the shells of all the memliers of
the Kroup are pierforattid, Foramini/era These
shells are calcareous, and the substance of
the bodies which o<jcupy them ha' been
shewn by Di>jardii« to be Harcode. This
sarcodu is thrown into fine pseudo|)odia,
Nimi.ar to tliese found on our sun animal-
culum, and wlix-h are protruded lik^ threads
through the minute pores of the shells.
Soundings in the deeper parts o/ the Oulf of
the St. Lawrence, and in tho Atlantic show
ttieir prexcnce in the ooze in vast numbera
and many varieties. Soundings for tho At-
lantic cable show<^ the oose iif plac-es to
Contain ninety ffvu percent of one species,
the Globtgerma. Bo numerous are they in
some places that a single onnco of sand
from the Antilles has been estimated to
contain four millions. In the chalk too
their fossils are abundant, and they were
undoubtedly active aiients during the period
of its deposition. Some of their speciesare
almost cosmopolitan, and are found fn the
nrarls and calcareous rocks of the Tertiary,
wherever thcho rocks haVe been defined.
Charleston, South Carolina, stands on a cle.
posit of murl more than 200 feet thick, in
which, according to Bailey, Foraminiffra are
entombed in myriads. The 'stone o mmon-
lyiised in P rfs for building, and that of
which the Egyptian Pyramids are built, h^vo "
/bramini'/erouf iossils tor their chief ingredi-
ents. These inrignificant tomis of life
are tbup alike associated with man's most
recent and artistic, and with hU oldest, and
most durable work. '
The members of another group of this
class, the Polyeysliha, have minnte siliceous
shells, whicb for beauty, the Diatoms them-
selves cannot surpass The substance of the
bodies of this group is similar to that of the
Foraminffera , and as in them tbgp s endopoditt
,nd dl«*r from tlu)ni»m« y h.vlm< •
:iii.«. in lieu «j « -^rr; tnd ^- »»•«
,„w.rH . Uwr..nc«, •';• ^",^,,„; U,. »H..n
th. AtUDUc c«««t. 2»|f i, „.„.,. H... to
for abiiiKt"""*' •"•»
;p„Hlt ill l».ul.«lt."«
o
- .,f «hapi', .nrt all *•» ]7i^,ea..v of •cu>pt«'-
.Dutber organHin ^''^'•^^gfi, „no invo«t«il
the Eozo<,n <?«'"'*'^',' . For thl» or.»turp
la.lDK rw clo.e "" «*" J"o?whloh wo *»«
;..»l.lD.i ««-';'j;'i \"rt»^e »«'«'Vj^l"«
jioted from <'U- »*"» * . jt Ib down Jti the
L., ho mortal <*P 8j«;l^Jof our Juren-
P„,Ut«ne- toward. U.eb^^^^
liaa ftyxtem *' " '" ,o«,er th#n the
houi«udi of f<'^* ,'\ bcfor/ known,
Wdi»l ««ne, •*"J, conjJtutud al
SS death. «ur Pte«W«°*^ ;L to the laftt
Ildre^-. t««b«>. '^'" i o! tS ftiHKil ban been
that the anl«"«» °*^^^"* *Tt.m.mb«r th^it
dmputvd. But f ^^j,..7d.;intete«t^d «-
prot. Dawf.ou,and «*f/Vj',u,,w,ct of special.
micn«coplcal «;«^y. !»«" , ^„ | that
.;„Dcc'rnln« itH/ora«.n.^«ro"» ^^^^ ^^^ „,„ t
painstaking "M"**';i;,i«r, who«e .pfv.\
^niirmeiV ^^^ P["i^,SnUmi i« coufc«-5dly
knowledge "^/V**;. r^J'tV-uppo-e *"•> ««
oollectlpna. K««le funluheB 'W "'^h »
•"our coUecttng ^/^."ji gubnt^nce than
larger piece of «^ K«'%°^ i^joro turned our
any of tbe»' to "Wch we ^^ ^„„^igt
IttentloD. E«'"°*?*:**"'of globulen. which
•fa tM| number of gi» ^^Uke
^^^ Pj^d aS TJditfontothe»a
form. We An**, "ifftw,. nuA some yellow-
delicate net-work of fibf « . ^^^ ^^,, „„„.
i«b seed-like b«dle«, wn«: ^ ^jaminatlon
■ farther we cyty °u , n.ngnifyinK
/
-ereu*
the
the«tr«oture of the-« X^^ ,^^, ,^^„ y^,e
which may h«'MllTr ,««m,.nt of a
,,., h water -P-'-'^^in fS a.il.erln«^ to
t'epllenon »''"., J'" ,»»,!« «lrr"'«''«*"*'""
Canal, wh.re, n"*';/**"'*''' »„ ..i^ht ln«:be«.
thrraWlna.l..« M^irto whi.h tbt».^
TlwKroup "' ;';«*7Cn bandlod alm-.t
Irom pla«=» *" P'f. , ,,f „„r naturalUt«, all rtf -v-
by on« atter another of « u ^,^ ,,., ^^.-Vr '
whom until rW>;t;l''d;^^^^,, ^^^
true nature. ''" V ,|,„ »iM)niit»H *'" "•**
ScroM^oplcal ---'ima .•>•"«.;« " '«-
r. yarded aH »"" . ''" ™ »„' th.' ffhtiof^oda,
.tr..ct«ral '''-'"''^^•^ " , ,a.v d In any ua..i-
n^M which th..y " j;;^..„ ii..wer»M».k,
>«, HyHt«m «'f/'j;X* ,hew th-m t.. U
Llcb..rkuhn •"»«*. ^'.^'^le up of lnnum.;lf.
eomp<.«nd organl -n.^ m^'" l^„„ .^aj.Ko
able •'n"'l''*-"i^' tionwl, a hl«h»fr p..wer
hfxliet before roentK n««», ^^j^v ^ftch of
Sr w^. contain a uu»l.c«, ^^ ,,
which rrsembUa two lit ^^ ^^^^^j,,
joined by an a. e. ^he",^., ,„ the wlnt.r,
'ofthe^ponge 'J".*",, J, lUtlo .plcula a.e
,t turnii out t^" '"'*„1 rema n enov-t^d
winter ''P'»'*"a'^ rinK the cold, and grow
„d ttnbaimed dur>nK in ^^..^^,,^^180
Kt.» Spo-^K""" ll*J,%" „ uctlon which ha.
a8umniOrprooe«.«frep o ^^ ^..^,,a« ny
been «»>^«7'^' i Dr<H«HH,the r«,«ult of
Home aa a true ""X"*' F jj^ „va.
ScontWt of -peromif "a w^la,Hat whlcU
Although thew BimP « ^^''^ lanni-, ar« but
we ba^e taken tiaHl.l«''«V« f^ ^^^^, r
Uttlo Knowjk *'*^" .,i^,y to offer to thU
aonotcoflrider it^^c.J«»y ^,,^^,„^ ,,,,.
AB-ooiatlon »»J "PJ'.Sht «nlntere«tlng, to
turQB «oK«"°"*^LX to the eX.'lusl nol
„»onopoll«e ««XSrt "coogenerH. /or;
their more •^/*"*'"„f jif.. none of Vta
Tthe true f "^J nr^ifj atlonK-nothlng
Infinite variety of mam ^ „ ^„^
that Uve»-;'»'"'nf;'^e lowly th.n«H that
even theHe lowe.^^f t^e Jo^^ 7 ,^j^ j„ ^ .^^
live, are t*»^y, ""J u?e of which man him-
^arvellouB chain of life 01^ complexity of
,,,f i. but the^^Ht ?^ 1.^^^^^^^^ ^^,
gtrmaure, how *^''" *. j,iKher ani.ffjl-^
dlHtluguluh »^j7"^e the reBemblancel
«ame -on*^""* Tall anklysl"- , ^,„.
tectlou and f^";* *"^- anent the^e Btudle«
And Bhould any o^« « ^^ words of
whisper ciii *»"^l.T?hou«h uttered more
8tillingfle«t, .-h^ich, >"»« ^^ pondering
than two cenUiries ««^ a « ^^ ^^,„g^ that U
gtlllr-- wemay toe •"" ^ whatever patH
we study •«d,^<*"r8haTat last arrive at
we are »«<»5 ^°*^ J! ti ourBelves and othe«l.
•°"n""rfi% we 'bust be content to re.
but ot what Ktrgwp
A^^!'^ ' .,":T^^&ai8U0 » wt.
^'^"^ >^n !£o^conri^«"»^»« complexity *nV
power)
wiUaiiow
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