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Their B

wrra s

OF TI

AN]

Author

NEW BEUNSWICK ;

16 ■}»

WITH A BRIEP OUTLINE OP

NOYA SgOTIA,

<s>r^.

AND

^^Med

PRINCE EDWAIfBy ISLAND.

v'tl

Their History, Civil DivisioHs, Geograpny, and Productions ;

V W"

Wrm STATISTICS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES ; AFFORDING VIEWS

OF THE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF THE PROVINCES,

AND INTENDED TO CONVEY USEFUL INFORMATION, AS

WELL TO THEIR INHABITANTS, AS TO EMIGRANTS,

STRANGERS, AND TRAVELLERS, AND FOR THE USE

OP SCH00K3.

■

mmtmmmmi

BY ALEXANDER MONRO, ESQ.,
Author of a Treatise on Theoretical and Practical Land Surveying.

HALIFAX, N. S. :
PRINTED BY KIOHARD NUGENT.

1855

Zr 234829

It is full

Provinces c

ments nece

mate; an

of valuabli

ble rivers /

river Jislm

ble the inhi

country, of

of Prince I

valuable in

One of tl

with this es

ranee, in a

cially of th(

colonists lo(

body of me:

era of Nati(

Britain and

the chief ri

and the Aii

the winter s

fax in the S]

geography a

is not unfre(

press of Gr

eluded in th

It is almc

without mor

tion, it will

making ther

must be pla(

national pro<

with increas

The detai

taught in ou

^ _ derstood at

^\"V $1- I to be circula

-^"^ ■ dant populat

/ I portion of h(

/ ■ done to elevi

hibition of t
country stoo
fiented a par

jr am .

■•.-f

: INTRODU(?riON. ^

It is fully understood, by the feio Tvho have- studied the resources of the
Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick^ that they possess all the ele-
ments necessary to their elevation in the scale of nations : a healthy cli-
mate ; an excellent soil for agricultural purposes ; inexhaustible forests
of valuable timber, accessible by an extensi})e sea-board, and by naviga-
ble rivers ; immense mineral resources, and an unparalleled coast and
river fishery ;—ix\\ of which, when developed, are highly calculated to ena-
ble the inhabitants of these Provinces to compete with those of any other
country, of equal extent, on the American continent. And the little colony
of Prince Edward Island, although it may not abound with minerals, is in-
valuable in all the other advantages above referred to.

One of the principal reasons for so little having been done, commensurate
with this extent of resources and capability for developement, is the igno-
rance, in a great measure, even of the colonists themselves, but more espe-
cially of the inhabitants of the mother country — that source to which the
colonists looks for aid— of the true character of these Provinces. When a
body of men, possessing such facilities for knowledge as " the Commission-
ers of National Education in Ireland," would give to the youth of Great
Britain and America a book on geography, so recent as 1849, stating that
the chief rivers of New Brunswick are the Saint John, the Shubenacadie^
and the Annapolis ; and that the inhabitants employ themselves, during
the winter season, in rolling logs down the banks, and taking them to Hali-
fax in the spring,— it is no wonder that it was asked, probably taking this
geography as a guide, " How far it was from Halifax to Nova Scotia 7" It
is not unfrequent to find, in perusing descriptions of those colonies by the
press of Great Britain, that the whole of them, 35,000,000 acres, are in-
cluded in that of Canada.

It is almost impossible to advance in the scale of general improvement,
without more than ordinary etforts. In this age of panoramic representa-
tion, it will not do merely to imagine the existence of resources, without
making them, as weii as their worth, both known and appreciated. They
must be placed, in miniature, on the tables of those numerous exhibitions of
national products and artistic industry, which are now going hand in hand
with increased commercial skill and intelleciial improvement.

The details necessary to a real knowledge of these Provinces should be
taught in our schools and literary iustiiutions^ in order to be properly un-
derstood at home. A cheap work, detailing their capabilities, is required
to be circulated in ihe mother country, so that a portion of her super- abun-
dant population might be induced to take up their residence in this extensive
portion of her dominions. How much, it may be asked, have these -oloniea
done to elevate their character in .y respect. At that ever-memorable ex-
hibition of the industry of all nations, held in London, when almost every
country stood forth in bold relief to the world, Nova Scotia, it is true, pre-
sented a partial ej^hibitiou of her resources, for which she got her share of

i .

praise ; but how did New Brunswick figure 7 "iSy o '-"np of asphaltum,
the figure of an Indian, and a bark canoe /" Am the exhibition re-
cently held- in New York, this Province was repreitki " solely by two
beaver hats, and a box of biscuit ! I" What an exhibition to makc^ by a
Province whose resources are so varied and extensive ! Why did not some
friend draw a curtain over the whole ? I am sure his name would have
been emblazoned in letters of gold on the flags of our Provincial Fxhibi-
tions, — exhibitione which, if they had been made in London or New York,
would have eclipsed many of those which have been receiving the praise of
an admiring public.

And with regard to the principal part of the works written on these colo-
nies, they have either been confined to detached parts of their resources, or
they have expatiated to such an extent upon Indian wigwams, canoes, haunts,
customs, manners, &c., that, however true, as matters of history, they must,
when presented to those desirous of emigrating, have a tendency to impress
their minds with the idea that their lives would be in danger as soon us they
disembarked on the shores of the Province ; and that the inhabitants are
litill living in the midst of Indian squalor. Such, however, is far from the
truth — for the aggregate number of Indians in these three Provinces is not
more than 2U00; out of a gross population of not less than 550,000 souls ;
and, whatever may have been their original number and character, they are
now a very harmless and inoffensive people — much more so than a great
proportion of the super-abundant population of the mother country. See
passes 275 and 278 of this work.

it is almost impossible for colonies of such amplitude and varied capabili-
ties, and with so limited and scattered a population, and having their atten-
tion directed to so many different pursuits, to make a comparative progress
in the general advancement of their trade, and the developement of their
other industrial resources. In addition to the obscurity in \Nhich these colo-
nies have been enveloped, their inhabitants, while they have done much to
advance their progress, have still, in some respects, themselves assisted in
retarding it, by drawing unfair comparisons as to the relative progress of
their own country and the United States, the latter possessing great nation-
al powers, and into which has been pouring for years a large portion of the
inhabitants, industry, intelligence and wealth of Europe, besides the gold of
California. These unfair comparisons are generally made at the least tem-
porary depression or drawback in the prices of jhips or deals, or any failure
in the growth of agricultural produce. W^e forget that other countries suf-
fer reverses both in agriculture and commerce : and we require a little of
the nationality, as well as of the education, that characterize the Union. It
would be difficult to find a native of the States undtrrating his own coun-
try ; but, on the contrary, we invariably hear him boasting of her resour-
ces, her institutions, and her commerce, and frequently asserting that there
is no part of her wide domain, however sterile and barren the soil, or how-
ever limited the apparent capabilities, in which he could not make money.
It is now generally admitted that the inhabitants of these colonies live easier,
and do not labor so hard, as those of the United States ; and one thing is
certainly true, and it is much to bo regretted, that there is not the same
Talue placed on time in the colonies as there is in the Union.

Until very recently, a great proportion of the inhabitants of these lower
Provinces have abandoned, and frequently sacrificed, the good old farms,
on which their fathers have resided and lived independently, iii order to be-

coTue qualifie
idea of living
which, to sa)
viduals, has i
of these laboi

That a pre
Provinces, th
properly und
of the writer
tion of the f(
humble but
sub-divisions
will be foum
railroads, and

In addition
colonies, I ha
statistical res^
merous frienc
best thanks,
may tend to ]
unknown dej
means of rem
before aliudeci
ous of adoptir

In consequ
and thirty mi
sioned hy seni
Printer, a fe\
work not pro(
rata.

The whole,
indulgent Pul

Bay Vert
Octob

■•H.

fphaltum^
libition re-
»ly by two
nakfli by a
> not some
ould have
al Fxhibi-
^ew York,
J praise of.

these colo-
sources, or
C9, haunts,
they must,
to impress
ion as tliey
bitants are
r from the
noes is not
JOO souls ;
r, they are
in a great
Qtry. See

;d capabili-

their atten-

'0 progress

tit of their

these colo-

e much to

assisted in

progress of

eat nation-

tion of the

the gold of

least tem-

any failure

ntries suf-

a little of

Union. It

own coun-

ler resour-

that there

il, or how-

ke money.

live easier,

le thing is

t the same

hese lower
old farms,
»i4er to be-

come qualified for the law, or some other profession or occupation, under the
idea of living easier and more icspectabJy than by tilling the soil ; a course
which, to say nothing of its effects upon the comforts or happiness of indi-
viduals, has in many instan^'^s proved highly inimical to the best interests
of these labor-requiring countries.

That a proper value might be set on the resources and capabilities of the
Provinces, than which nothing would more effectually tend to make them
properly understood and adequately appreciated, has been the main object
of the writer in devoting no small trouble, labor and expense to the prepara-
tion of the following pages ; it will be for his readers to decide how far his
humble but zealous efforts have been successful. The map shewing the
sub-divisions of Nova Scotia, IS'ew Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island
will be found useful to the reader, as well as the one shewing the roads,
railroads, and minerals.

In addition to my having personally traversed a large portion of these
colonies, I have consulted nearly all the works extant on their natural and
statistical resources, and have received much valuable information from nu-
merous friends in different parts of these Provinces, for which they have my
best thanks. Trusting that the information thus collected and arranged
may tend to produce a better knowledge of these infant and comparatively
unknovrn dependencies of the Crown of Great Jiritain, and may be the
means of removing or lessening these erroneous impressions to which I have
before alluded, and may also be found useful as a directory to perauns desir-
ous of adopting them as their home, is the sincere desire of the writer.

In consequence of the writer residing so far fiom the Press (one hundred
and thirty miles) while the work was being published, and the delay occa-
sioned by sending the proof-sheets to thf; writer and returning them to the
Printer, a few inconsiderable errors have been committed in the part of the
work not proof-read by the author, which will be found 'n the table of Er-
rata.

The whole, however, with its numerous imperfections. ■' dicated to an
indulgent Public, by

ALEXA^^x MONRO.

Bay Verte, Westmoreland County, N. B.,
October, 1855.

m.'

1 •

^^ !;:

TO INSTRUCTORS OF YOUTH.

While tbc general reader ia referred to the title page for an explanation
of the ostensiUe object of the following pages, we beg to direct the attention
of the teachers of parish schools to the principal subjects, and the pages
■where they may be found, which we believe every child in the British Pro-
vinces Bhould be acquainted with, namely : —

The situation, area, number, population, and political character of the
Provincial divisions into which British North America is divided, with their
respective head quarters and chief towns ; the number of counties in each
Province— their boundaries, sub-divisions into parishes, and their shire-
towns; Geography ; General Description ; Early History ; Climate ; Geolo-
gy ; position, extent and variety of Minerals ; Agricultural Capabilities ;
extent, variety, and uses of their Forest Trees ; Fisheries— their extent and
natural history, and other natural advantages ; along with statistics of the
extent of their improvement, ho.
New Brunswick ; —

Early History, see pages 4 to 7. Boundaries and General Description,
7—9, Geography, Latitudes, Longitudes, and Tides, 10 — 19. Distances,
Civil Divisions, and Political Department, 21 — 27. Judicial Institutions,
their number and duties, 29 — 31. Currency, 48. Climate, 49. Agricul-
tural Productions, Indigenous Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, 55—56.
Agricultural Capabilities, 56. Fisheries, natural history of, 87 to 93.
Natural History : Ornithology, Zoology, 94—96. Botany, 96—103.
Geology, 103—109. Summary Description of the St. John, 178—182.
Historical Sketch, 183 — 185. Passing Observations, 210. Historical
Memoranda, 230—234. Provincial Education, Literature, and Religious
Denominations. 245—258.

Nova Scotia ; —

History of, 260-275. Aborigines, 275—278. Earthquakes, 278—
280. Boundaries, 280. Civil Divisions, 281. Geography, 281—287.
Geology, 287. "^^rest Trees, 295. Climate and Agriculture, 300—302.
Political and Judicial Institutions, 306—307. Education, Literature, and
Religious Denominations, 316. Island of Cape Breton, 344.
Prince Edward Island ; —

Geography, History, 352 — 356. Civil Divisions and Political Depart-
ment, 356 — 359. General Description, 359. Climate, 365. Geology,
S63. Agriculture, &c., &c.

Introdaotion,
Map of Nova Sco
ftnd Prince Edw
|MapofRoad8,Rai{

c
Extent and Reaoui

America,
Historical Sketch <
Remarkable Dates
Boundaries and g

New Brunswick,
Geography of New
Latitudes and Loni
Tides,

[Light Houses,
distances,
livil Divisions of ^
•olitical Departmei
Judicial Institution
urors,

*08t Office Departn
lurveyor General's
)urrency,

Table of Currency o
lanks,
'limate,

agricultural capabil
wick,

agricultural Sociotl<

tads,

lilways,

llectric Telegraph,
lhip.building,
umbering,
he Fisheries — their

mercial importanc

isheries— Natural

atural History— .Qj

)ology,

Btany,

8ology,

svenue— Reoiprooit
utufaotures,

CHAP

nntyandCityofg
unty of Charlotte,
Dg's County,
leen's County,
anty ofSunbury.
" York,
•* Carlton,
" Victoria,
mary description
iiver, &o.,
itorical sketch of th
itigoucho County,
inty of Gloucester,
lapitulatory sketch
eur,

inty of Northumbei
sing Observations,
u»tyofKent,
'* Westmorelaj
" Albert,
otioal M«ffiorud«,

■>^

explanation
le attention
[ the pages
Jritish Pro-

icter of the
I, with their
;ie8 in each
their shire-
ate; Geolo-
llapabilities ;
: extent and
sties of the

Description,
Distances,

Institutions,

I. Agricnl-

ts, 65—66.

, 87 to 93.

r, 96—103.

178—182.

Historical

id Religious

ikes, 278—
281—287.
300—302.

erature, and

cal Depart-
Geology,

Introduction,

Map of Nova Scotia, New Bronswiok,

and Prince Edward lalpnd,
Mapof ttoads. Railroads, and Minerals,

CHAPTER I.

I Extent and Resources of British North

America,

I Historical Sketch of New Brunswick,
Remarkable Dates,
I Boundaries and general description of

New Brunswick,
[Geography of New Brunswick,
{Latitudes and Longitudes,
[Tides,

|Light Houses,
")i8tanee8,

yinl Divisions of New Brunswick,
Political Department,
Judicial Institutions,
Jurors,

Post Office Department,
Surveyor Qeneral's Department,
\)urrency,

table of Currency of Lower ProTinces,
lanks,
Climate,
Agricultural oapabilitiea of New Brans*

wick,

Agricultural Societies,
' oads,
ail ways,
Electric Telegraph,
Ihip-buildiug,
lumbering,

lie Fisheries — their extent and com-
I mercial importance,
'gheries — Natural History,
|atural History— Ornithology,
ology,
otany,
eology,

^venue— Reciprocity Treaty,
lu&otures,

CHAPTEB n.
bnnty and City of St. John,
[unty of Charlotte,
Ing's County,
^een's County,
inty of Sunbury,
" York,
'• Carlton,
" Victoria,

:mary description of the St. John
liver, &c.,

ktorical sketch of the river St. John,
pgoucho County,
mty of Gloucester,
[lapitulatory sketch of the Bay Cha-
Bur,

mty of Northumberland,
^sing Observations,
ity gf Kent,

Westmoreland,
Albert,
,M«moruda,

16
17
19
21
22
22
29
82
83
85
44
48
48

[NDEX.T^';o

Page .^ ^^^r

C9APTEB lU.
Provincial Tables,
Table, shewing extent of, and facilities

for further scttlemeDt,
Public LandH — .system'of locating and

instruments employed,
Provincial Educfttton, _v
Literature, ^^^

5 Religious denomination^,
I Addenda,

7 I ClIAPTEB IV.

lOJNovA Scotia — Brief Outline of the
I History of,
I Historical Memoranda,
! Aborigines,
] Earthiiuakos,
I Boundaries of Nova Scotia,

Civil Divisions,

Geography,

Geology,

Forest Trees of Nova Scotia,
\ Fisheries of Nova Scotia,

Climate,

Agriculture,

Political and Judicial Institutions,
49' Post Office Department,

Revenue,

Light Houses,

Manufactures,

Provincial Exhibition,

Roads, Distances, &c.,

Education, Literature, and Religious
Denominatious,

Halifax, City and County— Railways,

County of Lunenburg,

Queen's County,
, Slielburne,

County of Yarmouth,

County of Digby,

Annapolis County,
103 King's County,
109 1 County of Hants,

Colchester,

County of Camber land,
, Pictou,

The County of Sydney,

The County of Guysborough,

The Island of Cape Breton,

Sable Island,

56
67
71
75
78
79'
81
I
82
67 1
94
95;
96:

118

125
136
144
151
167
160
170
174

Peince Edward Island— Geography,

History,

Civil Divisions, and Political Depart-
17gi ment,
183 General Descripticn,
185 Climate— Geology,
193 Agriculture, iic,

I Progressive Population — Education,

Postal arrangements, and xaeani of
transit.

Light Houses — Fisheries,

Commerce, Revenue, &o..

Currency,

G&iPXU V.

200
201
210
211
216
22c

SSOjEmigration,

P*je

236

289

242
245
266
267
2C8

200
278
275
278
280
281
281
287
295
297
300
801
308
807
308
810
811
813
314

316
320
825
826
327
328
829
880
882
838
334
836
840
842
843
844
851

852
858

856
859

803
364
86S

863
870
871
873

879

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includes a la
A great part
the hunter a
Company coi
couvers', am
hereafter affc
extensive bra
tions, we shal
better knowr
Prince Edwa
large a grasp
each of the (
Brunswick is
the other twc
their present
These five
ment, either
to the wants
become the s<
summary of
so far as it hi

CanadE

New Br

Nova S(
Cape Bi

Newfou]
Prince 1

Total ar
Provi
son's;

Aggrega

n il i i iiit n -

4t:

TO to

-M

C a p t
Is a

■^■^^■

if>

is.

irh.l-'ISyrrtif V .T.l

•T I

61/

CHAPTER I. >

Vr^

EXTENT AND RESOURCES OF BRITISH NOllTH AMERICA.

Lrafiric

The V2st extent of the British possessions in North •AmCrica is scarcely
known even to its inhabitants ; and there are few of our fellow countrymen
on the other side of the Atlantic, who are aware that British America
includes a larger area than that under the government of the United States.
A great part indeed is at present uncultivated and unproductive, except to
the hunter and the courier de bois. The territories of the Hudson's Bay
Company contain, no doubt, the locality of many a future province. A^'an-
couvers', and other Islands in the Pacific, besides British Oregon, may
hereafter afford homes to a numerous population, and give rise to new and
extensive branches of commerce ; but, without indulging in these anticipa-
tions, we shall find an ample field for our present inquiries, in the somewhat
better known provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and
Prince Edward Island. Canada, indeed, is too extensive, and requires too
large a grasp to be made the subject of our present limited volume ; and
each of the other provinces might well deserve a work of its own. New
Brunswick is therefore our principal object, and the chapters devoted to
the other two lower colonies must be considered as a very brief sketch of
their present state.

These five Provinces, which should be united under one general Govern-
ment, either by a Federal or Legislative Union, as may be found best suited
to the wants and wishes of their inhabitants, may, at no very distant day,
become the seat of a great and powerful Empire. The following is a brief
summary of the entire superficial contents of this widely extended territory,
so far as it has been hitherto divided into distinct provinces : —

Canada East,
" West,

New Brunswick,

Nova Scotia proper, and

Cape Breton,

Newfoundland,
Prince Edward Island,

Total area of Br. North American )
Provinces, exclusive of the Hud- >
Bon' s Bay territory and Labrador, )

Aggregate population in 1830,
3

Acres.

128,(559,080
31,745,539

Totals.

11,534,196
2,000,000

160,405,219
20,000,000

13,534,190

23,040,000

1,300.000

218,339,415

1,375,000

€'\'

Ml'

iUii^

Year.
1852,

Population.
952,239

1852,
1851,
1851, i . '
1848,

890,261
193,800
276,117

62,678

1851,
1851,
1851,

101,600

180,000

5,000

* ■ / . I . * •

dates,

2,661,695

At the latest date to which the census was taken, the population nnj»od
as follows : —

Upper Canada,

Lower Canada,

New Brunswick,

Nova Scotia, . :• j :

Prince Edward Island,

Newfoundland,

Hudson's Bay Territory,

Labrador,

Total population to these dates,
The number of inhabitants has doubled in about twenty years. Upper
Canada, however, far exceeds this ratio, having more than doubled its popu-
lation during the last ten years, and its increase has exceeded that of any
other country in the world. The United States, from 1840 to 1850, have
not added 6.666 per cent, to their inhabitants, and England only doubled
itself in the last half century. Looking to the future, and assuming that
Upper Canada numbered 950.000 at the commencement of 1851, and that
the increase proceeds at the same ratio, she will have 2,050,000 in 1861,
and 4,225,000 in 1871.

The exf)oris of these colonies have increased more tJtaii five-fold
duri?ig the last half century.

The aggregate value of the exports in 1806, Avas, (cur-
rency,)
In 1834 it amounted to
And in 1851 to
To?mage of Ships. — In 1806, the tonnage outwards

from all the Provinces, was 124.247 tons.

In 1831, 836,668 " ,,,

In 1851, 1,583,104 "

In 1851 the tonnage inward amounted to 1,570.663 "

These figures prove that the trade of these Provinces has doubled itself
within the last twenty years.

Hence, shipbuilding has become a large item of colonial industry,, not
only to accommodate the trade of the Provinces themselves, but also for
sale in Great Britain. This branch of business is at the present time mak-
ing a progress altogether unprecedented in colonial history. In 1832, the
aggregate of ships built, was 33,777 tons.

In 1841, 104.087 "

In 1850, • 112J87 ''

Thus the increase in the tonnage of new vessels built in these colonies
has been more than three-fold during eighteen years. In the same 3'ears
we find the vessels built in the United States to be as follows : —
In 1832, 85

In 1841, 118.309

In 185), 272,218 "

British North An .erica is of course far behind the American Republic in
point of tonnage, tl e amount owned by the latter in the year 1850 having
reached nearly three million and a half of tons ; still, for the last twenty
years, the comparative ratio of progression has kept pace, in this important

.■£1.821,385
4,130,878
8.930,000

0,962 tons.

item, with t
owned by th
only three 1
Russia.

Thus a CO
sources of t
other and ol
will afford n
proves as we
expected froi
Before dis
union of thes
appear to be
whole, and W(
sent, the cur:
ject to separa
in the arrang
manufacture,
and these are
is a total abst
the manner (
arrival in tiie
subject, scare
selves, hardly
are puzzled ti
minor but ve
standing in tl;
British Nortl
possess in the
tages that wo
erful State ei
portions of th(
known colony
power — bearit
other member
tages have bee
of the day, an
serving of th
whole, whethe
grasp, or if a
should be ecli
sister on the
brought about
culties would
Union, in whii
due share of ji
no real and ini
British Coloni

is' '-, .. ' .

((

item, with that enterprising nation. The gross amount of tonnage now
owned by the Provinces is more than half a million, which is exceeded by
only three nations of the world, viz., England, the United States, and
Russia.

Thus a comparison of the means, the population, and the maritime re-
sources of these infant dependancies of the British empire, with those of
other and older countries, better known, and with far greater advantages,
will afford no unfavorable contrast ; and what has been already effected,
proves as well the enterprise of their inhabitants, as the results that may be
expected from an adc\|uate increase in their wealth and population.

Before dismissin;^ tiiis subject, we may remark on the expediency of a
union of these five Provinces, on one of the bases before suggested. There
appear to be many reasons why such a union would be beneficial to the
whole, and would remove various impediments to their prosperity. At pre-
sent, the currency diffurs in almost every colony ; the post offices are sub-
ject to separate nitmagemcut, and there is a consequent want of accordance
in the arrangements ; duties are imposed on some articles of inter-colonie'
manufacture; as well as on all foreign goods carried from one to the other,
and these are found most vexatious and harassing to the merchant. There
is a total absence of uniformity or system in the price of land, as well as in
the manner of obtaining it ; the head money payable on the emigrant's
arrival in the respective sea ports, and the (quarantines to which they are
subject, scarcely agree in any two Provinces ; and the emigrants them-
selves, hardly knowing a distinction between one Province and the other,
are puzzled and discouraged at the very outset of their career, by these
minor but vexatious difficulties. Much might be S|p.id of the power and
standing in the great family of the world, which such a union would give to
British North Americ-.i : of the influence she, as a whole, would thus
possess in the general counc'ls and politics of Britain, and of the advan-
tages that would accrue to every individual in being a member of a pow-
erful State entitled to equal consideration with any of the more distant
portions of the Empire, instead of the denizen of an obscure and scarcely
known colony, too small to be of any apparent imp'^rtance in the scale of
power — bearing but an insignificant relative value, isolated and alone, to the
other members of the great Nation to which it belongs. All these advan-
tages have been ably urged b}' some of the most eminent colonial statesmen
of the day, and especially in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and they are de-
serving of the utmost attention. If, however, a General Union of the
Avhole, whether Federal or Legislative, sliould be considered beyond their
grasp, or if any feav should bo entertained that these smaller governments
should be eclipsed ana overwhelmed by their more extensive and powerful
sister on the west, surely 'i union of the three Lower Provinces might be
brought about, and thus much of the custom bouse, postal and other diffi-
culties would be avoided. The example, however, of the American 1 'ederal
Union, in which Rhode Island, and the other minor States, preserve thei:r
due share of power and consideration, would seem to prove that there exisls
no real and insuperable difficulty to the consolidation of the whole of tliQ
British Colonies into one powerful body.

T'l

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

^'1

As the avowed object of this volume is to set forth more fully the pre-
sent resources and future prospects of this Province, for the purpose as
well of exciting its inhabitants to a more exaltod and correct notion of its
real worth, as of acting as a directory to those who may be desirous of
making it their future home, it may be considered foreign to our object to
enter into a detailed historical account of those minutire (of themselves suf-
ficient to fill a volume) connected with its early discovery, settlement,
conflicts with the aborigines, wars with France, the American Revolu-
tion, and its ultimate peaceful possession by Great Britain. Of all these
particulars, many of them no doubt highly interesting, more than a mere
outline would be inconsistent with our present limits.

Although the discovery of America, which took place in 1492, is due to
Columbus, yet a more full and detailed exploration of the northern portion
of the continent, and of its extent and resources, v*as made by John Cabot,
a Venetian, who, in 1497, sailed in the employ and under the direction of
Henry VII. of England, Thus, this enterprising navigator had discovered
Labrador and other places on this part of the continent, probably Nova
IScotia and New Brunswick, before Columbus had extended his researches
beyond the G ulf of ^Mexico ; from the results of this voyage England
claimed North America by right of discovery.

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the gallant and ill-fated Sir Humphrey
Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland.

In 1604 De Monts sailed from France, commissioned by Henry IV., the
then Sovereign of that country, and took formal possession of all the terri-
tory from the 40th to*the 4Gth degree of North Latitude, from Virginia
nearly to Hudson's Bay. This extensive territory was called New France,
of which only two small islands, St. Pierre and Miquelon, now belong to
that power.

De jNIonts explored the chief part of the coast, from Canseau, the most
easterly point of Nova Scotia proper, to the river St. John, in New Bruns-
wick. At that early period he discovered iron and copper ores, and esta-
blished some settlements on the coasts of Nova Scotia, or ancient Acadia,
which included Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and a part of the State of
Maine. During this time, the English were planting settlements along the
coasts of Virginia, INIassachusetts. and other colonies, thus encroaching on
the nominal limits occupied l>y France. This gave rise to a protracted war
between the two countries, both claiming, under various pretexts, a large
portion of the newly discovered continent,

This war was carried on, with some intervals of peace and alternate
cessions of territory, for a century and a half; numerous treaties were
made and as frequently broken by England or France, who fitted out many
fleets and armaments, taking nnd retaking forts in different parts of these
extensive dominions, till the treaty of Versailles in 17Go, by which the
French Empire in North i'nnerica was virtually annihilated. The French,
however, by this treaty wei-e allowed the liberty of fishing on a certain
j)ortion of the coast of Newfoundland, as first conferred by the treaty of
Utrecht in 1714, and a similar privilege, under certain restrictions, in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence-
Soon after the termination of this war, another, still more deplorable in
its nature, broke outj being the revolt of the "old colonies,"' now the

the pre-
irpose as
on of its
sirous of
object to
jlves suf-
ttlement,
Revolu-
all these
n a mere

is due to
n portion
m Cabot,
rection of
iscovers"^
bly Nova
esearches
England

umphrey

IV., the
the terri-

Virginia
i France,
belong to

the most
,v Bruns-
md esta-
fc Acadia,
State of
along the
ching on
icted war
, a large

alternate
ties were
)ut many
of these
'hich the
) French,
fi certain
treaty of
18, in the

orable in
X\q-w the

United States of America. In 1776 these colonies declared their indepen-
dence, and the revolutionary struggle continued until 1783, when it was
acknowledged by Great Britain ; thus forming a separate Government, now
the most powerful and best administered Republic yet known in history.

An enumeration of the privations and harassing distresses endured by the
early settlers in this part of the continent, during the protracted struggle
between France and England for its possession, would be truly heart rend-
ing. This contest was closely followed by the American Revolution, and
on both occasions each party, but more especially the French, employed the
various Indian Tribes as auxiliaries, who carried on the war in the most
barbarous manner, endeavouring to exterminate the hardy settlers, to whose
bravery and persevering industry wo are so deeply indebted. At length,
however, these wars came to«n end, and Great Britain, by various treaties
with France and the United St?.tes, retained the peaceable possession of
Canada, Nova Scotia, (including New Brunswick,) the Hudson's Bay and
Labrador territories, extending to t^ /) Pacific, together with the Islands of
Newfoundland, Cape Breton, (since incorporated with Nova Scotia,) Prince
Edward Island, A nticosti, and other smaller islands on the coasts of these
countries.

In 1784, New Brunswick was constituted a separate Fiovince, having
previously formed a part of Nova Scotia ; and to this day, its history,
boundaries and resources, have been so little known in Great Britain, that
although it is undoubtedly one of the most valuable appendages of the
British Crown, it is frequently blended with and considered a part of either
Nova Scotia or Canada.

REMARKABLE DATES.

America discovered by Columbus,

Extension of discoveries in North America by Cabo't,

J)e IMonts took possession of a large portion of America in the
name of France,

Saint John River discovered by Do ]Monts,

Canada ceded to France, by treaty of St. Germains,

Nova Scotia rccoiu:!.ci'cd by Cromwell,

Treaty of Breda, ceding these territories to France,

Hudson's Bay CorrM/any established in England,

Colonel Church's expedition landed in Beau Basin, now Chig-
necto. or Cumberland Basin,

Treaty of Utrecht concluded, by which Great Britain became
possessed of Acadia, now Nova Scotia, &c., with boun-
daries undefined,

War with France recommenced.

Cape Breton taken by the ProvinciaL,

Cape Breton ceded to France, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle,

Lord Halifax dispatched an expedition under Governor Corn-
Wi'Uis, to found a colony ut Chebucto, now Halifax,

M. La Corne landed 600 men at Barge Yort, now called Bay
Verte where he built a fort, afterwards called Fort
I^Ionkton, in honor of its captor, Lieut. Col. Monkton,
who also took Fort Beau-Sejour, now called Fort Cum-
berland,

1704

1713
1744
1745
1748

1748

1749

r ■

:f ■

■ •)

1492
1497

1604
1604
1632
1634
1667
1692

'd.

, :u

: !i

-;■'

Acadians removed, 1765

A numerous fleet, under Admiral Boscawen, and an army

under General Amherst, were fitted out by Great Bri- . «;
bi-v, tain; the Enghsa again became masters of the -whole of , .
Njva Scotia; and about the same time. Lord Hollo took
the Island of St. John, now Prince Edward Island, 1758

Quebec taken by (Jeneral Wolf, and total c^iPMucst of Canada

by Great Britain, 1759

Attempt to regain (Quebec by France, 17G0

Treaty of Versailles, by which Britain obtained possession of

all North America, 1703

Settlements commenced at INIaugerville, ia Sunbury County,
on the River St. John; first grant of land made; the
first commission of the Peace issued, and a Court held in
the Province, 1766

A Congress of Representatives from the discontented colonies
met at Philadel[)hia, to remonstrate against the grievances
imposed by England, 1774

■ Americans declared their independence, 1776

General Conway's motion, for the conclusion of tlie war in

America, carried in the Imperial Parliament, 1782

Independence of the United States acknowledged, 1783

The Loyalists landed in i<ew Brunswick, numbering nearly

5000 persons, 1783

Nova Scotia divided, and New Brunswick constituted a Pro-
vince, 1784
Frederictoii, formerly called St. Anns, became the scat of
Government. Sir Guy Oarleton appointed the first
Governor, 1785
At thip time there were only eleven or twelve families of Aca-
dian French, between the Nova Scotia boundary and
Miramichi, 1787
A duty laid on Baltic timber, while colonial timber was left

free, 1809

America declared war against Great Britain, 1812

This war ended in 1814

A convention entered into between Great Britain and America,
defining the fishing grounds of British North Americ^a,
and declaring that the })eople of the United States had
no right to fish within three miles of the coasts, 1818

A great fire in Miramichi, which burnt over nearly 4,000,000
^ acres, destroyed 160 persons, 875 head of cattle, 595

buildings, an> about c£ijO,000 worth of property, even the
fish in the rivers, and many groves of excellent timber, 1825
Kings College established by Iloyal Charter, 1828

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Land Company incorporated,
and received a grant of 500,000 acres between Fredericton
and Miramichi, 1834

Potatoes affected by dry rot, 1835

Baptist. Seminary established in Fredericton, ■ 1836

St. Andrews and Quebec railway line explored and Company

incorporated, 1836

BOUND ARTE

1782
1783

1783

1784

1785

1787

Great fire in Saint John, by which 115 edifices were destroyed, 1837
The casual and territorial revenues surrendered to the proyince,

on its granting the annual sum of £14,500 as a civil list, 1837
Several large fires in Saint John, destroying a large amount of

property, in 1839 and 1841

Slight shocks of earthquakes felt in some parts of the province

in 1663, 1827, and 1839

City of Saint John incorporated, 1841
The boundary between New Brunswick and 'the United States

settled in 1842

Sackville Academy established, 1843

Geological Survey of the Province completed, by Dr. Gesner, 1844

City of Fredericton incorporated, 1848

Halifax and Ciuebec railway surveyed, 1848

Electric Telegraph established between St. John and Halifax, 1849

European and North American llaiiway Company incorporated, 1849
Report published by Trofessor Jolinston, "on the Ajiricultu-

ral Capabilities of the Province of Ncav Ih'unawick," 1850

Great fire in Fredericton, 1850

Industrial Exhibition at Saint John, 1851

Ditto in Fredericton, 1852

Report on the Fisheries of New Brunswick, by M. IT. Pcrley,

Esq., 1852
European and North American railway demonstration and

commencement, 1853
Potatoes were attacked by a new disease, which extended its

ravages over Europe and Am rica, from 1845 to 1853

Railway commenced at Halifax, 1854

Female Academy opened at Sackville, 1854
Treaty of reciprocity concluded between the British Crown and

the United States, called the Elgin Treaty, 1854
Sir Edmund Head, Lieutenant (iiovernor of New Brunswick,

removed to the General Government of Canada, 1854

6 >i

1809
1812
1814

1818

1825
1828

1834
1835
1836

1836

BOUNDARIES, AND (JENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NEW-BRUNSWICK.

New Brunswick is situated between 45^^ and 48' 20' north latitude, and
between 64° and 07^ 30' west longitude. Its* lenjrth from the harbor of
St. John to Bay Chaleur, is 190 miles ; and its average breadth about 150.
It lies nearly in the form of a rectangle, and is bounded on the south east,
by the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia ; on the west, by Maine, one of the
States of the American Union ; on the north west, by Canada and the Bay
of Chaleur ; and on the east, by the Northumberland Straits and the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. It contains upwards of 32,000 s({uare miles, being nearly
20,000,000 acres ; and a population of upwards of 210,000 inhabitants.

One of the most important features in the topography of the Province is
its extent of sea coast, amounting to 400 miles, exclusive of the numerous
indentations of the shore. This distance is nearly equally divided between
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including Northumberland Straits, and the Bay
of Fundy. Along both coasts there are many excellent harbours, and other
advantageous localities for shipbuilding, as well as for the prosecution of the
fisheries and the timber trade — three of the great staples of the Province.

•I-1-, Ji .!> !! II

• n 'u:h .-.lU H'. a..;u

Mlir

It is much to be lamented that this colony, one of the finest possessed by
England, should have been utterly unknown to its Parent State, or even,
in a great measure, to its own inhabitants. The rocky and sterile appear-
ance of the south-eastern coast may create a prejudice in the minds of those
who approach its shores for the first time, which would speedily be dispelled
by a view of the fine intervale land of the St. John river, the fertile
marshes surrounding the head of the Bay of Fundy, or the rich alluvial
tracts bordering on the Restigouche river. A description of these districts,
so well adapted for agricultural pursuits, will be found under the heads of
the several counties to which they respectively belong ; and we may pass
over the rocky margin bounding tlie Province, to speak of the extensive
forests covering a very large portion of the interior. Timber of every descrip-
tion is found in vast plenty, and in the most favorable situations for reaching
a market. We cannot describe the forests of this Province better than by
quoting Mr. Macgregor's description of the splendid anpearance of the
British North American forests : "In Europe, in Asia, in Africa, and
even in South America, the primeval trees, ho'sv much soever their magni-
tude may arrest admiration, do not grow in the promiscuous style that pre-
vails in the great general character of the North American woods. Many
varieties of the pine, intermingled with birch, maple, beech, oak, arid nume-
rous other tribes, branch Inxuriantly over the banks of lakes and rivers —
extend in stately grandeur along the plains, and stretch proudly up to the
very summits of the mountains. It is impossible to exaggerate the autum-
nal beauty of these forests ; nothing under Heaven can be compared to its
effulgent grandeur. Two or three frosty nights in the decline of autumn,
transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into every possible tint
of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, vivid crimson
and glittering yellow. The stern, inexorable fir tribes alone maintain their
eternal sombre green. All others, in mountains or in valleys, burst into
the most glorious vegetable beauty, and exhibit the most splendid and en-
chanting panorama on earth."

Along the high roads, on the banks of the numerous rivers, and on the
sea-girt boundaries, the axe of the settler has been at work, and its results
will be found under the separate heads into which the several subjects of
this volume have been arranged.

Taking the Province throughout, it is generally level. In the principal
part of it, bounding on the Bay of Fundy, and for twenty miles inlamd,
there are a few hills of considerable size. At this distance from the shore
the land becomes undulating, until beyond the Tobique, and from thence to
the Canadian boundary, it may almost be considered as mountainous ; but
the hills are not of great height, nor the acclivities generally so steep as to
preclude cultivation and pasturage to a considerable extent. As we return
from the northward, there is almost an uninterrupted level, extending from
the Restigouche to the Nova Scotia boundary, and forming a strong and
decided contrast with the Bay of Fundy coast. Here, while the shore line
presents the fertile corn field, the busy saw mill, and the frequent harbour,
the interior is still, except where it has been ravaged by fire, a deep and
almost unbroken forest. Along this coast, as fine wheat is produced as in
any part of Britain, as was proved by the samples exhibited at the Provin-
cial Industrial Exhibition in 1853, many of which weighed upwards of sixty
pounds to the bushel. What a field is here presented to the industry of
man, in his war upon the wilderness ? What a scope for the employment

of the surpl
, Britain? 'J
h»rdly teste
labour in tl
lumber.

But if th(
the settler, 1
repay the ex
ing Russian
afforded her
for its manu:
and a varietj
ore that have
the counties
for believing
Notwithstanc
the Provincif
as still in its
The fine h
facilities for (
and the No
Labrador, an
further on tl
devoted ; but
of regret to a
length bo ma(
by the Elgin
nature has col
The popuk
ces, that it m
it may be fail
granted, up t
only about 7
nearly 6,000,
a considerab
be so availab
bitants would
ungranted la:
which we ma
The very a
ces of the Pi
and after sev(
he had obtain
inferior soils,
fisheries, he
pear to fix at
which New
ordinary seas

)88cd by
or even,
appear-
of those
lispelled
a fertile
alluvial
listricts,
Heads of
aay pass
ixtensive
descrip-
reaching
than by
3 of the
,'ica, and
r magni-
that pre-
Many
id nume-
rivers —
ap to the
B autum •
red to its
autumn,
isible tint
I crimson
tain their
urst into
and en-

id on the
ts results
ibjects of

principal
3 inlimd,
ihe shore
thence to
ous ; but
teep as to
ive return
ding from
;rong and
shore line
harbour,
deep and
aced as in
e Provin-
Is of sixty
idustry of
iployment

of the surplus labour of Europe, and of the unproductive capital of Great
Britain 7 The agricultural capabilities of the whole Province are as yet
hordly tested, owing to the paucity of its population, and the demand for
labour in the more setluctivo employments of shipbuilding and making
lumber.

But if the cultivation of the soil of this Province invites the attention of
the settler, how much more would the devclopomont of its mineral wealth
repay the expenditure of the capitalist. England has for ages been import-
ing Russian ij,nd Swedish iron ; while her own possessions would have
afforded her the richest materials for steel, with an abundance of charcoal
for its manufacture— as well as coal for their own use and for exportation ;
and a variety of other minerals scarcely less important. The specimens of
ore that have been discovered in some parts of the Province, especially in
the counties of tSt. John, Carlton, Sunbury and Queens, afford ample reason
for believing that a diligent practical exploration would well repay its cost.
Notwithstanding, indeed, the efforts of I)r, (Jesner, under the direction of
the Provincial (Jovcrnment, the geology of the country must bo considered
as still in its infancy.

The fine harbours which abound on the eastern shore afford the greatest
facilities for carrying on an extensive flshery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and the Northumberland Straits, on the coasts of Newfoundland and
Labrador, and in the Bay of Fundy. It would be out of place to enlarge
further on this important subject, to which a separate section has been
devoted ; but the neglect of this branch of industry has long been a subject
of regret to all the friends of these l^rovinces. May we hope that it will at
length be made available, and that the opening of markets recently effected
by the Elgin treaty may lead to a prosecution of those advantages which
nature has conferred upcn them.

The population of this fine colony is so clearly inadequate to its resour-
ces, that it may not be uninteresting to enquire what number of inhabitants
it may be fairly deemed capable of supporting. The portion of its surface
granted, up to the present time, amounts to (3,036,329 acres ; but of these
only about 700,000 acres are actually under cultivation. Thus there are
nearly (3,000,000 acres owned but not improved. It may be assumed that
a considerable part of this is unfit for tillage ; but if only two-thirds should
be so available, and should be actually brought under the plough, the inha-
bitants would be increased more than eight-fold. The 11,000,000 acres of
ungranted lands afford a still wider field for the increase of population,
■which we may leave to the imagination of the reader.

The very able Report of Professor Johnston, on the Agricultural resour-
ces of the Province, goes into more minute calculations on this subject ;
and after several estimates of its capabilities, grounded on the information
he had obtained from various sources, apH making ample deductions for the
inferior soils, and other drawbacks, but no allowance for the produce of tho
fisheries, he comes to the following conclusion (page 31) : " Thus we ap-
pear to fix at upwards of five and a half millions, the amount of population
■which New Brunswick, according to the data we have before us, would in
ordinary seasons easily sustain."

; ?

'/ fl

GEOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

For the sake of distinction and order, we will separate the Geography of
the Bays, Islands, Rivers, Capes and Lakes of this Province, into two divi-
sions, which we may designate as the South and Easi Divisions The
South Division comprises that part of the Province bounded by the Bay of
Fundy, and watered by its tributaries ; and the East Division includes the
parts bordering on the Straits of Northumberland and tl^^ Gulf of St.
Lawrrnce, and on the rivers emptying therein.

SOUTH DIVISION.

Bays. — The Bay of Fundy, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, almost
deserving the name of a sea, forms the south east boundary of the counties
of Charlotte, Saint John, and Albert, and extends north easterly to the
isthmus that connects Nova Scotia with this province; it is about two hun-
dred miles in length, and varies in breadth from thirty to seventy miles,
separating the two provinces through its entire length. Clugiiccto and
Cuuiberland Bays form a continuation of the larger bay, and are bounded
on the nortlnvest by the counties of ^Vlbert and AVestmoreland ; it has also
a large branch running into Nova Scotia, under the several names of ^linas,
Channel and Basin,and Cobequid Bay, Passamaquoddtj Bay lies on the
south of Charlotte county, and separates New Brunswick from the State of
Maine. Maces Bay is about half-Avay between Passamaquodd3'' Bay and
St. John River. These bays are merely oilsets from the spacious Bay of
Fundy, and all, except Passamaquoddy Bay. are easy of access and afford
safe anchorage for the largest class of vessels. There arc some inland bays
in the province which will be described in connection with its river navi-
gation.

Islands. — There are a cluster of islands situate in the entrance of Pas-
samaquoddy Bay, the principal of which are Grand Ma/ia/>, Deer Island,
Cainpo Bella and the Wolf Islands. While these islands render the
approach to this bay somewhat difficult to a stranger, they afford so fine a
shelter for shipping when once Avithin it, as amply to compensate for the
difficuly of navigating bet^ een them. Partridge Island lies in the harbor of
Saint John, and affords to the shipping a desirable shelter from storms.

Rivers. — The River <SV. C'roi.v forms a part of tlie south west boundary
of the province, dividing it from Maine, and also bounding Charlotte county.
It flows into Passamaquoddy Bay. On this river are situate the towns of
St. James', St. Stephen's, St. David's, and St. Andrew's. At the latter
town is the Atlantic terminus of the railway now in progress to Woodstock.
The l)ig<leguash and Magiiadavie rivers are small, taking their rise in
York county, traversing Charlotte and falling into l*assamaquoddy Bay.
fj^Etang, Poclo<ran, Neir River, Leprea, and Missquash, are also
small streams, emptying tliemselves into the l>ay of Fundy betwven Passa-
maciuoddy Bay and St. John River. Villages are springing up near each
of their mouths, whicli afford shelter for small craft.

The Saint JoJin River is the largest river in New Brunswick, and only
second to the St. Lawrence in all British North America. It takes its rise
partly in (Canada and partly in Maine and New Brunswick, and is
navigable for ships for sixty miles, and for vessels under hundred tons
for more than one hundred miles; indeed, light steamers ply to Wood-

stock, a disl
city of Sain
at the moutl
ficient depth
for ships of a
of the year.
< rovernment-
the best iron
(rrand Fallsi
steamers asc(
navigation an
Grand Falls,
northern trib
this river ori
miles in wid!
only eighteen
■md the inter v
struction of ei
between the
Lawrence. (
there is a cli
There are a \
Ifctween the (ji
fonk and the '
the west, fiow)
latter on the e:
afford great na
for settlement.
Descendinij
navigable only
logs are drive
and the Oromc
tance. The n
the Saint Johi
outlet of Grar
largo beds of
Saint -lolm an
River, and th
£tre-mi from th
sheets of v/ato
i»ering. as wel
they give him
joins the Sain
thus the coini
through the
King's, and {^
Canada and M;
tributaries, arc
description of ^
to which they
Blade, iSaln
of tny magnitu

h>*.>

raphy of
i,\vo clivi-
13 The
e Bay of
iudes the
if of St.

c, almost
! counties
[y to the
two hun-
ty miles,
nccio and
! bounded
t has also
of Minas,
ies on the
e State of
Pjay ivnd
as Bay of
md afford
land bays
ver navi-

!e of l*as-
:v- Islmtd,
endcr the
so fine a
e for the
harbor of
terms,
boundary
te county,
towns of
the latter
Woodstock,
iir rise in
oddy Bay.
, are also
•en J'assa-
near each

, and only
ces its rise
ik, and is
iidred tons
to Wood-

stock, a distance of one hundred and forty miles from its mouth. The
city of Saint John, the coiimiercial emporium of this province, is situate
at the mouth of this noble river, which affords a spacious harbor of suf-
ficient depth for the largest vessels, free from ice. and easily accessiole
for ships of any burthen ; and in which they icay lie in safety at all seasons
of the year. (Jagetown is forty-five miles, and Fredericton — the seat of
( rovernment — eighty-four miles from Saint John. Woodstock, possessing
the best iron mine in the province, is sixty miles from Fredericton, and the
(rrand Falls seventy-three miles from Woodstock. During freshets, light
steamers ascend occasionally to the Falls. Some improvements to the
navigation aie in progress on this part of the river. Were it not for the
( I rand Falls, these steam boats might ascend to the Mddaicaslcu Kiver, a
northern tributary to tne Saint /lohn. The Tamiscouta liake, in which
this river originates, is twenty-eight miles long and from two to three
miles in width, and of great depth ; from its northern extremity, it is
only eighteen miles to the Trois Pistoles, a tributary of the St. Lawrence;
and the intervening country presents no engineering obstacle to the con-
struction of eitiier a canal or railroad, which would establish a connection
hetween the navigal)le waters of the Saint .John and those of the Saint
Lawrence. On /-'/.vA River, falling into the Saint John from the south,
there is a chain of small lakes affording excellent lumbering facilities.
There are a great many tributary streams emptying into the Saint John
between the (Irand Falls and \\oodstock, but the principal are, the Aroos-
look and the Ttihif/iff. These rivers and their tributaries, the former on
the west, flowing but a short distance through New Brunswick, and the
latter on the east side of the main river, drain a vast extent of country, and
afford great natural facilities for the outlet of timber and lumber, as well as
for settlement. Both are navigable for boats and scows.

Descending the river from Woodstock, we again find many streams
navigable only to a very limited extent for boats or canoes, but down which
logs are driven. Below Fredericton, the Naslncduh flows from the east,
and the Oromocto from the west; both navigable for boats for some dis-
tance. The next of importance is the Jonscrj; which empties itself into
the Saint John about fifty miles from the sea; this narrow passage is the
outlet of Orand Lake in (.>|ueen's county, along the margin of which are
large beds of coal : it is navigable for steamers. Between the Jemseg and
Saint John are the WosJuidenKxik Lake (tiid Hirer. Belli isle I l<nf anil
River, and the Kenneberjtssis Bay (iixl Hirer, all falling into tfie main
stream from the eastward. All those, especially the latter, are large inland
sheets of water, affording the greatest facilities for ship-building and lum-
bering, as well as aiding the farmer's operations by the ready intercourse
they give him with a large seaport. Tlie i\crepis, a Ifnall stream, also
joins the Saint John from the westward. The River Saint John, being
thus the common outlet for a vast number of streams and lakes, runs
through the counties of Victoria, (.'arleton, ^'ork, Sunbury, (.^Hieen's,
King's, and Saint John, besides watering, in its upper course, parts of
Canada and Maine. Along its whole course, as well as upon almost all its
tributaries, are formed and in progress, large and flourishing settlements, a
description of which will be found under the heads of the several counties
to which they belong.

Black, Salmon, Goose, Wolf, and Shepody rivora, are the only streams
of t^y magnitude falling into the Bay of Fundy, between the St. John ami

i' 1 1

Petitcoudiac rivers ; they all afford harbors for small vessels, although not
navigable to a sufficient extent to render their mo iths places of any note.

The Pctilccmd'mc River has its rise in King's county, and flows through
Westmoreland till it reaches the county of Albert ; it then forms the boun-
dary between that county and Westmoreland, uniil it empties itself into
Chepody Bay. It is navigable for large class vessels to the Bend, a Nou-
rishing town, where a connection will be formed between the Bay of Fundy
and the Gulf of St. Lawrence by a part ot' the European and North Amer-
ican railway, now in course of construction. This town is about twenty-
five miles i'rom the mouth of the river, and schooners of one hundred tons
burthen can ascend the river for fifteen miles further. Near this river, in the
county of Albert, is a deposit of bituminous coal, of great commercial value.

The Memramcnok is a small river, navigable for schooners for about
twelve miles ; at nine miles from its mouth is a village of the same name ;
and within a mile of the bay is Dorchester, the shire town of AVestmore-
land. This river forms a junction with the Petitcoudiac at its embouchure.

Tantramar and Au Lac rivers have their sources in AVcstmoreland, and
in their course to their united discharge into Cumberland Basin at the head
of Chignecto Bay, they both run through the great Tantramar Marsh in
that county. The former is navigable for schooners for about four miles,
but its course is obstructed by bridges. The latter is not navigable to any
extent, i)ut the embouchure forms a good anchorage.

The Missaf/itash River, a small stream, from its source to its exit into
the hoitd of Cumberland Basin, forms the boundary between this province
and Nova Scotia.

Lakes. — Grand Lake, in Queen's county, is twenty-eight miles long,
and from two to five miles broad ; there are extensive coal deposits near it,
and the fishery would, if obstructions were removed, be important to the
surrounding settlements.

Maquapit Lake lies to the west of and is connected with Grand Lake,
by a narrow water passage; it is on the ;.>^aiiuaiy between Sunbury and
Queen's counties.

Wdsltadenioak Lake, also in Queen's county, has a navigable outlet
into the Saint John. This lake is nearly twenty miles long, and averages
about three-quarters of a mile in width. It is navigable for steamers.

Imdi Lomond is a small Loch in Saint John's county.

Freufli Ijakc. in the county of Sunbury, communicates with Maquapit
Lake by a narrow passage.

The two Onnnocto Lakes, Eel Lake, Loon Lake, Ma<j;uadavie Lake,
and a chain of lakes along the boundary of Maine, ai-e the sources of dif-
ferent streams in the county of York, the first ])eing the liead of the river
of the same name.

Utophiuy Redron, Red Rock, and other lakes, are in the county of
< 'harlotte.

lic/kis/e Ray, in King's county, is a recess of the Hiver Saint John.

Tainisroata Lake, at the head of Madawaska Hiver has been already-
noticed.

Capks. — There are no very prominont capes or points of land from the
liead of (Himborland Basin to Passamaquoddy Jiay, the shore generally not
diverging mucii from a straight line ; the i)rincipal arc Point Lepreav, the
south west angle of the county of Saint John, and Cane Spencer. Saini
Martin's Head, East Q,uaco Head, iiuaco Head, Cape Enrage', and

Cape Merai
Westmorelar
the bays or
The shores o
it is liable 1
which, togetl
fogs, render
intrepidity w
any serious d
Enrage' is so

Bays— Tl

as far as Ne
bay, it may a
eleven to twei
a number of
boundary of
Eel Bay, ne
gauche Bay >
gouche ; also .
Bathurst, the
harbours lie t(
the Bay of C
harbours, and
water. The
harbours, is

Poke Mow
uf the county
The harboi
which may
known as tiio
other islands :
depth of watei
its bar. This
Chalour, on tl
rather on the
castle, both in
Konchlbo)!
lying north ot

Richi/jHcto
the head of th
is the capital
otiiors on tlii.-
as the iiCgisIii
bours of diid
confidently ho

From (,"apc
the mouth of 1
Huctouche is
These two lasl

lOUgh not
y note.
J through
the boun-
tself into
d, a Hou-
of Fundy
th Amer-
,t twenty-
idred tons
ver, in the
cial value,
for about
me name ;
Vestmore-
ibouchure.
eland, and
t the head
• Marsh in
[bur miles,
ible to any

3 exit into
is province

nilea long,
ts near it,
tant to the

and Lake,
iibury and

able outlet
A averages

miers.

I Maquapit

arid Lake,
•ces of dif-
»f the river

county of

nt John,
oen already

id from the
inerally not
vpreaii^ the
ti\ Saint
nms^c. and

Cape Meranguin, are all situate on the coast of Saint John, Albert, and
Westmoreland counties. This part of the coast is composed, except where
the bays or creeks have small beaches, of abrupt cliffs and deep ravines.
The shores on both sides the Bay of Fundy are precipitous and rocky, and
it is Uable to sudden gusts of wind from the south west and north east,
which, together with the rapid flow and great rise of the tides, and its dense
fogs, render its navigation somewhat dangerous, though Lorn the skill and
intrepidity with which its coasting vessels are managed, we rarely hear of
any serious disaster. The general course down the bay after leaving Cape
Enrage' is south-south-west by compass.

EAST DIVISION.

Bays. — The R(ti/ Chaleur is a very deep and spacious bay, second only,
as far as New Brunswick is concerned, to the Bay of Fundy. Like that
bay, it may almost be called a sea, being eighty miles in length and from
eleven to twenty-seven in bre.adth ; and resembles the latter also in having
a number of minor bays within its limits. It forms the most northern
boundary of the province, dividing it irom Canada. Opening into it are
Eel Batj, near Dalhousie, the capital of llestigouche county, and Res(i-
gouche Bay or ILirbour at its head, being the estuary of the River llesti-
gouche ; also NrphlguH Bay, a spacious harbour, at the head of which ia
Bathurst, the capital of Gloucester county. Great and L'Utlv Sliippegan
harbours lie to the westward of !Shipj)egan and Miscou Islands, and within
the Bay of Chaleur ; the former comprises several large and couimodious
harbours, and the latter is Avell sheltered, with safe anchorage and deep
water. The Bay Chaleur indeed, with its numerous secondary bays and
harbours, is well calculated to become tlie rendezvous of a national navy.

Poke Motiche and Tracadie Lagoon, are small harbours on the coast
of the county of Gloucester, between Chaleur and IMiramichi Bays.

The harbour of Aliramlchi, besides the Napan Bay, and Bay du Vin,
which may be called its two branches, is formed by two principal bays,
known as the Outer und Inner Mira)nldu Bays, separated by Portage and
other islands ; the Inner Bay is nine miles in widtli, and has a sufficient
depth of water to allow vessels of up to eight hundred tons burthen to pass
its bar. This bay atlbrds the best harbuar, except those of the Bay of
Chaleur, on the eastern coast of the province. At the head of iha bay, or
rather on the river of the same name, are the towns of Chatham and New-
castle, both in Northumberland county.

Koachi/jongnar, Koi/c/nonairnaris-, and Ahluin. are small harbours
lying north of Ilichibucto, and within Konehihonguac Hay.

Rlchibacto harbour also lies within this spacious Bay : and a town at
the head of the harbour, and of the same name, formerly Ciilled Liverpool,
is the capital of the county of Kent. This harbour, in common with many
others on this coast, is subject to obstruction from sand bars. However,
as the Legislature h;ive lately undertaken to dredge the north eastern har-
bours of this I'rovince, much improvement in the approaches to them is
confidently hoped lor.

From (,'apc Escuminac, at the south easterly entrance of Miramichi, to
the mouth of Ilichibucto harbour, is twenty-one miles ; from Ilichibucto to
Buctouche is nineteen miles ; and from thence to Cocagne five miles.
These two last named harbours, like that of Ilichibucto, afford good and

'U n

iL.-^i

;«i',

safe anchorage to vessels when within the bars. Ships not exceeding six
hundred tons can take the principal part of their cargo on board in either of
them, completing it outside the bar, but they require gc'xl pilotage.

From Cocagne to Shediac harbour the distance is seven miles and a half.
This spacious estuary is situate at the north west angle of the county of
Westmoreland ; it contains a depth of from eighteen to twenty feet at high
water ; the tide rises from four to five feet. /Vs this place, in consequence
of a branch of the European and North American llailway running to it,-
must be the point where a principal part of the (xulf trade will concentrate,
and is fast rising in the scale of Provincial importance ; the inner harbour
should be dredged, and other improvements, to meet the demands of its in-
creasing tralfic, immediately efl'octed.

.\/)ous/iiiu(tii, and (irent and L'ltih' Sltcinoisii'e harhimrs are not of suf-
ficient depth to admit ships for loading ; schooners, however, frequently
take in their cargoes at these places. From Shediac to Cape Tormeiitine
the distance is thirty miles. About two miles E. S. E. from this Cape
•' there is a shoal, having over its shallowest part a depth of only six feet.
Its shape resembles a fan ; small vtssels pass within it. 'We outer part, on
which there is a deptii of tAventy feet, lies tln-ce miles from the T^oint.
Within Cape 'rornientiiie is the isthmus and boundary between iN'cw Brun-
swick and Nova Scotia ; the narrowest part of Avhich, from the Bay Verte
to Cumberland liasin, at the head of Chignecto Bay, is only fifteen miles in
breadth." — ^- Sai.il/ig- Directions,'' by Captain If. W. BayJieUl, R. N.,
pag-e 54.

In the same work (page 0;")) Bay "v'erte is thus described : " The r>ay
Verte is wide at its entrance, and narrow as you advance. The shores are
lined with fiats, on which the water becomes shallow, but in mid-channel
the anchorages are good ; here vessels of considerable burthen may take in
their cargoes of timi)er. On the north side of the Bay, and near its head,
is the small river (laspereaux, on the southern shore of which stands Fort
Monkton ; and on the southern part of the 13ay is another small rivulet,
called the River Tidnish. They are both shallow for ships to enter."

Islands. — llcrriiiff^ Island, Cariuiacitc, Tokesuodi, Shi/tprjaan, and
Misrou Islands are all situate in the Bay Chaleur ; the two latter lie at its
south east entrance, rendering vessels in the harbour of Caraquette safe
from storms in this direction.

There ire a number of Islands within oNliramichi Bay ; the jjrincipal are
Sheldrake, (the seat of a Lazaretto establishment for those affected with
leprosy,) Po.r, Porta r^rc^ /'Ji'i,'", and \'iii. Islands.

Cocaine and Shediac Islands respectively lie at the entrance to Cooagne
and Shediac harbours. aVa Jiese islands, with the exception of Shippegan
and Miscou, arc small patches of upland separated from the main land by a
distance generally not exceeding two miles.

Cai'HS. — Poiitt uMlscoK, on \liscou Island, formsthe southerly entrance
to the Bay of Chaleur.

Point Escimiinac, on which is a light house, lies on the south east side
of the entrance to Miramichi Bay.

Cajtc Tonnrnfinc, in the county of Westmoreland, is the most easterly
point of the Province of Ncav Brunswick: from thence it is nine miles to
Cape Traverse, in Prince Edward Island. The mails arc carried over the
ice between these Capes during the winter season, which givea them consi-
derable importance ; and a light houie and fog bell on Cape Tormentine

would be i

hazardous i

Cape Bi

and Shedia)

RrvERs.-

miles in wic

two hundre

tract of the

forms part

flows twent}

are navJgabJ

in width. 1

l^atapadiac

I)C'ing a Cana

and the Saini

^>H Cha

themselves in

Teteqouch

'\\\ Bathurst h

Bass river

Caruquct /

Chaleur.

Pokemouch
I'ivers, all cmp
pegan Island a
MirunilrM
miles from its .
miles in Jen<^t
schooners can j
'divided into tw
tlie largest rive
branch interloc
, '^'"'i'l^ou-, Bku
I Miramichi Bay
* The only riv(
'/lihoan-nac, K
■ildoain, which
The Rirhib
I ten miles from
I Jiel is from tAvei
^structedbyab;
''■•IS numerous tr
^Ji'id Coal branc
s'lito the (Jrand
i The Jhiclouf
i vessels come ove
f^ mouth. Abo
t^\'cst and south a>
1 T^lttle Barton
f 'orlaud Straits i
I Coca'jrnc ^./,y,^

I'ime distance no

ng SIX
ther of

a half,
inty of
at high
(c^uence
; to it,*
entrate,
harbour
f its in-

t of suf-
iquently
•mcTitinc *'
[lis Cape

six feet.

part, on
^e Point.
;w Brun-
ay Ycrtc 1
1 miles in
/, R. iV.,

The Bay

snores are

d-channcl

y take in

L- its head,

anils i'ort

U rivulet;

er."

o-an. and
r lie at its
uette safe

incipal are
[ccted with

lo Cooagne
l^hippegan
land by a

entrance
Ih east side

1st easterly
Iric miles to
3(1 over the
(hem consi-
Itormentine

would be a vast benefit to the passengers and to those engaged in this
hazardous service, as "well as to the navigation of the Straits.

Cape Bauld is a somewhat prominent point between Cape Tormentine
and Shediac.

Rivers. — The Restiq^miclie River, falling into the Bay Chak r, is two
miles in width, with forty feet water at its moutli. It extends more than
two hundred miles, south westerly, into the wilderness, through a large
tract of the finest land, covered with the best timber in the I'rovince, and
forms part of the boundary between New BrunsAvick and Canada. The tide
flows twenty-four miles up this river, sixteen of which, to Campbelltown,
are navigable for vessels of the largest class. At that place it is one mile
in width. The principal tributaries are the Kcd^vlc and lj)Sfd(/tf}(c/i^ the
l^dta/jediac forming part of the I'rovince boundary, and the I\htapediac,
being a Canadian river. Many of the smaller branches of the liestigouche
and the Saint John interlock with each other near their sources.

JrJcl, Cluirbnt. Benjamin^ Jacquct and Nlgudoc rivers, all empty
themselves into Chaleur Bay.

Tetcgouche, Middle^ FAttlc. and Nej)istf///i( rivers have their discharge
in Bathurst harbour. The last river is nearly one hundred miles in length.

Bass river is to the eastward of Bathurst Bay.

Caraquct river runs into Caraquet Bay, on the south side of the Bay
Chaleur.

PokemoucJie^ Liltle Tracadie, Tracadie, Tahisintac and Burnt Chi/rrh
rivers, all empty themselves into the Gulf of !St. Lawrence, between Ship-
pegan Island and Miramiclii.

Miraniiclii river is navigable for vessels of the largest class full thirty
miles from its mouth. This fine river is more than two iiundred and twenty
miles in length ; the tide Hows nearly forty miles frum the (iulf, and
schooners can proceed within a short distance of the head of the tide. Et is
divided into two branches, the soiUh west and north mcst, the former being
tlie largest river : both have numerous tributaries, those of the south west
branch interlocking with streams falling into the Saint .John, The Napan^
liariifjuif, Black, Little Black, and Vin rivers, all empty themselves into
Miramiclii Bay.

The only rivers between the Miramichi and the Bichibucto are the Kon-
rliihotirruac, Kouchibouguacis falling into Kouchibouguac bay, and the
Aldnniti, which runs into Kichibucto harbour.

The RicJiibticto river is navigable for large class vessels for upwards of
ten miles from the Straits of Northumberland, into which it falls ; the chan-
nel is from twenty-four to thirty-six feet in depth, but the navigation is ob-
structed by a bar ; the tide Hows about twenty-five miles up the river. It
hiis numerous tributaries, tiie principal of which are the St. Xicholas, Jiass,
A and Coal branch ; some of the smaller streams almost meet those falliny;
^iuto the (h-and Lake.

'lyic Jiifctoi/che rivrr is south of Kichibucto, and is a fine river ; largo
jvosscls come over its bar to load, and the tide Hows about twelve miles from
lits mouth. Above this point it separates into two branches-— the north
iwest and south west.

Little Jiactonche rivir is small, and at its entrance into the Northum-
liorlaud Straits forms a junction with its larger namesake.

Cocairnc river is about ten miles southward of Buctouche, and about the
fame distance northward from Shediac ; it possesses similar advantages for

i
I

shipping to those of Buctouchc. The tide flows about seren or eight miles
up this river.

Two rivers fall into the Shediac harbour, known as the Shediac and
Sadord', neither of which are navigable for vessels, although they are
somewhat extensive. Boats and other small craft penetrate the country
they traverse for many miles.

The Abnusharrdn is a small river, and, like those of Shediac, not navi-
gable except for boats and fishing craft for a short distance.

Great and Little Shcmogu'e rivers are shallow — not navigable even for
small vessels above the harbours.

Gasperean river has its source in Square Lake, about twelve miles from
its mouth, and empties itself into the north west side of Bay Verte. It is
navigable for schooners not exceeding one hundred and fifty tons burthen
for about three miles.

Tidnisli river takes its rise in Nova Scotia, and empties itself into Bay
Verte, on the east side of the harbour ; it is similar in size and extent to
the Gaspereau. A due east line drawn from the source of the Missiquash
is supposed to intersect the south east side of Bay Verte, near the mouth of
the Tidnish river, and to form the boundary between New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, but it has never yet been surveyed and established.

Lakes. — Miramirhi^ Salinnn, and other Lakes, are situate on the head
waters of the south west branch of the ]\Iiramichi River. The Nipisiguit
Lake^ near Bald Mountain, is distant only three miles from the Nictau
Lakc^ on the Tobique River. There are a number of small lakes on the
head waters of that river, lying southerly of the two last named lakes.

Square Lake, in the eastern part of the county of Westmoreland, is the
principal source of the Gaspereau River, and is only about a mile square.

There are numerous small lakes scattered over diiferent parts of this
province, the names of which are only known to lumbermen, and whose
position and dimensions have been ascertained only as far as they have been
surveyed by the cije and pace of these pioneers of the forest.

The harbours of this part of the province are all bar harbours, with the
exception of the Bay of Ohaleur ; but they afford excellent shelter for small
craft. There are numerous roadsteads, formed by the indentations of the
coast, where experienced navigators can always find shelter.

Table of Latitudes and Longitudes of the principal Seaport Towns in New Btunsivick.

Latitude

Longitude

City of Saint John,

45^

15' North.

66"

4' \^

''eg

St. Andrew's,

Sackville,

Bay Verte,

Shediac,

Richibucto,

Chatham, Miramichi,

Bathurst,

Dalhousie,

Fredericton,

Wherever
this subject
instituted, an
mena.

Few count
than this and
side of both
not impelled
rising, in sou
while in otht-

Captain B
In Restigouc
and chiinTc u
seven feet ;"
on the outer
but it is
Lawrence,
magouche. (]
about seven r
runs through
these and oth
the tides. Ii
of these tides
separated by
between Bay
Aboideaux bi
their tidal wa
three miles ar
ing the isthra
digging a ditc
in his opinion
This saggesti
distance, and
times of hi«;h
opposite.

The gencr:
cribed in the
of the Bay c
the great ebt
row bays and
It is obvious
of Fundy at i
rocky walls, \
Here tlie imp
ful rapidity, ;
in height at 1
codiac, at tht
The tides, is(
while the ris(

The tide in

TIDES.

Wherever science and maritime commerce have extended their bounds,
this subject has invariably engaged attention. Investigations have been
instituted, and maps cc itructed, exhibiting, in panorama, the tidal pheno-
mena.

Few countries on the face of the globe present a more opposing tidal range
than this and the adjacent Province of M ova Scotia. On the St LavFrence
side of both Provinces the tides enter, and recede from, the harbours, when
not impelled by violent winds, in a comparatively imperceptible manner ;
rising, in some parts of the Gulf, not more than four feet on an average,
while in others the ordinary flow is about six feet.

Captain Bayfield, 11. N., states the tides in this Gulf to be as follows: —
In Restigouche harbour, in the Bay Chaleur, "the tide flows here on fall
and chiinfio until three o'clock, and its vertical rise is six and an half or
seven feet ;" and at Nipisiguit "the Wiiter rises on the inner bar eight feet,
on the outer bar five feet, and in harbour eight feet, with regular springs ;
but it is much intlaenccd by the winds which prevail in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence." At Miramichi, "spring tides rise five and six feet ;" atTata-
magouche. (Nova Scotia,) five feet ; and in the harbour of Merigomish,
about seven miles E. S. E. of Pictou, the rise is about eight feet. The tide
runs through the Gut of Canso at from four to five miles an hour. At all
these and other places in the Gulf, the winds exercise great influence over
the tides. In direct contrast both with the moderate elevation and rapidity
of these tides will be found those of the Bay of Fundy, although the two are
separated by a narrow neck of land not more than fifteen miles in extent,
between Bay Verte and the head of the former Bay. Indeed, if the
Aboideaux built across the streams at the head of these bays were removed,
their tidal waters would be separated by an undulating ridge not more than
three miles and a half in breadth. Captain Crawley, C. E., after examin-
ing the isthmus with a view to the formation of a canal, recommendtd the
digging a ditch, by which the two bays might exchange waters, which would,
in his opinion, wear sufiiciently deep to admit the passage of small vessels.
This suggestion receives confirmation from the flatness of the intermediate
distance, and the difference of two hours existing between the respective
times of high water in these bays, the action of whose tides are so extremely
opposite.

The general character of the tides of this Bay is thus emphatically des-
cribed in the Report of J. D. Andrew's, Esq., (page 539); — "The tides
of the Bay of Fundy have always attracted much attention, on account of
the great ebb and ilow, and the manner in which the tide enters the nar-
row biiys and runs up the rivers, both in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
It is obvious to the hydrographer, that the great tidal wave enters the Bay
of Fundy at its wide tunnel like mouth, and is kept from spreading by its
rocky walls, and is forced into a narrow compass as in a tunnel's neck.
Here the impetuous waters, compressed into a narrow space, rise with fear-
ful rapidity, rushing up in what is called a bore, sometimes four or six feet
in height at the heads of bays, and up the river channels. On the Petit-
codiac, at the bend of the river, this bore is seen to the greatest advantage.
The tides, ise at the highest to about sixty feet at the head of the bay,
■while the rise is not more than thirty feet at the mouth of the bay."
The tide in thia Bay, also, varies much from the efiects of winds and storms ;

^, 6

l^H

at St. John the flood tide some times rises no more than twenty feet while
jit others it reaches twenty-six feet and upwards. The subjoined table is
extracted from Dr. Gesn tr's work, on the Industrial resources of Nova
Scotia, (page 28,) which he prefaces thus : — " The following table of the
height of the tides at different places on the Bay of Fundy, has been derived
from correct sources :

Annapolis, 30 feet.

Apple river,

Basin of Minas,

Chignecto Bay,

Cape D'or,

Cape Split,

Cape Blowmedon,

Head of Cumberland Bay,

Parrsboro', Partridge Island,

Shubenacadie River,

Truro,

Windsor,

It is true that these Provinces have been much misrepresented in their
Geography, Climate and resources, yet in no respect more so than in the
statements published of the tidal phenomena of the Bay of Fundy. In a
report published by order of the Fredericton Athene am in 1852, the
exaggerated descriptions of these tides are noticed, and referred to by the
writers of that work as " instances of the erroneous position which the
character of the Bay of Fundy is permitted to retain in sources of scienti-
fic reference, in which at least a general accuracy is expected." A part
of this Report runs thus: " In fact, ihe want of some official and exact
statement as to the character of the Bay, has done this country much harm
elsewhere. Sir J. Hershel, in his recent outlines of Astronomy, and Dr.
Traill, in the seventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, speak of spring
tides at Annapolis, in the Bay of Fundy, ' of the surprising height of one
hundred and twenty feet.' Mr. Hugh Murray, in the Encyclopedia of
Geography, speaks of the Annapolis tides as forty-five or fifty feet ; but in
Mr. Brande's recent Dictionary of Science, &c., they are said to be one
hundred feet in their range ! " In the Bay of Fundy," (according to Mr.
Hughes, Headmaster. Royal Naval School, Greenwich Hospital), " there
are extraordinary high tides ; a vast wave is seen for thirty miles off. ap-
proaching with a prodigious noise, sometimes rising in the Bay to the height
of one hundred and even one hundred and Uoentij feet ! on some occasi-
ons, the rapidity of the waters is so great as to overtake the animals feed-
ing on the shores". — {Outlutes of Phys'md Geography^ 1849, joa^e
60.)

The above may be taken as specimens of the mistatements current in
Britain respecting the tides of the Bay of Fundy ; which after all differ little
either in height or impetuosity, from those of the Bristol Channel in Eng-
land, where the same relative position, and natural causes are known to
operate.

;

In passing
dy proper, th
a point of thj
presents a pi
the tide mark

Qua CO Li,
Cape Enrage
white and rec
dark in a mir

Partridge
Saint John ;
red and white

Beacon L
which exteni
and which dr
is painted wh

Point Lc]
bor and Passt
red and white
feet perpendii

liead Ilm
stands on the
vessels enteri

<SV. Andre
name, and all

Gannet R
are situate, n
give warning
gerous range
The first is a
The latter ai
therefore easi

The follov
vised Statute
the Bay of 1

1. All re
per ton as lig
one year.

These pay
in the Bav o
All payment;
entered.
'^2. Payrc

i^. Light

UGHT HOUSES

Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick Coast.

« *v

In passing through Chignecto Bay, and before entering the Bay of Fun-
dy proper, the first light visible is Cape Enrage Light, which stands on
a point of that name, in Albert County. The house is painted white, and
presents a plain white light ; it stands one hundred and twenty feet above
the tide mark.

Quaco Light, stand.? on a rock off Quaco Head, nearly midway between
Cape Enrage Light and St. John Harbour ; the Light House is painted
white and red in horizontal stripes. The light shows twice full and twice
dark in a minute.

Partridge Island Light is at the entrance of the river and harbour of
Saint John : it presents a fixed white light, and the light house is painted
red and white, in vertical stripes.

Beacon Light. This tower stands within Partridge Islands, on a bar
which extends into the harbor about half a mile S.fe.E. off Sand Point,
and which dries at two thirds ebb. It is a fixed white light, and the house
is painted white and black, in vertical stripes.

Poiiit Lepreau Light, stands about half way between Saint John har-
bor and Passamaquoddy IJay ; on this point is placed a horizontally painted
red and white Light House, with two fiixed white lights, one twenty-eight
feet perpendicularly above the other.

Head Harbour Light, is a fixed white light, with a cross on it; it
stands on the north east extremity of Campo Bello Island, and is a guide to
vessels entering the inner Passamaquoddy Bay.

St. AndreiD^s Light stands a short distance south of the town of that
name, and affords directions for vessels entering the inner harbor.

Gannet Rock and yiachias Seal Island Lights (both American Lights)
are situate, respectively, south and south west of Grand Manan Island, and
give warning to Mariners in their approach to this island, and to a very dan-
gerous range of shoals and ledges which extends to the southward of it.
The first is a flash light, dark 20 seconds, and light 40 ia every minute.
The latter are two white lights, distant 200 feet from each other, and aro
therefore easily distinguishable.

The following synopses is extracted from the Act Chap. 20 of the Re-
vised Statutes, (1854), as relative to the l^ight Houses of this province in
the Bay of Fundy.

1. All registered vessels above 100 tons are required to pay three pence
per ton as light duties, payment not to extend to more than six times in any
one year.

Vessels from 75 to 100 tons to pay 85s. per annum.
" " 50 to 75 " " 80g. " ''
" " 36 to 50 " " 25s. " "
and under 35 " " 123. " '•

These payments to be exacted no matter hoAv many ports they may enter
in the Bay of Fundy, or hew often — no other payments to be required. —
All payments to be made to Treasurer or Deputy Treasurer of the firat Port
entered.
'^ 2. Payments to extend to 1st January.

3, liight houses are to bo regulated by Commissioners.

t ^1

1 - i

l-s

4. All monies thus collecttd to be paid out for the support of light
houses in the Bay of Fundy.

The Nova Scotia light houses opposite the New Brunswick coast, are :
Briar Island Light, and Digby Gut light; the former is a plain
white light, standing on an island of that name, situate south-wostcrly of
Long Island, and on the westerly entrance to St. Mary's Bay ; the latter
is a white light, placed on Point Prim, on the west side of Digby Gut, lying
to the north eastward of Briar Island, and nearly opposite the harbor of
Saiut John.

Light Houses on the Northumberland Straits, and on the St. Lawrcnca

coasts of NeiO Brunsicidc.

The only light from Piclou Light, on the coast of Nova Scotia, to the
river St. Lawrence, (except Point Prim Light, on the easterly entrance
to Hillsborough Bay, on Prince Edward Island,) is Cape Escumetiac
Light, which stands on the cape of that name. This light is found of vast
importance in navigating this part of the Gulf It is a fixed light, shewn
from a white wooden building, at seventy feet above the sea, and can be
seen for fourteen miles. The rates imposed in respect of these lights
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence are : on vessels under 35 tons, Gs. ; 85 to 50
tons, 12s. 6d. ; 50 to 75 tons, 15s. ; and all over 75 tons, 17s. 6d. Coast-
ing and fishing vessels from ports beyond the Gulf, to pay in addition one
penny per ton per annum, unless they make other voyages beyond the Gulf
within the year, and in no case more than four times in the year.

The want of light house accommodation on this coast of Now Brunswick
is much complained of by those interested in its navigation. Among other
places, a l-'^ht is most urgently required on the south-easterly entrance of
the Bay (Jhaleur ; and another, with a bell tower, should be erected at Capo
Tormentine. In consequence of the shoals extending off this Cape, much
delay and damage is caused to shipping passing up and down the Straits ;
and, as the mails are, and must continue to be, conveyed to and from Prince
Edward Island in this direction, during the winter season, a bell tower on
this Cape, and another on Cape Traverse, would save both mail carriers and
passengers much of that suffering and delay so frequently caused by in-
stantaneous and violent snow storms during the passage. The reader may
imagine a mail boat, endeavoring to work herway a ross the Straits through
broken ice, carried by the tide, setting, as it ahvays does, across her intended
course, often dragged over fields of ice in motion, and again launched on water
mixed with snow or ice ; and he will easily believe her situation to be by
no means enviable, especially during those violent snov,- storms, accompanied
with wind, which so frequently arise. Although tlic distance is but nine
miles, yet, as no alarm can be given or sound produced to denote her posi-
tion on either side, the danger is too apparent to need further argument.
Hitherto, indeed, in consequence of the weather wisdom of the mail car-
riers, much of the inconvenience that might thus arise is avoided ; but
surely every step should be taken, on the part of the lower Provinces, to
render this branch of the public service as safe and expeditious as possibl(>.
Whether this improvement be adopted or not, there is no sailor fi-equenting
the Straits, who does not feol how much a light house on Cape Tormentine
would benefit the navigatioD^ md this would probably have prevented many
of the recent disasterSi

'>,

DISTANCES.

r 's

are

Saint John to Fredericton, west side of-tt^lNiver,

Milai
65

" east side, ^ C '>
" by steamboaljp \^
St. Andrews, '^V'>
Eastport, by steamboat, '\^ \^/

86
80

Portland, " ' < A.
Boston, " ^%- -X
" by land and water, "^ "^ >.

230

Eastport to

386

Saint John t

396

Washington, " " ^ iT ^,

834

Annapolis, by steamboat, O. y \ 45

Amherst, " -^ C

105

by land.

138

Truro, "

200

" by water.

175

Halifax,

310

by land,

260

" mixed lino, via Annapolii,

173,

Bend, by land.

" by steamboat,

120

Martin's Head, by land,

Shepody,

Sackville,

127

Shediac,

109

Shediac to

Richibucto,

«•

'• by water,

Chatham (Miramichi) by land,

" by water.

Bathurst (Bay Chaleur) by land,

122

Dalhousie, •'

175

" by water,

220

Bcdeque, P. E. Island, by steamboat,

Charlottetown, " *'

((

Cape Ray, Newfoundland,

300

Bay Verte to Charlotteto\sn, by packet,

Cape Tormentine to Cape Traverse,

Halifax to

Boston, by steam packet,

428

Portland,

380

Eastport or St. Andrews,

280

Cape Canso,

150

Charlottetown,

285

I'ictou,

2G0

((

Bay Verte,

325

Shediac,

340

Pictou, by land,

104

Fredericton to Woodstock,

Grand Falls,

135

Quebec,

857

Chatham (Miramichi),

109

U: .'^

St. Andrews), via Harvey Settlement,

■\h '■<

'%\\

■ I

I 1

i^n

CIVIL DIVISIONS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

This Province is Divided into counties and townships or parishes ; the
townships being sub-divisions of counties. Each county elects its represen-
tatives to the ilouae of Assembly ; has a shiretown, where the county bu-
siness is done; a sherift"; a Bench of Magistrates, one Session, at least,
of the Supremo Court, in every year ; two Sessions of the Inferior Court,
at which quarter sessions of the Peace arc also held, when the county taxes
are levied, and county ofllcers appointed ; also, a Probate Court and Regis-
ter Office. The Parishes or Townships annually elect the greater part of
their local or parish officers.

A list of the counties, with their sub-divisions into parishes, will bo found
in the following pages :

ro r,TTICA L DEPARTMENT.

THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR, who receives his appointment from
the Crown, is the chief executive officer, and the Representative of the Mon-
arch in the Province. In his absence, or during any vacancy by death or
otherwise, his functions are exercised by an officer called the Administrator of
the Obvernment. He has the power of proroguing or dissolving the House of
Assembly at his discretion.

Governors^ and Adminhtralors of the Government of New Brunswick,

since 1784.

1784
1786
1803
1808
1808
1800
1811
1812
1813
1814
181G
1817
1823

Thomas Carleton, Esq.,
Gabriel G. Ludlow, Esq.,
Edmond Winslow, Esq.,
Major General iNIartin Hunter,
Lieut.-Col. George Johnstone,
Major General William Balfour,

" " Martin Hunte-*'.

George Stracey ismyth,
Sir Thomas Saumarey,

'' " George Stracey Smyth,
Lieutenant (-olonel Harris W. Hailes,
Major General George Stracey Smyth,
Ward Chipman, Esq.,
John Murray Bliss, Esq.,
Major General Sir Howard Douglr3, Bart.,
William Black, Esq.,
Major General Archibald Campbell, Bart., G.C.B,,

" '• Sir John Harvey,
Sir William jMacbean George Colebrooke,
Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart.,
Colonel F. Murray,
Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart.,
The Honorable John Henry Thomas Manners Sutton.

The Executive Council. This body consists- of nine members, appointed
by the Crown, but whose continuance in office, like that of the ministry in
EDglaii(J, depends oa the wishea of the people, as expressed by their ropro-

1824
1829
1831
183<
1841
1848
1852
1852
1854

es ;

the
jpresen-
nty bu-
.t least,
r Court,
ty taxes
1 Regis-
f part of

be found f

ent from
:he Mon-
death or
strator of
House of

wiswick,

appointed
[linistry in
leiy repre-

sentatives. They arc the advisers of Ilis Excellency, in the administration
of the affairs of the Province, and they consist in part of the Heads of the
principal Departments. The <jiovcrnorin (.'ouncil has the power of making
all the Provincial appointments, and ho nominates, provisionally, and subject
to the approbation of Her Majesty, the mom])ers, both of the Jilxecutive
and Legislative (.'ouncils.

The Lei^islnCire Council consists of twenty-one members, whose ap-
pointments proceed from the Crown ; their Duties and functions correspond
in a great measure with those of the English House of Lords, forming the
upper branch of the Legislature, Avhose assent is necessary to all acts of
the Assembly ; and they may originate any measures except money bilU,
in which they have merely the power of a vote.

The House of Asscinblij being emphatically the Commons of New
Brunswick, are elected (juadrenially, by the Freeholders of the County,
pursuant to writs issued by the (Jovernor, allowing to each county the (|uota
mentioned in the following table : —

Names of CountioH.

Naip.os of I'uri.slios.

Population (Ihol)

and nuinbor of

llypi'i'sentativoB

in Lsr)4.

Area in acres,
(exclusive of wa-
ter.)

York.

CUy of
DouiJclaH

Fndirtclon.
.las.
Dumfrit^s.
Kingsch'ar.
Nt"vv .M;u\yland.
Priiicf William.
Queenshury.
St. Mary'n.
Southampton.
Stanley.

17,028

Four.

2,l>0i ,600

Stmbury.

Burton (Orimooto.)

Blissville.

Liuculu.

.Maugervillo.

Sheffield.

Queens.

Gfi^rfotcn .

Brunswick.

Canning.

Chipman.

Hanipstead.

Johnston.

Petersville.

Wuterboi'ough.

Wickliam.

Cambridge.

r),301
Two.

10,039

Two.

r82,080

901,280

Kings.

Kingston.

Greenwich.

Hampton.

Norton.

18,84i>

Springfield .

Studholme.

Sussex.

Three.

Uphham.

Westfield.

849,920

♦ ''I

«■' .' '^

u:: 1

;»

:•}■

■! ' i

Names of Counties.

Names of Parishes.

Population (1851)

and number of

Representatives

in 1854.

Area in acres,
(exclusive of wa-
ter.;

St. Andrews,
Campo Bolio.
Grand Maiiau.

Pemilield.

19,938

Charlotte.

St. David.

St. George.

783,360

St. James.

St. Patrick.

Four.

St. Stephen.

West Isles.

Saint John, City and
County.

Saint John.
Rrtland.
Lancaster.
St. Martin's.
Siiiiuuds.

38,475
Six.

Kent.

Richibur.fo ,

Welliniftan.

Wildfurd.

Hareourt.

Dundas.

Carleton.

lluskisson.

11,410

Two.

414,720

Dorchester.
Sackville.

Westmoreland.

17,814

Westmoreland.

Botslbrd.
Siiediiic.

878,440

ilonktou.

Four.

Salisbury.

Hopewell.

Hillsborough.

6,313

Albert.

Harvey.
Elgin.

433,560

Coverdale.

Two.

1,026,400

■ !8«i-

Dalhousie.

Addingtoa.

4,101

Restigouche.

Col torne.

1,426,560

Durham.

Two.

Eldon.

Newcastle.

Chatham.

Alnwick.

•

Blaekville.

Northumberlund.

Blissheid.

15,064

Glcnelg.

2,280,000

Ludlow.

Nelson.

' Four,

Hardvvicko.

Nortliesk.

Bat hurst.
Boresford.

Gloucester.

Caraquet.

11,704

New Bandou.

1,037,440

Saumarez.

Shippegan.

Two.

Names of

Curie tor

Victoria.

Totals— 1

N. B. T

tive counties,
Thus the
semblj, form
sentation of i

The Heai
eral, Solicito:
General, and
ceiving their
tuents for re-
system of go^
Bcmblj.

The Duties
to the Journa
'' 1st. As
give his close
port upon all
"litid. Tc
tions of law (
look into and
ty cases.

"3rd. To

of Saint Join

and corporatic

the fish reguli

"4th. Ui

ernment by A

Btruction of tl

"5th. To

issued from th

"Gth. To

Legislature be

Names of Counties.

Names of Parishes.

,PopuIation (1851 )

and number of

Kcpresontatives

in 1854.

Area in acres,
(oxcliiBivo of wa-
ter.)

Carle ton.

Woodstock.

Wioklovv.

Wakefield.

Simonds.

Northampton.

Kent.

Richmond.

Brighton. .

11,108

Two.

700,000

Grand Falls.

Madawaska.

Perth.

5,408

Victoria, fl^

St. Basil.
St. Francis.

2,872,000

St. Leonard.

Two.

Andover.
104 Parishes. '

lySiSOOinhahit'ts.
41 Representatives.

Totals— 14.

17,077,360

N. B. The parishes printed in Ualics are the shiretowns of the rcspeo-
tive counties.

Thus the Lieutenant Governor, Legishitive Council, and House of As-
sembly, form the Legislature of the Province, which is a miniature repre-
sentation of the British Parliament.

The Heads of the principal Dcpftrtmcnts consist of the Attorney Gen-
eral, Solicitor General. Provincial Secretary, Surveyor General, Keceiver
General, and Auditor ( ieneral. The four first named oiHcers have, on re-
ceiving their respective provisional appointments, to return to their Consti-
tuents for re-election, as it is considered necessary under the responsible
system of government that they should be Members of the House of As-
sembly.

The Duties of the AHorncy General are thus defined in the Appendix
to the Journals of the House of Assembly for 1853 — page ccxxi.

'' let. As a member of the Executive Government, he has to attend, and
give his close attention to all the Executive business of the Country, to re-
port upon almost every special case, coming before the ( 'ouncil.

*' 2tid. To give legal advice and opinions upon all matters involving ques-
tions of law coming before the Government, some of Avhich take days to
look into and draw up. In 1852 he reported and gave opinions upon nine-
ty cases.

"3rd. To examine and report upon the Bye-Laws of the Corporation
of Saint John, from time to time made ; and also of ihe other municipalities
and corporations in the I'rovince ; also upon the Boards of health ; upon all
the fish regulations for the fish wardens.

"4th. Upon all matters and duties imposed upon the Executive Gov-
ernment by Act of Assembly, on which any question arises on the cousti-
Btruction of the Act.

" 5th. To examine and report upon every Grant, Lease and License
issued from the Surveyor General's office.

" Gth. To examine and report on every Act of Assembly passing tho
Legislature before the same can be sent to the Colonial Office.
6

;■ !

^^Mmt^mi

imt

" 7th. To conduct the criminal business at the Courts of Oyer and Ter-
miner in the following counties, viz : 8t. John, two circuits in the year ;
Westmoreland, one circuit ; Northumberland, one circuit ; and Charlotte,
two circuits in the year : making six circuit courts at which he has to con-
duct the criminal ])usiness of the Province.

•' Sth. a\s a resident member of the .Board of education, he has to de-
vote much time thereto ; and to give opinions upon all matters involving
legal (juestions as to the construction of the laws.

" 9th. As leader of tlie Government in the Lower House, the preparing
and maturing all Government measures brought before the Legislature de-
volves upon him.

" 10th. ^I'o uiford information to the Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer
upon all matters involving the construction of the revenue acts.

" 11th. Although not bound, ex -officio, to do so, he i^K>nstantly called
upon by Magistrates and other pubhc functionaries, to giW advice, as At-
torney General, upon all mutters connected Avith the discharge of their pub-
lic duties, and especially where the construction of the Acts of Assembly
are involved, and is in the constant habit of doing so gratuitously,

" 12th. lie finds his own othcc, fuel, and other contingent expenses,
and pays his own tiavelling charges when attending to the criminal duty
imposed upon him, * * * * *

" 13th. lie is always obliged to be at his post, and cannot leave Head
Quarters, or be absent, except on public business, without leave."

For these duties he receives, exclusive of some percjuisites of office,
which do little more than pay the expenses of a Clerk, the sum of jCGOO per
annum.

In this Province the Attorney General is generally considered as the
lender of the Government in the House of Assembly, but this is not the
case, nccessii^'ily in all the Colonies ; for instance in Canada, Mr. Hincks,
who lately filled the office of In.-jpector General of Public Accounts, some-
what like that of Chancellor of the Exchequer in England, was the Leader.

The following niiiy be taken as a fckctch of the Duties of the Piovhiriol
Sen clary : —

He has to advise the Governor as one of his Cabinet, and to be present at
all Meetings of the Executive Council — to prepare and countersign all
proclamations and otlicr documents emanating IVom the Executive to affix
the Great iSeal to all JiCttcrs Patent, and other documents when required, to
countersign and register all grants of land from the Crown, to eai-ry on the
correspondenc'^ between the Executive, and the Magistrates, Boards of
Health. Light House (.'ommissioners, and other local authorities not con-
nected witii the nvenue; and comjilaints against any of these officials are
usually addressed to liivii. In fact, be may be termed the oraan of the
Executive Government, and almost considered as exercising a sort of su-

f)ervision over other Departments, as well as over the roads, bridges, light
louscs and other public works of the Piovinco. During the sitting of the
Legislature, he has, in cunjuncliou with {li^a Attorney General, an<l such
other members of the E.xecutive (Council as may have scats in the House
of Assembly, not only to assist in pieparing the Government measures, but
also to take an actvie part in the discussion, ast well as in opposition to those
which it may be deemed expedient to oppose. Ih; is also, c.v officio^ and as
a member of the Executive, one ot the Council of Kings College, and one
of the Trustees of the INladraa School. 'J'herc is, therefore, hardly any

department

has not som

the special 1

The ISoli

to give his c

also assists I

Crown busir

The ^nn

has to receiv

VQys, to dire

structions fo

timber licen(

conditions ar

ors, and kee[

of land, froi

House of As

him.

The Rccei
the head of
through the
Fees of the i
venue Fund.
List which h(
tion of the p

The Audit
accounts of t

The head
perintends an
throughout
monies so co

With
colony like
officers, espec
with the duti
instance, tlia
indoor duties
procuring coi
constituting
legal profess
ger proportio

Thfi. foUoin

The Honoi
Governor an(
&c., &c. {Sii

rega

1 m

department of the Government in the management or control of which he
has not some share ; fui'l lie cannot be absent from Head (Quarters without
the special leave of the (iovernor.

The Solicitor (iencral is one of the Law Advisers of the Orown. and lias
to give his opinion to the Governor on all legal subjects, Avhen required ; he
also assists the Attorney General in all criminal prosecutions, and in other
Crown business, when his aid is necessary.

The Purveyor (icnaral is the liead of the Crown Land Department, and
has to receive and answer all applications for laud, to issue orders for sur-
veys, to direct sales of Crown Lands or leasees of minerals, and to send in-
btructions for the grants to the ►Secretary. He also sujierintends and issues
timber licences, and, through his Deputy Surveyors, tukos care that their
conditions are duly complied with ; he a})points the Deputy Crown t-^urvey-
ors, and keeps in his ollice plans of the several counties, on which the grants
of land, from time to time, are registered ; any survey ordered by the
House of Assembly, or by the Executive (iovernment is made through
him.

The Rcccb-er General' .-i Duty is to receive all the monies paid in, under
the head of Casual Revenue, on tickets from the C'rown Land office and
through the Deputy Surveyors ; as also all lines in (,^urt3 of liaw, and
Fees of the Secretary's oHice ; and lie pays all warrants on the ( 'usual Re-
venue Fund. He has also charge of the tiurplus fund arising from the Civil
List which he pays quarterly, he has also to receive and see to the applica-
tion of the proceeds of the timber cut on the disputed territory.

The Audllor General has merely to exaiuine and audit the whole of the
accounts of the Proviuce.

Provincial Tirasurer's Drpnrt merit.

The head of this Department resides in the city of Saint John, and su-
perintends and directs through his Deputy Treasurers, who arn •scattered
throughout the Province, the collection of the revenues, he receives all
monies so collected ; and .dl warrants for payment are drawn on him.

^Vith regard to the operivtions of the Departmental system in a young
colony like New Brunswick, it may sometimes happen that some of the
officers, especially the Surveyor General, may not be practically acquainted
with the duties of his office and may have to perform some of tliem, for
instance, that of examining candidates for appointments, and oven the
indoor duties of the ollice, by proxy. There is less difficulty, perhaps, in
procuring competent persons to fdl the principal part of the other oflices,
constituting the heads of J)epartment3. especially where members of the
legal profession arc necessary, as there is generally in the Province a lar-
ger proportion of that body aspirants I'or ollice.

The following composed llic Excrutiuc Drparlmfnt of ^'eir nninstrirk, in 1H55 ;

The Honorable JoiiN Henry Tiict.MAS i\L\nnfjrs Sctton, Lieutenant
Governor and (.'ommander-in-Chief of the Province of New Brunswick,
&c., &c. Salary about ^^3,500 per annum.

ik <* !

9i..

ill'

COUxNCIL.

Residence.
HoQ. Charles Fisher, Attorney General, Fredericton,
Samuel L. Tilly, Provincial Secretary, Saint John,
James Brown, Surveyor General, St. Davids,

John M. Johnston, Solicitor General, Chatham,
" William J. Ritchie, St. John,

" Albert J. Smith, Dorchester, , j^ch uim uom

" William H. Steves, xVlbert County ) expenses only.

The average af^gregate cost of supporting these establishments, exclusive
of the salaries of heads of Departments, is c£3,000 currency per annum.

There are numerous perquisites of office belonging to each of the De-
partments.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

Salary.
£600,' Curcy.
£600, "
£000, "
£230 15 4.

/ Travelling char-
ees and other

Residence.

Fredericton

Fredericton,

Sackville,

Dorchester,

Saint John,

Saint Andrews,

Saint John,

Fredericton,

Chatham,

Saint John

Saint Stephens

Miramichi

Fredericton

Albert County

llichibucto,

King's County

Restigouche County.

The fees of each r ember of the Legislative Council are £1 currency
per day during the Session.

HOUSE 03^' ASSEJIBLY. (Elected, July, 1854.)
Hon. Daniel Hannington, Speaker.

Hon. William lilack. President,
Honorables John S. Saunders,
" Amos E. Botsford,

Edward B. Chandler,
John Robertson,
Harris Hatch,
William B. Kinnear,
W. F. W. Owen,
George Menichin,
Thomas ^V. Peters,
Robert L. Hazen,
George H. Hill,
James Davidson,
William H. Odell,
William II. Steves,
David Wark,
John M. Ryan,
William Hamilton,

((

Couiihj of York :
Hon. Charles b'islier
( Iharles Macpherson )
James Taylor > Esqrs.

George J. llatheway )

(Jifi/ of Saiitl John :
Hon. Samuel Tilloy
James A. Harding, P'sq.

Count)/ of Saint John :
Hon. William .J. Ritchie
John R. i^ntclow
Robert D. Wilmot '^ ''■'
John H, Gray.

.Lsqrs.

Couaiy of Wfstmorcland
Hon. Daniel linnnington

" Albert J. Smith
Amand Landry ( t^
James Steadman J ^^^^^'
("ouiily of Charlotte :
Hon. James IJrown
Arthur 11. (iilmore )
John M. Adam [ Esqrs.

James Boy<l )

County of Kings :

Matthew AVcLeod

George Ryan ^ Esqrs.

Henry ^V. Purdy

Comity of Victoria:
Francis Rice ) ^
James Tibbets psqrs.

Queens County:

Samuel H. Gilbert } -n
John Farris ) ^^^"-

Sunbury County :
George Hayward ) ^
Enoch Lunt S .

Nortliumberland County
Hon. John M. Johnston
" John Ambrose Street

George Kerr

;

Richard Sutton ')

Esqrs.

Carleton County :
Charles Gonnell } -p
Richard English S ^^^"^"

County of Kent :
Robert B. Cuttler'^ ) ^
Francis McPheleim \ -^^^^®'

Jiestii/ouchc County :
John Montgomery } ^
Chipman l^otsford S ^^^^^'
j Gloucester County :

iWilliam End / p

Patrick ^IcXaughton S ^^^i^'^*

Albert County :
Edward Stevens '/ p

Abner R. McCIelan ^ ^^^i""^'

The Speaker of the House of Assembly receives XloO for the sesgion,
and the other members one pound per day, during the same term. It
costs the Province £10,000 per annum for legislation, and in consequence
of an increase of remuneration, voted by the House of Assembly to itself;
during the specal session of 1854, it will in future take nearly XI 2, 000
to pay for the legislative business of the Proviiice.

JUDICIAL INSTITU n UNS.

The Court of Chancery. — This Court has recently been abolished by
an act of the Provincial Legislature, and its equitable jurisdiction is trans-
ferred to the Supreme Court ; at the same time, the Master of the Rolls
was removed to the Eench of tlie same (Jourt as an additi'^nal Judge. The
duty of this Court was formerly similar to that of the High Court of Chan-
cery in England, to adjudicate matters -which cannot justij' be decided by
the rules of Common Law. such as trusts, the specific })crformance of agree-
ments, t&c. All causes heretofore cognizable by this Court are now trans-
ferred to the "Equity side of the Supremo Court.''

The Supreme Court consists of one C*hief -lustice, and four assistant
or puisne Judges. The jurisdiction of this Court extends to all criminal
matters, except such petty oflenccs as the magistrates may send to the Ses-
sions, and to civil suits, in which the amount e.xceeda five pounds or affects
the title to land. Appeals lie from the Court of Common Plea'j by Avrit
of certiorari before trial, and from tlio Magistrates" Courts, first to one of
the Judges of this Court, and, if allowed by him, to the full Court. Its
proceedings are regulated ])y the English common law, as altered by Pro-
vincial statute, and by the rules of court and forms laiel down by the
Judges. It has now also to exercise the functions of a Court of Equity in
addition to its other powers. The Rench is now fdlcd by the gentlemen fol-
lowing :

The Hon. James Carter, Chief Justice— salary j£700.

Robert i'arker, ] [ Salary £V)0.

George F. Street, ] j '' 750.

" Lemuel A. AVilmot, J Justices. { " 000.

Neville I'arker,
(late Mtiator of the Rolls,)

600.

".'iS-r I'. *j--.

'tjir 1%

*■ !'■■ ;i

^'^■MtammmuKM.

I u KM

These salaries arc in addition to travelling expenses, for which it250 are
allowed.

T/io Court of the Governor and Council^ for hearing and determining
cases relative to marriage and divorce, consists of his Excellency the Lieu-
tenant Governor, as President, the jNI aster of the Rolls as Vice President,
the members of the Executive Council, and a llegistnir and Clerk. This
Court hold its sittings in Fredericton, on the second Tuesday in February,
and the third Tuesdays in June and October. Its jurisdiction extends over
all matters relating to matrimonial rights, prohibited marriages and divorce.

Court for the trial and punislunent of piracy, and other ofj'ejices rom-
mitted on the hiii'h seas.-- The officers of this Court consist of the Lieute-
nant Governor, the Chief Justice, and the other Judges of the ^^upremc
Court, the Executive Council, Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty,
Commander in Chief, and Flag Officers, and Captains and Commanders of
ships of war on this station for the time being. It holds its sittings in any
part of the Province determined by any three of its members ; the Gover-
nor, Chief Justice, or one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, or Judge
of the Admiralty, being one.

The Court of Vice Admiralty is composed of one Judge and Com-
missary, holding a commission from the Crown ; an Advocate General,
Registrar and Scribe, and n Marshal. It determines all cjuestions relative
to maritime matters, such as seaman' wages, bottomry bonds, <fec. Prizes
taken in war are adjudicated on by a Commissioner appointed by the Im-
perial (government.

A Probate Court is held for each county, presided over by a Surrogate,
or Judge of I'robate. and with a Registrar. All wills of deceased persons
are proved in it ; it grants letters of a'lministration to the effects of such
as die intestate, and has further powers for the settlement of the property
in both cases.

The Court of fiencral Sessions of the Peace, and the Court of Com-
mon Pleas, or Inferior Court, are two distinct Courts, and are held at least
twice a year at the county town of each county. The Judges of the Common
Pleas are four or five in number, appointed by the (jtovernor. and their
jurisdiction extends to the recovery of debts of any amount. The Sessions
regulate the business of the county, such as the levying rates for its neces-
sary expenditure, granting tavern licenses, determining cases of bastardy
and settlement, and they also try petty criminal cases. Eoth Courts ore
held at the same periods.

Justice's Courts are held in each parish, as occasion may require, for
the recovery of debts not exceeding five pounds : an appeal lies from their
decision to the Supreme Court. The Justices have also power to adjudicate
on trespass, where the title to land does not come in (juestion, to the amount
of forty shillings ; and two Justices may try, at the suit of the Crown, per-
sons committing assault and battery, and, at their discretion, eitiicr bind
them over to appear at the ensuing sittings of the Supreme (Jourt, or pu-
nish them l)y fine, to be enforced by imprisomnent. They are also empow-
ered to take cognizance of all breaches of the peace, profane swearing, and
all violations of order and decorum ; also to examine and enquire into all
felonies, and other criminal acts, ami to commit the parties charged to gaol.
or bind them over to appear, when the evidence may warrant such a course.
Three Justices can also try cases of petty larceny not exceeding forty shil
)ings in value.

The Supi
Sessions, ho
follows :

York— Thin

Saint John-

Sunbury —I

(jrloucester—

C^ueen's — Fi

Charlotte— 1

Tuesday ii

King's— Sec(

Albert— Thii

Westmorelam

Kent — Tues(i

llestigouche-

Northumberl;

Carleton— las

Victorici — Th

''^tt/rff.flivns .
Fredericton —
Saint John—'
Kingston— Fi
VV^oodstock — 1
St. Andrews-]
Dorchester— 1
Bathurst — F
(ragetown — F
Rurtoti--Seco
Richibucto— ^
Newcastle— S
Dalhousic — F
Hopewell— I^'o
Andover — So

Tlie Sharif
byhimself or 1
ty, and thcref
to levy e.Kccut
take care of ;
Judges at the
necessary to p
of the Crown i
his death, and
an enquiry as

^ *Tlioro are iitk
• 'uiirtH lire seldui

150 aro

mining
B Lieu-
'sideni,
. This
bruary,
ids over
divorce.
cs roni-
Lieute-
^upreInc
niiralty,
fiders of
3 in any
i (Jover-
)r Judge

(I Com-

General,

, relative

Prizes

the Im-

d persons
of such

property

The Supreme Court, and the Court of Common Pleas, -with the General
Sessions, hold their sittings at the shire towns in the diflerent counties as
fellows :

Sf/prcmc Court.

York — Third Tuesday in January, and fourth Tuesday in June.

Saint John — Second Tuesday in May, and first Tuesday in November.

Sunbury -Last Tuesday in February.

Gloucester — First Tuesday in September.

Queen's — First Tuesday in March.

Charlotte — Fourth Tuesday in April, and the Tuesday after the fourth

Tuesday in October.
King's — Second Tuesday in July.
Albert — Third Tuesday in July.
Westmoreland — Fourth Tuesday in July.
Kent —Tuesday after the fourth Tuesday in July,
liestigouehe — last Tuesday in August.
Northumberland — Second Tuesday in September.
C'lrleton — last Tuesday in September.
Victoria —The Wednesday before the last Tuesday in September.

Coiiri of Coimiioii Picas <iiid Sessions *
<S/»/rr.7oit>K.f.

Fredcricton — Second Tuesdays in January and June.
Saint -lohn— -Tliird Tuesday in March, and third Tuesday in October.
Kingston — First Tuesday in March, and third Tuesday in October.
Woodstock — First Tuesday in .January, and fourth Tuesday in June.
St. Andrews — Second Tuesday in April, and first Tuesday in June.
Dorchester — Third Tuesday in .Juno, and second Tuesday in December.
Bathurst — First Tuesday in January, and first Tuesday in July.
Gagetown — Fourth Tuesdays iu .January and June.
Burton — Second Tuesday in January, and third Tuesday in .June.
Richibucto — Second Tuesday in January, and fourth Tuesday in June.
Newcastle — Second Tues<lays in January and .June.
Dalhousio— First Tuesday in .January, and second Tuesday in July.
Hopewell — F*'ourth Tuesday in .June, and second Tuesday in November.
Andover — Second Tuesday in January, and first Tuesday in J uly.

Tlio Sheriff is an important officer in every county. His duties are,
by himself or his deputies, to execute the (Queen's writs throughout his coun-
ty, and tlicreloro to serve all processes issued from either of the Courts ;
to levy e.KCCutions and retain the proceeds till the retuvTj of the writ ; to
take care of all debtors and criminals ; to summon juries ; to attend the
Judges at their Courts ; to call out the whole force of the county when
necessary to preserve the peace, and to act as the first executive officer
of the Crown in all cases. The Coroner acts for ihe Sheritf in case of
his death, and in cage of his being personnlly intere.'i'-ed. Jle also holds
an enquiry as to all cases of accidental or sudden death.

* rin>r« aro additioiutl Iimmih of tbo Common IMuaa Ibr tliu return of writs, &c., but
t'oiirtH aro selilom hold on thorn.

■i rM

^-^^

,. si'

'1^

ed to gaol,

n^«i

JURORS.

There is no one public department -wliich moves so slowly in the march
of reform as that of our judicial institutions. The laborer is worthy of
his hire, whether tlie employment be that of legislators, executors, judges,
or other public functionaries, and the more responsible the duties, the higher
should be the remuneration ; but the payment of jurors, the men who ulti-
mately have to decide almost all disputes, appears to force itself with 'diffi-
culty on the notice of our legislators. Among all the imperfections attend-
ing our courts of law, there appears to be none more glaring than the hard-
ships imposed on those who have to serve in this capacity. It must be
within the knowledge of most of our Provincial readers that jurymen fre-
quently have to travel a distance of forty miles from their homes to the
shire town, at a season of the year when their time is most valuable, to
remain for a week or ten days, and to return with the very trifling and al-
most ridiculous remuneration which the law allows for this service. Nor
is the case of the suitors themselves, and their witnesses, much better :
sometimes it happens that, after a long and tedious waiting at the Court
House, the cause is suspended ; perhaps for want of time to hear it ;
perhaps from inability to make up the magical number of twelve jurymen,
whose unanimity is necessary to the validity of a verdict ; or it may be
from the preconceived opinion, or wrong-headed conclusions, of one of the
number. Much of this inconvenience, and positive loss to all concerned,
might be avoided, either by reducing the number of jurors, or by allowing
the decision of the majority to be a legal verdict. In many cases of at
least equal importance, this plan is adopted ; in the framing and enactment
of our laws, for instance, a majority of the legislative bodies, even of one,
is sufficient to bind the whole I'rovince ; and surely if this is expedient in
matters which may aftect the well being, the properties, or even the lives of
all of us, it is equally so in those which relate only to one or two individu-
als. In the cases submitted to the grand jury, too, complete agreement is
not required, provided twelve at least concur in their finding ; and thus a
precedent is afforded for what may be called an innovation. The reduction
of the number would afford the means of better remuneration, without
much increasing the expense to the suitor.

The laws of our Province, being based on those of Great Britain, which
have gradually grown up from circumstances, and which, from a national
reluctance to change, have adopted, till lately, ancient forms to modern re-
quirements, have shared in the faults of their origin, and are too much
loaded with verbose technicalities, which add materially to the cost of the
proceedings ; but in this respect, we must do the Province justice, and ad-
mit that, within the last year, many of the defects have been remedied ;
much of the verbage and mystification has been stripped from our legal forms,
and they have been rendered more intelligible to the uninitiated, more adapt-
ed to the times, and more consistent with common sense ; but there is yet
room for improvement ; and, judging from the past, we may look confident-
ly to the future.

On a letter r

POST OFnCE DEPARTMENT.

- \%:

Previous to an act of the Imperial Parliament, passed in the twelfth and
thirteenth years of the reign of Her present Majesty, entitled, " An Act
for enabling Colonial Legislatures to estabhsh inland posts," the postal ar-
rangements of this, in common with those of the other British Colonies,
were under the control of the Imperial Government and managed by the
Postmaster General in London. By acts of the Province of New Bruns-
wick, passed in the years 1850 and 1851, the Post OflSce Department of
this Province was established, under the direction and management of a
Provincial Postmaster General, and other authorities ; and all letters trans-
mitted by Post in British North America, with the exceptions of packet
letters to and from the United Kingdom, and letters to and from Newfound-
land and the United States, are made liable to an uniform rate of three
pence currency for half an ounce for whatever distance conveyed, prepay-
ment being optional ; the charge increases according to the following scale
of weights, thus :

On a letter not exceeding i an ounce in weight,
over I oz. and not exceeding 1 oz.
over 1 oz. and not exceeding 11 oz.
and not exceeding 2 oz.

over 1| oz

over 2 oz. and not exceedino; 2i

oz.

((

currency.

3d.

Od.

9d.

Is.

' over 2^ oz. and not exceeding 3 oz.
And so on, adding one rato for every additional half-ounce.

All "Newspapers, whether published in the United Kingdom, or in
British North America, or in the British West Indies, or in the United
States," are not liable to any Provincial rate of Postage; but Newspapers
to and from the United Kingdom, specially addressed " via New York," or
" via United States," are liable to the transit rate of one penny each, pay-
able on delivery only.

Printed books, pamphlets, or tracts, when under the weight of two
ounces, are not liable to any Provincial rate of postage : but if weighing
two ounces, they shall be liable to a rate of four-pence each ; exceeding
two ounces, and not exceeding three, six pence ; and two-pence for each
additional ounce, up to six ounces in weight ; and if exceeding six ounces,
three pence for each additional ounce, up to sixteen ounces ; beyond which
weight no printed book, pamphlet or tract will be forwarded by Post with-
in the Province, unless such book, pamphlet or tract be addressed to the
United Kingdom, or through the United Kingdom to any British Colony.
Ship Letters — the gratuity to be paid to ship masters for letters brought to
offices on the sea-board, is to be one penny half-penny currency, as hereto-
tofore, and the charge for such letters, when delivered in this Province, is
three pence currency.

By packet to and from the United Kingdom :

" Printed books, magazines reviews, or pamphlets, whether British,
Colonial or foreign, may be sent through the Post from this Colony to the
United Kingdom, or from the United Kingdom to this Colony, or through
the United Kingdom to or from this Colony and any other British Colony,
whether the conveyance be by packet or private ship, at the following rates;
of postage :—

nil

' f

' '- \

:' J .

I ! \:

PV a single volume, not exceeding ^ lb. weight

" " exceeding \ lb. and not exceeding 1 lb

(( a <; 1 IK ft

7d i currency
Is. 3d. '=
lib. " ''■ 21b. 2s. 6d. "

And so on, adding Is. od., currency, for every additional pound or frac-
tion of a pound. Printed books thus forwarded, ^vill be subject in all res-
pects to the same conditions and restrictions to which newspapers are liable.
The postage thereon, according to the above rates, nmst in all cases be pre-
paid ; they can only be forwar 'od by the direct route, via Halifax."'

By virtue of an Act passed in the 16th year of tlic reign of Her pre-
sent Majesty, a Proclamation was issued by His Excellency the Lieutennnt
(lovernor authorizing the reduction of postage to a uniform rate of
six-pence, sterling, ("/.d. currency,) the half ounce, on /etfers between the
United Kingdom and the (.'olony of New Brunswick. And for J'arlia-
liamentary £;rocccding3 transmitted to and from the said Colony by post,
via the iiritish contract packets, direct to Halifax, the same rates of pos-
tage as those fixed for other books transmitted by Post, the said Parliamen-
tary proceedings are subject to the folloAving conditions, that is to say ;

1st. Every packet must be sent Avithout cover, or in a cover open at
the sides or ends.

2nd. It must contain a single volume only, the several sheets or parts
thereof, where there are more than one, being sewed or bound together.

3rd. It must not exceed two feet in length, breadth, width, or
depth.

4th. It must have no writing or marks upon the cover ; or its contents,
except the name and address of the person to whom it may be sent.

5th. The postage must be prepaid in full.

" The above instructions are not to extend to. or interfere with the trans-
mission of printed votes or proceedings of Parhament, or of printed papers
allowed to pass by the pest under the newspaper privilege, all of which will
contain subject to the existing KeguiaticiS." New BrunsAvick Royal
(Jazette of July 26th, 1854. United States — Letters addressed from New
Brunswick to the United States, except California and Oregon, are rated
six-pence currency, or ten cents per half ounce ; prepayment optional. —
Letters addressed from New Brunswick to California or Oregon, nine-pence,
or fifteen cents per half ounce. Newspapers and pamphlets addressed to
the United States from New Brunswick will be free of charge to the Pro-
vince Line, and, vice vei'sa, from the line.

Newfoundland, &c. — Letters from New Brunswick addressed to New-
foundland ; a single letter, weighing not more than half an ounce, packet
Postage ' 4?.d.

Inland postage, Sd.

Increasing one rate for each additional half ounce, or fraction of half an
ounce ; prepayment optional.

Letters addressed to Bermuda, or the West Indies, the same, only the
inland rate must be paid in advance.

The detailed accounts and returns made by the Postmaster General to
the Provincial Legislature in the year 1852, shew the improved state of
this department since the transfer before mentioned. Although there has
been a falling oif in the receipts in consequence of the abolition of News-
paper postage, which was ascertained to amount to about X770 ; the large
amount of packet postage, which has to be remitted to England ; the addi-
tional expences connected with the whole establishment in the Province ;

the dimini
age; and
forms, kc
but which
factory,
pleasure u
lias made
No. 'V (i
Avhich app
tinued, wi
to the anio
The numb

Total Icuf
Number o

Being
year, and
percent, ii

This 1)
and a sta
throughou

The Crc
the head
more Depi
land can ol
Province v

Lots of
shillings c\
the land a]
facilitated
an opportu
one fractio

With til
actual set'
lings sterl:
acres. If
purchaser.

The floi
view of tl
sion by tli

Maif il p
I have
the transa
ending on
These ;
1st. Ri
2nd. li
3rd. R

((

:^5

the (liniinuitioii in the revenue, con?c(iucnt on tlic reduction of hUer post-
age ; and on the f'ant, that previous to the transfer, the stationary, printed
forms, kc, which foimod a very Itir^^c item, were supphcd from En^h\nd,
but which arc now pV" ■uioil here ; yet the general rcdults have beeii satis-
factory. 1'he follouiiij^ is an extract from the Ueport : — '' I have much
pleasure in dircctin;^ attention to the satisfactory progress which the revenue
has made t ince the transfer, and is still making, as shewn in the return
No. 'V' (referring to the detailed account appended to the Report,) " and
which appears to he at the rate of nearly si.xtecn per cent. This, if con-
tinued, will, in the course of little more than a year, In-ing the revenue up
to the amount at which it stood previous to the transfer.''
The number of Post Offices in the Province in 1852 was ''<) In 185ti —

" '' Way Offices, 10"> 1:I7

'I'otal lengtli of mail routes in miles, '2,1(10 2,lil<)

Number of miles travelled per annum, -174,471

Being an increase of 27 per cent, over the number for the prcccling
year, and causing an increased expense of £l,8t)f). jicvenuc increased 27
per cent, in 1853, over the preceding year.

SLRVKYOR CiENEKAl/S DEl'AR'LMEN'r.

This Department consists of a Surveyor (ieneral, four indoor officers,
and a statF of upwards of fifty Deputy Surveyors, who are dispersed
throughout the Province.

The Crown Lands witliin the county of Voj-k are sold at the otlice by
the head of the Department, and \\\ each of the other counties, one or
more Deputies are appointed for t^'C same purpose ; so that applicants for
land can obtain grants with dispatch, at any time, and in any part of the
Province where there are ungrantcd lands.

Lots of lar. 1, not exceeding one hundred acres, can I>e obtained at thit-c
shillings currency per acre, payable in labor on the roads ii. liio vicinity of
the land applied for. This arrangement, though liable to some abuses, havS
facilitated the settlement of the Province ; affording emigrants and others
an opportunity to locate themselves on a tract of good land, without paying
one fraction of money for their purchase.

With the exception of this mode of sale, all lands arc disposed of for
actual settlement, at auction ; the upset price, if paid down, is two shil-
lings sterling, or 2s. od. currency, per acre — £12 Is. ^d. currency for 100
acres. If payments are made by instalments, which is optional with the
purchaser, the upset price is os. curren-^y per acre.

The flourishing state of this Departnicnt will be better seen from a re-
view of the following lleport, furnished to the TiCgislature in the last ses-
sion by the head of the Department :

" Crown Land Office. Frcdcricton, 1^'cbruary, 18r)4.
May U please your Excellency :

I have the honor of submitting to your f'xcellency detailed .-iccounts of
the transactions connected with the Crown Land Department, for the year
ending on the 31st December. 1853.

These accounts consist of the following classes : —

Ist. Receipts for timber and lumber.

2nd. Receipts for land sold.

Srd. Receipts for contingencies.

i^L'

i '*.-•

' ''WMl

1 . *' (

. ,

;5<||

||l|

. ■ , ■ ■

' ^' *

tr\

^ w

. ,» 1

/•!■.;! .(I

■|in

4th. A return of the amount of labor performed upon roada and bridges,
in payment for land, und<^r the provisions of the Act 12 Victoria, Cap. 4,
generally known as the Labor Act, and that of the Act 12 Victoria, Cap.
19, known aa the Commutation Act.

These aeveral returns are so prepared, as to exhil)it a full and compre-
hensive statement of all the detailed information relating to each class ; yet
as that information is necessarily spread ovor a large surface, 1 herewith
submit a condensed report of the returns ol" each class, together with such
explanatory remarks as may bear upon them.

First — Timhcr and Lnnihcr.

No.

1,340

4,887

962Ji
;H.924A

Licenses prepared during the year (from Ist INIay),

Square miles under license,

Square miles sold at and under 50s. per mile, with option of

renewal without sale,
Square miles sold below 50s. per mile, and subject to resale,
Amount received for licenses since 1st May, X7,803 143.
Average rate per square mile, 8I3. lid. 9-8.

These numbers comprise only the licences issued. &c., for ilie year com-
mencing 1st May, 1853, and ending 1st May, 1854 ; but the inclusion of
all licenses issued within the year 1853 wouhi not materially alter the sum
total.

Total amount received for timber and lumber, from all sources, in the
ysar 1853— cfi8,6G8 Os. lOd.

No material change has been made, since the passing of the export duty
law, until last year, in the regulations establishing the rate of mileage, not-
withstanding that the trade of the Province had in that time greatly changed
its character ; and finding that the staple commodity of New Brunswick
was in great demand, and realizing high prices, the Ciovernmcnt deemed it
their duty to secure to the public some participation in the increasing pro-
fits of the lumber trade. The upset rate of mileage was therefore advan-
ced from ten shillings to twenty shillings per square mile ; thus realizing
for the Province a considerable increase on the sale of timber berths, with-
out causing any additional expenditure.

Great complaints having been made by those engaged in the lumber
trade, that the practice of annually putting up all the timber berths to
public competition bore injuriously as well on the trade as on the revenue ;
the expense incurred in building camps, erecting dams, cutting roads, and
other matters incident to to the business, being so great, that they would
prefer paying an increased rate of mileage, if they Avould thereby secure
the right of renewal for a larger period than one year. The Government,
in order to meet in some degree the views of the lumbering interest, de-
termined to oft'or the timber berths at auction, at the upset price of 20s.
per square mile ; giving to the purchaser, who bi<l it up to 50s. or more
per mile, the right of renewal for three years, at the rate at which it was
bid off. Ninety-seven persons, holding 962 i- st^uare miles, are accordingly
entitled to the privilege of renewal, under this regulation.

The introduction of this rule, and the increase of the general upset rate
of mileage, will explain to some extent why the revenue from timber and

'< umber has b«en eo mucii greater than in former years.

» * • »"* <* , % * ^ ^

unquestiona
tice, which
namely : wl
they mutua
in the tran--
themselves,
petitors. I
almost to dc
know not,
Avhich it ca
amendeil as
licensee, ha
license, obty
and collusiv
of its char;

The recei
greater thai
not arisen i"i
greater qua
that of 185
of acres boii

The gene
ty sold in 1
years.

It will be
the sales of
doubt in s(
through cor

The sale
umndston, ;
these towns
due on land
this sura is
years past,
to collect 1
abundant tl
able to pay

The who
the payuiei
Even the li
very limite
tually deer
vides for tl

The rec(
ber and lat
m the past

Nn.

with-

\:$

unquestionably have been greater, wore .1 not for the oporatiou of a prac-
tice, which prevails to a considerable extent among applioanta for licenses,
namely : when two or more persons desire to compete for a timber berth,
they mutually agree to bid it oIT in the name of a person having no interest
in the transaction, and, after the sale retire and compote for it amongst
themselves, the prococids of the private sale being divided amongst the com-
petitors. How far this practicn, or system, (for it is now so prevalent hh
almost to deserve that title) may bo deemed a fniud upon the public, 1
know not, nor am i able to propose to your Excellency any measure by
which it can be entirely abolished ; but if the trespass law could be so
amended as to witiihold the legal remedy from any other than a bona fide
licensee, having a direct and beneticial interest in the license ; and if any
license, obtained in the above manner, should be declared to be fraudulent
and collusive, and bo made voidalilo by the (jrovernor and Council, on proof
of its character, I think the practice would at least be sensibly diminished.

Second — Land soUL

The receipts for land sold are <£8,78*) 143. !)d., an amount considerably
greater than has been rcidizel in any year since 1830. This mcrease has
not arisen from any advance in the general price of the land, but from the
greater quantity told during the yeiir. The average rate is not equal to
(hat of iHo^. but the (quantity is nearly four times as much, the number
of acres being respectively 22.952 in 1852, and 87,61)7 in 1853.

The general abstract appendo 1 to this Keport will show that the quanti-
ty sold in 1853 exceeds the aggregate quantity sold in the four previous
years.

It will be seen that a large increase over former years has occurred in
the sales of land in King's, Kent, AVestmoreland, and Albert ; which is no
doubt in some measure caused by the projected railway, as it will pass
through certain portions of those counties.

The sale of town lots in the county of Victoria, at Colebrooke and Ed-
mundston, presents a favorable indication of the advancing prosperity of
these towns. Tiie amount received during the past year for instalments
due on lands sold in previous years, amounts to XIOBO 10s. 6d. Although
this sura is considerably in advance of what has been received for some
years past, yet I would recommend tliat more active measures be adopted
to collect balances due ; as the country is now prosperous, and money
abundant throughout the country districts, and the Crown debtors generally
able to pay.

The whole sum now due for instnlmcnts is about £27,000, exclusive of
the payments made by labor on the roads, under the Commutation Act.
.t^vcn the latter boon offered by the Legislature has been accepted only to a
very limited extent, and 1 am persuaded that the (jrovernment will even-
tually deem it expedient to resort to the operation of the law, which pro-
vides for the aununary recovery of all instalments as they become due.

Third — Cont'nii^^eiides.

The reccipt--i on account of contingencies, or from all sources except tim-
ber and land, have never been very great, and they are but little different
iu the past year, from what thoy have been at former timei^

^heukt \h(H mining queatiop. b^ arr^ivgcd n.nd a«?fcUcd, X h^^XW^^ tk*t th«

it.

1 \ *"

.« .'

IM!

royalties upon coals and minerals will hereafter form no inconsiderable item
in this class of receipts ; at present, it is but of small amount.

Fourth — Labor on Rot ids.

The return of labor performed upon roads and bridges during the past
year, amounts to X0,o55 14s. 2d. ; and if 1 was satisfied that a fair equi-
valent in labor had been obtained in a majority of the cases in which labor
has been performed, during the last four years, in payment for Crown Lands,
I would feel that the generosity of the Legislature had l>e(in prudently ap-
plied ; but when I consider that in no case is there any ultimate and inde-
pendent supervision of th'^ work done : that the whole is left, both as res-
pects quantity and rate, as well as ({uality, to the irresponsible discretion of
a single person for each district, I cannot but apprehend, that as regards
work, the experiment has in some instances proved a failure.

The Government has nidecd interposed a clieck to the acquisition of land
under the Labor Act by speculators, by which persons already owning
land are precluded from applying to purchase by labor.

The regulations, lately established, do not suffer any person to purchjiac
under the Labor Act, a\' o is under eighteen years of age, who is already
the owner of other land, or who claims land purchased from the Crown, but
ungranted. And no person, after having paid in full for his lot by labor
and commission, can obtain a grant of it, until he prove to the satisfac-
tion of the Government that he is then, and for twelve months past has
been, actually residing on the lot, and has cleared and cultivated not less
than ten acres of the said land ; the whole purchase being void unless all
this be done within five years after approval of his petition. The effect of
the law, therefore, and of the regulations to whicli T have adverted, must
be on the whole bene:^'.''al. a ' inducing a large permanent settlement on
the wildnerness lands of tVo Province.

I annex comparative stacement" of sundry matters of receipt and expen-
diture connected with the Crown Land Office, and 1 Iiave the satisfaction
of stating that while the receipts have boen nmcli larger in 1853, and the
extent of office labor performed greater than in any year contained in the
statements, the expenses have been less than in any of those years since
1849.

The whole revenue of the (.'rown Land Department for tiie past year,
was as (oUows : —

Amount received by the Receiver (General by tickets is-
sued from the tSurveyor <Jeneral,
Deposits in the hands of the Receiver General, carried

to : ccount,
Air;junt collected by the Attorney General.
Land sold and paid for by labor on the roai's,

c£lH,848 ;}

l,a08
0,355

Total, X2(>,840 18 11

When the amount collected under the ex|.ort duty act is taken into con-
sideration, this branch of the public revenue is in a highly flourishing
state.

(Signed) R. 1). WILMOT,

t^ijRVEVOR General."

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:•

The above is the ofiBcial report of the Surveyor General for the last five
years. It contains much valuable information, and shews the progressive
state of the Province :

The large extent of territory subject to lumbering opera-
tions, being 3,000^000 acres.
The number of grants issued in 1853, 688

((

1851,

Difference in favor of 1853,

Amount received for lands, timber, &c., in 1853,

'' 1851,

222
366

X18,848 3
6.085 2 5

Difference in favor of 1853, X12,763 7

This report also evidently proves that the census of 1851, which was
taken at a time of great commercial and agricultural depression, does not
convey a proper knowledge or estimate of the ratio of improvement now
taking place in the Province, which, in the language of the report, "is
now prosperous, and money abundant."'

The following necessary forms of application for Crown Lands will be
found useful, not only to those who may not be in possession of printed
blank forms, but they will also show the manner in which this part of the
machinery is conducted :

" To His Excellency, Lieutenant Governor, and

Commander in Chief of the Province of New Brunswick ;
The petition of

Humbly sheweth, —

That he is a British subject, and desirous of purchasing, for ac-
tual settlement, acres of Crown Land, situate as follows :

{Not to interfere irifh the right to cut timber or Imvber under license
apjiUed for previous to the application for tJie purchase of the la7id.)

Agreeably to the regulations passed in Council on the 11th May, 1843.
And as in duty bound, will ever pray.

Land situated.

County.

Parish or settloment.

No. and

extiMit
of Lot.

II' vacant,

If surveyed,

If improved,
tfcc.

, Deputy Surveyor."

The pvtUUni to be signed by the appliv((nt. and the columns of the
blank return to be fdled vp and sigricd by the Dtputy Surveyor.

The regulations for purchasing land under the labor act, vary from those
under the ordinary system of purchasing Crown Lands for actual settle-
ment :

let. The price ia three shillings, currency, per acre.

36G

2 5

1843.

2n(L No grant made to persons under 18 years of age, nor ti ovmera of
land.

3d. No more than one hundred acres.

4th. Petition^ must bo in the form annexed.

5th. Lands must be occupied within three months from notice of appro-
val in the Royal Gazette, and improvements, to the amount of «C10 curren-
cy, made within that time.

6th. No labor to be performed in payment for land, until petition ap-
proved, and land surveyed, and improved as aforesaid to satisfaction of
Commissioners.

7th. The applicant must pay one-fourth of the value of his land, accor-
ding to the value of labor at the time, including five per cent, to the Com-
missioner, annually, until the whole is paid for.

8th. No approval yhall continue in force longer than two years from its
date, unless the applicant shall have paid, by labor and commission, at least
one-fourth of the purchase money.

9th. The Commissioner is required to make returns to the Provincial
Secretary, on or before the 15th day of December, in each year.

10th. No applicant to allow any logs, timber, kc, to be removed, until
all the conditions are complied with.

11th. Fraud and deception, practised by an applicant under this act, will
result in loss both of property and labor done, if any.

12th. No person shall be entitled to a gram, unless he prove to the Go-
vernment, within five yearSj that he has paid the purchase money and com-
mission, and that he has resided upon the lot approved of to him for the
last twelve months, and that he has cultivated not less than ten acres of
the said land.

13th. The Government claim the right to sell logs and timber on all lots
thus appplied for, to the value of XIO. until the first day of May next fol-
lowing such survey and improvements.

14th. All petitions heretofore approved under the Labor Act, 12 V., C.
4, are subject to the regulations, of which the foregoing is a synopsis.

{Form of Petition.)

" To His Excellency, Lieutenant Governor, <feo.

The petition of

Humbly sheweth, —

That he resides in this Province ; is a British subject ;
years of age ; does not own any land, and has no claim to any land pur-
chased from Government, payable by instalments or by labor ; that he is
desirous of purchasing a lot of Crown Land containing acres, and

situate as follow* :

and prays leave to pay for the same by labor ; agreeably to the Act 12 Vic-
toria, chap. 4 ; and he pledges himself to conform iu all things to the regu-
lations prescribed by Government for such purchases.

And, as in duty bound, will ever pray.

^ : I

m , \:

Ill'

.'1

ft::

Land situated.

No. and

extent

of Lot.

If vacant,

If surveyed,
&c.

If improved,
&c.

County.

Parish or settlement.

•

The following list comprises the officers belonging to the Crown Land
Department in 1854 :

In-door Establishment.

The Honorable James Brown,
Robert Gowan,
Andrew Inches,
Timothy O'Connor, and )
Anthony Lockwood, )
George P. Wolhauper,

Surveyor General.
Accountant.
Chief Dr %man.

Assistant i)raftsmen.

Assistant Accountant.

Persons holding Deputations from the Surveyor General, arranged by Counties.

The Comity of York contains, in addition to the in-door establishment
above named :

Residence.

*Beverley R. Jcwctt,

Fredericton.

Jaf!ob B. J emett,

Douglas.

*Allan iMcLean,

St. Mary's.

James Nelson,

Kingsclear.

Michael O'Connor,

Fredericton.

Thomas Ramsay,

St. Mary's.

Robert Waugh,

Stanley.

Alexander Sibald,

Fredericton.

John Grant,

Do.

*James MacLaughlan,

Kingsclear.

John Wilkinson,

Fredericton.

County uj Sunbury.

Stephen Burpee,

Sheffield.

G. L. Hathaway,

Maugerville.

Qaecn^s.

*John Colling,

Gagetown.

James Kerr,

Petersville.

Samuel Mahood,

King's.

-*oNt^lson Arnold,

Sussex Vale.

*oA]i>xander Burnett,

Springfield.

*oSaLTuel Fairwcather,

Belleisle.

Saint John.

Thomas 0. Keloher,

1 City.

Williim Percival,

J. C. viodard,

Do.

Williau llazen,

Do.

■* Jacob Allen,

Indian Town

*oJo«eph B. Whipple,

Carleton.

Dved,

Land
1.

len.
tant.

les,

ment

Charlotte.

None.

Victoria.

0* William Mahood,

St. Andrews.

C. R. Hathaway,

Westmoreland,

Do.

*oPhilip Palmer,

Sackvillc.

John Steadman,

Bend.

*oSamuel S. Wilmot,

Salisbury.

Alexander Monro,

Bay Verte.

Jonas Cutler,

Bend.

Charles G. Palmer,

Albert.

Sackvillc.

*oReuben Stiles,

Kent.

Hopewell.

oRobcrt Douglas,

Buctouche.

oPeter Mezerall,

Northwnhcrland .

Richibucto.

*oJames Datidson,

Oak Point, Mirauichi.

*John Davidson,

Dumfries.

*Jame3 L. Price,

Ludlow.

*oCharles S. Peters,

Chatham.

William Parlue,

Gloucester.

Nelson.

*oMatthew Carruthers,

Rcstigouchc.

Bathurst.

*oDavid Sadler,

Carklon.

Dalhousie.

*oll. M. Garden,

Woodstock.

* John Bedell,

Do.

Note. — Those Deputies, to whose names the asterisk (*) is prefixed, arc
also seizing officers : and those to whose names the {o) is prefixed, are ap-
pointed to conduct the sales of Crown Lands in their respective counties.

m i \

; 1

tm 1
• i21

i!:i

. ^■

• .■■! ■:.

Table, shewing the content in acres which has been granted, estimated or
located, by the Crovrn ; and the extent yet remaining vacant, and at the
disposal of Government, in each county in J!^ew Brunswick :

County.

Acres vacant.

Granted.

Restigouchc.

1,260,5R1

150,979

Gloucofiter.

704,r)33

332'902

Northumlicrland.

l,W3,S;-!2

98G,1G8

Kent.

().10,()(i2

386,39S

Wostm®reland.

.•^01,000

577,440

Albert.

J1)'.),8G0

233,700

Saint Jolin.

105,573

309,147

Charlotte.

400,115

317,245

Kings.

187.108

002,752

Queens.

447,076

514,204

JSunburj'.

405,002

377.07H

York.

1.230.CSG

970,914

Carleton.

2;:S4,1'J8

465,802

Victoria.

2,526,400

345,600

Totals.

11,041,031

0,636,329

The above scale of areas is exclusive of water, and is corrected to March
1852, as regards the boundtiry between Canada and Restigouchc, and Vic-
toria counties.

The preceding scale was kindly furnished to the writer by Andrew Inches,
Esq., Head Draftsman, Crown Land Office, Fredericton.

ll appears, from Dr. Gesner's history of New Brunswick, that the total
number of acres granted, up to 1846, was 6,077,960 ; shcvring that there
has been an increase in six years of 5o8.369.

CURRENCY.

There is no part of the machinery of civil government Avhich stands in
more urgent need of wholesome laws orid regulations than that alfecting the
circulating racdicm of tliy country. In this Province, it is both confused
and defective ; the legal and changeable values of the various coins and
bank bills forming the circulating mediums of these colonies, and the diifer-
ence in their respective currencies, are objcctional on several grounds. First,
these discrepancies are productive of great inconveniences, even within the
Province. Secondly, there is a total absence of uniformity among the several
Pnn'inces ; and thirdly, the periodical legislative onuctmcnts render the
whole system intricate and uncertain.

The diOferencc between rurroicy and sfcrliiis' is v.-ell known, and, were
ii uniform throughout British North America, would be easily calculated,
and produce little difiiculty ; but the disagreement existing between the
value, or nominal value, of wh.it is made a legal tender in thu dilTerent I*ro-
vinc'.js, is certainly very i.ijuviuus to ihc'ir cunimercial interests. It is felt
more especially in Nova Scotia and Neiv P»runawirk, which have a com-
vrnm bouudary, one common intoreyt. and a considerable mutual trade ; be-
li'leg b'^in^, Ijko th'> gthers, unitoii under una Iinperiul Head. But tbo dif-

ference
each of th|
New Brui
Provinces,
descriptioi
The bai
their expr(i
tively bel(
value whei
ference is
discount ii

pence.

and!

Another
to much
coins, and
of fifteen
the New
John, it p
coast it is (
standing tl

The legJ
shewn, as
New Brun

Be it en
sembly, as

1. The
twenty shil
the pound i
and finencj
and Irelam
tender for,
always tha
scribed am
present cu

2. Th(
in the yeai
year of oi
troy, shall
rcncy.

3. The
coined bef
hereinbefo
sums pass
such '"oins
signed to
quarter ol
ways that
paying mi
British g(
pence cur
to be i'oc

ference between their currencies ig not so great as that existing between
each of them and Prince Edward's Island, distant less than ten miles from
New Brunswick. A twenty shilling bank note, issued in either of these
Provinces, is worth twenty-four shillings in the Island currency ; and other
descriptions of money bear a similar ratio.

The bank notes issued in each Colony pass " on the face," that is for
their expressed currency value in the Province to which they may respec-
tively belong ; though theso notes, as well as the various coins, differ in
value when offered in payment out of the Province ipsuing them. The dif-
ference is arbitrary ; and the paper currency of Nova Scotia will be at a
discount in New Brunswick, varying sometimes from three pence to nine
pence, and even a shilling, in the pound.

Another inconvenience has arisen to New Brunswick, and has given rise
to much confusion, from the Legislature changing the value of various
coins, and especially the English shilling, from its former convenient value
of fifteen pence, or the quarter dollar, to fourteen pence half-penny. Along
the New Brunswick shores of the Bay of Funcly, and on the river St.
John, it passes for fourteen pence half-penny ; while on the north-east
coast it is current, except in the public oirlces, for fifteen pence, notwith
standing the Lvv.

The legal value of the several coins usually in circulation will be best
shewn, as far as relates to this Province, by the following extract from the
New Brunswick Act 15 Victoria, chap, LXXXV. :

Be it enacted, by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and As-
sembly, as follows :

1. The unit of account in this Province shall be the pound, equal to
twenty shillings currency of the present currency, and shall be such that
the pound sterling, a^i represented by the British sovereign, of the weight
and fineness now fixed by the law of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, shall be equal to, and any such British sovereign shall be legal
tender for, one pound four shillings and four pence currency ; provided
always that all sums of money and accounts may be legnlly mentioned, de-
scribed and stated either iu dollars, and decimal parts of a dollar, or in the
present currency.

2. The eagle of the L'i'nited States, coined after the first day of July,
in the year of our Lord 18o4, and before the first day of March, in the
year of our Lord 1852, and weighing ten penny weights eighteen grains,
troy, shall pass and be a legal tender for two pounds ton shillings cur-
rency.

3. The gold coins of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the United States,
coined before the day last aforesaid, being multiples or divisions of those
hereinbefore mentioned, and of proportionate weight, shall for pi'oportionate
sums pass current and bo a legal tender to any amount by Inle, so long as
such '^oins shall not want more than two grains of the weight hereby as-
signed to them, respectively, deducting one lialf-penny currency for each
quarter of a grain any such coin shall want of such weiglit ; provided al-
ways that, in any one payment above tlie sum of fifty pounds, the person
paying may pay. or the person to receive may insist on receiving the said
British gold coins by weight, at the rate of ninety-four lihillings and ten
pence currency per ounce, troy ; and in like manner any sums tendered or
to be received in tbo gold coin of the United States, may bo weighed in

" I'

■ <' ,

i f! ■:[

l>f. iS

I ,

'(■ .

)■ ■

\f'M

bulk as afoK'said, and shall be legal tender at the rate of ninety-three shil-
lings currency per ounce, troy, when offered in sums of not less than fifty
pounds currency.

4. Such coins, representing pounds currency, or multiples or divisions
of pounds currency, as her Majesty shall see fit to direct to be struck for
the purpose, shall, by such names and at such rates as her Majesty shall
assign to them, respectively, pass current and be a legal tender in this Pro-
vince ; the standard of fineness of the said coins, when of silver or gold,
being the same, respectively, as that now adopted for coins of the United
Kingdom ; and the intrinsic value of the said coins, when of gold, bearing
the same proportion to that of tlie British sovereign as the sum for which
thoy are respectively to pass current, shall bear to one pound four shillings
and four pence of the present currency, or four dollars eighty-six conts and
two-thirds of a cent ; and the intrinsic value of such coins, when of silver
or copper, bearing the same proportion to their nominal or cuncnt value which
the intrinsic value of British silver or copper coins, respectively, bears to
their nominal or current value ; provided always that such gold coins shall
be a legal tender to any amount by tale, so long as they shall not want more
than two grains of the standard Avcight, to be assigned to them, respective-
ly, by her Majesty, subject to the same deduction for want of weight as is
provided by the preceding section with regard to British and American gold
coins ; and provided, also, that such silver coins shall not be a legal tender
to the amount of more than two pounds ten shillings currency, or ten dol-
lars, in any one payment, nor such copper coins to the amount of more than
one ^iliiiiing currency, or twenty cents, in any one payment ; provided, far-
ther, iliat the holder of the notes or obligations of any person or body cor-
porate, to the amount of more than two pounds ten shillings currency, or
ten dollars, shall not be bound to receive in such silver coins more than that
amount in payment of such notes, if presented at one time, although each
or any of such notes be for a less sum.

-5. The Lieutenant Governor of this Province, with the advice of the
Executive Council, may, by proclamation, extend all the provisions of this
Act, having reference to the gold coins of the United States coined before
the first day of March, in the year of our Lord 18."i2, to any gold coins of
the said United States coined on or after the first day of March, in the year
last aforesaid, of the weight and denominations mentioned or referred to in
this Act, which, having been assayed at the Royal mint, shall have been
found equal in fineness to the coins mentioned or referred to in this Act.

0, It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, with
the advice of the said Executive Council, out of any unappropriated monies,
to defray the cost of obtaining and importing such (quantity of the said
coins, respectively, as the said Lieutenant Governor, with the advice afore-
said, shall from time to time think it for the interest of the Province to obtain
and import.

7. All British silver coins not herein enumerated, and now in circula-
tion, shall be a legal tender for sums not exceeding two pounds ten shillings,
at six shillings and one penny for the crown piece, three shillings and a half-
penny for the half-crown, one shilling and two pence half- penny for the fifth
part of the crown, and seven pence farthing for the tenth part of the crown ;
provided always that it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant Governor, by pro-
clamation in the Royal Gazette, to stop the circulation of the coins in this sec-
tion mentioned, giving C months' notice in such proclamation for that purpose."

weight,

A scale
deduced fro

By chapt
Legislature

"1. Th
charge of ar
viz. :

The gold
'at
rency.

The forei
four hundre
dred and si:
four shilling

The Pen
full weight
three hundi
shillings an
currency.

All Briti
proportion i
And the
sued from t
rency.

2. No;
amount tha
twelve pen(
shall be ta
penny.

3. The
which is de
bankers, oi
person, or
ment or de
may demai
by whom t
shall pay t
upon the a

4. Eve
out endorse
recover tin
note, made

5. Th(
person bei
towards pj

G. An
bank note
fence, fori
any promi
than in gc

A scale or synopsis of the current value of coins usually in circulation,
deduced from the above Act, ^vill be found appended to tliis article.

Nova Srotid Currency.

By chapter 83 of the Statutes of Nova Scotia, as revised by order of the
Legislature of that Province, in the year 18r)l, it is enacted as follows :

" 1. The several coins hereafter mentioned shall be legal tenders in dis-
charge of any liability or demand, at the respective rates hereafter declared,
viz. :

The gold coin of the United Kingdom called a sovereign, being of full
weight, at the rate of one pound sterling, or one pound five shillings cur-
rency.

The foreign gold cohi called the doubloon, being of not less weight than
four hundred and fifteen grains each, containing not less tlian three hun-
dred and sixty grains of pure gold, at and after the rate of three pounds
four shillings sterling, or four pounds currency.

The Peruvian, Mexican, Columbian and old Spanish dollar, being of the
full weight of four hundred and sixteen grains, and containing not less than
three hundred and seventy-three grains of pure silver, at the rate of four
shiUings and two pence sterling, or five shillings and two pence half-penny
currency.

All British silver coins after the same rate as the sovereign, in the samo
proportion as such respective coins bear thereto.

And the copper coin legally current in the United Kingdom, and that is-
sued from the treasury of the Province, as penny and half-penny prices cur-
rency.

2. No person shall be oompellcd to receive, at any one time, a greater
amount than fifty shillings currency in British silver money, nor more than
twelve pence currency in copper money ; and in any payment no account
shall be taken of any fractional part remaining due less than one half-
penny.

S. The holder of any undertaking or order for the payment of money,
which is designed to be and to serve the like purpose of notes or bills of
bankers, or for circulating currency, M'hether payable to a real or fictitious
person, or to the bearer thereof, or purporting to be transferable by indorse-
ment or delivery, and whether made payable in gold or silver, or otherwise,
may demand the full amount thereof in gold or silver money from the party
by whom the same is payable ; and in default of such payment, the party
shall pay to such holder interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum
upon the amount thereof from the day of such demand and refusal.

4. Every such undertaking shall be transferable by delivery only with-
out endorsement or assignment, and every holder of such undertaking may
recover the amount therein expressed, as if the same were a promissory
note, made absolutely payable in gold or silver money.

5. The holder of any such order or undertaking, being indebted to the
person being the maker thereof, may tender the same to such maker in or
towards payment of such debi for the full amount therein expressed.

C. Any person issuing as circulating currency any promissory note,
bank note or bill for a less sum than five pounds, shall, for every such of-
fence, forfeit ten pounds ; and any person issuing, as circulating currency,
any promisiory note, bank note or bill, expressed to be payable otherwise
than in gold or silver money, shall for every such oftence foifeit a like sura.

p.*

7. The foregoing provisions shall not extend to treasury notes of [this
Province, nor to any undertaking or order not designed for circulation a»
currency, but bona fide, drawn by any person upon his banker or any other
person ; nor shall they prevent any person indebted in a sum less than five
pounds from making to his creditor a promissory note or undertaking to
pay such sum.''

Scale or synopsis of the currency of the Lower Provinces, deduced from
the foregoing Acts and the T^rince Edward Island Statutes, 12 Victoria,
chap. 24,

Denomination.

Sterling.

New
iiruDBwick.

Nova Scotia.

P. E. Island.

Sovereign,
Half Sovereign ,
Amoricaii Eagle,
Doubloon, in tiio ratio of (

the Sovereign, ^

(Jro.vn,
Half Crown,
Fifth part of a Oown or

Shilling,
Tenth do. do.,
Spanish or Mexican, &c..

Dollar,
Half Dollar,
Quarter do.,
Five franc piece.

£1

()

JCl 4
12
2 10

4
2

3 17

6
3

£1

♦ >

£1 10

4 10

6
9

«>

•J

6
6

To bring Nova Scotia or New Brunswick currency to that of Prince
Edward Island, multiply by six, and divide by five, and vice versa.

The lawful interest paid for the use of money in all these Provinces is
six per cent, per annum.

BANKS.

Central Bank of Neio Hnins^oick^ at Fredoricton. Capital ii35,000,
with power to increase to £50,000. This Bank has two agencies — one at
Woodstock, in Carleton county, and one at the Bend, in the county of West-
moreland.

Commercial Bank of New Brunswick is established at Saint John,
and incorporated by Royal charter, having a capital of X150,000, with
power to increase to £300,000. It has agencies at Miramichi ind at Wood-
stock.

Bank of New Brunswick, at Saint John, has a capital of £100,000.

Charlotte County Bank is situate in St. Andrews, with a capital of
£15,000.

St. Stej)he?i^s Bank, in Charlotte county, has a capital of £25,000.

Bank of British North America is established in London, with a capi-
tal of £1,000,000 sterling, ^Yith power of increase. It has branches at St.
John and Fredericton, as well as at Hahfax, Quebec, and all the principal
cities of British North America.

Westmoreland Bank is situate at the Bend, with a capital of £20,000.
This Bank has an agency at Sackvillc.

St. Joh\

on the che

The St\

Mir anil

The Sl\

found to M

The prill
InsuranccX
Compunyl
the Londol
surance.

There is
suls at St. I

Note.—
the Pro V in
from any o
the rate of
is^d to rcce
terest. T
one per cei

There a
depends,
er than a 1
particular
dilional do
New Bi
markably
the prevai
in.; on the
circumstiU
also, to ih
experience
tent, and i
hfied.

From a

parts of t

follows :

Extrc

Ext re

Mean

Perhaj

cliniate o

destructi

seasons, i

climate c

vinces of

■ward, is

Savin!:^s Banks.

St. John Savhic-s Bank is in a very prosporouy state ; it is conducted
on the che ipest and most efficient principle.

The St Auflreir's Savings Bank,

Mlramiclii Socinga Bank, and

The Shff/>ar Sai-ingii Bank, are all m f> prosperous condition, and are
found to be of great aceomraodation in their respective localities.

The principal Insurance Companies in the Province are the Cent) ul Fire
Insurance Compamj, Marine insurance Comptiny, Globe Assurance
Company, and South Bay Boom Company. Bedidcs tb.ese, many of
the London Companies have established agencies, cspeciailj for life as-
surance.

There is always an American Consul resident at St. John, and Vice Con-
suls at St. Andrews and Miramichi.

Note. — Tho various Savings Banks established in the diflerent parts ot
the Province above referred to, arc empowered by law to receive depositions
from any one person to the amount of £50 currency, nnd allow interest at
tho rato of five per cent, per annum. The Provincial Treasurer is author-
ised to receive the moneys deposited in the Banks, and all(»w six per cent in-
terest. The expenses of these institutions are defrayed by the uifierence of
one per cent.

CLIMATE.

There are a variety of influences upon which the climate of a country
depends. It is said that a flat country, even in the same latitude, is warm-
er than a high m^ount^inous district ; ard if the prevailing witids, in any
particular region of the northern hemi?phcro. be from the southwest, an ad-
ditional degree of warmth is iraparteil to the atrao.-^phere.

New Brunswick possesses these advantages in a high degree, being a re-
markably level country, situate nearly in tlie mid lie of the temperate zone;
the prevciiling summer wind? being from the southwest, and its position be-
ing on the eastern side of the Nortli iVmericun continent. All these local
circumstances conduce to the heat of its summers, and in some measure,
also, to the frigidity of its winters. With respect to the winter. 1 owever,
experience has proved that where the forest has been removed to any ex-
tent, and as the clearing proceeds, its excessive severity has been much mol-
lified.

From a number of observations made at different times, and in various
parts of the Province, the extremes and mean of temperrture are nearly as
follows :

Extreme of cold, (below zero) 24 ^ /

Extreme of heat in the shade, 96 ^ Fahrenheit's thermometer.
Mean temperature of the year, 44 )
Perhaps, froia this scale, a stranger to the operations and effect of the
climate of the I'rovince would be led to believe it injurious to health and
destructive to vegetation, and if it were not for the gradual change of the
seasons, such woo :d probably be the result. In point of fact, however, the
climate of New Brunswick, in common with that of the contiguous Pio-
vinces of Canada and Nova Scotia, and the adjacent Island of Pjince Ed-
"wardj is now considered to be more salubrious than any other pait of the
9

It !

'i f.

?!' 'f

i? \'ii

■H

(iH'i

continent of America. All these Provinces are generally free from endcmical
diseases. Those prevailiiij:; iu Southern States and West Indies, and even as
far north as Boston and Now Yorl:,are unknown inNewlirunswick, and her
inhabitants generally enjoy excellent health, with the exception of epidemical
diseases which aro sometimes introduced byemigrants from other countries, and
which the promptness ai»d eflicicncy of the boards of health cannot always
exclude. During the last year, New Brunswick has perhaps somewhat ano-
malously suflered from that scourge with which the Almighty has been
pleased to visit most of the nations of the earth, the cholera. Without en-
quiring whether local causes might not have added to the virulence of tlic
disease, it is somewhat consolatory to rellect that even the most healthy
countries in the world have not escaped its ravages, and that it may lead to
precautions which may prevent, or at all events, mitigate its recurrence.

The following quotations will show the high o})inion cntcrtainc'<l of the
salubrity of New Brunswick, by those who have given the best attention to
the subject :

" Cnder a general view, the climate of New Brunswick is decidedly
healthy, and there is no disease peculiar to the country." — J)r. (icsnt'r on
Nvn^ /tniusirir/:^ jKiirc 2o0.

' • Wo feel ;;rateful to Divine Providence that New P>run3Avick has es-
caped the visitation of those diseases to which other parts of this continent
have been subject; a gratifying proof of the salubrity of our climate."' —
Atldnss of the House of Asseiabhj in <itis)/wr to his Fjxcdltnnj' s Speech
in 1854.

The climate of the Province is also thus favorably spoken of by John
McCiregor, Escj., in his second volume on British America, page Tj ;

" Generally speaking, the climate may be considered at least equally
healthy as that of England."

Profossor Johnston, in his report so often referred to, makes the follow-
ing observations :

" The subject of general climate is a wide one, but the relations of cli-
mate to agriculture, in an economical sense, admit of a comparatively limit-
ed discussion.

" Two things, in regard to the climate of New Brunswick, I feel myself
compelled, by all the evidence I have collected, unreservedly to admit.

" 1st. That it is an exceedingly healthy climate. Every medical man
I have met in the Province, I believe, without exception, and almost every
other person I have conversed with, assure me of this ; and the healthy
looks and the numerous families of the natives of all classes confirm these
assurances.

" 2n(lly. That it does not prevent the soil from producing crops which,
other things being e((ual, are not inferior, either in quantity or in quality,
to those of average soils in England ; while the tables of produce introduced
into a previous chapter shews that, according to our present knowledge, it
permits the soil of New Brunswick to yield crops which exceed the present
averages of Upper Canada, and of the States of New York and Ohio." —
Pnac 08.

The great agricultural capabilities of New Brunswick and its climate,
and their fitness for settlement and cultivation, are briefly set forth in the
official report of the commissioner sent out by Great Britain to explore the
line of railway from Halifax to Quebec. They express themselves on this
subject in the following terms :

"Ofth
to speak
woo'':d ai
scarcely a
the navii:
the remaii
gouchc.
branches,
of New I
biting— 1
whore, ex
forest of ■
" The (
parts of t
can lloat :
down to S
climate ar
them -an
'• b'or a
Ih'itish CO
Brunswicl
" On tl
markets o
supply of
cd, there :
" The 1
(Jhalcur it
nure ; an(
the land, 1
water."

This dc

cers of th

all the vai

is foundeo

desirous o

In furt

stronger 1

(qualified i

institutioi

tion of el

in the Pr<

it is tram

never till

are pro Pi (

l^ho d(

Ourin<2; t

times the

there will

been assij

the forme

wards tin

afford six

" Of tho climate, soil and capabilities of New Brunswick, it is impossible
to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world so heauifuUy
woo'.hI and watered. An inspection of tho map will show that there in
scarcely a portion of it without its streams, from the rumiing hrijok up to
the navigable river. Two thirds of its boundary arc washed hy the sea ;
tho remainder is enil>raccd by the large rivers — the St. John and the Ilcsti-
gouche. The beauty and richness of scenery of this latter river, and its
branches, are rarely surpas.sed by anything on this continent. The lakes
of New Uruiiswick arc numerous and most beautiful ; its surface -is undu-
lating — hill and vale— varying up to mountain and valley. It is every-
where, except a few peaks of the highest mountains, covered with a dense
forest of the finest growth.

" 1'he country can everywhere be penetrated by its streams. In some
piirts of the interior, by a portage of some throe or four miles only, a canoe
can float away either in the Bay Chalcur or the Gulf of iSt. Jiawrencc, or
down to St. John and the Bay of b'undy. Its agricultural capabilities and
climate are described by Bouchettc, iMartin and others. The country is by
them— and most deservedly so — highly praised.

'• For any great plan of emigration or colonization, there is not another
British colony which presents such a favorable field for the trial as Now
Brunswick.

" On the surface is an abundant stock of the finest timber, Avhich in the
markets of England realizes large sums annually, and affords an unlimited
supply of fuel to the settlers. If the forests should ever become exhaust-
ed, there arc the coal fields underneath.

" The rivers, lakes and sea coasts abound with fish. Along tho Bay of
(Jhaleur it is so abundant that the land smells with it. It is used as a ma-
nure ; and, while the olfactory senses of the traveller arc offended by it on
the land, he sees out at sea innumerable shoals darkening the surface of the
Avatcr.''

This description of New Brunswick is given by two very intelligent offi-
cers of the Royal Engineers, who thoroughly traversed the Province during
all the variations of its climate. 7.'heir opinion of the country, therefore,
is founded on actual experience, and must be of incalculable import to those
desirous of emigrating;.

In further reference to the character of our climate, we cannot adduce
stronger testimony than that of Dr. Waddell, the philantiiropic and highly
([ualified superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum, who, in his report of that
institution to the Legislature, January 31, lS5o, says : — " The combina-
tion of elements to procure a large increase in mental disease does not exist
in the Province. Educationally, it is improved and improving ; politically,
it is tran(|uil ; commercially, it is prosperous and steady ; agriculturally, it
never till now attained so high a position, and la1)orers in every department
are profitably employed; and, as regards climate, none is more healthful."'

Tho depth of snow that usually falls in this Province is much vai'icd.
1 )urin<]; some winters it averaiies three feet over the Province : at other
times there will not bo more than eighteen inches fall in the southern, while
there will bo four feet or more in its most northern section ; and this has
been assigned as one reason of tho superior productiveness of the latter over
the former section of the Province. It is not unfreciuent, especially to-
wards the south, to see 'winters pass away without snow enough fiillin^ to
afford six weeks' sledding. We seldom fail to havo what is known hevo as

T r

*' a January thaw," which frequently deprives the snow-clad hills of their
covering. The snow that falls in this country is not more than half the
Wjight i)f th;it which falls in Englanti ; while nine inches of snow in
that country affjrd, on an average, one inch of witer, it takes seventeen
inches in this Province to produce the saras quantity.

Another rno-t important consideration filling under the head of "cli-
mate," is its effect upon the a^ricaiture of the Province. The following
divisions present nearly au outline of the m inner in which the fdrmers of
New Brunswick are employed during the ditforent perioJs of the year :

December ] These may be considered the winter months, in which the
January 1 principal out-door operations on the farm generally cease.
February f During this period the land undergoes a thorough pulverization
March J by frost, equal to one ploughing. Farmers employ themselves
in felling timber on new farms, and in preparing lind for burning in the
spring to receive a crop, procuring fencing materials and houseing of fuel,
threshing, marketing produce, kc. : and a:^ the winter evenings are long,
social visits are made amongst each other, when the doings of the year are
reviewed.

April ) The-e months may be said to include seed time ; wheat, oats, bar-
May \ ley, spring rye, Indian corn, turnips and carrots are sown, and po-
tatoes planted, during this period,

Juno J This is the great season for growth, although hay-making, and
July > the harvesting of wheat, barley and oats, frequently coramenca ;
August ) the latter oueji about the '20th August.

September ) During this period harvesting is completed, and autumn
October > ploughing performed ; cattle continue grazing from the 15th
November 3 May to the 20th November, alter which time they have to be
housed.

"As to the way in which it'' (the winter in this Province) "interferes with
the firmers' operations," Professor Johnstoii received 62 ansv/ers from per-
sons residing in diifirent parts of the Provinc3, from which it appears that
the earliest sowing in the Province was " on the 17th March " ; the " latest
ploughing in the Province " on the 1st December. " Longest summer from
these dvta. eight months and fourteen days."

" 2n'l Litest early sowing, 15th May.

Eirliest lue ph>ughing, 1st November.

Shortest summer from these data, five months and fifteen days.

" 3rd Moan length of the summer from these two results, six months
and twenty two days '

Notwithstanding the conclusion thus arrived at by the .Professor, the
average length of time which the New Brunswick firmer can devote to out-
door operations is not less than seven months. The average duration of
summer being seven montln, we may cili the average period of the growth
of crop^ thru.; months and twenty days, leaving to the farmer three months
and ten days in which to perform his spring and autumn ploughing and
other out door work before seed time and after harvest.

The Professor after contrasting the period thus affjrded the New Bruns-
wick far!n:'r, bjfore and after seed tiuvj, for prop.iring the land for a crop,
with thit allowed to th9 Scotoh nui English fa; ineia, proceeds as follows :

" Xhd uaiabdr of day* daring which raia iuiiiedoi the operations of the

British fart
soils of a f
to that whi
period duri
makes it h(
Great Brit
mate he liv
" But ir
do not so c
of the Pro
Thus the
the disposa
is really n(
The ave
been founi
tain, and i
The act
depth, leav
ed to save
thus thoro
are sure to
The inji
to frost vl
proper sjs

cli-

British farmer is notoriously very great. In some counties, vrhich possess
soils of a peculiarly tenacious character, it brings another evil in addition
to that which attends the New Biunswick winter. It not only shortens the
period during which the work of preparing the land can be dune, but it also
makes it heavier or more difficult to do Thus the farmer's expenses in
Great Britian are considerably increased by the precarious nature of the cli-
mate he lives in.

" But in New Brunswick the climate is more steady and equable. Rains
do not so constantly fall, and when they do descend, the soils in most parts
of the Province are so jjorous as readily to allow them to p:iss through.
Thus the out-door operations of the farmer are less impeded by rain, and
the disposable time he possesses, compared with that of the British farmer,
is really not to be measured by the number of d lys at the disposal of each."

The average number of stormy days during the year in this Province has
been found to bi> about ninety-six- : los^ than the usual average in Groat Bri-
tain, and in many parts of the United States.

The action of the frost, which pcnetratra the ground to a considerable
depth, leaves the land in a pulverized and decomposed state, and is consider-
ed to save the farmer one ploughing ; and whenever the ground has been
thus thorouuhly pulverized by frost and well covered with snow, good crops
are sure to follow.

The injurious results arising to grass lands from the exposure of the roots
to frost vhen the ground is bare of snow, may be completely obviated by a
proper system of drainage.

ft -IH)

«0

^
^

fcf)

'•■3

The prin
wick are as

. to

CI -3

■vo P
'-' bO

■-■•^

•r' i*
^ 1-4

•5 a

Or-H

o i

^^
:^

^ a
a —

^ g

^ r-,

t; In

3 '.-i

a —>

t: SO •

'T, '- a

g -'^

ai i' a

It may
of some
our Avoods
given as a
of nucleus

The Elder
producii
scss mo
Maple 1)U!^
Hobble bu
lligli-busl
Cherries.
Sumach,
riums.
Iloneysuc
Wild curi
Kalmia (

False wal
Solomon-
Bell Woi
Flag roo
Chocolat
Lilly of
llcllobor
CoAY ('a1
Yellow A
Indian c
Violet,
Huck be
White \
Winter
Wood S(

The principal Agricultural and Horticultural productions of New Bruns-

wick are as follows

Wheat,
Oats,
Barley,
Buckwheat,

r-p 1>

Carrots,
Beets,

y ^-—

arsnips,

<i C^l Mangold Wurtzel,

ye.

Indian Corn.

Cucum])ers,
Apples

aji

cars.

Flax,

Potatoes,

Beans

•Cher
Plums

TICS,

Jurrants

i eas,

Turnips,

And all the other usual

(

lerep,

Cabbages, Cauli Howers,
garden vegetables.

It may be interesting to some of our rctiders to be furnished with a list
of some of the .Shrubs and Herbaceous plants which have been noticed in
our woods, but wliicli are not of much known utility It is by no means
given as a complete botanical llora of New Brunswick, ])ut more as a sort
of nucleus for any future 1)otanist to add to and complete.

Indigenous — Shrubs, kc.

Wild raspberry and bramlde or black-
berry.
Lamb bell (^Jjliodora Canadensis.)
Labrador Tea.
May-ilower.

The Eldei'— a soft stemmed shrub,
producing berries, and said to pos-
sess medicinal ipialities.

Maple ])ush.

Hobble bu.h.

High-bush Cranberry.

Cherries. ■

Humach.

Plums.

Honeysuckle.

Wild currant and gooseberry.

Kalmia (Laurel.)

Azalla (vase )

Holly (not the Englis-h holly )

Blueberry.

Dogiose.

Andromedti.

Hard hash,

Bass Wood.

False wake Robin,

Solomon's Seal,

Bell Wort,

Flag root.

Chocolate Root.

Lilly of the valley.

Hellebore (cow bull,)

Cow Cabbage,

Yellow weed, crow foot,

Indian cup,

Violet,

Buck jican.

White Weed, bull's eye,

Winter Creen.

Wood sorrel.

Ilirhdrcons Phinfs.

Spice root.

Cold thread.

Blood root.

Dog tooth violet.

Sedge.

Rush.

Leihen of various species.

Moss do., some very I cautiful.

Club moss.

Fern.

Coo.seberries,

Tea berries.

Sphagnum.

Cotton weed,

Currants.

m ill 'I

m.r-

t^' ..

II i

^n-i

III

'Hi

Bristly aralia,

farsapa villa.

All heal.

Fire weed, willow herb

Life everlasliDg.

Meadowane.

Cranberries.

Strawberries.

Indian he id p.

Bcneset.

Twin flower.

Note. — Many of the
L'Acadie.

Snake Root.

Pink.

Snake mouth.
^Ladies' slipper-
^Golden rod.

Yellow water lilly.

Pigeon berry.

luc-kle-berry.

Butter-nuts.

Hazel nuts.

above are taken from Sir James Alexander's

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

2?ew Brun?-wick consists of a great variety of soils ; the principal of -which
are the gray, red and pale colored sand stones, which crumble readily,
and clay and alluvium ('epo.5its : extensive ranges of these deposits are every
where to be found, and they constitute some of the best land for hay and
oat3, while those of the gray sand stone formation are lighter, and better
calcuhitcd for the grouth of potatoes, aiid the several kinds of grain pro-
duced in the Province.

Farming in this Province is carried on, with some few honorable excep-
tions, in a most slovenly and unscientific manner ; and when we contrast
the number of persons who are comfortably sustained by this pursuit and
the quuntiues of agricultural produce raised., with the system, or rather the
absence of anj'^ system, applied to the raising it, we must be struck with
astonishment at tbc capability of the soil and the geniality of the climate,
which produce, with so little scientific labor such large quantities of food
for the sustcntation both of man and beast.

The Province has been estimated to contain, of first rate soil, called No.
1, by Professor Johnston ; —

About =*50.00'0

Of second rate or No. 2 1,130.000

And of No. 3

Total of land fit for settlement
Amount of improved land

12,1»1.000

13,86i.000
660,000

Land still unimproved 12,701,000

A part of this land has been granted, but still remams unimproved :

Acres.
Total quantity of land in the Province * 20 000,000

fit for settlement 13.361,000

6.639.000

(NoTK. ) — *Tlie Professor's estimiitt' as to this item must bo much underrated; there
appears to bo this quantity of inursh of the lirst quality on the New Brungwioli sido
of the Bey of Fundy alout, excluBive of the interval on tlie river St. John and other
^.mrta of tiie Province.

According

ing of lakes,

a near appr(

It is not

that constiti

suits ; but th

the rapidity

lity, and the

portant cons

these advant

joyed by th(

ing.

If the cot
as yet but p
guine antici]
the agriculti
nearly six i
pigs ; but if
the beet tiu
domestic pu
this is lookii
the Provinc(
not less thai
If Ave coi:
Province wi
much to )ur
as either .1
than one thi
population i:
of grain. ^
land to each
land possess
it would, if
000 acres, i
of the Islan
continental
soil annual
cultivated i
Nova Sc
advanced ii
is not owin
having pai
whi ch, but
neglected i
ISew Br
with some
or with SOI
attention t
in the gro
land State
toes, buttc

'$'■■

According to these estimates, there will be 6,639,000 acres, consist-
ing of lakes, rivers, bays, and barren lands unfit for cultivation ; and this is
a near approximation to the truth.

It is not merely the large quantity of fertile land still open to the settlor,
that constitutes the great superiority of the Province for agricultural pur-
suits ; but the great variety of grain and vegetables it is capable of producing ;
the rapidity with which they come to matur^ -y, the excellence of their qua-
lity, and the various soils adapted for compost making, are all of them im-
portant considerations ; nor must Ave omit tlie salubrity of the climate. All
these advantages are fully indicated by the ease and comfort generally en-
joyed by the population, more especially by that portion engaged in farm-
ing.

If the coal mines of this Province, the extent and quality of which are
as yet but partially known, should be found to equal in production the san-
guine anticipations of Dr. Gesner, and thus furnish ample supplies of fuel,
the agricultural capabilities of the Province would sustain a population of
nearly six millions, besides a due proportion of cattle, shee[>, horses and
pigs ; but if a large proportion of the best lands, which generally produce
the best timber, should have to be reservcu for the production of fuel for
domestic purposes, the population must be proportionably less. However,
this is looking into the distant future, for the timber producing qualities of
the Province appear to be almost inexhaustible, considering that there are
not less than 16,000,000 acres covered with a dense forest.

If we compare the agricultural improvements and the population of this
Province with tbose of the small island of Prince Edward, Ave shall find it
much to )ur disadvantage. That colony does not contain as great an area
as either i the counties of York, Victoria or Northumberlan( — not more
than one thirteenth of the area of New Brunswick, yet it supports a larger
population in proportion to its extent, and experts a considerable quantity
of grain. This Province contains nearly three acres and a quarter of cleared
land to each inhabitant, and Nova Scotia about three acres ; while tiie Is-
land possesses three acres and a half Small as this dilTHrence may appear,
it Avould, if New Brunswick, contained as much, make an aggregate of 50,-
000 acres, and if the population bore the same proportion to its area as that
of the Island, it would amount to 815,000. Ilenee it arises that the tAvo
continental Provinces, for wnnt of due attention to the cultivation of their
soil annually import breadstuffs, instead of exporting like their still poorly
cultivated insular neighbour.

Nova Scotia, with nearly one third more population appear not to have
advanced in agricultural pursuits proportionately Avith this province. This
is not owing to any inferiority in her soil or climate, but probably to her
having paid greater attention to ship-building and the fisheries ; both of
whi ch, but especially the latter, have till Avithin these few years, been much
neglected in Ncav BrunsAvick.

New BrunsAvick", in the groAvth of Avheat, is not, perhaps to be compared
with some of the far famed grain growing States of the American Union,
or with some parts of Canada, but it is only for want of a more systematic
attention to agricuiiure, that it does not produce its own bread. Still even
in the growth of Avheat the Province far exceeds several of the Ncav Eng-
land States, and others, in the production of barley, oats, buckwheat, pota-
toes, butter and hay, as will be seen by the following tabular statement :

•t n ';

i I

4«

P 1^

In;:

'M,M

•s

<>3

ft;

H
H

CO t^

O TfH

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Ci ^

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lO 1-

CO (M Cj Ci O --H Ci

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r- O

•rfi Tfl CD CO >0 CO

C^ CI

o t-

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>o'

UO CO d rH (>q CO

>0 CO

(M QO

Tji CM C-4

CO r-l

rH rH

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T-i

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tri

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r—

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rlOO t— C5 CO-^OOOOOt-I

l>- CO tH t— t^t" O UO Tfi (M
Cji'C^T T-i" i-T uo'cOkO^r-T

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rt* CM 1— 1 rH C .1 O r-i iiO

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It will be seen that New Brunswick exceeds in
Wheat, 14 out of the 18 wheat growing States named in the table :
Barley, 24 out of 30 barley do.
• Oats, )

Buckwheat, > The whole of those named.
Potatoes, )

T, ' > All except Nova Scotia.
Hay, ) ^

In the growth of "o*- toes, hay and oats, indeed, no State in the Ameri-
can Union can enter u o field of competition with this Province, in either
weight, quality or quantity. Potatoes and oats find a ready sale in the mar-
kets of the States, and now that the fiscal restrictions between these coun-
tries are removed, a profitable trade will add a fresh stimulus to the agricul-
turists of New Brunsw* k.

i\ bo found a tabular statement of the aver-
olanting and digging, the different kinds

,\i'A IS their average period of growth, —
the maximum, minimum and avei.-^. weights per bushel; their average
market prices, and indigenous plants. We shall not, therefore, repeat these
particulars, but proceed to give some other tables which may be found use-
ful.

Average of

Under the head of cl' <,ytt
age times of sowing ana ..w^.
of grain and other product

Jvemg-c produce per Imperial

acre.

Bushels in

New York.

Ohio.

Canada West.

N. Brunswick.

Wheat,

151

12J

Barley,

17i

Oats,

33|

24i

Buckwheat,

20i

16;i

33^

Rye,

16i

\\\

Maize,

41.i

21, i

Potatoes,

226

Turnips,

456

Hay,

If tons.

\\ tons.

If tons.

The above table presents a comparative view, taken from Professor John-
8tv)n and other sources, of the average number of bushels to the imperial
acre raised in New York, i-'hio, Canada West, and New Brunswick. It
will be observed that this Province outstrips all these places in growing the
several articles above mentioned, especially in the production of potatoes
^nd to mips, both of which are of the best quality.

Butter,
Cheese,

Bee

Mut
Porl

Superfine A
343.

English ha
Marsh hay

The foll(

Acres of c
Persons er
Tons of h
Wheat, bi
Indian Co
Barley,
Buckwhec
Oats,
Beans anc
Potatoes,
Turnips,
Other roo
Neat catt
Cows,
Butter, p
Horses,
Sheep,
Swine,
Cloth, y{

Average of

Butler and Chees

?, and price per

lb., for the whole Province.

1 cow — per week. For the season.

Price per lb.

Average.

Butter,
Cheese,

^ lbs.
11 "

89J lbs.
140 "

9 id. to Is.

5d. to 8d.

lOd.
5id.

Average prices of Beef, Mutton and Pork.

Beef,

Mutton,

Pork,

2id. JO 5d.
2d. to4d.
3d. to 6d.

4d.

3d. \ Averages.

4^d.

Average prices of Flour, per barrel.

Superfine Wheat.
34s.

Rye Flour.
203.

Corn Meal.
21s.

Oatme.; pei 112 lbs.
14s.

Price of Hay, per ton.

English hay.

Marsh hay or broad leaf.

From 403. to 50s.
" 20s. to 25s.

45s. ; .

223. 6d. Averages.

The following statistical

summary is extracted from the

census of 1851 :

Acres of cleared land,

643,954

Persons engaged in agriculture.

18,601

Tons of hay,

225,093

Wheat, bushels.

206,635

Indian Corn, do.,

62,225

Barley, do..

74,300

Buckwheat, do..

689,004

Oats, do.,

1,411,164

Beans and peas, do.,

42,663

Potaioes, do.,

2,792,394

Turnips, do.,

539,803

Other root crops, do.,

47,880

Neat cattle, No.,

106,263

Cows,

50,955

Butter, pounds.

3,050,939

Horses,

22,044

Sheep,

168,038

Swine,

47,932

Cloth, yards.

622,287

? I;

s \

( * <l

Maple augar, pounds, 850,957

Kandlooma, 5,475

Saw and grist mills, 845

The gross value of the agricultural products contained in the

foregoing summary, exclusive of farm stock, amounts to j£l, 550,000

Anc. at the present ratio of progression, the value of the same

products in 1854 will be ' X2, 000, 000

The several comparative and otlicr statements, we have laid before our
readers, will show to v hat an extent agriculture may bo carried in this Pro-
vince, where vast tracts of wilderness land yet remain untrodden by the
foot of man ; where thousands of families from the over-populated districts
of the mother country might, in place of remaining in poverty and wretch-
edness, locate themselves, with every reasonable prospect of raising abun-
dance of food, and of being otherwise rendered happy and comfortable.

Professor rfohnston, after comparing the weight, quality and quantity of
New Brunswick grown grain, potatoes, turnips and hay, with those pro-
duced in Genesee, Ontario and iS'iagara, in the State of New York, and in
Ohio and Canada, proceeds as follows (page 77) : ,

" On the whole, therefore, 1 think the result of this comparison of the
actual productiveness of the soil of New Brunswick with that of other parts
of North America, ought to be very satisfoctory to the inhabitants of this
Province, and is deserving of their serious consideration. So far as my
knowledge of the intermediate country goes, I am induced to believe that
the agricultural capabilities of New York are at least equal to those of any
of the north-eastern States. If New Brunswick exceed New York in pro-
ductiveness, it ought also to exceed all the States of New England.

" And if it will in this respect bear a favorable comparison even with
Ohio and Avith Upper Canada, it becomes doubtful how far, on the whole,
the other Western States are superior to it.

" At all events, there appears to we to be sufficient reason, until more
satisfactory information is obtained, for the agricultural population of New
Brunswick to remain contented with the capabilities of the soil they pos-
sess, and to give themselves up strenuously to the developement of its la-
tent resources, rather than to forsake it for other parts of Northern or West-
tern America, which appear incapable of yielding larger crops than they
can easily reap at home."

The Professor arrived in this Province at a period when the commerce of
the country lay prostrate ; colonial ships low in the market ; wheat much
injured by insects ; potatoes, of which large quantities were raised, almost
entirely destroyed ; hence murmuring arose, and many did move to " North-
ern and Western America,*' as well as to other places. The chief part of
them have since returned, satisfied by experience that, in leaving New
Brunswick, they had exchanged, in many instances, a healthy for an un-
healthy climate : that the trade of other riations was also paralyzed and de-
pressed ; and that the Ijlight had extended its electric ravages over the po-
tatoes of other countries as well as those of the I'rovince they had tempo-
rarily abandoned. It Avould be almost impossible now to persuade those
who have experienced the vicissitudes of migration, to underrate their na-
tive Province, or to say that its inhabitants labor harder than those of other
countries. On the contrary, all testify that the people of New Brunswick
know nothing cf hard work, compared with those of the American Union,

in many part

ing labor is v

an intensity (

stances destri

The cftccti-

farming oper

to follow, arii

place during

grass on hea^

casional, and

proper drain;

live stock de|

tored, as wel

barns, no inj

es proportion

ticulars the ]

and to the P

Professor

from which '

thirty- two ol

circulars tou

he savs, witl

on ploughed

ons of tweni

though some

lands are oft

received the

go to shew ■

this part of

"Thesu

relations of

farmer lead

"1st.
out-door op'
a degree, tl
farther thai
days is also
That the ra
period for
and after tl
and by the
know the v
with the sa

" 2nd.
tain the sti
upon farm;
spring, am
be raised ii
of the clea
dental adv
more mam
greater we

in many part3 of "which the intermission between the periods for perform-
ing labor is very short, while tlie work is extremely hard — and that under
an intensity of heat, which is found injurious to health, and in many in-
stances destructive to life.

The cftects of frost on the soil of this Province are no drawback to the
farming opeiations of the country in general. The only had results known
to follow, arise from the alternate frosts and thaws which sometimes take
place during the winter season, and which iri/ikr-/:il/ (as it is termed) the
grass on heavy and wet soils. These, however, are only incidental and oc-
casional, and the injury can in a great measure be prevented or lessened by
proper draiiuige and spring rolling. The intlucnce of the winter on raising
live stock depends on the (pinlity as well as the (piantity of food adminis-
tered, as well as on the housing If catthi are well fed, and kept in warm
barns, no injurious effects are know.i to follow. Warm houseing diminish-
es proportionably to the (juantity of food otherwise required. To these par-
ticulars the New Brunswick farmer, if he wishes to do justice to himself
and to the Province, should give additional attention.

Professor Johnston has not lost sight of these points in the able report
from which we have so largely quoted. After receiving the opinions of
thirty- two of the practical farmers of the l*rovince, to whom ho addressed
circulars touching these and otlier subjects coimected Avith its agriculture,
he says, with regard to the cfiects of frost on plouglied land : — " Its effects
on ploughed land are favorable.^' llis conclusion, derived from tho opini-
ons of twenty-two farmers, as to the operation of frost on grass lands, al-
though some of these opinions are contiicting, is: — "Its effects on grass
lands are often unfavoraltle " As to tl'ic effect of the winter on stock, he
received the opinion of thirty practical farmers, the principal part of which
go to shew the necessity of good feeding and warm houses. In concluding
this part of the subject, (page 128) he says :

" The substance of the reasonable results, to which this review of the
relations of the New Brunswick climate to the operations and profits of the
farmer leads, may be expressed in this summary :

" 1st. That the length of the winter limits very much the period for
out-door operations ; but that it also opens and makes friable the soil to such
a degree, that the same labor of horse or man expended upon it goes much
farther than in the mother country ; and that the number of dry working
days is also greater in proportion than it is in Great Britain and Ireland.
That the rapidity with which crops come to maturity, leaves a considerable
period for ploughing and other out-door work, both before the seed is sown
and after the crops are reaped ; and that by diligent attention and method,
and by the use of animals which have quick step, and of workmen who
know the value of time, much more land might be kept in arable culture,
with the same force, than is now done.

" 2nd. That though a large provision of winter food is required to main-
tain the stock during so many months, yet, that by the saving of manure
upon farms of all kinds, even the newest, applying it to the grass land in
spring, and by the more extended cultivation of green crops, this food may
be raised more easily than heretofore, and from a much smaller proportion
of the cleared land of the farm. From this would be derived also the inci-
dental advantage, that a better feeding of the stock and the production of
more manure would insure the production of better beef and mutton, of a
greater weight of butter and cheese, and of heavier harvests of grain.

'■fl

il<; ■

" .1-

" 3rd. That although to many it appears difficult to find profitable em-
ployment in winter for the members of the farmer's family, or for his paid
servants, yet that more profit than is generally supposed may be derived
from labor expended in the collection and saving of manure, in the prepara-
tion of composts, and in the proper tending of cattle, especially in the pro-
per adjustment in time, kind, quantity and mode of preparation of the food
with which they are fed. The dressing of fleece, hemp and wool are also
means of winter employment, one or other of which in most districts may
be made profitably available.

This summary of the question ought to be satisfactory at least to the New
Brunswick farmer."

Employment of Labor. There are numerous branches of employment
to which the attention of the farmer's household may bo profitably directed
during the winter season, the principal of which we will enumerate :

The feeding and taking care of his live stock, and the various ways of
preparing their food, should occupy a large portion of his attention.

Threshing and milling his grain.

To some extent, the collection and preparation of composts.

Dressing of flax, hemp and wool.

Marketing produce.

Collecting of firewood, and chopping, splitting and housing it for summer
and autumn use.

Procuring fencing materials.

The winter is the best season for making what is sometimes called — '•' war
upon the wilderness." This is done by first chopping all the undergrowth
and fallen timber, the latter being cut into logs of ten or twelve feet in
length ; the standing timber is then felled and served in a similar manner.
It may be observed that the larger the timber, the shorter the logs require
to be chopt, as the lighter the timber is to handle, the more it facilitates
the piling, clearing and burning off the rubbish for a spring crop.

It is true that farming and lumbering operations should not generally be
united in the same person, inasmuch as the mixing these branches of indus-
try only tends to destroy the application of the maxim that " what is worth
doing at all is worth doing well." Still farmers residing in the vicinity of
flaw mills could often profitably devote a portion of the winter season to the
collecting logs, and thus securing a sufficient quantity of lumber for fencing,
building and other farming purposes.

Whatever means will lessen labor, and at the same time increase the
amount of work done on a farm, must, in an economical point of view,
be important to the farming operations of the country. The use of both
horses and oxen is required in the proper management of a farm ; oxen can
be more advantageously employed in ploughing, harrowing, and otherwise
preparing new lands incumbered by stones and roots of trees, especially the
latter, to which all land in this country recently broken up is subject ; while
horses, as they have a more quick step, can be employed with more profit
in ploughing, harrowing, carting, and performing other operations required
on a farm in a more improved state of cultivation.

Recommeiidations. A better attention to the following recommendations
would perhaps much promote the agricultural prosperity of the Province,
viz:

Warm barns, and better attention to the feeding stock, both as to quanti-
ty and quality.

Sj>ring rol
dow land.

Planting t
ter both the
A better
spring crop
Deeper pi
stumps, and
Better cai
liotatiou
ing to tile s(
ter produce
A more (
Not allov
A better
Attentioi
Bwine.
The mor<
Almo.it c
keeping r^toi
a variety oi
other alhivi
vince, and c
vium, wbicl
best possib'
tion.

The iutr

elemantu-y

scientific aj

way desira

All stoc

land; tho

of this de«

is thus foo

frosti, bcs

othfrwise

iiXperii

eown year

only impo

■tity; tliu:

eouthern

versa, bol

would pv(

parts of

most evei

to effect i

pliin in a

As p?

and econ

pecially

branches

for agric

to-
laid
^ed
ira-

|ro-
)od
Ilao

lew

3nt
ted

Spring rolling, as Boon as the frost leaves the ground, especially on mea-
dow land.

Planting trees and shrubs along the boundaries of fields, in 0'"der to shel-
ter both the stouk and crops from winds and storms.

A better attention to uutumn ploughing, and other preparations for the
spring crop.

])eeper jHougliing, and a better clearing the land from stones, roots of
stumps, and weeds.

Botter care of liquid and other manures.

Kotulion of ciops ; tho present system of successive cropping is exhaust-
ing to tiio soil, and injurious to the quality, as well as quantity of tho mat-
ter produced.

A more extensive cultivation of green crops.

Not allowiiiii; the grain to become too ripe before it is cut.

A better and more varied assortment of agricultural implements.

Attention to the improvement of the breed of stock, especially sheep and
Bwine.

The more extensive use of lime as a manure.

Almost every farm in the Province might be made self-manuring without
keeping otock for that purpose. There is hardly any one that does not possess
a variety of soiL^, such as sand, loam, clay and bog or swamp mud, besides
other alluvial deposits ; on the sea board, which bounds two-liiirds of the Pro-
vince, and on the numerous rivers, there are extensive po.sitg of marine allu-
vium, which, if mixed with lime and some of the ufiland soils, v^ould make tho
best possible manure. This is a subject which requires the utmost atten-
tion.

The introduction of a certain amount of agricultural instruction into the
elemant uy and other school-), andthe circulation of works on practical and
scientific agriculture among the inhabitants of the Province, would be every
"way desirable.

All stock, both in spring and autumn, should bo kept oft tne meadow
land ; tho practice of allowing cattle, sheep and swine to pasture on land
of this description is very injurious to the ensuing year's crop, and when it
is thus fed olF in the autumn, the grass roots are exposed to the winter
frosti, besides v.'hich the land is deprived of an amount of food that would
otherwise arise, by leaving the autumn vegetation to rot on the ground.

Experience has proved, and science confirms the fact, that when grain is
sown year afioryeur, for a number of successive year;], on the same soil, it not
•only impov -risiiei the land, but becomes inferior both in quality and quan-
tity ; thus . has been found beneficial to change tlie seed raised in the
soutliern part of the Province for that grown in tho northern, and vico
versa, both be" ig thus rendered more productive. A more lasting effect
would probably i'ullow if a similar exchange could be effected with other
parts of this continent, and even with more distant countries: but as al-
most every farm contains a variety of soils, it is in the power of the farmer
to effect a partial exchange from high to low lands, and again reversing the
plan in alternate years.

As paid labor may at any time be profitably employed, when skilfully
and economically brought to bear on the cultivation of land, and more es-
pecially at present, when ship-building, lumbering and railways, and other
branches of industry, are making such rapid progress, opening new markets
for agricultural produce, every farmer should apply himself Viith energy to

'^ y

i: H *

■i

* ■■^1

'11 ,m

the introduction of a more extensive and systematic cultivation of the rich
soils with which the Province abounds.

In addition to the facilities afforded to the production of grain and roots,
it is found that from the great variety of indigenous vegetation produced in
the Province, no country on this continent presents so ^yide and luxuriant
a field for summer pasturage. Cattle are turned out in the spring to the
woods and wild meadows so frequently met with, where they remain, with-
out cost to their ownerS; till autumn ; by which time they are often fit for
the butcher, or at all events in good order for wintering. Strangers to the
country may perhaps apprehend some danger to the cattle from the attacks
of bears, but the instances of any live stock being destroyed by wild ani-
mals are extremely rare, and the sottlers even in the wildest districts think
it an uncommon occurrence to Buffer from their depredations. There is,
however, a bounty oflbred for the destruction of bears, and as the wilder-
ness becomes more cleared, such cases will be still more unfrequent. As
to bears attacking mar;, Ave have heard only of two or thi'ce instances for a
great number of years, and those under peculiar circumstances. No fears
need thcrelbro be entort;iined on this subject.

The publication in this, or the adjacent Province of i!sova Scotia, of a
cheap periodical, devoted chiefly to agriculture, would bo of incalculable
benefit. It should receive legislative .Md from both Provinces ; and a model
farm connected with the editorship would be ver}' desirable. The officers of
the various agricultural societies might become contributors, by supplying all
Buch information as might fall witliin their reach. Such a periodical, es-
tablished near the common boundary of these two Provinces, would radi.:ite
both east and west, and even to Prince Edward's Island and (.'anada, and
would thus disseminate knowledge on these subjects, which are so essential
to the a'jrricultural health of all Ijritish North America.

Before dl.jcissing this subject, we may be allowed to make a few obser-
vations on an inclination too often evinced to cast a slur on the occupation
of the farmer, as if it were something luw and ilishonorable, tlius stamping
the most he:^lthy and praiseworthy pursuit with disrespect, because some
of those who uilow it may ))e uneducated, and may not avail themselves of
the advantages thrown in their Avay for the education of their children. If
we allow gradations in the ditferent callings or em})loyuiont3. that of agri-
culture ought to stand high, and it cannot be denied that, as a body, the
agriculturalists are the most moral and intellectual class of laborers in this
'rovinco. iStiil there is much room for improvomeiit ; there is certah\ly,
according to the menri.-; generally at command, a great Jieglcct of education ;
and if farmers arc desirotis of seeing their businec^:! become respected, they
must make luoral and iutt'llectual education a primary "work.

Agriculture, in the tiggregate, is now very properly stampt with tlie af)-
pellation of a srh-.m;'-. and it engages the attemion of scientific men uf the
highest rank. The times of sowing, planting, reaping and digging, the
manner of )iloui:jhin',; an.d harrowing, the couioo&ition, jnixing and a])plica-
tion of nruuu'es, the auceession of crop-?, tlie breed and raising of stock, and
numerous other necessary operations of theagricuiturisfs, are no longer mat-
ters of chancu, but a.ro all regulated by well defined system aud chemical sci-
fuci^ : so that in all coantries wdieve a\!;ricu!ture is carried on in accordance
Avith the unpurtant character of the pursuit, these seientific priiiciplcj* are
becoming an essential part of a farmer's education.

It would be diflicult to name any country whoso people possess a greater

aptitude to 1
Brunswick ;
the exercise
is attention
And turn
acter of the
nities of le;
pursuit pres
tion is calci
of the earth
the movemc
rist, the ma
God, must
A^rkuJl
twenty yeai
vincial funt
creased of 1
have three
that they a
is great apj
nion that (
this import
ing can be
the advanti
perience, f
therto intrj
they thcms
directly or
The onl
ties arO; tl
better ada
poses ; an
exclusion
premiums
them^ and
\\\J\x stocl
tioifl, whi
afforded o
ultima teb
directly, 1
pies from
to these '
upon ma;
may easi
not only
better s}
the coUe
most hoi
be so ar:
expend 1
country
Dal cont

rich

aptitude to learn, to imitate, and to execute, than the inhabitants of New
Brnnswick ; and as the institutions and organizations of society promote
the exercise of these facilities, all that is required in order to insure success
is attention and efi'ort.

And turning to the moral and religious, as well as the intellectual char-
acter of the science itself, who, except the astronomer, has better opportu-
nities of learning •'•wisdom's Avajs " than the tiller of the soil 7 What
pursuit presents tlie mind with such varieties of scenery ? or what occupa-
tion is calculated to aftbrd such an incrcused intimacy with the composition
of the earth, the beauties and progress of germination and vegetation, and
the movements in the animal kingdom / Surely the undevout agricultu-
rist, the man who does not learn to lift his eyes from nature to nature's
God, must be a madman.

Ao'ikidlural Snrletics have been established in this Province for nearly
twenty years, and large amounts have been annually drawn from the Pro-
vincial funds in aid. of their opcrat'ons. These societies have so much in-
creased of late, that nearly every county in the Province has one. and some
have throe or four of these organizations. AVhile it is generally adn.itted
that they are productive of much good, yet it is no less manifest that there
is great apathy and want of public spirit on this point. iUany are of opi-
nion that each individual farmer can do and does as much for the benefit of
this important branch of industry as in his incorporated incapacity. Noth-
ing can be more fallacious than this attempt at argument. Setting aside
the advantages of union in the purchase of seeds, &c., and of mutual ex-
perience, formers ought to consi'ier that almost all the improvcruents hi-
therto introduced, not only in their stock and feeding, but in the knowledge
they themselves may individually have acquired, have been derived either
directly or indirectly from such institutions.

The only forcible objections we have yet heard urged against these socie-
ties are, that they sometimes appropriate large sums in introducii g horses
better adapted for the race course thai, for the plough or f( r general pur-
poses ; and the awarding premiums to a few oidy of the best stock, to the
exclusion of the many. It is contended that the rich only take ihcso
premiums, as the poorer portion of the society are not able to compete for
them^ and if they do make the attempt, it is oidy by over-feeding part of
thwir stock, to the injury of the rcmaindLi'. We think that these objec-
tioiil, which are frequently made, ore much over-bal;inced by the examples
afforded of improved cultivation, the introduction of seeds and stock, which
ultimately find their ways to all, and other benefits, which, directly or in-
directly, have been found to result from these societies. Besides, the princi-
ples from whence these defects, if defects they are, arise, are not necessary
to these organizations ; and premiums may be, and generally are, awarded
upon many articles of domestic manufacture, in which the poorer meinber^i
may easily participate ; and they may derive their lull share of advantage,
not only from the new or improved breeds of cattle and the introduction of
better svsteras of cultivation, but from the union of mind with mind, and
the collective inibrmation that may thus be brought to bear on this first and
most honorable pursuit. The details connected with these institutions may
be so arranged, and encouragement in every branch be so awarded, as to
expend the Provincial allowance to the greatest possible advantage of the
country, and to afford to each member an ample return for the almost nomi-
nal contribution of five Bhillings, for which he is called on as the price of

'St

I
!

4 ■

■i
If

■;:»

,■ it

"it

ilu

his admigsion to the eociety. It should always be remembered that they
are intended for the encouragement of the practical farmer, and not of the
amateur agriculturalist.

The amount annually appropriated by the Province to agricultural socie-
ties, in aid of individual subscriptions, is about X2500. This sum is di-
vided among nearly forty societies, in proportion to the amount subscribed
by ench. Tlio admission fee was formerly ten shillings annually, but by an
act recently passed, a copy of which is given below, the minimum of sub-
scriptioL is only five shillings, or Avhat is in eilect the same — tlierc must be
sixty mom.btn's, with a fund of at least fifteen pounds. Tiie result of this
reduction will no doubt be to increase the number of members, and thus
diffuse more widely the advantages of these institutions. Under the lor-
mer act, any number of persons could form a society, and this mighc, no
doubt, sometimes give rise to abuses. It is abo provided that any county
may draw on the public grant to the amount of £200, so that £2000 may
be expended from the funds of the Province for the promotion of agricul-
ture.

Cap. XXII.

" An Act for the encouragement of Agriculture — passed "ist May, 1854.
Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council, and As-
sembly, as follows :

1. Whenever sixty persons or more shall subscribe and pay in sums of
not le=!S than five shillings each, to be applied for the improvement of agri-
culture and domestic manufactures, and shall subsciibethe Declaration (A.)
in the schedule, and shall cause a copy of the same to be filed in the office
of the Provincial Secretary, they shall thereupon become a body corporate
by such a name as they shall designate, with all the privileges and obliga-
tions incident to corporations by law ; but such privileges shall continue so
long only as there are sixty members or more, who shall annually raise and
pay, as afoi'esaid, the sum of fifteen pounds for the imnrovement of agri-
culture.

2. The objeei of such agricultural societies shall be to encourage and
promote the introduction of im[)roved stock, seeds, roots, implements, me-
thods of culture, and improvement in farm buildings and domestic manufac-
tories : to hold shows and exhibitions, and to give premiums for excelleuce,
and to diffuse information concerning agricultural subjects,

3. When an agricultural society shall be so constituted in any cdlin-
ty, such society shall be entitled to draw annually from the Provincial Trea-
sury, by warrant in favor of the President of such society, treble the amount
of the subscriptions so raised and paid as aforesaid ; but no county society
shall be entitled to draw more than one hundred and fifty pounds from the
Provincial Treasury in any one year.

4. In counties where more than one agricultural society exists, the Go-
vernment ailo^vance shall bo given on the principle in section tliree, not ex-
ceeding for any county the sum of two huiidred pounds in any one year,
and the same shall be apportioned among such district societies, in a suita-
ble proportion to the amount of the subscriptions raised and paid by each
Boc.ety for the year for which the bounty shall be claimed, by warrant, in
favor of the President of the respective societies ; no parish to have more
than one society, and no county tc have more than four societies, under the
provisions of this chapter.

portec
true cl

auctiol
lie advl
compel

bye-laj
culturi]
file in

year slJ
the soci
local SI

tailed s|
for the
three n
treasuii

lll-
tnt
Ihe

li
In

5. In the dispogal of seeds, stock, implements, or other property im-
ported by any such society, such articles shall not be sold for less than the
true costs and charges of the same, unless the same shall be sold at pul>lic
auction, of which at least ten days notice shall be previously fi;iven by pub-
lic advertisement, at which all persons present shall have a right to bid and
compete, whether members of the society or not,

6. Every agriculturid society shall elect such officers and make such
bye-laws for their guidance as to them shall seem best, i'ov promoting agri-
culture, according to the true intent of this chapter. Each society shall
file in the office of the Provincial Secretary a copy of its bye-laws.

7. The amount of premiums to be awardei by each society in nny one
year shall not exceed the amount of the local subscriptions and donations of
the society ; the allowance for salaries shall not exceed five per cent, ol the
local subscriptions, donations, and I*rovincial allowance yearly.

8. It shall be the duty of the treasurer of such society to prepare a de-
tailed statement of the amount of income and expenditure of the society
for the year past, which account shall be duly credited and approved by
three members of the society, and the same shall be sworn to (B.) by the
treasurer.

9. It shall be the duty of each society to transmit to the Provincial
Secretary's office, on or before the twenty-fifth day of January in each year,
a report of its operations for the past year, together with an estimate of the
actual state of the land, crops, implements, stock, culture, and domestic
manufactures in the district or county, as nearly in the form (C.) as may
be.

10. If any society shall neglect to render its annual account and report,
as provided by Section nine, it shall forfeit its claim to the legislative bounty
for the year next succeeding.

11. Every agricultural society, by its officers, is herel)y authorized to
define bounds for pens and yards, and pas3;iges to and from the same, for
cattle shows and exhibitions, and also for ploughing matches; and no per-
Bon shall be permitted to infringe on such bounds unless in conformity with
the rules of the society, without the sanction of one of the officers of the
society present : but no land shall be so occupied without the consent of the
owner, nor shall any public highway be so occupied as to obstruct the pub-
lic use thereof.

12. Any person, after notice thereof, infringing any of the regulations
of any such society by entering within the bounds fixed, shall foifeit ten
shillings, to be recovered on the complaint of any officer of the society, and
applied to the use of the county.

13. All existing agricultural societies, in order to bo entitled to th9
Provincial bounty, muat consist of at least sixty members, and raise annual-
ly at least fifteen pounds for the encouragement of agriculture, as provided
in Section one.

14. The provisions of this act shall extend to all existing agricultural
corporations and societies, but shall not interfere with any property or rights
conferred upon or acquired by any such corporation or society.

(A.)

We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, agree to form ourselve'j into a
society, under the provisions of the Act of Assembly, entitled "An Act
for the enoouragemeut of Agriculture," to be culied "The Agri-

I; '^
1

.:iJ^

IlKift

cultural Society" ; and we severally agree to pay to the tre-jsarer of such
society, toward3 the funds thereof, the sums set opposite to (.u rcv|>.x+\ re
names, as our firr' year's subscription thereto.

Names of Subscribers.

A. B.
C. D.
E. F.

Sums subscribed.

A. B,, Treasurer of the

(B.)

Agricultural Society, maketh oath and

saith, that the foregoing or annexed account contains a just and true state-
ment of the income and expenditure of the said society, from the
day of last till the day of ; that the several sums

therein specifiixl were actually ]•ecoi^'ed and paid by him for the purposes
therein set forth, and th:it the same siiews the true state of the funds of the
said society at the time tho said account was balanced and credited.
Sworn to Ijcfore mc, tho day of , 1855.

(0.)

Clorfr and Tbnntlnj Sneds,
Hoot Crojts — Potatoes.

Turnips.

Marigolds.

FndL

Sugar-

- Maple.

Hu?fi

ifjes.

Breeu.

o: ''Jattle.

Season vcsl — character of.
Soils of dhUrict — character of.
Crops of disfrirt — principal.
Land cleared, during the past sea-
sou — estimate of.
Rotation of c/oj/s in district — usu-

fr/jm/ -usual average produce per
acre.

Average for past season.

Diseases.

Ren^edies^suggested.

Price per bushel.

Best varieties.
Corn — same as Wheat.
Oati. — do. do.
Rye and Barlcij, Beans and Peas Farm Buildings and shelter for

— do. do. stock.

B-ickwheai^ MiVct — do. do. Proposals for improvement or other

(.iif-'S^. tLiij. remarks.

Names of President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Directors,
members, Fairs in year, and list of premiums.

Certified j^ccrcnt.

Balance tVom previous year. "]

D'linj Products.

Sheep ami Wool.

Pigs and Pork.

Jdorses — breeds.

Po uUry — breeds.

Implements and Machinery,

Manures.

Sub'3Ciip;:'>ns of ytar past.
Provinijiu,'' ,.apt fo*- year past.
Other "fiset

\ Inoomo.
I

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It is necessary for all agricultural societies to have rules i.nd regulations,
or bi/e-laics, for their guidance ; but, as these bye-laws may differ among
different societies, it would be difficult to draw up such a code as would pro-
bably be adopted by all ; we therefore merely lay down a brief outline, the
substance of which all societies might with propriety •idopt :

1. The name by which the society is to be designated.

2. The number and duties of ofTuiers, and how and when to bo elected.
8, The times at which mcetin<i;s arc to be held.

4. The kinds of seed and farm stock to be purchased, and how and by
whom to be distributed.

6. As to what kinds of stock, and articles of domestic manufactory, are
premiums to be awarded.

6. Rules and regulations for competition are also necessary.

7. Bult'S shewing how tlie society intends lo dispo-e of its funds,* and
also rules for order in the government of its meetings.

It will be observed that all agricultural societies, complying with the
above Act of Assembly, becomes mcorporated, and may sue and be sued,
and enjoy all the other privileges of corporate bodies.

ROADS.

The facilities for internal communication have always-: been esteemed one
of the most essential mpans for developing the resources of a country ; and
this is strongly exemplified by the effects invariably produced from the
opening a nevr road tliroughout the Province, in extending settlements anri
promoting cultivation.

It must be admitted that, in the infancy of every country, expedient-
precede system ; und in no one department of its pi'Ogrcss is this more
manifest than in tlie location of its roads. The moral and intolle tual ad-
vances of the inhabitants of a country arc strongly indicated by the state
of their means of communication, for if the roads rem:tin stationary, ro
generally do the people, and vice versa.

In the early settlement of New iJrunswick, the fiict road was along the
sandy and muddy sea sb(4^e. where lao.-it of the lirst scrtlements were form-
ed. As population increased, this precarious and uncertain pathway was
abandoned, and a road, or ratiier a track, was constructed along the banks,
where the traveller might pass without l.(^ing delayed iiy tides and storms.
In process of time, the advance of cultivation, and, in many cases, the ra-
vages of fi)'o. dcstroy':'d the overhanging ir(»es, whose roots had prevonled
the encroachments of the sea : the imperfect read gave way to the action
of the waves, and it was found necossur3r to remove it liack as the sea ad-
vanced, lint when sottlfinonts became more numerou;r and extrndc-i fur-
ther inland, this system of road making, if it deserved I'e name, was aban-
doned, aud roads were laid out froru one place to anotiior, taking almost
every man's house in its way, as berrt suited the convenience of individu tis.
The mail roatl from JIalifax to Saint John, though it has undergone mamf

;

improvements, still presents indications of having bean originally formed
upon this system of erigineering, peculiar to the early settlers of these Pro-
vinces ; and so general and extensive did it become, before the present more
improved system was adopted, that however inconvenient the old lines of
road were found, it was difficult and almost impossible to iibandon them,
mon; especially taking into account their extent, quality, and the large
amount of money expended upon them and the convenience and private in-
terests of the settlers on their sides. Thus the present partial system of
straightening and improving roads Avill have to continue until the old and
costly ground work becomes abandoned.

In Older to bhew that the Colony has not been deficient in the improve-
ment of its roads, according to its means and population, it will be neces-
sary to refer to tlie state of England and Scotland about eighty years ago,
as given us by Dr. Lardner, in his work upon railways. lie says : — As
recently us 1750, " it is recorded that tlie carrier between Selkirk and
Edinburgh, a distance of thirty-eight miles, required a fortnight for his
journey going and returning. In the year 1678, a contract was made to
establish a coach for passengers between Edinburgh and Glasgow, a distance
of forty-four miles. This coach was drawn by six horses, and the journey
between the two places, to and fro, was completed in six days. Even so
recently as the year 1750. the stage-coach from Edinburgh to Glasgow took
thirty-six hours to make the journey."'

In this Province, in 1854, the stage-coach, drawn by only two horses,
performs the same distanc; in thirty hours' less time.

Again, the Docor says : — " In the year 1763, there was but one stage-
coach between Edinburgh jiud London. This started once a month from
each of these cities ; it took a fortnight to perform the journey," And,
with reference to the number of passengers conveyed in a given time be-
tween the English ana Scotch capitals, the same author tells us that, "in
1763 the number of passenger.^' conveyed by the coaches between London
and Edinburgh, could not have exceeded about twenty-five monthly, and
by all means of conveyance did not exceed fifty."

In farther reference to the state of the roads in Great Britain, the Doc-
tor informs us that " Arthur Young, (an undoubted authority) who tra-
velled in Lancashire about the year 1770, has left us, in his tour, the fol-
lowing account of the state of the roads at that time : '1 know not' (he
eays) • in t.'ie whole ran_e ot'language, terms sufficiently expressive to des-
cribe this ini'ernal rcu!. Let me most seriously caution all travellers, who
may accidentally ] i opos,.' lO travel this terrible country, to avoid it as they
would the dovil . f<r a tl.ons.md to one thc-y break their necks or their limbn
by overthrows or brc'i.ir.gs d )wn. They will here meet with n.its, which I
actually moasuieci iour Ic": d. op, and lloatiiig Avith mud, only from a wet
bummer. What therefore r.if '^ it be after a winter 7 The only mending
it receives is tumbling m some loose stones, which serve no other purpose
thon jolting a carriage in the most intolerable manner. These are not
merely opi)iiuu-,- out ihciii, for I uctually passed three carts broken down in
these oghtcon miles of execrable memory.' '" '' And again," lie says,
(speaking of .>., tmnpjKe road n'^ar Warrington, now superseded by the Grand
Junction Kailway) : ' This is a paved road, most infamously bad. Any
peri^on woa;:i imagine the j;eop!o of this coujitry h.id made it with a view to
immediate destruction, for the breadth is only sufficient for one carriage ;
congequently it is cut at once into ruts ; and you may easily conceive what

a break-
Norwas
He says
dreadful
place to
lers to aA
with brol
nagemeni
ing with
"Now
veiled in
culated a\
transport!
ages alFor
ed in 17 1
"Unti
England
80 expens
such as, 1
could alio
of convey
is not all
which, in
To an
present si
cribed ; h
stranger i
in the coi
could not
pels the t]
place maj
gard to li
like skate
— upon vj
of sleds,
construct;
gravity b
veyance.
From 1
not more
of transii
tween th(
Dr. Lard
island ar
When a
■what tht
canoes ir
were the
mails, th
diflFerenci
historim
•ver, be

\ I

a break-down, dislocating road ruts cut through a pavement must be.'
Nor was the state of the roads in other parts of the north of England better.
He says of i road near Newcastle, now superseded by railway : ' A more
dreadful road cannot be imagined ; 1 was obliged to hire two men at one
place to support my chaise from overturning. Let me persuade all travel-
lers to avoid this terrible country, which must either dislocate their bones
with broken pavements, or bury them in nmddy sand. It is only bad ma-
nagement that can occasion such very miserable roads in a country so abound-
ing with towns, trade, and manufactures."

" Now, it so happens that the precise ground over which Mr. Young tra-
velled in this manner less than eighty years ago, is at present literally reti-
culated with railways, upon which tens of thousands of passengers are daily
transported, at a speed ranging from thirty to fifty miles an hour, in carri-
ages affording no more inconvenience or discomfort than Mr. Young suffer-
ed in 1770, when reposing in his drawing room in his arm chair.

"Until the close of the last century, the internal transport of goods in
England was performed by waggons : and was not only intolerably slow, but
80 expensive as to exclude every object except manufactured articles, and
such as, being of light weight and small bulk in proportion to their value,
could allow of a high rate of transport." After shewing the cost per mile
of conveying merchandize by the ton, Dr. Lardner proceeds : — " But this
is not all : the wagon transport formerly practised was limited to a speed
which, in its most improved state, did not exceed twenty-four miles a day."

To an inhabitant of the IVovince it is scarcely requisite to contrast the
present state of its roads with those Mr. Yotmg has so emphatically des-
cribed ; his own experience will sufficiently prove their superiority. To n
stranger it will only be necessary to say that there is scarcely a bye-road
in the country on which, during the summer months, an English stage-coach
could not be driven with ease and safety. In the winter, the climate com-
pels the use of a different mode of transport, a description of which in this
place may not be unacceptable. A frame work is constructed, with due re-
gard to lightness and strength, supported by two runners, turned up in front
like skates, and shod with iron or steel — the harder the material the better.
— upon which is placed a box or carriage. These vehicles receive the names
of sleds, sleighs, pungs, coaches, kc, according to the peculiarities of their
construction ; are easily drawn, and afford, in consequence of the centre of
gravity being comparatively low, a very safe and comfortable mode of con-
veyance.

From these statements, it will be apparent that New Brunswick, although
not more than seventy years a colony, by her more safe and speedy means
of transit, incalculably outstrips the state of conveyance that existed be-
tween the most important places in Great Britain, at the time referred to by
Dr. Lardner ; and it is a question if the common or parish roads of that
island are at this day more than thirty yeais in advance of this Province.
When a comparison is instituted between the present state of the roads, and
what they were within the memory of hundreds of its inhabitants, when
canoes in the summer, and the shoulders of the settlers during the winter,
were the only means by which articles were conveyed ; and when even the
mails, then but few and far between, were carried in the same manner, iha
difference cannot fail to be most striking. Almost every settlement contains
historians who delight to inform travellers of these facts. It must, how-
ever, be acknowledged, notwithstanding the safe and comparatively speedy
12

i t

manner in which the mails, travellers and goods are now transported from
place to place, that great improvements might be introduced, especially as
to comfort, into the winter system of conveyance in this, as well as in the
sister Provinces.

In further illustration of the efficient state of the roads in this Province,
it may be observed that the mail coach, which travels three times a week
between the cities of Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and Saint John, in New
Brunswick, a distance of 260 miles, performs the journey, except for a
short time in the spring and autumn, in forty-five hours, including all stop-
pages and delayo caused by the delivery of mail bags among the numerous
villages along the road. The stage coach, which runs daily during the win-
ter between Saint John and Fredericton, a distance, by the Nerepis road,
of G5^ miles, completes its journey in eight hours. During the summer,
not less tlian from eight to ten steamers ply on the St. Jolin river between
these two places, leaving each place every morning and evening. The trip
is ?ij''hty miles, and the upward voyage is made, when the freshet is not run-
ning too strong, in eleven hours ; that downward in much less time. Israel
D' Andrews, Esq., in his report to the American Senate, states that in 1851,
not less than 50,000 persons took passage in the boats plying on the river,
which were then less in number than at present. The passengers that tra-
vel this way, in tlie present year, must far exceed that number.

Nearly the whole external boundary of the Province is belted by good
coach roads, and numerous cross roads are everywhere being extended into
the interior, on which settlements, post offices, school houses and manufac-
tories, are gradually established ; in fact, the Province is bidding fair to be-
come a complete net-work of roads.

The bridges of the country are not at all in keeping with its high roads.
This arises from many causes : first, from the great extent oF bridging re-
quired ; second, from defective engineering ; and thirdly, from a want of
an immediate supervision. When bridges get out of repair, or are swept
away by freshets or storms, which is frequently the case, more especially
with wooden nidges, they are seldom re-built until after the annual meet-
ing of the Legislature. However, the whole bridge building system is now
receiving the attention of the Government, and will, it is to be hoped, under-
go a thorough revision, so that the bridges of the Province may be placed
on a more safe and substantial footing.

The roads are divided into two classes : great roads and bye-roads.
The great roads are those upon which the principal mails are conveyed,
and the greatest amount of travelling performed ; these roads receive a larger
amount of legislative aid, according to their extent, than the bye-roads do.
All the counties have more or less of the great roads passing tlirough them,
and therefore all partake of the benefits arising from an increased expendi-
ture of the public monies, and the facilities affiarded by improved roads.
The bye-roads diverge in every direction from the great roads ; they receive
annual grants of money from the Legislature ; and both classes of roads,
in addition to the Provincial endowments, are also partly repaired by the
inhabitants of the districts through whic'" they pass, ilvery resident in
the Province is required by law to contribute his quota, either in labor or
money, at his option, towards tho support of the roads near his residence.
The sum required from each for this purpose is assessed by officers, denomi-
nated Commissioners, three of which are annually elected by the people of
each parish. The parishes are laid oflF into districts by these officers, each

district,

under th

the conv(

arise to i

to no gr<

ty within

The y(

state of t

year 185

In 1852,

" 1853,

" 1854,

These
for the bi
as neces?

A det^
Province
which th

The pi

In the

only four

Andrews

gress has

cial deprc

survey fo

yet propc

obstacles,

America!

ed its pre

aifording

lead to tl

executioi

Railway

wiih a vi

the city I

distance,

Shediac,

John. '

in this £

miles ; a

neotioa '

That ;

^ictou. ''

.last sess:

meut, av

.m puvsu

fiOJno c^

$mi^t

district, generally, not exceeding two miles in length. The work is done,
under the superintendence of a surveyor, at such a season as may best suit
the convenience of the communitiea; thus no inconvenience or hardship can
arise to any individual from the performance of this duty, which amounts
to no greater tax than the assisting to make a road to each person's proper-
ty within the district.

The yearly legislative grant varies according to the prosperous or adverse
state of the Provincial revenues. The amounts thus appropriated for the
year 1854, and the two preceding years, are as follows :

In 1852, X33,000

" 1853, 35,822 Increase, X2,822

" 1854, £45,153 " 9,331

These respective sums include the grants for the great and bye roads, and
for the bridges throughout the Province, and are divided among the objects
as necessity may recuire.

A detailed description both of the great and bye roads throughout tho
Province will be foiind under the head of the respective counties through
which they pass.

The principal lines of road are traced in the map of roads, railways, &c.

RAILWAYS.

In the year 1830, the first Railway was opened in England; in 1844,
only fourteen years after this great era in the means of transit, the St.
Andrews raihoad, in New BrunsAvick, was commenced ; and although its pro-
gress has been slow, ^et that is easily accounted for by the general commer-
cial depression, as well as by many other incidental causes. In 1848, the
survey for one of tho most gigantic plans of inter-colonial railways ever
yet proposed— that from Halifax to Quebec— was entered upon. Various
obstacles, arising from the different views of the several British North
American Provinces irnd the Home Government, have, for a time, suspend-
ed its progress. Originating from this survey, however, portions of a line,
affording communication with the United States, and which will ultimately
lead to the accomplishment of an inter-colonial connection, are now under
execution. This line is known as the Evropcan and North American
Rdilway, Operations have been commenced at Halifax, in Nova Scotia,
with a view to reaching the New Brunswick boundary ; and from thence to
the city of Sitint John, the commercial emporium of ^ew Brunswick. Tho
distance, including a branch of six miles to the Gulf of St. Lawrence at
Shediac, Avill be 250 miles from the Atlantic terminus at Halifax to Saint
John. This line is intended to be produced, by the company incorporated
in this Province, to the boundary of Maine, a further distance of seventy
miles ; and from thence, by that State, to Portland, where a complete con-
nection will be established with the American and Canadian railways.

That portion of the road passing through Nova Scotia, with branches to
Pictou. Vrindsor and Annapolis, was autliorised, by an act passed in tho
jlast session of tho Provincial Legislature, to be constructed by the Govern-
.■raent, annually expending ,£200,000, until the whole shall be completed ;
.in pursuance of which, coulvactgi arc now being entered into, nnd works, to
eojno c.xt^n!:. huyr- bficn <^PV-n>*«Br?t] Rt II»d)f»ii<i, *^ ♦hs IftintediRtc Jicighbof*
iisefl »)? i*hl<5li fe6tiH«)i ^\]in ^r ^fclld ^mV8 \m^ Uj4. ht <H^ i^*t« V'ill t>«

a 1 1

• if

I .•

'.k V

trunk lino, it will take more than four years to complete the road from Hali-
fax to the boundary of New Brunswick ; and should the Government con-
clude to expend a portion of the money on the branches at the same time,
the completion of the main line will be protracted to a much longer period.
The branches may be more cheaply constructed, uiih the exception of that
to Pictou, on which the coal and other productions of that district will form
an important item of transport, and render that line, in all probability, one
of the most paying in that Province,

The portion of the great line traversing New Brunswick, from the Nova
Scotia boundary, as far as the city of Saint .lohn, being the property of tho
European and North American Kailway (.'ompany, is under contract by
those rich and enterprising capitalists, Messrs. Jackson, Peto. Brassey &
Co., of England, who have undertaken, in connection with the Province, as
a stockholder, to execute that part, together with the branch to Shediac, in
four years, commencing in 185:», for £0.500 sterling per mile, the breadtii
of guage to be 5 feet H inches.

The advantages accruing to this entire line are very numerous. Begin-
ning at Halifax, one of tho best and most spacious harbors in North Ameri-
ca ; open at all season? ^f tlio year — the nearest point to Europe, which
juust eventually, as time and f'.istance become more essential objects in
crossing the Atlantic, be the European terminus on the American conti-
nent, — it passes through numerous and populous settlements in Nova Sco-
tia for a distance of 12.5 miles, out of which, not less than ninety are high-
ly fit for cultivation. In the remaining thirty-five milv?s, there are several
fine vallies well suited for agricultural purposes.

In passing thi'ough New Brunswick to the boundary of Maine, about two
hundred miles, tho road will traverse large settlements, and not less than
150 miles of good land for the operation of the farmer. The remaining 50
miles, like a portion of the line through Nova Scotia, afford numerous spots
where well directed industry will receive ample remuneration ; and more
c oecially, as the poorest lands on the line, in both Provinces, are nearest
to the cities of Halifax and Saint John, where fnrmers have the advantage
of the best markets for their produce.

The mineral productions of both Provinces are abundant and valuable,
and will therefore contribute, in no small degree, to the paying qualities of
tho line. Upon the whole, it is generally believed that this undertaking
when completed, will amply repay its projectors. In addition to the lum-
ber and timber, which is everywhere manufactured along its course, the
fisheries will prove a large and important item of traffic : manufactories
will probably spring up, and all the resources of the Pi'ovinces Avill be more
systematically opened up. The Avhole face of the country through which
the traveller will pass is richly diversified, and cannot fail to arrest his at-
tention. That portion of tho line from the city of Saint John to Shediac,
TOO miles, is wholly cleared of its timber, and grading is commenced, and
;t portion of tlie rail laid near Shediac. at the neml. and near the city of
Saint John.

Tlie Province is indeb.tod for this stage of its railway progress, and as
far as it is traversed by this line, to the lion. Edward B Chandler, who,
in company with a delegate from Canada, held a conference with the British
<Tovcrnment, with a view to obtaining imperial iissistance to construct a rail-
way through New Brunswick to (^juebec. In consequence of some objec-
tions taken by the Home (lovevnment to uid uny line not pasaing through

or near
object,
mhabitat
in the a(
as with
tact, thei
mentiono
dits of t
fied by t

St. A)
view of i
miles was
miles mo
or upwar
now rum
grading
Provincia
each side
contracto
in part p;
ed in a g^
X3000 p
completio
energy, (
county of

IShedk
northerly,
or a part i
former, bi
will cross
the head <
tensive tr
sides forn
thriving
were in o
Canada. ]
in the coi
chi and
with the j
and wouh
vised, for
one Color
be heard

Railw
the vallei
the winte
would be
municatic
the Prov:
of counti
would th(
city of r

or near vo the centre of the Province, the mission entirely failed in its main
object. Mr. Chandler, however, being fully apprised of the wishes of the
mhabitanls, "was determined that, at almost any hazard, they should share
in the advantages of railway transit with their American neighbors, as well
as with their sister Province of Canada. \Vith his usual skill and political
tact, therefore, he entered into conditional arrangements with the before
mentioned firm, and for his conduct on this mission he received the plau-
dits of the Colonial Secretary, and the agreement was subsequently rati-
fied by the Lejislature of New Brunswick.

•SA Andreio\s and WoodstocI: fiaihrnt/. — This line, with an uliimato
view of its extension to Quebec, id steadily progressing. After the first ten
miles was completed, a contract was made for the construction of seventy
miles more, which is now being executed ; the grading of twenty-five miles
or upwards from St. Andrews was completed last autumn, and the cars are
now running on the first section. The line is cleared and prepared for
grading for a much greater distance. The company have a grant from the
Provincial Government of a large tract of good land fit for settlement on
each side of the line, which is estimated to contain 100,000 acres; the
contractors take 10,000 acres of this land, at one pound sterling per acre,
in part payment of the contract. The first eighty miles is being construct-
ed in a good substantial maimer, at a comparatively low cost, not exceeding
X3000 per mile. This railway, as far as it has gone, (and of its speedy
completion there can be uo doubt) owes its existence to the indomitable
energy, enterprise, and well directed exertions of the inhabitants of the
county of Charlotte.

Shediac a?id Mlramirki Ralhcaij. — This line will form a continuation
northerly, and is a branch of the European and North American Railway,
or a part of the Halifax and (Quebec line, if carried on. Departing from the
former, between 8hediac and the Bend, and taking a nearly direct course, it
will cross the Shediac, Cocagne, Buctouche, Richibucto, and other rivers, near
the head of the tide, and will open to view one of the finest and most ex-
tensive tracts of arable land to be found in this section of the Province, be-
sides forming a communication, ?.t all seasons of the year, with the rich,
thriving and populous counties in its northern division. If this branch
were in operation, it would not be long before an effort would be made by
Canada. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to induce (;rreat Britain to aid
in the completion of the intermediate space of 200 miles between INlirami-
chi and the River du Loup This, when executed, would connect itself
with the grand trunk, and, through it, ■with the other Canadian railways ;
and would thus form one of the most formidable bands that could be de-
vised, for the consolidation of three extensive and valuable Provinces into
one Colonial Empire, whose united voice would cause its just demands to
be heard and respected.

Raihvay from Saint' John io Fvcdcrirton. — This line will run along
the valley of the Saint John, within a short distance of the river. During
the winter season, there would be considerable traffic for a railway, but it
would be much lessened in summer, in conse(|uence of the ready vater com-
munication afforded by steamers and other craft. A depot at l^redericton,
the Provincial head (juarters, would he the rallying point for a large extent
of country. The iron and other minerals, reported to exist in that vicinity,
would then be opened : and these sources, Aviih the increased trade of the
city of Fredericton. and the surrounding country, would form large items

■.%.

1,^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25 11.4

^■28 |2.5

"■"IS
IM

1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. U580

(716) 872-4503

in its paying qualities. It is not, perhaps, likely that the line would yield
a large profit at first, but, by its cheap, speedy and safe mode of transit, it
would open up sources of wealth to which the hand of man has not yet
been directed.

Scale of Railways, in progress and in contemplation in Neto Brunswick

and Nova Scotia.

New Brunswick Lines.
European and North American Railway, (New Brunswick

portion,) 210 miles.
St. Andrews to Woodstock, 90 "

Shediac to Miraraichi, 70

City of St. John to Fredericton, 55

Total, 426 mUes.

Nova Scotia Lines.

European and North American Railway, (Nova Scotia por-
tion,) 125 miles.
Cobequid Mountains to Pictou, 23
Trunk line to Windsor, 41
Windsor to Annapolis, 74

Total, 263 miles.

These lines of road will be found laid down, according to the surveys, in
the map facing thi? article.

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

This Province, in common with older countries, has availed itself of the
advantages arising from the Electric Telegraph, the most useful and truly
wonderful invention of modern times. By its means, knowledge flies
through the length and breadth of our land in the twinkling of an eye ;
every city, town and village, for hundreds of miles around us, is thus
placed in almost instantaneous communication with each other. Not an
hour elapses after a Governor General of Canada opens his parliament, be-
fore his speech is being put in print at Saint John or Halifax, 600 miles
from the place of its birth. And no sooner does a steamer, which only left
Liverpool nine days before, arrive in Halifax or New York, than not only
the news of her arrival, but the affairs of Europe, are being spread, with
lightning speed, over the entire North American continent. Such are the
distance-annihilating properties of this modern mode of conveying intelli-
gence ; and who would not dare to give publicity to the thought, in these
days of progress and discovery, that tho time is at hand when, in place of
the astonishingly short space of nine days now occupied by a steamer be-
twe«?n Britain and America, nine minutes may bo nearer the time required
by telegraph for the exchange of news betwoen these widely separated coun-
tries ?

New Brunswick has fifteen offices, and 610 miles of wire in active opera-
tion ; Nova Scotia possepses nineteen offices; and upwards of 800 miles of
wire, eaitending in every direction through each Province ; and Prinoo Ed-
w*ti IsU^d bnfl tt suhwftH^« I'Gfi (b<?irt;^, »♦< thd MitJ^j uf ,Ui <?'jr»sl.r«t»«»i','tt, ih«

NewBi

lottetow

out of r

from the

of St. P

land, or

Scotia.

mate obj

capital

from.Bri

transmitl

running

In the

ness of t

plying th

ten to tw

thus rent

highly be

The ta

which the

not give i

By a s

the editoi

receive th

municatio

This v(
ation. A
the fluctu
pursuit in
the seal ai
lumber to
Provinces
United St
free trade
find an in(
they can I

The sail
exceeded,
constructei
artizans hs
them. Tl
attraction,
before refe
of New Bi
states that
market.

The inte
affording al
yards. Tl
Mh, oak, e

)e-
lles
left

ily

iith
tho

llli-

ise

)C-

red
m-

ra«
of

New Brunswick to Cape Traverse, about ten miles ; it thence runs to Char-
lottetown and other places on tho island ; but this line is now unfortunately
out of repair. A company is organized for its extension to East Cape, and
from thencOj by way of the north-east point of Cape Breton, and the island
of St. Paul, abott 150 miles, to Cape l<ay, on the west coast of Newfound-
land, or for effecting a communication with Newfoundland direct from Nova
Scotia. The principal part of this distance will be submarine. The ulti •
mate object of this line is to run along Newfoundland to St. John's, the
capital of the island, where steamers will be on the watch for the packets
from. Britain, in order to obtain the news from Europe, which may thus be
transmitted to all parts of America two days earlier than by the steamer
running to New York.

In these Provinces, new villages are continually springing up ; the busi-
ness of the old settled districts is daily imereasing ; and offices are multi-
plying throughout the country. The stockholders generally receive from
ten to twelve per cent., and sometimes even more, on the capital invested ;
thus rendering the undertaking remunerative to the projectors, as well as
highly beneficial to the districts through which the lines pass.

The tariff of prices for communications on these lines, and those with
which they are connected throughout the States, is moderate ; but we do
not give it, as it is subject to frequent alterations and modifications.

By a special arrangement between " the Associated Press," composed of
the editors of the various newspapers, and the telegraph companies, they
receive the earliest intelligence from Europe in preference to all other com-
munications.

SHIP BUILDING.

This very important branch of colonial industry merits our best consider-
ation. Although ship building, like lumbering, is subject, in a measure, to
the fluctuations of the markets of Great Britain, yet it differs from that
pursuit in having a wider field for its market. The supply of vessels for
the seal and other fisheries of Newfoundland, for the transport of deals and
lumber to Great Britain, and for tho Labrador and other fisheries of the
Provinces, together with the coasting trade between tho colonies and the
United States, affords employment for a large amount of tonnage. And if
free trade in shipping were established with America, this Colony would
find an increased demand for vessels, at much more remunerative prices, as
they can be built cheaper in New Brunswick than in the Union.

The sailing qualities of New Brunswick built vessels have not yet been
exceeded. The far-famed Marco Polo is only one of the many fine ships
constructed in the Province ; and the high state of perfection to which her
artizans have brought this branch of business is certainly very creditable to
them. Tho symmetry and strength of these vessels render them objects of
attraction, both in Great Britain and America. In Mr. Andrews' report,
before referred to, he speaks of the great improvement in model and finish
of New Brunswick built ships that has taken place within a few years, and
states that their value has thereby been greatly augmented in the English
market.

The interior of the Province is literally a net work of streams, thereby
affording abundant facilities for the transportation of materials to the ship-
yards. The descriptions of timber generally used are spruce, birch, maple,
uh, oak, elm, beech and hacmatac. Ships built of the latter are the most

durable and safe ; they class for seven years, while those built of either of
the other materials above enumerated, only class for three, or not higher
than four years. Hacmatac is found in great abundance along the margins
of lakes, rivers, meadows, swamps, and other alluvial lands ; the other kinds
are met with plentifully in almost all parts of the Province The value of
new ships already built, and in course of construction dufing the year 1854,
cannot fall much short of £500,000 currency. This branch of business
has been much facilitated of late, especially as regards the insurance of ves-
sels, by the appointment in each Province of au agent for Lloyds, the most
eminent underwriting establishment in London, and indeed in the commer-
cial world.

New Brunswick possesses an extent of 850 miles of sea coast and na-
vigable river communications, along the whole of which this branch of in-
dustry can be pursued. Beginning at the boundary of Maine, the counties
of Charlotte, St. John, AlVert, and Westmoreland, extending along the
Bay of Fundy to the head of the Cumberland Basin, with their numerous
estuaries, rivers and creeks, afford important facilities for the operations of
the shipwright. On that portion of the several counties of Saint John,
King's, Queen's, Sunbury and York, intersected by the river St. John,
this business is also prosecuted ; as it is along the Kennebecasis, Belleislo,
Washademoak, Grand Lake, Oromocto, Nashwaak, and other tributaries to
this river. In addition io the advantages for ship building presented by the
Petitcodiac river to the counties of Albert and Westmoreland, the latter
county, together with Kent, Northumberland, Gloucester and Restigouche,
have the whole range of coast from the Nova Scotia boundary, on the south-
east side of Bay Yerte, along the straits of Northumberland and Gulf of
St. Lawrence, to the head of the Bay Chaleur. Along this extensive coast,
besides the rivers Restigouche, Nipisiguit, Miramichi, Richibucto, Buc-
touche and Cocagne, there are numerous rivers, bays and creeks on which
vessels are built. The territory watered by the Restigouche and Nipisiguit,
and their tributaries, aftbrds the most abundant supplies of ship timber, of
the very best descriptions. On the whole, this branch of provincial indus-
try, so far as regards the extent to which it may hereafter be carried, may
be almost said to be in its infancy.

Table, exhibiting the number of vessels, and their gross tonnage, which
have been built in New Brunswick during the follvioing years :

Years. Number of Ships. Gross tonnage.

1850 86 30,361

1851 101 50,948

1852 103 58,399

1853 121 71,428

The number of vessels, and amount of tonnage, built in the Province
during the year 1854, must fur exceed that of any previous year. This is
fully evident from the fact that the gross tonnage of the ships built along
the north-eastern coast, including the county of Westmorelana, in this year,
does not fall short of 43,000 tons ; and they are principally large class
vessels. This estimate is exclusive of the ships built in the counties of Al-
bert, Saint John, King's, Queens, Sunbury, York and Charlotte. The
value of vessels built in 1858 is worth at least £700,000 currency.

The <
and on t
arc anni;
in conset
generally
demand
tuation o
highly re
Almoa
lumberiti
St. Join
their tril
lumber, i
shipment
rafts, am:
The fc
of the be;
berman ;
shores or
water for
cences ar(
ting upon
for wliich
With r
tlic progr.
crnor Gei
unintcrest
of the coi
takes to c
not only c
removing
of all he
' Avhat he h
the ^vakc
the latter
only cqu;
by the
operations
promote tl
tions of th
{)robably
While
in the abo
com mcrce
well as th
ties the 1;
men, yet
nature of
the mean
mere tenif

LUMBERLNG.

The operations of the Lumberer are chiefly carried on along the shores
and on the bunks of the numerous rivers of the Province. Large parties
arc annually fitted out, in the autumn, by the Capitalists, into whose hands
in consequence of the large amount of supplies required, this business has
generally fallen. The number of men employed depends upon the apparent
demand for the products of the forest, and this demand varies "with the fluc-
tuation of the British markets. This branch of business has recently been
highly remunerative.

Almost all the rivers and creeks in the Province present facilities for
lumbering operations, but they are carried on to the greatest extent on the
St. John, the jSIiraraichi, the rivers falling into the Bay of Chaleur and
their tributories. The largest quantities of timber, logs and manufactured
lumber, made on these and other streams are transported to the places of
shipment at thoir mouths, if logs, in rafts, or if sawn, either in boats or as
rafts, and from thence are destributcd over the British and other markets.

The forests of New Brunswick are almost inexhaustible ; a vast extent
of the best portion of the Colony is still untrodden by the foot of the lum-
berman ; and the business has been confined, generally speaking, to the sea
shores or the immediate vicinity of such streams as may contain sufiScient
Avater for rafting, or for Avhat is technically called straam driving. Li-
cences arc obtaine.l from the local government by parties who intend opera-
ting upon ungranted land ; the amount charged per square mile, and the time
lor which the licence shall run, depend upon the action of the Government.

With regard to the effects produced by the lumbering operations upon
tlio progress of agriculture, the following dispatch from Lord Elgin, Gov-
ernor General of Canada, to his Grace the l)uke of Newcastle, will not be
uninteresting: — " The bearing of the lumbering business on the settlement
of the country is a point well worthy of notice. The farmer who under-
takes to cultivate unreclaimed land in new countries, generally finds that,
not only does every step in advance, which he makes in the wilderness, by
removing him from the centres of trade and civilization, enhance -the cost
of all he has to purchase ; but, that, moreover, it diminishes the value of
■ what he has to sell. It is not so, hoAvever, with the farmer who follows in
the Avake of the lumber-man. He finds on the contrary, in the Avants of
the latter, a steady demand for all that he produces, at a price not
only equal to tliat procurable in the ordinary marts, but increased
by the cost of transport from them to the scene of the lumbering
operations. This circumstance, no doubt, poAverfully contributes to
promote the settlement of those districts, and attracts population to the sec-
tions of the country, which, in the absence of any such inducements, would
probably remain for long periods uninhabited."'

While the prosecution of this business, in addition to the facts adduced
in the aboA'c extract, has a tendency to increase and concentrate trade and
com mcrce, to build towns and villages, to increase the demand for ships as
Avell as the market for agricultural produce ; still, on the other hand it set-
tles the land Avith a class of persons, who are neither farmers nor lumber-
men, yet engage in the occupations of both : the precarious and fluctuating
nature of this pursuit is such, that small capitalists too frequently lose all
the means they embark in the business, while the laborer only procure a
mere temporary subsistance, and the Avhole profit falls into the hands of the
13

> 1

more wealthy merchant, to whom even any material reduction in the mar-
ket prices frequently results in bankruptcy. In reviewing this laborious
occupation, therefore, in all the details C()nnGCted'with''it3 prosecution, it
must be admitted that, after the makers of tinibir have spent the prime of
their lives, and all the energies of youth have been exhausted, they have
to return to the cultivation of the soil, and that, freijuently ^Yithout any
adequate means to commence their new task.

And in a moral point of view, the lumber camp is pot the proper place
to educate the youth of the country ; it is true that there might not perhaps
be much dilliculty in placing these establishments on a more civilized foot-
ing ; but in their present state, although there are some honorable excep-
tions, vice is encouraged ; profane swearing, sabbath breaking, gambling,
and other similar vices are the orders of the day ; the reader may imagine
fifteen or twenty men removed from civilized society, and placed in a camp
at a distance of thirty or forty miles in the wilderness, v/ithout any other
associate than those similarly circumstanced, and that for a period of some
six to nine months every year, subject to no law,"and tlie recipients of no
moral or religious precept : what results can be expected from such a state
of things '.' Besides this the balance of their earnings, after paying the
exorbitant prices too often charged by their employers for clothing, (Stc, is
generally squandered during their recess, leaving them frequently heavily
in debt on their return to the camp.

The only remedy, or rather palliative that we can suggest for these evils
is for the foreman, or person in charge of each lumbering party, to pay a
little more attention to the erection of camps or places' of lodgement for the
workmen, as there is generally a great want of personal comfort about these
temporary edifices ; and secondly, that he should^ common. jo each winter's
operations by establishing, and afterwards employing, camp rules and re-
gulations. Objections to such a mode of proceeding would no doubt be
urged by many on account of the difficulty often found in obtaining a suffi-
cient number of men to carry on operations, but as lumbermen are gene-
rally robust and vigorous, with minds as susceptible of improvement as those
of any other class, it may be hoped that if order and system were once es-
tablished, the abandonment of idle and useless habits and language would
soon be followed by a successful renovation of moral action.

THE FLSllK];iES— TIIEIII FATENT, AXD COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE.

Among all the subjects proposed to be embraced in this Work, there is
none more important in itself, or more calculated to promote the prosperity
of the Province, than that we are now considering. It has attracted a con- ,
siderable degree of notice from the claims of the Americans to participate
in the enjoyment of those advantages which Trovidence has bestowed on
the inhabitants of British America, — from the prolonged , negotiations to
which those claims have given rise — and the stops which have been ren-
dered necessary to prevent in some measure the incroachmcnts of foreign-
ers on the Colonial rights. Considering, therefore, the importance of this
subject, it is proposed to atford the^reader a compressed view of tlie advan-
tages possessed by New Brunswick, in the extensive fisheries on her^shores
and internal waters.

On referring to the general map of British North America, it Avill be
seen, thatthe Gulf of St. Lawrence forms a sort of Mediterrannan sea, en-

compasse

entrances

Breton, r

Americai

not appr

the law

Bay of h

area, bor

Brunswic

four hun(

abound w

and shel

the vario

sufficient

iron, and

soil, her

within h

the sistei

ficient ir

all, that

Tlie r

pect to t

ble agen

both sho

sive, are

three mc

and it is

pose to 1

The i

fisheries

fit of th(

encroach

croachm

from the

it was ni

land to

mode in

the Am<

lowed, ^

by the c

the line

from thi

rage me r

vincial ]

reciproc

folio win

fisheries

In purs
from th(
ers, am
produce

mar-
orioua
ion, it
ime of

have
it any

place
•haps
foot-

agme

compassed entirely by British poss'^.ssions and accessible by three narrow
entrances, the Gut of Canscau, the Strait between Newfoundland and Cape
Breton, and the Straits ofBellislc. Certr.in British treaties have given the
Americans and French the right of fishirg in this sea, (provided they do
not approach Avithiu three miles of the shore) which would otherwise, by
the law of nations, appertain exclusively to Britain and her Colonies. The
Bay of Fundy again is another extensive inlet, little inferior to the Gulf in
area, bordered on both sides by the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. The latter Province possess, as we have before seen, about
four hundred miles of coast on each of these land-locked seas, both of which
abound with fish ; and she has also harbors well calculated for the outfit
and shelter of fishing vessels, near adjoining to the favorite haunts of
the various descriptions of fish. She possesses timber close to the shores
sufficient to construct thousands of ships ; and, if she has not the hemp,
iron, and other materials for their outfit, it is owing to no deficiency of her
soil, her natural resources, or her climate. The materials for barrels are
within herself Salt Springs abound in some of her counties as well as in
the sister Province ; her sons are bold, hardy, and robust, but are not suf-
ficient in number to bring these resources into active operation ; and, above
all, that most essential item, capital, is wanting.

The Provincial Government has not been negligent of its duties in res-
pect to this object. It has repeatedly employed a most able and indefiitiga-
ble agent, M. ii. Perley, E3([., of St. John, to report on the fisheries of
both shores, and on those of the rivers and lakes, which, though less exten-
sive, are e(jually wortliy attention. The information he has embodied in
three most valuable reports ought to be circulated over the whole Province,
and it is to this source we have to look for proof of the particulars we pro-
pose to lay before our readers.

The Americans have always been fully sensible of the advantages these
fisheries afford, and they have not been slow not only to reap the full bene-
fit of the privileges secured to them by treaty, but in many instances to
encroach within the three miles reserved to the British fishermen. These en-
croachments led from time to time to repeated remonstrances, and to complaints
from the Provincial Governments to the Colonial Secretary in Britain, and
it was not till the year 1852, that efficient protection was afforded by Eng-
land to her transatlantic subjects. Much discussion took place as to the
mode in which the three miles distance from the shore were to be calculated ;
the Americans contending that the indentations of the coast were to be fol-
lowed, while the British Negotiators argued, and supported their arguments
by the opinions of the most eminent jurists on both sides the Atlantic, that
the line must be drawn from headland to headland, excluding all foreigners
from the bays and harbors of the Provinces. The protection and encou-
ragement of the fisheries having been repeatedly brought before the Pro-
vincial Legislature, a Committee appointed in 1853, on that subject, and on
reciprocal free trade, made a very able Report, from which we extract the
following paragraph: — "That the full and uninterrupted enjoyment of the
fisheries on the coasts of this Province, forms an incalcidable source of
localf/t, antl is of iticstimab/a value to the people of New Brunswick." —
In pursuance of this Report, an address was transmitted to the Throne
from the Legislature, and the protection was aftbrded by armed British steam-
era, and by some small cruizers fitted out by the several Colonies, which
produced a material improvement in the profits and condition of the British

I ;(

n .'

fishermen. A somewhat protracted negotiation was now entered on, the
Americans seeking to be admitted to the enjoyment of the fisheries possessed
by the British Provinces, and the British Ambassador requiring the } vice of
such a valuable privilege, some important concessions as to their trade -the
admission of their fish into the States on equal terms, the abolition of boun-
ties and of the imports on various articles of their produce, n\d the registry
in the Union 0/ Colonial built vessels, There were also some other subjects
of discussion as to the navigation of the St. Lawrence, which do not imme-
diately affect this Province. The last condition was absolutely refused by
the American negotiators ; but the other points having been conceded, what
is called the Elgin Treaty, Avhich will bo found noticed in another part of
this work, was ultimately concluded. The Colonial fishermen have now to
enter into a fair race of competition with thei)' llcpublican neighbors, and
the importance of the subject is therefore enhanced, and the necessity for
its being well understood, much greater than when the markets were less
extensive. As yet they are far behind in the extent of their operations, —
the outfit of their vessels — the energy with which they follow up the pur-
suit — and, as a natural consciiuencc, in the profits they derive from it.
We cannot, perhaps, impress on our readers the value and importance of
this branch of Provincial industry better than by quoting the following
energetic and expressive paragraphs with which Mr. I'erley commences his
first " Report on the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence," which was
laid before the House of Assembly in the Session of 1840 (page 1) :

" There is probably no part of the world inwhicli such extensive and va-
luable fisheries are to be found, as within the Ciulf of Saint Lawrence.
Nature has bountifully provided within its waters, the utmost abundance of
those fishes which are of the greatest importance to man, as affording not
only nutritious and wholesome food, but also the nu ans of profitable employ-
ment.

"These fisheries may be prosecuted as well in the open Avaters of the
Gulf, as within every bay, harbor, creek, cove, and inlet in corii-ection with
it. Whether on the bleak and stcrill coast of Labrador, or on the western
coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton, or along the eastern shores of
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, or within the Bay of Chaleur, or around
Prince Edward Island, Anticosti, or the Magdalen Islands, the fisherman
may pursue his labors with nearly equal chances of success, and the full
prospect of securing an ample reward for his toil.

" With such value and unlimited fisheries in f^l'^se proximity to these
Colonies, and as it may be said at the very doors of the inhabitants, it is no
less strange than true, that they are prosecuted to the greate^i extent, and
with most profit, by citizens of France, and of the United States.

*' The French exercise an almost exclusive right of fishing upon the wes-
tern coast of Newfoundland, the fertility and great mineral wealth of wliich
have only recently become known, and are not yet fully appreciated.

" From seven to eight hundred sail of American fi.«hing vessels enter the

Gulf of Saint Lawrence annually ; and scattering over the whole of its

wide extent, with little herd of the limits to which they are restricted by

treaty, pursue their business unmolested, and but rarely leave their stations

' without full and valuable fares.

" The Jersey merchants also prosecute these fisheries with great zeal and
assiduity, and, as it is believed, with much profit. They have permanent es-
tablishments and fishing stations in Gaspe, Labrador and Newfoundland, and

three or
confine t
hundred
to variou
Two of t
are supj
nearly 01
" The
are with!
to a mot
and the
Island, V
of the se
describee
Brunswi
tremity
tent and
fish, of (
led Gulf
lacilities
Mr. P
affected
dant mai
on the si
25)

" The

tion of tl

a fruitful

of remui

calculatii

successfi

merchan

also, woi

tion witl

for his SI

tritious i

"Aid

so little

highest

ever lie

directed

an unsp

tor, and

ceeding

Inl^

and pre

within t

the Gul

the fist

not, hoi

ment {\

"Th

three or more establishments in New Brunswick ; but they by no means
confine themselves to any particular locality. They employ upwards of one
hundred vessels almost exclusively in f.aiiyin^' the rich products of the deep
to various foreign markets, besides the smaller -^raft rccjuircd upon tbo coast.
Two of the leading Jersey firms, Messrs Robin & Co., and JS'icolle ]Jroiliors,
are supposed respectively to afford employment, directly or indirectly, to
nearly one thousand persons.

" The inhabitants of those shores of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia which
are within the Gulf, pursue the fisheries in their imuiediute noigliborhood
to a moderate extent ; and a few of their vessels visit the ?.Ia;;dalon islands,
and the Labrador coast, during the season. The people of Trince Edward
Island, who are favorably placed for securing a goodly portion of the riches
of the sea, make still more limited efforts ; but their eflbrts can scarcely be
described as more limited, or more feeble, than those of the people of New
Brunswick, who dwell upon its shores, from Bay A'^erte to tlic western ex-
tremity of the Bay of Chaleur — those shores commanding as great an ex-
tent and variety of fishing ground, and as abundant supplies of valualdc
fish, of every description, as can be found in any other part of the unrival-
led Gulf of St. Lawrence ; while they possess equal, and perliaps superior,
facilities for prosecuting its fisheries, botJi extensively and profitably."

Mr. Perley then proceeds to point out the improvement, that might be
affected in the mode of cure of the various descriptions of fish, the abun-
dant markets, aad the different sorts of shell and river fish that are found
on the shores and streams ; and he concludes this report as follows (page
25) :

" The immense products which might be obtained by a vigorous prosecu-
tion of the fisheries for herring, cod and mackerel, would not only furnish
a fruitful source of profit to a railway, but they would afford such an amount
of remunerative employment to all the productive classes, as almost to defy
calculation. They would enable the Province to open up and prosecute a
successful trade with several foreign countries, with which, at present, the
merchants of New Brunswick have no connection whatever. The farmer,
also, would bfc greatly benefitted by the extension of the fisheries in connec-
tion with the railway, because he would not only find a more ready market
for his surplus produce, but he would be furnished with wholesome and nu-
tritious food, at all seasons of the year, on the most reasonable terms.

"Aided by railways, the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, now of
so little iuportance, and such limited value, would take rank as one of the
highest privileges of New Brunswick— its unfailing source of wealth for
ever hereafter. And while the efforts of the people were successfully
directed towards securing these bounties of Providence, lavished Avith such
an unsparing hand, they would rejoice in the goodness of an all-wise Crea-
tor, and offer up humble but earnest thanks to Almighty GckI, for his ex-
ceeding goodness and mercy towards his erring and sinful creatures."

Li 1850, the same gentleman was again employed by the Government,
and prepared a still more elaborate report on the sea and river fisheries
within the Gulf, pointing out the advantages of the several localities along
the Gulf shore, and making most useful suggestions for the improvement of
the fisheries, especially that for salmon, in the several rivers. ^Ve must
not, however, extract more than the concluding paragraphs from this docu-
ment (page 89) :

" The rents arising from ' fishing rooms,' and river fisheries, with the ad.

%':

dition of any legislative grants, might be most usefully and beneficially em-
ployed, in extending and improving the fisheries, in a great variety of ways.
At almost every fishing station, there is a great want of those conveniences
necessary to a successful prosecution of the fisheries. Landing piers, break-
waters and shelter harbors, boat slips and capstans, moorin^^s, and small
harbor lights or lanthorns, are all greatly needed ; and, probably, few bet-
ter modes could be devised, of assisting and encouraging the industrious
fishermen, than by furnishing these conveniences at the public expense.
Short roads, or lines of comraunication between piers, fishing harbors or
stations, with the nearest high roads, arc also recjuired, almost everywhere.
If advisable, premiums might be given for good boats and nets, for the most
scientific and successful modes of fishing, and for the discovery of new fish-
ing grounds.

'' It is a duty incumbent upon the people of New Brunswick to encou-
rage, preserve and protect their admirable fisheries. They should, witli
thankful hearts, use the gifts which Providence has bountifully bestowed,
and prevent their reckless and improvident waste ; so that they may here-
after be able to render a good account of their stewardship of that which
has been beneficently vouchsafed to them."

In the following year, Mr. Perley was employed to report on the fisher-
ies of the Bay of Fundy ; a task he has performed with the same ability,
zeal and industry, that characterize his former labors ; and it contains a
most useful summary, shewing the difficulties and imperfections at present
existing in the laws regulating the fisheries, as well as in the mode of carry-
ing them on, and in curing and packing the fish. We recommend the whole
to the attentive perusal of all who may feel an interest in this highly im-
portant subject.

If further evidence of the extent to which this branch of industry might
be carried were required, it would be found in a most convincing and well-
written letter from the Honorable John E. Fairbanks, of Halifax, append-
ed to Mr. Perley's reports, from which we cannot forbear giving a short ex-
tract (p. 246) :

" The custom house returns as to fish will give you some idea of the im-
ports and exports of this article. From them, you will learn how large a
quantity we receive from Newfoundland, for which cash is paid to a great
extent ; but no information can be obtained as to our domestic consumption
It is doubtless very great, as there is scarcely a family but uses 'Ish, in va-'
rious shapes ; yet this demand would be greatly increased if the modes of
cure were improved, and the quality could be relied upon. The farmer who
teams a barrel of fish a long distance into the interior, and then finds them
bad, is cautious how he buys in future. A rigid inspection law, properly
carried out, would be of great service.

" I think there is scarcely a man in the Province who has a correct idea of
the p?-cseni value of our fisheries ; and I am sure that few can conceive to
what an extent they are capable of being carried, under sound and judicious
legislation and management. AVe have not only no bounties, but not one
shilling of public expenditure has ever been disbursed, in improving a fish-
ing port or station. All our nets, lines and twines are imported, the light
and simple manufacture of which might, I think, be introduced, and thus
furnish employment to the families of fishermen during the winter season."

The three most valuable fisheries in the Province shores are the herring,
the cod, and the mackarel. The first is principally carried on by set or

em-
jajs.
pees
feak-
Imall

bet-
l-jous
?nse.
rs or
lere.
iiost
Ifish-

im-

stako nets and weirs, and in small boats from tlio shore, and is not consider-
ed of sufficient value to bo materially interfered with by the Americans, al-
though it is of considerable advanta;^e to the inhabitants, especially to those
of the islands in the Pasraacjuoddy J>ay. In the autumn, the herrings are
fat and ^ood, but the fishermen are ignorant, to a great extent, of the proper
mode of curing ; nor are they acijuainted Avith the setting drift-nets in deep
water, as is successfully done on the coast of Scotland. The number of
barrels stated to have been exported from the five principal northern ports,
in the eight years ending 184'^, was only lH>8i» ; and of these, a large pro-
portion were the gaspcreaux or alewives from Miramichi, This is the more
surprising, as the capital recjuircd is comparatively insignificant, while the
markets are unlimited, and daily increasing.

The cod and mackarel are also taken to a considerable extent in the Bay
of Fundy, and the pollock and hake fishery is carried on in tlio lower part
of the Bay, near the PasmaijUO'ldy ishmds, and round Briar Island, on the
Nova Scotian coast. The shad fishery above Cape Enrage is found very
productive. This valuable fish is sure to find a ready market, either in the
Provinces or the United States ; but the (juantity might no doubt be great-
}y increased, as well as the (quality improved, by proper regulations and ju-
dicious management.

FISHERIES— NATURAL lllSTOJiy.

After having considered the commercial importance of the finny tribe to
the Province of Ncav Brunswick, we propose to give a brief sketch of their
natural history, compiled principally from the reports of Mr. Perley, to
which wo have alreaily been so nmch indel)ted, and the scientific work of
Dr. Gesner on tlie I dustrial Resources of Nova Scotia, The following
catalogue of the fislu s i' uid in the waters of New Brunswick (so far as
they have yet been n lined) is compiled from both the above mentioned
works ; the Mamma .. 1 Cetacea being enumerated by Dr. Gesner only :

Manuiudia.

Common seal, or harbor Seal.

Hooded Seal.

Mr. Perley mentions other kinds or varieties of Seals — the hooded Seal
being the largest. The other three varieties are known as "the square
flipper,"' "the blue seal," and "the jar seal."

Celacea.
Grampus or Porpus.
Gladiator, Sword Fish.
Common Whale.
Black Fish.

Group 1. Osscmis or Bonij Fishes.

Order 1st. Fishes with spinous rays in their fins.

(Mr. Perley "s arrangement is principally followed.)
Perckhv — the Perch family consisting of :
The American yellow I'erch.
The striped Basse.
The little white Basse.
The common Pond-fish.
The American yellow Perch, a beautiful little fish, is found in lakes and

i «

4 i

h^h

still rivers. The striped Basse is a salt water fish, ascending the rivers in
the spring and winter, and is an excellent fish for the table. The little
white Jiiisse, or Perch, abounds in the river St. John, and most localities
where there is but little current, it is taken in the Buctouche and other
northern rivers in winter. The common pond fish, also a perch, has a
wide raii^o, extending from Lake Huron through all the British Provinces.
It is bony, and seldom eaten.

"2. 7V/4' AW//' —Fishes with hard cheeks.

The c(jiinnon iiuU-hcad or Sculpin.

The (ireenland Bullhead.

Two spincd IStubile-back.

The Norway Haddock.

The Sculpiu is very numerous, and is a great annoyance to line fishers ;
it presents rather a tbrniidable appearance, hut is said not to be a bad arti-
cle of food. The Norway Haddock (not the Scotch Haddock) is common
to both sides of the Atlantic ; it is sometimes called the " red sea pearch,"
'•the rose fish"' and "the snapper." In Norway it is considered a great
delicacy.

i\ ySroinhridtr.. — The Mackarol Family.

The Spring Mackarel.

The Fall Mackarel.

The common Tunny.

The Sword Fish.

The mackarel are the most valuable fish frequenting our shores. 'J^herc
are said to be two species, the spring and fall mackarel, though doubts are
entertained whether they are not the same in different stages of growth.
The Tunny, or horse mackarel, also belongs to this family, though it is not
abundant, and the fishermen are anxious to get rid of it from its breaking
their nets. In the Medeterranean, its fishery is important, but in America
it is either of inferior quality, or is but little esteemed. The Sword Fish is
sometimes found on these shores in pursuit of mackarel.

4 Gohi(f(e. — The Goby Family.

The Wolf Fish.

This is the only species of its family on these shores, and is the abhor-
ence of the fishermen, who cither avoid it, or dispatch it as soon as possible ;
as its name imports, it is ferocious, and will inflict severe wounds if not cau-
tiously avoided.

f) Lophidn:. — Fishes with wrists to pectoral fins.

The iVmeriean Angler.

The Lophiddc are only represented by one species on these coasts, which
is remarka!)lo for two long appendages on its head ending not unlike a small
fish ; it h said to stir up the nmd, so as to conceal itself, when the smaller
fish are allured by the apparent bait to approach its head, and are seized by
the expectant fish, thence called " the American Angler," it is sometimes
called the Monk Fish and Fishing Frog.

t). L((hrido\ — The Wrasse or Rock-fish Family.
The Sea Perch or Runner.

The Tautog, or Black-fish.

The Ounnor, or blue fish, is abundantlin the Gut of Canseau, but is little
esteemed for food. The Tautog has 'only lately been found in the St. John
harbor ; it is an excellent fish for eating.

;!*

Order 2.— Soft finned fishes ; the fin-rayi almost univtritlly flexible.

1 Cijprinidw. — The (. "arp Family.
The common Sucker.

The Yellow Shiner.

The Red Fin.

The Koach Dace.

The Chub.

The Brook Minnow.

The striped Killifish.

The Cyprindiw are more numerous, including the common Sucker, an
exclusively American fish ; if taken before spawning, in the early part of
May, it is eaten by many persons ; — the yellow shiner, a delicate, finely
flavored little fish, which is abundant in the waters near Hampton Ferry; —
The Redfin, a beautiful little fish ; — the Roach Dace, all rise readily to the fly,
and are in season inMay ; — The Chub abounds in most rivers and streams;
it is considered a coarse fish, but not unpalatable if of large size, and it
should be eaten fresh The Minnow and Killifish are only taken for bait.

2 )SUitri(l(/'. — The Sheat fish family.
The common Cat Fish.

This unsightly fish is not eaten in New Brunswick, but is highly es-
teemed in Maine and Massachusetts.

3 Esoridw, — The Pike family.

There are two species of this family, the Pickerel and Sea Pike.

4 Salmonidfc. — The Salmon family.
The Brook Trout.

The great grey Trout.

The Salmon Trout or white sea Trout.

The Salmon.

The American Smelt.

The Capelin.

The White Fish.

The Salmon family comprises some of the most delicious fish found in our
waters. The brook trout may be met with in almost every river, lake and
stream ; it is migatory, descending to the sen if it has the power, and re-
turning to deposit its spawn in the clearest and coolest water it can find.
The great grey trout is found in all the larger lakes of New Brunswick,
and in Lake Temiscouta, it has attained the weight of 21 pounds ; it has
lately been found in Loch Lomond, near Saint John ; its flesh is coarse and
indifferent. The white sea trout abounds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and
is found on the northern shores, and in the estuaries of rivers, us far as
the Straits of Canseau, early in June ; it is caught in nets at the ^lagdalen
Islands, and salted for export. The river Philip, in Nova Scotia, is much
resorted to by sportsmen to fish lor this trout, and it affords a rich treat to
the epicure, 'i he Salmon is so well known in the North American colonies
as to need no description. This fish enters the rivers of Nova Scotia dur-
ing the latter part of April, and these of New Brunswick, falling into the
Bay of Fundy early in May ; while it seldom ascends the rivers of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence until the month of June. The American smelt abounds in
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; on the Gulf shore large quantities are
used as manure ; in the Bay of Chaleur it is captured by a Seine, and used
aa a bait for cod. The Capelin inhabits th.3 northern seas only, never rang-
ing favthey gQuth than tbo pboj'e» of New Brunswick, it \% w»©'^ m » bftli

\ i

if:.;

'I-

-.'if'

for Cod, and wherever it abounds the cod fishing is excellent. In Newfound-
land it has been dried in large quantities, and exported to London, where it
is esteemed a delicacy ; and there is little doubt but that this fish, and the
smelt, if carefully prepared for market, would meet with a ready sale. The
white fish, described by arctic voyagers as most delicious, is found in Lake
Temiscouta, and occasionally along the Madawaska river ; it abounds in the
h'agle Lakes, at the head of the Fish river, and in Lake St. Francis. Mr.
Perley says that he has seen numbers taken in Grand Lake, and that it has
been caught in the Nerepis, in the harbor of Saint John, and near Hamp-
ton Ferry.

5 Cli(/>e'd(e. — The Herring family.

Common American herring.

The Britt.

The American Shad.

Tl\e Gaspereau, or American.

Alewife.

The Mo3sbonk(M-, Menhaden, or hardhead.

The Auturaenal Herrinj;.

This family includes some of the most useful fish found on these shores,
the herring standing foremost. It is found on almost all parts of the coast;
some in the early spring, when they are poor and not esteemed, and again
in the fall, when they are more valuable. It appears that there are several
varieties : but the habits, haunts, and seasons of this fish are only beginning
to be understood, and accurate observations respecting them would be high-
ly valuable. The britt is occasionally met with in the Bay of Fundy, and
more frequently in the Gulf The American shad are supposed to come
from the south to deposit their spawn ; the best are found in the Bay of
Fundy, where they are taken in considerable numbers. There are none on
the Atlantic shore of Nova Scotia, but they frequent the Gulf of St. Law-
rence as fir nortli as the Miramichi, where, however, they are very inferior.
The gaspereaux or alewi^'cs are abundant in the Bay of Fundy ; those of
the Gulf are smaller, and they are not found further north than the Mir-
amiclii, The mossbonker, menhaden, or hardhead, is found in the Bay of
Fundy only ; it is seldom eaten, but is used as a mackarel bait. The au-
tumnal herring is a common fish at New York, and its description seems to
agree exactly with the ■' Quoddy herring," taken near Campo Bello. In
flavor and excellence it ranks only second to the Petitcoudiac shad.

Older o — Fishes with ventrals under the pectorals, and the pelvis sus-
pended to the slioulder bones.

1 Gafnda.—Th(j Cod family.

The conmion (Jod.

The American Cod.

The Tomcod, or first fish.

The Haddock.

The American Hake.

The Silver lliikc

The Coal i^'ish. or Pollock

The Torsk, Tusk, or Cush.

The spotted Burbot, or fresh water Cusk.

The cod family is one of the most important to man in the wlrole race of
fishes. The common cod and American cod are both caught in these waters.
The southern liiwit of the Aujerican cod is New York, and it ritages rjorth«

ting;

ip.

wardly to the St. Lawrence. The other species has been caught in consi-
dcable quantities in Davis' Straits, and even further to the northward ; it
is believed that there are several varieties in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
The cod is an exceedingly v ^rac'oas fish, devouring all small fish, Crustacea,
and marine shell fish. The tomcod, or frost fish, is taken on all the shores
of Nova '^'^otia and New Bmnswick throughout the year, and affords great
amusemi a to the juvenile angler; it is in fine condition during the early
part of winter. The haddock is an exceedingly fine fish when eaten fresh,
or when slightly salted and smoked, as the Finnan haddocks of Scotland.
They are found in abundance in Quoddy river, between Campo Bello and
Eastport, in Digby Basin, and in the harbor of Halifax. The American
hake, or ling, ranges from Cape Cod northwardly ; it is taken largely on
muddy bottoms, both in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of St. Lawrence ;
when salted and dried, it is exported to some extent by the Jersey mer-
chants. The silver Hake is sold in Saint John, under the name of Whi-
ting ; when quite fresh, it is exceedingly sweet and palatable, but soon be-
comes soft and tasteless ; it is never salted. The Coal fish or Pollock is a
northern fish, and has been found on the coasts of Spitzbergen and in Da-
vis' Straits : it abounds in the Bay of Fundy where it forms one of the
most valuable deep sea fisheries, but is not found in the Gulf of St. Law-
rence ; it is in good condition in August. The Torsk or Cusk is a north-
ern fish, its southorn limit being Massachusetts Bay, and is not abundant in
the Bay of Fundy, it is taken in deep water, in the latter part of winter or
early spring, and is very fine when eaten fresh, but being rather tough is
usually dried, and in Boston is preferred to cod. The spotted Burbot, or
freshwater Cusk, is the only member of the cod family residing permanent-
ly in fresh water, some hundreds are taken annually in the Saint John by
night lines dropt through the ice in the beginning of winter ; it is found a3
high as Fredericton, and near the Oromocto, and is also abundant in the
Temiscouta and Eagle Lakes.

2 Pleiironectedoe. — The family of Flounders, popularly called Flat Fish.
The Halibut.

The common Flounder.

The Sand Flounder or small Dab.

The Fleuk or common Dab.

The family of Flat Fish comprizes the Halibut, which is a very large
fish, found on the coast from Nantucket to Greenland ; it frequently weighs
200 lbs, and has been brought into Boston market of the weight of 400
and 600 lbs. The flesh is rather coarse and dry, but is esteemed by many ;
the fins and flaps are delicacies ; the fishermen of the Bay of Fundy suit
the flesh lightly, and dry it for winter use. The common Flounder, the
Land Flounder, or small Dab, and the Fleuk, or common Dab are found
every where on the coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It is pro-
bable that other species of this family exist, but have not yet been dis-
covered.

3 Cijclopteridoc. — The Lump fish family.
The common Lump Fish.

The Lump fish is sometimes found near Grand Manan ; attached to large
masses of sea weed, and small specimens are frequently taken in the rivers
in the harbor of Saint John ; in the Spring t approaches to depot*it its
spawn, and is taken in considerable quantities near the harbor of Halifax ;
these of a red color only are eaten.

. y

i¥

Order 4. — Fiahes in which the ventral fins are wanting.

1 AngecillidoB. — The Eel family.

The common Eel.

The Sea Eel.

The American Sand-launce.

The common eel inhabits both fresh and salt water, it is very voracious,
feeding on aquatic insects, small fishes, or any dead substance that may
come in its way ; it is caught in baskets or eel pots, and also by spearing in
the mud. The Sea Eel is so named by Dr. McKay as having been found
on the coast of New York, and Mr. Perley has also noticed it in the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence ; the Indians say it is exceedingly sly, and carnot be
induced to enter an eel pot ; those shewn to Mr. Perley were excessively
fat, the flesh very white and well flavored. It may probably be found along
the whole North American coast, north of New York. The American
Sand Launce is found every where on the coasts of New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia ; at Newfoundland and Labrador it is used as a bait for cod,
but is neglected on these shores.

Gronji 2. Cartilaginous Fishes.

Order 1. — Fishes with free gills.

1 Stureonidai. — The Sturgeon family.

Sharp nosed Sturgeon.

This fish is taken in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia from two to eight
feet in length ; it ascends the river Saint John in May, and is often taken in
river seines and gaspereau nets ; the flesh is like coarse beef, quite firm and
compact, but very rank and unsavoury ; the Indians salt it for winter use,
but it is not eaten by those who can obtain better fare. In the north of
Europe, extensive fisheries are established for taking sturgeon, and the ce-
lebrated caviare is made of the roe of the female.

Order 2. — Fishes with fixed gills.

1 Squaledm. — The Shark family.

The Thresher Shark.

The Basking Shark.

The Spinous Dog-fish.

The Thresher Shark is said to be common on both sides of the Atlantic ;
it pursues the shoales of Mackarel, Mosbonker and Shad, which it devours
in great numbers, and is frequently seen attacking the whales in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, and Bay of Chaleur. The Basking Shark, so called from
its remaining occasionally at the surface of the water, as if enjoying the in-
fluence of the sun's rays, usually exceeds 30 feet in length ; in August,
1851, one was taken in the Bay of Fundy 40 feet long, it had been en-
tangled in a string of herring nets, and was killed after a long and severe
struggle ; its liver yielded 320 gallons of oil. The spinous Dog-fish is
found every where on the coast of North America, from the Delaware to
Davis' Straits. The skin is used for various purposes, but ch';fiy by ca-
binet makers for smoothing the surface of hard wood ; the livers furnish a
valuable oil, and the fish themselves are often dried for cattle and pigs.
\^- e Raidoi.—ThQ Bay Family.
" The Skate.

The Hedgehog Ray.

The Skate is found on all parts of these shores ; it exists near the bottom,
and may almost be called a Flat-fish. Its appearance is not prepossessing

but in Loi

on many

French co

The Hedg

3 Petn

One sp*

is very ab

States anc

The sp

he, as nati

of Nova

been mere

besides th

Under
Whelbes,
of Saint 1
that they

Mr. M
criptions i

but in London large quantities are eaten, and its flesh is considered delicate ;
on many parts of these shores it is merely used to bait lobster pots. The
French consume it largely, and it is used both at Boston and New York.
The Hedgehog Ray has been found in Whale Cove, near Grand Manan.

3 PetromyzonidoB. — The Lamprey family.

One species only of the Lamprey family is found on these shores, but it
is very abundant ; it is not eaten in New Brunswick, but in the United
States and elsewhere, is held in high estimation by epicures.

The species of fish enumerated by Dr. Gesner are more numerous, but
he, as naturalist, probably includes many that have been found on the shores
of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and some which may have
been merely specimens, while Mr, Perley is more practical and includes few
besides those that are usually taken by fishermen.

Shell Fish.

Under this head may be enumerated Lobsters, Oysters, Clams, Mussels,
Whelbes, Razorfish, Crabs and Shrimps, all of which are found in the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence. Lobsters are so abundant in the Bay of Chaleur, that
that they are used to manure the land.

Mr. McGregor states (in his work on British America) that these dis-
criptions of fish are equally delicious with those of Europe.

■J >

NATURAL HISTORY— ORNITHOLOGY.

A complete description of the Ornithology and Zoology of this Province
would swell this volume far beyond its intended magnitude. These subjects,
indeed, deserve a volume of their own, and we trust that some scientific
naturalist will devote his attention, before long, to these interesting produc-
tions of this and the neighboring Provinces. We shall confine ourselves,
under this head, to a brief outline of the several species of birds proper to
the Province, which we have selected principally from Dr. Gesner's history
of New Brunswick.

Naturalists have divided this branch of history into a variety of orders,
the principal of which, so far as New Brunswick is concerned, will be found
under the following arrangement ; the subject, however, never has received
much attention :

Grey Eagle,
Bald Eagle,
Sparrow Hawk,
Fish Hawk,
Mouse Hawk,
Pigeon Hawk,
Hen Hawk,
Barn Owl,
Hawk Owl,
Screech Owl,
Long-eared Owl.

Red- headed Woodpecker,
And 3 other species,
Peabody Bird,
Cuckoo.

r Co

So
00

Six species of the Warbler, ]

Wren,

Two species of the Nut-Hatch,

Lark,

Humming Bird,

Snow Bird,

Four species of the Sparrow,

Finch,

Purple Finch,

Bull Finch,

Cross Bill,

Moose Bird or Jay,

Crow,

Raven,

Blue Jay or

Common Jay, J

a
05

> ^

Grackle,
Starling,
Kingfisher,
Meadow Lark,
Night Hawk,
Whip-poor- Will,
Chimney Swallow,
Barn Swallow,
Bank Swallow,
Martin,

Three varieties of the Fly-
catcher,
Thrush,
Robin.

Spruce Partridge, 'j
Birch Partridge, I ^ ,,.
Dove. j

Pigeon.

American Bittern, ]

Curlew,

Four species of Plover,
Three species of Snipe,
Woodcock,
Coote.

Wild Goose,
Six species of the Duck,
Gull,
Fern,
Brant,
Sheldrake,
Greke,
Gannet,
Diver.

Oj
re

The extensive sea-board, and numerous marshes and u.3adows of the Pro-
vince, afford every facility that a sportsman can desire for shooting snipe,
woodcock, plover, coote, ducks, sheldrakes, brant and wild geese. The
north-eastern coast abounds with the wild geese and brant. These birds
make their appearance in the bays and lakes about the middle of March ;

Bear,

ince

cts,
tific

uc-
ves,
r to
tory

the geese remain about six weeks, and the brant about two months.
A space of two or three acres may often be seen covered, promiscuously,
with these noble fowl. Gunning boats have been constructed, wearing
the appearance of icebergs, and propelled by concealed paddle-wheels,
which are turned by the inmates as occasion may require. Each person
frequently carries with him two <louble-barrelled guns, so that as soon aa
he gets suflSciently near one of these fields of birds, one gun is discharged
at them while sitting on the water, and the other as they rise. The havoc
thus made is immense ; an expert gunner will sometimes fully load his boat
with his spoils. All these aquatic fowls pass northerly in the spring for
purposes of incubation, and return in the autumn with their young, when
the gunners repeat their operations ; the birds are then very fat, and they
remain about the same time as in the spring, generally leaving for a more
southern climate about the last of November. The principal part of the
feathered tribes to be seen in the Province, during the summer, are migra-
tory, the number peculiar to the country being very small ; ducks, however,
and other birds of passage, have been known to remain here all the winter.
The whole number of species seen during the summer does not, probably,
exceed one hundred and eighty.

ZOOLOGY.

The animals indigenous to this Province do not exceed forty in number.
The following list presents the greater part of them :

Bear, common black,

of Canada,

Mole (two species),

Bat,

Racoon,

Wolverine or Indian Devil,

Martin,

Mink,

Wease. (two species),

Skunk,

Otter,

Wolf,

Red, grey and black Fox,

Silver Fox,

Catamount (not common),

Lynx, or Wild Cat,

or Loup Cervier,

Common Deer,
Reindeer or Carriboo,
Elk or Moose.

Rat (two species),
Mouse (three species),
?*Iusquash or Muskrat,
Beaver,
Wcodchuck.

Squirrel (three species),
Porcupine or Hedgehog,
Hare or Rabbit.

Ruininantia

Reptiles.

There are but few reptiles in the Province : we extract this notice prin-
cipally from Dr. Gesner's work on New Brunswick :
Qurtle — two or three species.

Garter Snake, Pi . •

^, c- 1 ^ Arc not poisonous.

Green fenako, \ ^

Black Snake— is said to be venomous; it is not very common.

Bull Fiog and Spring Frog.

Toads-- two varieties.

Sa]amander» — three varieties,

,<■ : ■;■■■

f'i ';

The most useful among the wild animals thav inhabit this Province are
the deer, cariboo and moose. They are not very numerous, except the
cariboo, which are sometimes found in droves of ten or twelve, chiefly in-
i:abiting plains and morasses, in which they are frequently shot in the au-
tumn. The flesh of each species is considered very delicious, and the skins
are held in much esteem, as they make excellent, and warm, materials for
coverings for travellers, either in sleighs or coaches daring the winter.

The most ferocious and dangerous inhabitant of the forest is the bear ;
though he subsists during the summer time principally on berries, still he
is carniverous, and will attack sheep and cattle, and sometimes man ; there
are, however, but few instances on record where this has been the case, ex-
cept by the female Avhen the cubs are young, or after the animal haa bsen
wounded. Bears lie in dens during the winter in an almost dormant state ;
they are commonly said to suck their paws for sustenaiico. The wolf, cata-
mount, and Indian devil, are ferocious carniverous animals; the latter are
very scarce, seldom in fact heard of ; the former have within ten years been
numerous along the western borders of the Province, but during the last
three years the number has considerably decreased. The mink, martin, fox,
lynx, or loupcervier, muskrat, racoon, otter and beaver, are in great repute
for their furs. Muskrats, foxes, the lynx, and martin, are very numer-
ous. Otters still abound in the rivers and tributory streams of the north-
ern part of the Province ; but the beaver, which is considered only second
to the otter in the fur market, is now almost extinct except in the Resti-
tigouche and its tributories. In fact, many of these animals, together with
the Indian tribes, who have bt^n their principal exterminators, are fast dis-
appearing, and at no very distant period, will only be spoken of as matters
of history.

There are few countries on the American continent affording a greater
variety to the sportsman, than New Brunswick ; besides the feathered tribes
which were the subject of the last section, its rivers, lakes and bays teem-
ing Vt'ith fish of every kind, the same wide domain, also, affording on its
shores abundance of the marine tribes, the forest affords ample scope and
pay to the more adventurous huntsman. In addition to the amusement
these pursuits afford, they are all not unattended with profit. The early
settlers have derived assistance from the salmon, trout and other fish of the
lakes and rivers, as well as from the variety of wild fowl, and the cariboo
and moose of the forest ; the former sometimes weighing from 200 to 300
pounds ; the deer somewhat lighter, and the moose from 800 to 1400 lbs.
made no inconsiderable addition to the poor man's larder. Of late years,
however, these occupations have been followed by many whose time might
have been better employed, and whose necessities have required every days'
work. Hunting and fishing, like gambling, are very alluring, and should
therefore not be indulged in by any, especially by the poorer classes, to a
greater extent than they can well afford.

BOTANY

fs coil fund, principa/li/, In a description of the indigenous trees in
the Province, their use, and (he quality of the land upon which they
grow, for agricvUnral purposes.

The forest treea of this I^'ovinoo are, arbitrarily, divided into two gi'eat
f'lasue*, hardwood, find eortwood ; i\mQ which drop theiv leavw in the m^

are
the
in-
au-
cins
for

tumu (except the hacmatac) are of the former, and those of the evergreen
tribe are of the latter class.

Species of Hard-wood, arid their use.

Maple. — There are several species of the maple, as the ilock-maple,
White-maple, Red-maple, and Moosewood; — there are also other varieties.

Rack-maple. — The "hard maple," "curly maple," and "bird's eye
maple," are varities of the rock maple, all of which are found in great
abundance throughout the Province, and are highly sacharine. This ma-
ple is the most valuable of the indigenous trees of North America ; the
soils most suitable to its healthy production are the alluvial meadow lands
along the margins of rivsrs, and the gentle acclivities of hills ; it is seldom
found growing thriftily, either in swamps, or on the tops of the higher ele-
vations. Maple wood, when seasoned, is capable of resisting great pressure,
it is of a light color, heavy, and compact in texture, and when not exposed
to raoistui'e, is very durable. The most important uses to which it is ap-
plied are in the manufactory of furniture, and that of sugar. The beauti-
ful varieties of appearance presented by ' ; surface, when dressed by the
cabinet makers, lenders it highly valuable to him, and it requires no arti-
ficial appliances to display greater beauties than can be found in almost any
other species of wood. It is surprising that the upholsterers of England
have not become better acquainted with it, more especially as the curls, dots,
and "birds eyes,"' of well selected specimens, are for superior in elegance
and variety to mahogany, and many other more expensive woods, now in
general use. while we might suppose that its cheapness would be a powerful
recommendation.

The sap of the rock maple is used in the manufacture of maple sugar ; it
is allowed that the average produce of each tree is a little over a pound
weight. "When properly manufactured, the sugar is very delicious, and is
wholesome and even medicinal. In a pecuniary and commercial point of
view, this manufacture is very profitable ; the quantity made in the Pro-
vince in 1851 was oo0,057 pounds, worth at least £10,000 currency. The
maple grows to a great size, sometimes exceeding two feet in diameter at the
lower part of the trunk, and frequently being more than 60 feet in height.
All land producing a thrifty growth of rock maple is of the best quality for
agricultural purposes, especially for English hay, the soil being generally
of a deep i-ich black color and highly alluvial. •

The irhile onaple ; its sap is slichtly sacharine ; it grows generally on
flat, swampy land, though it is sometimes found on dry soils, but seldom of
a large sis;c. In situations favorable to its growth it attains a more lofty
height than the rook maple, though rarely so largo at the bottom of the
trunk : the wood is very light, elastic, and flexible, yet possesses great
siroiigth, and is employed in the manufocture of agricidtural implements,
such as carts, barrows, ploughs, axles, ox-yokes and caiiiage shafts. The
bark is used in the manufacture of ink, and ^Yhen applied with copperas, a
good black dye is produced.

The red iiuijtlo is similar in many respects to that last described and is
produced in similar situations, preferring moist ground. Neither of them
are any mdicatioa of the quality of ^he soil except when they grow very
large and thrifty. The wood of the ircd maple is employed for poles, fuel,
other domestic purposes, the saplings make good hoop-poles, and the bark
mixed with alum makes a good dye. Both these species are highly oroa-

( •*

' ' r<

mental, especially in the autumn, when the frost Bctf. in, and the leaves as-
sume all colors and shades from purple to yellow. These trees retain their
foilage longer than almost any other in the forest ; the ashes of all the ma-
ples are largely used in the manufacture of soap.

Mnose Wood does not grow to any great siijc, seldom exceeding 15 or
20 feet in height, with a proportional thickness ; the timber is little used :
these trees arc never found in groves, but are generally interspersed through
the forest.

Dof^ivood, or Mountain Ash, is also of little use ns timber, though
highly ornamental, producing blossoms and scarlet berries. It is much
used for medicinal purposes, and its bark is a fine tonic.

Thn Beech, of which there are three kinds, the rnmrion bttch, irhi/r
heech, and red beech, abounds through the whole of iVew Brunswick.
Ridges covered chicHy with a growth of this tree, arc found in many places,
extending for ten miles. The beech, when confined, grows to a great height,
frequently attaining (50 feet, and when the young sprouts are planted in the
form of hedges, and properly trimmed, it becomes usei"!)l as well as highly
ornamental. The soil congenial to the growth of beech is inferior for agri-
culture ; when brought into the state of burnt land, it will produce two
good crops, but when broken up by the plough one only can generally be
taken from it, and it requires annually a large supply of manure. The
beech produces at intervals of three or four years large (quantities of nuts,
but the blossoms frecjuently suffer from the late frosts of the spring ; when
this crop is abundant, large droves of pigs arc driven among the trees in the
autumn, where they soon get fat, but the pork is somewhat oily. The
timber is close grained, heavy, and durable when kej)t either wet or dry.
but the principal use to which it is put, besides that of fuel, is in the manu-
facture of staves: there is no wood of American growth, which, when
dressed, presents so smooth, close, and glos.sy a surface ; hence it is much
used for "sled-runners" by lumbermen and new settlers, in places where
access to iron is difiicult and costly, and, in an economical point of view,
sleds thus built are no bad substitute for those with iron shod runners. The
white beech is found to be an excellent material for the handles of carpen-
ters tools, also for nmsical in;:tyuniei:ts, and cogs for mill njathinery. The
red beech is very durable, and is much used for spokes for wheels, and for
ploughs, harrows and other farm utensils.

Oak. — Inhere are two kinds, the ,1,'Vfy oa/i, and the red oak ; the prin-
cipal difference is in color. This tree grows to a great height, frequently
that of 70 or 80 feet, being over three feet in diameter ; it very comraonl y
rises fif*"}' feet without a branch. The timber is heavy, porous, elastic, and
durable, and is principally used for ship-building and agricultural implements :
but is rarely exported, except for ship-building, and then only to a limited
extent. It grows most luxuriantly on deep alluvial soils, sinjilar to those pi-o-
ducing the rock maple, among which it is frequently found intermixed. J(s
appearance indicates a good soil, suitable for lavuiing pursuits.

Birch. — There are several species and varieties of the birch, known as
th(! black birch, white birch, or canoe birch, yellow birch, and grey birch.

The 0/<ick birch is much used in ship-building, for which it is only second to
hacmatac or juniper; the cabinet-maker employs it in the construction ol'
fables, bedsteads, and various other kinds of furniture; for which its diver-
sified and frequently variegated appearai oe, presenting stiipes, spots, birds
eyes, and scrolls of various colors, renders it well adapted. It is very du-

oars.

7-//,

5C pro-
Its

roll,
oiui to
tidii of
(.livov-
, birds
ry du-

rable and close grained, and frequently attains great height and size of trunk.
Tiarge quf.ncitiea of the timber arc annually exported to Britain, and in this
country the bark is much used by tanners. It is found most plentifully on
a deep alluvial soil, and its presence always indicates good land.

The white birch^ to which the canoe birch is nearly akin, generally
grows upon poor dry soils, but in some places where it thrives, the land i^
found productive, as in many spots along the margin of the Northumber-
land Straits, and near the rivers emptying therein. The white birch is met
with in large groves, interspread with spruce fir, pine and others of the
same class ; it generally assumes a tall slender appearance, often reaching
50 or 60 feet in height, and not more than 10 inches in diameter at thf
base. Sometimes, however, the canoe birch extends 70 or 80 feet upwards,
with a length of 60 feet without limbs, and a diameter of two feet. The
Tood is not durable or strong; being of fine grain, and light ; it is raucli
used by wheel wrights, and in the manufacture of chairs : and when the
sap is extracted, which is done by boiling it in water, dishes and other tur-
nery ware are made of '* The best charcoal used in this country is burnt
from this wood ; and the bark is employed for a variety of purposes. Boxes
are constructed of it, by a peculiar mode of folding, and being light, durable^
:iind easily handled, are found remarkably convenient in sugar making, be
ing placed under the spout to receive the sap as it runs from the tree. Ves-
sels are also made of it for other purposes, and the paper like (juiility of the
inner lamina renders them an occasional substitute for writing paper. From
its close and compact texture, it is found useful in adding warmth to a house
when placed in sheets between the rough boarding and outer finishing. The
Indians construct their canoes of the same material, and some of them an*
of sufficient size to carry ten or twelve persons ; — and before civilization
had made any advance among them they enveloped their dead in a sort of
coffin of the same material, many of which have been exposed by the en-
<'.roachment of the sea, still in a perfect state. The ingenuity of the na-
tive tribes, in manufacturing fancy boxes and other articles of this bark,
ornamented with colored porcupine quills and strips of various kinds of
roots, is well known ; and they generally command a market in Europe a.s
well as in America.

The yellow and i^rey birch ^ like the black birch, both require a moist
soil, and are frequently found in swampy land. They seldom attain a great
height, but have a short thick trunk. The timber is of a close, compact
texture, and very durable under water ; it is used in considerable quantities
for ship-building, 'and the export of black and yellow birch from this colony
is carried on at a very extensive scale. Both these species are usually
found mingled with ash and fir. The white birch is used for some purposes,
but not to a great extent.

Ash. — The several species known in this Province are the irhilv ash.
black ask and yellmo ash.

The white a.^h is not found in groves, but is scattered through those
of rock maple, elm and oak ; it is sometimes met with in swamps, but is
then of inferior growth. Wherever it is produced thriftily, the land is
strong and highly productive. It often rises to the height of sixty feet,
with a diameter of about two feet. The wood is white and very elastic ;
when bent, it retains its position afterwards, and is much used for making
oars, staves and agricultural implements.

The black ash, like the white, requires strong moist ioil ; it thrives best

v,M

i .;.

100

•m<:

in groves in flat alluvial lands, on the margins of brooks, and near the bot-
tom of gentle acclivities where the soil is deep. It attains about a similar
magnitude with the white ash, and is used for the same purposes ; but in
consequence of the annular rings being easily separated, by percussion, it
is employed in the manufacture of baskets and chairs.

The yellow ««/ ' idant all over the Province ; it is found in low

swamps, and genei.-.., jn large groves. It is not much used, except by
coopers for hoops, and never grows to a large size, seldom exceeding six or
eight inches in diameter, with a tall, slender stem, ^^'herevcr it flourishes,
the land is strong, though very wet, and hard to bring into a state of cul-
tivation.

Poplar, — There are several species of the poplar, viz : the irhi/c poplar,
the balsam, poplar, and the common poplar.

The ich'Ue and balsam poplars are not very plentiful ; the wood of both
is of a light brittle nature, and they are consequently of little use except
for ornamental purposes or shelter round gardens or inclosurca.

The common poplar is very abundant throughout the Province, it grows
in a variety of soils, both arid and moist. In dry situations it is generally
mixed with a small growth of spruce and white birch, and the soil is not
strong; but on moist land it is frequently accompanied with black ash,
alder, and a low shrubbery, and here the soil is good and adapted for tillage.
It is of stately growth, ascending 50 or 60 feet from the ground, with a
long straight stem and without limbs ; it is often found two feet in diameter.
The wood is of a whitish oolor, and of light porous texture ; and is much
used in the construction of sleighs, waggons, and other vehicles, and also,
in the inside finishing to rooms.

Willow. — There are some varieties of the willow scattered over the Pro-
vince, but none of them are appUied to any useful purpose, except for or-
nament along the banks of streams and round inclosures.

Butter-nut or Wal-nut. — This tree sometimes rises to the height of
sixty feet, and is of proportionate diameter, its growth is not common to all
parts of the Province ; although it can be cultivated. A ridge, known as
Butternut ridge, in the north east of Kings' County, is the principal place
where it is produced naturally. The timber equals in color the old Eng-
lish Oak, and the open rafters of St. Ann's Chapel in Fredericton, afford
some fine specimens.

Elm. — The elm grows luxuriantly on the interval lands along the banks
of rivers, and in meadows, where it is highly ornamental : it is of greater
height, and diameter than any of the trees we have enumerated ; having
been known to reach 100 feet and to be four feet in diameter. The wood
is very elastic and strong, and is generally employed in the construction of
implements of husbandry and for domestic purposes. There are two species,
the red elm, and white elm ; both stately trees.

Hazel. — This is a low shrub, producing nuts ; it generally grows on
rich land, and is to be found in most parts of the Province : it might easily
be cultivated.

Wild cher?'y. — The wild cherry tree seldom assumes any great magni-
tude, generally appearing more like a shrub than a tree ; it grows abun-
dantly in all new clearings. The wood is rarely of suitable size for any
useful purpose. It produces a fruit which is not unpalatable, and if trans-
planted, would make good stocks for grafting the finest kinds of cherry.

Choke cherry, — This is a low shurb, growing along the borders of lakes,

101

and rivers, and in bogs. The berries are very astringent and not palatable.

Thorn. —This tree rarely attains as great a size as an apple tree ; it
produces haws which afford food for partridges and'other birds. It' culti-
vated in the form of hedges, it would be bcth useful and ornamental ; it is
somewhat scarce.

Aider. — This is a low shrub to be found almost every where, ])ut princi-
pally in low, swampy, and moist land. The wood is little used except as
charcoal.

Hombmin. — The hornbeam requires a rich, deep soil, similar to that
producing the .white ash, rock maple and oak ; it seldom grows more than
30 or 40 feet in height, with a corresponding diameter. The wood is much
used in the manufticture of agricultural implements.

Species of Sofi Wood, and their uses.

Pine. — There arc three species of pine, natives of the Province ; the
white pine, red or Norway pine, and the grey pine.

The u'hife jnne is the straighteat, largest and most lofty tree in the North
American forest, frequently acquiring the height of IGO feet, and a thick-
ness of four feet ; indeed one may occasionally be found as high as 200
feet, and with a diameter of five feet at the butt. The wood is the most
universally employed of any in the Colony : it is used iu the finishing of
edifices of every description ; masts for larger class of ships are made
of it, and deals, boards and s(iuare timber are all sawn from its trunk. The
internal portion of the tree is found to be very durable, when free from sap
and knots ; it is much used by cabinet makers. Wherever this species of
the pine abounds, the soil is generally sandy, and not very favorable for the
farmer : however very large and thriving trees have been met with, inter-
mixed with every variety of hardwood, along the banks of streams ; show-
ing that it will grow in almost all varieties of soil ; its presence, therefore,
is not at all times to be taken as a good indication of the (luality of the
land.

The red pine, frequently called the pitch pine, and Norway pine, is
highly impregnated with resinous matter ; and is very durable; it docs not
attain more than hnlf the size of the white pine, and a dry sandy soil is best
suited to its growth. In consequence of its inferior size, and its having a
very thick sap wood, it is not so much used as the white pine.

The £>rey pine is a mere shrub, growing in poor sandy districts, which
are entirely unfit for agriculture.

Juniper. — This tree, which is also known by the names of larch^ tuma-
rac, hacnifttac, but most commonly by the latter, is very common through-
out New Brunswick ; it grows on a variety of soils, but never attains per-
fection on very high land ; the lower and more swampy the soil, the better
is the (quality of the timber. Its diameter seldom exceeds two feet, but in
confined and crowded places, it attains a great height. This wood is of
incalculable value for ship-building, railway sleepers, foundations for wooden
buildings, mill machinery: and other similar purposes, where it becomes
alternately wet and dry. Hence arises the well known character, both for
strength and durability, of ships constructed of this material, which are
universally preferred to those built of any other North American timber.
The tree is deciduous though reckoned among the soft woods.

Fir. — This evergreen is very plentiful thrv^ughout the Province ; the
soil on which it grows is well adapted for agriculture, and it often happens

W'v

> ' \

* 1

'*' '.

-^^

102

that land formerly covered with hard-wood, when allowed to relapse into
forest, produces fir in great abundance. The wood is very durable when
kept wet, and is ustd by coopers in the manufacture of buckets, tubs, bar-
rels, and other similar utensils, ; when of suflicient size and soundness whicli
is not often the case, it is sawn into deals and boards. The resinous matter
with which the baik is strongly impregnated renders it medicinal, and the
young trees planted round buildings and inclosurcs, l^esidcs affording shelter
from Avinds and storms, would be both wholesome and ornamental.

Spruce. — There are two kinds of spruce, the ir/ii/e and the blac/c sprvce.

The irhile uprucc is an inhabitant of moist land, and its^ abundance in-
dicates that the soil is strong and of good (juality. It generally grows large
enough to be sawn into deals, and is never found in groves. The small
branches of this tree are used, when young for making a wholesome drink,
called spruce beer.

The hlac/v spn/re is the most common evergreen peculiar to the Province :
it is found in large groves, and on a variety of soils ; on the top of hills,
and in the cariboo plains, it assumes a scrubby character, while where much
crowded the trees are often not more than six inches in diameter with a
height of forty or fifty feet clear from branches ; thus furnishing good ma-
terial for fencing, and a grove of this description called a poll grove is
highly useful to the former. On more undulating grounds this tree is se-
cond in height only to the pine and actjuires a proportionate diameter. The
land best adapted to the spruce is light and loamy, and where other descrip-
tions of trees are intermixed, is found to be good tillage land. The impor-
ance attached to the use of this wood, which ranks next to the pine for
deals, boards, and battens, is shown by the immense quantity of those ar-
ticles exported from the Province. In 1851, these two species gave their
principal employment to 4,302 hands, 584 saw-mills, and a large Heet of
ships.

Cedar. —There are large groves of this species in many parts of the Pro-
vince ; it is produced on low swampy land, but where the growth is thrifty,
the soil being alluvial is considered strong, though cold and springy. The tim-
ber is light and durable, and is therefore much esteemed for fencing, and for
making shingles. This tree does not grow to a great size, and is frequently
thick in proportion to its height, except where it may be numerous and
crowded.

He?nlock.~T.\\is species of evergreen is generally found mixed with rock
maple, spruce, yellow birch, and beech. It requires a moist heavy soil,
which by the application of lime, becomes good tillage land. There is not
the same symmetry in the appearance of the hemlock, as in that of the spruce,
it seldom grows so high but is much thicker. Large trees are rarely sound
at the lower part of the trunk, and therefore the wood is not so much used
as the spruce, though more durable under water. It is employed principal-
ly for wharves, fences, and bridges, the greater part of which is submerged.
The younger growth, being sound, has of late been exported for railway
sleepers ; it is also much used for lathwood. The bark is highly important
in the manufacture of leather. i

The following swmmary may be taken, though not trithout soine
slight exceptions^ as a general diicctory to those traversing the Ne^v
Bruns^oick forests^ in search of land for agricidtnral operations :

First class soil. — This clftsaof soil is generally wooded with oak, elm,

103

rock maplo, alder, white auh, and hazol.

Second r/nss soih. — This class is usually interspersed with rock maple,
black birch, fir, beech, spruce, and hemlock, or with black ash, horn bean,
and cedar.

Third class soils pro<luce bhick spruce, wild cherry, and white birch.

Fourth class soils aie covered with pine, hacniatac, Hprucc, white maple
swainpush, and poplar.

Notwithstanding the fbrogoiug arrangement will be found generally cor-
rect, still a great deal depends on the thrifty and lu.xuriant appearance of
the several descriptions of irees. ^^^

It will be almost universally the case that Iftijd oovorcd with the various
kinds of hardwood, is richer tlian that producing ic*ftwo(xl , this arises from
the nutriment and warmth annually alVorded to tlie ^o]\ by the falling of
leaves and other decayed matter. And when hardwood laud has been once
cleared, and allowed again to grow uy* with softwood (which always follows,
and vice versa) the second growth, is softwood, always detracts from the
strength of the soil, while on the contrary hardwood will improve it. This
is more especially so, if one or two crops of grain, or other agricultural
produce have been taken, as is often done, before the land is allowcd^n this
indolent manner, to revert to its original state. ^ v '

<iE()I.OGY.

ft will be foreign to oar present purpose to enter, in detail, upon this
wdd field of inquiry. There are several works extant with reference to the
rireology of this Province : the principal being Dr. (jCMuer's cx[)lorations and
reports, made, under the direction of the New Brunswick government, be-
tween the years 1888 and 1844. We may also notice the report of Pro-
fessor Johnston, in 1850, made under a similar authority. These reports'
were respectively illustrated with maps, shewing the Geological divisions of
the Province. The survey made by the Professors had, for its principal ob-
ject, " the agricultural capabilities of the Province," and he oidy entered
upon the geolological field, as fur that science indicated its agricultural ca-
pabilities "' by its geological structure."

It is generally admitted, however, notwithstanding these explorations,
that our knowledge of the (leology of New Brunswick is still in an infant
state, nor will this excite surprise Avhcn we reflect on the fact that in much
older countries, countries too in which (>mpires have existed for ages, and
in which art and science, assisted by ample means an^t by counuercial enter-
prize, are only now developing their resources of this nature. New mines
of mineral wealth are being discovered beneath old cultivated fields, and
time honored cities : and there can be no tair comparison instituted between
this Province, still retaining its youthful character, and whose discovery was
almost of yesterday, and those older countries of Europe, hoary with na-
tionality ; where, however (Jeological improvement and developement seems
to be only on the dawn. It must be remembered that this Colony was in
the lifetime of many still enjoying health and strength, "a wilderness and
a solitary place,'' and until very recently, there was no place found for it on
the map of the world. Even after its position was recognized, and mapped
on a small scale, it has been hidden from any enterprising observation by
the great Province of Canada ; on the north-west, by Maine, a member of
|the most powerful Republic oii t]be face of the e^rth, on th9 south-west anci

1 1 r

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104

the invaluable Province of Nova Scotia, projecting far into the Atlantic on
the south-east ; while the fertile island of Prince Edward intercepts it on
the east. There is no one, however, who may have cast a casual glance at
this Province, and who may possess a slight knowledge of the agricultural
and mineral wealth of the countries surrounding it, but will be justified in the
conclusion, that, in addition to the resources already partially developed, there
is still a nation's wealth lying dormant in its bowels.

In turning from a general to a more particular description of the Pro-
vince, so far as the geological explorations have gone, it will be comprised
in the following principal divisions, namely : the grey sand stone ; the up-
per Silurian system ; the Cambrian system ; the granite region ; the lower
Silurian system ; red sand stone, and trap.

The Grey iSland ^Stouc, or coal formation, is the most extensive. This
field extends from Bathurst harbor, in the Bay C!baleur, nearly in the di-
rection of St. Andrew's, on the Bay of Fundy, und to witbiii about five
miles of the county of Charlotte ; thence nearly direct to Butternut Ridge,
and thence to Bay Yerte, including the principal part of the county of
Westmoreland ; from the Nova Scotia boundary its limit runs along the
eastern coast to Bathurst harbor. The area included -within this outline,
amounting to 7,000,000 acres, is over one-third of the contents of the whole
Province. The outcrops of coal liave been discovered in every one of the
seven counties partaking of this formation, viz : on the Orimocto and Nash-
wauk rivers, in the counties of York and Suiibiiry: on the Grand Lake
and its tributories, as well as on the Washademoak river, in the county of
Queen's ; on the Petitcoudiac river and its tributorios ; on Little Sheuio-
grie and Aboushagan rivers, in the county of Westmoreland ; on the Co-
cagne, Buctouche and Richibucto rivers, in the county of Kent : on the
^liranjichi, in the county of Northumberland, and on the sea board between
Bathurst harbor and Cara(|uet Bay, in the county of Gloucester. Coal has
also been discovered in the county of Albert; and on some parts of the coast
near the head of the Bay of Fundy.

The ('/fper i^ilurian Syslctn includes the northern region of the Pro-
vince ; the counties of Restigouche, Yictoria, and parts of Carleton and
Northamborland. being another third of the whole area. Little has yet
been ascertained as to the geological character of this section, as the explo-
rations have been very limited ; but the extent and quality of the land are
beyond dispute, highly favorable for agricultural settlement. Small tracts
are covered with granite, trap, gypsum and limestone, and iron ore is found
in great abundance at W^oodstock, in the county of Carleton. The strata
of this system consists of a series of beds lying above each other, and, ac-
cording to geologists, frequently abound in organic rcuiuins. .Much further
investigation is required before any opinion can be formed as to the real
character of this division, or as to the I'pplicatiou of its minerals to the
commercial advancement of the Province.

The C<unhri(ut Si/ftfein, or clay slate rocks, forms two tracts or belts :
one of which extends from Bathurst harbor through Gloucester, Northum-
berland. i''ork anil Carleton to the American boundary ; the other, divided
from the first by a narrow ridge of granite, gniess, &c., runs from Glouces-
ter through Northumberland, York, Charlotte, and parts of Sunbury,
Queen's and Kmg's.

The granite region^ with the exception of a few spots in Charlotte, St.
John, Queen's, and aorae other places, k priaeipally confined to a ridge ex-

105

tending from Bathurst harbor to the Chipitneticock Lakes, on the St. Croix
river.

7\he Lower Sihfrian St/ston extends from the gypsum quarries, in Al-
bert county, along the Bay of Fundy, in a narrow ridge through St. John
and Charlotte counties. It i5 composed of rocks of a slaty nature, and, in
this Province, indicates poor land.

Red Sand Sionc, or Lower Carboniferous System. — This forpiation is
met with iw t,\\e counties of "Westmoreland, Albert and King's. There are
also some i-vacls in Restigouche, Carleton, St, John and Charlotte counties.
This formauon comprises a great variety of soils, much of m hich, hoAvever,
when prcpcvly managed, is highly productive.

Trap. — The extent of country over which this division runs, is not very
extensive in any one place : yet there are beds of it interspersed through-
out most of the others, except the carboniferous or coal formation. The
counties of King's and Restigouche contain the largest extent ; and in them,
and other parts of this Province, the trap, syenite, or felspar rock, is too
hard to allow the atmosphere to have much influence in <lecomposing, as is
the case in some countries. Thus the lands included in this division are
diffieult and costlv of cultivation.

Having thus defined the main divisions of the Province, a; laid down by
geologists, we will attempt to describe, more practically, those minerals
which enter, or ought to enter, economically speaking, into the commercial
operations of the country: these principally consist of iron, coal. lime, gyp-
sum, tXC.

Iron is found more or less extensively in all parts of the Province.
Along the margin of the river Saint .Tohn and ics tributories, as far as ex-
plorations have yet gone, this one appears to be most abundant. Professor
■fohnsion, speaking cursorily of the ores of the Province (page 141), .says ;
■' Ores of iron abound in some localities, and especially the hot;matito va-
riety, now smelted in the neighborhood of AVoodstojk. In the absence of
co.al, this ore may be smeitect. as somewhat similar ores arc in Sweden, so
as to form a valuable artivde of home production for home use. and even for
exportation : but it cannot hope to compete, in the great iron market of the
world, with the productions of the various quick-working furnaces Avhich
are fed with fossil food."' The Professor here refers to the tardiness con-
nected with the manufacture of iron Avithout coal (■•fossil fuel.'')

A bed of iron ore exists within three miles of Woodstock. " These beds
of iron," says J)r. Gesner. in his third report, "can be traced to the dis-
tance of half a mile : they doubtless extend to a great distance, and may
be found crossing the Saint .lohn. The ore itself is distinctly stratified,
and conforms to the position of the strata of slate : and the dillerenee o
quality in different beds is not such as will materially affect its properties
lor working in a furnace. Tiie ore is a compact red or reddish- brown
hann.atite, or the hydrous per-oxide of iron. Wherever it is exposed to the
atmosphere, its color becomes changed to black or dark blue. The analysis
of a specimen from the njiddle of the bed gave —
.XXXVII. Per-oxide of iron, 78.40

Silica,
Alumina,

Water.

Per-oxide cf MauguncBe, a truce.

1,20
5,80
12,60

98,00,

i-\

1 '

it^ ■:■

106

According to Dr. Geener, this bed of ore is separated by two strata elate of
great thickness ; the ore lies in three separate strata, respectively, of 28,
15 and 27 feet, making the " total thickness of ore 70 feet." A foundry
has been established in this vicinity; and in 1851, there were 770 tons of
iron smelted.

There are many other localities in which excellent iron )re has been dis-
covered. A large deposit was found in 1888, on the !Merepis road, and river
St. John, below Fredericton, by Dr. GesT;er, who speaks ol' it thus: ''I
was unable to ascertain the exact width of this bed, on account of the col-
lections of detrities always covering a part of the bafial. Its thickness was
uncovered at one place to the distance of 20 yards., and at another no less than
60 yards. It'doubtless exceeds the largest of ordinary deposits of this kind, and
would supply fhe whole of America with iron, for Uiany ages. Being exposed
on the surface, it can be quarried like freestone ; and its removal and use are
rendered easy on account of its platy structure, which a]]ow.s it to be broken up
with the greatest flicility. Three varieties of the ore were found, nomely, the
hydrate of iron, oggillaceous oxide of iron, and hoomatite : upon an average,
they will yield foi'ty per cent, of pure iron, a lichness seldom popscssed by
the ores extensively worked in England. Every advantnge is afforded for
manufacturing the iron of this bed. It runs through a forest of hardwood,
that will supply an abundance of charcoal, and limestone was afterwards
found, suitable for a ilux. within a short distance of its rano-o. But should
there Ve no enterprize to erect furnaces for the smelting of iron, the time
has arri\'ed when it will yield a profit by being stiipped to England and the
United States. Its prorimity to the navigable Saint John, and the sea, are
objects of the highest importance : and many yeai-s will not pass away be-
fore it will meet the demand no>v supplied by other countries. The value
of such a uiscovery. altl)'>iigh by no means complete, is too obvious to re-
quire a remark.'*

Ferugino'u.^ matt<»r is verv abundant throughout the L'rovince ; almost all
the rocky deposits appear to contain a large portion, and iicnce arises the difll-
culty, and (without a groat deal of cr.re and attention) tlio uncertainty of mak-
jng surveys of land with instruments governed by the iTiJ»gn?ti('-nccdle. J* till
the country is too young to adopt th'^ remedy, the Theodolite. In the first
place, the cost of purchs.sing such nistrumeius to the Surveyor, and second-
ly, the cost to the employer in having surveys executed with such instru-
ments, will not, at this early .stage of the progro.T? of the Pjovince. warrant
its general adoption : the time, however, is not far distant when ueces.sity
will compel the use of this improved Instrument, ospe-'iaPv in the public
surveys. It is somewiiat astonishing, especiall}' to the European Engineer,
who has long discarded the use of instruments directed by the magnetic
needle in the surveys of his ov,n country, to see v.ith what accuracy a Pro-
vincial survtiyor, who understatid.s hi.} business, will, with a good instru-
ment of the old description, make his surveys close, even through the thick-
est woods and for a long distance, The writer, while running the division
h"ne between the Counties of Sunbury and (,>ueen"s, on the north-east side
of the tSc. John, experienced a dinicnlty of thi.s nature. Immediately after
crossing the Ga;jpereau river, (one of the tributaries to (Irand L-ike,)
whosL* banks arc very high, the niugnetic needle showeil strong indication.s
of the presence of iron ore ; which on examination, was found to extend
ubout one third of a mile from the river, in tho direction of the survey,
;in(3 the instrument beoaujo uttoily qsoloRa in exter^din^ the lint* over this

107

feruginous section Tlie ore appeared similar m «j[uality ♦'o that 'iiscovered
by J Jr. Gesner on the Merepia road and the St. John river ; and there is
probably a large area of thia ore bet\7een the Gaspereau and Salmon rivera.

Coal. — If we consider the e.\tent of aarfai.'e covered by the coal forma-
tion of the Province, the dii^renco in the depths or thickness of the veins
found in the deposits already discovered, as well as the variouH qualities
they display, we int^y fairly come <"o the conclusion that the coal region of
this Colony is of vast inportancc to its futarc prosperity.

The Aspl.aUic coal, or Alhertite, as it is some times called, of Albert
county, whicii is so highly esteemed on this side of the Atlantic, especially
for the production of gas. tliout,!i an anomaly, forms beds of great thick-
ness ; and it certainly widely differs, both in its po.iition and properties,
from any of the other varieties of coal which hav'e been hitherto found cither
in the United Stutos or in the Bi'tish North American Colonies. In addi-
tion to this highly bitiminous mineral, the Province possess the common or
urdinary bituminous coivl, cannul, anthracite, and lignite coal : it has. in
fact been discovered in nearly forty ditt'orent jdaces. yet the (quantity raised
is exceedingly small. It is imiveraally admitted by those best acquainted
with the agricultural cupaiiilitics of the I'rovince, that, if manufactures
were established they would form centres, as it were, of trade and industry,
and thjs create markets for the produce? of the farmor: anl that the cul-
ture of the liind v/ould consr(}Ucntly llourish to a great m' extent than has
yet been exneriencod in our Colonial History, tt is well known too, that
both thest branches of industry, when in a healthy state, re-act on each other,
and ])romote a natural prosperity ; and if agriculture be considered the
foundation, as many stiUesmou oonteml, of national wealth, yet unless the
superstructure bo a<lded, the building is incomplete, and all parts of it are
comparatively useless. If this reasoning be correct, we may appeal to the
experience of the most thriving districts in England and the States, for am-
ple proof that this superstructure cannot be raised, in the present state of
manuflicturing science, without an abundant supply of fossil fuel. Steum
is now the groat agent in every l)ran(;h ol' manufacture, us well as in the
most economical and expeditious mode of transit, and it follows, of course,
that no establishment of that nature can he successfully planted, without a
full deve! jpement of the mineralogiciil character of the country-.

It may perhaps bo contendeit that we might produce many of the arti-
cles uped in the i\-ovince by substituting wood for coal. To a certain ex-
tent, for a limited period, and under !i high restrictive system, ibis might
perhaps be done but there can be little <ioubt that it would be ultimately
injurious by destroying foreign inter course and commercial conntcf'on, the
only safeguards against Provincial retrogression. And the products of our
manufactories, limited and exnensive as they would be, could not enter the
foreign markets, in conipctitiun with those of the countries in which coal is
employed as the primary agent.

It follows, therefore that, among the numerous branches of Provincial
industry requiring the attention of our Legislature, as well as of the pub-
lic in general, none stands more prominently forward than the developo-
ment of the coal i'ormation of the Province. An immediate, thorough and
practical exploration itnd a full report o^ the extent, quality and position of
its various coal deposits, by persons of competent authority, is a desidera-
tum of no small importance both to the agricultural and commercial inter-
QStaof the Colony. In support of this view of the subject, the foUowiug

|^|H

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108

extract from the report of Professor Johnston, before referred to, will, we
are certain, be conclusive with all who have besto-.jd due attention on the
subject : — " The existence of available beds of coal in the Provinco, has
hitherto been looked upon mo"e in an exclusively Tnanufacturing and mer-
cantile, than in an agricultural light. Iron ore is said to be abundant, and
if coal could be found to smelt it, centres of industry Avould spring up :
which would erdiance the price of agricultural produce in tjjeir neighbor-
hood. This is true, l.ut the actual existence of the coal would render un-
necessary the large growth of wood for fuel, and w ould thus set free a great
extent of land for tlie exercise of rural industry, and tlic growth of corn.
On the other hand, if this iron is to be smelted with wood, Jie extent of
the manufacture, however, desirable in other respects, wo ild greatly incrense
the demand for fuel, or of land to be kept in perpetual forest, and Mould,
in like proportion, le>r.,on the agricultural resources of the Province.

The existence, anJ possibility of profitably working beds of coal in Kew
Brunswick, is as important thtjefore to the agricultural as it is to the other
interests — to the developement of the agricultural rc;iources of the difi'or-
ent parts of the Province, and to the form.ition of any thing like a correct
'. stimate of the extent of those resources."

Limestone. — This useful substance is firincipally composed of lime and
carbonic acid, and has been discovered in alnwst every county of the Pro-
vince ; its extent and uses fur ])uilding, and especially for agricultural pur-
poses, i-equire no furthe)" notices than those given under the heads of agri-
culture and commerce, and in the description of the several countiei-, wliere
the other rocks and minerals are also reierred to.

Gypsi//!/ is known to exist in several localities in ilie J*rovince, but more
abundantly in llestigouche, Victoria. (Gloucester, Kings', Albert <\nd AVest-
rnoreland counties : in the three latter, nearly in the direction of the IJail-
Avay now in course of construction between IShediac and fc^aint John. The
uses of this valuable mineral are similar to those of lime, and in an agricul-
tural point of view, as well as for exportation to the United States, it ia
highly importunt. it is composed of lime and sulphuric acid.

Copper. — A deposit of copper ore, said to be of gteat value, has recently
been discovered on tlv; property of the Messrs. Bull, about six miles below
Woodstock, ^^hould this turn out to be sufficiently extensive to be Avorked
profitably, it will be an important addition to the minerals of the Province,
and forn no small item in the St. Andrew's rail vay tratUc.

Lead is reported to exist at or near llorton in Kings' (^'ounty, Campo
Bel!., Tobique and in some other parts of the Province.

The following list of the rocks and minerals of this Province, is extracted
from " New Brunswick,'' by Dr. Gesner : (p. 853.)

. Granite, Iron Ore (abundant)

Syenite, Hornstone

Roofing Slate Thompsonitc

Porphyry Stilbite

Mica Slate !Apophylite

Limestone jllornblende

Hydraulic Limestone |Feldapar

Marble j Chlorite

Alum Slate Garnets

Coal |Talc

Graphite or Plumbago .Aabeitoa

^09

Ochres

Carbonate of Lime

Manganese Ores

Galena or Lead Ore

Grindstones

Freestone

Sulphurot of copper

Amethyst

Agate

Jasper

I Magnesite
jSalphato of Barytes
; Gypsum

Potters clay

Fireclay

Sulphate of Iron

Tourmaline

erpentine

jlron Sand
ilserine

Sprinr>-s.

jCarhy retted Hydrogen

U't^rugmous.

Salt
Sulphureous

A more detailed desoription of the rainerels of the J'rovince, will he found
under the head of the < 'ounlies, hereafter described.

]{VAE:<['R.

The subject or general revenue is one of so wide '.; d varied a nature,
that it is extremely difficult to arrive at a principal o.. Aliich to base our rua-
soni-ui; or our calculatio:.s. It is true that \^hcre^'er man is found in a ei-
vilized state, tliere must be a revenue raised for tlie support of civil and
mihtary organizations.

I?fext, the great question of principle arise?, whether thi", revenue shoald
be raised by (fii-cut or Irif/lrfxt jaxation, or whether both modes should be
resorted to. It has hitherto been the practice of most nations to levy taxes,
by legislative enactment, on nearly all articles imported i'roui foreign coun-
tries ; and even articles of export h;i ve, under some circumstances, been
made subject to such restrictions. Most political economists, however, now
agree that raw material imported for the purpose of manufacture, ought to
be unburthened by any impost.

Although the principal part of the revenue of all countries is paid indi-
rectly by the consumer of the goods taxed, yet it is difficult to induce tho
people in general to submit to a direct tax for the same purposes. Tho
adoption of a judicious system of municipal corporations by a public suffi-
ciently iritelligent to carry it out, would, perhaps, be the first step for such
an object, by giving the people power and control over the f inds raised for
local improvements, and, consequently, over their own wants of that nature.
This would tend to lessen the amount of legislative duties, and diminish
the sum required for general objects, as well as probably secure a moro
wholesome expenditure of the monies raised by local and direct taxation on
local objects and improvements. The opinions, however, difler, as to the
results of these institutions, and but few countries have yet adopted thorn.
Wo have information of tho satisfactory working of the municipal principle
in the United States and in Canada, where it hi;9 been sometime ni opera-
tion. There is one condition absolutely nccessarv to the successful working
of any law in a free country : that it should be satisfactory to the main
body of the people ; and this is more especially the case with regard to "ny
enactment of the nature wo are now speaking of ; which requires, also, iu
those to whom its operations are entrusted, a well directed intelligence, a
general knowledge of public business, and of the wants of the people, to-

!■ '%-

:;{.:;■

%l\

110

|h I

I )

geth^- r with due attention to the observance and administration of its regu-
latioiis.

V' e dhould be happy to see a good, wholesome law of this nature in opera-
lion m Xe\v,-Brun?wick,5wbeic the increasing intelligence, and business-like
habits of the people are sufficient to v.-arrant its adoption, and to induce the
belief that they wculd soon see the ad\antage and economy of local and di-
rect taxation for all local purposes, the fund being both raised and applied
by officers appointed by themselves for educational and siich other objects
as they should themselves direct. The hv now on the face of the statute
book of the ProvincCj the adoption of which is left opnonal with the people
of any county, appears to be a mere initiation of the principle ; and is not
likely to diminish, but rather to increase the labors of the Provincial Le-
gislature. It is true that it gives the people power to tax themselves for
the advancement of education, and other local purpo.ses : but it makes no
provision for the payment of the principal officers. We hold it as a prin-
ciple, that the laborer is worthy of his hire, and have ever observed that
unremunerated lal or is seldom wortli having, being, for the most part, ne-
gligently or slovenly performed.

This Province, since the year 18o7, has had the control of all " heredi-
tary, territorial, and casual revenues, and of all sales and le-isos of lards,
woods, mines and royalties'" within its limits , upon condition of its raising
the annual sum of X14,500 ss a civil list. This sum, Avith the exception
of .£1000 per annum annually paid to King's College, is principally ex-
pended in ))ayment of the Lieutenant <iovernor\s salary, the Judges, and
heads of departments.

As the imposition of duties, and the amounts imposed, are liable to
cb.Hi)fTo. it becomes impossible to give any useful table of the articles sub-
ject to taxation, inasmuch as the Legislature may, at any time, increase or
diaiinish the ir.ipor-tr; on all or any description of goods ; indeed, considera-
ble a cerations hnv(? recently boon made in order to carry out the provisions
of tlie Elgin in^-.ity. which will probably render a complete revision of the
tarin necessarv in the next session. The duties are. however, divided into
two classes, specihc and ad valorem ; in the first are included most articles
of luxury, and many of general consumption, which are taxed at so much
for a specified weight or quantity ; those in the latter class are charged a
certain per centage on every one hundred pounds value.

The i'evem;e arising from the payments made by vessels passing the light
houses, buoys and beacons, and also the post office, form large items in the
Piovincial receipts ; while the sums obtained from these sources do little
more than keep up the several establishments, if indeed they are sufficient
for these purposes. Both these objects are merely expected to bo sclf-
Hustaining, being established and supported for the general convenience, and
the commercial improvement of the country.

A great part of the duties on articles of the growth or manufacture of
the other xsorth American Colonies have been abolished : but they are still
retained on manj' articles ; and payment is also exacted in respect of any
foreign goods which may have paid duties in these colonies, and be re-
exported to New Brunswick.

A law is now in existence imposing an export duty on lumber, but as it
expires in April, 1855, it is needless to specify the particular descriptions
on which it is payable ; especially as there must be some alteration with
regard to it. if not a total repeal, to carry out the present arrangements
with the United States.

lie-

111

The financial year of the Province terminaies with that of the calendar ;
and, therefore, the journals of each auccessive seasion exhibit the receipts and
payments up to the 31st December of the previous year. If we refer to
vhose for 1843, we shall find the fiscal state of the Province for the year
previously to have been as follows :

Total amount of Provincial liabilities,
Estimated assets*,

£162 571

87,905

Balance against the Province, X74,666

Thus it will be seen that at this time the Province was heavi-y in debt;
and this burthen seems to have been begun to be imposed soon afcer the
surrender to her of the control over the territorial and casua', revenues.
Though this iKklilional power was considered as a great boon, yet it would
appear that the public men of the country then at the head ot' aftairs were
not calculated to conduct her business ■vsitb proper economy, and the con-
sequences of their extravagance involved the Province in the heavy burthen
of the above balance, which it has required all the years thtit liavo since
elapsed to liquidare. From the necessity to keep up public credit, and to
maintain ihc public service, -is well as to discharge its liability, an addition-
al duty of one per cent, was imposed on all British and ibreign goods im-
ported, until the whole was ])aid off. which was only efl'octcd in the last
year.

Sut though the Province was then con.sidered to be free from debt, and
the one per cent, duty is no longer collected, yet she is still under some
heavy liabilities, which may. and probably will, h^ liquidi'ted by the proper
parties. We allude to the suni> advanced hj Provincial uobontures to the
suflerers by the great fires, both at St. John and Fredericton.

The Province is also responsible for a large amoia.t in respect of the rail-
ways now in progress ; but the principal is not, it is true, payable for a
long period of years, within which it is fully believed that these great works
will at least be self-sustaining. Should thi: be the case, and should the
Colony continue its advances in the same nuio it has hitherto adopted, it
ought to have, and no doubt will possess, a large disposable fund lor the
opening up her hidden wealth, an<l rendering available her vast latent re-
sources.

The various places, or ports, in the Province, whe^'c duties are collected,
are : —

On the H(fy of l^undij anil it's irihuforifft :

, Grand Manan, Woodstock,

Campo liello. Marvey,

St. George, Hillsborough.

St. Stephen. Monkt.on (the Bend).

St. Andrew.?, Porchester,

Saint John, Sackville.
Fredericton,

On the (hilf of St. hawrfnce and NorthnmherlanU ^'(raitu

Bay Vcrte, Shippegan.

Shediac, Caraquette,

.'^ncto.iche, Bathurst,

lucaibucto, Dalhoi'sie.
Mirjvraichi,

!ii

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1845
1852
1853

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The value (in sterling money) of the imports and exports of the Province
for the last five years, are as follows :

1850.

Imports,
Exports,

815,531

( 558, 01 8

1851.

1852.

1853.

980,300
772,024

1,110,600
796,335

1,716,108
1,072,491

Inwards,
Outwa,rds,
Inwards,
Outwards,
Inwards,
Outwards,
-^gfjg ^ Inwards,
I Outwards,

1835
1845

1852

Tons.
298.993
322,200
396,792
425,638
539,336
581,472
627,270
681,478

Men.

14,467

14,556

21,556
23,296

This table also shews a commensurate increase with that in the last table.

The total number of ships entered inwards and outwards, in the different

ports of New Brunswick, for the years 1835, 1845, 1852 and 1853, were

as follows :

Vessels.
2,467
2,261
2,455
2,434
2,580
2,672
3,556
3,929

Of these, there were entered inwards, in the Bay of Fundy,

in 1852, ^ 1,831 vessels.

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumber.and Straits, 749 "

It will be observed that, while there has not been a very great increase in
the number of vessels entered inwards in 1852 over those of 1835, still the
tonnage has almost doubled ; evidently shewing that the vessels recently
built are of much larger class than those in use twenty years ago.

The increase in the number of ships owned by this Province is very great.
In 1782 the gross amount of tonnage owned by the

Province was only 250 tons.

In 1835, 80,830 "

In 1851, it owned 18 steamboats, measuring 1,577

And 778 sailing vessels, " 116,711

118,288 tons.

In 1853, it owned 827 vessels, making

114,588

Which will allow over a ton and a half to each man, woman and child in
the Province.

New Brunswick builds at the rate of 120 vessels per annum, amounting
to 60,000 tons,— worth at least X500,000 sterling.

England, in 1588, only owned 135 merchant vessels, not very many
more than this unknown colony builds in one year.

The value of the products of the forest floated down the river St. Law-
rence in 1852, was (currency) ^483,450.

The total value of New Brunswick fisheries, within the Bay of Fundy
in 1850, was ^£65,875.

The sum of X 100, 000, including the civil list, will meet annually, all
the ordinary expenses of the Province ; but there is usually expended about
X30,000 per annum in defraying contingencies.
17

I,.

^ii,

114

i!!

lii r

fcl I:

Of tho number of vessels which entered inwards in 1852, there wcro
S0,8l»3 tons from the United Kingdom : 344,257 tons from the United
States; 00,642 tons from British Colonics ; and the remainder from for-
eign nations — and of those which entered outwards, 353,013 tons sailed for
ports in the United Kingdom : 135. 5S0 tons for the United States ; 80,652
tons for porta ia the British Colonies ; and the remainder for foreign states ;
In 1853, there were 08,502 tons from the United Kingdom, 405,345 from
the States; 110,414 tons from Biiti«h (Jolonies, and the remainder from
foreign nations. And there entered outwards, to United Kingdom 413,7i>0
tons ; to United States 188,523 tons
the rest to foreign states.

British Colonies 102,210 tons and

Abstract of '* A Treaty extending the right of lishing and regulating the
commerce and navigation between her Brittannic Majesty's possessions in
North America and the United States,'" concluded on the 5th June, 1854,
called ihe Elgin Treaty.

The first article provides " that in addition to tiic liberty secured to the
United States Fishermen by the Conventioii of October 20th, 1818, of tak-
ing, curing, and drying fish on certain coasts of the British North American
Colonies therein denned, the inhabitants of ihe United States shall have in
common with the subjects of lier Britannic Majesty, the liberty to take fish
of every kind, except shell fish, on the seu coasts and shores, and in the
bays, harbors, and creeks of Canada, New Brunswick, ^iova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island, and of the several islands thereunto adjacent, without being
restricted to any distance from the shore ; with permission to land upon the
coasts and shores of these colonics, and the islands thereof, and also upon
the Magdalen Islands, for the purpose of drying their nets, and curing their
fish ; provided that, in so doing, they do not interfere with the rights of pri-
vate property, or with Bi'itish fishermen in the peaceable use of any pait
of the said coast in their occupancy for the same purpose.

It is understood that the above mentioned liberty applies solely to the sea
fishery, and that the salmon and shad fisheries, and all fisheries in rivers,
and the mouths of rivers, are hereby reserved exclusively, for British fisli-
ermen."

It is agreed ' ' that in order to prevent or settle any dispute as to the
places to which the reservation of exclusive right to British fishermen con-
tained in this article, and that of fishermen of the United States contained
in the next succeeding article apply," each of the contracting parties shall
appoint a commissioner. The commissioners are, before proceeding to busi-
ness, to make a solemn declaration that they will impartially decide " upon all
such places as are intended to bo reserved and excluded from the common
liberty of fishing under this and the next succeeding article." Provision is
tlien made for the nomination of an umpire, who is to make ?. similar decla-
ration and for the appointment of new commissioners, Umpire, in case of
death, absence, or incapacity, or of either omitting, declining, or ceasing to
act.

"Such commissioners shall proceed to examine the coasts of the North
American Provinces, and of the United States embraced within the provi-
sions of the first and second articles of this treaty, and shall designate pla-
ces reserved by the said articles from the common right of fishing therein.

The decision of the commissioners and of the arbitrator or umpire shall
be given in writing in each case, and shall be signed by them respectively."

115

t)cing

The parties Bolemnly engage to consider such deciBion as final and oon-
eluflivo in each ciso.

By the second aiticlo it is agreed " that British subjects ph;ill have, in
common with the citizens of the United States, the liberty to take fish of
every kind, except shell-fish, on the eastern sea coasts, and shores of the
United States, north of the 3Gth parallel of north latitude, and on the shores
of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors and creeks
of the said sea, coasts, and shores of the J nited States, and of the said islands,
without being restricted to any distance from the shore, with permission to
land upon the said coasts of the United States and of tho islands aforesaid,
for the purpose of drying their nets, and curing their fish." With a Pro-
viso similar to that in the first article as to interference with the rights of
private property, or with the fishermen of tho United States — and a reser-
vation of the salmon and shad fisheries,, and the fisheries in rivers, and
mouths of rivers.

Tho third Article enumerates tho articles "the growth and produce of
the aforesaid British Colonies, or of the United States, which shall be ad-
mitted into each country respectively free of duty."

Schedule.

Grain, Flour and Bread-stuffs of all kinds.

Animals of all kinds.

Fresh, smoked and salted meats,

Cotton-wool, seeds and vegetables.

Undried fruits, dried fruits,

Fish of all kinds,

Products of fish, and of all other creatures living in tho water,

Poultry, eggs.

Hides, furs, skins, or tails, (undressed)

Stone or marble, in its crude or unwrought state,

Slate,

Butter, cheese, tallow

Lard, horns, manuers^

Coal,

Pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes,

Timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hiwed, and sawed, unmanufactured

ill whole or in part,
Firewood,

Plants, shrubs, and trees,
Pelts, wool,
Fish oil,

Rice, brooij^-corn, and bark,
•Gypsum, ground or unground.
Hewn or wrought, or unwrought, burr or grindstones.
Dye stuifs.

Flax, hemp, and tow, unmanufactured.
Unmanufactured tobacco,
Kags.

The fourth article throws open the na\igation of the river St. Lawrence,
and the canals, in Canada, to the citizens and inhabitants of the United States,
subject to the usual tolls and assessments ; but the British Government

!■ f

'. (

1 (|;

li'f

116

may suspend this privilege on giving duo notice tliereof to the government
of the United Stiites.

[n case of such suspension, the operation of article o, in so far as tlie
Province of Canada is concerned, tnay ho also suspended l)y the United
States, for so long as the suspension of the navi::;ation of the St. Lawrence
or the canals may continue.

A. similar right freely to navigate Lake Michigan is given to British suh-
jocts so long as that of navigating the St. Lawrence shall ho secured to
American citizens ; and the government of the United iStatcs engages to
urge upon the State governments to secure to British suhjects the use of
the several canals on terms of equity with the inhabitants of the (Jnited
States.

No export or other duty is to be levied on lumber or timber of any kind
cut on American territory, in Maine, watered by the St. John and its tri-
butaries, and floated down that river to the sea, when shi])ped to the United
States.

The fifth article provides for the treaty taking effect as soon as the laws
required to carry it into operation shall have been passed by the Imperial
Parliament of Great Britain, and by the Provincial Parliaments of those
of the British North American Colonies which are affected by it, on tho
one hand, and by the Congress of the United States on the other. It is to
remain in force for ten years after the date of its coming into operation,
after which it may be determined by twelve months notice from either of the
contracting parties. But that stipulation is not to affect the reservation by
article 4, as to a suspension of the free navigation of the St. Lawrence and
Lake Michigan.

The 6th article agrees that the treaty may I)e extended to Newfoundland
if the Imperial Parliament, th" Provincial Parliament of Newfoundland, and
the Congress of the United Slates should embrace that Colony in their
laws for giving it effect.

The 7th article merely provides for the exchange of ratifications.

This treaty has, of course, excited considerable notice, and created a vast
deal of discussion thrciii'hout the whole of British North America. In
Canada public opinion aua the voice of the Legislature seem to have been
unanimous in its favor ; but it may be argued that that Province having so
little sea coast, but possessing so long a frontier conterminous with the States,
to the inhabitants on which free intcrcoui'se mu.st be beneficial and yielding.,
besides great abundance of agricultural productions, many of which find
markets in tho States, stands in a different position from the maritime Pro-
vinces. Prince Edward Island, deeply interested in the fisheries, and pos-
sessing a great extent of coari in proportion to its area, gave its ready ac-
quiescence, and there appears to be but one opinion that the benefits to arise
from the more unrestrained resort of American fishermen, bv the markets
for agricultural produce thus opened, and the free admission of British
caught fish to the seaports of the Union, would counterbalance tho compe-
tition in the shore fisheries, to say nothing of the free trade in many articles
effected by the treaty. It is in Nova Scotia that the greatest objections have
been urged, and it has been argued that the American concessions are ina-
dequate to those made by the Provinces ; the same opinion, though to a lejis
extent, haa existed in New Brunswick ; and some little f<5eling hos been
©vittQ'fjd with rfttftttd to the mMxnef in whi»^h the treaty m.^ «?wnh.t,d«d aa

tunity
the prfl
Execui
to the
Provinl

instanc
have b|
been bj
laying f
measui
it on ti
result
We
trivial
which

117

timity of expressing their opinions. It must be recollected, however, that
the prerogative of concluding treaties, belongs exclusively to the Sovereign
Executive, and that in exercising it they have to consider the benefit to arise
to the whole or the majority of a people. It may frequently happen that some
Province, or small section of an Empire may receive temporary injury from
a measure highly advantageous to the whole body, and perhaps ultimately
beneficial to the parties at first appr^'hending injustice. There are many
instances in England as well as in every other nation where partial interests
have been obliged to give way to the public good. Perhaps it would have
been better if the delegates from all the Provinces had had an opportunity of
laying their views before Mr. Crampton, pending the negotiation : but if the
measure is beneficial in its results, it is hardly worth while to (juarrel with
it on this account. The question resolves itself into the good or evil to
result from it to the Lower Provinces.

We pass over the liberty of fishing on certain coasts of the Union as
trivial and unimportant ; not so however, the admission to their markets
■which must be regarded as a valuable privilege. The fisheries under pro-
per regulations, appear to be inexhaustible, and even if this treaty had not
been made, it would have been impossible to prevent frequent encroachments,
without compensation on our extensive sea coast. To say that the Provin-
cial fishermen cannot compete successfully on their own shores, and at home,
with those who have to come so many hundred miles, is surely entertaining
a very poor opinion of the energy, industry, and enterprise of our own
countrymen ; -^vith a fair field, and no favor, and with many advantages in
the cost of building and the outfit of our vessels, there is, we trust, no rea-
son to despair of a profitable result to those who may share in the supply
of the vast markets now open to them.

If we look at the list of articles to be henceforth admitted free of duty,
W3 find many whose import is absolutely necessary to us — we cannot raise
sufficient breadstuffs tor our consumption — we import pork and other meats,
and there are many of the items which we now require, and many others
which will be wanted should extensive manufactures ever spring up in these
Provinces. But our export trade must we think inevitably, be increased by
the operation of the treaty besides that in fish. Our excellent building
stone and slate, which can be procured without limit, and close to the shore,
potatoes and other roots produced here in far greater perfection than in the
tStates, butter and cheese, grindstones, and gypsum, will without doubt, be
largely exported, and these branches of industry, will give employment to
many thousands who will derive a large portion of their food from our soil,
will look for their clothing and tools to the industry of our mechanics. Our
timber trade, hitherto dependant solely on the fluctuations of the English
markets, will have another very extensive channel opened for it and us ;
even fire wood has to some extent been carried from both Provinces to Eos-
ton, even Avhen subject to a duty of 20 per cent,, we may anticipate a con-
eiderable trade in articles of that description when it shall be totally free
and unrestricted. Nova Scotia possesses, it is well known, inexhaustible
supplies of bituminous coal, and there is every reason to believe that our
own Province is not less amply provided with this necessary of life. The
principal part of the coal of the IJnited States being anthracite, is not well
adapted for open fires, or for the manufacture of gaa. and this, if there
^hmiH by si'jffieient (enterprise fotrnd in tho I'ruvinrw t9 r.»|)Iore and open

,. i.i,_

1!!i :

1 I

118

lation far outnumbering these counted by the last census. The Iron and
other ores may be exported to the same markets in their raw state, or it
may be found more profitable to manufacture them at home, but in either
case, though perhaps more advantageously in tlie latter, another great sta-
ple of industry must be brought within the grasp of Provincial enterprize.
On the whole, therefore, we entertain no doubt that the Elgin Treaty will
be the beginning of a new era in the commerce of New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, and it ought to unite exertion and stimulate industry to the
realization of the prospects thus laid open to our view.

MANUFACTUKES.

Ij','

The facilities presented by this Province for manufactunng operations are
numerous and extensive. The forest, the mineral, and the agricultura-l ca-
pabilities afford a wide latitude ; and would, if properly carried out, prove
as highly remunerative as those of any other country on the American con-
tinent. A vast field for skill and industry is indeed offered in this depart-
ment. Coal and iron are abundant, but we import these essential produc-
tions. Wood of every variety is most plentiful in our forests ; 3?et how
many articles of that manufacture, including all our agricultural imple-
ments— in fact, a large proportion of every thing we use for domestic pur-
poses—are supplied to us by foreigners /

It is well known that at the present day, coal, the great agent in pro-
ducing steam, forms the basis of all manufacturing operations ; and that the
comparative cheapness of its supply, by lessening the cost, greatly extends
the sale of every description of manufacture. In this colony, besides an
ample supply of wood, there is little doubt of an abundance of coal to car-
ry on the most extensive works ; but even if this were deficient, nature has
bestowed on us an enormous water power, produced by its innumerable
streams, and applicable to the driving machinery, at an almost nominal cost.
{Superadded to this advantage, are the boundless quantities and varieties of
timber contained in the forests ; the inexhaustible supplies of mineral ores
in the bowels of the earth, and the fertile soil, capable of producing food
for a large population. With these advantages, l!^ew Brunswick might, if
she possessed the other requisites- capital and labor — supply a large por-
tion of the American continent with almost every description of manufac-
tured goods.

A country which raises as fine sheep as any that can be found on this
continent, and in which no less than 1G8,0;)8 were kept in 1851, while it
could profitably maintain more than twice the number, ought certainly to
make its own cloth. Hemp has been successfully raised in many parts of
the Province ; and no one can call in (|uestion the capabilities of our soil
for the production of liax. Notwithstanding these advantoges, and the
abundance of water power and of coal, the manufacture of these raw ma-
terials is principally confined to the females of our country, who make what
is here called "homespun cloth,' prepared in a variety of ways, according
to the purpose for which it is intended ; and it is only due to them to say
that for uniting the qualities of durability, appearance, wuimth, and real
utility, it is hardly exceeded by the manufacture of any country, ^^till, it
appears that we have such a predilection fo" the productions of other coun-
tries, however good our own may be, however capable our artizans may be
of working up our ruw materials, (and they are hardly inferior to any in

119

quickness of apprehension and ingenuity) as to prefer exporting our own
produce, and often re-importing it, manufactured into articles for our own
domestic consumption.

Tlie following may be taken as a brief outline of the duties devolving
upon the natives of New Brunswick, individually, as well m collectively,
in order to induce a better attention to manufacturing operations :

1st. AVe should extend the hand of encouragement to the manufactures
of our own Province, by buying and uolng them in preference to other:-*.

2nd. The Legislature should aid in the erection and maintenance of in-
fant manufactories.

3rd. It is necessary that v.e should effect a more gener.al diffusion of
that " go a-head " principle of enterprise as yet peculiar to Canada and
the United States.

4th. If we are desirous that our country should be better known and
appreciated abroad, we must learn to appreciate it at home ; we must leai-n
not to draw unfair comparisons between a Province Avhich is only beginning
to be known, and the American Union, to which the tide of emigration, the
wealth of Europe, and the gold of California have been flowing for years.

")th. We must endeavor to instruct the youth of the Province in its re-
sources, to teach them its worth, where its valuable deposits may be found,
and how they may be rendered accessible and profitable.

There can be little doubt that few countries present better opportunities
for advantageously employing the surplus capital, as well as the surplus and
frequently half-paid manufacturing population of the mother country. Here
skill and industry could not fail to reap their reward, and judicious expen-
diture would be amply remunerative. Until recently, the manufacturing
industry and capital of the Colony were principally, if not wholly, applied
to the preparation of lumber. Deals, boards, laths and shingles were the
great staples, and were exported either to (rreat Britain or the West Indies.
Of late, however, other establishments, sufficient to prove the propositions
Ave have laid down, have sprung up. though as yet in an infant state. Iron
is manufactured in the county of (Jarleton, and founderies have also been
established there, as well as in Northumberland, Charlotte, St. John and
York, at which good castings of various descriptions have been made. Coala
in small (quantities have been raised in many of the counties already refer-
red to. Lime is burnt in every county e.<cept Restigouche, Sunbury and
Victoria. Gypsum is found in, and exported from Albert, Victoria and
Westmoreland ; and we may enumerate the following as some of the articles
already beginning to be manufactured for home consumption, in almost
every county, vi.^ : leather, boots, shoes, candles, wooden ware; and cabinet
work, chairs, soap, hats, bonnets, waggons, coaches, sleighs, pungs, house-
hold furniture, larming utensils, and maple sugar. A mannfactory has re-
cently been established in Saint John for making agricultural implements
and pails. Flour mills, saw mills, carding machines, and fulling mills are
abundant in every direction. In Geary, in the county of Sunbury, an es-
tablishment has been erected for the manufacture of cotton twills, &c. ; and
in Hampton, in King's county, there is a manufactory for making woollen
cloths.

Another infant manufacture essential to the Province is that of salt. The
brine pprings in Sussex Vale contain a high per centage of the saline pro-
perty. Preparations have been made for manufacturing salt at these epringa,
and it has been produced of an excellent quahty — far superior to that usual-

i' :t

120

ii '

ly imported, especially for dairy purposes ; and the farmers in the vicinity
gave it a decided preference, even at double the price of foreign salt, for use
in making their butter. From some unexplained cause, however, this es-
tablishment has been allowed to decay, although, at one time, large quanti-
ties of salt were made at it. It may be hoped that the railway from She-
diac to St. John, passing within a quarter of a mile of the springs, will re-
store its vitality. No proper attempt has yet been made to ascertain the
situation of the salt deposit through which these springs pass.

Thus, some attempts have been made to open up the manufactnriug re-
sources of the Province, and there can be no doubt that these attempts, small
as they are, will increase its general wealth and prosperity. It is true, in-
deed, that "agriculture feeds us, to a great extent clothes us, and without
it we could not have manufactures ;" yet it is equally apparent that, as a
country advances in population and agricultural wealth, and thereby increases
its demand for commercial products, it must augment its facilities for com-
mercial operations, and its intercourse with other countries.

The cost of erecting manufacturing establishments in New Brunswick is
not so great as in the State of Maine, where almost all the raw material is
imported. The following is a calculation as regards a clothing manufactory
for the first year :

Expense of erecting buildings and procuring machinery calculated

to make in the State of Maine, XI, 500

Cost of material and labour, including floating Capital, for one year, 2,400

Value of the manufactured article, 3,200

Profit and interest on fi.xed capital, 800

The following figures, taken from
of manufactories of every description

Gristmills 261

Saw mills 584

Tanneries 125

Founderies 11

Weaving establishments 52

the census in 1851, shew the number
existing in the Province in that year :

Hand Looms 5,475

Breweries 8

Various other factories 94

Hands employed 6,214

years.

1839.

1845.

1851.

Grindstones, number made

1,182

657

58,849

Lime burnt casks

858

1,369

35,599

Gypsum, tons

7,991

2,034

5,466

Iron smelted, tons

810

Value of articles

mmmfactured

in 185

Boots and Shoes

X89,367

Leather

45,165

Candles

19,860

Cabinet work, ka.

20,505

Chairs, &c.

13,472

Soap

18,562

Fish

82,832

Hats

6,360

Iron Castings

20,025

Total value

X316,148

131

cinity
or use
is es-
iianti-
She-
ill re-
the

Minerals a fording facilities for manufacturing operations.

Black Lead is found near Indian Town in St. John's County,

ASPHALTE Coal " '= Hillsborough, Albert,

Naptha " " Peticoudiac, Westmoreland,

AspHALTic Shale " " in Albert and Westmoreland,

Mineral Paint, oxide of iron, and oxide of manganese is found in West-
moreland, Albert, and many other Counties,

Alabaster, or translucent gypsum, in Albert and Kings,

Salt in Sussex Vale, in Kings' County,

HoNBSTONES, in Kings, Westmoreland and Carleton,

Lead Ore, in Kmgs' and Charlotte,

Pipe Clay has been discovered in Albert, and is considered well adapted
for the manufacture of stone ware.

Iron Orb in various parts of the Province, especially in Sunbury and
at Woodstock, in Carleton- the ore at the last named place producing iron
and steel of the best quality.

NeiD Brunswick Society for (he encouragement of Agriculture, Home
Manufactures, and Commerce.

This Society has been productive of much good ; it has laid bare the
great leading wants of the people ; it has made a strong effort in the right
direction ; but we are sorry to say, it has not received the support, atten-
tion and praise due to its gigantic exertions. Two exhibitions of provincial
produce have been held under its auspices ; the first in 1851, in the City
of Saint John ; the other on a more grand extended scale, in the City of
Fredericton, in 1852.

The building erected (which was highly creditable to Mr. Stead, the ar-
chitect,) was in front of the Province Hall, which, together with the Su-
preme Court room. Law Library. Judges room, House of Assembly, Speak-
ers room, and Legislative Council Chamber was placed at the disposal of
the Committee. In front of the House of Assembly was a pavillion or
marque, consisting of a lofty nave, and two lower side aisles ; tl.e sides
were of boards, the clerestory of glass, and the roof of canvas The font
was ornamented with a pedestal, on which stood a statue of Britannia, welve
feet in height, supported f'y the lion and unicorn, and bearing a spear and
shield standard ; the height of the spear-point was about sixty- five feet from
the ground. The words '• Architecture,'" " Arts,^' ' Science," t^nd
" Cuinmerce,^^ were emblazoned in large letters, two on each side of the
principal entrance. The whole was suitably ornamented with arches, paint-
ings, colossal figures, sheaves of grain, agricultural implements, flowers,
trees, and huge chandeliers, cardinally arranged, so as to indicate the points
of the compass, the whole surmounted by upwards of fifiy flags, fljating in
the breeze.

At the opening of the exhibition, His Honor the President of the Society,
Judge Stkekt, presented an appropriate address to His Excellency feia
Edmond Walker Head, Baronet, then Lieutenant Governor and Com-
mander-in chief of the Province of New Brunswick, Ac, &c. The fol-
lowing is an extract from His Excellency's reply : —

" Gentlemen of the Executive Committee -I thank you for your Ad-
dress and for the reception you have given me. You have exaggerated the
aasistance which I have been able to afford you. My absence in England
during a portion of this year necessarily made me ignorant of much that
18

;<: I'

■1 (.

183

was done ; I have great pleasure in attending here on the present occasion,
and rejoice at your success. The building in which we stand is alike cre-
ditable to your taste, and the ability of your architect, Mr. Stead.

" When I arrived in this Province a little more than four years ago, I
found all interests depressed, but there are two sorts of depression— that
which makes a man despair, and that which stimulates him to fresh exertion.

" If we look to the past we have no reason to be discouraged ; the time
is not far removed when the greater part of the river St John was traversed
only by the Indian and the Beaver. The site of the City of ?aint John
itself Avas a wilderness within the memory of one or two persons now in this
room ; now, happy homes and cultivated fields are seen on each side, from
Saint John to the Grand Falls.

" If we look to the future, we may hope that the vast sea of forest which
divides the Province into two parts, will be traversed by half a dozen roads,
each bordered by thriving settlements ; the progress of Upper Canada shews
what can be done : but all this must depend on your own exertions.

'' These exertions will be materially aided by such exhibitions as the pre-
sent, which will be useful in three ways :

" 1st, By what they do shew';

" 2nd, By what they do not shew :

*' 3nd. By the contact and intercourse which they produce.

" With regard to what they do shew, we must not be disappointed at the
small number of productions of the fine arts, or of ornamental manufac-
ture : such things cannot be expected in abundance in a new country like
this

" There is no department of the Exhibition more important than that
which relates to agriculture ; I am glad to see those agricultural implements ;
such a manufacture is important in all countries, but more especilaly in one
where labour is scarce. Your first business in New Brunswick is, to grow
your own food.

" There is much to be learnt from what is not shewn, because it is every
man's business to consider how far it is advantageous, or possible, for him to
supply some of those deficiencies.

•' But nothing in such gatherings as the present is more important than
the fact that men from all parts of the country are brought together. One
of the faults of New Brunswick is, the division which sometimes exists
among you. I wish to see the day when the cornish motto, ona and ally
could be applied to you : and when every man shall lend his hand to that
which benefits the whole Province, and not his own neighborhood alone "

While the outside of the building fascinated the eye the inside presented
such a panorama of New Brunswick industry and skill as had never before
been seen in the Lower Provinces. Such a display of cabinet work, clocks,
musical insruments, minerals, models, philosophical instiuments, carved
work, embroidery, and gilt and fancy work, could scarcely be imagined pos-
sible. •• The outer or mair building," says the report, " was crowded
to overflow with agricultural and horticultural produce, of every variety
pc.^sible in thi.-( dime; and in all their manufactured forms, agricultural
implements, tools, carriiiges, domestic manufactures, fish, chec.--e, butter,
honey, leatiier, ropes, ships' furniture, paper; in short it was such a display
of substantial wealth as at once gratified the eye, and satisfied the judg-
ment of many thousands, who, in the course of the week, came to see,
wonder and believe."

133

Tbe association awarded premiums to five of the best essays on farm
management, orchards, turnip culture, and on agriculture and horticulture.
It gave forty-five honorary diplomas for superior manufactures of cabinet
work, pianoes, iron, wood, edge-tools, brass castings, cordago saws, paper,
stoves, carriage building, gildings, soap, candles, wood engraving, Cirving
in stone, architecture, typography, boots and shoes, trunks bricks, blocks,
wheels, and cipatans, planes, electric clocks, astronomical cloaks, organs,
wool work, tobacco, limo, agriciltural implements, &o, vc. Also premi-
ums to eighteen persons, and made honorable n.ention of fourteen more for
the bist production of raw materials belonging to the mineral kingdom.
Thirty one persons received premiums, and honorable mention was m de of
eleven more, for " manufactures chiefly in metal " For tbe production of
" raw materials," belonging to "the vegetable kingdom," there were forty
nine premiums awarded, and honorable mention made of tweut/ other ex-
hibitors. For the " manufactures chiefly in wool," there were thirty seven
premiums given, and honorable mention made ci' nineteen other competitors.
There were 118 premiums awarded, and honorable mention made of 5i per-
sons for skill in " the manufactures from grain." the best "live st ck,"
and " manufactures from parts of animals " On the fine arts, there were
twenty one premiums awarded, and honorable mention made of fffty other
competitors. Premiums were also given for ploughing with hordes and
oxen.

The amount thus distributed in premiums was upwards of £1500, and
nearly 500 competitors are named in the Report either as having premiums,
diplomas, or being worthy of honorable mention.

In concluding this section of our work, we cannot refrain froji summa-
rily re-iterating some of those advantages presented to the inuabitants of
this Colony, but of which they neglect to avail themselves.

It is scarcely necessary again to refer to our timber and ornamental
woods. Of the first a large portion is shipped to the United States and other
foreign markets, instead of being manufactured into ships at home, thereby
depriving our young men of useful employment, and lowering the character
of the Province abroad. We import hundreds, almost, of various descrip-
tions of wooden manufactures, for which Ave possess ample material of our
own growth.

Again our fisheries are neglected, though unsurpa,ssed by any in America,
and our republican neighbors, with from eight hundred to a thousand fi-h-
ing vessels, surround our coasts, even entering our harbours, and taking
our fish to their own country while we good naturedly look on, and com-
plain of the want of advantages.

The very bowels of this, and the adjacent sister colony, may be called al-
most one mineral field of coal, whose properties for gas making ate with-_
out parallel. Iron has been, and can be made, second only to Swedish.
Other minerals, extensively employed in other countr'cs, abound. Water
power may be found on every square mile, and yet we import all the iron,
and nearly all the coal we use.

We have a soil capable of producing every kind of food required for the
support both of man and beast. Well directed labor only will enable us to
obtain abundance, and above jdl we have as healthy a climate as can be de-
sired; and yet we do not raise provisions suflScient for 100; CCO people. Is
not this disgraceful to our industry 7

In tbe midst and in spite of this array of facts shewing incoutegtably the

t f

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X24

advantages we pogsess, but do boI use, how many do we find inclined to
disparage and undervalue their own country. Really we give credit to some
persons, and were it not for a few strong facts — were it not thnt the time
is not very remote when we had no roads, no schools, no villages, no church-
es, ani no manufactories — were it not that there is yet remaining, one per-
son at least, in almost every settlement who looks back with vivid recollec-
tion to the period when the mails between St. John and Halifax, no other
bemg then required, were carried on men's shoulders, on sleds, drawn by
hand, and when the members of our Legislature travelled to the Provincial
Head Quarters on snow shoes — were it not for the thousand contributions
that were exhibited at the Provincial Industrial Exhibition in 1852, fully
verifying the old adage that "seeing is believing," and were it not that we
have scarcely any paupers, live easy, and do about half work, ami that we
are toll by our visitors, both from Europe and the American Union, iihat
we have a country well worth owning living in, and governing, we should
feel almost inclined to up anchor and be off.

li ■'■ i;

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I t

ed to
some
time
urch-
per-
ollec-
other
n by
incial
iitions
fully
lat wo
at we
^hat
lould

CHAPTER II

COUNTY AND CITY OF SAINT JOHN.

Boundaries. — " The said city and county of Saint John, bounded south
by the Bay of Fundy; west by Charlotte: north, by the line run north,
eighty- three degrees and thirty minutes east from the southernmost point
ot Kennebecasis island, by Deputies Scully and Palmer, in the years of
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, and one thousand
eight hundred and forty-one ; and the westerly prolongation of said line to
Charlotte : east, by the line run north by Deputy Stiles, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, from a birch tree on the
shore of the Bay of Fundy thirty chains, east from the mouth of Goose river,
including all the islands in the Bay of Fundy adjacent thereto."

This county is divided into four parishes, besides the city of fc^aint John,
viz : Portland, Lancaster, Simond's, and St. Martin's. The county
has a front line of nearly eighty miles on the Bay of Fundy from a little
to the east of Goose river, at the south angle of Albert, to Point Lepreau,
at the easterly angle of Charlotte ; this coast is but thinly settled. The
breadth of the county varies, with the indentation-* of the coast, from five
to thirteen miles ; it contains, exclusive of water, 414.720 acres, of which,
in 1851, there were only 21,725 acres cleared. In 1852, 309,147 acres
had been granted and located, and there were 105,573 acres still vacant.
The population exceeds 40,000.

In an agricultural point of view, the soil of this county could not, with-
out an unwarrantable outlay of capital, be made to sustain even one moiety
of its inhabitants. Yet, notwithstanding that the surfuce is general iy rocky
and tterile in its nature, and therefore not adapted for a systematic mode
of farming, there are numerous small tracts well worthy of the farmer's
attention These spots are now being made available, aiid great iacilities
are afforded for this pur^^ose by the large quantities of alluvial deposits
found along the numerous streams flowing through the valiies with which
the county is everywhere intersected ; the vast quantities of limestone, of
which the hills are principally composed : and the abundance of manure,
(Supplied by the neighborhood of a large ciiy. By these appliances, not
only may the already lillageable soils be rendered more productive, but
the semi-barn n lands may be made to yield a return ; while the best mar-
ket for agricultural produce in the ].ower Provinces— the city of b'aint
John— holds out a strong inducement for the extension of the agricultural
operations of the county.

The city of Saint John, which was establidied by Eoyal Cliarter in 1785,
is situate near the mouth and on the easte/n side of the river of the same
name ; the town of Carleton, which forms a part of the city, as incorpor-
ated, lying on the western bank. The extensive suburbs of Portland and
Indian Town, on the north, may be almost said to be parts of the city,
tliou^h not subject to its magistrates, or included within its boundaries.

■I V.'

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126

:!f;i

till'
imJS

Under its charter, it has a Mayor and Recorder, an>^ is divided into seven
wards, viz: King's, Queen's, Duke's, Sidney, and Wellington, on the east,
and Guy's and Brooks on the west or Carleton side of the river ; each ward
has an Alderman, who is also a magistrate for the city, and a Councillor.
All these oflBcia'ls are annually elected by the inhabitants of the respective
wards and constitute a City Council. All the sons of citizens who have
been bom within the city, and strangers who have served as apprentices
herein, are entitled of right to its privileges, on payment of about twenty-
five shillings currency. AH other British subjects are admitted to the same
privileges, on payment of certain fees, amounting to about £Q 5s. This
is a relic of ancient usages which has been done away with in most m.odern
cities, and would be more honored in the breach than in the observance.

The municipal officers for the city art as follows :

The Mayor, Recorder and seven Aldermen, with a like number of Coun-
cillors.

Treasurer or Chamberlain ; Common Clerk and Deputy.

A Police Magistrate, with two sitting magistrates in his absence.

Police Clerk, and a Captain of Police.

Portland his also a Police Magistrate, with two sitting magistrates in
his absence, and three Commissioners of Police.

The names of the officers are not given, as they are subject to ye-^rly
change.

In the county, there are the High Sheriff and his Deputy, the Coroner,
Clerk of the Peace, and County Treasurer, with a bench of about fifty
magistrates.

Besides these, there are the Auditor of County Accounts,

Registrar of Deeds and Wills,

Commissioners for taking bail in the Courts,
for taking affidavits in do.,
for solemnizing marriages,
of Almhouse, Workhouse and Infirmary.

Public Notaries,

City Surveyor,

Commissioners of Wharfage,
" of Wrecks,

'- of Lighthouses,

Visiting Physicians,

Superintendent of Quarantine Station,

Licensed Auctioneers,

Port Wardens,

Hirbor Master, and Branch Pilots,

Harbor Inspectors,

Lighthouse Keepers,

Assessors and Collectors of Taxes,

Weighers of Coals and Measurers of Salt,

Surveyors of Lumber; Constables, &c.

And in the fire department, there are fire wards, a fire police, three en-
gine companies, and one hook and ladder company.

((

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127

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ward
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ctive
have
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enty-
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This
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oner,

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I en-

CITY OF SAINT J( EN.

General Description— Commerdnl and other Arhantaff-es. — The city
of Saint John, the capital of the county, stands on a rocky eminence, of a
peninsular form, within the harbor, and has a commanding aspect. The
country, for many miles round, is beautifully variegated by lofty hills, al-
luvial vallies, and numerous sheets of water, formed by lakes, and the
meanderings of the river St John. The harbor is situated in iatiiuile 45 ® ,
15" north, longitude 66 ® , 4" west; it is noble, safe and spacious, and has
sufficient depth for the admission and safe anchorage of ships of the largest
class ; the tide rises and falls from twenty to twen*y-fcix feet, and the water
in the harbor varies in depth from ten to sixty fathom ; thus affording great
facilities for repairing and launching vessels. Partridge Island, at the en-
trance of the harbor, is beautifully situate ; on it stands a battery, light-
house, signal station, and hospital, for the reception of sick emigrants and
sailors.

That part of the harbor to the westward of the island is only navigable
for small vessels, even at full tide. Mariners are directed in their approach
to avoid danger by the light house on the island, visible at a great distance,
and another on a spit within the harbor, which have been already described.
There is also a floating fog bell moored at some distance off the entrance.
By these aids, vessels may be piloted in at any hour of the night, and in
case of any accident occurring, life-boats, manned with able and efficient
crews, are at command.

At the extreme outward point of the peninsula on which the city stands,
are the parade ground, two batteries, military station and barracks, capable
of containing two thousand men ; this position commands the whole harbor
and its entrance. In the rear of the city, and a little to the northward of
Portland, stands Fort Howe, on a high hill at the foot of which is a mili-
tary post and magazine. This Fort commands the whole upper part of the
harbor.

The surface of the city is very uneven it lies in the form of a ridge,
sloping in every direction; the streets are numerous, and generally laid out
in a -systematic and regular manner, with the exception of some of them
being too narrow. It has suffered much at different times from the effects
of fire ; however, it is well filled up, and the older wooden buildings are
being replaced by others of more durable quality, being built of brick or
stone, evincing considerable taste and very commodious. There are two
squares within the city, with considerable areas, reserved for the accomrpo-
dation of the public, the one called King's, and the other Queen's Square.

In taking a circuit from the military post on the sf^uth-east point of the
peninsula, thence along the margin of the spacious basin, forming the har-
bor for a distance of about a mile and one fourth, through Poriluid to Indian
Town, and from thence across the Suspension Bridge to Carleton. the eye
will behold, within an extent of about three miles, the nucleus of a city,
with its numerous streets ascending the acclevities which surround the har-
bor, destined hereafter, to become a place of no small commercial impor-
tance. Included within this circle, are not less than five thousand edifices
of various kinds, private houses and stores, churches and places of wo-ship
belonging to Episcopalians. Presbyterians, Roman Catholics. Baptists, Me-
thodists, Independents and others ; Academiis, School Houses, Warehouses
and Founderies^ as well as Manufactories for lumber and other purposes.

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There will be found also a Grammar School, Mechanics Institute, Sabbath
Schools, printing and books Stores, together with a Court House, Gaol,
Poor House, Hospital and all the other incidents to a large commercial
sea port ; among which the Sailors Home and the Penitentiary deserve par-
ticular notice. The Banks buve been already enumerated ; there is ahand-
pome Custom House and two convenient Markets ; besides many other pub-
i. 3 buildings and philanthrophic institutions. The numerous wharves and
slips fronting on the harbor, throughout the city, as well as Portland, Car-
leton embrace an extent of nearly two miles ; the whole distance presenting
one continued thoroughfare of business. Few places indeed of the same
size and population, evince better indications of prosperity than are shewn
by this thriving sea-port. And yet but seventy years ago this crowded city
was a mere peninsula of rock covered with a dense mass of shrubbery com-
posed of cedars, spruce, birch and underwood.

The city of Saint John, including, of course, Portland and Carleton,
is even at present the commercial emporium, not only of the Province of
New Brunswick, but of that extensive western portion of Nora Scotia, from
the head of the Bay of Fundy to Yarmouth harbor, including the numer-
ous and flourishing settlements which have sprung up on the many bays
and rivers along this range of country. In this point of view, and looking
at the advantages it possesses from its position at the entrance of a noble
river, second to none in British North America except the St. Law-
rence, and possessing the great advantage over that river of being free from
ice during the whole year, the conclusion forces itself on our minds, that,
before many years roll around its c >mmerce will be inferior to that of few
places on the North American Continent.

With the exception of a circuit of a few miles in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the city, which is not adapted for farming, although highly fa-
vorable for >:hip building, manufactories and other branches of indust /,
the whole country for more than one hundred miles east and west, and
above two hundred miles in a northerly direction, ii cipable of affording
vast quantities of agricultural produce, and of undergoing many other im-
provements, all of which would contribute to the extension and commercial
prosperity of this city. The river Saint John and its branches may be con-
sidered navigable for steam boats for over two hundred miles, and for other
small craft for not less than two hundred more ; and this mode of convey-
ance, yearly increasing, cannot fail to render it the depot of an enormous
extent of country, inuring the last year there were no less than ten steam-
ers between Indian Town, near the Suspension Bridge and Fredericton,
leaving each place, by special arrangement, every morning and evening,
thus affording a daily and nightly communication between the two cities,
one the commercial emporium, and the other the Head Quarters of the
Province. Two steamers are employed twice a week, with the exception of
about two months, during the middle of Avinter, between the City and Sack-
ville, Dorchester, and the Bend in New Brunswick, and Annapolis, Wind-
sor, and other ports on the west coast of Nova Scotia ; bringing the pro-
duce of these fertile and extensive districts, and especially the fat cattle
and butter of the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, proverbial
for producing the best of botii these articles that can be found in the Lower
Provinces, to the market of Saint John In return, these steamers are the
means of supplying all these populous districts with merchandize and West
India produce to a considerable amount. To show the great quantity of

Brun
the

Th
pletei
Halifai

7^^,

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3*^

129

agricultural produce that comes from the western counties of Nova Scotia,
we •' xtract the following from the ' Courier' newspaper :

" Sutemwt of s, w*} arficles of jtroduce from Nova Scotia impcrted into
Suint John in the quarter ending bih July^ 1854: —

4^4 cattle. 88 g'leep, 217 calves, 64 horses, 459 tons hay, 72,506 hudh-
els larley an.] oats, 21,657 bushels of potatoes, 459 hauls and 409 bags
of o:v''.T.e:il, 2410 cwt. salt and smoked meat, 47 cwt. fresh meat, 814 cvt.
butter, chsese and lard, 37,432 dozen eggs. Even on Euch a trifling nrti-
ole as e.t^gs the value ut lOd. per dozen v.ould amount to i^l559 13g. 4d.
for three months. Deals 2.368,000 feet, Firewood 527 cord, coals 1855
chaldrons, Bricks 183,000."

Steamers leave Saint John for Boston every week, torching at Portland
and other sea ports on their way. Railways are completed from Portland
to Boston, New York, and also to Montreal and Quebec ; the time occupied
in travelling from Saint John to either of those places, would not exceed
thirty hours. By these means a ready communication is opened witU the
wholo of the United States and Canada.

A harbor steamer is continually plyiii;^ during the day between the City
and Carleton, thus affording to men of business a more spo dy means of
cornraanicating with each other than by taking ihe circuitous route over the
Suspension Bridge.

There is a communication established by electric Telegraph, with Halifax,
PIctou, Windsor, Truro, Amherst, and other plices in Nova ucotia; with
Charlotte Town and Cape Traverse in Prince Edward Island ; with Mira-
raichi, Riohibiicto. Shediac, Sackville, Dorchester, the Bend, Sus3ex Vale,
the city of Fredericton, Woodstock, St. Andrews, and other places in New
Brunswick : and with all the principal sea ports and cities in Canada and
the United States.

The Kuropean and North American Railway, will, however, when com-
pleted, place Saint John in direct and rapid communication easterly with
Halifax, Shediac, and the flourishing settlements along these lines, res-
pectively, westerly and northerly, with St. Andrews, Woodstock, and
the great network of railways, either already constructed, or in pro-
gress, in Canada and tlio American Union. And to crown the whole,
we may indulge reasonable hopes that the time is at hand, and the increas-
ing trade of this portion of the Province is forcing it on. when a direct line
of steam communication will be established between this port and the Moth-
er Country.

The City contains the followinE^ public Companies and Societies:

A Water Company,
Gas Light Company,
Rural Cemetery Company,
Hotel Company,
Also a Chamber of Commerce,
Mechanic's Institute,
Lunatic Ajlum,
Publia Grammar School,
Society, Library
St. George's Society,
St. Patrick's Society,
19

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11 ; i> '

130

St. Andrew's Society,

Young Men'a Christian Aasociation,

Orphan Benevolent Society.

Friend l:*ociety,

Aj:;ricultui'al Society,

lloiticultnral Society,

Tcmpeni.nv.;e Societies.
The Lunatic Asylum is a neat and commodious edifice, pleasantly aituat-
ed near the west en<i of the Bridge. It is conducted in the best jjoasible
manner, and every v/ay in accordance with the modern mode of treatment
adopted in Great Britain and the United States, and is a standing monument
of the pliilanthropy of the Province.

The streets are well lighted with gas, and tlie water company derive a
supply of excellent water from a lake at a distance of about four miles,
from whif'Ji iron pipes arc laid.

T/ic S/'spen.'^io/t. Jhid^-c. — This bridge over the river Saint John, is
about a mile and a quarter from the city, and is an excellent specimen of
modern bridge building ; it reflects great credit on Mr. Boynold's, the ar-
chitect, more especially as there had been so many fruitless attempts made
to span the vortex over which it is thrown.

The folWJug brief description, condensed from the detailed report of A,
L. Light, Ilsq., Civil Engineer to the Lieutenant Governor, will be found
to convey an accurate i'iea of its atructure. :- '• The Bridge is of the des-
cription generally called ' Wire Suspension Bridge,' being composed of tea
cables, five on each side . each cable containing three hundred strands of
W. 10 wire, or three thousand in all. These cables pass over massive tow-
ei'S of masonry, and are made fast to the solid rock behind, by heavy an-
chors, as will be hereafter described. The span of bridge from centre
to centre, of points of suspension is 030 feet; Midth of roadway between
parapet, iLl-;> feet, with a fifteen feet carriage way in the centie, and four
leet each side for foot paths, the whole being suspended seventy feet above

the extreme high water mark.

* * * <t *

"The towers tiiemselves, are built of first class masonry, they are fifteen
feet nine inches high abov'e the base, fifteen feet square at the bottom, and
six feet square at the top of the tower, below the coping."

Each of the three hundred strands of No. 10 v»ire, Avhich forms each
table, is al^out one eighth of an inch thick, and they " are hung over the
tops of the towers on each side, in catenarian curves, the droop from the
tops of the towers to the apex of the curve being about forty- five fleet."
The cables are carried back to some distance from the towers, and fastened
to anchors of Avrought iron.

These anchors are straight bars of best refined round iron, four and a
quarter inches in diameter ; there are two of them to each cable, the one
set six feet behind the other, in holes drilled by machinery eight feet into
the solid rock, at rigiit angles to the tangent of the curve of the backstays.
and these sec.iod by filling round ihem with iron wedges and lead."'

" The bridge is supported by two hundred and ninety lour iron rods, 147
on each side, these '"rods are three eighths of an inch by six eighths, and
are ii. different lengths to suit the curve of the cables.'' The rods are four
feet apart on each cable, and " have a stirrup at their lower extremities, into
which the traverse beams of the roadway ajre fitted." * * *

6.
7.

9.
10.

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" The roadway is coi.i(.oacd entirely of wood.'' * * * " The plat-
form of the l.id!<;e has a sli^rht (.;u^*vature across the river of nine inchea,
the same bring i!ivcrtcd to tho curve of the chains, this curv.auro varies, of
course, with tlio degree of teniperaturc, in the extreme heat of bumuier the
bridtve will bo nearly a level plane."

The bridge is allowed to weigh, including cables, one hundred and fifty
tons: and will .sustain, in addition to its own weight, a load of one hundred
aud thirty-one tons, if eijuady distributed allove- the platf(»rni, as the 'safe'
load it can carry ' without (^Ir. Light says) a shadow of doubt "

Tho following is a brief summary from the Report referred to : —

" 1. Absolute tensile strength of cables 1,125 tona

"2. ^'uspondcd weight of ''i-idge, including cables 150 "

3. E.xtianeoua load, theoretically, tliat would cause fracture 075 '■

4. (Treatest extraneous load tiia.t bridge can ever bo .uibjccted to

5. Safe strength of cables
Load that bridge will boar with perfect safety,
GreatCBt lo;,id that anchors will bear, collectively, with i^

perfect safety, )

Load tliat susp.ending rods can bear, collectively, with /

perfect safety, S

Load that beams will bear, collectively.
Greatest load, in tons, that can pass one another in

safety
(xreatest load upon a wheel,

It is a toll bridge, and rents at present for XlGliO per annum, being
nearly the yearly interest, at G per cent., on a capital of ,£27,()00.

Fulls of S/. John. — There arc few rivers in America of so great an extent
(no less than 4-30 miles) whose tributory lakes, rivers, and minor streams, when
accumulated, make their exit into the se;i through such a narrow, tortuous
passage, as the river St. John. The clift's on each side of this narrow gorge,
or fissure, at the head of the harbor of St. John, are about one hundred
feet in height, and are composed, principally, of variegat-td limestone ; the
chasm is from 450 to G50 feet in wi'Jth. Owing to the small rocky islands
in the stream, which are being worn a^vay by the dashing cataract, and to
the rocky protuberances' which project fvum the sides, tue water rushes
through this narrow passage, which is little more tlum half a mile in length,
with great force. The rise of tide in the harbor ranges from 22 to 2G feet,
and the water, above the falls, rises at flood, from one toot and a half to three
feet ; the height of tlie fall may therefore be estimated at fi'om 20 to 23
feet. But for about three quarters of an hour during each Hood tide, the
whole surface of these periodically ti'OLilded water- becom<-'3 calm and pla-
cid, as if to accommodate itself to mau"s requirements, and is rendered, by
this law of nature, navigable for ships, steamers, &c. A visit to this spot
v<cll repays the admirer of nature's anomalies.

Portland. — The souihern portion of this parish forms a part of the city
of St. John.

Laticaster comprehends the western part of the county, from the river
Saint John to the county of Charlotti?.

Until recently, the subject of agriculture has not engaged much of the
attention of the inhabitants of this parish ; fishing, lumbering, and other
mercantile pursuits, having been their chief occupations. It contains seve-

1 ■ <i

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ral thriving settlements and villages, among which, Carleton, before men-
tioned, as forming a part of the City of Saint John, is honorably contend-
ing in the race of ;'mprovement with its neighbours on the other bank of
the river. The Census of 1851, presents no adequate idea of its present
state, as the march of improvement has gone on rapidly since that |)eriod.
The nature of the country, immediately round the town, presents excellent
facilities for its extension; roads and streets are being opened in every di-
rection, and other symptoms of a progress, commensurate with itc growing
importance ire ev^ry where manifest. On Musquash river there are nu-
merous saw ?.nd other mill establishments ; and along the margin of this
river and i<-s haven there are large tracts of marsh ; the whole presenting
the appearance of industry and perseverance.

Simo?ids. — This parish being adjacent to the City, the principal
part of the land fit for agricultural operations, is rapidly being
made available. It possesses several small lakes, among which Loch
Lomond is the chief A mail road leads through this parish 1o Quaco,
but the land alon^ it is generally poor. Still the parish in consequence of
its proximity to tl>e city, and possessing other tracts of good land, to;i^ether
with great facilities for commerce, has proportionally exceeded in population
any of the other civil divisions of the county, except Portland ; it is deci-
dedly the best farming parish in the county of Saint John.

Saint Mart'ms' — Lying to the eastward of Simonds and extending to
the county of Albert.

There are several tracts of land fit for settlement in this parish still
ungvanted ; but in consequence of its remoteness from the city, and the
want of additional roads these lands have not yet been taken up. Li com-
paring the census of 1851 with that of 1840, this section of the county ap-
pea s to have remained almost stationary, shewing an increase of only seven
in population, and of 157 acres of cleared land, Quaco is a flourishing
village on the Bay of Fundy, where ship building is carried on to a consi-
derable extent ; other improvements are also bcng mode, and the village
presents evident marks of progress. The registrj' list of the county of St.
John was last year increased by the addition of ten vessels, measuring not
less, in the gross, than 10,000 tons from this little port.

Races. — The principal races composing the population of the city and
county of Saint John, are English, Scotch, and Irish, and their descendants,
with a few from other countries. They are generally courteous to stran-
gers, free and intelligent in their manners, and industrious, assiduous, en-
terprising ia business; and it may be said, Avithout fear of contradiction,
that there is no city on the American continent where the wants of the poor
are bettor ji more readily supplied, or where the stranger who uiuy bo le-
sirous of ado|,t;ing any part oi New Brunswick as his home, will he better
and raoro honestly directed, and that without having his /mckeis pkkcd by
the way, than in the city of Saint John.

Fisheries. — T^Vom Point Lcpreau to Saint John harbor there are no re-
gular fishing establishment; " the principal fisheries are those for cod and
herring ; small haddock are also taken in the summer, but hake and pullock
are comparatively rare."

Lobsters are taken in abundance at Dipper Harbor, from whence the
city of Saint John is principally supplied.

*' The fisheries of the harbor are those for gaspereaux, shad, and salmon,

133

deci-

which enter it for the purpose of ascending the river to their usual spawn-
ing grounds." The fishing grounds on hoth sides are under the' control of
the City Corporation, subject of course to any general legislative enactment,
regulating the fisheries of the Province, and are laid off in small lots, and
disposed of to persons having the freedom of the city at various prices ac-
cording to situation. The salmon, gaspereauxvipaad shad fisheries within
the harbor, in 1 850, are said by Mr. Ferley {o- %v^been worth X20,000 ;
their annual value has since been much increasj^^.'*'; ,.-•

From the harbor eastward to the county limits,'|*lhlion, shad, alewives, cod,
herrings, pollock, haddock, hallibut, lobsters and' various other kinds of fish
are taken in great abundance, although no establishments have been formed
for the purpose The fisheries here, as in most other parts; of the Province,
are being fast destroyed by catching the fish at improper times, and in a
wrong manner : and their passage up the rivers for tiie purpose of spawn-
ing, has been in numerous instances entirely prevented by mill dams. Besides
thes ^ evils the bottoms of the channels, as well as the water itseK", are often
rendered obnoxious, and in fact destructive, to the young fiy hy the quan-
tities of saw-dust allowed to float down the streams. It is generally be-
lieved by those best acquainted with the subject, that if some liCgislativo
enactment be not made and strictly enforced, forbidding the longer conti-
nuance of the injurious practices, which have of late existed with regard to
our harbours and rivers, that portion of our fisheries which is so easy of ac-
cess, to varied in its produce, and a profitable to those engaged in it, as well
as to the Province, will soon be considered among the things that were.

Railways. — The European and North American Railway, from Halifax
to Poj'tland, pa-iscs through this County, for about eight miles to the east-
ward of the city, and kraver.ses the parish of Lancaster for nearly two miles
further. ,lt the city will be one of the most important depots on the whole
line. The river will bo crossed near the Suspension Bridge.

Rivers and Creeks. — The County of Saint John is well watered. Bo-
sides the river Saint John, about which so much has already been said, it
has the Musquash. Little, Black, Tiegnmouth, Quaco, Great Salmon, Lit-
tle Salmon. Upper Salmon, and Goose Rivers, and Emerson's, Garden, Goose
and other Creeks, with their branches diverging in every diicction, afford-
ing every facility for ship-building, mills, and other manufactories requiring
water power.

Minerals, — Although the County presents in its general formation, the
char. terJstics of a uiineral distiict, especially as regards coal and iron, the
only deposit that have been yet discovered, no doubt for want of research,
arc tliObO repoiltjd by Dr. Gcsner, of a vein of anthracite coal at Liitlc river,
of a fair quality, and another at (>uaco, which has been opened, but has not
proved profitable. Plumbago, (f wh'cli nearly 90,000 lbs. were exported
in 18.>o, is fotmd in great abundance near Uie City of Saint John. Lime-
Htone if very abundant, and marble of ^.ocd quality is obtained.

^/iljj-buI/dinL''. — ^Ve take the following list of vessels built in St. John,
from the returns made to the Legiulature in the years 1851, 1852, and-

Registered in Saint John in 1851, 00 vessels, 28,628 tons.

For owners in the United Kingdom, 14 " 10,332 "

■\..l

Making a total of

134

lli
'irli

ill!!

y'i

IH- !■

Registered in Saint John in 1852,
For owners in the United Kingdom,

Making together,

Registered in Saint John in 1853,*

78 vessels, 39,038 tons.
Q i< a r\Cin <<

87
94

6,090

56,452

*NoTE. — The vessels built in the Gulf are registered at Miramichi ; and
those built in the Bay of Fundy at Saint John, except Charlotte, which has
a registry at St. Andrews.

The number of registered vessels belonging to the Port of Saint John up
to the 31st December, 185B, as near as can be ascertained, was 527, mea-
suring 88,574 tons, new measurement.

Education. — The population of the city and county of Saint John, by
the censes of 1851, was 38.475. Out of this number there were attend-
ing the parish schools —

Ip 1851, 1,946 pupils.

" 1852, 54 schools, 2,402 ''

" 1853, 64 " 2,869 "

The increase in 1852 456 "

" in 3 years, 823 "

The above returns shew the number of pupils for each of the three years,
while we have no means of knowing the increase of the population, which
must have been very considerable, since the census was taken.

The increase in the school attendance in 1852, over that of 1851, was
probably caused by the agricultural and commercial prosperity which
dawned upon the Province at that time, and has since continued to enrich it.

Imports and Exports. — The following abstract, taken from the Journal
of the House of Assembly, shews the imports and exports for Saint John,
but including the other counties in the Province, except Charlotte : —

Sterlinor.
Total value of Imports in the year 1853,

1852,

((

1851,
1850,

Xl,6o7,907
1.063,554
925,488
770,168

Total value of Exports for the Province, except Charlotte
County, in

(t
((

((

1853, £904,200
1852. 714,860
1851, 702,021
1850, 603,777

' In the return of exports, the new vessels built for, and sold to owners in
the United Kingdom, are not included, although a large portion of the
building materials and outfits form considerable items in the imports.

Vessels entered inwards at Saint John, and its outports, except Char-
lotte, in

No. Tons. Men.

1853, 3,113 527,378 20,880

1852, 2,571 449,491 17,234

1851, 2,253 399,533 15,941

1850, 2,807 368,929 15,495

ia5

tons.

Vessels entered outwards in

No. Tons.

1853, 3,125 580,076

1852, e,578 490.107

. 1851, 2.259 455,211

1850, 2,310 393,625

At the port of Saint John alone :

No.

Tons.
282,566
324,821
334,267
362,917

Thus, it will be seen that a large portion of the tonnage
enters, inwards and outwards, at this port.

-jQ-^ (^ Inwards, 1,528

\ Outwards, 1,545

,5,cn ( Inwards, 1,740

^^^^ ^ Outwards, 1,746

Men.
22,126
18,962

17,757
16,557

Men.
11,008
16,615
12,105
13,670 .

of the Province

1851. — Population and other Statistics of St. John.

Inhabitants,

Families,

Children at school,

School houses,

£irtii8,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriculturibts,

Places of worship,

Saw mills,

Grist mills,

Acres of land cleared,

Tons of hay,

Wheat,

Barley,

Oats,

Buckwheat,

Indian Corn,

Potatoes,

Value of manufiictorieB,

Other factories,

Population ,
Children at school,
Families,
Inhabited houAM,

Parishes.

City of St
John.

22,745
4,248

59
757
252

£91,577

Port-
land.

8,429

1,610

527

J 8

395

122

1,758

758

1,782

120

7,526
£20,910

Lancas-
ter.

1.896

305

170

(

118

105

3,575

1,389

0,910

039

148

10,511

£863

Comparison.

Slmond's.

St. Mar-
! tin's.

Totals.

3,425

1,980

38,475

540

343

7,058

507

122

1,992

108

1,377

491

260

430

402

217

767

11,200

5,192

21,725

3,290

1,420

6,855

114

249

354

510

17,047

5,222

30,901

5,115

3,884

9,758

108

54,370

27,279

105,695

£11,070

£1.140

£123,506

124

1851,
1840,
1853,
1851,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

38,475
32,957

2,869

7,058
5,044

3,885
2,896

,869 I
,992 \

Increaptt in

11 years,

5,513

2 years,

877.

11 years,

2,014.

((

989.

%'{■ i ";

, y

i f

I'ii' ■

i'\

136

■ ^1

1851,

1840,

1851,

1840,

1851,

1840,

1851,

21,725

]840,

19,l;]3

1851,

1,219

18i0,

o9;}

1851,

?;7::'i

1840,

3,3S3

1851,

3,747

18'U;,

2,907

1861,

1,550

1 \0,

3.111

reae

e in 11 years,

12.

2,591.

326.

365.

640.

reas

1,561.

Places of worship,
Grist milld.
Saw mills,
Cleared land,
Horses,
Neat Cattlo,
Sheep,
^Tine,

COUNTY OF CHARLOTTE.

Boundaries. — The said County of Charlotte, bounded " south by the
Bay of Fundy, west by the river Saint Cro'"^, and the western shore of the
Bay of Passamaquoddy, east by the line i .nning true north thirty miles
from Point Lepreau, as surveyed by Deputies Wilkinson and Mahoai, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-five ; pnd north
by the line running true west iVom th.:; termination of the last mentioned
line, as surveyed hy Deputy Mahoad in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hund»'ed and fort}?-five, including all the islands adjacent thereto, and
the island of Grand Manan, and the islands adjacent to it."

General Description. — This county possesses a large bay and river na-
vigation ; it has m extensive frontage on the Bay of i undy, and the Pas-
samaquoddy Bay, and the river St. Croix washes its whole western boun-
dary, dividing it from the State of Maine. There are also the the Digde-
quash, New, Lcpieau and Magaguadavie rivers, with their tributories, toge-
ther with maiiy other minor streams affording water communications through-
out its interior. It contains 783,360 acres of which 466,000 are still
ungranted. The land on the shores of the Bays is broken and somewhat
rocky though the principal settlements are in this district. St. Andrews'
is a flourishing town with upwards of 3000 inhabitnnts, and is the head
quarters of the county ; it stands on a peninsular ridge extending into the
Passamaquaddy Bay, from the extreme point of which the St. Andrews
and Quebec Kailway take" its departure. Here there are a Brewery and a
Steam Saw Mill, togethei with an Iron Foundry at which operations are
carried on to some extent. The next place of importance is St. Stephens,
a beautiful village about twenty miles above St. Andre.vs. on the river St.
Croix, which is capable of carrying ships of considerable burthen up to this
place. About four miles further up stands Mill Town, both thriving places ;
on the American side of the river, Calais is immediately opposite to Sc.
Stephen's and Upper Calais to Mill Town. Baring is another flourishing
village, with anotner village of the same name across the river, and conse-
quently on the State of Maine. There are a great number of Saw Mills or
each side of the St. Croix, and the inhabitants, respectively keep up a con-
stant and friendly intercourse, only vieing with each other in the march of
improvement ; so much so that it is observed that whenever a Saw Mill or

137

12.

2.
»91.
126.
155,
540.
561.

I by the
re of the
'ty milea
ihor.'l, in
nd north
lentioned
thousand
reto, and

riv^r na-

a con-
jarch of
I Mill or

a village is established on the one side, aaother soon springs up to corres-
pond with it on the other. The Americans have a railroad running seven
or eight miles up the St. Croix, which facilitates the convevance of lumber
from the upper mills to the place of embarkation. Ferry boats nre con-
stantly plying on the river between the several towns which are oppcsit'i to
each other.

There are many flourishing villages and settlements eastward of St. An-
drews, along tho road leading parallel with the Bay Shore to Saint John;
as there are also in the interior of the County, the principal of the latter
being the Colebrooke Settlement, (named from the late Lieut. Governor)
in the west, and the Anderson's, Trvon, Baillie. Flume Rid^e. and Clarence
Hill, the latter in a fine district, with a road running to the Harvey Settle-
ment ; all of which lie scattered througli the central part of the county.
There are largo tracts of fine ungrantod land in the nort^, and especially
in th. north-west districts, and one jf excellent quitlity about the Magagua-
davie and Digdequash rivers and cheir numerous branches, whcr^ there is
room for much farther settlement ; on both rivers there are many sawmills.
Charlotte is intersected by several great roads, and by a large number of
bye roads along them are frequent settlements and clearings, which v/ith
the excellent saw and other milling establishments on the streams, present,
on the whole a thriving mercantile, and to a considerable extent, agricul-
tural appearance.

The county is divided into the parishes of St. Andrews, St. Stephens,
St, David.o, St. James, St. Patrick, St. George and Pennficld, together with
the island, par'-^hes of (^'ampo Bello. Grand Manan. and West Tsles the
latter including Deer ;'nd other small islands contia;uous to it. ^J'hc value
of articles manufactured in the county in 18ol, excln'^ive of lumber and
fish, amounted to £1.5.472. It has a bench of 36 magistrates, dispersed
through its villages and settlements, and possesses also a Chief Probate and
other Courts, and a llegist'3r OUice.

Agriadltire. — The agriculture of this county, although it was settled
soon after the discovery of the Province, has not, until recently, made very
rapid advances. It contr.-'ned Sa.loG acres of clear land in 1840. and in
1861, 45.(33i>. being an addition of 10.521 acres in 11 years, while its pop-
ulation in the saiiie period had only increased 1700. In farming stock,
a;;ain the increase has been small while the <[uantity of butter made in 18.")1
exceeds that of any other county except Kings and York, being 441.522
pounds. In other agricultural productions, the improvement has not been
far behind that of many other- counties in ■ "h5 Province.

North of the Town of St. Av.«ii'evr's. there are a number of well culti-
vated farms ; as there are also in the neighborhood of Mill Town. The
frontier portions of the parishes of St. Andrew's. St. Stephens. St. .James',
St. i)avid';j ar.d St. Patrick's, are mitch better c .Iculated for farming onera-
tions than their more central parts, where the lands are stony; a character
-ivhich in many places extends fully northwiiul and eastward to the bounda-
ries of York r.nd Snnbury : but there is a new settlement forming in the
northeast angle of the Gounty called Crofton, witli a voud leadin;^ from thence
to the '.\Levepis road Gn the seaboard the fogs of the Bay of Fandy cause
the grain to rust to some extent, more especially wheat, and therefore, the
arising of that crop is somewhat pi'ecarious. In a part of St. Patrick^ and
also in St. George and Pennfield, there arc some fine tract.i intervening bo-
iweeu the hiHs and along the aiargin.'i of fc«treaiB9| fcut a great portioa o*' thepo

Vi :.

iS '

■! «

»1' t!

138

parishes also is broken, dry, and in many places stony. The principal por-
tion of the northern section of the country is yet in a wilderness state, ex-
cept these parts of St. Andrew's and St. James', which are traversed by the
St Andrew's Hailway, which id opening up this district and rendering it ac-
cessible to the farmer, the lumberer and the m-mufacturer, so that almost
every arable spot in the vicinity is being explored, and will speedily bo occu-
pied. The railway company, hold by grant from the Government, a largo
tract of land on each side of their line, which they are now taking means
for filling up >Yith settlers.

Railway. — This undertaking is a striking instance of what the combin-
ation of perseverance, determination and industry will effect. The people
of Charlotte have manifested the operation of these elements to an extent
yet unparalled in this country; they are fast pushing on their railroad to
completion, after having encountered, and by their energy overcome obsta-
cles which at first appeared almost insurmountable. This railway starts
from the harbor of ft. Andrew's, which is open to navigation at all seasons
of the year; and. after leaving that town and the circumjacent settlements,
runs through an almost unbroken fores', croesing the county of York, obli-
quely, to Woodstock in Carleton, the remninder of its path to Quebec is not
yet defined. By this means the wealth of the wilderness, whether it con-
sists of the forest trees, the mines and minerals including the Woodstock
iron and copper ores, or the agricultural riches of the soil, will be transported
to the seaport of St. vVndiCws, for consumption, manufacture, or exporta-
tion.

Ronda. — In addition to the railway, and the roads connected therewith,
this county has the g.eat mail road from St. John to the United States,
passing nearly along its fiontier : also, the great road running northerly
from St. Andrew's through Brookway, Harvey and llanville settlements to
Fredericton, and another from the same place to Woodstock. The south-
western part of the county is one complete net-work of bye-roads, leading
to every one of its numerous settlements ; .and the St. Croix river is cross-
ed into the States at several different points ; and neA>^ roads, affording new
facilities for settlement, are being opened. The northwestern district is,
however, almost destitute of reads, except what is called tho old road to
Fredericton ; a new line, to be called the red rock road, is laid out, but not
yet uponed. Beads also run up both sides of the Magaguadavie river for
some distance, and there are no less than three bridges over it. There arc
also /oads up both margins of the D'gdequash river, ar:d new cc-umunica-
tions with these will no doubt soon be opened.

Gcolof^ij, Minerals^ >S)C. — The great coal formation of this Province does
not extend to thi? county, which consists of dctatchod patches of gi'anite,
trap, lower silurean, and an extensive tract of the Cambrian system. Marl
has been discovered in several places, and lime has been found en a penin-
sula extending into L'Eiang harbor, in t'^ie parish of St. George, where, in
1851, there were 15.100 casks manufactured. J^lumbago and slate have
been met with in different purts of the county. The oxides and sulphates
of iron, and iron pyrites, have been discovered by Dr. Gcsner, but do ex-
tensive body of this ore has yet boon found, although, the geological charac-
ter of the country f'trongly favors the presence of this mineral. Thin
veins of lead ore (Galena) have bcon found by the Doctor on Campo Bello
islaud; speaking of this island, he says, that '• the hornblende "ock is
abund^ntj" ^tid ''it is filled with the Sulpharate of iron, which from its

pal por-
itate, ex-
id by the
ng it ac-
,t almost
be occu-
;, a largo
ig means

> combin-
le people
m extent
ailroad to
me obsta-
iiy starts
11 seasons
;tlement8,
ork. obli-
bec is not
er it con-
^\'cdstock
ansported
exporta-

berewith,
id States,
northerly
ements to
10 south-
leading
■ is cross -
ding new
istrict is,
road to
;, but not
river for
'l:ere ai"c
amunica-

irice does
granite,
I. Marl
a pcnin-
vhere, in
ate have
ulphates
t t)0 ex-
l charac-
Thin
Bello
"ock is
from its

139

decomposition, covers the rocks vpith the sulphate of that metal ; and thus
an excellent opportunity is afforded for the manufacture of alum and cop-
peras.

In prosecuting the explorations east of St. Andrew's, he discovered at
Magaguadavie some veins of copper, specimens of which, on being analysed,
he found to contain —

" Copper, 76.5

Sulphur, 19

Iron, 4

99.5."

He proceeds : — " It is, therefore, a rich ore of copper; the veins increase
in thickness as they descend, and there can be little doubt that those already
discovered are connected with a far greater deposit situate beneath the sur-
face. In Cornwall, in England, I have seen scajns of copper ore, of dimen-
sions no greater than those just mentioned, worked at the depth of eight-
een hundred fuet below the surface. '\Vere the veins at Magnguadavie ex-
plored to one half of tliis depth, they doubtless would be found of far great-
er thickness." After a further extension of his explorations, he says,
" That the necessary ijuantifcy of ore does exist, there can be no doubt ; and
I feel tlie fullest confidence in its final dev^lopenient," From the explora-
tions that have been made by the Doctor, and others, it may be fairly in-
ferred that valuable mineral biibstanocs will yet be discovered in this broken
country.

Fisheries. — The Bay of rass^maquod<ly, studded by a group of islands,
and its inner bay, harbors and rivers:., aflbrd facilities for carrying on the
fisheries not surpassed by any section, of equal extent, on the Bay of Fun-
dy. Tbe principal kinds offish taken i)i these waters are pollock, cod, hor-
ring, niackarel and haddock ; and the chief places for c<"rrying on the fish-
eries are Campo Bello, where there arc excellent fishing establishmerts,
Grand Tvlanan, West Isles, and the harbors of the parish of St. George ;
there are also some fisheries along the coast of tho parish of Pennfield, in
the eastern part of the county.

Campo Bello — From a report made to M. IT. Perley, Esq , the value of
fish taken on this isltnid duiing the year 1S50, amiounted to X9,825 7s. Od. ;
and by the census of 1851, they were estimated at XIO 078.

Grand Manan. — This island, with its harbor,, coves and circumjacent
islets, aftbrds vast facilities for the efficient prosecution of this branch of in-
dustry. The number of boats engaged ii: it in August, 1850. was 94, man-
ned by 282 men. Fishing vessels, of a larger size, numbered 24, and the'r
crews to 112 men. The v^lue of the fisheries of this island, ir. 1851,
amounted to £6,885.

West Isles — The inhabitants of these islands, the principal of which are
Deer Island and Indian Island, included with other smaller ones in this
parish, chiefly live by fishing. In 1851 the value of their catch was given
as je9,8B5.

There are not less than 16,000 seamen, 850 boats, and about 70 vessels
engaged in the fisheries of all these islands,

The fisheries car>ied on along the coast, from St. Andrew's to tbe Saint
John county line, are not extensive, with the exception of those at L'Etang,
"which were estimated, in jiSSl, at X3,340. The people here, as in most

•i

■J*

,1 %

i i

fii.

'%■''

,i!* !

i I*

I I

140

Other parts of the Provinc©, unite thipi pursuit with their agricultural opera-
tions.

The aggregate value of the fisheries of this county, in 1851, douhled
that of any other in the Province, amounting to c£31,138. This result, no
doubt, arises fron) the proximity of this section of the Province to the Uni-
ted States, which afford them, in addition to their ovfn increasing towns and
villages, a ready market for the produce of the sea.

^Iiip'hinldbig. — This branch of industry is carried on along the differ-
ent harbors and rivers of this country, as the follo^ying reports will shew :

New Vessels registered in 1850, 8 1.805 tons.

'• ^' 1851, 6 101) "

«' " 1852. 5 l,r.80 "

" " 1858, '7 1,771 '=

The port of St. Andrew's will, on the completion of its railway, have a
decided advantage over many -'f the other sea ports in the Province, in the
facilities, it will afford for the conveyance of timber and lumber from the
interior :

No.

Tons.

Men.

Vessels entered Inwards in 1852.

743

8U.845

4.322

" " 1853i

8-13

998,898

4.880

Inwards in 1352,

720

91.305

4,334

10f>»J,

804

101,402

4,909

Educ<i/.io?i. — There is a Grammar School at St. Andreif's, attended in
1851 by 23 pupils ; in the same year there were 94 parish schools houses,
attended by 2,889 scholars ; in 1853, there were 88 school houses, nitended
by 2,870 schul;\r3, .shewing a decreasie of 11 in the attendance of scholars;
besides this there were 175 pupils at priv^;te schools.

The JT'chool Inspector for this county, in his report to the Provincial
Board of Education, complains of the apathy of parents or guurdinns of
children, in not availing themselves of the benefits of education — a com-
plaint appliable to other sections of the Province as well as Charlotte ; he
says, '"it does not proceed from poverty, inasmuch as the ordinary busi-
ness of the country was never in a more prosperous state than at the pre-
sent time.'' There are fifty three places of v.'ordhip belonging to different
denominations.

PAKISIIKS.

Salnf Andrew' a.— This parish is not very extensive, but is well filled up
and its available acres, which, in its immediate vicinity, are of good quahty,
are all oijcupied. On the front of a peninsuln running into a bay about
twenty miles in length, and nearly ten in width, stands the town, with its
wharves, streets and public buildings, all of which are regular. The streets
arc laid out. parallel to ihe general direction of the wharves, on an undu-
lating ridge, and the neat public and private buildings, together with the
Hurrounding landscape, give the whole place an inviting appearance. The
population of the parish, by the census of 1851, was 3,910, and at the
present time may be about 5,000. The town contains a chamber of com-
merce. Banks, Bible and oAer Societies, an emigration office, barracks, a
gaol, and other public buildings, together with its usual quota, in common
with the other parishes, of local officers, which ai-e annually elected by the
rate payers, ittrge vessels load at the Ledge in Oak bay, a little to the

viiicJiil

ns . of

coui-

|te ; he
busi-

|lecl up

lality,

about

lith its

itreet3

indu-

Lli the

The

L the

com-

tks, a

mion

the

fo the

141

west of the town ; and this is the principal place for shipment of lumber,
&c., for Europe, There are steamboats from St. Andrews' to Eastport and
other towns on the American side of the Bay.

l>lalut Sfc/i/ieus. — This parish, with its capita.) of the same name, and
its auxihory villages, Upper and Lower Milltowu, is situate at the head of
Oak bay, and along the St. Croix river. At the village of Saint Stephen,
whicli is at the head of ship navigation, there are a number of neat public
and private odifioes. Many of the saw mills on this and the other rivers
of the county are constructed on the be^t water power principles ; those on
the r'^t. Croi.K ricinufacture vast quantities of lumber, much of which is
shipped from this parish. The growth of these villages has been owing prin-
cipally to the lumbering and raanutacturing operations, and now, that atten-
tion is turned more particularly to the farming interests, as well as to other
avocations, we may reasonably expect a more rapid progress in these dis-
tricts as well as in the town of St. Andrew's. This parish possesses mine-
ral springs, whose waters are said to be highly medicinal.

»SV. Jii/nas^ lies north of St. Stephen's, and extends to the County line,
of York and the American boundary. This psirish is much larger than the
two lirst described, and is fast improving both in the extension of roads and
settlements. Its population in 1851 amount'.! to 1,756. Lumbering has
hitherto been the principal occupation of its inhabitants ; but there are ex-
tensire tracts of good land, and all that is required is roads to make them
available. The Parker Settlement is thriving.

Sdiiit Dai:ld.ft. — The frontier part of this parish lies between the tow^ns
of St. Andrew's and St. Stephen's, and has a front upon Oak Pay. This
and tlie parishes already described arc lijdout in the most irregular manner
possible. It contain?, at the head of the bay some good land for agricnl-
turul purposes, but the grct bulk, with some few exceptions, is rather un-
favorable to the farmer: it contained in 1851, 0,030 acres of cleared hnd.

Saint Patricia s lies east of Saint David's, Saint James's, and Saint
/Andrew's, and extends from Tassamaquoddy Bay to the County Line, the
northward.

Saiiil George's is next to the eastward and bounds on the last parish.
The river L'Etary is, the l^oundary between this parish and Penniield, and
at its mouth is a small well sheltered and safe harbor for large ships.

The two last named parishes, St. Patrick and St. George, are well inter-
sected along their frontier with roads and rivers. The Magaguadavie and
Digdeqi^ash both run through these parishes, and there are milling estab-
lishments, ''nd good settlements, on both riverS|; and on Lake Utopia, there
aro large tracts, of what Professor Johnston calls second and third rate laud
for farming purposes. As timber is becoming more scarce along the water
communications, people are turning more of their attention to agriculture,
and ihis land will, no doubt, be thus brought into cultivation. At the mouth
of the Magaguadavie there is a beautiful harbor, and from thence to the
lower Falls, a distance of about ten miles, the river is navigable for boats.
At this ])oint the stream falls in a chasm only thirty feet wide, by five suc-
cessive stops, over a rock one hundred feet in height, and this spot, for
picturesque beauty, is exceeded by few in the Province. Here is also the
town of i^X George, a handsome settlement on the high road between St.
John's and St. Andrew's, and an extensive saw mill establishment. There
arc also mills and a villatfe at the Fails some miles further up the river.

Pemifield is the only remaining parish on the mainland, running from

•0 Cj

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1-: V*

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ill

},,.( ■«(!■

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142

St. George's to the County of St. John. Although it contains nearly one
third of the County, it is chiefly unsettled, except along the borders of the
Bay shore and rivers. It has suffered from that too common mixture of the
two employments of farmer and fisherman, which has been before noticed.
There are however some good settlements at the head and on both sides of
Lcpreau harbor.

There are a great number of islands belonging to this county most of
which are attached to other parishes, but there are three islands, viz : Cam-
po Bello, and Grand Manan, each respectively consisting of the islands so
named, and West Isles, consisting of Deev Island and the other islands con-
tiguous to it. The south branch of the Orimocto has its origin in a lake in
this parish.

Camjjo Bcllo is nearly eight miles long by about two in breadth ; fishing
is the principal occupation of its inhabitants ; and ic has several harbors
where small crafts may enter and lye in safety. The island belongs to Ad-
miral Owen, and is separated from Lubec, in the State of Maine, by a nar-
row passage. It contained in 18r>l, G79 acres of cleared land, and a popu-
lation of 865 persons, with four school houses attended by 137 scholars and
two places of worship.

The Parish of West Isles contains a population of 1,252 persons, and
has 1,798 acres of cleared land, including Deer Island, which has very
little good land on it, but its harbors are safe. This island is about twelve
miles loDg, and about three in breadth ; there are a number of lesser is-
lands, contributing more or less to the statistics of West Isles. The inha-
bitants of all are principally engaged in fishing.

Grand Manan — The last of the parishes in the order of description,
is situated abouc thirteen miles southerly of the American coast, and is of
an oval shape, about twenty miles in length, and averaging five in breadth.
It consists of lofty mural precipices, with little land fit for farming purpo-
ses ; the water around is deep in many places close to the shore, ^^ith bold
perpendicular rocki. The coves and islets adjacent, afford shelter for ves-
sels, but the principal rcndezous for shipping is Dock Harbor, which is a
salt water lake, measuring about one mile and a fourth in length, by half a
mile in breadth ; the depth of water ranges from five to eight and a half
fathoms. This sheet of water was, until as recently as 1846, entirely cut
off from communication with the sea, by a high wall of gravel and stones,
when a passage was cut through this wall of sufficient width and depth to
admit large vessels ; this entrance is protected by a break water built on
the western side. The advantages arising to the fisheries of the island from
this newly created harbor are great ; besides sheltering the vessels from stones
it affords within its walls a good herring fishery. The inlet to this valua-
ble port, however, requires deepening, and the break water should be ex-
tended. In 1851, this island contained 1,823 acres of cleared land, and a
pupulation of 1,187 souls, four places of worship, and four schools, attended
by 148 children.

143

' JO

♦■

1 ^

Sain

■4J

c«

CO i

-«A

-a

C/J

a o

19.938

G29

204

312

1,431

i02

45,056

17,076

3, '263

69,988

14,304

409

163,117

78,428

lAO M«i-( ^ oci cqo«f* CO
-7 -T tn

in t^ ■^^ '•< ::i oi ^^ 0^ wi oo o-"*?! --<

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'.c iccf i-T-t*" oo"

1—4 r— <

Inbabi tarts,

Children at school.

School houses.

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm ,

Agriculturists,

Haces of worship.

Saw millH,

Grist mills.

Acres of land cleared,

Tons of hav,

Wheat,

Barley,

Oats,

Buckwheat.

Indian Corn,

Potatoes,

Turnips aad other roots,

.J.

: ' fl

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144

I I

Population, ^

FamilioB, }

Inliabited houues, ]

Places of worship, <

Qi'i&t laills, <

Saw mills, ^

Cleared land, ^

Howes, ^

Neat Cattle, J

Sheep, ^

Swin«, \

Comparison,

i Inoreaso in 1 1 j/eara, 1

1851,

10,938

1840,

18,178

1851,

3,422

1840,

2,910

1851,

3,183

}

1840,

2,622

(

1851,

1840,

1851,

lo40,

1851,

102

1840,

103

1851,

45,C56

1840,

35,135

1851,

1,667

1840,

1,133

1851,

8,575

1840,

7,823

1851,

11,840

1840,

11,759

1851,

2,326

}

1840,

4,286

Docreape

IncToaso

DocreaBe

,760.
512.
561.

17.

,521.

534.

752.

87.
,960

KINGS COUNTY.

Boundaries. — King's south by the City and County of Saint John, west
by Charlotte, east by the prolongation of the eastern boundary of St. John,
and south, by a hne run north six^-y-two degrees and thirty-four minutes
east, and south sixty- two degrees and thirty-four minutes west, by Deputy
Welkinson, from the lower end of Spoon Island, in the year 1838, and its
southerly prolongation, as surveyed by Deputy "Whipple, in the year
1853."

Civil Divisions, and General Descrijtfion. — The County of King's is
divided into nine parishes : Kingston, the shiretown, Hampton, Horton,
ITpham, Sussex, Studholm, and Springfield on the oast side of the Saint
John, and Greenfield and Westfield, the former on the west side of the St.
John, and the latter crossing the river opposite the lower part of Long Beach,
and embracing also a part of tho land we>it of the Kennebecasis ; thus not
only separating the people of One part of the County from thoae of the
other, but even dividing the parish by a river wl.ich is frequcnliy impassa-
ble. From this cause municipal oj^erations must be much retarded tis weil
in this county as in many others on this river : nud the only rejnedy we
can see for the.se inconveniences, especially in the location of the counties,
is a new arrangement of some of tuem making the river Saint John the
front ; and this might be done without much disturbing the county and pa-
rochial organizations.

The upland of this county is literally divided into isolatt-d tnicts by the
river Saint John, and the Kennebecasis and Bellisle Bays and their numer-
ous tr'butories. It contains, exclusive of these extensive slieets of water.
849,920 acres of land, of which 062,752 acres are granted • of these 120.-
923 are cleared and consequently 728,097 acres are still in a wilderness
state. The county is dotted throughout its whole length by a chain of liills.
glviug it a broken, and somewhat mountainouK and volcanic aspeot, M;iny

of th(
the tc
of inl
of a
bench
Ri
for st(
at the
tends

these

145

year

)rton.

Saint

lie St.

eiich,

s not
the
ts3;i-
^vell
y we
tics,
the
pa-

r the
iier-
iter.
20;-
ness
ilk,
":inv

of the acclivitiee, where they are not rocky, afford good arable land up to
the tops of the hills ; and the whole district with its hills and large tracts
of intervale and meadow, bays and rivers, a varied and presentp somewhat
of a romantic appearance. Besides the usual county officers, it possesses a
bench of thirty-seven magistrates.

Rivers and Streams. — The Kennebecasis is 70 miles lone, is navigable
for steamers for upwards of 20 miles, and haa its confluence with the St, John
at the lower line of the county. This inland bay, as it may be called, ex-
tends lengthwise of the county for eighteen miles, and a river of the same
name extends into the county of Albert, one branch of which runs north-
eastly, rising within two miles of the head of the Annegance, a tributory
of the Petitcoudiac. In the parish of Sussex this river is divided into va-
rious branches. Mill stream. Smith's Creek, Salmon river, and Ward's
Creek, all of which are fed by several smaller streams. Hammond river
enters the Kennebecasis bay from the south-east, and takes its rise partly
in the coi.nty of Saint John.

At a distance of twenty-eight miles above the city, and just above Long
Beach, Belleisle Bay enters the river St. John ; at the head of which is a
river of the same name. The latter flows from the north-eastward nearly
parallel to the Kennebecasis. Some of the mountains towards the heads of
these streams are lofty ; Pisgah, Piccadilla, and Moose Hill are among the
most prominent. The country between Bellisle Bay and the source of the
Washademoak river, in Queen's county is very flat.

The Section of the county lying on the south-west of the Saint John
is watered by the Musquash river, and its tributory streams and lakes, and
also by the Merepis ; these rivers all pass between lofty hills. Nearly all
the streams of this county, especially towards their sources, present great
facilities for mills and other establishments requiring water power.

Kingston., the shiretown, is situated in a very inconvenient part of the
county, which is the reason of its not advancing with the same rapidity as
other villastes in the Province similarly circumstanced, or even as Hampton,
or the villages in the Sussex Vale, either of which would be more conveni-
ent as the head quarters of the County. Kingston is a neat little village,
in the midst of a broken district, containing much good land which is well
improved. Here are all the public buildings of the County, the courts held,
and all the public business transacted.

Agriculture and Roads. — Though the arable lands of this county are
isolated in consequence of the rivers, lakes and hills, which every where
present themselves, still it is the best agricultural county in the Province ;
not but that there are many other counties possessing equal advantages in
this respect, but from their remoteness from markets, and the proximity of
this county to St. John, the best market in the Lower Provinces, it has
taken the lead of the others in agricultural progress. It possesses large
tracts of sea and upland alluvium, commencing at the mouth of the Ken-
nebecasis bay, extending up the river and its branches, up Salmon river to
the boundary of Albert and along the mill streams for about sixteen miles ;
there are also similar tracts along Smith's Creek for about ten miles, on
Wood's Creek for five or six miles, on the Annegance for five miles, on
Trout Brook for fifteen miles, and from the head of Bellisle bay for eight
miles, as well as on numerous other creeks and coves of its extensive water
coursei ; thu9 df large portion of the ar«ft pf this oounty consists of »llayial
deposits. ■'''

:, s: 1

■41

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146

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' ,1

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(

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P, V

f '-

W-'

The Mail road from Baint John to Halifax enters the county a short dis-
tance from the city of Saint John, and passes through a broken district of
poor land, though there are some few fine farms on the way, as proofs what
industry can effect. At Hampton Ferry, so called from the mails and pas-
sengers having been ferried over the Hampton river, until the recent erec-
tion of a bridge, a neat village has sprung up, a little above the bead of the
Kennebecasis Bay. This is a good farming district from the extent of al-
luvial land, marsh and intervale, already mentioned, but the upland is rather
strong and of ordinary quality. The tide runs about four miles above the
village of Hampton, in the parish of the same name, to which place wood
boats, and small crafts, ascend the river ; this place is about nine miles from
Kingston. This road then passes through a good agricultural district, tra-
versing the parish of Norton, and the principal part of Sussex, along the
margin of the Kennebecasis which it crosses about fifty-seven miles from
Saint John. Sussex Vale as it is often called, is a neat, though scattered,
settlement, the centre of a rich and fertile district, abounding with alluvial
intervale but from thence to within about eight miles of Westmoreland coun-
ty the soil becomes poor rnd sterile.

Roads belt the west side of the Kennebecasis, the east side of the Saint
John river, and both sides of Bellisle Bay, along which continuous settle-
ments are found. Also from the post road at Sussex Vale others diverge
northwesterly to connect with the roads in Queen's county, and intersecting
the road from the Petitcoudiac to Fredericton. Another line of road ex-
tends easterly from Sussex Vale to Saint John and Albert Counties.

The principal settlements, in addition to these on the roads already des-
cribed, are Smith's Creek, Mill Stream, Mechanics, Springfield, and Dutch
Valley settlements ; the latter extends up Trout Brook. There is a chain
of settlements extending from the coniiuence of the Saint John with the
Belleisle Bay, and from the Long Reach to Queen's county line, and along
that lino north-easterly, known by the several names of the East and West
Scotch Settlements, and Irish, English, Keirstead, Snider Mountain, and
Butternut ridge Settlements.

The parishes of Greenwich and Westfield consist of poor broken land,
generally unfit for cultivation, except along the Merepi^ and Mushquash
rivers, where there are some intervale tracts of good quality. The Mere-
pis road on its way to Fredericton crosses the last named parish : and ano-
ther road extends up the Saint John, along the westerly margin of Long
Reach, a peculiarly straight part of that river ; this road follows the gene-
ral meanderings of the stream to Fredericton.

The only remaining tracts of ungranted land in this county are situate
between the head of Mill Stream and Queen's County Line ; this tract is
good, but not extensive. Two or three years more will probably deprive the
government of any right to land in this county.

In addition to these roads, villages and settlements, and the varied im-
provements making thereon, the Railway between Shediac and &"aint .John
will traverse not less than fifty miles of the county, running in the vicinity
of the post road ; the county will probably have the advantage of two do-
pots, which almost invariably become, as soon as established, the nucleus of
towns, and the centres of trade and commerce.

Looking at Kings' County in an agricultural, commercial and geographi-
cal point of view, and having regard to its roads, railroad, and telegraphic
commuiiicotions, we see every reason for its advancement in these respects.

147

inl-

and for its maintaining at no distant period, three times its present popula-
lation. One of the drawbacks to the progress of this and other counties,
especially these near towns, is the circumstance of many persons holding
large tracts of the best land unimproved, which are daily being increased in
value by the settlement of lands around them, and therefore at the expense
of others, without contributing to the construction of roads or the support
of schools, but on the contrary retarding these and other objects of public
benefit.

This county has the benefit of the Electric Telegraph Line to the extent
of seventy miles, an oflBce is open at the village in Sussex Vale, and another
is about to be established at Hampton.

Ship-building. — The facilities for carrying on this branch of industry
presented by this county can hardly be surpassed by any other in the
Province. Its inland bays r.nd rivers not only afford situations for ship-
yards, but also the means for the easy conveyance of lumber and other ma-
terials. However the people generally pursue the more safe avocation of
tilling the soil. Though not many ships have been built within the limits
of he county, still it has furnished large quantities of timber and logs for
the markets of Saint John.

Lumbering operations have been carried to a considerable extent in this
county ; but the farmers have confined themselves in most instances to their
own pursuits, and have very poperly left this business to others ; hence
has arisen the superiority of Eng's in the scale of agriculture over most
of the other counties of New Brunswick. There is a steam saw-mill at
Hampton, where large quantities of lumber are annualljmanufactured, and
taken to Saint John, and thence exported to the markets of Britain.

Fisheries.— Almost all the inland water of this county have been haunts
of salracn and other iish, and might have continued to be so, but for the
mill-dams, and the irregular manner and time of taking them, adopted by
the inhabitants. Hence the fisheries of the Saint John river and its tribu-
tories will, unless some remedial steps be speedily taken and enforced, short-
ly be extinguished.

Minerals. — As far as Geological research has extended in this county, it
is not known to possess much coals. A part of the Albert and Westmore-
land coal-field, howev^er, extends to it, from the head of Pellet river in a
westerly and southerly direction towards Mill Stream, Ward's Creek, and
Trout Brook. Dr. Gesner, in his second report, (page 63) speaki^j of "a
stratum of impure cannel coal, about three feet in thickness," and says
that, " from the quantities of this kind of coal mingled with the debris of
the surface, it is evident that it exists in much greater quantities, and of a
quality more pure, in situations, more concealed by beds of sand and other
detrited matter."

The outcrop of coal has been discovered in the head banks of Mill
Stream, and other branches of the Kennebecasis ; with respect to the coal
in Dutch Valley, Dr. Gesner adds, "although the larger and most impor-
tant beds cf coal remain undiscovered, * * * yet an advancement is
made towards their developement."

Iro7i ore — King's County u said to be rich in iron ore of good quality;
at Moose Hill in the pariah of Springfield, about three miles north of Bell-
isle Bay, an extensive deposit of this ore was discovered by Dr. Gesner in
1841, about which, in page 62 of his 8d report, he says, "a mass taken
from the common variety yielded sixty per cent of metaUio iron. How far

. 6

-■i:

i,i i

Itl-'r

148

this enormous metallic deposite extends in an east and west direction we
were unable to determine ; but, judging from the effect it had upon the
compasses, it doubtless continues to the distance of several miles. From
these facts it is believed to be one of the most extensive veins of iron ore in
the British Provinces ; being sufficient to supply America with iron for
thousands of years. A similar kind of iron ore is abundant in Sweden,
where nu nerous quantities of the best kind are smelted, and shipped to
Great Britain." The facilities for man-*facturing iron at this place are
numerous ; besides abundance of wood in the neighborhood of the ore, coals
can easily bo procured from the Grand Lake coal field ; thus fuel is abun-
dant. Water power is equally so ; and these advantages, placed in the
midst of a flourishing country, and added to the excellent character of the
ore, must vastly increase its commercial worth.

I)t4 Gesner, in his second report, (page 47) says, " In many of the bogs
and swamps of Sussex Vale, there are extensive deposits of bog iron ore,"
which he adds, " might be worked with advantage, being of good quality,
and situated where wood for fuel is abundant, also on account of its proxi-
mity to a part of the coal field.'' In his third report, he adds, " in some
of the swamps there are collections of bog iron ore, of considerable thick-
ness, and capable of supplying large quantities of iron ;" and he says in
his second report, " from their annual increase, they are several feet in
tbickKess.

Limestone and Gypsum are abundant throughout the county, especially
2t Trout Brook, and in most of the lofty hills environing Sussex Vale, on
the Mill stream, at Butternut Ridge, Smith's Creek, and several other pla-
ces. A good quality of Granite, out of which some of the public buildings
at Kingston are constructed, is also found on the Saint John river, and in
some other parts of the County.

Mineral Springs are numerous. In the parish of Sussex, about
three miles from its village, and near the post-road and railway line, are
two excellent salt springs, where a small salt manufactory is established, but
which has been allowed, through mismanagement, to fall into decay ; still
small quantities for domestic use in the neighborhood, are annually manu-
factured. The process is evaporation, by boiling in iron vessels, when the
establishment and machinery, which was on a limited scale, were in good
working condition, from twelve to fifteen bushels were produced per day,
every hundred gallons of water yielding one bushel of pure salt, which is of
excellent quality, and highly prized by farmers, especially in the prepara-
tion of butter. Now that a railway, passing so near, is being constructed,
it will not be unreasonable to anticipate the immediate commencement of
more extensive operations in this and other branches of industry. There
is a good salt spring between the head of Smith's Creek and the head of the
Annegance ; and similar springs have been observed in other parts of the
country. Dr. Gesner says, in his second report, (page 48) that, " there
can be no doubt that the beds of salt, communicating their properties to
these springs, might be found by judicious boring ; and, should the wants
of the couiitry ever require it, an inexhaustable supply of this necessary
mineral might be procured."

Education. — In no part of the census returns are we so able to detect
error as in the numbers attending the schools. Comparing the inspectors
returns for 1853 with the census, we find^ notwithstanding the great visi-
ble improvement in every branch of trade, and in the growth of farm pro-

les

wants

3S9ary

detect
eotors
t visi-
pro-

149

dace, since the census was taken, a decrease in the school attendance in
some counties, while in others there is an unprecedented increase, so far as
regards the parish schools.

In this county, the number of scholars in 1853, was 2,507

In 1851, " 1,880

Increase in two years, 62T

This increase, though not equal to that of some of the other counties, is
a very legitimate one ; and in all probability the census of this county, in
this particular, is near the truth. Its proximity to the city of Saint John
affords it superior scholastic facilities to those of many of the other coun-
ties of the Province.

MMm

■It: \m

If-'--

i \

1 the
good

rday,
is of

! I

1 '

150

"be

Parishes.

Totals.

ceo OS, i.-; 1-1 1—1 CO ococo^'# oi c^Ci_»n lo t>^kc

^H 1— 1 CM CO

Westfield.

CI Oi o cc u:> CO (M 1-H QO o (M CI o »o ao i^ CO CO CO

•t "^ O O I— 1 ^H O CO i« O i-H ■— 1 (M CV CC

'O^csi (M CI o__o ■^ C'l o,co_i— 1 -r^

r-l

Upham.

'*OrH00O-*rfir5'tCi"<tirpi.':)O-OC1t^C0t—
<MOC<> i-HCni>-l O C<JOI-O<M00i-i.-i
0,CC r— 1 CI OC^ra^i^ r— ( >r? Cit^ O^

i-T oco -^"oo" i-T

t—t 1— I r— 1 ■»»i

Sussex.

OyCOOrH OOf— 1— (Or-I Or-Hr-iOOOOt'-O
CO lO -"l* rf O t~ O^iC^Cq^O^Cl lO^

co" i-TtC^jTr-Tco'co" cT

Studholm.

■^OiOOOOi— lOOOOcoOrHCOOOOOrficOO
I^OOOrH Clr-lC^COi— 1 ■'tCOaO'rtt^OlOrtl
Oi^Tti 1— 1 JO CI_C>,0» -»_C)^u^CO CO

Cf eo'o"rf'"r4"crcO oT

Springfield.

'OCOOOOi.'Til^OOClCOiOOh-'^uOr-m^OCIvO
O O O r- 1 l-~ C-J lO rH C-l OO -^ ■>* O CO O r- 1

i-H^co CO CO lo o_ci^co CO rr,o CI

CJ .1^ Tf rH i/S 1-H r— I

rH r-H CO CI

Norton.

eoci»oooOfCClcccoout>t~0'0'Oi-<Oi-HO

C>0 CI -tl Tt CI i-H rH Tf -^ O t^ 1-- CO O n<
■* CJ r-H C^ O 30,0 C<J Q0,CO C^ 00^

1— t OS CO r-T t— 1 O CO

r-( CI

Hampton. Kingston.

r-Hl^OSOOt— C10iC100rt<COt^»-Ot— ccoocio
CICOt— ■rt< COC-JrH ■"^OCt^ClTpOOCS

©,00 i-H eo uti i-H »c 1-H C3 '-i,''^ CI,

CI O CO t- CO J>.

1— ( I-H I-H

o-<*r--<j^Qoa5focrioocir}Hi-'^C)CiC5ict-i-Hu:!

O m C^ 1—1 Tf 1— 1 Cl >.0 1-H C5 O CO O >!)< l.-^ i-( op
>— ICOC^ C< r-lOlO<X>C11--r-lO

CI I— ( TT CO O OS

rH 1— ( 1— ( C4

CCTfOQOiOCSOOb-OSCOCOOSCiasC^OTj^OcO

oorf ci o cor-'Oi-icocorroo

C|,C< Pi C5 CO X,0 rH O i-H,l^ ift,

1— t rH

Inhabitants,

Families,

Children at school,*

School houses,

Plaoea of worsiiip,

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriculturists,

Saw mills,

Grist mills.

Acres of land cleaied.

Tons of hay.

Bushels of wheat,
" barley,
" " oats,
** buckwheat,
" Indian corn,
" potatoes,
" turnips,

Horses and cattle.

Sheep and swine.

00 a

00, ^

•—I "^
?> fl

151

Comparison.

a
s

03 •

00 a

■^ a
>^.§

'e •♦^
O '^

2-9

ij; S
^ I— I

'^'?.

00*3
fS o

o.
o ^
^ o

a f>*
a p

3 g

1^
-I

l|
^t

73 *•
a ^
• lA

Population,

Families, ^

Inhabit'.! houses, <

Places of worship, <

Griet mills,
Saw mills,
Cleared land.
Horses,
Neat Cattle,
Sheep,
Swine,

1851
1840
1851
1840

1851
1840

1851
1840
1851
1840

1861
1840
1851
1840

1851
1840

1851
1840
1851

1840

1851
1840

18,842

14,464

3,046

2,306

2,926
2,178
61
34
46
43

120,923
69,452

2.988
2,396

18,295
15,672

31,235
24,072

7,338
9,408

Increase in

11 years

, 4,378

((

740

((

748

((

51,471.

592.

2,623.

7,163.

Decrease

2,070

QUEEN'S COUNTY.

Boundaries. — " Queen's, bounded south easterly, by Kmg's ; north
easterly by the prolongation )f the eastern boundary of King's, and the
line run north, fifty-six degrees and thirty minutes west, by Deputy Price in
the Year of Our Lord 1841, from the northwest angle of Westmoreland ;
.southwesterly by Charlotte, and northwesterly by the lines run from the
lower line of Lot number one (Conrad Stirich) south-westerly by Deputy
Wilkinson, in the year 1832, and Deputy O'Connor in the year 1843,
and northeasterly by Deputy Monro in the year 1846."

General Descriptiun. — This irregularly located county contains 961,280
acres of land, exclusive of large sheets of water; out of which 514,204
acres are granted ; and of this quantity, there were in 1851. 63,719 cleared ;
consequently, at that time, there were not less than 897,561 acres in an
unimproved state. In 1851, it numbered 10,634 persons.

Besides the river Saint John, which runs acro.'^s the county, dividing it
into two unequal parts, the largest being on the north-east side of the river,
it is watered on the south-west by the Merepis, and its numerous tributories,
the Octnabog river and lake: and on the north-east it has Grand Lake
with many supplying streams, the principal of which are the Gaspereaux
and Salmon rivers, running through its whole length : and, near the lower
line of the county, and almost parallel thereto runs the Washademoak lake
and river, and their tributories ; this sheet of water runs north-easterly, and
nearly parallel to Grand Lake and its principal branches, and is navigable
for steamers and other smaller craft. The next sheet of water c i" impor-
tance, is Maquapit Lake, which is above four miles in length by nearly two
in breadth ; this and French Lake, the latter being situate in the lower
part of the county of Sunbury, are connected by a deep winding channel,
three miles long, called a thoroughfare— it is studded on both sides with oak.

' » ' I

« , ;

.(:■ i

i t

V -i

.1 '

K V

152

elm, maple, and other trees ; the land is very wet, so much so that it is un-
fit for cultivation. The whole country around the lower part of Grand
Maquapit and French Lake, and their outlets, is flat, and during spring
freshets, is covered with water, together with a large extent of the land both
up and down on the easterly bank of the Saint John river, thus acquiring
a rich deposit of alluvium. At . these periods the whole tract extending
from the west bank of that river for three or four miles eastward, is one
vast expanse of water, exclusive of Grand Lake, with which it is connected.
On the freshets abating the face of the country appears to be literally bro-
ken up into fragmentary districts of land and water. The contrast between
the appearance of this neighborhood at such periods, and that presented about
the first of July, with the unequalled rapidity with which vegetation is per-
fected, must be matter of astonishment to the stranger.

Roads. -There are numerous main roads traversing the county on the
west of the main river. Besides that running along its margin, there is the
Merepis road from Saint John to Fredericton, a road from Gagetown to in-
tersect the last mentioned road, and a road from Fredericton, via. the forks
of the Oromocto, to a junction with the Merepis road near the lower line
of the county ; and also a road from the Saint John, along the upper boun-
dary till it joins the Merepis road. On turning to the opposite side of the
river, we find that in addition to the road along its margin, each side of
Grand Lake and Salmon river, as well as Washademoak Lake and river,
are belted by roads ; thus, between its water communications and its roads,
the interior of this county is well opened up for inspection. The land fit
for cultivation, bordering both on the roads, and rivers, or lakes is nearly
all granted and thinly settled. A new road is now being made between the
settlements on Salmon river, and those on the Richibucto, which will not
only open to the settlers on the latter, a communication with the Saint John,
but will also pave the way for a new line of settlements through a wilder-
ness tract, much of which is fit for agricultural operations. The road run-
ning from the mouth of the Nashwaak, to the Petitcoudiac river above the
Bend, passes round the head of Grand Lake, and by the New Canaan set-
tlement, through the most eastern portion of the county.

Agriculture. — The character of the land in an agricultural point of view,
is equal to that of King's, already described, and superior to that of Sun-
bury. Besides possessing in common with those counties a large tract of
alluvial land along the Saint John, and some islands in the river, which is
also subject to the same periodical inundations, the county contains exten-
sive tracts of strong second and third rate soils, where a great number of ad-
ditional families might be maintained.

The ready facilities afforded in Queen's County, for the conveyance of lum-
ber by the land and water communications above described, have done, and still
continue to do much to retard the progress of agriculture. Its streams pe-
netrate the wilderness to such an extent, that the lumbering parties encamped
on the Oxbow of the Salmon river, have had those engaged in similar opera-
tions on the Richibucto for neighbors, while the two parties were taking
their lumber to the sea in opposite directions. However, as the best timber
has been taken away, so that this employment will gradually diminish, wo
may reasonably anticipate a greater attention to the more honorable pur-
suit of farming.

The accompanying tables will shew that, notwithstanding the lumbering
character of the people of this county, agricultural pursuits hav^ 8t«adily

V 'I

5 r

153

advanced. A large quantity of the public lands of this, and the adjoining
counties of King's and Sunbury, have been in the possession of persons,
called Squatters, who have not paid for their land, and live by dividing their
time between lumbering, a little fishing, and a little farming ; their improve-
ments are frequently purchased by those who have obtained grants of the
land, who go on improving upon the foundations laid by these pioneers of
the wilderness

Persons desirous of purchasing farms of from one to two hundred acres
of good land, could obtain a Lot, partially improved, situate on a road in
progress, or sometimes good and passable, for the small sum of from fifty
to one hundred pounds ; indeed the capitalist can readily obtain farms in
the more remote settlements^ in almost every county in the Province ; the
disposition to sell if they possess a title, or to give a quit claim, if squatters,
being general, and arising probably from the unsettled habits acquired while
lumbering; or perhaps from pecuniary distress originating in the mode in
which this (as it is often pursued) fluctuating and unsettled occupation is
carried on

In addition to the facilities afforded to small capitalists, in this and the
adjoining counties, to locate themselves on farms, partially improved, there
is an extensive tract of good land still ungranted, in the north-east section
of Queen's, between the settlements on Salmon river and Coal Creek, the
branches of the Washademoak, and Butternut ridge, and New Canaan Set-
tlements ; where a large number of families oould be placed. There are
also many suiall tracts of good land yet to be obtained, abutting on the nu-
merous se '"ments with which the county is intersected ; so that thos who
are desirous ot" settling in this neighborhood, can hardly go amiss fo* good
land in favorable situations.

Education. — In 1851, there were fifty-four school houses, and 1,159
children attending psirish schools, and 21 attending grammar schools, in the
following year the latter had increased to 27. In 1853, there were 65
parish schools attended by 1.043 pupils, showin^^ an increase of 484 pupils
in three years.

Fisheries. — Salmon, shad, and gaspereaux ascend the Washademoak
Lake and river, upwards of forty miles from the mouth. This lake, having
scarcely any current, and a muddy bottom, affords, as do also many of its
branches, good spawning ground for these fish. The next place of resort
for these species, is Gran i Lake, which enters the Saint John by a narrow,
deep channel, already described. This sheet of water, wi'.i the streams
falling into it, formerly afforded ample room for fish ; but latterly, saw mills
have impeded their entrance to many of these small rivers, and the other
abuses in the mode of conducting the fisheries have done much to put an
end to this source of employment. The fish taken in this county, in 1851,
were valued at £290.

Minerals. — The county of Queen's possesses lime, coal, and iron ore.
The former is obtained in great abundance, on both sides of the Saint John,
below the mouth of the Washademoak. In 1851. there were 302 casks
burnt.

Coal has been discovered at the head of Grand Lake, and along its banks
and those of its brar.ches, as well as on the Washademoak. A few years
ago, a company was organized to raise coal in this vicinity, and they sent a
partial supply to Saint John, Fredericton, and Gage Town ; but frcin the
indifferent quality of the coal, and the thinnees of the yeip, not being mor^

•■'•;,. r.

•a

i^.:]

154

iiii

h' I,

■

than from 15 to 20 inches, the undertaking did not succeed. In 1851,
there were 940 tons raised in the parish of Canning, which is on the west
side of Grand Lake, and includes parts of Salmon and Newcastle rivers, on
which the coal was found ; indeed, it has been known for upwards of forty
years to exist in this vicinity, though very little has been done towards ren ■
dering it available ; at one period, 2000 chaldrors are said to have been
raised per annum. The Salmon River Company, before referred to, expend-
ed ^£2000 in boring to a depth of 400 feet, in the year 1887 ; and in doing
so, passed through a few veins, but not sufficiently thick to warrant further
operations The various beds of coa< hitherto discovered in this county are,
in all probability, continuations of those found by this company. With re-
gard to the applicability of this coal, generally, Professor Johnston says : —
'The coal is bituminous, and cakes, or fuses, when heated, so as to form a hol-
low tire admirably fitted for blacksmiths' use, but less so for ordinary grates,
'ithout frequent stirring.' And, according to the published anticipations of
i/*** Gesner, further explorations in this county would open " other and far
richv. deposits."

Jrou is found in different parts of the county ; at Coote Hill, on the south-
west side of the St John. Dr Gesner says, in his geological report of 1841,
page 53 : '* In 1838, we discovered an enormous deposit of iron ore," the
quality of which he does not give ; but from its proximity to another body
of excellent quality, discovered by him in King's county, we should be led
to believe that this deposit is good also.

'J'he discovery of a large body of iron ore by the writer, while surveying
the line between this county and ^unbury, has been already noticed.

Between the lower line of the county, and the head of Long Reach,
there is a body of granite and slate ; the former is of the best quality of
^^ gneiss. ' being distinctly stratified, and free from any admixture likely
to destroy iia durability and beauty. This granite is not only of a superior
quality, but its proximity to the river renders it easy of working. Blccka
may be obtained of any dimensions requisite. This gneiss region was dis-
covered by Dr Gesner in 1838, and ii has been worked to a considerable
extent ; large quantities have been shipped to the towns and settlements on
the ^ainl John river.

Civil Divisio}is, 4*^ — Queen's county has a bench of twenty -three
magistrates, and now contains ten parishes, viz : Gagetown, Hampstead^
and Petersville, on the west ; and Canning, Wickham, Johnston, Water-
borough, Brunswick, Chipman, and Cambridge, on the east side of the river.
On account of the northeasterly prolongation of the county, and its frag-
mentary character, broken up, as it were, by so many sheets of navigable
water, the inhabitants of many of these parishes find it very difficult, espe-
cially at certain seasons of the year, to reach Gagetown, the capital of the
county. This town, in the parish of the same name, is beautiiully situate
on a small creek emptying itself into the Saint John, nearly opposite the'
.Jet of the Grand Lake ; it is the halting place of the little fleet of steam-
ers daily passing, during the summer, from Saint John, the mercantile, to
Fredericton, the civil capital of the Province. The town is neatly laid out,
and its public and private buildings shew a considerable degree of taste.
What adds much, however, to the beauty of this spot, is the almost continu-
ous char^icter of the town, both up and down the river. The banks of the
Saint John are beautifully studded with neat cottages ; and this is not the
least of ^hose features which render a steamboat excursion, on a summer's

155

day, up this river, so peculiarly delightful. The parish of Gagetown, in
1840, contained 865 persons ; and in 1851, the population numbered 1,075.
The accompan^'ing statistical tables will shew the increase of the county
in detail, according to its civil divisions. By an act of the Legislature,
passed in the year 1852, a new parish was created, called Cambridge, out
of the parishes of Waterborough, Johnston and Wickham, lo the east of
the Saint John. Thus, the county now contains n parishes, instead of
nine, which it contained in 1851, when the census 'as taken. The statis-
tics of the new parish are, of course, included in Jiose of the parishes of
which it then formed a part.

I. m

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■« gis-g.s "5-^ Si |-E Sbs

north
Depu
north
nutes
Depu
Danii

Saint
Fren
other
The(
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stean
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G
ishes
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poor.

157

Population, <

Familiea, <

Inhabited houses, \

Places of worship, <

Saw mills,

Grist mills.

Cleared land,

Horses,

Neat cattle, ,

Sheep,

Swine,

1851,
1840,

'omparii

10,634

8,232

1,726
1,235

jon.

■l&tfiue in

11 years
i(

, 2,402.
491.

1851,
1840,

1,557
1,168

*»

3&9.

1851,
1840,

21.

1851,
1840,

Decrease

'■'i
.>»•

1851,
1840,

28
19

63,719
43,089

Increase''^.
II

9.
20,630.

1851,
1840,

1,514
1,342

72.

1851,
1840,

10,612
8,335

2,277.

1851,
1840,

16,040
13,362

2,678

1851,
1840,

3,028
4,859

Decrease

1,831.

COUNTY OF SUNBURY.

Boundaries. — " Sunbury, southeasterly by Queen's, south by Charlotte,
north by the line run north, fifty- six degrees and thirty minutes west, by
Deputy Price, in 1841, from the northwest angle of Westmoreland, and
northwesterly by the line run north, forty-seven degrees and forty-five mi-
nutes east, and south forty-seven degrees and forty-five minutes west, by
Deputy Jouett, in the year 1846, from the lower boundary of the grant to
Daniel Fukes and others, and its prolongation northeasterly."

Rivers — This county, besides being nearly equally divided by the river
Saint John, is watered, on the northeast, by Little River, which falls into
French Lake, a tributory of the Saint John, Newcastle river, and some
other streams emptying themselves into Grand Lake, in King's county.
The only stream, of any magnitude, on the southwest side of the taint John,
is the Oromocto, a deep river, as its name implies, falling into the Saint
John eleven miles below the city of Fredericton. The Oromocto is naviga-
ble, for a distance of twenty miles from its mouth, for large class river
steamers, and for schooners of fifty tons burthen. It then divides into two
branches, known as the south and northwest ; at the head of each are large
lakes, into which, if mill dams were removed, boats could easily ascend.

General Description and Agriculture. — Sunbury contains but five par-
ishes, and has a bench of eighteen magistrates. It comprises 782,080 acres
of land ; 377,078 acres are granted, leaving 405 002 still at the disposal of
the Government. Of the granted lands, there were, in 1851, 15,587 acres
cleared ; and thus a large portion— 861,491, besides the tracts not granted
— is still unimproved. The soil generally, except along the margins of the
rivers and streams, is of rather a meagre character for agricultural pursuits.
Indeed, this inference may be drawn, as to the great bulk of the county, from
the small quantity cleared : that it, and especially the part ungranted, is
poor, and not inviting to settlers. It is certain, however, that there are

i'll

' 1

158

kr n

m'l f.'l;

considerable tracts of first rate soils on the Oromocto and its tributories, on
the road from Fredericton to Saint John, via the junction of its principal
branches, and also on the east side of the St. John. Almost all the lands
fit for cultivation on these streams have been granted, and settlements are
extended from the northwest Oromocto to the Cork Settlement, in York,
where there are some small tracts of good land still ungranted.

The land on both sides of the main river is good ; but on the southwest
bank it does not extend much over one tier of lots, or about a mile from the
river. The remainder on this side, except the tracts already described, has
been burnt over by the fires so common and so destructive among the woods
of these Provinces. At the mouth of the Oromocto, and bearing the same
name, is a neat little town, in the parish of Burton, where the county oflBces
are located, and the public business is transacted. At this spot, ship-build-
ing has, at various times, been carried on with much spirit, vessels of up-
wards of 1000 tons burthen having been constructed here. Few places in
this part of the Province present more advantages for this branch of busi-
ness. There is a beautiful strip of alluvial land on the border of the river,
especially between the town and Fredericton.

Crossing to the opposite side of the Saint John, we come to the parish
of Maugerville, the oldest English settlement in the Province ; it was found-
ed in 1766. In 1770, the first court of common pleas ever held in New
Brunswick had its sittings at this place ; and at that time, the whole of New
Brunswick was included in the county of Sunbury. On the arrival of the
Loyalists in 1783, the court was removed to Saint John, and from thence
to Fredericton The remaining parish, on this side of the river, is Shef-
field, which, in common with the other sub-divisions of this county, is laid
out with much more uniformity than those of the county of York, although
the latter is the seat of the Surveyor General's Department. In
the main river opposite these two parishes are Oromocto, Ox, Middle, and
Maugerville islands, the latter being nearly three miles long. All these is-
lands are very fertile, and their borders are beautifully protected and shaded
by elms and other forest trees ; they produce large crops of excellent hay.
The parishes of Sheffield and Blissville are the two best hay-pi educing pa-
rishes in the county ; the latter being situate at its south-west extremity,
has the advantage of the meadows along the numerous streams contribu-
ting to the Oromocto ; and ihe former, in addition to its improved upland,
possesses a large extent of alluvial land, bordering on the ^sint John. A
large flat tract of this description of land extends along the rivers edge,
across the front of the parish of Maugerville, into the lower part of York,
and continues downward through part of Queen's County, nearly to th»
Washadcmoak. The whole of this interval, except a few of the more ele-
vated spots, and including the river islands in front, are generally overflowed
by the periodical spring, and sometimes by the autumnal freshets. These
floods sometimes rise to a sufficient height to remove logs, and fences, and
other loose stuff; occasionally indeed, when a freshet is accompanied by
high winds, trees are rooted up, barns and other buildings washed down, and
haystacks, sheep, and other farms stock carried away by the current. In
some places, the lower floors of the houses have been inundated, so that the
inmates have been compelled to take to the upper stories of their dwellings,
and sometimes to their boats or canoes, one ot which is usually kept an-
chored at the door ^eady for an aquatic excursion if required.
Yet, although an additional amount of labor is required on the part of the

159

farmer, to secure his fences, z^^'i other materials that may bo easily removed,
from being swept away by these Egyptian like inundations, which rarely
last beyond a few days, still the alluvial sediraent, which, like those of the
Mill, they annually spread over the ground, amply compensates him, by
its enriching qualities, for this extra trouble ; and in a few days after these
errigations cea.>e, the labors of the husbandman begin, and the face of the
country is again covered with a luxuriant vegetation.

The northern extiemity of Sunbury, with a Jew exceptions, is poor, as
has been already stated, the principal settlements therefore, besides those on
the banks of the river St John, are the Geary, Maryland, and others on the
Merepis road, and Oromocto river.

Minerals. — The principal part of this County lies within the coal region
of the Province, and some bituminous coal has been found, yet very little is
known of any deposit worthy of notice except a few outcrops, although
some limited explorations by boring have been undertaken , but as it is
within the carboniferous district we may indulge the hope that future and
more minute researches may yet be successful.

1851. — Population and other Statistics of Sunhury County,

Parishes.

Bliss-

ville.

Barton.

Lincoln.

Mauger-
villo.

Sheffield.

Totali.

Inhabitants,

1,104

1,480

695

649

1,373

5,201

FainilieB,

171

219

lis

116

2. '2

846

Children at eohool,

109

191

556

School houses,

Births,

179

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriculturists,

133

163

161

118

650

Places of worship,

Saw mills,

Grist mills,

►*

Acres of land cleared ,

3,432

3,740

1,591

2,456

4,368

15.587

Tons of hay,

2,1G8

1,810

1,645

1,763

2,683

10,069

"Wheat, bushels,

2,231

860

597

9(8

955

5,551

Barley, "

223

555

112

973

Oats,

6,183

7,933

7,207

10.290

8,411

40,024

Buckwheat,

2,560

4,709

3,664

3,688

7,290

21,911

Indian Corn,

965

1.805

520

971

2,909

7,170

Potatoes,

22,993

30,365

20.233
1

15,910

26,856

116,357

By reference to the statistical tables accompanyin- the description of each county,
it will be observed that Sunbury, though comparat" iy small in area, and inferior in
its quantity of cleared land, raised more Indian ci ' in 1851, than Saint John, Al-
bert, Westmoreland, Northumberland, Victoria vu.i Gloucester, collectivcjly. The
land along the Valley of the Saint John is, generally, well calculated for the produc-
tion of this grain, and if more attention were paid to its culture, a large amount of
additional food would be produced.

:h :'i

I: ' :

160

Population, <

Familioa, <

Inhabited houses, <

Places of worship, <
Grist mills.

Saw mills,

Cleared land,
Horses,

'11

Neat Cattle,

Sheep,

■;

Swiao,

Comparison.

1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

5,301
4,260

84C
636

770
573

7
6

12
15

15,587
12,262

849
830

4,475
3,901
6,688
6,681
1,084
2,311

Increase in

11 years.

1,041.

210.

197.

Decrease

<«

Increase

3,325.

19.

574.

Decrease

1,227.

'1^

]at

V.v

COUNTY OF YORK.

Boimdwies. — *'York, south-easterly by Sunbury, south-westerly by
Charlotte, and the State of Maine ; north easterly by the line run north
fifty-six degrees and thirty minutes west by Deputy Price, in the year 1841,
from the north-west angle of Westmoreland, and the line run north six de-
grees forty minutes west by Deputy Scully, in " 1832," from the south-
west Miramichi river, near Boiestown, and its southerly and northly pro-
longations ; and north-westerly by the line run true east by Deputy Jouett,
in the year " 1847," from the Monument by Eel river, and the line run
north forty-seven degrees twenty minutes east, by Deputy Jouett, in the
year '• 1847," from the river Saint John, at the upper line of the lower half
of Lot number twenty-eight, granted to Matthew Philips, and its north-
easterly prolongation."

General Description. — There is contained within the limits above des-
cribed, an area of 2.201,600 acres of land, (larger than the whole colony
of Prince I'dward Island,) 1,230,086 acres are still vacant; consequently
there arc 970,914 acres granted, out of which 70,000 are cleared; leaving
a balance of 980,914 acres of the portion granted, but not improved.

In 1851, it contained a population of 17.628 persons, and by this time
it has probably reached 20,000. It is intersected by the river Saint John,
and traversed by numerous branches of that river.

The Nashwaak, an important tributory of the Saint John, falls into it,
from the eastward, a short distance below Fredericton. The Keswick river,
at the mouth of which the effects of the ocean tides are felt, the Mactaquack
stream, and the Narkawikah river also join the Saint John from the same
direction above that city. These and other streams, together with the South
West Miramichi., and its tributories, water this section of the county. The
south-west side of the river, in addition to the numerous small streams fall«

1 r

161

ing into the Saint John, is watered by the tributory streams emptying them-
selves into the chain of lakes at the head of the St. Croix^ and forming the
boundary of Maine.

The c'laracter of the soil of this county to many parts is highly calcu-
lat d for agricultural operations, especially the district known as the Har-
VwV Settlement, and a large portion of the Company's lands. There are
excollent tracts af land of an alluvial nature along the margins of many of
th-^ streams, as well as on the meanderings of the main river. Still there
is, as must be expected, a large extent of comparatively poor land. The
settlement of this section of the Province having been preceded by the ope-
rations of the lumberman, in whose track fire is most likely to follow, it
has suffered severely from the ravages of this devouring element. About
the time of the great fire, as it was called, in Miramichi, a large portion of
it was burnt, audits soil was rendered almost useless for a long time to come,
besides the destruction of a vast extent of valuable forest timber. York
has long supplied the markets of Kurope with great quantities of lumber
and squared timber, as indeed it still continues to do to some extent, al-
though recently the attention of its population has, by the aid of agricul-
tural societies, been turned to farming pursuits.

Settlements extend up both side-i of the river Saint John, and into the
interior, on the cast side in the direction of Miramichi, as well as towards
St. Andrew's, by way of the Harvey Settlement ; the principal of which,
besides those on the Saint John, are Maryland, Stanley. Tay, Campbell,
Cardigan, Bird, Hammond Hanville and Harvey Settlements.

The chief articles manufactured are boots and shoes, leatlier, candles, ca-
binet works, kc, soap, fish, hats, iron castings, lime, grindstones, and ma-
ple sugar, valued in 1851 at £22;()28 currency.

The county of York made more butter, in 1851, than any county in the
Province, except King's, the amount being 447,393 pounds, which was
125,060 lbs. more than Wesimoreland, where are the most extensive marshes
to be found in North America, and although the latter county exceeds it in
the growth of hay by G,G07 tons; the population of these two counties be-
ing nearly the same. The only reason we can assign for the inequality that
exists in the quantities of agricultural produce, is the proximity of the farm
population of York to a market, and the remoteness of Westmorland, de-
priving its farmers of the advantage accruing to these who are si'uate near
large towns.

This county contains ten parishes, viz : the City of Fredericton, the head
quarters both of the county and Province, Douglas, Dumfires, Kingsclere,
New Maryland, Prince William^ Queensbury, St. Mary's, Southampton,
and Stanley ; the htter place is the principal village in the Nova Scotia
and New Lrunswick Land Company's territory.

Educa(io}i. — There are 83 parish school districts in the county, in fifty-
seven of which public schools, and four private schools, are taught. Those
schools wcro attended, in 1853, by 2,659 scholars, being an advance of
1,020 over the number in 1851. This is a very legitimate increase in two
years, and if it were extended to every county in the Province in propor-
tion to their respective populations, the total increase over 1851 would, in
1854, be more than 10,000 instead of 5,741. The number that attended
the giammar schools in i851, was 62. These figures speak well for the
intellectual advancement of the County. A detailed description of tiie li-
terary institutions will be found under the head of Provincial Education.

I :

■A !l

;v V

162

Roads. — The principal base, or main roads, from which numerous bye-
roads diverge in all directions to the various settlements every where form-
ing, are : The road from Fredericton to Woodstock, on the south west bank
of the river St. John, a distance of 62 miles, passing through a well settled
agricultural district. This section of the county is hilly, and full of deep
ravines ; in consequence of which and of the numerous streams crossing
the road, and falling into the main river, its construction and reparations
involve a heavy cost. It is the route of the mail from Fredericton to the
upper St. John, and therefore requires to" be kept in good repair.

The road from Fredericton to Woodstock, on the north-east side of the
river, the principal part of which was formerly the ]\Iail road, passes over
an undulating country, through numeious thriving settlements, among which
are Scotch, Coverhill, and Campbell Settlements ; the land on both sides the
St. John is granted to the extent of several miles from the river, though the
principal improvements are confined to its margins and those of its tributories.

The road from Fredericton to Newcastle, on the Miraraichi, 106 miles,
runs along the west branch of the Nashwaak river, principally through a
settled country, crossing the river near Stanley, on the Company's lands,
and from thence, via Boiestown, down the Miramiclii, near the frontier set-
tlements of Northumberland ; this is also a mail route.

The royal road touches the river St. John, on the northeast side nearly oppo-
site the City of Fredericton, and runs almost direct through the wilderness to
the Grand Falls within a short distance of the river , a branch of it runs
northward to Campbelle, a sttlement on the south-west Miramichi, and
nearly parallel to the post road through Boiestown. From these main roads
numerous cross roads diverge, thus paving the way for new and more ex-
tensive settlements.

There are also man^' other roads running from Fredericton to dift'erent
parts of the Provijice ; ymong which are the road to Carleton, in the county
of St John, via the south branch of the Oromocto river ; and |^ie load from
Fredericton to St. Andrew's, 78 miles, passing through the Ilanviile, Har-
vey, and other settlements ; this is a good road, oiferiug numerous facilities
for the advantageous location of emigrants.

The Bail Koad from St. Andrew's to Woodstock, crosses near the south-
west end of the county, and at a short distance fiom the State of Maine;
in its course it intersects the Howard Settlement and its roads.

Notwithstanding this county has so large an extent of roads, there is still
a great proportion of its most valuable lands without this means of access,
the first and most important step to the opening up a new country.

Races. — This county possesses nearly all the deversity of population pe-
culiar to the mother country. The Pai ish of Kingsclear was originally set-
tled by New Jersey volunteers ; the Cardigan settlement, on Taybrook, a
branch of the Nashwaak, is a Welsh settlement ; Stanley is principally
composed of Highland Scotch; and the Harvey Settlement consists of peo-
ple from both sides of the common English and Scotch border. The Han-
well settlement is priicipally .Tiish ; there are numerous other settlements
composed of Scotch, Englu^h and Irish: -while the inhabitants of the city
of Fredericton aie princijally people fjoni tlie n;other country, and their
descendants, interspersed with a gcouly spiinkling of Piovincials, so that
no county in the Province jjossestes a greater divcisity of origin, and per-
haps none, as a whole, can boast of a greater amount of intelligence united
with afikbility.

163

Minerals. — A part of this county is within what ist called the "great
coai-field of New Brunswick," the boundary of this section of the field
begins within about five Djiles of the county of Charlotte, and runs along
the lower or south east line of the county, keeping an av^erage breadth, to
the north-west of this line, of fifteen miles, and embracing about one fourth
of the area of the county of York. Like other parts of this field, coal is
found to outcrop in various parts of this tract, but little is known as to
depth or quality ; for, akhougli it has been discovered on the Taybrook, the
Nashwaak and Oiomocto riveis, and in several other places, yet no proper
effort has been made to ascertain its extent or nature much less to work it.

Limestone exists on the I'-t John river, a short distance above the city
of Fredericton, and in the Taybrook settlement ; but in neither place has
much lime been manufactured.

Grindstones — An excellent quality of grindstone has been discovered on
the Nashwaak, and its tributories: where there are also great water power
facilities for manutacturing operations.

There are indications of the existence of Iron ore in several localities
within the country, but to what extent is not known.

ShipbuUdinif and Fis'ihi'r are not pursued in this co'intry to any de-
gree worth notice ; although the river is sufficiently navigable for small
class vessels, and the country around professes abundance of good timber
for their construction ; while the numerous streams present ample facilities
for procuring it. still but little is done in the manufacture of ships ; and a3
to the Salmon Fishery, ^vhich was the principal carried on, it has been an-
nihilated in consequence of the unseasonable manner in which the fish have
been taken.

Snbdu-tsions — Five of the ten parishes into which the County of York
is divided, viz : the City of Fredericton, New Maryland, Kingsclear, Prince
William, and Dumfries, are situate on the south-west side of the St. John ;
and they all front on the river except New Maryland, which abuts on the
rear of the Capital.

The remaining five parishes lay on the north east side of the main river,
and are designated as follows : Southampton, situate in the west, fronting
on the St. John, and ojiposite Dumfries : Qucensbury is further down also
fronting on the river, Stanley lies in the rear of the last named parish ;
Douglas is situate on the river to the eastward of Qucensbury, and St. Ma-
ry's bound.s partly on ibe St. John, in front of Fredericton,, and' partly on
the north-east of Duuglas.

The city of Fredericton, formerly calle'i St. Ann's, was constituted the
head (juarters of the Province in 1785, by Sir Guy Carlcton, its first gov-
ernor : and it has ever since continued to be the capital, the residence of the
governors, and of the heads of all the principal departments ; here also the
Legislature, and the E\;icutive Council, hold their sittings. ■ It is situate at
the head of sloop navigation, though there are times when vessels of a much
larger class could navigate this part of the river. It is eighty-four rniles
by the river, and sixty-five miles by the high-road, above the city of Saint
John.

Thip City stands on a plain protruding into the river, which is here over
Wif a mile in width ; it is surro\itidcd by a chain of hills, rising in regular
gradations, the level extending along the nuirgin of the -river for about a
mile and an half, and being, at the widest part, about half a n.ile in width
From the river oppo^it^ thq c«ntr« o.f the oj^y, to th»5 hill on *yhJch th« '^i*

:: iKi! i

164

I lis

h: Vi

lege has been erected. Fredericton wa? incorporated in jR^*^, <ind is now
lighted with gas ; its populat.o ia j^ij liuni bored 40^2, nri in iSSl, it
contained 4.458, being an increase of only 45 • sduIs in eleven years, while
the population of Saint Johr- has been ".ugn:'n,)ed by 5,G86 persons during
the same space of time. It has. u-ovtevor, suilered very severely by fire at
various times ; in the year 1854 no less than £40,000 worth of buildings
and other property were destroyed by the devouring element. The build-
ings have, however, been much improved in consefjuence, many of them
being now constructed of brick.

Although th".s city is the centre of a large agricultural county, the Pro-
vincial Seat of Government, and the entrepot of the principal part of the
productions of the Upper St John, besides i.aving enjoyed the advantages
of being a military station, 3till it has not kept pace witli many other parts of
the Colony. Looking at all these circumstances, and in addition consider-
ing the mail steamboat, and telegraphic communic.itions, of which it may
be said to form the centre for this section of the Province, and that the sur-
rounding country possesses every requisite for supporting a large population,
and abounds with the finest timber, close to extensi ve water communication,
it seems surprising that it should not have made more "apid progress. All
that is required, is more energy, enterprize, and capital, to developc the
latent resources by which it is surrounded, to render it a place of impor-
tance, and to enable it to rank among the more populous cities of Biiti^jh
Korth America.

On a rising ground near the town stands Kings College, which was es-
tablished by Koyal Charter in 1828, This institution possesses a tract of
6000 acres of land, and receives an annual endowment of .£2000 stg , half
of which is paid by the Homo Government, and the remainder from the
Provincial revenue. It is a general oj'nion among the public that this Col-
lege was erected before it was require' ) by the Province, and that it has not
done an amount of good proportioned to its annual expenditure. The (Jov-
ernment has instituted some investigations and appointed a special commis-
sioner with •• ••''Mv to rendering it more practially useful to the public,
i.'ear this ':•■■ uir ion, and immediately connected with it. is the Collegiate
School, which lius proved much more comparative!}'' useful. The Baptists
also possess a Seminary in this city. Both these institutions, although the
college was at first established in strict connection Avith the Episcoi>al Church,
are not now Denominational, so that students not adhering to the creeds of
either of these bodies of Christians, may receive an education at either es-
tablishment.

The Province Building contains the Lejzislative Hulls, Cro\vn Land, Se-
cretary, Auditors, and other offices: but the whole of these buiklings would
not far e.Kceed, if indeed they could equal the King's College, either in cost
of construction, or in architectural appearance.

The city is divided, for municipal purpo.ses, into five wards, namely,
ing's. CHieen's, St. Ann's, Carleton, and Wellington: each of which an-

nually elect two councillors, a Mayor, and all other necessary ofliccts arc
"lected for the city at large. Its streets are systematically laid out, and of
good width : and the town contains tho Court House, Jaif, Post Oflice. te-
legraph station, probate ai}d other county offices, also un Episcopal Cathcv
driU and Bisihop'tS rosidonoe, two Epis(?opal and Pveshytorlan, jsl(-thrrli3t,
BaptJit, jvuil Honmu CatliQlio Churoht's. I'l^oi-p u,vq i^l'jd i+ Ta>vn Ur.U, Mar^

165

inhabitatilg have formnl various useful societies an/i irstitutions including
Agricultural, Horticultural, and Floaricn'tura^ go<'iMie«?. alio Bihla. Church

Misaionary, Tt;ii)^,>Taiice, St. CTCorj.o':;, h>t. Aiiir-^ "''. jud St. i'-^trick's So-
cieties, d Fire Insurance Coin[i-)ny, and a branch so^ieiy ft r ;h • propaga-
tion of the Gospel. The County has the usual Bench of SJjgistrates, She-
riffs' Cou ., Ac.

Fredericton has hitherto been the head (juarters of jo Eiitjsh troop? sta-
tioned in tills Piovince, and contains, near the niar^;i' )f tli' river, barracks
for both officers and privates with spacious squarct* in lueir iront — the later
are capable of accommodating about one thousand men, thou^li there have
lately been only one tiundred and i'lfty stationed ihe.^, and these are now
nearly all witlidrawn. The artillery barracks, also spacious and convenient,
are in the rear ot the city,

The situation of Fredericton, on the western bank of the river Saint
John, which winds its way past its streets and numerous handsome edifices,
and ornamented towards the west by the residence of the Lieutenai t Gov-
ernor, is one of the most beautiful in the Province : nor is the surrounding
scenery less Avorthy of notice; the whole must, exclusive of its being the
nominal capital, and the seat of government, be ^ooked on with deep inter-
est both by the settler and occasional tourist.

Desrripiion of Toicn.s/ii/)s. — The townships lying on the north-east
side of the St. John river, Douglas, Queensbury, St. Mary's, Southampton,
and Stanley, are nearly al^ granted. The New Brunswick and Nova Sco-
tia Land Company, which was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1834, hold
a large extent of land in this section of the county, which was granted to
them by the Imperial Crovornment, before the wild lands were given up to
the management of the Provincial Legislature ; its capital is XIOO.OOO, with
power to increase it to ,£400, 000. 'Hiis tract extend,- from the river Saint
John to the southwest branch of the Miramichi, and embraces the principal set-
tlements along thcNashwaak, with the exccj ion of tl- (,'ardigiin settlement,
running through the centre of the county, and - avin.<T . strip of laud border-
ing on Sunbury, and another indirect tract f-' hiding on the southeast lino of
Carleton and Victoria. The town of Stanley -he head quarleia of this (.'orapa-
ny's operations, lies on the post road tVom Freci'victoh t(> Mirariichi. by way of
Boistown, whichis settled for the greater part o* i!if^ Ji ■ tance. Stanley contains
a place of worship, school-house, and saw and grisi liUlh, and both professional
men and mechanics are amun;^ its residents, good roads extend from it to all
the surrounding settlements. There are large tracts of excellent soil along
the vidley of the Nashwaak and its ahluents, on which an extensive and
flourishing line of settlements has been formed by the efforts of the land
company : notwithstanding this, however, and the numerous settlements on
the eastern side of the St. John, there is ample room, between the Compa-
ny's lands and Carleton, for the introduction oi a colony of euiigranrs on
lands of good quality. If roads were opened, at proper distances, through
this section of the county, from the Nashwaak and south-west branch of
the Miramichi, till they intersected the river St. John, between Woodstock
and the (n'and halls, not only would a vast region of good land lu' opened
for settlement, but a proper system might easily bo obs^^rved in its •(>catioa.

The (company possess largo tracts of good land still unoccupied, and ne\\
roads are projected through it which will aflurd oxcelleut iacilitieg fcr fur-
ih<?r af>n leu writ U {Uh t'aet ulono wer<> knuwu tutd propovly aptweciaioiJi
by ^M» ^Ivk'-u^immI^ whu itut»u5iU,y i-?wvo ^W^c fuUu'V ltt<»d to. (>ie»»!< a \\ox\\^ im

1 1

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16^

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hh.

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tbe American coptinent, they would surely avail themselves of the oppor-
tunities here afforded to them, instead of flooding the cities, many of which
are already, over populated, of the American Union.

The following communication from Lictitenant- Colonel Richard Haynb,
the Company's Commissioner at Stanley, which we give in full, will shew,
to some exieat, the operations of the Company :

" The New Bninsv^irk and Nova Scotia Land Companij^
(Incorpori?ted by Royal Charter.)

The tract of land pm chased from the Crown, by the Xew Brunswick and
Nova Scotia Land Company, consists of 550,000 acres situated in the
county of York in the centre of the Province, and lying between the Saint
John and JMiramichi rivers. The tract consists generally of land of a su-
perior description, a great portion of it being of the finest land in the Pro-
vince, and it is also well watered by the rivers Nashwaak, Taxis or Tauk,
Keswick, Mactaquash and Nuakawicae, in addition to the Southwest Mira-
michi river ; all of which flow through the greatest part of the territory,
affording numerous advantageous sites for mills and pasture, as well as being
of essential service to both the lumberer and agriculturist.

The New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company's lands are dis-
posed of at the rate of four shillings and six-pence per acre, in lots of one
hundred acres, or more, as may be agreed on ; and either sold for cash
when a liberal discount is made, or on credit, a number of years, eleven
being allowed to pay up the purchase money by annual instalments.

The first settlement formed by the Company was the village of Stanley,
twenty-five miles from Frcdericton, situate on the Nashwaak river; and
many of the settlers there are now in a prosperous condition.

There is a good road to Stanley, to keep up which, and the other roads
intersec'ing the Company's lands, annual grants have been made by the
Government and the Company.

K new settlement, formed in 1852, on the Naukawicae river, has pro-
gressed very rapidly ; there being an excellent tract of land in that neigh-
borhood which is rapidly locating ; and as a new road, running north-wes-
terly, has recently been laid out, which will intersect the Company's north-
western boundary, and connect there with a new road ond settlement, also
recently laid out by the Government, the road through which extends io
Woodstock : and which will make the whole distance from Fredericton to
Woodstock, about fifteen miles shorter than the present post road, a new and
great inducement is thus offered to intending settlers, who would have the
advant. ge of locating themselves upon a thorough road, upon which there
would be a through traffic betwixt the capital and Woodstock, and the up-
per St. John.

As the best proof of the fertility of the soil in this tract of country, the
following extract from the York county agricultural report is offered : —

Weight of grain in the following parishes :

Wheat. Oats. Buckwheat. Peas. Beans.

Stanley
Southampton
Douglas
St. Mary's

00 (bush) 50
05 51
72| 59i
53 43

Queensbury

09 42i

52J
66
58
52

Peas.

63
67

65
70

And the general average^ for the county of York, of weights are s

167

Ml
i|

e oppor-
[)f vhich

Hayne,

rill shew,

iwick and
d in the
the Saint
of a su-
the Pro-
or Tauk,
est Mira-
territory.
1 as being

s are dis-
)ts of one
for cash
rs, eleven
:s.

' Stanley,
iver; and

:her roads
ie by the

has pro-
at neigh-
orth-wes-
y^s north-
nent, also
xtends io
sricton to
I new and
have the
ich there
d the up-

ntry. the
:d :—

Beans.
65

Wheat 63
" 60

and for the whole Province

((

e t

Oats 88 Buckwheat 51

" 38 " 48

(Extracted from Professor Johnston's Report.)
And the general average produced per acre for New Brunswick :

Wheat. Barley. Oats. Buckwheat. Potatoes.

17| 27 33 28 204

The following table exliibits the quantity of land cleared and in cultiva-
tion in the different settlements on the tract of the New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia Land Company :

Stanley, including the Cross Creek and Red Rock, 3,600 acres.

Tay and Cardigan 250 '•

Nashwaup 120

Royal Road 400

Bird Settlement 200

Lower Keswick 250

Upper do. or New Zealand 250

Magneville 400

Springfield 550

South-west Miramichi 530

Detached Settlements 100 "
Coal is found on the Taxis and Keswich.
(Signed)

R. IIayne, Commissioner

N. B. & N. S. Land Company.

On the south-west side of the river, a large proportion of the parish of
New Maryland is granted, though not much improved ; still there are some
tracts of ordinary quality yet ungranted lying between the settlements al-
ready formed and Charlotte county.

The parishes of Kingsclear and Prince William are watered by both
branches of the Oromocto, and the lakes at the head of the north-Avest
branch ; also by the Magaguadavie and its affluents, as well by the lake from
which it takes its rise : there are numerous, and in some places continuous
settlements along the borders of these rivers and lakes. Salmon and gas-
pereaux formerly ascended to the Oromocto Lakes, but their access is now
prevented by mill dams.

The road from Fredcricton to St. Andrew's passes through the Hanville,
Cork, Harvey, and other settlements ; thus forming an almost continuous
line of improvements for the whole distance. The land at llarville settle-
ment is stony while that of Harvey is good arable land. There is also a
tract of good quality extending along the west side of the Magaguadavie to
the lake at its source, where some scattered irnpiovements have lieen made.
From this lake to the Chipitnecticook lakes, at ihe boundary of Maine, the
land is poor, as is also the principal part of the tract lying l)et\veen the set-
tlements on the St. Andrew's road, and the boundaries of Charlotte and
Sunbury. There are some settlements on the Pokeopc stream, wliore there
is also an establishment of mills, and other improvements. This river, on
its way from Lake George to the St. John, runs through v. rooky gorge, not
more in some places than thirty feet in width, and about seventy feet
deep.

The thriving character of the Harvey settlement, at the location of which
the writer assisted in 1837, evidently shows that when perseverance, energy,

-^1

I 'I

168

and well directed intelligence are brought to bear on the soils of this country
not only may a competency be obtained, but the old adage will certainly be
fulfilled, " the hand of the diligent maketh rich."

Dumtries is the only remaining parish to be noticed ; the principal set-
tlements are those of Magundy and Howard ; the latter is situate in the
centre of a large tract of excellent land which lies between Eel river and
the Shogomoc, both aifiucnts of the Saint John. Thl'j parish contains more
good land, fit for settlement, and still ungrnnted; than eithei* of the others
on this side of the Saint John. The St. Andrew's Railway, in its course
to Woodstock, will open a large portion, about thirty miles, for settlement
in Prince William and Dumfries ; and the land to the extent of fiv* milea
on each side belongs to the company thus including an area of 190,000
acres in this county. This extensive tract, together with that possessed by
the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company, on the opposite side
of the Saint John, leave only a few fragmentary blocks, exclusive of other
grants, at the disposal of the Government ; so that if the Company princi-
pal of settling the wild lands of the Province be superior to that adopted by
the Government, this County will possess a decided advantage, or, at all
events, present a fair field for its trial.

If Railways passing through good land, forests of valuable timber, and
latent mineral resources, tend, by their cheap, safe, and speedy mode of
transit, to develope these capabilities, a fact which we have no reason to
doubt, but which the experience of every other country gives us every rea-
son to believe, the county of York must indeed at no distant period, assume
a new phase. And as the improvements in the channel of the St. John,
from its mouth to Woodstock, now under the direction of the Government,
are effected, their good eifects are felt by all interested in the navigation of
the river. These improvemsnt^, by removing the sunken rocks and sandbars,
and thus allowing the admission and more frequent passage of steam boats
and other vessels of a larger class, cannot fail to have a most beneficial ef-
fect on the trade of the surrounding country.

r V

.:' .Hi

169

pal set-
i in the
ver and

at ail

•a

Parishes.

•

(MO«Ol-fr-l.-(Tt*TtCQCC-— ICC^rO-t'Ot-Cl

rl O C^ i-H O O t— 1 fO

CI (M

OMrHeOx««5Tt<CjFHi-Ht-iXt--OCi--t ri

—' t~^ fO rH C-l r-4 J^ (M ,-/> O O

~^'^ I— 1 """i.*! ^v'"' '-i.^ '^^

r— I

South-
ampton.

l~-r)Cla030(N'OrH(MrHOOOOCOOr>

t^ I— ( Ci CO i-H lO O_Tf_c0 >o_

00"c4"rH" Co'fCfNCf
CI 1—1

Saint
Mary's.

mrHt--kooo>.t)oooc»ioco'OOaoo-to

1 - O t^ r-t M Cl CO ro r-^ O I- ?■) CO o
OC^r-i r— ( CC_aC^O CI Tf^GC o ^

i-H O CI CO O f-H •!<

CI 00

O'-OXOCOrHCiTfC^ClOCiOC^OCIOCTi
l~f— 1 O 1— 1 r-l r-i O O 30 OS 1— 1 X CI Ci

cor-< CI "^'^^^'^ ^:,'^..'''i^i

r-i 1-- CI f— 1 O C5 C^ ^H

CI CI

Prince
William.

O O O O t~ CO h- CI r}* CC O '« CI 30 CJ CI ro O

^Tr CO >— (o ocO'-HCiOocl-^
i-T cocTi-T ©o— Tco

CI -H

New
Maryland.

f-Ht^i— (OCC'fi— ICI CI>Oi— iTfcCCOO o
r-irf l-H r-Hi— 1 O'^J^l— iCiO) i— 1
CO rl CO CO CI 0,Cri O^

r-t €15

Kings-
dear.

ci-^coQCOt-oioco'ti^t^ooori-^-fao
o CO t^ CI CO 30 lo t~ cr> CI o o o o

CO^CI CI 1-; C0_ -O t^ 00 C« !-<_ o

cf CI ■* r4 o rT co' ao

r— I eo CO

Frederic-
ton.

cccoOQC-^o-ffoco i^Goootcooo'n

»C -< 1— 1 CI C5 CI --i OO OC l-H t-. 1— 1 O iC QG

Tt^lC f-H '^^^ '"' ^..^^ °C„

s
Q

o o ■<* t^ o t^ "* ijq >« "ti^ t^ ci o CO r. CI CO 1--

Cl rH CO l-H r-1 ^ O 1- •n- UO rr CI i.-?'

"<i<^ CI ic_t^C5_o_co co^Tr_o_
l-H irT ?n| CO 1— 1 1 - >o CI 1^

l-H T-H

Douglas.

C5C0rft^OiC0-OC00iCI03iCcCC5|C0C1'tri

r- -H l-H eo CO «o i« fh i-h (m a» c- o o o t- Tf

U-S^CO l-H Tf "*,*i"%.^ '^'^.-'^'^

cf oc't^cf t^^o^'T'sr

f-H Tf d O

Inhabitants,

Children at pchool,

School houses.

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriiiiilturibts,

Places of worship,

Saw mills.

Grist mills.

Acres of land cleared.

Tons of hay.

Bushels of wheat,
*' barley,
" oats,
" buckwheat,
" Indiau com,
" potatoes,

^■^t

1^:

^'^

170

i!i

Comparison,

Population, <

Families, <

Inhabited houses, <
Places of worship, <
Saw mills, \

Grist mills,
Cleared land,
Horses, *
Neat cattle, .
Sheep,
Swine,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

17.628
13,995

2,930

2.294

2,602
2,005

45
30

31
22

69,107

44,818

2,440

2,037

11,594

7,445

16,734

15,077

3,872

6,415

Increase in

11 years

, 3,633.

636.

i 597.

15.

24,199.

403.

4,'U9.

1,657.

Decrease

2,543.

roN.

COUNTY OF CARLETON.

Boimdaiies. — " Carleton, southerly and easterly by York ; westerly by
the State of Maine, and northerly by the river De Chutes, and a line running
true east from the mouth thereof.''

General Description. — This county, previous to the year 1844, included
the whole tract northward to the Canadian boundary, which was then con-
stituted a separate county, under the name of " Victoria." The above brief
description comprises 700,000 acres, exclusive of water, 234,198 of which
are vacant. Out of the 465,802 acres granted, there are, by the last census,
65,537 improved ; leaving 644,463 acres in a wilderness state. It contain-
ed, in 1851, a population of 11,108, and was, at that time, divided into
seven parishes, viz : Woodstock, the chief town, Northampton, Brighton,
Kent, WickloAV, Simond's, and Wakefield. In 1853, tho parish of Rich-
mond was erected out of that of Woodstock. There is a bench of thirty-
one magistrates.

The river Saint John, the navigation of -which is being much improved,
traverses this county diagonally, receiving, in its way, numerous smaller
streams, commencing with Eel river, whose serpentine course forms the
lower boundary of the county. This river is about thirty-fiv'e miles long,
and takes its rise in a lake ten miles in length, which is said to be only about
three miles distant from the most northerly lake on the Chepitnectcook
chain, communicating with the St. Croix river. There are fine tracts of
goud land along the Eel river, and it is navigable for boats from its source
downwards, except at its entrance into the Suint John, Avhere, in conse-
quence of rnpids, it becomes necessary to resort to the upland.

The Mcduxnakig river takes its rise in the State of Maine, and is navi-
gable for boats and rafts of timber for upwards of eighteen miles. It forms
a ^ater communication from Houlton, a small town and military post, -with'

171

in the American boundary, and about twelve miles from Woodstock. In
its descent to the Saint John, it passes throuj^h a valuable tract of good
land. At its mouth is situate the town of Woodstock, which contains an
extensive milling establishment.

The only other streams worthy of notice within the limits of the county,
on the west si<le of the Saint John, are Little Prcsii'isle, an inconsiderable
rivulet, and Presij'islo river, which is a rapidly flowing stream, hardly na-
viirable for boats ; it rises in the State of Maine, to the westward of Mars'
Hill. This Hill, which lus attained some notoriety in the negotiations pre-
vious to the Ashhurton Treat;", stands on the boundary line between New
Brunswick and Maine and aliout five miles to the westward of the Saint
John, below thy river Des Chutes. It is said to be 1G88 feet high ; and
on its top, about six acres of land were cleared, and an observatory erected,
by order of the commissioners, under the treaty of 1704. This buiidmg,
having been allowed to become dilapidated, was re-built by the engineers
employed to e.\[)lore a line of railway from St. Andrew's to Quebec ; but
the nuw ereclioa has since shared the fate of its predecessor.

The river Des Chutes, which takes its rise m Maine, is a small river,
whose navigation is much impeded by rapids ; these are, howev^er, being gradu-
ally worn by the operation of the frost, and the action of the current ; excellent
facilities are hero afforded for saw-mills. This river forms the upper boun-
dary of the county on the west side of the Saint John. The five parishes
on this bank of the river consist, as a whole, of good land, and the settle-
ments, on the main river are almost continuous ; they extend westerly along
the minor streams and roads for some distance towards Maine ; and in some
places are connected with those of their American neighbors. The land in
these parishes is almost all granted, and although they fonu the smallest
portion of the county, yet they contain upwards of 40,000 acres of cleared
land, while that on the opposite side does not much exceed 17,000. The
proximity of this district to the settlements in the United States, together
with the circumstance that since the settlement of the boundary question
by the Ashburton Treaty, the inhabitants on both sides live in perfect ami-
ty, aiiitrds numerous facilities to the trade and industry, which will, no doubt,
be greatly enhanced by the Reciprocity Treaty, now concluded between the
two countries.

There is a range of high hills, extending from Mars Hill, in a north-
easterly direction, towards the Bay of Chaleur, known by the name of the
Tobique Mountains ; and which is a branch of the Alleghany mountains
running through the United States. There are several lofty eminences on
this chain within the Province limits of considerable magnitude, the princi-
pal of which besides Mars Hill, are Moose Mountain, Bear Mountain, and
Blue Mountain ; although these from their appearance seem to deserve the
name of mountains, yet they generally rise in gentle grades and with gradu-
al acclevities, and may for the most part be cultivated on their sides for pas-
turage, as well as for grain, and other agricultural productions.

The streams on the opposite side of the river are neither numerous nor
extensive ; nearly opposite the Little Presq'isle, is the village of Wake-
field ; and in the parish of Brighton there is a small river called the Peca-
quimac, on which are both intervale and upland of good quality ; at its
mouth some mills are estallished. A little further up and on the same sido
of the river, two email aU earns enter it, ki^own ao the Sbuhtakauk and
Monqu&rt ; the mouth of ti^e ^isn^s b^ing imntj m}&t atK>vfi '^Nm'Utosks

■'\

ti-:t-

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

A, ■m^O>

1.0

I.I

11.25

kij^ |2.5

1^ 1^ 12.2

I'o Hill 2.0

1.8

1.4 III 1.6

^;.

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) B72-4S03

^^^

<1>

<i'

M:I8 I

l* 'J-

172

wblch t&ke their rise at the foot of the moantains, before xnentiofied, and
partly in the direction of the north branch of the south-west Miramichi. In
this vicinity some extensive tracts of good land are to be found. The settle-
ments on this side of the Saint John are principally confined to the river's bank,
although in some places they are extending backwards. In consequence of the
erection of mill-dams, and of other obstructions across these tributory streams,
fish are not allowed to enter them ; and the county is therefore, in a great
measure, deprived of that valuable fishery, the salmon,

'J he town of Woodstock, the head quarters of the County, is beautifully
situate on the west branch of the Saint John, and is divided by the Medun-
nakik river, over the mouth of which a bridge is erected. It is sixty-two
miles from Fredericton, and 127 from Saint John, by the po^t road, and is
Tl miles below the Grand Falls. In 1840 the town and parish contained
8,186 inhabitants, and 4,272 in 1851 ; it has progressed much faster since
the last census was taken ; but le?s than 40 years ago this place, with its
numerous surrounding settlements was a dense wilderness, where the only
sounds that could be heard were the voices of wild beasts and the mumur-
ings of the waterfalls. Now the wild animals are almost exterminated ;
the forest is giving place, before the exertions of industry and perseverance
to cultivated fields ; while the very beds of the rivers have not only been
deepened, but in many places have changed their direction ; thus indicating
surely that while man has been moving onwards in the scale of improvement,
nature has been improving a way for his transit and intercourse. From this
cause along with the improvements by Government, small streams are now
periodically enabled to follow the windings of this fine river, not only to this
spot, nearly loO miles from the sea, but even to ascend to the Grand Falls
upwards of 70 miles further, and, at intervals, even above the latter point.
This Town contains all the public buildings of the County, a Court House,
Telegraph office, Gaol. Register office. Probate Court, Bank, Printing office,
and Grammar School ; together with places of worship belonging to the
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Roman Catholics ; these, with
some other public and many private edifices, present a very neat appearance.
It is the centre of trade for a large extent of country ; lumbering has been,
and still is largely carried on in the surrounding country, both on the Bri-
tish and American sides of the line ; and the whole of the timber has to
pass this place on its way to market. The Iron \Vorks, noticed in a previ-
ous chapter, and which are only a short distance above the town, have given
employment to a large number of hands. These sources of trade added to
the other improvemonts that have taken place within the American border,
and in the County itself, have done much to the advancement of the town.
Several villages are also springing up in many of the other parishes.

Agriculture. — This little county, though remote from the maritime fron-
tier of the Province, is nevertheless not far behind the most favored or lar-
gest settled county in the scale of agriculture. It exceeds any county in
the Province, except York, in the growth of Indian Corn ; and nine, in that
of wheat, it is superior to all in the production of oats, and to all except
King.=' in that of buckwheat, and its stands high in the scale as regards other
agricultural productions and farming stock.

iShip-bidldhig, for the want of a sufficient depth of water, cannot be car-
ried on here, though the forest abounds with timber of the best quality, of
dimensions the most suitable for this purpose, and with every facility for its
beiqg easily proourod. Indeed wliea the supply of this loateriai fiuls oA

173

the lower part of the Saint John, a reserve will be found here to last the
New Brunswick ship-builders for a long time.

Roads —-In addiiion to tlie Railroad, which will shorten the distance to
the seaboard and which is i:o\v fast progressing to a conclusion between St.
Andrew's and Woodstock, with a probability of its ultimate extension to
Quebec, this county is intersected, particularly ou the west side of the St.
John, by numerous great nd bye roadb, the principal of which we will
proceed to CDumerate.

The road Jrom the lower part of the County at Eel Bivor to Oak Bay,
near r^t. Andrew's, seventy-four miles, intersecting the counties of York
and Charlotte, is now nearly passable for wheel carriages . this road will
atford to the inhabitants of Vvoodatock and the Upper l^aint John, a com-
munication wiili tlie Bay of Fan ly. shorter by forty miles than that by way
of f ledericton ; hence it will bcome a most important road to the localities
at its extremities, as well as to the intermediate settlements.

The roid fioni Fiedeiicum to \Yoo<i3toek. on which the mail passes three
times a week, is a jzood ro;id »uniiii)g through a settled country.

The road from Woodstock to Houlton, in the i^tate of Maine, a distance
of twelve miles, passes through a good agricultural district of an undulating
character.

The road from Woodstock to the river Des Chutes, the upper boundary of
the county, a distance of thirty eight, miles, pulses along the "ight bank of
the Saint John, on its way to the drand Falls, and traverses one of the
most productive and best agricultural districts in the Province.

A new line of road has been explored, intended to run nearly direct from
Wood.-tock to an intoi section of the last named road at its upper termina-
tion, passing througli the back settlements, which, when completed, will shor-
ten the mail route, and fi'cilitate the improvement of the back land.

The whole extent of this county is very hilly and broken, and intersected
by several heavy streams, thus presenting many engineering difficulties to
the construction of roads; still the bye-roads are numerous, extending to
every settlement on both sides of the Saint John.

If a road were made from Woodstock to Boiestown on the south-west
branch of the Miramichi, a distance of about sixty miles, not only would
trade he improved by it, but a tract of excellent land would be opened for
settlement.

If individuals, or groups of settlers, should be desirous of locating them-
selves in this section of the Province, it will be only rei^uisite for them to
make their wi.-:he3 known, in order to find good land to any required ex-
tent.

Mincra/ft. — A\'o are not aware of the discovery of any coal in this coun-
ty , the town of Woodstock is abjut fifty miles to the west of the New
Brunswick coal field, as geologically defined by Dr. Gesner and others. But
the County is as celebrated for its inexhaustable stores of iron ore, which
have been already noticed, as for the fertility of the soil, and its beautiful
growth of timber. The vein of iron stone is said to be seventy feet in thick-
ness, and in 1851. 770 tons were smelted at the Work.

Lime is found in jireat abundance at the mouth of Presq'isle, and Des
Chutes rivers; in 1851, 840 casks were burnt. Becently a valuable seam
of copper ore has been discovered about six miles above Woodstock, for the
working of which a Company is now incorporated.

What Aiditlo&s ma/ Le mdih to our geological koowleci^e of N«w

'■'■" f

iii

174

Brunswick by further explorations, more especially, in its northern districts,
is of coarse uncertain. Those counties have not as yet attracted the atten-
tion or been favored with the visits of scientific men, as have the sea girt
and maritime portions of the Province.

1851. — Popidation and other Statistics of Carleton County.

Parishes.

Brigh-
tuii.

Kent.

North-
amp-
ton.

Si-
mond's

Wake-
field.

Wick-
ham.

Inhabitants,
Families,

ChiMron ai school,
School liouses,
Places oi' worship,
Birihfl,
Deaths,

Sick and infirm,
Agrieiiltiirists,
Saw mills,
Grist mills.
Acres of land cleared,
Tons of hay.
Bushels of'whcac,
barley,

«
«t
(<

cats,
buckwheat,
Indian corn,
potatoes,
turnips,

Horses and cows,
Sheep and swine,

1,513

027

605

1,119

1.854

1,118

227

10]

107

277

162

108

129

223

120

119

200

213

244

165

10.538

2,502

3,485

5,744

11,402

5,553

2,072

850

1,360

1,231

3,103

1,339

T ,701

474

1,815

1,924

5,803

1,592

1.512

370

306

954

2,113

517

31,094

11,640

11,300

24,861

56,689

24,473

28,695

10,191

4,151

11,606

28,407

19,000

3,943

784

1,868

1,074

1,471

923

16,879

10,956

5.877

23,255

43,8V

23,975

Wood-
stock.

4,272

525

535

340

16,293

5,763i

7,796

2,740

74,571

29,432

4,587

49,620

Totals.

11,108

1,556

1,215

367

267

1,333

55,537

15,718

21,165

8,512

234,628

131,482

14.650

174,416

73,506

13.910

17,454

In consequence of the unsettled state of the boundary between New
Brunswick and the United States, at the time when the census of 1840 was
taken, and as a large tract of territory was included in those returns, which
was excluded from those of 1851 ; and inasmuch, also, as this county then em-
braced within its limits a considerable part of the present county of Victo-
ria, we cannot arrive at any correct view of the then statistics of these two
counties, and shall therefore omit the usual table of comparison, with re-
gard to population, &c., in both.

COUNTY OF VICTORIA.

Boundaries. — " Victoria, southerly and westerly by Carleton, and the
State of Maine : northerly by the Province of Canada ; and easterly by
York, and the northerly prolongation of the line run north six degrees and
forty minutes west, by Deputy Sculley, in the year 1832, from the south-
west Miramichi river, near Boiestown, until it intersects the westerly pro-
longation of the south line of lot numbered one, in the grant to Simon Ar-
sencau and associates, near the Little Nipisiquit ; thence by a line running
north £9rty-£vc degrees west, until it atrikeB the Prc>vince .of Caiuuifu"

n distriets,
the atten-
le sea girt

nty.

Totals.

272

11,108

)2o

1,556

535

1,215

367

207

1,333

293

55,537

(03

15,718

790

21,165

740

8,512

571

234,628

i32

131,482

587

14,650

520

174,416

73,506

13,910

17,454

veen New
F 1840 was
rns, which
y then em-
of Victo-
' these two
1, with re-

n, and the
easterly by
legrees and
the south-
sterly pro-
Simon Ar-
le running

175

General Description. — The county of Victoria now embraces an area
of 2,872 000 acres of land, of which 345,600 acres are granted ; and by
the census of 1851, 26,8S4 only of this quantity were improved, leaving,
in the whole, 2,845,166 acres in a state of nature ; an area large enough
for three counties, in place of the one of which we are now treating.

In 1851, it contained a population of 5,408 persons, and a bench of twen-
ty-one magistrates. At this time, being the date of the census, the county
comprised six parishes, viz : Andover, including all the tract on the west
side of the Saint John, and which then embraced a large extent on the east
side of the river, subsequently, by Act 15 Vic, c. 35, erected into a new
parish, called Grand Falls, now made the county town ; Perth, St. Leo-
nard's, St. Basil, Madawaska, and St. Francis ; making, at the present
time, seven in the whole. At the Grand Falls, where the town has been
named Colebrooke, the public buildings are located, and this place is likely
to rise to some importance as the head quarters of the county, but more es-
pecially as the trade of the upper Saint John, both American and English,
must pass this way; and to this will be added the attraction of " the falls,"
a spectacle which cannot fail to draw the attention of all the admirers of the
grand operations of nature.

Rivers imd Stj-eams, —In ascending the Saint John, from the river Des
Chutes, the first stream of any note, after passing an inconsiderable rivulet
called the Muniae, is the Tobique, which is the largest tributory to the St.
John, except the Aroostook. This river, the navigation of which, at the
Red Rapids, is being improved, and at the mouth of which is an Indian
village, has its embouchure about twenty miles below the Grand Falls, and
two miles below that of the Aroostook. It flows from the northeast in the
direction of the Bay of Chaleur, and has a course of about 100 miles, min-
gle its sources with those of the Upsalquitite river, falling into the Resti-
gouche, and with these of the Nepissiquit, which enters the Bay of Cha-
leur, through the harbor of Bathurst. About seventy miles from its dis-
charge, its course is divided into two branches — the Little Tobique and
Campbell's River. In its passage, it receives a great nun^ber of tributory
streams, the principal of which are Wapshegan and Gulgerae rivers. The
branch called Campbell's river take its rise to the eastward, in four lakes,
the largest of which is about ten miles in length, the feeders to which are
said to have their sources only about one mile from those of the little south-
west branch of the Miramichi. The tract of land between the Tobique and
Grand River is considered one of the best in ihe Province, offering greater
facilities for emigration and settlement, on an extensive scale, than
any other. Besides this, and taking the head of the Tobique as a centre,
New Brunswick owns a tract of almost unbroken wilderness, extending
westerly towards Canada for seventy miles, and easterly towards Miramichi
for fifty miles, with an average breadth of seventy miles, embracing an area
of over five millions of acres. If we allow that three millions are fit for
cultivation, there will be room for 30,000 fiirms, of 100 acres each. So
far as explorations have hitherto been made, as to the agricultural capabili-
ties of this extensive region, which have been merely casual and desultory,
it has been found, we must admit, that there is a vast extent of poor, bar-
ren and swampy land ; yet it is equally well known that those parts mngt
advantageously situate for settlement, namely, the chief part of the lands
bordering on the Saint John, the upper Miramichi, and their numerous tri-
butories, as well as on the Restigouche, and the vast net-work of streams

^ w

i i n

1..1-

'■ M

I I

176

W J

B'.'t

discharging into the Bay of Chalour, is highly calculated for farming pur-
suits, and will, at no distant day, be converted from a mere wilderness to
the garden of the Province.

Tne Aroostook takes its rise among a number of lakes near the head of
the Penobscot, in the State of Maine. It is ^iaid to be navigable for canoes
and rafts, for one hundred miles. This extensive stioam, excepting only for
five miles above its confluence with the Saint John, with its numerous tri-
butories and deposits of iron ore, together with a largo region of valuable
country, was taken from New Brunswick, its rightful and e(iuitable owner,
and transferred to the United States, by the mcmora])le AsliDurton Treaty.
On the American side of the boundary line, near its intersection of the
Aroostook, is a small town, called Fort Fairfield ; between which and the
Saint John, the river runs through a narrow rocky gorge, full of danger-
ous rapids and lofty falls, not only rendering tlie navigation very precarious,
but even obstructing the passage of fish, which seldom ascend the Saint
John beyond the mouth of this river. It enters the Saint John about two
miles above the Tobique. The valley watered by it, although once repre-
sented, by interested negotiators, ag barren and worthless, is now justly
celebrated in the State of Maine for its timber and the excellent quality of
its soil.

Between the Aroostook and the Grand Falls, and fifteen miles above the
former, two small rivers flow from the northward. Little and Salmon rivers;
the latter is the largest, and has its confluence with the Saint John about
eight miles below the Falls ; there are some fine tracts of good land on its
banks, but little of which is yet granted.

The most notable spot on the whole course of the Saint Jolin is the Grand
Falls, which are situate on a bend in the river similar to tlie Eend of the
Petiticoudiac in Westmoreland. This point is 19^ mile?, by the mail route,
from the city of Saint John ; for this distance the river flows at the rate of
from six to eight miles an hour and is navigable for light stcnmers. Above
the Falls vessels of the same description can penetrate about forty miles.

The river after receiving in its upper course the waters of many spacious
lakes and tributory streams extending almost to the St. Lawrence, and the
heads of the Connecticut, discharges its accumulated flood, over a precipice
of rock with a perpendicular fall of nearly sixty feet, into a rockj gorge
not more than 250 feet in width, with overhanging mural 3ides, in
some places of the height of 240 feet and above three quarters of a mile
in length. In passing through this rocky vault the water has a iurther des-
cent of nearly sixty feet, making the whole fall from the basin above, to that
below, about one hundred and twenty feet

The gorge below the Falls extending for a distance of half a mile into
the lower bisin, is truly magnificent. This was formerly a favorite camp-
ing ground for the red men of the forest, numbers of arrows and stone
hatchet' having been found in the vicinity; and a fit abode it seems for the
Great .-irit, which they worshipped, ere the light of civilization dawned
upon them

Above this point steamers have navigated as far as the river St. Fi'ancis
about 65 miles, making a distance of w:iters navigable for steam boats of
280 miles; 'add the distance to which scows are taken for lumber purposes,
75 miles, and 90 miles further that canoes and fairogues c;in navirrate ; and
we have the extent of the navigable waters of thi^j magnificent river — say
445 miles.

f; I

♦ V . ^ 'r

177

ing pur-

erness to

head of
or canoes
; only for

rou3 tri-

valuable
le owner,
a Treaty,
n of the

and the
- danger-
'ecarious,
he Saint
bout two
ce repre-
)W justly
quality of

hove the
>n rivers ;
hn about
nd on its

e Grand
ad of the
lail route,
le rate of
Above
miles-
spacious
, and the
precipice
ky gorge
3jdes, in
of a mile
rlherdes-
e, to that

nile into
te carap-
nd stone
IS for the
. dawned

, Francis
boats of
purposes,
ate ; and
ver— say

To return to the falls— between the npper and lower basin there is a por-
tage along which the trade of the upper St John must pass, as nothing, even
logs of timber, can pass the Falls, without being much injured

A railway is now in course of construction for this short space, a little
over half a mile, which, when completed, will prove a great boon to this
section of the Province, and greatly facilitate the intercourse vith the upper
St. John In fact, the whole commerce of the county, whether British,
Canadian or American, will pass this way.

I^ear the mouth of the Madawaska river are the little falls, which again
interrupt the navigation.

Along the banks of this river for the whole distance the land is excellent
and forms a coi.iinuous settlement, composed principally of the decendants
of the Acadian French, and is one of the finest settlements in the Pro-
vince.

On the whole it will be seen that though this extensive county is still a
comparative wilderness, yet it is so intersected by valuable streams, (a
more full description of which will be found under the head ©f- summary
description of the iSt John hiver, &c ,) which invariably in America form
the foundation for settlement, that there can be little doubt but eve ^ 'jg, as
the present roads are extended and new ones constructed, a fine and tlraost
boundless field will be opened for agricultural operations, as well as from its
abundant waler power, the erection of machinery for manufactaririg and
mechanical purposes.

Rouds — The piincipal road in this county is that from Woodstock, pass-
ing along the righ^ bank of the Saint John to the Great Fall.^, where it
crosses the river, and thence up its left bank, traversing many heavy streams
where bridges are required, to the Madawaska Settlement, forty miles from
the Falls, and from thence to Quebec, 217 miles. This road runs through
a good agricultural district, which; with few a exceptions, is thickly settled.
At the confluence of the Madawaska with the Saint John, a road diverges
up the left bank of the latter, along the front of the Parish of St. Francis.
Other roads extend from the lower line of the County, up the left bank
of the Saint John to the Grand Falls— up the Tobique river— from the
Aroostook Falls, to the American boundary— as also on Green River, and
on the east side of the Madawaska ; and there are various other roads run-
ning from the Saint John to new Settlements, the principal of which, be-
sides those on the river, are the Tobique, Little Aroostook, and Green river
settlements; all these as well as many others, already formed, or in course
of formation, are rapidly improving ; the granted lands being as yet prin-
cipally confined to strips bordering on the streams. The quality of the soil
along the whole extent of the post road, is only second to that of the marshes
at the head of the Bay of Fundy, or the intervales of King's County. This
valuable tract of land extends in some places to a distance of twenty, and
in others of thirty miles, from the boundary of Maine.

A very extensive field will soon be thrown open for settlement by the
construction of a new road from the Tobique, to the settlements on the Res-
tigouche river, for the exploration and formation of which the Legislature
appropriated one thousand pounds during the Seesion of 1854 This road
will traverse a very valuable district from the Saint John to the head waters
of the Kestigouche, and thence tjown the eastern side of that beautiful liver.

The inhabitants of the upper part of the Saint John, ore coirposed {urt-
1,7 of fiurot^daui^ and p»rtlv of Mtivti of (b* Provi»6«i »nd of Cu»!4(l<v »h4

' \\

' H

! a

'I* ^l

\?'i' ■

178

the United States, together, with a large portion of the desoeiidants of th«
Acadian French.

The same reason which pre/ented up from giving the comparative atatis-
tical table of the county of Victoria, viz : the unsettled state of the Ame-
rican boundary in 1840. applies also to this County.

1851. — Population, and other Statistics of Victoria County.

Parishes.

Ando-
ver.

Mada-
waska.

Perth.

Saint
Baeil.

Saint
Francis

St. Leo-
nard.

Totals.

Inhabitants,

Families,

Children at school,

School houseSj

Places of worship,

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriculturists,

Saw mills,

Grist mills,

Acres of land cleared,

Tons of hay,

Bushels of wheat,
" barlev,
'• oats,
" buckwheat,
" Indian corn,
" potatoes,

Horses and cattle,

Sheep and awine,

1,317

858

627

1,037

231

140

151

x51

103

102

4,496

5,820

2,478

6,631

1,244

067

822

2,250

1,471

429

1,831

520

1,146

2,261

128

1,283

18,049

7,359

7,822

11,86.^

9,894

6,470

2,539

13,175

594

24,822

12,660

1,536

20,011

732

837

113

146

131

2,971

4,438

728

950

355

656

S»5

^,275

5,M12

3,0 30

8,9:1

le m22
t ^'41
16,567

5,408

871

295

251

652

26,834

6,961

5,262

7,979

59,163

44,730

824

84,527

6,308

10,374

Summary description of the Saint John River toith notices of its

upper course.

Having in the preceding sections given a detailed description of the seven
counties which are intersected by this magnificent river, and so abundantly
watered by its tributories, we propose now, at the risk of some repetition to
again turn the readers attention to this section of the Province.

We will begin with the fine and spacious harbor formed by its mouth,
open at all seasons of the yeir, easily accessible, and safe in all winds, fre-
quently studded with from 3 to 400 sail of vessels ; the increasing and
thriving city, and the no less thriving county, with their 40,000 inhabitants,
100 echools and 40 places of worship ; nor must we forget the extent of
cleared land, the progress of agriculture, and the varied mineral and almost
unlimited piscatory facilities.

The river after passing the fails, presents indications of having formerly
been a chain of lakes, and flows through an irregular broken country, inter-
spersed with lofty hills, some of them rising to the height of 500 feet, and
the whole presenting the appearance of a volcanic origin. This district af-
fords the most beautiful views varying with every turn of the river, and

lants of th«

ative statifl-
f the Ame-

untU'

Leo-
ird.

Totals.

837

5,408

146

871

295

251

131

652

438

26,834

950

0,901

656

5,262

275

7,979

152

59,163

T22

44,730

824

567

84,627

6,308

10,374

ices of its

Df the seven
abundantly
•epetition to

its mouth,

winds, fre-

•easin** and

inhabitants,

e extent of

and almost

ig formerly
ntry, inter-
)0 feet, and
district af-
I river, and

179

embracing wide and spacious lakes connected bv winding streams which
water the most fertile valiies, thickly covered with fine settlements. It is
almost impossible to over value the agricultural joutity of Kings with its
20,000 inhabitants, and 2000 buildings, including upwards of sixty places
of worship and 100 schools. Here again is an extent of cultivated land
amounting to 100,000 acres, and here too, are those mineral deposites which,
hold out the promise of future wealth, I^or are we without sanguine ex-
pectations that those promises will be realized when that great undertaking
which is to form a speedy channel of communication between two distant
seas— to improve and expediate the intercourse between two mighty empires
— and in its ultimate results to cement together far distant Provinces, shall
be completed.

Proceeding up the river we como to a more level, but still slightly undu-
lating country, with a few hills occasionally rising in the distance. The
three counties of Queen's, Sunburyand York, all similar in character, have
been already described, and we have endeavored to do justice to their rich
and alluvial lands and river islands, teeming with every description of agri-
cultural produce. The banks of the river are lined with oak, ash, elm, and
maple, the latter not only affording a valuable timber, but supplying the
inhabitants with upwards of 170,000 pounds of excellent sugar. We
are unwilling to omit the varied tints which autumn spreads over
this beautiful region, so rich and so splendid, as to compete with the fresh

and green foliage of the

aprmg ,

nor ought we to leave out the

numerous steam boats, the small craft which are continually passing, the
ponderous raft, and the innumerable logs, slowly floating to Saint John, and
affording indisputable evidence of the rich commercial character of the upper
country. Not less than 50,000 persons are computed to have passed up
and down this fine stream during the year 1853, and to have witnessed at
the various seasons, the beauties to which we have endeavored to call the
attention of the reader. May we hope that this scenery will, when the pro-
jected facilities of intercourse with Europe shall have been completed, at-
tract the notice of some of those travellers who at present confine their
tours to the Continent of Europe, or if they reach another hemisphere, deem
the United States alone, worthy the expenditure of their time or their
money.

To return, however, to our recapitulation of the advantages possessed by
these river counties : Queen's contains a population of 11,000 with 66,000
acres of cleared land Sunbury, a small county, has 5,500 inhabitants;
the two have 6,560 buildings which include 56 places of worship and 89
school houses. We now reach Fredericton, a fine, though as yet a small
city. York is a large county, containing many villages and scattered set-
tlements; its population numbers 20,000, with 75,000 acres of cuUivated
land. Its edifices are 6,400, many of them of a superior character, among
which are 50 places of worship and 60 educat'onal establishments.

The traveller who may be induced to inquire into the territorial divisions
of -he country, through which we have been passing, will be forcibly struck
with the great inconvenience before alluded to, attending the mode in which
not only the counties, but in some instances, the parishes, have been laid
out on both sides, many of the large rivers, thereby, separating one portion
of a municipality from the other; as well as with the irregularity and ine-
quality of many of the divisions, inexcusable in a new country, where the
bound[ari9S of each county and parish ought, on or soon after iti first set-

ill''!

nil! i f

I ' .

180

tiemont, to bo so kid out as to facilitate the civil management, with the least
possible lo33 of time to the settler.

We have now ascended the tiver to the county of Carleton, and to Wood-
Btoek, its capital^ anticipating of course, those improvements in the naviga-
tion which will render this place at all times, accessible to river steam boats.
Woodstock, though now a scattered village, is fast rising into importance ;
and when to ita improved navigation, the full and ample working of the
rich deposit of iron ore, and the completion of the railway to this point are
added, it will be almost impossible to estimate the size and prosperity to
•which it may attain. Those who are acquainted with the progress of the
iron districts of England and Wales, or with the rapid progress of Pittsburg
in the United l^tates, can form the best estimate of its future. The popu-
lation of the town and county is now 12,000 ; the buildings number 1,600
including 25 places of worship and 57 school houses ; the cleared land con-
sists of 60,000 acres.

If the tiip to this point has been interesting, the further ascent of the
river, to the Grand Falls, can hardly be less so, especially as that object alone,
of which we have already attempted a partial and very imperfect description,
would amply repay the traveller. The whole county of Victoria presents much
to interest and amuse, but it is, as yet, almost an unknown land. The soil
above Woodstock is superior to most of the upland districts lower down the
river ; cultivation alone is wanting to render this county, or at least so much
of it as is known, the very garden of the Province. Its vast area is ample
for the formation of two other good sized counties, as soon as it shall con-
tain on adequate population ; and the rivers, already navigable, with which
it abounds, the numerous small streams which might easily be made so, and
the levels which may be found extending in every direction, notwithstand-
ing its general mountainous character peculiarly fit it for being the centre
of extensive comrauriications to the St. Lawrence and Canada, to the Res-
tigouche, the Miramichi, and the sea ports of the eastein coast, as well as
to a large and improving section of the United fc-tates. While its capabili-
ties a»e uTikiiown, they cannot be appreciated, and the entej prising settlers
and adventurous travellers who explore these regions are eo lew, that we are
persuaded that every particular retpecting them cannot fail to excite an in-
terest. We ha\e received much information, on this subject, from a gentle-
man on whom the utmost reliance can be placed, and whose opportunities
for observation weie aujple; this we will endeavor to lay before our read-
ers.

Cn reference to the map, it wil be seen that the due noithern line, from
the monum'^nt near the eouroe of the Saint Croix, inteistcts the Saint John
two n,il(s above the Grand J'alls ; consequently, the light lank of the river,
from ihat pint upwaids, is in the State of Maine. Qhe left bai.k, how-
ever, puscnts much greater facilities for settkment, beirg inteisectcd with
a numb* r of beautiful wild livers passing through feitile lands pceeeesirg
nnkundcd fields of timher, suitable for ship building and making deals.

Thvse riveis are unsettled, except for a shojt distance iiom their mouths.
Little Liver mir.gles its wateis with the Saint John, at the very pitch
of the Giand Falls, and extends twenty-five miles into the interior, through
a valualle tract of country.

^ ext comes the Grand Biver about forty miles in extent; this forms the
principal route to the restigouche, by means of tie Wagan, a tributory of
the luuer -, the Eouxce of the t?fO tiTeie ^beiog about three xuiles af art

Thei
rivei
T
tingi
its r
a fev
and
and
thirt
Ne
Tl
all.

rith the least

md to Wood-
the naviija-
steam boats,
importance ;
king of the
his point are
prosperity to
•gress of the
of Pittsburg
The popu-
imber 1,600
ed land con-
cent of the
object alone,
description,
esents much
i. The soil
?r down the
ast so much
rea is ample
shall con-
with which
lade 80, and
twithstand-
the centre
3 the Bes-
as well as
8 capabili-
ng settlers
bat we are
cite an in-
3 a gentle-
pojiunitiea
our read-
line, from
I'aint John
the river,
aiik, how-
?cted with
3C6seesirg
ng deals.
r mouths,
ery pitch
', through

forms the
butory of
es fifart

181

There /e also two small tributoriea of the Saint John between the Grand
river and the Green river, called the Sheigash and the Quissibis.

The Green river (so called from the color of its waters, which can be dis-
tinguished for some distance after their junction with the main stream) takes
its rise in the height of land within fifty miles of the St. Lawrence, and
a few miles of the sources of the Umdarkyoke and the Belle Kedgweek ;
and after meandering for sixty miles through a succession of beautiful lakes,
and a well wooded tract of country, of excellent soil, enters the Saint John
thirty miles from the Grand Falls.

Next to the Green ri ver is the Iroquois, which rises in the Madawaska Seignory .

The Madawaska is the next tributory, and the most remarkable of them
all. There is a Fall at its entrance into the Saint John, which, with the
rapids for half a mile above, constitute a height of thirty-five feet; after
which, until the point where it leaves Lake Tomiscouta, there are no ob-
structions, and there is sufficient water, on ordinary occasions, for small
steamers. The river is iwenty-one miles in length to the Dege le, where it
emerges from Lake Temiscouta. This is a beautiful lake, twenty miles
long, and from two to four miles wide. On the west side, near the head,
the Cabana river, twenty-five miles long, runs into it, and connects it with
another lake, fifteen miles long and from one to two miles wide, tending to-
wards the river Sainc John. The surrounding lands are all well wooded ;
and the scenery is very fine. Temiscouta Lake is supplied on the Fast by
the Tulidi, with a large branch called the Squattock, taking its rise in a
number of lakes. The Tulidi has its origin in the highlands of the Ri-
mouski, which falls into the St. Lawrence. Another source of the Temis-
couta and Madawaska river is the . iheberies, flowing into the northern part
of the lake. These various lakes «nd !?treams drain a valley 150 miles in
circumference, and discharge their r i waters into the Saint John at the
Little Falls. This district of cou ts has been shewn, is remarkably

well watered; every portion of it is l ^ able of being cultivated, and pos-
sesses inexhaustible supplies of timber of all kinds. The largest of the
pine tribe, however, have been culled by the lumbermen.

Proceeding up the Saint John, the next tributory is called Baker river,
taking its origin near the source of Long Lake, which runs into the Cabana
river, before described. One of its branches is supplied by Baker lake,
some four miles long by three miles wide. This portion of the county of
Victoria is wholly unsettled, save on the banks of the river Saint John ;
but, from the goodness of the land, it offers great facilities for settlements.

A few miles above Baker river. Fish river enters the Saint John, having
its source in the State of Maine, and being supplied from a succession of
lakes, called the >"agle lakes.

The next is the beautiful river St. Francis, which is the boundary between
Maine, New Brunswick, and Canada, as far as the foot of Lake Pobeua-
gawook. This lake is six miles long and two wide. Twelve miles up the
St. Francis, it enters another lake, called the Pohenagamook, the outlet of
which is the boundary between Canada and New Brunswick. This is a
most lovely lake, six miles long and two miles wide ; the land descends gra-
dually to the waters edge, and gives one the impression of an Amphitheatre
on a grand scale, the soil is excellent, and it is beautifully wooded.

Thei>e waters, as also those of the Temiscouta and Madawaska, are well
supplied with Tulidi, a fresh water fish, weighing from seven to ten lb., of
delicious flavor— with vyhite fish, and large trout.

I II

i \i

■ . I

f',i

■M^

183

On the right bank of the Saint John, about six milea from the mouth of
the St. Francis, the Aliegash river joins it ; it takes its rise near the sources
of the Penobscot, and, in its course of about 39 miles, passes through seve-
ral large lakes.

From this point to the sources of the river Saint John, a distance of se-
venty-five miles, the following tributories finish the catalogue of the various
affluents of the upper Saint John, viz : Little Black river, Ktjewguospew,
Great Black river, north-west Branch, south-west Branch, and South
Branch, all of them rivers of considerable size.

The geological formation of the county of Victoria, is principally com-
posed of slate ; even in the highlands no granite is to be seen. Limestone
II not so abundant as in the adjoining county of Carleton ; neither is it so
prolific in , minerals. This may very possibly arise from their not having
Deen discovered, as the greater portion of the county is yet in a wilderness
state. ^

The number, beauty and extent of the rivers and lakes of the upper St.
John, are astonishing. With a soil unsurpassed — well wooded with every
description of valuable timber, this fine county is wholly uninhabited,
save a solitary lodgement here and there for lumberers. It will at some fu-
ture time teem with inhabitants, and with all the luxuries of civilization,
and the traveller will enjoy the magnificent views, little suspecting the scene
it once presented.

Such is the magnificent county of Victoria, well worthy of the name it
bears. Every step towards the opening this vast region to enterprize should
be hailed and encouraged, and the removal of the obstructions in the St.
John, and the construction of a railroad round the Grand Falls are links
in the chain. We may look forward, too, to a connection between the north-
em extremity of Lake Temiscouta and the Grand Trunk Railway of Cana-
da, which is to be brought down the south bank of the St. Lawrence as far
as Trois Pistoles.

What a field is here open for the reception of large bodies of settlers
from jlurope, — let us contrast its present population of 5,500 with about
2,200 buildings, 16 school houses, and 9 places of worship, with what mo-
derately sanguine imagination of our readers, may suppose it to be at the
end of fifty years. The cleared land bears a good proportion to the popu-
ation, being about 30,000 acres out of nearly 3,000,000, nearly all capable
of cultivation.

To sum up in conclusion, the whole statistics of these seven river counties,
ve may safely estimate them now to contain a population of upwards of
115,000 souls. Judging indeed from the increase in the number of chil-
dren attending school, which in 1851, was 8,559 ; while in 1853, it amounted
to 12,346, the total inhabitants, at the same ratio of increase, would be more
than 120,000 ; and if the improvements made, and in progress, are to be
considered as any further proof, this estimate will not be immoderate. The
total number of buildings, public and private, may in like manner be esti-
mated, as a total, at 34,000, out of »,Lich there are 240 places of worship,
and 250 school houses. The aggregate land in cultivation will not fall short
of 400,000 acres.

183

montli of
e Bourcos
igh seve-

ce of se-
e various
guospew,
d South

illy com-
imestone
r is it so
t having
ilderneBS

ipper St.
th every
ahabitea,
some fu-
rilization,
the scene

) name it
ze should
the St.
are links
be north-
of Cana-
ice as far

f settlers
ith about
what mo-
bo at the
;he popu-
,1 ca

counties,
wards of
r of chil-
imounted
i be more
are to be
te. The
p be esti-
worship,
fall short

Historical Sketch of the River Saint John, and its early Ssttlemsnis.

All the early settlers on this continent were the subjects of great vh"* u-
tudes ; but none ^werc more exposed to them than those who commer.oed
their operation3 on the river Saint John. This river, as well as the Baie
Francais, now the Biy of Fundy, ^as discovered by De Monts, in the year
1604. It was called by the natives, Ougundy ; but from being discovered
" on the 24th of June, the day of the festival of Saint John the Baptist,"
it received the name it now bears

The discoverer, "imagining that a shorter communication might be found
by this river, tbnn by the sea, to the Bay Chaleur and Tadousac," the lat-
ter being a French settletnent on the river Saint Lawrence, below Quebec,
and near the mouth of the Saguenay, "sailed up the stream as far as the
depth of water would permit. The extent of this river, tho fish with which
it was filled, the grapes growing on its banks, and the beauty of the scenery,
■were all objects of wonder and admiration." — (Haliburton's History of No-
va Scotia, vol. Ist, page 16 )

Acadia, which included this Province, was ceded by treaty to France in
1632 ; and in 1635, a grant of territory was made to Charles la Tour.
Soon after, forts were built ; one on the site of the present town of Carle-
ton, called Fort Frederic, and another at the Gemseg, the outlet to Grand
Lake, in Queen's county. Between this period and 1673, Acadia was re-
taken by the English, and again ceded to France by the treaty of Breda,
when these forts fell into the hands of the French. During the temporary
possession of Acadia by England, a report of the state of the forts on this
river was made. We glean the following from Mr. Haliburton's work, in
the volume already referred to, p. 66. The fort on the Gemseg consisted,
principally, of a court of guard, fifteen paces long and ten broad ; a house
of like length and breadth, built of hewn stono ; a chapel of six paces
sqaare, with a " bell, weighing about eighteen pounds ," also, "a magazine
having two stories, built of stone, * * * being in length about thir-
ty-six paces, and ten in breadth ;" all these, and some other buildings of
little note, were covered with shingles.

" Upon the ramparts of the said fort are twelve iron guns," weighing
21,122 pounds ; also, " six murtherers, without chambers, weighing twelve
hundred pounds." Besides several outhouses near the fort, there was a
garden, consisting of " fifty or sixty trees, bearing fruit." The whole was
in a dilapidated state, and out of repair ; so much so, " that a single pirati-
cal vessel," Eaid to be under Captain Kidd, " having only 110 men on board,
was able to efiect the reduction of Pentagoet," a place bordering on New
England, "and the fort of Gemseg, on the river Saint John, and plunder
the inhabitants of both places."

This fort, when in a more efficient state, and in the possession of the
French and Indians, was attacked by Col. Church ; but it was so ably de-
fended, that he had to re-embark his men without efiecting the object of his
expedition.

In consequence of jealousy, or some other cause not properly known,
Dauclere de Chaunisse, who was subsequently appointed Governor, attacked
La Tour forts, on the Saint John. Having been defeated the first time, he
again laid siege to that on the Gemseg ; but it was nobly defended by Madam
La Tour, with a comparatively small force, for three days. She was after-
wards betrayed, and, on being promised protection, capitulated, to save tb9

■■'■

• i

< '1

'^1

I 'I

*i''

184

;I1

■V :

"A.
•'A

•^

f ^^i:.

u .i'

III-.

lives of herself and her force ; but she ezperieneed faithlessness on the part
of the besieger, \7ho, when in possession, pardoned only two of the garri-
son, one of whom he compelled to be the executioner of the rest, and made
the other, Madam La Tour, the heroine of the scene, to appear at the gal-
lows with a rope round her neck. This noble woman, worn out with disap-
pointment and hardship, did not long survive these troubles.

In the year 1755, forces were again fitted out by the English, under Col.
Monkton, whose operations at the head of the Bay of Fundy have been
elsewhere described. While he was thus engaged. Captain Rous, wiih his
ships, consisting of three frigates and a sloop of war, '' sailed to the mouth
of the river Saint John, .^ attack the new fort the French had erected
there ; but they saved bim the trouble by abandoning it upon his appear-
ance, after having burst their cannon, blown up their magazine, and destroy-
ed, as tar is they had time, all the work they had lately raised." — (Hali-
burton, page 1.68.)

During all this time, from the discovery of the river till 1763, when peace
was restored, and France renounced all claims to the present British pos-
sessions in North America, these forts, and the few scattered settlers in the
neighborhood, became, alternately, the subjects of the two hostile na-
tions.

These harassing troubles had no sooner passed away, than new ones broke
out ; the .A-merican Revolution once more disturbed the calm that had per-
vaded this continent. This war, as in the case of a house divided against
itself, though of shorter duration, was productive of greater horrors. Dur-
ing the heat of the rebellion, 600 Indian warriors met at Gemseg for the
purpose of aiding the rebels in destroying the settlers at Maugerville, in the
county of Sunbury, who, in the year 1783, aad including all on the river St.
John, numbered cnly about 800 souls.

Tiiough history only aflfords information of two forts on the river Saint
John — that at its mouth, and the other at Gemseg— still the traces of others
are to be found ; and one of these, at the Oromocto, afforded refuge to these
settlers when thus attacked by the suvage natives, who were only appeased
by promises of large presents, which were afterwards sent them.

The present site of the city of St John was occupied by James Simonds,
James White. Captain Francis Peabody and others, as a fishing estab-
lishment, in 1764 ; the descendants of these persons are numerous in the
Provir^ce.

(Jntil 1784, New Brunswick, under the name of the county of Sunbury,
formed a part of Nova Scotia. From this period she dates her political
existence, and Thomas Carleton was appointed her first Governor, on the
16th of August, in that year.

Having thus briefly detailed the principal historical features of this sec-
tion of the Province, we proceed to lay before our readers a summary of its
present aspect, and leave them to institute a comparison between its present
and former state.

We have thus endeavored impartially to describe the southern and western
counties of the" Province, both as far 8S ou*; own observation has extended,
and with the help of every available sou.ce of information, and the assis-
tance of some kind friends. It will, we trust, be evident, that the physi-
cal, agricultural, mineral, and commercial character of these counties pre-
sents a wide field for their full devolopement in these, as well as in many
pthtir branches of iuduitry< It wiU U 9vid«nt, too, that all that i» vt^inM

185

I tbe part
be garri-
ind made
the gal-
ith disap-

nder Col.
ave been
with his
be mouth
1 erected
s appear-
, destroy-
-(Hali-

ben peace
itish po3-
srs in the
33tile na-

nes broke
had per-
d against
8. Dur-
g for the
lie, in the
I river St.

rer Saint
of others
e to these
appeased

Simonds,
ig estab-
is in the

Sunbury,

political

r, on the

this sec-
ary of its
;s present

i western
jxtended,

he assis-
le phjsi-
ities pre-

in many

to render them more pcople'Sustaining; is the introduction of more capital,
of more labour, and above all, of energy and enterpriE3.

One fact mup«; present itself forcibly to the mind of the attentive reader,
throughout the whole of the investigation we have attempted to pursue, —
that notwithstanding all former geologual explorations; notwithplanding
the ample reports and assiduous labors of Dr. Gesner ; notwithstanding the
partially successful attr- pts made to establish this branch of industry in
some districts, and the hitherto abortive efforts in others, we still know lit-
tle of what lies in the bowels of the hills and vallies which everywhere di-
versify the country ; and we have no doubt but that turther and more
minute geological research will unfold a vast additional amount of mineral
riches, almost universally spread over these counties, which will afford am-
ple employment for our manufacturing population, both present and future,
when the forest ceases to supply th'^ir demands.

We must now turn, and invite the reader's attention to the northern and
eastern counties of our Province, where we shall be able to display another
extensive doLiain, rich in agricultural capabilities, abounding with various
mineral deposits, clothed with an exhaustless forest of fine timber, and pos-
sessed of a coast affording good harbors, and abounding with almost every
variety of the finest fish in the world. And in the seciuel, we hope to shew
the emigrant where, according to his inclination, his means, or his previous
habits and pursuits, he may locate himself advantageously with ease, econo-
my, and dispatch.

UESTIGOUCHE COUNTY.

Boundaries. — "The County of Restigouche bounded westerly by Vic-
toria ; northerly' by the Province of Canada and the Bay of Chaleur : eas-
terly by the line run true south, by Deputy Carrutherb, in the year 1848,
from the Bay Chaleur near the mouth of Belledune river, and its southerly
prolongation ; south, by the westerly prolongation of the south line of lot
number one, in the grant to Simon Arseneau and associates, near the Little
Nipisiquit, including all the islands adjacent thereto."

Area and Population. — This county contains an area, according to the
calculations made at the Crown Laud Department of the Province, of 1,426,-
560 acres ; but from the course recently run by the Boundary Commission-
ers in their survey now in prosecution, between New Brunswick and (^ana-
da, it will probably contain not less than 1,500,000 acres. — of this quantity
only 8,895 acres are impioved, leaving a balance of 1,491 105 acres in a
state of nature ; but of the whole area of the county, there are 156,979
acres granted : so that there is not over one eighteenth part of the quantity
granted, under any state of improvement. It is fully believed by ihose best
acquainted with the character of the interior of this county, that not one in
the Province, except Curleton, contains so large a per centage of good land ;
for while almost the whole of the latter county is well adapted for cultiva-
tion, Restigouche includes about one million of acres, being two thirds of
its total contents, highly fit for agricultural purposes. It contained in 1851,
a population of 4,161 souls, and has a bench of 22 magistrates.

AgricuUure. — The character of the land for agricultural operations is,
beyond all doubt, the best, for so large an extent, in the Province. From
the reports of the Restigouche Agricultural Society, which has been es-
tablished for 14 years, and is one of the best in the Province we extract
the following averages of the weight of farming produce :

\ 1

It;'

f'"*'.

i^'-

-1

186 ,

' Wheat, per bushel, 66 Ibb., Indian Corn, 61 lbs.

Bailey " 55 Field Peas, 68

•' Black Oats " 42 Clover Seed, 62

White " " 46 Timothy Seed, 45

Greater weight than the above have been obtained, especially as regards
wheat ; but those are the averages for a number of years.

With regard to the growth of Indian corn the tenth annual report of
this Society says, page 10, "Your Committee have at length succeeded in

?rocuring a variety of Indian corn, suitable to the climate, which pjoduced
1 Dushels to the acre, and may be relied on as a sure crop ; it was planted
on the 19ih of iVIay, and harvested on the 28th of September."

There a-e some fields on the banks of the Uestigouche as well cultivated
as any to be found in much older districts; and the County couli if its la-
tent resources were made available, sustain over one half of the present
population of the whole Province. The land in many places is very dry,
bul the principal part of that along the foot of the mountain range, though
somewhat gravelly, is mixt with a rich vegetable loam, well adapted for the
growth of hay, and for p:isturage ; while the more elevated portions are noted
for their grain-growing qualities.

Professor Johnston, in his " Notes on North America," vol. 1, page 394,
says, with respect to this region, " these first settlements we come to, are
about eight miles north, in a straight line, from the banks of the Kestigou-
che river, and 1250 feet above the level of the sea. That the crops and
culture and farming I saw here, should be possible at so high a level, shews
not only that the land is naturally good, but that this northern climate must
be far more propitious to vegetation than is generally believed One thing
the tiaveller through a region like this is surprised at ; when he stumbles
on a settled and cultivated track of land, such as I was now passing through,
he wonders how the people came to find it out. Who induced all these men
and women to leave remote corners of Scotland, and settle in this remote
corner of scuth eastern Cf?nada. The whole line of country is a terra in-
cognita, at Quebec and Fredericton. At the seat of government of both
Provinces, where they complain of how little we know of their geopraphy
at home, the spot I speak of was absolutely unknown ; find yet humble
Scotchmen and their families had made choice of it, and already fixed upon
it their future homes. There is an under current of knowleilge flowing
among the masses, chiefly through the literary communication of far distant
blood relations, of which public literature knows nothing, and even Govern-
ments are unaware " 'J'he Professor here is perfectly correct in what he
says of the scanty knowledge of this region possessed by otlier sections of
the Province ; for it is not until recently that oven a ^^eneral knowledge of
its pxi.sience was acquired, much less an acquaintance with its resources and
peculiarities.

After noticing the large crops generally profluccd, rnd the A^rtilitj of the
soil, with some other incidental matters connected with the district, he says,
" I insist these and other particulars, because it struck me from its natur*".!
beauty and fertility, and from the peculiarly healthy character displayed b^
its rural population, to be more worthy of the attention of those desirous
of changing their homes, than either we, or the New Brunswicker gei:eral-
ly, are in t;.o habit of supposing."

The Commissioners who explored the country from Halifax to Quebec,
685 miles, in 1848 with a view to the construction of a railway, testify

lbs.

regards

report of

cecded in

pi oduced

i3 planted

cultivated
if its la-
present
very dry,
though
ed for the
arc noted

page 394,
ie ta, are
Kestigou-
crops and
vol, shews
iiate must
3ne thing

stumbles
; through,
these men
lis remote

terra in-
it of both
;eopraphy
t humble
iXed upon
e flowing
ir distant
I Govern-

what he
cctions of
w ledge of
Lirces and

itj of the

he says,

3 natur-.l

ilayetl b^

desirous

geiieral-

Queboc,
h testify

187

strongly in their report to the great vorth cf these northern sections as a
field for colonization, nor indeed is evidence vranting from every one veho
has visited the scenery of Hestigouche. and explored its livers, its fertile
lands, its sea and river fisherios, its vast ar,d almost exhaustless forests of
fine timber. Still few, very few, compared with the many who take up
their residence or- the more rocky and comparatively sterile shores of the
Bay of Fundy, settle in this fine region which only requires population and
enterprize to make it a great and valuable country.

A large district of this County is of limestone, and becomes ready
to receive seed in a very short time after the spring thaws are over; conse-
quently, soe<l time arriving earlier than many farmers are in the habit of
sowing, a larger season for vegetation.

On the Canadian side of the boundary, there are large tracts cf good
land, especi'dly between the Metapediac river and its tributorios, j>nd the
Restigouch ' river. These are both extensive and rich, and would af-
ford scope lor the- location of some hundreds of families. It is titubered
with spruce, beech, birch, and maple, especially the latter, affording great
facilities for sugar making. On the Cniiadian coast of the Bay Chal'^ur
also t..ere are fine vallies of fertile land intcvening between the hills, so
that the whole of this vast region possesses all the elements of futuie great-
ness vviihin itself.

The climjfte, though rigorous in winter, is very healthy, so much so, that
it is generally believed that these epidemical diseases which are not yet
known theie, though so destructive in other places, may not make their ap-
pearance. It is true that the snow falls to a great depth, sometiiues as
much a3 five feet, which is one cause of the superior fertility of the soil ;
but it has been found by experience, that, as the country becomes cleared of
its dense forests, the winters become more mild and as the snow does not
accumulate to such an extent. This has been proved true in other parts of
the Province ; and even within the distance of thirty or forty miles, the
effects of the removal of the forests on the temperature of the surrounding
atmosphere have been sensibly felt.

Roads and Settlements. — In consequence of the gravelly nature of the
soil, the roads in the settled portion of the county, are better and more du-
rable than those of any other part of the Province. The principal road yet
open, runs along the margin of the Bay of Chaleur, and of the rtestigou-
che river ; along this road +here is about seventy miles of this frontier part
of the county occupied, and to the southward of Dalhousie and Campbelton
settlements are now forming to the rear of the front lots. Cross roads
branch from the main line to these settlements which commence near the
head of Eel river, running parallel with the Bay shore, and are known by
the several names of Dundee, Colebrooke, Lilly Lake, Sugar-leaf Glenely
and Gleulivit. There are some few scattering settlers extending their loca-
tions nearly to the Upsalquitch river, beyond "which inhabitants become few
and far between. ^ .

The country in many places assumes a mountainous appearance, yet rich
arable land is found to extend to the very base, even of the highest and
most rockv precipices, some of which rise to an elevation of from three to
four and even seven hundred feet. This range of high land runs along the
coast, at an average distance of fhree-fourths of a mile from the bay and
tiver; and the intervening table h»^ a gradual ascent from the shore to its
foot, being every where traversed V^ itreams descending from th« heights.

V:\ i

:; ! '

188

■}

>'^

'ii

In many places cultivation may be carried to the very summits, and on th©
Boutherly side the descent is sometimes as abrupt as it is towards the sea,
until it terminates in undulating ridges of rich land, well adapted for the
plough. At the head of the Bay Chaleur, and where the Restigouche as-
sumes the form of a river, there is the commencement of a tract of "flat
lands," similar in quality to the marshes of Westmoreland, or the alluvial
lands of Sussex Vale and the river Saint John.

The<}e flat lands extend about five miles up the river, to the mouth of the
Matapediac, and range from a quarter to three quarters of a mile in breadth ;
the largest body being on the Canadian side. The whole tract is of great
value for the production of hay. There is a continuous settlement on this
frontier of about sixty miles, rich in every agricultural capability, and the
only obstacle to the inhabitants becoming the most independent and wealthy in
that portion of the Province, is their mixt, and as it were, mongrel character —
one-third fisherman, one-third lumberman, and one-third farmer, may be said
to compose most of the settlers along the shore ; and until they learn prac-
tically, each to do his owl work, and to confine himself to his proper avoca-
tion, it will be impossible that they should reap the full benefit of the ad-
vantages laid before them. This is strongly evinced I y the pr igress made
by new settlers on good lands more remote from the bay and river, and who
confine themselves to their lands, or at all events make farming, their prin-
cipal employment ; these men seldom fail to become comfortable and inde-
pendent, and are far outstripping the settlers on the richer lands skirting
the bay, who make all these pursuits alternately the means of earning a
subsistence.

Proposed Road from Camphelton to Tobique. — The writer is indebted
to John Gillis, Esq., who assisted in the exploration of this road for the
following topographical description of the land.

Tho first eleven miles, from Campbelton, towards the river Saint John,
runs through a tract of hardwood land of the best quality ; the next seven
miles is principally soft-wood land of a good growth of timbe?.' ; tliC third
section of seven miles is good land, principally hardwood. A tract of good
land extends up the Bay Popelogan stream for seven or eight miles, the
best, Mr. Gillies says, in the Province. The fourth section on the line,
about eleven miles is poor land, the greater part having been burnt over ;
tho fifth section of the same distance is timbered principally with hardwood,
and is good land : from thence to Nictau Lake (which is a sheet of water
five miles in length by half a mile in width) about four miles, the land is
not so good: from this lake to the Nictau, or square forks, on the Tobique,
is twenty miles, which, with the exception of about three miles, is poor
la'id. There is a large extent of interval, beginning four miles above the
mouth of tho Nictau, and sheltering up the Campbell river for five miles.
From the Nictau to tho mouth of the Tobique is forty-two miles which con-
sists principally of good land for settlement, and tho banks of the latter ri-
ver are occupied for about twenty miles of this distance upward from the
Saint John. About twenty-six miles from the mouth, is a region of Gyp-
sum, extending along tho river's bank for about half a mile, and the rock
being forty feet in height ; it is exteiisively used for agricultural pu:;oses,
especially as barges can be brought to the <(unrry. Another extensive tract
of good land ranges from the northwest branch of the Upsalquitch to the
firo finger brook falling into the Restigouche ; it should be obaerved that tho
ditWAQt betW9«n (h« I^ i^t«vi &nd ^if Isiquic h^H% ii tueftrl/ ^^ti^e^ n)i)««. C^n

the upper part of the Restigouche, the land is broken and not of such good
quality. Taking the extent of good land fronting on this road, and still
ungranted, there is no doubt but a Colony of at least 500 parishes could be
located, in addition to the facilities afforded along the numerous streams tra-
versing the country in every direction ; in fact, to obtain room for placing
settlers in this section of the Province, it is only necessary to open up roads ;
this can hardly be done in any direction without traversing extensive ranges
of good land well adapted for this purpose. The present Legislative ses-
sion, 1855, has granted XIOOO for a road from the Tobique, via the Grand
Falls, to the Restigouche.

Parishes. —This county is divided into five parishes : Durham, Colborne,
Dalhousie, Addington, and Eldon ; these parishes all front on the bay and
river, and have the post-road traversing them in common as far as Campbel-
ton. The side lines all run true south from the frontier, and with the ex-
ception of the Parish of Eldon, which is the most westesly, and is large
enough for two or more parishes, the whole are laid out as well as the geo-
graphical position of the county will admit

The Town of Dalhousie in the Parish of the same name, is the Capita
of the County, and the most northern part of the Province. It is situate
fifty-two miles above Bathurst, and stands on a rectangular plot of ground,
having three of its sides bounding on the Bay of Chaleur ; the town is neat-
ly laid out, its streets running at right angles to each other and being of suf-
ficient width. Here stand the public buildings of the county, including the
Court house Jail, Post Office, and Grammar School, together with three
places of worship, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Episcopal, the latter being
now in the course of erection. Many of the stores and private buildings
are neat and well built, and the whole town evinces taste, system, and order,
as well as some degree of animation and bustle, and from its beautiful situa-
tion, jutting out into the Bay of Chaleur, and surrounded by an enormous
extent of rich land, it must yet be a place of considerable note, especially as
it affords such excellent facilities for both Bay and River Fisheries, and for
trade with the variou . settlements around the Bay Chaleur. On the north
side is one of the best places for booming operations to be found in America,
and which no doubt was the principal reason for the selection of this spot as
the site of a town. Nature has here built a wall, and left a door of entrance
within, with timber sufficient to load a fleet of ships can lie in perfect safety.

Herron Island is situate in the Bay of Chaleur, a shor' distance below
Dalhousie, and contains some good land and well cultivated farms, it is in-
cluded in this county.

Campbelton is situated in the Parish of Addington, sixteen miles above
Dalhousie, and at the head of the Bay Chaleur. It extends into the water
in the form of a right angle, two sides of which arc washed by the bay,
which at this point is one mile wide. The streets are broad and run at
right angles to each other, although the town is not very well laid off; still
it contains some neat stores and private edifices, and two places of worship,
Presbyterian and Methodist. From this point a steam boat regularly cros-
ses to the Canadian side during the summer season. There are numerous
wharves extending into the harbor, where ships not drawing more than eigh-
teen feet may load in perfect safety ; and there is also a good place for
booming timber. The Country round Campbelton, as well as that near Dal-
housie is Btuddnd with conical fiills, the Sugar Lo«f, isaid to b« bOO fe«t high)
ii Ui« ttm\ prominent!

i M

;' n

h'. ' *

*■' i '

• 'i

/
/

IdO

f^ J

The settlements on the Canadian side extend from llie mo ^th of the Bay
of Chaleu.' for nearly one hundred miles up the Restigouche and as far as
the mouth of the Matapediac river, the whole coast being settled with small
towns and villages. On the same side of the rii'er (the Canadian) and
nearly opposite Campbelton, stands " the Mission/' which h the iargert set-
tlement of Mif noac Indians to be found in either Province ; about 600 are
located there and are engaged in fishing and hunting, as well a? h; inhering
and agriculture ; they arc found to be ingenious, generally humble and
peaceable, and manj^ of them very industrious, though they cling to many
of their old customs and peculiarities of dress. They O'vn a lr;rg9 tract of
land under th<^ Canadian Government, pait of which they have in pome
measure improved ; on this they have a Chapel and a number of dwollings.

Rivers (lud Streams. — In addition to an extensive front on the Bay
Chaleur, navigable for the largest chiss of vessels, and the Restigouche
river, ',vhich is only second to the St. John, and which tra^'crses this county
and a large poruon of Victoria, there arc many large streams tributory to
the Restigouche, and entering it at various points. The first of r.ny impor-
tance is the Matapediac, which takes its rise in the Metis ^lountains, and
flows through an unbroken wilderness a distance of sixty miles, and enters
the llestigoucbe thirty miles from its mouth. Five miles further up the
Restigouche, the Upsalquitch river joins it from the right bank, and extends
southeast into the wilderness for forty-five miles, its source being contiguous
to that of the Tobique, which empties into the river Saint John. There is
a vast tract of ungranted land skirting loth banks of this stream, and which
is free from stones.

The next tributory is the Mistouche or Patapediac, which is the boundary
between this Province and Canada, as far north as the 48th parallel of lati-
tude. It is a very rapid river, with a fall of seventeen feet in the mile, is
navigable for thirty miles with steamers, and extends northwest some twenty
miles farther, interlacing with the Metis river. It enters the Restigouche
river sixty-five miles from its mouth. Proceeding upwards twenty miles,
the Restigouche branches into two nearly equal rivers, ihrt on the right
hand being called the Tom Redgewick ; this is evidently the largest stream,
and extends sixty-five miles northwest into the high lands.

Between the Mistouche and the Tom Redgewick, there is a valuable tract
of laud, excellent in quality, possessing inexhaustible quantities of timber
suitable for ship-building and deals.

The banks of the Restigouche, from eight miles above Campbletun to the
confluence of the Tom Redgewick, are hold and steep. From this point,
however, to its source, the banks are of gentle ascent, and there are large
quantities of intervale, and the land is of good quality. The length of the
navigable waters of the Restigouche is 185 miles; and after leaving the
flat lands twelve miles above Campbleton, with the exception of a few scat-
tering settlers, the country is a wilderness, but by cultivation, would be ca-
pable of supporting a numerous population. From the Matepediac to with-
in two miles of Campbleton, there are an innumerable number of islands
formet of intervale, the largest of which is two miles long, which, along
with tl e sugar-loaf appearance of tho mountains in the vicinity, presents
the mojt magnificent scenery in the Province. The head of one of these
islands, causing a rapid in the river, is the scene of the [melancholy fate of
Capt. Piper, R. B., who lost his life in an effort to savo that of a boy who
YidA Upset in the canoe with him.

F the Bay
1 as far as
YJtb small
dian) and

irger.t set-
it 600 are
luinberin.qj
iiuble and
g to many
i;e tract of
» in Fome
d^^olling8.
L the Bay
39tigouche
his county
ibutory to
ny impor-
itains, and
ind enters
er up tbe
nd extends
contiguous
There is
and which

I boundary
lleloflati-
he mile, is
me twenty
estigouche
nty miles,
the right
)st stream,

uable tract
of timber

etuii to the
this point,

are large
igth of the
saving the
L few scat-
raid be ca-
ac to with-

of islands
lich, along
f, presents
e of these
oly fate of
a, boy who

191

/.L.

The rivers from this spot to the lower line of the county, though not ex-
tensive, are very numerous, the principal being Eel, Charles, Benjamin and
Jaquette rivers ; these, with many smaller, divergiu § through the county,
afford the best facilities imaginable for machinery, requiring water power.

Minerals. —Thm county, geologically considered, has, as yet ■ been but
cursorily explored. No workable vein of coal has been di.^covered,
though many districts present a carboniferous appearance ; still, the thick-
est seam yet noticed does not exceed four inches, and consequently is not
worth opening ; and it is generally believed that coal does not exist to any
profitable extent.

Limestone and marl are everywheve abundant, from the lower boundary
at Belledune, to the mouth of the Restigouche. Along the banks of most
of its streams, and on the borders of its high lands, these substances are
visible in many places ; and, in fact, the whole bay and river frontier of the
county is decidedly a lime district. Thus the farmers of this section of the
Province possess a double facility — strong land, and abundance of lime for
its manure. It is said that there are several varieties jf stone to be found
fit for grindstones. Dr. Gesner, in his last report, page SO, thus express-
es himself : — '• The only stones capable of being made into good grind-
stones, observed during the exploration of 1852, belong to the coal-field
at the mouth of the Restigouche." The nature of this " coal-field " has
yet to be ascertained.

Fisheries. — There are no fishing establishments on this coast ; the in-
habitants merely take sufficient, during the seasons, of the various fisher-
ies, for their own use, and allow the remainder to return to the sea. Her-
rings are caught in the Bay Chaleur ; and salmon, of which there are a
great abundance, of the largest and best in tlie Province, ascend the rivers
to a great distance, where they are taken in season and out of season.
Although saw mills are comparatively few in this county, and the passage
of the fish up the rivers is, therefore, less interrupted than in many other lo-
calities, yet they are speai-ed and chased from their spawning grounds to
such an extent, that their existence in this section of the Province will, in
a short time, be, as we have before observed with regard to the fisheries of
the Northumberland Straits and the Bay of Fundy, recorded among the
things that onoe were. Legislative action is much required on this subject
to prevent the total destruction of this invaluable branch of the fisheries of
this Province.

Commercial Resources. — The writer is indebted to Dugald Stewart,
Esq., for much valuable information, both as to the agricultural and com-
mercial aspect ol this '-'ounty.

A comparatively small quantity of fish may be found among its exports,
and the principal articles of trade Dre its timber and lumber, more es-
pecially the former, the extensive inland water communications have given
it advantages over every other part of the Province, for the squared tim-
ber trade ; and though much of that produced on lands fronting the streams
has been taken to market, yet there still exist large groves of excellent
pine, and when this branch of the trade declines, (which It must do in a
very few years.) tlie inexhaustible forest will yet remain, full of materials for
the manufacture of deals, battens, ard other description,^ of lumber ; and
as the facilities for water power necessary for this durpose are so abundant,
we may anticipate that when the same energy that has hitherto been ap-
plied in another direction, is devoted to this manufacture, and provided the

•i-

' ''^ 1

,li.'

■<f.

\ \

] .

'■. ],

A -■[

, I

■i- w

U.^:

4 ■'

111
W

then state of the foreign markets will warrant the chapgo that, both steam
and water power mills will spring up, the former in the town aid sea ports,
and the latter on those splendid streams that are to be found along the coast
of the Bay Chaleur. In 1851 there were only 6 new mills, aud from the
cause already explained, they have not increased up to the present time.

Shipbuilding^ must dso become an important branch of industry in this
section of the Province; the facilities for carrying it on, as regards both
the cheapness and durability of the material, and convenience of situation,
cannot be surpassed by any other part of the Colony.

The writer during the autumn of 1854, saw a ship built at Dalhousie,
by the Hon. John Montgomery, of 1000 tons burthen, the character of
whose timbers, together with that in the ship-yard, would amply sat'sfy
any person of the value of the native timber of this district for shif build-
ing operations.

No. Tons.

Ships built in 1854, 4 4:,000

This appears to be about the average amount of tons annually built in the
county for the last four years.

Sterling.
Imports in 1852 £27.516 18 1

Exports «' 32,286 13 1

Registered tonnage of shipping 21,249 tons*

Navigated by 956 men

Imports in 1853 £30.476 17 3

Exports " 25; 863 19 2

Registered tonnage of shipping 18,217 tons*

Navigated by 677 men

Education. — By the census of 1851, this county exceeded, in the num-
ber of children attending grammar school, the counties of Albert, Char-
lotte, King's, Queen's, Sunbury, Victoria, and Westmoreland. One of
the reasons for this honorable distinction in favor of Restigouche, may be
that the inhabitants of some of the counties last named, possess the advan-
tage of sending their children to other educational institutions, thus re-
ducing the number of those who attend the common grammar schools of
their respective counties. The number of children who attended parish
schools —

In 1821, was 611 School houses 19

In 1853 568 " 22

So that while there is an increase of school houses, there appears to be a
diminuation of attendance ; which is more likelv to be attributable to some
inaccurracy in the r'^turns than to any laxity of the action of the inha-
bicants in favor of education.

The inhabitants of this county are principally composed of English, Irish,
and Scotch and their descendants.

•This is exclusive of now ships built in this county during these years.

193

ith steam
}ea ports,
the coast
from the
t time,
y in this
irds both
situation,

alhousie,
iracter of
[y sat'sfy
hifouild-

)n3.
000
lit in the

jrling.
16 18 1
86 13 1
49 tons*
•56 men
76 17 3
63 19 2
;17 tons*
177 men
the num-
rt, Char-
One of
, may be
le advan-
thus re-
ichools of
parish

19
22

s to be a
J to aome
he inha-

sh, Irish,

1861. — Population, and other Statistics of Rostigouche County.

n-' m

^Mf.

Parishes.

( ■

Adding-
ton.

Col-
borne.

Dalhou-

sie.

Dur-
ham.

Eldon.

Totali.

Inhabitants, U

1,147

659

1,403

871

4,161

Families,

145

228

142

628

Children at school.

143

182

207

644

School houses,

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Acres of lanC leared,

1,694

2,228

2,186

2,494

293

8,895

Places of worstiip,

Saw milL,

Grist mills,

Agriculturists,

110

127

394

Tons of hay,

935

603

803

831

15S

3,330

Wheat, bnsliels,

958

852

2,464

2,098

6,426

Barley,

078

617

871

597

2,773

Oats, "

8,09.3

12,221

8,760

16,133

710

46,517

Buckwheat, "

Indian corn,"

Potatoes,

14,493

15,555

5,417

28,540

2,126

66,131

Peas and beans.

1,134

Turnips,

14,359

Other roots,

202

Population,

Families,

Places of worship.

Saw mills.

Grist mills,

Cleared land,

Horses,

Neat cattle.

Sheep,

Swine,

Compariso?i.

i Increase in 11 years,

1851,

1840,

4,161
3,161

1851,
1840,

628
462

1851,
1840,

6
4

1851,
1840,

3
3

1851,
1840,

8,895
5,579

1851,
1840,

527
426

1851,

1840,

2,072
1,118

1851,
1840,

3,026
1.698

1851,
1840,

1,055
1,325

Decrease

COUNTY OF GLOUCESTER.

1,000.

166.

3,316.

101.

954.

1,328.

270.

Boundaries.— ^'^ The county of Gloucester, bounded northerly by the
Bav of Chaleur, easterly by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southerly and wos-.

W i

I n

.% iJ

lii

194

terlyby the lino run north eighty-eight degrees west by Deputy Davidson, in
the year 1845, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at the rear of the first di--
visio'n of Lr>t8, in the Tracadie Grant, until it strikes Portage river, thence
north twenty-two degrees west by the magnet, of the year " 1784," to in-
tersect the line of Restigouche, and thence along the southerly and easterly
bounds thereof to the Bay Chaleur, including Miscou and Shippegan, and
all the other adjacent islands."

Area and Civil Divisions.- v^ounty contains an area of 1,037,440

acres, out of which 332,002 are granted ; and by the census of 1851, it
appeared that 19,312 acres were cleared. It is divided by statute into five
parishes, though by the Census returns there are 6 parochial divisions, the
island of Shippegan being called one, which, with the other islands, proper-
forms a part of the Parish of Caraquette. Saumarez is the most south
easterly parish of the county on the St. Lawrence side. New Bandon includes
the Waterloo and New Bandon Settlements ; Bathurst lies in the centre of
the County and contains Nipsiguit, Middle, Little, and Tetagouche rivers,
together with the towns of Bathurst (the shire town) and St. Peter's. The
Parish of Beresford is the most north-western of the county. The whole
contained, in 1851, a population of 11,704.

Roads, Setlknients and quality of land. — The roads from the eastern
boundary along the Gulf shore, crosses Big Tracadie, Little Tracadie and
Pokemouche rivers, in its course to the Bay Chaleur. The banks of the
Big Tracadie are inhabited for about five miles from its mouth, those of Lit-
tle Tracadie for three miles, and of Pokemouche for ten miles. The land
is generally good and well cultivated ; and roads branch from the main line
up the vallies of these rivers as well as to the seaboard.

The islands of Shippegan, Miscou, Pokesadi and Caraquette, are situate
at the easterly entrance to the Bay Chaleur. Miscou is about twenty miles
in circumference, is principally granted, and has about ten families on it.
Shippegan is about twenty miles long, and contains but poor land ; it is
partially settled by French, who live by fishing for the Jersey House, Wil-
liam Freeing and Co., whose principal station is on the Canadian side of the
Bay. The Legislature has now, 1855, granted £1,200 for the erection of
a light-house and a keeper's building on Miscou Island. Salt-grass and
other wild hay groes around some of these islands, which when harvested,
is found to maki^good fodder for cattle and sheep.

The land from St. Simon's Inlet to Pokemouche river, is a boggy barren,
the frontier only being settled , but on the banks of the river there is some
of good quality, and a considerable extent of alluvial soil ; this tract is well
farmed by people principally from Ireland. Pokesadi Island has only one
settler on it. Around Point Mizenet the soil is poor and but thinly settled.
A road runs from Caraquette through the Waterloo and New Bandon Set-
tlements » Janesville, along which the land is generally good, and in the
rear there is a succession of excellent settlements, principally inhabited by
French and Irish ; these people are comfortably circumstanced, getting
their living chiefly from their farms ; and similar settlements extend along
the Bay up to Bass river. From thence to the Nepisiquit river the land has
been granted in large tracts to parties who, as is too often the case, in other
parts of the Province, appear to hold it for no other purpose than to retard its
settlement, waiting till its value shall be increased by the improvements made
by others in their immediate neighborhood, a course which cannot be too
highly deprecated as most injurious to the advancement of a new country.

idson, in
first di- •
, thence
" to in-
easterly
gan, and

037,440
1851, it
into five

ions, the
proper-

)8t south
includes

centre of

e rivers,
The

he whole

■'3

I eastern
udie and
cs of the
se of Lit-
The land
main line

e situate
titj miles
es on it.
nd ; it is
ise, Wil-
de of the
ection of
rass and
arvested,

^ barren,
J is some
;t is well
only one
J settled.
Ion Set-
l in the
bited by-
getting
id along
land has
in other
Btard its
Its made
t be too
sountry.

195

Nipisiquit river is settled for upwards of three miles, or to the head of
the tide or rough waters ; the land above this point is generally poor and
unfit for cultivation. The road crosses this river at a bridge recently built
which is 300 yards across, and is an excellent structure. At this point is
the junction of the road running through the settlements already described,
with the post road from Chatham to the Restigouche ; the land along the
latter is generally poor and of a dry hungry character. After crossing this
brigde, to the westward, we enter the town of B&thurst, which is neat and
well laid out, containing a population of abottt 750 ; it stands on a penin-
sula protruding into the Bathurst harbor to within three miles of the Bay
Chaleur, and which is elevated about thirty feet above high water mark.
On the east the town is bounded by the Nipisiquit, and on the west by Lit-
tle and Middle rivers, which have their junction about half a mile above tha
town.

Although the writer visited this section of the Province in the autumn of
1854, it was found difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of. information to
enable him to lay before the public a full impartial and detailed statement of
the capabilities of this county. We are therefore indebted to sev«l3al friends
for the materials of this section and especially to Henry ^V. Baldwin, Esq.,
who says, with reference to Bathurst, that, " the site of the shire town was
chosen by Sir Howard Douglas, who visited it in 1818, and it was laid out
in the following year when it received the name in honor of Earl Bathurst.

The land to the southward is undulating and well situated for the exten-
sion of the town, which as the capital of the county, contains its public
buildings, consisting of a Court House, Jail, Post Office, Record Office,
Probate Court, and two places of worship, Episcopalian and Methodist, also
numerous neat cottages and stores as well as two ship yards. This place
possesses many advantages ; it is situated at the head of a harbor, perfectly
free from rocks and in which ve3sel8 drawing 13 feet of water may enter
and lie with safety ; it is surrounded by good agricultural settlements with
ample space for their extension ; it has a fine bay and river fishery, with
streams penetrating an immense forest of spruce, pine, hacniatac, and va-
rious other kinds of timber, and the neighborhood can boast a variety of
mineral deposits, with good roads leading east and west ; so that it appears
morally certain that in process of time, this handsome little town must be-
cobie a place of considerable importance.

Little and Middle rivers arc spanned on the westward and nearly opposite
Dalhousie by a bridge, which is about half a mile in length, and supported
by forty-six abutments ; the former river is located for four or five miles
upwards with some scattered settlements, and where the land is not ky,
it is found very productive. At the west end of this bridge a thriving and
commercial little village has grown up, formerly known as " the village,"
but which has recently assumed the name of St. Pcler^s, it has a ship-yard,
steam saw mill, and Presbyterian and Roman Catholic places of worship,
together with a number of stores and cottages, and presents on the whole, a
business li'ce aspect, bidding fair to rival, its older neighbour, Bathurst, at
at the other end of the bridge. St. Ann's Settlement extends for ten miles
up the Tetar;^.*ohe River, and St. Peter's and Grand Brook, are both set-
tled for about five miles. The front lands from Bathurst to the County of
Restigouche are occupied principally by descendants from the Acadian French,
who follow the threefold professions of lumbermen, fishermen and agricultur-
ists, and no doubt spoil the whole. The eharaoter of the soil through thii dis'

,11

I •

196

) ■

'iJ:

. m

F'i IT
■■i

■■■? '
1* '

trict, for road making, is generally light and dry, and cannot be Burpaesed,
80 that when roads are once made they are very durable and the heaviest
expenco incurred is in the erection of bridges.

Rivers and Streams. — This, like the other mnritirae counties of the Pro-
vince, has its full share of water communications. Beginning with Big
Tracadie river, on the eastern boundary of the county, which extends to the
road from Miramichi to Bathurst, and with its tributories, waters, a consi-
derable tract of wilderness land. Leach river is not extensive ; Little Tra-
cadie is small ; and Pokemouche a sluggish running stream. Caraquette,
Little and Big Pokesham and Bass rivers are inconsiderable. The River
Nipisiquit is the most extensive in this County, but is not navigable even
for small schooners for more than three miles, or to the rough waters ; from
thence it is twenty miles to the falls, and ninety miles to a lake of the
same name, in which it has its source. Pursuing the coast from its mouth
to Belldune, the northwest extremity of the county, we come to Little,
Middle, and Tatagouche rivers, neither of wl.ich are navigable, except for
boats, barges and rafts.

Afsricullural facilities. — The character of the land in this county is not
so good for agricultural operations as that of Restigouche ; a large tract in
its southern portion, being a lumbering district, suffered severely from the
ravages made by the " Miramichi" fire, and other subsequent conflagrations ;
the land, as a whole, is of a light, dry and hungry cast, except along the
seaboard, and on the margins of its rivers and streams ; that on the Nipi-
siquit, however, and its branches, is principally poor and unfit for farming.
Still, exclusive of the frontier lands, most of which are granted, there are
two blocks of good land, highly fit for settlement, still vacant The first
tract lies to ♦He southwest of Dunlop and the other settlements between Ba-
thurst harbor and Belldune, and is, it is believed, capable of receiving
from six to eight hundred settlers without difficulty ; it is well watered by
the many streams traversing the wilderness, and if a road were opened
from Bathurst to Campbelton at the head of Bay Chaleur, it would pass
through and open this tract to the plough of the settler, besides shortening
the distance between those towns. The second tract of land adapted for
cultivation, and still ungranted, embraces the heads of the Tracadie, Poke-
mouche and Bass rivers, and of Red Pine Brook, a branch of the Nipisi-
quit. This extensive block could be opened by a road from New Bandon,*
at the Capes, to the head of the Pokemouche, and by another from Cara-
quette River to an intersection of the post road from Bathurst to Miramichi,
at about twelve miles from the former place. These two roads would pre-
pare the way for the introduction of several hundred families.

Minerals. — Though coal has been discovered in several localities in this
county, still the existence of a marketable seam is much questioned. With
reference to this subject, Mr. Baldwin says, "the circumstance of coal
being found in rather considerable quantities along this shore, at the foot
of the Capes of New Bandon, caused an English Company to expend a large
sum of money in boring in different, localities to try and discover the exis-
tence of a seam fit to work," he proceeds, " they have bored in five or six
different places between the Caraquette and Nipisiquit rivers, to the depth
of 350 feet, but found only a two or three inch seam of coal." He fur-
ther says that, " Mr. Logan, the Canadian Geologist, expressed an opinion
that ooal existed in the vicinity, but it was probable it crept out in the bay
which iBttst «o«ottat for Ui« fr«^iB«ati ^ming ^n i^hor^." As t« th« oxm*^

tenc

extej

tionj

wouf

persd

aGf

port,
willb
marl,
troy
eral ki

urpassed,
I heaviest

■ the Pro-
with Big
kds to the
a consi-
ittle Tra-
iraquette,
be River
ible even
rs; from
:e of the
ts mouth
Little,
ccept for

ity is not

3 tract in

from the

^rations ;

long the

le Nipi-

farming.

here are

rhe firs*

reen Ba-

eceiving

ered by

opened

Id pass

irtening

ted for

Poke-

Nipisi-

landon,'

Cara-

michi,

Id pre-

|in this
With
^f coal
le foot
large
exis-
lor six
[depth
fur-
)inion
bay

197

tence in this county, of various mineral and fossiliferous substances to some
extent, it is only necessary for conviction to examine Mr. Baldwin's collec-
tion, which is selected principally from the county of Gloucester ; and it
wrould be well if evciy county in the Province possessed some person or
persons possessed of his ^^aste for collecting the curious and the useful in
a Geological point of view.

Manganese has been discovered in Saint Peter's Brook and Tetagouche
river. Detached pieces of copper have been found on the Nepisiquit, about
a mile above its mouth, where it is mixed with the red sandstone at this
spot. For the working the ores on both these rivers, a company was
organized in 1837, called "the Gloucester Mining Company," who ex-
pended a large amount of money without receiving a remunerative result,
though large quantities of orew^ere shipped to England. Still it is believed
by many that a lode of copper exists not far from the scene of their
operations on the Nipisiguit river, and hopes are yet entertained of ascer-
taining its position.

Limestone has been found both above and below Elm-tree Brook, on the
Bay Chaleur, in great abundance, and of every variety ; it is highly fossil-
iferous. Marble is also plentifully met with. Dr. Gesner, in his last re-
port, page 77, states that "the white marl of Gloucester and llestigouche
will burn into quick lime. Care must be taken in the employment of stony
marl, as the lime it contains, when applied in too large a quantity, will des-
troy vegetation altogether." On page 7!), he proceeds : — " There are sev-
eral kinds of impure limestone, which afford, upon being burnt, hydraulic
cement^ or lime that will harden under water. Some of the limestone near
the Presq'isle, Belledune Point, and near Dumaresque's farm, at Dalhou-
sie, are of this variety. At present, all the hydraulic cement used in this
Province is imported from the States, whereas it might be manufactured in
the Province." On page 81, the Doctor further states that "an elegant
marble may be obtained near Petit Roche" or Little Rock, near Elm-tree
Brook, " in the county of Gloucester. The prevailing color of the rock is
white, which graduates into buff'-colored, green and gray. * * * Ma-
chinery might be erected on some of the streams, and the marble might be
sawed and polished, when it would equal in beauty the Verde Antique of
any other part of the world." Thus, this geologically interesting region
contains limestone, marl, marble, and manganese.

Grindstone quarries run along the coast of the New Bandon settlement,
about twenty miles to the eastward of Bathurst, ranging from 100 t 120
feet above the level of the sea. These (juarries are extensive, and of a very
superior quality. They have given employment, for a season, to about 100
men, and from eight to ten cargoes are annually shipped to the United
States ; so that the mineral character of the county, commercially consider-
ed, stands high, notwithstanding the reputed absence of iron and coal.

Fisheries. — And as to its piscatory facilities, Gloucester is not exceeded
by any county of the Province, either in variety, quality, or opportunities
for taking and preserving fish. Its bays and rivers team with salmon, cod,
pollock, mackarel, haddock, halibut bass, gaspereaux, eels, trout, lobsters,
oysters, and both spring and fall herrings. On the Canada side of the Bay
Chaleur are the well known establishments of the "Jersey Houses," which
gives employment to a large fleet of fishing craft, as well as to many sailors
and curers, Ac, They have several minor establishments, at Shippegaa and
tdMT lAwm^ ^'(sag tiM north-cAStorm ooast of thii eQttut;^*

>: •:■

: vl:|

1 . !

. ■

198

The f almon fishery at Janesville, the gaspereaux at Pokemouche, and the
herring fishery at Tracadie, can hardly be surpassed. The Jersey firm deal
principally in'codfish, of which they are excellent curers, and which they
ssnd to ports in the Mediterranean and in South America. There is also a
good fishing establishment at Grand Ance.

The boats of Caraquette are constructed in the most approved manner,
as regards model, durability, capacity and strength. A fleet of these ves-
sels, when viewed from the shore, as they return from their fishing opera-
tions during the season, present a most beautiful sight.

The average quantity of fish exported from this county alone, separate
from that, from the opposite shore of the Bay, is as follows :

Codfish, haddock and ling, 25,000 quintals.

Herrings, 15,000 barrels.

, Gaspereaux, or alewives, 4,000 "

Salmon, 200,000 pounds, equal to 1,000 "

Besides mackarel, trout, eels, and other fish.

The salmon are, for the most part, packed in tins, and sent to the United
States and to England ; the herrings are improving in quality every year.

Commercial Resources. — Lumber, grindstones, and fish, are the staple
articles of export. As pine of sufiicient size for squared timber is becom-
ing scarce, sawed lumber, deals, battens, &c., are now the principal articles.
This trade will, no doubt, continue as long as the prices warrant the operations
of the lumberer, as the quantities of timber are almost unlimited, and we have
already noticed the facilities afforded by the innumerable rivers and streams.

Ship-building. — There is every opportunity for carrying on this branch
of industry, both as regards the quality of the timber, and facilities for pro-
curing it. The annual amount of the tonnage of ships built averages about
6000 tons.

Mails —^hxQQ mails per week pass through Bathurst, St. Peter's, Dal-
housie, Campelton, and the other principal settlements of Gloucester and
Kestigouche, with many intermediate way ofiices. There is also a postal
communication between Campelton and Quebec. Thus the post office ar-
rangements afford all the commercial advantages enjoyed by the older and
more populous towns of the Province. Considering the length of a nearly
unsettled road from Chatham to Bathurst, (forty-four miles,) and the great
depth of snow that falls during the winter season, it may be a question whe-
ther it would not be more economical to extend the line of electric telegraph
through these northern towns to Campelton, with a view to its ultimate
extension to Quebec, and to have only one or two mails in the week. The
commercial part of the community would, of course, be the best judges of
the conveniences this plan would afford them.

Educdtinn. — A County Grammar School is established in the town of
Bathurst, which was attended, in 1851, by forty-five pupils , and in the
same year, the parish schools of the county boasted no less than 881 scho-
lars in thirty-one school houses. In 1858, the county contained thirty-five
school houses, attended by 1,167 pupils ; shewing an increase of four school
houses, and 28(1 pupils, — a convincing proof that the people yre becoming
alive to the benefits arising from education.

Sporting. — The Bay of Chaleur and its affluents present the sportsman
both with abundance and variety of aquatic fowls. Wild geese, brant, and
every variety of ducks, will afford him ample amusement with his gun,
while the finny tribe will give full employment to the hook and line.

Inha
Fam
Chil
Sjhc
nirt
Deal
Sick
Agi-i
Plac
Saw
(jfis'
Acre
Tone
Busl

<*>*'X

199

'?:(

he, and the
jy firm deal
which they
ere is also a

ed manner,
f these ves-
hing opera-

ne, separate

tals.
3ls.

) the United
every year,
e the staple
3r is becom-
lipal articles,
le operations
and we have
and streams.
1 this branch
ities for pro-
erages about

i'eter's, Dal-
)ucester and
Iso a postal
lost office ar-
le older and
I of a nearly
nd the great
uestion whe-
ric telegraph
its ultimate
week. The
St judges of

1851. — Popiihtion, and other Statistics of Gloucester County.

the town of
and in the
n 881 scho-
(I thirty-five
f four school
re becoming

le sportsman
}, brant, and
th his gun,
line.

Parishes.

Bath-

urst.

Beres-
ford

Cara-
quette

New
Ban-
don.

Sau-
marez

Ship-
pigan.

Totals.

Inhabitante,

2,913

2,048

1,795

1,144

2,377

1,427

11,704

Families,

450

327

304

202

303

203

1,855

Children at school,

357

128

232

926

School houses.

iJirths,

131

510

Deaths,

Sick and infirm.

(J7

168

Agriculture, persons employed in

275

270

183

289

1,398

P aces of worship,

Saw mills.

(jirist milh.

Acres of land cleared,

4,921

3,392

2,685

3,193

3,923

1,19s

19,312

Tons of hiiy,

2,000

932

820

747

1,098

038

0,835

Bushels of wheat.

3,543

2,934

4,718

4,381

5,203

2,750

23,595

" birloy.

1 ,501

2,050

1 ,079

1,007

1,031

804

8,078

" oats,

10,704

10,798

2 522

0,073

8,728

1,520

153,005

" buckwheat,

090

450

1,236

" Indian corn.

1 ,370

437

301

2,223

" potatoes.

52,309

43,935

02,870

30,570

79,215

45,488

314,447

" peas and beans.

1,258

" turnips & other

roots,

15,477

.-..—. ^

Comj)arlso

Population, <

1851, 11,704
1840, 7,751

[ Increase in 11 years, 3,953.

Families, <

1851, 1,855
1840, 1,193

\ " " 002.

Inhabited houses, \

1851, 1,019
1840, 1,085

\ '' " 534.

Places of worship, \

1851, 19
1840, 12

i u .. 7.

Grist mills, \

1851, 14
1840, 18

S Decrease " 4.

8a w mills, \

1851, 6
1840, 7

\ «' " 1.

Cleared land, ^

1851, 19,312
1840, 11,081

t Increase " 7,031.

Iloraes,

1851, 1,174
1 1840, 811

\ " " 303.

Noat Cattle, |

, 1851, 3,980
1 1840, 3,219

\ «' '« 701.

1
Sheep,

, 1851, 8,552
i 1840, 0,230

;■ ♦' " 2,316.

Swine,

\ 18
\ 1«

51, :

40, \

J,817
5,043

174.

11" ''

i-'f '

y.!-:

200

^%§.^

RecapUulatory Sketch of the Bay Chaleur.

If in our excursion through the counties intersected by the river Saint
John, the mind was presented with beauty, variety and wealth, it can hard-
ly be less so, if, at the expense of a little repetition, we take a similar review
of the beauty, wealth and diversification afforded to us by the Bay Chaleur,
or Bay of Heats.

In entering the Bay at Miscou Island, which is eighteen miles from Point
Maquereau, on the Canadian side, we first pass that island with its associates,
and the numerous inlets, rivers, and capes, with their various settlements
and towns already described in the counties of Gloucester and Restigouche.
Opposite the harbor of Bathurst the Bay widens to the extent of twenty-
seven miles, and again contracts as we approach the town of Dalhousie,
to a width of eight miles. At this place, which may almost be deemed
the mouth of the Restigouche River it narrows somewhat suddenly to two
miles, and above the town spreads again to a width of four miles, forming a
noble estuary to the magnificent river, at whose mouth we have thus ar-
rived. These two counties, forming theso uthern shore of the Bay, con-
tain a population of not less than 18,000 souls. On the north, or Ca-
nadian side, after noticing Great and Little Pabos, two harbors abounding
with the favorite bait for Codfish. We pass Port Daniel, and the embouch-
ures of the Bonaventure, Cascapediac and numerous other rivers and
streams, which, taking their rise among the hills of Lower Canada, wind
through fertile vales, hereafter to be studded with villages, but even now
possessing many settlements with manufactories of timber, and thriving
fishery establishments, shewing them that the hand of industry and enter-
prize is at work even in these remote, and as they have been erro^oiisly
called, desert regions. We must not forget that the first settlement made,
within the grasp we are now taking, was on the site of Bathurst, by Jean
Jacques Enard, a native of Basque, in France, as early as the year 1639.

Ascending the inner Bay, from Dalhousie upwards, in which there is
room and depth of water for the collecttd navy of England, we approach
Point Le Gard, and Battery Point, where, in 1760, during the wars be-
tween England and France, the latter nation had erected two batteries, which
were destroyed by Captain Byron, the commander of an English Squadron,
together with a " Frigate, two large store ships, and nineteen sail of smaller
vessels, the principal part of which had been taken from the English." At
this place the mind is carried nearly a century back into the past, to the time
when these two powerful nations, now happily for the future peace of the
world, and for themselves, in close alliance, were each in turn contending
for a country then a comparative wilderness, and thus causing destruction
and desolation to the life and property of peaceable citizens, who, for the
sake of a livelihood, had taken up their residence on the most eligible parts
of the North American Continent ; and we can hardly avoid being struck
with the conviction that the statesmen of those days must have entertained
far more adequate ideas of the value of these regions than the cabinet min-
isters of England nearer our own times.

In our further ascent to the head of the tide, a distance, in all, of 110
miles from the Miscou island, we pass Campbellton, and a line of settle-
ments flanking both sides of the Restigouche, the towering Sugar Loaf ris-
ing within cannon shot, besides unnumbered other lofty mountains and
hillB, penetrating the air like cones, in the distance, and bearing evident

mar
enli
has
tanc

•iver Saint
) can hard-
lilar review
ly Chaleur,

from Point

i associates,

settlements

estigouche.

of twenty-

Dalhousie,

be deemed

nly to two

forming a

} thus ar-

Bay, con-

th, or Ca-

abounding

embouch-

'ivers and

lada, wind

even now

i thriving

ind enter-

To^ously

ent made,

., by Jean

ear 1639.

1 there is

approach

wars be-

ies, which

quadron,

)f smaller

ish." At

) the time

ce of the

intending

struction

for the

ble parts

g struck

tertained

net min-

of 110
)f settle-
Loaf ris-
tins and

evident

201

marks of being a branch of the Alleghany chain ; the whole chequered and
enlivened with extensive vales of rich soil covered where the hand of man
has not been at work with a lino growth of luxuriant timber, A short dis-
tance .above Campellton, we come to the " Mission Point," the largest
remnant, as we before observed, of the Micniac tribe, who with other Indian
nations, once figured largely in all the wars on this continent. We look
back in imagination to the time when no European resided in North Ameri-
ca, and the red man of the forest was its- sole master and imperfect cultiva-
tor : and now how changed is its aspect ! the savsige races arc subdued and
become humble, and their |X)stcrity, so far as they remain among us, are
here fast entering the ranks of civilization, while peace, prosperity, and
knowledge arc assuming their proper place, and establishing their
reign.

Continuing our ascent, we pass on our left Althol House, the residence
of Robert Ferguson, Esq., who was the first British Settler on the Resti-
gouche ; and whose numerous buildings and extensive agricultural improve-
ments evidently shew that industry, energy, and enterprize, will not be un-
rewarded. At the termination of our voyage, and on the north bank of the
Restigouche, stood the French Town of Petit Rochellc, which contained
over two hundred houses, and was destroyed, and its inhabitants scattered
into the wilderness by that memorable lieet we have befoie had occa,sion to
mention. Numerous relics of former times are occasionally discovered,
such iis muskets, pistols, swords, and amniunition, along with various arti-
cles of a culinary nature, even silver knives, forks and spoons; the foun-
dations of houses and forts may still be traced.

ThuH it will be seen that this bay is, in itself, one of the most splendid in
North America. Its htMid waters and tributories are thus spoken of by Mr.
H. Perley, 1ls(|., in his fishery Report, (page 75.) "The Restigouche is
about two hundred and twenty miles in length, anil it has four large tribu-
taries, each more than sixty miles long ; with its numerous afHuents, it is
supposed to drain more than six thousand square miles of territory." In
terminating our observations on this county, replete with objects of attrac-
tion and curiosity, we tire led seriously to acknowledge that there are few
districts on this i>art of the American Continent, embracing such a wild and
varied field for the opeiTitions of the capitalists. If he desires to pursue
commerce, here are ahundunt facilities ; the sea teeming with every variety
of the most profitable kinds of fish — the bowels of the earth containing
valuable nuneral deposits — and the forests amply supplying every descrip-
tion of tiniber, with all the necessary water privileges for procuring and
manufacturing it. And if agricultuie shouhl be the object of his choice,
here is an extensive region of country, consisting of a soil highly productive
of agricultural wealth to almost any amount — so that agriculture and com-
merce might go hand in hand, uniting their efforts, and rendering a peace-
able, industrious and energetic people happy and prosperous.

COUNTY OF NOKTIIUMBEULAND.

Boinuhries.—^' T!hc County of Northumberland, bounded northerly by
Gloucester and Restigouche ; west by Victoria and York ; south by York
and ISunbury, and the line run from Point Escuminac, south serenty de-
grees and forty-five minutes west, forty-eight miles, thence south fifty- one
degrees west, twenty-tliree and a half miles by Deputies Layton and Lad-

; ■'.; 'ii

c 1,1

r i\

' : i

i f

202

ler, in the yeara of our Lord 1842 and 1845 ; easterly by the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, including all the islands cdjacent thereto."

General Description. — The principal part of this county, previously to the
-great fire of the 7th October, 1825, was a lumbering region, and had been
the scene of operations of this nature for a great number of years ; thus,
from the quantity of fallen timber and refuse wood remaining on the ground,
it was prepared for the wide spread of such a conflagration. Here we may
describe, at one general sweep, almost the whole country, from within a
short distance of the Gulf shore, and the head of the Tabusintac river,
thence nearly to the Falls of the Nipissiquit, and from that vicinity in the
direction of the Tobique river, and nearly to its head, and in another direc-
tion, beginning at the mouth of the Miramichi river, embracing both its
banks, and extending, in some places, beyond the present limits of the coun-
ty to the Nashwauk river, in the county of York, thus comprehending, in
the whole, nearly 4.000,000 acres of the best lumbering region in the Pro-
vince, as the remaining trunks of half burnt pines, which are every where
visible, tr wering above the more recent under growth, will amply testify.

Here, " at one fell sv/oop," was the face of this vast tract of country
deprived, in many places, of all the nutriment aiforded to its trees and
plants, by the decayed vegetable matter, the accumulations of previous cen-
turies, and the soil, which is naturally dry, and without much alluvial depo-
sits, was left in a poor and parched up state, unfit to produce any thing for
the support either uf men or cattle.

Besides the desolation thus produced on the surface of the county, by its
being deprived A its surface vegetable, mould and alluvial mattei, there
was the i:uVi. more useful destruction of human life to relate, as well as an
enormous amount in animals and other property.
The number wlio lost their lives, as nearly as could

be ascertainod, was
Buildings destroyed
Cattle "

Value of personul property burnt
To»vards replacing the losses of the sufferers there
was contributed by New Brunswick, iSova Sco-
tia, Canada, United States, and Great Britain
The destruction to the forests of the Country was
estimated at

The salmon and other fish in the rivers were killed by the heat imparted
to the waters ; and the bears and otlier wild animals subdued into lameness,
and made to luijake their fe-ocity, and to take up their abode along the
margins of the streams, in company with man, and the domestic animals of
the e jiintry. The greater part of the various isolated settlers, with their
familifb Kid property were destroyed, and many of the lumbermen, who, of
course, were surrounded with resinous plants, and with trees and fallen
timber, a ready fuel to the ilames, became a prey to tiie devouring elements,
from which the only means left for escape was to Jlcc '' /u i/ie river. ''^

Leaving this mvilancholy scene, unparalleled in the history of the colonies,
and viewing this region after an interval of twenty-nine years, we find it
principally covered with a foliage of the hard-wood class, (which generally
spring up on the removal of soft-wood) consisting of white and grey birch,
and poplar, interspread occasionally with groves of beech, birch, maple, and
other similar species, a^class of wood not so favorable to the ravages of fire.

160 persons,
6i)5
875
X227,713 13 6

X39,259 7 10
£500,000

203

* M

Gulf of St.

iously to the
nd had been
years; thus,

the ground,
lere we may
)ni within a
sintac river,
cinity in the
lother direc-
ing both its

of the coun-
eheiiding. in
L in the Pro-
every where
)ly testify,
t of country
ts trees and
previous cen-
dluvial depo-
my thing for

ounty, by its
mattei, there
as well as an

L60 persons,
595
875
27,713 13 6

39,259 7 10

£500,000
eat imparted
ito tameness,
le along the
io animals of

with their
men, who, of

and fallen
iig elements,
river y
the colonies,
3, we find it
ich generally

grey birch,
, maple, and
vagea of fire.

It may here be observed that the decayed leaves of these trees, annually
falling to the ground, become manure, and tend to enrich the soil ; while
those of the pine, spruce, and other soft wood varietioa, do not add much, if
any thing, to its agricultural produce— 8uppo>*fing qualities. Hence the
land, which was formerly principally covered with the last nnmed species of'
timber, being stript by fire, in some places, almost to its subsui!. is now man-
tled with a j^rowfh of trees of the average height of about thuty feet, and
will no doubt, if those a'e allowed to attain the size of forest timber, be-
come much better fitt"d for agricultural operations, than it ever has been
hitherto, at least for many past cen'uries We know of no section of equal
extent to this, or of the contiguous Piovince of Nova IScotia, so little diver-
sified by hiiis, although it is undulating with alluvial vallies between its
ridges ; the soil being naturally dry and light, so that no impedirnent except
the streams was off'oted to the ravai^es of the fire.

Area. Cicil Dicis'ious, (iinl Pf)/n(/fifir)ii. —This county, the largest in
the Province, contain.-* an area of 2 980,000 acres, being sufficit^ntly large for
three counties; and if it were so divided, each would, we have no doubt, from
its compactness, make greater advances in the a;^gregate, than ilie whole
now does as one over exten.sive and inconvenient county. Of th's a-ea,
986. 16S acres are granted, consequently, there are 1 998.832 still vacant;
and out of this amount, there were, in j851, only 30.221 acres of cleared
land leaving the immense extent of 2,949,779 acres still in a wiidern » dtate.

!NorthumbeTland is divided by the Census returns into nine parishes, Avhich
division we follow in our statistical tables at the end of our desctiptiou of
the resources of the county. But by 14 Vict,, chap. 6, a new parish, de-
signated Hardicickc, was laid off from the parish of Glettdg. North of
the latter parish, is the parish of Chutham, containing ihe town of the
same name ; and above ihese parishes, on the Miramichi river, follow in
their order, and bounded by lines crossing the viver in a south easterly di-
rection, the several parishes of Nelson, BJackvUle BlissJirJd, and Lud-
lm-> ; on the north west side of the river, is the parish of Nttrthtsk, com-
prehending the front of the four named, and indeed, about one half of the
area of this large county. Below No'-thesk, and on the river, is situate the
parisii of NewmsUa, which embraces the towns of Douglas-town and New-
castle, the latter being the shire town ; and abutting on Newcastle to the
eastwai-d is the parish of Alnwick ; making in all ten sub-divisions.
The population of this county, in 1840, was 14,G20

And in 1851, . 1'^ 064

Being an increase of only 444 in eleven years ; while it appears by the
census that the births amounted to 450 in one year. This county, in thif,
respect, certainly presents on anomaly, as compared with all the oihe s in
the Province. Tiio county of Kings, with a less population, increu..'d
4,378, while Restigouche has far exceeded this proportion within the saiae
period. These figures confirm our previously obtained ideas of the agri-
cultural capabilities of Northumberland ; they shew that the increase or
decrease in its population depends on tlicfiuctuationsof lumbering and ship-
building, and not on its agricultural operations. At the time the last cen-
sus was taken, both these branches of industry were in a vei y depressed
state : so that we are satisfied, from the fresh impetus rocei. ,y jriven to
these pursuits, al-jng with the attention recently paid to agruuUure, that
th« permanent population would, at the present time, shew » ten-fold pro-
portional inorease to that appearing oa the census.

e "-i

''■'' ■-II

f^^

i-ij

fl^fll

204

Rivers and Streams. — The Miramichi river, the third, in point of mag-
nitude, in the Province, has its rise in the eastern part of the county of
Victoria. Its affluents, which are numerous and extensive, drain all parts
of the surrounding counties ; at a distance of thirty-five miles from its
mouth, it branches into two great streams, known, respectively, as the North-
west and Southwest Miramichi, and these again subdivide into a great num-
ber of minor tributories, too numerous to detail : literally making the large
extent of country through which they flow, a net-work of streams, among
which the Kenous river, a northern tributory of the south-west branch, is
the most considerable, and its navigation is now being much improved. The
main river is navigable for vessels up to the junction, as arc both I anches
for several miles above, and almost all their tributories are also navigable
by boats and rafts nearly to their sources. Thus the greatest focilities are
presented for procuring and bringing the riches of the forest to their places
of shipment.

The sum of ^£200 has been awarded, at the last session of the Legisla-
ture, towards the improvement of the south-west branch of the Miramichi
River.

On the north side of the harbor are Bartibogue, Burnt Church, and Ta-
busintac rivers. The two former are inconsiderable streams ; tbe latter,
which is said to take its name from its being " the place of two families or
persons," has its principal source in the county of Gloucester, and. although
somewhat extensive, is not navigable, except for boats and rnfts. The rivers
remaining to be noticed are the Napan, Black, Little Black, and Vin rivers,
which are all small streams, and foil into Miram.ichi Bay, on the south
side of the harbor. Thus the whole county is most advantageously drained
from front to rear.

Roads and Settlcmcnls extends along the whole sea-board of this coun-
ty, as well as on the Tabusintac, Burnt Church, and Bartebogue rivers;
on the first named stream there are some belts of good intervale, and it is
densely settled ; the two latter are occupied almost to their sources. Na-
pan Settlement has good roads, and extends nearly to the head of the river;
Black, Little Black, and Yin rivers have also roads extending upwards from
the sea-board, and are settled along their banks, as Avell as Avhere they are
intersected by the great road from Kichibucto to Chatham.

The Town of Cliatham is situated on the south bank of the Miramichi
river, twenty-eight miles from its mouth. It is about one mile in length,
following the meanderings of the river, and with an average width of one
fifth of a mile ; it stretches along the side of an undulating hill, from the
top of which a splendid view is obtained of the town, river, ships and manu-
factories. The town has been badly laid out, as the front streets are both
narrow and winding, and run obliquely to each other ; however, as the new
streets in the rear, which are planned with more order and system, become
filled up, as they have already commenced, with neat public and private
edifices, the whole will present a more attractive appearance. ^J'he parish
contained, in 1851, a population of o,80o inhabitants, and 500 houses, most
of which "c'donged to the town. It includes five places of worship, two
being iVesbyterian, one Episcopalian, one Methodist, and one Roman Ca-
tholic ; also, a Temperance Hall, and l\Iechanics' Institute, three shipyards,
six steam saw mills, a printing office, custom house, post office, book store,
tannery^ and telegraph office, with a branch of the ('omiuorcial Bank, and
H m\&m <?f <}wl p^m K*i\\»j^ ; onnjr of th.'j H%%\: etu 9in»m«?iit«d wkb

tint of mag-
e county of
in all parts
38 from its
3 the North-
great num-
ig the large
ams, among
t branch, is
'ovcd. The
th I anchea
io navigable
acilities are
their places

he Legisla-
) Miramichi

ch, and Ta-

tiie latter,

) families or

1(1, although

The rivers

Vin rivers,

I the soutii

isly drained

this coun-
gue rivers;
lo, and it is
irces. Na-
f the river;
)warda from
!ro they are

Miramichi

3 in length,
idth of one
1, from the

and manu-
;s are both
as the new
?nj, become
nd private
The parish
ouscs, most
orship, two

Ionian Ca-

shipyards,
)()ok store,

lic.nU, and
v»5iH«d with

205

shrubberies, and present otherwise an appearance of neatness and taste.
The principal part of the river's border in front of the town is lined with
wharves, to which large class vessels can come and receive their loading.

A^ouglas Tovn lies on the opposite side of the river, in sigiit of, and two
miles aoove tht> town of ("hatliam ; it is a!=;o somewhat irregularly jjiid out,
but similarly situated with its o))po?ito neighbor, as regards the character
of the ground, and facilities for its lutuio CAteiition. Large class vessels
can be loaded at its wliarves : ships aic built here, and there are a number
of stores and private Imildirgs. many of them wcfll constructed.

On the same side of the river, ami four miles liiglu-r up, stands the town
of Newcastle, the head (|uarters of the county : it is about one-fourth of
the size of Chatham, As regards tlie j)lot on which it is built, nearly the
same description will apply as we have given to the two towns last mention-
ed, except that its streets, though not syntcniaticaHy laid out, are super-
ior to those of Chatham. Its river IVoiiticr is lined with wharves and ship-
yards, and the parish, including the town, contains four steam saw mills,
with two more in course of erection : also, a number of water mills, among
which is the old and far-i'anied esiabli^lmicnt of the firm of (iilmore and
Llankin, which, long l>cfoie steam mills were erected In this section of the
Province, supplied the markets of Croai Ihitain with large (|uantities of
lumber. The town possesses the Court Mouse, dail, Probate Court, and
other county requisites, with a number of public and [irivate edifices.

As the timber and lumbering business, together with ship-building, have
hitherto been the princijuil occupations of the inhabitants of this county, it
follows that, wherever facilities were olleied, along the margins of the rivers,
for booming, ship-building, the loading of ships, and the erection of mills,
there the towns we have mentioned, together 'vith others now springing up,
hare been located ; but if all were auKiigamatcd with the town of Chatham,
and the Avhole were well laid out, they would form a city of no inconsider-
able importance ; as it is, they are scattered along both banks of the river,
from its mouth to lioistown, a distance of ninety miles ; for this distance
there are various roads and settlements, but principality ce lined to the lo-
calities possessing meadows and tracts of good land,

The road from Chatham to Frederictou, about 1()1> miles, runs, for the great-
er part of the way to iJoistown, along the nor th side of the river ; and a bridge
is now being erected at the point where it crosses the North-west Arm.
Settlement is extended up this stream, also, to a s{)0t ;it which its alHuents
diverge in every direction ; and tliere is a tract of good land near its junc-
tion with a stream bearing the name of tlie Little k>outh-west.

The Napan river settlement, which is tliree miles from the town of
Chatham, is flourishing, and is one of the best iti the county. A road, is
being opened from the south-west to the settlements on Grand Lake, which
will open the intermediate country for settlement.

A^rUniUitrc. — The great body of the land of this county is, at present,
unfit for agricultural operations : still, there are some small tracts of second
class soil, and about 400,000 acres of third-rate (luality. Most of tliis is
to be found up the rivers and streams, where there is a considerable quan-
tity still ungranted, and along the sea shore. As roads arc being gradual-
ly opened, these tracts will .sell lepay the industrious settlor; and a large
number of additional families might be located in tliesc oituution?] with com-
fort and dispatt'h. Mnuy of the old fnrmp, too, woid.d be better if divided,

■^ J

■\

> !

206

too large for advantageous cultivation ; and thus a fresh stimulus would be
given to the pursuits of the farmer. Notwithstanding the general charao*
ter of the soil, however, it has been ascertaiTied. by repeated examples, that
tho*e wh(» have confined themselves to their farms have lived much more
con'ibrjnbly than tf'ose who have followed lumbering and fishing, or have
vnited tlio three objects. Numerous instances could be adduced of parties
having commenced on new fmnis. and having attained comparative ease,
being tem})ted, by the Hvictiiating wages of the lumber contractor, to aban-
don their farm- a step which has too often resulted in its los.^, and their
consequent deprivation of a home; the same persons after spending years
of the best portiorjs of their lives in the lun)ber wood; have sometimes re-
turned to the abandoned and virtu:i''ly lost homestead : have repaired the
dilapidated buildings --have recla'nicd the fie!<ls from the encroachments of
the fotest. and. by the exertion of urnemittinji iri<lui'try, have notwithstand-
ing the ucc-umnl.ition of interest and its rom/nn'n'ls. even ptid their debts
aiel rrso.ied tlie fa'n: fiom the iron grasp ot the capitalist Nor are cases
wanting of s( :iie vho spite of the maxim that "a burnt child dicads the
fi e." iiave even leieaitd this game, and have been able by attention to
the ciihivation of flio s >il, a second time to regain their prope ty, thus
twice l"st. ar:d ultimately to leave it to their famihes to enjoy

Within the 1 st tluce years, agricultural pursuits have leceived a fresh
Btimulu'i in this county pai ily on account of the lumber becoming scarce
along the ujurgins of the streams, and partly in consequence of the atten-
tion of the inh I iiants being more directly called to this subject, by the es-
tat>lishment of an agiicuitural society. In the report of this society for
1851 2, are the following pithy remarks relating to the subject we have
jast been discu^-'ing which, though bei'e Cwnfined to this county, are equal-
ly apfilicatle to the Province at large. The passage in question runs thus :
" The fact is. that our farmers (so called) never before looked upon farming
as their sole occupation, or that by which they were to sustain themselves
or their fart.ilies. There were few of us who could be properly denominated
farmers ; fur, although located on lands known as our properties, farming
was estcenied by mc/st of us as only a secondary consideration. Some were
Jisldn^- farmers, some were hmibcmig farmers, and even stevadore* log-
ging, or liircd-oKt farmers ; but very few were really and truly farmers,
ond that only E.xperieuce. however, has at length taught us that the real
farmer is a nnin Avhose habits, tastes and duties are so widely different from
the hnbits. tastes and duties of the fisherman, lumberman, or stevadore, that
to couple his business with either of these occupations, is to profit by neither
of them ''

The ropoits of this Society show the weight of various kinds of grain,
exhibitcil at the annual Meeting, to be as follows :

Wheat from 64 to 67 pouuds per bushel,

Oats " 44 to 49 " "

Bailey '' 54 to 56 ^' "

Timothy Seed 40 to — " "

These weights prove the grain producing capabilities of the county, which
are not exceeded eithrv by the United States or Canada.

A reference to theNapan Settlement, ah eady noticed, is a suflScient proof

1; *Stevadore, one whose bueiness it is to regulate the placing of timber or lumber in
ships. • '

207

or lumber in

of the advantageous results invariably flowing from agricultural pursuits
over any others. The inhabitants of this district have adhered but to one
calling, agriculture, and they live comfortably, and are in independant cir-
cumstances ; though this section, together with other parts of tlie county,
have recently suffered much from drought, and the faihire of the potatoc
crop. We have not witnessed, in any part of the I'rovincc, so much atten-
tion paid to the preparation of compost, as in this county ; evidently shew-
ing that any kind of far mini!; is givinf» place to scientitic agriculture.

Minerals. — This county is within the coal district of ihe I'rovince, and
although its outcrop has been discovered in some phices on the i> iramichi
river, yet no attempt huvS been made even to ascertain its extent. The only
limestone burnt is that bi^yught by timber ships as baihat, and it is not
known that there is any to be found in the county. Indeed mineral sub-
stances of any kind, useful in commercial operations, are said not to con-
sist in this neighborhood, or it might rather more propeily be infeired that,
in the absence of any proper exploration, the particular localities in which
they do exist are not ' nown ; for there is no district in the Province of half
this size, that does not contain some uscTui mineral substauce.

Commerce. — The principal articles of export aic lumber, timber, fi?h,
and ships. The timber growing character of the county, and the facilities
afforded for its conveyance and manufacture by its numerous u,iA extensive
streams, have rendered it th3 scene of extensive operations of this nature.
The great quantity of lumber annually manufactured within the county,
could not be inferred, merely from the number of saw mills it contained in
1851, being only eighteen, which, however, have much increased since that
time, but from the fact that over the half of this number are driven by
steam power, and the principal part of the remainder by powerful water
wheels. Hence the mills erected on small streams have for ^ears been giv-
ing way to others capable of greater usefulness, which will account lor the
diminution in the number both of saw and grist mills, shewn in the tables of
comparison.

liarge pine, out of which square timber is mr\nufactured, is yearly be-
coming more scarce and difficult to procure : and thence arises the increase
in the production of sawed lumber, such as deals, battens, boaids, lathe-
wood, &c.

Ship-building is also a very important branch of industry ; the number
of vessels built in this county during 18o4, amounted to eleven, averaging
one thousand tons each.

Fisheries. — The varieties of fish, and the facilities for procuring and
marketing them, ure the same with those enjoyed in common by all the
Gulf counties. The sa'.mon fishery of the Mirpmichi, which at no distant
period of the history of the Country was so abundant, is beginning to be
considered a matter of history only ; these fish have been taken Avilh bO lit-
tle legard to season, and their places of resort have been bo disturbed, that
very few, comparatively speaking, are new taken at all. Stream driving,
the letting loose the saw-dust, and other disturbing influences, arising out
of lumbering operations, are destructive to all river fisheries, but more es-
pecially to the salmon, the haunts of which require tc be protected from
such annoyances.

A Society has within the last two years been organi.^ed in this county,
called " The Miramichi Fishing Society," the object of which is declaied
to be "to promote the extension of the river and gulf fisheries, to improve

■ I 1

- V*'

I "i

208

the modes of catching, curing, barrelling, and inspecting fish^ to procure
and publish information respecting the fisheries in other counties, and in
every other judicious way to foster and encourage this branch of trade.''
(page 10 of its second report.) This {Society has done much good already
by granting premiums on tlie catching and curing herring, raackarel, cod,
and other fish : besides the distribution of the reports, which contain infor-
mation on this subject well worthy of public iittcntion.

There were oxportod fj-om this port in 1^(53, pickled Salmon, 390 barrels ;
Basse, 118 bbls. ; Shad, 4r> bbls. : Herrings, a,72S bbls. ; vVlewives, 7,130
bbls. ; Eels, 20 bb!s. : ()y;iters. 20O bbls. ; Mackarel, 1(57 hbla. ; preserved
Salmon, 102,500 pounds, and 29,000 pounds of preserved Lobsters.

Port of Mulmich'i. — Value of imports in 18.')2, Jt74,0()5

" exports " C0,9C2

imports in 1853,
ox[)orts

((

£117,750

78,778

Increase in imports £43,085

exports £17,816

The amount of revenue collected at this port on both imports and exports,
up to the end of November, 1854, was £1 1,826,

The harbors of the northern side of the I'mvince bemg closed by ice for
about five montlis in every year, while those on the southern are open to all
seasons, except the mouths of the tidal strciinis, which are only closed for
about two months, gives to the ports of the l>ay of Fundy, a decided ad-
vantage with regard to commerce.

Mails, and otiier Diemis of transit. — Besides a communication by tele-
graph to all the principal places in the ndjacent Provinces, and the States,
there are three mails per week from Chatham to Kestigouche, Fredericton,
the Bend, ISaint John, and from thence to all parts of the surrounding Co-
lonies and the United States.

The Port of Miramichi also, a good harbor, with eighteen feet of water
in the shallowest part, and situate near the centre of the northern roast of
the Province, affords every facility for water communication, not only with
the other British iNorth American Colonics, and the United States, but
with the ports of Europe ; hence arises its eligibility for the disembarkation
of such immigrants as may be desirous of settling on the rich lands of
Kent or Restigouche, or indeed in other sections of the Province. The Le-
gislature has, 1855, granted £60 per annum for five ye.'irs, to encourage a
steamboat to ply regularly, during tjje summer season, bet'.ve-an the towns of
Chatham and Newcastle; also legislative encouragement is given towards run-
ning a Packet between Chatham, Bedeque and Charlottetown, P. E. Island.

Education. — This subject has received a fresh impetus within the last
two years :

In 1853, there were attending parish schools, 2,304 pupils.

((

1851,

((

1,942

Shewing an increase in two years of 362

This in'^rease, though not to be compared to that of some of the otner
counties, exceeds that in several of them, it is larger in proportion to its
population, than that of the city and county of St. John, The inhabitants of
this county are principally Euglish, Scotch and Irish, and their descendants.

209

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210

Pc_>ulation,
Families, <

Inhubltod houaea, <

Places of worship, <

_ c

Gnst mills, ^

Saw milia,

Land cleared,

Qorsce,

Neat Cattle,

Sheep,

Swine,

Comparison,

1851,
1840,

15,004
14,020

1851,
1840,

2,282

1851,
1840,

2 J 10

2,0:^7

ISf)!,
1840,

32
20

1851,
1840,

18
33

1851,
lo40.

30,221
25,323

1851,
1840,

1.028
1,342

1851 ,
18-40,

8,808
0,003

1851,
1»40,

10,002

8,837

1851,
1840,

3,397
0,125

Increaso in 11 yenra, 444.

0.
" •• 79.

" .« e.

Decrcaao •' 6.

Increaau •' 4,898.

•' 80.

2,805.

1,705.

Docrcaso " 2,728.

Passing- Observations. — lv\ entering the Miramichi Bay at Point Es-
cuminac Light House, ^ve pass Fox. Porta'.'C, Fgg, Vin, -md other islands,
with which this harbor i;^ beauiiiully studded, and Vin Kiver, where stood
the French Villngr- of 1673, Black and Napan rivers, and their line of set-
tlements and vill igcs on th? west, and "liurnt Church and Bartibog rivers,
with a similar extent of settlements stretching out in the distance, on the
east. The latter river cal's lo mind tue citcumstanca of its having been
Ouce the site of an Indian Convention in 1777 or 1778, at which it was de-
termined to destroy V-'illiiun David-on, who is said to have been the first
British Settler in the county, v "i** the few who had afterwards joined him,
but which was fortunately prevented by the timely arrival of the Viper
Sloop of War Ascending from the Middle island, on which phylan-
thropy has built an asylum for those of our race who are nfBicted by a
foreign contaoion, we pass Chatham, Douglas town, Newcast'e, and tiio
train of selllemcnts that lino both sides of the river, with ships build-
ing ard loading. On reaching Bcaubere's Island and Pcint, so called
in memory of Pierre Beaubere, the French commander of that place, w©
pass Faucet's Point, and Fort Cove, .vherenn, as well as on this island, for-
merly Etood French Forts and arsenals, while on Beaubere Point was a
town containing two hundred houses. Here too we review, retrospectively
the many scores of years that have elapsed since those pioneers of our coun-
\ry, whose labors and improvements, population, supporting and country
defending, are new left in history s keeping ; and we can scarcely avoid com-
paring the Miramichi of anciciit Acadia, a comparative wilderness, princi-
pally under the dominion of the rcdman of the Ibrest, wliose race is now
nearly extinct, with the Miramichi of New Brunswick, possessing a long
line of thriving settlements, scattered over upwards of seventy miles on
each side of its noble liver, with its agriculture, commerce, schools and
churches, over the whole of which now reign peace, oider and tranquility
and >^'hich afford aoaple supplies of food both lor man and beast.

distal
lhen(
in ha
alone
the i;
T
head
cepti
at i-ii
harb(
besid
two
mill,

211

444.

79.

i6.
4,898.

80.
2,805.
1,705.
2,728.

\t Point Es-
ther islaiida,
wheto stood

line of ect-
;ibog rivers,
ance, on the
Living been
;h it wag lie-
icn the first

joined liim,
f'thc Viper
lich phylan-
fflicted by a
t'e, and tiio
ships build-
nt, so called
at place, \\q
s island, for-
Point was a
tro3pectively
of our coun-
md country
y avoid com-
iiess, princi-
race is now
ssing a long
ity miles on

schools and

tranquility
at.

COUNTY OP KENT.

'• Th© county of Kent, bounded north by Northumberland , south by
Queen's, and the lino run truo we.^t, by Deputy Palmer, in the year 1841,
from ihe north end ot Shediuc Island, an ! oist by the Gulf of St, Law-
rence, including all the islands adjacent thereto.''

NuiHiralioN- and Uivers. — 'J his County has a sea coast of 6) miles, and
about 25 miles of river navigation, the latter accessible to vessels of from
100 to 150 tens; it is aUo traversed by numerous streams, among which
the principal aro the Cocagnc, Litilo and IJig Buctoucho, liichibucto, Al-
douin, Kouchibouguacis, and Ivouchibouquac rivers. At the entrance of the
Cocagnc, the two Buctouche's and the Kichibucto, are good harbors which
largo vessels can enter, passing over the bars with a considerable portion of
their cargoes ; here we may again observe that all the harbors on tne north
eastern coast are ousciucicil by sand burs, driven in by storms, w.Mch form
terious impedimenta to the inland navigation of this valuable section of tho
Province; however, tho removal of these bars ij now una. r the consider-
utioMof tlie Piovinr.ial Covernnient ; and, should it beetlectul. the future com-
merce of the Gulf harbors wiil possess an important and decided advantage.

The Cocagnc ar.d IJig Duclouthe take their lise in va estmoreland county,
and arc navigable i .ir rafts and boats, the former twenty- five and the latter
for upwards ol thirty ruileSjfor ten of which it is capable of receiving Steam-
boats. The iiichibuct') is navigable for river steamers and for rafid and boats
for upwards of forty miles from its mouth ; it has numerous tributorics deep
enough for rafts fur a considerable distance. The other streams extend from
fifteen to tw, nty-five miles towards the interior of the county.

Sub'livisions. — The county of Kent contains an area of 1,026 400 acres,
640i002 of which are still vacant; out of the whole, fj5,496 acres had been
cleared, in 1851; it consists of seven parishes, viz: the scabonrd beginning
at the "VVestrnoreland line, is divided into four, Dundas, Wellington, Hichi-
bucto and Carlton ; the parish of Weldford lies at the back of Hichibuc-
to, and all bound on one common rear line ; the two remaining parishes being
Haicourt iu the southern, and Iluskisson in the no'thern part of the county.

Roads and Se((lenients-—'i!he i^ost road leading from Shediac passes
near the frontier of the county in a north-east direction; this line of road
is densely settled from Shediac to Cocagnc, and from thence to Buctoucbe,
at both which places villages are springing up, wher*^ the business of the sur-
rounding country is being concentrated. From Buctouelic to liichibucto,
th-i county town, the land is not go well settled on the road, but at a jliort
distance both to the westward and eastward, settlements are compact ; from
thence to the county of Is'ortLumberhind. the land is poor and meagre, and not
inhabited e.'ccept on the streams, where there are some thriving settlements;
along the seaboard also, in the direction of Point Escu:. inac Lighthouse,
the land is geneially settled.

The Town of Rklubiicto, formerly called Liverpool, is situate nt the
head of the harbor of the same name, and on a flat ascending almost imper-
ceptibly from the front. Its streets are of good wiJth. and laid out neatly
at right angles to each other, the principal running i early parallel to tho
harbor ; the town is ubout three quarters of a mile in length, and contain?,
besides the public buildings of the county, a telegraph office, Town Hall,
two places of Worship, Grammar School, two shipyards and a steam saw
mill, with some very neat stores and private cottages.

W I:

212

I r

On the south bank of the mouth of tho Richibucto river, and three miles
from tho town, stands the village of I^ingston; tho streets of which aro
Bjstematically laid out. It contains a Town Hall, two places of worship,
a po3t office, steam nixvf mill, and two shipyards, at which, as well as at those
of Richibucto, large class vessels arc built, to the average amount of from
four to six thousand tons per year; and on a point of land about half way
between these t\AO places, there is a hospital for sick and disabled seamen.
The land jmmedi:itely round those tov,-n3 is poor, and not capable of repay-
ing the labors of the agriculturist.

lloads and selticrnents extend up both sides of the Cocagne for ten miles,
along the little Buctouche for five mil-^s, and on both banks of the big
liuctoucbe as far ;i.s tlie Maclocklan Road, a distance of fifteen miles. Tho
Richibucto Hiver is also settled on both sides, for thirtv miles, in the direc-
tion of the Beckwith ro.^l; and the Galway, a thriving settiemeut, extends
from this river, southerly, nearly parallel with, and about a mile, from tho
poat road. 'L'lie sefilenients on the Aldouln and tiie rivers Iving between
Richibucto atid Northumberland, do not reach i'ar beyond the jjost road, tho
land generally not being so good as that on the other rivers we have des-
cribed.

The brst land on the post road is that on the frontier of the county, be-
tween Shediac and Richibucto; though for agricullaral purposes, it is
not equal to that on the Richibucto, liuctouohe, and Cocagne rivers,
Tho soil iii of a light dry substance, and by no means good land j
yet it produces fiir crops of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes, re-
qaiiiiig. h )\vcver. large «i!(>y'lies of manure to render it productive. From
its extensive seaboard and uumcious rivers, as well as from some upland
deposites of alluvial mutter to be found between the undulating hills,
there are good facilities for mixing the upland and sea alluvium, and
thereby forming an excellent compost, which would render the arable lands
far more productive, without the necessity of keeping a large stock for that
purpose.

Between the Bend of the Petitcondiac, in Weotmoreland, and the head of
tho Kouchiboiiguacis river, there is the best land in this county ; a road was
projected about twenty- sev(;n years ago, from the Bend to the Richibucto
river, a distance of a])aut thirty miles; this road was opened by Col. Cock-
burn, and was cailod the iMaclocklau road, from the name of the Surveyor
who ran the line. Townships were laid off for the })urpo3e of being colo-
nized from tli^ uiolher country; but after bridges had been thrown over tho
Cocagne and !)oth brunches of the Big Buctouche, and the road had been
rendered passable, the whole project failed, in conseip.u.'nce of deaths, and
other ad verses on the part of some of its projectovs. Thus this rich tract
of country lay uulocated until the year 18.32. when the writer, under tho
direction of the Surveyor General of the Province, laid out three townships,
each being five niiles vS(piare. and contnining one hundred lots, of one iburth
of a mile in breadth, and one mile in length, thus fornnng a fartn of luO
ocre3. These Townships are de->ignated as tho North, i^outh. and Middlo
Townships, atul are on each side of the Maclocklan road ; a large portion
of tho land is hi-hly adapted for seltleiiient. and there are ninery lots on
the main roads lit for farms : at every two miles, through tht^ Township^",
cross roads a'e Liid out. running towards the coast ai.-i meeting tho roads
loading westerly frouj the frontier settlements at 8hediac, CoCitg^e, Buc-
•touobe, and Uiohibucto. Thmf) Jot;? not fronting on Ow. Maclocki.ui road

213

three miles
■which aro
of worship,
as at thoso
mt of from
It half way
led seamen,
e of repay-

r ten miles,
of the big
ijiles. Tho
11 the direc-
ut, extends
le, from tho
ng between
ist road, tho
^e have dcs-

county, be-
poses, it is
igno rivers.
^ood land ;
Dtaioes, ro-
;ive From
ome uplard
ating hills,
uvium, and
irable lands
ock for that

the head of

a road was

Richibucto

Col. Cock-

e Surveyor

ing colo-

wn over tho

id had been

deaths, and

rich tract

under tho

townships,

' one i'ourOi

11 ni of luO

mil Middlo

v^c puition

et V lott4 on

(iwnship^,

tlie ruads

;agne, Buc-

)ckl.ui road

aro bounded on these cross roads, so that a proper system has been pursued
with reference both to the location of the roads and lands, which the local
Surveyor of the district, Robert Douglas, Fsq., is carefully observing in
the location of all land:J to the eastward : and the result will be that as this
part of the county becomes cleared and farmed, it will present the best lo-
cated settlement of its extent in this Province. The c.os^ roads may in fu-
ture be prolonged westwardly from these townships towards the setilements
on the Salmon river; which will open up one of the best ar.d most exten-
sive districts of good land to be found between Sussex Vale in King's, and
Bathurst in the County of (xloucester. As an illustration of the character
of the soil of these townships, the writer, ia making the survey, noted about
250 lots fit for cultivation, out of 300, the wiiole number coiituined in the
three townships.

Since this survey was made about one seventh part of the tillageable lota
have been granted, thus leaving up'vards ol" 200 lots still disposable.

From the point of intersection of the Maclocklan road and the Richibuc-
to river, there are two roads branching oiV westwaidly ; one leading to Fro-
dericton about SO miles, called the Jiuckwith road, on which there aro a
number of lots located, aud where fifty or sixty families could be sealed on
good land, the other, known as the Harley roacl, running from nearly tho
same point, to the settlement, on the Salmon river at the head of the Grand
Lake, a distance of forty miles, but some of the Imd on this road is not so
well cilculated for yetilcment. From the head of stcnni navigation on the
Richibucto to the head of steam navigation on the fcaiiiion river, (which
empties itself into the river Saint John) it is only forty-two miles ; so that
the mails and passengers from tho northern part of the Ptovinco could bo
transport d by this route, dating ihe summer, in loss time, with less cx-
p3nco. and certainly with more case and comfort to the passenger?, than by
the present coach route ; and the level nature of the country may be cn-
ferred from the fact that the head waters of these opposite rivers are on this
line, not more than three miles apart.

If the Maclocklan road were produced, in a parallel direction to the post
road, to Douglas Town, and thence to Newcastle on the Miramichi river,
a vast tract of good laml would be opened for settlement . and this exten-
sion would not only save twenty miles of stage coach travelling between
Saint John and Newcastle, which would amount to one hundred and twenty
miles in a week, or C,2i0 miles a year, no inconsiderable item, but would
also pass through a district of which upwards of forty miles is highly cal-
culated for agricultural oj)erations Besides these advantages, in conse-
quence of the great extent of bridging retp-iired near the sea coast, it would
not re(|uirc more than one fourth of the expenilituie on the present road to
keep it in repair.

As regards land for settlement, both in respect to extent and nnality, thcro
is no part of tiie Pi'ovince, from Koi^lignuche. I'jUowirg it^ f-astrrn and
southern bound iry, to the l)order8 of Maine, that presents such excellent
facdities. Here is a tract of land, extending throu'ih a portion of the nioro
northeily parts of We.".tmoreland, and themv northwards almost to North-
umberland, containing about 0^0.000 ai'rcs, the principid ]>:irt of which is
highly cilculated Ibr agrJculturo. and will v.ell repay the iiidustrious farmer.
Three thousand familiiH would (Ind farms here, in addition to those already
located. The soil is generally different from that towards the frontier (which
IS light nnd atony), bemg iatci'spersed xvitb many epote uf Alittvid dejjtt£ii«.

-I

214

'I
'i'l!

I'l' S

ilv.

ill

Commerce. — From the extensive sea board and internal water communica-
tiora of this county, it possesses every requisite to become a thriving commer-
cial district; inasmuch as, besides these advantages, its coasts and riveri
abouni with all the varieties of fish, found in the straits of Northumberland,
and 113 wilderness is stored with abundance of timber for shipbuiidng and ex-
portation. In addition to the two steam saw mills at Kichibucto there are
two others at Buctouchc, besides which, there were in 1851, no less than
29 water mi!l.< for the manufacture of lumber.

There are excellent facilities for shipbuilding at Cocagne, Buctouche, and
Richibucto • and it was formerly carried on at each of these places to a con-
siucrable extent; but recently this branch of industry has been pursued
with avidity only at the last named port, where large class ships have been
built for the Briiish and other markets. A communication from that place
is kept up, during the summer months, by steam boit with Prince iidward
Island ;md Shedmc, and by sailing vessels with all the other sea ports on
these coasts.

Though there is every opportunity for fisheries, yet there are no regular
fishir; J establishments on the coast of this county; the inhabitants tako a
few lor their own use, and let the rest go to sea again; and the only busi-
ness of any import.ince done in this respect is in the taking of oysters ;
several cargoes of which have been sent irom Buctouche, and other parts
of the cou^t, up the ISt. Lawrence to ports in Canada, where Buctoucho
oysters are hold in high and deserved estimation. The markets of iSaint
John and Halifax have also received supplies of this invaluable fish from
the same source.

On the complotiun of the European and North American Railway, this
ariicle, inde}.en<ient of the other fisheries, will form a very important item
of railway traffic ; as two or three hours saii will land them at the Shediac
Depot, from whence they may be transported to Halifax, Saint John, Ca-
nada and the United States.

Minerals — Ahhough this county is within the coal region of the Pro-
vine, yet cod is known to exist ouly in two or three places, where tho
outciojpping has beei: discovciod, and a few chaldrons have been rr.ised for
domestic purpose?. Boring operations have recently been resorted to in
different localitijs, but no vein of sufficient thickness to warrant its being
worked has yet been discoverec^

Ai(ri<::(ifiire. --In consocinoncc of the abundance of lumber in this coun-
ty, and tlio case with \vl)i(jh. from the numerous water communications, it
can be procured and brought to the place of manufacture and shipment, tho
boJy of the iuluihitants have, until recfntly, devoted a ia.'ge portion of their
attention to t'lis pursuit, ";ul have divided the remainder between farming,
fishing, aud a.ipbudding. together with some few other oHjwt.s, And add to
to llii.s, tlie poorest land in the county is farmed, while the rich arable land
in the vicinity of the Macloeklan road is abandoned to the lumbermen, who
first cull tho tim'' er, and then leave to the hand of nntn-o thtwf rich alh'vial
lands. Avhich, il cultivated, would raise them above the iluctuations incident
to this pursuit, and pl.\c(i them imd tlieir families on a more permanent foot-
ing, botii as regiiids the ro(|uirement3 to support life, and in the moral and
intellectual education of their children. In making these observations, we must
notbeundcrsN)od us recommending the abandonment of lumbering, or that it
is necca- n y that want and vice should accompany its pursuits ; on the contra-
ry, we advise that those who follow lumbering as tho principal part of their

Bommunica-
ng comaier-
and rivers
umberland,
i ngandex-
,0 there are
les3 than

!touche, and
es to a con-
en pursued
3 have been
a that place
[ice Jidward
ca ports on

! no rental ir
ants tuko a
only basi-
of oysters ;
other parts
! Buctoucho
;ts of Saint
fish from

ailway, this
jortaiit item
the Shediac
t John, Cii«

of the Pro-
, where the
n riiised for
sorted to in
ut its being

n this coun-
nicatious, it
lipment, the
lion of their
en farming,
And add to
arable land
eniion, who
rich alli'viul
ons incident
nanent foot-
5 moral and
)n3, we must
ig. or Uiut it
the contra-
lart of their

215

support, should do so cflBciently, and not spoil their farming by a raixturo
of the two ; let them also establish better order in their camps, and endea-
vor, in place of rushing into the degradations of vice, to adopt proper rules
for its suppression for the improvement of their minds— and the introduc-
tion of moral and religious culture.

Races. — About one third of the inhabitants of this county are descen-
dants of the Acadian French, and the remainder are principally composed
of persons from the mother country and their offspring.

Education. — The number of pupils who attended parish schools, in 1851,
was 898 ; and in 1853 there were 1,169; shewing a difference of 271 pu-
pils in two years. This is a large increase considering that a large portion
of the inhabitants are French, who have not, until very recently, paid much
attention to the acquisition of knowledge.

1851. — Pcpulalioft, a7id other Statis

tics of

the County of Kent.

Parishes.*

Kichi-
bucto.

Weld-
furd.

Carle-
ton.

Wel-
ling-
ton.

Dun-
das.

Ilar-
court.

Totals.

Inhabitants,

3,060

1,810

2,U23

2,528

1,9-1 1

11,410

Families,

469

275

291

385

308

1,739

Children at school,

330

230

151

133

943

School houses,

Births,

345

Deaths,

Sick and infirm,

Agriculturists,

249

214

267

.583

450

1,770

Places of worship,

Siiw mill.;,

Grist mills,

Acres of land cleared,

8,770

7,347

0.223

7,903

5,068

119

35,49J

Tons of hav,

1,815

1,5110

2.438

l,'i24| 848

8,0G7

Bushels of Wheat,

0,818

3,197

5.394

4,874 4,961

12 2.-., 256

•' Barley,

752

710

7'y:>

1,1 r,2' 945

4,375

•« Oats,

20.174

23,764

17,032

20,516

16,722

01O

99,120

*' Buckwheat,

1,166] 1,804|

765

4,242

3.24G

94 11,377

•• Indian corn.

110

395

1,109

1.24^

3. 220

*• Potatoes, \

97,591

41,577

75,713

87,387

02,311

1,040

3C5,J19

•The statistics for tho parish of lluskissou arc included in thoso of the adjoin '"n^
parishes.

Comparison,

Population,
Familirs,
Inhabited houso",
Fkoes of worship.
Grist milLi,

1851,
1840,

11,410
7,477

1851,
1840,

1,739

1,188

1851,
1840,

1,607
1.140

1851,
1840,

21
18

1851,
1840,

13
13

K iQcroafo in II years, 3,033.

\ " •• 551.

I u .. 407.

i •' " o.

lux Q.

! ■ li

■t

I "I

Saw mills,
Land cleared,
Horses,
Neat cattle,
Sbecp,
Svrino,

5 1851,
} 1840,

29
31

1851, 35,496
1840, 20,413

1851, 1,507

1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

881
5,402
3.579

9,092
G.684
5,859
4,923

Decrease in

11 years

, 2.

Increase

15,083.

• 1

626.

1,823.

3,008.

936.

COUNTY OF WESTMORELAND.

Boundaries. — "The county of Westmorelanrl, bounded north by Kent,
and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, west by King's and Queen's, and the river
Petiticoudiac ; south by Bay Verte, the Province of Nova Scotia, Cumber-
land Basin, the river Petiticoudiac. and the line run south 20 degrees west,
nine miles and west nine and one half miles by Deputy Wilmot, in the year
of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-six, from near the
mouth of Covcrdale river ; including iShediac, and all the other adjacent is-
lands."

AgriaiUu.re and general description. — Tnan agricultural point of view,
this coun<-y is capable of being made ono of the richest in the Province.
Its high lands contain large tracts of alluvial lands, but its peculiarity con-
sists in the extent of dyked marsh land, which requires a more particular
notice ; with few exceptions indeed, the whole county is well adapted for the
farmer and an influx of 500 families coald bo located on its lands with ease
and expedition. Indeed, if all the unsettled lands were divided into lots of
from 80 to 100 acres, a sufficient quantity for any new «ettler, six times that
number could be advantageously settled ; and we are hardly over-rating the
agricultural capabilities of the county in asserting that if well farmed, it is
capable of supporting a quarter of a million of people. Besides being in-
tersected by rivers and streams, of which 60 miles are navigable for vessels
of from 100 to 1.50 tons, this county possesses a sea board of 55 miles ou
the straits of Northumberland and Bay Verte, and of 25 miles on the Cum-
berland Basin, making a total of 80 miles, 70 of which is settled and fit for
cultivation.

The area of the county is 878,440 acres, of which 577,440 are granted,
leaving 301.000 slill at the disposal of the Government; the principal part
of the ungranted land lies to the north-westward of the road leading from
Shediac to Saint John, a large portion of which is highly calculated for
settlement. There are about 100,000 acres of cleared land, leaving 778,440
acres of the entire area still in an unimproved state. It is estimated that
about one fourth of the county is unfit for profitable cultivation; fjo that
there are nearly GOO. 000 acres well fitted for tillage.

Marsh. — The mr.rshes skirting the head waters of the Bay of Fundy,
are very extensive and fertile : the tract known as the Tantrainar Marsh is
nearly nine miles in length, and averaging four in width ; it is traversed by
a river of the same name, and also by the Au Lac; these streams have
numerous afl'luents, up which arms of the marsh extend. This is the largest
deposite of marine alluvium in North America, and is designated by Pro-
fessor Johnston as " No. 1, or first rate quality."

5,083.

626.
1,823.
3,008.

930.

I by Kent,
,d the river
I, Cumber-
grces west,
in the year
n near the
idjacent is-

int of view,
Province,
liarity con-
particular
)ted for the
3 with ease
into lots of
times that
-rating the
,rmed, it is
3 being in-
fer vessels
5 miles on
the Cum-
and fit for

e granted,
acipal part
ding from
ulated for
r 778.440
mated that
n ; so that

of Fundy,
Marsh is
iversed by
?am3 have
the largest
id by Pro-

217

Another tract of similar quality, extends from the head of the Bay, up
the river Missiquash, averaging ten miles in length by one in breadth ; as this
stream is the dividing line between the Provinces of Nova Scotia and Nevr
Brunswick, only about one half of this tract is v/ithin the limits of the
latter Province.

In the County of Cumberland, in Nova Scotia, and about two miles
from the Missiquash, another river flows into the Bay of Fundy, called the
La Planche, on which there is a tract of marsh averaging one and a half by
six miles in extent ; and in addition to these extensive blocks tl"ire are others
of less area, bordering on the Napan, Macan, and Hebert rivers, all in the
county of Cumberland. ; >:>

For the distance of about twenty miles round the shore of the head of
the Bay, dykes have been erected to prevent the marshes from being over-
flown at high water, and the mouths of the rivers are generally crossed by
aboideaus, and also bordered by dykes, which exclude the tidal >vater8 ; still
there are large quantities of alluvial lands near the heads o" tt^se rivers,
which, although reclaimed from the sea, consist of bogs and shallow lakes,
not yet converted into what is locailly called "marsh.' The lands^irting
the bays having received a larger portion of the muddy sedimentlsCTO held
in solution by the sea water, have become more elevated than these parts
near the heads of the rivers, but, still, owing to the great rise and fall of
the tides, not sufiiciently so to prevent the drainage of the lakes and bogs
into the bays at low water. This is eftected by digging canals or large
ditches from the shores to the lakes to be drained, witii embankments on
each side to prevent the intermediate marsh land from being overflown, and
sluices at the mouth, permitting the egress of the fresh water during the
ebb, but preventing its return with the flood tide. When the bed of the
lake is sufiiciently drained, this sluice is removed, and the sea water depo-
siting its enriching sediment, to the extent, frequently, of liaU'an inch, and
upwards, every twenty-four hours, much valuable marsh is speedily formed.

The soil of the marsh land immediately bordering on the bay and the
lower part of the rivers, is a deposit of marine alluvium, composed, in a
great measure, of a line silicious matter, and is called red marsh. Other
lands more remote are more clayey, and are termed blue marsh ; while that
adjoining the upland and near the sources of the streams is of a loose and
earthy quality. There are also large (quantities of similar marsh land, of
the best quality, skirting both sides of the Petitcoudiac and Memraracook
rivers.

The marshes bordering on the Straits of Northumberland are of a differ-
ent description of soil from those of the Bay of Fundy ; they are composed
of a mixture of upland and marine alluviuijQ — that from the upland being
generally light ; and the waters of the Gulf not containing much sediment,
it follows that this soil is also light and highly saline. It produces, in its
natural state, a kind of hay called " salt hay,'' which is eagerly sought
for both by cattle and sheep. When dyked, however, this land yields e(|ual-
ly as great burthens of broad-leaf as that adjoining the Bay of Fundy ;
though it is one of its characteristics, owing, probably, to its ligiit and por-
ous nature, as well as to its being constantly and strongly impregnated with
salt, that it cannot easily be made to produce the clover and timothy gras.s
which is so luxuriant on what is termed English marsh, the quantity of
which is rapidly increasing on the Bay of Fundy.

The area and value of these marshes uiay be stated as follows :

■ii

i .

I* ■

w ■

'i^';:

319

In the paria' ei of f?r\ckv]n« and Weatmoreland, p.t the h^ad

of the Bay, tlioro arc, producing hay and grain, 14,000 acres.
And parti'*]'/ prodactive only, about

16,000

30,000

5,000

£200,000
£40,000
£15,000

Making a totul cT

Which may bo valued at

In otlicr parts o? the county, of diked marsh,

Worth, pi'obably, about

Aiid of marsh only partially productive,

Of the valuj of

Thus the ontirc quantity of alluvial land, of this dc3cripti( n, in the county
of Westmoreland, is 40,000 acres, amountinji. in gross value, to <£'255,000.

Xhere arc also at the head of the same Bay, but en tho Nova Scotia
side of the boundary, tracts productive of hav and grain to the extent of

l:i,000 acres.
Partially productive, 8.000 "

Makino: tOL'othcr, • 20,000 "

Which may bo '5>-orth uboui XI 1 0,000

Thus wo SC3 that there ave around tho head -waters ot tho Bay of Fundy
26.000 aevos of tl.o b' t quality, and v.'hich produce aniiUaily. upon an
aveva'j'e, i\ '?'>. one and i inlf io tv.'o tons of hav to the acre. Some of this
maish land Las been yjoli^jn'r boy for upwards of sixty years, Aviihout ma-
nuiu or any other app'i:inces. How n.uch longer it may continue to do so,
without having its fertility renewed by tho waters of the Bay of Fundy,
the original rourcc of its productiveness, or some other cpyli'^mcO; is a ques-
i,on ".vliich time alone c;u. decide. Tiie soil, at the present time, in many
pLces, has 'lecoine much exhausted, and docs not produce so much, either
in quality or quantity, i^s it did tv/^'nty years ngo. It is true that the saline
pioper'ties of the water would tem[ior.;rily destroy the vegetation, but there
can be no d^uU iha'' the sediment it would leave lehind would renew tho
soil, ar:d impart to it an invabia'lc richu'. .-.

In consequence of the proximity of numy of the settlements in this coun-
ty to these rich marshes, the faimers. in general, have, until very recently,
depended on these sources for tbe principal pait of thvir suj.piy of hay,
instead of raising it from tho upland alluvial, wiih which ahnust every
farm abounds ; this has tended to render the raising of stock, in the moro
remote seitleinonts. less remunerati\'e tlian it otherwise would have been;
and thus it has happened that almost all the hay produced in the county in
1851, nearly r>4,00ij tons, was raised on the niiush lands.

Roads. — The Avliole e>:t(.'rnal portion of this county is belted with good
roads, 'iho high road from lialihix to Saint John jiasses through it, by
way of Sackviilc, Dorchester, and the Bend. Tho reads from the Bend to
Shcdiac, tVom thence to Bay Veitc and to Sackviilc ioiniuii the j^reat road
there, arc also good mail roads, and they are almost all well settled. From
these main aricries. cross roads diverge, in all directions, to new settlements,
besides many new ones in couriie of construction. Thus the whole county,
■with tho exception of tnat part of it bordering on tho county of Kent, into
which roads arc now penetrating, is hterally a net-work of roads and
streams.

Mlnc}-(ds. —The principal minerals, whoso existence is as yet known in
this county, are coal, gypsum and limestone.

£200,000

£40,000

.£15,000
I the county
£255,000.
sova Scotia
le extent of
s.

£110,000
y of Fundy
ly, upon an
i?onio of this
iviiliout ma-
lue to do so,
r of Fundy,
0; is a ques-
iie, in many
iiuch, either

t the saline
n, but there
d renew the

n this coun-
ry recently,
iply of hay,
must every
ia the moro
have been ;
le county in

d with good
ough it, by
the Eend to
e ^reat road
lied. From
settlements,
hole county,
f Kent, into
f roadd and

it known in

S19

The outcrops of coal have been discovered at Bcllevciux village and Dor-
chester, and on the baulvs of tho Memramcook, Ssadouo, bhemogue, and
Tedish rivers, as Avell as in various other parts of the count}'; but to wnat
extent in any of the^o places, has not yet been ascertained, a: very little has
been raised.

Gypsum and limestone have been found on tho Petitcoudiao river, near
the King's county lino.

Grindstone exists in abundance on the Scadouo river, where a factory has
been in actual operation for soma years. An exc3llent quality of the samo
description of stone has also bsen discoverel on tho Bvy of Fundy, and in
other parts of the county, in rao^t of which facdities present tlieuiselves for
the erection of water power machinery. There is a large body of freostona
between the Petitcoudiac and the Memramcook rivers, to quarry which an
incorporated company has recenlly been established.

Fisheries. — The shid fishery of the Bay o^' Fundy, and Cumberland
Basin, and the Iierring, cod, maekarel, and gasporcaux fi.sherios of tho
Northumberland Straits, must yet afford profitable employment to a largo
population : these fr-ilieries aic all in roality of vast imfiortauce, not only on
account ot tho groat quantities of Hsh that inii^ht bo tikon; but of the great
advantages afforded by the harbors and rivers, as well as the ficilities pre-
sented by the geographical position of the county, for marketing these pro-
ductionP) of the deep

Shipbuilding^ is being carried on with much spb-it in this county; there
were built ux L^ol. twenty vessels, tho united t'lnmige of which amount to
to l6.80i.' tons' buvLiitn--the smallest being of 2G0 and the largest of 1400
tons. These vessels were constructed after the most approved models, and
all principally of the best material — hacmatac ; they would tlnM-efoi-e class
high. This liranch of business may continue to be pursued at the Bend,
Dorchester, Sackville, Ciy Verte, Shediac, and other places, where abun-
dance of timber can be procured, lor many years to come.

Thus we see that this county, from its geograpliieal position, its agri-
cultural capabilities, it^ mineral lesource.s, and iis extensive internal and ex-
ternal waters, aboundiug in every variety of Cr-h fourd on the American
coasts, po.-'sesses evci-y requisite for advancement in commerce, and in every
other branch cf imlustry.

JRaccs.—Ahowi two thirds of this county is inh;ihiteu lyE:;;.;Vh, Scotch,
and Irish, and their offspring ; tho rcmainin^ thirtl i;5 peopled by the des-
cendants of the Anvli.ui Fronch.

Edurj '/o/i.—The county of WV-tmoreland. in 18")!, had <S5 schools, at-
tended by 186(1 puj;)ils, besides eighteen wlio attended a grnmmar school.
Between this perioJ anu liie end of 1853. the number of schot's has in-
creased to 95, and that of the schjl.irs, to 2,907, exclu-ivo of tho.so who at-
tend the SackviKe Academy and other institutions of that nature, v.hich was
considerable ; thus sliewing an incieasc in two years of 1101 pujuls. The
school iittcndancc of this county, with 17,810 inhabitants, at liio j, niod
last referred to, was greater than that of any other co nty in the PrDvince,
even the county of f^aint John, which, with more than tlouble the popula-
tion of ^Ye3lmorcland, only sent :^,8G9. Thus it may fairly be inferred that
all classes of the inhabit."i\ts of this ':>nnnty pavticipnl*. in and are sensible
of tho advantages of education.

The Academy at Sackville has been in operation for ten years, and r?; fc-
ijaale Acadjemy vvatj o^emcd iit i\ik isamft place in 1S5*. Xki attendaRco cf

1:1

11'''*. ^

!:;■'

220

pupils at these two institutions, at present, exceeds 200, and they are still
on the increase. There are schools of a higher order at the Bend, Shediac,
at Westmoreland at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and at Amherst in No-
va Scotia ; thus affording the rising generation of this county the amplest
means for every species of instruction,

Svb-(livisiof/s. — This county is subdivided into seven parishes, namely,
the Parish of Dorchester, -which is the shire town of the county, situate on
the eastern side of the Pctiticoudiac, below the Bend; Sackville. which lies
northward of Cumberland Basin ; the parish of Westmoreland, running
along the Nova Scotia boundary ; Botsford, the most easterly part of the
Province, extending from Bay Yerte and Cape Tormentine to the Aboush-
agon river; Shediac lying around the harbor of that name; and Monkton,
and Salisbury, which lie between the parish of Shediac and King's County
line ; the latter being the most westerly parish in the county.

In the following description the reader is presented with the peculiarities
of each parish in detail.

Parish nf Dordu'Mer. — The village of this name is situate near the
southern end of the Parish, and contains the Court House, Probate and
and Record Offices. Post Office, Telegraph station, and other public build-
ings and offices, with a number of neat private edifices. The land is dry
and gravely, and when improved is very productive. On both sides of the
^Momramcook, or Dorchester river, which runs northerly through the parish,
and on which there are extensive tracts of dyked rnarsh of the best quality,
the upland is densely settled. It is a good agricultural district, and yields
lari^e quantities of the usual productions of the Province.

Shipbuilding is carried on near the town, where a steam mill is erected.

SaclcviUe. — Tbis rich and flourishing parish was granted under the great
seal of Nova Scotia, previous to New Brunswick being constituted a sepa-
rate Province, in rl^/i/s (as they were called) of 500 acres each ; each
right contained different allotments of marsh and upland, and by far the
greatest part of tlie Tantramar marsh is within the Imiitsof this parish, and
was thus granted. A considerable extent of the land between Sackville
and Dorchester, especially in the direction of the post road from Saint John
to Ilalifa.x, is entirely unfit for settlement ; there is also a portion of the
northerly part of the parisli liable to the same objection. Still there is a
very extensive tract of good land capable of cultivation, extending for se-
veral miles to tlic Avestward of the Tantramar marsh, a large portion of
which is under a high state of cultivation.

At Ca[)c Ma)anguin there are largo (juantities of grindstones shipped to
the United States : and ship building is carried on to a considerable extent
at the entrance of the Trantramar river, where a steam gaw mill has been
recently erected. A'^essels can enter the mouth of the Tantramar, and the
other rivor,^ at the head of this bay, during the whole year, with the excep-
tion of about tea woekr, in the depth of winter.

Thf two A(';!(lcniie.s already noticed, the buildings, together with other
edilicos counectcd with them, are very prominent ornaments to the village.
The W(!sifiu margin of the marsh may be called a continued village for
nearly ten milc^, commencing at the mansion of Judge Botsford, at West-
cock, a spot, the beauty of which would well repay the traveller for the
trouble of a visit ; the farms are neatly laid oft", and the cottages, inter-
spersed wiih stores and public buildings, tend to render this place one of the
pleaaautest in the Province. To add to its attraction the traveller may enjoy

221

|;-i

bey are still
id, Shediac,
lerst in No-
the amplest

108, namely,
r, situate on
!. which lies
k1, running
part of the
he Aboush-
d Monkton,
ig's County

peculiariticg

te near the
'robate and
ublic build-
land is dry
sides of the
I the parish,
icst quality,
and yields

I is erected,
er the great
ited a sepa-
each ; each

by far the

parish, and

n Sackville

Saint John

rtion of the

II there is a
ling for se-

portion of

shipped to
able extent
11 has been
ar, and the

the excep-

with other
the village.

village for
l1, at West-
ler for the
ages, inter-
3 one of the
• may enjoy

from its high lands, as well as from Fort Cumberland, in the a.ljacent parish
of Westmoreland, one of the finest and most variegated landscapes to be
found in the low :v Colonies.

The Agricultural capabilities of the parish may be said to be very exten-
sive and capable of su})porting a much larger population.

A weekly and sometimes a more frequent communication by steamboat, has
been kept up during the greater part of the year between hero and St. John.

Westmorelainl. — This parish, as well as Sackville, was granted, in rights,
previously to New iirunswick being separated from Nova Scotia. Nearly
one third of its area is under cultivation, and it includes a portion of the
Tantramar marsh ; there are also extensive tracts of marsh land near the
mouth and along the banks of the Missiquash, which separates this parish
from Nova Scotia; and at the head of the Bay Verte we find other marsh
land, though of somewhat inferior quality. There are about 25,000 acres
of uncultivated land, 20,000 of which, as well as the bulk of the land now
under tillage, is well adapted for settlement.

In comparing the returns of 1840 with those of 1851, it will be seen,
that notwithstanding the facilities for improvement possessed by this parish,
its population has only increased 187 in eleven years, while it has exceeded
the other parishes of the county, except Botsford and Shediac, in the extent
of land cleared within the same period.

It has long been in contemplation to construct a canal near the boundary
line of the two Provinces, to unite the Bay of Fundy and Bay Verte; the
distance is only fifteen miles, and so level, that if the slucies for inclosing
the marshes at the head of each br.y were removed, the two tides woukl
How to within three miles of each other, leaving only this short distance of
table land of very moderate elevation, to separate their waters. Both bays
present good opportunities for carrying on extensive fisheries, the Bay of
Fundy for shad, and Bay Verte for herring, gaspereaux, ling and mackarel.

The Railway from Halifax to Saint John, will traverse this parish, in a
north easterly and south westerly direction ; and a depot will in all proba-
bility be erected at its intersection with the boundary line x-^ the two Pro-
vinces, where, no doubt, a town will spring up.

lio/sford.— Tina parish has a seaboard of fifty miles on the Bay Verte
and Noi thuniberland Straits. Agriculture, for which the principal part of
the parish is well adapted, is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The
land from its proximity to Prince Edward Island partakes much of the same
character. There are large quantities of marine alluvial deposits on the
shores and of fresh water deposites in the interior, both of which being
mixed with other ingredients as compost, arc used as manure. The greater
part of the coast is settled, and the parish presents facilities for improve-
ment, and for an increased population.

Shipbuilding is carried on at Shemoguc and several places on the coast,
but principally at the mouth of the Gaspereaux river, on each side of the
division lino, between this parish and Westmoreland. The banks of this
river supply large (|uantities of ship timber, as well as the means for its
transport and manufacture. A village called Port Elgin has sprung up
near its mouth, where eight years ago, there was little else but wilderness ;
within that period the number of buildings has increased from four or five
to upwards of forty, of which seven are stores ; and two wharves have been
constructed. A weekly sailing packet runs, dwring the summer, from this
b^le port, to Charlotte Town, X*- E. Island.

lii^

■i '■ '

i: ■■ ■ •'■

'■'.. . .'

^^ '

^ ■:. f

: 1
1 . '- i

■ 1 .'B

, "1

l! 1 :r

,;.

■'■■>

222

li (i

•5

men, 1,091,
1,091,
XI, 062.

((

iShediac!, formerly called Gediac. The parish is destined to become one
of the richest and most populous parishes in the county. The Gulf ter-
minus of the European and North American Railway is intended to bo
placed here, which must ooncentrate on its harbor the principal part of the
trade of Prince Edward Island, and of the coast of the two Provinces, from
the Gut of Cnnso to the river St. Lawrence, as well as that of the interior,
and the scvck \ rivers of the northern section of New Brunswick. The
station is proposed to be placed near the south east side of the harbor, from
whence the road will run to the Bend, a distance of seventeen miles, and
ultimately to Saint John and the United States. There is a quarry of ex-
cellent buildinji; stone on the banks of the Seadoue river, which has been
ueed m the railway works ; and another of grindstone of good quality, which
is ex^oasivoly manufactured on the spot ana exported to the U aited States.

Although a cousiderablo portion of this parish is unfit for settlement, yet
along tiie sea board and on the Shediac river, and the tributories of the
Cocagho, the soil is f;ood, and there is abundant room for the formation of a
large .•settlement. At the head of the harbor there is a steam saw mill where
considera')ie quantities of lumber are nu.nufactured.

A weekly steamer plys between this place and IlichibuctO; Bedeque, and
Chiirlottc Town, and there nrc also two sailing packets making weekly trips
to BKleque in Prince Edward Island.

The trade of this port, in 1853, was as follows :

Vessels inward, 222, tonnage, 21,226,

" outward, 222, " 21,226,

The amount of revenue collected in the same wa?,

Parish of Monlcton. — The chief town in this parish, was, till lately,
called " The Bend," taken its name from its situation on a bend of the Pe-
titicoufliac river ; but it was incorporated in 1855, under the name of
^^ the Toicn of Moiiklon,' and divided into three wards, each electing three
councillors, with a mayor and proper provisions for its municipal government.

The town was originally laid out without much rcrrard to regularity or
system, though the principal street runs parallel to the river, from which
the othev:^ br.inch in an oblique direction, the thoroughfares are narrow but
many of the houses arc neat and well buiU, and it may be hoped, as it now
bears the rank of a town, a better regard to regularity will bo observed, in
the new buildings and location of the streets. The place presents on the
whole, a business like appearance, and it possesses two banking establish-
ments, the Westmoreland, and a 'c::/.:!"!! of the Commercial bank of New
Brunswick : together with a printing press, where a weekly newspaper is
printed. During nearly ten months of the year, a tri-wcekly steamer runs
to the city of Saint John, calling at Dorchester and Sackville. Shipbuild-
ing is c:u'riod on t'» a great extent; and this branch of industry, together
with the progress of the niilway, and the depot about to bo erected, cannot
fail to add greatly to its future p.o.^perity. A steam saw mill for lumber,
^vith provision for other manufacturing operations, has been erected.

There are several thriving settlements in this part of the county, the
principil of which arc Irish Town, and there along the banks of the river ;
a large tract of good land still ungranted, will be found to the northward
where two or three hundred families could be easily and expeditiously set-
tled ; it is well watered by the Shediac and Cocagne rivers. Erom the
ratio of prcgression made in this parish for the last fifteen years, it may be
calculated that it will double itself in a period somewhat less than f
Parlali 'if ^al'idntry, — With the ezctjptioo of Ibe iatervalo

become one
Q Gulf ter-
nded to be
part of the
incos, from
he interior,
vick. The
[irbor, from
miles, and
arry of ex-
1 has been
ility, which
ited States,
leraent.yet
iries of the
raation of a
■ mill where

ideque, and
weekly trips

1,091,
L,091,
1,062.
till lately,
I of the Pe-

G name

cting three
overnment.
iguknty or
from which
narrow but
I, as it now
bserved, in
cuts on the
cstablish-
iik of New
'wspapcr is
earner runs

Shipbuild-
^ , together
ted, cannot
for lumber,

ted.

ounty, the

the river ;

northward
tiously set-

From the
, it may be

four year"

along "IB

223

valley of the Petiticoucliac, the land in the front of this parish is generally
of an inferior quality ; that in its north west portion is much better, but
additional roads are required to render it available for settlement. In con-
sequence of there being so much bad land along the line of railway and tho
mail road, agricultural operations in this parish aio iii..^h rv.tardcd.

A depot will probably be established on tlio railroad, about twenty miles
to the Avestwavd of the Bend, by which there is no dou^t that trade will
bo concentrated and agriculture will receive a fresh impulse.

Mails and ol/ur irarfUim^ J'acl/i/ic.^. — The Halifax mail on its way to
and from Saint John, Canada, and tho United States, traver.-cs seventy
miles of this county, each way, three times a week ; and there is also a
tri-weekly mail to the northward through Kichibucto, jMirnmichi and the
Bay Chaleur, which runs from \hc Bend through its northern section for a
distance of twenty miles ; another branch mail goes from Sackvillc to Bay
Verte, fifteen miles, twice a week, and is continued once, in the same period,
to Cape Tormentine and Shediac, a further distance of si.vty miles ; so that
there are B)5 miles of tho roads of the county on which post and way
offices are established, besides local couriers to new (jV move remote settle-
ments. Tiierc are also 120 miles of the electric tcle^j.ph line, with five
operative stations.

The European and North American Railway, running through tho heart
of the county for seventy miles, cannot fail to add greatly to its trade, and
and it po3.sesses the advantages of steam navigation on the Jiay of Fundy,
for nearly ten months, and by way of Bay Yerte and tho Straits of North-
umberland for seven months in tho year. The winter transit of tl.o mails
from Cape Tormentine in this County, to Cape Traverse in Piince Edv.'ard
Island, has been alro.idy noticed ; and it is to be hoped that some means
may bo found for improving this dangerous passage, the only route cf
communication open to tho Island for several months in the year

Projioscd Chi'j^ncrto and Bay Vcrtc Canal. — The magnitude of the
trade of the Bay of Fundy, including tho ports of Saint John and Saint
Andrew's, has been already shewn; that of the north eastern ports of the
the Province is scarcely le?s important, and the thriving Island of Prince
Edward, with its 70,000 inhabitants, is annually increa^^ii:^ its general trade.
A ready and safe connection between these seats of commerce has long been
wanting. But independent of this material consideration, the fisheries of
the Gulf cf St. Lawrence have annually attracted from <S00 to 1000 Ame-
rican vessels, all of which have to make the circuit of the entire Peninsula
of Nova Scotia. It u not surprising that many plans have been formed,
and surveys made for ^he formation of a ship canal across the nairow isthmus
between the two seas, whose tidal waters, if unobstructed, would approach
each other within three or four miles. It must bo recollected, too, that iiiis
isthmus is the separation between Nova Scotia, containing 300,000, and
New Brunswick, with upwards of 200,000 inhabitants; and that the distance
by sea from the westerly extremity of Nova Scotia, the nearest point to the
United States, to the fishing grounds in the Gulf, by way of the Gut of
Canso, is from 4 to oOO miles, and by roundir^g Cape Breton, not less than
600 miles ; while by the Bay of Fundy, and a canal across the isthmus, it
would be only 150 miles from the same point to the Gulf, and not more
than 250 to any of the best fishing grounds on the shores of these Provin-
ces. When all these circumstances are considered, it is not unreasonable
to conclude that few countries in the world, similarly situated, would have
80 long neglected so important an improvement. Great, however, as the

824

1^:- 11

i J

:» .,

inducementa to such a work have hitherto been, they are increased by five
fold by ti.e Reciprbcity Treaty, which throwing open the Gulf fisheries un-
re8tricte<ily to the Americans, cannot fail greatly to promote the resort of
their vessels to these seas, and by allowing the free import and export of all
agricultural produce, timber, and many other articles, greatly to augment
the commercial intercourse with the States. It is the interest of every mer-
cantile man in the Province, but more especially of the merchants of Saint
John, to effect a communication which would open a new channel for their
West India trade, and would facilitate their intercourse with Canada.

If it will pay the inhabitants of Nova Scotia to construct a canal from the
Gut of Canso to the Bras D'or lake, and another to connect the harbor of
Halifax with the waters of the Basin of Minas, a distance of 50 miles, cer-
tainly it will remunerate these rich and populous Provinces to open a line
of navigation across this isthmus, where the land is a dead level with the
exception of scarcely four miles. On the Bay of li'undy side, the Missi-
quash stream, and the chain of lakes at its head, In many of wliich the wa-
ters" is deep enough to admit 200 ton vessels, and being a distance of ten
miles, require only a comparatively small outlay to render them naviga-
ble. On the Bay Verte side, the river merely rei^uires clearing, and dredg-
ing to enable schooners of this size to penetrate one mile towards the Bay
of Fundy, so that in reality there would only be, at the outside, four miles
of an undulating ridge to overcome. It was an observation of Captain
Crawley's, one of the engineers employed to survey the locality with a view
to this object, that if a ditch were dug deep enough to admit the waters of
the two bays, the action of the current thus created, would soon wear a na-
vigable passage ; but even if this should not be the case, and if a supply
from springs should not be found sufficiently high to afford the necessary
lockage, or if a steam engine to pump up the water for this purpose should
be deemed too expensive, a marine railway might be constructed across the
distance intervening between the two levels.

Vessels are nearly a fortnight, and sometimes more, according to the
weather, in navigating the present dangerous and circuitous path, while if
this communication were effected of only 15 miles across the isthmus, much
danger would be obviated, the time shortened, and a vast amount of expense
and wear and tare saved. We believe that if each vessel only paid one half
of what it costs her to go round Nova Scotia, as a toll for using tliis canal,
ample remuneration would be received, and a great saving effected. These
vessels do not, at present, benefit any part of Nova Scotia, as they make
the broad Atlantic their highway, while in the event of a road being thus
opened for them, considerable sums would find their way into the Province,
while they would be much benefited, and commerce would receive an addi-
tional stimulus. We certainly think, judging from the great march of im-
provement that is every where manifesting itself, that the time is not far
distant when a way, practible as we believe it to be, will be thus opened, so
that the increasing commercial fleets of the surrounding countries may pass
through this narrow neck, and thus not only save time, risk, and money, but
a vast amount of human life.

Another consideration, incidental to this work, is its probable effect in
draining a large tract of bog marsh and shallow lakes, and by its irrigation
with the fertilizing waters of the Bay of Fundy, converting it into tillage-
able marsh. About 3000 acres, now worthless, might thus be reclaimed,
and their value would not be less than X30,000, besides the improving of
much of the old marsh by the same means.

885

jed by five
sheries un-

resort of
xport of all
:o augment
every mer-
ts of Saint
el for their
lada.

lal from the
le harbor of

miles, cer-
opeu a line
^el with the

the Missi-
ich the wa-
ance of ten
im naviga-

and dredg-
rds the Bay
, four miles
of Captain
with a view
tie waters of

1 wear a na-
if a supply
e necessary
pose should
\ across the

ling to the
ith, while if
imus, much

of expense
aid one half

this canal,
;ed. These

they make

being thus
le Province,
ve an addi-
larch of im-
e is not far

opened, so
3S may pass

money, but

lie effect in
ts irrigation
into tillage-
reclaimed,
Qproving of

Si
I-

•3

-S

— > o o X CO = Tf CO -r M o ■>4< CI M -^ 1- d o 1- ji

cT oT r "-^ cf cf r<5 o' O ir:' lo" c-i c^f

^ ?-? -f — -r o oc

oot- ic —1 —1 c -« r-ci — c t- j-j -r »

i-O '?! C< ft,X.6l C^J fC "O -^"^

"-I cr^c-f-ti" o'er i-T

_„

lO-JOCCJOOi-i'MOOffCX— <'»'»0»-l-t«0

Oco-r— 'O'j^-to coioioio»-H— HOirt

O^'fM —1 (M O_ir0 h-;l-— ^Xr-i 50

CI cTc^i^' fccf cf

I-H p— 1 Tjl

>o c 1 n h^ r^ Tf ^ Clio t~ ic o 1- o — 1 -f o -t oo

o o r- i-H cc ci ci C5 —H 5C fc — h- >^ -r? -.Ti rj

•

•-4

-2

cf Or-TcT'-H •-^'o r-Tco"

rH >— 1 o

J"'

O fO CI O O O Ci <M "t CO Ci >.'5 CI to -t* T f ; "h Ci

cc o o t-t oc —< >-H o C4 CI i^o '« "."s o — 1 ca

•rf^^C^ fO M c^o_ci_o acci_t-i^

tf »+"-t -^cf ir-'o" ua"

i-H rH d ^

C100i-HC1uOi/:iMOOGO'-HOM'-H-+rt<iO'*

CI CI X .-1 u^ -r r-( o t- -n ci Tc CI o

a'2

OCI'-H rH '^,"*,.^„-i'~f-^« "^

p p

ui rt

i-T c^tScc^fStn c^

i) -^

VH r-H i>H

r—

•

oocc t^cio'O'Tioooccfo— ' — MOec't'-i— <

• -«

t^ 1- O --1 Ci CI CI O CI O Ci t~ -H o X \.-; ro

Orfio CO fcoi— iroi-irs ^

CO O 00 W5 CO O ■■'J O

i-H <N TJ-

tJi

OOOt-COCT'fCCt^i-HOOOi-HO'OOOh^ 0^1 rH

Cl'i<OrHh-CJ»-H--o CI ic-^cpoccocoao

0_10 C-: O ^»'^^=1.R,^^^^C1 rH_

CO cTb^ws'T^ao'-H' c-f

I-H COrH lO

•»

jS -23 C(Hfe»0DC4 5^^

inh.ibitan
Families,
Children s
-School ho
Births,
Deaths,
Siek and i

- Agricultu
•Places of
Saw mills

•^ri«t mill
Acres of 1

VTons of h
Bushels 01

5 ;

■ ■i

jif i

-' ' 11

'', fi '

' H'l

\mi

1 i

■

1 i

1 ■'

1-'' ■

f B

J ■ ■

S' H

j ■

'i '

Nlfl

226

i.;!!

Population,
Fiiiailics,

Inhabited housen, <
Places of wor^liip, <

(.irist 1 . Hp,
Saw luilly,
Land cleared,
llorsoK,
iNeat Cattle,

yiiccp,

iSwinc,

s
>
s

J 851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,
1851,
1840,

1851,
1840,

Comparison.

24,127
17,680

3,723

2,728

2,467 \

58
36

S \

205 >

181 \

131,032 )

1)9,022 S

3,421 V

16,871 )

20,754 \

28,564 }

8,0U0 ^

16,545 i

Increase in 11 years, 6,441.
" " 995.

" " 862.

24.

b ,

32,010.

((

412.

DccreaHe

3,883.

Increase

1,011.

Decrease

8,455.

In consoquciico of the
to the Census oC 1840,
counties.

county of Albert having been erected subseijuently
the above table includes the statistics of both

COUNTY OF ALBERT.

Bou idii} ies. — '"The County of Albert, bounded westerly by Jling's,
and Saint John: northerly by Westmoreland, and Peticoudiac river: eas-
terly by P(viicoudiac river, and southerly by Chignecto Bay, including all
the islands adjacent thei-eto,

Areti and Suit-dii-'ishms. — This county contains an arc 1 of 433.5()0
acres : of whicli l'.tl>,8C0 are still ungranted. In I80I, there were 38.210
acres of cleared land, leaving ;)l>5,3o0 acres of the entire area still in a
state of nature. It is divided into five parishes, viz : Coverdale, which is
the most northerly parisli of the county, and fronts on the I'eticoudiac
river, both above and below the Lend; llilbborough, also fronts on this
river, to the south of Coverdale, with the parish of Elgin on itij rear, or
south western boundary ; the parish of Hopewell, the shiretown, abuts
on the head of Chignecto _Bay, and the mouth of the Peticoudiac to the
south of Hillsborough ; and the Parish of Harvey, bounds on the last
named P>ay, and is the niost southerly division of the county. The Court
House, Jail, Register, Probate, Post, and other offices, are situate in Hope-
well, which is nearly opposite Dorchester, from whence, by croijsing the
ferry, it may l)e reached in two or three hours.

(fvuirul Dc\^cj'ij)/i(/ii.— The county of Albert from its geographical po-
sition, having a frontage of forty-five miles on tho Pay of Fundy and Chig-
necto Bay, and of thirty-8i.v miles on the River Petieoudiac, is in these
respecta tlie best located county in the Province ; but on the west the Peti-
coudiac bhould have formed its boundary againat Westmoreland, inatead
of that county extending as it docs, across the riv>^7.

The wboJ«'©:st«riop of tho C^iunty n^joii^ing tlw tftya pel riycT, po^a^ssoR

't'

6,441.

995.

862.

22.

24.

;52,010.

412.

;;,883.

1,011.
8,455.

.\ib3e(iucntly
tics of both

by Pling's,
river: cas-
ncluding all

of 438.r>()0

vorc 38,210

3a still in a

lo, which is

I'eticoudiac

)nts on this

it3 rear, or

town, abuts

uliac to tho

on the Inst

The Court

itc in Ilopc-

:roL;sing the

raphical po-
y and Chig-
ie in (hcso
f?t tho Pcti-
ind, instcaU

CT, pO98^8S0f*

227

good roads and thriving settlements ; its centre is traversed by a good road
leading from Salisbury in Westmoreland, to the shire town, and by numer-
ous cross roads through the Mechanics, Caledonia, and other settlements ;
so that there is not only a connection with all the contiguous counties, but
means are provided for extending cultivation and iiiiprovcinent into the wil-
derness. Still much loniain to bo done in order to open up t!io interior for
settlement. If a bridge were erected across the Petitcoudiac river near the
Bend, a fresh stimulas would be imparted to this as well as to the county
of Westmoreland.

This county is exceedingly well watered, having besides its eighty miles
of ship navigation, numerous small streams penetrating it in various direc-
tions; on its bay side there nve Wolf rivor near its southern boundary, Up-
per Salmon, and Shipody rivers. On tho northeast, the Wcldon and Tur-
tle Creeks, the Coverdalc river, and the liead waters of the Pollet, all taking
their rise in this county, empty themselves into the Petitcoudiac ; all these
four rivers are navigable for some distance for barges and rafts. These ri-
vers principally traverse good hind, and as roads a.ro bi'ing opened, settle-
ments are extending themselves ; in addition to extensive tracts of intervale
and alluvial deposit, tliere are about five thousand acres of marsh skirting
the Petitcoudiac and other rivers. Thus there are not less than two thirds of
the county fit for agricultural operations, and no otder county possesses in
in proportion to its extent, so great an abundance, botli of marine and up-
land alluvial manures, or such facilities for bringing them into use ; among
these the great supply of limestone, and gypsum, and of co;d, and wood, for
fuel, arc not the least. So that, upon tho whole, the farmers of this county
are in a position to compete, not only with those of the other counties of tlie
Province, but even with Canada, and the United States.

Considered as an agricultural county, Albert could support eight times
its present population ; and in a commercial aspect, it is inferior to none in
its facilities for shipbuilding, both as regards water communication and the
quality and abund;ince of its tin;ber, great quantities of which, but more es-
pecially of manufactured lumber, are annually exported : there are nearly
100 saw nv'ls worked by water on its different streams. In 1851. this coun-
ty manufactured 04 casks of lime, 375 grindstones, inid 02,235 pounds
of maple sugar, and 1,380 tons of gypsum were quarried, and 1.500 tons
of coal raised.

Races and Edii'-dlUni. — The population of this county, like that of
most of the others in the Province, is of mixed origin, English, Irish, and
Scotch, with a few of -le descendants of the Acadian French.
The number of pupils who attended parish schools

in 1851, was 740

1853, 994

Shewing an increase in two years of 254

which is certainly a great advance in school attendance out of so smal
population, and within so short a period.

Minerals. — Limestone is abundant in the parishes of Hopewell and Hills-
borough, especially on the margin of Shepody Bay, an arm of that of Chig-
necto. Gypsum is also plentiful in this section of the county, and a rail-
road has been laid, for its conveyance to the place of shipment. Grind-
stones of excellent quality are found in large quantities on tlio Petitcoudiac,
and in various places along the borders of its bays.

89S

Coal h&8 been <!!tiooverfid in Tftrioua looalitids within thii county ; somo
thin seams of a fair quality are met with near tho head of the PoUet river,
but, iittlo is yet known as to their extent. It has also been found on Cover-
dale river, but not extensively. A bed of cannel coal of an inferior quali-
ty, ten feet in thickness, has been discovered on Turtle Creak. These coal
deposits lie nearly east and west, and embrace in their line the coal on the
Dorchester river in Westmoreland, which is very similar to them in quality.
An outcrop has also been found on Cape Enrage, and in some other places
on the Bay shore ; some of it appears of a fair quality and of the thickness
of about eight feet.

But the most important discovery of carboniferous deposite is that on the
south side of Wildon's Brook, a branch of Weldon's Creek, which falls into
the Peticoudiac in the parish of Hillsborough. This deposit is a bed of,
apparently, bituminous coal, of about ten feet in thickness. In consequence
of the peculiar qualities of this mineral, disputes and litigation have ari-
sen as to its true character ; scientific investigations have boon made, at the
instance of each of the contending parties, by some of the best chemists and
geologists on the American Contment, as well as in Britain, but the testi-
mony, or rather the opinions, were of the most conflicting character ; some
maintaining that the substance is a '^ true coal formation,"' whilst others on
the contrary hold that it is " asphaltum."' In a communication to the
Geological Society, of London, by J. W. Dawcon, ilsq., in 1853, the fol-
lowing observations were made respecting this remarkable deposit : — "This
coal itself, as seen in mass underground, presents a beautiful and singular
appearance. It has a splendid res'ncus lustre, and perfect conchoidal frac-
ture ; it is perfectly free from mineral charcoal and lines of impure coal or
earthly matter."

A mining lease h'!T been obtained — shafts sank, and mining operations
commenced, and a railroad rf upwards of four milts constructed for its con-
veyance, irio that this valuable deposit, which has recently attracted eo
much public attention, is now being worked, and although heretofore only
to a limited extent, some extensions in operations have recently been made.
Its commercial and scientific valuo^ as being highly calculated for gas making,
and other important purposes, together with its numerous " fossils and em-
balmed fishes of the true coal formation," is beautifully set forth in the
Report to the American Senate, made in 1853, by Israel I). Andrews,
Consul of the United States for Canada and New Brunswick, on the trade
and commerce of the Britioh North American Colonies.

Mr. Andiews says : " In the Province of New Brunswick recent explo-
rations have brought to light a most beautiful, and before unknown, variety
of highly bituminous coal, containing sixty pot cent of gas-making bitumen,
and forty per cent, of coke, which yields but half a pound of ashes per
hundred Aveight. This coal is in the true coal formation, and is found in a
highly inclined bed, running nearly northeast and southwest, with the trend
of the enclosing strata. This coal mine ia one of the most remarkable in
America; not only on account of its beautiful, clean, glossy, and highly
bituminous character, so admirably adapted for gas-making, but also on ac-
count of the abundance, beauty, and perfection of its fossils, and of its em-
balmed fishes of the PalcBonisus genius, fishes of the true coal formation
in America, and analogous to those of the same formation in Europe. Six
or moro new species of this genus Palcconisus we have described in a printed
memoir on thi^ coal mine. Time and labor doubtless will add many mor«

unty; somo
?oUet river,
d on Cover-
'erior quali-
Thesc coal
coal on the
1 in quality.
)ther places
le thickness

that on the
ch falls into
3 a bed of,
consequence
I have ari-
nade. at the
hemists and
It the te^ti-
icter; some
St others on
tion to the
i3, the fol-
it:— "This
nd singular
hoidal fruc-
3ure coal or

operations
for its con-
ttracted so
tofore only
been made,
as making,
Is and em-
>rth in the

Andrews,
a the trade

cent explo-
vn, variety
g bitumen,
ashes per
found in a
I the trend
lavkable in
ind highly
qIso on ac«
of its em-
formation
•ope. Six
1 a printed
[lany mor«

'y'

229

to the list, and the Albert county coal mine will become the Mecca of pil-
grims in search of fishes of olden time. The coal, as already sugi^ested, is
a new variety, particularly a^^pted to the uses of the gas house. It fur-
nishes a very rich gaP; highly charged with carbon, consisting mostly of
defiant gas : ^"^^ iience, is the very material that is wanted by gas manu-
factuiers, to enrich the products of our semi-bituminous coals of Mary-
land and Virginia. It is not used alone in any gas-works, but is mixed
with^ other coals, in the proportions of from ont? fifth to one third, and
thus gives the best product that can be obtained ; and at the same time,
gives greater value to the coke of our ash-burning coals. Tlie importation
of the Albert coal into the United ^States does not, therefore; in any way
interfere with the sale of our own coal ; but, on the contrary, enables us to
use coals tiiat would not otherwise find any market for gas-making. It also
saves much outlay in apparatus required lor making oil-gas from whale and
fish oils, used to enrich the pale or blueish llamc produced by gas from ma-
ny of the coals employed at our gas-works. "With the progress of geologi-
cal research more deposits of this valuable coal will undoubtedly bo disco-
vered, and the trade witli the United States will tend to draw it wiihin our
own borders, by the exchange of commodities with our provincial brethren,"
(page 536.) There are also in this vicinity extensive bodies of manganese,
freestone, ana granite.

Chemical Works have recently been established in this county. These
works are situate near tlw foot of the Bhepody mountain, so called, though
nothing more than a high ridge, possessing gentle acclivities. The neces-
sary buildings have been erected, and operations commenced, at an expense
of about X8000. Formerly manganese, the principal mineral substance is
the immediate vicinity, waj shipj^cd to the United States, in its raw state ;
but since the establishment of these works, various chemical substances are
being manufactured, and brought to Chignecto Bay, three miles, for ship-
ment. There is also fireclay iu the neighborhood from which fire bricks of
good quality are made.

Fisheries. — An excellent and profitable shad fishery is carried on along
the lower part of the Petitcoudiac river and the Bay of I'undy, which be-
gins about the last of July, and continues to the middle of September. The
mode of taking the fish is by weirs, standing, and drift nets ; the latter is
considered the best, as it does not prevent the free ingress of fish into the
Bay.

Salmon were formerly numerous in the Petitcoudiac '• but latterly, ow-
ing to the unmerciful and cruel manner in which the fish has been hunted
and persecuted, as well in the tideway above it, they have greatly diminished,
and are at present in a fair way of being extirpated altogether." — Moses
H. Perloy, Ksq., on the fisheries of the Bay of Fundy.

Note. — A table of comparison of the statistics of this county cannot be
prepared, from its having, in 1840, formed a part of the county of West-
moreland.

In hastily reviewing the character of this county, and when wc take into
our consideration its rich and highly productive lands— forests abounding
with almost every variety of timber produced in the Provinco — the bowels
of the earth teeming with valuable minerals already known, and mado to
some extent available, and what future investigation may yet unfold in this
respect— mails traversing its settlements, bay and river navigation open
nearly all the year, and accessible to large class ships —steamers plying bc-

\-m

\'-%

230

I-'

tween its principal villages, and Saint John, as well as to the Bend, Dor-
chester, and Sackville, conferring on k every facility of markets— and its
proximity to the line of the European una "North American Railway — the
conclusion evidently forces itself upon our minCia that the county of Albert
is destined to become a valuable and interesting ponton of the Province ;
and thai all that is wanting is more roads, more people, and more eutorprisc.
If a moiety of the labor lost by the starving thousands of the mother coun-
try were expended here, the country Avould be advanced, and tliey would be
elevated far above degradation and want.

1851, — Populatioti, and oilier Slatlslici of the County of Alln'rt.

Parish

es.

llope-
w.dl.

Hillsho-
rou<];h.

Cover-
dale.

Klgin.

Harvey.

Totals.

Inha,l)itantH,

1,15S

1,4'JG

002

748

2,000

G.313

Fiiuiilies,

ISG

241

140

125

325

i;oi7

<'liildren at sehool,

l(j(i

214

ill

21G

758

School liuusus,

•1
•>

Birtha,

240

Deaths,

Sick and intinu,

AgriculturLstH,

l.so

103

IIG

150

5G(I

Places of worship,

Saw null.^

Grist mills,

Acres of land cleared,

S,r)43

8,4r)S

G,774

4,03S

10,307

3S,210

Tons of liay.

G,;'.2S

2,8G4

2,34!)

<sus

4,850

14,208

Bushels of VVhea't,

1,.S4'J

2,011

1,41G

817

843

G,13G

" Barley,

57-2

730

513

;'.(io

l.3:'.o

3,51G

" Oats,"

5, '257

7,GS7

5,S44

2,043

'1,405

30,32G

" Buc'^wheat,

4,300

0,045

5,1 OS

G,4G3

8.000

31,815

" Indian corn.

0(j

343

" I'otatoes,

17,037

2G,770

25,78G

10,700

35,105

124, 50G

In reviewing the statistics of this county, it will be observed that the
return shews only two agriculturists in the parish of Hopewell ; yet the
gross amount of the agricultural produ( of the parish is not far l)ehind
some of the other parishes, where there are fifty times as many thus em-
ployed, and exceeds tlie parish of Elgin, where there appear lo bo 110 per-
sons engaged in agriculture. There must, therefore, be some error in the
return.

HISTORICAL MEMORANDA.

During the times of the English and French wars, -which have been brief-
ly referred to in a former part of this volume, there was hardly any part
of the North American Continent Avhich did not, in its turn, become the
scene of conflict between the troops of the rival nations. The isthmus
which connects New Brunswick with Nova Scotia, both originally comprized
in New France or Acadia, presented peculiar advantages to its possessors,
from the proximity of La Baije Francaise^ as De Monts' had named the

231

Bend, Dor-
its— and its
lilway — the
y of Albert
Province ;
; eutorprisc.
other coun-
y would be

Albert.

^y.

Totals.

0.313

1,017

7.).S

241)

500

3S,210

14,298

0,130

3,5 JO

30,320

31,815

343

■"

124,500

I that the

; yet the

ar behind

' thus em-

)llGper-

roi

* in the

)CGn brief-
auy part
scorae the
) isthmus
3omprizeJ
ossessors,
lamed the

Bay of Fundy on its discovery in 1604, to Baye Vertc, now called Bay
Verte, an inlet from the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and to the French it was
especially valuable, as affording them the readiest means of communicating
with Louisburg and Quebec. Thus it was in some measure a battle field
for a long period ; and some short account of the principal incidents while
it was thus a sort of dcbateable ground, may not be uninteresting to our
readers ; we have, therefore, endeavored to condense the following from
various sources, including the history of Nova Scotia by Judge Haliburton :
The treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, which ceded Nova Scotia to Great Bri-
tain, left its limits undefined ; and thus the commanders of the forces of the
two nations each endeavored to encroach on the territories of the other.
Subercase, tiic French (Governor, had built or renewed a Fort on the river
Saint John, and then endeavored to witlidraw the Acadian French from the
districts possessed by the English, in which ()ueen Anne had granted them
several privileges, or at ; " events to keep up their attachment to the French
Crown, and to make them the means of harassing the .Jnglisli settlers. In
this he was ably seconded by their priests, and especially by the Abbe La-
loutre, who seems to have possessed great iniluence with this simple minded
people, and to have used it in furtherance of the designs of the French com-
manders and to their ultimate ruin. La Joncjuicre, the next French Gov-
ernor in these parts, followed up the same plan, and having conferred with
Laloutie, he employed JM. La ('ornc to fix oa some place in or near the
Peninsula as a site for a Fort, to receive the fugitive Acadians, or to assist
those who might remain. Gediac or Chediac, now Shcdiac, was first fixed
on, but ultimately La Corne, at the instance of Laloutre, entered Bay Verte
and took possession of the Isthmun. It was an object with the French to
restrict Nova Scotia to the I'eninsula now bearing that name, or even with-
in still narrow limits, contending that what is now called New Brunswick,
and a vast extent of country adjoining, and reaching to Quebec, was re-
tained by them under the name of L'Acudie, Oi- New France, and they now
on their part chose to fix the boundary at a small river on this isthmus,
called the Missicjuash, which, by a curious coincidence, is now the dividing
line of these two llritish Provinces. Every effort was made to withdraw
the Acadians from Minns, Port Royal, and other places, and from the set-
tlement of Beaubasin, which occupied the ridge now called Fort Lawrence.
In pursuance of this plan, which had been acted on for some years, La
Corne, about 1747, or 1748, built a Fort upon a height at the head of the
Bay of Fundy, which he named Beausojour, now Fort Cumberland, and he
established two other posts, one on the ( rasper-.-aux at Bay Verte, and the
other near a bridge over the ^lissinuash, which he callc Point de Boet
(now Point Debute). In order to counter these piojocts, Governor Corn-
wallis dis()achcd Major Lawrence to establish himself at the head of the
Bay of Fundy. Some little skirmishing, as well as negotiation, seems to
hnve taken place ; and ultimately, Mnjor Lawrence took possessioi of Beau-
V)asin, which, together with its church, was burnt, it is said, by the contri-
vance of Laloutre, in order to compel the Acadians settled there to cross
the stream into the French districts. About the nsfime time (.'aptain Rous inter-
cepted and capturoil a French vessel laden with arms and provisions for tho
Acadians. Thus the two detachments were encamped opposite each ether,
at the distance of scarcely two miles, the English naming their post. Fort
Lawrence, after their coHiinander, and the little Btream tAcitljr becoinipg j\
provisional bo\\nd5\Ty<

■m

•4

232

Jealousies as to trade and on other subjects, however, arose ; the French
carried on their intrigues among the Acadians in Nova Scotia, and to in-
induce them, through Laloutre and others, by promises and threats, to place
themselves under the French flag. A French author, whose work has been
published some years fcince at Quebec, gives a most flattering description of
Ac'idia, wliich included, of course, New Brunswick ; the French settlers
were not insensible to the value of their marshes, which they had dyked ;
and they had also constructed Aboideaux on the rivers, one of which, on
the Au Lac. near Beausejour, was built by Laloutre, who had obtained 50,-
000 livres from the French Crown for this purpose ; and this assisted in
maintaining Ins influence in this neighborhood.

Thus mattcis v.'ent on for some tiiae ; the English inducing some of the
Acadians to take the oath of allegiance to the British Crown, which Lalou-
tre and their other priests endeavored to prevent, and to withdraw them
from the Peninsula, promising to inflemnify them for the loss of their land.
New causes of dispute continually arose between the two nations ; the Aca-
dians, who seem to have been treated with mildness by the English up to
this time, being constantly worked on by M. Yerjor, wl'O was now the com-
mander of iJeauscjour, and his emissaries. Li order to siop these intrigues,
in the year 1755, just betbre the declaration of war between the two Crowns,
an expedition was fitted out at Boston, under Lieut. Col. Church, to attack
and reduce Beausejour. Three frigates and a sloop, besides batteaux, with
a strong land force, w^re dispatched up the Bay of lundy ; ihcy rendez-
voused at Urand Anse, or Muranguin, about six or seven miles from Beause-
jour. The French commander used e^'cry exertion to press the Acadians
into his service from "Meroramcook, Shepody, Petiticoudiac, and other places.
Aided by Laloutre, he collected twelve or fifteen hundred men, and he sent
to Louisbourg and Quebec, carTie°*^ly soliciting assistance. Meantime, the
English disoiiibarked, and encamped on tlie glacis of Fort Lawrence. Some
skirmishing took place, especially on L'isle de la Valliere, (now Lowther's
Island.) about half-way between the two forts. The French then concen-
trated their forces, and burnt down the posts at Point de Bute.

On the Jth of June, 1755. the English marched from their camp towards
the road to Point de Boet, or Point de Bute ; and after defeating a body of
Acadians and volunteers, who opposed their passing the river, they estab-
lished then^'clvcs upon a height about a mile and a half from Beausejour :
having thrown a bridge over the stream, they brought up their artillery, and
on the 8th, miido a reconnoissarice to a rising ground called Bultc-a- Charles^
when an English officer, named Hay, was taken prisoner by the garrison.
The Acadians were now much disheartened and dissatisfied at being com-
pelled to j;ssist in the defence of the fort ; every application by M. Verjor
for succour was fruitless, and skirmishing was still carried on. On the 12th,
the English had opened their lines and established their batteries at Biille-
a-Charios. only 120 toises from the fort, where they continue! to entrench
themselves till the sixteenth. Their works are still visible, and are said to
evince nmch military hkill. On the 16th, a shell burst in Lbe fort, and did
considerable damage, killing two or three French officers, and liie English
pri.soner lliiy, L^pon this, Verjor, abandoning all hope of relief from Que-
bec or Louisbourg, and pressed by the Acadians, olToved to capitulate, and
favorablo terms were granted. The garrison were allowed lo march out
with military honora, with their arms und baggage, and wero convevod to
iipuisbourg, under »» en|age«M?»t mi \q bear mm against tlw Un^finh \^

he French
and to in-
t8, to place
i has been
cription of
:h settlers
ad djked ;
which, on
ained 50,-
issisted in

)me of the
ich Lalou-
Jraw them
iheir land.
, the Aca-
jlish up to
,v the com-
intrigues,
,0 Crowns,
, to attack
eaux, with
cy rendez-
m Beause-
; Acndians
her places,
md he sent
intime, the
;e. Some
Lowther'a
n concen-

ip towards

a body of

icy csta.b«

ausejour ;

illery, and

■C harks .^

garrison.

eiug com*

M. Vcrjor

the 12th,

at Bidle-

3 entrench

re said to

t, ami did

English

Voin Que-

iilntfi, and

narch out

iveved to

233

America for six months. The Acadians, pardoned, returned to their homes.
The fort at Bay Verte surrendered the next day on the same terms.

Laloutre escaped from the fort, and proceeded to Quebec, where he appears
to have incurred the censure of his superior; and he afterwards went to France.

The French Acadians, still influenced by their priests, and refusing to
take the oath of allegiance, were at length removed (with the exception of
those who had fled to the Island of Saint John, now Prince Edward Island,
and the river iMiramichi,) in the manner detailed in Haliburton's History.
This step, which certainly appears harsh and even cruel, ivnd must ever be
looked on with regret, was at the time considered necessary, as the only means
by which the tranquility of the Province could be secured ; it may be feared,
however, that it was carried out Avith great severity, and that much suffer-
ing to this unfortunate people was the result. The fort on the Saint John
was shortly after taken by Captain Rous.

In order to give a correct detailed account of these and other engagements
that have taken place, during these wars, within our Province, as well as in
other parts of the Continent, it would be requisite to search the archives of
France, Quebec, and probably of some of the northern States of America.
Meantime, we must be satisfied with a more brief outline of the occurrences
of these times. Touching the particular locality which has been the prin-
cipal subject of the foregoing memoranda, the eye may still behold evident
traces of the occurrences above related. Fort Cumberland stands on an
eminence at the most southern extremity of the Point de Bute ridge, which
is separated from Sackville by the Aulac river and the great Tantramar
marsh and river. (_)a the other side, the river jMissiquash flows between
this ridge and Fort Lawrence, where, however, the traces of the English
fortification are but faint. Fort Cumberland was for many years a military
station in later times, and has been kept in a partial state of repair by the
British Government, and it is still in good preservation. Its commanding
situation and deep entrenchments, with its solid bastions, alford proof of its
having been strongly constructed : and no doubt, in the then state of the
country, it was a formidable military post. The skilful approaches, too,
within musket shot of the fort, are still plainly to be seen, confirming the
traditionary story that they were raised by the besiegers for their protec-
tion from the enemy's fire, during the dark hours of the night, while the
bombardment was continued from Fort Lawrence.

Proceeding up the same ridge, which was traversed by the old, as well as
by the present highwiy, to Bay Verto, we come to Blood)/ Brld^^c, at the
distance of about five miles from the fort, near which, among othc places,
there was a bloody conflict between a foraging party, under Col. Dixon, de-
tached from the fort, after its capture, and a body of Indians, commanded,
or rather accompanied, by a French officer. The English v.ere overpower-
ed, and were all massacred and scalped by the savages, with the exception
of their commander, who was wounded, and whoso life was spared only
through the exertions of the Frenchman. He was taken as a prisoner to
Quebec, where he remained till its surrender to General Wolfe.

At the spot where the road crosses the head of the ^Jissiquash. are still
to be seen the cellars of dwelling houspri , and even in the woods, which
have pince attained the size of timber, the writer has seen the evident marks
of ridges once ploughed, p^'air.iy shewing that this part of the cormtry,
though now an unreclaimed wilderness, onco afforded s'lpport to mwn and boast.

pp^timjicjs; cur jouyney to Bay Yorlio, tk» )jj^hv.'ft/ (^Jimad pUll i^'i'flojic,

r'-'l^

••!

: I

^\-

i '4

234

\:m

where there was an establishment of mills ; it then passed for nearly a mile
over the marsh on a plank road supported by four rows of hacmatao piles ;
these piles stood about six feet above the level of the marsh and about eight
feet apart ; their stumps now remain, as sound as when they were first dri-
ven, haviufy been preserved by the saline properties of the soil. About half
a mile nortlicasttrly from the most eastern extremity of this road, is Fort
Monkton. on a flat or at the west :?iuc of the mouth of the Gaspereaux, and at
the head of Bay '\''erte. It is not more than ten feet above the waters of
the Bay. The woiks are easily traced, but it does not appeal- to have been
a place of much strength, nor is its situution imposing, as a place of defence,
though it commands the mouth of the river. This point of land, together
with oOO acres, bounding northerly on the fort, was retained by the British
Government for military purposes for nearly thrcc; quarters of u century after
. its purrcndei ; it was then granted and part -jj now under cultivation. Close
to the fortification there are numerous headstones marking graves and bear-
ing various inscriptions ; one was erected, it appears, to the memory of a
seijeant and seven privates, who were murdered by the Indians while in the
act of piocuring wood for fuel. The incroachments of the sea have recently
exposed several of the graves, and the Legislature granted ten pounds to be
expended in ccouring them. This sum proved, however, insufficient to pro-
tect them effectually; they still remain exposed, and unless some more effi-
cient piccaution be taken, the Avaves will do their work, " and the place
thereof shall know them no more"

It is not difficult, even at this distant period, to ascertain the extent of the
impicveracnts which were made in former times, and which were principally
confined to the pbces most favorable for military and naval operations. Thus
the hcailD of the Bay of Fundy and Bay Verte, from their proximity to
each other, aiid from the great extent of rich marsh land, a^d excellent
tracts of upland, with which they were surrounded, as well as from the fa-
cilities they aSbrded for communicdtion, seem cav!y to have attracted the at-
ention of their former possessors.

Fort: Cumberland and jMonkton, instead of sending forth missies for the
destruction of man, now annually send out grain, potatoes, and other pro-
duce for his support. From the bastions of the former may be embraced
at one glance, certninly the richest landscape for an extent of twelve or fif-
teen miles, to be found in the lower Provinces ; from this point the prospect
includes over 59,000 acres of marine alluvial land, worth at least ^6300,- '
000, on the west and at the distance of five miles is the large village of
Sackviile, with the great Tantramur Marsh, on tlic southeast is the village
of Fort Lav^rence, ?.nd still further in the same direction is the town of
Amherst, the hi.«d (juarters of the County of Cumberland in Nova Scotia,
with wide belts of marsh iuterverJng, and noorly south further than the eye
can reach, sirotches the spacious ]>;iy of Fundy. with the fine settlements
and rich marslios on its Nova Scotia shore. Turning toward'j Bay Verte,
and fbllowin;.; ^tiio road we have already descn'ued, we find it no longer
haunted by bcl i,c;erent parties, breathing nothing but hostility to their broth-
er man, but bordered by cultivated fiehls. and each side studded v.ith neat
farm houses, and at Fovt Monkton. though we have not so wi'le a scope to
our view, yet we tlierc look across the spacioua Bay Verte vath long lines
of thriving settlements extending to Cape Tormeutine on the New Bruns-
wick, and farther than the eye can reacli, on the Nova Scotia side. Indus-
try and cntcipvii^o have here worked a cli-'.nge indeed, and have converted the
dense forest and the haunt of the savage, jpto fruitful fields nud happy homeis.

235

I. 'p

early a mile
matac piles ;
1 about eight
ere first dri-
About half
•oad, is Fort
'eaux, and at
he •waters of
to have been
of defence,
nd, together
: the British
century after
tion. Close
cs and bear-
nemory of a
while in the
lave recently
pounds to be
cient to pro-
ne more effi-
id the place

extent of the
e princinally
ations. Thus
proximity to
lid excellent
from the fa-
acted the at-

Issles for the
d other pro-
be embraced
welvc or tif-
the prospect
least £800,-
ZQ village of
the village
i the town of
[STova Scotia,
ihan the eye
settlements
Bay Verte,
it no longer
) their broth-
id v.ith neat
e a scope to
h long lines
Ne^Y Bruns-
ide. Iiidus-
onverted the
lappy homea.

CHAPTER III.

PROVIXCIAL TABLES.

The following tables, consisting, principnlly of the industrial statistics of
the Province of JSfew Brunswick, will shew at one vie"^, the airercgate
amount of agricultural produce raised in the whole Province, as well as in
the several countieSj in 1831 ; and c. CLiraparalive statement is subjoined,
indicating; the advance made during the eleven years Dvevious to that date.

We feel satisfied from the meagre biate of the crops, as indicated by tiio
last census, and the great additional amount raised in 18.14. that .= c returns
shewn on that census do not form an agricultural p'lnorama of the Province,
in ordinary seasons, or when ilie potatoes wove not affected by disease, or
the wheat infested v/ith insects, as was the case in both instances, when the
last account was ta]:cn.

The decrease, 22,8o3, in the number of swine raised in the Province,
between 1840 and 1851, is solely attributable to the tliilure in the potatoe
crop.

The growth of rye is not named in the statistics, which is Nova Scotia,
in the same year, amounted to ()l,4o8 bushels ; it must have formed no
inconsiderable item in this Province.

'if

'. II

S36

■ ;J«'

It ?'

Counties.

Totals.

CO ^'^r^a^no CO >.o '.D •+ r-TcTcrcri-^

05 ^ rH -f '•■ 1 O t- —1 00 O C5 X)

r/3 t-. ,.7, ^ 'M ic GO -^ >'i ^H 1— ~ CI ci Ct 1* X 'O S

CI -t C? r-t -H -H •»♦< CO CC — < CO -1' CO -»" — 1- C-- -r

in v; ^ 1 -H -ri r-H CO 1(0

CI CI

IS a^

-f X -*• X 1 -- is i.o •>-"' -r Si J- ^- =^ 2 zt ? :S '-S

— < -c CO X ^ -r CO "f -r CI CO — < 1 - ~ 1-

,x; X -H —( C0_^ rH X,^ 0^ C 1^ CO__ iro C !_ C 1_ Jb^

1^ rH cT crco^cTic^'-o irTcf tfo

—, CO -f rH -r X

Victo-
ria.

X X >o -H -^ rH CI c-j oc -t r-( 01 CO — -r r-

rH IC' C5 10 CO -O •- 1 - C 5 C 1 C 1 -O

TTi cic< --o ■^..'^^'L-i'-l.'- ^ "v "t
i.-j' o'o'i-o'i-rcr-t -t- r>

CI >.o -+ CO

Sun-
bury.

rH -f lio -1" -f ci t- I - r-. rH CO -f t-* '— 1 - 3

CI rH 10 1^ I- X '0 rH X '^ 'O r- 01 ^ 1- '0 C|

CO iCrH l--^0 "-O^r- 0~;_ rH CO

i.o" io'o'o 0-j"l-ViO

rH rH -"T CI rH CI

Saint
John.

iC -JO CI 1- — < C 1- — ' -r 1.0 i-O -— 1 X x; iro

1 - •-!■ Ci i~- ctj CO 1— I •; 1 "O -t- rH •- 1.0 -^ cs 10

T -H CO -t ■^ I— 1-- X CI >.0 CV I - rH -^ -t

,X, ,.H -H -HO Ci «0 01

io CI CO ^

rH rj -X -r -^ vD -r CO '.O C-: i-. i - ct --h co
•r> rH -t C: 00 >.0 — C^ CO CI 1- -H lO CO -+1

-tT x'co'o'' cfo" o-f"

>* -0 rH

-]■ -, C C I - w rH -T X ~ ^. CI X C5 1 - rH
CO i-O Tf X 'C 1^ C; CI C4 CI rH ..0 CI CI >.o 1 - '.0

0^ .— CO CO l-i.-^CJ_CO ct -«<__uO^O_Tf

f-H rn" Cc"cff- 1- Cl X X rH

t— c) X "O CO

North-
King's, umber-
huid.

-H- -r CI -t © lo r-i t-. oc CO rH •^" -r -r> -^ o ci

i-O r-1 UO '.O rH rH -H 01 l.O 'C CI O i-0 CTS CO C5
•?' rH rH 1.0^ CI_r-^3:^X CO^CO^CI^l.C^^CV

l-o" cF rH -t "^ X^"-— 1 "C'rl*
,-i dOr-H.'.O CI X' lO

rH CI

CI X r-t CI X- X 'O l.O CO r-H liO t^ X rH X. 00 r-

-t cio rH 1.0 CO cr- CI 1- "* c 1 rH ci rH 'O ir: -^ x

CO O^ire rH rH O^ C-^X^X__rjH^Ci_C^C--_iCO_

00' r-T cf o'cio •+' i-o'"x'~o'"crcoco

,-* CI CO —1 1-

rH -H CI CO

O -i-J

crs rH CO "o. 1 ■- ivD ;n> CO i~ 1-0 t - c; CI

rH CO CI -t< rr CV w- 1- CI -H C- lO t- CI 1- CI --

-r oco 1- nf c(_co_^— ^^co^cT^o^c^
,-( c: C4 o-H oci

-f rH C^ CI GO X V2 -f C J O lO X, lO CO 1 - 1 ~
CO rH CI -H :;5 CXi rH rH CO C- 1 ~ CO CI -r !■-

t~ uo "— ' <^ '^°'v^'v^„'^,^l.- L"^, "^i,
r-T T-^ cTo CO co'~co'rH'"cfTi<"io'"

a; -f CO CI c^ ■^< CI ^ CI Tf CO X 't C5 r- O)

CO C; >ra CI CI rH CO rH IC 1- X —i CI

Ci CI CO '=f,'— 1 '-t'^'^l.^i.^t.^^ ~1."*.-
(^ Cf r-T 10 r- 00 1^ •*' CO X
,~t ■r)" rH rH t ■-

X >.(0 CO l^ CI 1-- CO C5 CO !■- Xi LO C4 X CI --^

lO en - w X' CO 1-1 rH CO -? --H CI CO rH

T-i rH CO <M CO^ '*'^'~'~l'''v"^'^.-'''^.,'*..'^'^
rn" rn' rH lO O^r-foo" -^ '-T-f -fio"
-H iCr-lCl COC0p-HI~r^

CI rH rH

Albert.

COCOOXCSrHCjOl^cOOCOOOOOCOOO
rH^^C^O-fOOOOt-H— (OCOrHCIi— l-t<OC-l

CO i-ci «o ^^l'"!,^^'^'^ '^'*'

tS 00 -t< CO rH "-(-"uo"

CO rH c; CO CI rH

Population,

School houses.

Places of worship,

Children at school,*

Births,

Deaths,

Sick and inlirm,

Agriculturis:3,

Saw mills.

Grist mills,

Acres of land cleared,

Tons of hay, -

Wheat, bushels.

Barley, "

Oats, "

Buckwheat, "

Indian corn, *'

Potatoes, "

Turnips & other roots.

•2

i-
a

a
s

r— (

t>fi

-o

•c

■H

!»

237

SO -^

«oo

CcS

w to
X to

■-0

(>•

o
o"

I— (

1—4

§1

^55

r-t

3! "^

tO-»}l

eo
cT
t-

3! (Ml

rirH

I-H

5 CO

X OO^.'OI

c eo 00

N ox

* r M 1

r- XX

rH to 00

rH rH

p .CO to

N 35 l^ '

35 t^O
N Hid t~

eo*

r-*
*

A
" 1

♦

r-l

-.■>
^-

rH
»

rl
*

to C-.

rt rH

CO
CO

rHO
CO CI

iC rH
00 CO

■tl

t-X

rH rH
OX

?5 rH t—

35 l-T eo

r-i'-'i^'Z-

:^ c^ c^

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rH r-

»fl IcO 1— llO I-- rH

rH :i-o to X)-t

H)i to 'rH CO

rH rH 1
1

rH
UO

i-t X

i-H

t~-o

r> o CO

-< rH j«

t^ CJ li.t IC5 O
X O ici 1-^ CO
iOC-l_|00^;X -JO

lo 'rf .0

T^ rH 1

lO T^
l-O

f Ci
•t< CO

X 00

CO 00"
oi'x"

t- rH
N rH

1- ,X X 1

■0 to*

CO
rH

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SO

rHIN

o 9

X IM

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Xt-

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rH .Jj

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to '

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-f*

eod

rH
l«i rH
rH

rneo

To t>
'^ (so

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■stc

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X CM
M CO

to uo
n CO

rH 1M

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to
1—1

to-*

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to to

XI- ICO

X o CO

r>» to
N -M

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t-O to lO 00 rH

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to 00 :oi ,0^00^

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ir-l rH

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CO O] I

X 01 U ,X 00 .'•O
N-nt ,X Is© x^

to ' ;X ,X

rH rH iX to N
i

N 1- 11.0 ;l- 10

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to CO
■* •«91

lO X

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rH

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r. 1=5 1- •M

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rn-^ t^
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CO

co"
Iffl

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t- rH

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<-> X
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rlrH

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to 'ti "••O X
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to to

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to
to

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rH rH

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CO 1-

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to
to

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■*

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to ^

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N Tt<

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rH rH

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to

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X

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to 1.0
uo

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x<x

<-^ T-l

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ft4

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•

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rHO
>S ■>*
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rH i-H

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r^ r-i

•

9t 9%

rHO

rH rH

1-H

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rH T-l

rH
1

1— 1

n #1
rHO

xoS

rH T-l
Vh'V*'

rHO

lO Ht<

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T—i rH

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4 .-

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i -I I

1.1 't

ill''

238

Note. — The county of Westmoreland included Albert, — and Carleton
that of Victoria, at the time the census was takeu in 1840 ; and the returns
for Carleton have been reduced in consequence of a part of that couiily hav-
ing been ceded to the United States under the Ashburton Tieaty, and a
further part awarded to Canada under the recent arbitration.

♦The asterisk prefixed to figures, denotes a decrease.

Progressive Population in the Province of New Brunswick for the following years :

1824.

1834.

1840.

1851.

No. of
Counties.

Total popu-
lation.

Xo. of
Couutie":.

Total popu-
lation.

No. of
Counties.

Total popu-
lation.

154,000

No. of
Counties.

Total popu-
lation.

74,176

119,457

193,800

Numerical increase,

In 10 years, 45,281

In G ycai3, 31,543

la 11 years, 39,800

Note. — Between the various periods of taking the cer.sus, the county of
Northumberland was divided, in 1820, and Kent and Gloucester erected;
York was divided in 1831, and Carleton erected ; Carleton was divided in
1841, snd Victoria erected ; CHoacesLer was divided in 1837. and Restigouche
erected; and Westmoreland was divided in 1845, and Albert erected.

The increase in the population of the Province, according to its original
bounds, between the years 1834 and 1840, was actually 36/,705 ; but the
Ashburton Treaty deprived it of a large tract of land, with a population of
2,162 soula.

Comparison of the increase of Population in New Brunswick, ivith that in four adjoin-
ing States of the American Union :

Territory.

Population.

Increase in 11 years.

In 1840.

In 1851.

Per centage.

N»w Brunswick,

154,000

501,796

1:54,574
291,948
787,030

103,800

89,800

25,84 in 11 years.
23,49 in 10 years.

State of Maine,

•• N. Hampshire
" Vermont,
" Massachusetts

1850.

683,088
317,864
313,Cl]
999,888

Increase iu 10 years.

81,'?&2

33,290

21,663

255,189

Per cent, in 10 years.

16,20

11,70

7,42

84,59

Thus it will be seen that New Brunswick exceeds Maine by 7,29 per cent
New Hampshire 11,79

Vermont

((
({

16,07
Their aggregate 19,86

The State of Massachusetts exceeds this Province by only 11,10
■while the ratio of increase per New Brunswick exceeds the aggregate of these
four States by nearly 2 per cent.

id Carleton
the returns
30Uiity hav-
euty, and a

wing years

1851.

Total popu-
! latioD.

193,800

wa, 80,800

e county of
er erected;
divided in
iestigouche
lOted,

itd original
3 ; but the
)pulation of

four adjoin-

centage.

n 11 years,
a 10 yeara.

in 10 yeari.

6.20
1,70
7,42
4,59

!9 per cent

7 "
6 "
"
ite of these

239

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,02 '

t> C3 4)
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o

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a> -3

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e fe *-l
B 5 <u

.sec
cr o

Si?

r*" "

S(4 0,

I! '^

rt •■|

;|, I.

240

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O

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O

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o

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a) ■— ' <j>

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is hC o

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IN '

d
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:0

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• 1-4

a
r/7

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e « E

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sa d

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d
a

-a 13

good
ween

sre a
oiliea

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raot

ited,
the ]
eur,

r of

ted.

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g tj jj J3 5?

2 bb«»c> a *

valaab
ad, un
is road
e Bay
rge nu
ight be

a^s-ss a

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a 05 9

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, i 2 -s a, . .= ^

:, « 3

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3 .

and
ibIc
ur.

tiements
are access
Say Chale

- se - «^ -C ~

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,a.d

o
♦J

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s -5 35 .a o

4, a «- «« ®

*- -fl 5 .

.— *J o «-

85 O gj O

**-• 0) ' I *•-<'
O ^ O OJ o

a> .. •. ¥
t) o 4) O

3 <0

M.2ja 3 .a
tj - o -u

J- tS H O O

=^ § 2 5.S

9 -u

X o a

»3 to CJ

.- a a

o! *» o

S- S H

lit.-

1-3

5"?

51 Jl
a =*

r— <

-r a.
c5 '3

O) q

rt 5

bt f-l (-1

rf *> s

„ g CS

a,^

t3
— o

a -^

« u .

oiS a

t, - o
? o

i - =^

« C/3 (h 1^

w ^ -J ""*

.;i a 3
fc< o o«

-3

242

The foregoing table only includes the great leading roads, on which set-
tlements have been formed, and a few of the new roads now being opened ;
without referring to the immense tracts of lands capable of being brought
under tillage, in the internal parts of the Province, through which no roads
have yet been projected.

The population of the several towns named in the fifth column was in-
cluded, by the census of 1851, in that of the several parishes of which they
fornied part ; wc have therefore, given the numbers of most of them by
estimate from various sources, and they may be received as a near approxi-
mation to the truth. Those of Fredericton and Saint John are more correct.

The two last columns will shew those desirous of settling, either indivi-
dually or in groups, where the best positions for locating themselves exist,
with reference to the principal roads now constructed or in progress ; the
cross roads branching from these roads are too nun^erods to describe. The
information thus conveyed, will, it is hoped, also be found useful in pointing
out the direction to be pursued to reach the locality that intending settlers
may select.

PUBLIC LANDS, SYSTEM OF LOCATING, AND INSTRUMENTS E:MPL0YED.

Although this Colony has been organized for seventy years, still no pro-
per system of locating the public lands has yet been adopted : they are laid
out in the most irregular manner imaginable. With the exception of a few
isolated cases, limited and local surveys have been made, merely to suit the
notions of the applicaius, who are not always the best judges of what may
be most ndvantageous for themselves, and certainly not of what may be
most for the general interest of the public.

The syslom, or rather no system, has not unfrequcntly been, first, to cm-
ploy a trapper or lumberman to mark out a road, which is generally done
by following the meanderings of the streams, or " steering by sound."' The
latter method of exploring tlie wilderness may be thus explained : a person
at or near the proposed point of termination discharges a gun, or strikes a
dry tree with an axe, when the party at the starting point, proceeds to make
a line in the supposed direclion from whence the sound proceeds. Another,
and which is considered as a more scientific plan, is to start with a pocket
compass in hand, the cost of which does not frequently exceed half a crown,
in the direction of the sound, or in some other supposed direction ; and thus
a line for a load is set cut, but as may be easily imagined, not without its
curves and s( rat if his.

When this part of the public service has been thus performed, or perhaps
in anticipation of it, parties desirous of settling select their lots, commence
their "war upon the wilderness," petition the Legislature for money to
assist them in rendering their intended road passable, and, in process of time,
make applications to the government for a grant ; when this is about to be
issued, a surveyor, for the first time, enters on the locality for the purpose
of establishing lines upon which he may base the description in the grant ;
and generally taking this serpentine road as the base work of his op(U-ation3,
he proceeds to give one lot a double breadth in proportion to its quantity, —
to another half the front it should have, for convenience; extending a third
perhaps, if at all, several miles from the first, in order to inclose some fa-
vorite spot, either as a lumber district, or the site of a saw mill. And with
regard to the directions of side lines, they are generally run on difierent

irhich set-
5 opened;
; brought
i no roads

m was in-
hich they
' thera by
r approxi-
[•e correct.
ev indivi-
Ives exist,
;ress ; the
ibe. The
n pointing
ig settlers

IPLOYED.

ill no pro-
sy are laid
n of a few
to suit the
what may
at may be

rst, to cm-
rally done
nd/' The
: a person
r strikes a
3 to muko
Another,
a pocket
a crown,
and thus
ithout its

)r perhaps

commence

money to

ss of time,

bout to be

c purpose

he grant ;

perations,

lantity, —

ig a third

some fa-

And with

difterent

243

courses, ofken leaving irregular portions of land between them, as the wishes
of the applicants may determine.

We know of instances where the Government own tracts of lands sur-
rounded by curvilinear roads, on which all the front lands have been granted
and located, without even reserving a road to the remaining Crown pro-
perty, so tnat future applicants for the lands thus circumscribed would have
to resort to legal steps in order to obtain access? to the farms which may be
granted to them ; in fact, it is only necessary to glance at a map of the
located roads and lands of the Province to be satisfied of the irregular man-
ner in which they have been laid out.

Nearly all the grants made previous to the last six or eight years have
been laid out too large. In some places, the writer in rc-measuring old
grants, has found that in ten lots purportmg to be jegioh one fourth of a mile
in width, there were actually eleven lots of the same breadth. Similar
cases are very common throughout the Province. '' Hence arises an insuper-
able difficulty in compiling a correct map ; in fact, under these circumstan-
ces, it is impossible to do so correctly or to accurately delineate its sub-divi-
sions without a rc-survcy of all the roads and grants in the Province, at an
expence which its finances do not probably at present warrant. It is true
that the maritime sifirvey of its seaboard, the recent railway surveys, the
survey made on the Ashburton boundary, and that lately made ibe tween this
Province and Canada, will tend to secure a more correct contour ; but the
map of its interior must remain, for some time to come, in an imperfect

As there are still 11,000,000 acres of the area of the Province ungranted,
it is not too late to reform, and, *' better late than never," to establish a
proper system of locating the public lands. Let them be laid out in town-
ships, or regular concessions, in opposite lines, parallel, and of proportion-
able length and breadth ; with due regard to area, and upon straight roads.
This system, if steadily pursued, would ensure satisfaction to the future
possessors of the lands, and prevent much of the litigation that too often
attends the re-establiahment of the boundaries of old grants, boundaries
which have in some cases been removed or varied by interested parties, and
in others, have been destroyed by fire, or perhaps placed too near public
highways, the banks of streams, or the sea shore, and have thus been re-
moved from their original position. Such a system, too, would save much
trouble and expense to the applicants for land — much perplexity to the sur-
veyors, arising out of the present complicated and confu?ed method of lay-
ing out allotments, — and a vast deal of trouble to the officer of the Crown
Department in com))iiing and arranging the general plans of the Province.

Another, and a still more perplexing feature, in the location of the public
lands of the Province, is the variation of the compass.

The located lands have oil been laid out uy instruiuents governed by the
magnetic needle ; nor will the infant state uf the Colony admit of the ge-
neral use of the Theodilite ; the best, in fact, the only remedy for inaccu-
rate surveys, being an instrument of the latter description which costs about
forty pounds, currency ; and when damaged, it cannot be repaired in the
Colony. Thus the cost of making surveys with such an instrument, would
be more than double the ordinary charge. Hence the use of the Circum-
ferenter, in making the general and usual surveys of the county, will have
to be continued, until the people are able to support the adoption, and pay
for :he use of other more improved and more scientific instruments.

h r <

<i I

\ i

1 '••

!!' i\

344

't t['

> ''ii^

3 I
I .

It is needless in a work of this nature, intended for the general reader,
to attempt to elucidate the properties of the magnetic needle ; the \^Titer has
at some length, detailed the operations of the Circuuiferenter in a work on
land sirveying, published by him in 1844 ; and therefore he may only be
perm'.tted to say, in general terms, that all instruments governed by the
magnet are subject to variations, which have not, in the present stage of
scientific progress, been satisfactorily accounted for.

In some parts of the world there is no variation of tho Compass, while
in others it amounts to one quarter of the circuit of our globe ; in some
places, it varies four degrees in ten years, while in this Province the change
is only one degree in the same space of time. Neither is this variation re-
gular, for at gome times and in some places it inclines to the eastward, and
m others to the westward of the true north. In this Province, it is found
by the httest observations, to be still prog)'essing westerly.

The needle is also found to be liable to other irregulavities in addition to
the annual change, to a diurnal change, which is greoter in winter than in
summer, and more observable in the middle of a hot day tlinn in the morn-
ing or evening. In this Province, too, the variation is vorv iiTcrent in dil-
ferent parts of the Colony ; at St. Andrew's, in its extromc southwestern
angle, it amounts to fifteen degrees and forty minutes ; while in the mouth
of the Bay Cha,leur it is twenty-onr; degrees and fifty minutes; thus differ-
ing six degrees between the two extremes of an imaginf^ry di\.;o'.al line,
passing through the Pi evince, as little more than 200 uiiles in length.

In addition to these inexpliable chan;^es, the needle is liable to be, and
often is, desturbed by local attraction. Ferrugcnous matter is ^iresent, more
or less, in almost everything in nature, especially in almost every variety of
mineral substance ; and the aurora borealis, and other phenomena, are not
without their influence. These disturbing c .uses, although sometimes al-
most imperceptible, occasionally produce sensible effects on the operations of
a survey made by the compass,

It can therefore scarcely be expected that accuracj,' should be obtained in
making surveys of a country, in the utter absence of any proper system of
location of the public lands, — and with instruments not only defective, but
subject to so many external influences, and to so many strange and perplex-
ing phenomena.

Many persons have so much faith in tho accuracy of the compass, that
they imagine that all a surveyor has to do is to place it at the starting point,
and that, by some concealed property i; possesses, he may, without further
calculations, or even paying any attention to counieracting influences, arrive
at the true terminus ; there can be no greater mistake than this ; especially
in re-tracing old lines, or running new ones parallel to those which havo
been formerly run. In either of these cases he must first ascertain their
true magnetic direction, — observe carefully that his instrument is not dis-
turbed by local influences, and otherwise attend closely to its operations ;
he cannot otherwise with any degree of certainty, make a proper inclosure;
a skilful practitioner may thus^ with a good magnetic instrument, and byerror3
balancing errors, make a tolerably correct survey : so uiuch so indeed that
JEuropei.'i Phigineers are often astonished at tho degree of accuracy that
may thus be obtained, even without removing any large obstacle that may
be in the way, and taking the distances on half cleared lines.

The whole system of land surveying, even with such instruments as we
have, might be much improved by the establishment of meridian lines, at

eral reader,

e v,Titer has
1 a work on
nay only be
•ncfl by the
nt stage of

npas3, while
je ; in some

the change
variation re-
stwarcl, and

it is found

1 addition to
"Iter than in
n the rcorn-
brcnt in dit-
outh western
r the mouth
thus differ-
•^'^oKal line,
length.
?. to bO; and
resent, more
ry variety of
lena, are not
)m'j times al-
jperations of

} obtained in
er system of
efective, but
and pcrplex-

ampaas, that
arting point,
lout further
ances, arrive
I ; especially
which have
certain their
t is not dis-

operations ;
?r ihclosure ;
uidbyerrora

indeed that
^curacy that
Ic that may

ments aa we
iuu lines, at

245

convenient distoncea apart, in order that Surveyors might frequently com-
pare their instruments with such lines, and note the difference, if any ; sur-
veys would not be so frequently made with instruments which are out of
repair, besides the magnetic phenomena would bo better understood by sur-
veyors, and this portion of the pubhc business be infiuitcly better per-
formed,

PROVINCIAL EDUCATION.

There are few terms in our language with which we have so much to do,
and which takea such a latitude of meaning as thai of " education." By
some it has been considered to consist entirely in a knowledge of Latin, Greek,
Hebrew, and the higher branches of mathematics ; by others, and we think
with much more propriety, in such knowledge as may best fit men for the
various duties of life according to the station in which they may h.c plnced.

Education presents itself to us in a two fold aspect : first, man, ns a ra-
tional and sentient being, is required to learn, progress, and know ; and se-
condly, as a responsible being, his knowledge requires to be rightly di-
/ rected.

We hold it to be utterly useless and futile to impart acholastiu instruction,
without ."giving it direction ; supposing a man able to grasp all tlie languages
in existence, unfold and unravel the whole course of metaphysical science,
and even to decipher all the intricacies connected with the astral heavens, but
still to pursue an immoral and reprobate hath ; the bestowal of such know-
ledge, so abused, would be worse than vanity.

It requires no proof beyond that furnished by every day's experience, that,
whenever moral and intellectual ignorance pr avails, supei'stitinn, idolatry, and
crime, go hand in hand; and, if the millions of money, to ray nothing of
the sufferings of criminals ai.d the heart burnings of paients, that have been
spent in the punishment of guilt, had been applied in its prevention, how
different would the actual state of society have been.

In looking in detail at the various pursuits to which the great of mankind
is required to devote its labor, we find that they resolve t.'iemseives, gene-
rally, into these two great branches, agriculture and commerce ; and what-
ever kind of knowledge tends to develope, and render these pursuits more
useful to man, is a great desideratum. As a first and primary principle,
however, ev^vy citizen of a free state should be so educated as to enable him
to understand and appreciate the institutions of his country, the duties that
may devolve on him in a public or private capacity, and above all, the whole
system should be so morally and religiously directed, as that he may be
enabled to shun those rocks upon which the ignorant and unlettered are so
often dashed.

All civilized and enlightened countries, in addition to the regulation of
their jurisprudence, have their intellectual institutions which are recognized
by the body politic. These institutions in some countries are encouiaged
by and under the dirt^ct control of the Legislature; while in others, they
take their rise among the democratic body, and are confirmed by legislative
enactment.

In both these cases it requires enlightened knowledge to render these
scholastic institutions really useful.

Great Britain possesses no national system of education, though frequent
attempts have been made to establish one, universally, or generally applica-
ble, but all have hitherto failed. Parliament annually votes large sumij of

246

I'
If

■un

■^: I

money in aid of education ; and the nation is blessed with a multiplicity of
intellectual institutions of all kinds, many of which are fre*and accessible
to all grades and ranks of society ; still vast numbers of the poorer classes
are sent forth to the world unlettered and uncultivated.

On turning to that part of the. American Union known as the New Eng-
land States, many of whose public institutions are worthy of imitation by
much older countries, we find that the law now in operation was enacted in
1647, when the population did not exceed 21,000 souls, when the country
was a comparative wilderness, when the red man of the forest claimed to be
monarch of all he surveyed, and when isolation, poverty, and want were
among their chief characteristics. It was then that the Pilgrim Fathers con-
ceived the idea, that the property of all should be taxed by the majority for
the education of all : thus practically saying that "it is better to be taxed
for the education of the child, than for the punishment of the man," and
this was done within five years after the first settlements were formed in
that now practically educated country.

This, we believe, is the first attempt at the establishment of free schools
upon this system ever promulgated by authority since the Christian era ;
and notwithstanding it is of 207 year's standing, with its usefulness ratified
by time, and that the world is ascending higher and higher in the intellec-
tual scale, still how few a.re the countries which have foPowed this noble,
wise, patriotic, and philanthrophic example. In those districts of Canada
in which a somewhat similar system has been in operation, the attendance
of pupils has increased from 50 to 300 per cjnt.

Under this mode of advancing education, the poor and the rich pay for
its support according to their means ; and as a consequence, all have the
right to a participation in the benefits of a good practical instruction. " The
son of the rich man will drink from the stream of knowledge at the com-
mon fountain, and will experience corresponding elevation of thought, sen-
timent, feeling and pursuit."

Another beauty in this plan is that every parent, having paid his yearly
quarter, however little or much, is entitled by law to the education of his
children, however numerous ; so that the body politic practically, become
trustees, and are all interestcu in its advancement and public utility. There
is this marked difference betvreen the system pursued in the United States
and that in Canada. In the former, the taxation, which commenced at this
early period of the country's history, is compulsory ; while in the latter,
where such astonishing results have been produced, it is optional with the
people in their municipalities, whether they will assess themselves or not.

While we believe that New Brunswick^ principally through the liberality
of its Legislature, is in as eiiicient a state with regard to its parish schools,
as any other country where the free school system does not prevail, still we
hope thai, if the Province would adopt a similar plan, the existence of an
uneducated youth within its limits would be an isolated fact.

The principal objections taken to the free school system of propagating
knowledge arc, that the higher classes, generally meaning the more wealthy,
do not consider the parish school the px oper place for the education of their
children, and, therefore, they ought not to be taxed for its support ; — and
that it is unjust to tax persons for the support of a school, in which they
do not participate or from which, from having no children, or any other
cause, they do not receive a direct and individual benefit. In answer to
these very common and frequently urged objections, we arc led first to in-

sence

pies

this

pally

cduca

247

;iplicity of
accessible
er classes

New Eng-
itation by
enacted in
le country
imed to be
want were
Lthers con-
ajority for
;o be taxed
aan," and
formed in

ree schools
istian era;
ess ratified
tie intellec-
this noble,
of Canada
attendance

ich pay for
1 have the
m. "The
t the com-
ught, sen-

his yearly
,tion of his
[y, become
;y. There
ted States
Iced at this
Ithe latter,
il with the

or not.

liberality
ih rJichoolS;
|il, still we

ince of an

bopagating
Ic wealthy.
In of their

)rt ; — and
Ihich they
[any other
lanswcr to

irst to in-

quire who are the higher classes , we know that the rich and affluent arro-
gate to themselves, that distinction, without at all weighing themselves
m the scale of moral rectitude ; while experience has established the
fact that neither the poor nor the rich are the most moral portions of
society, but rather those who, comparatively speaking, are neither very
poor nor very rch, — those who pursue the middle walks of life — not
that it is necessarily so, but this result grows out of the facts that tiie poor,
lor Avant of a moral and intellectual education, for want of training up in
the way they should go, too often fall into tlie ranks of vice and crime ; on
the other hand, the rich, through the abundance of wealth, and in the ab-
sence of moral education, are apt to run into profligacy, and by their exam-
ples produce the worst effects upon the other grades of society, inasmuch as
this class generally supplies the rules, and we find that vice almost univer-
sally d( scends from rulers to subjects. But when wealth is accompanied by
education, moral as well as intellectual, its recipient will, never for a moment,
entertain the idea that to educate his children in the parish school, together
with those of the poor but honest man, is beneath his dignity : but on the
contrary he will be glad to assist by example, precept, and means, to elevate
the character of these around him : if, in after life, his children have the
leisure and ability (which cannot fall to the lot of all) to improve the ele-
mentary education thus given, the means are, of course, open to him to
give them these further advantage's.

These objections further imply that some are benefited, but those who direct-
ly send pupils to the schools, which in the .\bsence, is not true ; for if moral and
intellectual education lessen:, "~^ce, which no one, we presume, will venture
to deny, then it must save money, which is all important in this money-
making age, by lessening the cost of prosecutions and of maintenance of
criminals. Besides this it adds to the safety of life and property, and adds
to the value of property in every well ordered community. And further,
the philanthrophic feelings which must be impressed on every breast, when
he sees the blessings of well directed intelligence spread around him, ought
to be some compensation for a pecuniary outlay.

The question then arises, believing this system, ii' realized, to be replete,
with all that is necessary to good and wholesome education, what is the duty
of the Legislature with regard to it. It is the opinion of some that its
adoption should be made compulsory by legislative enactment. Notwith-
standing, however, that we are decidedly in favor of this principle, we do
not believe that this is the proper way to promote education among a free
ar 1 intelligent people, and we are inclined to prefer the Canadian system,
which leaves ii to every municipality to adopt the compulsory plan, but en-
courages its adoption by afllbrding it legislative encouragement.

The enforcing this measure by immediate compulsory enactment among
a people whose voice is sovereign in the making as well as the administra-
tion of the laws would be inexpedient. Conviction must precede legislation,
and to produce this, let competent persons be employed, v.hose duty it shall
be Lo visit every settlement hovrever remote, and to explain by lecture both
to parents and children, the advantages of acquiring education, and the best
system for advancing it; thus not only may every man be roused to a par-
ticipation in its blessings, but the free school system, modified as in Canada,
once approved by the majority of the people, will soon become the law of
the land.
There have been, from time to time, various legislative enactincnts in thia

I:'.-'

%:\^

¥M

>. ■

i"?!

m-i

*:, i

248

Province for the encouragemont of education. We shall not go farther
>>ack than the Act of 1833, which provided for the appointment of three
Truiteea in each parish, who had power to divide it into school districts,
•»8sist the inhabitants in employing a teacher, examine him as to his qualifi-
cations, watch over his proceedings, and displace him for misconduct. They
were further to certify the schools to the Justices at general Sessions, pro-
vided the school was kept for six or twelve months pursuant to agreem,ent,
and to their satisfaction ; the inhabitants had to pay to each male teacher
/ '■' and to each female XIO per annum, or to provide them with board,
loaging and washing, and on these facts being certified by the Justices to
the Administrator of the Government, each male and female drew the same
amounts respectively by warrant on the treasury.

Tbese are sonie of the principal provisions of an Act^passed upwards of
twi ;' ^r ago,

Jii ■: ■ ay be asked why this act did not more effectually advance edu-
cation ; operations were under the immediate control of the people
themse ^ ; ti;'^ 'rusteos were annually appointed by the Sessions, and the
inhabitants, togt-.ui. ■<" with those trustees possessed the sole power of em-
ploying the teacher ; in fact, all the supervision was virtually placed in their
joint hands.

This failure may be attributed to the following causes :-

1.-,

St, On account of the difficulty of finding, at that time, persons in
each parish competent to the perform the duty of Trustees.

2d. This arduous duty had to be performed gratis, hence it was neglected.

3d. In consequence of a want of means, either real or supposed, teach-
ers were generally employed with a greater regard to cheapness than to their
moral o-' intellectual qualifications.

4th. The paltry sums paid for tuition fees were not sufficient inducement
to persons to qualify themselves for the proper discharge of these duties ;
hence it followed that few but incompetent and unfit, and in many cases, in-
digent persons, were candidates for the office of school teacher.

In consequence of this incompetency among the teachers, the Legislature
in 1837, passed another act, the provisions of which did not much differ
from tliose of 1833, except that a boarJ of education consisting of three or
more persons was appointed for each county, Avhose duty it was to receive
applicaiiona from, and to examine all persons desirous of teaching school,
and to report thoreon to the Government.

Bj^ th)3 Act, little, if any, improvement was effected in the management
of paririh soliools ; generally speaking, the same persons who taught under
the former act, wore continued ; however it remained in operation until 1840,
when an act was passed in amendment of that of 1837, the principal clter-
ations being an increase of the teachers allowance, giving an average of
XI 80 and £260 as the extremes for an}' one parish.

This Act not giving satisfaction in its working, the whole was remodelled,
and in 1847, a now act was passed, the principal provisions of which were : —

Isl. A Provincial Board of Education, composed of the Administrator
of the Government, with the Executive Council.

2d. The establishment of a training school at Fredericton, where licensed
teachers Avcre required to attend for the space of ten weeks, to receive in-
gtx'nct^ou in the ar>. of teaching ; for which att«.'ndance each candidate re-
ceived lea ^hillin^rs pci* week.

8(3, Trained teacbetB to bo eUssiiS^d by tha Board ftooording to^theirquft'

ii:

go farther
int of three
lol districts,
hia qualifi-
uct. They
ssions, pro-
agreement,
lale teacher
with board,
Justices to
3W the same

i upwards of

.dvance edu-
[ the people
ons, and the
3wer of em-
aced in their

, persons m

as neglected.

posed, teach-

than to their

t inducement
these duties;
ny cases, in-

e Legislature
much differ
g of three or
as to receive
jhing school,

management
:aught under
n until 1840,
'incipal clter-
n average of

remodelled,
lich were : —
administrator

here licensed
;o receive in-
candidate re-

;t9^theirqu6r

249

lificatioas ; the first class receiving ^30, the second ^£22, and the third
£1S per annum.

4tb. A sum of £1000 was placed at the disposal of the Provincial Board
of Education, for the purpose of providing books, apparatus, &o., for the use
of parish schools ; the average Provincial allowance to each parish was X180,
and the maximum £260 as by the last act.

5th. All licensed teachers who did not avail themselves of the < , aining
school, were to receive £20, subject to a reduction to XI 3, as tea. aers of
the lowest class, should they neglect, after a reasonable time to attend at
that establishment.

6th. The Trustees were given the same powers as under the former acts,
except that of judging of the teachers literary qualifications.

This act continued in force until 1852, when all former acts were repealed,
and a measure substituted, the principal features of whicli are : —

1st. The appointment of a Provincial feuperintendant, and .a local inspec-
tor for each county.

2d. A clause providing for the volur -7 adoption of the assessment
principle for the support of teachers, &c.. ^^ht ;ver a majority of the rate
payers upon property of any parish or d" itric ^.hall decide upon such a
course.

3d. A Board of Education as before ; the Superintendant, who is Secre-
tary to the Board, being a member also ; L,ach Superintendant to receive a
salary of X200 per annum, and £50 r travelling expenses, while visiting
various parts of the Province once a y^ar.

4th. Trustees are required to divide parishes into districts, to assist in
providing school-houses, and procuring teachers, and have power to suspend
or dismiss such teaciiers for improper conduct.

6th. The average allowance is £200 to each parish, and not more than
£260 to any one parish.

6th. All teachers in such parishes as have adopted the assessirent prin-
ciple are allowed 25 per cent over and above the allowance to teachers of
the same class in other parishes.

7th. A training school is established at St, John also, with male and fe-
male instructors, where teachers and candidates may obtain first or second
class licences. Teachers of the lowest class may obtain uuiliority to teach
from the superintendant on producing a certificate from the local inspector.

We hcive now but one more act to refer to, making, however, no less than
six statutes " for the better establishment and maintenance of parish schools,"
in little more than 20 years. This act, passed in 1854, merely altera one
section of the preceding act, giving the following salaries : —

Per annum.
First class £37 10

Second '' 30

Third " 22

First class 27

Second " 22

Third " 17 ,

The partial failure of these acts, to effect the amount of good required,
has resulted, in a great measure, from their ineffective provisions, as well as
from the want of energy on the part of parents. Notwithstanding that the
first act gave the control entirely to those most interested in its operation,
the people at large, still it did not effect even so much for the advancement

Male Teachers.

Female Teachers.

ii' .i

It.'*

!•

If:

250

of fidacation as was anticipated from it. It may be submitted whether the
schools of tlio Provinco vrould not have been more cflicient than they are at
the present day, if the Legislature had coDt'nucd this act, and increased the
salaries of the teachors to what they now arc, <]ividi»g tlo amount now paid
to the Eupcrintendant and Inspeciors, XITCS, among the Trustees of each
parish, this woul<l have allowed ^18 to each parish, an inadequate remuner-
ation it is true, but slHl better than nothing : and public dulico, gratuitously
performed, are seldom, if ever, satisfuciorily done, especially in a new coun-
try where the economical devotion of time is a first principle, and where
there are comparatively few who can afford to give up much time to public
matters without some compensation.

If Trustees had, under the provisions of this act, been annually elected,
and properly remunerated, the public would have AVatcliod their proroctlings
with a more jealous eye, other persons would liave prepared tliemselves for
the office, and thus an additional interest and a degree of emulation would
have been diffused among the people ; and had the allowance to teachers
been increased to i<-s present amount, they would have been better able to
procure books for th^ir own use, have given more attention to study, and
thus have rendcved themselves more useful in their vocation.

With reference to the present law, it is true that while the sum paid to
teachers is more aucijuaio than ff^merly, yet the .lUiOunt given to Inspec-
tors is too small to er-sure satisfactory results ; hence many of the visits
have to be hurried, and little more than nominal, and the parents, instead
of visiting the schools in company with the Inspector, seldom hnow when
he comes or whither lie goes. Trustees too have still a duty to perform, but
as they gel no pay, it ia seldom attended to ; and by this means the whole
management passes into the hands of persons over whom the people have
no direct control.

While these are somf> of the faults of the present system, still it must be
admitted that it has many good features. The classification of teachers,
thereby encouraging emulation.

The training tichool for teachers, a great step towards uniformity of
system.

Quarterly reports of every school in the Province ; hence the state of the
schools Ji obvious to every cne desirous of becoming acquainted with this
important dopartment. A better and more uniform suj^ply of books and
apparatus.

And tne whole under the supervision of His Excellency the Lieutenant
Governor, the Executive Council, and the Provincial Superintendant of
Education, a gentleman well versed in the whole routine of scholastic in-
struction.

The following table will shew the number of schools and pupils for the
years thereoy indicated :

1851. 1852. 1858. Increase.

Number of schools 688 744 56

of pupils

18,386 18,591

24,1-T

,536

The annual repoit on the parish schools for 185-4, recently published, is
incomplete, but the superintendants estimate from the returns made, that
the attendance of pupils in that year amounted to 26,200.

It will be seen by the census of 1851, that there were 18,386 pupils then
attending parish schools— a number, we believe, to be much beyond the
truth ; there may have been this number perhaps at school at intcrvels dur-

whether the
I they arc at
ncieased the
ant now paid
itees of each
ate remuner-
grotuitously
a new couu-
e, and where
me to public

lally elected,
' proopcdings
lemsclves for
ilation would
1 to teachers
otter able to

study, and

sum paid to
3n to Inspec-
of the visits

onts, instead

1 I'ROw when
perform, but

ua the whole
) people have

,11 it must be
of teachers,

iniformity of

Q state of the
:cd with this
)f books and

c Lieutenant
intendant of
icholastic in-

jupils for the

Increase.
56

5,536
published, is
3 made, that

pupilb then
beyond the
litervels dur-

251

ing that year, in the way that parents too often send thsir children to school ;
say that for one month tliey aciid two or three, for the next month none,
and for the month after, one,— a plan as ruinous to the advancement of
education in the children, as it is unfair to the laws by which it k regulated,
and unjust and prejudicial to the teachers. Whatever time parents can af-
ford to send their children to scliool, should be continuous and unbroken •
for it cannot bo expected th".t children \v]!l icarn, unless endowed with mi-
raculou,i powers, v, hen they are only allowed to attend school for three, four
or five A\ccks at a time, with an interval of five or six months of ne-^lect.

It will bo ob3erved, from the above table, that, assuuiin*^ the census of
1851 to be correct, the increased attendance in 1852 only numbered 205,
while that in 1853 exceeded the precediii<i; year by 5.586. This large and
sudden increase may, perliiipa, be attributed, in some measure. <o tlic opera-
tions of the new law ; but when we consider the prostrate state of af^ricul-
ture and commerce during 1852, and several of the preceding years, and
the sudden burst of Jmprovcmtiit that immediately followed, we believe that
the increase is more attri'aUable to the i»icreascd pecuniary support that
each family was enabled to alTjrd to this object, and their better abihty to
send their children to school, aided by the slow but gradual perception of
the benefits of education amoni< the people, than to the operation of any
law; and the estimate for 1854, which we have given above, seems to war-
rant this assumption.

Thou<di we believe that there arc few families in the Province who do not
indirectly participate in the benefits of education, yet, on comparing the
number ol" puniLs attending pari^ii schools with tliat of the fanjiiies, it will,
be found that nearly one-thud of the latt'^r do not avail themselve-j of the
educational system thus established. While this is the ease, and one-third
of the families send no child to school, it L.ust be obvious that there is a
very great deficiency, according to this calculation, in the nniount of school
attendance. It may hero be observed that New .Hrunswick bCnds 120 chil-
dren to school, out of every thousand of its inhabitants ; Nova Scotia 110,
and Prince Ldward iKland 105, out of the same number, in the latter,
the compul.iory assessment system has been introduced. (»S'et; Ihe article
on I'Jduca/lu/f,, in lite rh'tpier on, Princo Edward Isiaiid.)

This Province lias devoted, annually, the large si'ui of X16,000 to the
purposes of education. In 1853, indeed, the sura expended was d£18,8v8
133. 0;J., wliich has been furrlicr au^ir.ented, in consequence of the incrcaciod
salaries to tlio teachers, ,£22,587 in tho present year. Of the monies
thus granted lor educational purposes in 1853, there were iti3,G56 9s. de-
voted to the advancement of parish schools.

t52

A Table, sliewing the population of each County in 1851, the pupils at school in 185^,
and the number of schools and other literary institutions in that year.

i.i

r.i

'if1

'li

r li

Counties.

Popula-
tion in
1851.

Pupils at
parish

schools in
1863.

No. of
sohools.

Other literary institutions.

Albert,

Corleton,

Charlotte,

Gloucester,

Kent,

King's,

Korthumborland,

Queen's,
Restigcuche,

Saint John,

fiunbury,
Victoria,

Westmoreland,
York,

6,313
11,108
19,1*38
11,704
11,410
18,842

15,064

lo,o;54

4,161

38,47-''.

5,301
5,408

17,814
1 7,628

994
1,612
ii,702
1,167
1,161)
2,507

2,304

1,643

508

2,861i

751
275

2,967
2,659

56
122
35
36
97

65
22

22
12

Grammar School,
Do.

Do. St. Stephen'a Academy.
Do.
Do.

Grammar School and Roman Catholic

School.
Grammar School.

Do.
Grammar, Roman Catholic, AA-ioan and

Commercial School.
Grammar School.

Do.
Mnlo and Female Academies, and French

College.
King's College, Collegiate School, Baptist

Seminary, Infant School, and R. C. School.

Totals,

11(3,800

24 T>7 "'"4 1'here are Madras and other sohools in
' ' the Province, in addition to the above-

In the year 1853, there were 21,074 learning spelling,

18,927
13,573

a
((
i(

u
((
((
((
u
li
((

((
((

((
((
u

((
((
((
i(
((
II
(1

((
((

((
((
u
l(
((
({
((

u
((
u

9,527

4,151

3,606

1,329

605

181

197

578

2,050

((
(I
n
(t
((
((
((
(I
((
((
((

reading,

■?vriting,

arithmetic,

English grammar,

geography,

history,

book-keeping,

geometry,

mensuration,

land surveying,

navigation,

algebra,

other subjects,

common needle-work.

The above numbers and list of subjects are all taught in the parish
Bchools, in addition to the numbers educated, and branches of education
taught, in other institutions throughout the Province.

Table^ shelving the classification of Teachers :

First class, 87 "

Second do., 122

Third do., 253 \ Male teachers.

Total,
First class,
Second do.,
Third do.,

Total,

462 J
461
40 I

167 }

268 J

i Total

of both
715.

sexes —

Female teach-
ers*

chool in 185S,
year.

atioQS.

n'a Aoademy.

an Catholio

, AMoan and

!S, and French

Ichool, Baptist
udli.C. School.
;her schools in
the above.

mar.

3-work.
the parish
f education

:h sexes-

.{i*^> ' . Religions Persuasion of Teachers :

Episcopalian,

Roman Catholic,

Presbjterian,

Methodist,

Baptist,

Congregationaliat,

Other 'IcnominationS;
The total amount, including Provincial allowanceg, suras
sessment, subscriptions by inhabitants and from vtirious other
was expended during the year 1853, for the support of

was
Granted in aid of other institutions

263

179
155
106
00
140
5

realized by as-

sources, which

pariah schools

X22,587

5,222

.' ^

Making the grand total in aid of education in the Province £27,809

This gross amount is in addition to the support given to numerous private
schools, and other similar institutions, wliicli arc not under the direct con-
trol of the Board of Education, from whose reports wc have extracted tho
principal pnrt of the foregoing tabular statements.

These returns shew the small numbor who attend the higher branches,
compared to those who engage in the elementary studies.

By the census of 1851, it appears that, out of a population of 193,800
souls, there were only 502 who atU led grammar schools. Thus we see
that but little interest is taken by tlie mass of the people in the higher stu-
dies — these who learn geography are only 181 ; land surveying 75 , navi-
gation 21 ; and algebra 06. As it is very common for one student to at-
tend to various branches at the sumo time, tho number Avho made either the
sole object of study must be very few. It follows, therefore, that the Pro-
vince have been legislating for education a head of the Ic;.Mtimate wants of
the people, besides the amount given for county gramn ir chools, at a great
cost to the Province, large sums have been granted to Cuilegiato institutions
at the expense of the many, and only to the advantage of the few, without
producing a commensurate amount of general utility.

King's College. — This institution was estnblished at Fredericton by
Royal Charter in 1828, under the patronage of Sir Howard Douglas, then
Governor of New Brunswick. It is amply provided with highly competent
professors, a library and philosophical apparatus, with an observatory , so
that a thorough classical and philosophical education may be obtained at it.

It receives annually the large endowment of .£2,000 sterling, one half
from the British Crown, and the other from the Provincial Legislature ; it
possesses besides a tract of 6,000 acres of valuable land adjacent to ihe
college, and the total revenue from all sources is £2,501 annually.

Strong objections have been urged to its receiving such large sums from
the public funds, while it was sectarian and exclusive in its operations.
Frequent applications have been made to the Legislature, and a correspon-
dence opened with the Imperial Government as to the allowii other deno-
minations besides the Church of England, to participate in i' management,
and otherwise modifying its exclusive character. This, in ^ -me measure,
has been effected, but it is still under sectarian control.

The salaries of the Professors and other incidental expenses amounted, in
the year 1852, to more than £1,800.

There is also a Collegiate School in Fredericton, ably conducted, where

■'

254

t,*\

t 'i

I-

I I

pupils pursue all the necessary branches to qualify them for matriculation
at th?. College. It receives the annual sum of ^350 from the College
fund ; 30 that the amount actually paifl in defraying the expenses of these
two establishments, is over £2,200, while the average number of students
"whu annually attend at the College docs not exceed sixty-five : therefore,
each sLudcnt educated there costs o£oO. at least, of public money.

King's Coll'jgc was erected at a great cost, and at a time when \he Pro-
vince was unprepared to support it ; and scarcely, even at the present day,
twenty-six years since its foundation, is the st<'itc of society sufficiently ad-
vanced to su[)port such r.n establishment, especially considering the number
of other literary institutions now in being. So that if the large amount of
money, £2u,000 sterling, which have been paid out of the public funds of
the Province, together wiih its other endowments, besides an equal amount
from the British Crown, had been expended in deviating and endowing the
common schools, in which almost all the useful and practical men of the
country receive their education, what a blessing it would have been to the
Province.

If, indeed, a thorough Uni\ersity, where creed should not be considered;
but where moral and intellectual endowments should be the only test, were
establishf'd near the common boundary for both Nova Scotia and -New
BruusvrJck, and in which both Provinces could participate in common, and
the surplus of all the endowments not propeily required for this purpose,
bestowed on the improvement of the parish schools, a new era in moral and
scholastic instruction would characteiize the Frovince.

Sin^e the foregoing obc.rvations were written, the Commissioners ap-
pointed by the Government have made their reporu on this institution, em-
bodying many useful recommendations ; one of the principal being the es-
tablishment of a University, with which other educational institutions may
be afliliateil. They also recommend the cmtiracing many branches of prac-
tical education, not heretofore taught in the College, but which, in the words
of the Keport, " will best (jualify them (the students) to advance their own
inter sts and those of their country, in tlie capacity of farmers, merchants,
manufacturers, engineers, architects, mechanics, navigators, or professional
men."

There is other important subjects winch seems to have rr.?eived the full
attention of the commissioners, and their report affirms that "no youth can
be propr'* ly educated who is no;, instructed in religion as well as in science
and literature.'"'

Buplisl iSaninnry. — 'i'his institution was cstabliphed in Frederieton in
183(3, by the r>aptists of tlie Province, it is °.upported, with the excep-
tion of an annual Legislative Grant of X250, by the denomination to which
it belongs. It has been foand a useful institution of learning, and has done
much in elcvitting the cduc:::tional standard of the Province by diifusing a
kno-'vlcdge of the classics, and the higher branches of science.

SackvUle Aradfj.n/, in AVestmorcland ccv.nl y. was built by private sub-
scription in 1843. it receives an annual donation of ii300 trom the Pro-
vincial Legislature of .New Brunswick, and another of X150 from that of
Nova Scotia. It is under the c-nntvol of th; Methodist i'enomijuUion ; the
subjects taught are classics, natural and moral philosophy, mathematics,
ani divinUy. It gave insinicti'Mi, in Juno^ 1854, to 119 students. ■
.• Funuh Acudaiiy at Sackvillo wbicli aiao receives a legialntivo allowaiiO
pf £800. This institution wan esiublishod in 1864, under the management

255

aatriculation

the College

ises of these

of students

): therefore,

len \hti Pro-
present day,
ITiciently ad-
the number
;e amount of
blic funds of
qual amount
idowing the
men of the
been to the

considered ;
\y test, were
ia and 'New
ommon, and
bis purpose,
n moral and

5sioners ap-
;itution, em-
leing the es-
tutions may
hes of prac-
in the words
le their own
merchants,
professional

t'ed the full
youth can
s in science

cdericton in
the excep-
on +0 which
nd has done
r diifusing a

irivatc sub-
in the Pio-
rom that of
Jiation ; the
uithematics,
nts.

allowaiit)
aanagement

of the same body of Christians. The instruction given is under the direc-
tion of a female Principal of high literary standing, and the other precep-
tresses are extremely well qualified for their task : the number of pupils
already admitted exceeds one hundred.

Both these last named Institutions arc situ.ated in a hcruthy part of the
Province, and are calculated to promote the intellectual progress of its youth
of both sexes.

The country round the head of the Bay of Fuiidy is as lii,'!:hly favored
in an educational point of v'ew us any other pai t of the Province. In ad-
tion to the two Academies already dc^iCiiocd, uioio are tv.o other schools,
both female, in that neighborhood; cne at Amhors<" in Nova Scotia, and the
other near Fort Cumberland; and strange to say, that as these institutions
have increased in iiumbev, go have the pupils in cnch ; a fact which evident-
ly shews that education has recently received a fresh and satisfacLory sti-
mulus.

In the cily of Saint John, tuOio are a number of literary inotitutions, all
of which receive Legislative aid.

T/ic Madras School, which '3 nndor the supervision of tlie Aduiinistra-
tor of the Government and the heads of the principal departments, receives

XiOO

100

150

.50

_ 50

v.hich shall

entitled to

-Every county, the inhabitants of
£50 in payment of a teacher, is

£100

annually
The grammar school, a very superior one
Roman Catholic School
African School
Commercial School

Grammar Schools.
Bubscribe the sum of

have a Grammar School, tho Govciiaucnl allowance being JjLI^[) per
annum. There are at present twelve of these institutions in the Province,
in addition to several other i^cliools of a high order.

These Grammar Schools are, next to the pariali schojls, the most useful
in the Province ; they arc cuLiroly fre; irom tliiit sectarian element which
enters, more or le^s, into all denoniination-\l .^.^tabiishnicntrf ol' this nature.

However, at the present time, many of tho parish 3cbooh]ia.-jtcr3 are fully
competent to give instrucLion in all the branches required to be taught in tho
grammar schools, and may therefore be said to have in a great measure su-
perseded them, especially a^ board and lo(!\^ing ave gre:it obstnclcs in the
way of many bo^ys availing themselves of the grammar schools. The teach-
ers of parish schools being generally migratory, though not necessarily so,
their usefulness becom.es more generally diffused ; whereas there can only
be one grammar school in each county, and that s::tationary, gouerally in the
county town. At many of the parish tchools, graniuiar, and some of the
higher branches of education, ave actually taught, and if a pi, in could be de-
vised for making these grammar schools migratory, accoiding to tho wants
of the population, their utility would be more practical, and the benefits to bo
derived from them would be participated in by a far greater number.

The establishment of school lil)jaric3 has n(;t yet been attempted in this
Province, though in Upper t'anada 75,000 volumes are in circulation. Wo
hope the attention of the public will, in lutuvj, be directed to this praise-
worthy object.

Lilcralurc. —Tho Literature of the Province, both moral and intellec-
tual, is on equal footing with that of the growing countries by which it is
surrounded, and is far in advance, especially in a moral point of view, of

[

'■J

'jt

' ;

11 j

v.' if!

Bi' '*

:■

pi ':

Plf^

256

many of the countries of Europe. The truth of the maxim is daily be-
coming more manifest, that success is the offspring of diligence, and eminence
the fruit of steady apphcation and laborious effort.

In addition to the frequent publication of works on moral, religious, his-
torical, statistical and scientific subjects, there are, besides two daily papers,
published in the city of Saint John, twenty weekly newspapers published in
the Province, as follows: -

Place.
Saint John,

((

York, City of Fredericton,

(( a u

((

Charlotte, St. Stephen's,
St. Andrew's,

((

Carle ton, Woodstock,

a ' a

((

Northumberland, Chatham,
Westmoreland, the Bend,

Names of papers.
Morning News,
Courier,
Obser' cr ,
Freeman,
New Brunswicker,
Churcli Witness.
Royal Gazette,
Head Quarters,
Reporter,

Temperance Telegraph,
The Pilot,
The Standard,

The Family Gazette and Char-
lotte County Advertizer.

Carleton Sentinel,

Woodstock Journal,

Temperance Advocate.

Gleaner.

Westmoreland Times.

English literature is eagerly sought for, and vnst numbers of newspapers
are circulated on the arrival of every mail from Europe.

In many respects, there is great attention paid to morality and re-
ligion in every department in the Province. The appointment by the
Government of clergymen, irrespective ot creed, to examine its grammar
schools and other literary institutions, the closing of public offices, and, in
a measure, the stoppage of the travelling of the mails on the Sabbath day,
and a course of good wholesome laws, for the suppression of public immo-
ralities, arc among those good things at which the country may rejoice.
Still there is ample room for a vast amount of further reform in the moral
atmosphere of the Province.

The inference to be drawn from the preceding Statistics of Provincial
Education is that few. countries, with such a paucity of population, and
that scattered over 20,000,000 acres of territory, are higher privileged,
few have better prospects ahead ; a continually incrcaring desire for the ac-
quisition of knowledge, morally, intellectuolly, and physically, among the
mass of the people, Avith a growing supply for all our domestic wants, and
every prospect of an increased revenue, must ail essential!}'' tend to the
elevation of its inhabitants, and ultimately to the legitimate developement of
the resources of the Colony.

In concluding this important subject, we may bo allowed to say, that wo
find ample room for congiatulation to our provincial fellow-countrymen on
the situation and prospects of this favored land, we do not possess a dense
population, nor have we the advantage of being surrounded by countries
rich in historical recollections ; but we can rejoice in a country which, though

daily be-
eminence

»ious, hia-
ly papera,
iblished in

iph,

) and Char-
ivertizer.

1,
;ate.

les.
newspapers

ty and re-
|ent by the

grammar
63, and, in
bbalh day,
blic immo-
Ly rejoice.

the moral

, Provincial
Bation, and
[privileged,
I tor the ac-
lamong the
Iwants, and
Ind to the
lopement of

ly, that we
Itrymen on
Us a dense
countries
Ich, though

857

but a few years ago, a comparative wilderness, the habitation of savages, now
boasts its free and liberal institutions, diffusing knowledge through every
village, in which two or three may be gathered together, however isolated
or solitary, within its limits — a country which allowing every inhabitant the
utmost liberty of conscience to worship the Almighty as he pleases, pro-
vides ample means of religious as well as moral instruction, and is surround-
ed by other sister Provinces, and by States which are equally alive to these
subjects — to the moral and intellectual march of the understanding, and,
in one word, to the elevation of the human mind by the proper application
of matter. And we are warranted in drawing the inference, that thus in-
struction, precept and example, coupled with the cheapness of books, and
with almost every other mental facility, must inevitably produce the same
results among ourselves as they have done in other countries in which their
operation has been longer and more vigorously applied.

RELIGIOUS DENO^'IINATIONS.

Neither the number of adherents or churches belonging to any of the
bodies comprising the religious denominations of the Province, are given in
the census of 1851 ; so that the namerical strength of each cannot be sta-
ted. The following are the principal sects into which the inhabitants of the
Province are divided :
Church of England,
Kirk of Scotland ^

Free Church )

Reformed Church
Church of Nova Scotia
Free Christian Baptist )
General )

Wesleyan Methodists
Roman Catholics
Congregationalists.

These comprize the principal religious denominations, and geographically
considered, they are interspersed throughout the various districts. It would
be difficult to find a settlement of any considerable extent, in which there
are not to be found persons adhering to each of these religious divisions.

The Episcopal Chutch is presided over by a Bishop, who resides at
Fredericton, where a Cathedral is erected By the census of 1,340, there
were sixty-one places of worship belonging to it; and at tiie jiresent time,
it possesses as many clergj'men as it then had churches, who are scattered
throughout the Province.

The various bodies comprized in the Presby/criaii Chvrch, in 1840,
owned thirty-two places of worship. This body, unitedly, can now boast of
twenty-eight clergymen in various districts, and there are eight vacant stations.

The Associated Baptist Churches in 1840, had erected sixty-one j laces
of worship ; at this day they have eighty pastors located among iheir several
congregations; thoy have the largest number of clergy of any christian
body in the Province.

Wesleyan Methodist ^hurch. — This body, in 1840, owned forty-four
places of worship ; at the present time it numbers thirty-four clergymen.
Ihey are an active influential body, and deserve credit for attention to their
educational institutions.

Presbyterians.

Associated Baptist Churches

■ If

■ f

i! !'

258

The Roman Catholic Church is presidea over by a Bisliop, wbo?9 iT-
Bidence is in Saint John, where a cathedral if . -^w he\,-^ .r-^cted. In 1840,
th'^re were fiftyune places of worship attacheil v> :t; ii viat, rowoiilj^ t - .i-
ty- seven clergymen, while its adherents, vi'Jely ;3cacrtred throughout the
Colony, exceed those of any other religious body

The other denominations, including the Congregat'ionaUtis^ who number
only four clergymen, are comparatively small.
The total number of Churches in 1851, was

({

1840,

423

268

155
Thus it will be seen that while the inhabitants of the Province have been
increasing in number, progressing in wealth and in ihe improvement of the
country, and promoting their educational institutions, they have not forgot-
ten to erect places of worship where each may do public hom.ige to his Cre-
ator according to the dictates of his own conscience. And it may be re-
marked, as not the least favorable characteristic of the Province, that,
generally speaking, every profes'sor of Christianity adheres to his cvrn Church
without molesting or " bringing railing accusations" against those who may
differ from him; hence religious discord is almost unknown, and p-ace on
this subject at least, generally prevails throughout the whole community.

ADDENDA.

Since the foregoing pages went to press, some ii^portant alterations have
been made by the New Brunsv.ick Legislature, in the civil divisions, judi-
cial proceeding's, &o., of the Province, a brief outline of which we insert in
this place.

• TIL DIVISIONS.

County of York. — Tlie pnrisli of Manners Snftnn is situate on the
south-west side of the river l^aint John, and is formed by part of what for-
merly constituted the south-western st c ion of the pari.sh of Kingsclcar, and
about one-half the breadth of Piince William, bounded by a line running:
from Lake George parallel to the adjoining parish lines, until it meets the
county of Charlotte.

The parish of Cantprbuj-y was erected out of that of Dumfries, and
is situate in the most western portion of the county of Yoik

County of Albhirt.— The parish of Harvey was divided, and a new
parish, called Ahia, erected ; the latter is situate in the western part of
the county, and abuts on the Bay of Fundy, and the counties of St. John
and King's

County of Glougi<:3TER. — All the northern part of the parish of Sau-
Kiarez, formed by lines running from Tracadie ; westerly to the parish of
Bathurst, was constit^ited a separate parish, called Likcrnian.

County of Kent, — The southern part of the parish of Carleton, bound-
ed by a line running westerly from the sea shore, was created into a separ-

ing
but
A
pow(
for t
W
ried
road
quire
tion
accoi

#.*'. •

wbo?9 rr
In 1840

)!ily t ■^-"'^1■
l2bout the

ho number

423

268

155
! have been
nent of the
not forgot-
to his Cre-
n;ay be re-
vince, that,
ovrn Church
se -svho may
id p--ace on
limunity.

rations have

•isions, judi-

we insert in

tuate on the
of what for-
nirsclcar. and
line running
it meets the

iiinfries, and

. and a new

item part of

of St. John

vlsh of Sau-
tbo parish of

leton, bound-
iuto a separ-

259

Thus there are now one hundred <'nd ninft parishes in the Pro^inco of
New Brunswick.

JUDICIAL.

By a recent cnactmei.., "every male inhabitant, between the ac! y of
twenty-one and sixty years, being a British subject, and possessed, .r- the
county where he resides, of real or personal estate, or both together, ' i'a*<
value of one hundred pounds, shall be qualified to serve as a grand or neut
juror."

Twenty-one petit jurors, and twenty-four grand jurors, have to bo sum-
moned to attend each court.

" The petit jury, for the trial of all civil causes, investigations, and is-
sues, and also informations on the exchequer side of the court, shall consist
of seven persons, and for criminal cases, of twelve. * * *= * And
if they cannot agree within two hours, any five of their number may return
a verdict ; but in all criminal cases, the jury must be unanimous. * * *
The practice of keeping a jury without meat, drink, or any other comfort,
until they agree upon their veidict, is liereby abolished."

i.very petit juror receives five shillings per day for every day's atten-
dance, and six pence j)cr mile for travelling fees — Chap. XXIV., 1855.

The leniaiks made in a former part of this volume, page 32, have thus,
in a great measure, been applied, as far as this Province is concerned ; and
it is to be hoped that, iVom the admirable working, already experienced, of
the new 'aw respecting jurors, that the other Provinces will soon follow in
the same train of judicial reform.

POLITICAL.

The Postmaster (Jeneral is now made a political oflficcr, rid a r.:mber
of the I'xecutive Council, with a salary of XGOO per ar nurr . ;utd f..ower
is given to his Excellency to ai)point a Posimaster at Sain' .'.'>tin, who is to
have a salary of X400 [)er annum.

A B(j<ud of ^yo>•K■s ha'^ been organized, and a Chief Co"' misf^iorier ap-
pointed with a s.ihuy of XtJOO per annum. lie has all the pow...^ pertain-
ing to a supervisor , and all the great road- and biidgcs in tlie .Piovince,
but not the bye-roads, are under the control of this departnient.

An act has recently been jiasscd. giving the inhahi-arns in each parish
power to elect commissioners, to expcmi any monies that ii;: y be granted
for the bye-roads in their re^pectie parishes.

We Ciinnot see any go'd reason why this important reform cannot be car-
ried a little fuilher; so that the inhisintants in each parish sbonld have the
road monies in groj-s, in order that they might divide, as necessity might re-
quire. ISuch a coarse would save much time and monies spent in legisla-
tion ; besides, the amount granted would, no doubt, be expended more in
accordance with the requirements of the people. .

260

CHAPTER IT.

^j\

f !

BRIEF OUTLINE OF TUE HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA.

In our account of New Brunswick, we have given a sketch of the disco-
very and early history of America, with other archeological memoranda re-
lating to the various treaties entered into hy the two great nations then con-
tending for supremacy in the northern section of this continent ; and we
have endeavored very briefly to notice the events of those times, so far as
New Brunswick is concerned. For this information, as well as for the fol-
lowing, we are indebted to various sources, but principally to Haliburton's
History of Nova Scotia,— an author to whom these Colonies are under great
obliga Lions for having preserved their early history from oblivion.

We propose now to give some account of the early history of Nova Sco-
tia which, as well as New Brunswick, formed a part of ancient Arcadie',
or New Fi-ancc ; the details of which are replete with vicissitudes of no or-
dinary character, arising fn ai the keen contests carried for its ownership,
vfhich we may attribute to its prominent peninsular position, giving it the
command of the northern seas, as well as to its vast capabilities, as regards
its agricultural, its piscatory, its forest and mineral resources.

After the discovery of the American continent, in H92, by Columbus,
whose name it should have borne, as due reward for his thus "acquiring
for on^ half of the world a knowledge of the other," there were various ad-
venturers who filled up parts of the outline thus opened. Americus Ves-
pucius, a Florentine, enjoyed the honor denied to Columbus— that of naming
the continent ; his voyage was made in 1499. Two years previously,
in 1497, Cabot took possession of a large portion of these northern ehcres,
in the name of Henry Vll. of England. In 1525, Vevazzmo endeavored
to i' y claim to some nart of these possessions, in the name of Francis I. of
Franc?.

In 1 198, Cabot discovered Newfoundland, of which Sir Humphrey Gil-
bert toot; more formal possession, in the name of En«:land, in 1583. In
1590, C 'pe Breton was resorted to by persons from England ; but the ear-
liest attempt at the coloni^ition of Nova Scotia appears to have been made
in 1598 by the Mar(jui8 de la Roche, under Henry the Fourth of France.
A more generul knowledge of this coast, and its geographical character, was
reserved for De Monts, whose researches have been aire idy mentioned, and
who vf-ii appointed by the same sovereign, in 1004, Governor General of
New 1' ranco, which embraced Nova Scotia as well as a large additional por-
tion of the northern part of the continent, extending from the 40th to the
46th degrees of north latitude.

However, notwithstanding the possession thus taken by France, " the
discovejy of Cabot, the fornaal possession taken by Sir Humphrey, and the
aotoal residence of Sir JoLq Gilbert, hid brother, ure considered by the

)f the disco-
moranda re-
ns then con-
jiit ; and we
18, so far as
! for the fol-
Halibui ton's
) under great
m.

f Nova Pco-
ent Arcadie',
des of no or-
s ownership,
;iving it the
s, as regards

y Columbus,
"acquiring
e various ad-
mericus Ves-
lat of naming
previously,
them shores,
endeavored
Francis I. of

amphrey Gil-
in 1583. In

but the ear-
been made

1 of France,
iharactev, was
lentioned. and
ar General of

Iditional por-
) 40th to the

b'rance, "the
hrey, and the
dered by the

'e
1

261

English, as the foundation of the right and title of the CroTm of England,
not only to the territory of Newfoundland, and the fishery on its banks, but
to the whole of its posse;-sions in Noith America." Halibuiton, vol. 1, p 8.
De Monts, in his voyage in 1604, landtd at Liverpool, then the residence
of a French trader, named Hossignol, who was trading with the savages
without licence, and whose property he therefore confiscated. The name of
the great lake at the head of the Liverpool river, in Queens' county, is the
only memorial left of this French adventurer.

Numerous settlements and forts were established by De Monts on vari-
ous parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which was also included in
his government. This enterprizing navigator, having explored various parts
of the Bay of Fundy coast, returned to Port Royal (now Annapolis) and
there established a town, wh eh was afterwards gran'ed by France to Mon-
sieur Pontrincourt, on condition that he should attend to the conversion of
the natives. This settlement \v,is destroyed in 1618 by Sir Samuel Argyle,
Governor of Yiiiiiuia, iu the name of Great Britain.

In the year 1621, tlie whole territory, from the St. Croix to the St. Law-
rence, was granted by James I to Sir William Alexander, afterwards Earl
of Stirling, he was invested with all but royal prerogatives. The princi-
pal reservations made in this extensive ;2rant, which was afterwards removed
and extended by Charles I , was a tenth part of all the royal mines of gold
and silver, and five per cent on tlie imports and exports, after the explora-
tion of the first seven years. This nobleman gave to Acadia, or L'Aca-
die, the name of ^sova Scotia or New Scotland. He, with several of his
countrymen of distinction, fitted out fourteen vessels and effected some set-
tlements : they captured several French transports laden with ordnance and
stores bound from Quebec to Nova Scotia.

Sir William Alexander conveyed to Claude de la Tour, a Frenchman who
had married an English lady, and been created one of the Baronets of Nova
Scotia, the whole of that Province, except Isle Boyale, now called Cape
Breton. At this time La Tour's son had possession of Cape Sable for the
French, and repulsed his father. Subsequently, however, La Tour returned
to England, and engaged with Lord Stirling, to cede to his son the Cape
and a large portion of the adjoining territory.

Great Britain was now master of this country, but, by the treaty of St.
Germains, in 1632, Charles I unceremoniously agreed to render to France
the Province of Acadia : whereupon Louis XllI divided it among a number
of his subjects. Churnise was lirst sent from France, as Commander-in-
Chief, whose landing was opposed by La 'J'our the younger ; the contest
ended in the overthrow and death of the former, when the latter married
his widow, and claimed Nova Scotia as his own property, grounding his
rights on his father's agreement with Lord Stirling, but holding it for the
Crown of France.

In 1634 Cromwell re-conquered the country, and granted it to Sir Thomas
Temple ; William Crounc also obtained a larger tract ; the former purchased
La Tour's claim, opened a trade, and expended abo'\t £16^000 in the erec-
tion of fortifications.

But by the treaty of Breda,* in 1667, it was again ceded to France, and
that Government agreed to refund to its former possessor, Sir Thomas Tem-
ple, the c£16,000 expended by him, but failed in doing so. During all this
time, but little progress was made in the improv ement of the coantry ; the

*A city of Brabant,

262

-S

Ut '

' >w !■>

|:^

S'i

.•■ *{ ii

!;■ liir *

inhabitants, who were principally French, were disheartened by the frequent
changes taking place in their allegiance, which waa sometimes due to one
sovereign and sometimes to another ; so that almost all the settlements in
the Colony were confined to the banks of the rivers emptying into the Bay
of Fuudy ; while Port Royal, La Have, and Chedabucto were the principal
fortiiicitions. The French population, it is said, at this time, did no'; exceed
1000 persons.

By the conditions annexed to this treaty England was to hold Montserrat,
St. Christopher's, and Antigua, in the West Indies ; Charles II. thereupon
ordered his subjects to relinquish all their rights to France, when the latter
power commenceil strengthening the fortifications, and the erection of new
ones at Canseau, and Pe.-equid, now called Wind.sor.

During a poriod of twenty years peace which succeeded the treaty of
Breda, this section of America did not make much progress in the scale of
general iaiprovements; and the fortifications were allowed to decay ; so that,
on the declaration of war against France by (ircat Britain, in 1686, Sir
William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, Avas plucod in command of 700
men, one frigate of 40 guns, and two ships, one of 16 and another of 8
guns, and in the following year attacked Port [loyal which was dilapidated,
and only protected by 90 troo[)S ; the governor, Manival, entered into a
verbal treaty with him, and Phipps then re embarked with his men, com-
pelling Manival and 40 of his soldiers to accompany him. Before return-
ing to Massachusetts, Pliipps attacked Chedtbucto, but the garrison per-
sisted in its defence until thrt English had set fire to their buildings, when
terms of capitulation were obtained. i\s Port Boyal was now unprotected
by military fortifications, its inhabitants were plundered by pirates, who
hanged soru^ of them, burnt their houses and destroyed their cattle.

The Governor, Villabon, who now arrived from France, to tike command
of Acadia, found the English in possession of Port Royal, which was not
protected by any troops: he re-took the pla.e, and, being re-inforced by two
ships and aided by the Indians, who were partial to France, but would ally
themselves to which ever party would pay ihem ^lest he captured Pesequid
in the year 1606 In consequence of tiiis net, the Bostonians dispatched
Col. Church, with 500 me.i, who attacked Nova S'Otia. landing at Beau
Basin, (a beautiful basin) now Fort Cumberland, arul ravaged the country,
giving quarter to the French, but killing the Indians, and destroying the
dykes and other improvements made by the French settlers.

This truly deploiable state of things continued for some time, the inhabi-
tants being continually harassed, their pioperty destroyed, and themselves
made to swear allegiance to each successful party under promises of protec-
tion, which were not always kept. But by the treaty of Hyswick,* in 1696,
Acadia was restored to France, By this treaty an attenipt nas made by
the two powers, once more at peace, to establish a boundary line between
their respective territories, which was fixed at the river St. Croix, now the
western boundary of New Brunswick. But as most of the names of these
rivers were in the Indian language, it became a question which of two rivers
on that coa-^t was the one intended.

The long continuance, and the harassing character of the wars had en-
gendered among the subjects of the two nations, the strongest feelings of
animosity against each other ; so that continual cncronchments were made
on their ro«fpective limits; and ae Louis XIV. had acknowledged the Pra-

i^Atowu in South lioUttad.

263

le frequent
ue to one
iletnents in
to the Bay
e principal
no'i i:»xceed

/lontse^Tat,

thereupon

1 the latter

ion of new

e treaty of
he scale of
f ; so that,

1686, Sir
and of 700
lother of 8
lilapidated,
red into a
rnen, com-
ibre return-
irvison per-
lings, when
in protected
lirates, who
tie.

e command
ch was not
reed by two
would ally
i Pesequid

dispatched
g at Beau
he country,
broying the

the inhabi-
themselves
of protec-
,* in 1696,
3 rflade by
le between
ix, now the
es of these
' two rivers

rs had cn-

fvelings of

were mnde

i th© Pre-

tender as king of England, war was again declared on the 4th of May, 1710.
This war lasted eleven years, during which period the people of this coun-
try were again subjected to most serious privations and difficulties ; and in
order to retaliate for some injuries, real or supposed, " an armament, con-
sisting of three men-of-war, fourteen transports, and 36 whale-boats, having
on hoard 550 soldiers, under the immediate command of Col. Church, wa3
fitted out in 1704, for the purpose of ravaging the French settlements in
Nova Scotia." Ilaliburton ; v. 1, p. 83.

In 1707 the New England States dispatched a force of 1000 men with
two ships of war, against Nova Scotia. The first place attacked was Port
Royal where they were repulsed two different times, and the enterprize was
for the time abandoned. In 1710 an armament was fitted out under the
command of General Nickelson, an able officer, consisting of four men-of-
war and the Starbomb, and Massachusetts Provincial Galley, with twenty-
nine transports and a tender conveying five regiments of men, Avho arrived
off Port Royal in September. At the entrance to the haihor one of the
tran.^ports was wrecked and 26 men with all the stores on board were lost.
There were only 260 effective men in garrison to oppose this formiilablc
force, and the commandant entered into articles of Ciipitulation on the 2d
of October, when 'ID'S soldiers, and some others, amounting in the whole to
481 persons, were taken prisoners, all of whom were transported to Rock-
elle. The English only lost 14 or 15 men, besides those who perished in
the transport. General Nickel?on left 200 marin' s, and 250 volunteers in
garrison, under the coramand of Colonel Veteto, who had been apj)ointed
Governor of the country. Even after the reduction of this fort, the Aca-
dians entertained hopes of its being retaken by France, and it became ne-
cessary to dispatch a detachment of regulars to render them submissive.
Resistance was offered, and mafiy of the soldiers were killed : 30 or 40 were
taken prisoners by the Aoadians and Indians, at a place called Ijloody Creek,
about twelve miles from tlie fort, on the road leading to Halifax.

By the time, however, that they had abandoned the^e hopes, and "in the
midp; of these troubhs^ peace was concluded between England and France,
on the 11th April. 1712. By the 12th article of the treaty, all Nova
Scotia, with its ancient bounaaiies, as also the city of Port Koyal, and the
inhabitants of the same, were ceded to Great Britain." — Ilaliburton; vol.
18. 91. And the same writer (p. 82) says, " that the Court of Versailles
was now for ever deprived of a Colony of which it had never known the
value."

By this celebrated treaty, known as the treaty of Utrecht,* the whole
of this vast territory became British possession. Pert Royal, afterwards
called Annapolis (Annes city) whs strongly garrisoned, and remained the
capital of Nova Scotia imtil 1749, when the Provincial Head Quutters were
changed to Halifiix. General Nickelson, who took so active a part in the
subjugation of Nova Scotia, was appointed its commander-in-chief in 1714,
and held the government until 1719, when he was succeeded by Colonel
Philips, under whose administration a Council of eleven was formed Dur-
ing this period, the population of Nova Scotia principally consisted of
French, who were allowed for some time to remain free from magisterial
control, or provincial taxation, and were permitted to settle their own dis-
putes, which they did by appointing twenty- four deputies, from whose deci-
sion an appeal could be made to the Council, the latter being convened to

*Tiie capital of a Province of that namo iu the Netherlands.

.?i|

' 3

If ^

T' .

ffli

d64

hear such appeals three times in the year. This state of things continued
for some time, during which about 900 of these French Neutrals, as these
disaffected people were called, took the oath of allegiance to the Bi'tiah Gov-
ernment, which seems, up to this time, to have acted towards them with
great liberality. There were about 1250 of thcso men about Annapolis,
and probably 3000 residing in other parts of the Province ; and their strong
predelections for the land "from which they derived their origin, their lan-
guage and their customs," rendered it difficult to persuade them to become
loyal suljrcts of England.

During this time (Jape Breton^ which was called by Vevazzano, Isle Du
Cape, and by the French Isle Royale, remained in the possession of France.
It probably received its present name from some native of Brittany in re-
membrance of the land of his origin. Previously to 1714 it had been unin-
habited, but it did not long remain so, for, from its advantageous position as
a fishing station and for carrying on trade with Canada, as well as its agri-
cultural capabilities and mineral wealth, settlements were commenced in
1720, and upon a neck of land on the south side of Enii;lish Harbor * *
were laid the foundations of a town, two miles and a half in circumference,
which was called Louisburg, in honor of the King of France." It was
encompassed by a rampart from 30 to 40 feet in height, built of stone, and
by a ditch eighty feet in width, except for a space of two hundred yards,
bordering on the sea, which was inclosed by a line of pickets and a dyke.

This place was inaccessible to an attack from shipping in consequence of
the shallowness of the water, and the numerous reel's ; and it was otherwise
well protected by the bastions which were very formidable, consisting of six,
besides eight batteries, which containrd embrasures for 148 cannon, and 16
mortars, of which only forty-five were mounted.

In addition to these works of defence, there were several batteries, one
of thirty guns, carrying 28 lb. shot, on the island at the entrance to the har-
bor; at the bottom of the harbor ^\as erected the royal battery of 28 can-
non, 42 pounders and two eighteen pounders, and at the draw-bridge near
the west gate was a circular battery of 16 guns, carrying 14 lb. shot Thus
it will be observed that, at this eaily period, Louisburg was considered a
place of no small importance ; it had its governor, and on its fortifications,
which were 25 years in building, were expended thirty million of livres,
nearly £1,500.000 sterling, which must have been repaid by the profits of
the fisheries, the latter annually producing 1,800.000 quintals of scale
fish.

During this time the English were extending their improvements in Nova
Scotia proper, but not attending much to the reparation of the old, or the
erection of new fortifications, for their defence, against the time, now shortly
to return, when war should be again declared ; and the Indians and French
neutrals, but especially the former, were continuing their fatal depredations
on the lives and properties of the few settlers who were scattered along iso-
lated spots on the sea-board.

A fishing establishment had been erected by the Eiglish at Canso, which
was attacked by the Indians and plundered of <£20,0U0 worth of merchan-
dize; several lives were lost, and the perpetrators of this outrage made
their escape to Louisburg, which aiforded them a rendy asylum. ]Many other
horrifying barbarities were inflicted by these savages, who were very numer-
ous, upon the peaceable people who were using every endeavor to gain a
•ubsisteuce for themselves and their families. " At Barrell's island, near

«'

I continued
3, as these
^Itiah Gov-
them with
Annapolis,
heir strong
, their lan-
to become

10, Isle Du
of France,
tuny in re-
been unin-
position as
lis its agri-
imenced in
,rbor * *
!umference,
." It -was
' stone, and
ired yards,
1 a dyke,
sequence of
IS otherwise
3ting of six,
ion, and 16

itteries, one
to the har-
of 28 can-
3ridge near
shot. Thus
onsidered a
trtifications,
1 of livres,
le profits of
is of scale

its in Nova
old, or the
now shortly
and French
epredutions
1 along iso-

anso, which
f merchan-
trage made
Many other
^ery numer-
to gain a
island, near

265

Canao, they killed and scalped a Captain Watkins, two men, a woman and
child." In 1828, they captured seven sail of fishing vessels, and took a
large number of prisoners, nine of whom they cruelly put to death. Seven
of these men wen' re-captured, after a hard struggle, with 15,000 (juintals
of fish ; and on the arrival of an English vessel in the harbor of Lunen-
burg, where the captured boots and prisoners h:ul been taken, the latter were,
with difiioulty, removed. Complaint being made to the Govornor of Louis-
burg of these outrages in time of peace, his answer was that the Indians
were an independent race, over whom he had no control : and that, if there
were any French among them they were some of the neutrals of Nova Sco-
tia. Thus encouraged, the savages attacked the garrison of Annapolis,
burnt two houses, killed and scalped two persons, and took several prisoners.
These Indians are said to have belonged to the Abenacjui nation, a race now
nearly extinct, and who were led by IJaron Castine, a son of the old J>aron of that
lame, by an Indian woman. The old Baron, a native of Beam, in France,
had spent his life among the savages, married after their maimer, and was
expert in the language and usages, he was actually idolized by them, as well
as feared by the English, and had been appointed their great chief and leader.
The Indians still continued hostilities, until their destruction at Kennebec
by an expedition, consisting of 208 men, from Massachusetts, in 1724.

On tho 20th of March, 1744. France declared war against Great Britain ;
on the news of this event reaching Cape Breton, M. Du (^uesnal, who had
succeeded M. Constable as Governor of the island, fitted out an armament
from j^ouisburg, consisting of two sloops of war of eight guns, two swivels,
and small arms, with 1)4 men each, and other small vessels with 70 sol-
diers on board, under tho command of M. Du Vivier; the expedition was
afterwards joined by 200 Indians. The first attack was made on the Eng-
lish garrison at Canseau, which, being feebly fortified, immediately ca-
pitulated.

The next attempt was made upon Annapolis (which, at that time, could
not muster more than eighty men) by M. Luttre, a French Priest, at the
head of 800 Indians. He kept the place in constant alarm for four weeks,
awaiting reinforcements from Louisburg, which did not arrive ; and, as the
fortifications were dilapidated, the garrison must have surrendered to this
savage host, but for the timely arrival of four companies from New England,
to its assistance. The savages then overran the country, scalping and com-
mitting every species of barbarity they could invent on the inhabitants, in
consequence of which the women and children were removed to Boston. A
body of 900 Indians, commanded by M. Morin, was afterwards sent to lay
siege to Annapolis, but it was recalled to the relief of Louisburg, which by
that time was attacked both by land and sea.

Soon after the dispatching of these irregular forces, Du Quesnal, the
Governor of Cape Breton, died, and was succeeded by Duchambon, when
" the captive garrison of Canseau, with other prisoners taken at sea, and
carried into Louisburg, were sent to Boston."

In 1745, an expedition, consisting of four thousand men, and ten vessels,
the largest not carrying more than twenty guns, Avith some armed sloops,
was fitted out from Massachusetts and the other colonies, under General
Pepperal. This armament was joined by Commodore Warren, from the
West India station, who afterwards received reinforcements, till his fleet
numbered ten ships, each carrying from 40 to 64 guns. The two comman-
ders^ on appearing before Louisburg on the 7th of May, sent a summons to

IMAGE EVALUATION
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!r 140

2.5

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Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80

(716) 872-4503

' *^r^

266

Buchambon, who refused to surrender, and the siege was commenced. By
the 28th of that month, a great impression had been made on the enemy's
works, tiiough the British lost 189 men in one attack. At this time, Com-
modore Warren captured a French 74-gun ship, having 560 men and a
great quantity of military stores on board, which proved of vast importance
to the besiegers. On the 16th of June following, the garrison capitulated ;
it included 650 regular troops. 1810 militia, and, with the crew of the Vigi-
lant, the vessel previously captured, amounted in all to 4130 men, who were
transported to Kochfort. The fort was of great strength ; but the garrison
lost, during the siege, which lasted 49 days, no less than 300 troops. Upon
the news of this success reaching England, General Pepperal and Commo-
dore Warren were created Baronets of Great Britain.

At the time of this siege, the island of Saint John's was possessed by
the English, and many of the former inhabitants had been sent to France.
On one occasion, a party of twentj; -eight persons landing on the island were
either killed or taken prisoners by the Indians.

In the spring of 1745, the troops left in charge of Louisburg were re-
lieved by two regiments and three companies of regulars. Early in the
summer of this year, a body of 1700 men was sent from Canada to Nova
Scotia ; and, at the same time. France also dispatched a most powerful fleet
from Europe, consisting of eleven ships of the line, twenty fiigates, five
ships and bombs, with a number of tenders and transports, in all 70 vessels,
having on board 3150 disciplined troops, and forming one of the strongest
armaments ever sent to America by that power; indeed, had it arrived in
safety, it would probably have subdued the principal part of British Ameri-
ca, — but its complete destruction was effected by a number of fortuitous
circumstances, without its being engaged by any British force ; for, after a
passage of ninety days, only seven of this formidable fleet arrived in Che-
bucto (Halifax) harbor; it met with many and unparalleled disasters at
sea, which so disabled and discouraged its officers, that the Duke d'Anville,
its commander, and many of the subalterns, died through grief and disap-
pointment. The remainder, with such of the fleet as the elements had
spared, returned to France, without much disturbing the pence of Nova
Scotia. On hearing of this movement, the colonies sent 470 troops to
Grand Pri (Horton), who, from the rigour of the winter, which closed in
immediately on their arrival, and the attacks of about 600 French and In-
dians, were reduced to great extremities ; 70 were killed, 27 wounded, and
100 taken prisoners ; the remainder afterwards capitulated.

That portion of the unfortunate French fleet which had reached France,
under Admiral Jonquiere, the second in command, having been re-inforced
by 38 sail, and again sent for the same destination, was met by the
English Admirals, Anson and Warren, who, after a well-contested battle,
captured the principal part of it, with nearly 5,000 prisoners. It is es-
timated that the French sustained a loss, by this battle, of about £1,500,-
000.

On the 7th of October, 1748, a treaty of peace was concluded between
the two nations, which has taken the name of the treaty of Aix la Cliapelle,
one of the conditions of which was, the cession of Capo Breton to France,
a measure which caused great dissatisfaction to the Provincials who had
fought so nobly for it.

Peace having again been proclaimed, it might have been supposed that
ihe improvement of the Province of Nova Scotia would be among the first

lenced. By
the enemy's

I time, Com-
men and a

t importance
capitulated ;
of the Vigi-
en, who were
the garrison
oops. Upon
ind Commo*

possessed by
t to France.
( island were

irg were re-
Early in the
ida to Nova
powerful fleet
fiigates, five

II 70 vessels,
the strongest
it arrived in
•itish Ameri-
of fortuitous
; for, after a
ived in Che-
disasters at

ve d'Anville,
f and disap-
lements had
ice of Nova
'0 troops to
ch closed in
noh and In-
bounded, and

shed France,
11 re-inforced
met by the
;ested battle,
It is es-
)ut c£l,500,-

ded between

la Chapelle,

n to France,

als who had

apposed that
oug the first

acres.

200

300

400

GOO

267

objects of the British Government, aa it had made, from its unsettled state,
little or no progress, in this respect, during the half century that had elaps-
ed. The inhabitants, on both sides, seem to have learned more as to the
arts of war than those of peace ; and the small interest manifested by Great
Britain in the prosperity of the colony, led the French to believe that little
was cared for it beyond the mere possession, and that things would be other-
wise if it were owned by France. This impression, coupled with the feel-
ings of animosity to the British which had before been infused into their
minds, gave rise to a continuance of barbarous outrages, in which they were
joined by the Indians, who had always been atttichcd to them, as well aa to
their creed — the Konian Catholic.

However, this state of things induced the Governors of Nova Scotia to
encourage the further settlement of the country ; and a plan v.as originated,
which was sanctioned by the mother country, of bestowing a tract of land
on every person who had adopted, or would adopt, the colony as his home.
In order to encourage the soldiers, who were discharged on the peace, to
settle in the Province, the following scale was adopted :
Every private soldier or seamen received, free from taxes for

two years, '^^ ^' \a

And for every additional member of his family, O X^
Every ensign in the army, yr \^fA

" lieutenant "

" captain "

Every person above that rank.

With proportionate allowances for the number and increase of their fami-
lies. All those desirous of emigrating were to be conveyed to the colony,
and maintained, with their families, for twelve months after their arrival, at
the expense of the Government. They wore also to be supplied with wea-
pons of defence, and the tools necessary for the clearing the land, erection
of houses, &c.

In consequence of the advantages thus held out, 3700 families arrived
from Great Britain, in the year 1749. at the harbor of (.'hebucto, a spot in-
judiciously selected, as the soil was bad, and the only recommendations were
the excellence of the harbor and the facilities it presented for the prosecu-
tion of the fisheries. But it is difficult to imagine why such a rocky, un-
promising locality should have been chosen, when many other parts of the
Province are as advantageously situated with regard to the fisheries,
and afford far greater agricultural capabilities. The cost of hringing out
these settlers, amounting to X40,000, was paid by the Imperial Govern-
ment.

This settlement being formed, together with some others in different parts
of the Province, the most necessary consideration was the construction of a
government ; and a council of six was immediately appointed, and organ-
ized a civic government, the establishment of which was celebrated by a
general salute from the ships in the harbor. The honorable Edward Corn-
wallis was appointed Governor,

It was at this period that old Chebucto received the name of Halifax, in
honor of Lord Halifax, then a member of the British Ministry; its forests
were immediately cleared, its streets laid off. houses wore erected for the
Governor and the people, the number of whom, including soldiers and sail-
ors, amounted, by the fall of the year, to 5,000.

Iq addition to the above sum, rariiftment coutiuued to make large aanual

II 4

I'' ^iu

268

grants, in aid of the settlement, until 1655, at which time they had amount-
ed, collectively, to £417,584.

Disputes continued to exist between the Trench and English as to the
boundaries of Nova Scotia, which had not been defined by the treaty of
Utrecht. At first, however, the new settlers were on good terras both with
the Indians and Acadians ; but this state of things did not last long, as
France continuing its attempts to extend and misrepresent the boundaries
of ancient Acadia, even as laid down by itself, incited the neutrals, as they
were called, to molest the English, which they did in every possible way.
Complaints of these outrages to the French Governor of Louisburg were
made, without avail. At this time there was a large settlement of Acadi-
ans at Lower Ilorton, GO miles from Halifax, which extended eight miles in
length, and contained about 1000 families or 7,000 persons. An English
fort had been built at Pesif^uid, (Windsor.)

The Indians renewed their numerous attacks on the English settlers,
which were carried to such an extent that the most rigid and energetic
means Avere necessarily adopted to eftcct the extermination of the savages,
and the punishment of such of the French as supplied them with arms and
ammunition. Prompt measures were taken and these cruel depredators were
driven to their retreats, and large numbers of them destroyed.

The question of boundary being still unsettled, the Governor of Quebec
sent two vessels with GOO men, under M. La Corne, to take possession of
Bay Verte as a part of Canada, which encouraged the French at Ghignecto
to rise in open rebellion against the English. Major Lawrence was sent in
the spring of 17 ">0, to reduce them to obedience ; at his approach they burned
their town to ashes, forsook their lands and joined M. La Corne, which re-
inforced him to the extent of 1,500 armed men. Major Lawrence not being
able to cope with this formidable body, returned to Halifax for more troops.
He was again sent, with 1000 men, to Chignecto, where he found the French
in possession of the lands they had previously deserted, and, together with
the Indians, strongly entrenched to dispute his landing ; he soon, however,
routed them, when they escaped to Fort Beau Sejour, which had recently
been erected by M. La Corne. Major Lawrence immodiately built another
fort on the opposite side of the river, giving it his own name, which the
district still bears. The result of the operations which followed, ending in
the capture of Fort Beau Sejour in 1755, has been more fully noticed un-
der the head of New Brunswick.

During the period we have been describing, no important settlement had
been made by the English in addition to that of Halifax, but on the return
of Governor Cornwallis to England, Thomas Hopson was sworn into office,
during whose administration Lunenburg Avas settled by 1453 Germans, who
suffered greatly, as those at Halifax had done, from the attacks of tlie wild
man of the forest, and many lives were sacrificed to his barbarity.

The incursions of the French still continued, but were somewhat re-
pressed by an expedition from Massachusetts of "JOOO men raised and com-
manded by Col. Winslow, who, joining Col. Monckton and being under his
command, reduced lloau Sejour with its dependant forts, as well as tliat on
the river Saint John. The greatest difficulty, however, with which the
Government had to contend was occasioned by the Indians, who were sup-
plied with arms and ammunition by the French neutrals ; the latter at this
time (1755) being isi^attered over tho Province and forming a population of

had amount-

ish as to the
the treaty of
•ras both with

last long, us
tie boundaries
trals, as they
possible way.
)uisburg were
cnt of Acadi-
ei'jrht miles in

An English

glish settlers,
and energetic
' the savages,
,vilh arms and
predators were
I.

lor of Quebec
possession of
1 at Chignecto
ce was sent in
;h they burned
rne, which re-
ence not being
r more troops,
rid the French

together with
3oon, however,
1 had recently

built another
ne, which the
ived, ending in
ly noticed un-

settlement had
; on the return
:)rn into office,
Germans, who
ks of the wild
irity.

somewhat re-
vised and corn-
icing under his
veil as that on
ith which the
who were sup-
10 latter at this

popuUtion of

269

However, the 10th of September, 1755, has to record the most exciting
scene of those times; on that dry, the whole French population, under a
preconcerted plan of the English, were ordered to assemble in their respec-
tive liabilities, at a certain hour to hear the king's command, the nature of
which they little expected --little indeed did they imagine that their compul-
sory exodus from the country was to be the purport of their sentence. I'hese
people had, it is true, giviri the British Government much trouble, and cost
it many valuable lives : but this was occasioned partly by their attach-
ment to the land of their fathers, and partly by the freijuent change of gov-
ernment, for which they were not to blame.

The number of this unfortunate people, who were collected at Grand Pri,
was as follows : —

Men (heads of families) 483

Women 337

Sons

Daughters

)■ •, I

527
57tJ

Total
Their stock consisted of.* -
Oxen
Cows

Young cattle
Horses
Sheep
Hoiis

1,023 souls.

1,2G9
1,537
5,070
93
8,600
4,107

All of which were confiscated to the (Jovernment. leaving them only their
money and other moveables ; tliey were then sent, in small parties, to differ-
ent parts of the then British dominions on this continent.

Some of these unfortunate people made their escape to the woods, but, as
their country was laid waste, they could not subsist, und were obliged to
yiel(' themselves up to the authorities. In the district of ^linus alone, 255
houses, 276 barns, 155 outhouses, 11 mills, and one church were des-
troyed.

Although they received their sentence, and bore their confinement with
fortitude, still when the hour of embarkation arrived, '' the weakness of
human nature prevailed, and they were overpowered Avith the sense of their
miseries."

The French settled in Annapolis and Cumberland disobeyed and made
their escape; some were forced by starvation to return, and were shipped to
the other Colonies, others remained with the Indians, and some reached
Canada. Those of Cumberland, being more rebellious iu their character,
were more difficult to subdue. Ori the arrival of the soldiery, 253 houses,
with a great quantity of wheat and flax, wei-e burned, which was beheld by
the inhabitants concealed in some of the adjoining woods ; but wlien they
saw their chapel set on fire, a party of them returned, and attacked the in-
vaders, killing 21) rank and file, and afterwards made their retreat to the
forest.

In conseciuence of the scattered character of these settlements, it was
found impossible to subjugate the whole of this numerous people to terms of
the king's decree ; so that only about 7,000 of them were collected at this
time nnd distributed among tho other colonies ; 1000 of them were landed
in AiUti of destitution in MaM»ohui«(t9, ^rh^ro tUo^ bcQaiue » publio «h»rg9 ;

^ '

jBl 1^'

it >. ^

%$■

fe-^

'^1

i;ll

270

415 in Pennsylvania, where they were sold with their own consent, and the
remainder to other Provinces. The portion sent to Georgia made efforts to
return, but on reaching Boston, were prevented by Governor Lawrence.
They then memorialized the king, but without avail ; they were doomed to
exist in a strange land, without means of support, and the innocent suffer-
ing with the guilty, which wo at this day must consider a hard sentence.
How i'lir. indeed, their deportation, as a last resort, was judicious, none but
those well acciuainted with the circumstances of the times, can explain ; tur-
bulent, troublesome, and implacably hostile to the English, as most of them
no doubt were, the ^teps taken seem harsh, and in our eyes, scarcely justi-
fiable. Speaking of this measure, Haliburton observes, that the whole course
pursued towards these people " is doubtless a stain on the Provincial Coun-
cils, and we shall not attempt to justify that which all good men have agreed
to condemn."

About GOO of these men were removed from New York to the Island of
St. Domingo, where tricy suffered from pestilence ; the remnant were, at
their own request, sent to Louisiana, where they became settled. Many
were afterwards permitted to return to Nova Scotia, and their descendants
have since become peaceable and inoffensive settlers. They are numerous
in manv localities in this Province, as well as in Prince Edward Island and
New Brunswick ; in the latter there are about 40,000 scattered over its va-
rious di-itricts. These pioneers of the forests of ancient Acadia have indeed
undergone most unparalleled vicissitudes and hardships, most of which were
caused by their owii rebellious conduct.

No doubt the sympathy for the sufferings of these people, which must
have been felt by the French Government, was one stimulus to the renewal
of the war with En;_^land, which was declared in May, 175G.

The Island of Cuj'c Breton was again soon to become the scene of warlike
operations. The trade and settlement of this Colony had made great ad-
vances under the F*'ench, and the fortifications of Louisburg had been much
strengthened. This had been ci;used probably by the threatening state of
affairs between the two nations, me facilities here presented for the prosecu-
tion of the fisheries, and the <■ immanding aspect of the Island with regard
to Canada.

Halifax, being an excellent h • 'bor. and in a central part of Nova Scotia,
was fixed upon by the Military < : uncil held in Boston, early in 1756, as
the rendezvous of the British i\nxcK destined for the reduction of Cape
Breton. A<lmiral Ilolborne arrived at the former port early in July with
a fieet; consisting of upwards of tliiity ships of war and 5.000 English
troops, who were joined by li,000 nica from New York, intended for an at-
tack on LouisUurg; but it was deferred in conseciuence of the place being
defended by G.OOO regulars, 8,000 natives and loOO Indians, together with
a powerfu' fieet of 17 ships of the line and three frigates. On the 20th of
August, niiral Holborne appeared before the harbor with 15 ships of the
line, 4 frigates and a fire ship, for the purpose of reconnoitering it, but on
ascertaining its strength, and seeing the French Admiral give the signal to
unmoor, he determined not to risk an engagement with his force so inferior to
the enemy's, and returned to Halifax. Having been re-inforced by four
ships of the line, he re-appeared before Louisburg about the middle of Sep-
tember ; but La Motte, the French Admiral, declined the offered battle.
The English squadron unfortunately continued to cruise before the harbor
till the 26 Cb, whea it was overtakea by a furious storm, causing the loss of

271

msent, and the
made efforts to
nor Lawrence.
vere doomed to
inocent suffer-
hard sentence,
jious, none but
I explain ; tur-
s most of them
scarcely justi-
ce whole course
'ovincial Coun-
len have agreed

) the Island of
unant were, at
settled. Many
eir descendants
r are numerous
r'ard Island and
red over its va-
dia have indeed
t of which Avere

lie, which must
to the renewal
).

icene of warlike
nade great ad-
had been much
itcning state of
['or the prosecu-
nd with regard

3f Nova iT^cotia,
rly in 1756, as
luction of Cape
ly in July with
5.000 Lnglish
?nded for an at-
the place being
s, together with
On the 20th of
15 ships of the
ering it, but on
ive the signal to
•ce so inferior to
n forced by four
I middle of Sep-
! offered battle,
sfore the harbor
ising thQ loss of

one ship with half her crew. The rest having received damage then re-
turned to Britain.

Early in May, 1758, Admiral Boscawen reached Halifax, from whence
he sailed soon after, and arrived off the harbor of Louisbura on the 2d of
June, with a fleet of 151 ships, accompanied by General Amherst, com-
manding an army of 14.000 men.

Here we will state, for the information of the reader, the great strencrth
of this fortress, which we glean from an article in "Montgomery Martin's"
well-known works on the British Colonies, and which that author says was
written "by an impartial Frenchman," under the title of "Genuine let-
ters, &c., relative to Cape Breton and St. John." The town was regular-
ly built, and was three miles in circuraference, with wharves for shi|)|)ing.
The fortifications consisted of two bastions and two demi-bastions, three
gates, and near the fort and citadel was a handsome parade. The materials
of which the stone buildings for the use of the troops and oflicers were con-
structed, were brought from Europe. The port, three miles in length, and
upwards of one in breadth at its narrowest place, with a careening and win-
te;ing ground for ships, was protected by a battery level with the surface of
the water, consisting of thirty six 24 pounders. The harbor Avas de-
fended by a cavfdicr, with twelve embrasures. Tha royal battery, at the
bottom of the bay and a mile from the town, contained thirty pieces of
cannon, namely, twenty-eight 36 pounders, and two 18 pounders. The
population of tlie toAvn, exclusive of the troops, was about 5,000 men. It
had its governor, supreme council, courts of law and admiralty, with a ge-
neral hospital, and the education of the young girls of Louisburg was con-
fided to the nuns. We extract also from Haliburton, that the strength of
the garrison, before the siege, consisted of 2,500 regular troops, 300 mili-
tia, formed from the inhabitants, under the command of Chevalier Duceor,
and who were re-inforced near the end of ibe siege, by 350 Canadians and
Indians.

The harbor was secured by six shifs "f the line, and five frigates,
three of which were sunk across the entranc ■ in order to render it inacces-
sible to the English shipping. The French liol settled in various places on
the island, the principal of which were Bras D"()r, Sydney, St. Peters,
and Arichat, where the fisheries were carried on to a great extent, giving
employment to 27.000 men, and 600 vessels, exclu.s-ve of boats.

The Government of France, it will be seen, set no little store upon this
place, which they had so carefully fostered and fortified ai this early period
of its history.

After a lapse of six days of stormy weather, the English begnn to disem-
bark, under the command of Governor Lawrence and Generals Whitmore
and Wolfe ; a few men were lost in the landing, in conseijuenoe of the swell
of the sea, and the fire of the enemy. General Wolfe, with 2000 men, oc-
cupied the light-house battery, which was abandoned at his approach, and
several powerful batteries were erected on the spot, the fire from which soon
silenced the island battery. Three of the French ships in the harbor caught
fire and were burnt ; two more made their escape ; the Echo and a 04-gun
ship were taken by Admiral Boscawen, and a 74-gun ship was run ashore
and destroyed. Thus the English became masters of the harbor, with a loss
of only 7 men killed and 9 wounded. The French, seeing the weakness of
tbsir position, offered to capitulate on terms which were refused by the
Jinglish. The latter threatened to storm the place both by sea and land if

''i

i i

i:i:

•I

'11

1* ■

272

the garrison did not surrender themselves prisoners of war. This was at
first refused, but was agreed to on the 26th July, 1758.

This signal defeat of the French, at a loss of 400 men to the English,
gave the latter possession of all Cape Breton, together with the fortress of
Louisburg : in which were 231 pieces of cannon, 18 mortars, and a large
quanticy of stores and ammunition. The officers and soldiers, in all .5.637
men, were sent to Enghiml and the mercliants and others to France, in En^'-
lish vessels. The British, fearing this fortress might again fall into the
hands of the French, dismantled and totally destroyed it, in which state it
has ever since remained, comparatively unknown and unvalued.

After the caj ture of Cape Breton, Lord Bollo was sent to the island of
St. John, which from the fertility of its soil, and the asylum it had afforded
to the French neutrals and the Indians, was a great ac([ui3ition to the Eng-
lish. He cook possession of the Governor's quarters, where he found several
scalps of Englishmen, whom the savages had brutally murdered, induced by
the encouragement held out and the premium paid for each by the French.
The number of inhabitants on this island was 4.100, who laid down their
arms and submitted : it was well stocked with cattle and considerable agri-
cultural improvements had been made.

Up to this time, there had been no representative government in the col-
ony, but few courts of law, and those uith almost unlimited powers. In
this year, however, a House of -issembly was^ elected, consisting of sixteen
members, of which Halifax returned four, Lunenburg two, and every other
place having fifty (jualified electors, was to send two representatives. The
first assembly was called by Governor Lawrence, at Halifax, on the 2nd of
October, 1758 : the council consisted of four members. This Legislature,
thus formed, not having any precedents to guide them ir^ the order or man-
agement of the business of the country, found it '/ery difficult to act ; and
what added to this difficulty was a disagreement between the 1. ssembly and
Council, which retarded the business. Still, on the whole, "oany useful
laws were passed for the government of the colony, and the prorogation
took place on the 17th April, 1750, after a long and arduous session.

At this period, there were about 200,000 acres of cultivated land in the
Province, and increased encouragement was given to those who would settle
on the wilderness lands. A proclamation was issued, containing most liber-
al terms for the grants, and the settlers were protected by strong garrisons
placed in different parts of the colony. Cape Breton having been conquer-
ed, and Quebec taken by General Wolfe, on the 18th September, 1759, the
war was prosecuted by Great Britain in Canada with such vigour as to ef-
fect its complete reduction, the news of which gave a fresh stimulus to the
inhabitants of Nova Scotia.

On the 11th of October, Mr. Lawrence, the distinguished Governor of
Nova Scotia, died, much lamented. A monument to his memory was erect-
ed at Halifax.

The death of King George the Second, on the 24th of October, caused
a dissolution of the Assembly. A new house, consisting of 24 members,
was elected, who were convened at Halifax on the 1st July, 1761. During
this session, a formal treaty was executed with Joseph Argeinault, chief of
the Monguash tribe of Indians ; at the conclusion of which, the hatchet was
formally buried by him in the name of his tribe, in token of submission.

Peace an<i tranquillity being thus restored between the Colonists and the
savage races, the next step was to encourage emigration to the Province.

273

In consequence of representations being made public as to the suitableness
of its soil and climate for the abode of maii, 580 persons arrive<l from the
other continental colonies, and 200 from Ireland, who laid the foundaiions
of these rich and productive sottlemerits, i^kiriing tlie basin of Minas. and
tiie head of the Bay of Ftindy. Th':* Int*ian tribes, however, who were
btill numerous, notwithstanding their promises of pacification, would fn-
quertly break out and disturb the sett ers, so much so as mateiially to re-
tard the progress of settlement.

The Government now gave a.s-:istancc to the people for building new and
repairing tiie old dykes round the marshes which had been div-troyed at the
time of the transpoitation of the Acadians. i^iiip building was begun ai Li-
verpool, where three fishing vess' Is were laid down, besides hixtetu aheady
owned, and settlements were extending in every direction. JJuring these
favorable symptoms of progress, the Province was thrown into eoiistorna-
tion by the arrival in I'^'ewibundland of a French Hc-t, consisting of four
ships of the line and other armaments, and the surrender o" its torts. Vnder
the fear of an attack from the IndiMns. and the rcuiaining portion of French
neutrals, martial law was established, and a militia oiganized. Asa turther
security for the protection of the colony, ]30 of the Acadians were traiis-
poited to Massachusetts, but on account of the buithon imposed on that
Colony by those formerly S'^nt, they were not received, and Avere brought
back to Nova t'cotia. In the rneantime, a squadron was fitted out at Hali-
fax for Is ewfoundland, under Lord Colville, who le-took all the forts on that
island, with a loss of only twenty men. On the 10th February, peace was
again established between England and France, and a treaty signed at Paris,
which is known as the Treaty of Versailles, by which Franci surrendered
all claim to the old colonies, as weH as all the present British possessions
in North America, to the Crown of England. The neutrals were, therefore,
allowed to remain ; and their descendants form, at this day, a large portion of
the peaceable and loyal inhabitants of the Colony.

stimulus to the

IlLSTORICAL MEMORANDA .

Peace again restored ; a day of general thanksgiving was

appointed, 17G3

Population of Nova Scotia, which included New Brunswick,

uc, 13,000, Do.

Survey of British North America commenced, Do.

Township of Granville granted, Do.

Stamp Act passed, to which Canada and Nova Scotia sub-
mitted, 1765

The country bordering on the Sc. John river erected into a

county, called Sunbury, 1765

Cape Breton erected into a county, by the name it now

bears, Do,

Stamp Act repealed, 1766

Imperial a'^t passed, imposing duties on tea, &c.. 1767

Township of Yarmouth granted, in 153 shares of 666 acres

each, Do.

Township of Clare laid out ami settled by those of the Aca-
dians who returned from exile, ' 1768

Parliamentary estimate for tho Pfoviace wai £1,875, 1709

r'-

274

I' I

y m

i^'^i

.' I

Trade between Great Britain and the American colonies em-

ploved 1078 ship.^ and 28.910 seamen, imports, £3,-
370 000 - e.x;)ort3, i:3/J24 G06,

Township of Arg^^'lc gniutcd, cciitaining 187 Ffjuare mihd,

Populuiion oflSuvu M-'otia and Cape Bieton, iu.luding 2, ICO
Ac.uUans, wms 19.120 : iLui.UiS 80o,

Toa c'estn)y(Ml at Boston,

That portion cf An.erica known ah ilic " old colonics" revolt-
ed, and des;;oyod pv^i :rt;' on the Saint John river. r,t
Ch ivlot'.ctowii i\ L. lila.; ;, mA fcvcval ;!act'o in 2\ova
Sc;aia,

Ihc i.iuni.iunt'--i ca'ilcci upon t" ::ihc the oath cf allegiance,
ainl ihfa^iriy vaiicd tVom the njilitia to the aun bcr of
.SIO nicn ; \0 urdeicu to U.iliii.x for its p;'i:.t.';.':ii.)n,

All persons ?eleoLfd iVom the Acadiaus, to act a;-; coniiers,
piiid at iiio Kiic or five pounds pur day ; tree grants oi
land given to royalists,

INlanial law procluiiiU'd and i::; intercovTiO ^vitll ilic .•cvoltod
colonies pruiubiieu,

A sloop of war, the ^'ultnre, nlaccd in the Bay ff Fandy,
for the protection of the neighboring sett^-^uKnt^,

About 10,000 royalists leave Button and arrive in ILuifax,

On the 4th July, the .imericans declaie their independence,

Much disafleetion ainong the jieoplc at Minas and CuUibcr-
land ; many refused to take the oath of allegiance,

Tho rebellious Americans seized an armed merchant ship at
Pic ton,

France ackaowiedges the independence of the revolted colo-
nies,

Great numbers cf Indians assemble on the Ft. John river to
make ivar upon the English — tlie last threat of Indian
war,

M'litia oidorod to do duty at Ilaliflix.

Population esiinmted at 12.000,

Imperial Parliament authoriz?s the King to conclude peace
with tnc United fctatcs, and articles provi.sionally ai,'.ned
at Paris,

Treaty of peace between Great Britain a'ld Franco,

The refugoej who arrived in Nova Fcotiaeitiuiaied at 20,000,

New Brunswick ;ind Capo Breton constituted separate gov-
ernments.

The island of St. John (its name changed to that of Prince
Edward in IT;*.') also established, with a Governor, kc,

Population of Kova Scotia proper estimated at 20.000,

The numbcv of saw mills in tho Province csiiniated at 90,

King's College evecied at Windsor in

And received an endowment of £444, and a grant of £500
for the purchase of land.

The Imperial Parliament grants £1000 per annum to King's
College.

Population of Halifax, -.^897,

France declared war agaiust Great Britain,

1769
1771

1772

1773

1775

Do.

1776

Do.

1777

Do.

1778

1779
3 780
1781

1782
1783
Do.

1784

Do.

1785
1788

1789

1790
1791
1798

275

£20Jjt (,

A treaty of nmity. comraorco anc! Tiav*;:;a*ion entered into be-
tween vircat Brifain and the Ufiiuid State;!,
Two ships, piirt of a French squadron, captured and brouf;ht

into II difux,
A definite treaty of i eace entered into belw-jen Great Britain,

fr'.iico. &c.,
King's College vstahiished by Royal charter.
Peace between England and Frniice dissolved,
Reverus of 2sova t^cotia, £,:
Organization o[ militia,
Mad from Prince Edward Island brought to Pic:ou or. the

ice, except hall" a mile,
War declared by America against Great Britain,
Militia organize!, and Cefensive preparations ma>Ie by the

colon V,
A grant of 20,000 acres of land passed to Is'ing's Colloge.
The Chesapeake captured and brought int. Ilalifiiv, ^y His

Majesty's frigate Shannon,
Americ'.u coast declared in a state of blockade by Admiral

Cochrane,
Treaty of p< ace with France,
A fleet of 17 vessel.^, with four regiments, left Halifax for

that piivt of ihe American coast bordering on iN.w

Brunswick, and after taking the forts, captui"cd all ihc

vessels in tiie harbor?,
Treaty of Ghent entered into between ti"^ United States and

Great Britain,
Peace concluded between these two powe-':
Trustees ot Piciou Aca'lciny incorporate' i a stage-coach

commenced to run between Halifax ,n, 'Vindsor,
£40,000 worth of property destroyed at Hahlax by nre,
Population of IJalifJix, ll,ioG, and of the Province, T8,S-i5,
Cape Breton re-aimoxed to iNova Scotia,
The sum of £1000 ijranted to Dalhousie College,
Act passed authorising the construction of the Shabenacadic

Canal,
131 vessels, of the grosn amount of 15,535 tons, were buiit

in i.'ova Scotia. The number of vessels owned in the

Province was 1,031. amounting to 52 779 ton?,
Annapolis i^oyalwas the provincial head quarters from 1710

to 1749, when llalit'tx became the seat of government.
2,000 emigrants arrived in Cape Breton,

1794

1795

1802
Do.

:sor

ISOG
Do.

1810
1812

Do.
1S13

Do.

1S14

Do.

1314

Do.
1S15

1816
Do.
1818
1820
1821

1824

1320
1841

ACOllIGINES.

That America, when first discovered, wn.-i inhabited by a race of human
beings, is beyond ■•■-pute ; but as to their origin or previous course the pages
of history is blank and there is nothing but some vague traJitions to give
rise to our conjectures. All that the mure civili/.ed nation? have dore seems
to have been to appropriate the country they called their own. and this has
been, and indeed, still continues to be, the case up to the present time ; the
northern portion of the continent being nearly equally divided bctwee-i Great

I ' ft

h
ft

d i!i

being

276 •

Britain and tho United States. The natives are fast approaching to the
point of extinction, and those who do exist can scarcely be said to be sub-
ject to any liiw, except ■when they commit any criminal act, and are left,
like the wild Arabs, to wander over the country, with some few exceptions,
without any iiomc or abiding j)laco.

As the Indian races were the sole human inhabitants of this vast region,
" masters of all they surveyed," — the whole American continent —
it is no wonder that they considered the " pale faces" of Europe to be en-
croachers on their rxtensive domain. Their ferocious habits, their physical
strength, their warlike propensities, their agility and skill in the use of their
weapons, and their doaOly opposition to every other race, rendered it an ex-
tremely hazardous undertaking for a iiuropean to land on their shores, much
more so to penetrate into tho country.

These people, less civilized and fiercer than their southern neighbors, were
divided into diiTerent nations, and, though the habits and customs were ge-
nerally similar, each nation spoke a language peculiar to itself, and varied
in many respects from the others. Boundaries Avere established between
some of thcin, usually consisting of rivers and lake;?, or, perhaps, the sea
shore ; and if one nation encroached on tho territory or hunting ground of
the other, war ensued. Some dwelt on the sea coasts, while others remained
on tho rivers and lakes of the interior; fishing, fowling, and hunting, in all
of which they wore very expert, were their principal employments. The
skins of wild animals formed their clothing ; their dwellings, or iviirwatns,
were of the moit simple order, being almost all built in a conical form, the
first which sugjicsts itself to the unskilled architect, and covered with the
bark of trees. Before their introduction to employment by Europeans, the
bow and arrow were their principal weapons, and they were skilful in the
manufacture of stones into hatchets or tomahawks, which they well knew
how to plunge, with a sure and deadly blow, into the objects of their at-
tack.

They were well acquainted too, with the means of inflicting the most
barbarous tortures ; so much so that imagination alone can set bounds to the
sufferinfTS which those of our American forefathers, who were so unfortu-
nate as to fall into their hands, h:id to endure. It is almost difficult in these
times to bring the mind to realize the awful cruelties, which none but sava-
ges could be capable of perpetrating, and which were inflicted on the early
colonists, thro\\n as it were, helplessly, on a shore distant more than 3,000
miles fiom their native country, in an almost unboand'.d forest, swarming
with these savages, who embraced every occasion of raising their warhoops ;
and their onslaughts were too often followed by scalping and otherwise cru-
elly torturing their prisoners, as well as burning or plundering their habita-
tions, wherever they Avcrc defenceless. They then returned to their hiding
places, evading pursuit, but prepared to renew their attacks whenever oppor-
tunity offered.

It may perhaps be asked, why do we, at this distant period, dweP upon a state
of things which in these more civilized uays, can never return. The reply
will be that we ought fully to understand, and to appreciate the debt of
gratitude which the inhabitants of these now thriving and peaceful countries
owe to those pioneers who thus paved our way, subdued those savage tribes,
and depiived them of the power of continuing their depredations.

There were few of the early settlers in America who suffered more from
the Indians than those who emigrated to ancient Acadia ; and what en-

277

'Caching to the
laid to be sub-
t, and are left,
few exceptions,

his vast region,
^an continent —
urope to be en-
, their physical
the aso of their
adeved it an ex-
;ir shores, much

neighbors, were
istouis were ge-
self, and varied
jlishcd between
erhups, the sea
itinji "round of
others remained
i hunting, in all
loyments. The
3. or wi£(wams,
onical form, the
overed with the
Europeans, the
e skilful in the
thev ■well knew
:cts of their at-

icting the most
et bounds to the
ere so unfortu-
difficult in these

none but sava-
ed on the early
lore than 3,000
brest, swarming
their warhoops ;
I otherwise cru-
ng their habita-

to their hiding
vhencver oppor-

well upon a state
jrn. The reply
iate the debt of
?aceful countries
se savage tribes,
tions.

fered more from
and what en-

hanced their sufferings in this respect, was the continual wars between Eng-
land and France, and afterwards between the "old coloniea" and England,
for the possession of those lands, originally belonging to the savages. It
must be confessed that these wars teuded but little to christianise or civilize
the wild men of the forest ; indeed each of the European nations rather be-
came themselves savages in their turn, for neither hesitated to use every
means, by presents and bribery, to obtain the assistance of the native tiibes,
and to encourage their barbarities — a course which either of these nations,
at the present day, would shudder to adopt.

The principal part of the Indian tribes of this part of the continent, be-
came, at an early period, converts to the Roman Catholic faith ; and this
tended much to attach them to the French, for the reasons, the settlers of
that nation being of the same belief, and having been the means of their
conversion ; and the bitter animosity which then existed between Protestant"?
and Catholics, which was still further increased by the violent hostility so
long promoted and carried on between the subjects of these powerful na-
tions.

The number of Indians who inhabited Acadia, it is impossible at this
distant day to estimate : but it must, judging from the numbers that are re-
corded to have been present at various engagements, have amounted to seve-
ral thousands ; and when they had to fight with the white men, the differ-
ent nations appear to have lost sight of their own quarrels, whether as to
boundaries or otherwise, and to have assembled at the battle field to indulge
in war, which was their greatest pleasure. Dr. Gesner says, in his work
on the Industrial Resources of !Nova l:;cotia. p. 1 , that, " at an early pe-
riod, the number of Indian warriors was not less than 3,000. This warlike
people, and the first French settlers, formed a powerful barrier to the intro-
duction of British colonists,"

We h ive before adverted to the harassing nature of the hostilities between
the English and these tribes ; and to the treaty made in 1763 with the
chief Argeinault, who then accepted King George as the " great father" of
his nation. On this condition the Provincial Government agreed to protect
the fur trade, by setting such a value upon the several articles as was agreed
upon between the contracting parties.

From that time, every possible encouragement has been held out to these
people by the local governments ; large tracts of land have been set apart
for their use in different parts of both Provinces, and the Legislatures
have, whenever their necessities required it, granted large sums, and
superintended the expenditures, for their relief. In both Provinces
money has been granted to P»oman Catholic missionaries engaged in
their instruction ; and a school for Indian children has been established
in the county of York, by the New Brunswick Government. There
are upwards of 50,000 acres of land reserved for them in that Pro-
vince, as well as large tracts in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Commis-
sioners are employed by all the colonies to advance their interests, and to
encourage them in the cultivation of their lands. Recently some of them
have leen induced to settle on these lands, where, in some instances, they
have built houses after the English fishion, and keep farm stock. They
are sometimes employed in the lumber woods, and more frequently as la-
borers on the farms.

But their predilections for hunting, basket making, and the wigwam f
prevent them from pursuing other avocations for any length of time. An

278

effort ha=; roccntlj' been mado, by the Protestants of Nova Scotia, to prose-
litise them; a inissionary, the Rev. Mr. R:in-:, -who has made himself ac-
quainted with their lan^^uage, has been sent mnonrr^t them ; scmo portions
of the scriptures, and a first rcadir',:; book, have been translated into the
Miemac hii)>:;uage: and they are being tni\r,ht to "<;i!d them. The society
wliich has be\!n funned i'cr thin puryose, has cstabii.sh'xl an iz/fhu^/rial in-
stitufi: amoTig theut, where their (juill boxes, tubs, buckets, brooms, baskets
and other artiLdes of Uieir munufactuie are received; agents are appointed
to coiU'Ct them, and every mean'' adoj.'tcd to secure tii(;m a full value for
their Lhor. ]\!.;ny of the in promiiK'nt and philanthropic men in the
Provinces aio promoters of this OMJoct. 'iiie sum of XlJVl was subscribed
in 1854, and devoted to the ainelioration of their eurniition. in addition to the
large sums annually granted by the Legislatures of the lov.'er colonies.

In th(^ earlv historv of these Provinces, there were probably several na-
tions of ludiaiis inhabiting this .section of America, but they are now re-
duced to two, the Micmacs and the MilicetcH. who speak different Innguages.
The former are a r(':)ust race, and prineij.ndly inliabit the sea shore ; they
are the ir.vjst nnniei-or.s. The latter are less johust. and their predilections
arc more in favoi* of the interior parts ot the country.

In 1>!41, Mr. Pcrley found the number of Indians in New Brunswick to
be as follows : —

T.r. \ 444 males ' -t-t ^ \ 218 males

I 4J1 lemales. i / j.zA females.

The total numbci- was, tiieretbre, 1377

In the census of 1S51, the number in the same Province were,

Males 567

Females 541

Total 1116

Decrease iu ten j^ears 261

In Nova Scotia in 1851. there -were

Males 5o- } rr i 1-1/ -,' • • n A'^-

■p -, - , , ^ Total lOob, principally Micmacs.

In Prince Ed\v.",ru Island, in 1C4S, there were S30, almost all Micnnccs.

From the proximity of this i.sland to the other two colonies, and the mi-
gratory habits of this people, it is probable that a portion of them may have
been iii..uded in the census ibr each of thcic colonics. It is now estimated
that, at present, their aggregiite number does not exceed 2 000 souls.

Though there are no endeuiical diseases among them, they are, from their
manner of life, ex)joscd to every enivlernic that may be brought into the
country b\' emigraiits or sailors' and. from their uljectionsio meiiical treat-
ment, tiiey, and especially the chihhen, are often cut ofl' by disease. ?o
that, unless some s'pecial effort is made on their behaif, the whole of these
tribes, once so formidable to Europeans, will speedily be extinct.

E.MlTUOrAKFS.

This Province, and its sister colonies, nave, as well as the United States,
been rejieatedly subject to slight slioeks of earthqu:ikc3.

The cause of tluse terrestrial phenomena has not yet been satisfactorily
ascertained. Until recently, the subject ui<l not engage much of the atten-
tion of scieutific men, and thoic wlio htivc devoted any time to it difier much

279

Brrinswick to

as to the real cause ; somo supposins; that thoy are produced by the same
agency as that which gives rise to volcar.ii; eruptions, — "while oihcis affii'in
that thoy arc c.mscd by the unequal .ittr;iotion.i of liic itioon on the caiih's
surface at its apogee and ^,crigce : and others «jai:i attribute theia :o sorao
secret and unknown action of electricity. The subject is wortli niuch jjLil-
osophical ciujuiry. for tho "ak-^^of liieadvancenent of science, and notih.it we
anticipate sui'h knowledge ; may eniil)k' us to stay ;',k> mighty agent that
thus powerfidly operates upon our planet, but rather, if the natural causes
and their operations could be discovere<l, Ave might be led more fiiliy to adore
that first gieat cause and grand agont nho give.:; existence to this, as well
as to all tho otiicr jihenouiena of the universe.

The first notice w^o liave of eartluinakes in tliese Provinces is :o be found
in Ilalihurton, vol. 1. p. ()•' , in which there is an accoviiit of one which
took placo on the -Gt'i of January, ^'303, and which was felt over the wide
of JNorth America. " IJuc Caia<la w;ts tlie chi. ." scat of its concussions:
the doors open-.'d and siiut of thernsolve-j, with a i'earful clattering; the l.elb
rang without iieing touched ; \.\ c w:ills s[)lit assundcr; the floors separated
and fell down : the fields put on tiie appea-ance of precipices, and the m^ain-
tains seemed to be moving ouc of their jihices : many .>nial] rivers and foun-
tains were dried u^i; in others, ti.e W!:t.'r became sulphurous, and in nemo
the channel in which they ran was so altered, that it could not be distin-
guished : many trees were torn up. and th; jwn to a considerable distance ;
some nmuniaiiis ajipeaied to be mu'di broken and moved ; half-way between
Tadousac and Quebec, two mountains were sliakeri dnwn, aiid formed a ) oint
of land, which extended half a quarter of a league into the river St. Law-
rence. Tho island A ax Coiidrea became larger than it was before, and the
channel of the river became mudi altered. — Memor. Am. Arts and Science,
1st, 203, and 1st ilulmes, 3s0."

Tho above extract records the most extraordinary phenomenon of this
nature ever known on this part of tho continent of xVmerica, tboiifdi thero
were numerous stories related by the Indians, at the time of its discovery,
of similar concussions, A>hich piud..u:cd the most wonderful results ; but wc
have no reliable data to enable us to give any (iescription of these events.

A little before sunrise, en the morning ol the 22ud of ^^Tay, 1S17, three
slight shocks were felt in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the State of
Maine. They .ail took place wiiliin the short sj)'ico of fifteen minutes, and
were accomjianicd ])y a lumbling noise like thunder : buildings Avore shaken,
and their c'tntents moved, so that the people liccame al.'.iii cd. bli<.ht -hocks
were al.^o ftlt in uiff.vent parts of these Provinces in 1827 aLd l^-oi), but
they produced no serious elTocts.

About .■^even o'clock in the morning of the Stli of bebrmry, ISof). ano-
ther of these plLjuonicna visited Nova .Scotia, New Prunswick, arid a part
of the adjaeent JStatcs. The thermonioter, on the day previous was observ-
ed to be lower tlitsn had been known, at that period, in the I'lovince for sev-
eral years. The duration of the moiion was very .short- -not more, in some
localities, than twenty seconds ; in other parts of the Piovince it lasted a
little longer: and in others there v,cre soveral concussions felt; in some
places slight shocks weie percci/ed some days after, jiuring the time of
the heaviest concussion?. Hoveral stone and other buildings were ^diak'^n. and
furniture displaced : it produced a rumbling noise, like a chimney n fire,
or distant thunder. It was felt most sensihly at the Pend, Sussex Vale,.
Fiudei'ioLoa; oud other low ^liQui in Nuw Piaudwick, where the lockio^

I'O:

•I ; '

280

motion was said to continue longer ; and it is the duration of the shock that
produces the greatest effects, l^o material iojurj, however, was done in
any part of the country.

BOUNDARIES.

The Province of Nova Scotia, like that of New Brunswick, is a depen-
dency of ti:ie British Empire ; being included in the General Government
of British North America. Nova Scotia proper, is a somewhat rectangular
peninsula, connected with New Brunswick on the north east by a narrow
isthmus only fifteen miles in width, and it is bounded on the south and south
east by the Atlantic ocean ; on the north west by the Bay of Fundy and
Chignecto Bay, which, with the isthmus before mentioned, separate it from
New Brunswick; and north easterly by the Straits of Northumbeiland,
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic ocean. Its area, including the
island of Cape Breton, is nearly 12,000,000 acres ; and it is situate between
43 ° 20', and 47 ° 4' north latitude, and 59 ° 37' and 66 ° 23' west
longitude.

'Ihe Island of Cape Breton is situate to the north eastward of the Penin-
sula, from which it is separated by the Gut of Canso. The Atlantic ocean
bounds it on the east, and a part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence dividing it
from Newfoundland on the north; its western shore is also washed by the
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Note. — Nova Scotia (as described in the Commission to Lord Durham,
on his memorable mission to Briuah North America) is " bounded on the
westward by a line drawn from Cape Sable across the entrance to the cen-
tre of the Bay of Fundy ; on the northward by a line drawn along the cen-
tre of the said Bay to the mouth of the Musquat river (now called the Mis-
siqua&h), by the said river to its source ; and from thence by a due east line
across the isthmus into the Bay of Verte." The inland part of this boun-
dary is not yet defined ; it is somewhat difficult to determine the source of
the Missiquash in consequence of its numerous large arms extending into
the country. This would best be done by tracing a minute survey of this
river and its numerous tributories, and ascertaining their extent, and the
volume of water they respectively supply.

281

) sbock that
was done in

is a depen-
Government

rectangular
)y a narrow
h and south

Fundy and
irate it from
humbei land,
icluding the
late between

® 23' west

if the Penin-
tlantic ocean
!C dividing it
isbed by the

)rd Durham,
mdcd on the
3 to the cen-
long the cen-
lled the Mis-
due east line
)f this boun-
he source of
tending into
irvey of this
ent, and the

r >■

CIVIL DIVISIONS.

(This Province, like that of New Brunswick, is divided into counties and
townships.)

Names and Papulation of

the Counties.

y-* 1 •

Population.

Counties.

County Towns.

Increase.

1838.

1851.

Halifax,

City of Halifax,

2S,r,70

39,112

Lunenburg,

12,058

10,395

Queen's,

Liverpool,

5,798

7,250

Shelbiirne,

Shelburne,

0,831

10,622

increuso

Yarmouth ,

Yarmouth,

9,iHy

13,142

i^'g^y.

Digby,

9,269

12,252

Annapolis,

11,989

14,2X5

>■

King's,

Kentville,

13,709

14,13S

Nova Scotia proper,

Ilant'a,

AV^indsor,

11,399

14,330

Cumberland,

Araherst,

7,572

14,339

53,611.

Colchester,

Truro,

11,225

15,469

Pictou,

Pictuu,

21,449

25,593

(Juysborough,

7,447

10,838

Sydney,

Antigonish,

7,103

13,467

Richmond,

Arichat,

7,607

10,381

luoreafle in Capo
> Breton,
23,478.

Cape Breton,
Victoria,

Sydney, i
liedeque, (

14,111

17,500
10,100

Inverness,

Port Hood,

13,042

10,917

Totals. — Coun

ties, 18

199,028

276,117

77,089

<JE0GRA1M1Y.

This Province, including both the Peninsula, or Nova {Scotia proper, and
the Island of Cape Breton, has a sea board of 900 miles, inclusive of the
indentations of the coast ; it is externally, every where indented by excellent
harbors, and, internally, it is literally a net work of rivers, streams and lakes,
many of which afford ship navigation. Its principal geopraphical character-
istics will be found comprized in the following synopsis , —

Bays and Harbors. — The Bays of Fundy and Ohignecto divide this
Province from New Brunswick, and have been already described, together
with their remarkable tides, under the head of the Geography of the latter
Province.

Minas Channel, Minas Basin and Cobcqiiid Bay^ form an easterly
arm of the Bay of Fundy, extending eighty miles into the country, and
aflford excellent ship communication with the interior of the central section
of Nova Rcotia proper.

Annapolis Basi?i, on the north west of the Province, is a beautiful inland
Basin, connected with the Bay of Fundy by a narrow inlet, known as An-
napolis Gut ; it is situate immediately opposite to, and forty-five miles from
the harbor of Saint John in New Brunswick.

f. i

4 ;|| )]

* i

r ■ ■ i

n |;

,■ = 1

282

»S'A Mary^s Bay is a spacious sheet of water, separated from the Bay of
Fundy by Digby Neck, and the islands at its south-western extremity.
This Bay extends to within eight miles of Annapolis Basin, and affords a
good harbor for shipping.

Abdptin Ilitrbor is situate to the westward of the southern extremity of
the Province ; it is studded with small islands.

There arc numerous bays and inlets between this Bay and Halif^vx har-
bor, affording good shelter and anchorage for ships of various sizes ; the
principal are Barrington, Shclburne, and Londonderry harbors ; and Ma-
hone and Margaret's 13ays, all in the western part of the IVovince, and on
ihe Atlantic coast.

Halifax Harbor, formerly called Chebucto Bay, is situate on the Atlan-
tic coast, near the centre of Nova Scotia proper. This is one of the best
and most spacious harbors in North America ; it is capable of affording
shelter and safe anchorage to the fleet, both naval and mercantile, of the
most powerful maritime nation in the world , and it possesses the recom-
mendation of being free from ice all the year round.

The principal harbors between Halifax and Chedabucto Bay, are Jedore,
Ship, Spry, Mushaboo, Sheet, and Beaver harbors, many of which may bo
safely resorted to by shipping ; the Bay of Islands, Liscomb Harbor, St.
Mary's Bay, Fishcrm, m"s Harbor, and Isaac's Harbor. Speaking of the
latter, Captain Bayfield, R, N., says, it " has good holding ground, with
sufficient depth of water for any vessel," He also says Country Harbor
"is navigable for the largest ships, twelve miles from its entrance," but
requires care in navigating its mouth, Torbay, Wliitehaven, Raspberry
Harbor, Hover Bay, and Canso Harbor are small harbors to the east of
Halifax, mani^ of which arc recommended by the authority we have quoted
above, as affording good shelter from storms and safe anchorage. Admiral
Owen, who surveyed this coast by order of the British Government, gives
a most favorable opinion on Whitehaven ; he speaks of it as a splendid and
most commodious port, afibrding great facilities of approacii,

Clieihibncln liny forms a part of the separation between Nova Scotia
and Cape Breton : and " is wide and spacious; it is bold on both shores,
and free from danger ; on its southern side, which is high and nearly straight,
are Foxes Islaml, and Crow Harbor ;"' the former is a eafe resort for vessels
pursuing the fai* tamed mackarel fishery of the place; the latter "is on
the south side of (^iiedabucto Bay, and is capable of containing ships of
war of the fifth rate, merchant vessels, kc.''^

Mil ford Harbor^ forming the westernmost entrance of the Bay, is a
good harbor, offering every facility for the ingress and safe tinchorage of
ships.

The Cut of Canso is about fifteen miles long, and averages over three
quarters of a mile in length. It is formed by Cape Breton Island on the
north-east, and Nova Scotia proper on the south-west. Though there are
some dangerous rocks along its margins, still it has deep water, and numer-
ous indentations, afibrding sludtcr for vessels of the largest class ; and it is
a very important ship communication from the /Vtlantic, tlirough the Colony
of Nova Scotia, to the (rulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Straits.

Saint (Jeorge's Bay lies northerly from the Cut of Canso. It is a large
Bay, and contains several small harbors, presenting facibties for the loading
and unloading small class vessels. This Bay is the largest estuary in the
north-eastern section of tho Brovince.

283

im the Bay of

rn extremity.

and afForda a

1 extremity of

\ Ilaliilvx har-
0U3 sizes ; the
ors ; and Ma-
ovince, and on

on the Atlan-
)ne of the best
)le of affording
rcantile, of the
SOS the recom-

ly, are Jedore,
-svhich may be
lb Harbor, St.
peaking of the
T ground, with
Country Harbor
entrance," but
,'en, I'aspberry
to the east ol
we have quoted
ace. Admiral
.fernmcnt, gives
a splendid and

n Nova Scotia
on both shores,
nearly straight,
esort for vessels
latter "is on
nining ships of

the Bay, is a
(! anchorage of

iges over three
I Island on the
ou<2;h there aro
ter, and nunior
class ; and it is
)ugh the Colony
iberland Straits.
). It is a large
for the loading
estuary in the

Merigonish is an excellent bar-harbor, and lies seven miles easterly of
the entrance to that of Pictou, It is, like most of the harbors on the north-
eastern coast of this and the adjoining Province, subject to shifting sand-
bars.

Pictou harbor ''has a l)ar at its mouth of fifteen feet, inside of which is
a capacious and beautiful basin,"" with from five to nine fathoms of water.
It is a very important harbor, inconsequence of the coal mines in the vicini-
tv, and the other trade of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

CairWoo, Tatamagouche. and Jlamshcg or Wallace Harbors, arc shoal,
but are easy of ingress, and possess safe anchorage for vessels of various
classes.

Pugivash is an excellent harbor — in fact, one of the best on this coast.
Ships of the largest class can enter, and take in or discharge their loads ;
the water is deep close to the banks of the inner basin, where a small navy
might ride in safety.

The several harbors at the entrances to I'liilip, Goose, and Skinimicas
rivers, are shoal, only acccssil>le to small vessels, with the exception of the
first, which will admit those of a somewhat larger size.

Bay Vaic, already described under the head of the (Jcography of JSew
Brunswick, is a large estuary, perfectly safe for vessels of a large class,
which have to lie at some distance from the head of the Bay. The harbor
at the mouth of the Ti Inish river can be entered by schooners and small
class brigs. The mouth of this river is the reputed termination, northerly,
of the Province of Nova Scotia.

Cojtc Union hl<in((.~-V\on\ the Gut of (Janso, around the north-west-
ern, northern, and Ciisterii coasts of this island, there are no harbors of any
note, except Aspy Bay, which lies south of Capo North, until we arrive at
St. Ann's Bay, which is a safe and spacious harbor, with a narrow entrance
of four and a half fathoms at low water. In the inner basin, which is slicl-
tered from all winds, the water is irom five to ten fathoms in depth, with a
muddy bottom.

fi/-«.s cif' O/' is an inlandlake, which has two outlets into the Atlantic,
known, respectively, as tLo Great and Little Bras d'Or. This lake, and its
outlets, nearly divide the island into two parts. It is about to be connected
with St. Peter's Bay by means of a canal.

Sydney Harbor, the entrance to which lies to the south cast of St. Ann's,
is an excellent harbor, having " a safe and secure entrance, with soundings
regular from sea into five fathoms '' The water is from five to ,en fathoms
deep in the inner basin, and " is capable of containing the whole navy of
Great Britain." We (juote from Captain Bayfield.

Tiie bays between this harbor and Chedabucto Day are Cow, Mire',
Louisburg, (Jabarus, and St. feter's Bays ; some of tliem, and especially
Louisburg, which was the great naval station of the I^'rench on these shores,
form good and safe harbors for variously sized vessels.

Porl Hood. — Recently this wa>3 a good harbor, but the natural protec-
tion which prevented the encroachments of the sand being now removed,
it is unsafe, and the water shallow.

Capes and Headlands. — Cape Chignecto is at the head of the Bay of
Fundy, and the extreme south-west point of the county of Cumberland.
Capos Blomidon, in Colchester, and Split, in King's, are on each side, and
at tho head of Minag Channol

O^no Sablo \% the most souiborn point of Babb Island, op tho Atl^tlo

I-:!-

,! I

U ^ I-

it 4^-^ i

i/i

284

coast of Nova Scotia, It mnst not be confounded with *he Sj'.ble Island
hereafter described, which has been the scene of so many disastrous ship-
wrecks.

Cape Sambro and Penant Point are situate south of the h;«rbor of Hali-
fax, and form the southern extremity of the county of that name. Cape
Canso is the most eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, and is often the first
land si^ghted by steamers and other vessels on their passage to Halifax. Red
Head lies north of Chedabucto Bay.

Cape St. Gcoi'ge is situate to the north-Avest of St. George's Bay. Cape
Porcupine, which is 560 feet high, is opposite Plaster Cove, Avhere the beds
of gypsum are exhaustlcss. This is the narrowest part of the Gut of Can-
so, and the point where the telegraph line crosses the Strait.

Capes John and Malagash lie respectively on the east and west Sioes of
the entrance to Tatamagouche harbor.

Cape BMon. — Cape St. Lawrence and Cape North form together the
most northerly extremity of the Island.

Cape Egmont is the southerly entrance to Aspy Bay.

Point AoGui is situate between the Great and Little Bras d'Or.

Cape jVlurgain lies 'jetv/een Cow and jMire' Bays, and Cape Breton is sit-
uate south of the entrance to Mire' Bay.

Lakes. — Lake George, Vaughan, St. John and Pubnico are all in Yar-
mouth county.

Lake Rossignol is of considerable size, and forms, with lakes Port Med-
way, Malaga and other small lakes, nearly a complete chair across Queen's
county. Sherbrook Lake is in Lunenburg county.

There is a chain of lakes extending from Dartmouth, at the harbor of
Hahfax, towards the head of Cobequid Bay ; the principal of which — Grand
Lake— and several otheis, empty themselves into that bay by the Shubena-
cadie. This cbaiu is now being connected with Halifax harbor by means of
a canal — an undertaking which has long been talked of, and was first pro-
posed for the passage of ships, but is now being adapted to carry small boats
or barges only.

Ship Harbor Lake empties itself into the sea to the eastward of Halifax,
and is situate near the centre of that county. Between this lake and Hali-
fax harbor is a succession of small lakes, the principal of which are Major,
Porter's, and Chezzetcook lakes, all in the county of Halifax. All the sec-
tion of Nova Scotia proper, to the eastward of and including tliat county,
is interspersed with small lakes, while the districts to the eastward and north-
ward possess but few of any note.

Lakes of Cape Brcfou. — Ainslie Lake makes its exit into the Straits
of Northumberland north of Seal Ir/land.

The centre of this isLind consists of a chain of lakes and inland bays, as
Whykokomagh Bay, Basin Saint George. Straits of Barra, and the Bras
d'Ors (already described), which nearly divide the island into two parts.
These lakes have numerous arms extending in every direction, and afTording
excellent in 'ernal navigation. The only remairmig inland water of any note
is Loch Loi nond, which empties itself into the ocean cast of St. Peter's Bay.

Rivers. —Beginning at the head of Cumberland Basin, the principal
rivers of Nova Scotia are the Missiquash, the boundary between this Pro-
vince and New Brunswick, the La Planche, Napan, Macan, and Ilebert ;
none of which are navigable for Viptssols. Applo river is w small stream
emptying itself miQ Chignc^to Bay.

285

Sj'ble Island
lastr^us ship-

rbor of Ilali-
name. Cape
ften the first
aalifax. Hed

a Bay. Cape
rliere the beds
D Gut of Can-
west Sioes of

1 together the

I'Or.

1 Breton is sit-

re all in Yar-

:c3 Port Med-
icross Queen's

the harbor of
which — Grand
the Shubena-
)r by means of
was first pro-
rry small boats

rd of Halifax,
lake and Hali-
ich are Major,
All the see-
that county,
ard and north-
to the Straits

nland bays, as
and the Bras
ito two parts.

and a^Tording
,er of any note

Peter's Buy.

the principal
reen this Pro-

and Ilebert;

QHiall strearo

There are a great number of streams which fall into Minas Basin and
Oobequid Bay. Those on the north and east side are Partridge, Little and
Great Bass, Folly, De Bert, Chiganois, North and Salmon rivers, which
take their rise principally among the hills forming the Cobequid range in
Cumberland, Colchester, and Pictou counties. Those running into the same
bays on the south shore are : the Shubenacadie, which has numerous tribu-
tories, known as the Stewiac, Saint Andrew's, Gay's, Nine Mile and Five
Mile rivers, which have their sources in Colchester and Hants ; tho Shuben-
acadie has its principal origin in the lakes before mentioned, within a few
miles of Halifax ; the Avon, who?e branches are numerous, the largest being
the Kennetcook, Meander, Saint Croix, Half-way, and Gaspereaux; the
sources are chieily in Hants county. The Cornwallis, Cunard, and Habitant
rivers rise in King's county, and fall into the Minas Basin west of the Avon.

The Annapolis River, discharging itself into Annapolis Basin, has,
amongst its numerous smaller affluents, the Nictau and the Fales rivers.

From St. Mary's Bay we come to the Sissiboo, the Mor 'Ugan, and tho
Salmon Rivers, in Digby county, and the Salmon and Tusket in Yarmouth ;
the latter, a stream of some importance, takes its rise in Digby and empties
itself into Abuptic harbor. Proceeding along the coast and passing some
inconsiderable streams, we come to the Clyde, Roseway and Jordan, which
rise in Shelbornc ; tho Broad, Liverpool, and Port Medway rivers, the latter
being the largest which have their origin among the lakes of Queen's coun-
ty ; the Lahave, one of the most extensive rivers in this region. Petite,
Gold and Middle rivers, all originate in Lunenburg county, and the two lat-
ter fall into INIahone Bay. Between this bay and Hahfax harbor there are
a number of small streams, but none of them of any extent. Sackville
river falls into Bedford Bat-in, which forms part of Halifax harbor ; around
the westerly margin of this harbor and river, crossing the latter, is now be-
ing constructed the Atlantic portion of the European and North American
Railway.

From Halifax harbor to Cape Canso the streams are numerous, but not
extensive ; the principal in Halifax county, are the Salmon, Musquodoboit,
and the two branches of Middle and Mosure rivers. Liscomb is a small
river taking its rise partly in Halifax and partly in Guysborough.

St. Mary's River, having numerous tributory streams, is the most ex-
tensive on the Atlantic shore of the Province; it has its sources in Pictou
and Sydney counties, interlacing with the streams falling into the Nor-
thumberland Straits, and flows through Guysborough^ making its exit in St.
Mary's Bay.

Country harbor river also has its rise in, and runs through Guysborough,
and as well as Salmon river, falls into Chedabucto bay.

The principal streams between the Gut of Canso vnd Pictou, are. Black,
Pombhot, South, and West rivers ; the two latter have their discharge in
Antigonish harbor. All these rivers originate in and run through Sydney
county and flow into St. George's Bay.

The principal rivers of Pictou county are, Barney's, French and Suther-
land rivers, which empty themselves into Merigomish harbor ; East river,
famed for its coals, Middle and West river, all falling into Pictou harbor •
and River John discharging itself into Brule harbor, which lies east, and
forms a part of Tatmagouche harbor.

Waugh, French, Tatmagcucho, and Dewars rivern, all tako thoir riie in
th© high Uad!! cf C^khcBter, aad M iat^ T*JHi?.a^cuoh6 hftrbot

' 13

5 'f:

|1;

t -X, J

286

From hence to the boundary of New Brunswick at Bay Verte, tl.e prin-
cipal rivers are the Wallace, Pugwash, Philip, Goose, Shinimecas, and Tid-
nish rivers, all of which are small streams, except the Pugwash, \\hich is
deep at its mouth, but not extensive, and the river Philip, which has a large
course ; the three first have their sources on the north side of the Cobequid
hills, and the others in other parts of Cumberland, all of them empty them-
selves into the Northumberland Straits.

The R'nwrs of Cape Breton, are, the two branches of the Margarie,
and the two branches of Mabou, all of which run through Inverness coun-
ty into the (jiulf of St. Lawrence ; Mire' river, and Salmon river, its tribu-
tory, take their rise in and flow through the county of Cape Breton, falling
into the Atlantic, south of Cape Margain ; and (Jrand River, originating ir;
Loch Lomond, and emptying itself into the Atlantic, cast of St. Petev's
Bay.

MontUalns. — This Province is very uneven ; it is divei*sified by hills of
considerable magnitude, and extensive plains. These hills nowhere ab'sume
the character of mountains, except in that range known by the Lame
of the Cohe<iiu<l Mnunlains. This range extends, though with some breaks,
from Cape Chignecto, the most westerly point of Cumberland, nearly east
to the county of Pictou, and from thence in a disconnected manner to the
Gut of Canso. The height varies from four to eleven hundred feet ; the
lowest purt found in the direction of the railway line near by Major Robin-
son's, by wa^'of the Folly river, was ascertained to be six hundred feet above
the level of high water ; however, a lower line, though somewhat longer,
may be obtained by way of the head of the Tatmagouche river. Some of
the elevations in this range present picturesque appearances, amongst which
are the Sugar Loaf, between Cumberland and Colchester, and Mount Thom,
in Pictou. There is another range of hills, of lower elevation, extending
from Minas Basin to Annapolis Cut.

The Atlantic coast of the Province is much broken by hills and vales, as
are also many parts of Cape Breton, and the neighborhood of the Gut of
Canso.

Jsla/ids. ~ Sable Island is a low sandy island, situate about eighty-four
miles south easterly from Cape Canso. Its length k somewhat over twenty
miles and it exceeds one mile in breadth. It has been the scene of numer-
ous shipwrecks, lying as it does nearly in a direct line from Europe to the
Atlantic centre of Nova Scotia, and therefore nearly in the direct track of
vessels bound either out or home ; numerous eflforts have been made to pre-
vent these misfortunes by the erection of a Light House, and to alleviate
the sufferings of person" who may be thrown on the island by the formation
of an establishment to provide for them. The Government of Nova Scotia
have appropriated the sum of £1000 annu:dly to this humane purpose, and
keep a party resident thereon to afford assistance in case cf wrecks, Capt.
Bayfield lays down the position of the island as follows : Lat. 43, 50. Lon
3, 32 east of ITaHfax Dockyard.

Scatari Island lies on the south ofthe entrance to Mire' River.

Gregor Island is to the south of Gabarus Biiy ; and Wood-Island, about
half way between the former and the entrance to Chedabucto Bay.

There are several islands on the north side of Chedabucto Bay ; the prin
cipal is Isle Madame, which ig very irregular in shape and is included in the
county of Richmond.

Tho largest k\m^ m^ tbo only on^ worth notice oo tho Province 9horQ,

887

«, tlic prin-
is, and Tid-
3h, which is
has a large
le Cobequid
mpty them-

e Margarie,
jrncss coun-
jr, its tribu-
eton, falling
[•iginating iri
■ St. Petev's

d by hills of
here aKsumc
^ the liame
3ome breaks,
, nearly east
anner to the
cd feet; the
,Iajor Robin-
cd feet above
what longer,
;r. Some of
Qongst ■which
^lount Thorn,
»n, extending

and vales, as
.f the Gut of

t eighty-four
; over twenty
le of numer-
luropc to the
rcct track of
made to prc-
1 to alleviate
the formation
Nova Scotiii
purpose, and
ccks. Capt.
43, 56. Lon

sr.

Island, about

Bay,

ly ; the prin

icludcd in the

in the Northumberland Straits, is Pictou Island, which lies off the harbor
of that name.

There are many islands sti'.rlding the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia pro-
per; they are generally near the shore, and therefore not dangerous to
mariners.

Seal and Mud Islands are situate off the entrance of Abaptic harbor, form-
ing the most southerly portion of Nova Scotia. Cape Sable Island lies in the
entrance of Barrington harbor, to the eastward of the two former.

Long and Briar Islands form almost a continuation of Uigby Neck, and
divide St. Mary's Bay from the Bay of Fundy.

Maut Island is a small Islet lying to the south west of Chignecto Cape
near the head of the Bay of Fundy.

CJEOLOGY.

From the discovery of Nova Scotia to the present time, the value and ex-
tent of its minerals have been deemed import^ .. As early as 1004, De
Monta found various valuable metallic substances on different parts of its
seagirt boundary, and ever since new discoveries of mineral wealth have
been made in almost every section of the colony.

The surface of the country is beautifully variegated by lofty mural hiUs,
and fertile vales, which give some parts of it almost an alpine nppearance.

Geologists htivc divided the internal structure of the Province into three
formations. The igneous formation consists of granite, trap and other pri-
mary rocks ; the igneous includes the fossil! ferous and carboniferous strata,
such as lime stone, gypsum, &c., and those of the various kinds of slate
belong to the metamorphic class.

In consequence of a large proportion of the surface of the Province being
still covered with a dense forest, it is not possible to give a minute descrip-
tion of its geological features.

The primary rocks belonging to the igneous class, consist principally of
granite, gniess, quartz, and mica slate ; these are most abundant in the At-
lantic counties and extend into the northern portion of Cape Breton ; they
are also observable in the southern part of some of the western counties.
The land in the district occupied by this system is generally poor ; from the
hardness and unyielding character of these rocks they contribute but slowly
to the formation of tillagcable soil.

Almost the only useful substance found within this district, is granite,
which is of the best quality for building, and other purposes : no metallic
ores worthy of notice have yet been discovered.

The Silurian Rocks form an almost unbroken belt, extending from St.
Mary's Bay, through tl.e counties bounding on the Bay of J'undy, Minas
Channel and Basin, and Cobequid Bay, through Colchester, Pictou and
Sydney, across the Gut of Canso, and including a large portion of Cape
Breton. It consists of shells, slates, and limestone, some of which have
been found to be fossiliferous. Within the boundaries of this system, iron
ore of excellent quality, and some copper have been found. An extensive
deposite !of the former runs along the southerly margin of the Cobequid
mountains in Pictou and Colchester, and it has been discovered in some other
places. The surface of this district, where it is not stony, is well adapted
for agricultural operations.

77te Carboniferous system, or coal formation, which covers about 2000

''>) ,

li ■-

i* »• * ■

;«3l ■

288

square miles of the area of this Province, is principally composed of red
and gray sandstones, shells, gypsum and limestone, all of which are gene-
rally found in stwtified positions.

The district occupied by this formation embraces nearly all the low lands
of that portion of the Province lying north of the Minas channel and
Cobequid Bay, with a small portion of the counties of King's and Hants ;
its southern boundary runs easterly in the direction of Cape Canso,

at the entrance to Chedabucto Ba^, . ^-prehending, in its range, a large
portion of Cape Breton.

The iron ores and clay iron stone of this system, as far as discovery has
hitherto gone, have been observed in the counties of Cumberland, Colches-
ter and Pictou, and in the island of Cape Breton ; they are mostly of the
hematite description.

The surface includes some of the best land in the Province, and is almost
all capable of being cultivated and rendered highly productive.

The netvred sand stojic system, and the trap associated therewith, skirt,
in isolated patches, the whole Bay of Fundy coast, from St. Mary's Bay to
Minas channel, p,nd both sides of the latter to the head of Cobeqnid Bay.
Veins of magnetic iron and copper ores, and also agates and jaspers, have
been discovered within these boundaries. This system contains soils of an
excellent quality ; and even the debris of the trap rock, when it is not too
precipitous, is found, when tilled, to be very productive.

The limited geological researches already made in this Province seem
almost to warrant the belief that it contains within its bowels useful miner-
als of almost every description, and in such great abundance, that all that
appears wanting to their developement is the application of capital, skill and
industry, which would render these vast natural treasures subservient to the
interests of the inhabitants. It is the opinion of many, however, that the
cause that has paralyzed, in a great measure, this branch of industry, may
be found in the following circumstances. In the year 1826, a large portion
of the mineral wealth of the Colony was conveyed, by Royal charter, to the
late Duke of York, who thus became the sole owner, for the term of sixty
years, (of which thirty-one are still unexpired,) of all the mines and min-
erals in the Province not previously granted with the land ; and the grant
includes, with some few exceptions, all the minerals hitherto discovered. The
reserved rent was the annual sum of £3,000 sterling, with a further sum of
Is. sterling for every ton, of 2620 pounds, raised, and four pence for every
ton of ore worked exceeding a certain quantity. This lease was assigned to
a Company of Capitalists in England, who were incorporated under the
name of The General Mining Association of London, and who com-
menced their operations at Pictou and in Cape Breton, in 1828. The Roy-
alty or Gain e has been reduced, by arrangement between the Association
and the Provincial Government, to a uniform rate of two shillings currency
per Newcastle chaldron. Great and continued dissatisfaction has, however,
arisen between the Company and the local Government, and in April, 1854,
there was a joint application by both branches of the Legislature to His
Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, praying him to confer, during the re-
cess, with the British Government and the Directors of the Association,
with a view to an adjustment of several points in dispute and a modification
of the moiopoly thus created.

osed of red
1 are gene-

le low lands
jhannel and
and Hants ;
Cape Canso,
age, a large

liscovery has
,nd, Colches-
aostly of the

and is almost

srewith, skirt,
[ary's Bay to
obeqnid Bay.
jaspers, have
18 soils of an
it is not too

>rovince seem
useful miner-
!, that all that
,pital, skill and
servient to the
ever, that the
industry, may
a, large portion
[charter, to the
term of sixty
.ines and min-
land the grant
[scovered. The
.\irther sum of
|ence for every
ras assigned to
.ted under the
and who com-
8. The Roy-
|hc Association
lings currency
1 has, however,
|n April, 1854,
ilature to His

during the re-
|e Association,

a modification

289

The principal Minerals of Nova Scotia, economically considered.

There are few mineral substances of so much importance to the interests
of a country os that of coal. Its use is essential on rendorinjjj every other
mineral serviceable to man : manufactories cannot be profitably carried on
without it. Steamboats re((uire this fuel to enable them to traverse the
deep ; in fact, by its ardency must all the j^reat improvements in manufac-
tures, in commerce, and in the intercourse bet\Ycen one country and another,
be effectually achieved.

With regard to quantity and quality of this useful mineral, no country of
equal extent on the American Continent is so highly privileged as the Colo-
ny of Nova Scotia.

There are five different places at which coal has been raise'd on a scale
more or less extensive, namely, at the Albion or Pictou iMir.ea, the Sydney,
Bridgeport and Bras d'or iMines in Cape Breton, and the South Joggins in
Cumberland. Besides these, outcrops have been discovered at numerous
other places, at some of which small cjuantities have been extracted for local
domestic use. Tlioso coal fields are very extensive, and further research
will no doubt be crowned with success, as a large portion of the coal region
is still mantled with its pristine vesture.

The PictoH Mines are situate on the east river of Pictou about eleven
miles from the town, and seven from the harlior of the same name; with
the latter it is connected by a railroad constructed by the General Mining
Association. By this means the coals are brou<:^ht down ior shipment as
long as the navigation of the Culf of St. Lawrence is open, bein^ from
about the 1st May to the middle of November. When, however, a branch
of the railway, now being built by the Provincial <ioverinnent, is extended
to this place, which its ]»romoters have in contemplation to eil'ect aK speedily
as possil'le, the coal may be transmitted to llalifax. not only Ibr the
supply of that city and the neighborhood, but also for shipment, during
the wint.'jr, to the United States, and the various ports of the British
Provinces. Under the provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty, there can
be no doubt of this trade becoming very extensive, and forming an im-
portant item in the railway traffic : indeed, in connection with the (julf^
Trade, and the local traflic, this line promises to be one of the most
remunerative portions of tlie undertaking. These mines. :»s well as those in
Cape Breton and at the Joggins. belong to the (Jeneral Mining Association,
who have also a Foundry in op-eration at the Pictou woiks.

The coal of Pictou is highly bituminous, and is used in the United States
largely in the manufacture of iron and gas, and also for domestic purposes.
Of the extent and quality of this coal, Or. Gesner thus speaks in his In-
dustrial Resources of Nova Scotia, p. 271 : " Ten strata of coal have been
penetrated ; the main coal band is 83 feet in thickness, Anth 24 feet of
good coal ; of this only 12^ feet are suitable for exportation — the remain-
ing part is appliable to furnaces and forges."'

This coal weighs ?' out 31 cwt. per chaldron, of 8(3 bushels, Winchester
measure, or from 15 to 16 cwt, per cubic yard. The Newcastle chaldron is
double the Winchester, ...id one hundred chaldrons of Wincliester measure
make nearly one hundred and twenty chaldrons of Boston measure.

The Pictou coal i6 !?oM by the VVincbcBtcr chaldron, orul th" prico at the
V'tidin^ giound \\\ "i.H.'«'). -^'irt. fat' lur^tJ "aal, IV"»ill«)li '^d. to IHa., currf^fUiyj

}'^f »?h*taf«», i'.\m\ iQ iM. t|d,j pti^viUi^, ^m fna, pA fi<? ijlanli m4i fvoffl

-^jD

il'

• Jr

"I.

290

Ss. 6(1. to 88. per chaldron. The cost of shipping coal from Pictou to Bos-
ton in the same year ranged from two dollars and a half to four dollars per
chaldron ; at the same period the value of anthracite coal, in the markets
of Boston and New York was from five and a half to six dollars per ton.
The United States import duty on coal has varied very much from 1842 to
1845, the duty was !ij;2.G0 per chaldron, during which time there were
46,806 Newcastle chaldrons shipped from Pictou to their ports : while be-
tween 1846 (when the duty was reduced to one dollar) and 1849, there
were shipped 100,863 chaldrons. In fact, every reduction of duty has been
followed by a marked increase in the export ; thus shewing that we may
reasonably expect a far greater demand and more extensive export of this
important article, now that the Reciprocity Treaty has become law.

The price paid to miners for working the coal varies from Is. 7d. to 2s 2d.
per cubic yard, which is equal to about 3s 8d. per chaldron — at which rate
a good collier can earn about Od. per day. Tne cost of raising the coal
from the pits to the surface of the ground is stated in the reports to the
Legislature, to which we are indebted for several details, at 123. l.fd. per
chaldron, exclusive of contingencies. The number of vessels employed in
carrying coals from the Pictou mines in 1853, was 1051 ; the average ton-
nage of each vessel was 120 tons; of these 626 were engaged in the trade
to the States, and of the latter 05 were American bottoms.

A new mine of superior coal has recently been opened, which, together
with those already in work, will require a vast number of additional labor-
ers to supply the increasing demands.

T/ii. Cape Breton Coal Fields are principally situate on the east side of
the island, and mines have been opened at Sydney, Bridgeport, and Bras
D'or. This Coal field is stated by Dr. Gesner to cover a space of 35 miles
in length, to be of an average breadth of 4-2- miles, including the islets on
the coast, and of vast thickness. The principal works are on the north
west side of Sydney harbor, where a town has sprung up known as Sydney
M'mes. The greatest depth to which the working has reached is over 300
feet. The (luantity of coal shipped from hence to the United States is not
large ; and it is principally used for domestic purposes, but it is also burnt
on board the Cunard steamers, between Liverpool and Halifax, being well
adapted for marine engines. A railroad is constructed from the mines to
the place of shipment.

The Bridgeport mines are situate about a mile and a half from Bridge-
port basin, and contain a seam of about nine feet in thickness, intersected by
two thin veins of shalle.

Tlie Bras D'or mines are situate near the mouth of the stream of that
name, falling into the Bras D'or lake, and about four miles from its mouth.
They are on a»vein four feet in thickness and of fair quality.

The outcrops of coal have been discovered in many places on the Island
of Cape Breton : it is supposed, therefore, that the coalfield is very exten-
sive, and the facilities for shipment cannot be surpassed, as thtj principal
veins skirt the sea board and the numerous harbors and inland sheets of wa-
ter with w-iich the eastern side of this island is so beautifully studded.

The number of vessels employed in 1853, in carrying the coal of these
mines was 734, making with those employed in the coal trade of Pictou, a
total of 1788, and amounting in the gross to 170,000 or 180,000 tons of
shipping.

The Cumberland Coal Field is very extensive : besides numerous out-

Pictou to BoB-
>ur dollars per
I tbo markets
)lliir8 per ton.

from 1842 to
ne there were
irts ; -while be-
^a 1849, there
' duty hu9 been
5 that we may
I export of this
le law.

Is. 7d. to 29 2d.
—at which rate
lising the coal

reports to the
t 129. l.^d. per
ils employed in
he average tou-
red in the trade

which, together
Additional labor-

1 the east side of
;eport. and Bras
iace of 35 miles
ng the islets on
re on the north
lown as Sydiity
;hed is over 300
ted States is not
it is also burnt
litax, being well
om the mines to

ilf from Bridge-
3S, intersected by

e stream of that
from its mouth.

ty-

es on the Island
!d is very exten-
as th^ principal
md sheets of wa-
illy studded,
the coal of these
rade of Pictou, a
180,000 tons of

es numerous out-

. 291

crops which have been observed in various localities, there have been some
seams of great thickness and good quality discovered, some of v hich aro
worked.

At Maccan a vein of 12 feet in thickness is reported by Dr. Gesner to
be of good (|uality.

The Sprung Jlill coal scam, or rather bed, for its depth has not been an-
certained, is about ten miles from the navigation of the Maccan river, and
about twenty-one miles from the harbor at Parrsboro' ; at the latter place
there are excv'^llent facilities for shipment, and it is free from ice at almost
all seasons of the year. The coal is good, being highly bituminous and free
bdrning.

At the Sovth Jogfrlns, there is an extensive stratum of coal, which out-
crops at many places along the coist and on the stream:*; the coal is of fair
quality and is Avorkod by the General Mining Association to a con.siderablo
extent. This Company has expended large sums in the i'orniation of a
breakwater at this spot, and otherwise in the developement of the Cumber-
land coal fi(.'M, the extent and value of whicii, together with its proximity
to the towns and settlement:^ on both sides of the Bay of Funily, and the
facilities for s1ii[)ping to the United States, render it of vast im,iortance to
this section of the Province ; all that is required to make it available is fresh
enterprize an<l iiicrensed capital.

There ore many other localities in various parts of Nova Scotia, where coal
has been discovered, but its extent and quality cannot be ascertained without
much further research. Several outcrops have been found on the bank of
the streams flowing from the Cobequid Hills to the Bay of that name in
Colchester, and traversing a sort of table land intervening between the moun-
tains and the shore.

The Coals of Nova Scotia, especially those of Cape Breton and Cumber-
land, are highly fossiliferous, and present great attractions to the curious
and scientific.

The amount of rents and royalties paid to the Local Government of the
Province by the General Mining Association, from 1827 to 1853 inclusive,
gives an average of £5,000 per annum, being £136,245 in the whole.

Table, shcwini;^ the quantity of coals liaised, sold, and exported from
the mines of Nova Scotia, during the years indicated, in Newcastle
chaldrons,

Years.

Albion Mines,
(Pictou.)

Sydney Mines.

Joggins Mines.

1850,
1851,
1852,
1853,

34 279
27,725
34,873
44,437

26,248
24.773
28,146

27,578

1,215
1,322

1,798
1,996

The total quantity of coal raised, sold, and exported from the Albion
Mines, between the years 1826 and 1854, was

497,183 Newcastle chaldrons.

i; %

Br
I*

292

it r

£ .''"

From Sydney,
" Bridgeport,
" Brasd'Or,

Total from Cape Breton,

479,041 Newcastle chaldrons.

55,522

((

2,175

((

Joggms,

536,738
7,700

There has been no coal raised at Bridgeport or Bras d'Or mines since
1849.

The amount of royalty on 31,520 chaldrons, 34 bushels, is X3,152 Os.
lid. sterling.

Iron Ores, of various descriptions and qualities, are found in almost
every section of the Colony, but more especially within the carboniferous
system. The veins are principally of the hematite, although by no means
confined to that variety.

A large portion of the iron ore as yet discovered in Xova Scotia has fall-
en within the limits of the lease to the Duke of York, Avhieh requires him
to pay the royiiities before mentioned, " and one-twentieth part of gold, sil-
ver, lead, copper, and all ores and metals that might be raised.''

Although there are numerous places, such as a district round Annapolis,
and parts of the mineral district of Londonderry and Onslow, which, hav-
ing been previously granted witliout reservation, are not under the control
of the (jeneral Mining Association ; still the few attempts that have been
made to bring them into operation have, with one exception, been abortive.
This failure has arisen, principally, from the want of capital and enterprise;
80 that it may fairly be questioned whether, if the mines and minerals had
not fallen into the hands of the rich capitalists forming the Association, they
■would have been worked to as great an extent, and contributed so largely
as they have done, evoi if they had been exempt from rents and royalties,
to the general resources of the Province : and it is very doubtful whether
the Piotou mines would have been opened, had it not been for this Associa-
tion, even if they had ))een perfectly free to the operations of enterprising
capitalists. Is'ew Brunswick is not thus crippled ; but her mineral riches,
which are undoubtedly valuable, arc almost all sealed, for want of the capi-
tal and industry necessary to their developemcnt.

A de!)osite of specular iron ore, of the best variety, and said to be
inexhaustible, h.is been discovered, skirting the south side of the Cobequid
mountains. This ore possesses a high per centage, amounting to 06 parts
of pure metal in 100, which is nearly double the produce of .-i. Inrge portion
of the ores wliich are prolitably smelted in Europe. I'he depth of this vein,
or rather assemblage of veins, has never been properly ascertained ; it is
said to vary in thickness from fifteen to fifty feet. One peculiar property
possessed by this ore is the ease and cheapness with which it is converted
into steel of the best kind. Several edge tools manufactured from this steel
as well as some wire of excellent quality were shewn at the (.Jreat Exhibi-
tion in London in 1851, and received most f ivoral)Ie notice. Many of these
veins both of inagnetic and specular ore are imbedded in a stratum of lime-
stone, itself intermixed with iron ore called amperite. which extends to a
thickness of from 2 to 300 feet, and has been ascertained to run parallel
with the mountains and the sea for fifteen or twenty miles. The Acadian
Mining Company has been established by the enterprise of Charles D. Ar-
chibald, Esq., for the purpose of working'^these ores, and its favorable posi-
tion for shipping as well as the water power it possesses, gives it great ad-

i^^-x

tie chaldrons.

((

r mines since

is £3,152 Os.

md in almost
carboniferous
by no means

•cotia has fall-
L requires him
irt of gold, sil-

md Annapolis,
w, which, hav-
ler the control
hat have been
lioen abortive,
ind enterprise ;
[ minerals had
ssociation, they
ted so largely
and royalties,
ubtful whether
>r this Associa-
of enterprising
mineral riches,
nt of the capi-

nd said to bo
the Cobequid
ni; to G(i parts
a larjie portion
th of this vein,
ortained ; it is
mliar property
it is converted
from tliis steel
(.ireat Exliibi-
Many of these
ratum of lime-
1 extends to a
;o run parallel
The Acadian
iCharles D. Ar-
favorablo posi-
/es it great ad-

293

vantages ; the iron smelted here, though of very limited quantity, commands
a high price in the London market. Every facility is here afiordcd for the
extension of works of this naiure. euch as vast quantities of wood for char-
coal, many streams descending from tlie hills ofl'ering sites for water wheels,
and, as is believed, many veins of coal on the table land inimediui'jly ad-
joining : and these numerous advantages combine to render this iion-bound
region peculiarly valuable. Surely the time is not far distant when they
will be appreciated, and in place of oar importing large qaantitic;^ of iron,
this latent mineral storehouse of wealth will be opened, and reii'Ieied sub-
r,vi'vie*it to the interests of the country.

A ^ aluablo bed of iron ore, over six feet in thickness, lias been discovered
near '.he Airtau rircr in Annapolis, where the Acadian Mining; Company
have begun some works. Iron was manufactured at tl.is place in the early
settlement of the country. Iron ore is al-o i^ok witli at the Pictou coal
mines, and also about twelve miles above thtiji ; ^iitKjhe latter place the vein
is about 15 feet in thickness. Smelting has hi&uh'^iied on at tlie Albion
Mines, b.ut only to a limited extent. -'^ ''" ^..

The hematite vaviety of iron ore has been mo'fe^.Vith tioar tho Shubenaca-
die river, and at Grand Ltike in the county of llahtax', as well as at numer-
ous other places, but no smelling operations of any note have been iiistituted.
Is it possible that, in thrse days of railway ppt-culatioa, eii' the incre.ised
construction of machinery of every description, and of shiphiuidii ,;•, wiien
such vast quantities of this metal are required for (lom,esi4c.«ial uiber pur-
poses, that an invfstment in ii'on wori<s, conducted with tla>':3kiU which
could be procured from the mother countiy. wouM not welT'rCjviy tiie out-
lay of capital? and ^Ijy is not the march of enterpiize directed towards
these minerals, to j^rovide at any rate a suiliciency fur our local wants I

The nmnhcr of l-'oinir/crlcs, S,'c., in 1851, irns as fo//oir.<i :

Value. Quantity of iron smelted. Value of Castings.

Ilahfax 2 £2,000 30 >:5u0

Yarmouth 1 100

Annapolis 1 1500 170

Colchester 3 5000 250 113

Pictou 1 c 800 120 1.503

Cape Breton 1 ^.500 1,200

Totals, I2.0O0 400 tons X3 4>0

Copiur Ores, from their dilliculty to trace, are not so maniiost in this
Province as many other minerals ; indications of this metnl huve b^en ob-
served at various j laces in the counties of Pictou, Cumberland ;ni<1 < ulehes-
ter, but no lode has yet been a>tertained to be of a work'djle charaeur.

Orcti of MiiHf^diu'SC have been found in the county' of Hants, liom
which a few tons have I'cen shipped to the States. It is also met with in
some other places, but not to any extent.

Ores of Ijtad (galena) are discovered on the Shubenaeadii^ Stcwiackc,
and some other places, but are not supposed to be in sullicient quantity to
yield a })rofit

Graitite of an excellent description is found at Anna})olis and many
other spots; indeed this U'lCful substance is abundant along the whole At-
lantic coast, where it has been (piarried, and used in the ereetion of the ci-
tadel at Halifax, and various public edifices. Small quantities have been

ft.

r I
■ 1 1.

til

'il

I'' ■' '

294

shipped to the States and other places : and a quarry has recently been
opened for exportation near the newly constructed railway.

Mica^ quartz^ fellspar^ ■porphyry^ slnte^ chrystal, sulphiirets of iron
and copper, and various other mineral substances have been discovered in
diiferent parts of the province.

Gypsum. — There are two varieties of this valuable substance, both found
in Nova Scotia in great abundance, accompanied by marls, sandstones and
lime. Gypsum is so plentiful within the coal measures, that description
would fail to give an idea of its quantity. It may be seen in many places
in Hants, at Truro, and Londonderry in Colchester, at various spots in Pic-
ou, and in Parrsboro, Maccan, Napan, lliver Phillip, Pugwash, and Wal-
lace in Cumberland, as well as in the central portion of Cape lircton. Here
it is only now bo^inning to be used to a small extent, and as a substitute
for lime m fertilizing the soil and rendering it more pliable; but it is con-
sidered as a valuable manure in the States, and large quantities are shipped
to that market from Windsor and other places along the Minas basin and at
Pugwash. Tlic gross amount quarried in 1851, was 79.795 tons, of which
76,743 Avere shipped in the county of Hants. The whole quantity exported
was valued at X10,498.

Limesto7U'^ like gypsum, is very abundant throughout the coal formation.
Some of it is capable of being polished to a high decree, and some fine spe-
cimens of mfnble have recently been sent to England from the neighbor-
hood of Parrsboro' and ihe Five Islands. Lime is now couiing into use in
farming operations, and can be obtained in great tibundance at Pugwash,
Wallace, and other places on the gulf shore, also near Amherst in Cumber-
land, various spots in Colchester, and in numerous other places in the Pro-
vince. In 1851, there were manufactured in the Province 18.608 caska,
valued at ,£4,483. Nearly one half of this quantity was burnt in the
county of Pictou.

Grindstones, of which the total '^umber of tons manufactured in 1851,
was 37,570, valued at ^£5857. Uf this amount 86,712 tons, valued at
£5,198, were made at the Joggins in Cumberland, 368 at Pictou, and the
remainder in the counties of Colchester, Inverness, and Cape Breton. The
stone in tlie Province adapted for this purpose and for building, as freestone,
is exhaustless.

Ochres oi' a ferruginous character, abound throughput the Province. As
an illustration of their use it is only necessary to refer to the celebrated t^^-
tcni Jirc-proof po lent, called Boss's Patent Artificial Slate; and to the other
metallic paints, black, purple, and red, mr.nufactured in the county of Col-
chester. The first named valuable material is found, from its adhesive qua-
lities, to be a great preservative for edifices of every description, for ships,
and also for all metals. It is extensively used both in the Colonies and in
the United :"tatea.

Phisfir C/ay, used in the manufacture of bricks and pottery, is found in
almost every county. In 1851, there were 2,845,400 bricks made, valued
at £3.211.

Sa/i-s/n'inffs occur in many places in the counties of Hants, Pictou, Col-
chester, and Cumberland, and in the island of Cape Breton, but no effectu-
al steps have been taken to render these Viiluablo deposits of saline matter
subservient to the pressing wants of the country,

There are numerous other mineral substances found in the Province by
Dr. Gesner and others, but those we have "numerated are the principal yet
discovered which enter into the economical wants of the country.

295

recently been

urets of iron
I discovered in

ice, both found
landstones and
lat description
n many places
3 spots in Pic-
ash, and Wal-
Brcton. Here
IS a substitute

but it is con-
ies are shipped
\s basin and at

tons, of which
mtity exported

coal formation,
some fine spe-
1 the neighbor-
ng into use in
e at Pugwash,
rst in Cumber-
oes in the Pro-
18,G0o casks,
burnt in the

tured in 1851,
tons, valued at
Pictou, and the
Breton. The
g, as freestone,

Province. As
celebrated pa-
ind to the other
county of Col-
3 adiiesive qua-
ition, for ships,
'olonies and in

ery, is found in
s made, valued

ts, Pictou, Col-

but no eifectu-

f saline matter

bo Province by
he principal yet
intry.

FOREST TREES OF NOVA SCOTIA.

The climate, soil, and vegetable productions of Nova Scotia are so
similar to those of New Brunswick, that it would be mere repetition to
dwell at any length on the contents of its forests ; and we shall therefore
confine ourselves only to an enumeration of the most useful trees found iu
the Province, and the value of the timber manufactured therefrom fur ex-
portation. Notwithstanding the great extent of land within the colony which
has been stripped of the forests, by the hand of man or by the operation of
fire, there are still largo tracts yet covered with trees of the most valuable
description, in an economical point of view, the principal of which arc com-
prised in the following notice.

The most common and most generally applicable, both for exportation and
domestic purposes, is the spr'in>^ of which there are two species — the white
and the black. The latter is the most valuable and extensively useful ; it
is manufactured into deals, battens, masts, spars, plank, boards, scantling,
shingles, and a variety of other articles too numerous to mention.

Pine, of which ten varieties have been noticed, in addition to all tho va-
rious purposes to Avhich spruce is applicable, is employed in the finishing of
edifices of every description. The most valuable is the white pine ; this
species, from its size and durability, is much sought after for spars and
masts. It is getting very scarce in this colony.

The silver fir is very abundant throughout Nova Scotia.

American larrhc, which is known by a variety of names, as taraar.ac, cy-
press, and juni[)er, but more generally by its Indian name, hacmatac. is
found in great abundance. Its importance, especially in ship-building and
for railways, is so well known that further notice in this place is unneces-
sary.

The next in order are the maples, of which there are several species :
the white sugar maple, black sugar maple, white maple, red maple, moose-
wood or striped maple, and the mountain maple bush. The most important
are the sugar maples, from the bird's eyes, scrolls, and other pecuiiariiies
presented by their wood when used in cabinet making and upholstery, but
more especially for their sugar producing- qualities. Of this article, there
was manufactured in the Province, in 1851, the large (juantity of 110.441
pounds. Each tree produces, on an average, three pounds of sugar in each
season.

There are numerous species of the birch — the yellow, white, grey and
black birch, all of which are applicable to various purposes ; but the last is
the most valualile and most extensively useful.

Beech, of which there are two species — the red and white — is met with
in large quantities.

There are two species of elm known to exist in this colony — the red and
the white.

Hemhck spruce, generally known by the name of hemlock, is remarka-
bly plentiful throughout the Province.

There are several varieties oi ash, known as the black, white, yellow and
grey ash ; but on examination, they \s\\\ be found to belong to tAvo species,
namely, the white and the black. Almost all the swamps furnish supplies
of this valuable wood.

There are two species of the oak — the red ar.d the black— found on the
borders of etrcairs.

f
'V i

i^.

^^^■:\

^^},

'*. '^s

296

Poplar, including the tree poplur, the aspen, and the -white-leaved pop-
lar, is produced in great abundance throughout the Province.

Cedar is not so plentiful in Nova Scotia as in New Brunswick, where it
is found in great quantities.

Tiie foregoing catalogue comprises most of the trees from which the ex-
ports given in the following suminary arc derived :

The irioss amount, in value, of the timber exported from Nova Scotia in
1847 was X76,8a2.

In 1853, the value of the exports of this nature of all descriptions was
as follows :

Lumbc)-, (sawr,) £115.989

ghingles, 4,454

Staves and Hoops, 2,570

Spars and Ivnees. 6,547

Timber, (.^u ft wood,) 3,590

I>u. (liard wood.)
Wood, (cord wood),

Total.

5,494
26,151

£164,795

Shewing an increnso in six years of £S8,463

And if we add to this the value of tho timber manufactured into ships,
many of Avbifh are annually sold in other countries, to say nothiiig of the
vast (juaiitiiios used for domestic purposes, tliis sum Avould be greatly aug-
mented, 'iho Value of tbe forest timber, both of tins ami the adjoining Pro-
vince, ii only now beginning to be known : for, wbile the demand for these
articles must bo nniob increased in the l)riti>:h markets, there is now an ad-
ditional souioe of tiade opened by tbe Keciprocity Treaty with the United
States, wbi'.li will absorb a large additionrd ijUantiry, and probably at more
remunerative pvie-es.

As to the '|ualities of several of the woods of this Province for uphol-
stery and oabniet ware, they cau hardly bo surpa>^sed. in testimony of
this a>sertiou it is oidy necessary to visit the eal>inet shops of the country,
which iiisplay articles of various descriptions possessing both beauty and
durability ; and as j furtlicr )>roof. we may refer all who take an interest in
this subjeet to the Museum at llalifiix. where they Asill find ujiwards of
sixty beautiinl specimens of native wood.s manufictured in the Province,
evidently shewing tbat the inltabitaiits are underrating tbe capabilities of
their own country and the skill of iis artizjns, as ben they import articles
of this deseji[)tion of foreign growth and manuficiurc.

For a I'^iM-e detailed iiccount of tb. fo'C-t trees, their uses, and the soils
upon which they respectively grow, the reader is referred to the article " Bo-
tany,'" ni our description of New Brunswick

The following list of indigenous plants which have not yet been rendered
valuable in a comniercial aspect, comprizes tbe principal part of the forest
production of Nova Scotia: —

lluzel Nut, Balm of Gilcad,

Hornbeam, ' Bill Berry,

Buti'-Munt, Swamp willow,

LoiMv^t 'J'ree, Bh^k willow,

Wild Cherry. .T5.ipik<5f, willyVY,

TliMrfi,

vvliitM A blur,

saved pop-

c, where it

ich tlie ex-

a Scotia in

iptions was

115.989
4,454
2,570
6,547
3,590
5.494
26^151

;164,795

297

£88,463
I into ships,
tiling of the
rrveatly aug-
ioininLT Pro-
ud lor tnese
I now an ad-
\ the United
ib!y at more

for upliol-

testirnony of

tlio country.

leavity and

intcrtt-t in

upwards of

Province.

iililities of

^t articles

)^y

I) id the soils
irliclo "Bo-

;eu rendered
)f the forest

f Gilead,
Jviy,
wdlow,

ivillow,
w'diyVT,
Ald^Tj

Flowering Plants,

There are a large number of flowering plants t- be met with in every
direction. In the month of June, indeed, both fields and forests present a
great variety affording both beauty and fragranco. Their study has not as
yet attracted much attention although a more delightful and instructive pur-
suit can hardly be imagined. The following is a list of the more obvious,
in addition to many of those given in the foregoing catalogue .
Wild Gooseberry, Plum,

Currant, two species, Whortle Berry,

Rose, two species. Lilies, three species,

Strawberry, Indian Cup,

Baspberry, Hemp,

Blackberry, Sarsaparilla,

Dew Berry, Sumach,

Bed Cranberry, Low Moosewood Bush,

Grey Cranberry, Blue Berries,

High bush Cranberry, Tea Berry,

Cherry, Huckle Berry,

Choke Berry, Ground Hemlock,

Many other of the indigenous plants and shrubs enumerated in pages 55
and 56, will be found in Nova Scotia.

As a fruit growing country. Nova fceotia, especially its western counties, is
not far behind other parts of this continent. We have no means of as-
certaining the quantity of fruit raised in the Province, but, judging from
that exported, we are led to believe it must be very great. JTn 1853,
there were 40,045 bushels of apples and plums shipped, principally to the
other North American Colonies, valued at X6,849. Considering the very
sluggish «nd careless manner in which orchord culture is pursued, this must
be looked upon as a large yield. Wo have no doubt that this branch of
arboricultural business must, ere long, become a prominent pursuit of the
people of the Province. It is scarcely possible that it should remain much
longer in its present neglected state.

FISHERIES OF NOVA SCOTIA.

As the fisheries of this Province differ so little either in extent, kind, or
quality, from those of Now Brunswick, of which we have already given as
full and detailed description as our limits would al^ow, we propose to afford
but brief consideration to this important branch of industry in its commer-
cial aspect only.

Since the i'Jgin Treaty has become the law of tho land, conferring on the
citizens of the United States the privileges of fishing on the coasts of the
British Provinces ; and giving in return the same liberty the colonists on
certain parts of the shores of the Republic, together with a free and un-
controlled market in all her seaports for the produce of their waters, we
may reasonably anticipate a large increase in the catch and tho exp'^'rtav'on
of fish by the Provincials ; and this is more especially applicable to Nova
Scotia, which is surrounded, and every where intersected by waters teem-
ing with every variety of the most valuable fish.

The numerous treaties and long pending negotiations that have heretofore
been made and carried on, by Great Britain, spurred on by her Colonies, on

-J

111, h

;-r^

298

the one part, and by the French and American Governments on the other
as well as the protection oiforded by England, at no small cost, by numer-
ous armed vessels on these shores, evince most strongly the vast extent and
value of the fisheries of British North America.

There is indeed no part of Her Majesty's Colonial Dominions to which
this branch of business is of more importance than to Nova Scotia. When
her forests shall cease to afford the supplies of lumber they now furnish,
the products of her fisheries will become one of her staple articles of expor-
tation, ranking perhaps, second to her agricultural produce. One feature
in their recommendation is the cheapness with which they may be pursued,
for while an outlay of many thousands is required to bring into action even
a small portion of the mineral wealth of a country, a comparatively trifling
cost will amply provide the necessary outfit for this purpose. It is true
that the miner sometimes meets with unexpected success, from the discovery
of soue new mineral not at first supposed to be within his range, or from
the superior quality of the vein he may open ; but it is equally evident that,
from tiiC variety of fish, no less than seventy species, frequenting these wa-
ters, at defFerent seasons of the year, that the prudent fisherman need be at
no loss : for if the catch of herrings fail, he may devote his time and atten-
tion to that of mackarel, as well as to the shad, salmon and many other spe-
cies well suited, cither for the table or the production of oil.

The different families, generally and species of fish usually found on these
shores, have been enumerated under the head of the fisheries of New Bruns-
wick, pag-e 82, sec.

The following statistic-? will shew to some extent the value of the export
trade in fish to this Province ; but as we have no means of ascertaining the
quantity consumed in the colony, these figures will not convey a proper idea
of the full importance of this branch of business.

From the reports made to the Legislature in 1849, it appears that there
were exported in that year :

230,028 barrels of pickled fish,

245.620 quintals of dry fish,
27,431 boxes of smoked fish,
825 tons of oil.

Of which 91,785 barrels of pickled fish were shipped to the States, not-
withstanding the high duty.

The imports of fish daring the same year, were .

17,181 barrels of pickled fish,

80,983 (quintals of dried fish,
4.570 boxes of smoked fish,
'297 tons of fish oil.

In 1851 there were 812 vessels of the aggregate burthen of 43.333 tons
manned by 3,681 men, and 5,161 boats, whose crews were 6.713 men : also
30,151 seines and nets, employed by Nova Scotia.

In the same year there were exported —

277,870 quintals of dried fish,

168,160 barrels of pickled fish,
14,567 boxes of smoked fish,
1,076 tons of fish oil,

Of which there were shipped to the States —

58,196 barrels of mackarel,

18,490 " herrings,

299

I on the other
)9t, by numer-
ist extent and

nions to which
Scotia. When
y now furnish,
tides of expor-
One feature
ay be pursued,
nto action even
ratively trifling
se. It is true
n the discovery
range, or from
ly evident that,
nting these wa-
man need be at
time and atten-
nany other spe-

j found on these
of New Bruns-

le of the export
ascertaining the
jy a proper idea

pears that there

the States, not-

of 43,333 tons
5.713 men: also

3,215 barrels salmon,
3,603 quintals of cod fish.
.. The "tal value o;' exported fish during the same year was £235 000.

Applicati ns for he bounty on the mackarel fishery by the hook and line,
were made on the 3,378 tons, the crews amounting to 699 men ; and the
amount paid was £1,879.

During this year, though the American fishermen pay from six shillings
to seven shillings and six pence per barrel for every barrel of mackarel
brought into their country, there were from 1,000 to 1,200 vessels from
the States fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which brought into Massa-
chusetts alone 329,278 barrels.

The following; table shews the ports in Nova Scotia from, which fish-
ing vessels have sailed in 1853, the number of vessels from each, with the
tonnage and men employed : —
Port.
Halifax,
Yarmouth,
Lunenburg,
Windsor,
Liverpool,
Pictou,
Guysborough,

Dighy,

Sydney,

Arichat,

Annapolis,

Clements Port,

Port Medway,

Pugwash,

New Edinburgh,

Cape Canso,

Argyle,

Sheet Harbor,

Pubnico,

Canada Creek,

Gatess Breakwater,

Westport,

Bagged Islands,

Ship Harbor,

St. Mary's,

Port Hood,

Barrington,

Church Point,

The folloivijig quantity of fish was exported from Nova Scotia
in 1853":

Kind of fish. Quantity. Value.

Shad and Salmon, £19.607

Mackarel, 78,763 barrels 77.243

Herrings, 128160 " 78,545

Smoked Herrings, 3,053

Codfish, 249,800 quintals 159,000

Vessels.

Tonnage.

Men.

149

5,816

' 1,240

1,982

400

1,130

244

585

106

316

382

204

'53

1,155

152

380

282

861

174

193

206

952

218

283

139

413

116

.a;

I'l

•■"'r-\

300

Alewives,
Scale fi3h,
Oils, &c.,

8,608 barrels
88,362 quintals

6,636
16,767
27,252

Total, £888,003.

Of this amount the value of X64,990 was shipped to the other North
American Colonies ; .£141,433 to the West Indies; £117,944 to the Uni-
ted States, and the remainder to Great Britain and other counties ; thus it
will be seen that the West Indies offer a valuable market for the fisheries of
these Provinces.
The value of the fish imported into Nova Scotia, principally from the

other Provinces, in 1853, was £111,567

Excess of exports over imports, 276 43G

Excess of exports of 1853 over those of 1851, 153,000

shewing a great augmentation of this branch of industry, within two
years.

Much*attention has been recently paid by the Legislature of this Province
to the fisheries of its rivers, wliich, at one period of its history, teemed with
salmon, shad, gaspereaux or alewives, and trout, but all these species are
now becoming much more scarce, in consequence partly of the obstruction
to their passage up the rivers to their spawning grounds, by mill dams ; and
partly of the vast quantities of saw dust thrown into the streams by the
mill men, which is found to bo highly injurious to the fish. It is said, though
we doubt it, that fish ways through, or rather by the side of mill daais, by
which the fish may ascend cannot be made without impeding ond in a great
measure stopping the operations of the maniifacturers of lumber ; and the
question would then resolve itself into one of economy —wii-'ther it Avili be
more advantageous to cheek, and for a certain time, stop the saw mills, or,
which has becii almost done already, to destroy the river fisheries.

CLIMATE.

The observations made in a former part of this volume, respecting the
climate, the indigenous productions, and the agricultural capabilities of New
Brunswick, will apply, with a few exceptions, to Nova Scotia. The winter
in the latter Province is not so severe, especially on the Atlantic coast ; nor
does the snow fall to so great a depth, except along the northerly side and
summits of the Cobequid Mountains. Here though the falls are often con-
siderable, yet it goes off earlier in the spring than in the northerly portion
of the adjoining Provmce. It appears as if the increased agricultural ca-
pabilities of some sections of these Colonies were attributable to the quan-
tity of snow with which they are covered ; and it has always been observed
that these seasons are the most productive, in which this covering has re-
mained on the ground of a greater depth during the whole winter, and to a
later period in the spring, and has not been subject to alternate thav ind
Bnow-st(3Vm3 ; these changes expose the roots of grass and other vegetuoles
to piercing frosts, which often displace and raise the ground around them.
Besides this, snow has some fertilizing property, in condensing, as it were,
the salts contained in the atmosphere, and by the floods usually produced
by the thaws, a rich sediment, or debris, is brought down from the more
elevated parts, and deposited on the table lands, rendering them the most
productive portions of the country. Hence, probably, may arise the wheat

301

6,536
16,767
27,252

X388,003.

other North

4 to the Uni-

nties ; thus it

be fisheries of

illy from the

£111,567

276 430

153,000

f, within two

■ this Province
r, teemed with
!se species are
lie obstruction
iiill dams : and
treams by the
is said, though

mill dams, by
ond in a great
mber ; and the
>ther it will be
! saw mills, or,

ries.

respecting the
bilities of New
The winter
itic coast ; nor
lierly side and
are often cun-
:therly portion
Lricultural ca-
to the quan-
Ibeen observed
Bering has re-
enter, and to a
ito thav and
|licr vegetuoles
[around them.
Ig, as it were,
lally produced
l"om the more
lem the most
Irise the wheat

By Fahrenheit's Ther-
mometer.

and other grain producing character of the north-west section of New
Brunswick, and the rapidity which which, in that locality, those crops attain
to maturity. The western and milder section of Nova Scotia is equally
distinguished for its productiveness in potatoes and fruit ; and these two pe-
culiarities of the two Provinces will be found to depend upon the variations
of climate, as well as upon the dissimilarities of the soil of the two districts.
It is now generally understood that, in an agricultural point of view, more
depends upon the geological character of a country than upon its climate ;
hence follows the importance that the former should be well understood by
all interested in agriculture.

The mean temperature of the year, in the ]
Province of Nova Scotia, is 42 I

Extreme of cold, (below zero) 24 |

Extreme of heat on the shore, 96 J

AGRICULTUllE.

The character and distribution of the soils of Nova Scotia for agricultu-
ral operations, and the manner of pursuing this important branch of indus-
try, differ little from those of the sister Province. The Province, with the
exception of a strip of land, of a metamorphic character, fronting the At-
lantic, is highly calculated for the labors of the farmer, and, under a |)roper
system of tillage, will vie with any other country, of equal extent, on the
North Am.erican continent. Its whole gulf coast, from the New Brunswick
boundary to the Gut of Canso, consists of excellent land ; and from thence,
through its greatest length, from Canso to the western extremity of the Bay
of Fundy, the soil is well adapted for cullivatiou. Even along the margins
of the numerous bays, rivers and streams, falling into the Atlantic, much
good land is to be found, consisting of rich alluvial marshes and meadows,
as well as upland of the best quality ; and there are many other interven-
ing tracts which well repay the hand of industry, more especially as many
of the beautiful harbors, which everywhere stud this coast, are enlivened by
thriving villages, where infant manufactories, ship-building, and fisheries
are carried on with both energy and profit ; thus affording to the farmers a
home market for their surplus produce. Upon the whole, it may be fairly
estimated that, while one-half of the area of Nova Scotia is well calculated
for tillage, about three-fourths may be cultivated with profit.

Since the application of chemistry to agriculture, much attention has been
paid to the geological character of soils ; and, while man can do little to
ameliorate the climate of a country, except by clearing its forests, a great
deal may be done by the aid of science, in the improvement of the quality
of the land, especially where, hke this Province, there is so great a variety
in the composition of the soil.

We do not here propose to enter into the geological rainutia3 of the soils
of Nova Scotia. The reader will find the agricultural capabilities of the
Province ably depicted in a little work recently published by J. W. Daw-
son, Esq., entitled " Scientific Contributions towards the improvement of
Agriculture in Nova Scotia" — a work which no farmer in the lower Pro-
vinces ouo;ht to be without.

Geologically considered, the soils may be briefly distinguished is follows :

First, Alluvial Soils. This character of soil embraces several varieties,
such as the red marsh, in the counties of Cumberland, Hants, Kv:}g's, &c.,

•r.Ti:

302

which is principally composed of fine sand and clay, mixed, more or less,
with decomposed manure, plants, and particles of marl and other substances,
deposited on the low lands skirting the Bay of Fundy and the streams fall-
ing into it. This is the most productive land in the Province, and some
portions of it have been yielding large burthens of hay, of the best quality,
for upwards of one hundred and fifty years, without any appliances. The
peculiar nature of these marshes has been noticed, at some length, in a for-
mer part of this work. There are 00,000 acres of soil, of this class, bor-
dering on the Bay of Fundy, worth at least XIG per acre, beside large
quantities not yet reclaimed from the sea, and other extensive tracts, espe-
cially in the county of Cumberland, which require to be irrigated by. and
to receive a further portion of sediment from, the muddy waters of the Bay,
before they can be brought into a state of cultivation.

Another quality of marsh is that bordering on the Atlantic and Gulf
shores. In 1851, there were about 4,000 acres reclaimed from the sea by
dykes ; it is I'ght and earthy, and its average value is about XG per acre,
though some of it far exceeds that price. There are still numerous tracts
of this soil capable of being reclaimed.

The last and most common variety of this description is intervale, which
is composed of the debris of the higher lands deposited in t'le ravines and
on the borders of inland streams by freshets. This class of alluvial soil is
very valuable on account of its productiveness, and also because its use as a
manure on the upland adds much to the grain-producing qualities of the
latter.

The soils embraced by the carboniferous system form the best upland in
the Province, and in a forest state it is found clothed with excellent timber.
This region is very extensive ; nearly all that portion of the Province north
of a line drawn from the head of St. Mary's Bay to Cape Canso, including
Cape Breton, comes within its limits. It comprehends loitm, marl, lime,
gypsum, clays, sand, &c., and there is therefore every facility aftbrded for
making composts. It is within the boundaries of this division that agricul-
ture is prosecuted to the best advantage, and where persons desirous of lo-
cating themselves for farmmg purpose, ouould select their lands.

Within the carboniferous or new red sandstone district, there are high
ranges of land, the principal of which is the Cobequid jMountuins, as they
are called. Many of these, it is true, present a mountainous appearance at
a distance ; but the writer observed, while on a railway survey of this Pro-
vince in 1853, that the acclivities of these hills, generally speaking, are not
abrupt, and there were few places where farming could not be carried on
with advantage. Maple, beech, birch, spruce, and other valuable timber
may be seen growing along the sides of the hills, and extending, in many
instances, to their very summits. In fact, there appeared to be hardly any
spot so steep or rugged as to prevent pasturage, or even the growth of grain
and other vegetables. Hundreds of famiUea might be located in this sec-
tion of the country with advantage.

The number of acres of cleared land, including marsh, in 1851, was
839 322, and in 1827 there were only 274,501 ; shewing an increase of
564,821 acres cleared v.ithin the short space of 24 years.

Agricultural Products.

Wheat grows well m the central and eastern parts of Nova Scotia proper,
including the range irom the Gut of Canso to the New Brunswick boundary,

303

more or less,
er substances,
) streams fall-
nce, and some
J best quality,
lianccs. The
igth, in a for-
lis class, bor-
), beside large
3 tracts, espe-
gated by. and
rs of the Bay,

ntic and Gulf

0111 the sea by

£G per acre,

imerous tracts

.tervale, which
iG ravines and
lilluvial soil is
ise its use as a
lalities of the

best upland in
eel lent timber.
Province north
inso, including
m, marl, lime,
ty afforded for
n that agricul-
iesirous of h-
ids.

here are high
itains, as they
i appearance at
jy of this Pro-
jaking, are not
be carried on
aluable timber
iding, in many
be hardly any
growth of grain
id in this see-
in 1851, was
an increase of

I Scotia proper,
wick boundary,

but the fogs of the Atlantic and Bay of Fundy are highly prejudicial to its
ripening on these shores. In 1851, there were 29'7,157 bushels of this
grain raised in the Province; of which 186.497, or nearly two thirds were
grown in the counties of Sydney, Pictou, Colchester and Cumberland ; this
fact shews the superiority of this section of the Province in the production
of wheat, and the same peculiarity extends along the who'e north eastern
shore of New Brunswick to the boundary of Canada.
In 1851, there were raised in this Province —

Oats, 1,384,437 bushels

Barley, 196,097 "

Rye, 61,438

Buckwheat, 170,301

Indian Corn, 37,475

((

In JS'27. there were raised, of wheat, 161,416 bushels, and of other
grain, 790.665 bushels.

By the statistical returns of 1851, it appears that the middle and eastern
counties, inciudini; Cape Breton, produce tho largest comparative quantity
of oats— each section seems to be equally adapted for the growth of barley.
We cannot, however, rely on these tables to shew the crops which may be
best suited to a new count.y; as farmers are very apt, when ono kind of
produce succeeds well, to pursue its cultivation to the neglect of others.
This was the case with regard to potatoes, for the growth of which all these
Provinces were so well ad.ipted, previous to their being affected by disease.
This practice cannot be roo strongly represented, as it is a part of the duty
of every scientific farmer to attend to the culture of all such productions as
the climate and soil of his country will permit.

With regard to other agricultural productions, there were raised in

1851.

1827.

Increase.

Hay, 287,837 tons
Peas and Beans, 21,688 bushels

150,976 tons

137,861

Grass seeds.

3,686

Decrease.

Potatoes,
Turnips,
Other roots,

1,986,789

467.1-27

32,325

((

2,434,760 bushels

447,977

Butter,

Cheese,

3,613,890
652,060

pounds

The above table shews the effect produced by the disease in the potatoes,
which commenced in 1845. and has continued to affect them in some parts
of the country, until the present time. However it is now disappearing,
and we may hope that this excellent esculent is beginning to recover its for-
mer prosperity. The deficiency in the crop raised in 1851, compared with
that produced 24 years previous, when the facilities for their growth were
much less, is very remarkable.

The average time of sowing and reaping may be taken as follows :

b'owing. Reaping.

Wheat. May 11th August 20th

Oats, ' " 5th " 25th

Barley, June 1st " 10th

Buckwheat, " 20th Sept. 15th

The average of each of these periods, as well as that of digging potatoes
and other roots, is a few days earlier along the southern division of ITova

«■

((

weight, per bushel

60 lbs.

(i U

40 "

{( «

51 "

i( (1

62 '«

i: It

63 "

304

Scotia, than it is in New Brunswick, but the diiferenoe is generally very
little.

Average yield and weight :
Wheat; bushels per acre
Oats, '•

Barley,
Rye,

Buckwheat, "
Potatoes, -when not affected by rot, 225
Turnips, 600

Mangold Wurfzel, GOO

Hay from 1 i to 2 tons per ncre.

The weight of wheat exhibited at the Industrial Exhibition held at Hali-
fax in 1854, varied from 63 to 66 lbs. per bushel ; buckwheat from 56 to
58 ; barley 57 ; oats from 41 to 48 ; indian corn 62, and rye 58.

Root crops nrrives at great perfection in this Province, as well as a variety
of grasses. Tlie upland produces timothy, and both red and white clover ;
and the marshes yield the same herbage, with the other varieties of hay
grass such as suit hay, sago, brown top meadows abounl also with several
species, all of which are eiigerly sought for both by sheep and peat cattle.

Flax and hemp, especially the Ibrmer, are readily produced. Flax grows
in great luxuriance, and might be cultivated to a much greater extent than
it is at present. Its manufacture would afford profitable employment for
farm servants during the winter season, and its production therefore deserves
special attention.

The culture of fruic may be carried to a great extent in this Colony,
Few districts on this continent can exceed the counties of Annapolis,
Kings, and other sections of the Province, bounding on the P)ay of Fundy
and its branches, in the growth of apples and .ill the other productions of
the orchard. The soil is here peculiarly adapted to orchard culture, and the
farmers possess these advantages in addition to the grain producing qualities
of the country, which affords them a dc '. od preference, possessing also am-
ple market, over the other counties of the Province.

The general character of Xova Scotia for raising farm stocks is good.
In summer, pasturage is abundant, and enough of food can be obtained for
the support of an adequate number of live stock during the winter.

There were of farm stock in the Province in

Horses,
Neat cattle,
Milch cows
Sheep,

Swine,

1851.

28.789

150,857

86,856

282,780

51,53

1827. Increase in 24 years.

13,232 15,557

100,739 142,974

152,979 129,101

Decrease.
75,772 13,139

The reader is referred to page 58, in the first chapter of this work, for a
comparative tabular statement of the agricultural products of this Province,
by which it will appear that Nova Scotia exceeds the thirty-five States
named in the table, in the growth of wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, pota-
toes, and hay, and in the making of butter.

The number of persons engaged in agriculture in 1853 was 31,604, which
exceeds the number in New Brunswick in relative proportion to the popula-
tion. This arises from the latter Province having a far more extensive lum-

305

oerally very

60 lbs.

((

beld at Hali-
t from 56 to

58.

1 as a variety
*vhite clover ;
leties of hay
with several
jeat cattle.

Flax grows
' extent than
plojment for
jiore deserves

this Colony.
)f Annapolis,
ay of Fundy
)roductions of
ture, and the
cing qualities
sing also am-

Dcks is good,
obtained for
inter.

in 24 years.

,557

2,974

9,101

ecrease.

3,139

work, for a
lis Province,

-five States
;wheat, pota-

1,604, which
the popula-
tensive lum-

bering region. However, many of the farmers of Nova Scotia, like those of
the sister colony, divide their time between lumbering, the manufacturing of
timber in saw iiiills, fisliing, ship building and various other pursuits, which
have a tendency to prevent the profitable carrying on of either ; especially
as firming rcijuircs undivided attention to ensure success. This desultory
adoption of various calhngs appears to be common to all now countries. It
arises, in the first instance, from necessity ami the scarcity of laborers; but
Nova Scotia has surely now far advanced as tu supersede that absolute ne-
cessity existing in a new settlement for one man to act the part of lum-
berer, ship carpenter, mason, house carpenter, fisherman and I'armer. Most
certainly he who attempts all these avocations rarely accumulates wealth by
either.

The farmers of this Province in common with thojio of tb.o sister colonies
have one imjmrtant lesson to learn, namely, to make agriculture both prac-
tical and scientific, their primary objects. Then will the rich treasures
which the soil is capable of affording manifest themselves in such a manner
as to afford abundance of food both for man and beast, besides ensuring the
advancei^ent of the character of the colony, and its duo appreciation both
at home and abroad.

A^'i'icuUurdl Societies.

There is in Halifax a Central Board of Agriculture, under the direction
of the government ; and there are also many county ov district societies,
which are under the control of this Board. A Committee of the House of
Assembly, in 1854, reported the existence of " forty- two local societies in
the several counties," and that they were all "in active and useful opera-
tion," besides five others, from which no reports had been received.

The annual grants from the Legislature for the encouragement of atrricul-
ture vary according to circumstances. In 1854, they amounted to X3175.
besides the usual grant of X540 to promote the erection of oat mills and
kilns throughout the Province.

The Committee in closing their report, say that " they cannot refrain
from noticing the favorable prospect in view in reference to the progressive
advancement of our agricultural interests, by the worthy example shewn by
his Excellency Sir John Gaspard LcMarchant, the Lieutenant Governor,
while engaging with zeal and energy in the promotion of those objects best
calculated to direct the attention of the farming classes to their true inter-
ests, in the improvement of their circumstances, and the elevation of their
position ; and which has not been without its effect upon the minds of many
of the ablest and leading men of the Province, who are now directing much
attention to the noble and honorable avocation of agriculture with renewed
enerjiies and with a newly acquired impetus, and from which we may rea-
sonably hope the most favorable results may ensue."'

In addition to the several sums before mentioned, the Legislature grant-
ed, in aid of individual subscription to an equal amount, the sum of £1000,
for the purposes of the Industrial Exhibition, which was held in llaljfax
during the summer of 1854.

306

il!

I'm

\\ j

1^, S2

POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS.

Governors, and Adrdmstrators of the Government, since 1710.

Colonel Vetch,

F. ^'icholson,

R. Philips,

R. Doucctt,

L. Armstrong,

J. Adams,

P. Mascarene,

Hon. G. Cornwallis,

P. Ilopson,

C. Lawrence,

R. Moncton,

J. Belcher,

M. Wihiiot,

M. Franklin,

Lord W. Campbell,

M. Franklin,

Lord W. Campbell,

F- Leger,

M. Franklin,

M Arbuthuott,

R. Hughes,

Sir A. A. Hammond,

J. Parr,

Sir A. A. Hammond,

1710;E. Fanning,
1714 R Bulkly,
1719 J. Wentworth,
1722 Sir G. Prcvost,
1725 i\. Crooke,

1739 Sir J. feherbrooke,

1740 General Darrah,
1749 Sir J. Sherbrooke,
1752 General Smyth,
1754 Earl of Dalhousie,

?>L Wallace,
1760 Lord Dalhousie,
1764 Sir J. Kempt,
17G6:AL Wallace,

ISir J. Kempt,
1772 M. Wallace,

Sir J. Kempt,
1773M Walhicc,

Sir P. Maitland,
1776 Sir C. Campbell,
1778 Lord FaHJand,
1781 Sir John Harvey,

1783
1791
1792
1808
1809
1811
1811
1814
1816
1816
1818
1819
1820
1824
1825

1828

1834

1840
1846

1852
1852

1782 Col J. Bazaigette,

Sir J. G. LeMarchant,

Thus, during one hundred and forty-five years, this Province has had
forty-eight administrators of its government.

T/ie Llailenaiif Governor is the chief Executive officer, representing
the Sovereign ; and he, with his Executive Council, the ministry of the
colony, makes appointments to all public offices, and performs all the duties
appertaining to that branch of the Legislature.

The Legislative bodies consist of a Legislative Council, nominated by
the Crown, and a House of Asscmbhj, elected quadreniully by the counties
and townships, as follows :

County of Hulifa.x,

Queen's,

Lunenburg,

Shelburne,
Yarmouth,
Digbv,
Annapolis,

King's,

Cumberland,
Sydney,

Members.
«.;

2
2

1
1
1

2
S

Town of Halifax,

Liverpool,

Lunenburg,

Shelbuine,

Harrington,

Yarmouth,

Argyle,

Digby,

Clare,

Annnpolis,

Granville,

Cornwallis,

Horton,

Amherst,

Members.
2

307

since

1710.

1783
1791
1792

1808
1809
1811
1811
1814
1816
1816
1818
1819
1820
1824
1825

1828

1834
1840
1846
1852
»t, 1852

rovince has had

cer, representing

ministry of the

ras all the duties

i7, nominated by
/ by the counties

Members.
2
1
1
• 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
%

Guysborough,
Pictou,

Colchester,

Hants,

Cape Breton,
Eichmondj
Inverness,
Victoria,

Members.
2
2

1
1
2
2

Pictou,

Southern District,
Northern do.,
Windsor,
Falmouth,
Newport,
S^ydney,
Arichat,

Members.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Totals, 30 And for the townships, 23

We have fully gone into the variety of offices, and the duties of each,
under the head of New Brun.-^wick, and shall nojf therefore repeat what we
have already stated. The diflfereuces betweeu the tivo governments are very
slight, and merely nominal. <p "^

In the Judicial Depcvtmcni the Court oiChancery is now abolished,
as it has also been in New Brunswick, and its business transferred to the
Supreme Court.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

The postal accommodation of Nova Scotia is as good as can be reasonably
expected in a new colony As soon as a settlement is formed, nnds applica-
tion made to the Provincial Government for n.ail convevance. it is- most rea-
dily granted ; and even where not more than two or three fimilies are ga-
thered together, the mails are known to stop on their way and leave a mail
bag.

Previuus to 1851, when the Post Office Department of this, as well as
the other North American Colonies, was under the control of the Imperial
Post Office, the postage of letters passing through these Provinces was in
many cases even four times its present rate, besides which the postal arrange-
ments were not by any means so good as at present, and it was difficult, even
with great delay, to eifct alterations or im[)rovements, which r((juired re-
ference to ihe Home Office ; but in that year the experiment that had been
so successfully tried in England, was introduced in Briti.sh America, the
several Provinces taking the management respectively and, of ootnse mak-
ing up any {'i;ficiency of the revenue to defray the cost of the establish-
ment.

The following covipnrdtive synopsis will shew ihe state cf this de-
partmciit : —

In 1851, the number of post and way offices was

la 1853, they numbered

And on the Ist November, 1854,

The revenue of this department in 1850, under the high

rate of postage, amounted to £7.0G5

In 1854, under the uniform three penny rate

143
225
200

Deficient, on^

6,905

>->yfl

i "4

i'j<«'-

308

The distance travelled in 1857, wag
. v" 1854, "

2,487 miles.
3,027 "

Increase in four years

540

((

The aggregate distance travelled in 1851, to and fro

1854,

352.000 "
568,000 ''

Registered mony letters in 1851,

1854,

5,000
7,260

457.000
1,000,000

letters
news-
papers

The total expenditure in 1853, was X9.283

" " 1854, 10,159

Thus it will be seen that, while the Province had, in 1854, to disburse
the snm of £10.159 in keeping up its postal establishments, it only received
a revenne of X6,905, leaving a deficiency of X3.154 to be provided for;
this was in part occasioned by dead letters, and by the packet postage due
-0 Great Britain on letters to and from Europe. But if this department
had not extended its postal accommodation in 1854, beyond what it was in
1851. there woulu not have been a deficiency of more than half this amount,
notwithstaiidinrr the gieat redu':tion of postage.

The result of these statistics evidently shews the great advantage of cheap-
ening every branch of the public service, so as to bring it within the reach
of all — and consequently to the accommodation of all.

I' m

li. #

m:^

lilt

REVENUE.

Tbp almost insulated character of Nova Scotia has rendered it eminently
adapted for commercial pursuits. The following summary will be found to
contain its revenue for the last four years : —

The revenue derived from customs, excise, light dues and other incidental
sources was in 1886, £49,466 ; in 1846, £82,776,

The total revenue collected in 1847, was £111,000 and exportation in
the same year was £109,905. In 1852, the revenue was £93,039 sterling.
The public debt of the Province to the end of the year 1852, stood thus :
On interest at 4 per cent sterling, £39 200

Province paper ailoat, not paying interest, 47,889

Total

Gross amount of imports in 1852, was
Exports during the same year,

£87,089

£1,194,175

970,780

Excess of imports over exports, £223,395

The articles exported are put at the market prices obtained in the colony,

and tho prio8s of ,ihiprar»at during *M same ym\\ aro not iuoludod, which

||WW^ ... r

r miles.
7 "

((

"
"

)0
)0

00 letters
newa-
papora

83
59

to disburse
nly received
rovided for;
postage due
deparlment
hat it was in
this amount,

Bge of cheap-
iiin the reach

it eminently
be found to

icr incidental

cportation in
l039 sterling,
lood thus :
£89 200

47,889

X87,089

il,194,175

970,780

£228,395

the colony,

jdod, vflilch

In 1846, Nova Scotia owned 2583 vessels, amounting to 141,093 tons;
and in 1852, she owned 2943 vessels, with a tonnage of 189,083, shewing
an increase m six years of 360 vessels, and 47,900 tons ; nearly two tons
of shipping for every three of its inhabitants.

The value of imports in 1853, and from what country imported:

Imports from Great Britain, ^£47 1.648

North America, 310,161

West Indies, 20,750

United States, 415 909 10

Other Countries, 198,617 15

tt
<(

((

Total
Nett increase over 1852, was
Exports to Great Britain,
North America,
"West Indies,
" United States,
Other Countries,

((

£1,417,086 5

£222.910 15

102.382

411,181 5

208 652

277,946 10

78,596

Total £1,078.707 15

Nett increase over 1852, was £107.927 8

The above amount of revenue was collected at 47 ports. Total number
of vessels built in 1853, was 203, of the gro-s tonnage of 34.376, and va-
lued at £315 418 sterling; of this number 49 vessels were sold in Great
Britain; 30 in the British Colonies, and seven in the United States.

The casual and territorial revenue for 1853, was derived as follows : —
Rent of coal mines, £3,750

' of reserved mines, 15

Royalty on 39,156 chaldrons of coals at 23., 3,915 12

Crown Lands, 6,567 1 4

Fees collected in 1852, 659 2 9

Total

State of the Provi?ice 'dlsi December, 1853
Treasury notes in circulation,
Amount due deposited in the savings bank,
Undrawn for roads and bridges,

" for other servicf^s.
Amount due to board of works for various services.

Total

Cr.— Ballance in hands of the Receiver General,
Due from collectors at outports,
" " Halifax Excise,

Casual and territorial revenue,
Canada, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed-
ward Island, for light houses,
Different counties for advance for road$

and brid|j;09,
Dalhomio Cvllege,

£14,893 1 1

£59.862

60,000

2 526

15 350

8,833

£131,571

£17,266

6,456

188

7,549

1,104

1,691
6,000

i-?i

iii^

310

The whole, including odd shillings and pence, amounts to £40,4.')7 6 6
Leaving a balance of £91,114 12 8

The reports of the House of Assembly, from which we have extracted
the above, sny " that the net ballance in favor of the Province, Slst De-
cember, 1853, is ^5,696 13s. 9d.

As the articles on which the ad valorem and specific duties are collected,
are so numerous we do not insert them. Besides the tariff is so liable to
change, that the articles which may be subject to duty t'uis year may be
free next year and vice versa.

Estimate of the expenses of the civil government of the Province^ for
the year 1854 :

Lieutenant Governor's salary j£3,750

Private Secretary to " 312 10

Cost of Administration of justice, 6,465

Provincial Secretary's Office, 1,400

Receiver General's " 865

Financial Secretary's " 815

Legislature, 5,846 16

Revenue, 4.580

Militia, '290

Miscellaneous, 11,350
Amounting in the whole to .£37,399 63. Od, inclusive of the cost of educa-
tion.
The gross revenue for 1854, was i£131,000.

((

i^1

\i W:

LIGHT HOUSES.

From the insular position, numerous harbors, and maritime character of
Nova Scotia, it is very (lifficult and costly to maintain sufficient light house ac-
commodation on all necessary parts of its extensive coast. In addition to
those alrea ly erected, many others are wanting. However, the Local Go-
vernment is continually electing new houses, and otherwise, facilitating the
safety of the numerous llcot continually studding its coast.

List of LigJit Houses.

Pictou. north entrance— fixed light.
/>>., south entrance — beacon light.
Cliedahiicto Bay, head — fi.'ied light.
Isle Madanic —hoacon light,
Sydney Harbor, east side — fixed light.
Port Hood Harbor, southern entrance — fixed light.
Lonisbitrg Harbor, east side — fixed light.
While Head Island -ihfih light.
MaruarcH Island — new light.
Cranbarry Island, Canso — fixed light.
Maui^her's Beach, Halifax harbor, east side — fixed light.
Devil's Island, entrance ol' Halifax harbor — red light.
Snvibro Island —^Kcd light.

Cross Island, Lunenburg harbor — two lights, a fixed and flash light.
Coffin'' s Island, Liverpool —revolving light.
jpor/ Msrftt^o^— beacon light.

40,457 6 6
11,114 12 8

ve extracted
ce, 3l8t De-
are collected,
3 so liable to
year may be

Province, for

?3.Y50
31210
6,465
1,400
865
815
5,84616
4.580
'290
11,350
J cost of educa-

le character of
igut house ac-
In addition to
the Local Go-
facilitating the

It.

id laash light.

311

McNuit^s Island, Shelbume — two fixed lights.

Baccaro Pointy Barrington Bay, east side — flash light.

Yarmouth Harbor — revolving light.

South Seal Maud — fixed light.

Briar Island. Bny of Fundy — fixed light.

Dirrby Gut — fixed li^ht.
vvcstport Harbor — two lights.

Black Rock — fixed light.

Horton Bluff — beacon light.

Beaver Island — revolving light.

Apple River, Chignecto Bay — t-v^o fixed lights.

Partridge Island River — iixed lights.

Gidl Rock — fixed light.

Pidmicp — beacon light.

There are ether light houses in course of orection, namely : ( le on Mar-
garee Island, and another on Scatarie Island, in Cape Breton ; one at the
entrance to La Have River, in the county of Lunenburg ; Long Island,
county of Digby, and Ilaut Isle, Bay of Fundy.

MANUFACTURES.

Second only to the agricultural interests of a country, come the manu-
facturing, which generally promote and encourage all the mechanical occu-
pations. The farmer may be said to produce the raw material, and the
manufacturer and mechanic to prepare it for the use of man. While the
agriculturist and manufacturer, if they v>ish to attain proficiency in their
respective vocations, are each required to pursue their separate calling, still
there must always exist a most intimate connection between them ; for the
farmer stands in need of axes, scythes, and various other articles of ordi-
nary use, as he does also of hou-es and other erections for himf^elf and his
cattle ; but it would be bad economy for hiiri to neglect his fields and apply
his unskilled hand to the labors of the blacksmith, the carpenter, or the
mason ; nor can the mechanic till the soil without neglecting his own pecu-
liar calling. By the division of labor, however, the mechanic builds the
towns or cities, and provides the necessary implements ; the manufacturer
produces all the various and indispensable articles of common use, while the
farmer provides the raw material for most of those articles, and the food
which is requisite for those engaged in their prtduction. — thus fornjing the
base and foundation on w'hich the commercial, or, it may be said, the whole
social fabric is reared.

The truth of the old axiom, that there is no general rule \Yithou*- an ex-
ception, is especially applicable, in this respect, t) now countries ; for it be-
comes absolutely necessary that the pioneers in a c.lony should ho able to
manufacture the principal articles required for their domestic use, until they
are able to carry out a division of labor, and to devote the attention of a
part of their number to the production of the raw materials and the means
of support, while others are engaged in manufacturing and preparing such
raw materials for use.

The Province of Nova Scotia has long since arrived at this status ; but,
like its neighboring colonies, it finds it hard to forget the customs of its
childhood : the farmer is still, in a great n.easure, the manufacturer, and
vice versa. They have both yet to adopt, practically, the adage, that what

312

N- m^ii

is worth doing at all is worth doing well ; that part farmer, part mechanic,
and part manufacturer, will not do in this advanced stage of the country's
progress. It is high time that each pursued his own calling in such a man-
ner as its nature and importance may demand.

The manufactories of the Province, if we except the domestic manufac-
ture of homespun cloth, have, until recently, been confined to the operations
of sawing wood into deals, boards, shingles and scantling, some of which are
shipped to Great Britain, and others to the United States ; and also to \he
erection of mills for these purposes, and for the manufacture of flour and
meal. There are iron foundaries at Halifax and Pictou, and in some other
localities, where excellent castings are made from imported iron, in place of
employing the ore of the Province, which is most abundant, but which is only
smelted at the Acadian Mines, in Londonderry, and at Nictau.

Tanneries, pail manufactories, potteries, grindstone works, cloth factories
and carding mills are numerous. Coaches, waggons, carts, ploughs, and
other farm utensils, together with every variety of household furniture re-
quired for domestic use, are made in the Province. Cider, ale, beer, soap,
candles, bricks, hats, bonnets, of a quality somewhat resembling the leg-
horn, maple sugai, paints, brooms, kc, are also manufactured in various
localities.

btill, there is a great defi'. acy in this respect ; too much preference is
given to articles of foreign origin, however worthless they may be in point
of wear and quality, while too little store is set upon the productions of the
Province, and too little encouragement given to their producers. Too much
money is sent abroad in payment for the very articles which Nova Scotia
itself is well calculated to produce. Few countries on this continent are
better adapted for the raising long-woolled sheep, both as respects the quali-
ty of the wool, and the ease with which they can be kept ; and none can
exceed it in the growth of flax. Thus the ra>v material might be afforded
in abundance for manufacturing cloth of every description. The country
is thoroughly traversed by streams, affording ^ater power for spinning mills
and looms ; while, for the more powerful application of steam, coals are not
wanting. We have seen, too, on several occasions, that the inhabitants are
not -deficient in taste ; so that these articles might be produced in every va-
riety of form and color.

As we have before stated, iron ore is most abundant ; yet stoves, and
every other article made from that metal, are imported. Salt springs are very
numerous, but none is manufactured. It is true that the plarter and wood
are exported to pay for these articles, but it is the interest of the inhabitants
to augment their exports, and to employ them in the procuring such com-
modities as tlieir own country cannot produce, not of such as they have be-
neath their feet. Coal, however, lies at the foundation of '.very description
of manufacture ; and until the coal mines are eflFectively and abundantly
worked, it is in vain to look for much progress in any oihtr department.
We havo spoken of the extent to which the fisheries of New Brunswick
might be carried— and it is the samp with regard to Nova Scotia. The
whole Province may almost be considered as one vast fishing station, where
sufficient fish, of every variety, might be taken and prepared for the mar-
kets of the world. If these resources were adequately developed, the agri-
culturist would find a home market for all his productions, and a most pow-
erful stimulus would thus be applied to the cultivation of the soil.

An increased demand for many of the articles of export will probably

313

rt mechanic,
le country's
such a man-
tic manufac-
ae operations
of which are
d also to \he
of flour and
n some other
1, in place of
which is only

iloth factories
ploughs, and
furniture re-
c, beer, soap,
ling the leg-
3d in various

preference is
y be in point
actions of the
3. Too much
Nova Scotia
continent are
!Cts the quali-
ind none can
it be afforded

The country
spinning mills

coals are not
ihabitants are
i in every va-

et stoves, and
)rings are very
fter and wood
he inhabitants
njj such com-
they have be-
ry description
1(1 abundantly
department.

w Brunswick

Scotia. The
station, where

for the mar-
)ped, the agri-
d a most pow-
soil.

will probably

;i'

candles,

soon arise, in consequence of the Reciprocity Treaty ; but there is one con-
sideration, with regard to its operation, which should not be lost sight of; —
while the colonists are allowed many additional commercial privileges, they
ought not to depend too much on the importations from the h'tates in re-
turn ; but they should keep a single eye to the growth and manufacture of
those commo'lities for which their soil, their climate, and their minerals are
especially adapted, so as to be prepared to encounter tho?'^ periodical com-
mercial storms and adversities which never fail sometimes to visit all coun-
tries on the fac<^ of the globe.

The following figures, taken from the return of 1851, will shew the then
state of the Province in respect of manufactures, and the value of manu-
factured articles :

Sawmills, 1153; gristmills, 39S; steam mills, 10; tanneries, 237; —
gross value of the whole £188,280. The value of leather manufactured
was £52,625 ; boots and shoes, £73,654 ; the number of foundaries was
9, and valued at £12,900; the value of iron castings and iron smelted was
£8,121; weaving and carding establishments. 81, liand looms, 11,096;
yards of cloth filled, 119,689; ditto not fulled, 790104; yards of
flannel, 210.352; breweries, 17, gallons of malt liquor manufactured,
78,076; gallons of distilled liquor, 11,900; other factories, 131. The
value of agricultural implements made, £16.640; cabinet ware, £11,-
155: carriages, £9,491: wooden ware, £19,233, soap, £28,277
£21,210.

Value of manufactured goods exported from Nova Scotia in-
Cotton and woolen,
Leather and leather goods.
Ale, porter and cider.
Staves, spars, timber, deals, &c.,

Totals £175.369 £202,479

The value of lumber;, &c., exported in 1847, was £76,332. which is
more than doubled by two class of manufactured articles in 1848.

PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION.

An Industrial Exhibition was held in Halifax tiaring the summer of 1854 ;
the fund raised amounted to £2,000, one half being granted by the Legis-
lature, the Q'\eT produced from priv'^tc subscription. In addition to the
Province Budding, which was placed at the disposal of the Committee, there
were two large tents t-rected ; and the whole including the various apart-
ments of the building, were crowded with what may be called a Panorama
of the Productions of Nova Scotia, scrongly evin^'ing its real and substantial
wealth. The number of exhibitors was 1.260; and the articles received
for exhibition amounted to 3,010.

Numerous prizes were awarded for minerals, vegetab'.a productions, in-
cluding grain, fruit, roots, cabbages, herbs, grasses, and flowers, for horses,
cattle, sheep and swine, for manufactures in metal, wood, grain, parts of
animals, woolen, linen and leather, and for fish. Prizes and diplomas were
also distributed for productions in the fine aits, Provincial Literature, models,
Indian works, music, and many other similar effects in ingenuity. Most of
the articles exhibited were of a superior order, and it is only necessary for

1852 and

1S53.

£31.645

£29,949

3.318

3,235

3,180

4.455

137,196

154,795

314

those who may be sceptical as to the capabilities of the Province of Nova
Scotia, if any such there are, to visit such an exhibition, consisting, not of
imported articles, but of the actual productions of this partially developed
Province, to be fully convinced of what might be done if its varied resources
y?ere adequately carried out.

;l.' li

»' 1.

ROADS AND DISTANCES, WITH FACILITIES FOR TRAVELLING,

The roaus of Nova Scotia, like those of New Brunswick, are, for the
mc3t part suppovted by, and under the control of the Legislature, They
are divided into orcal and h,/e roads; the principal mail routes receive the
largest amount of public support. In addition to the geographical fact that
nearly the whole external boundary of the Province is washed by navigable
waters, and its interior interspersed with lakes, and intersected by streams,
varying from the brook to the navigable river, there are roads constructed
or projected along its sea girt margin, and traversing it in almost every di-
rection , so that where nature has failed in providing a pathway, the hand
of man has supplied the deficiency, The.=5e roads connect the numerous sea
ports, towns and villages, and oven the most remote settlements with each
other ; and the means of transit are so far perfected that a safe, tolerably
rapid and cheap communication is kept up between all its Settled dietricts.

The old roads of the country generally manifest a want of system and of
engineering ekill ; but recently, great improvements have been introduced,
as well in the location as in the mode of construction.

"Whenever a settlement is formed, or even one, two or three families are
gathered together, they are obliged to devote a small portion of their own
time to construction of roads ; and in addition to this, on application to the
Legislature, grants of money in aid are annually obtained, until the whole
road is rendered passable. Thus, indeed, no person need fear settling in the
most distant recess of the forest, as he may be sure that, on making his case
known, he will receive legislative assistance to enable him, with some exer-
tion of his own, to construct a sufficient pathway to some nearer and older
settlement. And this assistance answers a two fold purpose to the new set-
tler ; for while it is devoted to making a road to his own door, he has also
the best chanra of getting employment in the construction of that road at
such a season of the year us will least interfere with the cultivation of his
farm.

In addition to the large nums annually granted for opening and improving
the roads of the country, the inhabitants are required by law t'^ contribute
in proportion to their property, to the same purpose, in their respective dis-
tricts ; this is done either in labor or money, an<i amounts to but a slight
tax, and that appropriated to the local accommodation, and increase in value
of the property of each individual.

The reader is referred to the map of roads and railroads for the position
of the principal roads of the Province,

The following figures shew the sums granted for the great and bye roads
in the several years named : —

1850. 1852. 1854. 1855.

X24,200 ^33,500 £48,000 £45 000.

These sums are apportioned among the roads of the different counties as
necessity may require on the division of the grant for 1855, some counties
yrere allowed about .£2,000, while others received about £3,600 ; the whole

'ince of Nova
sisting, not of
illy developed
ried resources

YELLING.

, are, for the
lature. They
teg receive the
ihical fact that
1 by navigable
id by streams,
ds constructed
most every di-
iway, the hand
I numerous sea
3nts "with each

safe, tolerably
led diptricts.

system and of
jen introduced,

■ee families are
)n of their own
plication to the
until the whole
settling in the
iiaking his case
ith some exer-
earer and older
to the new set-
or, he has also
of that road at
Itivation of his

and improving
;v t'^ contribdte

respective dis-
to but a slight
icrease in value

for the position

t and bye roads

855.
5000.

•ent counties as
some counties
600; thevhole

315

being thus distributed in such a vray as might produce iba greatest amoun
of public benefit.

ROADS AND MAILS.

Road from Halifax to JSeiv Brimsit'ck.

Halifax to Truro — 65 miles — 6 mails per week.

Truro to Amherst — GO miles, ]

Amherst to New Brunswick Bounrlary, 3 " ■ o -i i

•^ > 3 mails per week.

Total 128 " j

Truro to Pictou — 40 miles — 6 mails per week.

Pictou to Antigonish — 50 miles — 2 mails per week.

Antigonish to Canscau lorry — 33 miles — 2 mails r)er week.

Totals : from Halifax to Pictou — 105 miles ; and Halifax to Canseau —
188 miles.

Pictou to Amherst, via Wallace — 88 miles ~2 mails per week.

Halifax to Windsor — 45 miles — 6 mails per week.

Windsor to Yarmouth, viz. to Kentville, via WoitVille — 28 miles— 6
mails per week.

Kentville to Annapolis — GO miles — malls per week.

Annapolis to Digby — 20 rniles — do. do.

Digby to Yarmouth — QQ miles — do. do.

Making a total, from Halifax to Yarmouth, of 214 miles.

From Halifax to Yarmouth, by tlie Atlantic coast, the distances are as
follows : — To Lunenburg, 70 miles ; Lunenburg to Liverpool, 36 miles ;
Liverpool to Shelburne, 40 ; and from Shelburne to Yarmouth, 56 miles ;
making, in the whole, 202 miles. The mails travel this l:ne three times a
week, calling at all the towns and principal villages on the way.

From Plaister Cove, at Canseau, to Port Hood, on Cape Breton^ is 30
miles ; Plaister Cove to Sydney, via St. Peter's, 7G miles : Plaister Cove to
Arichat, 27 miles ; and Sydney to jMavjiaree. via the Sydne^- Mines, 64
miles. There are two mails a week travelling over a part of these distances.

The principal mails to and from Prince Edward Island go by way of Pic-
tou during the summer ; though mnil bags are made up at various places
along the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shores, for, and are received
from the Island in return by sailing packet.

A speedy conveyance is kept up between Halifax and St. John, via An-
napolis, by coach and steamer.

Sailing packets run between Halifax and Saint John.

" "• •' Liverpool, N. S.

Guysborougb,
Mills Village,
Windsor and Parrsborough,
Newfoundland.
Bermuda.

There are two good lines of packets regularly running between Halifax and
Boston.

We must not omit to mention the English steamer.*?, of the Cunard line,
which touch at Halifax semi-monthly, and leave the mails for the Lower
Provinces, on their voyages both out ft»d home, betweea J^iverpool, in Bng-
jlaod; and Boston.

((

iv...l

316

Thus it will be obaerved that the facilities of communication, both as re-
gards the Kany excellent roads, the conveyances by stage coach and packet,
and the various foreign lines of sailing vessels and steamers, are numerous
and increasing, not only between the various sections of the Province, but
from its metropolis to the neighboring countries, and to Europe.

And, from present prospects, we may fully anticipate that the time is at
hand when new an*' exiensive leading arteries will be opened throughout
British North Americ;i. to be traversed by that more modern and rapid
mode of conveyance, the iron horse.

■ •»t'

»i ;

EDUCATTOX, LITERATURE, AND RELIGIULS DENOMINATIONS.

The educational system of this Province, like that of New Brunswick,
has been the si'.!»ject of repeated legislative enactments, no one of ihem last-
ing longer than merely to ascertain its operation.

In the absence of p compulsv)ry assessment, that principle has, in some
few instances, bten voluntaiily 'idopted, c:ut not to a sufficient extent to ren-
der its beneficial effects generally known.

The Province liad recently a very efficient Buperintendant of Education,
in the person nf "\V. J. Dawson, Ebi] , of Pictou, who has taken the greatest
interest, in the education of the rising generation. The annual reports fur-
nished to the Government by this gentleman are replete with valuable in-
formation on the state of the schools throughout Nova Scotia. He has been
succeeded by the Rev. Alexander Forrester, a gciiikman equally calculated
to promote this great object.

In the year 1842, there were, including grammar schools, 797 schools,
Attended by 23,233 scholars.

In the sarje year, there were raised by individual subscriptions, in sup-
port of these schools, X20,867 currency.
Paid by the Legislature, 7.,3G9 "
By the first report made by Mr. Dawson, in the year 1 850, there were
in the Province, taking the average of v/inter and summer, schools, 864
Average attendance, 25,328
By the census of 1851, there vrere schools in the Province, 1,096
Scholars in attendance, 31,354
The numbers, both of schools ond scholars in attendance, shewn by the
census of 1851, are exaggerated, as will appear from the subsequent school
reports.

By the Superintcndant's return for 1851, there y:Qre in operation,

In winter, in 1851, 825 schools, 28,528 pupils.

((

22,818
30.631
e7;838
X38 11
36 7

Do. 1850, 886

In summer, 1851, 1,004

Do. 1850, 843

Average salary of teachers in 1851,

" " 1850,

In the Provincial report for 1852, the state of the schools stood thus :

Winter. Summ.er.

Number of schools, y2S 984

Attended by, scliolars, 31/^01 33,624

So that the avorago attendance for the year 1852 is 32,762 pupils ; and
ths increase of 1852'ovor that of 1850 ii -7,484 Bchobrs.

la tlig BcliC'ol report for 1862, Mr* D>.wboe %%p (c»g9 2?) ; -" 'U%\\%

317

both as re-

and packet,

re numerous

Province, but

le time is at
I throughout
n and rapid

ATIONS.

V Brunswick,
of ihem last-
has, in some
extent to ren-

of Educatioii,
n the greatest
il reports fur-
i valuable in-
He has been
illy calculated

797 schools,
,233 scholars.
)tions, in sup-
p.67 currency.

)0, there were
ools, B64
25,328
1.096
31,354
shewn by the
equent school

icration.
28,528 pupils.
22,818 '''
J0.631 "
27;838
X38 11
36 7
stood thus :
Summer.

984
33,624
2 pupils ; and

((

Liul«

change appears in the support of schools. The apparent improvement fn
support of schools, and salaries of teachers, in the past year, is mainly at-
tributable to the establishment of a greater number of grammar schools.
These, it will be seen, have been steadily increasing from 25, in J 850, to
43 in 1052. This sh'^ws an incrposiiig desire for a higher education than
that afforded by common schools, and is a hopei'ul symptom of increased in-
terest in the more central and wealthier districts of the several counties."

The report, after shewing the ocmfiaratively small and irregular atten-
dance of pupils, and that there arc " 20.000 children destitute of educa-
tion," says : — " No stronger uvgument for assos=ment and free schools can
be obtained, than that afforded by these facts, when compared with the
I statistics of free school cuuntrie.s, which often show ten fourteenths of

the persons between four and fifteen to be in regular attendance at the
schools.

" In almost all the well-conditioned sections of the European continent,
the average attendance at school is about one- sixth of the pi^pulation. In
the New England States, where the assessment princi[)ie prevails, the average
is much larger, amounting to one in every four. In Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, there is about one ir nine, of the whole population, attending
school."

Although the school attendance in this Province is not proportionate to
the population, still the returns do not shew the actual state of educption,
inasmuch as there are many families whc, though the children do not attend
schor',, make self-cukure a first dury ; and, in this age of cheap rudiraental
and other literary works — so much so, that '" ho who runs may read" — there
is no great difhculty f^j anyone, availinghimself of these facilities, to obtain
such an education as may enable him to transact the various duties of ordi-
ary life.

The amount appropriated in aid of education, for the years

1850, was X10,592 ) { £25,1.^.9 ) t> . ,. ,,

1851, " 10,668 [ Provincial allowance. \ 23,402 V ^^i^eu oyine

1852, " li;995 ) I 26;851 S ^"^'^b'^^"^^-

The average sum contributed by each individual, for every one pound re-
ceived from the Province, is £2 5ri.

The average salary of teachers is £26 raised b} the district, and ,£13
from the Legislature, making a total of Xo9 paid to each ttacher from both
sources.

In addition to these amounts, the Legislature made grants for the pur-
chase of books, and philosophical apparatus, for schools; the amount ex-
pended for these purposes, in 1852, was <£620 currency.

Besides the common schools, many of which are of a superior order, and
teach the higher branches of education, there were, in 1852, not less than
43 grammar schools in the Province, attended by 1200 scholars. These
schools receive from the Legislature the sum of =£1,165, and about double
that amount by private subscription.

The,«ums appropriated by the Legislature annually, both for parish and
grammar schools, are distributed by the terms of the grant throughout the
different county sub-divisions into which the Province is divided, as circum-
stances may require, and again apportioned, by the local authorities, among
the different setUements, r« the looai boards may thmk most Rdvisabk rnd
judicious. ,

318

•I' ;

Collegiate and other Institutions.

The Province of Nova Scotia, like that of New Brunswick, has no gene-
ral Educational University ; but every religious donomination supports its
own literary institutions of a higher order, with the exception of a small
sum annually granted in aid of each by the Legislature.

The earliest institution of this nature is King's College, at Windsor, in
the County of Hants, which was founded by Royal Charter in 1789. This
establishment was, and still is, under the control of the Church of England;
from the year 18U2 to 1^33, it received Imperial aid to the amount of £1000,
sterling, per annum, but this grant was then reduced to X500, and was short-
ly afterward.^ withdrawn.

This College continued to receive £.44i currency, from the revenue of
the Province, until 1851, when iho Legislature passed '• nn Act to discon-
tinue the grant to King'ri College, Windsor;" by whi'^h a conditional annu-
al grant of £250 is placed at the disposal of the governor's. This institu-
tion is, therefore, now put on the same footing with others of a similar na-
ture. There is also an Academy for the education of boys at Windsor.

Free Church College. Halifax, with which an Academy is connected, is
under the control of the Presbyterian Free Church, and according to a re-
port of a Committee of the House of Assembly, in 1854, gave education
to 54 pupils, who are " taught Greek, Latin, French, and natural philoso-
phy, with all the other branches usually included in a sound English educa-
tion." It receives an annual iirant of X250.

Balhousic College, belonging to the Presbyterians, and formerly presided
over by Dr. McColloch, is also situate at Halifax.

The other educational institutions at the capital are an Academy for young
ladies, and the Halifax Infant School, which receives <£50 per annum, and
derives the remainder of its support from private fees. It affords rudimen-
tal education to an average of 80 pupils, whose parents are unable to pay
for their attendance elsewhere. There are besides numerous other schools
of a high order in addition to the usual common schools.

Acadia College, Baptist, is established in King's County, and has a Col-
legiate Academy attached to it. It is in an efficient state, and receives
£250 annually, from the Province. The average number of pupils for 1854
was 65— the extreme number Avas 130.

St. Mary's College, a Roman Catholic Institution, receives a similar sum
from the same source.

Gorham College is erected at Liverpool in the County of Queens, and is
under the patronage of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia.

Pictou Academy, established in 1819, receives £250 from the Provincial
revenue. In 1854, it gave instruction to 84 pupils, of whom 45 attended
the higher classes. Of the whole number, 57 belonged to the Presbyterian
Church, and 27 to other denominations.

In several of these Institutions, an excellent education, for any of the
learned professions, can be obtained on very cheap terms.

Antigonish Seminary, Roman Catholic, is established in Cape Breton.
Classics and mathematics are taught in it.

A Normal School is now forming at Truro, in the centre of the Province,
to which place the Superintendant of Education has removed.

It will thus be seen that, besides the common or district schools, and in
addition to numerous private establishments of this nature^ throughout No-

Sec

(

con

Isla

Mi
Adi
Pn
Kir

as no gene-

Bupnorts it8

of a small

Windsor, in
1789. This
of England;
It of £1000,
id was short-

e revenue of
ict to discon-
litional annu-

This institu-

a similar na-

Windsor.

connected, is
)rding to a re-
ave education
Ituval pliiloso-
finglisli educa-

merly presided

lemy for young

ier annum, and

fords rudimen-

unable to pay

other schools

and has a Col-
,, and receives
pupils for 1854

3 a similar sum

Queens, and is
colia.
_. the Provincial
om 45 attended

le Presbyterian

for any of the

Bi Cape ^Breton.

of the Province,

!d.

, schools, and in
t]irougbout Np'

319

va Scotia and Cape Breton, there are several Colleges and Academies, as
well as other superior schools ; and that the principal part of them is large-
ly endowed by the Legislature, If therefore, the inhabitants of this flou-
rishing Colony do not compete with those of other countries in respect to
a sound and useful education, it must be entirely their own fault. The at-
tention of the Legislature lias been recently more fully directed to this sub-
ject, and every endeavour has been used to improve the syatem. as well as to
afford the utmost encouragement to general education.

Literature.

This Province is in advance of many and much older countries in the
character and ability of its literary productions. Every year adds new and
more varied works to its stocks, and the facilities of obtaining books from
other countries are continually increasing. One thing, however, should be
guarded against, both in this and the adjacent Colonies, as injurious, more
especially to the rising generation ; we allude to the circulation of novels
and other light trash of literature, which is now becoming so common. The
principal part of these works impart no useful knowledge, but on the con-
trary, do much to corrupt the morals and retard the intellectual advancement
of the people.

The newspapers and other periodicals published in the Province are :

The Royal Gazette,
Nova Scotian,
Acadian Recorder

Halifax

((

'' The Morning Chronicle.
Religions papers.

}

((

The Presbyterian Witness,
'• AVesleyan,

' ' Christian Messenger, (Bap-
tist,)
" Church Times,
" Plalifax Catholic.

((

Atheneum,

Sun, (daily)

Colonist,

British North American,

Morning Journal,
The Eastern Chronicle, Pictou,
" Yarmouth Herald, Yarmouth,
" Tribune, '=

Liverpool Transcript, Liverpool,

The Cape Breton News, Sydney, C. B.

The Ecclesiastical and Missionary Record of the Free Church of Nova
Scotia, printed monthly ; and the Missionary Register of the Presbyterian
Church of Nova Scotia, also issued monthly.

Note. — Several of the above papers appear tri-weekly, one daily, and
almost all are published weekly, or have a weekly edition.

Religious Denominations.

According to the Census, the various religious denominations of Nova
Scotia numbered their adherents as follows : ~

Church of England. — This church has has a Bishop, who exercises
control over the clergy belonging to this Province, and also to Prince Edward
Island. «

1851. 1827. Increase.

Ministers, 38

Adherents, 36,482 28,659 7,723

Presbyterian Church, —
Kirk of ScoUand, 18,867

320

t 'm

Presbyterian Church of No-
va Scotia,
Free Church,

Total Presbyterians,

28,767
25,280

72,914

37,225

35,689

In 1851, there were 50 ministers belonging to the various bodies com-
posing this Church.

Methodists, —

1851.

Ministers,

Adherents,

25,596

Baptists, —

Ministers,

Adherents,

42,243

In dependants, —

Ministers,

Adherents,

2,639

Lutherans —

Adherents.

4,0S7

Oiher denomiyiations. —

4,080

1827.
9,408

19,790

Increase.
14,188

22,452

s'^- i

Total 10,806 8,365 2,441

The Roman Cathnhc Church has an Arch-Bishop, a Bishop, and 33
clergymen.

1851. 1827. Increase.

Adherents, 69,634 20,401 49,233

Note -The census of 1837 does not distinguish the religious profession
of the people of Nova Scotia.

The number of places of worship, belonging to all these denominations in
1851, was 567.

With refereiice to the g .ographical distribution of the Christi.^.n denomin-
ations, the Church of England is generally scattered over the Province.

The Baptists are most numerous in the counties of King's, Digby, and
Annapolis : the Presbyterians in Pictou, Colchester, Cumberland, Halifax,
and Hants, and in the Island of Cape Breton ; the Methodists in Cumber-
land, Colchester, and the western comities ; and the Roman Catholics abound
in Cape Breton and the county of Halifax, but there are, also, several large
groups of this denominativin in other sections of the Province.

It may indeed be observed that it would be difficult to find a settlement in
which there arc not some persons adhering to each of these forms of worship,
and all of whom generally live together in perfect peace and amity.

I; ^j

HALIFAX CITY AND COUNTY.

This county is bounded on the north by Hants, Colchester, and Pictou ;
on the east by Guysborough ; on the west by Lunenburg : and on the south
by a front of one hundred miles on the Athintic Ocean.

This extensive line of coa^t is indented by numerous bays, harbors and
rivers, and diversified by many islands. The principal harbors are Beaver,
Sheet, Spry, Ship, Joddore, Musquodoboit, Colo, Halifax, and Margaret's.
Several of them, vith others of less note, offer <:reat facilities for the prose-
cution of the fisheries ship-building, and other branches of commerce. No
harbor, however, in the Province stands forth more prominent than that of

35,689
bodies corn-
Increase.
14,188

22,452

2,441
lishop, and 33

Increase.

49,233

Tioua profession

enominations in

isti?.n denomin-
,e Province.
i?"b, Oigby, and
.;rland, Halifax,
igta in Cumber-
:;atholics abound
30, several large

?e.
a settlement in

)rras of worship,

amity.

er, and Pictou ;
ind on the south

lys, harbors and
bors ere Beaver,
and Margaret's.
es for the prose-
commerce. No
ent than that of

321

Halifax, or, as it was known in the early settlement of the country, " Che-
bucto." Its latitude is 44 ® 40' north, longitude 63 ® 38' west ; rise and
fall of tide, 6^ to 9 feet, and the magnetic variation, 15 ® 8' west. This
harbor has not, it is alleged, its superior in America. It is situate nearly
in the centre of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and is free from ice at
all seasons of the year. It extends inwards for about fifteen miles ; at its head
is a beautiful basin, called Bedford Basin, which is so encompassed with high-
lands that its waters are always placid, during every variation of the wind ;
and the depth of water is such, that a nation's navy could ride in it in good
anchorage and perfect safety. The entrance of the harbor, havmg Mc-
Nutt's Island in the centre, is deep and spacious ; every shoal and headland
is well marked out and guarded by lights, buoys and beacons, — so that its
ingress and egress is perfectly safe at all hours of the night.

The harbor of Halifax possesses many most important advantages. Its
proximity to Europe, and the conspicuous situation it occupies on the map,
with regard to that continent, North America, and the West Indies ; the
almost complete water communication between it and the Bay of Fundy, by
way of the Shubenacadie, now being improved, and tlie railroad i,n rapid
progress, as well as its extensive postal and telegraphic communications with
all parts of British America and the States, will always render it the first
place of ct>ll, and a most important station, for the British mail ships : and
as a military and naval depot and arsenal, it may be considered the key of
North America and the Northern Atlantic.

The city of Halifax was settled in 1748 by a number of English, Irish
and German emigrants. In 1790 it contained 70G houses and 4,000 in-
habitants ; in 1817, it was declared a free port ; in 18*27, it contained 1,580
houses and 14,489 persons. It was incorporated in 1841. and is now light-
ed with gas ; its present population will number upwards of 26,000. This
city, the metropolis of the Province, is situate on the west side of its har-
bor, and on the declivity of a hill ; it extends upwards of two miles along
the shore, and about three quarters of a mile in width from the water's edge.
The streets, except a few of those in front, which retain the characteristics
of the earlier locations of the country, are well laid out, of good width, and
at right angles lo each other. The margin of the water is lined with
wharves, slips, and other commercial facilities.

Port George stands on a peculiar eminence near the centre of the city,
which, as well as the harbor, it overlooks in every direction. It has a very
commanding aspect, and, with a sufficient garrison, would be difficult to re-
duce ; indeed, this fort, with the batteries that have heen constructed for
the defence of the excellent narbor, and the extensive barracks for the ac-
commodation of troops, may well enable the city to resist any attack from
the most powerful enemy.

Among the public buildings of the city, the l*rovince Building ranks
first ; it contains, beside the legislative halls and committee rooms, tiie offices
of all the heads of departments, and the usual accommodation for the Su-
preme Court. The Lieutenant Governor's residence is pleasantly situate.
The city also contains a post office, telegraph and railway officer. Dalhousie
College. Free Church College and Academy. Mechanics' Institute, Museum,
several grammar schools and other literary institutions, a Tem[)erance Hall,
many churches and chapels of all religious denominations, and other public
edifices. All the private buildings of late date are well built, and display
considerable taste in their architecture ; and the city, on the whole, pre-

,■■«'
I

322

fei ■i'j '

M .M

sents a fine and imposing appearance, especially to those coming up the
harbor.

For municipal purposes, the city is divided into six wards, each of "which
annually electa three aldermen, who, along with the Mayor, also chosen by
the inhabitants, the Recorder, and other officers of the Corporation, have in
charge all matters relating to the civic local government. The Mayor's
Court sits on the second and fourth Tuesday of every month.

In addition to the public establishments already enumerated, there is a
fire department, and two companies of firemen ; Saint George's Society,
Charitable Irish Society, the North British Society, Highland Society,
Vv"esleyan Female Benevolent Society, Female Orphan Asylum, Carpenter's
Charitable Society, Dispensary, Literary Mechanics' Library, Halifax Libra-
ry, Barrister's Society, Athenaeum Reading Room, and a Merchant's Read-
ing Room. There are also fire and life assurances and agencies of various
kinds, four Banks, one a " Savings' Bank," and five Joint Stock Compa-
nies, besides horticultural, agricultural and medical societies.

Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the harbor, is a small but growing
town, connected with Halifax city, a part of which it now forms, by a steam
^Try, which is continually passing and repassing across the harbor, between
the hours of six in the morning and ten at night ; affording a ready commu-
nication to the public at a moderate expence. This town is fast building up,
and bids fair at no distant day to claim for itself separate corporate powers.
It is the natural terminus for the railway now in progress, and though the
line is at present being carried more to the westward, yet it is probable that
ultimately a branch will be constructed connecting this side of the harbor
with the main line.

Railway. — The excellent character and central position of Halifax har-
bor, together with its easy access to Europe, render it decidedly the best and
most advantageous Atlantic termvuus for the great railway and its branches,
as originally contemplated, and of which some portions are now in course of
construction, from this city to Windsor and Pictou, and to the New Bruns-
vrick boundary, to be hereafter connected through that Province, with the
railways of the Uniied States and Canada. The line commences about a
mile to the northward of the city, and follows the windings of the s)iore of
the basin. The general character of the ground is slaty rock, and in many
places it runs precepitately to the margin of the water. Hence in i5on;e
places the line has to be built across arms of the basin ; while in others con-
siderable cuttings are necessary in order to obtt*in curves of sufHcient radius
to secure both speed and safety. From the peculiarities of tlie ground, a
short portion, passing Birch-Cove, cannot, without much additionnl outlay,
be adapted for obtaining great speed, though it has the advantage of an easy
grade ; however, as this difficulty occurs near a depot, it is not of so mucli
importance as it would have been at a greater distance from a stopping place.

This line of railway, as far as engineering difficulties are concerned, will
be good, except the portion crossing tlio Cobequid jMountain.*!. The shortest
line would be by the valley of the Folly river and lake ; but this is difficult
and the gradients somewhat steep ; another line surveyed is lhrouj.';h a gorge
on the Pictou side of the hills, longer in point of distance, buc mur i lev.l,
and by this divergence something will be gained by Ehorteuing the branch
to Pictou, a section which proraiBCs to be the most paying in •. ic Province.
When these railways arc completed the city of Hahfax will become the
Atlantic terminus for a vast extent oi internal communication, and oii the

^M¥tOK*UsVtd^.^lSiJdi^l.

323

oming up the

each of which

ilso chosen by

ration, have in

The Mayor's

,ed, there is a
Tge's Society,
iland Society,
ra, Carpenter's
Halifax Libra -
rchant's Bead-
jies of various
Stock Compa-

II but growing
US, by a steam
arbor, between
ready commu-
st building up,
•porate powers,
nd though the
3 probable that
of the harbor

if Halifax har-
ly the best and
d its branches,
)w in course of
c New Bruns-
vince, with the
aences about a
of the shore of
:, and in many
[lence in souic
in others con-
ufficient radius
the ground, a
itionjii outlay,
tage of an easy
lot of so much
stopping place,
'oncerned, will
The shortest
this is difficult
jr(nigh a gorge
luc mor i lev.l,
ijfj the branch
I I he Pjovince.
ill become the
on, and on the

other hand, its geographical position will ensure for it the regular and fre-
quent visits of most of the European steamers ; thus, as far as regards pas-
senger trafiSc, at all events, ic can hardly fail to be one of the first cities of
this continent. Its internal trade, under the Reciprocity Treaty especially,
will be almost indefinitely increased by the connection with the iiay of Fun*
dy, and with the Pictou coal mines, the produce of wliich will then be ex-
ported to the States and other inarkett; at all seasons of the year.

A canal is novr in course of construction, from the arm of the Bay of
Fundy formed by the Minas basin, by way of the Shebenacadie river, and
the chain of lakes at its head, to Dartmouth. This water communication la
almost complete, and it afforded the Indianc ^nd early settlers a ready access
to Truro, Windsor, and other neighboring localities. In 1826, a company
wa? foi-med at Wuiifax for the opening a canal in this direction; but, after
spending £80.000, the ple.n was abandoned; and, strange to say, after a
lapse of nearly 80 years, now that a railway is being built, which for a great
par-, of the dh' i.ice, v-ill run parallel with and in the vicinity of the canal,

a nev;
C. W

e^>rt is r.?.\ng

mad i to comnlete it. From the vc

ry able

-eport of
F!iir')aiik3, iiisq., C. E., in 1850, it appears not only that the work
can c.:sily be acooreplished, but that it wiH well repay the interest on the
capital noce?sary for its completion. One thing, however, is certain, that
whether it will pay the undertakers or noi, it will, when finished, and for
about seven months in the year, be of vast local rdvanrage to those settled
along its borders, by increasing the facilities of transport, that it will open
up other lands for settlement, and otherwise bring into action the dormant
resources of the country along its track, besides adding much to the trade
and prosperity of the city of Halifax.

The civil divisions of this county are Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown,
and Preston. The population in 1838, waC; 28,570 ; and in 1851, it amount-
ed to 39,112 ; it is now probably about 45,000.

The interior of the county is well watered by numerous streams and lakes,
the principal of which are Mosure and Middle rivers, with the east branch
of the latter; Ship Harbor lake, an extensive sheet of water ; Musquodo-
boit river and Salmon river with its tributories ; the two latter have their
sources interlocking with the Shubenacadie, which falls into Cobequid bay.
These, with numerous other small streams fall into the Atlantic to the east-
ward of Halifax. The principal of those to the westward are Nine Mile
and North East rivers ; the latter takes its rise in Pockwak lakes.

The county of Halifax is not by any means a good agricultural district ;
the land is generally hilly and broken, and much of it is barren, especially
near the capital, a circumstance which coupled with the fact of the post road
to New Brunswick, running through much poor land, has no doubt tended
to detract from the real merits of tiio Province. Un this subject, however,
we must caution the stranger against hasty conclusions. Let him traverse
the margins of the various branches of the Bay of Fundy ; let him visit
the western counties ; and then turn to the shores of tiie Gulf of St. Law-
rence, and the Northumberland Straits ; and if he should have entertained
ideas inimical to the Province, they will soon be dissipated by a view of the
rich marshes, the fertile uplands, and the valuable minerals, to say nothing
pf the coasts and river fisheries, hardly to be parallelled in the world.

Notwithstanding some rocky tracts, however, Hahfax possesses numerous
localities that would well repay the industrious and persevering settler, be-
sides much valuable land, and xoany good setilementa skirting the uaagprn

324

((

of its numerous streams, more especially on the Muequodoboit and Sackville
rivers. In 1851 there were 2,099 persons engaged in agriculture, and 23,-
866 acres of improved land.

Education. — The number of schools in 1851, was 115

And of pupils. 4,497

In 1852, schools, 63

pupils, 3,596

Trade. — The imports of Halifax consist principally of West India and
European goods, and the exports are the produce of the fisheries so exten-
sively carried on from that laarbor, and the others, so numerous along the
sea board.

Total value of imports m 1850, Xl.020,100

exports " '415 904

imports in 1853, 1,064 556

exports " ^ 006,718

Shewing an increase in the last year of X44,456 in the imports and
^190,8 14 in the exports over those of 1850,

Nearly one half of the value of the imports is from Grea Britain, and
one fourth from tlie United States ; the remainder is nearly equally divided
between British North America, the "West Indies, and other countries.
Of the articlos exported, nearly one half is to British North America, one
fifth to the West Indies, a little above one-sixth to the United States, one-
tenth to other foreign countries, and the remainder, a little above a fourteenth
to Great Britain.

The quantities offish exported from Halifox in 1851, were : — Dried fish,
191,802 quintals : mackarel, 96.650 barrels ; herrings, 43,559 barrels ;
alewives, 4,227 b'jrrels ; salmon, ^40 tierces, and 6,412 barrels ; oil, 3,493
casks ; preserved and pickled fish. 3.472 boxes ; codfish, 78 barrels.

There were, in 1853. 149 vessels, of the aggregate tonnage of 6,816
tons, having on board 1,240 men, employed by the port of Halifax in the
prosecution of the fisheries.

Skips imcurd and oidiuard in 1850 :

Sailing vessels. Steam vessels.

Total— 1,081 vessels, 111,204 tons. 113 vessels, 65,400 tons.

Inwards.

•' 952 " 84,218 " 110 vessels, 76,861 tons.

The number in 1851, outward, includir , both sailing and steam vessels,
was 1,164 vessels, of the tonnage of 176,802 tons.

The value of the goods brought by these vessels was .£1,073,854 cur-
rency.

Ship building is not very extensively carried on along the coasts of this
county.

In 1853, the duties collected at this port amounted to £80,000 cy.

In 1S54, to nearly 100,000 "

Shewing an increase of £20,000, which of itself is a sufiicient proof of
the increasing prosperity ol this Province.

The effect of the reciprocity treaty with the United States will probably
cause a small diminution in the amount of duties to be collected ; but this
will, no doubt, be made up, without additional taxation, by the fresh stimu-
lus it will impart to various branches of trade.

3^5

md Sackville
ure, and 23,-

115

4,497

3,596

est India and
ries so exten-
lus along the

Xl.020,100

415 904

1,064 556

606,718

a imports and

I Britain, and
qually divided
her countries.
. America, one
3d States, one-
ve a fourteenth

5 : — Dried fish,
3,559 barrels;
[els; oil, 3,493
i barrels,
nage of 5,816
Halifax in the

vessels.

, 65,400 tons,
irds.
1, 76,861 tons.

steam vessels,

,073,854 cur-

joasts of this

X80,000 cy.
100,000 "
icient proof of

will probably
icted ; but this
le freah stimu-

COUNTY OF LUNENBURG.

This county is bounded on the north-east by Halifax and Hants ; on the
south-west by Queen's ; and on the south-east by the Atlantic,

The face of the country is generally undulating, though in many places
broken into hills and vallles. Its sea-board is very much indented by nu-
merous bays running in from the Atlantic.

Margaret's Bay is a large estuary studded with small islands ; it divides
the county from Ilalifax, on their Atlantic frontier. Mahone Bay is a beau-
tiful sheet of water, separated from the former by a promontory, on which
is Aspatogan Mountain, about 500 feet high, and a well known beacon to
mariners. This bay is a beautiful recess of the sea, well protected by Tam-
cook and other islands ; the principal rivers falling into it are Middle, Gold
and Mussamish rivers, all -^f which take their rise in lakpi.

Lunenburg harbor is separated from Mahone Bay by i narrow peninsular
strip of land, almost insulated. This harbor is accessible to ships of the
largest class. The town of Lunenburg is situate on an elevated plot of
ground on the east side of the barbor. This section of the county is said
to have been settled ps early as 1751, principally by Germans and Swiss,
who erected fortifications, the remnants of which are still visible, for their
defence against the Indians.

Lallave Bay lies about seven miles west of Lunenburg ; it is a good har-
bor, and its entrance is studded with islands, which afibrd protection to the
shipping. This is the locality in which La Toar obtained his grant, and
built a fort at the entrance of the bay. The Lallave river, falling into the
bay, has several tributories^ which have their sources in a number of lakes
interlocking with streams flowing into the Bay of Fundy, and its Mi-
nas arm. This river has about 20 feet water at its mouth, and is navi-
gable for about 14 miles. At the distance of 18 miles, there is a fall of
about twenty feet, and six miles further up is another, somewhat smaller.
Salmon were formerly abundant ia this beautiful stream, but they are now
prevented from entering its waters by mill-dams and saw-dust. Port Med-
way is an excellent ship harbor, situate at the most southerly angle of the
county.

The whole interior of the county is well watered by streams, some of them
navigable, and all affori'ing fiicilities for the erection of water-power ma-
chinery. Roads run along its Atlantic coasts, and through its principal
settlements, the leading lines of which concentrate at Lunent';rg, Chestei,
iHid the other most populous towns and villages, most of whlvh are located
at the harbors' mouths.

The principal towns arc Lunenburg, the shire-town, Chester, which stands
on Mahone Bay, and New Dublin, which is situate at LaHa"c harl;( i-.

This county is well adapted for farmn^g, and contains a great extent of
good land. On the Lallave river, near the Ohio settlement, there is a large
tract of meadow land, consisting cf several hundred acres. There are also
considerable tracts, having the same character of soil, skirting the borders
of many of its inland waters, all of which are famed for their hay-produc-
ing qualities Kiora the report of "W. Thompson, Esq , Deputy Surveyor,
made to the Government in 1853, it appears that there were 277,600 acres
of vacant land in the county, most of which was well calculated for lum-
bering, and a large per centage of it was highly adapted to agricultural pur-
suits. 116,400 acres of this land lie to the west of LaHave river, and

336

M;^^r

feU,

about 70,000 acres between the head of Gold river and Halifax county.
There are upwards of 80,000 acres in detached places between the two
blocks above described, the character of which is not known. However,
there is no doubt but several hundred families could be located on good land
within the precincts of the county.

The population of Lunenburg, in 1827, was 9,405; in 1838, 12,058;
and in 1851, it wad lQ,d95. The ciearea land, in 1851. was 29,390 acres;
there were 3,018 fliriaera, and 1,165 fishermen. In 1852, the county con-
tained 42 schools, attended by an average of 1,409 pupils.

Imports aad Exports at the followifi^ ports :

laHave,
Lunenburg,
Port Medway,

I<aKave,
Lunenburg,
Poit Medway,

.£365 I

1,265 } Imports.

257 5
1853.
£2,958
3,220 J. Imports.
1,813

1852.
£3.370 )

742 } Exports.
3,356 )

1853.

/:5,829
ii,979 ^ Exports.
9,872

£7,991 £18,680

This county owns 187 vessels, of the aggregate tonnage of 7,030 tons,
valued at £51,908.

In 1854, there were 85 vessels, of 3,500 tons, engaged in the fisheries ;
their produce in that year was set dowL at £62,500.

QUEiiN'S COUNTY.

The county of Queen's is bounded on the north-wost by Annapolis ; on
the south-west by Shclburne ; on the south-east by the Atlantic ; and on
the north-east by the couiity of Lunenburg.

The Port Medway rive>', having an excellent harbor at its mouth, takes
its rise in a series of lakes, and affords vast facilities for transporting the
productions of tlie forest to the sea coast.

Liverpool is an excellent ship harbor, with good anchorage, open at all
seasons of the year. Coffin's Island, on which there is a light house, is
situate at the e;is;;erly entrance to this harbor. Liverpool river is one of the
most extensive in Nova Scotia ; it has its source within a short distance of
the Bay of Fundy, Avith the tributories of which it interlocks. It runs
through a chain of lakes, the largest of which is Lake Rossignol, about
eighteen miles long, by about four in breadth. This river, though not na-
vigable for vessels, is well calculated for the conveyance of lumber to the
port. Extensive mill machinery have been erected on it. and there are sev-
eral beautiful falls on the main river and its branches. This water commu-
nication afforded the aborigines, in early times, a short path to Annapolis
Basin, with whose waters it is almost connected. Ports Mouton and JoUi
are the only remaining harbors of any note ; they are broad shallow bays.
At the head of the former, Broad river enters it, but has a short course.

The north-western section of this county is completely variegated by land
and water ; the frontier is generally poor and rocky, and not favorable to
agricultural pursuits ; in fact, from what is known of its interior, Queen's
vaiQ hwdiy be called w tvgmultvufftJ county. Alrooa* all tb« choic* hnda

fax county.

»en the two

However,

)n good land

88,12,058;
9,39G acres;
5 county con-

Exports.

9 > Exports.

)f 7,030 tons,

, tho fisheries ;

Annapolis ; on
lantic; and on

mouth, takes
ansporting the

e, open at all
ight house, is
er is one of the
ort distance of
ocks. It runs
,oisignol, about
hough not na-
lumber to the
d there are sev-
water commu-

to Annapolis
)uton and JoUi

shallow bays,
lort course,
iegated by land
ot favorable to
iterioTj Queen's
h« choice kn^

32t

are granted, though there are many isolated spots which will well repay the
hands that may till them.

The townships of this county are Liverpool, the shire-town, and Guys-
borough. The town of Liverpool, which was founded in 1760, is built ou
a rocky site, about 80 miles west cf Halifax. It presents the appearance
of taste, though not so much of business. The road passing along the At-
lantic coast of the Province traverses the sta board of this county, and there
is a leading road from Liverpool running northward to the Bay of Fundy ;
there are also several bye-roads diverging from the main roads to the new
settlements in the interior.

The population, in 1838, was 5,798 ; and in 1851, 7,256. At the lat-
ter period, it had 13,950 acres of land cleared, 400 farmers, 310 fishermen,
and 280 lumbermen.

In 1851, there were 30 schools, attended by 887 pupils,

" 1852, " 32 " •• 904 ''

In 1854, the county owned about 7,000 tons of shipping.

Imports. Exports.

1852— Liverpool, £13,132 £36.061

1854— " 15,961 36,000

SHELBURNE,

This triangular county is bounded on the northeast by Queen's ; on the
southwest by Yarmouth ; and on the southeast by the Atlantic. The whole
frontier is a succession of harbors. Jordan river, which empties itself into
Green Harbor, takes its rise in Davies lake, and is navigable for about ten
miles ; the harbor is flat. Shelburne harbor is one of the best on the coast
of the Province; it has an island, McNutt's, at its mouth, on vhich a light
house is placed. The main entrance, which is on the east side of the har-
bor, has suJ9Bcient water for the admission of large class vessels. Roseway
river has its source near the most northerly angle of the county, and near
the western sources of the Liverpool river ; this stream, though not large,
is suflBcient for the transmission of lumber, and for the erection of mills.
The principal river on the westward is the Clyde, a stream of some note as
a conveyance for tlie productions of the forest. The next harbor of impor-
tance is Barringtun, into which falls a small stream fed by lakes ; this is a
fine bay, and affords good shelter and anchorage for large class vessels.

The county is divided into two townships, namely, bhelburne, the coanty
town, situate at the head of the buy of the same name, and Barrington,
which comprizes the southern part of the county.

'ihe whole Atlantic coast of the Province is poor and in many places
rocky; and this county shares the general character. The principal settle-
ments are on the banks of the streams ; that on the Clyde is thriving. The
county contains about 200,000 acres of ungranted land, most of which is
only fit for lunibering, thoufrh there are some intervening spots adapted for
farming ; but lamb-irirg, shipbuilding and fi;hing have been the principal
emplovments of its bilabitants.

Bhelburne was settled by a number of emigrants from New York in 1783,
but from its unfitness f >r agricultural pursuits, it was subsequently almost
abandoned ; recently, however, new life and vigor has been infused into the
place, and it is now rapidly progressing. The principal road is that along
tho seaboard, from which i^ye-roads diverge towards the interior. The pop-

328

ulation in 1838, was 6,831, and in 1851, 10,622 ; the county contained in

1851, 1,151 agriculturists, 406 fishermen, 210 registered seamen, and 553

persons employed at sea.

The number of schools in 1851, was 49, attended by 937 pupils.

Imports in 1852. Exports in 1852,

Shelburne, £747 £2,332 '

Barrington, 3,696 9,977

In 1853.
Shelburne £1,955 £11,050

Barrington, 4,813 2,263

h \ ■

, <p

COUNTY OF YARMOUTH.

This county, similar in shape to that of Shelb'irne, is bounded on the
east by that county ; on the north by Bigby ; and on the southwest by the
Atlantic.

Its coast, like that of the county just described, is studded with a great
number of small islands and many harbors, which afford shelter and protec-
tion to shipping. The principal of the latter are Pubnico, Abuptic, Tusket,
Jebogue, Yarmouth and Jegogin ; all of which admit vessels of various sizes
and even large ships tind safe anchorage behind many of the islands ; but
the harbor of the greatest note is that of Yarmouth, which is capacious, and
Tyeil protected from storms. It admits large class vessels as far as the town,
and those of light tonnage can ascend still higher. There are a great num-
ber of small streams traversing the interior of the county, and having their
sources in lakes, which vary in extent from one to eight miles. The prin-
cipal river is the Tusket, which takes its rise in the county of Digby, passes
over several falls, and receives, in its passage to the sea, the tributory waters
of many lakes and smaller streams, communicating with others ; thus the
whole district is variegated by extensive and valuable sheets of water, afford-
ing most eligible localities for the lumberer and mill man.

The surface of the county is much diversified by slight elevations, as well
as by the lakes and streams ; the latter, near their mouths, are skirted by
low marshes of second rate quality ; about 2000 acres of which have been
dyked and produce large burthens of hay, which is eagerly sought after by
neat cattle.

The principal part of the land fit for settlement is granted, and the larger
portion of that still vacant is only fit for lumbering. From the report of
Zaccheus Church, Esq., the principal Deputy Surveyor of che county, made
to the government in 1854. it is evident that " a very small proportion of
it is capable of profitable cultivation, and that is in small tracts. There is
some timber land, mostly in ridges, so called, among the barren land, and
some capable only for fence poles and fire- wood, that I include," says Mr.
Church, " with the timber land, but far the greatest proportion of the land
is barrens, and land which has lately been burnt and the timber destroyed."
Still on the sea board and skirting the rivers there are some fine settlements.
The chief employments of the inhabitants are fishing, ship building, and
lumbering, mixed with a little farming.

The county is sub-divided into the townships of Yarmouth and Argyle ;
the former is the shiretown, and is beautifully situate, having one principal
street, stretching for about two miles along the east side of the harbor. It
ranks among the second places in Hova Scotia, competing in the march of

ontained in
n, and 553

)il8.
,52.
332

977

050
263

ided on the
Lwest by the

with a great
r and protec-
iptic, Tusket,
'various sizes
islands ; but
apaeious, and
r 03 the town,
a great num-
l having their
5. The prin-
Digby, passes
butory waters
levs ; thus the
' water, afford-

ations, as well
je skirted by
icli have been
lught after by

find the larger
the report of
county, made
proportion of
cts. There is
^ren land, and
ie," says Mr.
an of the land
er destroyed."
ne settlements.
- building, and

and Argj^le;

one principal
le harbor. It

the march of

329

improvement with the town of Pictou. Roads extend along the seaboard,
and diverge from thence towards the interior, wherever settlements are
forming. There arc several flourishing villages at the mouths of the rivers,
where trade is pursued with much spirit. Yarmouth owns a large amount
of shipping; its population in 1888 was 9,189, and in 1851 it amounted to
13,142; in the latter year there were 30,575 acres of cleared land, 8,386
head of neat cattle, 12.449 sheep, and 1,694 swine ; the other agricultural
products were 15 449 bushels of various kinds of grain, 11,599 tons of hay,
94,717 bushels of potatoes, 20u,869 pounds of butter, and 92,530 pounds
of cheese, the farmers numbered 1,151, fishermen 400, and seamen 763,
In 1852 there were 28 schools attended by about 1000 pupils.

1852.
Pubnico,
Tasket,
Yarmouth,

1854.
Pubnico,
Tusket,
Yarmouth,

Imports.
jei.357

2,761
33,647
Imports.
£1,957

2,333
54,051

■TK

Exports.

£1.879

3,737

20,775

Exports.

X2,e"i

2,820
18,309

The first settlers of l^'armouth were Acadian French, most of whom were
exported in 1755, the descendants of some of those who returned still oc-
cupy a part of the country. Some of the early settlers were refugees from
New England.

COUNTY 01' DIGBY.

The county of Digby is bounded southerly by Y'armouth ; north easterly
by Annapolis, and northerly and westerly by the Bay of Fundy and the
Atlantic. The Bay of Fundy is fringed by a narrow strip of land, which
extends from the head of St. Mary's Bay, in a south-west direction, known
by the several names of Digby Neck, Long and Brier Islands ; the two
latter are separated from the neck by two passages, distinguished as Grand
and Petit Passages, through which tlie tides of the Bay of Fundy run with
great rapidity.

The depp ar<d spacious Bay of St. Mary's, and Sissiboo harbor, on its
southern coast, are the principal harbors of this county.

Digby contained in 1851, 17,242 acres of cleared land; and in 1854,
224,000 still claimed by the Crown, '' a great portion of which," according
to the report of Alpheus Jones, Esq., principal deputy surveyor, " is of a
very inferior quality ; there is some very good land on the reserved road,
near the eastern line of the county, also a large tract on Carlton and Kempt
rivers ." there arc numerous other isolated spots referred to in this report,
as well suited for agricultural pursuits, but tbe best cf the land is granted.
Two roads run nearly parallel to the southern shore of St. JSIary's Bay, one
along the seaboard, and the other a short distance to the eastward ; there
are also cross roads extending from the frontier towards the interior ; and
another, stretching through Digby xseck and the islands on the south west;
the latter road is interrupted by the passages or straits before mentioned.

The agricultural productions of this county, in 1S51, were, on the whole,
fully equal in quantity to those of Yarmouth. In that year there were 67
schools attended by 1,323 pupils.

The only rivers in this county are Salmon river, Montenquin river, Sissi-
boo river, and Smelt river, all of them ijaOORtsiiierable streami.

1 1

330

The county is divided into the townships of Dighy and Clare : the first
comprehending tl^ e northern, and the latter the southern sections. The s) ore
of iJigby is studded with villages and settlements, nnd much of the front
land ia very fertile At the head of St Mary's Bay there are extensive
tracts of marsh land. A largo portion of the inhabitants are descendants
of the Acadian French, who, together with the otiiers, own about 100 ves-
sels engaged in the fisheries, nnd in trading to the States.

The town of Dighy is the shiretown, and is about 145 miles from Halifax ; '
it is situated on an elevated spot at the south west of Annapolis basin, which
affords its trade an outlet to the Bay of Fundy ; the scenery around is beau-
tiful and varied. A steamer has recently been established from this place
to Boston.

1862. Imports. Exports.

Digby, X14,955 £13.438

Westport, on Briar Island, 6,114 7,215

Weymouth,
1854.

I*jgby,

Westport, Briar Island,
Weymouth,

8,664

20,850

£17.384 £10.867

4 317 10.062

5i874 10.841

There' were exported in 1853, from the ports of Digby and Weymouth,
757 bushels of apples and other fruit.

11 ''':'^:'\'.;

ANNAPOLIS COUNTY

Annapolis is bounded on the north east by King's ; on tho south-east by
Lunenburg and Queen's ; on the south-west by Bigby ; and on the north-
Viest by the Bay of Fundy,

The .whole sea board of this county is composed of a continuous ridge of
high land, and therefore, it is void of harbors, with the exception of Anna-
polis Gut and Basin. That arm of the sea is a beautiful estuary, which,
with the river of the same name stretching into the county of Kings, is na-
vigable for upwards of thirty miles ; it has numerous tributories. flowing
from the southward of the main river; the whole affords a valuable outlet
for the produce of the fisheries and the other articles of export. Some of
the lakes and streams emptying into the Annapolis basin, interlock with
those of the Liverpool river, so as almost to isolate the western part of the
Province.

The surface of this county is greatly diversified : while the sea-board is
somewhat mouniainous, and the southern portion rocky and hilly, the valley
of the Annapolis and its tributories is very fertile, and highly calculated for
agriculture, and for the production of fruit.

We find, from the report of Alexander Campbell, Esq., principal deputy
surveyor of the county, that it contains 380,000 acres of crown land, which he
classifies as follows : — Linds capable of profitable cultivation. 120,000 acres J
lands covered with timber, but unsuitable for tillage in the present circum-
stances of the country, 140,000 acres ; lands generally designated barrens,
120,000 acres."

The principal part of the arable land lies in the southern and ea?tern sec-
tions, and additional roads are required to render it available for settlement.
There are also several hundred acres of valuable meadow land skirting the
fltrtftma to the oouthwerd; If roads were opened through' tho 120,000 aereft.

331

irc : the first
. The 8> ore

of the front
jre exten&ivc

descendants
)Out 100 ves-

'rom Halifax ;
i basin, which
ound is beau-
im this place

Exports.

£13.438

7,215

20,850

£10.867

10.062

10.841
d Weymouth,

south-east by
on the north-

nuous ridge of
)tiGn of A nna-
stuary, which,
■ Kings, is na-
itories. flowing
k'aluable outlet
lort. Some of
inteilock with
rn part of the

16 sea- board is
illy, the valley
' calculated for

incipal deputy
land, which he
20,000 acres;
csent circum-
natcd barren?,

nd eastern sec-

for settlement.

d RKirting the

IkO.OOO aereft.

of good land reported by Mr. Campbell, not less than 800 additional fami-
lies could be located With regard to much of the land iu this Pioviiico
which tho prevailing opiiiion has condemned as unfit for tillage, wc are
greatly inclined to indorse the opinion expressed by this able report, in which
the writer says that " profitable cultivation does not depend altogether upon
the good quality of the soil, and it3 capability of cheap tillage, but, in a great
measure, on the relative position of the lands, as regards good roads and fa-
cilities of communication with the market," Roads are alone wanted to
open accesses of the forests to settlement, and to facilitate the transpor-
tation of its valuable timber. The leading roads of the county are those
running along each side of the valley of ihe AnnapoUs, from Annapolis,
across the country, to Liverpool ; from the same place to Chester, and also
from Wilmot to Liverpool.

The Annapolis valley is studded with good farm houses and orchards, and
is a fine agricultural district. In 1851, the county contained 2,793 acres
of dyked marsh, of the best quality, and 44,512 acres of other improved
lands; 1,514 horses, 177,04 head of cattle, 17.526 sheep, and 2,852 swine.
It gave employment to nearly 2,000 farmers. 202 fishcMmen, and nearly 400
seamen. &c. In the same year its agricultural produce was as follows:
11,031' buchels of wheat; 17,048 of barley; 17,035 of rye; 42,955 of
oats ; 13 984 of buckwheat ; 11,779 of Indian corn ; 23.i^35 tond of hay ;
146,899 bushels of potatoes ; 73,470 of turnips ; 186,717 pounds of but-
ter, and 171,961 pounds of cheese ; besides many other minor articles. In
1853, there were shipped from Annapolis, Clemontsport and Wilmot, 28,-
646 bushels of apples and plums, of the value of £5,143.

1852.
Annapolis,
Clementsport,
Wilaot,

Imports.

£14,488
1,633
6,617

Exports.

£20.366
1,875
5,477

1853.
Annapolis,
Clementsport,
Wilmot,

£12,348
2 310

12,777

£26,435

£19,854

2,811

19,496

Totals for 1853,

£42,101

These figures shew the trade of the ports named to be greatly on the ad-
vance ; and the excess of exports over imports prove a still more satisfac-
tory progress, being £15,726.

This county, in 1852, possessed 62 schools, attended by nearly 2,000
pupils; its population, in 1838, was 11,989, and in 1851, 14,285 souls.

The town of Ann-^polis, the head quarters of the county, and the Port
Royal of the French, was founded by the latter in 1605. AKhough it is
now 250 years since the first settlement, 122 years since the English be-
cam3 masters of it, and 100 since the Acadians were expelled, still it has
not made so rapd a progress as might be expected from the long period that
has elapsed, and from the elements of wealth it contains, y^f^er the remo-
val of the French neutrals, this part of the county was settled by emigrants
from the States, disbanded soldiers and loyalists. The old French fort is
still in existence, but silence is now spread over its dilapidated battlements,
and the field, once the scene of war and bloodshed, is now cultivated, and ia

t|j

' ■■ ' 'ill

: ► ^1

; r 4

I: U

applied to its legitimate purpose — that of producing food for man and
beast.

The other townships of the county are Granville, Wilmot and Clements,
There ure numerous thriving villages spread over tho Annapolis valley,
which add to the picturesque appearance of the surrounding landscape. If
the iron mines of Moose river (a small tributory of the Annapolis) were
extensively worked, the valuable lands rendered available for settlement by
tho construction of roads, the far-famed herring fishery of the basin more
extensively pursued, and the railway from Halifax extended, so as to encou-
rage and effect a communication by Rieamboat across the Bay of Fundy to
Saint John, a distance of forty-five miles, we might see a distant vista in
prospect, holding out promises of groat prosperity to this section of Nova
Scotia.

KING'S COUNTY.

This county is bounded on the north east by Minas basin ; on the north
west by Minas channel ; and on the south east by Lunenburg and Hants.

The only rivers are those emptying themselves into Minas basin, namely,
the Gaspereaux, Cornwallis, Canard, Habitant and Pereau ; these all run
nearly parallel with the Minas channel and are navigable for distances vary-
ing from four to ten miles ; the Cornwallis indeed will admit steam boats of
light draft for upwards of twenty miles.

That part of the county bounding on Minns charnel, like the correspond-
ing portion of Annapolis, is precipitous and rocky ; but the borders of the
streams we have enumerated, present a decided contrast, being flat, with large
tracts of the richest alluvial deposites in the lower Provinces. The princi-
pal settlements skirt the rivers and the post road from Halifax towards An-
napolis ; though cross roads are being extended in various directions upon
which cultivation is being carried on.

This valuable county had, in 1851, 6,988 acres of dyked marsh, valued at
X17 per acre, some of which was dyked by the French upwards of 100 years
ago, and also 66,668 acres of other improved land. The crown lands were then
about 130,000 acres, one half of which was probably fit for profitable cultiva-
tion; there are also several tracts of meadow land in the interior still ungrant-
ed, but additional roads are required to render these lands accessible to set-
tlers.

The subdivisions of the county are : Kentville, the county town, Horton,
Cornwallis, and Aylesf'ord. Kings was first settled by the 1 rench, who
built a village in Horton, which they called Minas ; but after their expul-
sion in 1755, their farms were occupied, about 1764, by emi),'rants from the
States. Kentville is situated in a vale sheltered on all sides by high land
and forests.

This fine county is traversed by several principal roads, which are inter-
sected, and as it were tied together by numerous cross roads, upon all of
which are villages as well as scattered farm-houses, possessing beautiful and
productive orchards.

Notwithstanding the great agricultural merit of this county, its popula-
tion has not increased in proportion to that of many others ; in 1838, it con-
tained 13,709, and in 1851, 14,138 persons.

The gross amount of the agrisultural productions and farm stock, differed
very little, 1851, from the amounts raised in Annapolis county, the popu-
lation of the two being nearly equal.

r man and

Clements,
olis valley,
ciscape. If
ipolis) vrere
tileraent by
basin more
as to encou-
)f Fundy to
ant viata in
on of Nova

on the north
and Hants.
isin. namely,
hese all run
stances vary-
:eam boats of

5 correspond-
orders of the
at, with large
The princi-
towards An-
rections upon

rsh. valued at
of 100 years

nds were then

able cultiva-

still ungrant-

essible to set-
own, liorton,
ivcnch, who
their expul-
ants from the
by high land

ich are inter-
upon all of
beautiful and

y, its popula-
1838, it con-

itock, differed
ty, the popu-

Id 1851, there ^ere 56 schools, attended by 1,966 pupils, and in 1852,
the schools had increased to 66, and the scholars to 2,216.

1852.
Gornwallis,
Horton,

Totals,
1853.
Gornwallis,
Hort-/n,

Totals

Imports.

£7,664

3,992

X11,65G

;e7,883
6,061

£13,444

Exports.

£15,057

4,030

£19,087

£8 936
4,101

£13 037

Apples and plums were exported in 1858, to the amount of 4,922 bushels.

COUNTY OF HANTS.

Hants is bounded on the north by Minas basin and Cobequid buy ; on the
east by Colchester ; on the south by Halifax and Lunenburg, and on the
west by King's,

This county has a large frontage on the Minas branch of the Bay of Fun-
dy, and there are numerous streams running into the southerly arm of the
Minas basin, the principal of which are the Avon, St. Croix, the Meander
and Kennetcooke. All these except the first are only navigable for a short
distance from their mouths, but the Avon is accessible for ships to Windsor,
twelve miles, where it is crossed by a bridge preventing their further pro-
gross ; and small vessels may ascend about seven miles further ; this river
is three miles wide at its mouth, and extends to within a short distance o
the Atlantic. These fine rivers afford great facilities for the shipment o
gypsum and limestone, both of which are very abundant along their margins
Thib county has also the benefit of one half of the Shubenacadie, which
divides it from Colchester on the east, as far as Gay's river.

In 3851, this county contained 5,292 acres of dyked marsh, valued at
£22 per acre, and 60,162 acres of other improved land.

According to the report of the principal County surveyor, Benjamin
Smith, Esq., " the lands on the principal rivers, and most of the public
roads have been already granted," and the land fit for settlement still in
the possession of the Crown, lies in detached places in the county , so that
new roads will have to be made before the land, so placed, can be rendered
valuable. This report classifies the crown lands as follows

1st. Land capable of profitable cultivation,
2d. Land covered with timber, but not capable of profit-
able cultivation,
3d. Barren land,

43,500 acres.

48,500
74,000

Total, 166,000

However, about 300 families would find suitable farms in the county ;
and as is the case in most other instances, all that is wanting to render these
lands accessible is additional and well laid out roads.

The surface of the greater part of the county is flat, except that portion
bounding on Halifax, which is hilly and broken ; the frontier land is very
fertile, especially on the borders of the streams and estuaries. After the

; I

I"* 1

■. 'i

,, I.

If .1-

334

.ii:

.•J :<

expulsion of the French, the county was taken up by settlers of various
origin, principally loyalists and emigrants from the United States.

There are six townships in this county, namely : Windsor, the shiretown,
Newport, Kempt, Falmouth, Douglas, and Kawdon. Windsor is a beauti-
ful town, systematically laid out, and situate in the midst of a valuable coun-
try. The population of Hants, in 1838, was 11,399, and in 1851, it was
14,380. This county, with nearly the same population as King's and An-
napolis, differs very little from them in ihe growth of farm produce; so that
these three counties appear to be nearly balanced in this repect.

1852. Imports. Exports.

Maitland, £2,478 £3 815

Hantsport, 823 2.924

Windsor, 9,706 9,542

1853.
Maitland,
Hantsport,
Windsor,

Totals,

£13,007

6,053

2,804
16,656

£16,281

8.045

6,154

16,065

Totals, £25,513 £30,864

Maitland exported in 1853, 17,973 tons of gypsxm ; Windsor in the
same year, 55,838 ditto— total, 73,811.

COLCHESTER.

This irregularly located county is bounded on the east by Pictou ; on the
south by Halifax ; on the west by Hants ; on the north and north-west by
riuraberland and the Northumberland Straits ; and in other parts on the
south by Cobcquid Bay.

Colchester has a front of 45 miles on the 3^ay, into which Harrington,
East, Economy, Little and Great liass rivers, enter; and further to the east-
ward, Fortapique, Great Village, Folly, De Bert, Chigar.ois, North and
Salmon rivers. These all take their riso in, and drain the southerly side of
the Cobequid hills. The Shubenacadie, which is navigable for schooners
for upwards of thirty miles, forms the boundary between this county and
Hants. The Stewiaekc, an eastern tributory of the former river, traverses
the whole southerly section of Colchester. All these vivers are skirted by
valuable marsh land, similar to that at the head of the Bny of Fundy.

Cobequid Bay is only twenty-two miles from Tataraagouche harbor, on
the Northumberland Straits, the division between them being foi med by the
Cobequid Mountiiins. A number of small streams muke their exits into
this harbor, which have their sources at the foot and on the north side of
the mountains. The whole county is thus well watered. Some of the
streams are navigable for schooners — most of ihem for loats, barges, and
rafto, for some distance ; and all offer great facilities f(u' the working any
description of machinery by water-power.

The natural advantages of this county are very great, comprising coal
and iron ore, freestone, gypsum, marble, limestone, and roofing slate, salt
springs, sea and river fisheries, and extensive tracts of valuable forest land.
The interior is diversified by lofty hills, in which the Cobequids are conspic-
uous, and by extensive vales, while the coast is undulating, with a soil gen-

335

i of various

tes.

e sbiretown,
is a beauti-
luable coun-
1851, it was
ig's and An-
uce ; so that

jlxports.
£3 815

2.924

9,542

216,281

8.G45

6,154

16,065

£30864
indsor in the

'ictou ;

on the

lorih-west by
parts on the

h Harrington,
er to the east-
is, North and
utherly side of

or schooners
is county and

ver, traverses
«re skirted by

Fundy.

le harbor, on

formed by the
leir exits into

north side of

&«ome of the
ts, barges, and

e working any

3mprising coal
itig slate, salt

le forest land,
ds are conspic-

ith a soil gen-

erally of a fertile and loamy nature. Although there is much poor land
to be found, yet the arable tracts are extensive, and they, together with the
alluvial marshes, render the county a decidedly superior agricultural dis-
trict.

The principal part of the land south of the mountains has been granted ;
but as much of it in their neighborhood is broken by steep hills, deep val
lies and ravines, there is great difficulty in cultivating some paits, There
are numerous detached pieces of land still the property of the Crown, among
which are between four and five thousand acres on the south side of the
Stewiacke river, and about three thousand near the \V hidden settlement.
About 30,000 acres, comprising much good land, lie on the noith side of
the same river near its sources ; at the most westerly extremity of the coun-
ty there are about 5000 acres of excellent quality. All the ungranted lands
in Colchester will probably be required by its own increasing population, so
that it does not present so many advantages to emigrants as some of the
other counties.

From the extensive forests and ready means of communication with the
sea, it follows that ship-building and lumbering should be extensively prose-
cuted by the inhabitants ; and this is the case at Cobequid. and more espe-
cially at Tatamagoucbe. Many districts are also well adapted for agricul-
ture, and the people of Onslow, Londonderry, and the neighborhood devote
to it a considerable portion of their attention. When the forests fail, it has
a concealed and, as yet, nearly dormant source of wealth, second only to its
soil, in its cxhaustless and invaluable mineral deposites, on which it may
fall back.

Colchester is divided into four townships, namely : Truro, the shire-town,
Onslow, Londonderry, and Sterling. Truro is a beautiful little town,
situate on a tabular piece of land divided by a creek, about a mile from the
head of ship navigation in the Cobequid Bay. In the centre of the town is
a fine t-quare reserved, into which roads enter from all parts of the Province,
and on its sides are all the public edifices of the county, as well as many
stores and private buildings, many of them neatly ornamented. The prin-
cipal part of the town is situate on the south side of the stream ; the streets
are much better laid off than those of other towns formed in the infancy of
the colony. From this place, roads diverge to Halifax, Pictou, Wallace and
Amherst, and thence to New Brunswick.

The settlements of Truro, Folly, Londonderry, and Economy, skirting
the northern shore of Cobequid Bay, are densely inhabited, and present the
appearance of wealth. There are few places, indeed, in the Frovinco which
afford more picturesque, as well as more thriving prospects, thar. some of
these distriii^s ; and the traveller who will take the trouble to ascend an emi-
nence near Truro, could hardly select a spot where his eye could traverse
so vari(.d a landscape. The spacious bay, the numerous streams meander-
ing through livih marshes, the extensive upland improvements studded with
farm houses, and last, though not least, the conical sugar-loaf appearance of
the hdls towering in the distance, and covered with trees to their summits,
preseni a splendid panorama not easily equalled.

Largo portions of this valuable tract were occupied in the early settle-
ment of the county, by the French, and after they were dispossessed in 1755
passed into other hands. The township of Truro, nontaining 60,000 acres
was flettlod by a number of cmigrnnts from Londonderry, In.Onnd : Qnolow
r«oeiY6d in 1701 «bo>A( ilO families of Vftiiuv.:} 9lrigip ihm M(^»!^vhua€lt»

■■I'fi

i f

336

't''.'

i ':':

•i'l

•who appropriated a portion of the dilapidated property of the Acadians ;
Londonderry must have had a numerous French population, judging from
che size of the chapel, which Haliburton tells us, " was 100 feet long and
and 40 feet wide," and was destroyed on their expulsion by the provincial
troops ; in the same year, this valuable and fertile section was settled by
about twenty families from the north of Ireland, who gave it the name of
the place of their nativity.

That portion of the county bordering on the Northumberland Straits is
well settled ; the land is excellent, and the farms are being extended along
the sea shore, the margins of the streams, and the roads ; the two latter
every where penetrating into the recesses of the forest.

The population of Colchester in 1837, was
And in 1851,

Number of schools in 1842,

1851.

((

1852,
of agriculturists in
of acres of land cleared

88
71

1851.

Imports.
Beaver river,
Londonderry,
Tatmagouche,

Exports.
Beb.ver river,
Londonderry,
Tatmagouche,

1852.

Xl,219

4,241

1,648

1.673
2,739
3,843

The number of vessels built in 1851, was,
Amounting to the aggregate tonnage of
In 1853 there were built,
Amounting in tonnage to
And of the value of

10,674 souls,
15,469

({

Scholars

1853.
X244
7,828
1,681

214
4,494
5,125

1,666
1,861
2,227
2,333
71,670

Increase.
£2,645

Increase.

X578

8,192

2,144

£20,519

tons.

COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND.

This is the most northern county of Nova Scotia proper, and is bounded
on the south west by New Brunswick, Cumberland basin, and Chignecto
Bay ; on the south by W inas channel and basin and Colchester ; on the
east Isy Colchester; and on the north east by the Northumberland Straits;
■with a sea board of nearly fifty miles on the latter, and of over 100 miles
on the bay of i^'undy and its arms.

The sutfiicc of this valaablc county presents a great variety, from the
lofty hills of the Cobequid chain, to the mural cliffs of its western border,
the rich alluvial marshes of Cumberland basin, and the undulating uplunfis
of the Straits, it is capable of being made one of the best agricultural
counties in the Province, as it possesses a larger per centago of alluvial lands,
consisting both of alder sevale and marsh, together with a valuable upland
adapted for the production of every species of farming produce, than any
one of the eij^hteen counties into which Nova Scotia is divided.

Its geographical position, also, having the advantage of the Gulf and Bay of
Fundy with many excellent harborson both sides, together with its extensive
road communications, and navigable facilities, added to the valuable character
of its soil renders it a most desirable locality either for agriculture or commerce.

337

The principal reason for its not having made greater progress may probably be
found in the compound nature of the employments pursued by its inhabitants —
an error upon which we have so often observed in speaking of various sections
of the two Provinces — however profitable the lumbering business may be,
and however praiseworthy the developement of any of the resources of a
county, yet its avocations too generally interfere with any other pursuit —
perhaps in some localities the lumberman and fisherman might be well united
in the same class of persons, as the summer is the best season for fishing,
while the winter is devoted to the preparation of lumber : but in every other
case the attempting too much spoils the whole undertaking. The position
of the county induced its first settlers, along the shore and margin of its ri-
vers, to engage largely in the erection of saw mills, as well as in the fishe-
ries; and thus arose a greater mixture of employments than in perhaps any
other county. Thus it has happened that Cumberland, and its neighbor
Westmoreland, in New Brunswick, have taken the lead of the other coun-
ties in their respective Provinces, in the number of saw mills, and in the
hands employed in this branch of business, though it will be seen that Cum-
berland has, in this respect, a decided advantage. By the census of 1851,
Cumberland possessed 226 saw mills, which gave employment to 3GG hands,
besides 220 engaged in lumbering ; this with the partial prosecution of the
fisheries, fully accounts for the neglect its agriculture has experienced, It
would be difficult to find a stream of any magnitude without its machinery
of this description, and very frequently its water power is loaded with more
than it can keep profitably in motion.

Civil Divisions, population, roads, and settleincnts :

This large county is divided into three townships — Amherst, the shire-
town, Parrsborough, and Wallace.

The township of Amherst, including the village of thar, name, is situate
near the boundary of New Brunswick, the small district of Fort Lawrence
only intervening. The town is four milea from the Province line, on an
undulating ridge, looking towards Forts Lawrence and Cumberland, over ex-
tensive marshes, and the spacious Cumberland basin stretching in the dis-
tance. It has one long winding street, which was laid out before its existence as
a town was thought of, and therefore it possesses some imperfections and
irregularities, but recently more attention has been paid to system, and
new streets are now being planned with a due regard to order und its future
prospects.

This place is the seat of the Courts of Justice for the County, anu con-
tains a Court House, Jail, Probate Court, and Register Office, with a large
number of mercantile establishments, and other neat private edifices, also
places of worship belonging to the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists,
Baptists and Roman Catholics ; a female Academy, well attended, and other
literary institutions.

The surrounding coimtry for many miles is in a good state of cultivation,
and the numerous roads leading from the town in every direction are densely
settled ; the scenery of the neighborhood presents a healthy, prosperous,
and in some places, even a picturesque appearance.

We may here observe that previous to the separation of New Brunswick
from Nova Scotia, the township of Amherst, as originally laid off, was
bounded by lines defined on paper to run from given points ; and a grant " of
fifty-three shares, or rights (we quote from Ilaliburtcn, vol. 11, page 53,)

■iq

■ M

/ i

338

'.I'v^tt

of five hundred acres each, and containing twenty-six thousand seven hun-
dred and fifty acres, with allowance for glebe, school, minister, and roads,"
passed from the Crown ; this block of land is found, like most of the old
grants, to contain more land than the number of acres specified ; and by an
unprecedented course the Nova Scotian Legislature have thought proper to
regrant t^je surplus, instead of permitting the heirs of the original grantees
to divide it among themselves. Upon the same principal it would only be
just for a government to make up the quantity, in cade of deficiency, which
is not usually done.

The principal settlements on the other parts of the Bay of Fundy coast,
are Minudie, a thriving village, in sight of, and only a short distance from
Amherst, but separated from it by the southerly arm of the Cumberland
basin. The principal trade is in grindstones and coal^ both of which are
procured and the works carried on with spirit at the Joggins ; the surround-
ing landS; both marsh and upland, are very productive. Proceeding along
the Bay we come to Apple river and Advocate harbor, both affording com-
mercial facilities.

The township of Parrsborough which is situate in the south west part of
the county, contains Partridge Island, which forms a small harbor, and is a
place of some note, on account of the facilities afforded to trade by Minas
basin and channel, on both of which this township fronts. Though some of
the land along this coast is rocky and presents a mural appearance, yet there
are fine tracts of alluvial land on the borders of the bays and streams, and
also much upland, which well repays its cultivators. The interior of this
section is but thinly settled.

The township of Wallace forms the eastern section of the county, and
abuts on the Northumberland Straits. The whole of this coast is densely
settled ; besides the village from which the township takes its name, the set-
tlements of P^ugwash, Goose river, and Tidnish are of a high order, the soil
being generally based on the grey sandstone, of a dry character, with ex-
tensive tracts of upland alluvium interspersed through it.

Pugwash is a neat little town, situate on both banks of the river of that
name ; the streets are laid off systematically, and Avith a view to future ex-
tension. The harbor is the best between Pictou and INIiramichi ; vessels of
the largest class can enter and lie in safety within their own length of the
shore ; and above the town is a splendid basin capable of holding a whole
navy. The principal branches of the trade of this place are lumbering,
fishing, and shipbuilding, while the surrounding country yields large quanti-
ties of farm produce.

The North American and European Fiailroad will traverse forty miles of
the eastern section of this county, thirty of which aie fit for tillage; it
crosses on its track several streams navigable for small crafts, thus affording
outlets to the sea.

Rivers and Scltlemeiitff. — Wallace Bay is a large estuary, where ship-
building h pursued with much spirit, and there are nearly 500 acres of
marsh on its borders. Several small rivers fiill into it ; the banks of the
principal are settled for about ten milcS; and around its head there is much
good land for future settlement.

Pugwash river is settled for a short distance above the harbor.

River Philip is settled fcr twenty miles up its course, for which distance
roads extend : the banks of its tributories are also thickly inhabited. There
is much poor land in its neighborhood, while near its sources, and along its

339

I seven hun-
, and roads,"
ist of the old
I ; and by an
ght proper to
jinal grantees
ould only be
siency, ■which

Fundy coast,
distance from
5 Cumberland
of which are
the surround-
ceeding along
ffording com-

1 west part of
rbor, and is a
ade by Minas
hough some of
mce, yet there
1 streams, and
nterior of this

le county, and
3ast is densely
name, the set-
order, the soil
icter, with ex-

10 river of that
y to future ex-
chi ; vessels of
length of the
aiding a whole
ire lumbering,
s large quanti-

forty miles of
for tillage; it
thus affording

jr, where ship-

500 acres of

banks of the

there is much

bor.

which distance
bited. There
and along its

margins, there are extensive tracts of intervale of the best and most pro-
ductive character, affording large crops of hay and grain. This river has
long been famed for the abundance and quality of its salmon and trout ; but,
like other places where lumbering is carried on, and where the inhabitants
are allowed to take the fish, both in season and out of sengon. this fishery,
unless protected by legislative .enactment, will soon be extinct.

Goose river is not very extensive, but it is well settled for five or six miles
from its mouth.

Tidnish river is the last in the Province, falling into the Straits. It has
its source within four miles of that of the La Planche, which runs into Cum-
berland Basin. The banks of the former are inhabited for about three
miles. The land at the head of these rivers is generally poor, though there
are some spots which will repay tht cultivator,

Napan, Maccan, and Ilebert rivers, all emptying themselves into the
Cumberland Basin, are settled for several miles along their bankd, as are
also most of the other rivers falling into the Bay of Fundy, in the western
part of the county, lloads communicate with all these settlements.

The mineral character ai. ^ educational institutions of this county are no-
ticed in another place.

The population of this county, in 1817, was 2,398

1827, 5,416

1837, 7,572

1851, 14,339

This county has increased so fast, within the last three years, that its in-
habitants cannot now be far short of 17,000.

Comparative statement of the imports and exports, at the different
ports of this countv, in the years

Imports. " 1852. 1853.

Amherst, £12,475 £13,934'

Joggins, 1,725 1,570

Parrsborough, 3,301 5,032 ^

Pugwash, 1,111 3,452 ) YaTaa

Wallace, 2,956 2,314 '*''^''^'*-

((

Totals,

X21,558

Exports.

Amherst,

£4,372

Joggins,

3,317

Parrsborough,

8,000

Pugwajh,

10,582

Wallace,

4,174

£26,302 .

£4,035 1
3,483

14'ono ^ Increase,
'7:490 ' ^^^'''^'

Totals, £20,445

Excess of exports over imports,
Number of agriculturists in 1851,
Acres of land cleared "

Nu^ibor of schools in 1842,

" scholars "

" schools in 1851,

" scholars "

*' schools in 1852,
Average attondance of pupils,

£38,949

£13,760

1,932

101,067

1,796

1,861

1,90C

340

m i

The number of vessels built in 1851 was
Of the gross amount of
And there were built in 1853,
Amounting, in the aggregate, toj
And to the value of £46,089.

PICTOU

88
10,233 tons.
21 vessels,
4,177 tons,

Is bounded south by Halifax and Guysborough ; on the west by Colches-
ter ; on the east by Sydney ; and on the north by the Northumberland
Straits, on which it has a front of fifty miles.

This county presents, in its general character, a great diversification of
hills, vallies and winding streams. The soils are comprised, principally,
under the silurian and carboniferous formations, and, with few exceptions,
are well calculated for agricultural purposes.

The principal harbor in the county is that of Pictou, situate near the cen-
tre of its sea- board, it is suiticiently deep and capacious to allow large class
vessels to enter, though by a narrow channel, and to be in perfect safety ;
indeed, there is ample room, in from five to nine fathoms of water, with a
muddy bottom, for a very large fleet. The light house at its entrance affords
the necessary directions to mariners making the port. Three streams fall
into this harbor, namely — West, Middle and fast rivers; the latter has
numerous tributories, and is navigable for small vessels for upwards of five
miles. All these rivers drain largo tracts of good land, and are well adapt-
ed for saw mills, and the floating down lumber for shipment.

Near the eastern boundary of the county, the river John makes its exit
into Tatamagcuche harbor, in Colchester ; and at the eastern extremity,
Sutherland, French, and Barney's rivers, empty themselves into the shallow
harbor of Merigonish.

The county is intersected not only by these numerous streams, but also
by roads running along their banks, and along the coast in almost every di-
rection. There are great leading roads to New Brunswick near the shore,
and by way of Amherst, as well as to Truro, Canso, Halifax, and other
placeb on the Atlantic coast, all concentrating at the harbor of Pictou.

There are only three townships in the county, namely — Pictou, I^Iaxwell-
ton and Egerton ; but villages and settlements, some of them almost entitled
to be called towns, are scattered over the whcl^^ county. Besides Pictou,
the shire-town, the principal are New Glasgow, Albion Mines, Durham, on
the "West river, and Bellevue, on the river John.

Pictou is a neat-looking town on the north side of the harboe, to which,
as well as to the county, it has given its name, in ht. 45 "^ 42' norih, and
long. 02 ^ 46' west. Its front streets indicate the same want of system, in
its firot laying out, that wo so often observe in early settlements. Recent-
ly, however, a great advance has been made, both in the location and exten-
sion of new streets, the improvement of the old ones, and the erection of
numerous elegant edifices, many of them being built of stone.

This town possus-scs great advantages, in its geographical position, with
regard to the trade of the Gulf and Straits, its proximity to the flourishing
islands of Prince Edward and Cape Breton, {ind the excellent quality of the
soil of the surrounding districts. To these may be added the commercial
facilities for the valuable fisheries of all these coasts— for ship-building, and
for the important ooal trade carried on from its harbor to all the British Pro-

341

88
,233 tons.

21 vessels,
:,177 tons,

t by Colches-
rthumberland

ersification of
1, principally,
!W exceptions,

near the cen-
iow large class
)erfect safety ;
water, with a
ntrance affords
e streams fall
the latter has
pwards of five
are well adapt-

makes its exit
)rn extremity,
ito the shallow

earns, but also
most every di-
jear the shore,
fax, and other
)f Pictou.
ctou, I.Iaxwell-
almost entitled
besides Pictou,
s, Durham, on

rbor, to which,
42' norih, and
t of system, in
pnts. Recent-
tion and exten-
the erection of

position, with
the nourishing
t quality of the
the commercial
p-building, and
,he British Pro-

vinces and the United States ; the latter, indeed, may be expected to receive a
great additional stimulus from the Elgin treaty ; and the whole, if rendered
properly available, cannot fail to constitute it the second place of importance
in the Province.

All the public buildings of the county are here situate, together with
post and telegraph offices, giving ready means of communication to every
principal town in the Provinces and the States. Among its excellent edu-
cational establishments, we must not omit to mention the Pictou Academy,
founded in 1816. From this institution has emanated much valuable infor-
mation, placing this county foremost, in proportion to its population, in the
literary scale of the Province.

The neat and flourishing towns of New Glasgow and Albion Mines, are
situate on the east river of Pictou, near the coal mines to which they owe
their existence. The coal of these mines is transported to the loading ground
on the harbor by means of a railway five miles in length, worked by loco-
motive engines. The population of this section of the county is fast on the
increase ; and the neighboring districts, notwithstanding a large portion of
the inhabitants being engaged in mining, are undergoing great improvement
in agricultural respects.

A railway from these mines to Halifax, to which we have already referred,
would confer a lasting benefit on this county, and would no doubt be highly
remunerative; it is calculated indeed that the revenue derived from the coal
trade alone would pay the interest on half a million of money.

Population. — Pictou was seu ^ in 1765, by a few families from Mary-
land, who, eight years afterwards, were jomcd by about thirty families from
the Highlands of Scotland ; since that time there has been a considerable emi-
gration from various parts of Scotland ; and the principal part of the popula-
tion consist of these emigrants and their descendants. Gaelic is commonly
spoken in many districts.
In 1837, the population numbered,
" ISf.l,

The number of schools in this county in 1851, was
Attended by
In 1852, there were
Attended by

The number of persons respectively engaged in the following pursuits in
1851, were: —

Merchants, 159

Manufacturers, 280

Mechanics, 1,089

Agriculturists, 3,463

Inhabited Houses, 3,869

Other buildings, 4,757

Families. 4,110

Improved lands in 1851, 103,582 acres

1827, 49,181 "

21,449

25,593

102
3.525

pupils

90 schools
4,622 pupils

Increase in ten years, 54.401 "

The sawed lumber exported in 1853, amounted to 4,140,000 feet, of the
value of .£15,645 ; almost all of which was sent to Great Britaini In the
twrne year there were 92,181 chaldrons of coal exported.

a /
i

? I ;

i ».

if ^

Fisher^ ^ —
prosecutioi' ' ;
that the prii !p
and 50 of heii.

342

The vessels built in 1851, were 27, of the aggregate tonnage of 9,680
tons ; and in 1853, there ^rere 21 built, making together 5,884 tons ; twelve
of these were sold in Great Britain, and the value of the whole number was
^54,904.

The value of the merchandize entered at the port of Pictou during the
year 1852, was £43,597 ; of which X17,610 was from Great Britain ;
£6,359 from ports in British North America; and £19,602 from the
States.

In the same year, the exports from Pictou were valued at £57,618, of
which the worth of £13,056 was sent to Great Britain ; £10,299 to North
America ; £33,761 to the United States, and the remainder to other coun-
tries.

, vithptanding the facilities afforded by this county for the

branch of industry, it appears by the Census of 1851,

lis in the catch of that year were 75 barrels of salmon,

ai/* ;n 1853, there were exported from the port of Pictou

only 748 barrels of hciiii gs, of the value of £554.

Although large quantities of land have been granted, and extensive im-
provements made in this county, there are still 120,000 acres ungranted.
About one fourth of this or 30,000 acres, is fit for cultivation ; so that 800
famiii';'5 could be located on 100 acres each. The principal part of the land
capable of tillage is situate between Barney's Biver and St. Mary's settle-
ment, in the eastern section of the county ; and it is therefore easy of access
from Merigomish harbor. This tract is clothed principally with hardwood,
and is well watered, though somewhat stony. There are about 75,000
acres of the Crown Land lying near the sources of the East river, of which
not more than seven or eight thousand are adapted for settlement ; and as
they are in detached pieces, they are therefore not so advantageous for pro-
fitable cultivation.

There are many other spots where good land could be procured ; al-
though recent fires have ravaged a large portion of this county, but in this
as in most other districts where fire has spread, the land is generally poor,
and the timber of inferior growth.

THE COUNTY OF SYDNEY

Is bounded on the west by Pictou ; north by the Straits of Northumber-
land and Saint George's Bay ; cast by a part of the Gut of Canso; and on
the south by Guysborough.

This small county is traversed by a ridge of lofty hills, being a continu-
ation of the Cobequid chain, and has much undulating land. It possesses
several small harbors on St. George's Bay, the principal of which is Anti-
gonish ; there are several rivers emptying themselves into this harbor, which
drain a large extent of country. From Antigonish to the Gut of Canso
there are some small streams falling into St, George's Bay.

From the general mountainous character of this county there is not much
ungranted land fit for settlement. The soil is, to a great extent, very dry
and meagre ; and a great many of the inhabitants are merely squatters hav-
ing no title to their lands. Still there are many fine settlements in the coun-
ty ; and there is a large flat tract of fertile land, bounded on each side by
hills, running through its centre.

Sydney is divided into four townships— Antigonish, containing tho shire-

it,
hea

343

3 of 9,680
19; twelve
amber was

during the
it Britain;
I from the

?57,618, of
>9 to North
other coun-

inty for the
as of 1851,
a of salmon,
)rt of Pictou

xtensive im-
8 ungranted.
80 that 300
t of the land
lary's settle-
jasy of access
th hardwood,
tbout 75,000
iver, of which
nent ; and aa
,eou3 for pro-

jrocured; al-
but in this
enerally poor,

Northumber-
anso; and on

ng a continu-
It possesses

rhich is Anti-
harbor, which
Gut of Canso

re is not much
tent, very dry
Luatters hav-
Its in the coun-
each side by

Ling tho shire-

1852.

Imports

Antigonish,

£435

1853.

Antigonish,

593

town of the same name, Tracadie, St. Andrew's, and Arisaig, In 1837,
the inhabitants numbered 7,103, and in 1851, they amounted to 13,467.

The population, which is principally composed of persons from the High-
lands of Scotland, and their descendants, live chiefly by agriculture and
fishing. The principal minerals hitherto discovered, are limestone and gyp-
sum ; the btter is beginning to be used in agricultural operations, and small
quantities are exported.

Roads are either made or projected from Antigonish in every dir 'iion

throughout the country, so that almost all its lands available for settlement

will have the advantage of highway communication. In 1851, there were

69,370 acres of improved land, and 2,113 farmers within the coanty.

The number of schools in 1851, was, 46

And of pupils, 1,348

In 1852, the schools were 55

And the scholars numbered, 1,642

The commercial returns are as follows : —

Exports.
£7,520.

5,238

THE COUNTY OF GU"^SBOROUGH

Is bounded on the north east by Chedabacto Bay, and the Gut of Canso ;
on the north by Sydney and Pictou ; on the south west by the county of
Halifax ; and on the south east by the Atlantic.

Milford Haven is the largest harbor of this county in Chedabucto Bay,
which contains some others of a smaller size. There are a great many on
the Atlantic coast, the principal of which are Canseau, a good harbor, White-
haven, Country harbor, also good, St. Mary's Bay, Liscomb, and other har-
bors.

The subdivisions of the county are, Guysborough, the shire-town, Man-
chester, and St. Mary's.

There are about 304,000 acres of ungranted land in thii} county, of which
about 80,000 are fit for cultivation ; and about 35,000 are good timber land ;
the remainder is almost all barren and unfit for setttlement. The greater
part of the available lands, according to the report of William Hartshorne,
Esq., principal deputy surveyor of the county, lie as follows : — neur the St.
Mary's river, 30,000 acres ; between Salmon river lakes and the county of
Sydney, 20,000 acres, this is a superior tract, and if roads were made through
it, would soon be settled ; between the Gut of Canso and the river at the
head of Milford harbor, there are about 15,000 acres; and about 15,000
acres between the back lands of Salmon river and the Atlantic. There are
also several detached pieces of land throughout the county well worth cul-
tivation. There are nearly 100 squatters on the public lands of this county.

Until recently, farming has not been carried on with much spirit in this
county ; fishing having been the princi^ al pursuit of its inhabitants. That
portion bordering on the Atlantic and the south side of Chedabucto Bay, is,
with few exceptions, very rugged and rocky ; while there is a ridge, inclu-
ding the good lands above described, extending from the southerly entrance
of the Gut of Canso, through the centre of the county to its south western

344

h f

111

extremity. Here four or five hundred families could speedily be settled on
lands that are well adapted for cultivation. Notwithstanding the inattention
formerly paid to agriculture, there are several fine settlements in the county,
iiv'u limestone is abundant. The early settlers in Guysborough were loyal-
ists from the States and disbanded soldiers. Its population in 1827, was
5,657, and in 1851, it contained 10,838.

Roads diverge from the shire-town in vanous directions, but new ones are
much wanted in order that the large tracts of land capable of cultivation
may be made available for settlement.

In 1851 this county contained 11,510 acres of improved land, and 2,113
farmers, with about an equal number of fishermen.

The number of schools in the same year was, 48

And of pupils, 1,026

The following figures will shew the state of its commerce in the years
specified : —

1853. Exports. Imports.

Guysborough, £2,203 £2,807

Canso, 6,646 9,895

1852,
Guysborough, 2.1T4 1,196

Canso, 7,046 7,350

I'^i '

!■■

II ■

i '■'Wa

/ ;■■■

j P

THE ISLAND OF CAPE BRETON.

General description and suh-divisions.

This valuable Island, called by Vezazzani, Isle da Cape, and by the
French, Isle Royale, lies between 45° 27' and 47" 2' North Latitude,
and 59° 47' and 6F 37' West Longitude ; its extreme length being about
110 miles, and its greatest breadih about 90 miles. Its seaboard is sur-
rounded by numerous small islands, and its surface, exclusive of water, com-
prises about 2,000.000 acres.

This island is divided from Nova Scotia proper by the Gut of Canso, which
in some places is not moic than three-fourths of a mile in width, while in
others it is more than double that distance. On the north of this strait it is
also bounded by St. George's Bay, and on the south by Chedabucto Bay,
both lying between the island and Nova Scotia. The widest part of the
Straits of Northumberland separate the western coast at Cape Mahon from
East Cape in Prince Edward Island by a distance of about thirty miles.
The most northly point, Cape North, is about ten miles from St. Paul's Is-
land, and about fifty from Cape Ray in Newfoundland. The submarine
telegraph cable intended to connect Newfoundland with the American conti-
nent is proposed to be laid down either between these tv/o points or to Prince
Edward Island, as the managers of the Company may hereafter determine.
Cape Breton now possesses a similar connection with Nova Scotia proper,
and through that Province to the States, New Brunswick, and Canada by a
line already complete, spanning the Gut of Canso.

The Island of Cape Breton, an historical account of which will be found
at the commencement of this chapter, was annexed to Nova Scotia in 1763,
immediately after its final surrender to Great Britain : it continued so united
until 1784, when it was established as a separate colony. In 1800 a num-
ber of families emigrated thither from Scotland. It made but slow advances

^ M

345

e settled on
) inattention
the county,
were loyal-
182T, was

lew ones are
[ cultivation

i, and 2,113

1,026

in tbe years

imports.

£2,807

9,895

1,196
7,350

), and by the
3rth Latitude,
1 being about
aboard is sur-
of water, com-

f Canso, which
.-idth, while in
this strait it is
edabucto Bay,
est part of the
)9 Mahon from
It thirty miles.
St. Paul's l3-
Che submarine
American conti-
its or to Prince
fter determine.
, Scotia proper,
id Canada by a

b will be found
Scotia in 1763,
.inued so united
:a 1800 a num-
it slow advances

during this period, and in 1820, it was rc-unitcd to Nova Scotia, of which
it still forms a part. The climate differs but little from that of its neigh-
bors. Nova Scotia, or Prince Edward Island. About one half of its area,
or 1,000,000 acres, is highly fit for cultivation, and produces all the varie-
ties of food for man or beast, common in the other lower Provinces.

Cape Breton is liighly favored in respect to its water communications ; its
eastern shore is washed by the Atlantic, with excellent harbor.s, accessible
at all seasons of the year; its northern extremity protrudes into the (jiulf of
St. jjawrcnce; while the Northumberland Straits and the Gut of Canso are
respectively its western and southern boundaries, forming a sea coast (tf no
less than 800 miles, the whole of which is indented by numcious harbors,
many of them of first rate importance. Internally it i,-> literally a not work
of streams and lakes ; and it U separated into two ptirts, with the exception
only of a narrow istliLius of 767 yards, by the Uras d'or Lake, ([)ronouncod
Bra dore) and two of its outlets, bearing the same name, having huge arms
or extending into each of the two peninsulas into which the island is thus
divided. I^his sheet of water extends nearly 60 miles from the Atlantic
coast to St. Peters' Bay, with which it is about to be connected by a canal
across the narrow neck of laud l)cfore mentioned. Thi.s work has lung been
considered a great desideratum to the fishing and mineral, as well tis to the
agricultural intciests of the island ; and the depth of water in ail parts of
the chain of lakes, forming the Bras d'or, is suilicient for ships of llic la,r-
gest burthen. Tlic practicability of the undertaking will be best shewn by
the following extract from a report made by <]apt. Barry of the Uoyal En-
gineers, to the government of Nova Scotia, in 1858, in whicli ho suys,
" The greatest depth of cutting to bottom of canal is fifty-seven feet, and it
will generally have thirteen feet water in it, * -^ -' and be navigable
for the passage of vessels drawing from nine feet to eleven feet six inches of
water." The difference between the surface of the water of the kiko^ and
that of high water at spring tides in St. Peters' Bay is only two feet, the
latter being the highest. The dimensions of the canal proposed by Captain
Barry, are as follows: "width of canal at ten feet, deep 20 foct ; slopes
about one and an half to one, depth of water IC feet, wiilth of cimal at
water line 50 feet, lock, length 120 feet, lock opening of gate 22 feet.
These dimensions, T consider, ample for the accommodation of any vessel,
employed in the fisheries and coasting trade of the Province."

He proposes to construct the principal part of the works wlili bricks, for
the manufacture of which there is abundance of the best clay on the spot.
He estimates the whole cost of forming the canal at XI 7, 751.

The Nova Scotia Legislature in 1852, passed an act guaranteeing tliree
and an half per cent on the capital employed by any Company who would
complete this desidcralile work up to about three fourths of tlie estimate ;
this guarantee to cease as soon as the proceeds of the canal should amount
to this per centage over and above the working expences.

The surface of this Island is much diversified, presenting, especially to-
wards the north a strong contrast with its insular neighbor, I'rince Edward
Island, In that part of Cope Breton the coast is bold and rocky, some of
the hills almost assuming the character of mountains, and rising to the
height of 1000 feet, while their sugar loaf form presents from the r,oa a
very picturesque appearance. The southern border is more ilat and undu-
lating.

About ten miles north easterly from Cape North, the northern point of

•i H

346

Cflpe Breton, and in a direct line between that Cape and Cape Ray, New-
foundland, is situate St. Paul's Island, a most dangerous rock, on which
which thousands of lives are said to have been lost. This rocky islet stretch-
es in a north and south direction for about three miles, it is very narrow,
and has a Light House, 140 feet high, on each extremity. It has long been
the dread of mariners, and is surrounded by a depth of water of from 20
to 40 fathoms.

In 1853, a survey of the northern and western sections of Capo Breton,
from St. Ann's Bay to the Gut of Canso. was made by direction of the
Government, by J. R. Forman, Esq., with the view to the improvement of
the harbors on this part of the coast. From the whole tenor of the able re-
port made by this gentleman, it appears that their permanent improvement
cannot be effected without a large outlay of capital.

With reference to the general character of the island, Mr. Formua says,
that, "any person of observation, visiting the Island of Cape Breton, can-
not but be struck with surprise at the vast natural resources every where
exhibited. The mineral deposits seem to be without limit ; the inland navi-
gation, with reference to the extent of country, unparalleled ; the soil in
many places of the most fertile description ; and its fisheries are unsurpassed
by any in the world. Unfortunately, however, capital and skill, the great
desiderata necessary to bring into full operation these beautiful gifts of na-
ture, are not there ; the day must, however, come A>hen this island will hold
a position of no secondary importance, and become capable, not only of sup-
porting a much larger than the present population, but also by its exports
supplying the wants, and conducing to the comforts of the inhabitants of
other countries ; and the improvement of its harbors will be no unimpor-
tant step to bring about this result."

The crown land on this island is very extensive, and much of it highly
capable of profitable cultivation ; it is estimated, however, that full one half
of the settled lands have not been granted, the people merely living there
as squatters, and not real owners of the tioil.

Civil divisions. — This island is divided into four counties ; the names,
geographical position, and character of which are as follows : —

Inverness, stretches from near the centre of the Gut of Canso along the
whole north western section of the Island, and has a length of over 100
miles with an average breadth of fifteen. The shire-town is Port Hood.
The lands in many parts of this county is of a high order for agricultural
purposes, and there are numerous thriving villages and settlements along
the bays and rivers of its sea girt boundary. Large tracts of the best land
along the shore have been granted ; but it is calculated that there are near-
ly 40,000 acres of good land, fit for settlement, still in the hands of the
Crown. About 500 of the settlers are mere squatters, without title to the
lands they possess.

This county has no fine harbors with the exception of the Gut of Canso,
which has a depth of water varying from 14 to 54 fathoms.

The border of the Strait as far as Port Hood is principally settled by
families from the Highlands of Scotland, among whom the Gaelic is much
spoken ; northerly as far as Cape Mahon, the people are of a mixt origin ;
at Margarie, 50 miles north of Port Hood, and thence to Cheticamp, where
there is a Jersey fishing station, the inhabitants are mostly descendants from
the Acadian French. Still further to the north, though the hills assume a
majestic appearance, the soil is more meagre and rocky and the settlements
are few and far between.

347

6 Ray, New-
)ck, on which
r islet stretch-
very narrow,
has long been
ir of from 20

Capo Breton,
rection of the
nprovement of
)f the able rc-
, improvement

Forraua says,
3 Breton, can-
;s every where
le inland navi-
;d ; the yoil in
re unsurpassed
;kill, the fjreat
ful gifts of na-
island will hold
ot only of sup-
) by its exports

inhabitants of
e no unimpor-

ch of it highly

•it full one half

y living there

3S ; the names,

!anso along the
th of over 100

is Port Hood,
for agricultural
ttlcments along
)f the best land

there are near-
le hands of the

out title to the

Gut of Canso,

pally settled by
(liiebc is much
a mixt origin ;
leticamp, where
escendants from
hills assume a
the settlements

Victoria. — This county, whoso principal tow:? ip Bedeque, lies for the
most part north of the Bras d'or waters and is bounded on the north west
by Inverness, and on the east by the Atlantic. It presents the same varie-
ties of soil with the county we have just described. The best land is found
skirting tbo streams, most of that on the sea shore being unfit for cultivation.
Fishing and farming, but principally the former, are the chief occupations
of the inhabitants of the north eastern portion of the county. From Cape
North to St. Ann's Bay, the coast is bold, and in many places the rocks
overhang the sea, making the navigation somewhat precarious ; it is but
thinly settled. St. Ann's Bay has a depth of seven fathoms, and is a safe
harbor, easy of access ; the soil along its borders is well fitted for cultiva-
tion. A short distance south of this harbor, and of which it almost forms
a part, is the entrance to the great Bras d'or, which has from 30 to 40 feet
of water ; this is the main channel leading to those curiously formed sheets
of navigable waters wushing the interior of the island. A little further to
the southward lies the lesser entrance of the same name, which, though
having 00 fathoms water within, is too shallow at its mouth to admit vessels
of any considei-able burthen. These two passages are separated by Boular-
dric, or, as called by Captain Bayfield, Borilactria Island, which, as well as
much of the surrounding country, belongs to the coal field; there are also
limestone, freestone, and salt springs in the vicinity. A part only of this
island is attached to Victoria county.

There are a great number of persons sei.ied in this county under location
tickets, obtained by them previous to the removal of the Crown Land Ofiice
from Cape Breton to iialilax ; and in many instances they appear to consi-
der that time has ratified their claims to the lands they possess. The inter-
ior is almost all a dense wilderness of which little is known.

The island of ^^'a8hahok, situate at the head of the two Bras d'or outlets,
forms a part of this county.

The County of Cape Breton is bounded on the north-wf't >y the coun-
ty of Victoria, and the waters of the Bras d'Or ; on the north east and east
by the Atlantic ; and on the south-west by the county of Richmond.

A part of the Boulardarie, or Borilactria, island is within the limits of
this county, as is also Scatarie island. A large portion of the county is
washed by the Atlantic, as well as by the inland chain of lakes. Sydney
is the shire-town, and is situate on a peninsula within the harbor of the same
name ; at its extremity are barracks, together with a battery and block-
house, where a few soldiers are usually stationed. A short railroad runs
from the coal mines to the place of destination.

'..Communication is constantly kept up between this town and the other
vihv.ges in the harbor, and also periodically with Halifax, by steamboats.
The harbor has not less thnn five fathoms of water in the shallowest place ;
and from this circumstance, no less than from the other advantages it pos-
sesses, it must speedily become a place of importance. Among other ele-
ments of iinprovtracnt may be enumerated the agricultural capabilities of
the surroundiug districts, and the advances they are making in tha' espect;
the extensive coal deposites, and the vast quantities of that miner - nnual-
ly shipped ; as well a:3 the fiicilities presented for the prosecution of the fish-
eries, and other branches of commerce.

Mire' Bay has a depth of from six to sixteen fathoms of water. The en-
trance to the river of the same name is shallow ; the latter has its rise about
forty or fifty miles in the interior of this county.

348

^'^fl

r ^'1P^^ '' *^ V

W i V'

The island oi" Scatarie, which is the most easterly point ol' Cape Bieton,
consists cf poor barren land, and is the scene of numerous shipwrecks ; a
light house has been erected on its eastern point. Gabarus Ba-y has sufli-
cient ^v:^ter for vessels of the largest class. This section of the county was
originally settled by a number of American loyali,-;^, who, with their des-
cendants, h:ivo done much for the improvement of thi< ])art of the country.
The soil from this luirbor along the sea-board to the westward is good for
many miles.

The lands of this county arc more undulating than those of the two last
described ; it comprises much lortile land, a large portion of which has been
granted ; but there a)o some extensive tracts of excellent quality still at the
disposal of tln^ (^'rown ; but, as yet, the prjncipal settlements are confined
to the banks of the sti earns and harbors, the latter of which arc numerous
;'.nd jiood. The land alono; the internal waters of the countv is also i>;ood.
though as yet thinly sett led.

tilr/niioiit/, the fourth :uid last county, in the order of descrij)tion into
which thij island is divided, is bounded on the north by Inverness, Brasd'Ur
Lake, an<l Cape Breton County : and on the south by a part of the Gut of
Canso, Ciiodabucto I'.iy. and Llie Atlantic. There are a groat many islands
belonging to this county on the Cape Breton side of Cliedabucto Bay. (of
which St. Peter's B;iy is an arm) ; the principal of which arc Januries' Is-
land and Isle ^Madame

The county is nearly divided I)y the isthmus already described between
St. Tetcr's l>;iy and Bras d'Or. Its townships are Arichat, the shire-town,
situate on Isle Madame, and Lenox, Maitland, and llawksbury.

Froni a report made in 1854, by Thomas Grumlcy, Esi(., the principal
county surveyor, tlicrt; ajipcars to be 00,000 acres of first rate soil in the
county, and 45,000 of second rate, exclusive of the Isle Madame. This is
a flourishing island, and Arichat enjoys a considerable coasting trade.

Bichmond, like C*<ipo Breton county, is generally flat, with a soil capal)lc
of cultivation, The inost v;ilua])le tracts border on the r-trcams and otiier
inland waters, a '.id on the Cay shores. Coal is known to exist in this coun-
ty ; also, limestone and gypsum are abundant. IMany of the descendants
of the Acadian French, the oriirinal inhabitants, still remain in it.

The inhabitajits of Cape Breton, being descendants from the Scottish
Tlighlandor-, with tin; exception ordy of the remnants of the Acadians and
some few loyali.^ts and families of various origin, are a hardy, industrious
race of people, and mak'e excellent settlers. They are principtdly Presby
t'frians and liouian Catholics.

Tlie history of tliis islaad niu.sl always remain a matter of deep interest
to every ljrii;i'?li subject, l»ut more Copecially to the inhabitants of Briti.sh
North America. We have already^noticed its geographical position between
the Atlantic and tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, which, with its great, though
hitherto uidcnown or una,pprocia,ted intrinsic worth, must, ere long, m.-'ke ir
one of t!ic pvincip.il coaiincrcial resorts and centres of trade in thc^c north-
ern waters.

To the French its value was'^well known, as thclenormous expenditure on
the fortificatioir,-; of Louisburg, and the struggles they made to preserve it,
abund.intly prove. It was, indeed, the capital of what are now known as
the Lower Provinces, and it cost the bravery and military skill of Britain'it
ablest commanders to reduce and dismantle it, in the years 1745 and 1758.

If we look at Ijouisburg in its present r,tato, v/o are struck with the con-

mgmiimmim^^iwi^i. .'*'-rj'.ic^J

l-ape Bietoii,
lipwrecks ; a
iiy haa buffi-
[; county was
th their des-
the country,
is good for

the t.vYO iust
iiich hiis been
ty still at the

are confined
ire numerous
is also good,

scrij)tion inin
?ss, Brasd'Ur
of the Gut of

many islands
ucto Bay. (of

Januries" Is-

■ibed between
lie hliire-town,

^- ...

the principal

te soil in the

amc. This is

g trade.

a soil capaltlc

ms and other

in this coun

descendants

n it.

the Scottish

Acadians and

industrious

p;dly Presby

deep interest
it.^, of Ih'iti.^b
ijtion between
-^reat, though
iDug, mi.'kc it
I tlicii' north -

xpenditnre on
> ^n-eserve it,
low known as
1 of Britain's
45 and lTr)S.
with the con-

349

trast it presents to the accounts we have of its ancient grandeur. The har-
bor, once crowded with vessels, comprising a large portion of the navy of
France, scarcely contains a single sail. Its lofty walls, once bristling with
cannon, which environs the fifty acres on which the town stood ; the busy
and crowded city itself, Avith its cathedral, chapels, hospital, nunnery, brew-
ery and theatre ; its government and public buildings : its portcullis, bomb-
proofs, magazines, and other defences, have all passed away, and their only
memorials are a few mounds covered with herbage : the formidable fortifica-
tions at the entrance of the harbor are mere grass-covered hillocks. The
islrnd at the entrance, on which a strong battery was placed, is now en-
croached on by the sea. The remains of the foundations of many of the
strongholds and public buildings are still visible ; and we may trace, in the
midst of a bog on which the town was built, and by which it was surround-
ed, the breastwork, at about 400 yards from the citadel, thrown up by the
besiegers previous to its capture. Bombshells, cannon balls, cannons, and
other arms, are fre(iuently found, together with fragments of the human
irame ; and these are all that is now left to mark the position of ancient
Louisburg. At this day, the harbor is scarcely numbereil among the sea-
ports of the island ; and the site of this once strongly-fortified and flourish-
ing town is inhabite<l by a few families, who raise part of their subsistence
upon its ruins, Avhile they derive the remainder from their pursuit of the
finny tribes of the deep. Such is often the fate of places once notorious in
history.

Roftrfs and EmiL(ratinn. — This island would aftbrd room for an exten-
sive emigration, if its valuable lands were rendered accessible by roads.
Heretofore, all its settlements have been confined to isolated spots along its
sea-board and internal waters, while a large portion of its lands, well fitted
for the plough, are still without communication. It is true that it would bo
diflicult to find a country so well provided with water facilities as this is ;
but although such a pathway may be found very advantageous, still, as every
storm troubles its surface, it becomes necessary that other means of transit
and conveying information should be found — that roads, and, in the present
day, Leiegraphs also, should be constructed.

Although the settlements are not in all places continuous, they are gene-
rally connected by roads running along the shores of the sea and inland wa-
ters, and in many places, across the country to the Bras d'Ur. There is also
a connection ibrmed from Sydney and other places on the island to the con-
tinent by means of the submarine telegraph.

In a'klition to the amount of labor performed on the roads by the inhabi-
tants, th'n'c are larg',j appropriations annually made by the IS ova Scotian
Legislature for their extension and improvement ; and as new settlements
{brin, this encouragement is increased.

The commercial character of the island was realized, to a greater extent,
when it was in the possession of h ranee, than it has been since ; and there
is little doubt but that, had it continnr'd a French colony, it would have pre-
sented an aspect, at this day, worthy the imitation of the neighboring Pro-
vinces. It is said, indeed, that that nation employed GOO vessels in its fish-
eries, and annually exported .5,800,000 fjuintals of fish ; Avhich, as well as
many other facts we have referred to. evidently shews the estimation in
which \i was tficn held.

The population of Capo Bretotj; in 1837, was m follows :

1
i

'■■■%

350

!i;

If'

County of Cape Breton, ) The only counties into
" Inverness, > which the island was
" Richmond, ) then divided,

Total,

In 1851 the numbers ranged as follows :
Inverness,
Richmond,
Cape Breton,
Victoria,

14,111

14,099
7,203

85,413

16,917
10,381

27.580

Total, 54,878

Shewmg an increase of 19,465 souls in fourteen years.

In 1828, there were exported from Arichat, 39,200 quintals of cod, and
12,559 barrels of pickled fish. In 1848, the whole value of fish exported
from Cape Breton was =£75,000.

The imports and exports from the ports of Sydney and Arichat in the
year 1844 were as follows : —

Imports. Exports.

Ships, 989 1,038

Tons, 71,585 73,256

Value, sterling, £,81,181 X128,708

In the same year 47,926 chaklroncj of coal were exported.

The total number of vessels which entered inwards at the various ports
of this island, in 1850, was 508, of the gross amount of 47,061 tons; and
outwards in the same year, 405 vessels of the gross burthen of 36,468
tons.

The value of imports during the same year was £34,369 and of exports
£84,725.

In 1853, the value of imports and exports is shewn as follows : —

Imports. Exports. No, of ships. Tonnage.

Arichat, £13,520 £27.911 G 699

Port Hood, 697 3,073

Sydney, 18,309 45,912 9 872

Totals, 32,526 76,896 16 1.571

The trade of Capo Breton having been incorporated with that of Nova
Scotia proper, the above table does not by any moans exhibit its present
imports and exports.

There were in 1851, 5,884 farmers ; 2,669 fisliermen : and 74 lumber-
men ; the inhabited houses were 8,147 , and the families 8,556. The im-
proved land numbered 161,320 acres ; horses 6,416; cattle 46.937 ; sheep
52,114: swine 7,651; bushels of wheat raised 46,388; barley 46,993;
oats 378.317; buckwheat 892 ; Indian corn 314 ; potatoes 204.851 : tur-
nips 37,978 ; pounds of butter made 695,036 ; and 73,649 pounds of cheese.
There were also raised in the same year 39,689 tons of hay.

The saw mills were 30 ; grist mills 75 ; steam mills 2 ; tanneries 14 ;
foundries 1 ; carding mills, kc, (5 : and yards of cloth made 196,188.

The numerous harbors and oxteusivo inland navigation afford great facili-
ties for shipbuilding ; and this branch of business, besides the agricultural
products, fisheries, and coal trade, render Cape Breton a most important
appendage to Nova Scotia.

351

kill

t,099
r,203

5,413

6,917
0,381

;7.580

14,878

of cod, and
sli exported

■ichat in the

Ixpovta.

1,038

3,256

8,708

various ports
61 tons; and
in of 36,468

id of exports

Tonnage.

872

1,571

that of Nova
t it8 present

d 74 luinber-
30. The im-
6.937; sheep
•ley 46,993;
04.851 : tur-
inds of cheese.

tanneries 14 :
■196,188._
d great facili-
e agricultural
ost important

Religious Denominations in 1651.

Clergymen, 34; adherents to Episcopalian Church, 2,970; Presbyteri-
ans. 19,333; Roman Catholics, 27,061 ; Baptists, 840 ; Methodists, 865.

Education. — In 1842, there were 124 schools, attended by 4,179 pupils;
and in 1851 there were the same number of schools, attended by about
3,000 pupils. But in 1852 the schools numbered 190, and the pupils 5,600.
These last statistics manifest a marked increase, while those of 1851 shew
the then depressed state of the country, both in a commercial and agricul-
tural point of view. There is an academy at Arichat, affording philosophi-
cal education.

A weekly newspaper is published at Sydney, called the " Cape Breton
News."

SABLE rSLAND.

This low, sandy Island, known in the early history of this Province by
the abortive attempt at colonization, made upon its inhospitable shores by
the Marquis de la Roche, in 1598, has its eastern extremity in lat. 43 ®
59' north, and long. 59 "^ 46' west It is shaped somewhat like a 1)0w. and
is in length twenty-five miles, and about one mile and a fourth in brendth.
Its position is eighty miles southerly of Nova Scotia, and nearly in the track
of vessels to and from Europe. The western end of this island, for upwards
of two miles, has been washed away by the sea, while additions have been
made, by tiie same mighty agent, to other parts of it. It is extremely dan-
gerous to mariners, especially as its north-eastern bar extends about fourteen
miles. At thirteen miles, it has six fathoms of water, while at the four-
teenth there are ten, and a short distance outside. 170 fathoms.

A light house should be erected on some part of the island ; at present,
there is an establishment maintained on it, at a cost of XiOOO per annum,
defrayed partly by Nova Scotia, and partly by (jreat Britain, by which ii
vast amount of life and property is saved.

Notwithstanding the narrowness of this island, there is a lake, about fif-
teen miles long, by about three-quarters of a mile wide, extending along its
centre, and known by the name of Lake Wallace^ around which grow large
quantities of wild grasses and cranberries ; of the latter, £107 worth were
exported in 1853, It has also been famed for the numbers nf wild cattle
and horses with which it abounds, and which .ubsist upon the natural grass-
es. Two cargoes of these horses, which are well known as Sable Island
ponies, were sold in 1853 in the United States for £173. This sum, and
the produce of the cranberries, assisted in supporting the establishment be-
fore mentioned. Every possible aid is afforded by tlie resident and his as-
sistants to those who may be wrecked on the island, most of ■whom, previ-
ously to this measure being adopted, were either drowned, or perished from
starvation. Life boats, with complete outfits, were presented to the estab-
lishment by the philanthropic Miss Dix, which have greatly added to its
utility in succouring vessels in distress. The same lady also forwarded
about 500 volumes of selected books for the use of the persons thereon.

The soil and climate of th' ■ island are not congenial to the production of
food for man; but its vicinity contains abundance of mackarel, cod nnd other
fish, and there are good facilities for taking them. Recently, schooners up
to 100 tons burthen have done a profitable business in these fisheries, and
the opening the American market will probably cause a considerable increase.

1* I

352

PRINCE EDWARD ISLA/D.

GEOGRAPHY.

This islaud is situate between 45" 56' and 47 i' north b.titude, and
between 62° and 64"' 25' west loniritude. It lies in the Gulf of St Law-
rence. and is in the form of a crescent. Its length is about 134 miles, and
its greatest breadth 34 miles ; in its narrowest part, which is near the cen-
tre, it is only about four miles wMe. Cape Traverse, on the soL*:h side of
the island, is nine miles from Cape Tormentine and on the west it is fourteen
miles from Ilichibucto Head, both the latter beiag in ^ew BruL3wick. In
consequence of the numerous and deep indentations of its coast, there is no
part of the island more than seven miles from tide water.

HillsboroHgli Bay, which is the second harbor in the island, has a depth
of from 15 to 40 feet of water; its entrance is between St. Peter's island
and Point Prim, and is about half a mile in width. We may hero rcmark
that, from the peculiar geographical character of this island, there are no
rivers of any magnitude, its inland waters arc almost arms o" the sea, tnough
many of them are called rivers, which do not extend far into the country

Hillsborough Bay receives numerous streams, the principal of which arc
Eliot, York, and Ilillsborcagh. On a peninsula formed by the junction of
the two latter stands, Charlottetown, the capital of the l-;1and. The last
named river is navigable for largo c^.ass vessels above the lov.n, and takes its?
rise near St. Peter's Day, on the opposite or northern coas;.

The only features worth noticing between this harbor and Bedcquc Bay,
are, Tryon cove, Cape Traverse, before referred to a?} the point from which
the mails are carried during winter, and Carlton Hea'I Ikda/uc Hay has
a depth of from five to seven fathoms of water, and wl' admit vessels of
400 tons, but the channel is narrow and winding; the stieam falling into it,
of which Dunk river is the principal, are not extensive. It is only four
miles of a flat country between tiuis bay and Richmond Bay on the opposite
side of the islan> , so that a . ■ ■"-,o might be easily made for ships, V;hich
would be of no little importamv , the Gulf trade.

Egmoiil, or Halifax Bay, is a large estuary, with good anchorage in
from six to seven fathoms v»'ater ; it is very shoal at the head. The mouths
of Percival and Enraore rivers falling into it, are obstructed by sand bars.
The surrounding country is very flat, and there are about 2,000 acres of
marsh land in the vicinity. Cape Egmont lies to the south west of the
harbor, and West Point and Cape Wolf to the north of it.

From this cape to the northern extremity of the island, the shore presents
rocky clifl's, docs not vary much from a straight line, ami is without har-
bors.

North Cape or Vainly is the most northerly part of the island ; there
nn excellent fishing grounds in its vicinity.

Holland Hay, or Orsrumpef/uo Htrrhor, i.s the most western harbor on
the north side of the Island. It has a bar with about eighteen feet of water
at high tides, a^d there is a light house on a point near the channel. Sand
hills (;:':tcnd i»(;arly parallel to the shore oil' this hai'bor, and as far as Rich-
mond Bay, at the distance of one and a lialf or two miJea ; boats can pass the
whoh distance between these mounds and the coast ; and in many places,
there are channels deep enough to admit vessels The harbor and anchor-

■^

b/iitude, and
of St Law-
>4 miles, and
;iear tho cen-
30u*^^li side of
it is fourteen
AL3wick. In
it, there is no

I, has a depth
Jeter's island
here remark
, there are no
le sea, tnouj^h
le country
of v.hich arc
le junction of
Qd. The last
, aud takes it?

Dedcquc Bay,
it from which
c(ine Llay has
riit vessels of
falling into it,
:t is only four
n the opposite
ships, ^:hich

anchorage in
The mouths

by sand bars.
2,000 acres of
th \Yest of the

shore presents
5 -without har-

island; there

tern harbor on
I feet of water
lannel. Sand
8 far as Uich -
t ?! can })ass tho
jiiiiny places,

lo\' and anchor-

353

age are good, and though the land is but little elevated above the tide waier,
large class vessels can lie alongside the wharf.

Rich7no?id, Bay or Malpeque, h ? [pa-.iuus h.irbor -n:^ bay wit^ a "er.lV
of 17 feet water un tbo bar ; the sands foraging it txieid over a mile from
the shore. Fishery Inland is situate at the mouth of the Bay ; and form?
two entrances, the eastern bei ^ the largest and best channel ; vessels may
lie in ibis harbor in perfect safety. The village of St. Eleanor's is 'iitunf:;
at the head of thi ; Bay.

Granville^ Harris, Hanmns;ton, Bedford^ and St. Pdefs Bays, ari
Savage Harbor, arc all bar harbors, and only accessible for small vessels ;
St. Peter's Bay, which is a narrow indentation of the shore, being the only
one in any way remarkable. The remaining part of this coast, until wo
arrive at East Cape, forms nearly a straight hue, without any navigable in-
lets.

The east Cape forms the extremity of the ij=land, and between it and
Cardigan Bav or Three Rivers, are Colvillc, Porinne, Honif;, and Broiirrh-
ion Bays, all of which arc shallow estujypeSr capable only of admitting
small sized fishing vessels. ^ y^^

The entrance to Cardigan Bay has Broughton island on the eaf*-, and
Panmure island on the wcot. The harbor is safe, spacious, and easy of ac-
cess for whole fleets of large class vessels. Cardigan, Brudenell and Mon-
trgue Rivers have their outlets in this bay ; in the former there is from three
to six fathoms of water, and in the two others from two to four fathoms.
George Town stands on a peninsula formed by the junction of Cardigan and
Brudenell Rivers, and is a place of some trade where lar^'^ \'e,sse1s can load
or discharge their cargoes ; it is much resorted to by the American fisher-
men. It has no bar, is the longest, open in the fall, and may be conside:t:r?
the best harbor in the island.

Alarray Harbor lies to the southward of Cardigan Bay, and close to tho
northward of Bear Ca'^ o ; it is studded with islands, and is .r.rrow an I
diflicult of access, with but two fathoms of water. Between this a"d lliVir
borough Bay there are no harbors, but several r^cfs and rocks, v. 'ca ^en.lor
this part of the coast dangerous to shipping.

New Glasgow is a small harbor merely noticable in our survey of uho
coast.

Though from the narrowness of Prince Edwaid Island, there are no i!s*jr3
of any magnitude, yet from its configaratinn, almost every section of the
county is favorably situated for commerce; and the prosecution of the iish-
cries, so much so that we know of no plr.ce in British North America pos-
sessing greater advaniages.

The tides and currents are somewhat irregular ; the latter are often known
to run for many d'iy;> from west to east along the north shore, and vice versa,
while the tide rises fnuii three to iivo feet. These phenomena together with
the storms prevalent in the Gulf of St. Lawrence are the cause of so many
of the harbors, especially on the north side being so much obstructed by ^.and
bars.

HISTORY.

Whether this island was actually visited by Cabot or not, is a matter of
some uncertainty. Some allege that this navigator discoverea it on Saint
John's day, in 1407, and that VevQZzanl subsequently re-discovered it;
neither of wliich. from the various accouuts ^iven of tLe courses pursued

•I

354

(■I ,.

■; 1-
i.i <'■

A '• ":■■■

■ ' i

by these navigators, would appear to be correct. At this distant day, it may
be diflBcult to settle this point ; but there is no doubt but that both England
and France, claimed it by right of discovery, the latter calling it a part of
ancient Acadia ; and as long as the French possessed Canada and Cape Bre-
ton, they esteemed it as a source from whence ilfcy could derive supplies for
their garrisons at Quebec and Louisburg, as well as on account of the valu-
able fisheries on its coasts ; for these reasons it was termed the granary of
North AmericB.

In 1663. the Island was granted to a Frenchman named Seuev Doublet;
and it afterwards became the rendezvous of a number of French families
who were dissatisfied with the English rule. It was captured by the New
England forces in 1745, but was restored to France by the Treaty of Aix
la Chapelle; and after the second reduction of Louisburg in 1758 it became
by treaty, permanently attached to Great Britain in 1703. At this period
it was said to contain a population of from 4 to 6,000 inhabitants, who had
large stocks of cattle, and some of them were reported to send 1200 bush-
els of wheat to market. After the subjugation of the island to Great Bri-
tain, these people continued disaffected to its government, in consequence of
which they were doomed to the same proscription as their countrymen in
Nova Scotia. Some were sent to Canada, and others to the old Colonies ;
so that, in 1770, it is said that there were only 150 families on the island.

In 1767, after numerous foolish and abortive plans had been proposed for
its subdivision, disposal and settlement, one was ultimately determined on,
which does not appear to have been much wisor in some of its provisions
thrin these which were abandoned. About this time a division of the whole
island was made into sixty seven townships or lots, of 20,000 acres each,
comprizing 1,860,000 acres, "his extensive tract wns conveyed, viih the
exce^.'tion of some resei'vations. to officers, atid other individuals, who had
some claims, or supposed claims, on the Crown, by lottery. The grantees
were bound to settle on the island and to introduce a certain number of set-
tlers within ten years from that date. This allotment has no doubt been
productive of vSome serious evils, which were probably not contemplated at
the time tne arrangement was made by the Imperial Government.

An absentee ownership was thus in effect established on the island, as the
condition of residence was fulfilled in but fcAV instjnces: and this, while it
has had some good effects, has produced much evil. Several of the grantees
hav-^ from time to time sent out colonists, and have otherwise promoted tho
scttlemer.t of the country — not however parting with the fee simple of the
Ifinda, e.vc'^pt perhaps in some few instances, but granting leases varying as
to viuio ■li.rQ 21 to 999 years, at reserved rents, according to the value and
•.Jtuaiion 01 the land.

Frciri Iftpjv of time, most of these lots have changed hands, and the sys-
tem \j'i lottiiig has been varied, that however generally pur><ued is to fix the
term at 999 years, the first year, or oftener the two first, being rent free,
for the 2d and 3rd, or 3rd and fourth, three-pence per acre per annum, is
paid; tor i lie two next six-pence ; tor the Ttth and 7th. or 7th and Hth,
nine-pence : and the full rent of one shilling per annum for the remHindor
of ihe town ; the tenant paying all taxes. In some townships a higher ul-
timate rent is required ; and others refuse to grant long leases on ::ny terms,
while some make different arrangements for the disposal of their lands. The
above scale may, however, be taken as the general rule, and in most cases,
the teoaut atay redeem \m rent) and become owner of the fee at twenty

355

years purchase of the rent. Where the situation possesses any peculiar ad-
vantage, such as a site for a ship-yard, or where a town or village may be
proposed, higher rents are asked and readily obtained. The taxes to which
these island lands are subject, are, first, the land tax of two shillings and
six-pence per one hundred acres on all improved lands, and five shillings on
the same quantity of wilderness lands ; and secondly, an additional school
ta?: of four shillings and two pence per 100 acres in all lands— making in
the whole six shillings and eight-pence on cultivated, and nine shillings and
two-pence on wild lands.

There has been much discussion as to the comparative advantages or dis-
advantages of the system thus pursued, with reference to the settlement of
the country. Without entering into this question, we may observe that the
emigrant of very small means may thus settle on a farm, without running
into debt, and reserve his little capital for subsistence and the improvement
of his lands irho-c the rcnfs are redeemable, he may acquire the fee simple
as soon as he has the ability. The progress of the island, with regard to
population and exportable produce, has been greater than that of either of
the neighboring continental provinces, and this tends to shew that the objec-
tions to the plan aro not so important as many of its opponents contend.
Absenteeism is, however, no doubt, a great evil to any country, especially
to one poor and newly settled.

Untii 1770, this IsLind formed a part of Nova Scotia, at that time Mr.
Paterson was appointed its first governor; and in 1778 the first House of
Assembly was called together. It differed but little, in its constitution, from
that of the present day; except that, recently, what is called, "Govern-
ment by heads of departments"' has been adopted, making the ministry as
well as the house, dependant on the will of the people, and coupling con-
stitutional government on a small scale, with the landlord and tenant system.
Previous to the representative plan being adopted, a number of the Aca-
dians had returned, and many new settlements were formed.

On the accession of General Fanning to the Governorship in 1789, con-
tests arose between the proprietors and the settlers, which were ultimately
settled, at least in a greot measure, and the country has since been prosper-
ous.

Much inconvenience having arisen from this island bearing the pame name
with several other places in the circumjacent colonies, it was changed by
legislative enactment, in 1 799, to the name it now bears, in compliment to
the late Duke of Kent.

In addition to the accessions to its population by the return of many of
the Acadians, and by small parties who emigrated about the same time, from
the Highlands ot Scotland, there wa,s in 1803, a fresh impulse given to the
colony by the Earl of Selkirk, who brought over and setttled about 800
Highlanders, who under his judicious management, soon became very pros-
perous

From this period, there is little worthy of notice in the history of the la-
land, except that great differences have arisen betwefn the House of Assem-
bly and the proprietors on the subject of escheats ; — the former contending
that the torms of the original grants have not been strictly complied with,
and that, thereupon, the grants have become forfeited ; and that as the Im-
perial Government, in 1850, relinquished all their territorial rights to the
Colonial Legislature, tbis right of escheat has passed to them. Attempts
have been made to enforce it; but the Colonial Office having expressed a

356

iff

*''H

Strong opinion against tho claims, they have been pretty nearly abandoned.

Another important question has arisen from a clause in the original grants,
reserving 500 feet for high water mark along the shores for the purposes of
the fisheries. ♦

In testimony of the scientific attention paid to the surveys of the Island,
and the aoyuracy of the instruments employed, provision has been made by
legislative enactment (in 1809) for the establishment of a Meridinal line
near Charlotte Town, by astronomical observation, tnaiking it out by fixing
three stones of sufficient height and dimensions, and at suitable distances
apart, having the variation and year accurately engraved thereon ; and all
surveyors are required once a year to regulate and rectify their instruments
by this line, in the presence of the Surveyor General. And by 9th Vict,
chap. 20, it is directed that a line shall be run in an east and west direc-
tion, at right angles with the north and south line ; so that surveyors using
the magnetic needle, are provided with every facility for testing the accuracy
of their instruments. Thus this Colony is far ahead of its more populous
and wealthy neighbors, with respect both to the location of its lands, Avhich
were originally laid out in a systematic manner, and the facilities for uni-
formity in its surveys.

The Government of the Island have, in 1854, purchased 80,000 acres of
land, at the price of X2'4,000 currency, around St. Peter's Bay in the
County of Kinir's ; which they propose selling in small lots to purchasers,
at from five shillings to twelve shillings and six-pence, currency, per acre ;
twenty per cent, to be paid down, and the remainder by instalments bearing
interest.

CIVIL DIVISIONS, AND POLITICAL DEPARTMENT.

Prince Edward Island has a population of about 70,000, and is divided
into three counties, called Prince County, Queen's County, and King's
v^'mnty ; each of which is sub-divided into pari hes, besides the more recent
distribution into electoral districts.

Prince County is situate in the north-western section of the colony,
bounded by a line running across the Island, from near Crapaud to the east-
ern side of Kichmond Bay. The shire-town of this county is Prince Town,
though St. Eleanor's is the actual capital.

Queen's County is bounded on the west by Prince County, and on the
east by King's, from which it is divided by a line running from near the
Wood Islands to the easterly side of St. Peter's harbor, being the central
county, and having Charlotte Town for its capital.

King^s County is situate on the east end of the Island ; its capital is
George Town.

Note. — The two lines separating these counties are projected from the
Straits of Northumberland to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The several counties are divided into parishes, lots' or townships, and elec-
toral districts.

■ y

siisgggB"ii)(iwtfWJ^.iRir>rB

357

ahandoned.
;inal grants,
purposes of

the Island,
m made by
ridinal line
ut by fixing
le distances
3on ; and all

instruments
3y 9th Vict.
[ west dlrec-
i/eyors using
the accuracy
)re populous
lands, which
ities for uni-

000 acres of

1 Bay in the
) purchasers,
jy, per acre ;
oents bearing

id is divided
and King's
more recent

the colony,
to the east -
Prince Town,

and on the
lom near the
the central

its capital is
ted from the
ips, and elec-

Pflrishes.
North Pariah.

Egmont.
Halifax.

Prince County.
Lots.

Electoral Districts.

Richmond.

St. David's.

4
5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
25
26
27
28

District No. 1, including Sa-
vage Island, returns two
members.

District No. 2, with the is-
lands in Richmond Bay,
returns iivo members.

District No. 3, including In-
dian Island, returns two
members.

Prince Town Royalty sends two members.

Thus this county is divided into five parishes and four electoral districts
includmg Prince Town, and sends eight members to the Legislature.

Queen^s County.
20

Granville Parish.

Charlotte.

Hillsborough.

Bedford.

St. John.

22
23
67
24
83
84
32
29
30
31
65
33
36
87
48
49
60
57
58
60
62

District No. 1, including Pe-
ter's Island, sends tivo
m,ember3.

District No. 2, and the adja-
cent island, returns tico
members.

Diitrict No. 3, with Gover-
nor's Island, returns two
members,

358

i\^'

^;-a

Charlotte Town Royalty elects tion members.

The county also contains five parishes, and, with Charlotte Town, four
electoral districts, returning eight members to the House of Assembly.

King's County.
43

£ast Parish.

St. Patrick's.

St. George.

St. Andrew's.

45
46
47
88
89
40
41
42
56
55
54
53
62
51
66
59
61
63
64

) District No, 1 sends tioo members.

}

District No. 2 and Broughton Is-
land sends two members.

j District No. 3, including the is-
! lands in Murray harbor and
^ Panmure Island, sends two
members.

George Town Royalty elects tico m,embers.

This county contains four parishes, with George Town, four electoral dis-
tricts, and also returns eight representatives.

The sub-divisions of the whole Island are fourteen parishes, twelve elec-
toral districts ; and the House of Assembly consists of twenty- four represen-
tatives.

Note. — The parishes are not much referred to by the inhabitants, except
in judiciary matters. The several localities are more generally distinguish-
ed by lots — as lot, 1, 2, &c.

Having thus given, in connection with the civil divisii3ns, the electoral
districts, end the number of members returned by each; we will proceed to
lay before our readers an outline of the other departments.

Governors^ and Administrators of the Government, since 1770.

1770— W. Paterson.
1789— E. Fanning.
1805 — Major Desbarrea.
1813— Col. D. Smith.
1823— Lieut. Col. Ready.
1831— Lieut. Col. Sir A. Young.

1836— Sir John Harvey.
183 T -Sir C. A. Fitzroy.
1841— Sir H. V. Huntley, R.
1847— Sir Donald Campbell.
1851- -Sir Alexr. Bannerman.
1854 — Sir Dominic Daly.

The Executive and Legislative Councils each consist of nine members.
As the respective duties of the members, as well as those of the different
heads of departments, do not differ from those in the other colonies, the
reader is referred to the article entitled " Political Department," in page 22
of this work.

359

Courts. — There are regular sittings of the Supreme Court held in the
shire-towiis. The Court of Chancery is still retained, though recently
abolished by Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where its powers and duties
have been handed over to the Equity side of the Supreme Court. The is-
land has all the courts peculiar to Colonial Government, but differs from Us
continental neighbors with regard to the mode of recovering small debtd. For
this purpose, district courts are established, presided over by commissioners,
with a clerk to each court. For instance, in Queen's county there are seven
courts, namely — one at Churlotte Town, with four commissioners . others at
Rustico, New London. Crapaud, Stanhope, and J3elfast, and one comprising
lots 48, 49 and 50. In this county, there are eighty-six justices of the
peace. The other two counties are divided in the same manner ; King's has
six places, in each of which commissioners sit, attended by their clerk, and
sixty justices. Prince county has also six commissioners' courts, and twelve
justices.

(iENEKAIi DESCRIPTION.

In contrasting the physical features of Prince Edward Island with those
of Cape Breton, the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy
shore of New Brunswick, it may be said to be a flat country, resembling
that part of New Brunswick bordering on the Gulf Still there are some
hills, rising with gentle slopes, to the height of from 250 to 800 feet ; and
there are several ridges of njoderalely elevated land, extending through the
more central divisions of the i.slami ; the rivers and streams in some places
flow in deep ravines, but no where so abrupt as to preclude cultivation. The
land between Chariot letown and Bedecjue is somewhat hilly, but north to
to Egmont and Richmond Bays it is very Hat.

Though there are none of those lofty cone-like elevations which stud many
parts of the continent, yet the greater part of the island is beautifully varied
with undulatino; hills, windinjivallies. and innumerable bavs. rivers, or creeks,
and small lakes or lagoons, with springs, affording an abundance of excellent
water. Several of the streams are bordered near their entrance into the
sea, with tracts of salt marsh, or deposites of marine and upland alluvium:
there are numerous small peat bogs on the island, the largest is near Cas-
cumpeque ; these will become very iisefal hereafter l)y affording a supply of
fuel, when the beautiful forests now clotting a large portion of the country,
shall have given place to the plough : they might also be made available as
a valuable source of manure.

The Forest Trees of the island are similar to those of the neighboring
continent, consisting principally of maples, beech, birches, poplars, larch,
spruce, cedar, hemlock, fir, and other kinds of trcei; besides great varieties
of shrubs, kc. Repeated fires, as well as the operations of the shipbuilder
and lumberman, have made great havoc among the woods, and the time is
less distant in this than with regard to either of the neighboring colonies,
wiien the forests of the country will cease to supply its own wants<. Indeed
the soil of this island is too well calculated for tiie growth of agricultural
produce for it to be allowed to remain much longer covered with its primeval
forests; and when they cease to supply fuel, ship-timber^ or lumber, the
surrounding colonies will have abundance of coal and timber to meet these
wants, and they will be glafl to take the wheat, oats, and other grains for
which its arable laiujb are so highly famed. It is estiiuated that three-fourthei

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360

Itenu-

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of the area of the island are capable of profitable cultivation the amoant of
which will be 1,023,050 acrea.

Estimated quantity improved and partially cultivated

in 1855, 300,000 "

Number still unimproved, 723,050 "

Roads. — The surface of the island being generally even, and the soil dry
and silicious, in some places intermixt with sand and gravel, there is every
facility for constructing good road?.

Originally, the principal roads of the island were laid out in straight line,
parallel with those of the townships ; but as they were not all constructed at
that time, departures from these lines have since taken place ; and in conse-
quence of the more hilly character of Queen's and some part of King's, the
roads are there more uneven than in the other sections of the island, but
Prince County is very level, and with the exception of the curves rendered
necessary by the rivers and the shore, is well calculated for road making.
A little good engineering would be of incalculable benefit applied to the lo-
cation of some of the roads traversing the more uneven districts, for in many
instances, where they now pass over the hills, a practical engineer would
easily avoid them, without adding much to the distance, while much labor
and time would thus be saved to the traveller.

The roads and bridges are kept in repair both by statute labor and legis-
lative grants. The Statute labor consists in an obligation on every person
from sixteen to sixty years of age, when required by law to work thirty-
two hours on the roads, and eight hours for each horse, annually. This la-
bour, however, may be commuted for a money payment.

Legislative Grants. — The Government of the colony annually grants mo-
ney, according to the necessity of each case, and the amount of disposable re-
venue, for the purpose of perfecting the road communications. The amount
thus appropriated in 1854, was £8,133 currency. To regulate the expen-
diture of which the island is divided into about thirty districts, for each of
which a commissioner is appointed, with a salary of £10 per annum. The
outlay on these improvements considerably exceed that on other public works
in consequence of the numberless streams by which th i country is traversed,
and which require expensive bridges ; one has lately been built across Mill
River, emptying into Granville Bay, a quarter of a mile in length; it is an
excellent and convenient structure, and cost £1.200. Another very good
one crosses a river of the same name near Cascumpeque, and one is pro-
jected over Ellis, or Grand River, falling into Richmond Bay.

The system of laying out the wilderness lands, though much superior to
that 110 system which exists in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, .is still lia-
ble to some objections ; the lots being 100 chains by ten are disproportion-
ately narrow ; but the regularity thus secured has done much to secure the
systematic location of most of the principal roads.

Upon the whole, the highways of the colony are not inferior to these of
any new country. In addition to the extensive water communications which
intersect the whole island, the sea coast is belted by tolerably good roads,
besides some main roads, such as the western road, running through the in-
terior, and these are intersected and connected by cross roads diverging to
every important settlement, so that it would bo difficult to find u. spot on the
whole island more than five miles from a road.

As the bye-roads are too numerous to mention, the following distanoeB
^ill assist the traveller, to some extent :

361

B amount of
3,050 acres.

((

0,000

,3,050

the soil dry

tiere is every

straight line,
onstructed at
and in conse-
f King's, the
tie island, but
■ves rendered
road making,
iied to the lo-
8, for in many
ngineer would
e much labor

bor and legis-
i every person
I work thirty-
lily. This la-

lUy grants mo-
; disposable re-
The amount
[ate the expen-
ts, for each ot
annum. The
er public works
rv is traversed,
li'lt across Mill
ength ; it is an
>ther very good
nd one is pro-

ich superior to
ickj.is still lia-
disproportion-

;h to secure the

rior to these of
^nications which
ily good roads,
through the in-
h diverging to
id u, spot on the

jwing digtanoes

From Charlotte Town to St. Eleanor's, 40 miles.

Tignish, 94 "

The latter place is nearly the north-western extremity of the island, pass-
ing, in one direction, by the Grand river settlements and Port Hill ; and in
the other, along the western road, comparatively unsettled.

From Charlotte Town to George Town, 30 miles.

" George Town to East Cape, 40 "

The distance of 70 miles thus brings us, in this direction, to the most
eastern point opposite Cape Breton.

Settlements. — The road from Charlotte Town to St. Peter's passes over
large tracts of excellent land, and through some of the oldest settlements
on the island, in lot 34, but about half-way there is some poor land. From
St. Peter's to East Cape, the land is flat ; but around the Cape it is more
hilly and broken, though not so much so as to prevent cultivation. The
streams on this road are all bridged. This part of the coast is destitute of
harbors. From this Cape to George Town, the shore is indented with good
harbors, and the country penetrated by a number of streams, aflfording good
facilities for the fisheries ; the country is well settled.

There are many villages and settlements both on the coast and in the in-
terior of King's county, of which George Town is the capital. It has great
advantages of situation at the confluence of Cardigan and Brudenell rivers,
and from Montague river falling into the Bay, it is often called Three Rivers.
The town plot is somewhat undulating, and is well laid out, with a scjuare
in the centre. It contains places of worship belonging to the Episcopal,
Presbyterian, Pioman ("atholic, and Methodist r^enominations ; as well as
a court house, gaol, market house, and other public buildings. The private
houses are neat, and the country round fertile, and in many places well cul-
tivated. The harbor might become the rendezvous of a fleet, and it is not
uncommon for 200 American vessels to take refuge there during a storm.
The settlements along the road from George Town to Charlotte Town are
fast improving, and the soil is good ; but Hillsborough river, near the capi-
tal, has to be crossed by a ferry, rendering travelling in this direction some-
what inconvenient during the summer, though the accommodation is general-
ly good, and winter, of course, never fails to provide a sufiicient bridge as
long as it lasts.

Quecn^s ComU}/ boasts Charlotte Town as its shire-town, which contains
about 6,000 inhabitants. It is pleasantly situate on the acclivity of a hill,
on the north side of the harbor. The streets, which run cast and west, and
north and south, have most of their terminations at the edge of the water. •
There are five squares in the town. The Province Building, which is built
of stone imported from Nova Scotia, stands in Queen's Square ; it contains
the legislative halls, and offices for the principal heads of departments ; also
a room for his Excellency the Lieutenant .Governor, in which he may be
seen on matters of business, at stated times.

Government House is beautifully situate at the west end of the town. In
addition to a great number of public and private edifices, there is a central
academy with three masters, atid places of worship belonging to the Epis-
copalians, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Methodists and Baptists ; also,
an Asylum, Mechanics' Institute, and various other neat buildings. The
town has lately been incorporated by Act of Assembly. The lio-
man Catholic College stands about half a mile from the town ; it is a
neat building, three stories in height. There are many excellent roads lead-

ui'

! f

I^t'

362

ing to all parts of the surrounding country ; the whole surrounding scenery
is beautiful, possessing a wholesome, bracing sea air, said to be well calcu-
lated to invigorate a weakly constitution.

The road from Charlotte Town to Prince Town, on Richmond Bay, is
well settled. The New London, Glasgow and Cavendish settlements are in
a thriving state, and the land is generally good.

St. Eleanor's, the actual capital of Prince county, is situate at the junc-
tion of two roads, on the isthmus formed by Bedeque and Richmond Bays.
It is built on a flat, and has a neat appearance ; it contains the principal
part of the public buildings of the county, and places of worship belonging
to different denominations. This place, however, is being rivalled by Sum-
merside, a nourishing village on B^dequc Bay, about a mile from St. Elea-
nor's ; it may probably, ere long, become the head quarters of the county.

The land about Bedeque harbor is very fertile, and well diversified with
villages, bcttlements, and other improvements. A constant summer com-
munication is kept up by packets between this port and Miramichi, Richi-
bucto, Shediac, and other places on the coast of New Brunswick. The rail-
way now in course of construction between Shediac and Saint John, N. B.,
will, when completed, add greatly to the trade of Bedeque, from which its
terminus, at the former place, is distant only a few hours' sail, as well as to
that of the whole island. From Bedeque to Charlotte Town, by the way
of Tryon, the land iis good and well settled.

Though there is a considerable quantity of poor land skirting the coast
from Richmond Bay to the I>orth Cape, yet there are some large tracts of
good soil in this district, and many thriving settlements, especially at Port
Hill and round CoscumpequeBay. The sand hills, which have been thrown
up outside by the action of the waves, protect the coast, and there are in
many places deep water, and good harbors within them. The boggy tract
near Cascumpequc consists of a burird forest, which will hereafter be useful
both for fuel and manure Both these bays are advantageously situated for
tlie prosecution of the fisheries on a grand scale. There are some small es-
tablishments, at present, on different points, which succeed well in this im-
portant business, and one at Cascumpeque point, on a more extensive scale.

The north-western lots are principally settled by the descendants of the
Acadiuns. with some Irish, and a sprinkling of the Scotch. They form the
best wheat-growing district on the island, and are much wanting both in
roads and iuhabitants, though the land is of the best quality for settlement.
Kildarc settlement, especially, comprizes a fine tract, yielding to no part of
British America in fertility.

The reader must not suppose that we have referred to all the settlements
and roads of this fine and populous island. This is far from being the case ;
and this chapter would very much exceed its intended limits, if we were to
detail all the t-xtensive improvements the colony can boast, although in size
it docs not ei[Wi\ the county of Northumberland, in New Brunswick, which
possesses only 20,000 inhabitants.

The i.slanii. Iron' its narrowness, rnay be said to be all front, on which its
best lands are situate. From this circumstance, in addition to its navigable
bays and streams, and the roads that have been opened, its fi\cilitie3 for set-
tlement are very great. And nature annually converts, for a season, its
Bcaboaid and rivers into one extensive bridge tible to carry the heaviest bur-
thens with the greatest safety, and to render the transit of its produce to
market easy and expeditious. Its shores sio supplied with much marine

Kite?«®5K5a'-jiaaEr,as«4«»!''aia

ling scenery
■well calcu-

lond Bay, is
ments are in

at the junc-
limoiid Bays,
the principal
lip belonging
lied by Sum-
om St. Elea-
■ the county.
[Versified with
gummer com-
imichi, Richi-
3k. The rail-
t John, N. B.,
rem which its
I, us well as to
rn, by the way

tin^^ the coast
large tracts of
lecially at Port
ve been thrown
d there are in
he boggy tract
after be useful
sly situated for

some small es-
rell in this im-
extcRsive scale.

cndants of the

They form the
■anting both in

for settlement.

,g to no part of

the settlements

being the case ;

1, if we were to

although in size

runswick, which

)nt, on which its
to its navigable
facilities for set-
for a season, its
;he heaviest bur-
jf its produce to
th much marine

363

■- -i • ■ ' \ .

alluvium of a good quality, and easy of access ; so that when the soil be-
come exhausted the means to retrieve it by manure are at hand. Probably
there is no place where the poor man could settle himself to greater advan-
tage on this continent whenever he can make a fair bargain with the proprie-
tors, securing his land at a moderate payment, and with the privilege of
some day making it his own.

CLDIATE.

The climate of Prince Edward Island differs but little from that of the
principal part of Nova Scotia, or of New Brunswick. The winters are not
so severe as those of Lower Canada, and are both shorter and milder than
those of Norway, Denmark, Russia, or Sweden. The thermometer stands
sometimes as low as 25, and at others as high as 85, but these extremes are
of short duration.

There arc no endemical diseases peculiar to the Island. The sea breezes
which penetrate all parts of it are invigorating and wholesome, and are un-
accompanied by fogs of any kind. Few epidemical diseases ever visit it.
Even the cholera, which was inflicted on nearly all the Atlantic coast of
America, has as yet been unknown here. Notljinjj can be more bracing
than the autumnal air which prevails during its ,se<<60n on all the borders of
the Northumberland Straits and the Gulf of Stillimfcnce.

GEOLOGY.

%V-

A >cf

It is now generally admitted that more depends upon: the geological for-
mation of a country than upon its climate.

The island, it is said, does not contain coal, or any worknblo deposit of
other minerals worthy of notice ; but this has often been said of countries
or districts in which valuable minerals have afterwards been discovered.

In 1844 a geological exploration was made by Dr. Gesner under the di-
rection of the Government ; but from the limited amount of means appro-
priated for this purpose, only X300, it could not ht'-e been more than ca-
sual and superficial. It appears that the red and grey sandstones, but prin-
cipally the former, comprize the greater part of the island formation. Coal
has not been discovered, but limestone, much of it of an impure quality, has
been found in several parts of the coast, and on the banks of some of the
streams. The other rocks and minerals collected by the Doctor, and de-
posited by him in the legislative library of the island, are as follows : — Sul-
phate of barytes, copper ore, black oxide of manganese, hydrous peroxide of
iron ore, or bog iron ore, red and white marl, grey sandstone, red sandstone,
trap rock, and various other substances of no commercial value.

From an analysis of the soil taken from five different parts of the island,
the Doctor found each specimen to consist principally of silica, or line sili-
cious sand, vegetable or Oiganic matter and alumina. The result of these
analizations fully shew that the soil is rich in vegetable matter and well cal-
culated for the production of the different kinds of grain usually grown in
the country. This report contains much valuable information, highly use-
ful, (if its recommendations were put in practice) to the farmers of the is-
land. It places in a practical point of view, how numerous and varied are
the means at command for fertilizing the soil and ho<w necessary it is to ap-
ply them.

■it

364

I: i
■i' '•

AGRICULTURE.

This sabject, which is so intimately connected both -with climate and geo-
logy, but especially with the latter, deserves the highest attention ; to neg-
lect it, in a country whose soil is so rich, is not only impolitic but betrays an
unwillingness to appreciate the advantages which Providence has bestowed
upon the inhabitants.

The character of the island, in an agricultural point of view, is not ex-
ceeded by any spot of equal extent in America. The soU possesses a pecu-
liar fertility, so much so, that, even in the present defectible state of its
agriculture, it produces abundance for home consumption, and ex-
ports large quantities of wheat, oats, barlgy, potatos, grass, seeds,
and other productions. Oats especially, are cultivated in great abun-
dance, and large quantities are annually sent to the neighboring colonies,
and to the United States, where they command good prices.

'j.ne island possesses a large per centage of soil capable of cultivation,
every acre of which should be tilled, and made productive The surface
soil rests immediately upon the red sandstone and is composed almost entire-
ly of the debris from the rocks ; whether they belong to the old or new red
sand stone formation is immaterial as far as the productiveness of the soil is
concerned, though important as regards the existence and discovery of coal.

The general dryness of the soil renders it highly fit for the production ot
grain, though not so well adapted for hay as the extensive alluvium which
evpry where abound in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

Besides the staple productions we have noticed above, there are annually
raised large quantities of turnips, peas, beans, cabbages, carrots, beets, pars-
nips, cucumbers, lettices, cherries, plums, apples, gooseberries, strawberries,
raspberries, and every variety of garden vegetables and other productions
grown in North America. To the growth of turnips in particular great at-
tention has recently been paid with the best results. The soil of the island
has also been found to be highly favorable to the culture of fruit, especially
of apples.

The question as to the number of inhabitants this island would sustain,
in ordinary seasons, if cleared of its forests, and brought into a good state
of cultivation, is somewhat diflScult to answer ; but from its known produc-
tiveness, and the large amount of population it supports at present, besides
the large quantities of produce annually exported, we may fairly infer that
not less than 1,000,000 of persons would, under such circumstances, be
easily sustained ; and if the calculations made liy Professor Johnston with
regard to the population, sustaining character of New Brunswisk be correct,
this island, although it is only one-tenth of the size of that Province, would
from the superior character of a large portion of its soil, exceed that num-
ber; and this is entirely exclusive of the means of support its fisheries
would aflTord. '' m its proximity to the coal fields of Nova Scotia, and the
number of peat uays on the island, no disadvantage would arise from the
want of fuel, but a great impetus would be given to commerce by the trade
in both these articles.

Within the last five years, the subject of agriculture has received a large
amount of attention, both among the people generally and also from ama-
teur farmers, of which there are several who continue to set examples well
worthy of imitation. In fact, the whole subject has recently been carefully
entered into, both scientifically, by many of the leading men of the island,

^Ty^r-V^^^^^•'^'*'T^^'^r■'"•tt>^lini*'■^^"1^^-^^^^

365

Lte and gco-
on; toneg-
t betrays an
aa bestowed

V, is not ex-
isses a pecu-
! state of its
a, and ex-
^rass, seeds,
great abun-
ing colonies,

f cultivation,
The surface
ilmost entire-
la or new red
of the soil is
)very of coal,
production ot
luvium which

, are annually
ts, beets, pars-
,, strawberries,
;r productions
;ular great at-
of the island
■uit, especially

(vould sustain,
a good state
mown produc-
resent, besides
,irly infer that
iiumstances, be
Johnston with
nsk be correct,
rovince, would
eed that num-
t its fisheries
Scotia, and the
arise from the
!e by the trade

cceived a large
Iso from ama-
examples well
been carefully
I of the island,

among whom none ranks more highly than Judge Peters. This gentleman,
in 1851, published a pamphlet, consisting of 78 pages, on the agriculture
of the island, of which 10,000 copies were circulated by means of the
agricultural societies and schools. The subject of manure is well treated.
The judge shews the value and variety of the means within the reach of
most of the farmers to make composts and to save manures, an important
branch of the agriculturists' duty. The culture and rotation of crops, with
many recommendations as to farming in general, are laid down in such a
practical manner, that any one, however limited his knowledge may he, may
follow the directions. With reference to the character of the subsoil, and
want of system in farming among many, much may be drawn from the fol-
lowing remarks, page 54 : — " There can be no doubt that the shallow plough-
ing generally adopted in this island is a most erroneous practice. There
may be some cases where the vegetable soil is very shallow, and rests on
gravel or sand, where the farmer cannot plough deep without injury ; but
most of the soils of this island may be ploughed eight or nine inches deep
with the greatest advantage. Take most of the worn out lands of the island
and plough them with a furrow of six honest inches deep, and they will at once
yield a better crop than they have given for the last ten or fifteen years, be-
cause the soil which would then be brought up to the surface has not been
exhausted." The Inspector of Schools is employed to deliver lectures on
agricultural chemistry, throughout the island, which is of vast importance
to its farming interests.

One of the strongest stimulants to the improvement of the island farming has
beenapphed to it within the last few years by means of the " Eoyal Agricul-
tural Society," and its numerous branches scattered throughout the country.

The general usefulness produced by this society will be best understood
from the following extract from page 3, of its report for 1852 : — " Through
its (the Society's) instrumentality, a great stimulus has been given to agri-
cultural improvement. Turnip culture, the great basis of successful farm-
ing, a few years since almost unknown, is now becoming general. Great at-
tention is beginning to be displayed in collecting and saving manures ; stock
of improved kind are early sought after, while an increased demand for
agricultural publications, a spirit of emulation amongst the farmers, and the
desire now generally evinced by them to improve in their art, prove the in-
fluence of the Society to have been as beneficial as the attempt to introduce
itwaa successful.

This Society continues its usefulness by holding annually an Industrial
Exhibition at Charlottetown, where a complete agricultural panorama of the
island is exhibited. It receives annually from the legislature tlie sum of
five hundred pounds, on condition that there is an equal amount contributed
by private individuals.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

Acres of land cleared in

1827. 1833. 1841. 1848.

69,909 94,630 141,580 215,389

From this ratio of increase, and from the great stimulus recently given

to agricultural improvement, we may infer thar, the gross amount of cleared

land, in 1855, will not fall far short of 300,000 acres, nearly one-fou;-th of

the arer. of the colony.

366

!» n^l

i hm

^arming Stock.

• ' . '1

• 1827.

1838.

1841.

1848.

Horses,

3,977

6,299

9,871

12 845

Neat cattle,

22,925

30,428

42,414

49,810

Sheep,

39,859

50,510

73,642

92,785

Swine,

21,531

20,702

35,522

19,863

The geological character of the island soil is peculiarly adapted for the
rearing horses and sheep. Its pasturage, though not so luxuriant as that
of the neighboring colonies, is both rich and wholesome, and seems admira-
bly' calculated for the health and well-being of animals of this description.
It is said, too, that no noxious exhalations arise from its soil ; and the ap-
pearance of the stock i'ully justifies this opinion. I'rom the port of Be-
deque alone, thtre were shipped, in 1852, horses to the value of £7,242
sterling; and in 1853, the number sold from the same port were 332; valued
at £7,769 sterling.

Grain^ and other agricultural productions.

1833.

1841.

1848.

Wheat, bushels,

128,350

153,570

219,787

Barley, "

.88,850

83,299

75,521

Oats, "

261,664

611,844

746,383

Potatoes, "

1,310,053

2,230,114

731, .575

Turnips, "

154,000

Other roots,

153,933

The average crop of wheat is about 15 bushels per acre ; oats, 30 bush-
els ; Swedish turnips, about 800 ; frequently, 1200 bushels, or 30 tons of
the latter, have been produced on an acre.

These tables shew the effects of the potato disease, as well in the small
quantity raised, as in the falling off in the number of swine. Hoi -ever,
this disease is yearly becoming less, and great attention is again being paid
to the production of this valuable esculent, for the production of which this
island has been so justly famed. •

Some particulars as to the export of the leading articles of agricultural
produce will be found under the head of exports and imports.

i*i ,■.

((

((
((

((

PROGRESSIVE POPULATION.

In 1797, there were 3,567 inhabitants, by estimation.
1827, " 23,266 '' by census.

1833, " S2.294
1841, " 47,033
1848, " 62,678

1855, at least 75,000 " by estimation.

The emigration to, and departures from the island, for the last few years,
have been about equal ; still, the population has almost doubled itself with-
in the sixteen years previous to 1848.

- EDUCATION.

This has always been a favorite subject with the island Legislature, and
there have been successive enactments to promote it too numerous to detail ;
but the educational plan appears at last to have resolved itself into what may

367

be called a Free School System, the people paying, in a great measure, for
its support by a tax on land.

This system compels the absentee land-holders to assist in supporting the
schools, as well as those who are actually in possession. There is a tax of
five shillings per one hundred acres on all wilderness land, and half this
amount on cultivated land, with a proportioLate rate on town and water lots.
In addit'.n to this, the inhabitants have to provide school houses, and are as-
sessed for books and fuel. The Government pay to male tor.chers of the
first class £55, currency, per annum, and to those of the second £50. Fe-
male teachers are p^iid £30 per annum. The balance required for the sup-
port of the schools, beyond the amount raised by the land tax, is paid out
of the general revenue of the Colony, and if any district requires a superior
school, ihe iuliabitanta have to furnish the additional means required for its
support.

There is a Board of Education, by whom all teachers are examined and
licensed. For these purposes, the island is divided into school districts, the
boundaries of which are registered by the Board, and the school houses
must not be nearer than three miles to each other ; an Inspector visits all
the schools periodically, and reports their state to the Board. In consequence
of the increased desire recently manifested for education, and the wish to
secure good teachers, the inhabKants have, in many instances, boarded the
teachers in addition to the government allowance.

Number of schools in the following years : —

1841. 1848. 1854.

116 182 231.

Thirteen Acadian French Schools are included in the returns for 1854.

The number of pupils in the last year was 9,922, being 5,564 boys and
4,358 girls. The expense of supporting these schools was £9,638 currency.

By a comparative review of the school statistics of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, it will be seen that the latter sends
one third more children to school, in proportion to its population, than either
of the two former. This fict tends to prove the superiority of the island
system, over those of the other two colonies, and perhaps more strongly,
the greater interest in education taken by the people.

The following extract from a lecture delivered in the Mechanics" Institute
at Charlofctetown, by John A. Stark, Esq., Inspector of Schools, in the year
1855, in the presence of a large audience, shews the enlightened views en-
tertained by that gentleman on this importrnt subject,, at least as far as this
island is concerned: — " An educati'^nal machinery," the lecturer observes,
" has been set in motion, admirable in many of its external provisions. There
are upwards of 260 schools, in which from eleven to twelve thousand chil-
dren are in attendance. An excellent series of school books has also been
provided, but one thing is yet lacking. The great increase in the number
of schools, the large proportion of the revenue voted for education will never
improve and elevate the education of the people, unless the standard of qua-
lification for the teacher be raised, and a provision made for his special train-
ing, in the art of communicating. But I would indulge the hope that, ere
long, there will not only be a Normal School established, but that every
school will be provided v/ith a play-ground, or uncovered school room, for
the children, and a house and garden iur the teacher. When this is accom-
plished. Prince Edward Island will be a model and esamplo to the North
American Colonies."

368

I' > >■

A %■

it. :■,

; :■:

1 ^

.'I' » f;

Central A.mdemy. — This institution, the only one of this nature on the
island, is situate at Charlottetown, being nearly its centre. It is under the
patronage of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, and the Chief Jus-
tice, President of the Legislative Council, and Speaker of the House of
Assembly, are ex officio trustees and governors ; there arc besides others ap-
pointed by the Government. It is conducted by three masters, who teach
the classics and the higher branches of mathematics ; it is supported partly
by Government and partly by fees from the scholars, and is the only public
educational establishment which is not entirely free. The number of scho-
lars varies from 100 to 120. There is also »%. Andre^o^s College, a Ro-
man Catholic Seminary.

Charlottetown also contains a Juvenile School, Scientific, Literary, Bene-
volent, Bible and Missionary Societies, some of which have branches in dif-
ferent parts of the island, and much good is derived from their exertions.

Literature. — From the recent improvements in the educational system, a
considerable impulse has been given to intellectual research. In addition to
some periodical and miscellaneous works published on the island, there is a
great importation, both of school books and general literature, containing much
varied information. There is a very good subscription library at Charlotte-
town, f\nd from the circumstance of many persons of wealth and literary
taste from the mother country having taken up their residence at that place,
giving its society a European air, its literature has fully kept pace with
other places on this part of the American continent.

The papers published are the Royal Gazette, Haszard's Gazette, the Islan-
der, the Examiner, and Advertiser.

Religious Denominations, and Places of Wursliip. —In 1841, there
were 75 places of worship in the island ; in 1748, there were 109. The
number of clergymen in 1855, were, Church of England 10 ; Presbyterian
11; Roman Catholic 10; Methodist 15; Baptist 2; other denominations
5 ; making a total of 53 clergymen scattered over the island.

POSTAL ARllANCJExMENTS, AND MEANS OF TRANSIT.

There is a general Post Office Office Depar^'ment established at Charlotte-
town, and upwards of forty post or way offices in various places. The rates
of postage, on all dispatches to or from the island being three-pence, are the
same with those charged in the other North American Colonies ; while the
internal rate, on letters parsing within the island, is two-pence per half
ounce.

From the position of the island, and the severity of the climate, there will
always be an uncertainty and some difficulty in keeping up a regular postal
communication between it and the continent. During the summer, for six
months at least, the mails are carried to and fro, twice a week, by steam-
boat, by way of Pictou, a distance of forty miles. It would, however, be a
great improvement if the mail hags were sent by a steamer of light draft
from Charlottetown to Bay Verte, and forwarded from thence either to
Amherst, Nova Scotia, or to Sackville, New Brunswick, (18 miles) to meet
the mails running between Halifax and Saint John. The distance by sea,
from Charlottetown, is somewhat less to Bay Verte than to Pictou, and a
land carriage of 70 miles would be saved in the transmission of the western
mails, there, for New Brunsvriv'k, Canada, and the States, which are the
most important to the island, Ii is true that, as regards the Halifax mails,

369

the distance would be increased by about 50 miles ; but this would be made
up, in a great measure, by the saving of time in the western transit ; and
as soon as the rail, jad to Windsor is opened, a summer route will, no doubt,
be established, crossing to Parrsborough by steamer, and running from thenco
to Amherst, which will make it more expeditious than the prescn'; route.

In the winter, the bags are carried twice a week from Cape Traverse to
Cape Tormcntine, the most eastern point of New Brunswick, about nine
miles, and are conveyed from thence to Amherst.

We have before observed upon the great difficulty and hazard with which
the conveyance of the mails by this, the only route open (luring the -vintcr,
is attended ; but the importance of the subject to the inhabitants of the is-
land is 30 great, that we shall perhaps be excused for recurring to it. The
ice, for some distance from the shores, is generally smooth aiter the frost
has thorouglily set in ; while in the centre of the sU-aits, it forms, at one
time, a succession of mountains — at others, it consisu of snow mixed with
small particles of ice; the whole impelled by strong tides, and frequently
by high winds, across the intended path of the mail oiirricra. Occasionally,
and according to the state of tiie weather, much of the intermediate space,
between the more permanent and smooth ice, on each shore, consists of near-
ly clear water. Sudden and violent snow storms often arise, while the fee-
ble boat is engaged in passing this part of the gulf

During the winter of 1854-5, the mail boat, in endeavoring to effect a
passage, got into the midst of ruisses of iloatiug ice, and could not work
her way to either shore ; a violent snow storm; accompanied with wind,
arose, and slie was driven for a distance of forty miles in the direction of
Pictou. After four days' exposure to the storm and to piercing cold, the
crew succeeded in landing at Wallace. The ' '^sult of this melancholy oc-
currence was the death of one of the passeng( s from starvation, and con-
sequent exhaustion ; and several of the others werr -o seriously frozen that
amputation of the legs of one, and part of thf and toes of others, was
rendered necessary.

Numerous other cases of suffering have, from time to time, arisen out of
this hazardous service ; but, strange to say, no attempt has yet been made
to mitigate these evils. We hope, however, that the importance of this is-
land colony, and the increasing number of passengers who are compelled by
business to cross the straits during the winter, will arouse the attention of
the public to the best mode of preventing such heart-rending occurrences.

We make the following suggestions as tending to lessen the dangers of the
passage :

Ist. That a fog-bell be erected on Cape Traverse, and another on Cape
Tormentine, in addition to the proposed light house ; both of which would
be of great service, during a snow storm, to denote the position of the shore.

2nd. That a better kind of boats be provided, to be constructed on scien-
tific principles, so as to combine strength, lightness, buoyancy, and such a
model as will constitute them good sea boats, with the best accommodations
possible under the circumstances ; perhaps a premium for the best model or
drawing might be advisable.

3rd. That every boat carry a ship's compass.

4th. That no boat be allowed to start from either shore, without at least
three days' provision for the passengers and crew, ncr without some spare
warm clothing, especially for the feet.

Probably, if this precaution had been adopted on the melancholy occasion

370

I; M:-

ir-HlU

i ' i.

we have just referred to, the party would not have been driven to attempt
to 8ati3fy their hunger and thirst by the blood and flesh of a dog, the only
animal on board ; rnd notwithstanding this disgusting expedient, one life, at
least, was lost. Men can support much cold and fatigue, if they arc well
supplied with food and warm clothing.

A joint committee should bo appointed by Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
and Prince Edward Island, who should report to each of the^e Governments
respecting this service ; stating how it might be improved, and performed
more efficiently and safely. Competent and experienced men should be se-
lected for mail carriers, who should be well remunerated for the performance
of the duty.

LKJIIT HOUSES.

Additional light house accommodation is much wanted on the coast of
Prince Ed^.ard Island, and indeed on the whole of the Northumberland
Straits A light on Cape Tormentine, and another on Cape Traverse, would
be 01 incalculable advantage to the passing shipping, especially as regards
the shoals extending from the former Ctipe ; and these would, no doubt, pre-
vent, in future, the recurrence of such disasters at this spot, as have charac-
terized the past.

There are only four light houses, properly so called, on the island : one
at Point Prim, Charlotte Town ; one on Panmure Island : one at Richmond
Bay ; and another at Cascumpeque.

Besides these, there are several temporary lights, which are hoisted on
wooden frame-works, at Charlotte Town, Bedeque, and other places, during
the summer.

FISHERIES.

Though there are few localities in the whole of North America where
this branch of industry could be more advantageously carried on, yet those
facilities are not made available to any great extent. The citizens of the
United States, lowever, have not neglected thera, for, (hiring the fishing
Beason, the whole coast of the island is studded with their vessels, while its
natives pay but little attention to this pursuit. This neglect may, probably,
be attributed to several causes. A want of enterprise, and, to some extent,
of means, is one of the principal. The high protective duty heretofoie im-
posed by the States, but now abolished by the Jtlgin treaty, on colonial taken
fish, may have operated in this respect : but another and more general rea-
son may be found in the superior quality of the island soil. As soon as a
fisherman arrives on the island, he does not long remain one, but turns his
attention to the cultivation of the soil ; and between a liule fishing and a
little farming, he too often contrives to spoil both.

The harbors of the isl?.nd are well adapted for ihk pursuit, and almost
every kind of fish are most abundant, but especially mickarel, cod, herrings
and alewives. The Government will, if they substantiate their claim to the
fishery reserve, as it is called, own a belt of h^d 500 feet in width round
the coast, and up the rivers as far as the tide flows, m certain townships, and
in others the mere right of fishing ; and they will, no doubt, readily grant
sites for establishments of this nature, or licenses co use the beach ; the same
privileges could, ro doubt, be easily obtained iro'ji the proprietors.

There are majij small establishments for fishang along the coast, but the

371

principal are at Tignish and Cascumpeque, in Prince county, one at Eut
Point, and another at Three Rivera, in King's county.

The amount of tonnage bounty (now discontinued) paid by the Govem-
naent in 1853, towards the encouragement of the fisherieaf was £1,143 cur-
rency. During that year, these bounties were paid on 750 barrels of mack-
arel, 2,704 barrels of herring, 4,277 quintals of codfish, and 2,812 galloDf
of oil. J

COMMERCE, REVENUE, &c.

Shipphis. — In 1846, the island owned 265 vessels ; in 1850, the num-
ber owned jud registered was 310, of the gross burthen of 27.972 tons;
and in ISf/i, it amounted to 323 vessels, of the burthen of 31,410 tons.
Vessels (.nter"d inwards in

1850.

557

25,017

Number of ships,

Tons

Seamen,
Vessels entered outwards :

Number of ships,

Tons,

S-eamen,

Number of vessels built in

2,082

1850.

638

40.322

2,301

1851.
533
24,993
2,370

1851.

621

41.823

3,631

1852.

10,104

1853.
76
13,340

1854.
106
24,111

1854.
X273,191

and pork, 2,042

Ship?,
Tonnage,
Gross amount of imports in sterling :

1850. 1851. 1852. 1853.

X123,n7 X134,648 £172,088 £210,678
Exports in 1853. — Cattle, 401 ; sheep, 408 ; beef
barrels; barley and oats, 522,000 bu&hels ; flour, 119 barrels; oatmeal,
1,070 Wrels ; dried fish, 11,534 quintals; fish, 5,507 barrels: potatos
and vegetables, 149,241 bushels; boards, 2,620 feet; lathwood, 256 cords;
shingles, 346 thousand ; timber, 7,511 tons — the whole value of timber ex-
ported being £24,295 sterling.

In 1852, the principal exports were : barley and oats, 600,877 bushels ;
potatos and vegetables. 241,687 bushels; fish, 5,507 barrels; dried fish,
11,534 quintals; value of limber, £18,700 sterling.

The above figures do not include all the exports, but nearly the principal
items. It will be seen fluit they consist, principally, of farm produce, which
speaks well for the agricultural capabilities of the island ; but to illustrate
these more strongly, we give the following statement, derived from the best
authority, of the value, in sterling money, of this description of exports, for
the three years ending 1853 :

1851.

Barley, £4,084 ; cattle and beef, £1,738 ; wheat and flour, £566 ; oatg
and oatmeal, £21.882; pork, £92; potatos, £7,984; sheep, £184; tur-
nips and carrots, £1,252.

1852.

Swley. ^5,84^1 QptUe and beef, ^2,678; wbest wd Sour, ^768; o^tl

\f: »

I fi

and oatmeal, ^86,796; pork, ^61,996; potatos, £12,894; sheep, <6dl6;
turnips and carrots, £223.

1853.
Barley, £3,504 ; cattle and beef, £2,034 ,• wheat and flour, £414 ; oats
and oatmeal, £31,478 ; pork, £5,770 ; potatos, £11,308 ; sheep, £249 ;
horses, £7,769.

Gross liable of Exports :

1852. 1853. 1854. -

"^ £103,256 £19^ MS £149,202

The ports at which trade reus rarriea on, during the year 1853, and the
. amount, in sterling money, of imports and exports at each.

Imports. Exports.

Charlotte Town,

, £148,209 £49,003

Bedeque,

8,670 21,566

George Town,

20,132 16,102

Col vi lie Eay,

7,664 7,867

Tignish,

2,678 3,949

Cascumpeque,

2.978 3,622

Malpeque,

7,,698 4,704

Murray harbor,

2,910 2,934

St. Peter's,

'1,800 •• 1,724

New London,

671 4,248

Crapaud,

776 4,936

Grand River,

2,539 4,818

Orwell Bay,

3,887 1,868

These sums are exclusive of fractional parts of a pound.

There are no rxtengive manufacturing establishmenta on the island.

According to the census, bliere were in operation in

1841. 1848.

Grist mills,

87 116

8aw mills.

83 139

Threshing machines, 246

Revenue.

The amount of revenue collected in the undermentioned years was :

1852,

£20,188 sterling. . £31.283 currency.

1853;

23.563 " 35,345 "

1854;

30.689 ^' 46,033 ''

Bxpendiiurt.

1S52.

1853. 1854.

£14,856

£19,622 About £24,000 sterling.

CURRENCT.

The circulating medium of all tlie British North American Colonies <lif-
fers much in its relative value ; and the variation is grfa,ter in this than in
either of tho others. Tlie value of island money, compared with that of the
other Provinces, will be found on page 4S.

To change Rtorling into currency, ono half must be added, — thus, £200
sterling is equal to £300 currency ; and on the contrary, to brin^ currency
into sterling, ono- third id to be deducted,- -thus, £450^urrenoy is equal tQ
*eaOO Rterliftg, - - - ,.

■ii; ifi.-^Sur,-' aMM— Mi

^H-

beep, Jttl^

, ^£414 ; oats

iheep, ^249 ;

CHAPTER V.

1853, and the
U each.

Exports.

.£49,003

21,56C

16,102

7,867

3,949

3,622

4,704

2,934

1,724

4,248

4,086

4,818

1,868

island.

1848.
116
139
246

!iird was :
currency.

00 sterling.

m Colonies ilif-
in this than in
with that of the

1,— thus, X200
i3ring currency

EMIGRATION.

From the earliest period since the discovery of the American Continent,
this subject has been a favorite object with the statesmen of Great Britain.
The plmling new colonies engafj;ed the attention of every successive Sove-
reign since Queen Elizabeth. From time to time the work of colonization
has proceeded ; sometimes from motives of private profit, or patriotic views ;
sometimes to escape from religious persecution, at others to avoid the horrors
of poverty ; sometimes as a private speculation on some system or attempted
system, but oftener without any system at all. And who shall say, looking
at the vast christian population now occupying the territories formerly ap-
pertaining to the wild beasts of the forests, or the scarcely less wild Indi-
ans, that King Charles the First was not right, when he said, in his letter
to the Baronets of Scotland, previously to the abortive attempt then made for
the settlement of ancient Nova Scotia, that it was " a work (the coloniza-
tion of North America,) which we consider to be for the glory of God, and
the honor of the Nation, from the benefit that is likely to flow from the
right prosecution of it."

And who indeed, that talks at the commercial intercourse carried on by
the mother country, with her North American dependencies, will not admit
that great and lasting benefits have "flowed from the prosecution of this
mighty work."

Among the nobility and statesmen of J3ritain mIio have recently directed
their attention to this subject, we may mention, besides the late Earl of
Selkirk, whose exertions were unparalleled ; the late Dukes of Bichmond,
and Argyle, Lord McDonald, Lords Normanby, Palmerston, and Sydenham,
W. Chisholm, Sir Augustus 1). Easter, Dr. Norman McLeod, and the
Earl of Mountcashell : and not a Governor of one of these Colonics but has
gone hoaie fully sensible of the importsmce of emigration to British Ameri-
ca. Lori Durham, whose able report first carried conviction to England of
the great value of Canada, and every one of the late and present Govern-
ors of Nova Scoria, New Brunswick, and Prmcc Edward Island, have held,
and still hold, the same opinion.

It matters not to enquire into tho reasons for all of these eminent men
having arrived at the same conclu.sion. Some, perhaps, saw most strongly
tho bencfiu that would accrue to an overcrowded and frequently starving
population at home, from their removal to a country where there was, and
still is, ample land for their occupation, and where food could be plentifully
obtained for tlieir labor.

Others again perceived tho vast industrial resources open ou this side of

374

ii.:

motives ; there were others who encouraged emigration on the grounds thai
it would elevate the manufacturing classes at home, Among the latter we
find Lord Brougham, himself, an host, who uses the very strong expression,
that "every one driven into a tree in British North America sets in motion
a shuttle in Manchester or Sheffield."

The greatest obstacle in the way of emigration, to these Colonies, has,
, heretofore, been the want of system on the part of its promoters, conse-
quently some distress has inevitably arisen. Recently the Province of Cana-
da has done much in the improvement of their system by the employment
of Doctor Rolph, formerly of Ancaster, Canada, an able energetic gentle-
man, who laid the results of his extensive acquaintance with that Province
before the British public, in consequence of which Canada has recently re-
ceived an unparalleled stimulus through his instrumentality, while the three
lower Prvvinces have been allowed to remain comparatively unnoticed.

It is utterly futile to talk of the settlement of a country without first
making it known both at home and abroad. The United States and Canada
have published their great resources far and wide, so that not only has the
whole tide of emi<»ration been directed to these countries, but a large portion
of the wealth of Europe lias found its way there also. And if the Pro-
vinces, which are the subject of this volume, are desirous of advancing, they
must report their vast latent resources in those regions of the world, where
so much surplus labor and capital now lie dormant. And previous to any
extensive emigration being resolved upon, preparation should be made by
locating townships and constructing roads through them, and affording other
facilities for settlement.

Before, however, proceeding further in the subject of our remaiks, we
shall lay before the emigrant a brief outline of the vast extent of unim-
proved land, and which may be profitably cultivated, within the boundaries
of these three Colonies : —

New Brimsvnck contains, exclusive of water, 17,677,360 acres.

Granted, (nearly) 6,677,360 "

Total ungranted,

Quantity unfit for profitable cultivation,

.11,000.000
4,000,000

((

Good arable land still ungranted, 7,000,000 "

The upset price of this land, is two shillings sterling per acre.
Of the quantity granted, there are still unimproved. 6,000.000 acres.

Of which there ar<- fit for cultivation, 4,o00,000 "

If we add to tliis the vacant crown land fit for settlement, we have 11,-
000,000 acres of land of a good (|uali«-y for agricultural operations, still ly-
ing in a wiUlerue.ss state. Jlence, there could be settled on tlie crown land
of the Province, allov/ing each settler one hundred ncrei, 70,000 families,
and on private property, 40,000 families ; conse((uently 110,000 families
could be settled in addition to the 35,000 families now in the Province, and
still there would be abundance of land left for fuel and lumbering ope-
rations.

Thera are upwards of 200,000 acres of the public lands located and
ready for settlement. As to the localities, where the best facilities are to
be found for settlement in this Province, the reader is referred to the des-
criptions given in a former part of this work of the different Counties of
Jfew Branawiok.

ii.l;!^-^.^W-lw

375

grounds tbat
the latter we
g expression,
ets in motion

Colonies, has,
Doters, conse-
ince of Cana-
3 employment
rgetic gentle-
that Province
IS recently re-
vhile the three
anoticed.
^ without first
tes and Canada
)t only has the
a large portion
nd if the Pro-
idvancing, they
e world, where
previous to any
Id be made by
affording other

iir remaika, we

xtent of unim-

the boundaries

677,360 acres.
,677,360 *'

,000,000 "
,000,000 "

000,000 "

acre.
000.000 acres.

:r.oo..ooo " ,

It, we have 11,-
irations, still ly-

tbe crown land
70,000 families.
.10,000 furoilies
10 Province, and

lumbering ope-

iids located and
, facilities are to
jrred to the des-
ireut CoufttieB of

((

Nova Scotia contains, exclusive of water, about
Of this quantity, there are still ungranted and fit for
settlement,

On which, at 100 acres for each family, 10,000 families could be located
Of the quantity granted, there is fit for settlement about 5,000,000 acres.
Of which, there is improved about 1,000,000 "

12,000,000 acres.
1,000,000

Still unimproved, 4,000,000 "

Hence, there are about 5,000,0Q0 acres of good land still unsettled in

Nova Scotia, on which if we allow 100 acres to each settler, 50,000 settlers

could be located, in addition to the 50,000 families, which now inhabit the

Province.
The crown land in this Province is sold at ten pounds currency per one

hundred acres, including the cost of survey.

Prmce Edumi'd Island contams 1,360,000 acres.

Of which there are fit for settlement, 1J020,000 ''

The Government owns, . 80,000 "

There are in the whole, not less than 600,000 acres of good land on the
Island still unsettled, which would afford space for 600 families. As to the
manner of disposing of the lands of the Island the reader is referred to the
last Chapter.

Hence, we are fully within moderate limits, when we say that there could
be settled on the crown lands of these three Colonies, 80,800 fiimilies, and
on private property, 90,000. Making a grand total of 170,800 families,
that could be located on the still unin: proved lands of these three valuable
Provinces.

The Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Land Company own 550,000
acres near the centre of the latter Province, which they sell at low prices,
and the St. Andrew's and Quebec Railway Company own nearly 200,000
acres in the south west section of the Province, some of which is being sold
at twenty shilling per acre; with the exception of these tracts, and the ori-
jinal grant of Prince Edward Island, there are no large districts granted to
companies, so that the principal part of the unsettled lands are in the pos-
session of the local governments and private individuals, by the former of
whom they are sold on application at mere nominal prices.

The following pages will be found to contain as much practical informa-
tion and directions to intending emigrants as some little experience and ob-
servation have enabled us to supply as ♦'O the course to pursue in order to
obviate some of the hardships, for hardships there undoubtedly are, to be
undergone, and to secure the results to be reasonably expected from a settle-
ment m these colonics.

Before proceeding, however, with this part of our subject, it may be use-
ful to take a hasty glance at the condition of the mass of the p' iple, " the
poor" of the United Kingdom. It is not necessary to refer to ihose times
of extreme distress when employment could not be obtained, and when the
scanty remuneration, grudgingly afforded to the agricultural labon^-, was
eked out by the parish allowance, so as to enable \vm barely to sustain his
family. It is not necessary to describe the destitution of the manufacturers
of Paisley, or of many of the districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire ; or
the famine by which Ireland, and other portions of Britain, were sorely af-
flicted. Those times, we may hope, have passed away. Still the poor havs

376

?i I .

* m. ■

not ceased to exist in the land ; and it may be well to contrast the position
of many a hard working man in England, Scotland and Ireland, with that
in which he may be placed in these colonies. Taking for example the best
agricultural districts in the kingdom. Wages are now comparatively good,
employment is more abundant, and the laborer may perhaps be earning
twelve shillings a week, while in this country he earns more than double that
sum ; in the former instance he is enabled, by the liberality of the land-
lord, to rent his little plot of ground ; and he is in comparative com-
fort—comparative with regard to his situation in times of great commercial
and agricultural depression. But what hope has he of bettering himself ?
He cannot acquire a title to a foot of ground ; he cannot, by the utmost
economy, realize enough to stock the smallest holding that any prudent land-
lord will rent to him. The days of small farms have passed away : and he
and his oflfsprings must be centent to remain day laborers from generation
to generation, and to trust in old age or calamity, to the tender mercies of
the union. As to education, there are charity schools ; and thankful is the
laborer for the great boon thus afforded hirn, for the limited instruction given
— but still it is givoi to him — he cannot afford to pay for it ; and thus the
spirit of indepenclance is lost ; the best stimulus to exertion ceases ; and it
is to this cause that the striking difference between the inhabitants of these
Pro\inces and that of the old country is to be attributed.

And if we turn to the man ifacturing districs of the mother country, is
the picture any better ; for there also, more disheartening means are found
to operate. It is utterly impossible for the manufacturer to elevate himself
above his more scanty pitance, or even to give his children an ordinary edu-
cation.

Until recently, the principal portion of the emigration from Europe has
been directed to the American Union. That country has long been >».n
asylum for a vast number of the surplus population of Great Britain ; in-
deed the exodutj from Ireland alone, it is said, has of late far exceeded that
from all the rest of Europe.

In June, 1841, the population of Ireland numbered 8,175,124; and in
March, 1851. it only amounted to G. 515, 794; shewing a decrease in ten
years of 1,659,330. This diminution of the Celtic race in Ireland was ow-
ing partly to the emigration, and partly to the famine of 1847, which spread
death throughout the land. The first cause still continues to operate at the
rate of from 250,000 to 300,000 per annum, and the number, leaving Eng-
land, Scotland and Germany, have latterally been very considerable.

The removal of such large bodies of the human family from one country,
climate, and government, to other regions so entirely different, is one of the
most remarkable social phenomena of the present century. There appears
to be little reluctance, in this age, to leave one's country, the land of one's
childhood, and the home of early associations. The great desideratum with
the emigrant is improvement in his social, moral, political, and pecuniary
condition ; an object undoubtedly highly important to the welfare of our
race, and which may be attained, in a greater or less degree, eitijer in the
United States, or in the British North American Provinces. Until within
the last few years, and since Canada, California, and Australia have beconK*
better known in Europe, the States were the only land of promise to tlic
emigrating thousands of the mother country. With regard to the two lat-
ter, although their gold has attracted to them a large amount of population,
yet it is undeniable that their social, moral and physical condition cannot be

compared to that enjoyed by the inhabitants of these Provinces ; and if we
look at the steady, and, of late years, rapid march of improvement that has
characterized the three lower colonies in every department, we can only ac-
count for the fact of their being inferior in population, in proportion to their
extent and capabilities, to the surrounding countries, by the best of all rea-
sons, namely — the ignorance existing abroad of the vast available resources
with which they so richly abound.

The various statistical details given in the foregoing pages will establish
the fact that, considering their meagre population, there is no country on
this side the Atlantic that has advanced more rapidly, within the last few
years, than New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island ; and
even in the worst times, when their commerce lay prostrate, and disease was
destroying that valuable esculent, the potato, for the production of which,
both as to quantity and quality, they are so justly famed, no person starved,
none died of want, and there were no symptoms of that filthy wretched-
ness and misery vrhich characterize so large a portion of the European pop-
ulation, even in the mcst prosperous periods. Here every man possesses a
high degree of independance ; so much so that, especially among the native
born, all aim at being masters; few are willing to remain servants; and
none think of continuing in that capacity more than one or two years.

As to the climate and agricultural capabilities of these Provinces, and the
various pursuits presented by the developement of their resources, it is need-
less here to repeat what we hr ve said in other places in this volume, on these
and other subjects, but we merely refer the reader to the articles treating on
them for further information.

The laws of these Colonies are wholesome and well administered, and life
and property are as secure as in any other American country, or even in the
best governed states of Europe. In this respect we yield to no nation in
the world, possessing all the advantage of English law, divested of much of
its technicality, expense and delay. OlTences of an aggravated character
are scarcely known to e.vist, especially among the native born. Seldom,
indeed, do we hear of man laying violent hands on his fellow man ; law and
order are every where respected • and every man can go about his business
without fear of molestation.

It is not unfrequent to meet with large communities, composed of hundreds
of families, without even an action of assault being brought within the year,
and this fact is, of itself, sufficient, as far as the morality of the country is
concerned, to warrant the stranger, at least as far as peace and quietness is
concerned, in adopting these Provinces as a home for himself and his family.
Cases of felony are still more rare, and the lower J*rovinces do not afford so
much experience in this way, as would be gained by one day's attendance at
a police office in any of the large European cities. In a word, all here ap-
pear to be in a happy and thriving condition, and last, though not least, in
this money making age, every person seems to prosper.

It is material to the emigrant, if he has a family, that there are upwards of
2,000 schools scattered over these Provinces in such a way that there is scarce-
ly a settlement of half a dozen families that cannot participate in the benefits
of education, and the people possess full freedom both in religion and poli-
tics. The country is not infected with Know-No(hini,nsm or any peculi-
arity which leads to divisions among the people ; the only subjf^ct of a pub-
lic nature, is what at the present time m falsely called Temperance}
this subject has, and still does excite the pubUc miad, and laws ar9|i[eiQg

378

r t

J 'i

enacted respecting it, which certainly do interfere with the rights of the sub-
ject. But time, that faithful teacher, will no doubt settle the extreites
down to consistency.

Politically, the people are being educated so as appreciate the fact, that
measures not men are the best modus operandi of civil government, which
is the principal reason why those Provinces, with so limited a popula.,lon,
compared with their extent and resources, have made such steady and per-
manent advances.

As the civil and religious liberties enjoyed by a country are two great
cardinal beauties of its government, these Provinces certainly, in this res-
pect, have good reason to be thankful. In religion, as in politics, all enjoy
liberty to adhere to any church, or to none — to contribute to the support of
any church, or none — just as they pl(?ase, or as their conscience may dic-
tate. As to poor, there is no comparison between the poor of this country
(if speaking comparatively, they can be so called,) and those of any coun-
try in Europe.

We are most desirous that those wishing to settle in British America, should
study its various resources, so that they may not be misled with regard to
the difficulties and hardships to be encountered by all new settlers ; for even
here some difficulty and hardships must bo encountered ; although perhaps
they would hardly be considered worth notice by those iiardy emigrants of
the last age, the principal part of whom came to this country and settled
among savages without a pound in their pockets. Future emigrants can
know, comparatively nothing of the difficultic-? cncoi ntered b}' the first set-
tlers of the country. We could name large and flouvis-''ing settlementi:, which,
fifteen or twenty years ago, were a mere solitary wilden ess ; but which, with-
in that period, have been settled by persons who emigrated from what we
familiarly call " the old country." Many of these flourishing villages were
composed chiefly of persons who began to clear up new farms without pe-
cuniary means, without a knowledge of the country, or its usages, without
knowing how to use that all important implement, the axe, without the abi-
lity to pay a fraction for their lands, and at that time frequently at such a
distance from other settlements, that their provisions had to be carried for
miles on their backs, over bad roads, or through mere wood paths. These,
indeed, were hardships, but they were only temporary. Yet these men,
having located themselves in a healthy country, have by their sobriety, in-
dustry, and attention to their farms, not only paid for their grants and se-
cured to themselves a competency, but are now settling their families around
them, with good roads and schools, affording privileges in the way of educa-
tion and otherwise, which the original settlers themselves could, in scarcely
any instance, have received from their parents before leaving Europe. Into
what a different state of society do these men find themselves transplanted,
at the expiration of this short period, from that in which they were living
at the place of their birth. Then many of them were existing in misery
and servitude, all in a state of depondance in which they and their posterity
must have continued; here after a few 3?ears, though some of them may
have seen years of hardships, they are living in abundance, paying no tax,
except perhaps somt trifle for the maintenance of some old decrepid person,
who, through misma aagement or accident, is unable to procure his own sup-
port. Here, too, they are eligible to any office, from that of a parish officer
to a seat in the Legislature, for which their education or their abilities may
qualifjr tham.

379

I of the sub-
le extreii'ss

le fact, that
ment, which
I popukvlon,
idy and per-

e two great
in this les-
cs, all enjoy
le support of
ice may dic-
this country
of any coun-

lerica, should
ith regard to
ers ; for even
lugh perhaps
emigrants of
y and settled
tmigrants can
the first set-
mientL, which,
t which, with-
er om what we
villages were
i without pe-
flf^es, without
lout the abi-
x]y at such a
36 carried for
iths. These,
these men,
sobriety, in-
raiits and se-
milies around
i\y of educa-
in scarcely
urope. Into
transplanted,
f were living
ig in misery
leir posterity
f them may
ying no tox,
rcpid person,
his own sup-
parish officer
abilities may

In these last observations we have confined ourselves to the case of emi-
grants arriving in the Provinces under very different circumstances from
those who may now adopt them for their country. The Governments having
expended large sums in opening new roads and repairing old ones, have
rendered the wilderness more easy of access ; affording means to the
destitute emigrant, of supplying himself with immediate employment,
and habituating him to the country, previously to fixing himself on a farm.
The facilities for locomotion are vastly improved, and the settlements almost
continuous, so that most of the difficulties experienced by the early emi-
grants to these Colonies have now ceased to exist.

Again, the construction of railways has actually commenced; 130 miles
of which are under contract in New Brunswick, from St. John to the Nova
Scotia boundary, and a similar distance is being built in Nova Scotia, and
the St. Andrews' and AVoodstock line is fast progressing towards completion,
besides other lines in contemplation, which avUI, in the whole, afford employ-
ment for several thousands of persons Ib^. y^jwt% to come.

The length of the various lines of railwiy-foi^templated by the Provinces
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, excn^jivfr Of the Halifax and Quebec
line, will not fall short of TOO miles, the completion of which, will be the
steady aim of these Provinces, and will afford employment for a portion of
the surplus capital and unemployed population of the, mother country ; be-
sides which a vast extent of new land will be opened for settlement by the
various lines and the common roads which must connect with them.

Shipbuilding, for which these Colonies are so highly famed, will no doubt
continue to afford employment to a large population ; as nearly one half the
cost of building a ship is expended in labor. The reader-may imagine the
vast amount that will be required in the prosecution of this business, which
must continue to be one of the staple resources of the Colonies as long as
their forests last, a period almost interminable.

As to the extent and character of the common roads and other travelling
facilities, the numerous telegraph lines, the importance and vast extent of the
coast and river fisheries, the improvements made in the extension of settle-
ments, and the other latent resources, the reader is referred to the various
articles enabodied in this work for more minute details.

A heavy responsibility is incurred by those who presume to advise an in-
tending emigrant in the choice of his adopted country ; and this we should
equally feel m spealcing of these Provinces as of any other section of this
Continent. Difficulties will arise, hardships have to be borne, and disap-
pointments will occur wherever he may bend his course. Dissatisfaction too
often ensue, und the poor man regrets, perhaps, that he had left the land of
the Shamrock, the Bose, or the Thistle ;. frequently giving verification to the
proverb : " that home is home, be it ever so homely." But these fond as-
sociations cease as circumstances improve, and the emigrant sees his family
settled around him in comparative wealth, exercising their religious and civil
liberties without restraint.

We have endeavored to place before the public, and those who may peruse
our statistical statements with a view to emigration, plainly and truly, such
facts as we could collect of a useful nature. Still, emigrants must judge for
themselves. We are, however, justified in asserting that there are few
places on this continent where well-directed labor is better remunerated, in
times of ordinary prosperity. All we ask, therefore, of this class of our
readers, will be to make themselves acquainted with the resources of the

380

1 1

n s

1 .

* i I

country — with what they may fairly expect, if they do adopt it as their fu-
ture homo ; and then, having carefully estimated their prospects in tjie land
of their birth, to judge for themselves, and thus probably save much disap-
pointment ; or, at any rate, they will only have to blame themselves, should
they be disappointed in tbe results.

The first consideration, therefore, for every man contemplating emigra-
tion, must bo his position at home, of which he is, of course, the best judge,
and whether he can improve it by removal. To decide the last question, he
must be probably informed as to the character of the country to which ho
proposes to remove - information which it has been the object of the forego-
ing pages to afford ; and lastly, the course to be pursued on his arrival.
We will now proceed to give the best directions in our power as to this last
and most important point :

1. The best season for the arrival of the European emigrant on these
shores is about the first of May, which will afford him suitable time, before
winter sets in, to become acquainted with the country, its climate and usages.

We caution t'l emigrants, intending to settle in the lower provinces, against
embarking for Quebec, or any of the ports on the river Saint Lawrence, as
there are no steamers or regular means of conveyance from thence to the
ports of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or Prince E. Island. All emigrants
should reserve their passage tickets, in order that, if the terms of their
agreement with the ship-master should not be complied with, they may have
access thereto, and obtain redress. There is an emigrant fund, from which
sick emigrants alone are entitled to support,

2. The principal places in the United Kingdom, to which emigrants re-
sort for embarkation, and where they find the greatest facilities, are Liver-
pool, London, Bristol, Glasgow, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Aberdeen, Dublin,
Cork, and Belfast. The ports of disembarkation are Halifax, Pictou, Pug-
wash, and Yarmouth, in Nova Scotia; St. John, Saint Andrew's, Shediac,
Buctouche, Miramichi, and the ports in the Bay Chaleur, in New Bruns-
wick ; and Charlottetown, in Prince Edward Island. Persons desirous of
settling in the eastern sections, either of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or
Prince E. Island, where certainly the greatest facilities for settlement pre-
sent themselves, should sail direct to Pictou, Pugwash, Sbediac, llichibucto,
Miramichi, Charlottetown, or the ports on the Bay Chaleur, according to the
locality they may have made choice of The average length of passage to
either of these ports is about thirty-seven days. Those who may bend their
course to the southern or western parts of either Nova Scotia or New Bruns-
wick, should choose Halifax or Yarmouth, in the one Province, and St. John
or St. Andrew's, in the othc" . The average passage to cither of these ports
is about thirty-six days. Here we may be allowed to caution the emigrant,
if he land cither on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia or the Bay of Jb'undy
shore, either of that Province or New Brunswick, not to be alarmed at the
sight of rocks or tracts of sterile soil ; or if he see snow lying late on the top of
some high hill, he must not hastily conclude that winter has a life-lease of
the whole country, oi that there is not rich arable land in these fine provin-
ces. Let him take a ramble into the interior, when such erroneous notions,
should they be entertained for a time, would speedily be eradicated.

The following is a scale of the usual cost of a passage from Britain to
either of these colonies :

Cabin passage, with provision^; from £12 tc iG15 sterling,

latermediate do., 4 to 5

((

381

Intermediate do., without proviBions, about £4 sterling.
Steerage, with full allowance of provisions, 6 to 7 "
Do , without provisions bevoiid the legal allow-
ance, ' 3 to 3 10 "

Distances from ports in America to England :

Halifax to Liverpool, 2 800 miles.

St. John " 3.053 "

Boston " 3,000 " •

New York " 3,100 "

Charlottetown " 3,000 "

Sb.ediac (via Gut of Canseau), 3,080 *'

Note. — The reader is referred to the table of distances, page 21, of this
work.

All emigrants are, on t'l.oir avrival in New Brunswick, detained at the
quarantine station until they have been examined by the proper medical of-
ficer. The tax on each emigrant is 2s. Id. sterling ui 2s. 6d currency,
which the master of the ship has to pay ; and in addition to which, if there
are any lunatic, idiot, maimed, blind, aged or infirm person, not belonging
to an emigrant family, a bond must be executed that such person shall not
become chargeable to the Province for three years. The other colonies have
arrangements, respecting the landing of emigrants, similar to those of New
Brunswick.

3. All persons, but especially those not bred to any mechanical trade,
should, as soon as they have sufficient acquaintance with the manner of per-
forming the several labors of the country, procure a small tract of good
land, not exceeding one hundred acres, unless they have extra means at com-
mand ; and even in that case, it will be found more advantageous to expend
a portion of the capital in the improvement of a small farm, than to exhaust
the whole in a large investment of this nature — an error into which emi-
grants frequently fall.

4. As the credit system, or " paying in kind," is still very prevalent in
many parts of these Provinces, the emigrant cannot be too strongly caution-
ed against making any purchase of land, until he shall have realized, by his
labor, if he is not previously master of sufficient means, enough to pay the
purchase money. It is not unfrequently the case that an emigrant, looking
only at the comparatively small cost of 3 or 400 acres of land, and dazzled
by the name of a landholder, applies, immediately on his arrival, for a large
tract, perhaps not judiciously selected ; the cost of the grant being paid by
some capitalist, who may probably favor him with supplies. The nominal
owner, after years spent in hard ]abor by himself and his family, finds that
he is obliged to let his benefacior take the whole. We could name instan-
ces where this has occurred, and the emigrant and his family have had to
betake themselves to the wilderness, and, with the aid of their dear-bought
experience, in a few years more, rendered themselves independent.

6. After the emigrant has been enabled to settle himself on a lot of land,
he should devote the whole, or by far the greatest part of his attention to its
improvement. And here, again, we cannot too strongly condemn the prac-
tice, so frequently pursued, namely, that of abandoning the cultivation of
the soil, whenever the demand for labor increases, ai.d returning to it as soon
Q9 that demand abates. All who know anything of farming will concede the
fact that io farm well requires undivided attention.

»'

LU\

382

6. As the emigrant should avoid running into debt, he should be careful
not to settle on poor land ; the almost certain consequence of such a step, at
the outset, is to keep himself poor. With regard to general information res-
pecting immediate requirements) it is the duty of the emigration officers and
deputy treasurers to afford it to those who arrive in the provinces ; and the
inhabitants of the country will not be found backward in this respect ; but
the land surveyors will generally be be?*" '^'"^ to give the best directions,
both as to the situation of good land for ..ent, and other local facilities.
And as the labor of farming is so varied, there is no way in which the fami-
ly of the emigrant can be more profitably employed than in agricultural
pursuits.

7. It is frequently found advisable for a man with a family, and without
money, to rent an old farm for a year or two, until he is enabled to secure
some means, and becomes familiarized with the country ; and this can gen-
erally be done in the more densely populated districts. It is very custom-
ary for parties letting to receive labor on the land, or farm produce, in pay-
ment of rent, which gives the renter a great advantage.

8. The followinrr list will shew the kind of pursuits most in request in
this country, and the wages generally paid per day, in addition to board and
lodging :

Currency. Sterling.

Carpenters and joiners
receive from

Gs.

Od.

7s.

Gd.

4s.

9d.

5s. ll^d

Masons,

7s.

Gd.

to lOs.

Od.

5s.

Hid.

7s. lid.

Bricklayers and black-
smiths,

do.

Tailors,

6s.

Od.

8s.

Od.

48.

9d.

Gs. 4d.

Cabinet makers,

4s.

lOd.

6s.

Od.

4s.

Od.

58. Od.

Coopers,

83.

7d.

4a.

lOd.

3s.

Od.

43. Od.

Farm laborers,

3s.

Od.

4s.

6d.

2s.

4 id.

33. 7d.

Tanners and curriers,

5s.

Od.

7s.

Gd.

4s.

Od.

58. Hid

Sail makers,

6s.

Od.

7s.

3d.

53.

Od.

Gs. Od.

Ship carpenters,
Shoe makers,

38.

3s.

9d.
Od.

to
to

5s.
4s.

Od.
Od.

33.

2s.

Od.
4^d

to
to

43. Od.
3s. 2d.

Plasterers,

5s.

Od.

7s.

Gd.

43.

Od.

5s. IHd

Painters,

4s.

Od.

5s.

Od.

33.

2d.

4s. Od.

Millers,

do.

(

lo.

(

.lo.

do.

Millwrights,

5s.

Od.

Gs.

Gd.

4s.

Od.

5rf. l|d

Lumberers receive from three to five pounds per month ; book-binders
and printers earn from £3 lOs. to X4 currency per month ; dairy-women
from XIO to £L2 currency per annum.

"When board iiid lodging are not included, as they are in the above scale,
from nine to fifteen shillings per week, according to the price of provisions,
must be added.

The artizans and mechanics most in request in this country are masons,
carpenters, blacksraiths, ship builders, bricklayers, shoe makers, sail makers,
tailors, tin-smiths, saddle and harness makers, and painters.

9. The average rate of wages for agricultural labor, in addition to board,
washing, and lodging, may be taken as follows :

Able-bodied men, by the year, X25 currency. <

Do., by the month, during harvest, 3 "

Do., winter months, , JJ

((

"""■MP*

.:i

aid be careful
uch a step, at
formation res-
)n officers and
ices ; and the
i respect ; but
est directions,
local facilities,
■bich the fami-
n agricultural

,y, and without
.bled to secure
this can gen-
is very custom-
roduce, in pay-

•

t in request in
ion to board and

Sterling.

. to 53. lUd.
d. to 78. lid.

do.

1. to 6s. 4d.

to 5s. Od.

to 4s. Od.

,d. to 33. Td.

[. to 53. U^d.

I. to 63. Od.
to 43. Od.

d. to 39. 2d.
to 58. IHd.

II. to 4s. Od.
do.

to 5rf. l|d.
;h; book-binders
[b ; dairy-women

the above scale,
|ce of provisions,

itry are masons,
cers, sail makers,

addition to board,

^5 currency.
3
2 "

Wages per day, during harvest, Ss. to 48. fid.

Other summer months, 28. 6d. "

During 1854, the price of labor far exceeded these rates. Gpod men
have been getting from <£4 to <£5 per month, during tlie year. It is not to
be expected that the emigrant, on his first arrival, can know how to perfoim
much of the work«of this country so efficiently as those brought up in it ;
he must not fall into the too common error of expecting as high wages as
the more skilful workmen for the first year or two.

There is a great demand in towns for domestic servants, and in tlie rural
parts of tiie country, farm servants are also much wanted, and can always
find abundance of employment, at highly remunerative prices. Boys at the
age of about 15 years can always obtain work, either at farming, or by bind-
ing themselves for three or four years to a mechanical trade.

10. Price of AgricuUund Implcmc.nls : —

Ploughs, from <£2 10 to .£5 currenry.

Cultivators, 15-' 1 10 '•

Harrows, 1 " 4 "

Hay and Straw Cutters, 2 " 4 "

Scythes, 5 " «j Gd.

Artizans may bring out with them any portable tools thoy may possess ;
but agriculturists need not bring articles of husbandry to this country, as
they can be purchased here cheaply.

Emigrants may bring warm clothing, and such domestic articles, if not
too bulk}^ as they may possess, and also all the hooks they may have or
obtain without too great an outlay.

The most useful implements required by the emigrant on his settling in
either of these colonies, are an axe, a hand (cross cut) saw, nail hammer,
spade, scythe, sickle, one inch chisel, one inch au;^ur, two or three gimblets,
and shoemaker's awls, and a couple of pinchers. Ho should not omit, for the
use of the female part of his family, a spinning Avheel. hand reel and loom,
a pair of hand cards, and other articles of a domestic nature, all of which
can be obtained in this country at a cheap rate , and the sooner a new set-
tler and his family learn the use of these and other similar implements, the
better it will be for their comfort. In fact, necessity compels the emigrant
for the first four or five years after he locates hin.oclf on a new farm, to
convert his house into a miniature manufactory, where all utensils for farm
use, clothing, &c., could be made.

11. yli'emoe Price of Farming; Stock : —

A good cart horse,

A serviceable riding horse,

A yoke of oxen,

A good milch cow,

A "pig one year old,

A pig one month old,

Sheep, per pair,

X20

currency.

i ',

1 5

The reader is referred to the articles. Climate and Agriculture, for fur-^

and 56.

per acre, of clearing land and erecting

ther information on these points j/dges 49 and 56

12. — The average price,
{buildings ■ —

For chopping an acre of wilderness land,
Piling, burning off, and lencing

XI 10 cur.

;'*»

' f

Planting one acrd of potatoes' on burnt land, 1 our.

Etumping one p.cre of land . 1 10 "

Erecting a comfortable .'of^-housd, 16 "

All these prices will hr found to vary according to circumBtances ; for ex-
ample, an expert axe-ni'in will chop an acre of land, in some situations, in
four days, while in others it would take him six ; again, half a dozen men,
with a yoke of oxen, would errect a log-house or barn for half the amount
a contrp.cter would >.sk.

There is a custo-a throughout the new scttlemants in these Colonies that
the Deighbors sho'iid assemble and assist a new 'jomer in the erection of bis
buildings or the chopping and clearing his first field, which is highly impor-
tant at the outPdt.

Emigrants -.vill find it advantageous to settle in groups, and if possible where
there are settlers scattered round, who have had a few years' experience ;
by familiar intercourse and conversation with them, they will spedily learn
much that will be useful both as to the manner of performing labor and
other Twatters connected with the country.

Thjre is every inclination on the part of the Colonial Governments to
assis', emigrants, by opening new roads and grunting such other facilities as
the exigencies of the case may require.

There are Surveyors in every county who are ready to lay out the land,
kc. And where groups of persons are desirous of emigrating, they should
seni pioneers to make arrangements and prepare the way previous to bring-
ing out their families, or muke their intentions known to the emigrant officer
of the port, at which they desire to land, at least a month or two previous
to disembarkation. Such a course would save both them and their families
much delay and expense, and probably if they have no means, save suffer-
in 5 and inconvenience.

The price of land cleared, either wholly or partially, depends on the lo-
cality, quality of the soil, and the state of improvement. A fiirra of two
hundred acres, in a new settlement, with five acres under the plough, and
about ten acres in pasturage, and ready for stumping, with a log-house and
barn, will cost from X150 to X200 currency; with a frame house and barn,
from .£200 to ,£300.

An emigrant possessed of ^100 or £200 sterling, can settle himself and
i'amily comfortably on an old farm with considerable improvements ; and a
man having £400 could locate himself in the more densely'settled section
of the country, where every luxury that he ought to require may be ob-
tained.

The validity of titles can be ascertained at the Register Office for each
county, and all lands originally held in fee simple, by grants from the crown,
under the great seal oMfle Jp'rovince, without quit-rent, mines and minerals
alone, been preserved ^Ql,|the crown. All private lands are transferred by
deed, which is registered jri the county where the land is situate.

'■■%^.

Governments to
ther facilities as

pends on the lo-
A farm of two
the plough, and
a log-house and

B house and barn,

settle himself and
'ovements ; and a
"ly^settled section
quire may be ob-

;er Office for each
s from the crown,
lines and minerals
are transferred by
situate.

Page

23 — twelfth line from top,

64 — seventh «'

68— fifteenth ««
103— twenty-third "
137— " "

140— twentieth "
140— twenty-first "
141— thirty-fourth "
142 — thirty-second"
146— ninth "

165 — thirty-second "
172 — twenty-lourth"
176— fiftieth
184 — forty-second
187— twelfth
188 — forty-second
189— third
190— fifty first
191 — twentieth
196— fifty.first,
201— thirty-fourth
202 — twen ty-sixth
207— fourteenth
222— eleventh
245— thirtieth
246 — thirty-second
147 — twenty-third
147 — twenty-fourth "
147~twenty-fifth "
269— fourth
290— fifteenth
298 — twenty-second "
303— twenty-fourth '«
310 — twenty-second "
313 — thirty-second "
331— ninth "

354— fourty-eiffhth "
359— thirty-lifth "

((
((
((
((
<(

u
<(
((
((
II
<(
((
(<
((

((
((

ERRATA.

For

lUad \

" Vote,"

Veto.

" Fleece,"

Flax. :

"2000,"

2800.

"Wild,"

Wide.

" Merepis,"

Nerepia.

" 998,898,"

99,898.

" Inwards."

Outwardfl.

" L'Etary,"

L'Etang.

" Dock,"

Dark.

" Strong,"

Stoney.

" Indirect,"

Insulated.

" Streams,"

Stoaraera.

" Fairogues,"

Peroeuea.
And layed.

" Proceed to lay,"

" Larger,"

Longer.

"Sheltering,"
" Parishes, '

Stretching.
Families.

"Capt. Piper, R.E.,'
"1852,"

' Capt. Pipon, R.B.
1842.

"Crept,"

Cropt.

"Wild,"

Wide.

" Useful,"

Awful.

" Consist,"

Exist.

"Seadoue,"

Scadouc.

" Great of,"

Great mass of.

" Quarter,"

Quota.

" Some,"

None.

" Absence,"

Abstract.

" Science,"

Crime.

" Liabilities,"

Localities.

" Generally:,'^""

9s.
Genera.

«' Represented i'^

Reprehended

" Inclusive,**

Exclusive.

" 1843,"

1853.

"Open acceSBes,"

Open the roceflseB.

" Town," ,

Term.

" Clotting," ^^

Clothing.

1 V y

■

-■• ^'^

5 ^

> r-

'^ '■,"■■

(3 ^"^

-^.

j> ■--■

^■:i