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AND ^^Med PRINCE EDWAIfBy ISLAND. v'tl Their History, Civil DivisioHs, Geograpny, and Productions ; V W" Wrm STATISTICS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES ; AFFORDING VIEWS OF THE RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF THE PROVINCES, AND INTENDED TO CONVEY USEFUL INFORMATION, AS WELL TO THEIR INHABITANTS, AS TO EMIGRANTS, STRANGERS, AND TRAVELLERS, AND FOR THE USE OP SCH00K3. ■ mmtmmmmi BY ALEXANDER MONRO, ESQ., Author of a Treatise on Theoretical and Practical Land Surveying. HALIFAX, N. S. : PRINTED BY KIOHARD NUGENT. 1855 Zr 234829 It is full Provinces c ments nece mate; an of valuabli ble rivers / river Jislm ble the inhi country, of of Prince I valuable in One of tl with this es ranee, in a cially of th( colonists lo( body of me: era of Nati( Britain and the chief ri and the Aii the winter s fax in the S] geography a is not unfre( press of Gr eluded in th It is almc without mor tion, it will making ther must be pla( national pro< with increas The detai taught in ou ^ _ derstood at ^\"V $1- I to be circula -^"^ ■ dant populat / I portion of h( / ■ done to elevi hibition of t country stoo fiented a par 4 jr am . ■•.-f : INTRODU(?riON. ^ It is fully understood, by the feio Tvho have- studied the resources of the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick^ that they possess all the ele- ments necessary to their elevation in the scale of nations : a healthy cli- mate ; an excellent soil for agricultural purposes ; inexhaustible forests of valuable timber, accessible by an extensi})e sea-board, and by naviga- ble rivers ; immense mineral resources, and an unparalleled coast and river fishery ;—ix\\ of which, when developed, are highly calculated to ena- ble the inhabitants of these Provinces to compete with those of any other country, of equal extent, on the American continent. And the little colony of Prince Edward Island, although it may not abound with minerals, is in- valuable in all the other advantages above referred to. One of the principal reasons for so little having been done, commensurate with this extent of resources and capability for developement, is the igno- rance, in a great measure, even of the colonists themselves, but more espe- cially of the inhabitants of the mother country — that source to which the colonists looks for aid— of the true character of these Provinces. When a body of men, possessing such facilities for knowledge as " the Commission- ers of National Education in Ireland," would give to the youth of Great Britain and America a book on geography, so recent as 1849, stating that the chief rivers of New Brunswick are the Saint John, the Shubenacadie^ and the Annapolis ; and that the inhabitants employ themselves, during the winter season, in rolling logs down the banks, and taking them to Hali- fax in the spring,— it is no wonder that it was asked, probably taking this geography as a guide, " How far it was from Halifax to Nova Scotia 7" It is not unfrequent to find, in perusing descriptions of those colonies by the press of Great Britain, that the whole of them, 35,000,000 acres, are in- cluded in that of Canada. It is almost impossible to advance in the scale of general improvement, without more than ordinary etforts. In this age of panoramic representa- tion, it will not do merely to imagine the existence of resources, without making them, as weii as their worth, both known and appreciated. They must be placed, in miniature, on the tables of those numerous exhibitions of national products and artistic industry, which are now going hand in hand with increased commercial skill and intelleciial improvement. The details necessary to a real knowledge of these Provinces should be taught in our schools and literary iustiiutions^ in order to be properly un- derstood at home. A cheap work, detailing their capabilities, is required to be circulated in ihe mother country, so that a portion of her super- abun- dant population might be induced to take up their residence in this extensive portion of her dominions. How much, it may be asked, have these -oloniea done to elevate their character in .y respect. At that ever-memorable ex- hibition of the industry of all nations, held in London, when almost every country stood forth in bold relief to the world, Nova Scotia, it is true, pre- sented a partial ej^hibitiou of her resources, for which she got her share of r- i . praise ; but how did New Brunswick figure 7 "iSy o '-"np of asphaltum, the figure of an Indian, and a bark canoe /" Am the exhibition re- cently held- in New York, this Province was repreitki " solely by two beaver hats, and a box of biscuit ! I" What an exhibition to makc^ by a Province whose resources are so varied and extensive ! Why did not some friend draw a curtain over the whole ? I am sure his name would have been emblazoned in letters of gold on the flags of our Provincial Fxhibi- tions, — exhibitione which, if they had been made in London or New York, would have eclipsed many of those which have been receiving the praise of an admiring public. And with regard to the principal part of the works written on these colo- nies, they have either been confined to detached parts of their resources, or they have expatiated to such an extent upon Indian wigwams, canoes, haunts, customs, manners, &c., that, however true, as matters of history, they must, when presented to those desirous of emigrating, have a tendency to impress their minds with the idea that their lives would be in danger as soon us they disembarked on the shores of the Province ; and that the inhabitants are litill living in the midst of Indian squalor. Such, however, is far from the truth — for the aggregate number of Indians in these three Provinces is not more than 2U00; out of a gross population of not less than 550,000 souls ; and, whatever may have been their original number and character, they are now a very harmless and inoffensive people — much more so than a great proportion of the super-abundant population of the mother country. See passes 275 and 278 of this work. it is almost impossible for colonies of such amplitude and varied capabili- ties, and with so limited and scattered a population, and having their atten- tion directed to so many different pursuits, to make a comparative progress in the general advancement of their trade, and the developement of their other industrial resources. In addition to the obscurity in \Nhich these colo- nies have been enveloped, their inhabitants, while they have done much to advance their progress, have still, in some respects, themselves assisted in retarding it, by drawing unfair comparisons as to the relative progress of their own country and the United States, the latter possessing great nation- al powers, and into which has been pouring for years a large portion of the inhabitants, industry, intelligence and wealth of Europe, besides the gold of California. These unfair comparisons are generally made at the least tem- porary depression or drawback in the prices of jhips or deals, or any failure in the growth of agricultural produce. W^e forget that other countries suf- fer reverses both in agriculture and commerce : and we require a little of the nationality, as well as of the education, that characterize the Union. It would be difficult to find a native of the States undtrrating his own coun- try ; but, on the contrary, we invariably hear him boasting of her resour- ces, her institutions, and her commerce, and frequently asserting that there is no part of her wide domain, however sterile and barren the soil, or how- ever limited the apparent capabilities, in which he could not make money. It is now generally admitted that the inhabitants of these colonies live easier, and do not labor so hard, as those of the United States ; and one thing is certainly true, and it is much to bo regretted, that there is not the same Talue placed on time in the colonies as there is in the Union. Until very recently, a great proportion of the inhabitants of these lower Provinces have abandoned, and frequently sacrificed, the good old farms, on which their fathers have resided and lived independently, iii order to be- coTue qualifie idea of living which, to sa) viduals, has i of these laboi That a pre Provinces, th properly und of the writer tion of the f( humble but sub-divisions will be foum railroads, and In addition colonies, I ha statistical res^ merous frienc best thanks, may tend to ] unknown dej means of rem before aliudeci ous of adoptir In consequ and thirty mi sioned hy seni Printer, a fe\ work not pro( rata. The whole, indulgent Pul Bay Vert Octob ■•H. fphaltum^ libition re- »ly by two nakfli by a > not some ould have al Fxhibi- ^ew York, J praise of. these colo- sources, or C9, haunts, they must, to impress ion as tliey bitants are r from the noes is not JOO souls ; r, they are in a great Qtry. See ;d capabili- their atten- '0 progress tit of their these colo- e much to assisted in progress of eat nation- tion of the the gold of least tem- any failure ntries suf- a little of Union. It own coun- ler resour- that there il, or how- ke money. live easier, le thing is t the same hese lower old farms, »i4er to be- come qualified for the law, or some other profession or occupation, under the idea of living easier and more icspectabJy than by tilling the soil ; a course which, to say nothing of its effects upon the comforts or happiness of indi- viduals, has in many instan^'^s proved highly inimical to the best interests of these labor-requiring countries. That a proper value might be set on the resources and capabilities of the Provinces, than which nothing would more effectually tend to make them properly understood and adequately appreciated, has been the main object of the writer in devoting no small trouble, labor and expense to the prepara- tion of the following pages ; it will be for his readers to decide how far his humble but zealous efforts have been successful. The map shewing the sub-divisions of Nova Scotia, IS'ew Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island will be found useful to the reader, as well as the one shewing the roads, railroads, and minerals. In addition to my having personally traversed a large portion of these colonies, I have consulted nearly all the works extant on their natural and statistical resources, and have received much valuable information from nu- merous friends in different parts of these Provinces, for which they have my best thanks. Trusting that the information thus collected and arranged may tend to produce a better knowledge of these infant and comparatively unknovrn dependencies of the Crown of Great Jiritain, and may be the means of removing or lessening these erroneous impressions to which I have before alluded, and may also be found useful as a directory to perauns desir- ous of adopting them as their home, is the sincere desire of the writer. In consequence of the writer residing so far fiom the Press (one hundred and thirty miles) while the work was being published, and the delay occa- sioned by sending the proof-sheets to thf; writer and returning them to the Printer, a few inconsiderable errors have been committed in the part of the work not proof-read by the author, which will be found 'n the table of Er- rata. The whole, however, with its numerous imperfections. ■' dicated to an indulgent Public, by ALEXA^^x MONRO. Bay Verte, Westmoreland County, N. B., October, 1855. m.' 1 • ^^ !;: 1 TO INSTRUCTORS OF YOUTH. While tbc general reader ia referred to the title page for an explanation of the ostensiUe object of the following pages, we beg to direct the attention of the teachers of parish schools to the principal subjects, and the pages ■where they may be found, which we believe every child in the British Pro- vinces Bhould be acquainted with, namely : — The situation, area, number, population, and political character of the Provincial divisions into which British North America is divided, with their respective head quarters and chief towns ; the number of counties in each Province— their boundaries, sub-divisions into parishes, and their shire- towns; Geography ; General Description ; Early History ; Climate ; Geolo- gy ; position, extent and variety of Minerals ; Agricultural Capabilities ; extent, variety, and uses of their Forest Trees ; Fisheries— their extent and natural history, and other natural advantages ; along with statistics of the extent of their improvement, ho. New Brunswick ; — Early History, see pages 4 to 7. Boundaries and General Description, 7—9, Geography, Latitudes, Longitudes, and Tides, 10 — 19. Distances, Civil Divisions, and Political Department, 21 — 27. Judicial Institutions, their number and duties, 29 — 31. Currency, 48. Climate, 49. Agricul- tural Productions, Indigenous Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, 55—56. Agricultural Capabilities, 56. Fisheries, natural history of, 87 to 93. Natural History : Ornithology, Zoology, 94—96. Botany, 96—103. Geology, 103—109. Summary Description of the St. John, 178—182. Historical Sketch, 183 — 185. Passing Observations, 210. Historical Memoranda, 230—234. Provincial Education, Literature, and Religious Denominations. 245—258. Nova Scotia ; — History of, 260-275. Aborigines, 275—278. Earthquakes, 278— 280. Boundaries, 280. Civil Divisions, 281. Geography, 281—287. Geology, 287. "^^rest Trees, 295. Climate and Agriculture, 300—302. Political and Judicial Institutions, 306—307. Education, Literature, and Religious Denominations, 316. Island of Cape Breton, 344. Prince Edward Island ; — Geography, History, 352 — 356. Civil Divisions and Political Depart- ment, 356 — 359. General Description, 359. Climate, 365. Geology, S63. Agriculture, &c., &c. Introdaotion, Map of Nova Sco ftnd Prince Edw |MapofRoad8,Rai{ c Extent and Reaoui America, Historical Sketch < Remarkable Dates Boundaries and g New Brunswick, Geography of New Latitudes and Loni Tides, [Light Houses, distances, livil Divisions of ^ •olitical Departmei Judicial Institution urors, *08t Office Departn lurveyor General's )urrency, Table of Currency o lanks, 'limate, agricultural capabil wick, agricultural Sociotl< tads, lilways, llectric Telegraph, lhip.building, umbering, he Fisheries — their mercial importanc isheries— Natural atural History— .Qj )ology, Btany, 8ology, svenue— Reoiprooit utufaotures, CHAP nntyandCityofg unty of Charlotte, Dg's County, leen's County, anty ofSunbury. " York, •* Carlton, " Victoria, mary description iiver, &o., itorical sketch of th itigoucho County, inty of Gloucester, lapitulatory sketch eur, inty of Northumbei sing Observations, u»tyofKent, '* Westmorelaj " Albert, otioal M«ffiorud«, ■>^ explanation le attention [ the pages Jritish Pro- icter of the I, with their ;ie8 in each their shire- ate; Geolo- llapabilities ; : extent and sties of the Description, Distances, Institutions, I. Agricnl- ts, 65—66. , 87 to 93. r, 96—103. 178—182. Historical id Religious ikes, 278— 281—287. 300—302. erature, and cal Depart- Geology, Introduction, Map of Nova Scotia, New Bronswiok, and Prince Edward lalpnd, Mapof ttoads. Railroads, and Minerals, CHAPTER I. I Extent and Resources of British North America, I Historical Sketch of New Brunswick, Remarkable Dates, I Boundaries and general description of New Brunswick, [Geography of New Brunswick, {Latitudes and Longitudes, [Tides, |Light Houses, ")i8tanee8, yinl Divisions of New Brunswick, Political Department, Judicial Institutions, Jurors, Post Office Department, Surveyor Qeneral's Department, \)urrency, table of Currency of Lower ProTinces, lanks, Climate, Agricultural oapabilitiea of New Brans* wick, Agricultural Societies, ' oads, ail ways, Electric Telegraph, Ihip-buildiug, lumbering, lie Fisheries — their extent and com- I mercial importance, 'gheries — Natural History, |atural History— Ornithology, ology, otany, eology, ^venue— Reciprocity Treaty, lu&otures, CHAPTEB n. bnnty and City of St. John, [unty of Charlotte, Ing's County, ^een's County, inty of Sunbury, " York, '• Carlton, " Victoria, :mary description of the St. John liver, &c., ktorical sketch of the river St. John, pgoucho County, mty of Gloucester, [lapitulatory sketch of the Bay Cha- Bur, mty of Northumberland, ^sing Observations, ity gf Kent, Westmoreland, Albert, ,M«moruda, 16 17 19 21 22 22 29 82 83 85 44 48 48 [NDEX.T^';o Page .^ ^^^r C9APTEB lU. Provincial Tables, Table, shewing extent of, and facilities for further scttlemeDt, Public LandH — .system'of locating and instruments employed, Provincial Educfttton, _v Literature, ^^^ 5 Religious denomination^, I Addenda, 7 I ClIAPTEB IV. lOJNovA Scotia — Brief Outline of the I History of, I Historical Memoranda, ! Aborigines, ] Earthiiuakos, I Boundaries of Nova Scotia, Civil Divisions, Geography, Geology, Forest Trees of Nova Scotia, \ Fisheries of Nova Scotia, Climate, Agriculture, Political and Judicial Institutions, 49' Post Office Department, Revenue, Light Houses, Manufactures, Provincial Exhibition, Roads, Distances, &c., Education, Literature, and Religious Denominatious, Halifax, City and County— Railways, County of Lunenburg, Queen's County, , Slielburne, County of Yarmouth, County of Digby, Annapolis County, 103 King's County, 109 1 County of Hants, Colchester, County of Camber land, , Pictou, The County of Sydney, The County of Guysborough, The Island of Cape Breton, Sable Island, i 56 67 71 75 78 79' 81 I 82 67 1 94 95; 96: 118 125 136 144 151 167 160 170 174 Peince Edward Island— Geography, History, Civil Divisions, and Political Depart- 17gi ment, 183 General Descripticn, 185 Climate— Geology, 193 Agriculture, iic, I Progressive Population — Education, Postal arrangements, and xaeani of transit. Light Houses — Fisheries, Commerce, Revenue, &o.. Currency, G&iPXU V. 200 201 210 211 216 22c SSOjEmigration, P*je 236 289 242 245 266 267 2C8 200 278 275 278 280 281 281 287 295 297 300 801 308 807 308 810 811 813 314 316 320 825 826 327 328 829 880 882 838 334 836 840 842 843 844 851 852 858 856 859 803 364 86S 863 870 871 873 879 S\ I Ml -ri ■ ■^ I .1 i ..!■■ ^X'>'. ^>^ '? liV' * * 10 4l-'6'-''» >^ ©s i;*: /'< !| >-5 !_^^ !_' »J>'*.^^l'8'^,i^B^'?(.t tf-tsc; y ^i % *, a \ /o '♦/ I 1 -^\- ^ •^ -u « ; In ^^ ■; .i HI ^1 ■'^'' '■' • 'I rf^i •■■^ :)*^'l ■^\. > 4 <, I Vii' 1 i ^ .J-' s y;?- -J*,, I 1 ( .' / • ■^ I f- • T; >^. i>^ 11 - Cv? ,( ., % i t ■As* •V .LJ' •^ ,» .rWT. '.**•*=' » W( f .1 ^ ':z"r-t— T ^•M^NMm ^f «.*'Mi* -^ is. irh.l-'ISyrrtif V .T.l ff •T I 61/ CHAPTER I. > Vr^ EXTENT AND RESOURCES OF BRITISH NOllTH AMERICA. Lrafiric The V2st extent of the British possessions in North •AmCrica is scarcely known even to its inhabitants ; and there are few of our fellow countrymen on the other side of the Atlantic, who are aware that British America includes a larger area than that under the government of the United States. A great part indeed is at present uncultivated and unproductive, except to the hunter and the courier de bois. The territories of the Hudson's Bay Company contain, no doubt, the locality of many a future province. A^'an- couvers', and other Islands in the Pacific, besides British Oregon, may hereafter afford homes to a numerous population, and give rise to new and extensive branches of commerce ; but, without indulging in these anticipa- tions, we shall find an ample field for our present inquiries, in the somewhat better known provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Canada, indeed, is too extensive, and requires too large a grasp to be made the subject of our present limited volume ; and each of the other provinces might well deserve a work of its own. New Brunswick is therefore our principal object, and the chapters devoted to the other two lower colonies must be considered as a very brief sketch of their present state. These five Provinces, which should be united under one general Govern- ment, either by a Federal or Legislative Union, as may be found best suited to the wants and wishes of their inhabitants, may, at no very distant day, become the seat of a great and powerful Empire. The following is a brief summary of the entire superficial contents of this widely extended territory, so far as it has been hitherto divided into distinct provinces : — Canada East, " West, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia proper, and Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Total area of Br. North American ) Provinces, exclusive of the Hud- > Bon' s Bay territory and Labrador, ) Aggregate population in 1830, 3 Acres. 128,(559,080 31,745,539 Totals. 11,534,196 2,000,000 160,405,219 20,000,000 13,534,190 23,040,000 1,300.000 218,339,415 1,375,000 €'\' Ml' iUii^ m i! Year. 1852, Population. 952,239 1852, 1851, 1851, i . ' 1848, 890,261 193,800 276,117 62,678 1851, 1851, 1851, 101,600 180,000 5,000 * ■ / . I . * • dates, 2,661,695 s At the latest date to which the census was taken, the population nnj»od as follows : — Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, . :• j : Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay Territory, Labrador, Total population to these dates, The number of inhabitants has doubled in about twenty years. Upper Canada, however, far exceeds this ratio, having more than doubled its popu- lation during the last ten years, and its increase has exceeded that of any other country in the world. The United States, from 1840 to 1850, have not added 6.666 per cent, to their inhabitants, and England only doubled itself in the last half century. Looking to the future, and assuming that Upper Canada numbered 950.000 at the commencement of 1851, and that the increase proceeds at the same ratio, she will have 2,050,000 in 1861, and 4,225,000 in 1871. The exf)oris of these colonies have increased more tJtaii five-fold duri?ig the last half century. The aggregate value of the exports in 1806, Avas, (cur- rency,) In 1834 it amounted to And in 1851 to To?mage of Ships. — In 1806, the tonnage outwards from all the Provinces, was 124.247 tons. In 1831, 836,668 " ,,, In 1851, 1,583,104 " In 1851 the tonnage inward amounted to 1,570.663 " These figures prove that the trade of these Provinces has doubled itself within the last twenty years. Hence, shipbuilding has become a large item of colonial industry,, not only to accommodate the trade of the Provinces themselves, but also for sale in Great Britain. This branch of business is at the present time mak- ing a progress altogether unprecedented in colonial history. In 1832, the aggregate of ships built, was 33,777 tons. In 1841, 104.087 " In 1850, • 112J87 '' Thus the increase in the tonnage of new vessels built in these colonies has been more than three-fold during eighteen years. In the same 3'ears we find the vessels built in the United States to be as follows : — In 1832, 85 In 1841, 118.309 In 185), 272,218 " British North An .erica is of course far behind the American Republic in point of tonnage, tl e amount owned by the latter in the year 1850 having reached nearly three million and a half of tons ; still, for the last twenty years, the comparative ratio of progression has kept pace, in this important .■£1.821,385 4,130,878 8.930,000 0,962 tons. a item, with t owned by th only three 1 Russia. Thus a CO sources of t other and ol will afford n proves as we expected froi Before dis union of thes appear to be whole, and W( sent, the cur: ject to separa in the arrang manufacture, and these are is a total abst the manner ( arrival in tiie subject, scare selves, hardly are puzzled ti minor but ve standing in tl; British Nortl possess in the tages that wo erful State ei portions of th( known colony power — bearit other member tages have bee of the day, an serving of th whole, whethe grasp, or if a should be ecli sister on the brought about culties would Union, in whii due share of ji no real and ini British Coloni is' '-, .. ' . (( item, with that enterprising nation. The gross amount of tonnage now owned by the Provinces is more than half a million, which is exceeded by only three nations of the world, viz., England, the United States, and Russia. Thus a comparison of the means, the population, and the maritime re- sources of these infant dependancies of the British empire, with those of other and older countries, better known, and with far greater advantages, will afford no unfavorable contrast ; and what has been already effected, proves as well the enterprise of their inhabitants, as the results that may be expected from an adc\|uate increase in their wealth and population. Before dismissin;^ tiiis subject, we may remark on the expediency of a union of these five Provinces, on one of the bases before suggested. There appear to be many reasons why such a union would be beneficial to the whole, and would remove various impediments to their prosperity. At pre- sent, the currency diffurs in almost every colony ; the post offices are sub- ject to separate nitmagemcut, and there is a consequent want of accordance in the arrangements ; duties are imposed on some articles of inter-colonie' manufacture; as well as on all foreign goods carried from one to the other, and these are found most vexatious and harassing to the merchant. There is a total absence of uniformity or system in the price of land, as well as in the manner of obtaining it ; the head money payable on the emigrant's arrival in the respective sea ports, and the (quarantines to which they are subject, scarcely agree in any two Provinces ; and the emigrants them- selves, hardly knowing a distinction between one Province and the other, are puzzled and discouraged at the very outset of their career, by these minor but vexatious difficulties. Much might be S|p.id of the power and standing in the great family of the world, which such a union would give to British North Americ-.i : of the influence she, as a whole, would thus possess in the general counc'ls and politics of Britain, and of the advan- tages that would accrue to every individual in being a member of a pow- erful State entitled to equal consideration with any of the more distant portions of the Empire, instead of the denizen of an obscure and scarcely known colony, too small to be of any apparent imp'^rtance in the scale of power — bearing but an insignificant relative value, isolated and alone, to the other members of the great Nation to which it belongs. All these advan- tages have been ably urged b}' some of the most eminent colonial statesmen of the day, and especially in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and they are de- serving of the utmost attention. If, however, a General Union of the Avhole, whether Federal or Legislative, sliould be considered beyond their grasp, or if any feav should bo entertained that these smaller governments should be eclipsed ana overwhelmed by their more extensive and powerful sister on the west, surely 'i union of the three Lower Provinces might be brought about, and thus much of the custom bouse, postal and other diffi- culties would be avoided. The example, however, of the American 1 'ederal Union, in which Rhode Island, and the other minor States, preserve thei:r due share of power and consideration, would seem to prove that there exisls no real and insuperable difficulty to the consolidation of the whole of tliQ British Colonies into one powerful body. T'l /! HISTORICAL SKETCH OF NEW BRUNSWICK. ! t| ^'1 As the avowed object of this volume is to set forth more fully the pre- sent resources and future prospects of this Province, for the purpose as well of exciting its inhabitants to a more exaltod and correct notion of its real worth, as of acting as a directory to those who may be desirous of making it their future home, it may be considered foreign to our object to enter into a detailed historical account of those minutire (of themselves suf- ficient to fill a volume) connected with its early discovery, settlement, conflicts with the aborigines, wars with France, the American Revolu- tion, and its ultimate peaceful possession by Great Britain. Of all these particulars, many of them no doubt highly interesting, more than a mere outline would be inconsistent with our present limits. Although the discovery of America, which took place in 1492, is due to Columbus, yet a more full and detailed exploration of the northern portion of the continent, and of its extent and resources, v*as made by John Cabot, a Venetian, who, in 1497, sailed in the employ and under the direction of Henry VII. of England, Thus, this enterprising navigator had discovered Labrador and other places on this part of the continent, probably Nova IScotia and New Brunswick, before Columbus had extended his researches beyond the G ulf of ^Mexico ; from the results of this voyage England claimed North America by right of discovery. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the gallant and ill-fated Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. In 1604 De Monts sailed from France, commissioned by Henry IV., the then Sovereign of that country, and took formal possession of all the terri- tory from the 40th to*the 4Gth degree of North Latitude, from Virginia nearly to Hudson's Bay. This extensive territory was called New France, of which only two small islands, St. Pierre and Miquelon, now belong to that power. De jNIonts explored the chief part of the coast, from Canseau, the most easterly point of Nova Scotia proper, to the river St. John, in New Bruns- wick. At that early period he discovered iron and copper ores, and esta- blished some settlements on the coasts of Nova Scotia, or ancient Acadia, which included Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and a part of the State of Maine. During this time, the English were planting settlements along the coasts of Virginia, INIassachusetts. and other colonies, thus encroaching on the nominal limits occupied l>y France. This gave rise to a protracted war between the two countries, both claiming, under various pretexts, a large portion of the newly discovered continent, This war was carried on, with some intervals of peace and alternate cessions of territory, for a century and a half; numerous treaties were made and as frequently broken by England or France, who fitted out many fleets and armaments, taking nnd retaking forts in different parts of these extensive dominions, till the treaty of Versailles in 17Go, by which the French Empire in North i'nnerica was virtually annihilated. The French, however, by this treaty wei-e allowed the liberty of fishing on a certain j)ortion of the coast of Newfoundland, as first conferred by the treaty of Utrecht in 1714, and a similar privilege, under certain restrictions, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence- Soon after the termination of this war, another, still more deplorable in its nature, broke outj being the revolt of the "old colonies,"' now the the pre- irpose as on of its sirous of object to jlves suf- ttlement, Revolu- all these n a mere is due to n portion m Cabot, rection of iscovers"^ bly Nova esearches England umphrey IV., the the terri- Virginia i France, belong to the most ,v Bruns- md esta- fc Acadia, State of along the ching on icted war , a large alternate ties were )ut many of these 'hich the ) French, fi certain treaty of 18, in the orable in X\q-w the United States of America. In 1776 these colonies declared their indepen- dence, and the revolutionary struggle continued until 1783, when it was acknowledged by Great Britain ; thus forming a separate Government, now the most powerful and best administered Republic yet known in history. An enumeration of the privations and harassing distresses endured by the early settlers in this part of the continent, during the protracted struggle between France and England for its possession, would be truly heart rend- ing. This contest was closely followed by the American Revolution, and on both occasions each party, but more especially the French, employed the various Indian Tribes as auxiliaries, who carried on the war in the most barbarous manner, endeavouring to exterminate the hardy settlers, to whose bravery and persevering industry wo are so deeply indebted. At length, however, these wars came to«n end, and Great Britain, by various treaties with France and the United St?.tes, retained the peaceable possession of Canada, Nova Scotia, (including New Brunswick,) the Hudson's Bay and Labrador territories, extending to t^ /) Pacific, together with the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, (since incorporated with Nova Scotia,) Prince Edward Island, A nticosti, and other smaller islands on the coasts of these countries. In 1784, New Brunswick was constituted a separate Fiovince, having previously formed a part of Nova Scotia ; and to this day, its history, boundaries and resources, have been so little known in Great Britain, that although it is undoubtedly one of the most valuable appendages of the British Crown, it is frequently blended with and considered a part of either Nova Scotia or Canada. REMARKABLE DATES. America discovered by Columbus, Extension of discoveries in North America by Cabo't, J)e IMonts took possession of a large portion of America in the name of France, Saint John River discovered by Do ]Monts, Canada ceded to France, by treaty of St. Germains, Nova Scotia rccoiu:!.ci'cd by Cromwell, Treaty of Breda, ceding these territories to France, Hudson's Bay CorrM/any established in England, Colonel Church's expedition landed in Beau Basin, now Chig- necto. or Cumberland Basin, Treaty of Utrecht concluded, by which Great Britain became possessed of Acadia, now Nova Scotia, &c., with boun- daries undefined, War with France recommenced. Cape Breton taken by the ProvinciaL, Cape Breton ceded to France, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, Lord Halifax dispatched an expedition under Governor Corn- Wi'Uis, to found a colony ut Chebucto, now Halifax, M. La Corne landed 600 men at Barge Yort, now called Bay Verte where he built a fort, afterwards called Fort I^Ionkton, in honor of its captor, Lieut. Col. Monkton, who also took Fort Beau-Sejour, now called Fort Cum- berland, 1704 1713 1744 1745 1748 1748 1749 r ■ :f ■ ■ •) 1492 1497 1604 1604 1632 1634 1667 1692 I I 1: 'd. 6 , :u : !i k -;■' Acadians removed, 1765 A numerous fleet, under Admiral Boscawen, and an army under General Amherst, were fitted out by Great Bri- . «; bi-v, tain; the Enghsa again became masters of the -whole of , . Njva Scotia; and about the same time. Lord Hollo took the Island of St. John, now Prince Edward Island, 1758 Quebec taken by (Jeneral Wolf, and total c^iPMucst of Canada by Great Britain, 1759 Attempt to regain (Quebec by France, 17G0 Treaty of Versailles, by which Britain obtained possession of all North America, 1703 Settlements commenced at INIaugerville, ia Sunbury County, on the River St. John; first grant of land made; the first commission of the Peace issued, and a Court held in the Province, 1766 A Congress of Representatives from the discontented colonies met at Philadel[)hia, to remonstrate against the grievances imposed by England, 1774 ■ Americans declared their independence, 1776 General Conway's motion, for the conclusion of tlie war in America, carried in the Imperial Parliament, 1782 Independence of the United States acknowledged, 1783 The Loyalists landed in i about c£ijO,000 worth of property, even the fish in the rivers, and many groves of excellent timber, 1825 Kings College established by Iloyal Charter, 1828 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Land Company incorporated, and received a grant of 500,000 acres between Fredericton and Miramichi, 1834 Potatoes affected by dry rot, 1835 Baptist. Seminary established in Fredericton, ■ 1836 St. Andrews and Quebec railway line explored and Company incorporated, 1836 BOUND ARTE fi 1782 1783 1783 1784 1785 1787 Great fire in Saint John, by which 115 edifices were destroyed, 1837 The casual and territorial revenues surrendered to the proyince, on its granting the annual sum of £14,500 as a civil list, 1837 Several large fires in Saint John, destroying a large amount of property, in 1839 and 1841 Slight shocks of earthquakes felt in some parts of the province in 1663, 1827, and 1839 City of Saint John incorporated, 1841 The boundary between New Brunswick and 'the United States settled in 1842 Sackville Academy established, 1843 Geological Survey of the Province completed, by Dr. Gesner, 1844 City of Fredericton incorporated, 1848 Halifax and Ciuebec railway surveyed, 1848 Electric Telegraph established between St. John and Halifax, 1849 European and North American llaiiway Company incorporated, 1849 Report published by Trofessor Jolinston, "on the Ajiricultu- ral Capabilities of the Province of Ncav Ih'unawick," 1850 Great fire in Fredericton, 1850 Industrial Exhibition at Saint John, 1851 Ditto in Fredericton, 1852 Report on the Fisheries of New Brunswick, by M. IT. Pcrley, Esq., 1852 European and North American railway demonstration and commencement, 1853 Potatoes were attacked by a new disease, which extended its ravages over Europe and Am rica, from 1845 to 1853 Railway commenced at Halifax, 1854 Female Academy opened at Sackville, 1854 Treaty of reciprocity concluded between the British Crown and the United States, called the Elgin Treaty, 1854 Sir Edmund Head, Lieutenant (iiovernor of New Brunswick, removed to the General Government of Canada, 1854 6 >i 1809 1812 1814 1818 1825 1828 1834 1835 1836 1836 BOUNDARIES, AND (JENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NEW-BRUNSWICK. New Brunswick is situated between 45^^ and 48' 20' north latitude, and between 64° and 07^ 30' west longitude. Its* lenjrth from the harbor of St. John to Bay Chaleur, is 190 miles ; and its average breadth about 150. It lies nearly in the form of a rectangle, and is bounded on the south east, by the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia ; on the west, by Maine, one of the States of the American Union ; on the north west, by Canada and the Bay of Chaleur ; and on the east, by the Northumberland Straits and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It contains upwards of 32,000 s({uare miles, being nearly 20,000,000 acres ; and a population of upwards of 210,000 inhabitants. One of the most important features in the topography of the Province is its extent of sea coast, amounting to 400 miles, exclusive of the numerous indentations of the shore. This distance is nearly equally divided between the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including Northumberland Straits, and the Bay of Fundy. Along both coasts there are many excellent harbours, and other advantageous localities for shipbuilding, as well as for the prosecution of the fisheries and the timber trade — three of the great staples of the Province. •I-1-, Ji .!> !! II • n 'u:h .-.lU H'. a..;u il if Mlir 8 It is much to be lamented that this colony, one of the finest possessed by England, should have been utterly unknown to its Parent State, or even, in a great measure, to its own inhabitants. The rocky and sterile appear- ance of the south-eastern coast may create a prejudice in the minds of those who approach its shores for the first time, which would speedily be dispelled by a view of the fine intervale land of the St. John river, the fertile marshes surrounding the head of the Bay of Fundy, or the rich alluvial tracts bordering on the Restigouche river. A description of these districts, so well adapted for agricultural pursuits, will be found under the heads of the several counties to which they respectively belong ; and we may pass over the rocky margin bounding tlie Province, to speak of the extensive forests covering a very large portion of the interior. Timber of every descrip- tion is found in vast plenty, and in the most favorable situations for reaching a market. We cannot describe the forests of this Province better than by quoting Mr. Macgregor's description of the splendid anpearance of the British North American forests : "In Europe, in Asia, in Africa, and even in South America, the primeval trees, ho'sv much soever their magni- tude may arrest admiration, do not grow in the promiscuous style that pre- vails in the great general character of the North American woods. Many varieties of the pine, intermingled with birch, maple, beech, oak, arid nume- rous other tribes, branch Inxuriantly over the banks of lakes and rivers — extend in stately grandeur along the plains, and stretch proudly up to the very summits of the mountains. It is impossible to exaggerate the autum- nal beauty of these forests ; nothing under Heaven can be compared to its effulgent grandeur. Two or three frosty nights in the decline of autumn, transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into every possible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, vivid crimson and glittering yellow. The stern, inexorable fir tribes alone maintain their eternal sombre green. All others, in mountains or in valleys, burst into the most glorious vegetable beauty, and exhibit the most splendid and en- chanting panorama on earth." Along the high roads, on the banks of the numerous rivers, and on the sea-girt boundaries, the axe of the settler has been at work, and its results will be found under the separate heads into which the several subjects of this volume have been arranged. Taking the Province throughout, it is generally level. In the principal part of it, bounding on the Bay of Fundy, and for twenty miles inlamd, there are a few hills of considerable size. At this distance from the shore the land becomes undulating, until beyond the Tobique, and from thence to the Canadian boundary, it may almost be considered as mountainous ; but the hills are not of great height, nor the acclivities generally so steep as to preclude cultivation and pasturage to a considerable extent. As we return from the northward, there is almost an uninterrupted level, extending from the Restigouche to the Nova Scotia boundary, and forming a strong and decided contrast with the Bay of Fundy coast. Here, while the shore line presents the fertile corn field, the busy saw mill, and the frequent harbour, the interior is still, except where it has been ravaged by fire, a deep and almost unbroken forest. Along this coast, as fine wheat is produced as in any part of Britain, as was proved by the samples exhibited at the Provin- cial Industrial Exhibition in 1853, many of which weighed upwards of sixty pounds to the bushel. What a field is here presented to the industry of man, in his war upon the wilderness ? What a scope for the employment of the surpl , Britain? 'J h»rdly teste labour in tl lumber. But if th( the settler, 1 repay the ex ing Russian afforded her for its manu: and a varietj ore that have the counties for believing Notwithstanc the Provincif as still in its The fine h facilities for ( and the No Labrador, an further on tl devoted ; but of regret to a length bo ma( by the Elgin nature has col The popuk ces, that it m it may be fail granted, up t only about 7 nearly 6,000, a considerab be so availab bitants would ungranted la: which we ma The very a ces of the Pi and after sev( he had obtain inferior soils, fisheries, he pear to fix at which New ordinary seas m )88cd by or even, appear- of those lispelled a fertile alluvial listricts, Heads of aay pass ixtensive descrip- reaching than by 3 of the ,'ica, and r magni- that pre- Many id nume- rivers — ap to the B autum • red to its autumn, isible tint I crimson tain their urst into and en- id on the ts results ibjects of principal 3 inlimd, ihe shore thence to ous ; but teep as to ive return ding from ;rong and shore line harbour, deep and aced as in e Provin- Is of sixty idustry of iployment of the surplus labour of Europe, and of the unproductive capital of Great Britain 7 The agricultural capabilities of the whole Province are as yet hordly tested, owing to the paucity of its population, and the demand for labour in the more setluctivo employments of shipbuilding and making lumber. But if the cultivation of the soil of this Province invites the attention of the settler, how much more would the devclopomont of its mineral wealth repay the expenditure of the capitalist. England has for ages been import- ing Russian ij,nd Swedish iron ; while her own possessions would have afforded her the richest materials for steel, with an abundance of charcoal for its manufacture— as well as coal for their own use and for exportation ; and a variety of other minerals scarcely less important. The specimens of ore that have been discovered in some parts of the Province, especially in the counties of tSt. John, Carlton, Sunbury and Queens, afford ample reason for believing that a diligent practical exploration would well repay its cost. Notwithstanding, indeed, the efforts of I)r, (Jesner, under the direction of the Provincial (Jovcrnment, the geology of the country must bo considered as still in its infancy. The fine harbours which abound on the eastern shore afford the greatest facilities for carrying on an extensive flshery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Straits, on the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, and in the Bay of Fundy. It would be out of place to enlarge further on this important subject, to which a separate section has been devoted ; but the neglect of this branch of industry has long been a subject of regret to all the friends of these l^rovinces. May we hope that it will at length be made available, and that the opening of markets recently effected by the Elgin treaty may lead to a prosecution of those advantages which nature has conferred upcn them. The population of this fine colony is so clearly inadequate to its resour- ces, that it may not be uninteresting to enquire what number of inhabitants it may be fairly deemed capable of supporting. The portion of its surface granted, up to the present time, amounts to (3,036,329 acres ; but of these only about 700,000 acres are actually under cultivation. Thus there are nearly (3,000,000 acres owned but not improved. It may be assumed that a considerable part of this is unfit for tillage ; but if only two-thirds should be so available, and should be actually brought under the plough, the inha- bitants would be increased more than eight-fold. The 11,000,000 acres of ungranted lands afford a still wider field for the increase of population, ■which we may leave to the imagination of the reader. The very able Report of Professor Johnston, on the Agricultural resour- ces of the Province, goes into more minute calculations on this subject ; and after several estimates of its capabilities, grounded on the information he had obtained from various sources, apH making ample deductions for the inferior soils, and other drawbacks, but no allowance for the produce of tho fisheries, he comes to the following conclusion (page 31) : " Thus we ap- pear to fix at upwards of five and a half millions, the amount of population ■which New Brunswick, according to the data we have before us, would in ordinary seasons easily sustain." ; ? 10 '/ fl i m GEOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. For the sake of distinction and order, we will separate the Geography of the Bays, Islands, Rivers, Capes and Lakes of this Province, into two divi- sions, which we may designate as the South and Easi Divisions The South Division comprises that part of the Province bounded by the Bay of Fundy, and watered by its tributaries ; and the East Division includes the parts bordering on the Straits of Northumberland and tl^^ Gulf of St. Lawrrnce, and on the rivers emptying therein. SOUTH DIVISION. Bays. — The Bay of Fundy, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, almost deserving the name of a sea, forms the south east boundary of the counties of Charlotte, Saint John, and Albert, and extends north easterly to the isthmus that connects Nova Scotia with this province; it is about two hun- dred miles in length, and varies in breadth from thirty to seventy miles, separating the two provinces through its entire length. Clugiiccto and Cuuiberland Bays form a continuation of the larger bay, and are bounded on the nortlnvest by the counties of ^Vlbert and AVestmoreland ; it has also a large branch running into Nova Scotia, under the several names of ^linas, Channel and Basin,and Cobequid Bay, Passamaquoddtj Bay lies on the south of Charlotte county, and separates New Brunswick from the State of Maine. Maces Bay is about half-Avay between Passamaquodd3'' Bay and St. John River. These bays are merely oilsets from the spacious Bay of Fundy, and all, except Passamaquoddy Bay. are easy of access and afford safe anchorage for the largest class of vessels. There arc some inland bays in the province which will be described in connection with its river navi- gation. Islands. — There are a cluster of islands situate in the entrance of Pas- samaquoddy Bay, the principal of which are Grand Ma/ia/>, Deer Island, Cainpo Bella and the Wolf Islands. While these islands render the approach to this bay somewhat difficult to a stranger, they afford so fine a shelter for shipping when once Avithin it, as amply to compensate for the difficuly of navigating bet^ een them. Partridge Island lies in the harbor of Saint John, and affords to the shipping a desirable shelter from storms. Rivers. — The River ay of Fundy betwven Passa- maciuoddy Bay and St. John River. Villages are springing up near each of their mouths, whicli afford shelter for small craft. The Saint JoJin River is the largest river in New Brunswick, and only second to the St. Lawrence in all British North America. It takes its rise partly in (Canada and partly in Maine and New Brunswick, and is navigable for ships for sixty miles, and for vessels under hundred tons for more than one hundred miles; indeed, light steamers ply to Wood- stock, a disl city of Sain at the moutl ficient depth for ships of a of the year. < rovernment- the best iron (rrand Fallsi steamers asc( navigation an Grand Falls, northern trib this river ori miles in wid! only eighteen ■md the inter v struction of ei between the Lawrence. ( there is a cli There are a \ Ifctween the (ji fonk and the ' the west, fiow) latter on the e: afford great na for settlement. Descendinij navigable only logs are drive and the Oromc tance. The n the Saint Johi outlet of Grar largo beds of Saint -lolm an River, and th £tre-mi from th sheets of v/ato i»ering. as wel they give him joins the Sain thus the coini through the King's, and {^ Canada and M; tributaries, arc description of ^ to which they Blade, iSaln of tny magnitu h>*.> raphy of i,\vo clivi- 13 The e Bay of iudes the if of St. c, almost ! counties [y to the two hun- ty miles, nccio and ! bounded t has also of Minas, ies on the e State of Pjay ivnd as Bay of md afford land bays ver navi- !e of l*as- :v- Islmtd, endcr the so fine a e for the harbor of terms, boundary te county, towns of the latter Woodstock, iir rise in oddy Bay. , are also •en J'assa- near each , and only ces its rise ik, and is iidred tons to Wood- stock, a distance of one hundred and forty miles from its mouth. The city of Saint John, the coiimiercial emporium of this province, is situate at the mouth of this noble river, which affords a spacious harbor of suf- ficient depth for the largest vessels, free from ice. and easily accessiole for ships of any burthen ; and in which they icay lie in safety at all seasons of the year. (Jagetown is forty-five miles, and Fredericton — the seat of ( rovernment — eighty-four miles from Saint John. Woodstock, possessing the best iron mine in the province, is sixty miles from Fredericton, and the (rrand Falls seventy-three miles from Woodstock. During freshets, light steamers ascend occasionally to the Falls. Some improvements to the navigation aie in progress on this part of the river. Were it not for the ( I rand Falls, these steam boats might ascend to the Mddaicaslcu Kiver, a northern tributary to tne Saint /lohn. The Tamiscouta liake, in which this river originates, is twenty-eight miles long and from two to three miles in width, and of great depth ; from its northern extremity, it is only eighteen miles to the Trois Pistoles, a tributary of the St. Lawrence; and the intervening country presents no engineering obstacle to the con- struction of eitiier a canal or railroad, which would establish a connection hetween the navigal)le waters of the Saint .John and those of the Saint Lawrence. On /-'/.vA River, falling into the Saint John from the south, there is a chain of small lakes affording excellent lumbering facilities. There are a great many tributary streams emptying into the Saint John between the (Irand Falls and \\oodstock, but the principal are, the Aroos- look and the Ttihif/iff. These rivers and their tributaries, the former on the west, flowing but a short distance through New Brunswick, and the latter on the east side of the main river, drain a vast extent of country, and afford great natural facilities for the outlet of timber and lumber, as well as for settlement. Both are navigable for boats and scows. Descending the river from Woodstock, we again find many streams navigable only to a very limited extent for boats or canoes, but down which logs are driven. Below Fredericton, the Naslncduh flows from the east, and the Oromocto from the west; both navigable for boats for some dis- tance. The next of importance is the Jonscrj; which empties itself into the Saint John about fifty miles from the sea; this narrow passage is the outlet of Orand Lake in (.>|ueen's county, along the margin of which are large beds of coal : it is navigable for steamers. Between the Jemseg and Saint John are the WosJuidenKxik Lake (tiid Hirer. Belli isle I l^aiiuaiy between Sunbury and Queen's counties. Wdsltadenioak Lake, also in Queen's county, has a navigable outlet into the Saint John. This lake is nearly twenty miles long, and averages about three-quarters of a mile in width. It is navigable for steamers. Imdi Lomond is a small Loch in Saint John's county. Freufli Ijakc. in the county of Sunbury, communicates with Maquapit Lake by a narrow passage. The two Onnnocto Lakes, Eel Lake, Loon Lake, Ma gouche ; also . Bathurst, the harbours lie t( the Bay of C harbours, and water. The harbours, is Poke Mow uf the county The harboi which may known as tiio other islands : depth of watei its bar. This Chalour, on tl rather on the castle, both in Konchlbo)! lying north ot Richi/jHcto the head of th is the capital otiiors on tlii.- as the iiCgisIii bours of diid confidently ho From (,"apc the mouth of 1 Huctouche is These two lasl 13 lOUgh not y note. J through the boun- tself into d, a Hou- of Fundy th Amer- ,t twenty- idred tons ver, in the cial value, for about me name ; Vestmore- ibouchure. eland, and t the head • Marsh in [bur miles, ible to any 3 exit into is province nilea long, ts near it, tant to the and Lake, iibury and able outlet A averages miers. I Maquapit arid Lake, •ces of dif- »f the river county of nt John, oen already id from the inerally not vpreaii^ the ti\ Saint nms^c. and Cape Meranguin, are all situate on the coast of Saint John, Albert, and Westmoreland counties. This part of the coast is composed, except where the bays or creeks have small beaches, of abrupt cliffs and deep ravines. The shores on both sides the Bay of Fundy are precipitous and rocky, and it is Uable to sudden gusts of wind from the south west and north east, which, together with the rapid flow and great rise of the tides, and its dense fogs, render its navigation somewhat dangerous, though Lorn the skill and intrepidity with which its coasting vessels are managed, we rarely hear of any serious disaster. The general course down the bay after leaving Cape Enrage' is south-south-west by compass. EAST DIVISION. Bays. — The R(ti/ Chaleur is a very deep and spacious bay, second only, as far as New Brunswick is concerned, to the Bay of Fundy. Like that bay, it may almost be called a sea, being eighty miles in length and from eleven to twenty-seven in bre.adth ; and resembles the latter also in having a number of minor bays within its limits. It forms the most northern boundary of the province, dividing it irom Canada. Opening into it are Eel Batj, near Dalhousie, the capital of llestigouche county, and Res(i- gouche Bay or ILirbour at its head, being the estuary of the River llesti- gouche ; also NrphlguH Bay, a spacious harbour, at the head of which ia Bathurst, the capital of Gloucester county. Great and L'Utlv Sliippegan harbours lie to the westward of !Shipj)egan and Miscou Islands, and within the Bay of Chaleur ; the former comprises several large and couimodious harbours, and the latter is Avell sheltered, with safe anchorage and deep water. The Bay Chaleur indeed, with its numerous secondary bays and harbours, is well calculated to become tlie rendezvous of a national navy. Poke Motiche and Tracadie Lagoon, are small harbours on the coast of the county of Gloucester, between Chaleur and IMiramichi Bays. The harbour of Aliramlchi, besides the Napan Bay, and Bay du Vin, which may be called its two branches, is formed by two principal bays, known as the Outer und Inner Mira)nldu Bays, separated by Portage and other islands ; the Inner Bay is nine miles in widtli, and has a sufficient depth of water to allow vessels of up to eight hundred tons burthen to pass its bar. This bay atlbrds the best harbuar, except those of the Bay of Chaleur, on the eastern coast of the province. At the head of iha bay, or rather on the river of the same name, are the towns of Chatham and New- castle, both in Northumberland county. Koachi/jongnar, Koi/c/nonairnaris-, and Ahluin. are small harbours lying north of Ilichibucto, and within Konehihonguac Hay. Rlchibacto harbour also lies within this spacious Bay : and a town at the head of the harbour, and of the same name, formerly Ciilled Liverpool, is the capital of the county of Kent. This harbour, in common with many others on this coast, is subject to obstruction from sand bars. However, as the Legislature h;ive lately undertaken to dredge the north eastern har- bours of this I'rovince, much improvement in the approaches to them is confidently hoped lor. From (,'apc Escuminac, at the south easterly entrance of Miramichi, to the mouth of Ilichibucto harbour, is twenty-one miles ; from Ilichibucto to Buctouche is nineteen miles ; and from thence to Cocagne five miles. These two last named harbours, like that of Ilichibucto, afford good and 'U n 14 iL.-^i ;«i', safe anchorage to vessels when within the bars. Ships not exceeding six hundred tons can take the principal part of their cargo on board in either of them, completing it outside the bar, but they require gc'xl pilotage. From Cocagne to Shediac harbour the distance is seven miles and a half. This spacious estuary is situate at the north west angle of the county of Westmoreland ; it contains a depth of from eighteen to twenty feet at high water ; the tide rises from four to five feet. /Vs this place, in consequence of a branch of the European and North American llailway running to it,- must be the point where a principal part of the (xulf trade will concentrate, and is fast rising in the scale of Provincial importance ; the inner harbour should be dredged, and other improvements, to meet the demands of its in- creasing tralfic, immediately efl'octed. .\/)ous/iiiu(tii, and (irent and L'ltih' Sltcinoisii'e harhimrs are not of suf- ficient depth to admit ships for loading ; schooners, however, frequently take in their cargoes at these places. From Shediac to Cape Tormeiitine the distance is thirty miles. About two miles E. S. E. from this Cape •' there is a shoal, having over its shallowest part a depth of only six feet. Its shape resembles a fan ; small vtssels pass within it. 'We outer part, on which there is a deptii of tAventy feet, lies tln-ce miles from the T^oint. Within Cape 'rornientiiie is the isthmus and boundary between iN'cw Brun- swick and Nova Scotia ; the narrowest part of Avhich, from the Bay Verte to Cumberland liasin, at the head of Chignecto Bay, is only fifteen miles in breadth." — ^- Sai.il/ig- Directions,'' by Captain If. W. BayJieUl, R. N., pag-e 54. In the same work (page 0;")) Bay "v'erte is thus described : " The r>ay Verte is wide at its entrance, and narrow as you advance. The shores are lined with fiats, on which the water becomes shallow, but in mid-channel the anchorages are good ; here vessels of considerable burthen may take in their cargoes of timi)er. On the north side of the Bay, and near its head, is the small river (laspereaux, on the southern shore of which stands Fort Monkton ; and on the southern part of the 13ay is another small rivulet, called the River Tidnish. They are both shallow for ships to enter." Islands. — llcrriiiff^ Island, Cariuiacitc, Tokesuodi, Shi/tprjaan, and Misrou Islands are all situate in the Bay Chaleur ; the two latter lie at its south east entrance, rendering vessels in the harbour of Caraquette safe from storms in this direction. There ire a number of Islands within oNliramichi Bay ; the jjrincipal are Sheldrake, (the seat of a Lazaretto establishment for those affected with leprosy,) Po.r, Porta r^rc^ /'Ji'i,'", and \'iii. Islands. Cocaine and Shediac Islands respectively lie at the entrance to Cooagne and Shediac harbours. aVa Jiese islands, with the exception of Shippegan and Miscou, arc small patches of upland separated from the main land by a distance generally not exceeding two miles. Cai'HS. — Poiitt uMlscoK, on \liscou Island, formsthe southerly entrance to the Bay of Chaleur. Point Escimiinac, on which is a light house, lies on the south east side of the entrance to Miramichi Bay. Cajtc Tonnrnfinc, in the county of Westmoreland, is the most easterly point of the Province of Ncav Brunswick: from thence it is nine miles to Cape Traverse, in Prince Edward Island. The mails arc carried over the ice between these Capes during the winter season, which givea them consi- derable importance ; and a light houie and fog bell on Cape Tormentine i I would be i hazardous i Cape Bi and Shedia) RrvERs.- miles in wic two hundre tract of the forms part flows twent} are navJgabJ in width. 1 l^atapadiac I)C'ing a Cana and the Saini ^>H Cha themselves in Teteqouch '\\\ Bathurst h Bass river Caruquct / Chaleur. Pokemouch I'ivers, all cmp pegan Island a MirunilrM miles from its . miles in Jen<^t schooners can j 'divided into tw tlie largest rive branch interloc , '^'"'i'l^ou-, Bku I Miramichi Bay * The only riv( '/lihoan-nac, K ■ildoain, which The Rirhib I ten miles from I Jiel is from tAvei ^structedbyab; ''■•IS numerous tr ^Ji'id Coal branc s'lito the (Jrand i The Jhiclouf i vessels come ove f^ mouth. Abo t^\'cst and south a> 1 T^lttle Barton f 'orlaud Straits i I Coca'jrnc ^./,y,^ I'ime distance no ng SIX ther of a half, inty of at high (c^uence ; to it,* entrate, harbour f its in- t of suf- iquently •mcTitinc *' [lis Cape six feet. part, on ^e Point. ;w Brun- ay Ycrtc 1 1 miles in /, R. iV., The Bay snores are d-channcl y take in L- its head, anils i'ort U rivulet; er." o-an. and r lie at its uette safe incipal are [ccted with lo Cooagne l^hippegan land by a entrance Ih east side 1st easterly Iric miles to 3(1 over the (hem consi- Itormentine 15 would be a vast benefit to the passengers and to those engaged in this hazardous service, as "well as to the navigation of the Straits. Cape Bauld is a somewhat prominent point between Cape Tormentine and Shediac. Rivers. — The Restiq^miclie River, falling into the Bay Chak r, is two miles in width, with forty feet water at its moutli. It extends more than two hundred miles, south westerly, into the wilderness, through a large tract of the finest land, covered with the best timber in the I'rovince, and forms part of the boundary between New BrunsAvick and Canada. The tide flows twenty-four miles up this river, sixteen of which, to Campbelltown, are navigable for vessels of the largest class. At that place it is one mile in width. The principal tributaries are the Kcd^vlc and lj)Sfd(/tf}(c/i^ the l^dta/jediac forming part of the I'rovince boundary, and the I\htapediac, being a Canadian river. Many of the smaller branches of the liestigouche and the Saint John interlock with each other near their sources. JrJcl, Cluirbnt. Benjamin^ Jacquct and Nlgudoc rivers, all empty themselves into Chaleur Bay. Tetcgouche, Middle^ FAttlc. and Nej)istf///i( rivers have their discharge in Bathurst harbour. The last river is nearly one hundred miles in length. Bass river is to the eastward of Bathurst Bay. Caraquct river runs into Caraquet Bay, on the south side of the Bay Chaleur. PokemoucJie^ Liltle Tracadie, Tracadie, Tahisintac and Burnt Chi/rrh rivers, all empty themselves into the Gulf of !St. Lawrence, between Ship- pegan Island and Miramiclii. Miraniiclii river is navigable for vessels of the largest class full thirty miles from its mouth. This fine river is more than two iiundred and twenty miles in length ; the tide Hows nearly forty miles frum the (iulf, and schooners can proceed within a short distance of the head of the tide. Et is divided into two branches, the soiUh west and north mcst, the former being tlie largest river : both have numerous tributaries, those of the south west branch interlocking with streams falling into the Saint .John, The Napan^ liariifjuif, Black, Little Black, and Vin rivers, all empty themselves into Miramiclii Bay. The only rivers between the Miramichi and the Bichibucto are the Kon- rliihotirruac, Kouchibouguacis falling into Kouchibouguac bay, and the Aldnniti, which runs into Kichibucto harbour. The RicJiibticto river is navigable for large class vessels for upwards of ten miles from the Straits of Northumberland, into which it falls ; the chan- nel is from twenty-four to thirty-six feet in depth, but the navigation is ob- structed by a bar ; the tide Hows about twenty-five miles up the river. It hiis numerous tributaries, tiie principal of which are the St. Xicholas, Jiass, A and Coal branch ; some of the smaller streams almost meet those falliny; ^iuto the (h-and Lake. 'lyic Jiifctoi/che rivrr is south of Kichibucto, and is a fine river ; largo jvosscls come over its bar to load, and the tide Hows about twelve miles from lits mouth. Above this point it separates into two branches-— the north iwest and south west. Little Jiactonche rivir is small, and at its entrance into the Northum- liorlaud Straits forms a junction with its larger namesake. Cocairnc river is about ten miles southward of Buctouche, and about the fame distance northward from Shediac ; it possesses similar advantages for i I 16 shipping to those of Buctouchc. The tide flows about seren or eight miles up this river. Two rivers fall into the Shediac harbour, known as the Shediac and Sadord', neither of which are navigable for vessels, although they are somewhat extensive. Boats and other small craft penetrate the country they traverse for many miles. The Abnusharrdn is a small river, and, like those of Shediac, not navi- gable except for boats and fishing craft for a short distance. Great and Little Shcmogu'e rivers are shallow — not navigable even for small vessels above the harbours. Gasperean river has its source in Square Lake, about twelve miles from its mouth, and empties itself into the north west side of Bay Verte. It is navigable for schooners not exceeding one hundred and fifty tons burthen for about three miles. Tidnisli river takes its rise in Nova Scotia, and empties itself into Bay Verte, on the east side of the harbour ; it is similar in size and extent to the Gaspereau. A due east line drawn from the source of the Missiquash is supposed to intersect the south east side of Bay Verte, near the mouth of the Tidnish river, and to form the boundary between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but it has never yet been surveyed and established. Lakes. — Miramirhi^ Salinnn, and other Lakes, are situate on the head waters of the south west branch of the ]\Iiramichi River. The Nipisiguit Lake^ near Bald Mountain, is distant only three miles from the Nictau Lakc^ on the Tobique River. There are a number of small lakes on the head waters of that river, lying southerly of the two last named lakes. Square Lake, in the eastern part of the county of Westmoreland, is the principal source of the Gaspereau River, and is only about a mile square. There are numerous small lakes scattered over diiferent parts of this province, the names of which are only known to lumbermen, and whose position and dimensions have been ascertained only as far as they have been surveyed by the cije and pace of these pioneers of the forest. The harbours of this part of the province are all bar harbours, with the exception of the Bay of Ohaleur ; but they afford excellent shelter for small craft. There are numerous roadsteads, formed by the indentations of the coast, where experienced navigators can always find shelter. Table of Latitudes and Longitudes of the principal Seaport Towns in New Btunsivick. Latitude . Longitude City of Saint John, 45^ 15' North. 66" 4' \^ ''eg St. Andrew's, 45 11 67 Sackville, 45 45 65 45 Bay Verte, 46 2 64 7 Shediac, 46 15 64 35 Richibucto, 46 42 64 53 Chatham, Miramichi, 47 3 65 30 Bathurst, 47 37 65 42 Dalhousie, 48 4 m 25 Fredericton, 45 58 66 33 mu 5) Wherever this subject instituted, an mena. Few count than this and side of both not impelled rising, in sou while in otht- Captain B In Restigouc and chiinTc u seven feet ;" on the outer but it is Lawrence, magouche. (] about seven r runs through these and oth the tides. Ii of these tides separated by between Bay Aboideaux bi their tidal wa three miles ar ing the isthra digging a ditc in his opinion This saggesti distance, and times of hi«;h opposite. The gencr: cribed in the of the Bay c the great ebt row bays and It is obvious of Fundy at i rocky walls, \ Here tlie imp ful rapidity, ; in height at 1 codiac, at tht The tides, is( while the ris( The tide in W! TIDES. Wherever science and maritime commerce have extended their bounds, this subject has invariably engaged attention. Investigations have been instituted, and maps cc itructed, exhibiting, in panorama, the tidal pheno- mena. Few countries on the face of the globe present a more opposing tidal range than this and the adjacent Province of M ova Scotia. On the St LavFrence side of both Provinces the tides enter, and recede from, the harbours, when not impelled by violent winds, in a comparatively imperceptible manner ; rising, in some parts of the Gulf, not more than four feet on an average, while in others the ordinary flow is about six feet. Captain Bayfield, 11. N., states the tides in this Gulf to be as follows: — In Restigouche harbour, in the Bay Chaleur, "the tide flows here on fall and chiinfio until three o'clock, and its vertical rise is six and an half or seven feet ;" and at Nipisiguit "the Wiiter rises on the inner bar eight feet, on the outer bar five feet, and in harbour eight feet, with regular springs ; but it is much intlaenccd by the winds which prevail in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." At Miramichi, "spring tides rise five and six feet ;" atTata- magouche. (Nova Scotia,) five feet ; and in the harbour of Merigomish, about seven miles E. S. E. of Pictou, the rise is about eight feet. The tide runs through the Gut of Canso at from four to five miles an hour. At all these and other places in the Gulf, the winds exercise great influence over the tides. In direct contrast both with the moderate elevation and rapidity of these tides will be found those of the Bay of Fundy, although the two are separated by a narrow neck of land not more than fifteen miles in extent, between Bay Verte and the head of the former Bay. Indeed, if the Aboideaux built across the streams at the head of these bays were removed, their tidal waters would be separated by an undulating ridge not more than three miles and a half in breadth. Captain Crawley, C. E., after examin- ing the isthmus with a view to the formation of a canal, recommendtd the digging a ditch, by which the two bays might exchange waters, which would, in his opinion, wear sufiiciently deep to admit the passage of small vessels. This suggestion receives confirmation from the flatness of the intermediate distance, and the difference of two hours existing between the respective times of high water in these bays, the action of whose tides are so extremely opposite. The general character of the tides of this Bay is thus emphatically des- cribed in the Report of J. D. Andrew's, Esq., (page 539); — "The tides of the Bay of Fundy have always attracted much attention, on account of the great ebb and ilow, and the manner in which the tide enters the nar- row biiys and runs up the rivers, both in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It is obvious to the hydrographer, that the great tidal wave enters the Bay of Fundy at its wide tunnel like mouth, and is kept from spreading by its rocky walls, and is forced into a narrow compass as in a tunnel's neck. Here the impetuous waters, compressed into a narrow space, rise with fear- ful rapidity, rushing up in what is called a bore, sometimes four or six feet in height at the heads of bays, and up the river channels. On the Petit- codiac, at the bend of the river, this bore is seen to the greatest advantage. The tides, ise at the highest to about sixty feet at the head of the bay, ■while the rise is not more than thirty feet at the mouth of the bay." The tide in thia Bay, also, varies much from the efiects of winds and storms ; ^, 6 l^H 18 so 60 60 50 55 60 71 55 75 72 60 ii at St. John the flood tide some times rises no more than twenty feet while jit others it reaches twenty-six feet and upwards. The subjoined table is extracted from Dr. Gesn tr's work, on the Industrial resources of Nova Scotia, (page 28,) which he prefaces thus : — " The following table of the height of the tides at different places on the Bay of Fundy, has been derived from correct sources : Annapolis, 30 feet. Apple river, Basin of Minas, Chignecto Bay, Cape D'or, Cape Split, Cape Blowmedon, Head of Cumberland Bay, Parrsboro', Partridge Island, Shubenacadie River, Truro, Windsor, It is true that these Provinces have been much misrepresented in their Geography, Climate and resources, yet in no respect more so than in the statements published of the tidal phenomena of the Bay of Fundy. In a report published by order of the Fredericton Athene am in 1852, the exaggerated descriptions of these tides are noticed, and referred to by the writers of that work as " instances of the erroneous position which the character of the Bay of Fundy is permitted to retain in sources of scienti- fic reference, in which at least a general accuracy is expected." A part of this Report runs thus: " In fact, ihe want of some official and exact statement as to the character of the Bay, has done this country much harm elsewhere. Sir J. Hershel, in his recent outlines of Astronomy, and Dr. Traill, in the seventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, speak of spring tides at Annapolis, in the Bay of Fundy, ' of the surprising height of one hundred and twenty feet.' Mr. Hugh Murray, in the Encyclopedia of Geography, speaks of the Annapolis tides as forty-five or fifty feet ; but in Mr. Brande's recent Dictionary of Science, &c., they are said to be one hundred feet in their range ! " In the Bay of Fundy," (according to Mr. Hughes, Headmaster. Royal Naval School, Greenwich Hospital), " there are extraordinary high tides ; a vast wave is seen for thirty miles off. ap- proaching with a prodigious noise, sometimes rising in the Bay to the height of one hundred and even one hundred and Uoentij feet ! on some occasi- ons, the rapidity of the waters is so great as to overtake the animals feed- ing on the shores". — {Outlutes of Phys'md Geography^ 1849, joa^e 60.) The above may be taken as specimens of the mistatements current in Britain respecting the tides of the Bay of Fundy ; which after all differ little either in height or impetuosity, from those of the Bristol Channel in Eng- land, where the same relative position, and natural causes are known to operate. ; In passing dy proper, th a point of thj presents a pi the tide mark Qua CO Li, Cape Enrage white and rec dark in a mir Partridge Saint John ; red and white Beacon L which exteni and which dr is painted wh Point Lc] bor and Passt red and white feet perpendii liead Ilm stands on the vessels enteri . Whether this improvement be adopted or not, there is no sailor fi-equenting the Straits, who does not feol how much a light house on Cape Tormentine would benefit the navigatioD^ md this would probably have prevented many of the recent disasterSi '>, DISTANCES. r 's are Saint John to Fredericton, west side of-tt^lNiver, Milai 65 " east side, ^ C '> " by steamboaljp \^ St. Andrews, '^V'> Eastport, by steamboat, '\^ \^/ 86 80 II 65 II 60 i( Portland, " ' < A. Boston, " ^%- -X " by land and water, "^ "^ >. 230 Eastport to 386 Saint John t 396 K Washington, " " ^ iT ^, 834 It Annapolis, by steamboat, O. y \ 45 11 Amherst, " -^ C 105 ii by land. 138 II Truro, " 200 It " by water. 175 II Halifax, 310 II by land, 260 K " mixed lino, via Annapolii, 173, II Bend, by land. 94 II " by steamboat, 120 II Martin's Head, by land, 48 II Shepody, 79 II Sackville, 127 <( Shediac, 109 Shediac to Richibucto, 34 «• '• by water, 38 t( Chatham (Miramichi) by land, 74 II " by water. 80 rt Bathurst (Bay Chaleur) by land, 122 It Dalhousie, •' 175 tt " by water, 220 It Bcdeque, P. E. Island, by steamboat, 40 II Charlottetown, " *' 75 (( Cape Ray, Newfoundland, 300 Bay Verte to Charlotteto\sn, by packet, 51 Cape Tormentine to Cape Traverse, 9 Halifax to Boston, by steam packet, 428 rt Portland, 380 if Eastport or St. Andrews, 280 It Cape Canso, 150 tt Charlottetown, 285 If I'ictou, 2G0 (( Bay Verte, 325 tt Shediac, 340 (i Pictou, by land, 104 Fredericton to Woodstock, 62 a Grand Falls, 135 u Quebec, 857 It Chatham (Miramichi), 109 U: .'^ St. Andrews), via Harvey Settlement, 70 1 ■\h '■< '%\\ ■ I I 1 i^n CIVIL DIVISIONS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. This Province is Divided into counties and townships or parishes ; the townships being sub-divisions of counties. Each county elects its represen- tatives to the ilouae of Assembly ; has a shiretown, where the county bu- siness is done; a sherift"; a Bench of Magistrates, one Session, at least, of the Supremo Court, in every year ; two Sessions of the Inferior Court, at which quarter sessions of the Peace arc also held, when the county taxes are levied, and county ofllcers appointed ; also, a Probate Court and Regis- ter Office. The Parishes or Townships annually elect the greater part of their local or parish officers. A list of the counties, with their sub-divisions into parishes, will bo found in the following pages : ro r,TTICA L DEPARTMENT. THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR, who receives his appointment from the Crown, is the chief executive officer, and the Representative of the Mon- arch in the Province. In his absence, or during any vacancy by death or otherwise, his functions are exercised by an officer called the Administrator of the Obvernment. He has the power of proroguing or dissolving the House of Assembly at his discretion. Governors^ and Adminhtralors of the Government of New Brunswick, since 1784. 1784 1786 1803 1808 1808 1800 1811 1812 1813 1814 181G 1817 1823 K Thomas Carleton, Esq., Gabriel G. Ludlow, Esq., Edmond Winslow, Esq., Major General iNIartin Hunter, Lieut.-Col. George Johnstone, Major General William Balfour, " " Martin Hunte-*'. George Stracey ismyth, Sir Thomas Saumarey, '' " George Stracey Smyth, Lieutenant (-olonel Harris W. Hailes, Major General George Stracey Smyth, Ward Chipman, Esq., John Murray Bliss, Esq., Major General Sir Howard Douglr3, Bart., William Black, Esq., Major General Archibald Campbell, Bart., G.C.B,, " '• Sir John Harvey, Sir William jMacbean George Colebrooke, Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart., Colonel F. Murray, Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart., The Honorable John Henry Thomas Manners Sutton. The Executive Council. This body consists- of nine members, appointed by the Crown, but whose continuance in office, like that of the ministry in EDglaii(J, depends oa the wishea of the people, as expressed by their ropro- 1824 1829 1831 183< 1841 1848 1852 1852 1854 3 23 es ; 1. the jpresen- nty bu- .t least, r Court, ty taxes 1 Regis- f part of be found f ent from :he Mon- death or strator of House of wiswick, appointed [linistry in leiy repre- sentatives. They arc the advisers of Ilis Excellency, in the administration of the affairs of the Province, and they consist in part of the Heads of the principal Departments. The 0i ,600 Stmbury. Burton (Orimooto.) Blissville. Liuculu. .Maugervillo. Sheffield. Queens. Gfi^rfotcn . Brunswick. Canning. Chipman. Hanipstead. Johnston. Petersville. Wuterboi'ough. Wickliam. Cambridge. r),301 Two. 10,039 Two. r82,080 901,280 Kings. Kingston. Greenwich. Hampton. Norton. 18,84i> Springfield . Studholme. Sussex. Three. Uphham. Westfield. 849,920 ♦ ''I «■' .' '^ u:: 1 ;» I :•}■ 24 ■! ' i Names of Counties. Names of Parishes. Population (1851) and number of Representatives in 1854. Area in acres, (exclusive of wa- ter.; St. Andrews, Campo Bolio. Grand Maiiau. Pemilield. 19,938 Charlotte. St. David. St. George. 783,360 St. James. St. Patrick. Four. St. Stephen. West Isles. Saint John, City and County. Saint John. Rrtland. Lancaster. St. Martin's. Siiiiuuds. 38,475 Six. Kent. Richibur.fo , Welliniftan. Wildfurd. Hareourt. Dundas. Carleton. lluskisson. 11,410 Two. 414,720 Dorchester. Sackville. Westmoreland. 17,814 Westmoreland. Botslbrd. Siiediiic. 878,440 ilonktou. Four. Salisbury. Hopewell. Hillsborough. 6,313 Albert. Harvey. Elgin. 433,560 Coverdale. Two. 1,026,400 ■ !8«i- Dalhousie. Addingtoa. 4,101 Restigouche. Col torne. 1,426,560 Durham. Two. Eldon. Newcastle. Chatham. Alnwick. • Blaekville. Northumberlund. Blissheid. 15,064 Glcnelg. 2,280,000 Ludlow. Nelson. ' Four, Hardvvicko. Nortliesk. Bat hurst. Boresford. Gloucester. Caraquet. 11,704 New Bandou. 1,037,440 Saumarez. Shippegan. Two. Names of Curie tor Victoria. Totals— 1 N. B. T tive counties, Thus the semblj, form sentation of i The Heai eral, Solicito: General, and ceiving their tuents for re- system of go^ Bcmblj. The Duties to the Journa '' 1st. As give his close port upon all "litid. Tc tions of law ( look into and ty cases. "3rd. To of Saint Join and corporatic the fish reguli "4th. Ui ernment by A Btruction of tl "5th. To issued from th "Gth. To Legislature be 25 Names of Counties. Names of Parishes. ,PopuIation (1851 ) and number of Kcpresontatives in 1854. Area in acres, (oxcliiBivo of wa- ter.) Carle ton. Woodstock. Wioklovv. Wakefield. Simonds. Northampton. Kent. Richmond. Brighton. . 11,108 Two. 700,000 Grand Falls. Madawaska. Perth. 5,408 Victoria, fl^ St. Basil. St. Francis. 2,872,000 St. Leonard. Two. Andover. 104 Parishes. ' lySiSOOinhahit'ts. 41 Representatives. Totals— 14. 17,077,360 N. B. The parishes printed in Ualics are the shiretowns of the rcspeo- tive counties. Thus the Lieutenant Governor, Legishitive Council, and House of As- sembly, form the Legislature of the Province, which is a miniature repre- sentation of the British Parliament. The Heads of the principal Dcpftrtmcnts consist of the Attorney Gen- eral, Solicitor General. Provincial Secretary, Surveyor General, Keceiver General, and Auditor ( ieneral. The four first named oiHcers have, on re- ceiving their respective provisional appointments, to return to their Consti- tuents for re-election, as it is considered necessary under the responsible system of government that they should be Members of the House of As- sembly. The Duties of the AHorncy General are thus defined in the Appendix to the Journals of the House of Assembly for 1853 — page ccxxi. '' let. As a member of the Executive Government, he has to attend, and give his close attention to all the Executive business of the Country, to re- port upon almost every special case, coming before the ( 'ouncil. *' 2tid. To give legal advice and opinions upon all matters involving ques- tions of law coming before the Government, some of Avhich take days to look into and draw up. In 1852 he reported and gave opinions upon nine- ty cases. "3rd. To examine and report upon the Bye-Laws of the Corporation of Saint John, from time to time made ; and also of ihe other municipalities and corporations in the I'rovince ; also upon the Boards of health ; upon all the fish regulations for the fish wardens. "4th. Upon all matters and duties imposed upon the Executive Gov- ernment by Act of Assembly, on which any question arises on the cousti- Btruction of the Act. " 5th. To examine and report upon every Grant, Lease and License issued from the Surveyor General's office. " Gth. To examine and report on every Act of Assembly passing tho Legislature before the same can be sent to the Colonial Office. 6 ;■ ! ^^Mmt^mi 26 I ij imt i " 7th. To conduct the criminal business at the Courts of Oyer and Ter- miner in the following counties, viz : 8t. John, two circuits in the year ; Westmoreland, one circuit ; Northumberland, one circuit ; and Charlotte, two circuits in the year : making six circuit courts at which he has to con- duct the criminal ])usiness of the Province. •' Sth. a\s a resident member of the .Board of education, he has to de- vote much time thereto ; and to give opinions upon all matters involving legal (juestions as to the construction of the laws. " 9th. As leader of tlie Government in the Lower House, the preparing and maturing all Government measures brought before the Legislature de- volves upon him. " 10th. ^I'o uiford information to the Treasurer and Deputy Treasurer upon all matters involving the construction of the revenue acts. " 11th. Although not bound, ex -officio, to do so, he i^K>nstantly called upon by Magistrates and other pubhc functionaries, to giW advice, as At- torney General, upon all mutters connected Avith the discharge of their pub- lic duties, and especially where the construction of the Acts of Assembly are involved, and is in the constant habit of doing so gratuitously, " 12th. lie finds his own othcc, fuel, and other contingent expenses, and pays his own tiavelling charges when attending to the criminal duty imposed upon him, * * * * * " 13th. lie is always obliged to be at his post, and cannot leave Head Quarters, or be absent, except on public business, without leave." For these duties he receives, exclusive of some percjuisites of office, which do little more than pay the expenses of a Clerk, the sum of jCGOO per annum. In this Province the Attorney General is generally considered as the lender of the Government in the House of Assembly, but this is not the case, nccessii^'ily in all the Colonies ; for instance in Canada, Mr. Hincks, who lately filled the office of In.-jpector General of Public Accounts, some- what like that of Chancellor of the Exchequer in England, was the Leader. The following niiiy be taken as a fckctch of the Duties of the Piovhiriol Sen clary : — He has to advise the Governor as one of his Cabinet, and to be present at all Meetings of the Executive Council — to prepare and countersign all proclamations and otlicr documents emanating IVom the Executive to affix the Great iSeal to all JiCttcrs Patent, and other documents when required, to countersign and register all grants of land from the Crown, to eai-ry on the correspondenc'^ between the Executive, and the Magistrates, Boards of Health. Light House (.'ommissioners, and other local authorities not con- nected witii the nvenue; and comjilaints against any of these officials are usually addressed to liivii. In fact, be may be termed the oraan of the Executive Government, and almost considered as exercising a sort of su- f)ervision over other Departments, as well as over the roads, bridges, light louscs and other public works of the Piovinco. During the sitting of the Legislature, he has, in cunjuncliou with {li^a Attorney General, an Esqrs. George J. llatheway ) (Jifi/ of Saiitl John : Hon. Samuel Tilloy James A. Harding, P'sq. Count)/ of Saint John : Hon. William .J. Ritchie John R. i^ntclow Robert D. Wilmot '^ ''■' John H, Gray. .Lsqrs. Couaiy of Wfstmorcland Hon. Daniel linnnington " Albert J. Smith Amand Landry ( t^ James Steadman J ^^^^^' ("ouiily of Charlotte : Hon. James IJrown Arthur 11. (iilmore ) John M. Adam [ Esqrs. James BoyK.f. Fredcricton — Second Tuesdays in January and June. Saint -lohn— -Tliird Tuesday in March, and third Tuesday in October. Kingston — First Tuesday in March, and third Tuesday in October. Woodstock — First Tuesday in .January, and fourth Tuesday in June. St. Andrews — Second Tuesday in April, and first Tuesday in June. Dorchester — Third Tuesday in .Juno, and second Tuesday in December. Bathurst — First Tuesday in January, and first Tuesday in July. Gagetown — Fourth Tuesdays iu .January and June. Burton — Second Tuesday in January, and third Tuesday in .June. Richibucto — Second Tuesday in January, and fourth Tuesday in June. Newcastle — Second Tuesr« aro additioiutl Iimmih of tbo Common IMuaa Ibr tliu return of writs, &c., but t'oiirtH aro selilom hold on thorn. ■i rM ^-^^ ,. si' '1^ ed to gaol, 32 'I n^«i JURORS. There is no one public department -wliich moves so slowly in the march of reform as that of our judicial institutions. The laborer is worthy of his hire, whether tlie employment be that of legislators, executors, judges, or other public functionaries, and the more responsible the duties, the higher should be the remuneration ; but the payment of jurors, the men who ulti- mately have to decide almost all disputes, appears to force itself with 'diffi- culty on the notice of our legislators. Among all the imperfections attend- ing our courts of law, there appears to be none more glaring than the hard- ships imposed on those who have to serve in this capacity. It must be within the knowledge of most of our Provincial readers that jurymen fre- quently have to travel a distance of forty miles from their homes to the shire town, at a season of the year when their time is most valuable, to remain for a week or ten days, and to return with the very trifling and al- most ridiculous remuneration which the law allows for this service. Nor is the case of the suitors themselves, and their witnesses, much better : sometimes it happens that, after a long and tedious waiting at the Court House, the cause is suspended ; perhaps for want of time to hear it ; perhaps from inability to make up the magical number of twelve jurymen, whose unanimity is necessary to the validity of a verdict ; or it may be from the preconceived opinion, or wrong-headed conclusions, of one of the number. Much of this inconvenience, and positive loss to all concerned, might be avoided, either by reducing the number of jurors, or by allowing the decision of the majority to be a legal verdict. In many cases of at least equal importance, this plan is adopted ; in the framing and enactment of our laws, for instance, a majority of the legislative bodies, even of one, is sufficient to bind the whole I'rovince ; and surely if this is expedient in matters which may aftect the well being, the properties, or even the lives of all of us, it is equally so in those which relate only to one or two individu- als. In the cases submitted to the grand jury, too, complete agreement is not required, provided twelve at least concur in their finding ; and thus a precedent is afforded for what may be called an innovation. The reduction of the number would afford the means of better remuneration, without much increasing the expense to the suitor. The laws of our Province, being based on those of Great Britain, which have gradually grown up from circumstances, and which, from a national reluctance to change, have adopted, till lately, ancient forms to modern re- quirements, have shared in the faults of their origin, and are too much loaded with verbose technicalities, which add materially to the cost of the proceedings ; but in this respect, we must do the Province justice, and ad- mit that, within the last year, many of the defects have been remedied ; much of the verbage and mystification has been stripped from our legal forms, and they have been rendered more intelligible to the uninitiated, more adapt- ed to the times, and more consistent with common sense ; but there is yet room for improvement ; and, judging from the past, we may look confident- ly to the future. On a letter r I 33 POST OFnCE DEPARTMENT. - \%: Previous to an act of the Imperial Parliament, passed in the twelfth and thirteenth years of the reign of Her present Majesty, entitled, " An Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures to estabhsh inland posts," the postal ar- rangements of this, in common with those of the other British Colonies, were under the control of the Imperial Government and managed by the Postmaster General in London. By acts of the Province of New Bruns- wick, passed in the years 1850 and 1851, the Post OflSce Department of this Province was established, under the direction and management of a Provincial Postmaster General, and other authorities ; and all letters trans- mitted by Post in British North America, with the exceptions of packet letters to and from the United Kingdom, and letters to and from Newfound- land and the United States, are made liable to an uniform rate of three pence currency for half an ounce for whatever distance conveyed, prepay- ment being optional ; the charge increases according to the following scale of weights, thus : On a letter not exceeding i an ounce in weight, over I oz. and not exceeding 1 oz. over 1 oz. and not exceeding 11 oz. and not exceeding 2 oz. (t over 1| oz over 2 oz. and not exceedino; 2i oz. (( currency. 3d. Od. 9d. Is. Is. 3d Is. 6d ' over 2^ oz. and not exceeding 3 oz. And so on, adding one rato for every additional half-ounce. All "Newspapers, whether published in the United Kingdom, or in British North America, or in the British West Indies, or in the United States," are not liable to any Provincial rate of Postage; but Newspapers to and from the United Kingdom, specially addressed " via New York," or " via United States," are liable to the transit rate of one penny each, pay- able on delivery only. Printed books, pamphlets, or tracts, when under the weight of two ounces, are not liable to any Provincial rate of postage : but if weighing two ounces, they shall be liable to a rate of four-pence each ; exceeding two ounces, and not exceeding three, six pence ; and two-pence for each additional ounce, up to six ounces in weight ; and if exceeding six ounces, three pence for each additional ounce, up to sixteen ounces ; beyond which weight no printed book, pamphlet or tract will be forwarded by Post with- in the Province, unless such book, pamphlet or tract be addressed to the United Kingdom, or through the United Kingdom to any British Colony. Ship Letters — the gratuity to be paid to ship masters for letters brought to offices on the sea-board, is to be one penny half-penny currency, as hereto- tofore, and the charge for such letters, when delivered in this Province, is three pence currency. By packet to and from the United Kingdom : " Printed books, magazines reviews, or pamphlets, whether British, Colonial or foreign, may be sent through the Post from this Colony to the United Kingdom, or from the United Kingdom to this Colony, or through the United Kingdom to or from this Colony and any other British Colony, whether the conveyance be by packet or private ship, at the following rates; of postage :— 7 nil ' f ' '- \ :' J . I ! \: %! 24 m PV a single volume, not exceeding ^ lb. weight " " exceeding \ lb. and not exceeding 1 lb (( a <; 1 IK ft 7d i currency Is. 3d. '= lib. " ''■ 21b. 2s. 6d. " And so on, adding Is. od., currency, for every additional pound or frac- tion of a pound. Printed books thus forwarded, ^vill be subject in all res- pects to the same conditions and restrictions to which newspapers are liable. The postage thereon, according to the above rates, nmst in all cases be pre- paid ; they can only be forwar 'od by the direct route, via Halifax."' By virtue of an Act passed in the 16th year of tlic reign of Her pre- sent Majesty, a Proclamation was issued by His Excellency the Lieutennnt (lovernor authorizing the reduction of postage to a uniform rate of six-pence, sterling, ("/.d. currency,) the half ounce, on /etfers between the United Kingdom and the (.'olony of New Brunswick. And for J'arlia- liamentary £;rocccding3 transmitted to and from the said Colony by post, via the iiritish contract packets, direct to Halifax, the same rates of pos- tage as those fixed for other books transmitted by Post, the said Parliamen- tary proceedings are subject to the folloAving conditions, that is to say ; 1st. Every packet must be sent Avithout cover, or in a cover open at the sides or ends. 2nd. It must contain a single volume only, the several sheets or parts thereof, where there are more than one, being sewed or bound together. 3rd. It must not exceed two feet in length, breadth, width, or depth. 4th. It must have no writing or marks upon the cover ; or its contents, except the name and address of the person to whom it may be sent. 5th. The postage must be prepaid in full. " The above instructions are not to extend to. or interfere with the trans- mission of printed votes or proceedings of Parhament, or of printed papers allowed to pass by the pest under the newspaper privilege, all of which will contain subject to the existing KeguiaticiS." New BrunsAvick Royal (Jazette of July 26th, 1854. United States — Letters addressed from New Brunswick to the United States, except California and Oregon, are rated six-pence currency, or ten cents per half ounce ; prepayment optional. — Letters addressed from New Brunswick to California or Oregon, nine-pence, or fifteen cents per half ounce. Newspapers and pamphlets addressed to the United States from New Brunswick will be free of charge to the Pro- vince Line, and, vice vei'sa, from the line. Newfoundland, &c. — Letters from New Brunswick addressed to New- foundland ; a single letter, weighing not more than half an ounce, packet Postage ' 4?.d. Inland postage, Sd. Increasing one rate for each additional half ounce, or fraction of half an ounce ; prepayment optional. Letters addressed to Bermuda, or the West Indies, the same, only the inland rate must be paid in advance. The detailed accounts and returns made by the Postmaster General to the Provincial Legislature in the year 1852, shew the improved state of this department since the transfer before mentioned. Although there has been a falling oif in the receipts in consequence of the abolition of News- paper postage, which was ascertained to amount to about X770 ; the large amount of packet postage, which has to be remitted to England ; the addi- tional expences connected with the whole establishment in the Province ; the dimini age; and forms, kc but which factory, pleasure u lias made No. 'V (i Avhich app tinued, wi to the anio The numb ^K Total Icuf Number o Being year, and percent, ii This 1) and a sta throughou The Crc the head more Depi land can ol Province v Lots of shillings c\ the land a] facilitated an opportu one fractio With til actual set' lings sterl: acres. If purchaser. The floi view of tl sion by tli Maif il p I have the transa ending on These ; 1st. Ri 2nd. li 3rd. R (( an I :^5 the (liniinuitioii in the revenue, con?c(iucnt on tlic reduction of hUer post- age ; and on the f'ant, that previous to the transfer, the stationary, printed forms, kc, which foimod a very Itir^^c item, were supphcd from En^h\nd, but which arc now pV" ■uioil here ; yet the general rcdults have beeii satis- factory. 1'he follouiiij^ is an extract from the Ueport : — '' I have much pleasure in dircctin;^ attention to the satisfactory progress which the revenue has made t ince the transfer, and is still making, as shewn in the return No. 'V' (referring to the detailed account appended to the Report,) " and which appears to he at the rate of nearly si.xtecn per cent. This, if con- tinued, will, in the course of little more than a year, In-ing the revenue up to the amount at which it stood previous to the transfer.'' The number of Post Offices in the Province in 1852 was ''<) In 185ti — " '' Way Offices, 10"> 1:I7 'I'otal lengtli of mail routes in miles, '2,1(10 2,lil<) Number of miles travelled per annum, -174,471 Being an increase of 27 per cent, over the number for the prcccling year, and causing an increased expense of £l,8t)f). jicvenuc increased 27 per cent, in 1853, over the preceding year. SLRVKYOR CiENEKAl/S DEl'AR'LMEN'r. This Department consists of a Surveyor (ieneral, four indoor officers, and a statF of upwards of fifty Deputy Surveyors, who are dispersed throughout the Province. The Crown Lands witliin the county of Voj-k are sold at the otlice by the head of the Department, and \\\ each of the other counties, one or more Deputies are appointed for t^'C same purpose ; so that applicants for land can obtain grants with dispatch, at any time, and in any part of the Province where there are ungrantcd lands. Lots of lar. 1, not exceeding one hundred acres, can I>e obtained at thit-c shillings currency per acre, payable in labor on the roads ii. liio vicinity of the land applied for. This arrangement, though liable to some abuses, havS facilitated the settlement of the Province ; affording emigrants and others an opportunity to locate themselves on a tract of good land, without paying one fraction of money for their purchase. With the exception of this mode of sale, all lands arc disposed of for actual settlement, at auction ; the upset price, if paid down, is two shil- lings sterling, or 2s. od. currency, per acre — £12 Is. ^d. currency for 100 acres. If payments are made by instalments, which is optional with the purchaser, the upset price is os. curren-^y per acre. The flourishing state of this Departnicnt will be better seen from a re- view of the following lleport, furnished to the TiCgislature in the last ses- sion by the head of the Department : " Crown Land Office. Frcdcricton, 1^'cbruary, 18r)4. May U please your Excellency : I have the honor of submitting to your f'xcellency detailed .-iccounts of the transactions connected with the Crown Land Department, for the year ending on the 31st December. 1853. These accounts consist of the following classes : — Ist. Receipts for timber and lumber. 2nd. Receipts for land sold. Srd. Receipts for contingencies. i^L' i '*.-• ' ''WMl II 1 . *' ( . , ;5<|| ||l| . ■ , ■ ■ ' ^' * tr\ ^ w . ,» 1 /•!■.;! .(I ■|in 4th. A return of the amount of labor performed upon roada and bridges, in payment for land, und<^r the provisions of the Act 12 Victoria, Cap. 4, generally known as the Labor Act, and that of the Act 12 Victoria, Cap. 19, known aa the Commutation Act. These aeveral returns are so prepared, as to exhil)it a full and compre- hensive statement of all the detailed information relating to each class ; yet as that information is necessarily spread ovor a large surface, 1 herewith submit a condensed report of the returns ol" each class, together with such explanatory remarks as may bear upon them. First — Timhcr and Lnnihcr. No. 1,340 4,887 962Ji ;H.924A Licenses prepared during the year (from Ist INIay), Square miles under license, Square miles sold at and under 50s. per mile, with option of renewal without sale, Square miles sold below 50s. per mile, and subject to resale, Amount received for licenses since 1st May, X7,803 143. Average rate per square mile, 8I3. lid. 9-8. These numbers comprise only the licences issued. &c., for ilie year com- mencing 1st May, 1853, and ending 1st May, 1854 ; but the inclusion of all licenses issued within the year 1853 wouhi not materially alter the sum total. Total amount received for timber and lumber, from all sources, in the ysar 1853— cfi8,6G8 Os. lOd. No material change has been made, since the passing of the export duty law, until last year, in the regulations establishing the rate of mileage, not- withstanding that the trade of the Province had in that time greatly changed its character ; and finding that the staple commodity of New Brunswick was in great demand, and realizing high prices, the Ciovernmcnt deemed it their duty to secure to the public some participation in the increasing pro- fits of the lumber trade. The upset rate of mileage was therefore advan- ced from ten shillings to twenty shillings per square mile ; thus realizing for the Province a considerable increase on the sale of timber berths, with- out causing any additional expenditure. Great complaints having been made by those engaged in the lumber trade, that the practice of annually putting up all the timber berths to public competition bore injuriously as well on the trade as on the revenue ; the expense incurred in building camps, erecting dams, cutting roads, and other matters incident to to the business, being so great, that they would prefer paying an increased rate of mileage, if they Avould thereby secure the right of renewal for a larger period than one year. The Government, in order to meet in some degree the views of the lumbering interest, de- termined to oft'or the timber berths at auction, at the upset price of 20s. per square mile ; giving to the purchaser, who bie(in prudently ap- plied ; but when I consider that in no case is there any ultimate and inde- pendent supervision of th'^ work done : that the whole is left, both as res- pects quantity and rate, as well as ({uality, to the irresponsible discretion of a single person for each district, I cannot but apprehend, that as regards work, the experiment has in some instances proved a failure. The Government has nidecd interposed a clieck to the acquisition of land under the Labor Act by speculators, by which persons already owning land are precluded from applying to purchase by labor. The regulations, lately established, do not suffer any person to purchjiac under the Labor Act, a\' o is under eighteen years of age, who is already the owner of other land, or who claims land purchased from the Crown, but ungranted. And no person, after having paid in full for his lot by labor and commission, can obtain a grant of it, until he prove to the satisfac- tion of the Government that he is then, and for twelve months past has been, actually residing on the lot, and has cleared and cultivated not less than ten acres of the said land ; the whole purchase being void unless all this be done within five years after approval of his petition. The effect of the law, therefore, and of the regulations to whicli T have adverted, must be on the whole bene:^'.''al. a ' inducing a large permanent settlement on the wildnerness lands of tVo Province. I annex comparative stacement" of sundry matters of receipt and expen- diture connected with the Crown Land Office, and 1 Iiave the satisfaction of stating that while the receipts have boen nmcli larger in 1853, and the extent of office labor performed greater than in any year contained in the statements, the expenses have been less than in any of those years since 1849. The whole revenue of the (.'rown Land Department for tiie past year, was as (oUows : — Amount received by the Receiver (General by tickets is- sued from the tSurveyor ,840 18 11 When the amount collected under the ex|.ort duty act is taken into con- sideration, this branch of the public revenue is in a highly flourishing state. (Signed) R. 1). WILMOT, t^ijRVEVOR General." CO CO CI OD CO to CO 5U ^ '2 TO CI 2» 1.1 ; i >.:; \ 1 "..^ 1 ! -^ 1 **. ' «w ! l-H 1 t"** ! ^: r— 1 '^ c '^ ■^ f^ , ♦*. o .=J. • .^ ^ ■j: 'y J 53 1^ *M '*• S^ s .o o year. 8 1 1) 14 I) CO CO 1-1 GO CO o GO 5^ (U to" 6q ■u G CO ;/;■ CO cc S c "-A o 5 c ^^ O eo I— I o lit) c; O CO ■«1< ox CO 5?; i iC C. (?- VD Ol lO i.O -f »-o 01 1 - oi >o 01 T— I CO lO CO r- X I- CO --H c; 00 X o I— < -f COO O O CO CO^^X^'^ O-Pr-^' O C' r-H ».0 C o o o X o 00 OO i.O o o o •o »o ^►^. Eh w O O If. > .,A> as Ai ^;' I—" »0 Ctv ot OJ 04 X o CI o I- o ~ o r-I CI CI -D CO 1—1 CI I- I- ^':: 3 w S rt <» ) 2n(L No grant made to persons under 18 years of age, nor ti ovmera of land. 3d. No more than one hundred acres. 4th. Petition^ must bo in the form annexed. 5th. Lands must be occupied within three months from notice of appro- val in the Royal Gazette, and improvements, to the amount of «C10 curren- cy, made within that time. 6th. No labor to be performed in payment for land, until petition ap- proved, and land surveyed, and improved as aforesaid to satisfaction of Commissioners. 7th. The applicant must pay one-fourth of the value of his land, accor- ding to the value of labor at the time, including five per cent, to the Com- missioner, annually, until the whole is paid for. 8th. No approval yhall continue in force longer than two years from its date, unless the applicant shall have paid, by labor and commission, at least one-fourth of the purchase money. 9th. The Commissioner is required to make returns to the Provincial Secretary, on or before the 15th day of December, in each year. 10th. No applicant to allow any logs, timber, kc, to be removed, until all the conditions are complied with. 11th. Fraud and deception, practised by an applicant under this act, will result in loss both of property and labor done, if any. 12th. No person shall be entitled to a gram, unless he prove to the Go- vernment, within five yearSj that he has paid the purchase money and com- mission, and that he has resided upon the lot approved of to him for the last twelve months, and that he has cultivated not less than ten acres of the said land. 13th. The Government claim the right to sell logs and timber on all lots thus appplied for, to the value of XIO. until the first day of May next fol- lowing such survey and improvements. 14th. All petitions heretofore approved under the Labor Act, 12 V., C. 4, are subject to the regulations, of which the foregoing is a synopsis. {Form of Petition.) " To His Excellency, Lieutenant Governor, xander Burnett, Springfield. *oSaLTuel Fairwcather, Belleisle. Saint John. Thomas 0. Keloher, 1 City. Williim Percival, Do J. C. viodard, Do. Williau llazen, Do. ■* Jacob Allen, Indian Town *oJo«eph B. Whipple, Carleton. Dved, Land 1. len. tant. les, ment Charlotte. None. Victoria. 43 0* William Mahood, St. Andrews. C. R. Hathaway, Westmoreland, Do. *oPhilip Palmer, Sackvillc. John Steadman, Bend. *oSamuel S. Wilmot, Salisbury. Alexander Monro, Bay Verte. Jonas Cutler, Bend. Charles G. Palmer, Albert. Sackvillc. *oReuben Stiles, Kent. Hopewell. oRobcrt Douglas, Buctouche. oPeter Mezerall, Northwnhcrland . Richibucto. *oJames Datidson, Oak Point, Mirauichi. *John Davidson, Dumfries. *Jame3 L. Price, Ludlow. *oCharles S. Peters, Chatham. William Parlue, Gloucester. Nelson. *oMatthew Carruthers, Rcstigouchc. Bathurst. *oDavid Sadler, Carklon. Dalhousie. *oll. M. Garden, Woodstock. * John Bedell, Do. Note. — Those Deputies, to whose names the asterisk (*) is prefixed, arc also seizing officers : and those to whose names the {o) is prefixed, are ap- pointed to conduct the sales of Crown Lands in their respective counties. m i \ ; 1 tm 1 • i21 i i!:i . ^■ • .■■! ■:. 44 Table, shewing the content in acres which has been granted, estimated or located, by the Crovrn ; and the extent yet remaining vacant, and at the disposal of Government, in each county in J!^ew Brunswick : m W County. Acres vacant. Granted. Restigouchc. 1,260,5R1 150,979 Gloucofiter. 704,r)33 332'902 Northumlicrland. l,W3,S;-!2 98G,1G8 Kent. ().10,()(i2 386,39S Wostm®reland. .•^01,000 577,440 Albert. J1)'.),8G0 233,700 Saint Jolin. 105,573 309,147 Charlotte. 400,115 317,245 Kings. 187.108 002,752 Queens. 447,076 514,204 JSunburj'. 405,002 377.07H York. 1.230.CSG 970,914 Carleton. 2;:S4,1'J8 465,802 Victoria. 2,526,400 345,600 Totals. 11,041,031 0,636,329 The above scale of areas is exclusive of water, and is corrected to March 1852, as regards the boundtiry between Canada and Restigouchc, and Vic- toria counties. The preceding scale was kindly furnished to the writer by Andrew Inches, Esq., Head Draftsman, Crown Land Office, Fredericton. ll appears, from Dr. Gesner's history of New Brunswick, that the total number of acres granted, up to 1846, was 6,077,960 ; shcvring that there has been an increase in six years of 5o8.369. CURRENCY. There is no part of the machinery of civil government Avhich stands in more urgent need of wholesome laws orid regulations than that alfecting the circulating racdicm of tliy country. In this Province, it is both confused and defective ; the legal and changeable values of the various coins and bank bills forming the circulating mediums of these colonies, and the diifer- ence in their respective currencies, are objcctional on several grounds. First, these discrepancies are productive of great inconveniences, even within the Province. Secondly, there is a total absence of uniformity among the several Pnn'inces ; and thirdly, the periodical legislative onuctmcnts render the whole system intricate and uncertain. The diOferencc between rurroicy and sfcrliiis' is v.-ell known, and, were ii uniform throughout British North America, would be easily calculated, and produce little difiiculty ; but the disagreement existing between the value, or nominal value, of wh.it is made a legal tender in thu dilTerent I*ro- vinc'.js, is certainly very i.ijuviuus to ihc'ir cunimercial interests. It is felt more especially in Nova Scotia and Neiv P»runawirk, which have a com- vrnm bouudary, one common intoreyt. and a considerable mutual trade ; be- li'leg b'^in^, Ijko th'> gthers, unitoii under una Iinperiul Head. But tbo dif- ference each of th| New Brui Provinces, descriptioi The bai their expr(i tively bel( value whei ference is discount ii pence. and! Another to much coins, and of fifteen the New John, it p coast it is ( standing tl The legJ shewn, as New Brun Be it en sembly, as 1. The twenty shil the pound i and finencj and Irelam tender for, always tha scribed am present cu 2. Th( in the yeai year of oi troy, shall rcncy. 3. The coined bef hereinbefo sums pass such '"oins signed to quarter ol ways that paying mi British g( pence cur to be i'oc 45 ference between their currencies ig not so great as that existing between each of them and Prince Edward's Island, distant less than ten miles from New Brunswick. A twenty shilling bank note, issued in either of these Provinces, is worth twenty-four shillings in the Island currency ; and other descriptions of money bear a similar ratio. The bank notes issued in each Colony pass " on the face," that is for their expressed currency value in the Province to which they may respec- tively belong ; though theso notes, as well as the various coins, differ in value when offered in payment out of the Province ipsuing them. The dif- ference is arbitrary ; and the paper currency of Nova Scotia will be at a discount in New Brunswick, varying sometimes from three pence to nine pence, and even a shilling, in the pound. Another inconvenience has arisen to New Brunswick, and has given rise to much confusion, from the Legislature changing the value of various coins, and especially the English shilling, from its former convenient value of fifteen pence, or the quarter dollar, to fourteen pence half-penny. Along the New Brunswick shores of the Bay of Funcly, and on the river St. John, it passes for fourteen pence half-penny ; while on the north-east coast it is current, except in the public oirlces, for fifteen pence, notwith standing the Lvv. The legal value of the several coins usually in circulation will be best shewn, as far as relates to this Province, by the following extract from the New Brunswick Act 15 Victoria, chap, LXXXV. : Be it enacted, by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council and As- sembly, as follows : 1. The unit of account in this Province shall be the pound, equal to twenty shillings currency of the present currency, and shall be such that the pound sterling, a^i represented by the British sovereign, of the weight and fineness now fixed by the law of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, shall be equal to, and any such British sovereign shall be legal tender for, one pound four shillings and four pence currency ; provided always that all sums of money and accounts may be legnlly mentioned, de- scribed and stated either iu dollars, and decimal parts of a dollar, or in the present currency. 2. The eagle of the L'i'nited States, coined after the first day of July, in the year of our Lord 18o4, and before the first day of March, in the year of our Lord 1852, and weighing ten penny weights eighteen grains, troy, shall pass and be a legal tender for two pounds ton shillings cur- rency. 3. The gold coins of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the United States, coined before the day last aforesaid, being multiples or divisions of those hereinbefore mentioned, and of proportionate weight, shall for pi'oportionate sums pass current and bo a legal tender to any amount by Inle, so long as such '^oins shall not want more than two grains of the weight hereby as- signed to them, respectively, deducting one lialf-penny currency for each quarter of a grain any such coin shall want of such weiglit ; provided al- ways that, in any one payment above tlie sum of fifty pounds, the person paying may pay. or the person to receive may insist on receiving the said British gold coins by weight, at the rate of ninety-four lihillings and ten pence currency per ounce, troy ; and in like manner any sums tendered or to be received in tbo gold coin of the United States, may bo weighed in m " I' II ■ <' , s\ i f! ■:[ i m m l>f. iS I , '(■ . )■ ■ \f'M ^ 46 bulk as afoK'said, and shall be legal tender at the rate of ninety-three shil- lings currency per ounce, troy, when offered in sums of not less than fifty pounds currency. 4. Such coins, representing pounds currency, or multiples or divisions of pounds currency, as her Majesty shall see fit to direct to be struck for the purpose, shall, by such names and at such rates as her Majesty shall assign to them, respectively, pass current and be a legal tender in this Pro- vince ; the standard of fineness of the said coins, when of silver or gold, being the same, respectively, as that now adopted for coins of the United Kingdom ; and the intrinsic value of the said coins, when of gold, bearing the same proportion to that of tlie British sovereign as the sum for which thoy are respectively to pass current, shall bear to one pound four shillings and four pence of the present currency, or four dollars eighty-six conts and two-thirds of a cent ; and the intrinsic value of such coins, when of silver or copper, bearing the same proportion to their nominal or cuncnt value which the intrinsic value of British silver or copper coins, respectively, bears to their nominal or current value ; provided always that such gold coins shall be a legal tender to any amount by tale, so long as they shall not want more than two grains of the standard Avcight, to be assigned to them, respective- ly, by her Majesty, subject to the same deduction for want of weight as is provided by the preceding section with regard to British and American gold coins ; and provided, also, that such silver coins shall not be a legal tender to the amount of more than two pounds ten shillings currency, or ten dol- lars, in any one payment, nor such copper coins to the amount of more than one ^iliiiiing currency, or twenty cents, in any one payment ; provided, far- ther, iliat the holder of the notes or obligations of any person or body cor- porate, to the amount of more than two pounds ten shillings currency, or ten dollars, shall not be bound to receive in such silver coins more than that amount in payment of such notes, if presented at one time, although each or any of such notes be for a less sum. -5. The Lieutenant Governor of this Province, with the advice of the Executive Council, may, by proclamation, extend all the provisions of this Act, having reference to the gold coins of the United States coined before the first day of March, in the year of our Lord 18."i2, to any gold coins of the said United States coined on or after the first day of March, in the year last aforesaid, of the weight and denominations mentioned or referred to in this Act, which, having been assayed at the Royal mint, shall have been found equal in fineness to the coins mentioned or referred to in this Act. 0, It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant Governor of the Province, with the advice of the said Executive Council, out of any unappropriated monies, to defray the cost of obtaining and importing such (quantity of the said coins, respectively, as the said Lieutenant Governor, with the advice afore- said, shall from time to time think it for the interest of the Province to obtain and import. 7. All British silver coins not herein enumerated, and now in circula- tion, shall be a legal tender for sums not exceeding two pounds ten shillings, at six shillings and one penny for the crown piece, three shillings and a half- penny for the half-crown, one shilling and two pence half- penny for the fifth part of the crown, and seven pence farthing for the tenth part of the crown ; provided always that it shall be lawful for the Lieutenant Governor, by pro- clamation in the Royal Gazette, to stop the circulation of the coins in this sec- tion mentioned, giving C months' notice in such proclamation for that purpose." weight, A scale deduced fro By chapt Legislature "1. Th charge of ar viz. : The gold 'at rency. The forei four hundre dred and si: four shilling The Pen full weight three hundi shillings an currency. All Briti proportion i And the sued from t rency. 2. No; amount tha twelve pen( shall be ta penny. 3. The which is de bankers, oi person, or ment or de may demai by whom t shall pay t upon the a 4. Eve out endorse recover tin note, made 5. Th( person bei towards pj G. An bank note fence, fori any promi than in gc 47 A scale or synopsis of the current value of coins usually in circulation, deduced from the above Act, ^vill be found appended to tliis article. Nova Srotid Currency. By chapter 83 of the Statutes of Nova Scotia, as revised by order of the Legislature of that Province, in the year 18r)l, it is enacted as follows : " 1. The several coins hereafter mentioned shall be legal tenders in dis- charge of any liability or demand, at the respective rates hereafter declared, viz. : The gold coin of the United Kingdom called a sovereign, being of full weight, at the rate of one pound sterling, or one pound five shillings cur- rency. The foreign gold cohi called the doubloon, being of not less weight than four hundred and fifteen grains each, containing not less tlian three hun- dred and sixty grains of pure gold, at and after the rate of three pounds four shillings sterling, or four pounds currency. The Peruvian, Mexican, Columbian and old Spanish dollar, being of the full weight of four hundred and sixteen grains, and containing not less than three hundred and seventy-three grains of pure silver, at the rate of four shiUings and two pence sterling, or five shillings and two pence half-penny currency. All British silver coins after the same rate as the sovereign, in the samo proportion as such respective coins bear thereto. And the copper coin legally current in the United Kingdom, and that is- sued from the treasury of the Province, as penny and half-penny prices cur- rency. 2. No person shall be oompellcd to receive, at any one time, a greater amount than fifty shillings currency in British silver money, nor more than twelve pence currency in copper money ; and in any payment no account shall be taken of any fractional part remaining due less than one half- penny. S. The holder of any undertaking or order for the payment of money, which is designed to be and to serve the like purpose of notes or bills of bankers, or for circulating currency, M'hether payable to a real or fictitious person, or to the bearer thereof, or purporting to be transferable by indorse- ment or delivery, and whether made payable in gold or silver, or otherwise, may demand the full amount thereof in gold or silver money from the party by whom the same is payable ; and in default of such payment, the party shall pay to such holder interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum upon the amount thereof from the day of such demand and refusal. 4. Every such undertaking shall be transferable by delivery only with- out endorsement or assignment, and every holder of such undertaking may recover the amount therein expressed, as if the same were a promissory note, made absolutely payable in gold or silver money. 5. The holder of any such order or undertaking, being indebted to the person being the maker thereof, may tender the same to such maker in or towards payment of such debi for the full amount therein expressed. C. Any person issuing as circulating currency any promissory note, bank note or bill for a less sum than five pounds, shall, for every such of- fence, forfeit ten pounds ; and any person issuing, as circulating currency, any promisiory note, bank note or bill, expressed to be payable otherwise than in gold or silver money, shall for every such oftence foifeit a like sura. f! 49 Im p.* 7. The foregoing provisions shall not extend to treasury notes of [this Province, nor to any undertaking or order not designed for circulation a» currency, but bona fide, drawn by any person upon his banker or any other person ; nor shall they prevent any person indebted in a sum less than five pounds from making to his creditor a promissory note or undertaking to pay such sum.'' )> Scale or synopsis of the currency of the Lower Provinces, deduced from the foregoing Acts and the T^rince Edward Island Statutes, 12 Victoria, chap. 24, Denomination. Sterling. New iiruDBwick. Nova Scotia. P. E. Island. Sovereign, Half Sovereign , Amoricaii Eagle, Doubloon, in tiio ratio of ( the Sovereign, ^ (Jro.vn, Half Crown, Fifth part of a Oown or Shilling, Tenth do. do., Spanish or Mexican, &c.. Dollar, Half Dollar, Quarter do., Five franc piece. £1 10 4 5 2 o 1 () 4 o 2 1 JCl 4 12 2 10 4 2 3 17 a^ 6 3 1 1 2i 7i 5 2 6 £1 5 12 6 4 6 3 3 li I 7i 5 2i ♦ > 6 £1 10 15 3 4 10 7 3 1 6 3 1 5 6 9 9 «> •J 6 6 To bring Nova Scotia or New Brunswick currency to that of Prince Edward Island, multiply by six, and divide by five, and vice versa. The lawful interest paid for the use of money in all these Provinces is six per cent, per annum. BANKS. Central Bank of Neio Hnins^oick^ at Fredoricton. Capital ii35,000, with power to increase to £50,000. This Bank has two agencies — one at Woodstock, in Carleton county, and one at the Bend, in the county of West- moreland. Commercial Bank of New Brunswick is established at Saint John, and incorporated by Royal charter, having a capital of X150,000, with power to increase to £300,000. It has agencies at Miramichi ind at Wood- stock. Bank of New Brunswick, at Saint John, has a capital of £100,000. Charlotte County Bank is situate in St. Andrews, with a capital of £15,000. St. Stej)he?i^s Bank, in Charlotte county, has a capital of £25,000. Bank of British North America is established in London, with a capi- tal of £1,000,000 sterling, ^Yith power of increase. It has branches at St. John and Fredericton, as well as at Hahfax, Quebec, and all the principal cities of British North America. Westmoreland Bank is situate at the Bend, with a capital of £20,000. This Bank has an agency at Sackvillc. St. Joh\ on the che The St\ Mir anil The Sl\ found to M The prill InsuranccX Compunyl the Londol surance. There is suls at St. I Note.— the Pro V in from any o the rate of is^d to rcce terest. T one per cei There a depends, er than a 1 particular dilional do New Bi markably the prevai in.; on the circumstiU also, to ih experience tent, and i hfied. From a parts of t follows : Extrc Ext re Mean Perhaj cliniate o destructi seasons, i climate c vinces of ■ward, is u VI 49 Savin!:^s Banks. St. John Savhic-s Bank is in a very prosporouy state ; it is conducted on the che ipest and most efficient principle. The St Auflreir's Savings Bank, Mlramiclii Socinga Bank, and The Shff/>ar Sai-ingii Bank, are all m f> prosperous condition, and are found to be of great aceomraodation in their respective localities. The principal Insurance Companies in the Province are the Cent) ul Fire Insurance Compamj, Marine insurance Comptiny, Globe Assurance Company, and South Bay Boom Company. Bedidcs tb.ese, many of the London Companies have established agencies, cspeciailj for life as- surance. There is always an American Consul resident at St. John, and Vice Con- suls at St. Andrews and Miramichi. Note. — Tho various Savings Banks established in the diflerent parts ot the Province above referred to, arc empowered by law to receive depositions from any one person to the amount of £50 currency, nnd allow interest at tho rato of five per cent, per annum. The Provincial Treasurer is author- ised to receive the moneys deposited in the Banks, and all(»w six per cent in- terest. The expenses of these institutions are defrayed by the uifierence of one per cent. CLIMATE. There are a variety of influences upon which the climate of a country depends. It is said that a flat country, even in the same latitude, is warm- er than a high m^ount^inous district ; ard if the prevailing witids, in any particular region of the northern hemi?phcro. be from the southwest, an ad- ditional degree of warmth is iraparteil to the atrao.-^phere. New Brunswick possesses these advantages in a high degree, being a re- markably level country, situate nearly in tlie mid lie of the temperate zone; the prevciiling summer wind? being from the southwest, and its position be- ing on the eastern side of the Nortli iVmericun continent. All these local circumstances conduce to the heat of its summers, and in some measure, also, to the frigidity of its winters. With respect to the winter. 1 owever, experience has proved that where the forest has been removed to any ex- tent, and as the clearing proceeds, its excessive severity has been much mol- lified. From a number of observations made at different times, and in various parts of the Province, the extremes and mean of temperrture are nearly as follows : Extreme of cold, (below zero) 24 ^ / Extreme of heat in the shade, 96 ^ Fahrenheit's thermometer. Mean temperature of the year, 44 ) Perhaps, froia this scale, a stranger to the operations and effect of the climate of the I'rovince would be led to believe it injurious to health and destructive to vegetation, and if it were not for the gradual change of the seasons, such woo :d probably be the result. In point of fact, however, the climate of New Brunswick, in common with that of the contiguous Pio- vinces of Canada and Nova Scotia, and the adjacent Island of Pjince Ed- "wardj is now considered to be more salubrious than any other pait of the 9 It ! 'i f. ?!' 'f i? \'ii ■H (iH'i m. *, I. Vm I 50 continent of America. All these Provinces are generally free from endcmical diseases. Those prevailiiij:; iu Southern States and West Indies, and even as far north as Boston and Now Yorl:,are unknown inNewlirunswick, and her inhabitants generally enjoy excellent health, with the exception of epidemical diseases which aro sometimes introduced byemigrants from other countries, and which the promptness ai»d eflicicncy of the boards of health cannot always exclude. During the last year, New Brunswick has perhaps somewhat ano- malously suflered from that scourge with which the Almighty has been pleased to visit most of the nations of the earth, the cholera. Without en- quiring whether local causes might not have added to the virulence of tlic disease, it is somewhat consolatory to rellect that even the most healthy countries in the world have not escaped its ravages, and that it may lead to precautions which may prevent, or at all events, mitigate its recurrence. The following quotations will show the high o})inion cntcrtainc'run3Avick has es- caped the visitation of those diseases to which other parts of this continent have been subject; a gratifying proof of the salubrity of our climate."' — Atldnss of the House of Asseiabhj in raccd by the large rivers — the St. John and the Ilcsti- gouche. The beauty and richness of scenery of this latter river, and its branches, are rarely surpas.sed by anything on this continent. The lakes of New Uruiiswick arc numerous and most beautiful ; its surface -is undu- lating — hill and vale— varying up to mountain and valley. It is every- where, except a few peaks of the highest mountains, covered with a dense forest of the finest growth. " 1'he country can everywhere be penetrated by its streams. In some piirts of the interior, by a portage of some throe or four miles only, a canoe can float away either in the Bay Chalcur or the Gulf of iSt. Jiawrencc, or down to St. John and the Bay of b'undy. Its agricultural capabilities and climate are described by Bouchettc, iMartin and others. The country is by them— and most deservedly so — highly praised. '• For any great plan of emigration or colonization, there is not another British colony which presents such a favorable field for the trial as Now Brunswick. " On the surface is an abundant stock of the finest timber, Avhich in the markets of England realizes large sums annually, and affords an unlimited supply of fuel to the settlers. If the forests should ever become exhaust- ed, there arc the coal fields underneath. " The rivers, lakes and sea coasts abound with fish. Along tho Bay of (Jhaleur it is so abundant that the land smells with it. It is used as a ma- nure ; and, while the olfactory senses of the traveller arc offended by it on the land, he sees out at sea innumerable shoals darkening the surface of the Avatcr.'' This description of New Brunswick is given by two very intelligent offi- cers of the Royal Engineers, who thoroughly traversed the Province during all the variations of its climate. 7.'heir opinion of the country, therefore, is founded on actual experience, and must be of incalculable import to those desirous of emigrating;. In further reference to the character of our climate, we cannot adduce stronger testimony than that of Dr. Waddell, the philantiiropic and highly ([ualified superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum, who, in his report of that institution to the Legislature, January 31, lS5o, says : — " The combina- tion of elements to procure a large increase in mental disease does not exist in the Province. Educationally, it is improved and improving ; politically, it is tran(|uil ; commercially, it is prosperous and steady ; agriculturally, it never till now attained so high a position, and la1)orers in every department are profitably employed; and, as regards climate, none is more healthful."' Tho depth of snow that usually falls in this Province is much vai'icd. 1 )urin<]; some winters it averaiies three feet over the Province : at other times there will not bo more than eighteen inches fall in the southern, while there will bo four feet or more in its most northern section ; and this has been assigned as one reason of tho superior productiveness of the latter over the former section of the Province. It is not unfreciuent, especially to- wards the south, to see 'winters pass away without snow enough fiillin^ to afford six weeks' sledding. We seldom fail to havo what is known hevo as ii T r !i %. 52 *' a January thaw," which frequently deprives the snow-clad hills of their covering. The snow that falls in this country is not more than half the Wjight i)f th;it which falls in Englanti ; while nine inches of snow in that country affjrd, on an average, one inch of witer, it takes seventeen inches in this Province to produce the saras quantity. Another rno-t important consideration filling under the head of "cli- mate," is its effect upon the a^ricaiture of the Province. The following divisions present nearly au outline of the m inner in which the fdrmers of New Brunswick are employed during the ditforent perioJs of the year : December ] These may be considered the winter months, in which the January 1 principal out-door operations on the farm generally cease. February f During this period the land undergoes a thorough pulverization March J by frost, equal to one ploughing. Farmers employ themselves in felling timber on new farms, and in preparing lind for burning in the spring to receive a crop, procuring fencing materials and houseing of fuel, threshing, marketing produce, kc. : and a:^ the winter evenings are long, social visits are made amongst each other, when the doings of the year are reviewed. April ) The-e months may be said to include seed time ; wheat, oats, bar- May \ ley, spring rye, Indian corn, turnips and carrots are sown, and po- tatoes planted, during this period, Juno J This is the great season for growth, although hay-making, and July > the harvesting of wheat, barley and oats, frequently coramenca ; August ) the latter oueji about the '20th August. September ) During this period harvesting is completed, and autumn October > ploughing performed ; cattle continue grazing from the 15th November 3 May to the 20th November, alter which time they have to be housed. "As to the way in which it'' (the winter in this Province) "interferes with the firmers' operations," Professor Johnstoii received 62 ansv/ers from per- sons residing in diifirent parts of the Provinc3, from which it appears that the earliest sowing in the Province was " on the 17th March " ; the " latest ploughing in the Province " on the 1st December. " Longest summer from these dvta. eight months and fourteen days." " 2n'l Litest early sowing, 15th May. Eirliest lue ph>ughing, 1st November. Shortest summer from these data, five months and fifteen days. " 3rd Moan length of the summer from these two results, six months and twenty two days ' Notwithstanding the conclusion thus arrived at by the .Professor, the average length of time which the New Brunswick firmer can devote to out- door operations is not less than seven months. The average duration of summer being seven montln, we may cili the average period of the growth of crop^ thru.; months and twenty days, leaving to the farmer three months and ten days in which to perform his spring and autumn ploughing and other out door work before seed time and after harvest. The Professor after contrasting the period thus affjrded the New Bruns- wick far!n:'r, bjfore and after seed tiuvj, for prop.iring the land for a crop, with thit allowed to th9 Scotoh nui English fa; ineia, proceeds as follows : " Xhd uaiabdr of day* daring which raia iuiiiedoi the operations of the British fart soils of a f to that whi period duri makes it h( Great Brit mate he liv " But ir do not so c of the Pro Thus the the disposa is really n( The ave been founi tain, and i The act depth, leav ed to save thus thoro are sure to The inji to frost vl proper sjs cli- 53 British farmer is notoriously very great. In some counties, vrhich possess soils of a peculiarly tenacious character, it brings another evil in addition to that which attends the New Biunswick winter. It not only shortens the period during which the work of preparing the land can be dune, but it also makes it heavier or more difficult to do Thus the farmer's expenses in Great Britian are considerably increased by the precarious nature of the cli- mate he lives in. " But in New Brunswick the climate is more steady and equable. Rains do not so constantly fall, and when they do descend, the soils in most parts of the Province are so jjorous as readily to allow them to p:iss through. Thus the out-door operations of the farmer are less impeded by rain, and the disposable time he possesses, compared with that of the British farmer, is really not to be measured by the number of d lys at the disposal of each." The average number of stormy days during the year in this Province has been found to bi> about ninety-six- : los^ than the usual average in Groat Bri- tain, and in many parts of the United States. The action of the frost, which pcnetratra the ground to a considerable depth, leaves the land in a pulverized and decomposed state, and is consider- ed to save the farmer one ploughing ; and whenever the ground has been thus thorouuhly pulverized by frost and well covered with snow, good crops are sure to follow. The injurious results arising to grass lands from the exposure of the roots to frost vhen the ground is bare of snow, may be completely obviated by a proper system of drainage. ft -IH) Wi m o) «0 ^ ^ fcf) ^D '•■3 The prin wick are as . to CI -3 ■vo P '-' bO ■-■•^ •r' i* ^ 1-4 •5 a Or-H o i ^^ :^ ^ a a — ^ g ^ r-, t; In 3 '.-i a —> t: SO • 'T, '- a g -'^ ai i' a 3 It may of some our Avoods given as a of nucleus The Elder producii scss mo Maple 1)U!^ Hobble bu lligli-busl Cherries. Sumach, riums. Iloneysuc Wild curi Kalmia ( False wal Solomon- Bell Woi Flag roo Chocolat Lilly of llcllobor CoAY ('a1 Yellow A Indian c Violet, Huck be White \ Winter Wood S( 55 The principal Agricultural and Horticultural productions of New Bruns- wick are as follows Wheat, Oats, Barley, Buckwheat, r-p 1> Carrots, Beets, y ^-— arsnips, ii , horses and pigs ; but if a large proportion of the best lands, which generally produce the best timber, should have to be reservcu for the production of fuel for domestic purposes, the population must be proportionably less. However, this is looking into the distant future, for the timber producing qualities of the Province appear to be almost inexhaustible, considering that there are not less than 16,000,000 acres covered with a dense forest. If we compare the agricultural improvements and the population of this Province with tbose of the small island of Prince Edward, Ave shall find it much to )ur disadvantage. That colony does not contain as great an area as either i the counties of York, Victoria or Northumberlan( — not more than one thirteenth of the area of New Brunswick, yet it supports a larger population in proportion to its extent, and experts a considerable quantity of grain. This Province contains nearly three acres and a quarter of cleared land to each inhabitant, and Nova Scotia about three acres ; while tiie Is- land possesses three acres and a half Small as this dilTHrence may appear, it Avould, if New Brunswick, contained as much, make an aggregate of 50,- 000 acres, and if the population bore the same proportion to its area as that of the Island, it would amount to 815,000. Ilenee it arises that the tAvo continental Provinces, for wnnt of due attention to the cultivation of their soil annually import breadstuffs, instead of exporting like their still poorly cultivated insular neighbour. Nova Scotia, with nearly one third more population appear not to have advanced in agricultural pursuits proportionately Avith this province. This is not owing to any inferiority in her soil or climate, but probably to her having paid greater attention to ship-building and the fisheries ; both of whi ch, but especially the latter, have till Avithin these few years, been much neglected in Ncav BrunsAvick. New BrunsAvick", in the groAvth of Avheat, is not, perhaps to be compared with some of the far famed grain growing States of the American Union, or with some parts of Canada, but it is only for want of a more systematic attention to agricuiiure, that it does not produce its own bread. Still even in the growth of Avheat the Province far exceeds several of the Ncav Eng- land States, and others, in the production of barley, oats, buckwheat, pota- toes, butter and hay, as will be seen by the following tabular statement : 10 r^ n •t n '; i I 4« P 1^ M m In;: I' 'M,M 58 •s s? 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V k' f I' 4, 1 60 E i-r It will be seen that New Brunswick exceeds in Wheat, 14 out of the 18 wheat growing States named in the table : Barley, 24 out of 30 barley do. • Oats, ) Buckwheat, > The whole of those named. Potatoes, ) T, ' > All except Nova Scotia. Hay, ) ^ In the growth of "o*- toes, hay and oats, indeed, no State in the Ameri- can Union can enter u o field of competition with this Province, in either weight, quality or quantity. Potatoes and oats find a ready sale in the mar- kets of the States, and now that the fiscal restrictions between these coun- tries are removed, a profitable trade will add a fresh stimulus to the agricul- turists of New Brunsw* k. i\ bo found a tabular statement of the aver- olanting and digging, the different kinds ,\i'A IS their average period of growth, — the maximum, minimum and avei.-^. weights per bushel; their average market prices, and indigenous plants. We shall not, therefore, repeat these particulars, but proceed to give some other tables which may be found use- ful. Average of Under the head of cl' <,ytt age times of sowing ana ..w^. of grain and other product Jvemg-c produce per Imperial acre. Bushels in New York. Ohio. Canada West. N. Brunswick. Wheat, 14 151 12J 19 Barley, 16 24 17i 28 Oats, 26 33| 24i 34 Buckwheat, 14 20i 16;i 33^ Rye, 9i 16i \\\ 17 Maize, 25 41.i 21, i 41 Potatoes, 90 C9 84 226 Turnips, 88 456 Hay, If tons. \\ tons. If tons. The above table presents a comparative view, taken from Professor John- 8tv)n and other sources, of the average number of bushels to the imperial acre raised in New York, i-'hio, Canada West, and New Brunswick. It will be observed that this Province outstrips all these places in growing the several articles above mentioned, especially in the production of potatoes ^nd to mips, both of which are of the best quality. Butter, Cheese, Bee Mut Porl Superfine A 343. English ha Marsh hay The foll( Acres of c Persons er Tons of h Wheat, bi Indian Co Barley, Buckwhec Oats, Beans anc Potatoes, Turnips, Other roo Neat catt Cows, Butter, p Horses, Sheep, Swine, Cloth, y{ 61 Average of Butler and Chees ?, and price per lb., for the whole Province. 1 cow — per week. For the season. Price per lb. Average. Butter, Cheese, ^ lbs. 11 " 89J lbs. 140 " 9 id. to Is. 5d. to 8d. lOd. 5id. Average prices of Beef, Mutton and Pork. Beef, Mutton, Pork, 2id. JO 5d. 2d. to4d. 3d. to 6d. 4d. 3d. \ Averages. 4^d. Average prices of Flour, per barrel. Superfine Wheat. 34s. Rye Flour. 203. Corn Meal. 21s. Oatme.; pei 112 lbs. 14s. Price of Hay, per ton. English hay. Marsh hay or broad leaf. From 403. to 50s. " 20s. to 25s. 45s. ; . 223. 6d. Averages. The following statistical summary is extracted from the census of 1851 : Acres of cleared land, 643,954 Persons engaged in agriculture. 18,601 Tons of hay, 225,093 Wheat, bushels. 206,635 Indian Corn, do., 62,225 Barley, do.. 74,300 Buckwheat, do.. 689,004 Oats, do., 1,411,164 Beans and peas, do., 42,663 Potaioes, do., 2,792,394 Turnips, do., 539,803 Other root crops, do., 47,880 Neat cattle, No., 106,263 Cows, 50,955 Butter, pounds. 3,050,939 Horses, 22,044 Sheep, 168,038 Swine, 47,932 Cloth, yards. 622,287 V ? I; s \ ( * ring rol dow land. Planting t ter both the A better spring crop Deeper pi stumps, and Better cai liotatiou ing to tile s( ter produce A more ( Not allov A better Attentioi Bwine. The mor< Almo.it c keeping r^toi a variety oi other alhivi vince, and c vium, wbicl best possib' tion. The iutr elemantu-y scientific aj way desira All stoc land; tho of this de« is thus foo frosti, bcs othfrwise iiXperii eown year only impo ■tity; tliu: eouthern versa, bol would pv( parts of most evei to effect i pliin in a As p? and econ pecially branches for agric 65 to- laid ^ed ira- |ro- )od Ilao ay lew 3nt ted of Spring rolling, as Boon as the frost leaves the ground, especially on mea- dow land. Planting trees and shrubs along the boundaries of fields, in 0'"der to shel- ter both the stouk and crops from winds and storms. A better attention to uutumn ploughing, and other preparations for the spring crop. ])eeper jHougliing, and a better clearing the land from stones, roots of stumps, and weeds. Botter care of liquid and other manures. Kotulion of ciops ; tho present system of successive cropping is exhaust- ing to tiio soil, and injurious to the quality, as well as quantity of tho mat- ter produced. A more extensive cultivation of green crops. Not allowiiiii; the grain to become too ripe before it is cut. A better and more varied assortment of agricultural implements. Attention to the improvement of the breed of stock, especially sheep and Bwine. The more extensive use of lime as a manure. Almost every farm in the Province might be made self-manuring without keeping otock for that purpose. There is hardly any one that does not possess a variety of soiL^, such as sand, loam, clay and bog or swamp mud, besides other alluvial deposits ; on the sea board, which bounds two-liiirds of the Pro- vince, and on the numerous rivers, there are extensive po.sitg of marine allu- vium, which, if mixed with lime and some of the ufiland soils, v^ould make tho best possible manure. This is a subject which requires the utmost atten- tion. The introduction of a certain amount of agricultural instruction into the elemant uy and other school-), andthe circulation of works on practical and scientific agriculture among the inhabitants of the Province, would be every "way desirable. All stock, both in spring and autumn, should bo kept oft tne meadow land ; tho practice of allowing cattle, sheep and swine to pasture on land of this description is very injurious to the ensuing year's crop, and when it is thus fed olF in the autumn, the grass roots are exposed to the winter frosti, besides v.'hich the land is deprived of an amount of food that would otherwise arise, by leaving the autumn vegetation to rot on the ground. Experience has proved, and science confirms the fact, that when grain is sown year afioryeur, for a number of successive year;], on the same soil, it not •only impov -risiiei the land, but becomes inferior both in quality and quan- tity ; thus . has been found beneficial to change tlie seed raised in the soutliern part of the Province for that grown in tho northern, and vico versa, both be" ig thus rendered more productive. A more lasting effect would probably i'ullow if a similar exchange could be effected with other parts of this continent, and even with more distant countries: but as al- most every farm contains a variety of soils, it is in the power of the farmer to effect a partial exchange from high to low lands, and again reversing the plan in alternate years. As paid labor may at any time be profitably employed, when skilfully and economically brought to bear on the cultivation of land, and more es- pecially at present, when ship-building, lumbering and railways, and other branches of industry, are making such rapid progress, opening new markets for agricultural produce, every farmer should apply himself Viith energy to '^ y i: H * I ■i * ■■^1 '11 ,m f 66 the introduction of a more extensive and systematic cultivation of the rich soils with which the Province abounds. In addition to the facilities afforded to the production of grain and roots, it is found that from the great variety of indigenous vegetation produced in the Province, no country on this continent presents so ^yide and luxuriant a field for summer pasturage. Cattle are turned out in the spring to the woods and wild meadows so frequently met with, where they remain, with- out cost to their ownerS; till autumn ; by which time they are often fit for the butcher, or at all events in good order for wintering. Strangers to the country may perhaps apprehend some danger to the cattle from the attacks of bears, but the instances of any live stock being destroyed by wild ani- mals are extremely rare, and the sottlers even in the wildest districts think it an uncommon occurrence to Buffer from their depredations. There is, however, a bounty oflbred for the destruction of bears, and as the wilder- ness becomes more cleared, such cases will be still more unfrequent. As to bears attacking mar;, Ave have heard only of two or thi'ce instances for a great number of years, and those under peculiar circumstances. No fears need thcrelbro be entort;iined on this subject. The publication in this, or the adjacent Province of i!sova Scotia, of a cheap periodical, devoted chiefly to agriculture, would bo of incalculable benefit. It should receive legislative .Md from both Provinces ; and a model farm connected with the editorship would be ver}' desirable. The officers of the various agricultural societies might become contributors, by supplying all Buch information as might fall witliin their reach. Such a periodical, es- tablished near the common boundary of these two Provinces, would radi.:ite both east and west, and even to Prince Edward's Island and (.'anada, and would thus disseminate knowledge on these subjects, which are so essential to the a'jrricultural health of all Ijritish North America. Before dl.jcissing this subject, we may be allowed to make a few obser- vations on an inclination too often evinced to cast a slur on the occupation of the farmer, as if it were something luw and ilishonorable, tlius stamping the most he:^lthy and praiseworthy pursuit with disrespect, because some of those who uilow it may ))e uneducated, and may not avail themselves of the advantages thrown in their Avay for the education of their children. If we allow gradations in the ditferent callings or em})loyuiont3. that of agri- culture ought to stand high, and it cannot be denied that, as a body, the agriculturalists are the most moral and intellectual class of laborers in this 'rovinco. iStiil there is much room for improvomeiit ; there is certah\ly, according to the menri.-; generally at command, a great Jieglcct of education ; and if farmers arc desirotis of seeing their businec^:! become respected, they must make luoral and iutt'llectual education a primary "work. Agriculture, in the tiggregate, is now very properly stampt with tlie af)- pellation of a srh-.m;'-. and it engages the attemion of scientific men uf the highest rank. The times of sowing, planting, reaping and digging, the manner of )iloui:jhin',; an.d harrowing, the couioo&ition, jnixing and a])plica- tion of nruuu'es, the auceession of crop-?, tlie breed and raising of stock, and numerous other necessary operations of theagricuiturisfs, are no longer mat- ters of chancu, but a.ro all regulated by well defined system aud chemical sci- fuci^ : so that in all coantries wdieve a\!;ricu!ture is carried on in accordance Avith the unpurtant character of the pursuit, these seientific priiiciplcj* are becoming an essential part of a farmer's education. It would be diflicult to name any country whoso people possess a greater aptitude to 1 Brunswick ; the exercise is attention And turn acter of the nities of le; pursuit pres tion is calci of the earth the movemc rist, the ma God, must A^rkuJl twenty yeai vincial funt creased of 1 have three that they a is great apj nion that ( this import ing can be the advanti perience, f therto intrj they thcms directly or The onl ties arO; tl better ada poses ; an exclusion premiums them^ and \\\J\x stocl tioifl, whi afforded o ultima teb directly, 1 pies from to these ' upon ma; may easi not only better s} the coUe most hoi be so ar: expend 1 country Dal cont rich 67 aptitude to learn, to imitate, and to execute, than the inhabitants of New Brnnswick ; and as the institutions and organizations of society promote the exercise of these facilities, all that is required in order to insure success is attention and efi'ort. And turning to the moral and religious, as well as the intellectual char- acter of the science itself, who, except the astronomer, has better opportu- nities of learning •'•wisdom's Avajs " than the tiller of the soil 7 What pursuit presents tlie mind with such varieties of scenery ? or what occupa- tion is calculated to aftbrd such an incrcused intimacy with the composition of the earth, the beauties and progress of germination and vegetation, and the movements in the animal kingdom / Surely the undevout agricultu- rist, the man who does not learn to lift his eyes from nature to nature's God, must be a madman. Ao'ikidlural Snrletics have been established in this Province for nearly twenty years, and large amounts have been annually drawn from the Pro- vincial funds in aid. of their opcrat'ons. These societies have so much in- creased of late, that nearly every county in the Province has one. and some have throe or four of these organizations. AVhile it is generally adn.itted that they are productive of much good, yet it is no less manifest that there is great apathy and want of public spirit on this point. iUany are of opi- nion that each individual farmer can do and does as much for the benefit of this important branch of industry as in his incorporated incapacity. Noth- ing can be more fallacious than this attempt at argument. Setting aside the advantages of union in the purchase of seeds, &c., and of mutual ex- perience, formers ought to consi'ier that almost all the improvcruents hi- therto introduced, not only in their stock and feeding, but in the knowledge they themselves may individually have acquired, have been derived either directly or indirectly from such institutions. The only forcible objections we have yet heard urged against these socie- ties are, that they sometimes appropriate large sums in introducii g horses better adapted for the race course thai, for the plough or f( r general pur- poses ; and the awarding premiums to a few oidy of the best stock, to the exclusion of the many. It is contended that the rich only take ihcso premiums, as the poorer portion of the society are not able to compete for them^ and if they do make the attempt, it is oidy by over-feeding part of thwir stock, to the injury of the rcmaindLi'. We think that these objec- tioiil, which are frequently made, ore much over-bal;inced by the examples afforded of improved cultivation, the introduction of seeds and stock, which ultimately find their ways to all, and other benefits, which, directly or in- directly, have been found to result from these societies. Besides, the princi- ples from whence these defects, if defects they are, arise, are not necessary to these organizations ; and premiums may be, and generally are, awarded upon many articles of domestic manufacture, in which the poorer meinber^i may easily participate ; and they may derive their lull share of advantage, not only from the new or improved breeds of cattle and the introduction of better svsteras of cultivation, but from the union of mind with mind, and the collective inibrmation that may thus be brought to bear on this first and most honorable pursuit. The details connected with these institutions may be so arranged, and encouragement in every branch be so awarded, as to expend the Provincial allowance to the greatest possible advantage of the country, and to afford to each member an ample return for the almost nomi- nal contribution of five Bhillings, for which he is called on as the price of 'St I ! i ll 4 4 ■ ■i If 1 1 r ■;:» ,■ it 68 "it Ml ilu his admigsion to the eociety. It should always be remembered that they are intended for the encouragement of the practical farmer, and not of the amateur agriculturalist. The amount annually appropriated by the Province to agricultural socie- ties, in aid of individual subscriptions, is about X2500. This sum is di- vided among nearly forty societies, in proportion to the amount subscribed by ench. Tlio admission fee was formerly ten shillings annually, but by an act recently passed, a copy of which is given below, the minimum of sub- scriptioL is only five shillings, or Avhat is in eilect the same — tlierc must be sixty mom.btn's, with a fund of at least fifteen pounds. Tiie result of this reduction will no doubt be to increase the number of members, and thus diffuse more widely the advantages of these institutions. Under the lor- mer act, any number of persons could form a society, and this mighc, no doubt, sometimes give rise to abuses. It is abo provided that any county may draw on the public grant to the amount of £200, so that £2000 may be expended from the funds of the Province for the promotion of agricul- ture. Cap. XXII. " An Act for the encouragement of Agriculture — passed "ist May, 1854. Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council, and As- sembly, as follows : 1. Whenever sixty persons or more shall subscribe and pay in sums of not le=!S than five shillings each, to be applied for the improvement of agri- culture and domestic manufactures, and shall subsciibethe Declaration (A.) in the schedule, and shall cause a copy of the same to be filed in the office of the Provincial Secretary, they shall thereupon become a body corporate by such a name as they shall designate, with all the privileges and obliga- tions incident to corporations by law ; but such privileges shall continue so long only as there are sixty members or more, who shall annually raise and pay, as afoi'esaid, the sum of fifteen pounds for the imnrovement of agri- culture. 2. The objeei of such agricultural societies shall be to encourage and promote the introduction of im[)roved stock, seeds, roots, implements, me- thods of culture, and improvement in farm buildings and domestic manufac- tories : to hold shows and exhibitions, and to give premiums for excelleuce, and to diffuse information concerning agricultural subjects, 3. When an agricultural society shall be so constituted in any cdlin- ty, such society shall be entitled to draw annually from the Provincial Trea- sury, by warrant in favor of the President of such society, treble the amount of the subscriptions so raised and paid as aforesaid ; but no county society shall be entitled to draw more than one hundred and fifty pounds from the Provincial Treasury in any one year. 4. In counties where more than one agricultural society exists, the Go- vernment ailo^vance shall bo given on the principle in section tliree, not ex- ceeding for any county the sum of two huiidred pounds in any one year, and the same shall be apportioned among such district societies, in a suita- ble proportion to the amount of the subscriptions raised and paid by each Boc.ety for the year for which the bounty shall be claimed, by warrant, in favor of the President of the respective societies ; no parish to have more than one society, and no county tc have more than four societies, under the provisions of this chapter. t 5. portec true cl auctiol lie advl compel 0. bye-laj culturi] file in 7. year slJ the soci local SI 8. tailed s| for the three n treasuii 9. 69 of lll- tnt Ihe li In r 5. In the dispogal of seeds, stock, implements, or other property im- ported by any such society, such articles shall not be sold for less than the true costs and charges of the same, unless the same shall be sold at pul>lic auction, of which at least ten days notice shall be previously fi;iven by pub- lic advertisement, at which all persons present shall have a right to bid and compete, whether members of the society or not, 6. Every agriculturid society shall elect such officers and make such bye-laws for their guidance as to them shall seem best, i'ov promoting agri- culture, according to the true intent of this chapter. Each society shall file in the office of the Provincial Secretary a copy of its bye-laws. 7. The amount of premiums to be awardei by each society in nny one year shall not exceed the amount of the local subscriptions and donations of the society ; the allowance for salaries shall not exceed five per cent, ol the local subscriptions, donations, and I*rovincial allowance yearly. 8. It shall be the duty of the treasurer of such society to prepare a de- tailed statement of the amount of income and expenditure of the society for the year past, which account shall be duly credited and approved by three members of the society, and the same shall be sworn to (B.) by the treasurer. 9. It shall be the duty of each society to transmit to the Provincial Secretary's office, on or before the twenty-fifth day of January in each year, a report of its operations for the past year, together with an estimate of the actual state of the land, crops, implements, stock, culture, and domestic manufactures in the district or county, as nearly in the form (C.) as may be. 10. If any society shall neglect to render its annual account and report, as provided by Section nine, it shall forfeit its claim to the legislative bounty for the year next succeeding. 11. Every agricultural society, by its officers, is herel)y authorized to define bounds for pens and yards, and pas3;iges to and from the same, for cattle shows and exhibitions, and also for ploughing matches; and no per- Bon shall be permitted to infringe on such bounds unless in conformity with the rules of the society, without the sanction of one of the officers of the society present : but no land shall be so occupied without the consent of the owner, nor shall any public highway be so occupied as to obstruct the pub- lic use thereof. 12. Any person, after notice thereof, infringing any of the regulations of any such society by entering within the bounds fixed, shall foifeit ten shillings, to be recovered on the complaint of any officer of the society, and applied to the use of the county. 13. All existing agricultural societies, in order to bo entitled to th9 Provincial bounty, muat consist of at least sixty members, and raise annual- ly at least fifteen pounds for the encouragement of agriculture, as provided in Section one. 14. The provisions of this act shall extend to all existing agricultural corporations and societies, but shall not interfere with any property or rights conferred upon or acquired by any such corporation or society. (A.) We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, agree to form ourselve'j into a society, under the provisions of the Act of Assembly, entitled "An Act for the enoouragemeut of Agriculture," to be culied "The Agri- rl 1? I; '^ 1 ' .:iJ^ IlKift 70 cultural Society" ; and we severally agree to pay to the tre-jsarer of such society, toward3 the funds thereof, the sums set opposite to (.u rcv|>.x+\ re names, as our firr' year's subscription thereto. Names of Subscribers. A. B. C. D. E. F. Sums subscribed. A. B,, Treasurer of the (B.) Agricultural Society, maketh oath and saith, that the foregoing or annexed account contains a just and true state- ment of the income and expenditure of the said society, from the day of last till the day of ; that the several sums therein specifiixl were actually ]•ecoi^'ed and paid by him for the purposes therein set forth, and th:it the same siiews the true state of the funds of the said society at the time tho said account was balanced and credited. Sworn to Ijcfore mc, tho day of , 1855. (0.) Clorfr and Tbnntlnj Sneds, Hoot Crojts — Potatoes. m Turnips. Marigolds. FndL Sugar- - Maple. Hu?fi ifjes. Breeu. o: ''Jattle. Season vcsl — character of. Soils of dhUrict — character of. Crops of disfrirt — principal. Land cleared, during the past sea- sou — estimate of. Rotation of c/oj/s in district — usu- fr/jm/ -usual average produce per acre. Average for past season. Diseases. Ren^edies^suggested. Price per bushel. Best varieties. Corn — same as Wheat. Oati. — do. do. Rye and Barlcij, Beans and Peas Farm Buildings and shelter for — do. do. stock. B-ickwheai^ MiVct — do. do. Proposals for improvement or other (.iif-'S^. tLiij. remarks. Names of President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Directors, members, Fairs in year, and list of premiums. Certified j^ccrcnt. Balance tVom previous year. "] D'linj Products. Sheep ami Wool. Pigs and Pork. Jdorses — breeds. Po uUry — breeds. Implements and Machinery, Manures. Sub'3Ciip;:'>ns of ytar past. Provinijiu,'' ,.apt fo*- year past. Other "fiset \ Inoomo. I J Prem .. .1 . Stock Charf Account It is or hije-h different bably be aubstanc 1. o 3. 4. whom to 5. premlun 6. 1! 7. T-! also rule It wil above A and enjo The ff of the m this is £ opening promotir It mi precede manifest vances o of tlieir sencrall In thi sandy ai cd. A^ abandon Avhorc t! In proci vages oi the enci of the > vanced. tlior inl doned, : every n The mil n n Premiums. Scecli ioiported. iiiiplviments. Stock. Charges of management. Account current with Irsiisurer. r ^ \ ExpenditSrdtt) J -^ .„.. It is necessary for all agricultural societies to have rules i.nd regulations, or bi/e-laics, for their guidance ; but, as these bye-laws may differ among different societies, it would be difficult to draw up such a code as would pro- bably be adopted by all ; we therefore merely lay down a brief outline, the substance of which all societies might with propriety •idopt : 1. The name by which the society is to be designated. 2. The number and duties of ofTuiers, and how and when to bo elected. 8, The times at which mcetin., tmnpjKe road n'^ar Warrington, now superseded by the Grand Junction Kailway) : ' This is a paved road, most infamously bad. Any peri^on woa;:i imagine the j;eop!o of this coujitry h.id made it with a view to immediate destruction, for the breadth is only sufficient for one carriage ; congequently it is cut at once into ruts ; and you may easily conceive what a break- Norwas He says dreadful place to lers to aA with brol nagemeni ing with "Now veiled in culated a\ transport! ages alFor ed in 17 1 "Unti England 80 expens such as, 1 could alio of convey is not all which, in To an present si cribed ; h stranger i in the coi could not pels the t] place maj gard to li like skate — upon vj of sleds, construct; gravity b veyance. From 1 not more of transii tween th( Dr. Lard island ar When a ■what tht canoes ir were the mails, th diflFerenci historim •ver, be 73 \ I a break-down, dislocating road ruts cut through a pavement must be.' Nor was the state of the roads in other parts of the north of England better. He says of i road near Newcastle, now superseded by railway : ' A more dreadful road cannot be imagined ; 1 was obliged to hire two men at one place to support my chaise from overturning. Let me persuade all travel- lers to avoid this terrible country, which must either dislocate their bones with broken pavements, or bury them in nmddy sand. It is only bad ma- nagement that can occasion such very miserable roads in a country so abound- ing with towns, trade, and manufactures." " Now, it so happens that the precise ground over which Mr. Young tra- velled in this manner less than eighty years ago, is at present literally reti- culated with railways, upon which tens of thousands of passengers are daily transported, at a speed ranging from thirty to fifty miles an hour, in carri- ages affording no more inconvenience or discomfort than Mr. Young suffer- ed in 1770, when reposing in his drawing room in his arm chair. "Until the close of the last century, the internal transport of goods in England was performed by waggons : and was not only intolerably slow, but 80 expensive as to exclude every object except manufactured articles, and such as, being of light weight and small bulk in proportion to their value, could allow of a high rate of transport." After shewing the cost per mile of conveying merchandize by the ton, Dr. Lardner proceeds : — " But this is not all : the wagon transport formerly practised was limited to a speed which, in its most improved state, did not exceed twenty-four miles a day." To an inhabitant of the IVovince it is scarcely requisite to contrast the present state of its roads with those Mr. Yotmg has so emphatically des- cribed ; his own experience will sufficiently prove their superiority. To n stranger it will only be necessary to say that there is scarcely a bye-road in the country on which, during the summer months, an English stage-coach could not be driven with ease and safety. In the winter, the climate com- pels the use of a different mode of transport, a description of which in this place may not be unacceptable. A frame work is constructed, with due re- gard to lightness and strength, supported by two runners, turned up in front like skates, and shod with iron or steel — the harder the material the better. — upon which is placed a box or carriage. These vehicles receive the names of sleds, sleighs, pungs, coaches, kc, according to the peculiarities of their construction ; are easily drawn, and afford, in consequence of the centre of gravity being comparatively low, a very safe and comfortable mode of con- veyance. From these statements, it will be apparent that New Brunswick, although not more than seventy years a colony, by her more safe and speedy means of transit, incalculably outstrips the state of conveyance that existed be- tween the most important places in Great Britain, at the time referred to by Dr. Lardner ; and it is a question if the common or parish roads of that island are at this day more than thirty yeais in advance of this Province. When a comparison is instituted between the present state of the roads, and what they were within the memory of hundreds of its inhabitants, when canoes in the summer, and the shoulders of the settlers during the winter, were the only means by which articles were conveyed ; and when even the mails, then but few and far between, were carried in the same manner, iha difference cannot fail to be most striking. Almost every settlement contains historians who delight to inform travellers of these facts. It must, how- ever, be acknowledged, notwithstanding the safe and comparatively speedy 12 i t 74 manner in which the mails, travellers and goods are now transported from place to place, that great improvements might be introduced, especially as to comfort, into the winter system of conveyance in this, as well as in the sister Provinces. In further illustration of the efficient state of the roads in this Province, it may be observed that the mail coach, which travels three times a week between the cities of Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and Saint John, in New Brunswick, a distance of 260 miles, performs the journey, except for a short time in the spring and autumn, in forty-five hours, including all stop- pages and delayo caused by the delivery of mail bags among the numerous villages along the road. The stage coach, which runs daily during the win- ter between Saint John and Fredericton, a distance, by the Nerepis road, of G5^ miles, completes its journey in eight hours. During the summer, not less tlian from eight to ten steamers ply on the St. Jolin river between these two places, leaving each place every morning and evening. The trip is ?ij''hty miles, and the upward voyage is made, when the freshet is not run- ning too strong, in eleven hours ; that downward in much less time. Israel D' Andrews, Esq., in his report to the American Senate, states that in 1851, not less than 50,000 persons took passage in the boats plying on the river, which were then less in number than at present. The passengers that tra- vel this way, in tlie present year, must far exceed that number. Nearly the whole external boundary of the Province is belted by good coach roads, and numerous cross roads are everywhere being extended into the interior, on which settlements, post offices, school houses and manufac- tories, are gradually established ; in fact, the Province is bidding fair to be- come a complete net-work of roads. The bridges of the country are not at all in keeping with its high roads. This arises from many causes : first, from the great extent oF bridging re- quired ; second, from defective engineering ; and thirdly, from a want of an immediate supervision. When bridges get out of repair, or are swept away by freshets or storms, which is frequently the case, more especially with wooden nidges, they are seldom re-built until after the annual meet- ing of the Legislature. However, the whole bridge building system is now receiving the attention of the Government, and will, it is to be hoped, under- go a thorough revision, so that the bridges of the Province may be placed on a more safe and substantial footing. The roads are divided into two classes : great roads and bye-roads. The great roads are those upon which the principal mails are conveyed, and the greatest amount of travelling performed ; these roads receive a larger amount of legislative aid, according to their extent, than the bye-roads do. All the counties have more or less of the great roads passing tlirough them, and therefore all partake of the benefits arising from an increased expendi- ture of the public monies, and the facilities affiarded by improved roads. The bye-roads diverge in every direction from the great roads ; they receive annual grants of money from the Legislature ; and both classes of roads, in addition to the Provincial endowments, are also partly repaired by the inhabitants of the districts through whic'" they pass, ilvery resident in the Province is required by law to contribute his quota, either in labor or money, at his option, towards tho support of the roads near his residence. The sum required from each for this purpose is assessed by officers, denomi- nated Commissioners, three of which are annually elected by the people of each parish. The parishes are laid oflF into districts by these officers, each district, under th the conv( arise to i to no gr< ty within The y( state of t year 185 In 1852, " 1853, " 1854, These for the bi as neces? A det^ Province which th The pi In the only four Andrews gress has cial deprc survey fo yet propc obstacles, America! ed its pre aifording lead to tl executioi Railway wiih a vi the city I distance, Shediac, John. ' in this £ miles ; a neotioa ' That ; ^ictou. '' .last sess: meut, av .m puvsu fiOJno c^ $mi^t 75 district, generally, not exceeding two miles in length. The work is done, under the superintendence of a surveyor, at such a season as may best suit the convenience of the communitiea; thus no inconvenience or hardship can arise to any individual from the performance of this duty, which amounts to no greater tax than the assisting to make a road to each person's proper- ty within the district. The yearly legislative grant varies according to the prosperous or adverse state of the Provincial revenues. The amounts thus appropriated for the year 1854, and the two preceding years, are as follows : In 1852, X33,000 " 1853, 35,822 Increase, X2,822 " 1854, £45,153 " 9,331 These respective sums include the grants for the great and bye roads, and for the bridges throughout the Province, and are divided among the objects as necessity may recuire. A detailed description both of the great and bye roads throughout tho Province will be foiind under the head of the respective counties through which they pass. The principal lines of road are traced in the map of roads, railways, &c. RAILWAYS. In the year 1830, the first Railway was opened in England; in 1844, only fourteen years after this great era in the means of transit, the St. Andrews raihoad, in New BrunsAvick, was commenced ; and although its pro- gress has been slow, ^et that is easily accounted for by the general commer- cial depression, as well as by many other incidental causes. In 1848, the survey for one of tho most gigantic plans of inter-colonial railways ever yet proposed— that from Halifax to Quebec— was entered upon. Various obstacles, arising from the different views of the several British North American Provinces irnd the Home Government, have, for a time, suspend- ed its progress. Originating from this survey, however, portions of a line, affording communication with the United States, and which will ultimately lead to the accomplishment of an inter-colonial connection, are now under execution. This line is known as the Evropcan and North American Rdilway, Operations have been commenced at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, with a view to reaching the New Brunswick boundary ; and from thence to the city of Sitint John, the commercial emporium of ^ew Brunswick. Tho distance, including a branch of six miles to the Gulf of St. Lawrence at Shediac, Avill be 250 miles from the Atlantic terminus at Halifax to Saint John. This line is intended to be produced, by the company incorporated in this Province, to the boundary of Maine, a further distance of seventy miles ; and from thence, by that State, to Portland, where a complete con- nection will be established with the American and Canadian railways. That portion of the road passing through Nova Scotia, with branches to Pictou. Vrindsor and Annapolis, was autliorised, by an act passed in tho jlast session of tho Provincial Legislature, to be constructed by the Govern- .■raent, annually expending ,£200,000, until the whole shall be completed ; .in pursuance of which, coulvactgi arc now being entered into, nnd works, to eojno c.xt^n!:. huyr- bficn <^PV-n>*«Br?t] Rt II»d)f»ii« It ir %W a 1 1 • if I .• 76 '.k V trunk lino, it will take more than four years to complete the road from Hali- fax to the boundary of New Brunswick ; and should the Government con- clude to expend a portion of the money on the branches at the same time, the completion of the main line will be protracted to a much longer period. The branches may be more cheaply constructed, uiih the exception of that to Pictou, on which the coal and other productions of that district will form an important item of transport, and render that line, in all probability, one of the most paying in that Province, The portion of the great line traversing New Brunswick, from the Nova Scotia boundary, as far as the city of Saint .lohn, being the property of tho European and North American Kailway (.'ompany, is under contract by those rich and enterprising capitalists, Messrs. Jackson, Peto. Brassey & Co., of England, who have undertaken, in connection with the Province, as a stockholder, to execute that part, together with the branch to Shediac, in four years, commencing in 185:», for £0.500 sterling per mile, the breadtii of guage to be 5 feet H inches. The advantages accruing to this entire line are very numerous. Begin- ning at Halifax, one of tho best and most spacious harbors in North Ameri- ca ; open at all season? ^f tlio year — the nearest point to Europe, which juust eventually, as time and f'.istance become more essential objects in crossing the Atlantic, be the European terminus on the American conti- nent, — it passes through numerous and populous settlements in Nova Sco- tia for a distance of 12.5 miles, out of which, not less than ninety are high- ly fit for cultivation. In the remaining thirty-five milv?s, there are several fine vallies well suited for agricultural purposes. In passing thi'ough New Brunswick to the boundary of Maine, about two hundred miles, tho road will traverse large settlements, and not less than 150 miles of good land for the operation of the farmer. The remaining 50 miles, like a portion of the line through Nova Scotia, afford numerous spots where well directed industry will receive ample remuneration ; and more c oecially, as the poorest lands on the line, in both Provinces, are nearest to the cities of Halifax and Saint John, where fnrmers have the advantage of the best markets for their produce. The mineral productions of both Provinces are abundant and valuable, and will therefore contribute, in no small degree, to the paying qualities of tho line. Upon the whole, it is generally believed that this undertaking when completed, will amply repay its projectors. In addition to the lum- ber and timber, which is everywhere manufactured along its course, the fisheries will prove a large and important item of traffic : manufactories will probably spring up, and all the resources of the Pi'ovinces Avill be more systematically opened up. The Avhole face of the country through which the traveller will pass is richly diversified, and cannot fail to arrest his at- tention. That portion of tho line from the city of Saint John to Shediac, TOO miles, is wholly cleared of its timber, and grading is commenced, and ;t portion of tlie rail laid near Shediac. at the neml. and near the city of Saint John. Tlie Province is indeb.tod for this stage of its railway progress, and as far as it is traversed by this line, to the lion. Edward B Chandler, who, in company with a delegate from Canada, held a conference with the British 1 82 more wealthy merchant, to whom even any material reduction in the mar- ket prices frequently results in bankruptcy. In reviewing this laborious occupation, therefore, in all the details C()nnGCted'with''it3 prosecution, it must be admitted that, after the makers of tinibir have spent the prime of their lives, and all the energies of youth have been exhausted, they have to return to the cultivation of the soil, and that, freijuently ^Yithout any adequate means to commence their new task. And in a moral point of view, the lumber camp is pot the proper place to educate the youth of the country ; it is true that there might not perhaps be much dilliculty in placing these establishments on a more civilized foot- ing ; but in their present state, although there are some honorable excep- tions, vice is encouraged ; profane swearing, sabbath breaking, gambling, and other similar vices are the orders of the day ; the reader may imagine fifteen or twenty men removed from civilized society, and placed in a camp at a distance of thirty or forty miles in the wilderness, v/ithout any other associate than those similarly circumstanced, and that for a period of some six to nine months every year, subject to no law,"and tlie recipients of no moral or religious precept : what results can be expected from such a state of things '.' Besides this the balance of their earnings, after paying the exorbitant prices too often charged by their employers for clothing, (Stc, is generally squandered during their recess, leaving them frequently heavily in debt on their return to the camp. The only remedy, or rather palliative that we can suggest for these evils is for the foreman, or person in charge of each lumbering party, to pay a little more attention to the erection of camps or places' of lodgement for the workmen, as there is generally a great want of personal comfort about these temporary edifices ; and secondly, that he should^ common. jo each winter's operations by establishing, and afterwards employing, camp rules and re- gulations. Objections to such a mode of proceeding would no doubt be urged by many on account of the difficulty often found in obtaining a suffi- cient number of men to carry on operations, but as lumbermen are gene- rally robust and vigorous, with minds as susceptible of improvement as those of any other class, it may be hoped that if order and system were once es- tablished, the abandonment of idle and useless habits and language would soon be followed by a successful renovation of moral action. THE FLSllK];iES— TIIEIII FATENT, AXD COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. Among all the subjects proposed to be embraced in this Work, there is none more important in itself, or more calculated to promote the prosperity of the Province, than that we are now considering. It has attracted a con- , siderable degree of notice from the claims of the Americans to participate in the enjoyment of those advantages which Trovidence has bestowed on the inhabitants of British America, — from the prolonged , negotiations to which those claims have given rise — and the stops which have been ren- dered necessary to prevent in some measure the incroachmcnts of foreign- ers on the Colonial rights. Considering, therefore, the importance of this subject, it is proposed to atford the^reader a compressed view of tlie advan- tages possessed by New Brunswick, in the extensive fisheries on her^shores and internal waters. On referring to the general map of British North America, it Avill be seen, thatthe Gulf of St. Lawrence forms a sort of Mediterrannan sea, en- compasse entrances Breton, r Americai not appr the law Bay of h area, bor Brunswic four hun( abound w and shel the vario sufficient iron, and soil, her within h the sistei ficient ir all, that Tlie r pect to t ble agen both sho sive, are three mc and it is pose to 1 The i fisheries fit of th( encroach croachm from the it was ni land to mode in the Am< lowed, ^ by the c the line from thi rage me r vincial ] reciproc folio win fisheries In purs from th( ers, am produce mar- orioua ion, it ime of have it any ?i place •haps foot- agme IS 83 compassed entirely by British poss'^.ssions and accessible by three narrow entrances, the Gut of Canscau, the Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton, and the Straits ofBellislc. Certr.in British treaties have given the Americans and French the right of fishirg in this sea, (provided they do not approach Avithiu three miles of the shore) which would otherwise, by the law of nations, appertain exclusively to Britain and her Colonies. The Bay of Fundy again is another extensive inlet, little inferior to the Gulf in area, bordered on both sides by the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The latter Province possess, as we have before seen, about four hundred miles of coast on each of these land-locked seas, both of which abound with fish ; and she has also harbors well calculated for the outfit and shelter of fishing vessels, near adjoining to the favorite haunts of the various descriptions of fish. She possesses timber close to the shores sufficient to construct thousands of ships ; and, if she has not the hemp, iron, and other materials for their outfit, it is owing to no deficiency of her soil, her natural resources, or her climate. The materials for barrels are within herself Salt Springs abound in some of her counties as well as in the sister Province ; her sons are bold, hardy, and robust, but are not suf- ficient in number to bring these resources into active operation ; and, above all, that most essential item, capital, is wanting. The Provincial Government has not been negligent of its duties in res- pect to this object. It has repeatedly employed a most able and indefiitiga- ble agent, M. ii. Perley, E3([., of St. John, to report on the fisheries of both shores, and on those of the rivers and lakes, which, though less exten- sive, are e(jually wortliy attention. The information he has embodied in three most valuable reports ought to be circulated over the whole Province, and it is to this source we have to look for proof of the particulars we pro- pose to lay before our readers. The Americans have always been fully sensible of the advantages these fisheries afford, and they have not been slow not only to reap the full bene- fit of the privileges secured to them by treaty, but in many instances to encroach within the three miles reserved to the British fishermen. These en- croachments led from time to time to repeated remonstrances, and to complaints from the Provincial Governments to the Colonial Secretary in Britain, and it was not till the year 1852, that efficient protection was afforded by Eng- land to her transatlantic subjects. Much discussion took place as to the mode in which the three miles distance from the shore were to be calculated ; the Americans contending that the indentations of the coast were to be fol- lowed, while the British Negotiators argued, and supported their arguments by the opinions of the most eminent jurists on both sides the Atlantic, that the line must be drawn from headland to headland, excluding all foreigners from the bays and harbors of the Provinces. The protection and encou- ragement of the fisheries having been repeatedly brought before the Pro- vincial Legislature, a Committee appointed in 1853, on that subject, and on reciprocal free trade, made a very able Report, from which we extract the following paragraph: — "That the full and uninterrupted enjoyment of the fisheries on the coasts of this Province, forms an incalcidable source of localf/t, antl is of iticstimab/a value to the people of New Brunswick." — In pursuance of this Report, an address was transmitted to the Throne from the Legislature, and the protection was aftbrded by armed British steam- era, and by some small cruizers fitted out by the several Colonies, which produced a material improvement in the profits and condition of the British I ;( dl n .' fishermen. A somewhat protracted negotiation was now entered on, the Americans seeking to be admitted to the enjoyment of the fisheries possessed by the British Provinces, and the British Ambassador requiring the } vice of such a valuable privilege, some important concessions as to their trade -the admission of their fish into the States on equal terms, the abolition of boun- ties and of the imports on various articles of their produce, n\d the registry in the Union 0/ Colonial built vessels, There were also some other subjects of discussion as to the navigation of the St. Lawrence, which do not imme- diately affect this Province. The last condition was absolutely refused by the American negotiators ; but the other points having been conceded, what is called the Elgin Treaty, Avhich will bo found noticed in another part of this work, was ultimately concluded. The Colonial fishermen have now to enter into a fair race of competition with thei)' llcpublican neighbors, and the importance of the subject is therefore enhanced, and the necessity for its being well understood, much greater than when the markets were less extensive. As yet they are far behind in the extent of their operations, — the outfit of their vessels — the energy with which they follow up the pur- suit — and, as a natural consciiuencc, in the profits they derive from it. We cannot, perhaps, impress on our readers the value and importance of this branch of Provincial industry better than by quoting the following energetic and expressive paragraphs with which Mr. I'erley commences his first " Report on the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence," which was laid before the House of Assembly in the Session of 1840 (page 1) : " There is probably no part of the world inwhicli such extensive and va- luable fisheries are to be found, as within the Ciulf of Saint Lawrence. Nature has bountifully provided within its waters, the utmost abundance of those fishes which are of the greatest importance to man, as affording not only nutritious and wholesome food, but also the nu ans of profitable employ- ment. "These fisheries may be prosecuted as well in the open Avaters of the Gulf, as within every bay, harbor, creek, cove, and inlet in corii-ection with it. Whether on the bleak and stcrill coast of Labrador, or on the western coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton, or along the eastern shores of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, or within the Bay of Chaleur, or around Prince Edward Island, Anticosti, or the Magdalen Islands, the fisherman may pursue his labors with nearly equal chances of success, and the full prospect of securing an ample reward for his toil. " With such value and unlimited fisheries in f^l'^se proximity to these Colonies, and as it may be said at the very doors of the inhabitants, it is no less strange than true, that they are prosecuted to the greate^i extent, and with most profit, by citizens of France, and of the United States. *' The French exercise an almost exclusive right of fishing upon the wes- tern coast of Newfoundland, the fertility and great mineral wealth of wliich have only recently become known, and are not yet fully appreciated. " From seven to eight hundred sail of American fi.«hing vessels enter the Gulf of Saint Lawrence annually ; and scattering over the whole of its wide extent, with little herd of the limits to which they are restricted by treaty, pursue their business unmolested, and but rarely leave their stations ' without full and valuable fares. " The Jersey merchants also prosecute these fisheries with great zeal and assiduity, and, as it is believed, with much profit. They have permanent es- tablishments and fishing stations in Gaspe, Labrador and Newfoundland, and three or confine t hundred to variou Two of t are supj nearly 01 " The are with! to a mot and the Island, V of the se describee Brunswi tremity tent and fish, of ( led Gulf lacilities Mr. P affected dant mai on the si 25) " The tion of tl a fruitful of remui calculatii successfi merchan also, woi tion witl for his SI tritious i "Aid so little highest ever lie directed an unsp tor, and ceeding Inl^ and pre within t the Gul the fist not, hoi ment {\ "Th 85 three or more establishments in New Brunswick ; but they by no means confine themselves to any particular locality. They employ upwards of one hundred vessels almost exclusively in f.aiiyin^' the rich products of the deep to various foreign markets, besides the smaller -^raft rccjuircd upon tbo coast. Two of the leading Jersey firms, Messrs Robin & Co., and JS'icolle ]Jroiliors, are supposed respectively to afford employment, directly or indirectly, to nearly one thousand persons. " The inhabitants of those shores of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia which are within the Gulf, pursue the fisheries in their imuiediute noigliborhood to a moderate extent ; and a few of their vessels visit the ?.Ia;;dalon islands, and the Labrador coast, during the season. The people of Trince Edward Island, who are favorably placed for securing a goodly portion of the riches of the sea, make still more limited efforts ; but their eflbrts can scarcely be described as more limited, or more feeble, than those of the people of New Brunswick, who dwell upon its shores, from Bay A'^erte to tlic western ex- tremity of the Bay of Chaleur — those shores commanding as great an ex- tent and variety of fishing ground, and as abundant supplies of valualdc fish, of every description, as can be found in any other part of the unrival- led Gulf of St. Lawrence ; while they possess equal, and perliaps superior, facilities for prosecuting its fisheries, botJi extensively and profitably." Mr. Perley then proceeds to point out the improvement, that might be affected in the mode of cure of the various descriptions of fish, the abun- dant markets, aad the different sorts of shell and river fish that are found on the shores and streams ; and he concludes this report as follows (page 25) : " The immense products which might be obtained by a vigorous prosecu- tion of the fisheries for herring, cod and mackerel, would not only furnish a fruitful source of profit to a railway, but they would afford such an amount of remunerative employment to all the productive classes, as almost to defy calculation. They would enable the Province to open up and prosecute a successful trade with several foreign countries, with which, at present, the merchants of New Brunswick have no connection whatever. The farmer, also, would bfc greatly benefitted by the extension of the fisheries in connec- tion with the railway, because he would not only find a more ready market for his surplus produce, but he would be furnished with wholesome and nu- tritious food, at all seasons of the year, on the most reasonable terms. "Aided by railways, the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, now of so little iuportance, and such limited value, would take rank as one of the highest privileges of New Brunswick— its unfailing source of wealth for ever hereafter. And while the efforts of the people were successfully directed towards securing these bounties of Providence, lavished Avith such an unsparing hand, they would rejoice in the goodness of an all-wise Crea- tor, and offer up humble but earnest thanks to Almighty GckI, for his ex- ceeding goodness and mercy towards his erring and sinful creatures." Li 1850, the same gentleman was again employed by the Government, and prepared a still more elaborate report on the sea and river fisheries within the Gulf, pointing out the advantages of the several localities along the Gulf shore, and making most useful suggestions for the improvement of the fisheries, especially that for salmon, in the several rivers. ^Ve must not, however, extract more than the concluding paragraphs from this docu- ment (page 89) : " The rents arising from ' fishing rooms,' and river fisheries, with the ad. I 86 m %': dition of any legislative grants, might be most usefully and beneficially em- ployed, in extending and improving the fisheries, in a great variety of ways. At almost every fishing station, there is a great want of those conveniences necessary to a successful prosecution of the fisheries. Landing piers, break- waters and shelter harbors, boat slips and capstans, moorin^^s, and small harbor lights or lanthorns, are all greatly needed ; and, probably, few bet- ter modes could be devised, of assisting and encouraging the industrious fishermen, than by furnishing these conveniences at the public expense. Short roads, or lines of comraunication between piers, fishing harbors or stations, with the nearest high roads, arc also recjuired, almost everywhere. If advisable, premiums might be given for good boats and nets, for the most scientific and successful modes of fishing, and for the discovery of new fish- ing grounds. '' It is a duty incumbent upon the people of New Brunswick to encou- rage, preserve and protect their admirable fisheries. They should, witli thankful hearts, use the gifts which Providence has bountifully bestowed, and prevent their reckless and improvident waste ; so that they may here- after be able to render a good account of their stewardship of that which has been beneficently vouchsafed to them." In the following year, Mr. Perley was employed to report on the fisher- ies of the Bay of Fundy ; a task he has performed with the same ability, zeal and industry, that characterize his former labors ; and it contains a most useful summary, shewing the difficulties and imperfections at present existing in the laws regulating the fisheries, as well as in the mode of carry- ing them on, and in curing and packing the fish. We recommend the whole to the attentive perusal of all who may feel an interest in this highly im- portant subject. If further evidence of the extent to which this branch of industry might be carried were required, it would be found in a most convincing and well- written letter from the Honorable John E. Fairbanks, of Halifax, append- ed to Mr. Perley's reports, from which we cannot forbear giving a short ex- tract (p. 246) : " The custom house returns as to fish will give you some idea of the im- ports and exports of this article. From them, you will learn how large a quantity we receive from Newfoundland, for which cash is paid to a great extent ; but no information can be obtained as to our domestic consumption It is doubtless very great, as there is scarcely a family but uses 'Ish, in va-' rious shapes ; yet this demand would be greatly increased if the modes of cure were improved, and the quality could be relied upon. The farmer who teams a barrel of fish a long distance into the interior, and then finds them bad, is cautious how he buys in future. A rigid inspection law, properly carried out, would be of great service. " I think there is scarcely a man in the Province who has a correct idea of the p?-cseni value of our fisheries ; and I am sure that few can conceive to what an extent they are capable of being carried, under sound and judicious legislation and management. AVe have not only no bounties, but not one shilling of public expenditure has ever been disbursed, in improving a fish- ing port or station. All our nets, lines and twines are imported, the light and simple manufacture of which might, I think, be introduced, and thus furnish employment to the families of fishermen during the winter season." The three most valuable fisheries in the Province shores are the herring, the cod, and the mackarel. The first is principally carried on by set or 87 em- jajs. pees feak- Imall bet- l-jous ?nse. rs or lere. iiost Ifish- im- stako nets and weirs, and in small boats from tlio shore, and is not consider- ed of sufficient value to bo materially interfered with by the Americans, al- though it is of considerable advanta;^e to the inhabitants, especially to those of the islands in the Pasraacjuoddy J>ay. In the autumn, the herrings are fat and ^ood, but the fishermen are ignorant, to a great extent, of the proper mode of curing ; nor are they acijuainted Avith the setting drift-nets in deep water, as is successfully done on the coast of Scotland. The number of barrels stated to have been exported from the five principal northern ports, in the eight years ending 184'^, was only lH>8i» ; and of these, a large pro- portion were the gaspcreaux or alewives from Miramichi, This is the more surprising, as the capital recjuircd is comparatively insignificant, while the markets are unlimited, and daily increasing. The cod and mackarel are also taken to a considerable extent in the Bay of Fundy, and the pollock and hake fishery is carried on in tlio lower part of the Bay, near the PasmaijUO'ldy ishmds, and round Briar Island, on the Nova Scotian coast. The shad fishery above Cape Enrage is found very productive. This valuable fish is sure to find a ready market, either in the Provinces or the United States ; but the (juantity might no doubt be great- }y increased, as well as the (quality improved, by proper regulations and ju- dicious management. FISHERIES— NATURAL lllSTOJiy. After having considered the commercial importance of the finny tribe to the Province of Ncav Brunswick, we propose to give a brief sketch of their natural history, compiled principally from the reports of Mr. Perley, to which wo have alreaily been so nmch indel)ted, and the scientific work of Dr. Gesner on tlie I dustrial Resources of Nova Scotia, The following catalogue of the fislu s i' uid in the waters of New Brunswick (so far as they have yet been n lined) is compiled from both the above mentioned works ; the Mamma .. 1 Cetacea being enumerated by Dr. Gesner only : Manuiudia. Common seal, or harbor Seal. Hooded Seal. Mr. Perley mentions other kinds or varieties of Seals — the hooded Seal being the largest. The other three varieties are known as "the square flipper,"' "the blue seal," and "the jar seal." Celacea. Grampus or Porpus. Gladiator, Sword Fish. Common Whale. Black Fish. Group 1. Osscmis or Bonij Fishes. Order 1st. Fishes with spinous rays in their fins. (Mr. Perley "s arrangement is principally followed.) Perckhv — the Perch family consisting of : The American yellow I'erch. The striped Basse. The little white Basse. The common Pond-fish. The American yellow Perch, a beautiful little fish, is found in lakes and i « hU iM il 4 i 88 h^h still rivers. The striped Basse is a salt water fish, ascending the rivers in the spring and winter, and is an excellent fish for the table. The little white Jiiisse, or Perch, abounds in the river St. John, and most localities where there is but little current, it is taken in the Buctouche and other northern rivers in winter. The common pond fish, also a perch, has a wide raii^o, extending from Lake Huron through all the British Provinces. It is bony, and seldom eaten. "2. 7V/4' AW//' —Fishes with hard cheeks. The c(jiinnon iiuU-hcad or Sculpin. The (ireenland Bullhead. Two spincd IStubile-back. The Norway Haddock. The Sculpiu is very numerous, and is a great annoyance to line fishers ; it presents rather a tbrniidable appearance, hut is said not to be a bad arti- cle of food. The Norway Haddock (not the Scotch Haddock) is common to both sides of the Atlantic ; it is sometimes called the " red sea pearch," '•the rose fish"' and "the snapper." In Norway it is considered a great delicacy. i\ ySroinhridtr.. — The Mackarol Family. The Spring Mackarel. The Fall Mackarel. The common Tunny. The Sword Fish. The mackarel are the most valuable fish frequenting our shores. 'J^herc are said to be two species, the spring and fall mackarel, though doubts are entertained whether they are not the same in different stages of growth. The Tunny, or horse mackarel, also belongs to this family, though it is not abundant, and the fishermen are anxious to get rid of it from its breaking their nets. In the Medeterranean, its fishery is important, but in America it is either of inferior quality, or is but little esteemed. The Sword Fish is sometimes found on these shores in pursuit of mackarel. 4 Gohi(f(e. — The Goby Family. The Wolf Fish. This is the only species of its family on these shores, and is the abhor- ence of the fishermen, who cither avoid it, or dispatch it as soon as possible ; as its name imports, it is ferocious, and will inflict severe wounds if not cau- tiously avoided. f) Lophidn:. — Fishes with wrists to pectoral fins. The iVmeriean Angler. The Lophiddc are only represented by one species on these coasts, which is remarka!)lo for two long appendages on its head ending not unlike a small fish ; it h said to stir up the nmd, so as to conceal itself, when the smaller fish are allured by the apparent bait to approach its head, and are seized by the expectant fish, thence called " the American Angler," it is sometimes called the Monk Fish and Fishing Frog. t). L((hrido\ — The Wrasse or Rock-fish Family. The Sea Perch or Runner. The Tautog, or Black-fish. The Ounnor, or blue fish, is abundantlin the Gut of Canseau, but is little esteemed for food. The Tautog has 'only lately been found in the St. John harbor ; it is an excellent fish for eating. ;!* 89 Order 2.— Soft finned fishes ; the fin-rayi almost univtritlly flexible. 1 Cijprinidw. — The (. "arp Family. The common Sucker. The Yellow Shiner. The Red Fin. The Koach Dace. The Chub. The Brook Minnow. The striped Killifish. The Cyprindiw are more numerous, including the common Sucker, an exclusively American fish ; if taken before spawning, in the early part of May, it is eaten by many persons ; — the yellow shiner, a delicate, finely flavored little fish, which is abundant in the waters near Hampton Ferry; — The Redfin, a beautiful little fish ; — the Roach Dace, all rise readily to the fly, and are in season inMay ; — The Chub abounds in most rivers and streams; it is considered a coarse fish, but not unpalatable if of large size, and it should be eaten fresh The Minnow and Killifish are only taken for bait. 2 )SUitri(l(/'. — The Sheat fish family. The common Cat Fish. This unsightly fish is not eaten in New Brunswick, but is highly es- teemed in Maine and Massachusetts. 3 Esoridw, — The Pike family. There are two species of this family, the Pickerel and Sea Pike. 4 Salmonidfc. — The Salmon family. The Brook Trout. The great grey Trout. The Salmon Trout or white sea Trout. The Salmon. The American Smelt. The Capelin. The White Fish. The Salmon family comprises some of the most delicious fish found in our waters. The brook trout may be met with in almost every river, lake and stream ; it is migatory, descending to the sen if it has the power, and re- turning to deposit its spawn in the clearest and coolest water it can find. The great grey trout is found in all the larger lakes of New Brunswick, and in Lake Temiscouta, it has attained the weight of 21 pounds ; it has lately been found in Loch Lomond, near Saint John ; its flesh is coarse and indifferent. The white sea trout abounds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is found on the northern shores, and in the estuaries of rivers, us far as the Straits of Canseau, early in June ; it is caught in nets at the ^lagdalen Islands, and salted for export. The river Philip, in Nova Scotia, is much resorted to by sportsmen to fish lor this trout, and it affords a rich treat to the epicure, 'i he Salmon is so well known in the North American colonies as to need no description. This fish enters the rivers of Nova Scotia dur- ing the latter part of April, and these of New Brunswick, falling into the Bay of Fundy early in May ; while it seldom ascends the rivers of the Gulf of St. Lawrence until the month of June. The American smelt abounds in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; on the Gulf shore large quantities are used as manure ; in the Bay of Chaleur it is captured by a Seine, and used aa a bait for cod. The Capelin inhabits th.3 northern seas only, never rang- ing favthey gQuth than tbo pboj'e» of New Brunswick, it \% w»©'^ m » bftli 14 \ i I' 90 if:.; 'I- -.'if' for Cod, and wherever it abounds the cod fishing is excellent. In Newfound- land it has been dried in large quantities, and exported to London, where it is esteemed a delicacy ; and there is little doubt but that this fish, and the smelt, if carefully prepared for market, would meet with a ready sale. The white fish, described by arctic voyagers as most delicious, is found in Lake Temiscouta, and occasionally along the Madawaska river ; it abounds in the h'agle Lakes, at the head of the Fish river, and in Lake St. Francis. Mr. Perley says that he has seen numbers taken in Grand Lake, and that it has been caught in the Nerepis, in the harbor of Saint John, and near Hamp- ton Ferry. 5 Cli(/>e'd(e. — The Herring family. Common American herring. The Britt. The American Shad. Tl\e Gaspereau, or American. Alewife. The Mo3sbonk(M-, Menhaden, or hardhead. The Auturaenal Herrinj;. This family includes some of the most useful fish found on these shores, the herring standing foremost. It is found on almost all parts of the coast; some in the early spring, when they are poor and not esteemed, and again in the fall, when they are more valuable. It appears that there are several varieties : but the habits, haunts, and seasons of this fish are only beginning to be understood, and accurate observations respecting them would be high- ly valuable. The britt is occasionally met with in the Bay of Fundy, and more frequently in the Gulf The American shad are supposed to come from the south to deposit their spawn ; the best are found in the Bay of Fundy, where they are taken in considerable numbers. There are none on the Atlantic shore of Nova Scotia, but they frequent the Gulf of St. Law- rence as fir nortli as the Miramichi, where, however, they are very inferior. The gaspereaux or alewi^'cs are abundant in the Bay of Fundy ; those of the Gulf are smaller, and they are not found further north than the Mir- amiclii, The mossbonker, menhaden, or hardhead, is found in the Bay of Fundy only ; it is seldom eaten, but is used as a mackarel bait. The au- tumnal herring is a common fish at New York, and its description seems to agree exactly with the ■' Quoddy herring," taken near Campo Bello. In flavor and excellence it ranks only second to the Petitcoudiac shad. Older o — Fishes with ventrals under the pectorals, and the pelvis sus- pended to the slioulder bones. 1 Gafnda.—Th(j Cod family. The conmion (Jod. The American Cod. The Tomcod, or first fish. The Haddock. The American Hake. The Silver lliikc The Coal i^'ish. or Pollock The Torsk, Tusk, or Cush. The spotted Burbot, or fresh water Cusk. The cod family is one of the most important to man in the wlrole race of fishes. The common cod and American cod are both caught in these waters. The southern liiwit of the Aujerican cod is New York, and it ritages rjorth« ting; 91 ip. wardly to the St. Lawrence. The other species has been caught in consi- dcable quantities in Davis' Straits, and even further to the northward ; it is believed that there are several varieties in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, The cod is an exceedingly v ^rac'oas fish, devouring all small fish, Crustacea, and marine shell fish. The tomcod, or frost fish, is taken on all the shores of Nova '^'^otia and New Bmnswick throughout the year, and affords great amusemi a to the juvenile angler; it is in fine condition during the early part of winter. The haddock is an exceedingly fine fish when eaten fresh, or when slightly salted and smoked, as the Finnan haddocks of Scotland. They are found in abundance in Quoddy river, between Campo Bello and Eastport, in Digby Basin, and in the harbor of Halifax. The American hake, or ling, ranges from Cape Cod northwardly ; it is taken largely on muddy bottoms, both in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of St. Lawrence ; when salted and dried, it is exported to some extent by the Jersey mer- chants. The silver Hake is sold in Saint John, under the name of Whi- ting ; when quite fresh, it is exceedingly sweet and palatable, but soon be- comes soft and tasteless ; it is never salted. The Coal fish or Pollock is a northern fish, and has been found on the coasts of Spitzbergen and in Da- vis' Straits : it abounds in the Bay of Fundy where it forms one of the most valuable deep sea fisheries, but is not found in the Gulf of St. Law- rence ; it is in good condition in August. The Torsk or Cusk is a north- ern fish, its southorn limit being Massachusetts Bay, and is not abundant in the Bay of Fundy, it is taken in deep water, in the latter part of winter or early spring, and is very fine when eaten fresh, but being rather tough is usually dried, and in Boston is preferred to cod. The spotted Burbot, or freshwater Cusk, is the only member of the cod family residing permanent- ly in fresh water, some hundreds are taken annually in the Saint John by night lines dropt through the ice in the beginning of winter ; it is found a3 high as Fredericton, and near the Oromocto, and is also abundant in the Temiscouta and Eagle Lakes. 2 Pleiironectedoe. — The family of Flounders, popularly called Flat Fish. The Halibut. The common Flounder. The Sand Flounder or small Dab. The Fleuk or common Dab. The family of Flat Fish comprizes the Halibut, which is a very large fish, found on the coast from Nantucket to Greenland ; it frequently weighs 200 lbs, and has been brought into Boston market of the weight of 400 and 600 lbs. The flesh is rather coarse and dry, but is esteemed by many ; the fins and flaps are delicacies ; the fishermen of the Bay of Fundy suit the flesh lightly, and dry it for winter use. The common Flounder, the Land Flounder, or small Dab, and the Fleuk, or common Dab are found every where on the coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It is pro- bable that other species of this family exist, but have not yet been dis- covered. 3 Cijclopteridoc. — The Lump fish family. The common Lump Fish. The Lump fish is sometimes found near Grand Manan ; attached to large masses of sea weed, and small specimens are frequently taken in the rivers in the harbor of Saint John ; in the Spring t approaches to depot*it its spawn, and is taken in considerable quantities near the harbor of Halifax ; these of a red color only are eaten. . y 9S i¥ II Order 4. — Fiahes in which the ventral fins are wanting. 1 AngecillidoB. — The Eel family. The common Eel. The Sea Eel. The American Sand-launce. The common eel inhabits both fresh and salt water, it is very voracious, feeding on aquatic insects, small fishes, or any dead substance that may come in its way ; it is caught in baskets or eel pots, and also by spearing in the mud. The Sea Eel is so named by Dr. McKay as having been found on the coast of New York, and Mr. Perley has also noticed it in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; the Indians say it is exceedingly sly, and carnot be induced to enter an eel pot ; those shewn to Mr. Perley were excessively fat, the flesh very white and well flavored. It may probably be found along the whole North American coast, north of New York. The American Sand Launce is found every where on the coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; at Newfoundland and Labrador it is used as a bait for cod, but is neglected on these shores. Gronji 2. Cartilaginous Fishes. Order 1. — Fishes with free gills. 1 Stureonidai. — The Sturgeon family. Sharp nosed Sturgeon. This fish is taken in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia from two to eight feet in length ; it ascends the river Saint John in May, and is often taken in river seines and gaspereau nets ; the flesh is like coarse beef, quite firm and compact, but very rank and unsavoury ; the Indians salt it for winter use, but it is not eaten by those who can obtain better fare. In the north of Europe, extensive fisheries are established for taking sturgeon, and the ce- lebrated caviare is made of the roe of the female. Order 2. — Fishes with fixed gills. 1 Squaledm. — The Shark family. The Thresher Shark. The Basking Shark. The Spinous Dog-fish. The Thresher Shark is said to be common on both sides of the Atlantic ; it pursues the shoales of Mackarel, Mosbonker and Shad, which it devours in great numbers, and is frequently seen attacking the whales in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Bay of Chaleur. The Basking Shark, so called from its remaining occasionally at the surface of the water, as if enjoying the in- fluence of the sun's rays, usually exceeds 30 feet in length ; in August, 1851, one was taken in the Bay of Fundy 40 feet long, it had been en- tangled in a string of herring nets, and was killed after a long and severe struggle ; its liver yielded 320 gallons of oil. The spinous Dog-fish is found every where on the coast of North America, from the Delaware to Davis' Straits. The skin is used for various purposes, but ch';fiy by ca- binet makers for smoothing the surface of hard wood ; the livers furnish a valuable oil, and the fish themselves are often dried for cattle and pigs. \^- e Raidoi.—ThQ Bay Family. " The Skate. The Hedgehog Ray. The Skate is found on all parts of these shores ; it exists near the bottom, and may almost be called a Flat-fish. Its appearance is not prepossessing but in Loi on many French co The Hedg 3 Petn One sp* is very ab States anc The sp he, as nati of Nova been mere besides th Under Whelbes, of Saint 1 that they Mr. M criptions i 93 but in London large quantities are eaten, and its flesh is considered delicate ; on many parts of these shores it is merely used to bait lobster pots. The French consume it largely, and it is used both at Boston and New York. The Hedgehog Ray has been found in Whale Cove, near Grand Manan. 3 PetromyzonidoB. — The Lamprey family. One species only of the Lamprey family is found on these shores, but it is very abundant ; it is not eaten in New Brunswick, but in the United States and elsewhere, is held in high estimation by epicures. The species of fish enumerated by Dr. Gesner are more numerous, but he, as naturalist, probably includes many that have been found on the shores of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and some which may have been merely specimens, while Mr, Perley is more practical and includes few besides those that are usually taken by fishermen. Shell Fish. Under this head may be enumerated Lobsters, Oysters, Clams, Mussels, Whelbes, Razorfish, Crabs and Shrimps, all of which are found in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Lobsters are so abundant in the Bay of Chaleur, that that they are used to manure the land. Mr. McGregor states (in his work on British America) that these dis- criptions of fish are equally delicious with those of Europe. t! ■J > Vi 94 NATURAL HISTORY— ORNITHOLOGY. I A complete description of the Ornithology and Zoology of this Province would swell this volume far beyond its intended magnitude. These subjects, indeed, deserve a volume of their own, and we trust that some scientific naturalist will devote his attention, before long, to these interesting produc- tions of this and the neighboring Provinces. We shall confine ourselves, under this head, to a brief outline of the several species of birds proper to the Province, which we have selected principally from Dr. Gesner's history of New Brunswick. Naturalists have divided this branch of history into a variety of orders, the principal of which, so far as New Brunswick is concerned, will be found under the following arrangement ; the subject, however, never has received much attention : Grey Eagle, Bald Eagle, Sparrow Hawk, Fish Hawk, Mouse Hawk, Pigeon Hawk, Hen Hawk, Barn Owl, Hawk Owl, Screech Owl, Long-eared Owl. J 05 Red- headed Woodpecker, And 3 other species, Peabody Bird, Cuckoo. r Co ft So 00 Six species of the Warbler, ] Wren, Two species of the Nut-Hatch, Lark, Humming Bird, Snow Bird, Four species of the Sparrow, Finch, Purple Finch, Bull Finch, Cross Bill, Moose Bird or Jay, Crow, Raven, Blue Jay or Common Jay, J a 05 > ^ I Co Grackle, Starling, Kingfisher, Meadow Lark, Night Hawk, Whip-poor- Will, Chimney Swallow, Barn Swallow, Bank Swallow, Martin, Three varieties of the Fly- catcher, Thrush, Robin. Spruce Partridge, 'j Birch Partridge, I ^ ,,. Dove. j Pigeon. American Bittern, ] Curlew, Four species of Plover, Three species of Snipe, Woodcock, Coote. Wild Goose, Six species of the Duck, Gull, Fern, Brant, Sheldrake, Greke, Gannet, Diver. 03 O3 H a O9 I Oj re i The extensive sea-board, and numerous marshes and u.3adows of the Pro- vince, afford every facility that a sportsman can desire for shooting snipe, woodcock, plover, coote, ducks, sheldrakes, brant and wild geese. The north-eastern coast abounds with the wild geese and brant. These birds make their appearance in the bays and lakes about the middle of March ; \ Bear, ince cts, tific uc- ves, r to tory 95 the geese remain about six weeks, and the brant about two months. A space of two or three acres may often be seen covered, promiscuously, with these noble fowl. Gunning boats have been constructed, wearing the appearance of icebergs, and propelled by concealed paddle-wheels, which are turned by the inmates as occasion may require. Each person frequently carries with him two rey pine is a mere shrub, growing in poor sandy districts, which are entirely unfit for agriculture. Juniper. — This tree, which is also known by the names of larch^ tuma- rac, hacnifttac, but most commonly by the latter, is very common through- out New Brunswick ; it grows on a variety of soils, but never attains per- fection on very high land ; the lower and more swampy the soil, the better is the (quality of the timber. Its diameter seldom exceeds two feet, but in confined and crowded places, it attains a great height. This wood is of incalculable value for ship-building, railway sleepers, foundations for wooden buildings, mill machinery: and other similar purposes, where it becomes alternately wet and dry. Hence arises the well known character, both for strength and durability, of ships constructed of this material, which are universally preferred to those built of any other North American timber. The tree is deciduous though reckoned among the soft woods. Fir. — This evergreen is very plentiful thrv^ughout the Province ; the soil on which it grows is well adapted for agriculture, and it often happens W'v > ' \ r^ M * 1 it '*' '. -^^ 102 m M that land formerly covered with hard-wood, when allowed to relapse into forest, produces fir in great abundance. The wood is very durable when kept wet, and is ustd by coopers in the manufacture of buckets, tubs, bar- rels, and other similar utensils, ; when of suflicient size and soundness whicli is not often the case, it is sawn into deals and boards. The resinous matter with which the baik is strongly impregnated renders it medicinal, and the young trees planted round buildings and inclosurcs, l^esidcs affording shelter from Avinds and storms, would be both wholesome and ornamental. Spruce. — There are two kinds of spruce, the ir/ii/e and the blac/c sprvce. The irhile uprucc is an inhabitant of moist land, and its^ abundance in- dicates that the soil is strong and of good (juality. It generally grows large enough to be sawn into deals, and is never found in groves. The small branches of this tree are used, when young for making a wholesome drink, called spruce beer. The hlac/v spn/re is the most common evergreen peculiar to the Province : it is found in large groves, and on a variety of soils ; on the top of hills, and in the cariboo plains, it assumes a scrubby character, while where much crowded the trees are often not more than six inches in diameter with a height of forty or fifty feet clear from branches ; thus furnishing good ma- terial for fencing, and a grove of this description called a poll grove is highly useful to the former. On more undulating grounds this tree is se- cond in height only to the pine and actjuires a proportionate diameter. The land best adapted to the spruce is light and loamy, and where other descrip- tions of trees are intermixed, is found to be good tillage land. The impor- ance attached to the use of this wood, which ranks next to the pine for deals, boards, and battens, is shown by the immense quantity of those ar- ticles exported from the Province. In 1851, these two species gave their principal employment to 4,302 hands, 584 saw-mills, and a large Heet of ships. Cedar. —There are large groves of this species in many parts of the Pro- vince ; it is produced on low swampy land, but where the growth is thrifty, the soil being alluvial is considered strong, though cold and springy. The tim- ber is light and durable, and is therefore much esteemed for fencing, and for making shingles. This tree does not grow to a great size, and is frequently thick in proportion to its height, except where it may be numerous and crowded. He?nlock.~T.\\is species of evergreen is generally found mixed with rock maple, spruce, yellow birch, and beech. It requires a moist heavy soil, which by the application of lime, becomes good tillage land. There is not the same symmetry in the appearance of the hemlock, as in that of the spruce, it seldom grows so high but is much thicker. Large trees are rarely sound at the lower part of the trunk, and therefore the wood is not so much used as the spruce, though more durable under water. It is employed principal- ly for wharves, fences, and bridges, the greater part of which is submerged. The younger growth, being sound, has of late been exported for railway sleepers ; it is also much used for lathwood. The bark is highly important in the manufacture of leather. i The following swmmary may be taken, though not trithout soine slight exceptions^ as a general diicctory to those traversing the Ne^v Bruns^oick forests^ in search of land for agricidtnral operations : First class soil. — This clftsaof soil is generally wooded with oak, elm, 103 rock maplo, alder, white auh, and hazol. Second r/nss soih. — This class is usually interspersed with rock maple, black birch, fir, beech, spruce, and hemlock, or with black ash, horn bean, and cedar. Third class soils prompires have existed for ages, and in which art and science, assisted by ample means an^t by counuercial enter- prize, are only now developing their resources of this nature. New mines of mineral wealth are being discovered beneath old cultivated fields, and time honored cities : and there can be no tair comparison instituted between this Province, still retaining its youthful character, and whose discovery was almost of yesterday, and those older countries of Europe, hoary with na- tionality ; where, however (Jeological improvement and developement seems to be only on the dawn. It must be remembered that this Colony was in the lifetime of many still enjoying health and strength, "a wilderness and a solitary place,'' and until very recently, there was no place found for it on the map of the world. Even after its position was recognized, and mapped on a small scale, it has been hidden from any enterprising observation by the great Province of Canada ; on the north-west, by Maine, a member of |the most powerful Republic oii t]be face of the e^rth, on th9 south-west anci 1 1 r 1 1, 104 the invaluable Province of Nova Scotia, projecting far into the Atlantic on the south-east ; while the fertile island of Prince Edward intercepts it on the east. There is no one, however, who may have cast a casual glance at this Province, and who may possess a slight knowledge of the agricultural and mineral wealth of the countries surrounding it, but will be justified in the conclusion, that, in addition to the resources already partially developed, there is still a nation's wealth lying dormant in its bowels. In turning from a general to a more particular description of the Pro- vince, so far as the geological explorations have gone, it will be comprised in the following principal divisions, namely : the grey sand stone ; the up- per Silurian system ; the Cambrian system ; the granite region ; the lower Silurian system ; red sand stone, and trap. The Grey iSland ^Stouc, or coal formation, is the most extensive. This field extends from Bathurst harbor, in the Bay C!baleur, nearly in the di- rection of St. Andrew's, on the Bay of Fundy, und to witbiii about five miles of the county of Charlotte ; thence nearly direct to Butternut Ridge, and thence to Bay Yerte, including the principal part of the county of Westmoreland ; from the Nova Scotia boundary its limit runs along the eastern coast to Bathurst harbor. The area included -within this outline, amounting to 7,000,000 acres, is over one-third of the contents of the whole Province. The outcrops of coal liave been discovered in every one of the seven counties partaking of this formation, viz : on the Orimocto and Nash- wauk rivers, in the counties of York and Suiibiiry: on the Grand Lake and its tributories, as well as on the Washademoak river, in the county of Queen's ; on the Petitcoudiac river and its tributorios ; on Little Sheuio- grie and Aboushagan rivers, in the county of Westmoreland ; on the Co- cagne, Buctouche and Richibucto rivers, in the county of Kent : on the ^liranjichi, in the county of Northumberland, and on the sea board between Bathurst harbor and Cara(|uet Bay, in the county of Gloucester. Coal has also been discovered in the county of Albert; and on some parts of the coast near the head of the Bay of Fundy. The ('/fper i^ilurian Syslctn includes the northern region of the Pro- vince ; the counties of Restigouche, Yictoria, and parts of Carleton and Northamborland. being another third of the whole area. Little has yet been ascertained as to the geological character of this section, as the explo- rations have been very limited ; but the extent and quality of the land are beyond dispute, highly favorable for agricultural settlement. Small tracts are covered with granite, trap, gypsum and limestone, and iron ore is found in great abundance at W^oodstock, in the county of Carleton. The strata of this system consists of a series of beds lying above each other, and, ac- cording to geologists, frequently abound in organic rcuiuins. .Much further investigation is required before any opinion can be formed as to the real character of this division, or as to the I'pplicatiou of its minerals to the commercial advancement of the Province. The Cv supplied by other countries. The value of such a uiscovery. altl)'>iigh by no means complete, is too obvious to re- quire a remark.'* Ferugino'u.^ matt<»r is verv abundant throughout the L'rovince ; almost all the rocky deposits appear to contain a large portion, and iicnce arises the difll- culty, and (without a groat deal of cr.re and attention) tlio uncertainty of mak- jng surveys of land with instruments governed by the iTiJ»gn?ti('-nccdle. J* till the country is too young to adopt th'^ remedy, the Theodolite. In the first place, the cost of purchs.sing such nistrumeius to the Surveyor, and second- ly, the cost to the employer in having surveys executed with such instru- ments, will not, at this early .stage of the progro.T? of the Pjovince. warrant its general adoption : the time, however, is not far distant when ueces.sity will compel the use of this improved Instrument, ospe-'iaPv in the public surveys. It is somewiiat astonishing, especiall}' to the European Engineer, who has long discarded the use of instruments directed by the magnetic needle in the surveys of his ov,n country, to see v.ith what accuracy a Pro- vincial survtiyor, who understatid.s hi.} business, will, with a good instru- ment of the old description, make his surveys close, even through the thick- est woods and for a long distance, The writer, while running the division h"ne between the Counties of Sunbury and (,>ueen"s, on the north-east side of the tSc. John, experienced a dinicnlty of thi.s nature. Immediately after crossing the Ga;jpereau river, (one of the tributaries to (Irand L-ike,) whosL* banks arc very high, the niugnetic needle showeil strong indication.s of the presence of iron ore ; which on examination, was found to extend ubout one third of a mile from the river, in tho direction of the survey, ;in(3 the instrument beoaujo uttoily qsoloRa in exter^din^ the lint* over this 107 feruginous section Tlie ore appeared similar m «j[uality ♦'o that 'iiscovered by J Jr. Gesner on the Merepia road and the St. John river ; and there is probably a large area of thia ore bet\7een the Gaspereau and Salmon rivera. Coal. — If we consider the e.\tent of aarfai.'e covered by the coal forma- tion of the Province, the dii^renco in the depths or thickness of the veins found in the deposits already discovered, as well as the variouH qualities they display, we int^y fairly come <"o the conclusion that the coal region of this Colony is of vast inportancc to its futarc prosperity. The Aspl.aUic coal, or Alhertite, as it is some times called, of Albert county, whicii is so highly esteemed on this side of the Atlantic, especially for the production of gas. tliout,!i an anomaly, forms beds of great thick- ness ; and it certainly widely differs, both in its po.iition and properties, from any of the other varieties of coal which hav'e been hitherto found cither in the United Stutos or in the Bi'tish North American Colonies. In addi- tion to this highly bitiminous mineral, the Province possess the common or urdinary bituminous coivl, cannul, anthracite, and lignite coal : it has. in fact been discovered in nearly forty ditt'orent jdaces. yet the (quantity raised is exceedingly small. It is imiveraally admitted by those best acquainted with the agricultural cupaiiilitics of the I'rovince, that, if manufactures were established they would form centres, as it were, of trade and industry, and thjs create markets for the produce? of the farmor: anl that the cul- ture of the liind v/ould consr(}Ucntly llourish to a great m' extent than has yet been exneriencod in our Colonial History, tt is well known too, that both thest branches of industry, when in a healthy state, re-act on each other, and ])romote a natural prosperity ; and if agriculture be considered the foundation, as many stiUesmou oonteml, of national wealth, yet unless the superstructure bo a I ^ 1 -i 1 If 'M III) '<* . ■it 1 m n / I III f i'-. 108 extract from the report of Professor Johnston, before referred to, will, we are certain, be conclusive with all who have besto-.jd due attention on the subject : — " The existence of available beds of coal in the Provinco, has hitherto been looked upon mo"e in an exclusively Tnanufacturing and mer- cantile, than in an agricultural light. Iron ore is said to be abundant, and if coal could be found to smelt it, centres of industry Avould spring up : which would erdiance the price of agricultural produce in tjjeir neighbor- hood. This is true, l.ut the actual existence of the coal would render un- necessary the large growth of wood for fuel, and w ould thus set free a great extent of land for tlie exercise of rural industry, and tlic growth of corn. On the other hand, if this iron is to be smelted with wood, Jie extent of the manufacture, however, desirable in other respects, wo ild greatly incrense the demand for fuel, or of land to be kept in perpetual forest, and Mould, in like proportion, le>r.,on the agricultural resources of the Province. The existence, anJ possibility of profitably working beds of coal in Kew Brunswick, is as important thtjefore to the agricultural as it is to the other interests — to the developement of the agricultural rc;iources of the difi'or- ent parts of the Province, and to the form.ition of any thing like a correct '. stimate of the extent of those resources." Limestone. — This useful substance is firincipally composed of lime and carbonic acid, and has been discovered in alnwst every county of the Pro- vince ; its extent and uses fur ])uilding, and especially for agricultural pur- poses, i-equire no furthe)" notices than those given under the heads of agri- culture and commerce, and in the description of the several countiei-, wliere the other rocks and minerals are also reierred to. Gypsi//!/ is known to exist in several localities in ilie J*rovince, but more abundantly in llestigouche, Victoria. (Gloucester, Kings', Albert <\nd AVest- rnoreland counties : in the three latter, nearly in the direction of the IJail- Avay now in course of construction between IShediac and fc^aint John. The uses of this valuable mineral are similar to those of lime, and in an agricul- tural point of view, as well as for exportation to the United States, it ia highly importunt. it is composed of lime and sulphuric acid. Copper. — A deposit of copper ore, said to be of gteat value, has recently been discovered on tlv; property of the Messrs. Bull, about six miles below Woodstock, ^^hould this turn out to be sufficiently extensive to be Avorked profitably, it will be an important addition to the minerals of the Province, and forn no small item in the St. Andrew's rail vay tratUc. Lead is reported to exist at or near llorton in Kings' (^'ounty, Campo Bel!., Tobique and in some other parts of the Province. The following list of the rocks and minerals of this Province, is extracted from " New Brunswick,'' by Dr. Gesner : (p. 853.) . Granite, Iron Ore (abundant) Syenite, Hornstone Roofing Slate Thompsonitc Porphyry Stilbite Mica Slate !Apophylite Limestone jllornblende Hydraulic Limestone |Feldapar Marble j Chlorite Alum Slate Garnets Coal |Talc Graphite or Plumbago .Aabeitoa ^09 Ochres Carbonate of Lime Manganese Ores Galena or Lead Ore Grindstones Freestone Sulphurot of copper Amethyst Agate Jasper I Magnesite jSalphato of Barytes ; Gypsum Potters clay Fireclay Sulphate of Iron Tourmaline erpentine jlron Sand ilserine Sprinr>-s. jCarhy retted Hydrogen U't^rugmous. Salt Sulphureous A more detailed desoription of the rainerels of the J'rovince, will he found under the head of the < 'ounlies, hereafter described. ]{VAE:<['R. The subject or general revenue is one of so wide '.; d varied a nature, that it is extremely difficult to arrive at a principal o.. Aliich to base our rua- soni-ui; or our calculatio:.s. It is true that \^hcre^'er man is found in a ei- vilized state, tliere must be a revenue raised for tlie support of civil and mihtary organizations. I?fext, the great question of principle arise?, whether thi", revenue shoald be raised by (fii-cut or Irif/lrfxt jaxation, or whether both modes should be resorted to. It has hitherto been the practice of most nations to levy taxes, by legislative enactment, on nearly all articles imported i'roui foreign coun- tries ; and even articles of export h;i ve, under some circumstances, been made subject to such restrictions. Most political economists, however, now agree that raw material imported for the purpose of manufacture, ought to be unburthened by any impost. Although the principal part of the revenue of all countries is paid indi- rectly by the consumer of the goods taxed, yet it is difficult to induce tho people in general to submit to a direct tax for the same purposes. Tho adoption of a judicious system of municipal corporations by a public suffi- ciently iritelligent to carry it out, would, perhaps, be the first step for such an object, by giving the people power and control over the f inds raised for local improvements, and, consequently, over their own wants of that nature. This would tend to lessen the amount of legislative duties, and diminish the sum required for general objects, as well as probably secure a moro wholesome expenditure of the monies raised by local and direct taxation on local objects and improvements. The opinions, however, difler, as to the results of these institutions, and but few countries have yet adopted thorn. Wo have information of tho satisfactory working of the municipal principle in the United States and in Canada, where it hi;9 been sometime ni opera- tion. There is one condition absolutely nccessarv to the successful working of any law in a free country : that it should be satisfactory to the main body of the people ; and this is more especially the case with regard to "ny enactment of the nature wo are now speaking of ; which requires, also, iu those to whom its operations are entrusted, a well directed intelligence, a general knowledge of public business, and of the wants of the people, to- 11 I !■ '%- :;{.:;■ M %l\ 110 lU h\ |h I I ) geth^- r with due attention to the observance and administration of its regu- latioiis. V' e dhould be happy to see a good, wholesome law of this nature in opera- lion m Xe\v,-Brun?wick,5wbeic the increasing intelligence, and business-like habits of the people are sufficient to v.-arrant its adoption, and to induce the belief that they wculd soon see the ad\antage and economy of local and di- rect taxation for all local purposes, the fund being both raised and applied by officers appointed by themselves for educational and siich other objects as they should themselves direct. The hv now on the face of the statute book of the ProvincCj the adoption of which is left opnonal with the people of any county, appears to be a mere initiation of the principle ; and is not likely to diminish, but rather to increase the labors of the Provincial Le- gislature. It is true that it gives the people power to tax themselves for the advancement of education, and other local purpo.ses : but it makes no provision for the payment of the principal officers. We hold it as a prin- ciple, that the laborer is worthy of his hire, and have ever observed that unremunerated lal or is seldom wortli having, being, for the most part, ne- gligently or slovenly performed. This Province, since the year 18o7, has had the control of all " heredi- tary, territorial, and casual revenues, and of all sales and le-isos of lards, woods, mines and royalties'" within its limits , upon condition of its raising the annual sum of X14,500 ss a civil list. This sum, Avith the exception of .£1000 per annum annually paid to King's College, is principally ex- pended in ))ayment of the Lieutenant advanced hj Provincial uobontures to the suflerers by the great fires, both at St. John and Fredericton. The Province is also responsible for a large amoia.t in respect of the rail- ways now in progress ; but the principal is not, it is true, payable for a long period of years, within which it is fully believed that these great works will at least be self-sustaining. Should thi: be the case, and should the Colony continue its advances in the same nuio it has hitherto adopted, it ought to have, and no doubt will possess, a large disposable fund lor the opening up her hidden wealth, an O f^ ''5 ■?» I- t-*^ 1 oi 1 s 4^ M 3 J C-. ^ M rjo :5 t^ r-. a; >-. _ », r< — -^ N v< 1 K ~5 J lO — t~ « 1 t> ""• 1 a p» ai oc n CI >rt o F- « F-H i-H r— i .B or -* — ■ - ?1 ^ 3 C-. -f l- X CJ t- c 05 •*_^>.'5_^30^?J__O CC CO M ^. -^ •* 1-5 •+i O — ( Ci o o » o o o => o o O M o o o o O 1- O C O w -J I- >n "^'"•'^;,"n, .ti !■' ^ © O X ■— 'O > X, X '-O -* -Ji i-> 1^ o -^ •"* '^ *^ I- fO >— 1 ^1 '~■^'"" -jTi'i'o 1- I- — o c i= = -;? -T- o © r- vo 1- M 1—1 f— 1— r: c: f~ ^5 «~ O O O or O r» » X -Vi.* r-. i-< r: n CO -^ n !.■? n X -J •»« -^ 1- '^ OC -^ C- 1— « X "M Ci r-' «•' «•» ^< S-1 O O 3 © o CO X >- O © '- r-H 1— I F— — ^ » ;-^ ■+ © — 1 o %; O X o i^ O cj -» © -W X •«(• Oj • - ;^ L-- y. r> r-l r— 4 r-^ r-H r-1 r— t •-) o •=^ t- l- wi CI f— ( ■^ CM -f X r(^ f— t r-H — 1 »-" 1 >^ 1- I- -f ■^ ^ -+ '■/: -/. c^ ■^ *■ -t CM »^ ■X 1 cc rs^ i-H CI ^r -X) ■^ •^ 1-- 'X' M ' t+« •"♦ 1- r. iC '"^ •* X at' 03 © rH «■! M •* «-* ^< ic i'^ ifl \n \n Xi « ac X X 00 x> 3 S rJ 'li V. o o tilJ to d a " ^ s. ^C 1835 1845 1852 1853 ■f 5 ., 113 The value (in sterling money) of the imports and exports of the Province for the last five years, are as follows : 1850. Imports, Exports, 815,531 ( 558, 01 8 1851. 1852. 1853. 980,300 772,024 1,110,600 796,335 1,716,108 1,072,491 Inwards, Outwa,rds, Inwards, Outwards, Inwards, Outwards, -^gfjg ^ Inwards, I Outwards, 1835 1845 1852 Tons. 298.993 322,200 396,792 425,638 539,336 581,472 627,270 681,478 Men. 14,467 14,556 21,556 23,296 This table also shews a commensurate increase with that in the last table. The total number of ships entered inwards and outwards, in the different ports of New Brunswick, for the years 1835, 1845, 1852 and 1853, were as follows : Vessels. 2,467 2,261 2,455 2,434 2,580 2,672 3,556 3,929 Of these, there were entered inwards, in the Bay of Fundy, in 1852, ^ 1,831 vessels. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumber.and Straits, 749 " It will be observed that, while there has not been a very great increase in the number of vessels entered inwards in 1852 over those of 1835, still the tonnage has almost doubled ; evidently shewing that the vessels recently built are of much larger class than those in use twenty years ago. The increase in the number of ships owned by this Province is very great. In 1782 the gross amount of tonnage owned by the Province was only 250 tons. In 1835, 80,830 " In 1851, it owned 18 steamboats, measuring 1,577 And 778 sailing vessels, " 116,711 118,288 tons. In 1853, it owned 827 vessels, making 114,588 u Which will allow over a ton and a half to each man, woman and child in the Province. New Brunswick builds at the rate of 120 vessels per annum, amounting to 60,000 tons,— worth at least X500,000 sterling. England, in 1588, only owned 135 merchant vessels, not very many more than this unknown colony builds in one year. The value of the products of the forest floated down the river St. Law- rence in 1852, was (currency) ^483,450. The total value of New Brunswick fisheries, within the Bay of Fundy in 1850, was ^£65,875. The sum of X 100, 000, including the civil list, will meet annually, all the ordinary expenses of the Province ; but there is usually expended about X30,000 per annum in defraying contingencies. 17 M I,. ^ii, 114 i!! lii r fcl I: g' Of tho number of vessels which entered inwards in 1852, there wcro S0,8l»3 tons from the United Kingdom : 344,257 tons from the United States; 00,642 tons from British Colonics ; and the remainder from for- eign nations — and of those which entered outwards, 353,013 tons sailed for ports in the United Kingdom : 135. 5S0 tons for the United States ; 80,652 tons for porta ia the British Colonies ; and the remainder for foreign states ; In 1853, there were 08,502 tons from the United Kingdom, 405,345 from the States; 110,414 tons from Biiti«h (Jolonies, and the remainder from foreign nations. And there entered outwards, to United Kingdom 413,7i>0 tons ; to United States 188,523 tons the rest to foreign states. British Colonies 102,210 tons and Abstract of '* A Treaty extending the right of lishing and regulating the commerce and navigation between her Brittannic Majesty's possessions in North America and the United States,'" concluded on the 5th June, 1854, called ihe Elgin Treaty. The first article provides " that in addition to tiic liberty secured to the United States Fishermen by the Conventioii of October 20th, 1818, of tak- ing, curing, and drying fish on certain coasts of the British North American Colonies therein denned, the inhabitants of ihe United States shall have in common with the subjects of lier Britannic Majesty, the liberty to take fish of every kind, except shell fish, on the seu coasts and shores, and in the bays, harbors, and creeks of Canada, New Brunswick, ^iova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and of the several islands thereunto adjacent, without being restricted to any distance from the shore ; with permission to land upon the coasts and shores of these colonics, and the islands thereof, and also upon the Magdalen Islands, for the purpose of drying their nets, and curing their fish ; provided that, in so doing, they do not interfere with the rights of pri- vate property, or with Bi'itish fishermen in the peaceable use of any pait of the said coast in their occupancy for the same purpose. It is understood that the above mentioned liberty applies solely to the sea fishery, and that the salmon and shad fisheries, and all fisheries in rivers, and the mouths of rivers, are hereby reserved exclusively, for British fisli- ermen." It is agreed ' ' that in order to prevent or settle any dispute as to the places to which the reservation of exclusive right to British fishermen con- tained in this article, and that of fishermen of the United States contained in the next succeeding article apply," each of the contracting parties shall appoint a commissioner. The commissioners are, before proceeding to busi- ness, to make a solemn declaration that they will impartially decide " upon all such places as are intended to bo reserved and excluded from the common liberty of fishing under this and the next succeeding article." Provision is tlien made for the nomination of an umpire, who is to make ?. similar decla- ration and for the appointment of new commissioners, Umpire, in case of death, absence, or incapacity, or of either omitting, declining, or ceasing to act. "Such commissioners shall proceed to examine the coasts of the North American Provinces, and of the United States embraced within the provi- sions of the first and second articles of this treaty, and shall designate pla- ces reserved by the said articles from the common right of fishing therein. The decision of the commissioners and of the arbitrator or umpire shall be given in writing in each case, and shall be signed by them respectively." 115 t)cing The parties Bolemnly engage to consider such deciBion as final and oon- eluflivo in each ciso. By the second aiticlo it is agreed " that British subjects ph;ill have, in common with the citizens of the United States, the liberty to take fish of every kind, except shell-fish, on the eastern sea coasts, and shores of the United States, north of the 3Gth parallel of north latitude, and on the shores of the several islands thereunto adjacent, and in the bays, harbors and creeks of the said sea, coasts, and shores of the J nited States, and of the said islands, without being restricted to any distance from the shore, with permission to land upon the said coasts of the United States and of tho islands aforesaid, for the purpose of drying their nets, and curing their fish." With a Pro- viso similar to that in the first article as to interference with the rights of private property, or with the fishermen of tho United States — and a reser- vation of the salmon and shad fisheries,, and the fisheries in rivers, and mouths of rivers. Tho third Article enumerates tho articles "the growth and produce of the aforesaid British Colonies, or of the United States, which shall be ad- mitted into each country respectively free of duty." Schedule. Grain, Flour and Bread-stuffs of all kinds. Animals of all kinds. Fresh, smoked and salted meats, Cotton-wool, seeds and vegetables. Undried fruits, dried fruits, Fish of all kinds, Products of fish, and of all other creatures living in tho water, Poultry, eggs. Hides, furs, skins, or tails, (undressed) Stone or marble, in its crude or unwrought state, Slate, Butter, cheese, tallow Lard, horns, manuers^ Coal, Pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes, Timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hiwed, and sawed, unmanufactured ill whole or in part, Firewood, Plants, shrubs, and trees, Pelts, wool, Fish oil, Rice, brooij^-corn, and bark, •Gypsum, ground or unground. Hewn or wrought, or unwrought, burr or grindstones. Dye stuifs. Flax, hemp, and tow, unmanufactured. Unmanufactured tobacco, Kags. The fourth article throws open the na\igation of the river St. Lawrence, and the canals, in Canada, to the citizens and inhabitants of the United States, subject to the usual tolls and assessments ; but the British Government !■ f '. ( n 1 (|; li'f 116 may suspend this privilege on giving duo notice tliereof to the government of the United Stiites. [n case of such suspension, the operation of article o, in so far as tlie Province of Canada is concerned, tnay ho also suspended l)y the United States, for so long as the suspension of the navi::;ation of the St. Lawrence or the canals may continue. A. similar right freely to navigate Lake Michigan is given to British suh- jocts so long as that of navigating the St. Lawrence shall ho secured to American citizens ; and the government of the United iStatcs engages to urge upon the State governments to secure to British suhjects the use of the several canals on terms of equity with the inhabitants of the (Jnited States. No export or other duty is to be levied on lumber or timber of any kind cut on American territory, in Maine, watered by the St. John and its tri- butaries, and floated down that river to the sea, when shi])ped to the United States. The fifth article provides for the treaty taking effect as soon as the laws required to carry it into operation shall have been passed by the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain, and by the Provincial Parliaments of those of the British North American Colonies which are affected by it, on tho one hand, and by the Congress of the United States on the other. It is to remain in force for ten years after the date of its coming into operation, after which it may be determined by twelve months notice from either of the contracting parties. But that stipulation is not to affect the reservation by article 4, as to a suspension of the free navigation of the St. Lawrence and Lake Michigan. The 6th article agrees that the treaty may I)e extended to Newfoundland if the Imperial Parliament, th" Provincial Parliament of Newfoundland, and the Congress of the United Slates should embrace that Colony in their laws for giving it effect. The 7th article merely provides for the exchange of ratifications. This treaty has, of course, excited considerable notice, and created a vast deal of discussion thrciii'hout the whole of British North America. In Canada public opinion aua the voice of the Legislature seem to have been unanimous in its favor ; but it may be argued that that Province having so little sea coast, but possessing so long a frontier conterminous with the States, to the inhabitants on which free intcrcoui'se mu.st be beneficial and yielding., besides great abundance of agricultural productions, many of which find markets in tho States, stands in a different position from the maritime Pro- vinces. Prince Edward Island, deeply interested in the fisheries, and pos- sessing a great extent of coari in proportion to its area, gave its ready ac- quiescence, and there appears to be but one opinion that the benefits to arise from the more unrestrained resort of American fishermen, bv the markets for agricultural produce thus opened, and the free admission of British caught fish to the seaports of the Union, would counterbalance tho compe- tition in the shore fisheries, to say nothing of the free trade in many articles effected by the treaty. It is in Nova Scotia that the greatest objections have been urged, and it has been argued that the American concessions are ina- dequate to those made by the Provinces ; the same opinion, though to a lejis extent, haa existed in New Brunswick ; and some little f<5eling hos been ©vittQ'fjd with rfttftttd to the mMxnef in whi»^h the treaty m.^ «?wnh.t,d«d aa f tunity the prfl Execui to the Provinl instanc have b| been bj laying f measui it on ti result We trivial which 117 timity of expressing their opinions. It must be recollected, however, that the prerogative of concluding treaties, belongs exclusively to the Sovereign Executive, and that in exercising it they have to consider the benefit to arise to the whole or the majority of a people. It may frequently happen that some Province, or small section of an Empire may receive temporary injury from a measure highly advantageous to the whole body, and perhaps ultimately beneficial to the parties at first appr^'hending injustice. There are many instances in England as well as in every other nation where partial interests have been obliged to give way to the public good. Perhaps it would have been better if the delegates from all the Provinces had had an opportunity of laying their views before Mr. Crampton, pending the negotiation : but if the measure is beneficial in its results, it is hardly worth while to (juarrel with it on this account. The question resolves itself into the good or evil to result from it to the Lower Provinces. We pass over the liberty of fishing on certain coasts of the Union as trivial and unimportant ; not so however, the admission to their markets ■which must be regarded as a valuable privilege. The fisheries under pro- per regulations, appear to be inexhaustible, and even if this treaty had not been made, it would have been impossible to prevent frequent encroachments, without compensation on our extensive sea coast. To say that the Provin- cial fishermen cannot compete successfully on their own shores, and at home, with those who have to come so many hundred miles, is surely entertaining a very poor opinion of the energy, industry, and enterprise of our own countrymen ; -^vith a fair field, and no favor, and with many advantages in the cost of building and the outfit of our vessels, there is, we trust, no rea- son to despair of a profitable result to those who may share in the supply of the vast markets now open to them. If we look at the list of articles to be henceforth admitted free of duty, W3 find many whose import is absolutely necessary to us — we cannot raise sufficient breadstuffs tor our consumption — we import pork and other meats, and there are many of the items which we now require, and many others which will be wanted should extensive manufactures ever spring up in these Provinces. But our export trade must we think inevitably, be increased by the operation of the treaty besides that in fish. Our excellent building stone and slate, which can be procured without limit, and close to the shore, potatoes and other roots produced here in far greater perfection than in the tStates, butter and cheese, grindstones, and gypsum, will without doubt, be largely exported, and these branches of industry, will give employment to many thousands who will derive a large portion of their food from our soil, will look for their clothing and tools to the industry of our mechanics. Our timber trade, hitherto dependant solely on the fluctuations of the English markets, will have another very extensive channel opened for it and us ; even fire wood has to some extent been carried from both Provinces to Eos- ton, even Avhen subject to a duty of 20 per cent,, we may anticipate a con- eiderable trade in articles of that description when it shall be totally free and unrestricted. Nova Scotia possesses, it is well known, inexhaustible supplies of bituminous coal, and there is every reason to believe that our own Province is not less amply provided with this necessary of life. The principal part of the coal of the IJnited States being anthracite, is not well adapted for open fires, or for the manufacture of gaa. and this, if there ^hmiH by si'jffieient (enterprise fotrnd in tho I'ruvinrw t9 r.»|)Iore and open ,. i.i,_ 'f 1!!i : 1 I 118 lation far outnumbering these counted by the last census. The Iron and other ores may be exported to the same markets in their raw state, or it may be found more profitable to manufacture them at home, but in either case, though perhaps more advantageously in tlie latter, another great sta- ple of industry must be brought within the grasp of Provincial enterprize. On the whole, therefore, we entertain no doubt that the Elgin Treaty will be the beginning of a new era in the commerce of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and it ought to unite exertion and stimulate industry to the realization of the prospects thus laid open to our view. MANUFACTUKES. Ij',' (? ^1 The facilities presented by this Province for manufactunng operations are numerous and extensive. The forest, the mineral, and the agricultura-l ca- pabilities afford a wide latitude ; and would, if properly carried out, prove as highly remunerative as those of any other country on the American con- tinent. A vast field for skill and industry is indeed offered in this depart- ment. Coal and iron are abundant, but we import these essential produc- tions. Wood of every variety is most plentiful in our forests ; 3?et how many articles of that manufacture, including all our agricultural imple- ments— in fact, a large proportion of every thing we use for domestic pur- poses—are supplied to us by foreigners / It is well known that at the present day, coal, the great agent in pro- ducing steam, forms the basis of all manufacturing operations ; and that the comparative cheapness of its supply, by lessening the cost, greatly extends the sale of every description of manufacture. In this colony, besides an ample supply of wood, there is little doubt of an abundance of coal to car- ry on the most extensive works ; but even if this were deficient, nature has bestowed on us an enormous water power, produced by its innumerable streams, and applicable to the driving machinery, at an almost nominal cost. {Superadded to this advantage, are the boundless quantities and varieties of timber contained in the forests ; the inexhaustible supplies of mineral ores in the bowels of the earth, and the fertile soil, capable of producing food for a large population. With these advantages, l!^ew Brunswick might, if she possessed the other requisites- capital and labor — supply a large por- tion of the American continent with almost every description of manufac- tured goods. A country which raises as fine sheep as any that can be found on this continent, and in which no less than 1G8,0;)8 were kept in 1851, while it could profitably maintain more than twice the number, ought certainly to make its own cloth. Hemp has been successfully raised in many parts of the Province ; and no one can call in (|uestion the capabilities of our soil for the production of liax. Notwithstanding these advantoges, and the abundance of water power and of coal, the manufacture of these raw ma- terials is principally confined to the females of our country, who make what is here called "homespun cloth,' prepared in a variety of ways, according to the purpose for which it is intended ; and it is only due to them to say that for uniting the qualities of durability, appearance, wuimth, and real utility, it is hardly exceeded by the manufacture of any country, ^^till, it appears that we have such a predilection fo" the productions of other coun- tries, however good our own may be, however capable our artizans may be of working up our ruw materials, (and they are hardly inferior to any in we 119 quickness of apprehension and ingenuity) as to prefer exporting our own produce, and often re-importing it, manufactured into articles for our own domestic consumption. Tlie following may be taken as a brief outline of the duties devolving upon the natives of New Brunswick, individually, as well m collectively, in order to induce a better attention to manufacturing operations : 1st. AVe should extend the hand of encouragement to the manufactures of our own Province, by buying and uolng them in preference to other:-*. 2nd. The Legislature should aid in the erection and maintenance of in- fant manufactories. 3rd. It is necessary that v.e should effect a more gener.al diffusion of that " go a-head " principle of enterprise as yet peculiar to Canada and the United States. 4th. If we are desirous that our country should be better known and appreciated abroad, we must learn to appreciate it at home ; we must leai-n not to draw unfair comparisons between a Province Avhich is only beginning to be known, and the American Union, to which the tide of emigration, the wealth of Europe, and the gold of California have been flowing for years. ")th. We must endeavor to instruct the youth of the Province in its re- sources, to teach them its worth, where its valuable deposits may be found, and how they may be rendered accessible and profitable. There can be little doubt that few countries present better opportunities for advantageously employing the surplus capital, as well as the surplus and frequently half-paid manufacturing population of the mother country. Here skill and industry could not fail to reap their reward, and judicious expen- diture would be amply remunerative. Until recently, the manufacturing industry and capital of the Colony were principally, if not wholly, applied to the preparation of lumber. Deals, boards, laths and shingles were the great staples, and were exported either to (rreat Britain or the West Indies. Of late, however, other establishments, sufficient to prove the propositions Ave have laid down, have sprung up. though as yet in an infant state. Iron is manufactured in the county of (Jarleton, and founderies have also been established there, as well as in Northumberland, Charlotte, St. John and York, at which good castings of various descriptions have been made. Coala in small (quantities have been raised in many of the counties already refer- red to. Lime is burnt in every county e.^ is divided into seven wards, viz: King's, Queen's, Duke's, Sidney, and Wellington, on the east, and Guy's and Brooks on the west or Carleton side of the river ; each ward has an Alderman, who is also a magistrate for the city, and a Councillor. All these oflBcia'ls are annually elected by the inhabitants of the respective wards and constitute a City Council. All the sons of citizens who have been bom within the city, and strangers who have served as apprentices herein, are entitled of right to its privileges, on payment of about twenty- five shillings currency. AH other British subjects are admitted to the same privileges, on payment of certain fees, amounting to about £Q 5s. This is a relic of ancient usages which has been done away with in most m.odern cities, and would be more honored in the breach than in the observance. The municipal officers for the city art as follows : The Mayor, Recorder and seven Aldermen, with a like number of Coun- cillors. Treasurer or Chamberlain ; Common Clerk and Deputy. A Police Magistrate, with two sitting magistrates in his absence. Police Clerk, and a Captain of Police. Portland his also a Police Magistrate, with two sitting magistrates in his absence, and three Commissioners of Police. The names of the officers are not given, as they are subject to ye-^rly change. In the county, there are the High Sheriff and his Deputy, the Coroner, Clerk of the Peace, and County Treasurer, with a bench of about fifty magistrates. Besides these, there are the Auditor of County Accounts, Registrar of Deeds and Wills, Commissioners for taking bail in the Courts, for taking affidavits in do., for solemnizing marriages, of Almhouse, Workhouse and Infirmary. Public Notaries, City Surveyor, Commissioners of Wharfage, " of Wrecks, '- of Lighthouses, Visiting Physicians, Superintendent of Quarantine Station, Licensed Auctioneers, Port Wardens, Hirbor Master, and Branch Pilots, Harbor Inspectors, Lighthouse Keepers, Assessors and Collectors of Taxes, Weighers of Coals and Measurers of Salt, Surveyors of Lumber; Constables, &c. And in the fire department, there are fire wards, a fire police, three en- gine companies, and one hook and ladder company. (( a 15 fj' being 127 seven east, ward :illor. ctive have )tices enty- same This )dern >. loun- ea ID oner, fifty I en- CITY OF SAINT J( EN. General Description— Commerdnl and other Arhantaff-es. — The city of Saint John, the capital of the county, stands on a rocky eminence, of a peninsular form, within the harbor, and has a commanding aspect. The country, for many miles round, is beautifully variegated by lofty hills, al- luvial vallies, and numerous sheets of water, formed by lakes, and the meanderings of the river St John. The harbor is situated in iatiiuile 45 ® , 15" north, longitude 66 ® , 4" west; it is noble, safe and spacious, and has sufficient depth for the admission and safe anchorage of ships of the largest class ; the tide rises and falls from twenty to twen*y-fcix feet, and the water in the harbor varies in depth from ten to sixty fathom ; thus affording great facilities for repairing and launching vessels. Partridge Island, at the en- trance of the harbor, is beautifully situate ; on it stands a battery, light- house, signal station, and hospital, for the reception of sick emigrants and sailors. That part of the harbor to the westward of the island is only navigable for small vessels, even at full tide. Mariners are directed in their approach to avoid danger by the light house on the island, visible at a great distance, and another on a spit within the harbor, which have been already described. There is also a floating fog bell moored at some distance off the entrance. By these aids, vessels may be piloted in at any hour of the night, and in case of any accident occurring, life-boats, manned with able and efficient crews, are at command. At the extreme outward point of the peninsula on which the city stands, are the parade ground, two batteries, military station and barracks, capable of containing two thousand men ; this position commands the whole harbor and its entrance. In the rear of the city, and a little to the northward of Portland, stands Fort Howe, on a high hill at the foot of which is a mili- tary post and magazine. This Fort commands the whole upper part of the harbor. The surface of the city is very uneven it lies in the form of a ridge, sloping in every direction; the streets are numerous, and generally laid out in a -systematic and regular manner, with the exception of some of them being too narrow. It has suffered much at different times from the effects of fire ; however, it is well filled up, and the older wooden buildings are being replaced by others of more durable quality, being built of brick or stone, evincing considerable taste and very commodious. There are two squares within the city, with considerable areas, reserved for the accomrpo- dation of the public, the one called King's, and the other Queen's Square. In taking a circuit from the military post on the sf^uth-east point of the peninsula, thence along the margin of the spacious basin, forming the har- bor for a distance of about a mile and one fourth, through Poriluid to Indian Town, and from thence across the Suspension Bridge to Carleton. the eye will behold, within an extent of about three miles, the nucleus of a city, with its numerous streets ascending the acclevities which surround the har- bor, destined hereafter, to become a place of no small commercial impor- tance. Included within this circle, are not less than five thousand edifices of various kinds, private houses and stores, churches and places of wo-ship belonging to Episcopalians. Presbyterians, Roman Catholics. Baptists, Me- thodists, Independents and others ; Academiis, School Houses, Warehouses and Founderies^ as well as Manufactories for lumber and other purposes. ■'' 11 ■ '■;■■ :t . s i 128 :^|i \m' ¥"H in' ■ . . 1 't' m There will be found also a Grammar School, Mechanics Institute, Sabbath Schools, printing and books Stores, together with a Court House, Gaol, Poor House, Hospital and all the other incidents to a large commercial sea port ; among which the Sailors Home and the Penitentiary deserve par- ticular notice. The Banks buve been already enumerated ; there is ahand- pome Custom House and two convenient Markets ; besides many other pub- i. 3 buildings and philanthrophic institutions. The numerous wharves and slips fronting on the harbor, throughout the city, as well as Portland, Car- leton embrace an extent of nearly two miles ; the whole distance presenting one continued thoroughfare of business. Few places indeed of the same size and population, evince better indications of prosperity than are shewn by this thriving sea-port. And yet but seventy years ago this crowded city was a mere peninsula of rock covered with a dense mass of shrubbery com- posed of cedars, spruce, birch and underwood. The city of Saint John, including, of course, Portland and Carleton, is even at present the commercial emporium, not only of the Province of New Brunswick, but of that extensive western portion of Nora Scotia, from the head of the Bay of Fundy to Yarmouth harbor, including the numer- ous and flourishing settlements which have sprung up on the many bays and rivers along this range of country. In this point of view, and looking at the advantages it possesses from its position at the entrance of a noble river, second to none in British North America except the St. Law- rence, and possessing the great advantage over that river of being free from ice during the whole year, the conclusion forces itself on our minds, that, before many years roll around its c >mmerce will be inferior to that of few places on the North American Continent. With the exception of a circuit of a few miles in the immediate neigh- borhood of the city, which is not adapted for farming, although highly fa- vorable for >:hip building, manufactories and other branches of indust /, the whole country for more than one hundred miles east and west, and above two hundred miles in a northerly direction, ii cipable of affording vast quantities of agricultural produce, and of undergoing many other im- provements, all of which would contribute to the extension and commercial prosperity of this city. The river Saint John and its branches may be con- sidered navigable for steam boats for over two hundred miles, and for other small craft for not less than two hundred more ; and this mode of convey- ance, yearly increasing, cannot fail to render it the depot of an enormous extent of country, inuring the last year there were no less than ten steam- ers between Indian Town, near the Suspension Bridge and Fredericton, leaving each place, by special arrangement, every morning and evening, thus affording a daily and nightly communication between the two cities, one the commercial emporium, and the other the Head Quarters of the Province. Two steamers are employed twice a week, with the exception of about two months, during the middle of Avinter, between the City and Sack- ville, Dorchester, and the Bend in New Brunswick, and Annapolis, Wind- sor, and other ports on the west coast of Nova Scotia ; bringing the pro- duce of these fertile and extensive districts, and especially the fat cattle and butter of the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland, proverbial for producing the best of botii these articles that can be found in the Lower Provinces, to the market of Saint John In return, these steamers are the means of supplying all these populous districts with merchandize and West India produce to a considerable amount. To show the great quantity of Brun the Th pletei Halifai 7^^, 1-: S 6 3*^ HI 129 agricultural produce that comes from the western counties of Nova Scotia, we •' xtract the following from the ' Courier' newspaper : " Sutemwt of s, w*} arficles of jtroduce from Nova Scotia impcrted into Suint John in the quarter ending bih July^ 1854: — 4^4 cattle. 88 g'leep, 217 calves, 64 horses, 459 tons hay, 72,506 hudh- els larley an.] oats, 21,657 bushels of potatoes, 459 hauls and 409 bags of o:v''.T.e:il, 2410 cwt. salt and smoked meat, 47 cwt. fresh meat, 814 cvt. butter, chsese and lard, 37,432 dozen eggs. Even on Euch a trifling nrti- ole as e.t^gs the value ut lOd. per dozen v.ould amount to i^l559 13g. 4d. for three months. Deals 2.368,000 feet, Firewood 527 cord, coals 1855 chaldrons, Bricks 183,000." Steamers leave Saint John for Boston every week, torching at Portland and other sea ports on their way. Railways are completed from Portland to Boston, New York, and also to Montreal and Quebec ; the time occupied in travelling from Saint John to either of those places, would not exceed thirty hours. By these means a ready communication is opened witU the wholo of the United States and Canada. A harbor steamer is continually plyiii;^ during the day between the City and Carleton, thus affording to men of business a more spo dy means of cornraanicating with each other than by taking ihe circuitous route over the Suspension Bridge. There is a communication established by electric Telegraph, with Halifax, PIctou, Windsor, Truro, Amherst, and other plices in Nova ucotia; with Charlotte Town and Cape Traverse in Prince Edward Island ; with Mira- raichi, Riohibiicto. Shediac, Sackville, Dorchester, the Bend, Sus3ex Vale, the city of Fredericton, Woodstock, St. Andrews, and other places in New Brunswick : and with all the principal sea ports and cities in Canada and the United States. The Kuropean and North American Railway, will, however, when com- pleted, place Saint John in direct and rapid communication easterly with Halifax, Shediac, and the flourishing settlements along these lines, res- pectively, westerly and northerly, with St. Andrews, Woodstock, and the great network of railways, either already constructed, or in pro- gress, in Canada and tlio American Union. And to crown the whole, we may indulge reasonable hopes that the time is at hand, and the increas- ing trade of this portion of the Province is forcing it on. when a direct line of steam communication will be established between this port and the Moth- er Country. The City contains the followinE^ public Companies and Societies: A Water Company, Gas Light Company, Rural Cemetery Company, Hotel Company, Also a Chamber of Commerce, Mechanic's Institute, Lunatic Ajlum, Publia Grammar School, Society, Library St. George's Society, St. Patrick's Society, 19 n if •■i ■i mi i. 11 ; i> ' 130 St. Andrew's Society, Young Men'a Christian Aasociation, Orphan Benevolent Society. Friend l:*ociety, Aj:;ricultui'al Society, lloiticultnral Society, Tcmpeni.nv.;e Societies. The Lunatic Asylum is a neat and commodious edifice, pleasantly aituat- ed near the west en feet, with a fifteen feet carriage way in the centie, and four leet each side for foot paths, the whole being suspended seventy feet above the extreme high water mark. * * * 53 <( 588 (( 294 (( 8 (( 1 (t " The roadway is coi.i(.oacd entirely of wood.'' * * * " The plat- form of the l.id!<;e has a sli^rht (.;u^*vature across the river of nine inchea, the same bring i!ivcrtcd to tho curve of the chains, this curv.auro varies, of course, with tlio degree of teniperaturc, in the extreme heat of bumuier the bridtve will bo nearly a level plane." The bridge is allowed to weigh, including cables, one hundred and fifty tons: and will .sustain, in addition to its own weight, a load of one hundred aud thirty-one tons, if eijuady distributed allove- the platf(»rni, as the 'safe' load it can carry ' without (^Ir. Light says) a shadow of doubt " Tho following is a brief summary from the Report referred to : — " 1. Absolute tensile strength of cables 1,125 tona "2. ^'uspondcd weight of ''i-idge, including cables 150 " 3. E.xtianeoua load, theoretically, tliat would cause fracture 075 '■ 4. (Treatest extraneous load tiia.t bridge can ever bo .uibjccted to 5. Safe strength of cables Load that bridge will boar with perfect safety, GreatCBt lo;,id that anchors will bear, collectively, with i^ perfect safety, ) Load tliat susp.ending rods can bear, collectively, with / perfect safety, S Load that beams will bear, collectively. Greatest load, in tons, that can pass one another in safety (xreatest load upon a wheel, It is a toll bridge, and rents at present for XlGliO per annum, being nearly the yearly interest, at G per cent., on a capital of ,£27,()00. Fulls of S/. John. — There arc few rivers in America of so great an extent (no less than 4-30 miles) whose tributory lakes, rivers, and minor streams, when accumulated, make their exit into the se;i through such a narrow, tortuous passage, as the river St. John. The clift's on each side of this narrow gorge, or fissure, at the head of the harbor of St. John, are about one hundred feet in height, and are composed, principally, of variegat-td limestone ; the chasm is from 450 to G50 feet in wi'Jth. Owing to the small rocky islands in the stream, which are being worn a^vay by the dashing cataract, and to the rocky protuberances' which project fvum the sides, tue water rushes through this narrow passage, which is little more tlum half a mile in length, with great force. The rise of tide in the harbor ranges from 22 to 2G feet, and the water, above the falls, rises at flood, from one toot and a half to three feet ; the height of tlie fall may therefore be estimated at fi'om 20 to 23 feet. But for about three quarters of an hour during each Hood tide, the whole surface of these periodically ti'OLilded water- becom<-'3 calm and pla- cid, as if to accommodate itself to mau"s requirements, and is rendered, by this law of nature, navigable for ships, steamers, &c. A visit to this spot v \i ': , I >'■' ,i li ■HI ral thriving settlements and villages, among which, Carleton, before men- tioned, as forming a part of the City of Saint John, is honorably contend- ing in the race of ;'mprovement with its neighbours on the other bank of the river. The Census of 1851, presents no adequate idea of its present state, as the march of improvement has gone on rapidly since that |)eriod. The nature of the country, immediately round the town, presents excellent facilities for its extension; roads and streets are being opened in every di- rection, and other symptoms of a progress, commensurate with itc growing importance ire ev^ry where manifest. On Musquash river there are nu- merous saw ?.nd other mill establishments ; and along the margin of this river and i<-s haven there are large tracts of marsh ; the whole presenting the appearance of industry and perseverance. Simo?ids. — This parish being adjacent to the City, the principal part of the land fit for agricultural operations, is rapidly being made available. It possesses several small lakes, among which Loch Lomond is the chief A mail road leads through this parish 1o Quaco, but the land alon^ it is generally poor. Still the parish in consequence of its proximity to tl>e city, and possessing other tracts of good land, to;i^ether with great facilities for commerce, has proportionally exceeded in population any of the other civil divisions of the county, except Portland ; it is deci- dedly the best farming parish in the county of Saint John. Saint Mart'ms' — Lying to the eastward of Simonds and extending to the county of Albert. There are several tracts of land fit for settlement in this parish still ungvanted ; but in consequence of its remoteness from the city, and the want of additional roads these lands have not yet been taken up. Li com- paring the census of 1851 with that of 1840, this section of the county ap- pea s to have remained almost stationary, shewing an increase of only seven in population, and of 157 acres of cleared land, Quaco is a flourishing village on the Bay of Fundy, where ship building is carried on to a consi- derable extent ; other improvements are also bcng mode, and the village presents evident marks of progress. The registrj' list of the county of St. John was last year increased by the addition of ten vessels, measuring not less, in the gross, than 10,000 tons from this little port. Races. — The principal races composing the population of the city and county of Saint John, are English, Scotch, and Irish, and their descendants, with a few from other countries. They are generally courteous to stran- gers, free and intelligent in their manners, and industrious, assiduous, en- terprising ia business; and it may be said, Avithout fear of contradiction, that there is no city on the American continent where the wants of the poor are bettor ji more readily supplied, or where the stranger who uiuy bo le- sirous of ado|,t;ing any part oi New Brunswick as his home, will he better and raoro honestly directed, and that without having his /mckeis pkkcd by the way, than in the city of Saint John. Fisheries. — T^Vom Point Lcpreau to Saint John harbor there are no re- gular fishing establishment; " the principal fisheries are those for cod and herring ; small haddock are also taken in the summer, but hake and pullock are comparatively rare." Lobsters are taken in abundance at Dipper Harbor, from whence the city of Saint John is principally supplied. *' The fisheries of the harbor are those for gaspereaux, shad, and salmon, 133 deci- which enter it for the purpose of ascending the river to their usual spawn- ing grounds." The fishing grounds on hoth sides are under the' control of the City Corporation, subject of course to any general legislative enactment, regulating the fisheries of the Province, and are laid off in small lots, and disposed of to persons having the freedom of the city at various prices ac- cording to situation. The salmon, gaspereauxvipaad shad fisheries within the harbor, in 1 850, are said by Mr. Ferley {o- %v^been worth X20,000 ; their annual value has since been much increasj^^.'*'; ,.-• From the harbor eastward to the county limits,'|*lhlion, shad, alewives, cod, herrings, pollock, haddock, hallibut, lobsters and' various other kinds of fish are taken in great abundance, although no establishments have been formed for the purpose The fisheries here, as in most other parts; of the Province, are being fast destroyed by catching the fish at improper times, and in a wrong manner : and their passage up the rivers for tiie purpose of spawn- ing, has been in numerous instances entirely prevented by mill dams. Besides thes ^ evils the bottoms of the channels, as well as the water itseK", are often rendered obnoxious, and in fact destructive, to the young fiy hy the quan- tities of saw-dust allowed to float down the streams. It is generally be- lieved by those best acquainted with the subject, that if some liCgislativo enactment be not made and strictly enforced, forbidding the longer conti- nuance of the injurious practices, which have of late existed with regard to our harbours and rivers, that portion of our fisheries which is so easy of ac- cess, to varied in its produce, and a profitable to those engaged in it, as well as to the Province, will soon be considered among the things that were. Railways. — The European and North American Railway, from Halifax to Poj'tland, pa-iscs through this County, for about eight miles to the east- ward of the city, and kraver.ses the parish of Lancaster for nearly two miles further. ,lt the city will be one of the most important depots on the whole line. The river will bo crossed near the Suspension Bridge. Rivers and Creeks. — The County of Saint John is well watered. Bo- sides the river Saint John, about which so much has already been said, it has the Musquash. Little, Black, Tiegnmouth, Quaco, Great Salmon, Lit- tle Salmon. Upper Salmon, and Goose Rivers, and Emerson's, Garden, Goose and other Creeks, with their branches diverging in every diicction, afford- ing every facility for ship-building, mills, and other manufactories requiring water power. Minerals, — Although the County presents in its general formation, the char. terJstics of a uiineral distiict, especially as regards coal and iron, the only deposit that have been yet discovered, no doubt for want of research, arc tliObO repoiltjd by Dr. Gcsner, of a vein of anthracite coal at Liitlc river, of a fair quality, and another at (>uaco, which has been opened, but has not proved profitable. Plumbago, (f wh'cli nearly 90,000 lbs. were exported in 18.>o, is fotmd in great abundance near Uie City of Saint John. Lime- Htone if very abundant, and marble of ^.ocd quality is obtained. ^/iljj-buI/dinL''. — ^Ve take the following list of vessels built in St. John, from the returns made to the Legiulature in the years 1851, 1852, and- Registered in Saint John in 1851, 00 vessels, 28,628 tons. For owners in the United Kingdom, 14 " 10,332 " ■\..l Making a total of 74 134 lli 'irli ill!! y'i IH- !■ Registered in Saint John in 1852, For owners in the United Kingdom, Making together, Registered in Saint John in 1853,* 78 vessels, 39,038 tons. Q i< a r\Cin << 87 94 6,090 56,452 *NoTE. — The vessels built in the Gulf are registered at Miramichi ; and those built in the Bay of Fundy at Saint John, except Charlotte, which has a registry at St. Andrews. The number of registered vessels belonging to the Port of Saint John up to the 31st December, 185B, as near as can be ascertained, was 527, mea- suring 88,574 tons, new measurement. Education. — The population of the city and county of Saint John, by the censes of 1851, was 38.475. Out of this number there were attend- ing the parish schools — Ip 1851, 1,946 pupils. " 1852, 54 schools, 2,402 '' " 1853, 64 " 2,869 " The increase in 1852 456 " " in 3 years, 823 " The above returns shew the number of pupils for each of the three years, while we have no means of knowing the increase of the population, which must have been very considerable, since the census was taken. The increase in the school attendance in 1852, over that of 1851, was probably caused by the agricultural and commercial prosperity which dawned upon the Province at that time, and has since continued to enrich it. Imports and Exports. — The following abstract, taken from the Journal of the House of Assembly, shews the imports and exports for Saint John, but including the other counties in the Province, except Charlotte : — Sterlinor. Total value of Imports in the year 1853, 1852, (C (( 1851, 1850, Xl,6o7,907 1.063,554 925,488 770,168 Total value of Exports for the Province, except Charlotte County, in i( (I (t (( c (( 1853, £904,200 1852. 714,860 1851, 702,021 1850, 603,777 ' In the return of exports, the new vessels built for, and sold to owners in the United Kingdom, are not included, although a large portion of the building materials and outfits form considerable items in the imports. Vessels entered inwards at Saint John, and its outports, except Char- lotte, in No. Tons. Men. 1853, 3,113 527,378 20,880 1852, 2,571 449,491 17,234 1851, 2,253 399,533 15,941 1850, 2,807 368,929 15,495 ia5 tons. Vessels entered outwards in No. Tons. 1853, 3,125 580,076 1852, e,578 490.107 . 1851, 2.259 455,211 1850, 2,310 393,625 At the port of Saint John alone : No. Tons. 282,566 324,821 334,267 362,917 Thus, it will be seen that a large portion of the tonnage enters, inwards and outwards, at this port. -jQ-^ (^ Inwards, 1,528 \ Outwards, 1,545 ,5,cn ( Inwards, 1,740 ^^^^ ^ Outwards, 1,746 Men. 22,126 18,962 17,757 16,557 Men. 11,008 16,615 12,105 13,670 . of the Province 1851. — Population and other Statistics of St. John. Inhabitants, Families, Children at school, School houses, £irtii8, Deaths, Sick and infirm, Agriculturibts, Places of worship, Saw mills, Grist mills, Acres of land cleared, Tons of hay, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Potatoes, Value of manufiictorieB, Other factories, Population , Children at school, Families, Inhabited houAM, Parishes. City of St John. 22,745 4,248 59 757 252 20 7 11 £91,577 Port- land. 8,429 1,610 527 J 8 395 122 10 40 5 8 2 1,758 758 I IS 1,782 120 7,526 £20,910 Lancas- ter. 1.896 305 170 ( 07 9 118 105 4 11 1 3,575 1,389 78 41 0,910 039 148 10,511 £863 Comparison. Slmond's. St. Mar- ! tin's. Totals. 3,425 1,980 38,475 540 343 7,058 507 122 1,992 17 7 108 91 57 1,377 95 13 491 260 5 430 402 217 767 7 4 40 10 15 51 5 o 14 11,200 5,192 21,725 3,290 1,420 6,855 114 50 249 354 97 510 17,047 5,222 30,901 5,115 3,884 9,758 20 108 54,370 27,279 105,695 £11,070 £1.140 £123,506 124 1851, 1840, 1853, 1851, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 38,475 32,957 2,869 1 7,058 5,044 3,885 2,896 ,869 I ,992 \ Increaptt in 11 years, 5,513 II 2 years, 877. n 11 years, 2,014. (( tc 989. m %'{■ i "; , y ri i f I'ii' ■ h i'\ 136 ■ ^1 1851, 40 1840, 28 1851, 14 1840, 1851, 51 1840, 40 1851, 21,725 ]840, 19,l;]3 1851, 1,219 18i0, o9;} 1851, ?;7::'i 1840, 3,3S3 1851, 3,747 18'U;, 2,907 1861, 1,550 1 \0, 3.111 reae e in 11 years, 12. 5. 2. 2,591. 326. 365. 640. reas e, 1,561. Places of worship, Grist milld. Saw mills, Cleared land, Horses, Neat Cattlo, Sheep, ^Tine, COUNTY OF CHARLOTTE. Boundaries. — The said County of Charlotte, bounded " south by the Bay of Fundy, west by the river Saint Cro'"^, and the western shore of the Bay of Passamaquoddy, east by the line i .nning true north thirty miles from Point Lepreau, as surveyed by Deputies Wilkinson and Mahoai, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-five ; pnd north by the line running true west iVom th.:; termination of the last mentioned line, as surveyed hy Deputy Mahoad in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hund»'ed and fort}?-five, including all the islands adjacent thereto, and the island of Grand Manan, and the islands adjacent to it." General Description. — This county possesses a large bay and river na- vigation ; it has m extensive frontage on the Bay of i undy, and the Pas- samaquoddy Bay, and the river St. Croix washes its whole western boun- dary, dividing it from the State of Maine. There are also the the Digde- quash, New, Lcpieau and Magaguadavie rivers, with their tributories, toge- ther with maiiy other minor streams affording water communications through- out its interior. It contains 783,360 acres of which 466,000 are still ungranted. The land on the shores of the Bays is broken and somewhat rocky though the principal settlements are in this district. St. Andrews' is a flourishing town with upwards of 3000 inhabitnnts, and is the head quarters of the county ; it stands on a peninsular ridge extending into the Passamaquaddy Bay, from the extreme point of which the St. Andrews and Quebec Kailway take" its departure. Here there are a Brewery and a Steam Saw Mill, togethei with an Iron Foundry at which operations are carried on to some extent. The next place of importance is St. Stephens, a beautiful village about twenty miles above St. Andre.vs. on the river St. Croix, which is capable of carrying ships of considerable burthen up to this place. About four miles further up stands Mill Town, both thriving places ; on the American side of the river, Calais is immediately opposite to Sc. Stephen's and Upper Calais to Mill Town. Baring is another flourishing village, with anotner village of the same name across the river, and conse- quently on the State of Maine. There are a great number of Saw Mills or each side of the St. Croix, and the inhabitants, respectively keep up a con- stant and friendly intercourse, only vieing with each other in the march of improvement ; so much so that it is observed that whenever a Saw Mill or a as 137 12. 5. 2. »91. 126. 155, 540. 561. I by the re of the 'ty milea ihor.'l, in nd north lentioned thousand reto, and riv^r na- a con- jarch of I Mill or a village is established on the one side, aaother soon springs up to corres- pond with it on the other. The Americans have a railroad running seven or eight miles up the St. Croix, which facilitates the convevance of lumber from the upper mills to the place of embarkation. Ferry boats nre con- stantly plying on the river between the several towns which are oppcsit'i to each other. There are many flourishing villages and settlements eastward of St. An- drews, along tho road leading parallel with the Bay Shore to Saint John; as there are also in the interior of the County, the principal of the latter being the Colebrooke Settlement, (named from the late Lieut. Governor) in the west, and the Anderson's, Trvon, Baillie. Flume Rid^e. and Clarence Hill, the latter in a fine district, with a road running to the Harvey Settle- ment ; all of which lie scattered througli the central part of the county. There are largo tracts of fine ungrantod land in the nort^, and especially in th. north-west districts, and one jf excellent quitlity about the Magagua- davie and Digdequash rivers and cheir numerous branches, whcr^ there is room for much farther settlement ; on both rivers there are many sawmills. Charlotte is intersected by several great roads, and by a large number of bye roads along them are frequent settlements and clearings, which v/ith the excellent saw and other milling establishments on the streams, present, on the whole a thriving mercantile, and to a considerable extent, agricul- tural appearance. The county is divided into the parishes of St. Andrews, St. Stephens, St, David.o, St. James, St. Patrick, St. George and Pennficld, together with the island, par'-^hes of (^'ampo Bello. Grand Manan. and West Tsles the latter including Deer ;'nd other small islands contia;uous to it. ^J'hc value of articles manufactured in the county in 18ol, excln'^ive of lumber and fish, amounted to £1.5.472. It has a bench of 36 magistrates, dispersed through its villages and settlements, and possesses also a Chief Probate and other Courts, and a llegist'3r OUice. Agriadltire. — The agriculture of this county, although it was settled soon after the discovery of the Province, has not, until recently, made very rapid advances. It contr.-'ned Sa.loG acres of clear land in 1840. and in 1861, 45.(33i>. being an addition of 10.521 acres in 11 years, while its pop- ulation in the saiiie period had only increased 1700. In farming stock, a;;ain the increase has been small while the <[uantity of butter made in 18.")1 exceeds that of any other county except Kings and York, being 441.522 pounds. In other agricultural productions, the improvement has not been far behind that of many other- counties in ■ "h5 Province. North of the Town of St. Av.«ii'evr's. there are a number of well culti- vated farms ; as there are also in the neighborhood of Mill Town. The frontier portions of the parishes of St. Andrew's. St. Stephens. St. .James', St. i)avid';j ar.d St. Patrick's, are mitch better c .Iculated for farming onera- tions than their more central parts, where the lands are stony; a character -ivhich in many places extends fully northwiiul and eastward to the bounda- ries of York r.nd Snnbury : but there is a new settlement forming in the northeast angle of the Gounty called Crofton, witli a voud leadin;^ from thence to the '.\Levepis road Gn the seaboard the fogs of the Bay of Fandy cause the grain to rust to some extent, more especially wheat, and therefore, the arising of that crop is somewhat pi'ecarious. In a part of St. Patrick^ and also in St. George and Pennfield, there arc some fine tract.i intervening bo- iweeu the hiHs and along the aiargin.'i of fc«treaiB9| fcut a great portioa o*' thepo 20 v\ it I. Vi :. iS ' ■! « »1' t! 138 parishes also is broken, dry, and in many places stony. The principal por- tion of the northern section of the country is yet in a wilderness state, ex- cept these parts of St. Andrew's and St. James', which are traversed by the St Andrew's Hailway, which id opening up this district and rendering it ac- cessible to the farmer, the lumberer and the m-mufacturer, so that almost every arable spot in the vicinity is being explored, and will speedily bo occu- pied. The railway company, hold by grant from the Government, a largo tract of land on each side of their line, which they are now taking means for filling up >Yith settlers. Railway. — This undertaking is a striking instance of what the combin- ation of perseverance, determination and industry will effect. The people of Charlotte have manifested the operation of these elements to an extent yet unparalled in this country; they are fast pushing on their railroad to completion, after having encountered, and by their energy overcome obsta- cles which at first appeared almost insurmountable. This railway starts from the harbor of ft. Andrew's, which is open to navigation at all seasons of the year; and. after leaving that town and the circumjacent settlements, runs through an almost unbroken fores', croesing the county of York, obli- quely, to Woodstock in Carleton, the remninder of its path to Quebec is not yet defined. By this means the wealth of the wilderness, whether it con- sists of the forest trees, the mines and minerals including the Woodstock iron and copper ores, or the agricultural riches of the soil, will be transported to the seaport of St. vVndiCws, for consumption, manufacture, or exporta- tion. Ronda. — In addition to the railway, and the roads connected therewith, this county has the g.eat mail road from St. John to the United States, passing nearly along its fiontier : also, the great road running northerly from St. Andrew's through Brookway, Harvey and llanville settlements to Fredericton, and another from the same place to Woodstock. The south- western part of the county is one complete net-work of bye-roads, leading to every one of its numerous settlements ; .and the St. Croix river is cross- ed into the States at several different points ; and neA>^ roads, affording new facilities for settlement, are being opened. The northwestern district is, however, almost destitute of reads, except what is called tho old road to Fredericton ; a new line, to be called the red rock road, is laid out, but not yet uponed. Beads also run up both sides of the Magaguadavie river for some distance, and there are no less than three bridges over it. There arc also /oads up both margins of the D'gdequash river, ar:d new cc-umunica- tions with these will no doubt soon be opened. Gcolof^ij, Minerals^ >S)C. — The great coal formation of this Province does not extend to thi? county, which consists of dctatchod patches of gi'anite, trap, lower silurean, and an extensive tract of the Cambrian system. Marl has been discovered in several places, and lime has been found en a penin- sula extending into L'Eiang harbor, in t'^ie parish of St. George, where, in 1851, there were 15.100 casks manufactured. J^lumbago and slate have been met with in different purts of the county. The oxides and sulphates of iron, and iron pyrites, have been discovered by Dr. Gcsner, but do ex- tensive body of this ore has yet boon found, although, the geological charac- ter of the country f'trongly favors the presence of this mineral. Thin veins of lead ore (Galena) have bcon found by the Doctor on Campo Bello islaud; speaking of this island, he says, that '• the hornblende "ock is abund^ntj" ^tid ''it is filled with the Sulpharate of iron, which from its pal por- itate, ex- id by the ng it ac- ,t almost be occu- ;, a largo ig means > combin- le people m extent ailroad to me obsta- iiy starts 11 seasons ;tlement8, ork. obli- bec is not er it con- ^\'cdstock ansported exporta- berewith, id States, northerly ements to 10 south- leading ■ is cross - ding new istrict is, road to ;, but not river for 'l:ere ai"c amunica- irice does granite, I. Marl a pcnin- vhere, in ate have ulphates t t)0 ex- l charac- Thin Bello "ock is from its I 139 decomposition, covers the rocks vpith the sulphate of that metal ; and thus an excellent opportunity is afforded for the manufacture of alum and cop- peras. In prosecuting the explorations east of St. Andrew's, he discovered at Magaguadavie some veins of copper, specimens of which, on being analysed, he found to contain — " Copper, 76.5 Sulphur, 19 Iron, 4 99.5." He proceeds : — " It is, therefore, a rich ore of copper; the veins increase in thickness as they descend, and there can be little doubt that those already discovered are connected with a far greater deposit situate beneath the sur- face. In Cornwall, in England, I have seen scajns of copper ore, of dimen- sions no greater than those just mentioned, worked at the depth of eight- een hundred fuet below the surface. '\Vere the veins at Magnguadavie ex- plored to one half of tliis depth, they doubtless would be found of far great- er thickness." After a further extension of his explorations, he says, " That the necessary ijuantifcy of ore does exist, there can be no doubt ; and I feel tlie fullest confidence in its final dev^lopenient," From the explora- tions that have been made by the Doctor, and others, it may be fairly in- ferred that valuable mineral biibstanocs will yet be discovered in this broken country. Fisheries. — The Bay of rass^maquodied on along the coast, from St. Andrew's to tbe Saint John county line, are not extensive, with the exception of those at L'Etang, "which were estimated, in jiSSl, at X3,340. The people here, as in most •i ■J* if ,1 % rt i i fii. '%■'' I m ,i!* ! i I* I I i! 140 Other parts of the Provinc©, unite thipi pursuit with their agricultural opera- tions. The aggregate value of the fisheries of this county, in 1851, douhled that of any other in the Province, amounting to c£31,138. This result, no doubt, arises fron) the proximity of this section of the Province to the Uni- ted States, which afford them, in addition to their ovfn increasing towns and villages, a ready market for the produce of the sea. ^Iiip'hinldbig. — This branch of industry is carried on along the differ- ent harbors and rivers of this country, as the follo^ying reports will shew : New Vessels registered in 1850, 8 1.805 tons. '• ^' 1851, 6 101) " «' " 1852. 5 l,r.80 " " " 1858, '7 1,771 '= The port of St. Andrew's will, on the completion of its railway, have a decided advantage over many -'f the other sea ports in the Province, in the facilities, it will afford for the conveyance of timber and lumber from the interior : No. Tons. Men. Vessels entered Inwards in 1852. 743 8U.845 4.322 " " 1853i 8-13 998,898 4.880 Inwards in 1352, 720 91.305 4,334 10f>»J, 804 101,402 4,909 Educlalut Sfc/i/ieus. — This parish, with its capita.) of the same name, and its auxihory villages, Upper and Lower Milltowu, is situate at the head of Oak bay, and along the St. Croix river. At the village of Saint Stephen, whicli is at the head of ship navigation, there are a number of neat public and private odifioes. Many of the saw mills on this and the other rivers of the county are constructed on the be^t water power principles ; those on the r'^t. Croi.K ricinufacture vast quantities of lumber, much of which is shipped from this parish. The growth of these villages has been owing prin- cipally to the lumbering and raanutacturing operations, and now, that atten- tion is turned more particularly to the farming interests, as well as to other avocations, we may reasonably expect a more rapid progress in these dis- tricts as well as in the town of St. Andrew's. This parish possesses mine- ral springs, whose waters are said to be highly medicinal. »SV. Jii/nas^ lies north of St. Stephen's, and extends to the County line, of York and the American boundary. This psirish is much larger than the two lirst described, and is fast improving both in the extension of roads and settlements. Its population in 1851 amount'.! to 1,756. Lumbering has hitherto been the principal occupation of its inhabitants ; but there are ex- tensire tracts of good land, and all that is required is roads to make them available. The Parker Settlement is thriving. Sdiiit Dai:ld.ft. — The frontier part of this parish lies between the tow^ns of St. Andrew's and St. Stephen's, and has a front upon Oak Pay. This and tlie parishes already described arc lijdout in the most irregular manner possible. It contain?, at the head of the bay some good land for agricnl- turul purposes, but the grct bulk, with some few exceptions, is rather un- favorable to the farmer: it contained in 1851, 0,030 acres of cleared hnd. Saint Patricia s lies east of Saint David's, Saint James's, and Saint /Andrew's, and extends from Tassamaquoddy Bay to the County Line, the northward. Saiiil George's is next to the eastward and bounds on the last parish. The river L'Etary is, the l^oundary between this parish and Penniield, and at its mouth is a small well sheltered and safe harbor for large ships. The two last named parishes, St. Patrick and St. George, are well inter- sected along their frontier with roads and rivers. The Magaguadavie and Digdeqi^ash both run through these parishes, and there are milling estab- lishments, ''nd good settlements, on both riverS|; and on Lake Utopia, there aro large tracts, of what Professor Johnston calls second and third rate laud for farming purposes. As timber is becoming more scarce along the water communications, people are turning more of their attention to agriculture, and ihis land will, no doubt, be thus brought into cultivation. At the mouth of the Magaguadavie there is a beautiful harbor, and from thence to the lower Falls, a distance of about ten miles, the river is navigable for boats. At this ])oint the stream falls in a chasm only thirty feet wide, by five suc- cessive stops, over a rock one hundred feet in height, and this spot, for picturesque beauty, is exceeded by few in the Province. Here is also the town of i^X George, a handsome settlement on the high road between St. John's and St. Andrew's, and an extensive saw mill establishment. There arc also mills and a villatfe at the Fails some miles further up the river. Pemifield is the only remaining parish on the mainland, running from •0 Cj 1 > ft ,' 1-: V* ! / nH\ ■ i •■/-if J ;!! i, ill n m },,.( ■«(!■ * W 4 142 St. George's to the County of St. John. Although it contains nearly one third of the County, it is chiefly unsettled, except along the borders of the Bay shore and rivers. It has suffered from that too common mixture of the two employments of farmer and fisherman, which has been before noticed. There are however some good settlements at the head and on both sides of Lcpreau harbor. There are a great number of islands belonging to this county most of which are attached to other parishes, but there are three islands, viz : Cam- po Bello, and Grand Manan, each respectively consisting of the islands so named, and West Isles, consisting of Deev Island and the other islands con- tiguous to it. The south branch of the Orimocto has its origin in a lake in this parish. Camjjo Bcllo is nearly eight miles long by about two in breadth ; fishing is the principal occupation of its inhabitants ; and ic has several harbors where small crafts may enter and lye in safety. The island belongs to Ad- miral Owen, and is separated from Lubec, in the State of Maine, by a nar- row passage. It contained in 18r>l, G79 acres of cleared land, and a popu- lation of 865 persons, with four school houses attended by 137 scholars and two places of worship. The Parish of West Isles contains a population of 1,252 persons, and has 1,798 acres of cleared land, including Deer Island, which has very little good land on it, but its harbors are safe. This island is about twelve miles loDg, and about three in breadth ; there are a number of lesser is- lands, contributing more or less to the statistics of West Isles. The inha- bitants of all are principally engaged in fishing. Grand Manan — The last of the parishes in the order of description, is situated abouc thirteen miles southerly of the American coast, and is of an oval shape, about twenty miles in length, and averaging five in breadth. It consists of lofty mural precipices, with little land fit for farming purpo- ses ; the water around is deep in many places close to the shore, ^^ith bold perpendicular rocki. The coves and islets adjacent, afford shelter for ves- sels, but the principal rcndezous for shipping is Dock Harbor, which is a salt water lake, measuring about one mile and a fourth in length, by half a mile in breadth ; the depth of water ranges from five to eight and a half fathoms. This sheet of water was, until as recently as 1846, entirely cut off from communication with the sea, by a high wall of gravel and stones, when a passage was cut through this wall of sufficient width and depth to admit large vessels ; this entrance is protected by a break water built on the western side. The advantages arising to the fisheries of the island from this newly created harbor are great ; besides sheltering the vessels from stones it affords within its walls a good herring fishery. The inlet to this valua- ble port, however, requires deepening, and the break water should be ex- tended. In 1851, this island contained 1,823 acres of cleared land, and a pupulation of 1,187 souls, four places of worship, and four schools, attended by 148 children. 143 f I o s CO ' JO e^ m |o tg ?, o oo ♦■ 1 ^ ^ Sain cu CO ■4J 3 ij > c« cS Q 03 s CO i 00 -«A a a -a 5 a* X' sa C/J a o 19.938 94 G29 204 312 1,431 53 i02 14 45,056 17,076 3, '263 69,988 14,304 409 163,117 78,428 1 lAO M«i-( ^ oci cqo«f* CO -7 -T tn in t^ ■^^ '•< ::i oi ^^ 0^ wi oo o-"*?! --< OfO C. O fC (M »C C5 CO CI Tt< O -M oco.-H3i.'J CI CI —1 CO -J QC © CO t^ >.0 i- r— -O 1— 1 CI >re O OC T C5 -Tl rH l.O I~~CO -H >COC{t-©0 "*_ 1 1—1 O CI 1— 1 O ' 1 © j SC CO 5V »■- CO O !■- © 1— i CO r-H C>1 O CO O f^ C. CO O 1— ( CI CI »-< C- -H CO '.O X' -H O CO -H tT -f co^co CI CC^X^^0 ©_CJ_-* Cl_ 1 cf cr-T -7-+" cf i © « oc 01 o -o x; i~ 00 ti if^ ID © 3C cTj ci TO © -H © ,-( r-. -^ O © 't w >0 © C-. CO "-O 1- ' '.c iccf i-T-t*" oo" 1—4 r— < Inbabi tarts, Children at school. School houses. Births, Deaths, Sick and infirm , Agriculturists, Haces of worship. Saw millH, Grist mills. Acres of land cleared, Tons of hav, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Buckwheat. Indian Corn, Potatoes, Turnips aad other roots, .J. : ' fl ! i: (. i. t¥ i H '.;. H : 'i^ 144 I I Population, ^ FamilioB, } Inliabited houues, ] Places of worship, < Qi'i&t laills, < Saw mills, ^ Cleared land, ^ Howes, ^ Neat Cattle, J Sheep, ^ Swin«, \ Comparison, i Inoreaso in 1 1 j/eara, 1 1851, 10,938 \ 1840, 18,178 1851, 3,422 \ 1840, 2,910 1851, 3,183 } 1840, 2,622 ( 1851, 53 \ 1840, 36 1851, 14 \ lo40, 16 1851, 102 \ 1840, 103 1851, 45,C56 \ 1840, 35,135 1851, 1,667 i 1840, 1,133 ^ 1851, 8,575 \ 1840, 7,823 1851, 11,840 1 1840, 11,759 1851, 2,326 } 1840, 4,286 i Docreape IncToaso 10 DocreaBe 1 ,760. 512. 561. 17. 2. 1. ,521. 534. 752. 87. ,960 KINGS COUNTY. Boundaries. — King's south by the City and County of Saint John, west by Charlotte, east by the prolongation of the eastern boundary of St. John, and south, by a hne run north six^-y-two degrees and thirty-four minutes east, and south sixty- two degrees and thirty-four minutes west, by Deputy Welkinson, from the lower end of Spoon Island, in the year 1838, and its southerly prolongation, as surveyed by Deputy "Whipple, in the year 1853." Civil Divisions, and General Descrijtfion. — The County of King's is divided into nine parishes : Kingston, the shiretown, Hampton, Horton, ITpham, Sussex, Studholm, and Springfield on the oast side of the Saint John, and Greenfield and Westfield, the former on the west side of the St. John, and the latter crossing the river opposite the lower part of Long Beach, and embracing also a part of tho land we>it of the Kennebecasis ; thus not only separating the people of One part of the County from thoae of the other, but even dividing the parish by a river wl.ich is frequcnliy impassa- ble. From this cause municipal oj^erations must be much retarded tis weil in this county as in many others on this river : nud the only rejnedy we can see for the.se inconveniences, especially in the location of the counties, is a new arrangement of some of tuem making the river Saint John the front ; and this might be done without much disturbing the county and pa- rochial organizations. The upland of this county is literally divided into isolatt-d tnicts by the river Saint John, and the Kennebecasis and Bellisle Bays and their numer- ous tr'butories. It contains, exclusive of these extensive slieets of water. 849,920 acres of land, of which 062,752 acres are granted • of these 120.- 923 are cleared and consequently 728,097 acres are still in a wilderness state. The county is dotted throughout its whole length by a chain of liills. glviug it a broken, and somewhat mountainouK and volcanic aspeot, M;iny of th( the tc of inl of a bench Ri for st( at the tends these 145 year )rton. Saint lie St. eiich, s not the ts3;i- ^vell y we tics, the pa- r the iier- iter. 20;- ness ilk, ":inv of the acclivitiee, where they are not rocky, afford good arable land up to the tops of the hills ; and the whole district with its hills and large tracts of intervale and meadow, bays and rivers, a varied and presentp somewhat of a romantic appearance. Besides the usual county officers, it possesses a bench of thirty-seven magistrates. Rivers and Streams. — The Kennebecasis is 70 miles lone, is navigable for steamers for upwards of 20 miles, and haa its confluence with the St, John at the lower line of the county. This inland bay, as it may be called, ex- tends lengthwise of the county for eighteen miles, and a river of the same name extends into the county of Albert, one branch of which runs north- eastly, rising within two miles of the head of the Annegance, a tributory of the Petitcoudiac. In the parish of Sussex this river is divided into va- rious branches. Mill stream. Smith's Creek, Salmon river, and Ward's Creek, all of which are fed by several smaller streams. Hammond river enters the Kennebecasis bay from the south-east, and takes its rise partly in the coi.nty of Saint John. At a distance of twenty-eight miles above the city, and just above Long Beach, Belleisle Bay enters the river St. John ; at the head of which is a river of the same name. The latter flows from the north-eastward nearly parallel to the Kennebecasis. Some of the mountains towards the heads of these streams are lofty ; Pisgah, Piccadilla, and Moose Hill are among the most prominent. The country between Bellisle Bay and the source of the Washademoak river, in Queen's county is very flat. The Section of the county lying on the south-west of the Saint John is watered by the Musquash river, and its tributory streams and lakes, and also by the Merepis ; these rivers all pass between lofty hills. Nearly all the streams of this county, especially towards their sources, present great facilities for mills and other establishments requiring water power. Kingston., the shiretown, is situated in a very inconvenient part of the county, which is the reason of its not advancing with the same rapidity as other villastes in the Province similarly circumstanced, or even as Hampton, or the villages in the Sussex Vale, either of which would be more conveni- ent as the head quarters of the County. Kingston is a neat little village, in the midst of a broken district, containing much good land which is well improved. Here are all the public buildings of the County, the courts held, and all the public business transacted. Agriculture and Roads. — Though the arable lands of this county are isolated in consequence of the rivers, lakes and hills, which every where present themselves, still it is the best agricultural county in the Province ; not but that there are many other counties possessing equal advantages in this respect, but from their remoteness from markets, and the proximity of this county to St. John, the best market in the Lower Provinces, it has taken the lead of the others in agricultural progress. It possesses large tracts of sea and upland alluvium, commencing at the mouth of the Ken- nebecasis bay, extending up the river and its branches, up Salmon river to the boundary of Albert and along the mill streams for about sixteen miles ; there are also similar tracts along Smith's Creek for about ten miles, on Wood's Creek for five or six miles, on the Annegance for five miles, on Trout Brook for fifteen miles, and from the head of Bellisle bay for eight miles, as well as on numerous other creeks and coves of its extensive water coursei ; thu9 df large portion of the ar«ft pf this oounty consists of »llayial deposits. ■''' SI :, s: 1 ■41 '•\i\ .)? 146 r t II ' ,1 ! • ^ ' ! 1 ^ y ( i i 1 i' * !' ■ P, V f '- W-' The Mail road from Baint John to Halifax enters the county a short dis- tance from the city of Saint John, and passes through a broken district of poor land, though there are some few fine farms on the way, as proofs what industry can effect. At Hampton Ferry, so called from the mails and pas- sengers having been ferried over the Hampton river, until the recent erec- tion of a bridge, a neat village has sprung up, a little above the bead of the Kennebecasis Bay. This is a good farming district from the extent of al- luvial land, marsh and intervale, already mentioned, but the upland is rather strong and of ordinary quality. The tide runs about four miles above the village of Hampton, in the parish of the same name, to which place wood boats, and small crafts, ascend the river ; this place is about nine miles from Kingston. This road then passes through a good agricultural district, tra- versing the parish of Norton, and the principal part of Sussex, along the margin of the Kennebecasis which it crosses about fifty-seven miles from Saint John. Sussex Vale as it is often called, is a neat, though scattered, settlement, the centre of a rich and fertile district, abounding with alluvial intervale but from thence to within about eight miles of Westmoreland coun- ty the soil becomes poor rnd sterile. Roads belt the west side of the Kennebecasis, the east side of the Saint John river, and both sides of Bellisle Bay, along which continuous settle- ments are found. Also from the post road at Sussex Vale others diverge northwesterly to connect with the roads in Queen's county, and intersecting the road from the Petitcoudiac to Fredericton. Another line of road ex- tends easterly from Sussex Vale to Saint John and Albert Counties. The principal settlements, in addition to these on the roads already des- cribed, are Smith's Creek, Mill Stream, Mechanics, Springfield, and Dutch Valley settlements ; the latter extends up Trout Brook. There is a chain of settlements extending from the coniiuence of the Saint John with the Belleisle Bay, and from the Long Reach to Queen's county line, and along that lino north-easterly, known by the several names of the East and West Scotch Settlements, and Irish, English, Keirstead, Snider Mountain, and Butternut ridge Settlements. The parishes of Greenwich and Westfield consist of poor broken land, generally unfit for cultivation, except along the Merepi^ and Mushquash rivers, where there are some intervale tracts of good quality. The Mere- pis road on its way to Fredericton crosses the last named parish : and ano- ther road extends up the Saint John, along the westerly margin of Long Reach, a peculiarly straight part of that river ; this road follows the gene- ral meanderings of the stream to Fredericton. The only remaining tracts of ungranted land in this county are situate between the head of Mill Stream and Queen's County Line ; this tract is good, but not extensive. Two or three years more will probably deprive the government of any right to land in this county. In addition to these roads, villages and settlements, and the varied im- provements making thereon, the Railway between Shediac and &"aint .John will traverse not less than fifty miles of the county, running in the vicinity of the post road ; the county will probably have the advantage of two do- pots, which almost invariably become, as soon as established, the nucleus of towns, and the centres of trade and commerce. Looking at Kings' County in an agricultural, commercial and geographi- cal point of view, and having regard to its roads, railroad, and telegraphic commuiiicotions, we see every reason for its advancement in these respects. 147 inl- and for its maintaining at no distant period, three times its present popula- lation. One of the drawbacks to the progress of this and other counties, especially these near towns, is the circumstance of many persons holding large tracts of the best land unimproved, which are daily being increased in value by the settlement of lands around them, and therefore at the expense of others, without contributing to the construction of roads or the support of schools, but on the contrary retarding these and other objects of public benefit. This county has the benefit of the Electric Telegraph Line to the extent of seventy miles, an oflBce is open at the village in Sussex Vale, and another is about to be established at Hampton. Ship-building. — The facilities for carrying on this branch of industry presented by this county can hardly be surpassed by any other in the Province. Its inland bays r.nd rivers not only afford situations for ship- yards, but also the means for the easy conveyance of lumber and other ma- terials. However the people generally pursue the more safe avocation of tilling the soil. Though not many ships have been built within the limits of he county, still it has furnished large quantities of timber and logs for the markets of Saint John. Lumbering operations have been carried to a considerable extent in this county ; but the farmers have confined themselves in most instances to their own pursuits, and have very poperly left this business to others ; hence has arisen the superiority of Eng's in the scale of agriculture over most of the other counties of New Brunswick. There is a steam saw-mill at Hampton, where large quantities of lumber are annualljmanufactured, and taken to Saint John, and thence exported to the markets of Britain. Fisheries.— Almost all the inland water of this county have been haunts of salracn and other iish, and might have continued to be so, but for the mill-dams, and the irregular manner and time of taking them, adopted by the inhabitants. Hence the fisheries of the Saint John river and its tribu- tories will, unless some remedial steps be speedily taken and enforced, short- ly be extinguished. Minerals. — As far as Geological research has extended in this county, it is not known to possess much coals. A part of the Albert and Westmore- land coal-field, howev^er, extends to it, from the head of Pellet river in a westerly and southerly direction towards Mill Stream, Ward's Creek, and Trout Brook. Dr. Gesner, in his second report, (page 63) speaki^j of "a stratum of impure cannel coal, about three feet in thickness," and says that, " from the quantities of this kind of coal mingled with the debris of the surface, it is evident that it exists in much greater quantities, and of a quality more pure, in situations, more concealed by beds of sand and other detrited matter." The outcrop of coal has been discovered in the head banks of Mill Stream, and other branches of the Kennebecasis ; with respect to the coal in Dutch Valley, Dr. Gesner adds, "although the larger and most impor- tant beds cf coal remain undiscovered, * * * yet an advancement is made towards their developement." Iro7i ore — King's County u said to be rich in iron ore of good quality; at Moose Hill in the pariah of Springfield, about three miles north of Bell- isle Bay, an extensive deposit of this ore was discovered by Dr. Gesner in 1841, about which, in page 62 of his 8d report, he says, "a mass taken from the common variety yielded sixty per cent of metaUio iron. How far . 6 -■i: i,i i Itl-'r 148 this enormous metallic deposite extends in an east and west direction we were unable to determine ; but, judging from the effect it had upon the compasses, it doubtless continues to the distance of several miles. From these facts it is believed to be one of the most extensive veins of iron ore in the British Provinces ; being sufficient to supply America with iron for thousands of years. A similar kind of iron ore is abundant in Sweden, where nu nerous quantities of the best kind are smelted, and shipped to Great Britain." The facilities for man-*facturing iron at this place are numerous ; besides abundance of wood in the neighborhood of the ore, coals can easily bo procured from the Grand Lake coal field ; thus fuel is abun- dant. Water power is equally so ; and these advantages, placed in the midst of a flourishing country, and added to the excellent character of the ore, must vastly increase its commercial worth. I)t4 Gesner, in his second report, (page 47) says, " In many of the bogs and swamps of Sussex Vale, there are extensive deposits of bog iron ore," which he adds, " might be worked with advantage, being of good quality, and situated where wood for fuel is abundant, also on account of its proxi- mity to a part of the coal field.'' In his third report, he adds, " in some of the swamps there are collections of bog iron ore, of considerable thick- ness, and capable of supplying large quantities of iron ;" and he says in his second report, " from their annual increase, they are several feet in tbickKess. Limestone and Gypsum are abundant throughout the county, especially 2t Trout Brook, and in most of the lofty hills environing Sussex Vale, on the Mill stream, at Butternut Ridge, Smith's Creek, and several other pla- ces. A good quality of Granite, out of which some of the public buildings at Kingston are constructed, is also found on the Saint John river, and in some other parts of the County. Mineral Springs are numerous. In the parish of Sussex, about three miles from its village, and near the post-road and railway line, are two excellent salt springs, where a small salt manufactory is established, but which has been allowed, through mismanagement, to fall into decay ; still small quantities for domestic use in the neighborhood, are annually manu- factured. The process is evaporation, by boiling in iron vessels, when the establishment and machinery, which was on a limited scale, were in good working condition, from twelve to fifteen bushels were produced per day, every hundred gallons of water yielding one bushel of pure salt, which is of excellent quality, and highly prized by farmers, especially in the prepara- tion of butter. Now that a railway, passing so near, is being constructed, it will not be unreasonable to anticipate the immediate commencement of more extensive operations in this and other branches of industry. There is a good salt spring between the head of Smith's Creek and the head of the Annegance ; and similar springs have been observed in other parts of the country. Dr. Gesner says, in his second report, (page 48) that, " there can be no doubt that the beds of salt, communicating their properties to these springs, might be found by judicious boring ; and, should the wants of the couiitry ever require it, an inexhaustable supply of this necessary mineral might be procured." Education. — In no part of the census returns are we so able to detect error as in the numbers attending the schools. Comparing the inspectors returns for 1853 with the census, we find^ notwithstanding the great visi- ble improvement in every branch of trade, and in the growth of farm pro- les wants 3S9ary detect eotors t visi- pro- 149 dace, since the census was taken, a decrease in the school attendance in some counties, while in others there is an unprecedented increase, so far as regards the parish schools. In this county, the number of scholars in 1853, was 2,507 In 1851, " 1,880 Increase in two years, 62T This increase, though not equal to that of some of the other counties, is a very legitimate one ; and in all probability the census of this county, in this particular, is near the truth. Its proximity to the city of Saint John affords it superior scholastic facilities to those of many of the other coun- ties of the Province. MMm ■It: \m If-'-- I? i \ I 1 the good rday, is of ! I \ 1 ' 150 QO a *5 "be Parishes. Totals. ceo OS, i.-; 1-1 1—1 CO ococo^'# oi c^Ci_»n lo t>^kc ^H 1— 1 CM CO Westfield. CI Oi o cc u:> CO (M 1-H QO o (M CI o »o ao i^ CO CO CO •t "^ O O I— 1 ^H O CO i« O i-H ■— 1 (M CV CC 'O^csi (M CI o__o ■^ C'l o,co_i— 1 -r^ r-l Upham. '*OrH00O-*rfir5'tCi" i-HCni>-l O Cr? Cit^ O^ i-T oco -^"oo" i-T t—t 1— I r— 1 ■»»i Sussex. OyCOOrH OOf— 1— (Or-I Or-Hr-iOOOOt'-O CO lO -"l* rf O t~ O^iC^Cq^O^Cl lO^ co" i-TtC^jTr-Tco'co" cT Studholm. ■^OiOOOOi— lOOOOcoOrHCOOOOOrficOO I^OOOrH Clr-lC^COi— 1 ■'tCOaO'rtt^OlOrtl Oi^Tti 1— 1 JO CI_C>,0» -»_C)^u^CO CO Cf eo'o"rf'"r4"crcO oT Springfield. 'OCOOOOi.'Til^OOClCOiOOh-'^uOr-m^OCIvO O O O r- 1 l-~ C-J lO rH C-l OO -^ ■>* O CO O r- 1 i-H^co CO CO lo o_ci^co CO rr,o CI CJ .1^ Tf rH i/S 1-H r— I rH r-H CO CI Norton. eoci»oooOfCClcccoout>t~0'0'Oi-0 CI -tl Tt CI i-H rH Tf -^ O t^ 1-- CO O n< ■* CJ r-H C^ O 30,0 C. 1— ( I-H I-H o-<*r--.0 1-H C5 O CO O >!)< l.-^ i-( op >— ICOC^ C< r-lOlOC11--r-lO CI I— ( TT CO O OS rH 1— ( 1— ( C4 a CCTfOQOiOCSOOb-OSCOCOOSCiasC^OTj^OcO oorf ci o cor-'Oi-icocorroo C|,C< Pi C5 CO X,0 rH O i-H,l^ ift, 1— t rH Inhabitants, Families, Children at school,* School houses, Plaoea of worsiiip, Births, Deaths, Sick and infirm, Agriculturists, Saw mills, Grist mills. Acres of land cleaied. Tons of hay. Bushels of wheat, " barley, " " oats, ** buckwheat, " Indian corn, " potatoes, " turnips, Horses and cattle. Sheep and swine. W5 00 8 0> s I 00 a 00, ^ •—I "^ ?> fl to 151 Comparison. 00 a s © i rs a 03 • 00 a ■^ a >^.§ 'e •♦^ O '^ 2-9 ij; S ^ I— I '^'?. 00*3 fS o o. o ^ ^ o a f>* a p 3 g ia 1^ -I l| ^t is 73 *• a ^ • lA 00 . Population, Families, ^ Inhabit'.! houses, < Places of worship, < Griet mills, Saw mills, Cleared land. Horses, Neat Cattle, Sheep, Swine, 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1861 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 1851 1840 18,842 14,464 3,046 2,306 2,926 2,178 61 34 46 43 75 68 120,923 69,452 2.988 2,396 18,295 15,672 31,235 24,072 7,338 9,408 I Increase in 11 years , 4,378 (( 740 (( 748 (( 27 n 3 tt 7 c( 51,471. (C 592. <( 2,623. II 7,163. Decrease 2,070 QUEEN'S COUNTY. Boundaries. — " Queen's, bounded south easterly, by Kmg's ; north easterly by the prolongation )f the eastern boundary of King's, and the line run north, fifty-six degrees and thirty minutes west, by Deputy Price in the Year of Our Lord 1841, from the northwest angle of Westmoreland ; .southwesterly by Charlotte, and northwesterly by the lines run from the lower line of Lot number one (Conrad Stirich) south-westerly by Deputy Wilkinson, in the year 1832, and Deputy O'Connor in the year 1843, and northeasterly by Deputy Monro in the year 1846." General Descriptiun. — This irregularly located county contains 961,280 acres of land, exclusive of large sheets of water; out of which 514,204 acres are granted ; and of this quantity, there were in 1851. 63,719 cleared ; consequently, at that time, there were not less than 897,561 acres in an unimproved state. In 1851, it numbered 10,634 persons. Besides the river Saint John, which runs acro.'^s the county, dividing it into two unequal parts, the largest being on the north-east side of the river, it is watered on the south-west by the Merepis, and its numerous tributories, the Octnabog river and lake: and on the north-east it has Grand Lake with many supplying streams, the principal of which are the Gaspereaux and Salmon rivers, running through its whole length : and, near the lower line of the county, and almost parallel thereto runs the Washademoak lake and river, and their tributories ; this sheet of water runs north-easterly, and nearly parallel to Grand Lake and its principal branches, and is navigable for steamers and other smaller craft. The next sheet of water c i" impor- tance, is Maquapit Lake, which is above four miles in length by nearly two in breadth ; this and French Lake, the latter being situate in the lower part of the county of Sunbury, are connected by a deep winding channel, three miles long, called a thoroughfare— it is studded on both sides with oak. ' » ' I « , ; .(:■ i i t V -i I .1 ' K V i I f 152 elm, maple, and other trees ; the land is very wet, so much so that it is un- fit for cultivation. The whole country around the lower part of Grand Maquapit and French Lake, and their outlets, is flat, and during spring freshets, is covered with water, together with a large extent of the land both up and down on the easterly bank of the Saint John river, thus acquiring a rich deposit of alluvium. At . these periods the whole tract extending from the west bank of that river for three or four miles eastward, is one vast expanse of water, exclusive of Grand Lake, with which it is connected. On the freshets abating the face of the country appears to be literally bro- ken up into fragmentary districts of land and water. The contrast between the appearance of this neighborhood at such periods, and that presented about the first of July, with the unequalled rapidity with which vegetation is per- fected, must be matter of astonishment to the stranger. Roads. -There are numerous main roads traversing the county on the west of the main river. Besides that running along its margin, there is the Merepis road from Saint John to Fredericton, a road from Gagetown to in- tersect the last mentioned road, and a road from Fredericton, via. the forks of the Oromocto, to a junction with the Merepis road near the lower line of the county ; and also a road from the Saint John, along the upper boun- dary till it joins the Merepis road. On turning to the opposite side of the river, we find that in addition to the road along its margin, each side of Grand Lake and Salmon river, as well as Washademoak Lake and river, are belted by roads ; thus, between its water communications and its roads, the interior of this county is well opened up for inspection. The land fit for cultivation, bordering both on the roads, and rivers, or lakes is nearly all granted and thinly settled. A new road is now being made between the settlements on Salmon river, and those on the Richibucto, which will not only open to the settlers on the latter, a communication with the Saint John, but will also pave the way for a new line of settlements through a wilder- ness tract, much of which is fit for agricultural operations. The road run- ning from the mouth of the Nashwaak, to the Petitcoudiac river above the Bend, passes round the head of Grand Lake, and by the New Canaan set- tlement, through the most eastern portion of the county. Agriculture. — The character of the land in an agricultural point of view, is equal to that of King's, already described, and superior to that of Sun- bury. Besides possessing in common with those counties a large tract of alluvial land along the Saint John, and some islands in the river, which is also subject to the same periodical inundations, the county contains exten- sive tracts of strong second and third rate soils, where a great number of ad- ditional families might be maintained. The ready facilities afforded in Queen's County, for the conveyance of lum- ber by the land and water communications above described, have done, and still continue to do much to retard the progress of agriculture. Its streams pe- netrate the wilderness to such an extent, that the lumbering parties encamped on the Oxbow of the Salmon river, have had those engaged in similar opera- tions on the Richibucto for neighbors, while the two parties were taking their lumber to the sea in opposite directions. However, as the best timber has been taken away, so that this employment will gradually diminish, wo may reasonably anticipate a greater attention to the more honorable pur- suit of farming. The accompanying tables will shew that, notwithstanding the lumbering character of the people of this county, agricultural pursuits hav^ 8t«adily V 'I 5 r 153 advanced. A large quantity of the public lands of this, and the adjoining counties of King's and Sunbury, have been in the possession of persons, called Squatters, who have not paid for their land, and live by dividing their time between lumbering, a little fishing, and a little farming ; their improve- ments are frequently purchased by those who have obtained grants of the land, who go on improving upon the foundations laid by these pioneers of the wilderness Persons desirous of purchasing farms of from one to two hundred acres of good land, could obtain a Lot, partially improved, situate on a road in progress, or sometimes good and passable, for the small sum of from fifty to one hundred pounds ; indeed the capitalist can readily obtain farms in the more remote settlements^ in almost every county in the Province ; the disposition to sell if they possess a title, or to give a quit claim, if squatters, being general, and arising probably from the unsettled habits acquired while lumbering; or perhaps from pecuniary distress originating in the mode in which this (as it is often pursued) fluctuating and unsettled occupation is carried on In addition to the facilities afforded to small capitalists, in this and the adjoining counties, to locate themselves on farms, partially improved, there is an extensive tract of good land still ungranted, in the north-east section of Queen's, between the settlements on Salmon river and Coal Creek, the branches of the Washademoak, and Butternut ridge, and New Canaan Set- tlements ; where a large number of families oould be placed. There are also many suiall tracts of good land yet to be obtained, abutting on the nu- merous se '"ments with which the county is intersected ; so that thos who are desirous ot" settling in this neighborhood, can hardly go amiss fo* good land in favorable situations. Education. — In 1851, there were fifty-four school houses, and 1,159 children attending psirish schools, and 21 attending grammar schools, in the following year the latter had increased to 27. In 1853, there were 65 parish schools attended by 1.043 pupils, showin^^ an increase of 484 pupils in three years. Fisheries. — Salmon, shad, and gaspereaux ascend the Washademoak Lake and river, upwards of forty miles from the mouth. This lake, having scarcely any current, and a muddy bottom, affords, as do also many of its branches, good spawning ground for these fish. The next place of resort for these species, is Gran i Lake, which enters the Saint John by a narrow, deep channel, already described. This sheet of water, wi'.i the streams falling into it, formerly afforded ample room for fish ; but latterly, saw mills have impeded their entrance to many of these small rivers, and the other abuses in the mode of conducting the fisheries have done much to put an end to this source of employment. The fish taken in this county, in 1851, were valued at £290. Minerals. — The county of Queen's possesses lime, coal, and iron ore. The former is obtained in great abundance, on both sides of the Saint John, below the mouth of the Washademoak. In 1851. there were 302 casks burnt. Coal has been discovered at the head of Grand Lake, and along its banks and those of its brar.ches, as well as on the Washademoak. A few years ago, a company was organized to raise coal in this vicinity, and they sent a partial supply to Saint John, Fredericton, and Gage Town ; but frcin the indifferent quality of the coal, and the thinnees of the yeip, not being mor^ •■'•;,. r. Jl •a i^.:] 154 iiii I h' I, If ■ than from 15 to 20 inches, the undertaking did not succeed. In 1851, there were 940 tons raised in the parish of Canning, which is on the west side of Grand Lake, and includes parts of Salmon and Newcastle rivers, on which the coal was found ; indeed, it has been known for upwards of forty years to exist in this vicinity, though very little has been done towards ren ■ dering it available ; at one period, 2000 chaldrors are said to have been raised per annum. The Salmon River Company, before referred to, expend- ed ^£2000 in boring to a depth of 400 feet, in the year 1887 ; and in doing so, passed through a few veins, but not sufficiently thick to warrant further operations The various beds of coa< hitherto discovered in this county are, in all probability, continuations of those found by this company. With re- gard to the applicability of this coal, generally, Professor Johnston says : — 'The coal is bituminous, and cakes, or fuses, when heated, so as to form a hol- low tire admirably fitted for blacksmiths' use, but less so for ordinary grates, 'ithout frequent stirring.' And, according to the published anticipations of i/*** Gesner, further explorations in this county would open " other and far richv. deposits." Jrou is found in different parts of the county ; at Coote Hill, on the south- west side of the St John. Dr Gesner says, in his geological report of 1841, page 53 : '* In 1838, we discovered an enormous deposit of iron ore," the quality of which he does not give ; but from its proximity to another body of excellent quality, discovered by him in King's county, we should be led to believe that this deposit is good also. 'J'he discovery of a large body of iron ore by the writer, while surveying the line between this county and ^unbury, has been already noticed. Between the lower line of the county, and the head of Long Reach, there is a body of granite and slate ; the former is of the best quality of ^^ gneiss. ' being distinctly stratified, and free from any admixture likely to destroy iia durability and beauty. This granite is not only of a superior quality, but its proximity to the river renders it easy of working. Blccka may be obtained of any dimensions requisite. This gneiss region was dis- covered by Dr Gesner in 1838, and ii has been worked to a considerable extent ; large quantities have been shipped to the towns and settlements on the ^ainl John river. Civil Divisio}is, 4*^ — Queen's county has a bench of twenty -three magistrates, and now contains ten parishes, viz : Gagetown, Hampstead^ and Petersville, on the west ; and Canning, Wickham, Johnston, Water- borough, Brunswick, Chipman, and Cambridge, on the east side of the river. On account of the northeasterly prolongation of the county, and its frag- mentary character, broken up, as it were, by so many sheets of navigable water, the inhabitants of many of these parishes find it very difficult, espe- cially at certain seasons of the year, to reach Gagetown, the capital of the county. This town, in the parish of the same name, is beautiiully situate on a small creek emptying itself into the Saint John, nearly opposite the' .Jet of the Grand Lake ; it is the halting place of the little fleet of steam- ers daily passing, during the summer, from Saint John, the mercantile, to Fredericton, the civil capital of the Province. The town is neatly laid out, and its public and private buildings shew a considerable degree of taste. What adds much, however, to the beauty of this spot, is the almost continu- ous char^icter of the town, both up and down the river. The banks of the Saint John are beautifully studded with neat cottages ; and this is not the least of ^hose features which render a steamboat excursion, on a summer's 155 day, up this river, so peculiarly delightful. The parish of Gagetown, in 1840, contained 865 persons ; and in 1851, the population numbered 1,075. The accompan^'ing statistical tables will shew the increase of the county in detail, according to its civil divisions. By an act of the Legislature, passed in the year 1852, a new parish was created, called Cambridge, out of the parishes of Waterborough, Johnston and Wickham, lo the east of the Saint John. Thus, the county now contains n parishes, instead of nine, which it contained in 1851, when the census 'as taken. The statis- tics of the new parish are, of course, included in Jiose of the parishes of which it then formed a part. I. m i,>/.t ■'■ /" ' >'; .■'■■ .f' "t- ■■: ■ 'it . " the -■: ) i '-1 1(1" va ) l] u isa CO Si Of So I I I :§ 1 COl>-i— 1 ff<0 t— fOOC^JcCfCrfi-'^Ot— CI-* s r-t O C^l OS 00 CI Q 0* r-l f^ -t« OJ -f -42 '?■) O M Ol O 't Ci © O '» O —1 X) :a O "-J t-~ •«*< .-< O Ct. (M -H Tf r-H CI O lO cc c-i r-i o i-H f t :^ C5 -r -a" — < .a i-H o i;r r— ( »-H o f— ( © ^ —H 1— ( rH d atcr- ough. CC-^Tt<©-jt<'N<-H.-(05CCfCX©fO ©ClC-l-i* ra'»<00'^Tt'f-(i— too O-HQO OOrf-'NCO rH (TO CI © C-l p^ O • 0) KC©i«t~t-.a;t^Ttccooioofco5— ^>oi-tr^ooeooot^fCfOt-fc >noro s^? 1—1 "•^lO-f'— I"— r^C~1'<*i ©f-ii— 1 t^ r— ir-c> oXfHX rH t-~ (N fC Tt« F-< CO 1— < rH r-H M d T ^ t^ © c^ c-a (N CI © CI X 1^ t- CI tf ro o -4iJ ©1— lr-( rt< r— lOsrji i---^©X §^ f~i i.O C^ U'J lO rl CO C3 an. i-HC5t^cqcii^o>t^cib.Tj. P4 "-< CC .-< I-H r-l (M lO M rH rH o 1 a •iH a I Cl © — < Cc" f-H X © © t— © -x © © I>»X^-»• 4. 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 28 19 63,719 43,089 Increase''^. II e, the labors of the husbandman begin, and the face of the country is again covered with a luxuriant vegetation. The northern extiemity of Sunbury, with a Jew exceptions, is poor, as has been already stated, the principal settlements therefore, besides those on the banks of the river St John, are the Geary, Maryland, and others on the Merepis road, and Oromocto river. Minerals. — The principal part of this County lies within the coal region of the Province, and some bituminous coal has been found, yet very little is known of any deposit worthy of notice except a few outcrops, although some limited explorations by boring have been undertaken , but as it is within the carboniferous district we may indulge the hope that future and more minute researches may yet be successful. 1851. — Population and other Statistics of Sunhury County, Parishes. Bliss- ville. Barton. Lincoln. Mauger- villo. Sheffield. Totali. Inhabitants, 1,104 1,480 695 649 1,373 5,201 FainilieB, 171 219 lis 116 2. '2 846 Children at eohool, 78 95 109 83 191 556 School houses, 3 5 3 4 9 24 Births, 40 30 36 22 51 179 Deaths, 13 13 11 7 30 74 Sick and infirm, 5 19 18 7 35 84 Agriculturists, 133 163 161 75 118 650 Places of worship, 2 5 2 2 4 15 Saw mills, 9 1 12 Grist mills, 2 2 O 1 ►* / Acres of land cleared , 3,432 3,740 1,591 2,456 4,368 15.587 Tons of hay, 2,1G8 1,810 1,645 1,763 2,683 10,069 "Wheat, bushels, 2,231 860 597 9(8 955 5,551 Barley, " 223 555 112 80 3 973 Oats, 6,183 7,933 7,207 10.290 8,411 40,024 Buckwheat, 2,560 4,709 3,664 3,688 7,290 21,911 Indian Corn, 965 1.805 520 971 2,909 7,170 Potatoes, 22,993 30,365 20.233 1 15,910 26,856 116,357 By reference to the statistical tables accompanyin- the description of each county, it will be observed that Sunbury, though comparat" iy small in area, and inferior in its quantity of cleared land, raised more Indian ci ' in 1851, than Saint John, Al- bert, Westmoreland, Northumberland, Victoria vu.i Gloucester, collectivcjly. The land along the Valley of the Saint John is, generally, well calculated for the produc- tion of this grain, and if more attention were paid to its culture, a large amount of additional food would be produced. I :h :'i I: ' : 160 Population, < Familioa, < Inhabited houses, < Places of worship, < Grist mills. 1 Saw mills, Cleared land, Horses, '11 Neat Cattle, i Sheep, ■; Swiao, \ Comparison. 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 5,301 4,260 84C 636 770 573 15 8 7 6 12 15 15,587 12,262 849 830 4,475 3,901 6,688 6,681 1,084 2,311 Increase in 11 years. 1,041. li << 210. <( IC 197. (C <( 7. <( << 1. Decrease <« 3. Increase (t 3,325. tc (C 19. t< (C 574. (< <( 7. Decrease It 1,227. '1^ ]at V.v COUNTY OF YORK. Boimdwies. — *'York, south-easterly by Sunbury, south-westerly by Charlotte, and the State of Maine ; north easterly by the line run north fifty-six degrees and thirty minutes west by Deputy Price, in the year 1841, from the north-west angle of Westmoreland, and the line run north six de- grees forty minutes west by Deputy Scully, in " 1832," from the south- west Miramichi river, near Boiestown, and its southerly and northly pro- longations ; and north-westerly by the line run true east by Deputy Jouett, in the year " 1847," from the Monument by Eel river, and the line run north forty-seven degrees twenty minutes east, by Deputy Jouett, in the year '• 1847," from the river Saint John, at the upper line of the lower half of Lot number twenty-eight, granted to Matthew Philips, and its north- easterly prolongation." General Description. — There is contained within the limits above des- cribed, an area of 2.201,600 acres of land, (larger than the whole colony of Prince I'dward Island,) 1,230,086 acres are still vacant; consequently there arc 970,914 acres granted, out of which 70,000 are cleared; leaving a balance of 980,914 acres of the portion granted, but not improved. In 1851, it contained a population of 17.628 persons, and by this time it has probably reached 20,000. It is intersected by the river Saint John, and traversed by numerous branches of that river. The Nashwaak, an important tributory of the Saint John, falls into it, from the eastward, a short distance below Fredericton. The Keswick river, at the mouth of which the effects of the ocean tides are felt, the Mactaquack stream, and the Narkawikah river also join the Saint John from the same direction above that city. These and other streams, together with the South West Miramichi., and its tributories, water this section of the county. The south-west side of the river, in addition to the numerous small streams fall« 1 r 161 ing into the Saint John, is watered by the tributory streams emptying them- selves into the chain of lakes at the head of the St. Croix^ and forming the boundary of Maine. The c'laracter of the soil of this county to many parts is highly calcu- lat d for agricultural operations, especially the district known as the Har- VwV Settlement, and a large portion of the Company's lands. There are excollent tracts af land of an alluvial nature along the margins of many of th-^ streams, as well as on the meanderings of the main river. Still there is, as must be expected, a large extent of comparatively poor land. The settlement of this section of the Province having been preceded by the ope- rations of the lumberman, in whose track fire is most likely to follow, it has suffered severely from the ravages of this devouring element. About the time of the great fire, as it was called, in Miramichi, a large portion of it was burnt, audits soil was rendered almost useless for a long time to come, besides the destruction of a vast extent of valuable forest timber. York has long supplied the markets of Kurope with great quantities of lumber and squared timber, as indeed it still continues to do to some extent, al- though recently the attention of its population has, by the aid of agricul- tural societies, been turned to farming pursuits. Settlements extend up both side-i of the river Saint John, and into the interior, on the cast side in the direction of Miramichi, as well as towards St. Andrew's, by way of the Harvey Settlement ; the principal of which, besides those on the Saint John, are Maryland, Stanley. Tay, Campbell, Cardigan, Bird, Hammond Hanville and Harvey Settlements. The chief articles manufactured are boots and shoes, leatlier, candles, ca- binet works, kc, soap, fish, hats, iron castings, lime, grindstones, and ma- ple sugar, valued in 1851 at £22;()28 currency. The county of York made more butter, in 1851, than any county in the Province, except King's, the amount being 447,393 pounds, which was 125,060 lbs. more than Wesimoreland, where are the most extensive marshes to be found in North America, and although the latter county exceeds it in the growth of hay by G,G07 tons; the population of these two counties be- ing nearly the same. The only reason we can assign for the inequality that exists in the quantities of agricultural produce, is the proximity of the farm population of York to a market, and the remoteness of Westmorland, de- priving its farmers of the advantage accruing to these who are si'uate near large towns. This county contains ten parishes, viz : the City of Fredericton, the head quarters both of the county and Province, Douglas, Dumfires, Kingsclere, New Maryland, Prince William^ Queensbury, St. Mary's, Southampton, and Stanley ; the htter place is the principal village in the Nova Scotia and New Lrunswick Land Company's territory. Educa(io}i. — There are 83 parish school districts in the county, in fifty- seven of which public schools, and four private schools, are taught. Those schools wcro attended, in 1853, by 2,659 scholars, being an advance of 1,020 over the number in 1851. This is a very legitimate increase in two years, and if it were extended to every county in the Province in propor- tion to their respective populations, the total increase over 1851 would, in 1854, be more than 10,000 instead of 5,741. The number that attended the giammar schools in i851, was 62. These figures speak well for the intellectual advancement of the County. A detailed description of tiie li- terary institutions will be found under the head of Provincial Education. 23 I : ■A !l ;v V 162 n \m Roads. — The principal base, or main roads, from which numerous bye- roads diverge in all directions to the various settlements every where form- ing, are : The road from Fredericton to Woodstock, on the south west bank of the river St. John, a distance of 62 miles, passing through a well settled agricultural district. This section of the county is hilly, and full of deep ravines ; in consequence of which and of the numerous streams crossing the road, and falling into the main river, its construction and reparations involve a heavy cost. It is the route of the mail from Fredericton to the upper St. John, and therefore requires to" be kept in good repair. The road from Fredericton to Woodstock, on the north-east side of the river, the principal part of which was formerly the ]\Iail road, passes over an undulating country, through numeious thriving settlements, among which are Scotch, Coverhill, and Campbell Settlements ; the land on both sides the St. John is granted to the extent of several miles from the river, though the principal improvements are confined to its margins and those of its tributories. The road from Fredericton to Newcastle, on the Miraraichi, 106 miles, runs along the west branch of the Nashwaak river, principally through a settled country, crossing the river near Stanley, on the Company's lands, and from thence, via Boiestown, down the Miramiclii, near the frontier set- tlements of Northumberland ; this is also a mail route. The royal road touches the river St. John, on the northeast side nearly oppo- site the City of Fredericton, and runs almost direct through the wilderness to the Grand Falls within a short distance of the river , a branch of it runs northward to Campbelle, a sttlement on the south-west Miramichi, and nearly parallel to the post road through Boiestown. From these main roads numerous cross roads diverge, thus paving the way for new and more ex- tensive settlements. There are also man^' other roads running from Fredericton to dift'erent parts of the Provijice ; ymong which are the road to Carleton, in the county of St John, via the south branch of the Oromocto river ; and |^ie load from Fredericton to St. Andrew's, 78 miles, passing through the Ilanviile, Har- vey, and other settlements ; this is a good road, oiferiug numerous facilities for the advantageous location of emigrants. The Bail Koad from St. Andrew's to Woodstock, crosses near the south- west end of the county, and at a short distance fiom the State of Maine; in its course it intersects the Howard Settlement and its roads. Notwithstanding this county has so large an extent of roads, there is still a great proportion of its most valuable lands without this means of access, the first and most important step to the opening up a new country. Races. — This county possesses nearly all the deversity of population pe- culiar to the mother country. The Pai ish of Kingsclear was originally set- tled by New Jersey volunteers ; the Cardigan settlement, on Taybrook, a branch of the Nashwaak, is a Welsh settlement ; Stanley is principally composed of Highland Scotch; and the Harvey Settlement consists of peo- ple from both sides of the common English and Scotch border. The Han- well settlement is priicipally .Tiish ; there are numerous other settlements composed of Scotch, Englu^h and Irish: -while the inhabitants of the city of Fredericton aie princijally people fjoni tlie n;other country, and their descendants, interspersed with a gcouly spiinkling of Piovincials, so that no county in the Province jjossestes a greater divcisity of origin, and per- haps none, as a whole, can boast of a greater amount of intelligence united with afikbility. of 163 Minerals. — A part of this county is within what ist called the "great coai-field of New Brunswick," the boundary of this section of the field begins within about five Djiles of the county of Charlotte, and runs along the lower or south east line of the county, keeping an av^erage breadth, to the north-west of this line, of fifteen miles, and embracing about one fourth of the area of the county of York. Like other parts of this field, coal is found to outcrop in various parts of this tract, but little is known as to depth or quality ; for, akhougli it has been discovered on the Taybrook, the Nashwaak and Oiomocto riveis, and in several other places, yet no proper effort has been made to ascertain its extent or nature much less to work it. Limestone exists on the I'-t John river, a short distance above the city of Fredericton, and in the Taybrook settlement ; but in neither place has much lime been manufactured. Grindstones — An excellent quality of grindstone has been discovered on the Nashwaak, and its tributories: where there are also great water power facilities for manutacturing operations. There are indications of the existence of Iron ore in several localities within the country, but to what extent is not known. ShipbuUdinif and Fis'ihi'r are not pursued in this co'intry to any de- gree worth notice ; although the river is sufficiently navigable for small class vessels, and the country around professes abundance of good timber for their construction ; while the numerous streams present ample facilities for procuring it. still but little is done in the manufacture of ships ; and a3 to the Salmon Fishery, ^vhich was the principal carried on, it has been an- nihilated in consequence of the unseasonable manner in which the fish have been taken. Snbdu-tsions — Five of the ten parishes into which the County of York is divided, viz : the City of Fredericton, New Maryland, Kingsclear, Prince William, and Dumfries, are situate on the south-west side of the St. John ; and they all front on the river except New Maryland, which abuts on the rear of the Capital. The remaining five parishes lay on the north east side of the main river, and are designated as follows : Southampton, situate in the west, fronting on the St. John, and ojiposite Dumfries : Qucensbury is further down also fronting on the river, Stanley lies in the rear of the last named parish ; Douglas is situate on the river to the eastward of Qucensbury, and St. Ma- ry's bound.s partly on ibe St. John, in front of Fredericton,, and' partly on the north-east of Duuglas. The city of Fredericton, formerly calle'i St. Ann's, was constituted the head (juarters of the Province in 1785, by Sir Guy Carlcton, its first gov- ernor : and it has ever since continued to be the capital, the residence of the governors, and of the heads of all the principal departments ; here also the Legislature, and the E\;icutive Council, hold their sittings. ■ It is situate at the head of sloop navigation, though there are times when vessels of a much larger class could navigate this part of the river. It is eighty-four rniles by the river, and sixty-five miles by the high-road, above the city of Saint John. Thip City stands on a plain protruding into the river, which is here over Wif a mile in width ; it is surro\itidcd by a chain of hills, rising in regular gradations, the level extending along the nuirgin of the -river for about a mile and an half, and being, at the widest part, about half a n.ile in width From the river oppo^it^ thq c«ntr« o.f the oj^y, to th»5 hill on *yhJch th« '^i* :: iKi! i 164 I lis h: Vi lege has been erected. Fredericton wa? incorporated in jR^*^, al Church, are not now Denominational, so that students not adhering to the creeds of either of these bodies of Christians, may receive an education at either es- tablishment. The Province Building contains the Lejzislative Hulls, Cro\vn Land, Se- cretary, Auditors, and other offices: but the whole of these buiklings would not far e.Kceed, if indeed they could equal the King's College, either in cost of construction, or in architectural appearance. Ki The city is divided, for municipal purpo.ses, into five wards, namely, ing's. CHieen's, St. Ann's, Carleton, and Wellington: each of which an- nually elect two councillors, a Mayor, and all other necessary ofliccts arc "lected for the city at large. Its streets are systematically laid out, and of good width : and the town contains tho Court House, Jaif, Post Oflice. te- legraph station, probate ai}d other county offices, also un Episcopal Cathcv driU and Bisihop'tS rosidonoe, two Epis(?opal and Pveshytorlan, jsl(-thrrli3t, BaptJit, jvuil Honmu CatliQlio Churoht's. I'l^oi-p u,vq i^l'jd i+ Ta>vn Ur.U, Mar^ 165 8 inhabitatilg have formnl various useful societies an/i irstitutions including Agricultural, Horticultural, and Floaricn'tura^ go<'iMie«?. alio Bihla. Church Misaionary, Tt;ii)^,>Taiice, St. CTCorj.o':;, h>t. Aiiir-^ "''. jud St. i'-^trick's So- cieties, d Fire Insurance Coin[i-)ny, and a branch so^ieiy ft r ;h • propaga- tion of the Gospel. The County has the usual Bench of SJjgistrates, She- riffs' Cou ., Ac. Fredericton has hitherto been the head (juarters of jo Eiitjsh troop? sta- tioned in tills Piovince, and contains, near the niar^;i' )f tli' river, barracks for both officers and privates with spacious squarct* in lueir iront — the later are capable of accommodating about one thousand men, thou^li there have lately been only one tiundred and i'lfty stationed ihe.^, and these are now nearly all witlidrawn. The artillery barracks, also spacious and convenient, are in the rear ot the city, The situation of Fredericton, on the western bank of the river Saint John, which winds its way past its streets and numerous handsome edifices, and ornamented towards the west by the residence of the Lieutenai t Gov- ernor, is one of the most beautiful in the Province : nor is the surrounding scenery less Avorthy of notice; the whole must, exclusive of its being the nominal capital, and the seat of government, be ^ooked on with deep inter- est both by the settler and occasional tourist. Desrripiion of Toicn.s/ii/)s. — The townships lying on the north-east side of the St. John river, Douglas, Queensbury, St. Mary's, Southampton, and Stanley, are nearly al^ granted. The New Brunswick and Nova Sco- tia Land Company, which was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1834, hold a large extent of land in this section of the county, which was granted to them by the Imperial Crovornment, before the wild lands were given up to the management of the Provincial Legislature ; its capital is XIOO.OOO, with power to increase it to ,£400, 000. 'Hiis tract extend,- from the river Saint John to the southwest branch of the Miramichi, and embraces the principal set- tlements along thcNashwaak, with the exccj ion of tl- (,'ardigiin settlement, running through the centre of the county, and - avin. Mirariichi. by way of Boistown, whichis settled for the greater part o* i!if^ Ji ■ tance. Stanley contains a place of worship, school-house, and saw and grisi liUlh, and both professional men and mechanics are amun;^ its residents, good roads extend from it to all the surrounding settlements. There are large tracts of excellent soil along the vidley of the Nashwaak and its ahluents, on which an extensive and flourishing line of settlements has been formed by the efforts of the land company : notwithstanding this, however, and the numerous settlements on the eastern side of the St. John, there is ample room, between the Compa- ny's lands and Carleton, for the introduction oi a colony of euiigranrs on lands of good quality. If roads were opened, at proper distances, through this section of the county, from the Nashwaak and south-west branch of the Miramichi, till they intersected the river St. John, between Woodstock and the (n'and halls, not only would a vast region of good land lu' opened for settlement, but a proper system might easily bo obs^^rved in its •(>catioa. The (company possess largo tracts of good land still unoccupied, and ne\\ roads are projected through it which will aflurd oxcelleut iacilitieg fcr fur- ihn leu writ U {Uh t'aet ulono wer<> knuwu tutd propovly aptweciaioiJi by ^M» ^Ivk'-u^immI^ whu itut»u5iU,y i-?wvo ^W^c fuUu'V ltt<»d to. (>ie»»!< a \\ox\\^ im 1 1 iij-t )\ 16^ w W% ' iii i: M 1 hh. 1 9,m \'\\ ■'S' ll '•i" if %< , ,il ': .s ; tbe American coptinent, they would surely avail themselves of the oppor- tunities here afforded to them, instead of flooding the cities, many of which are already, over populated, of the American Union. The following communication from Lictitenant- Colonel Richard Haynb, the Company's Commissioner at Stanley, which we give in full, will shew, to some exieat, the operations of the Company : " The New Bninsv^irk and Nova Scotia Land Companij^ (Incorpori?ted by Royal Charter.) The tract of land pm chased from the Crown, by the Xew Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company, consists of 550,000 acres situated in the county of York in the centre of the Province, and lying between the Saint John and JMiramichi rivers. The tract consists generally of land of a su- perior description, a great portion of it being of the finest land in the Pro- vince, and it is also well watered by the rivers Nashwaak, Taxis or Tauk, Keswick, Mactaquash and Nuakawicae, in addition to the Southwest Mira- michi river ; all of which flow through the greatest part of the territory, affording numerous advantageous sites for mills and pasture, as well as being of essential service to both the lumberer and agriculturist. The New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company's lands are dis- posed of at the rate of four shillings and six-pence per acre, in lots of one hundred acres, or more, as may be agreed on ; and either sold for cash when a liberal discount is made, or on credit, a number of years, eleven being allowed to pay up the purchase money by annual instalments. The first settlement formed by the Company was the village of Stanley, twenty-five miles from Frcdericton, situate on the Nashwaak river; and many of the settlers there are now in a prosperous condition. There is a good road to Stanley, to keep up which, and the other roads intersec'ing the Company's lands, annual grants have been made by the Government and the Company. K new settlement, formed in 1852, on the Naukawicae river, has pro- gressed very rapidly ; there being an excellent tract of land in that neigh- borhood which is rapidly locating ; and as a new road, running north-wes- terly, has recently been laid out, which will intersect the Company's north- western boundary, and connect there with a new road ond settlement, also recently laid out by the Government, the road through which extends io Woodstock : and which will make the whole distance from Fredericton to Woodstock, about fifteen miles shorter than the present post road, a new and great inducement is thus offered to intending settlers, who would have the advant. ge of locating themselves upon a thorough road, upon which there would be a through traffic betwixt the capital and Woodstock, and the up- per St. John. As the best proof of the fertility of the soil in this tract of country, the following extract from the York county agricultural report is offered : — Weight of grain in the following parishes : Wheat. Oats. Buckwheat. Peas. Beans. 63 Stanley Southampton Douglas St. Mary's 00 (bush) 50 05 51 72| 59i 53 43 Queensbury 09 42i 52J 66 58 52 Peas. 66 CO 63 67 65 70 And the general average^ for the county of York, of weights are s 167 Ml i| e oppor- [)f vhich Hayne, rill shew, iwick and d in the the Saint of a su- the Pro- or Tauk, est Mira- territory. 1 as being s are dis- )ts of one for cash rs, eleven :s. ' Stanley, iver; and :her roads ie by the has pro- at neigh- orth-wes- y^s north- nent, also xtends io sricton to I new and have the ich there d the up- ntry. the :d :— Beans. 65 Wheat 63 " 60 and for the whole Province (( (( a 70 e t Oats 88 Buckwheat 51 " 38 " 48 (Extracted from Professor Johnston's Report.) And the general average produced per acre for New Brunswick : Wheat. Barley. Oats. Buckwheat. Potatoes. 17| 27 33 28 204 The following table exliibits the quantity of land cleared and in cultiva- tion in the different settlements on the tract of the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company : Stanley, including the Cross Creek and Red Rock, 3,600 acres. Tay and Cardigan 250 '• Nashwaup 120 Royal Road 400 Bird Settlement 200 Lower Keswick 250 Upper do. or New Zealand 250 Magneville 400 Springfield 550 South-west Miramichi 530 Detached Settlements 100 " Coal is found on the Taxis and Keswich. (Signed) R. IIayne, Commissioner N. B. & N. S. Land Company. On the south-west side of the river, a large proportion of the parish of New Maryland is granted, though not much improved ; still there are some tracts of ordinary quality yet ungranted lying between the settlements al- ready formed and Charlotte county. The parishes of Kingsclear and Prince William are watered by both branches of the Oromocto, and the lakes at the head of the north-Avest branch ; also by the Magaguadavie and its affluents, as well by the lake from which it takes its rise : there are numerous, and in some places continuous settlements along the borders of these rivers and lakes. Salmon and gas- pereaux formerly ascended to the Oromocto Lakes, but their access is now prevented by mill dams. The road from Fredcricton to St. Andrew's passes through the Hanville, Cork, Harvey, and other settlements ; thus forming an almost continuous line of improvements for the whole distance. The land at llarville settle- ment is stony while that of Harvey is good arable land. There is also a tract of good quality extending along the west side of the Magaguadavie to the lake at its source, where some scattered irnpiovements have lieen made. From this lake to the Chipitnecticook lakes, at ihe boundary of Maine, the land is poor, as is also the principal part of the tract lying l)et\veen the set- tlements on the St. Andrew's road, and the boundaries of Charlotte and Sunbury. There are some settlements on the Pokeopc stream, wliore there is also an establishment of mills, and other improvements. This river, on its way from Lake George to the St. John, runs through v. rooky gorge, not more in some places than thirty feet in width, and about seventy feet deep. The thriving character of the Harvey settlement, at the location of which the writer assisted in 1837, evidently shows that when perseverance, energy, li IH -^1 I 'I If 168 and well directed intelligence are brought to bear on the soils of this country not only may a competency be obtained, but the old adage will certainly be fulfilled, " the hand of the diligent maketh rich." Dumtries is the only remaining parish to be noticed ; the principal set- tlements are those of Magundy and Howard ; the latter is situate in the centre of a large tract of excellent land which lies between Eel river and the Shogomoc, both aifiucnts of the Saint John. Thl'j parish contains more good land, fit for settlement, and still ungrnnted; than eithei* of the others on this side of the Saint John. The St. Andrew's Railway, in its course to Woodstock, will open a large portion, about thirty miles, for settlement in Prince William and Dumfries ; and the land to the extent of fiv* milea on each side belongs to the company thus including an area of 190,000 acres in this county. This extensive tract, together with that possessed by the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company, on the opposite side of the Saint John, leave only a few fragmentary blocks, exclusive of other grants, at the disposal of the Government ; so that if the Company princi- pal of settling the wild lands of the Province be superior to that adopted by the Government, this County will possess a decided advantage, or, at all events, present a fair field for its trial. If Railways passing through good land, forests of valuable timber, and latent mineral resources, tend, by their cheap, safe, and speedy mode of transit, to develope these capabilities, a fact which we have no reason to doubt, but which the experience of every other country gives us every rea- son to believe, the county of York must indeed at no distant period, assume a new phase. And as the improvements in the channel of the St. John, from its mouth to Woodstock, now under the direction of the Government, are effected, their good eifects are felt by all interested in the navigation of the river. These improvemsnt^, by removing the sunken rocks and sandbars, and thus allowing the admission and more frequent passage of steam boats and other vessels of a larger class, cannot fail to have a most beneficial ef- fect on the trade of the surrounding country. IV r V .:' .Hi 169 pal set- i in the ver and at ail a •a 5Q 00 I* Parishes. • 3 (MO«Ol-fr-l.-(Tt*TtCQCC-— ICC^rO-t'Ot-Cl rl O C^ i-H O O t— 1 fO CI (M 'a CO OMrHeOx««5Tt O O ~^'^ I— 1 """i.*! ^v'"' '-i.^ '^^ r— I South- ampton. l~-r)Cla030(N'OrH(MrHOOOOCOOr> t^ I— ( Ci CO i-H lO O_Tf_c0 >o_ 00"c4"rH" Co'fCfNCf CI 1—1 Saint Mary's. mrHt--kooo>.t)oooc»ioco'OOaoo-to 1 - O t^ r-t M Cl CO ro r-^ O I- ?■) CO o OC^r-i r— ( CC_aC^O CI Tf^GC o ^ i-H O CI CO O f-H •!< CI 00 O'-OXOCOrHCiTfC^ClOCiOC^OCIOCTi l~f— 1 O 1— 1 r-l r-i O O 30 OS 1— 1 X CI Ci cor-< CI "^'^^^'^ ^:,'^..'''i^i r-i 1-- CI f— 1 O C5 C^ ^H CI CI Prince William. O O O O t~ CO h- CI r}* CC O '« CI 30 CJ CI ro O ^Tr CO >— (o ocO'-HCiOocl-^ i-T cocTi-T ©o— Tco CI -H New Maryland. f-Ht^i— (OCC'fi— ICI CI>Oi— iTfcCCOO o r-irf l-H r-Hi— 1 O'^J^l— iCiO) i— 1 CO rl CO CO CI 0,Cri O^ r-t €15 Kings- dear. ci-^coQCOt-oioco'ti^t^ooori-^-fao o CO t^ CI CO 30 lo t~ cr> CI o o o o CO^CI CI 1-; C0_ -O t^ 00 C« !-<_ o cf CI ■* r4 o rT co' ao r— I eo CO Frederic- ton. cccoOQC-^o-ffoco i^Goootcooo'n »C -< 1— 1 CI C5 CI --i OO OC l-H t-. 1— 1 O iC QG Tt^lC f-H '^^^ '"' ^..^^ °C„ a s Q o o ■<* t^ o t^ "* ijq >« "ti^ t^ ci o CO r. CI CO 1-- Cl rH CO l-H r-1 ^ O 1- •n- UO rr CI i.-?' "o CI 1^ l-H T-H Douglas. C5C0rft^OiC0-OC00iCI03iCcCC5|C0C1'tri r- -H l-H eo CO «o i« fh i-h (m a» c- o o o t- Tf U-S^CO l-H Tf "*,*i"%.^ '^'^.-'^'^ cf oc't^cf t^^o^'T'sr f-H Tf d O Inhabitants, Children at pchool, School houses. Births, Deaths, Sick and infirm, Agriiiiilturibts, Places of worship, Saw mills. Grist mills. Acres of land cleared. Tons of hay. Bushels of wheat, *' barley, " oats, " buckwheat, " Indiau com, " potatoes, ^■^t 1^: 11 ^'^ 24 170 ! i!i Comparison, Population, < Families, < Inhabited houses, < Places of worship, < Saw mills, \ Grist mills, Cleared land, Horses, * Neat cattle, . Sheep, Swine, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 17.628 13,995 2,930 2.294 2,602 2,005 45 30 35 81 31 22 69,107 44,818 2,440 2,037 11,594 7,445 16,734 15,077 3,872 6,415 \ i Increase in 11 years , 3,633. 636. i 597. 15. 4. 9. 24,199. 403. 4,'U9. 1,657. Decrease - 2,543. roN. COUNTY OF CARLETON. Boimdaiies. — " Carleton, southerly and easterly by York ; westerly by the State of Maine, and northerly by the river De Chutes, and a line running true east from the mouth thereof.'' General Description. — This county, previous to the year 1844, included the whole tract northward to the Canadian boundary, which was then con- stituted a separate county, under the name of " Victoria." The above brief description comprises 700,000 acres, exclusive of water, 234,198 of which are vacant. Out of the 465,802 acres granted, there are, by the last census, 65,537 improved ; leaving 644,463 acres in a wilderness state. It contain- ed, in 1851, a population of 11,108, and was, at that time, divided into seven parishes, viz : Woodstock, the chief town, Northampton, Brighton, Kent, WickloAV, Simond's, and Wakefield. In 1853, tho parish of Rich- mond was erected out of that of Woodstock. There is a bench of thirty- one magistrates. The river Saint John, the navigation of -which is being much improved, traverses this county diagonally, receiving, in its way, numerous smaller streams, commencing with Eel river, whose serpentine course forms the lower boundary of the county. This river is about thirty-fiv'e miles long, and takes its rise in a lake ten miles in length, which is said to be only about three miles distant from the most northerly lake on the Chepitnectcook chain, communicating with the St. Croix river. There are fine tracts of goud land along the Eel river, and it is navigable for boats from its source downwards, except at its entrance into the Suint John, Avhere, in conse- quence of rnpids, it becomes necessary to resort to the upland. The Mcduxnakig river takes its rise in the State of Maine, and is navi- gable for boats and rafts of timber for upwards of eighteen miles. It forms a ^ater communication from Houlton, a small town and military post, -with' 171 in the American boundary, and about twelve miles from Woodstock. In its descent to the Saint John, it passes throuj^h a valuable tract of good land. At its mouth is situate the town of Woodstock, which contains an extensive milling establishment. The only other streams worthy of notice within the limits of the county, on the west sivfi '^Nm'Utosks ■'\ ti-:t- ^M V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A A, ■m^O> 1.0 I.I 11.25 kij^ |2.5 1^ 1^ 12.2 I'o Hill 2.0 1.8 1.4 III 1.6 6" V] V) ^;. > ;^ f Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) B72-4S03 ^^^ V ;v ^\ lV <1> 200 93 78 213 244 165 o 2 1 1 o 3 1 o 2 1 2 10.538 2,502 3,485 5,744 11,402 5,553 2,072 850 1,360 1,231 3,103 1,339 T ,701 474 1,815 1,924 5,803 1,592 1.512 370 306 954 2,113 517 31,094 11,640 11,300 24,861 56,689 24,473 28,695 10,191 4,151 11,606 28,407 19,000 3,943 784 1,868 1,074 1,471 923 16,879 10,956 5.877 23,255 43,8V 23,975 Wood- stock. 4,272 525 535 24 9 90 27 29 340 4 2 16,293 5,763i 7,796 2,740 74,571 29,432 4,587 49,620 Totals. 11,108 1,556 1,215 56 25 367 82 267 1,333 12 13 55,537 15,718 21,165 8,512 234,628 131,482 14.650 174,416 73,506 13.910 17,454 In consequence of the unsettled state of the boundary between New Brunswick and the United States, at the time when the census of 1840 was taken, and as a large tract of territory was included in those returns, which was excluded from those of 1851 ; and inasmuch, also, as this county then em- braced within its limits a considerable part of the present county of Victo- ria, we cannot arrive at any correct view of the then statistics of these two counties, and shall therefore omit the usual table of comparison, with re- gard to population, &c., in both. COUNTY OF VICTORIA. Boundaries. — " Victoria, southerly and westerly by Carleton, and the State of Maine : northerly by the Province of Canada ; and easterly by York, and the northerly prolongation of the line run north six degrees and forty minutes west, by Deputy Sculley, in the year 1832, from the south- west Miramichi river, near Boiestown, until it intersects the westerly pro- longation of the south line of lot numbered one, in the grant to Simon Ar- sencau and associates, near the Little Nipisiquit ; thence by a line running north £9rty-£vc degrees west, until it atrikeB the Prc>vince .of Caiuuifu" n distriets, the atten- le sea girt nty. k. Totals. 272 11,108 )2o 1,556 535 1,215 24 56 9 25 90 367 27 82 29 207 HO 1,333 4 12 2 13 293 55,537 (03 15,718 790 21,165 740 8,512 571 234,628 i32 131,482 587 14,650 520 174,416 73,506 13,910 17,454 veen New F 1840 was rns, which y then em- of Victo- ' these two 1, with re- n, and the easterly by legrees and the south- sterly pro- Simon Ar- le running 175 General Description. — The county of Victoria now embraces an area of 2,872 000 acres of land, of which 345,600 acres are granted ; and by the census of 1851, 26,8S4 only of this quantity were improved, leaving, in the whole, 2,845,166 acres in a state of nature ; an area large enough for three counties, in place of the one of which we are now treating. In 1851, it contained a population of 5,408 persons, and a bench of twen- ty-one magistrates. At this time, being the date of the census, the county comprised six parishes, viz : Andover, including all the tract on the west side of the Saint John, and which then embraced a large extent on the east side of the river, subsequently, by Act 15 Vic, c. 35, erected into a new parish, called Grand Falls, now made the county town ; Perth, St. Leo- nard's, St. Basil, Madawaska, and St. Francis ; making, at the present time, seven in the whole. At the Grand Falls, where the town has been named Colebrooke, the public buildings are located, and this place is likely to rise to some importance as the head quarters of the county, but more es- pecially as the trade of the upper Saint John, both American and English, must pass this way; and to this will be added the attraction of " the falls," a spectacle which cannot fail to draw the attention of all the admirers of the grand operations of nature. Rivers imd Stj-eams, —In ascending the Saint John, from the river Des Chutes, the first stream of any note, after passing an inconsiderable rivulet called the Muniae, is the Tobique, which is the largest tributory to the St. John, except the Aroostook. This river, the navigation of which, at the Red Rapids, is being improved, and at the mouth of which is an Indian village, has its embouchure about twenty miles below the Grand Falls, and two miles below that of the Aroostook. It flows from the northeast in the direction of the Bay of Chaleur, and has a course of about 100 miles, min- gle its sources with those of the Upsalquitite river, falling into the Resti- gouche, and with these of the Nepissiquit, which enters the Bay of Cha- leur, through the harbor of Bathurst. About seventy miles from its dis- charge, its course is divided into two branches — the Little Tobique and Campbell's River. In its passage, it receives a great nun^ber of tributory streams, the principal of which are Wapshegan and Gulgerae rivers. The branch called Campbell's river take its rise to the eastward, in four lakes, the largest of which is about ten miles in length, the feeders to which are said to have their sources only about one mile from those of the little south- west branch of the Miramichi. The tract of land between the Tobique and Grand River is considered one of the best in ihe Province, offering greater facilities for emigration and settlement, on an extensive scale, than any other. Besides this, and taking the head of the Tobique as a centre, New Brunswick owns a tract of almost unbroken wilderness, extending westerly towards Canada for seventy miles, and easterly towards Miramichi for fifty miles, with an average breadth of seventy miles, embracing an area of over five millions of acres. If we allow that three millions are fit for cultivation, there will be room for 30,000 fiirms, of 100 acres each. So far as explorations have hitherto been made, as to the agricultural capabili- ties of this extensive region, which have been merely casual and desultory, it has been found, we must admit, that there is a vast extent of poor, bar- ren and swampy land ; yet it is equally well known that those parts mngt advantageously situate for settlement, namely, the chief part of the lands bordering on the Saint John, the upper Miramichi, and their numerous tri- butories, as well as on the Restigouche, and the vast net-work of streams na N ^ w i i n 1..1- '■ M I I 176 W J 1 m B'.'t discharging into the Bay of Chalour, is highly calculated for farming pur- suits, and will, at no distant day, be converted from a mere wilderness to the garden of the Province. Tne Aroostook takes its rise among a number of lakes near the head of the Penobscot, in the State of Maine. It is ^iaid to be navigable for canoes and rafts, for one hundred miles. This extensive stioam, excepting only for five miles above its confluence with the Saint John, with its numerous tri- butories and deposits of iron ore, together with a largo region of valuable country, was taken from New Brunswick, its rightful and e(iuitable owner, and transferred to the United States, by the mcmora])le AsliDurton Treaty. On the American side of the boundary line, near its intersection of the Aroostook, is a small town, called Fort Fairfield ; between which and the Saint John, the river runs through a narrow rocky gorge, full of danger- ous rapids and lofty falls, not only rendering tlie navigation very precarious, but even obstructing the passage of fish, which seldom ascend the Saint John beyond the mouth of this river. It enters the Saint John about two miles above the Tobique. The valley watered by it, although once repre- sented, by interested negotiators, ag barren and worthless, is now justly celebrated in the State of Maine for its timber and the excellent quality of its soil. Between the Aroostook and the Grand Falls, and fifteen miles above the former, two small rivers flow from the northward. Little and Salmon rivers; the latter is the largest, and has its confluence with the Saint John about eight miles below the Falls ; there are some fine tracts of good land on its banks, but little of which is yet granted. The most notable spot on the whole course of the Saint Jolin is the Grand Falls, which are situate on a bend in the river similar to tlie Eend of the Petiticoudiac in Westmoreland. This point is 19^ mile?, by the mail route, from the city of Saint John ; for this distance the river flows at the rate of from six to eight miles an hour and is navigable for light stcnmers. Above the Falls vessels of the same description can penetrate about forty miles. The river after receiving in its upper course the waters of many spacious lakes and tributory streams extending almost to the St. Lawrence, and the heads of the Connecticut, discharges its accumulated flood, over a precipice of rock with a perpendicular fall of nearly sixty feet, into a rockj gorge not more than 250 feet in width, with overhanging mural 3ides, in some places of the height of 240 feet and above three quarters of a mile in length. In passing through this rocky vault the water has a iurther des- cent of nearly sixty feet, making the whole fall from the basin above, to that below, about one hundred and twenty feet The gorge below the Falls extending for a distance of half a mile into the lower bisin, is truly magnificent. This was formerly a favorite camp- ing ground for the red men of the forest, numbers of arrows and stone hatchet' having been found in the vicinity; and a fit abode it seems for the Great .-irit, which they worshipped, ere the light of civilization dawned upon them Above this point steamers have navigated as far as the river St. Fi'ancis about 65 miles, making a distance of w:iters navigable for steam boats of 280 miles; 'add the distance to which scows are taken for lumber purposes, 75 miles, and 90 miles further that canoes and fairogues c;in navirrate ; and we have the extent of the navigable waters of thi^j magnificent river — say 445 miles. f; I ♦ V . ^ 'r 177 ing pur- erness to head of or canoes ; only for rou3 tri- valuable le owner, a Treaty, n of the and the - danger- 'ecarious, he Saint bout two ce repre- )W justly quality of hove the >n rivers ; hn about nd on its e Grand ad of the lail route, le rate of Above miles- spacious , and the precipice ky gorge 3jdes, in of a mile rlherdes- e, to that nile into te carap- nd stone IS for the . dawned , Francis boats of purposes, ate ; and ver— say To return to the falls— between the npper and lower basin there is a por- tage along which the trade of the upper St John must pass, as nothing, even logs of timber, can pass the Falls, without being much injured A railway is now in course of construction for this short space, a little over half a mile, which, when completed, will prove a great boon to this section of the Province, and greatly facilitate the intercourse vith the upper St. John In fact, the whole commerce of the county, whether British, Canadian or American, will pass this way. I^ear the mouth of the Madawaska river are the little falls, which again interrupt the navigation. Along the banks of this river for the whole distance the land is excellent and forms a coi.iinuous settlement, composed principally of the decendants of the Acadian French, and is one of the finest settlements in the Pro- vince. On the whole it will be seen that though this extensive county is still a comparative wilderness, yet it is so intersected by valuable streams, (a more full description of which will be found under the head ©f- summary description of the iSt John hiver, &c ,) which invariably in America form the foundation for settlement, that there can be little doubt but eve ^ 'jg, as the present roads are extended and new ones constructed, a fine and tlraost boundless field will be opened for agricultural operations, as well as from its abundant waler power, the erection of machinery for manufactaririg and mechanical purposes. Rouds — The piincipal road in this county is that from Woodstock, pass- ing along the righ^ bank of the Saint John to the Great Fall.^, where it crosses the river, and thence up its left bank, traversing many heavy streams where bridges are required, to the Madawaska Settlement, forty miles from the Falls, and from thence to Quebec, 217 miles. This road runs through a good agricultural district, which; with few a exceptions, is thickly settled. At the confluence of the Madawaska with the Saint John, a road diverges up the left bank of the latter, along the front of the Parish of St. Francis. Other roads extend from the lower line of the County, up the left bank of the Saint John to the Grand Falls— up the Tobique river— from the Aroostook Falls, to the American boundary— as also on Green River, and on the east side of the Madawaska ; and there are various other roads run- ning from the Saint John to new Settlements, the principal of which, be- sides those on the river, are the Tobique, Little Aroostook, and Green river settlements; all these as well as many others, already formed, or in course of formation, are rapidly improving ; the granted lands being as yet prin- cipally confined to strips bordering on the streams. The quality of the soil along the whole extent of the post road, is only second to that of the marshes at the head of the Bay of Fundy, or the intervales of King's County. This valuable tract of land extends in some places to a distance of twenty, and in others of thirty miles, from the boundary of Maine. A very extensive field will soon be thrown open for settlement by the construction of a new road from the Tobique, to the settlements on the Res- tigouche river, for the exploration and formation of which the Legislature appropriated one thousand pounds during the Seesion of 1854 This road will traverse a very valuable district from the Saint John to the head waters of the Kestigouche, and thence tjown the eastern side of that beautiful liver. The inhabitants of the upper part of the Saint John, ore coirposed {urt- 1,7 of fiurot^daui^ and p»rtlv of Mtivti of (b* Provi»6«i »nd of Cu»!4(l"agle lakes. The next is the beautiful river St. Francis, which is the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and Canada, as far as the foot of Lake Pobeua- gawook. This lake is six miles long and two wide. Twelve miles up the St. Francis, it enters another lake, called the Pohenagamook, the outlet of which is the boundary between Canada and New Brunswick. This is a most lovely lake, six miles long and two miles wide ; the land descends gra- dually to the waters edge, and gives one the impression of an Amphitheatre on a grand scale, the soil is excellent, and it is beautifully wooded. Thei>e waters, as also those of the Temiscouta and Madawaska, are well supplied with Tulidi, a fresh water fish, weighing from seven to ten lb., of delicious flavor— with vyhite fish, and large trout. I II i \i 'I ■ . I f',i I ■M^ 183 On the right bank of the Saint John, about six milea from the mouth of the St. Francis, the Aliegash river joins it ; it takes its rise near the sources of the Penobscot, and, in its course of about 39 miles, passes through seve- ral large lakes. From this point to the sources of the river Saint John, a distance of se- venty-five miles, the following tributories finish the catalogue of the various affluents of the upper Saint John, viz : Little Black river, Ktjewguospew, Great Black river, north-west Branch, south-west Branch, and South Branch, all of them rivers of considerable size. The geological formation of the county of Victoria, is principally com- posed of slate ; even in the highlands no granite is to be seen. Limestone II not so abundant as in the adjoining county of Carleton ; neither is it so prolific in , minerals. This may very possibly arise from their not having Deen discovered, as the greater portion of the county is yet in a wilderness state. ^ The number, beauty and extent of the rivers and lakes of the upper St. John, are astonishing. With a soil unsurpassed — well wooded with every description of valuable timber, this fine county is wholly uninhabited, save a solitary lodgement here and there for lumberers. It will at some fu- ture time teem with inhabitants, and with all the luxuries of civilization, and the traveller will enjoy the magnificent views, little suspecting the scene it once presented. Such is the magnificent county of Victoria, well worthy of the name it bears. Every step towards the opening this vast region to enterprize should be hailed and encouraged, and the removal of the obstructions in the St. John, and the construction of a railroad round the Grand Falls are links in the chain. We may look forward, too, to a connection between the north- em extremity of Lake Temiscouta and the Grand Trunk Railway of Cana- da, which is to be brought down the south bank of the St. Lawrence as far as Trois Pistoles. What a field is here open for the reception of large bodies of settlers from jlurope, — let us contrast its present population of 5,500 with about 2,200 buildings, 16 school houses, and 9 places of worship, with what mo- derately sanguine imagination of our readers, may suppose it to be at the end of fifty years. The cleared land bears a good proportion to the popu- ation, being about 30,000 acres out of nearly 3,000,000, nearly all capable of cultivation. To sum up in conclusion, the whole statistics of these seven river counties, ve may safely estimate them now to contain a population of upwards of 115,000 souls. Judging indeed from the increase in the number of chil- dren attending school, which in 1851, was 8,559 ; while in 1853, it amounted to 12,346, the total inhabitants, at the same ratio of increase, would be more than 120,000 ; and if the improvements made, and in progress, are to be considered as any further proof, this estimate will not be immoderate. The total number of buildings, public and private, may in like manner be esti- mated, as a total, at 34,000, out of »,Lich there are 240 places of worship, and 250 school houses. The aggregate land in cultivation will not fall short of 400,000 acres. t 183 montli of e Bourcos igh seve- ce of se- e various guospew, d South illy com- imestone r is it so t having ilderneBS ipper St. th every ahabitea, some fu- rilization, the scene ) name it ze should the St. are links be north- of Cana- ice as far f settlers ith about what mo- bo at the ;he popu- ,1 ca counties, wards of r of chil- imounted i be more are to be te. The p be esti- worship, fall short Historical Sketch of the River Saint John, and its early Ssttlemsnis. All the early settlers on this continent were the subjects of great vh"* u- tudes ; but none ^werc more exposed to them than those who commer.oed their operation3 on the river Saint John. This river, as well as the Baie Francais, now the Biy of Fundy, ^as discovered by De Monts, in the year 1604. It was called by the natives, Ougundy ; but from being discovered " on the 24th of June, the day of the festival of Saint John the Baptist," it received the name it now bears The discoverer, "imagining that a shorter communication might be found by this river, tbnn by the sea, to the Bay Chaleur and Tadousac," the lat- ter being a French settletnent on the river Saint Lawrence, below Quebec, and near the mouth of the Saguenay, "sailed up the stream as far as the depth of water would permit. The extent of this river, tho fish with which it was filled, the grapes growing on its banks, and the beauty of the scenery, ■were all objects of wonder and admiration." — (Haliburton's History of No- va Scotia, vol. Ist, page 16 ) Acadia, which included this Province, was ceded by treaty to France in 1632 ; and in 1635, a grant of territory was made to Charles la Tour. Soon after, forts were built ; one on the site of the present town of Carle- ton, called Fort Frederic, and another at the Gemseg, the outlet to Grand Lake, in Queen's county. Between this period and 1673, Acadia was re- taken by the English, and again ceded to France by the treaty of Breda, when these forts fell into the hands of the French. During the temporary possession of Acadia by England, a report of the state of the forts on this river was made. We glean the following from Mr. Haliburton's work, in the volume already referred to, p. 66. The fort on the Gemseg consisted, principally, of a court of guard, fifteen paces long and ten broad ; a house of like length and breadth, built of hewn stono ; a chapel of six paces sqaare, with a " bell, weighing about eighteen pounds ," also, "a magazine having two stories, built of stone, * * * being in length about thir- ty-six paces, and ten in breadth ;" all these, and some other buildings of little note, were covered with shingles. " Upon the ramparts of the said fort are twelve iron guns," weighing 21,122 pounds ; also, " six murtherers, without chambers, weighing twelve hundred pounds." Besides several outhouses near the fort, there was a garden, consisting of " fifty or sixty trees, bearing fruit." The whole was in a dilapidated state, and out of repair ; so much so, " that a single pirati- cal vessel," Eaid to be under Captain Kidd, " having only 110 men on board, was able to efiect the reduction of Pentagoet," a place bordering on New England, "and the fort of Gemseg, on the river Saint John, and plunder the inhabitants of both places." This fort, when in a more efficient state, and in the possession of the French and Indians, was attacked by Col. Church ; but it was so ably de- fended, that he had to re-embark his men without efiecting the object of his expedition. In consequence of jealousy, or some other cause not properly known, Dauclere de Chaunisse, who was subsequently appointed Governor, attacked La Tour forts, on the Saint John. Having been defeated the first time, he again laid siege to that on the Gemseg ; but it was nobly defended by Madam La Tour, with a comparatively small force, for three days. She was after- wards betrayed, and, on being promised protection, capitulated, to save tb9 ■■'■ s ^1 t 1 s • i < '1 '^1 I 'I *i'' 184 ;I1 ■V : "A. •'A •^ f ^^i:. u .i' III-. lives of herself and her force ; but she ezperieneed faithlessness on the part of the besieger, \7ho, when in possession, pardoned only two of the garri- son, one of whom he compelled to be the executioner of the rest, and made the other, Madam La Tour, the heroine of the scene, to appear at the gal- lows with a rope round her neck. This noble woman, worn out with disap- pointment and hardship, did not long survive these troubles. In the year 1755, forces were again fitted out by the English, under Col. Monkton, whose operations at the head of the Bay of Fundy have been elsewhere described. While he was thus engaged. Captain Rous, wiih his ships, consisting of three frigates and a sloop of war, '' sailed to the mouth of the river Saint John, .^ attack the new fort the French had erected there ; but they saved bim the trouble by abandoning it upon his appear- ance, after having burst their cannon, blown up their magazine, and destroy- ed, as tar is they had time, all the work they had lately raised." — (Hali- burton, page 1.68.) During all this time, from the discovery of the river till 1763, when peace was restored, and France renounced all claims to the present British pos- sessions in North America, these forts, and the few scattered settlers in the neighborhood, became, alternately, the subjects of the two hostile na- tions. These harassing troubles had no sooner passed away, than new ones broke out ; the .A-merican Revolution once more disturbed the calm that had per- vaded this continent. This war, as in the case of a house divided against itself, though of shorter duration, was productive of greater horrors. Dur- ing the heat of the rebellion, 600 Indian warriors met at Gemseg for the purpose of aiding the rebels in destroying the settlers at Maugerville, in the county of Sunbury, who, in the year 1783, aad including all on the river St. John, numbered cnly about 800 souls. Tiiough history only aflfords information of two forts on the river Saint John — that at its mouth, and the other at Gemseg— still the traces of others are to be found ; and one of these, at the Oromocto, afforded refuge to these settlers when thus attacked by the suvage natives, who were only appeased by promises of large presents, which were afterwards sent them. The present site of the city of St John was occupied by James Simonds, James White. Captain Francis Peabody and others, as a fishing estab- lishment, in 1764 ; the descendants of these persons are numerous in the Provir^ce. (Jntil 1784, New Brunswick, under the name of the county of Sunbury, formed a part of Nova Scotia. From this period she dates her political existence, and Thomas Carleton was appointed her first Governor, on the 16th of August, in that year. Having thus briefly detailed the principal historical features of this sec- tion of the Province, we proceed to lay before our readers a summary of its present aspect, and leave them to institute a comparison between its present and former state. We have thus endeavored impartially to describe the southern and western counties of the" Province, both as far 8S ou*; own observation has extended, and with the help of every available sou.ce of information, and the assis- tance of some kind friends. It will, we trust, be evident, that the physi- cal, agricultural, mineral, and commercial character of these counties pre- sents a wide field for their full devolopement in these, as well as in many pthtir branches of iuduitry< It wiU U 9vid«nt, too, that all that i» vt^inM 185 I tbe part be garri- ind made the gal- ith disap- nder Col. ave been with his be mouth 1 erected s appear- , destroy- -(Hali- ben peace itish po3- srs in the 33tile na- nes broke had per- d against 8. Dur- g for the lie, in the I river St. rer Saint of others e to these appeased Simonds, ig estab- is in the Sunbury, political r, on the this sec- ary of its ;s present i western jxtended, he assis- le phjsi- ities pre- in many to render them more pcople'Sustaining; is the introduction of more capital, of more labour, and above all, of energy and enterpriE3. One fact mup«; present itself forcibly to the mind of the attentive reader, throughout the whole of the investigation we have attempted to pursue, — that notwithstanding all former geologual explorations; notwithplanding the ample reports and assiduous labors of Dr. Gesner ; notwithstanding the partially successful attr- pts made to establish this branch of industry in some districts, and the hitherto abortive efforts in others, we still know lit- tle of what lies in the bowels of the hills and vallies which everywhere di- versify the country ; and we have no doubt but that turther and more minute geological research will unfold a vast additional amount of mineral riches, almost universally spread over these counties, which will afford am- ple employment for our manufacturing population, both present and future, when the forest ceases to supply th'^ir demands. We must now turn, and invite the reader's attention to the northern and eastern counties of our Province, where we shall be able to display another extensive doLiain, rich in agricultural capabilities, abounding with various mineral deposits, clothed with an exhaustless forest of fine timber, and pos- sessed of a coast affording good harbors, and abounding with almost every variety of the finest fish in the world. And in the seciuel, we hope to shew the emigrant where, according to his inclination, his means, or his previous habits and pursuits, he may locate himself advantageously with ease, econo- my, and dispatch. UESTIGOUCHE COUNTY. Boundaries. — "The County of Restigouche bounded westerly by Vic- toria ; northerly' by the Province of Canada and the Bay of Chaleur : eas- terly by the line run true south, by Deputy Carrutherb, in the year 1848, from the Bay Chaleur near the mouth of Belledune river, and its southerly prolongation ; south, by the westerly prolongation of the south line of lot number one, in the grant to Simon Arseneau and associates, near the Little Nipisiquit, including all the islands adjacent thereto." Area and Population. — This county contains an area, according to the calculations made at the Crown Laud Department of the Province, of 1,426,- 560 acres ; but from the course recently run by the Boundary Commission- ers in their survey now in prosecution, between New Brunswick and (^ana- da, it will probably contain not less than 1,500,000 acres. — of this quantity only 8,895 acres are impioved, leaving a balance of 1,491 105 acres in a state of nature ; but of the whole area of the county, there are 156,979 acres granted : so that there is not over one eighteenth part of the quantity granted, under any state of improvement. It is fully believed by ihose best acquainted with the character of the interior of this county, that not one in the Province, except Curleton, contains so large a per centage of good land ; for while almost the whole of the latter county is well adapted for cultiva- tion, Restigouche includes about one million of acres, being two thirds of its total contents, highly fit for agricultural purposes. It contained in 1851, a population of 4,161 souls, and has a bench of 22 magistrates. AgricuUure. — The character of the land for agricultural operations is, beyond all doubt, the best, for so large an extent, in the Province. From the reports of the Restigouche Agricultural Society, which has been es- tablished for 14 years, and is one of the best in the Province we extract the following averages of the weight of farming produce : 2G \ 1 X 1 i It It;' f'"*'. i^'- -1 IJ 186 , ' Wheat, per bushel, 66 Ibb., Indian Corn, 61 lbs. Bailey " 55 Field Peas, 68 •' Black Oats " 42 Clover Seed, 62 White " " 46 Timothy Seed, 45 Greater weight than the above have been obtained, especially as regards wheat ; but those are the averages for a number of years. With regard to the growth of Indian corn the tenth annual report of this Society says, page 10, "Your Committee have at length succeeded in ?rocuring a variety of Indian corn, suitable to the climate, which pjoduced 1 Dushels to the acre, and may be relied on as a sure crop ; it was planted on the 19ih of iVIay, and harvested on the 28th of September." There a-e some fields on the banks of the Uestigouche as well cultivated as any to be found in much older districts; and the County couli if its la- tent resources were made available, sustain over one half of the present population of the whole Province. The land in many places is very dry, bul the principal part of that along the foot of the mountain range, though somewhat gravelly, is mixt with a rich vegetable loam, well adapted for the growth of hay, and for p:isturage ; while the more elevated portions are noted for their grain-growing qualities. Professor Johnston, in his " Notes on North America," vol. 1, page 394, says, with respect to this region, " these first settlements we come to, are about eight miles north, in a straight line, from the banks of the Kestigou- che river, and 1250 feet above the level of the sea. That the crops and culture and farming I saw here, should be possible at so high a level, shews not only that the land is naturally good, but that this northern climate must be far more propitious to vegetation than is generally believed One thing the tiaveller through a region like this is surprised at ; when he stumbles on a settled and cultivated track of land, such as I was now passing through, he wonders how the people came to find it out. Who induced all these men and women to leave remote corners of Scotland, and settle in this remote corner of scuth eastern Cf?nada. The whole line of country is a terra in- cognita, at Quebec and Fredericton. At the seat of government of both Provinces, where they complain of how little we know of their geopraphy at home, the spot I speak of was absolutely unknown ; find yet humble Scotchmen and their families had made choice of it, and already fixed upon it their future homes. There is an under current of knowleilge flowing among the masses, chiefly through the literary communication of far distant blood relations, of which public literature knows nothing, and even Govern- ments are unaware " 'J'he Professor here is perfectly correct in what he says of the scanty knowledge of this region possessed by otlier sections of the Province ; for it is not until recently that oven a ^^eneral knowledge of its pxi.sience was acquired, much less an acquaintance with its resources and peculiarities. After noticing the large crops generally profluccd, rnd the A^rtilitj of the soil, with some other incidental matters connected with the district, he says, " I insist these and other particulars, because it struck me from its natur*".! beauty and fertility, and from the peculiarly healthy character displayed b^ its rural population, to be more worthy of the attention of those desirous of changing their homes, than either we, or the New Brunswicker gei:eral- ly, are in t;.o habit of supposing." The Commissioners who explored the country from Halifax to Quebec, 685 miles, in 1848 with a view to the construction of a railway, testify lbs. regards report of cecded in pi oduced i3 planted cultivated if its la- present very dry, though ed for the arc noted page 394, ie ta, are Kestigou- crops and vol, shews iiate must 3ne thing stumbles ; through, these men lis remote terra in- it of both ;eopraphy t humble iXed upon e flowing ir distant I Govern- what he cctions of w ledge of Lirces and itj of the he says, 3 natur-.l ilayetl b^ desirous geiieral- Queboc, h testify 187 strongly in their report to the great vorth cf these northern sections as a field for colonization, nor indeed is evidence vranting from every one veho has visited the scenery of Hestigouche. and explored its livers, its fertile lands, its sea and river fisherios, its vast ar,d almost exhaustless forests of fine timber. Still few, very few, compared with the many who take up their residence or- the more rocky and comparatively sterile shores of the Bay of Fundy, settle in this fine region which only requires population and enterprize to make it a great and valuable country. A large district of this County is of limestone, and becomes ready to receive seed in a very short time after the spring thaws are over; conse- quently, soend the Restigouch ' river. These are both extensive and rich, and would af- ford scope lor the- location of some hundreds of families. It is titubered with spruce, beech, birch, and maple, especially the latter, affording great facilities for sugar making. On the Cniiadian coast of the Bay Chal'^ur also t..ere are fine vallies of fertile land intcvening between the hills, so that the whole of this vast region possesses all the elements of futuie great- ness vviihin itself. The climjfte, though rigorous in winter, is very healthy, so much so, that it is generally believed that these epidemical diseases which are not yet known theie, though so destructive in other places, may not make their ap- pearance. It is true that the snow falls to a great depth, sometiiues as much a3 five feet, which is one cause of the superior fertility of the soil ; but it has been found by experience, that, as the country becomes cleared of its dense forests, the winters become more mild and as the snow does not accumulate to such an extent. This has been proved true in other parts of the Province ; and even within the distance of thirty or forty miles, the effects of the removal of the forests on the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere have been sensibly felt. Roads and Settlements. — In consequence of the gravelly nature of the soil, the roads in the settled portion of the county, are better and more du- rable than those of any other part of the Province. The principal road yet open, runs along the margin of the Bay of Chaleur, and of the rtestigou- che river ; along this road +here is about seventy miles of this frontier part of the county occupied, and to the southward of Dalhousie and Campbelton settlements are now forming to the rear of the front lots. Cross roads branch from the main line to these settlements which commence near the head of Eel river, running parallel with the Bay shore, and are known by the several names of Dundee, Colebrooke, Lilly Lake, Sugar-leaf Glenely and Gleulivit. There are some few scattering settlers extending their loca- tions nearly to the Upsalquitch river, beyond "which inhabitants become few and far between. ^ . The country in many places assumes a mountainous appearance, yet rich arable land is found to extend to the very base, even of the highest and most rockv precipices, some of which rise to an elevation of from three to four and even seven hundred feet. This range of high land runs along the coast, at an average distance of fhree-fourths of a mile from the bay and tiver; and the intervening table h»^ a gradual ascent from the shore to its foot, being every where traversed V^ itreams descending from th« heights. V:\ i :; ! ' 188 ;. ■} i i >'^ 'ii In many places cultivation may be carried to the very summits, and on th© Boutherly side the descent is sometimes as abrupt as it is towards the sea, until it terminates in undulating ridges of rich land, well adapted for the plough. At the head of the Bay Chaleur, and where the Restigouche as- sumes the form of a river, there is the commencement of a tract of "flat lands," similar in quality to the marshes of Westmoreland, or the alluvial lands of Sussex Vale and the river Saint John. The<}e flat lands extend about five miles up the river, to the mouth of the Matapediac, and range from a quarter to three quarters of a mile in breadth ; the largest body being on the Canadian side. The whole tract is of great value for the production of hay. There is a continuous settlement on this frontier of about sixty miles, rich in every agricultural capability, and the only obstacle to the inhabitants becoming the most independent and wealthy in that portion of the Province, is their mixt, and as it were, mongrel character — one-third fisherman, one-third lumberman, and one-third farmer, may be said to compose most of the settlers along the shore ; and until they learn prac- tically, each to do his owl work, and to confine himself to his proper avoca- tion, it will be impossible that they should reap the full benefit of the ad- vantages laid before them. This is strongly evinced I y the pr igress made by new settlers on good lands more remote from the bay and river, and who confine themselves to their lands, or at all events make farming, their prin- cipal employment ; these men seldom fail to become comfortable and inde- pendent, and are far outstripping the settlers on the richer lands skirting the bay, who make all these pursuits alternately the means of earning a subsistence. Proposed Road from Camphelton to Tobique. — The writer is indebted to John Gillis, Esq., who assisted in the exploration of this road for the following topographical description of the land. Tho first eleven miles, from Campbelton, towards the river Saint John, runs through a tract of hardwood land of the best quality ; the next seven miles is principally soft-wood land of a good growth of timbe?.' ; tliC third section of seven miles is good land, principally hardwood. A tract of good land extends up the Bay Popelogan stream for seven or eight miles, the best, Mr. Gillies says, in the Province. The fourth section on the line, about eleven miles is poor land, the greater part having been burnt over ; tho fifth section of the same distance is timbered principally with hardwood, and is good land : from thence to Nictau Lake (which is a sheet of water five miles in length by half a mile in width) about four miles, the land is not so good: from this lake to the Nictau, or square forks, on the Tobique, is twenty miles, which, with the exception of about three miles, is poor la'id. There is a large extent of interval, beginning four miles above the mouth of tho Nictau, and sheltering up the Campbell river for five miles. From the Nictau to tho mouth of the Tobique is forty-two miles which con- sists principally of good land for settlement, and tho banks of the latter ri- ver are occupied for about twenty miles of this distance upward from the Saint John. About twenty-six miles from the mouth, is a region of Gyp- sum, extending along tho river's bank for about half a mile, and the rock being forty feet in height ; it is exteiisively used for agricultural pu:;oses, especially as barges can be brought to the <(unrry. Another extensive tract of good land ranges from the northwest branch of the Upsalquitch to the firo finger brook falling into the Restigouche ; it should be obaerved that tho ditWAQt betW9«n (h« I^ i^t«vi &nd ^if Isiquic h^H% ii tueftrl/ ^^ti^e^ n)i)««. C^n m the upper part of the Restigouche, the land is broken and not of such good quality. Taking the extent of good land fronting on this road, and still ungranted, there is no doubt but a Colony of at least 500 parishes could be located, in addition to the facilities afforded along the numerous streams tra- versing the country in every direction ; in fact, to obtain room for placing settlers in this section of the Province, it is only necessary to open up roads ; this can hardly be done in any direction without traversing extensive ranges of good land well adapted for this purpose. The present Legislative ses- sion, 1855, has granted XIOOO for a road from the Tobique, via the Grand Falls, to the Restigouche. Parishes. —This county is divided into five parishes : Durham, Colborne, Dalhousie, Addington, and Eldon ; these parishes all front on the bay and river, and have the post-road traversing them in common as far as Campbel- ton. The side lines all run true south from the frontier, and with the ex- ception of the Parish of Eldon, which is the most westesly, and is large enough for two or more parishes, the whole are laid out as well as the geo- graphical position of the county will admit The Town of Dalhousie in the Parish of the same name, is the Capita of the County, and the most northern part of the Province. It is situate fifty-two miles above Bathurst, and stands on a rectangular plot of ground, having three of its sides bounding on the Bay of Chaleur ; the town is neat- ly laid out, its streets running at right angles to each other and being of suf- ficient width. Here stand the public buildings of the county, including the Court house Jail, Post Office, and Grammar School, together with three places of worship, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Episcopal, the latter being now in the course of erection. Many of the stores and private buildings are neat and well built, and the whole town evinces taste, system, and order, as well as some degree of animation and bustle, and from its beautiful situa- tion, jutting out into the Bay of Chaleur, and surrounded by an enormous extent of rich land, it must yet be a place of considerable note, especially as it affords such excellent facilities for both Bay and River Fisheries, and for trade with the variou . settlements around the Bay Chaleur. On the north side is one of the best places for booming operations to be found in America, and which no doubt was the principal reason for the selection of this spot as the site of a town. Nature has here built a wall, and left a door of entrance within, with timber sufficient to load a fleet of ships can lie in perfect safety. Herron Island is situate in the Bay of Chaleur, a shor' distance below Dalhousie, and contains some good land and well cultivated farms, it is in- cluded in this county. Campbelton is situated in the Parish of Addington, sixteen miles above Dalhousie, and at the head of the Bay Chaleur. It extends into the water in the form of a right angle, two sides of which arc washed by the bay, which at this point is one mile wide. The streets are broad and run at right angles to each other, although the town is not very well laid off; still it contains some neat stores and private edifices, and two places of worship, Presbyterian and Methodist. From this point a steam boat regularly cros- ses to the Canadian side during the summer season. There are numerous wharves extending into the harbor, where ships not drawing more than eigh- teen feet may load in perfect safety ; and there is also a good place for booming timber. The Country round Campbelton, as well as that near Dal- housie is Btuddnd with conical fiills, the Sugar Lo«f, isaid to b« bOO fe«t high) ii Ui« ttm\ prominent! I i M 'J ^i ;' n h'. ' * *■' i ' • 'i m ft t / / IdO f^ J The settlements on the Canadian side extend from llie mo ^th of the Bay of Chaleu.' for nearly one hundred miles up the Restigouche and as far as the mouth of the Matapediac river, the whole coast being settled with small towns and villages. On the same side of the rii'er (the Canadian) and nearly opposite Campbelton, stands " the Mission/' which h the iargert set- tlement of Mif noac Indians to be found in either Province ; about 600 are located there and are engaged in fishing and hunting, as well a? h; inhering and agriculture ; they arc found to be ingenious, generally humble and peaceable, and manj^ of them very industrious, though they cling to many of their old customs and peculiarities of dress. They O'vn a lr;rg9 tract of land under th<^ Canadian Government, pait of which they have in pome measure improved ; on this they have a Chapel and a number of dwollings. Rivers (lud Streams. — In addition to an extensive front on the Bay Chaleur, navigable for the largest chiss of vessels, and the Restigouche river, ',vhich is only second to the St. John, and which tra^'crses this county and a large poruon of Victoria, there arc many large streams tributory to the Restigouche, and entering it at various points. The first of r.ny impor- tance is the Matapediac, which takes its rise in the Metis ^lountains, and flows through an unbroken wilderness a distance of sixty miles, and enters the llestigoucbe thirty miles from its mouth. Five miles further up the Restigouche, the Upsalquitch river joins it from the right bank, and extends southeast into the wilderness for forty-five miles, its source being contiguous to that of the Tobique, which empties into the river Saint John. There is a vast tract of ungranted land skirting loth banks of this stream, and which is free from stones. The next tributory is the Mistouche or Patapediac, which is the boundary between this Province and Canada, as far north as the 48th parallel of lati- tude. It is a very rapid river, with a fall of seventeen feet in the mile, is navigable for thirty miles with steamers, and extends northwest some twenty miles farther, interlacing with the Metis river. It enters the Restigouche river sixty-five miles from its mouth. Proceeding upwards twenty miles, the Restigouche branches into two nearly equal rivers, ihrt on the right hand being called the Tom Redgewick ; this is evidently the largest stream, and extends sixty-five miles northwest into the high lands. Between the Mistouche and the Tom Redgewick, there is a valuable tract of laud, excellent in quality, possessing inexhaustible quantities of timber suitable for ship-building and deals. The banks of the Restigouche, from eight miles above Campbletun to the confluence of the Tom Redgewick, are hold and steep. From this point, however, to its source, the banks are of gentle ascent, and there are large quantities of intervale, and the land is of good quality. The length of the navigable waters of the Restigouche is 185 miles; and after leaving the flat lands twelve miles above Campbleton, with the exception of a few scat- tering settlers, the country is a wilderness, but by cultivation, would be ca- pable of supporting a numerous population. From the Matepediac to with- in two miles of Campbleton, there are an innumerable number of islands formet of intervale, the largest of which is two miles long, which, along with tl e sugar-loaf appearance of tho mountains in the vicinity, presents the mojt magnificent scenery in the Province. The head of one of these islands, causing a rapid in the river, is the scene of the [melancholy fate of Capt. Piper, R. B., who lost his life in an effort to savo that of a boy who YidA Upset in the canoe with him. F the Bay 1 as far as YJtb small dian) and irger.t set- it 600 are luinberin.qj iiuble and g to many i;e tract of » in Fome d^^olling8. L the Bay 39tigouche his county ibutory to ny impor- itains, and ind enters er up tbe nd extends contiguous There is and which I boundary lleloflati- he mile, is me twenty estigouche nty miles, the right )st stream, uable tract of timber etuii to the this point, are large igth of the saving the L few scat- raid be ca- ac to with- of islands lich, along f, presents e of these oly fate of a, boy who 191 /.L. The rivers from this spot to the lower line of the county, though not ex- tensive, are very numerous, the principal being Eel, Charles, Benjamin and Jaquette rivers ; these, with many smaller, divergiu § through the county, afford the best facilities imaginable for machinery, requiring water power. Minerals. —Thm county, geologically considered, has, as yet ■ been but cursorily explored. No workable vein of coal has been di.^covered, though many districts present a carboniferous appearance ; still, the thick- est seam yet noticed does not exceed four inches, and consequently is not worth opening ; and it is generally believed that coal does not exist to any profitable extent. Limestone and marl are everywheve abundant, from the lower boundary at Belledune, to the mouth of the Restigouche. Along the banks of most of its streams, and on the borders of its high lands, these substances are visible in many places ; and, in fact, the whole bay and river frontier of the county is decidedly a lime district. Thus the farmers of this section of the Province possess a double facility — strong land, and abundance of lime for its manure. It is said that there are several varieties jf stone to be found fit for grindstones. Dr. Gesner, in his last report, page SO, thus express- es himself : — '• The only stones capable of being made into good grind- stones, observed during the exploration of 1852, belong to the coal-field at the mouth of the Restigouche." The nature of this " coal-field " has yet to be ascertained. Fisheries. — There are no fishing establishments on this coast ; the in- habitants merely take sufficient, during the seasons, of the various fisher- ies, for their own use, and allow the remainder to return to the sea. Her- rings are caught in the Bay Chaleur ; and salmon, of which there are a great abundance, of the largest and best in tlie Province, ascend the rivers to a great distance, where they are taken in season and out of season. Although saw mills are comparatively few in this county, and the passage of the fish up the rivers is, therefore, less interrupted than in many other lo- calities, yet they are speai-ed and chased from their spawning grounds to such an extent, that their existence in this section of the Province will, in a short time, be, as we have before observed with regard to the fisheries of the Northumberland Straits and the Bay of Fundy, recorded among the things that onoe were. Legislative action is much required on this subject to prevent the total destruction of this invaluable branch of the fisheries of this Province. Commercial Resources. — The writer is indebted to Dugald Stewart, Esq., for much valuable information, both as to the agricultural and com- mercial aspect ol this '-'ounty. A comparatively small quantity of fish may be found among its exports, and the principal articles of trade Dre its timber and lumber, more es- pecially the former, the extensive inland water communications have given it advantages over every other part of the Province, for the squared tim- ber trade ; and though much of that produced on lands fronting the streams has been taken to market, yet there still exist large groves of excellent pine, and when this branch of the trade declines, (which It must do in a very few years.) tlie inexhaustible forest will yet remain, full of materials for the manufacture of deals, battens, ard other description,^ of lumber ; and as the facilities for water power necessary for this durpose are so abundant, we may anticipate that when the same energy that has hitherto been ap- plied in another direction, is devoted to this manufacture, and provided the •i- ' ''^ 1 iv ! ,li.' 1 V t ■ t \ \ ] . '■. ], A -■[ , I ■i- w u U.^: 4 ■' 111 W k m then state of the foreign markets will warrant the chapgo that, both steam and water power mills will spring up, the former in the town aid sea ports, and the latter on those splendid streams that are to be found along the coast of the Bay Chaleur. In 1851 there were only 6 new mills, aud from the cause already explained, they have not increased up to the present time. Shipbuilding^ must dso become an important branch of industry in this section of the Province; the facilities for carrying it on, as regards both the cheapness and durability of the material, and convenience of situation, cannot be surpassed by any other part of the Colony. The writer during the autumn of 1854, saw a ship built at Dalhousie, by the Hon. John Montgomery, of 1000 tons burthen, the character of whose timbers, together with that in the ship-yard, would amply sat'sfy any person of the value of the native timber of this district for shif build- ing operations. No. Tons. Ships built in 1854, 4 4:,000 This appears to be about the average amount of tons annually built in the county for the last four years. Sterling. Imports in 1852 £27.516 18 1 Exports «' 32,286 13 1 Registered tonnage of shipping 21,249 tons* Navigated by 956 men Imports in 1853 £30.476 17 3 Exports " 25; 863 19 2 Registered tonnage of shipping 18,217 tons* Navigated by 677 men Education. — By the census of 1851, this county exceeded, in the num- ber of children attending grammar school, the counties of Albert, Char- lotte, King's, Queen's, Sunbury, Victoria, and Westmoreland. One of the reasons for this honorable distinction in favor of Restigouche, may be that the inhabitants of some of the counties last named, possess the advan- tage of sending their children to other educational institutions, thus re- ducing the number of those who attend the common grammar schools of their respective counties. The number of children who attended parish schools — In 1821, was 611 School houses 19 In 1853 568 " 22 So that while there is an increase of school houses, there appears to be a diminuation of attendance ; which is more likelv to be attributable to some inaccurracy in the r'^turns than to any laxity of the action of the inha- bicants in favor of education. The inhabitants of this county are principally composed of English, Irish, and Scotch and their descendants. •This is exclusive of now ships built in this county during these years. 193 ith steam }ea ports, the coast from the t time, y in this irds both situation, alhousie, iracter of [y sat'sfy hifouild- )n3. 000 lit in the jrling. 16 18 1 86 13 1 49 tons* •56 men 76 17 3 63 19 2 ;17 tons* 177 men the num- rt, Char- One of , may be le advan- thus re- ichools of parish 19 22 s to be a J to aome he inha- sh, Irish, 1861. — Population, and other Statistics of Rostigouche County. n-' m ^Mf. Parishes. ( ■ Adding- ton. Col- borne. Dalhou- sie. Dur- ham. Eldon. Totali. Inhabitants, U 1,147 659 1,403 871 81 4,161 Families, 145 97 228 142 16 628 Children at school. 94 143 182 207 18 644 School houses, 3 4 7 5 19 Births, 24 26 9 33 2 94 Deaths, 10 6 11 9 36 Sick and infirm, 5 31 10 9 1 56 Acres of lanC leared, 1,694 2,228 2,186 2,494 293 8,895 Places of worstiip, 2 2 2 6 Saw milL, 1 3 1 1 6 Grist mills, 1 2 3 Agriculturists, 75 ^0 110 127 16 394 Tons of hay, 935 603 803 831 15S 3,330 Wheat, bnsliels, 958 852 2,464 2,098 54 6,426 Barley, 078 617 871 597 10 2,773 Oats, " 8,09.3 12,221 8,760 16,133 710 46,517 Buckwheat, " 3 20 34 57 Indian corn," 3 3 Potatoes, 14,493 15,555 5,417 28,540 2,126 66,131 Peas and beans. 1,134 Turnips, 14,359 Other roots, 202 Population, Families, Places of worship. Saw mills. Grist mills, Cleared land, Horses, Neat cattle. Sheep, Swine, Compariso?i. i Increase in 11 years, 1851, 1840, 4,161 3,161 1851, 1840, 628 462 1851, 1840, 6 4 1851, 1840, 6 6 1851, 1840, 3 3 1851, 1840, 8,895 5,579 1851, 1840, 527 426 1851, 1840, 2,072 1,118 1851, 1840, 3,026 1.698 1851, 1840, 1,055 1,325 Decrease COUNTY OF GLOUCESTER. 1,000. 166. 2. 0. 0. 3,316. 101. 954. 1,328. 270. Boundaries.— ^'^ The county of Gloucester, bounded northerly by the Bav of Chaleur, easterly by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southerly and wos-. 27 ^1 W i I n .% iJ lii mi n ih hi 194 terlyby the lino run north eighty-eight degrees west by Deputy Davidson, in the year 1845, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at the rear of the first di-- visio'n of Lr>t8, in the Tracadie Grant, until it strikes Portage river, thence north twenty-two degrees west by the magnet, of the year " 1784," to in- tersect the line of Restigouche, and thence along the southerly and easterly bounds thereof to the Bay Chaleur, including Miscou and Shippegan, and all the other adjacent islands." Area and Civil Divisions.- v^ounty contains an area of 1,037,440 acres, out of which 332,002 are granted ; and by the census of 1851, it appeared that 19,312 acres were cleared. It is divided by statute into five parishes, though by the Census returns there are 6 parochial divisions, the island of Shippegan being called one, which, with the other islands, proper- forms a part of the Parish of Caraquette. Saumarez is the most south easterly parish of the county on the St. Lawrence side. New Bandon includes the Waterloo and New Bandon Settlements ; Bathurst lies in the centre of the County and contains Nipsiguit, Middle, Little, and Tetagouche rivers, together with the towns of Bathurst (the shire town) and St. Peter's. The Parish of Beresford is the most north-western of the county. The whole contained, in 1851, a population of 11,704. Roads, Setlknients and quality of land. — The roads from the eastern boundary along the Gulf shore, crosses Big Tracadie, Little Tracadie and Pokemouche rivers, in its course to the Bay Chaleur. The banks of the Big Tracadie are inhabited for about five miles from its mouth, those of Lit- tle Tracadie for three miles, and of Pokemouche for ten miles. The land is generally good and well cultivated ; and roads branch from the main line up the vallies of these rivers as well as to the seaboard. The islands of Shippegan, Miscou, Pokesadi and Caraquette, are situate at the easterly entrance to the Bay Chaleur. Miscou is about twenty miles in circumference, is principally granted, and has about ten families on it. Shippegan is about twenty miles long, and contains but poor land ; it is partially settled by French, who live by fishing for the Jersey House, Wil- liam Freeing and Co., whose principal station is on the Canadian side of the Bay. The Legislature has now, 1855, granted £1,200 for the erection of a light-house and a keeper's building on Miscou Island. Salt-grass and other wild hay groes around some of these islands, which when harvested, is found to maki^good fodder for cattle and sheep. The land from St. Simon's Inlet to Pokemouche river, is a boggy barren, the frontier only being settled , but on the banks of the river there is some of good quality, and a considerable extent of alluvial soil ; this tract is well farmed by people principally from Ireland. Pokesadi Island has only one settler on it. Around Point Mizenet the soil is poor and but thinly settled. A road runs from Caraquette through the Waterloo and New Bandon Set- tlements » Janesville, along which the land is generally good, and in the rear there is a succession of excellent settlements, principally inhabited by French and Irish ; these people are comfortably circumstanced, getting their living chiefly from their farms ; and similar settlements extend along the Bay up to Bass river. From thence to the Nepisiquit river the land has been granted in large tracts to parties who, as is too often the case, in other parts of the Province, appear to hold it for no other purpose than to retard its settlement, waiting till its value shall be increased by the improvements made by others in their immediate neighborhood, a course which cannot be too highly deprecated as most injurious to the advancement of a new country. idson, in first di- • , thence " to in- easterly gan, and 037,440 1851, it into five ions, the proper- )8t south includes centre of e rivers, The he whole ■'3 I eastern udie and cs of the se of Lit- The land main line e situate titj miles es on it. nd ; it is ise, Wil- de of the ection of rass and arvested, ^ barren, J is some ;t is well only one J settled. Ion Set- l in the bited by- getting id along land has in other Btard its Its made t be too sountry. 195 Nipisiquit river is settled for upwards of three miles, or to the head of the tide or rough waters ; the land above this point is generally poor and unfit for cultivation. The road crosses this river at a bridge recently built which is 300 yards across, and is an excellent structure. At this point is the junction of the road running through the settlements already described, with the post road from Chatham to the Restigouche ; the land along the latter is generally poor and of a dry hungry character. After crossing this brigde, to the westward, we enter the town of B&thurst, which is neat and well laid out, containing a population of abottt 750 ; it stands on a penin- sula protruding into the Bathurst harbor to within three miles of the Bay Chaleur, and which is elevated about thirty feet above high water mark. On the east the town is bounded by the Nipisiquit, and on the west by Lit- tle and Middle rivers, which have their junction about half a mile above tha town. Although the writer visited this section of the Province in the autumn of 1854, it was found difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of. information to enable him to lay before the public a full impartial and detailed statement of the capabilities of this county. We are therefore indebted to sev«l3al friends for the materials of this section and especially to Henry ^V. Baldwin, Esq., who says, with reference to Bathurst, that, " the site of the shire town was chosen by Sir Howard Douglas, who visited it in 1818, and it was laid out in the following year when it received the name in honor of Earl Bathurst. The land to the southward is undulating and well situated for the exten- sion of the town, which as the capital of the county, contains its public buildings, consisting of a Court House, Jail, Post Office, Record Office, Probate Court, and two places of worship, Episcopalian and Methodist, also numerous neat cottages and stores as well as two ship yards. This place possesses many advantages ; it is situated at the head of a harbor, perfectly free from rocks and in which ve3sel8 drawing 13 feet of water may enter and lie with safety ; it is surrounded by good agricultural settlements with ample space for their extension ; it has a fine bay and river fishery, with streams penetrating an immense forest of spruce, pine, hacniatac, and va- rious other kinds of timber, and the neighborhood can boast a variety of mineral deposits, with good roads leading east and west ; so that it appears morally certain that in process of time, this handsome little town must be- cobie a place of considerable importance. Little and Middle rivers arc spanned on the westward and nearly opposite Dalhousie by a bridge, which is about half a mile in length, and supported by forty-six abutments ; the former river is located for four or five miles upwards with some scattered settlements, and where the land is not ky, it is found very productive. At the west end of this bridge a thriving and commercial little village has grown up, formerly known as " the village," but which has recently assumed the name of St. Pcler^s, it has a ship-yard, steam saw mill, and Presbyterian and Roman Catholic places of worship, together with a number of stores and cottages, and presents on the whole, a business li'ce aspect, bidding fair to rival, its older neighbour, Bathurst, at at the other end of the bridge. St. Ann's Settlement extends for ten miles up the Tetar;^.*ohe River, and St. Peter's and Grand Brook, are both set- tled for about five miles. The front lands from Bathurst to the County of Restigouche are occupied principally by descendants from the Acadian French, who follow the threefold professions of lumbermen, fishermen and agricultur- ists, and no doubt spoil the whole. The eharaoter of the soil through thii dis' ,11 I • 196 ) ■ 'iJ: . m F'i IT ■■i ■■■? ' 1* ' trict, for road making, is generally light and dry, and cannot be Burpaesed, 80 that when roads are once made they are very durable and the heaviest expenco incurred is in the erection of bridges. Rivers and Streams. — This, like the other mnritirae counties of the Pro- vince, has its full share of water communications. Beginning with Big Tracadie river, on the eastern boundary of the county, which extends to the road from Miramichi to Bathurst, and with its tributories, waters, a consi- derable tract of wilderness land. Leach river is not extensive ; Little Tra- cadie is small ; and Pokemouche a sluggish running stream. Caraquette, Little and Big Pokesham and Bass rivers are inconsiderable. The River Nipisiquit is the most extensive in this County, but is not navigable even for small schooners for more than three miles, or to the rough waters ; from thence it is twenty miles to the falls, and ninety miles to a lake of the same name, in which it has its source. Pursuing the coast from its mouth to Belldune, the northwest extremity of the county, we come to Little, Middle, and Tatagouche rivers, neither of wl.ich are navigable, except for boats, barges and rafts. Afsricullural facilities. — The character of the land in this county is not so good for agricultural operations as that of Restigouche ; a large tract in its southern portion, being a lumbering district, suffered severely from the ravages made by the " Miramichi" fire, and other subsequent conflagrations ; the land, as a whole, is of a light, dry and hungry cast, except along the seaboard, and on the margins of its rivers and streams ; that on the Nipi- siquit, however, and its branches, is principally poor and unfit for farming. Still, exclusive of the frontier lands, most of which are granted, there are two blocks of good land, highly fit for settlement, still vacant The first tract lies to ♦He southwest of Dunlop and the other settlements between Ba- thurst harbor and Belldune, and is, it is believed, capable of receiving from six to eight hundred settlers without difficulty ; it is well watered by the many streams traversing the wilderness, and if a road were opened from Bathurst to Campbelton at the head of Bay Chaleur, it would pass through and open this tract to the plough of the settler, besides shortening the distance between those towns. The second tract of land adapted for cultivation, and still ungranted, embraces the heads of the Tracadie, Poke- mouche and Bass rivers, and of Red Pine Brook, a branch of the Nipisi- quit. This extensive block could be opened by a road from New Bandon,* at the Capes, to the head of the Pokemouche, and by another from Cara- quette River to an intersection of the post road from Bathurst to Miramichi, at about twelve miles from the former place. These two roads would pre- pare the way for the introduction of several hundred families. Minerals. — Though coal has been discovered in several localities in this county, still the existence of a marketable seam is much questioned. With reference to this subject, Mr. Baldwin says, "the circumstance of coal being found in rather considerable quantities along this shore, at the foot of the Capes of New Bandon, caused an English Company to expend a large sum of money in boring in different, localities to try and discover the exis- tence of a seam fit to work," he proceeds, " they have bored in five or six different places between the Caraquette and Nipisiquit rivers, to the depth of 350 feet, but found only a two or three inch seam of coal." He fur- ther says that, " Mr. Logan, the Canadian Geologist, expressed an opinion that ooal existed in the vicinity, but it was probable it crept out in the bay which iBttst «o«ottat for Ui« fr«^iB«ati ^ming ^n i^hor^." As t« th« oxm*^ tenc extej tionj wouf persd aGf port, willb marl, troy eral ki urpassed, I heaviest ■ the Pro- with Big kds to the a consi- ittle Tra- iraquette, be River ible even rs; from :e of the ts mouth Little, ccept for ity is not 3 tract in from the ^rations ; long the le Nipi- farming. here are rhe firs* reen Ba- eceiving ered by opened Id pass irtening ted for Poke- Nipisi- landon,' Cara- michi, Id pre- |in this With ^f coal le foot large exis- lor six [depth fur- )inion bay 197 tence in this county, of various mineral and fossiliferous substances to some extent, it is only necessary for conviction to examine Mr. Baldwin's collec- tion, which is selected principally from the county of Gloucester ; and it wrould be well if evciy county in the Province possessed some person or persons possessed of his ^^aste for collecting the curious and the useful in a Geological point of view. Manganese has been discovered in Saint Peter's Brook and Tetagouche river. Detached pieces of copper have been found on the Nepisiquit, about a mile above its mouth, where it is mixed with the red sandstone at this spot. For the working the ores on both these rivers, a company was organized in 1837, called "the Gloucester Mining Company," who ex- pended a large amount of money without receiving a remunerative result, though large quantities of orew^ere shipped to England. Still it is believed by many that a lode of copper exists not far from the scene of their operations on the Nipisiguit river, and hopes are yet entertained of ascer- taining its position. Limestone has been found both above and below Elm-tree Brook, on the Bay Chaleur, in great abundance, and of every variety ; it is highly fossil- iferous. Marble is also plentifully met with. Dr. Gesner, in his last re- port, page 77, states that "the white marl of Gloucester and llestigouche will burn into quick lime. Care must be taken in the employment of stony marl, as the lime it contains, when applied in too large a quantity, will des- troy vegetation altogether." On page 7!), he proceeds : — " There are sev- eral kinds of impure limestone, which afford, upon being burnt, hydraulic cement^ or lime that will harden under water. Some of the limestone near the Presq'isle, Belledune Point, and near Dumaresque's farm, at Dalhou- sie, are of this variety. At present, all the hydraulic cement used in this Province is imported from the States, whereas it might be manufactured in the Province." On page 81, the Doctor further states that "an elegant marble may be obtained near Petit Roche" or Little Rock, near Elm-tree Brook, " in the county of Gloucester. The prevailing color of the rock is white, which graduates into buff'-colored, green and gray. * * * Ma- chinery might be erected on some of the streams, and the marble might be sawed and polished, when it would equal in beauty the Verde Antique of any other part of the world." Thus, this geologically interesting region contains limestone, marl, marble, and manganese. Grindstone quarries run along the coast of the New Bandon settlement, about twenty miles to the eastward of Bathurst, ranging from 100 t 120 feet above the level of the sea. These (juarries are extensive, and of a very superior quality. They have given employment, for a season, to about 100 men, and from eight to ten cargoes are annually shipped to the United States ; so that the mineral character of the county, commercially consider- ed, stands high, notwithstanding the reputed absence of iron and coal. Fisheries. — And as to its piscatory facilities, Gloucester is not exceeded by any county of the Province, either in variety, quality, or opportunities for taking and preserving fish. Its bays and rivers team with salmon, cod, pollock, mackarel, haddock, halibut bass, gaspereaux, eels, trout, lobsters, oysters, and both spring and fall herrings. On the Canada side of the Bay Chaleur are the well known establishments of the "Jersey Houses," which gives employment to a large fleet of fishing craft, as well as to many sailors and curers, Ac, They have several minor establishments, at Shippegaa and tdMT lAwm^ ^'(sag tiM north-cAStorm ooast of thii eQttut;^* m 1 >: •:■ M : vl:| 1 . ! . ■ n '' M 11 198 The f almon fishery at Janesville, the gaspereaux at Pokemouche, and the herring fishery at Tracadie, can hardly be surpassed. The Jersey firm deal principally in'codfish, of which they are excellent curers, and which they ssnd to ports in the Mediterranean and in South America. There is also a good fishing establishment at Grand Ance. The boats of Caraquette are constructed in the most approved manner, as regards model, durability, capacity and strength. A fleet of these ves- sels, when viewed from the shore, as they return from their fishing opera- tions during the season, present a most beautiful sight. The average quantity of fish exported from this county alone, separate from that, from the opposite shore of the Bay, is as follows : Codfish, haddock and ling, 25,000 quintals. Herrings, 15,000 barrels. , Gaspereaux, or alewives, 4,000 " Salmon, 200,000 pounds, equal to 1,000 " Besides mackarel, trout, eels, and other fish. The salmon are, for the most part, packed in tins, and sent to the United States and to England ; the herrings are improving in quality every year. Commercial Resources. — Lumber, grindstones, and fish, are the staple articles of export. As pine of sufiicient size for squared timber is becom- ing scarce, sawed lumber, deals, battens, &c., are now the principal articles. This trade will, no doubt, continue as long as the prices warrant the operations of the lumberer, as the quantities of timber are almost unlimited, and we have already noticed the facilities afforded by the innumerable rivers and streams. Ship-building. — There is every opportunity for carrying on this branch of industry, both as regards the quality of the timber, and facilities for pro- curing it. The annual amount of the tonnage of ships built averages about 6000 tons. Mails —^hxQQ mails per week pass through Bathurst, St. Peter's, Dal- housie, Campelton, and the other principal settlements of Gloucester and Kestigouche, with many intermediate way ofiices. There is also a postal communication between Campelton and Quebec. Thus the post office ar- rangements afford all the commercial advantages enjoyed by the older and more populous towns of the Province. Considering the length of a nearly unsettled road from Chatham to Bathurst, (forty-four miles,) and the great depth of snow that falls during the winter season, it may be a question whe- ther it would not be more economical to extend the line of electric telegraph through these northern towns to Campelton, with a view to its ultimate extension to Quebec, and to have only one or two mails in the week. The commercial part of the community would, of course, be the best judges of the conveniences this plan would afford them. Educdtinn. — A County Grammar School is established in the town of Bathurst, which was attended, in 1851, by forty-five pupils , and in the same year, the parish schools of the county boasted no less than 881 scho- lars in thirty-one school houses. In 1858, the county contained thirty-five school houses, attended by 1,167 pupils ; shewing an increase of four school houses, and 28(1 pupils, — a convincing proof that the people yre becoming alive to the benefits arising from education. Sporting. — The Bay of Chaleur and its affluents present the sportsman both with abundance and variety of aquatic fowls. Wild geese, brant, and every variety of ducks, will afford him ample amusement with his gun, while the finny tribe will give full employment to the hook and line. Inha Fam Chil Sjhc nirt Deal Sick Agi-i Plac Saw (jfis' Acre Tone Busl <*>*'X 199 '?:( he, and the jy firm deal which they ere is also a ed manner, f these ves- hing opera- ne, separate tals. 3ls. ) the United every year, e the staple 3r is becom- lipal articles, le operations and we have and streams. 1 this branch ities for pro- erages about i'eter's, Dal- )ucester and Iso a postal lost office ar- le older and I of a nearly nd the great uestion whe- ric telegraph its ultimate week. The St judges of 1851. — Popiihtion, and other Statistics of Gloucester County. fv the town of and in the n 881 scho- (I thirty-five f four school re becoming le sportsman }, brant, and th his gun, line. Parishes. Bath- urst. Beres- ford Cara- quette New Ban- don. Sau- marez Ship- pigan. Totals. Inhabitante, 2,913 2,048 1,795 1,144 2,377 1,427 11,704 Families, 450 327 304 202 303 203 1,855 Children at school, 357 128 90 232 47 72 926 School houses. 11 5 3 7 2 3 31 iJirths, 131 80 90 81 51 "7 510 Deaths, 20 17 24 3 21 7 92 Sick and infirm. 12 49 (J7 4 30 168 Agriculture, persons employed in 275 270 270 183 289 HI 1,398 P aces of worship, 5 3 2 4 2 3 19 Saw mills. 2 2 1 1 G (jirist milh. 2 3 4 o 1 2 14 Acres of land cleared, 4,921 3,392 2,685 3,193 3,923 1,19s 19,312 Tons of hiiy, 2,000 932 820 747 1,098 038 0,835 Bushels of wheat. 3,543 2,934 4,718 4,381 5,203 2,750 23,595 " birloy. 1 ,501 2,050 1 ,079 1,007 1,031 804 8,078 " oats, 10,704 10,798 2 522 0,073 8,728 1,520 153,005 " buckwheat, 090 450 81 1,236 " Indian corn. 10 1 ,370 437 301 99 2,223 " potatoes. 52,309 43,935 02,870 30,570 79,215 45,488 314,447 " peas and beans. 1,258 " turnips & other roots, 15,477 .-..—. ^ Comj)arlso n. Population, < 1851, 11,704 1840, 7,751 [ Increase in 11 years, 3,953. Families, < 1851, 1,855 1840, 1,193 \ " " 002. Inhabited houses, \ 1851, 1,019 1840, 1,085 \ '' " 534. Places of worship, \ 1851, 19 1840, 12 i u .. 7. Grist mills, \ 1851, 14 1840, 18 S Decrease " 4. 8a w mills, \ 1851, 6 1840, 7 \ «' " 1. Cleared land, ^ 1851, 19,312 1840, 11,081 t Increase " 7,031. Iloraes, 1851, 1,174 1 1840, 811 \ " " 303. Noat Cattle, | , 1851, 3,980 1 1840, 3,219 \ «' '« 701. 1 Sheep, , 1851, 8,552 i 1840, 0,230 ;■ ♦' " 2,316. Swine, \ 18 \ 1« 51, : 40, \ J,817 5,043 t< 11 174. 11" '' i-'f ' y.!-: 200 ^%§.^ RecapUulatory Sketch of the Bay Chaleur. If in our excursion through the counties intersected by the river Saint John, the mind was presented with beauty, variety and wealth, it can hard- ly be less so, if, at the expense of a little repetition, we take a similar review of the beauty, wealth and diversification afforded to us by the Bay Chaleur, or Bay of Heats. In entering the Bay at Miscou Island, which is eighteen miles from Point Maquereau, on the Canadian side, we first pass that island with its associates, and the numerous inlets, rivers, and capes, with their various settlements and towns already described in the counties of Gloucester and Restigouche. Opposite the harbor of Bathurst the Bay widens to the extent of twenty- seven miles, and again contracts as we approach the town of Dalhousie, to a width of eight miles. At this place, which may almost be deemed the mouth of the Restigouche River it narrows somewhat suddenly to two miles, and above the town spreads again to a width of four miles, forming a noble estuary to the magnificent river, at whose mouth we have thus ar- rived. These two counties, forming theso uthern shore of the Bay, con- tain a population of not less than 18,000 souls. On the north, or Ca- nadian side, after noticing Great and Little Pabos, two harbors abounding with the favorite bait for Codfish. We pass Port Daniel, and the embouch- ures of the Bonaventure, Cascapediac and numerous other rivers and streams, which, taking their rise among the hills of Lower Canada, wind through fertile vales, hereafter to be studded with villages, but even now possessing many settlements with manufactories of timber, and thriving fishery establishments, shewing them that the hand of industry and enter- prize is at work even in these remote, and as they have been erro^oiisly called, desert regions. We must not forget that the first settlement made, within the grasp we are now taking, was on the site of Bathurst, by Jean Jacques Enard, a native of Basque, in France, as early as the year 1639. Ascending the inner Bay, from Dalhousie upwards, in which there is room and depth of water for the collecttd navy of England, we approach Point Le Gard, and Battery Point, where, in 1760, during the wars be- tween England and France, the latter nation had erected two batteries, which were destroyed by Captain Byron, the commander of an English Squadron, together with a " Frigate, two large store ships, and nineteen sail of smaller vessels, the principal part of which had been taken from the English." At this place the mind is carried nearly a century back into the past, to the time when these two powerful nations, now happily for the future peace of the world, and for themselves, in close alliance, were each in turn contending for a country then a comparative wilderness, and thus causing destruction and desolation to the life and property of peaceable citizens, who, for the sake of a livelihood, had taken up their residence on the most eligible parts of the North American Continent ; and we can hardly avoid being struck with the conviction that the statesmen of those days must have entertained far more adequate ideas of the value of these regions than the cabinet min- isters of England nearer our own times. In our further ascent to the head of the tide, a distance, in all, of 110 miles from the Miscou island, we pass Campbellton, and a line of settle- ments flanking both sides of the Restigouche, the towering Sugar Loaf ris- ing within cannon shot, besides unnumbered other lofty mountains and hillB, penetrating the air like cones, in the distance, and bearing evident mar enli has tanc •iver Saint ) can hard- lilar review ly Chaleur, from Point i associates, settlements estigouche. of twenty- Dalhousie, be deemed nly to two forming a } thus ar- Bay, con- th, or Ca- abounding embouch- 'ivers and lada, wind even now i thriving ind enter- To^ously ent made, ., by Jean ear 1639. 1 there is approach wars be- ies, which quadron, )f smaller ish." At ) the time ce of the intending struction for the ble parts g struck tertained net min- of 110 )f settle- Loaf ris- tins and evident 201 marks of being a branch of the Alleghany chain ; the whole chequered and enlivened with extensive vales of rich soil covered where the hand of man has not been at work with a lino growth of luxuriant timber, A short dis- tance .above Campellton, we come to the " Mission Point," the largest remnant, as we before observed, of the Micniac tribe, who with other Indian nations, once figured largely in all the wars on this continent. We look back in imagination to the time when no European resided in North Ameri- ca, and the red man of the forest was its- sole master and imperfect cultiva- tor : and now how changed is its aspect ! the savsige races arc subdued and become humble, and their |X)stcrity, so far as they remain among us, are here fast entering the ranks of civilization, while peace, prosperity, and knowledge arc assuming their proper place, and establishing their reign. Continuing our ascent, we pass on our left Althol House, the residence of Robert Ferguson, Esq., who was the first British Settler on the Resti- gouche ; and whose numerous buildings and extensive agricultural improve- ments evidently shew that industry, energy, and enterprize, will not be un- rewarded. At the termination of our voyage, and on the north bank of the Restigouche, stood the French Town of Petit Rochellc, which contained over two hundred houses, and was destroyed, and its inhabitants scattered into the wilderness by that memorable lieet we have befoie had occa,sion to mention. Numerous relics of former times are occasionally discovered, such iis muskets, pistols, swords, and amniunition, along with various arti- cles of a culinary nature, even silver knives, forks and spoons; the foun- dations of houses and forts may still be traced. ThuH it will be seen that this bay is, in itself, one of the most splendid in North America. Its htMid waters and tributories are thus spoken of by Mr. H. Perley, 1ls(|., in his fishery Report, (page 75.) "The Restigouche is about two hundred and twenty miles in length, anil it has four large tribu- taries, each more than sixty miles long ; with its numerous afHuents, it is supposed to drain more than six thousand square miles of territory." In terminating our observations on this county, replete with objects of attrac- tion and curiosity, we tire led seriously to acknowledge that there are few districts on this i>art of the American Continent, embracing such a wild and varied field for the opeiTitions of the capitalists. If he desires to pursue commerce, here are ahundunt facilities ; the sea teeming with every variety of the most profitable kinds of fish — the bowels of the earth containing valuable nuneral deposits — and the forests amply supplying every descrip- tion of tiniber, with all the necessary water privileges for procuring and manufacturing it. And if agricultuie shouhl be the object of his choice, here is an extensive region of country, consisting of a soil highly productive of agricultural wealth to almost any amount — so that agriculture and com- merce might go hand in hand, uniting their efforts, and rendering a peace- able, industrious and energetic people happy and prosperous. COUNTY OF NOKTIIUMBEULAND. Boinuhries.—^' T!hc County of Northumberland, bounded northerly by Gloucester and Restigouche ; west by Victoria and York ; south by York and ISunbury, and the line run from Point Escuminac, south serenty de- grees and forty-five minutes west, forty-eight miles, thence south fifty- one degrees west, twenty-tliree and a half miles by Deputies Layton and Lad- 2o ; ■'.; 'ii c 1,1 r i\ ff ' : i m i f 202 ler, in the yeara of our Lord 1842 and 1845 ; easterly by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including all the islands cdjacent thereto." General Description. — The principal part of this county, previously to the -great fire of the 7th October, 1825, was a lumbering region, and had been the scene of operations of this nature for a great number of years ; thus, from the quantity of fallen timber and refuse wood remaining on the ground, it was prepared for the wide spread of such a conflagration. Here we may describe, at one general sweep, almost the whole country, from within a short distance of the Gulf shore, and the head of the Tabusintac river, thence nearly to the Falls of the Nipissiquit, and from that vicinity in the direction of the Tobique river, and nearly to its head, and in another direc- tion, beginning at the mouth of the Miramichi river, embracing both its banks, and extending, in some places, beyond the present limits of the coun- ty to the Nashwauk river, in the county of York, thus comprehending, in the whole, nearly 4.000,000 acres of the best lumbering region in the Pro- vince, as the remaining trunks of half burnt pines, which are every where visible, tr wering above the more recent under growth, will amply testify. Here, " at one fell sv/oop," was the face of this vast tract of country deprived, in many places, of all the nutriment aiforded to its trees and plants, by the decayed vegetable matter, the accumulations of previous cen- turies, and the soil, which is naturally dry, and without much alluvial depo- sits, was left in a poor and parched up state, unfit to produce any thing for the support either uf men or cattle. Besides the desolation thus produced on the surface of the county, by its being deprived A its surface vegetable, mould and alluvial mattei, there was the i:uVi. more useful destruction of human life to relate, as well as an enormous amount in animals and other property. The number wlio lost their lives, as nearly as could be ascertainod, was Buildings destroyed Cattle " Value of personul property burnt To»vards replacing the losses of the sufferers there was contributed by New Brunswick, iSova Sco- tia, Canada, United States, and Great Britain The destruction to the forests of the Country was estimated at The salmon and other fish in the rivers were killed by the heat imparted to the waters ; and the bears and otlier wild animals subdued into lameness, and made to luijake their fe-ocity, and to take up their abode along the margins of the streams, in company with man, and the domestic animals of the e jiintry. The greater part of the various isolated settlers, with their familifb Kid property were destroyed, and many of the lumbermen, who, of course, were surrounded with resinous plants, and with trees and fallen timber, a ready fuel to the ilames, became a prey to tiie devouring elements, from which the only means left for escape was to Jlcc '' /u i/ie river. ''^ Leaving this mvilancholy scene, unparalleled in the history of the colonies, and viewing this region after an interval of twenty-nine years, we find it principally covered with a foliage of the hard-wood class, (which generally spring up on the removal of soft-wood) consisting of white and grey birch, and poplar, interspread occasionally with groves of beech, birch, maple, and other similar species, a^class of wood not so favorable to the ravages of fire. 160 persons, 6i)5 875 X227,713 13 6 X39,259 7 10 £500,000 203 * M Gulf of St. iously to the nd had been years; thus, the ground, lere we may )ni within a sintac river, cinity in the lother direc- ing both its of the coun- eheiiding. in L in the Pro- every where )ly testify, t of country ts trees and previous cen- dluvial depo- my thing for ounty, by its mattei, there as well as an L60 persons, 595 875 27,713 13 6 39,259 7 10 £500,000 eat imparted ito tameness, le along the io animals of with their men, who, of and fallen iig elements, river y the colonies, 3, we find it ich generally grey birch, , maple, and vagea of fire. 3 It may here be observed that the decayed leaves of these trees, annually falling to the ground, become manure, and tend to enrich the soil ; while those of the pine, spruce, and other soft wood varietioa, do not add much, if any thing, to its agricultural produce— 8uppo>*fing qualities. Hence the land, which was formerly principally covered with the last nnmed species of' timber, being stript by fire, in some places, almost to its subsui!. is now man- tled with a j^rowfh of trees of the average height of about thuty feet, and will no doubt, if those a'e allowed to attain the size of forest timber, be- come much better fitt"d for agricultural operations, than it ever has been hitherto, at least for many past cen'uries We know of no section of equal extent to this, or of the contiguous Piovince of Nova IScotia, so little diver- sified by hiiis, although it is undulating with alluvial vallies between its ridges ; the soil being naturally dry and light, so that no impedirnent except the streams was off'oted to the ravai^es of the fire. Area. Cicil Dicis'ious, (iinl Pf)/n(/fifir)ii. —This county, the largest in the Province, contain.-* an area of 2 980,000 acres, being sufficit^ntly large for three counties; and if it were so divided, each would, we have no doubt, from its compactness, make greater advances in the a;^gregate, than ilie whole now does as one over exten.sive and inconvenient county. Of th's a-ea, 986. 16S acres are granted, consequently, there are 1 998.832 still vacant; and out of this amount, there were, in j851, only 30.221 acres of cleared land leaving the immense extent of 2,949,779 acres still in a wiidern » dtate. !NorthumbeTland is divided by the Census returns into nine parishes, Avhich division we follow in our statistical tables at the end of our desctiptiou of the resources of the county. But by 14 Vict,, chap. 6, a new parish, de- signated Hardicickc, was laid off from the parish of Glettdg. North of the latter parish, is the parish of Chutham, containing ihe town of the same name ; and above ihese parishes, on the Miramichi river, follow in their order, and bounded by lines crossing the viver in a south easterly di- rection, the several parishes of Nelson, BJackvUle BlissJirJd, and Lud- lm-> ; on the north west side of the river, is the parish of Nttrthtsk, com- prehending the front of the four named, and indeed, about one half of the area of this large county. Below No'-thesk, and on the river, is situate the parisii of NewmsUa, which embraces the towns of Douglas-town and New- castle, the latter being the shire town ; and abutting on Newcastle to the eastwai-d is the parish of Alnwick ; making in all ten sub-divisions. The population of this county, in 1840, was 14,G20 And in 1851, . 1'^ 064 Being an increase of only 444 in eleven years ; while it appears by the census that the births amounted to 450 in one year. This county, in thif, respect, certainly presents on anomaly, as compared with all the oihe s in the Province. Tiio county of Kings, with a less population, increu..'d 4,378, while Restigouche has far exceeded this proportion within the saiae period. These figures confirm our previously obtained ideas of the agri- cultural capabilities of Northumberland ; they shew that the increase or decrease in its population depends on tlicfiuctuationsof lumbering and ship- building, and not on its agricultural operations. At the time the last cen- sus was taken, both these branches of industry were in a vei y depressed state : so that we are satisfied, from the fresh impetus rocei. ,y jriven to these pursuits, al-jng with the attention recently paid to agruuUure, that th« permanent population would, at the present time, shew » ten-fold pro- portional inorease to that appearing oa the census. I e "-i ''■'' ■-II ' f^^ 1 i-ij fl^fll 204 Rivers and Streams. — The Miramichi river, the third, in point of mag- nitude, in the Province, has its rise in the eastern part of the county of Victoria. Its affluents, which are numerous and extensive, drain all parts of the surrounding counties ; at a distance of thirty-five miles from its mouth, it branches into two great streams, known, respectively, as the North- west and Southwest Miramichi, and these again subdivide into a great num- ber of minor tributories, too numerous to detail : literally making the large extent of country through which they flow, a net-work of streams, among which the Kenous river, a northern tributory of the south-west branch, is the most considerable, and its navigation is now being much improved. The main river is navigable for vessels up to the junction, as arc both I anches for several miles above, and almost all their tributories are also navigable by boats and rafts nearly to their sources. Thus the greatest focilities are presented for procuring and bringing the riches of the forest to their places of shipment. The sum of ^£200 has been awarded, at the last session of the Legisla- ture, towards the improvement of the south-west branch of the Miramichi River. On the north side of the harbor are Bartibogue, Burnt Church, and Ta- busintac rivers. The two former are inconsiderable streams ; tbe latter, which is said to take its name from its being " the place of two families or persons," has its principal source in the county of Gloucester, and. although somewhat extensive, is not navigable, except for boats and rnfts. The rivers remaining to be noticed are the Napan, Black, Little Black, and Vin rivers, which are all small streams, and foil into Miram.ichi Bay, on the south side of the harbor. Thus the whole county is most advantageously drained from front to rear. Roads and Settlcmcnls extends along the whole sea-board of this coun- ty, as well as on the Tabusintac, Burnt Church, and Bartebogue rivers; on the first named stream there are some belts of good intervale, and it is densely settled ; the two latter are occupied almost to their sources. Na- pan Settlement has good roads, and extends nearly to the head of the river; Black, Little Black, and Yin rivers have also roads extending upwards from the sea-board, and are settled along their banks, as Avell as Avhere they are intersected by the great road from Kichibucto to Chatham. The Town of Cliatham is situated on the south bank of the Miramichi river, twenty-eight miles from its mouth. It is about one mile in length, following the meanderings of the river, and with an average width of one fifth of a mile ; it stretches along the side of an undulating hill, from the top of which a splendid view is obtained of the town, river, ships and manu- factories. The town has been badly laid out, as the front streets are both narrow and winding, and run obliquely to each other ; however, as the new streets in the rear, which are planned with more order and system, become filled up, as they have already commenced, with neat public and private edifices, the whole will present a more attractive appearance. ^J'he parish contained, in 1851, a population of o,80o inhabitants, and 500 houses, most of which "c'donged to the town. It includes five places of worship, two being iVesbyterian, one Episcopalian, one Methodist, and one Roman Ca- tholic ; also, a Temperance Hall, and l\Iechanics' Institute, three shipyards, six steam saw mills, a printing office, custom house, post office, book store, tannery^ and telegraph office, with a branch of the ('omiuorcial Bank, and H m\&m town of ("hatliam ; it is a!=;o somewhat irregularly jjiid out, but similarly situated with its o))po?ito neighbor, as regards the character of the ground, and facilities for its lutuio CAteiition. Large class vessels can be loaded at its wliarves : ships aic built here, and there are a number of stores and private Imildirgs. many of them wcfll constructed. On the same side of the river, ami four miles liiglu-r up, stands the town of Newcastle, the head (|uarters of the county : it is about one-fourth of the size of Chatham, As regards tlie j)lot on which it is built, nearly the same description will apply as we have given to the two towns last mention- ed, except that its streets, though not syntcniaticaHy laid out, are super- ior to those of Chatham. Its river IVoiiticr is lined with wharves and ship- yards, and the parish, including the town, contains four steam saw mills, with two more in course of erection : also, a number of water mills, among which is the old and far-i'anied esiabli^lmicnt of the firm of (iilmore and Llankin, which, long l>cfoie steam mills were erected In this section of the Province, supplied the markets of Croai Ihitain with large (|uantities of lumber. The town possesses the Court Mouse, dail, Probate Court, and other county requisites, with a number of public and [irivate edifices. As the timber and lumbering business, together with ship-building, have hitherto been the princijuil occupations of the inhabitants of this county, it follows that, wherever facilities were olleied, along the margins of the rivers, for booming, ship-building, the loading of ships, and the erection of mills, there the towns we have mentioned, together 'vith others now springing up, hare been located ; but if all were auKiigamatcd with the town of Chatham, and the Avhole were well laid out, they would form a city of no inconsider- able importance ; as it is, they are scattered along both banks of the river, from its mouth to lioistown, a distance of ninety miles ; for this distance there are various roads and settlements, but principality ce lined to the lo- calities possessing meadows and tracts of good land, The road from Chatham to Frederictou, about 1()1> miles, runs, for the great- er part of the way to iJoistown, along the nor th side of the river ; and a bridge is now being erected at the point where it crosses the North-west Arm. Settlement is extended up this stream, also, to a s{)0t ;it which its alHuents diverge in every direction ; and tliere is a tract of good land near its junc- tion with a stream bearing the name of tlie Little k>outh-west. The Napan river settlement, which is tliree miles from the town of Chatham, is flourishing, and is one of the best iti the county. A road, is being opened from the south-west to the settlements on Grand Lake, which will open the intermediate country for settlement. A^rUniUitrc. — The great body of the land of this county is, at present, unfit for agricultural operations : still, there are some small tracts of second class soil, and about 400,000 acres of third-rate (luality. Most of tliis is to be found up the rivers and streams, where there is a considerable quan- tity still ungranted, and along the sea shore. As roads arc being gradual- ly opened, these tracts will .sell lepay the industrious settlor; and a large number of additional families might be located in tliesc oituution?] with com- fort and dispatt'h. Mnuy of the old fnrmp, too, woid.d be better if divided, ■^ J ■\ > ! 206 too large for advantageous cultivation ; and thus a fresh stimulus would be given to the pursuits of the farmer. Notwithstanding the general charao* ter of the soil, however, it has been ascertaiTied. by repeated examples, that tho*e wh(» have confined themselves to their farms have lived much more con'ibrjnbly than tf'ose who have followed lumbering and fishing, or have vnited tlio three objects. Numerous instances could be adduced of parties having commenced on new fmnis. and having attained comparative ease, being tem})ted, by the Hvictiiating wages of the lumber contractor, to aban- don their farm- a step which has too often resulted in its los.^, and their consequent deprivation of a home; the same persons after spending years of the best portiorjs of their lives in the lun)ber wood; have sometimes re- turned to the abandoned and virtu:i''ly lost homestead : have repaired the dilapidated buildings --have recla'nicd the fie!il, a second time to regain their prope ty, thus twice l"st. ar:d ultimately to leave it to their famihes to enjoy Within the 1 st tluce years, agricultural pursuits have leceived a fresh Btimulu'i in this county pai ily on account of the lumber becoming scarce along the ujurgins of the streams, and partly in consequence of the atten- tion of the inh I iiants being more directly called to this subject, by the es- tat>lishment of an agiicuitural society. In the report of this society for 1851 2, are the following pithy remarks relating to the subject we have jast been discu^-'ing which, though bei'e Cwnfined to this county, are equal- ly apfilicatle to the Province at large. The passage in question runs thus : " The fact is. that our farmers (so called) never before looked upon farming as their sole occupation, or that by which they were to sustain themselves or their fart.ilies. There were few of us who could be properly denominated farmers ; fur, although located on lands known as our properties, farming was estcenied by mc/st of us as only a secondary consideration. Some were Jisldn^- farmers, some were hmibcmig farmers, and even stevadore* log- ging, or liircd-oKt farmers ; but very few were really and truly farmers, ond that only E.xperieuce. however, has at length taught us that the real farmer is a nnin Avhose habits, tastes and duties are so widely different from the hnbits. tastes and duties of the fisherman, lumberman, or stevadore, that to couple his business with either of these occupations, is to profit by neither of them '' The ropoits of this Society show the weight of various kinds of grain, exhibitcil at the annual Meeting, to be as follows : Wheat from 64 to 67 pouuds per bushel, Oats " 44 to 49 " " Bailey '' 54 to 56 ^' " Timothy Seed 40 to — " " These weights prove the grain producing capabilities of the county, which are not exceeded eithrv by the United States or Canada. A reference to theNapan Settlement, ah eady noticed, is a suflScient proof 1; *Stevadore, one whose bueiness it is to regulate the placing of timber or lumber in ships. • ' 207 or lumber in of the advantageous results invariably flowing from agricultural pursuits over any others. The inhabitants of this district have adhered but to one calling, agriculture, and they live comfortably, and are in independant cir- cumstances ; though this section, together with other parts of tlie county, have recently suffered much from drought, and the faihire of the potatoc crop. We have not witnessed, in any part of the I'rovincc, so much atten- tion paid to the preparation of compost, as in this county ; evidently shew- ing that any kind of far mini!; is givinf» place to scientitic agriculture. Minerals. — This county is within the coal district of ihe I'rovince, and although its outcrop has been discovered in some phices on the i> iramichi river, yet no attempt huvS been made even to ascertain its extent. The only limestone burnt is that bi^yught by timber ships as baihat, and it is not known that there is any to be found in the county. Indeed mineral sub- stances of any kind, useful in commercial operations, are said not to con- sist in this neighborhood, or it might rather more propeily be infeired that, in the absence of any proper exploration, the particular localities in which they do exist are not ' nown ; for there is no district in the Province of half this size, that does not contain some uscTui mineral substauce. Commerce. — The principal articles of export aic lumber, timber, fi?h, and ships. The timber growing character of the county, and the facilities afforded for its conveyance and manufacture by its numerous u,iA extensive streams, have rendered it th3 scene of extensive operations of this nature. The great quantity of lumber annually manufactured within the county, could not be inferred, merely from the number of saw mills it contained in 1851, being only eighteen, which, however, have much increased since that time, but from the fact that over the half of this number are driven by steam power, and the principal part of the remainder by powerful water wheels. Hence the mills erected on small streams have for ^ears been giv- ing way to others capable of greater usefulness, which will account lor the diminution in the number both of saw and grist mills, shewn in the tables of comparison. liarge pine, out of which square timber is mr\nufactured, is yearly be- coming more scarce and difficult to procure : and thence arises the increase in the production of sawed lumber, such as deals, battens, boaids, lathe- wood, &c. Ship-building is also a very important branch of industry ; the number of vessels built in this county during 18o4, amounted to eleven, averaging one thousand tons each. Fisheries. — The varieties of fish, and the facilities for procuring and marketing them, ure the same with those enjoyed in common by all the Gulf counties. The sa'.mon fishery of the Mirpmichi, which at no distant period of the history of the Country was so abundant, is beginning to be considered a matter of history only ; these fish have been taken Avilh bO lit- tle legard to season, and their places of resort have been bo disturbed, that very few, comparatively speaking, are new taken at all. Stream driving, the letting loose the saw-dust, and other disturbing influences, arising out of lumbering operations, are destructive to all river fisheries, but more es- pecially to the salmon, the haunts of which require tc be protected from such annoyances. A Society has within the last two years been organi.^ed in this county, called " The Miramichi Fishing Society," the object of which is declaied to be "to promote the extension of the river and gulf fisheries, to improve ■ I 1 Mi i - V*' I "i 208 the modes of catching, curing, barrelling, and inspecting fish^ to procure and publish information respecting the fisheries in other counties, and in every other judicious way to foster and encourage this branch of trade.'' (page 10 of its second report.) This {Society has done much good already by granting premiums on tlie catching and curing herring, raackarel, cod, and other fish : besides the distribution of the reports, which contain infor- mation on this subject well worthy of public iittcntion. There were oxportod fj-om this port in 1^(53, pickled Salmon, 390 barrels ; Basse, 118 bbls. ; Shad, 4r> bbls. : Herrings, a,72S bbls. ; vVlewives, 7,130 bbls. ; Eels, 20 bb!s. : ()y;iters. 20O bbls. ; Mackarel, 1(57 hbla. ; preserved Salmon, 102,500 pounds, and 29,000 pounds of preserved Lobsters. Port of Mulmich'i. — Value of imports in 18.')2, Jt74,0()5 " exports " C0,9C2 u imports in 1853, ox[)orts (( £117,750 78,778 Increase in imports £43,085 exports £17,816 The amount of revenue collected at this port on both imports and exports, up to the end of November, 1854, was £1 1,826, The harbors of the northern side of the I'mvince bemg closed by ice for about five montlis in every year, while those on the southern are open to all seasons, except the mouths of the tidal strciinis, which are only closed for about two months, gives to the ports of the l>ay of Fundy, a decided ad- vantage with regard to commerce. Mails, and otiier Diemis of transit. — Besides a communication by tele- graph to all the principal places in the ndjacent Provinces, and the States, there are three mails per week from Chatham to Kestigouche, Fredericton, the Bend, ISaint John, and from thence to all parts of the surrounding Co- lonies and the United States. The Port of Miramichi also, a good harbor, with eighteen feet of water in the shallowest part, and situate near the centre of the northern roast of the Province, affords every facility for water communication, not only with the other British iNorth American Colonics, and the United States, but with the ports of Europe ; hence arises its eligibility for the disembarkation of such immigrants as may be desirous of settling on the rich lands of Kent or Restigouche, or indeed in other sections of the Province. The Le- gislature has, 1855, granted £60 per annum for five ye.'irs, to encourage a steamboat to ply regularly, during tjje summer season, bet'.ve-an the towns of Chatham and Newcastle; also legislative encouragement is given towards run- ning a Packet between Chatham, Bedeque and Charlottetown, P. E. Island. Education. — This subject has received a fresh impetus within the last two years : In 1853, there were attending parish schools, 2,304 pupils. (( 1851, (( u 1,942 u WH li Shewing an increase in two years of 362 This in'^rease, though not to be compared to that of some of the otner counties, exceeds that in several of them, it is larger in proportion to its population, than that of the city and county of St. John, The inhabitants of this county are principally Euglish, Scotch and Irish, and their descendants. 209 )'*• > 00 S CD I C o ft a 3 a a S CO o 00 ^* o •• I o o "H CO 'H »^ e>i 1.-5 1.^ C'l o ©No •*«,-< o 6j—0 u" ?> [ ^_ X. Ci, o ■:' '-' o" »1«C4C1ClM'tiOC- X "T t-- © ».' 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C3 3 a O O 3 ;^ o^ .5 b * ^"--.^ S J. ^ ^Tm r- nr C «-» _. = JQ O ta S " _ o ^- 2|i, 9] .C 2d "O u .T iiii 210 my Pc_>ulation, Families, < Inhubltod houaea, < Places of worship, < _ c Gnst mills, ^ Saw milia, Land cleared, Qorsce, Neat Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Comparison, 1851, 1840, 15,004 14,020 1 1851, 1840, 2,282 2,282 \ 1851, 1840, 2 J 10 2,0:^7 \ ISf)!, 1840, 32 20 1851, 1840, 13 18 1851, 1840, 18 33 1851, lo40. 30,221 25,323 1851, 1840, 1.028 1,342 \ 1851 , 18-40, 8,808 0,003 1851, 1»40, 10,002 8,837 \ 1851, 1840, 3,397 0,125 \ Increaso in 11 yenra, 444. 0. " •• 79. " .« e. Decrcaao •' 6. Increaau •' 4,898. •' 80. 2,805. 1,705. Docrcaso " 2,728. Passing- Observations. — lv\ entering the Miramichi Bay at Point Es- cuminac Light House, ^ve pass Fox. Porta'.'C, Fgg, Vin, -md other islands, with which this harbor i;^ beauiiiully studded, and Vin Kiver, where stood the French Villngr- of 1673, Black and Napan rivers, and their line of set- tlements and vill igcs on th? west, and "liurnt Church and Bartibog rivers, with a similar extent of settlements stretching out in the distance, on the east. The latter river cal's lo mind tue citcumstanca of its having been Ouce the site of an Indian Convention in 1777 or 1778, at which it was de- termined to destroy V-'illiiun David-on, who is said to have been the first British Settler in the county, v "i** the few who had afterwards joined him, but which was fortunately prevented by the timely arrival of the Viper Sloop of War Ascending from the Middle island, on which phylan- thropy has built an asylum for those of our race who are nfBicted by a foreign contaoion, we pass Chatham, Douglas town, Newcast'e, and tiio train of selllemcnts that lino both sides of the river, with ships build- ing ard loading. On reaching Bcaubere's Island and Pcint, so called in memory of Pierre Beaubere, the French commander of that place, w© pass Faucet's Point, and Fort Cove, .vherenn, as well as on this island, for- merly Etood French Forts and arsenals, while on Beaubere Point was a town containing two hundred houses. Here too we review, retrospectively the many scores of years that have elapsed since those pioneers of our coun- \ry, whose labors and improvements, population, supporting and country defending, are new left in history s keeping ; and we can scarcely avoid com- paring the Miramichi of anciciit Acadia, a comparative wilderness, princi- pally under the dominion of the rcdman of the Ibrest, wliose race is now nearly extinct, with the Miramichi of New Brunswick, possessing a long line of thriving settlements, scattered over upwards of seventy miles on each side of its noble liver, with its agriculture, commerce, schools and churches, over the whole of which now reign peace, oider and tranquility and >^'hich afford aoaple supplies of food both lor man and beast. distal lhen( in ha alone the i; T head cepti at i-ii harb( besid two mill, 211 444. 0. 79. 0. i6. 4,898. 80. 2,805. 1,705. 2,728. \t Point Es- ther islaiida, wheto stood line of ect- ;ibog rivers, ance, on the Living been ;h it wag lie- icn the first joined liim, f'thc Viper lich phylan- fflicted by a t'e, and tiio ships build- nt, so called at place, \\q s island, for- Point was a tro3pectively of our coun- md country y avoid com- iiess, princi- race is now ssing a long ity miles on schools and tranquility at. COUNTY OP KENT. '• Th© county of Kent, bounded north by Northumberland , south by Queen's, and the lino run truo we.^t, by Deputy Palmer, in the year 1841, from ihe north end ot Shediuc Island, an ! oist by the Gulf of St, Law- rence, including all the islands adjacent thereto.'' NuiHiralioN- and Uivers. — 'J his County has a sea coast of 6) miles, and about 25 miles of river navigation, the latter accessible to vessels of from 100 to 150 tens; it is aUo traversed by numerous streams, among which the principal aro the Cocagnc, Litilo and IJig Buctoucho, liichibucto, Al- douin, Kouchibouguacis, and Ivouchibouquac rivers. At the entrance of the Cocagnc, the two Buctouche's and the Kichibucto, are good harbors which largo vessels can enter, passing over the bars with a considerable portion of their cargoes ; here we may again observe that all the harbors on tne north eastern coast are ousciucicil by sand burs, driven in by storms, w.Mch form terious impedimenta to the inland navigation of this valuable section of tho Province; however, tho removal of these bars ij now una. r the consider- utioMof tlie Piovinr.ial Covernnient ; and, should it beetlectul. the future com- merce of the Gulf harbors wiil possess an important and decided advantage. The Cocagnc ar.d IJig Duclouthe take their lise in va estmoreland county, and arc navigable i .ir rafts and boats, the former twenty- five and the latter for upwards ol thirty ruileSjfor ten of which it is capable of receiving Steam- boats. The iiichibuct') is navigable for river steamers and for rafid and boats for upwards of forty miles from its mouth ; it has numerous tributorics deep enough for rafts fur a considerable distance. The other streams extend from fifteen to tw, nty-five miles towards the interior of the county. Sub'livisions. — The county of Kent contains an area of 1,026 400 acres, 640i002 of which are still vacant; out of the whole, fj5,496 acres had been cleared, in 1851; it consists of seven parishes, viz: the scabonrd beginning at the "VVestrnoreland line, is divided into four, Dundas, Wellington, Hichi- bucto and Carlton ; the parish of Weldford lies at the back of Hichibuc- to, and all bound on one common rear line ; the two remaining parishes being Haicourt iu the southern, and Iluskisson in the no'thern part of the county. Roads and Se((lenients-—'i!he i^ost road leading from Shediac passes near the frontier of the county in a north-east direction; this line of road is densely settled from Shediac to Cocagnc, and from thence to Buctoucbe, at both which places villages are springing up, wher*^ the business of the sur- rounding country is being concentrated. From Buctouelic to liichibucto, th-i county town, the land is not go well settled on the road, but at a jliort distance both to the westward and eastward, settlements are compact ; from thence to the county of Is'ortLumberhind. the land is poor and meagre, and not inhabited e.'ccept on the streams, where there are some thriving settlements; along the seaboard also, in the direction of Point Escu:. inac Lighthouse, the land is geneially settled. The Town of Rklubiicto, formerly called Liverpool, is situate nt the head of the harbor of the same name, and on a flat ascending almost imper- ceptibly from the front. Its streets are of good wiJth. and laid out neatly at right angles to each other, the principal running i early parallel to tho harbor ; the town is ubout three quarters of a mile in length, and contain?, besides the public buildings of the county, a telegraph office, Town Hall, two places of Worship, Grammar School, two shipyards and a steam saw mill, with some very neat stores and private cottages. W I: 212 I r Ij I On the south bank of the mouth of tho Richibucto river, and three miles from tho town, stands the village of I^ingston; tho streets of which aro Bjstematically laid out. It contains a Town Hall, two places of worship, a po3t office, steam nixvf mill, and two shipyards, at which, as well as at those of Richibucto, large class vessels arc built, to the average amount of from four to six thousand tons per year; and on a point of land about half way between these t\AO places, there is a hospital for sick and disabled seamen. The land jmmedi:itely round those tov,-n3 is poor, and not capable of repay- ing the labors of the agriculturist. lloads and selticrnents extend up both sides of the Cocagne for ten miles, along the little Buctouche for five mil-^s, and on both banks of the big liuctoucbe as far ;i.s tlie Maclocklan Road, a distance of fifteen miles. Tho Richibucto Hiver is also settled on both sides, for thirtv miles, in the direc- tion of the Beckwith ro.^l; and the Galway, a thriving settiemeut, extends from this river, southerly, nearly parallel with, and about a mile, from tho poat road. 'L'lie sefilenients on the Aldouln and tiie rivers Iving between Richibucto atid Northumberland, do not reach i'ar beyond the jjost road, tho land generally not being so good as that on the other rivers we have des- cribed. The brst land on the post road is that on the frontier of the county, be- tween Shediac and Richibucto; though for agricullaral purposes, it is not equal to that on the Richibucto, liuctouohe, and Cocagne rivers, Tho soil iii of a light dry substance, and by no means good land j yet it produces fiir crops of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes, re- qaiiiiig. h )\vcver. large «i!(>y'lies of manure to render it productive. From its extensive seaboard and uumcious rivers, as well as from some upland deposites of alluvial mutter to be found between the undulating hills, there are good facilities for mixing the upland and sea alluvium, and thereby forming an excellent compost, which would render the arable lands far more productive, without the necessity of keeping a large stock for that purpose. Between the Bend of the Petitcondiac, in Weotmoreland, and the head of tho Kouchiboiiguacis river, there is the best land in this county ; a road was projected about twenty- sev(;n years ago, from the Bend to the Richibucto river, a distance of a])aut thirty miles; this road was opened by Col. Cock- burn, and was cailod the iMaclocklau road, from the name of the Surveyor who ran the line. Townships were laid off for the })urpo3e of being colo- nized from tli^ uiolher country; but after bridges had been thrown over tho Cocagne and !)oth brunches of the Big Buctouche, and the road had been rendered passable, the whole project failed, in conseip.u.'nce of deaths, and other ad verses on the part of some of its projectovs. Thus this rich tract of country lay uulocated until the year 18.32. when the writer, under tho direction of the Surveyor General of the Province, laid out three townships, each being five niiles vS(piare. and contnining one hundred lots, of one iburth of a mile in breadth, and one mile in length, thus fornnng a fartn of luO ocre3. These Townships are de->ignated as tho North, i^outh. and Middlo Townships, atul are on each side of the Maclocklan road ; a large portion of tho land is hi-hly adapted for seltleiiient. and there are ninery lots on the main roads lit for farms : at every two miles, through tht^ Township^", cross roads a'e Liid out. running towards the coast ai.-i meeting tho roads loading westerly frouj the frontier settlements at 8hediac, CoCitg^e, Buc- •touobe, and Uiohibucto. Thmf) Jot;? not fronting on Ow. Maclocki.ui road 213 three miles ■which aro of worship, as at thoso mt of from It half way led seamen, e of repay- r ten miles, of the big ijiles. Tho 11 the direc- ut, extends le, from tho ng between ist road, tho ^e have dcs- county, be- poses, it is igno rivers. ^ood land ; Dtaioes, ro- ;ive From ome uplard ating hills, uvium, and irable lands ock for that the head of a road was Richibucto Col. Cock- e Surveyor ing colo- wn over tho id had been deaths, and rich tract under tho townships, ' one i'ourOi 11 ni of luO mil Middlo v^c puition et V lott4 on (iwnship^, tlie ruads ;agne, Buc- )ckl.ui road aro bounded on these cross roads, so that a proper system has been pursued with reference both to the location of the roads and lands, which the local Surveyor of the district, Robert Douglas, Fsq., is carefully observing in the location of all land:J to the eastward : and the result will be that as this part of the county becomes cleared and farmed, it will present the best lo- cated settlement of its extent in this Province. The c.os^ roads may in fu- ture be prolonged westwardly from these townships towards the setilements on the Salmon river; which will open up one of the best ar.d most exten- sive districts of good land to be found between Sussex Vale in King's, and Bathurst in the County of (xloucester. As an illustration of the character of the soil of these townships, the writer, ia making the survey, noted about 250 lots fit for cultivation, out of 300, the wiiole number coiituined in the three townships. Since this survey was made about one seventh part of the tillageable lota have been granted, thus leaving up'vards ol" 200 lots still disposable. From the point of intersection of the Maclocklan road and the Richibuc- to river, there are two roads branching oiV westwaidly ; one leading to Fro- dericton about SO miles, called the Jiuckwith road, on which there aro a number of lots located, aud where fifty or sixty families could be sealed on good land, the other, known as the Harley roacl, running from nearly tho same point, to the settlement, on the Salmon river at the head of the Grand Lake, a distance of forty miles, but some of the Imd on this road is not so well cilculated for yetilcment. From the head of stcnni navigation on the Richibucto to the head of steam navigation on the fcaiiiion river, (which empties itself into the river Saint John) it is only forty-two miles ; so that the mails and passengers from tho northern part of the Ptovinco could bo transport d by this route, dating ihe summer, in loss time, with less cx- p3nco. and certainly with more case and comfort to the passenger?, than by the present coach route ; and the level nature of the country may be cn- ferred from the fact that the head waters of these opposite rivers are on this line, not more than three miles apart. If the Maclocklan road were produced, in a parallel direction to the post road, to Douglas Town, and thence to Newcastle on the Miramichi river, a vast tract of good laml would be opened for settlement . and this exten- sion would not only save twenty miles of stage coach travelling between Saint John and Newcastle, which would amount to one hundred and twenty miles in a week, or C,2i0 miles a year, no inconsiderable item, but would also pass through a district of which upwards of forty miles is highly cal- culated for agricultural oj)erations Besides these advantages, in conse- quence of the great extent of bridging retp-iired near the sea coast, it would not re(|uirc more than one fourth of the expenilituie on the present road to keep it in repair. As regards land for settlement, both in respect to extent and nnality, thcro is no part of tiie Pi'ovince, from Koi^lignuche. I'jUowirg it^ f-astrrn and southern bound iry, to the l)order8 of Maine, that presents such excellent facdities. Here is a tract of land, extending throu'ih a portion of the nioro northeily parts of We.".tmoreland, and themv northwards almost to North- umberland, containing about 0^0.000 ai'rcs, the principid ]>:irt of which is highly cilculated Ibr agrJculturo. and will v.ell repay the iiidustrious farmer. Three thousand familiiH would (Ind farms here, in addition to those already located. The soil is generally different from that towards the frontier (which IS light nnd atony), bemg iatci'spersed xvitb many epote uf Alittvid dejjtt£ii«. -I 214 i 'I 'i'l! I'l' S II ilv. ill Commerce. — From the extensive sea board and internal water communica- tiora of this county, it possesses every requisite to become a thriving commer- cial district; inasmuch as, besides these advantages, its coasts and riveri abouni with all the varieties of fish, found in the straits of Northumberland, and 113 wilderness is stored with abundance of timber for shipbuiidng and ex- portation. In addition to the two steam saw mills at Kichibucto there are two others at Buctouchc, besides which, there were in 1851, no less than 29 water mi!l.< for the manufacture of lumber. There are excellent facilities for shipbuilding at Cocagne, Buctouche, and Richibucto • and it was formerly carried on at each of these places to a con- siucrable extent; but recently this branch of industry has been pursued with avidity only at the last named port, where large class ships have been built for the Briiish and other markets. A communication from that place is kept up, during the summer months, by steam boit with Prince iidward Island ;md Shedmc, and by sailing vessels with all the other sea ports on these coasts. Though there is every opportunity for fisheries, yet there are no regular fishir; J establishments on the coast of this county; the inhabitants tako a few lor their own use, and let the rest go to sea again; and the only busi- ness of any import.ince done in this respect is in the taking of oysters ; several cargoes of which have been sent irom Buctouche, and other parts of the cou^t, up the ISt. Lawrence to ports in Canada, where Buctoucho oysters are hold in high and deserved estimation. The markets of iSaint John and Halifax have also received supplies of this invaluable fish from the same source. On the complotiun of the European and North American Railway, this ariicle, inde}.en 1,1 r,2' 945 10 4,375 •« Oats, 20.174 23,764 17,032 20,516 16,722 01O 99,120 *' Buckwheat, 1,166] 1,804| 765 4,242 3.24G 94 11,377 •• Indian corn. 110 395 1,109 1.24^ 3. 220 *• Potatoes, \ 97,591 41,577 75,713 87,387 02,311 1,040 3C5,J19 •The statistics for tho parish of lluskissou arc included in thoso of the adjoin '"n^ parishes. Comparison, Population, Familirs, Inhabited houso", Fkoes of worship. Grist milLi, 1851, 1840, 11,410 7,477 1851, 1840, 1,739 1,188 1851, 1840, 1,607 1.140 1851, 1840, 21 18 1851, 1840, 13 13 K iQcroafo in II years, 3,033. \ " •• 551. I u .. 407. i •' " o. lux Q. ! ■ li ■t I "I ir !i Saw mills, Land cleared, Horses, Neat cattle, Sbecp, Svrino, 5 1851, } 1840, I 29 31 1851, 35,496 1840, 20,413 1851, 1,507 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 881 5,402 3.579 9,092 G.684 5,859 4,923 Decrease in 11 years , 2. Increase ti 15,083. • 1 <( 626. t( II 1,823. :> For the distance of about twenty miles round the shore of the head of the Bay, dykes have been erected to prevent the marshes from being over- flown at high water, and the mouths of the rivers are generally crossed by aboideaus, and also bordered by dykes, which exclude the tidal >vater8 ; still there are large quantities of alluvial lands near the heads o" tt^se rivers, which, although reclaimed from the sea, consist of bogs and shallow lakes, not yet converted into what is locailly called "marsh.' The lands^irting the bays having received a larger portion of the muddy sedimentlsCTO held in solution by the sea water, have become more elevated than these parts near the heads of the rivers, but, still, owing to the great rise and fall of the tides, not sufiiciently so to prevent the drainage of the lakes and bogs into the bays at low water. This is eftected by digging canals or large ditches from the shores to the lakes to be drained, witii embankments on each side to prevent the intermediate marsh land from being overflown, and sluices at the mouth, permitting the egress of the fresh water during the ebb, but preventing its return with the flood tide. When the bed of the lake is sufiiciently drained, this sluice is removed, and the sea water depo- siting its enriching sediment, to the extent, frequently, of liaU'an inch, and upwards, every twenty-four hours, much valuable marsh is speedily formed. The soil of the marsh land immediately bordering on the bay and the lower part of the rivers, is a deposit of marine alluvium, composed, in a great measure, of a line silicious matter, and is called red marsh. Other lands more remote are more clayey, and are termed blue marsh ; while that adjoining the upland and near the sources of the streams is of a loose and earthy quality. There are also large (quantities of similar marsh land, of the best quality, skirting both sides of the Petitcoudiac and Memraracook rivers. The marshes bordering on the Straits of Northumberland are of a differ- ent description of soil from those of the Bay of Fundy ; they are composed of a mixture of upland and marine alluviuijQ — that from the upland being generally light ; and the waters of the Gulf not containing much sediment, it follows that this soil is also light and highly saline. It produces, in its natural state, a kind of hay called " salt hay,'' which is eagerly sought for both by cattle and sheep. When dyked, however, this land yields e(|ual- ly as great burthens of broad-leaf as that adjoining the Bay of Fundy ; though it is one of its characteristics, owing, probably, to its ligiit and por- ous nature, as well as to its being constantly and strongly impregnated with salt, that it cannot easily be made to produce the clover and timothy gras.s which is so luxuriant on what is termed English marsh, the quantity of which is rapidly increasing on the Bay of Fundy. The area and value of these marshes uiay be stated as follows : 30 m ■ii .3 i . m i: I M I* ■ w ■ 'i^';: 319 In the paria' ei of f?r\ckv]n« and Weatmoreland, p.t the h^ad of the Bay, tlioro arc, producing hay and grain, 14,000 acres. And parti'*]'/ prodactive only, about 16,000 30,000 5,000 5,000 £200,000 £40,000 £15,000 Making a totul cT Which may bo valued at In otlicr parts o? the county, of diked marsh, Worth, pi'obably, about Aiid of marsh only partially productive, Of the valuj of Thus the ontirc quantity of alluvial land, of this dc3cripti( n, in the county of Westmoreland, is 40,000 acres, amountinji. in gross value, to <£'255,000. Xhere arc also at the head of the same Bay, but en tho Nova Scotia side of the boundary, tracts productive of hav and grain to the extent of l:i,000 acres. Partially productive, 8.000 " Makino: tOL'othcr, • 20,000 " Which may bo '5>-orth uboui XI 1 0,000 Thus wo SC3 that there ave around tho head -waters ot tho Bay of Fundy 26.000 aevos of tl.o b' t quality, and v.'hich produce aniiUaily. upon an aveva'j'e, i\ '?'>. one and i inlf io tv.'o tons of hav to the acre. Some of this maish land Las been yjoli^jn'r boy for upwards of sixty years, Aviihout ma- nuiu or any other app'i:inces. How n.uch longer it may continue to do so, without having its fertility renewed by tho waters of the Bay of Fundy, the original rourcc of its productiveness, or some other cpyli'^mcO; is a ques- i,on ".vliich time alone c;u. decide. Tiie soil, at the present time, in many pLces, has 'lecoine much exhausted, and docs not produce so much, either in quality or quantity, i^s it did tv/^'nty years ngo. It is true that the saline pioper'ties of the water would tem[ior.;rily destroy the vegetation, but there can be no d^uU iha'' the sediment it would leave lehind would renew tho soil, ar:d impart to it an invabia'lc richu'. .-. In consequence of the proximity of numy of the settlements in this coun- ty to these rich marshes, the faimers. in general, have, until very recently, depended on these sources for tbe principal pait of thvir suj.piy of hay, instead of raising it from tho upland alluvial, wiih which ahnust every farm abounds ; this has tended to render the raising of stock, in the moro remote seitleinonts. less remunerati\'e tlian it otherwise would have been; and thus it has happened that almost all the hay produced in the county in 1851, nearly r>4,00ij tons, was raised on the niiush lands. Roads. — The Avliole e>:t(.'rnal portion of this county is belted with good roads, 'iho high road from lialihix to Saint John jiasses through it, by way of Sackviilc, Dorchester, and the Bend. Tho reads from the Bend to Shcdiac, tVom thence to Bay Veitc and to Sackviilc ioiniuii the j^reat road there, arc also good mail roads, and they are almost all well settled. From these main aricries. cross roads diverge, in all directions, to new settlements, besides many new ones in couriie of construction. Thus the whole county, ■with tho exception of tnat part of it bordering on tho county of Kent, into which roads arc now penetrating, is hterally a net-work of roads and streams. Mlnc}-(ds. —The principal minerals, whoso existence is as yet known in this county, are coal, gypsum and limestone. £200,000 £40,000 .£15,000 I the county £255,000. sova Scotia le extent of s. £110,000 y of Fundy ly, upon an i?onio of this iviiliout ma- lue to do so, r of Fundy, 0; is a ques- iie, in many iiuch, either t the saline n, but there d renew the n this coun- ry recently, iply of hay, must every ia the moro have been ; le county in d with good ough it, by the Eend to e ^reat road lied. From settlements, hole county, f Kent, into f roadd and it known in S19 The outcrops of coal have been discovered at Bcllevciux village and Dor- chester, and on the baulvs of tho Memramcook, Ssadouo, bhemogue, and Tedish rivers, as Avell as in various other parts of the count}'; but to wnat extent in any of the^o places, has not yet been ascertained, a: very little has been raised. Gypsum and limestone have been found on tho Petitcoudiao river, near the King's county lino. Grindstone exists in abundance on the Scadouo river, where a factory has been in actual operation for soma years. An exc3llent quality of the samo description of stone has also bsen discoverel on tho Bvy of Fundy, and in other parts of the county, in rao^t of which facdities present tlieuiselves for the erection of water power machinery. There is a large body of freostona between the Petitcoudiac and the Memramcook rivers, to quarry which an incorporated company has recenlly been established. Fisheries. — The shid fishery of the Bay o^' Fundy, and Cumberland Basin, and the Iierring, cod, maekarel, and gasporcaux fi.sherios of tho Northumberland Straits, must yet afford profitable employment to a largo population : these fr-ilieries aic all in roality of vast imfiortauce, not only on account ot tho groat quantities of Hsh that inii^ht bo tikon; but of the great advantages afforded by the harbors and rivers, as well as the ficilities pre- sented by the geographical position of the county, for marketing these pro- ductionP) of the deep Shipbuilding^ is being carried on with much spb-it in this county; there were built ux L^ol. twenty vessels, tho united t'lnmige of which amount to to l6.80i.' tons' buvLiitn--the smallest being of 2G0 and the largest of 1400 tons. These vessels were constructed after the most approved models, and all principally of the best material — hacmatac ; they would tlnM-efoi-e class high. This liranch of business may continue to be pursued at the Bend, Dorchester, Sackville, Ciy Verte, Shediac, and other places, where abun- dance of timber can be procured, lor many years to come. Thus we see that this county, from its geograpliieal position, its agri- cultural capabilities, it^ mineral lesource.s, and iis extensive internal and ex- ternal waters, aboundiug in every variety of Cr-h fourd on the American coasts, po.-'sesses evci-y requisite for advancement in commerce, and in every other branch cf imlustry. JRaccs.—Ahowi two thirds of this county is inh;ihiteu lyE:;;.;Vh, Scotch, and Irish, and their offspring ; tho rcmainin^ thirtl i;5 peopled by the des- cendants of the Anvli.ui Fronch. Edurj '/o/i.—The county of WV-tmoreland. in 18")!, had nnnty pavticipnl*. in and are sensible of tho advantages of education. The Academy at Sackville has been in operation for ten years, and r?; fc- ijaale Acadjemy vvatj o^emcd iit i\ik isamft place in 1S5*. Xki attendaRco cf 1:1 11'''*. ^ !:;■' 220 pupils at these two institutions, at present, exceeds 200, and they are still on the increase. There are schools of a higher order at the Bend, Shediac, at Westmoreland at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and at Amherst in No- va Scotia ; thus affording the rising generation of this county the amplest means for every species of instruction, Svb-(livisiof/s. — This county is subdivided into seven parishes, namely, the Parish of Dorchester, -which is the shire town of the county, situate on the eastern side of the Pctiticoudiac, below the Bend; Sackville. which lies northward of Cumberland Basin ; the parish of Westmoreland, running along the Nova Scotia boundary ; Botsford, the most easterly part of the Province, extending from Bay Yerte and Cape Tormentine to the Aboush- agon river; Shediac lying around the harbor of that name; and Monkton, and Salisbury, which lie between the parish of Shediac and King's County line ; the latter being the most westerly parish in the county. In the following description the reader is presented with the peculiarities of each parish in detail. Parish nf Dordu'Mer. — The village of this name is situate near the southern end of the Parish, and contains the Court House, Probate and and Record Offices. Post Office, Telegraph station, and other public build- ings and offices, with a number of neat private edifices. The land is dry and gravely, and when improved is very productive. On both sides of the ^Momramcook, or Dorchester river, which runs northerly through the parish, and on which there are extensive tracts of dyked rnarsh of the best quality, the upland is densely settled. It is a good agricultural district, and yields lari^e quantities of the usual productions of the Province. Shipbuilding is carried on near the town, where a steam mill is erected. SaclcviUe. — Tbis rich and flourishing parish was granted under the great seal of Nova Scotia, previous to New Brunswick being constituted a sepa- rate Province, in rl^/i/s (as they were called) of 500 acres each ; each right contained different allotments of marsh and upland, and by far the greatest part of tlie Tantramar marsh is within the Imiitsof this parish, and was thus granted. A considerable extent of the land between Sackville and Dorchester, especially in the direction of the post road from Saint John to Ilalifa.x, is entirely unfit for settlement ; there is also a portion of the northerly part of the parisli liable to the same objection. Still there is a very extensive tract of good land capable of cultivation, extending for se- veral miles to tlic Avestward of the Tantramar marsh, a large portion of which is under a high state of cultivation. At Ca[)c Ma)anguin there are largo (juantities of grindstones shipped to the United States : and ship building is carried on to a considerable extent at the entrance of the Trantramar river, where a steam gaw mill has been recently erected. A'^essels can enter the mouth of the Tantramar, and the other rivor,^ at the head of this bay, during the whole year, with the excep- tion of about tea woekr, in the depth of winter. Thf two A(';!(lcniie.s already noticed, the buildings, together with other edilicos counectcd with them, are very prominent ornaments to the village. The W(!sifiu margin of the marsh may be called a continued village for nearly ten milc^, commencing at the mansion of Judge Botsford, at West- cock, a spot, the beauty of which would well repay the traveller for the trouble of a visit ; the farms are neatly laid oft", and the cottages, inter- spersed wiih stores and public buildings, tend to render this place one of the pleaaautest in the Province. To add to its attraction the traveller may enjoy 1^ 221 |;-i bey are still id, Shediac, lerst in No- the amplest 108, namely, r, situate on !. which lies k1, running part of the he Aboush- d Monkton, ig's County peculiariticg te near the 'robate and ublic build- land is dry sides of the I the parish, icst quality, and yields I is erected, er the great ited a sepa- each ; each by far the parish, and n Sackville Saint John rtion of the II there is a ling for se- portion of shipped to able extent 11 has been ar, and the the excep- with other the village. village for l1, at West- ler for the ages, inter- 3 one of the • may enjoy from its high lands, as well as from Fort Cumberland, in the a.ljacent parish of Westmoreland, one of the finest and most variegated landscapes to be found in the low :v Colonies. The Agricultural capabilities of the parish may be said to be very exten- sive and capable of su})porting a much larger population. A weekly and sometimes a more frequent communication by steamboat, has been kept up during the greater part of the year between hero and St. John. Westmorelainl. — This parish, as well as Sackville, was granted, in rights, previously to New iirunswick being separated from Nova Scotia. Nearly one third of its area is under cultivation, and it includes a portion of the Tantramar marsh ; there are also extensive tracts of marsh land near the mouth and along the banks of the Missiquash, which separates this parish from Nova Scotia; and at the head of the Bay Verte we find other marsh land, though of somewhat inferior quality. There are about 25,000 acres of uncultivated land, 20,000 of which, as well as the bulk of the land now under tillage, is well adapted for settlement. In comparing the returns of 1840 with those of 1851, it will be seen, that notwithstanding the facilities for improvement possessed by this parish, its population has only increased 187 in eleven years, while it has exceeded the other parishes of the county, except Botsford and Shediac, in the extent of land cleared within the same period. It has long been in contemplation to construct a canal near the boundary line of the two Provinces, to unite the Bay of Fundy and Bay Verte; the distance is only fifteen miles, and so level, that if the slucies for inclosing the marshes at the head of each br.y were removed, the two tides woukl How to within three miles of each other, leaving only this short distance of table land of very moderate elevation, to separate their waters. Both bays present good opportunities for carrying on extensive fisheries, the Bay of Fundy for shad, and Bay Verte for herring, gaspereaux, ling and mackarel. The Railway from Halifax to Saint John, will traverse this parish, in a north easterly and south westerly direction ; and a depot will in all proba- bility be erected at its intersection with the boundary line x-^ the two Pro- vinces, where, no doubt, a town will spring up. lio/sford.— Tina parish has a seaboard of fifty miles on the Bay Verte and Noi thuniberland Straits. Agriculture, for which the principal part of the parish is well adapted, is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The land from its proximity to Prince Edward Island partakes much of the same character. There are large quantities of marine alluvial deposits on the shores and of fresh water deposites in the interior, both of which being mixed with other ingredients as compost, arc used as manure. The greater part of the coast is settled, and the parish presents facilities for improve- ment, and for an increased population. Shipbuilding is carried on at Shemoguc and several places on the coast, but principally at the mouth of the Gaspereaux river, on each side of the division lino, between this parish and Westmoreland. The banks of this river supply large (|uantities of ship timber, as well as the means for its transport and manufacture. A village called Port Elgin has sprung up near its mouth, where eight years ago, there was little else but wilderness ; within that period the number of buildings has increased from four or five to upwards of forty, of which seven are stores ; and two wharves have been constructed. A weekly sailing packet runs, dwring the summer, from this b^le port, to Charlotte Town, X*- E. Island. km lii^ ■i '■ ' i: ■■ ■ •'■ '■'.. . .' ^^ ' ^ ■:. f : 1 1 . '- i ■ 1 .'B , "1 l! 1 :r ,;. ■'■■> 'V 222 li (i •5 men, 1,091, 1,091, XI, 062. (( iShediac!, formerly called Gediac. The parish is destined to become one of the richest and most populous parishes in the county. The Gulf ter- minus of the European and North American Railway is intended to bo placed here, which must ooncentrate on its harbor the principal part of the trade of Prince Edward Island, and of the coast of the two Provinces, from the Gut of Cnnso to the river St. Lawrence, as well as that of the interior, and the scvck \ rivers of the northern section of New Brunswick. The station is proposed to be placed near the south east side of the harbor, from whence the road will run to the Bend, a distance of seventeen miles, and ultimately to Saint John and the United States. There is a quarry of ex- cellent buildinji; stone on the banks of the Seadoue river, which has been ueed m the railway works ; and another of grindstone of good quality, which is ex^oasivoly manufactured on the spot ana exported to the U aited States. Although a cousiderablo portion of this parish is unfit for settlement, yet along tiie sea board and on the Shediac river, and the tributories of the Cocagho, the soil is f;ood, and there is abundant room for the formation of a large .•settlement. At the head of the harbor there is a steam saw mill where considera')ie quantities of lumber are nu.nufactured. A weekly steamer plys between this place and IlichibuctO; Bedeque, and Chiirlottc Town, and there nrc also two sailing packets making weekly trips to BKleque in Prince Edward Island. The trade of this port, in 1853, was as follows : Vessels inward, 222, tonnage, 21,226, " outward, 222, " 21,226, The amount of revenue collected in the same wa?, Parish of Monlcton. — The chief town in this parish, was, till lately, called " The Bend," taken its name from its situation on a bend of the Pe- titicoufliac river ; but it was incorporated in 1855, under the name of ^^ the Toicn of Moiiklon,' and divided into three wards, each electing three councillors, with a mayor and proper provisions for its municipal government. The town was originally laid out without much rcrrard to regularity or system, though the principal street runs parallel to the river, from which the othev:^ br.inch in an oblique direction, the thoroughfares are narrow but many of the houses arc neat and well buiU, and it may be hoped, as it now bears the rank of a town, a better regard to regularity will bo observed, in the new buildings and location of the streets. The place presents on the whole, a business like appearance, and it possesses two banking establish- ments, the Westmoreland, and a 'c::/.:!"!! of the Commercial bank of New Brunswick : together with a printing press, where a weekly newspaper is printed. During nearly ten months of the year, a tri-wcekly steamer runs to the city of Saint John, calling at Dorchester and Sackville. Shipbuild- ing is c:u'riod on t'» a great extent; and this branch of industry, together with the progress of the niilway, and the depot about to bo erected, cannot fail to add greatly to its future p.o.^perity. A steam saw mill for lumber, ^vith provision for other manufacturing operations, has been erected. There are several thriving settlements in this part of the county, the principil of which arc Irish Town, and there along the banks of the river ; a large tract of good land still ungranted, will be found to the northward where two or three hundred families could be easily and expeditiously set- tled ; it is well watered by the Shediac and Cocagne rivers. Erom the ratio of prcgression made in this parish for the last fifteen years, it may be calculated that it will double itself in a period somewhat less than f Parlali 'if ^al'idntry, — With the ezctjptioo of Ibe iatervalo become one Q Gulf ter- nded to be part of the incos, from he interior, vick. The [irbor, from miles, and arry of ex- 1 has been ility, which ited States, leraent.yet iries of the raation of a ■ mill where ideque, and weekly trips 1,091, L,091, 1,062. till lately, I of the Pe- G name of cting three overnment. iguknty or from which narrow but I, as it now bserved, in cuts on the cstablish- iik of New 'wspapcr is earner runs Shipbuild- ^ , together ted, cannot for lumber, ted. ounty, the the river ; northward tiously set- From the , it may be four year" along "IB 223 valley of the Petiticoucliac, the land in the front of this parish is generally of an inferior quality ; that in its north west portion is much better, but additional roads are required to render it available for settlement. In con- sequence of there being so much bad land along the line of railway and tho mail road, agricultural operations in this parish aio iii..^h rv.tardcd. A depot will probably be established on tlio railroad, about twenty miles to the Avestwavd of the Bend, by which there is no dou^t that trade will bo concentrated and agriculture will receive a fresh impulse. Mails and ol/ur irarfUim^ J'acl/i/ic.^. — The Halifax mail on its way to and from Saint John, Canada, and tho United States, traver.-cs seventy miles of this county, each way, three times a week ; and there is also a tri-weekly mail to the northward through Kichibucto, jMirnmichi and the Bay Chaleur, which runs from \hc Bend through its northern section for a distance of twenty miles ; another branch mail goes from Sackvillc to Bay Verte, fifteen miles, twice a week, and is continued once, in the same period, to Cape Tormentine and Shediac, a further distance of si.vty miles ; so that there are B)5 miles of tho roads of the county on which post and way offices are established, besides local couriers to new (jV move remote settle- ments. Tiierc are also 120 miles of the electric tcle^j.ph line, with five operative stations. The European and North American Railway, running through tho heart of the county for seventy miles, cannot fail to add greatly to its trade, and and it po3.sesses the advantages of steam navigation on the Jiay of Fundy, for nearly ten months, and by way of Bay Yerte and tho Straits of North- umberland for seven months in tho year. The winter transit of tl.o mails from Cape Tormentine in this County, to Cape Traverse in Piince Edv.'ard Island, has been alro.idy noticed ; and it is to be hoped that some means may bo found for improving this dangerous passage, the only route cf communication open to tho Island for several months in the year Projioscd Chi'j^ncrto and Bay Vcrtc Canal. — The magnitude of the trade of the Bay of Fundy, including tho ports of Saint John and Saint Andrew's, has been already shewn; that of the north eastern ports of the the Province is scarcely le?s important, and the thriving Island of Prince Edward, with its 70,000 inhabitants, is annually increa^^ii:^ its general trade. A ready and safe connection between these seats of commerce has long been wanting. But independent of this material consideration, the fisheries of the Gulf cf St. Lawrence have annually attracted from o o X CO = Tf CO -r M o ■>4< CI M -^ 1- d o 1- ji cT oT r "-^ cf cf r<5 o' O ir:' lo" c-i c^f ^ ?-? -f — -r o oc oot- ic —1 —1 c -« r-ci — c t- j-j -r » i-O '?! C< ft,X.6l C^J fC "O -^"^ 9 ^ "-I cr^c-f-ti" o'er i-T _„ 1 lO-JOCCJOOi-i'MOOffCX— <'»'»0»-l-t«0 Oco-r— 'O'j^-to coioioio»-H— HOirt S O^'fM —1 (M O_ir0 h-;l-— ^Xr-i 50 s CI cTc^i^' fccf cf 1 I-H p— 1 Tjl o >o c 1 n h^ r^ Tf ^ Clio t~ ic o 1- o — 1 -f o -t oo o o r- i-H cc ci ci C5 —H 5C fc — h- >^ -r? -.Ti rj a • •-4 -2 cf Or-TcT'-H •-^'o r-Tco" Xi *^ rH >— 1 o :! M u J"' , 'S O fO CI O O O Ci .'5 CI to -t* T f ; "h Ci ^ cc o o t-t oc —< >-H o C4 CI i^o '« "."s o — 1 ca •rf^^C^ fO M c^o_ci_o acci_t-i^ iS tf »+"-t -^cf ir-'o" ua" o i-H rH d ^ 1 M t^ C100i-HC1uOi/:iMOOGO'-HOM'-H-+rtH t^ r— • o oocc t^cio'O'Tioooccfo— ' — MOec't'-i— < • -« t^ 1- O --1 Ci CI CI O CI O Ci t~ -H o X \.-; ro > Orfio CO fcoi— iroi-irs ^ CO O 00 W5 CO O ■■'J O % i-H s J 851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, 1851, 1840, Comparison. \ 24,127 17,680 3,723 2,728 2,467 \ 58 36 S \ 205 > 181 \ 131,032 ) 1)9,022 S 3,421 V 16,871 ) 20,754 \ 28,564 } 8,0U0 ^ 16,545 i Increase in 11 years, 6,441. " " 995. " " 862. n 4. a 24. b , 32,010. (( 412. DccreaHe 3,883. Increase 1,011. Decrease 8,455. In consoquciico of the to the Census oC 1840, counties. county of Albert having been erected subseijuently the above table includes the statistics of both COUNTY OF ALBERT. Bou idii} ies. — '"The County of Albert, bounded westerly by Jling's, and Saint John: northerly by Westmoreland, and Peticoudiac river: eas- terly by P(viicoudiac river, and southerly by Chignecto Bay, including all the islands adjacent thei-eto, Areti and Suit-dii-'ishms. — This county contains an arc 1 of 433.5()0 acres : of whicli l'.tl>,8C0 are still ungranted. In I80I, there were 38.210 acres of cleared land, leaving ;)l>5,3o0 acres of the entire area still in a state of nature. It is divided into five parishes, viz : Coverdale, which is the most northerly parisli of the county, and fronts on the I'eticoudiac river, both above and below the Lend; llilbborough, also fronts on this river, to the south of Coverdale, with the parish of Elgin on itij rear, or south western boundary ; the parish of Hopewell, the shiretown, abuts on the head of Chignecto _Bay, and the mouth of the Peticoudiac to the south of Hillsborough ; and the Parish of Harvey, bounds on the last named P>ay, and is the niost southerly division of the county. The Court House, Jail, Register, Probate, Post, and other offices, are situate in Hope- well, which is nearly opposite Dorchester, from whence, by croijsing the ferry, it may l)e reached in two or three hours. (fvuirul Dc\^cj'ij)/i(/ii.— The county of Albert from its geographical po- sition, having a frontage of forty-five miles on tho Pay of Fundy and Chig- necto Bay, and of thirty-8i.v miles on the River Petieoudiac, is in these respecta tlie best located county in the Province ; but on the west the Peti- coudiac bhould have formed its boundary againat Westmoreland, inatead of that county extending as it docs, across the riv>^7. The wboJ«'©:st«riop of tho C^iunty n^joii^ing tlw tftya pel riycT, po^a^ssoR 't' 6,441. 995. 862. 22. 4. 24. ;52,010. 412. ;;,883. 1,011. 8,455. .\ib3e(iucntly tics of both by Pling's, river: cas- ncluding all of 438.r>()0 vorc 38,210 3a still in a lo, which is I'eticoudiac )nts on this it3 rear, or town, abuts uliac to tho on the Inst The Court itc in Ilopc- :roL;sing the raphical po- y and Chig- ie in (hcso f?t tho Pcti- ind, instcaU CT, pO98^8S0f* 227 good roads and thriving settlements ; its centre is traversed by a good road leading from Salisbury in Westmoreland, to the shire town, and by numer- ous cross roads through the Mechanics, Caledonia, and other settlements ; so that there is not only a connection with all the contiguous counties, but means are provided for extending cultivation and iiiiprovcinent into the wil- derness. Still much loniain to bo done in order to open up t!io interior for settlement. If a bridge were erected across the Petitcoudiac river near the Bend, a fresh stimulas would be imparted to this as well as to the county of Westmoreland. This county is exceedingly well watered, having besides its eighty miles of ship navigation, numerous small streams penetrating it in various direc- tions; on its bay side there nve Wolf rivor near its southern boundary, Up- per Salmon, and Shipody rivers. On tho northeast, the Wcldon and Tur- tle Creeks, the Coverdalc river, and the liead waters of the Pollet, all taking their rise in this county, empty themselves into the Petitcoudiac ; all these four rivers are navigable for some distance for barges and rafts. These ri- vers principally traverse good hind, and as roads a.ro bi'ing opened, settle- ments are extending themselves ; in addition to extensive tracts of intervale and alluvial deposit, tliere are about five thousand acres of marsh skirting the Petitcoudiac and other rivers. Thus there are not less than two thirds of the county fit for agricultural operations, and no otder county possesses in in proportion to its extent, so great an abundance, botli of marine and up- land alluvial manures, or such facilities for bringing them into use ; among these the great supply of limestone, and gypsum, and of co;d, and wood, for fuel, arc not the least. So that, upon tho whole, the farmers of this county are in a position to compete, not only with those of the other counties of tlie Province, but even with Canada, and the United States. Considered as an agricultural county, Albert could support eight times its present population ; and in a commercial aspect, it is inferior to none in its facilities for shipbuilding, both as regards water communication and the quality and abund;ince of its tin;ber, great quantities of which, but more es- pecially of manufactured lumber, are annually exported : there are nearly 100 saw nv'ls worked by water on its different streams. In 1851. this coun- ty manufactured 04 casks of lime, 375 grindstones, inid 02,235 pounds of maple sugar, and 1,380 tons of gypsum were quarried, and 1.500 tons of coal raised. Races and Edii'-dlUni. — The population of this county, like that of most of the others in the Province, is of mixed origin, English, Irish, and Scotch, with a few of -le descendants of the Acadian French. The number of pupils who attended parish schools in 1851, was 740 1853, 994 (< a Shewing an increase in two years of 254 which is certainly a great advance in school attendance out of so smal population, and within so short a period. Minerals. — Limestone is abundant in the parishes of Hopewell and Hills- borough, especially on the margin of Shepody Bay, an arm of that of Chig- necto. Gypsum is also plentiful in this section of the county, and a rail- road has been laid, for its conveyance to the place of shipment. Grind- stones of excellent quality are found in large quantities on tlio Petitcoudiac, and in various places along the borders of its bays. i" 89S si Coal h&8 been rth in the Andrews, a the trade cent explo- vn, variety g bitumen, ashes per found in a I the trend lavkable in ind highly qIso on ac« of its em- formation •ope. Six 1 a printed [lany mor« 'y' 229 to the list, and the Albert county coal mine will become the Mecca of pil- grims in search of fishes of olden time. The coal, as already sugi^ested, is a new variety, particularly a^^pted to the uses of the gas house. It fur- nishes a very rich gaP; highly charged with carbon, consisting mostly of defiant gas : ^"^^ iience, is the very material that is wanted by gas manu- factuiers, to enrich the products of our semi-bituminous coals of Mary- land and Virginia. It is not used alone in any gas-works, but is mixed with^ other coals, in the proportions of from ont? fifth to one third, and thus gives the best product that can be obtained ; and at the same time, gives greater value to the coke of our ash-burning coals. Tlie importation of the Albert coal into the United ^States does not, therefore; in any way interfere with the sale of our own coal ; but, on the contrary, enables us to use coals tiiat would not otherwise find any market for gas-making. It also saves much outlay in apparatus required lor making oil-gas from whale and fish oils, used to enrich the pale or blueish llamc produced by gas from ma- ny of the coals employed at our gas-works. "With the progress of geologi- cal research more deposits of this valuable coal will undoubtedly bo disco- vered, and the trade witli the United States will tend to draw it wiihin our own borders, by the exchange of commodities with our provincial brethren," (page 536.) There are also in this vicinity extensive bodies of manganese, freestone, ana granite. Chemical Works have recently been established in this county. These works are situate near tlw foot of the Bhepody mountain, so called, though nothing more than a high ridge, possessing gentle acclivities. The neces- sary buildings have been erected, and operations commenced, at an expense of about X8000. Formerly manganese, the principal mineral substance is the immediate vicinity, waj shipj^cd to the United States, in its raw state ; but since the establishment of these works, various chemical substances are being manufactured, and brought to Chignecto Bay, three miles, for ship- ment. There is also fireclay iu the neighborhood from which fire bricks of good quality are made. Fisheries. — An excellent and profitable shad fishery is carried on along the lower part of the Petitcoudiac river and the Bay of I'undy, which be- gins about the last of July, and continues to the middle of September. The mode of taking the fish is by weirs, standing, and drift nets ; the latter is considered the best, as it does not prevent the free ingress of fish into the Bay. Salmon were formerly numerous in the Petitcoudiac '• but latterly, ow- ing to the unmerciful and cruel manner in which the fish has been hunted and persecuted, as well in the tideway above it, they have greatly diminished, and are at present in a fair way of being extirpated altogether." — Moses H. Perloy, Ksq., on the fisheries of the Bay of Fundy. Note. — A table of comparison of the statistics of this county cannot be prepared, from its having, in 1840, formed a part of the county of West- moreland. In hastily reviewing the character of this county, and when wc take into our consideration its rich and highly productive lands— forests abounding with almost every variety of timber produced in the Provinco — the bowels of the earth teeming with valuable minerals already known, and mado to some extent available, and what future investigation may yet unfold in this respect— mails traversing its settlements, bay and river navigation open nearly all the year, and accessible to large class ships —steamers plying bc- \-m \'-% 230 I-' tween its principal villages, and Saint John, as well as to the Bend, Dor- chester, and Sackville, conferring on k every facility of markets— and its proximity to the line of the European una "North American Railway — the conclusion evidently forces itself upon our minCia that the county of Albert is destined to become a valuable and interesting ponton of the Province ; and thai all that is wanting is more roads, more people, and more eutorprisc. If a moiety of the labor lost by the starving thousands of the mother coun- try were expended here, the country Avould be advanced, and tliey would be elevated far above degradation and want. 1851, — Populatioti, and oilier Slatlslici of the County of Alln'rt. Parish es. llope- w.dl. Hillsho- rou<];h. Cover- dale. Klgin. Harvey. Totals. Inha,l)itantH, 1,15S 1,4'JG 002 748 2,000 G.313 Fiiuiilies, ISG 241 140 125 325 i;oi7 <'liildren at sehool, l(j(i 214 ill 51 21G 758 School liuusus, 10 11 10 •1 •> 43 Birtha, 42 74 3G GO 240 Deaths, 10 IG G 10 51 Sick and intinu, 10 31 G 15 GO AgriculturLstH, o l.so 103 IIG 150 5G(I Places of worship, G 3 4 1 G 20 Saw null.^ 14 23 .S G 4G 07 Grist mills, 3 2 o 3 13 Acres of land cleared, S,r)43 8,4r)S G,774 4,03S 10,307 3S,210 Tons of liay. G,;'.2S 2,8G4 2,34!) ;iy of Fundy. with the fine settlements and rich marslios on its Nova Scotia shore. Turning toward'j Bay Verte, and fbllowin;.; ^tiio road we have already descn'ued, we find it no longer haunted by bcl i,c;erent parties, breathing nothing but hostility to their broth- er man, but bordered by cultivated fiehls. and each side studded v.ith neat farm houses, and at Fovt Monkton. though we have not so wi'le a scope to our view, yet we tlierc look across the spacioua Bay Verte vath long lines of thriving settlements extending to Cape Tormeutine on the New Bruns- wick, and farther than the eye can reacli, on the Nova Scotia side. Indus- try and cntcipvii^o have here worked a cli-'.nge indeed, and have converted the dense forest and the haunt of the savage, jpto fruitful fields nud happy homeis. 235 I. 'p early a mile matac piles ; 1 about eight ere first dri- About half •oad, is Fort 'eaux, and at he •waters of to have been of defence, nd, together : the British century after tion. Close cs and bear- nemory of a while in the lave recently pounds to be cient to pro- ne more effi- id the place extent of the e princinally ations. Thus proximity to lid excellent from the fa- acted the at- Issles for the d other pro- be embraced welvc or tif- the prospect least £800,- ZQ village of the village i the town of [STova Scotia, ihan the eye settlements Bay Verte, it no longer ) their broth- id v.ith neat e a scope to h long lines Ne^Y Bruns- ide. Iiidus- onverted the lappy homea. CHAPTER III. PROVIXCIAL TABLES. The following tables, consisting, principnlly of the industrial statistics of the Province of JSfew Brunswick, will shew at one vie"^, the airercgate amount of agricultural produce raised in the whole Province, as well as in the several countieSj in 1831 ; and c. CLiraparalive statement is subjoined, indicating; the advance made during the eleven years Dvevious to that date. We feel satisfied from the meagre biate of the crops, as indicated by tiio last census, and the great additional amount raised in 18.14. that .= c returns shewn on that census do not form an agricultural p'lnorama of the Province, in ordinary seasons, or when ilie potatoes wove not affected by disease, or the wheat infested v/ith insects, as was the case in both instances, when the last account was ta]:cn. The decrease, 22,8o3, in the number of swine raised in the Province, between 1840 and 1851, is solely attributable to the tliilure in the potatoe crop. The growth of rye is not named in the statistics, which is Nova Scotia, in the same year, amounted to ()l,4o8 bushels ; it must have formed no inconsiderable item in this Province. 'if '. II S36 in ■ ;J«' * Co I oo It ?' Counties. Totals. 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CO to 1.0 uo X lr~ NiN rH 35 Ui Tf X rH rHO xS ■>* XX rH i-H •s <(H O s »4 1 rHO X X r^ r-i 1 • 9t 9% rHO XX rH rH m 1 1 1-H XX rH T-l d rH 1 1— 1 n #1 rHO xoS rH T-l Vh'V*' rHO lO Ht< X X T—i rH •\ C3 4) ^ *i -n o o 42g (§ 08 a> -3 %'> e fe *-l B 5 ^ o a) ■— ' S3 bD d . 2 !-„ 't- is hC o CO 02^ .g I a a M > o o T-Tco O- ® " B § S-o rt o 3 .rt .C .1. IN ' d •J 1^ :0 y-t CO ® • 1-4 a r/7 i CO ;^ ji .s ■*.» 0) V H " >» 00 00 a . a e « E ^1^1 o o -»^ I d !^ o o CO 3 rt PQ d o w a> b o jg to sa d o« rt O "I d a I rt 21 -a 13 good ween sre a oiliea ■tim raot ited, the ] eur, r of ted. ■" S-O ej a 0? g tj jj J3 5? 2 bb«»c> a * valaab ad, un is road e Bay rge nu ight be a^s-ss a V d *) a o tt M ly ^•1 « iJEj So 7S JO *i a 05 9 <3^ a §iJg "H ^»4 ••" r-j aj . .2 i '-> i -a ~ 73 ^J o o " ■* 2 • - -a c ■ - X « (S -*-• &4 a) o o o 'Si? ^^a ^" ^ ♦* = i- -= = -a o o 3-.^ s-.-:5- 1 £ d , i 2 -s a, . .= ^ :, « 3 -a -5 3 . and ibIc ur. ^k 11 tiements are access Say Chale - se - «^ -C ~ o a S: » o Ci fU PXl o Oi ra a e! •si ftu CO 1 s ,a.d o ♦J rt 'S a5 1*1 % a O 01 o 5 M o St ;4 -5 3 rt CI 1§ il ! ^ E3 > I ri fi 5.S 2 " »: o * .a -w Ti .s s-s a a-S s -5 35 .a o 4, a «- «« ® *- -fl 5 . .— *J o «- 85 O gj O **-• 0) ' I *•-<' O ^ O OJ o a> .. •. ¥ t) o 4) O :3 3 <0 M.2ja 3 .a tj - o -u J- tS H O O =^ § 2 5.S 9 -u X o a »3 to CJ .- a a o! *» o S- S H lit.- s 68 1-3 5"? 51 Jl a =* r— < -r a. c5 '3 O) q rt 5 bt f-l (-1 rf *> s „ g CS a,^ t3 — o a -^ « u . oiS a t, - o ? o i - =^ « C/3 (h 1^ w ^ -J ""* .;i a 3 fc< o o« -3 o a 1 242 The foregoing table only includes the great leading roads, on which set- tlements have been formed, and a few of the new roads now being opened ; without referring to the immense tracts of lands capable of being brought under tillage, in the internal parts of the Province, through which no roads have yet been projected. The population of the several towns named in the fifth column was in- cluded, by the census of 1851, in that of the several parishes of which they fornied part ; wc have therefore, given the numbers of most of them by estimate from various sources, and they may be received as a near approxi- mation to the truth. Those of Fredericton and Saint John are more correct. The two last columns will shew those desirous of settling, either indivi- dually or in groups, where the best positions for locating themselves exist, with reference to the principal roads now constructed or in progress ; the cross roads branching from these roads are too nun^erods to describe. The information thus conveyed, will, it is hoped, also be found useful in pointing out the direction to be pursued to reach the locality that intending settlers may select. PUBLIC LANDS, SYSTEM OF LOCATING, AND INSTRUMENTS E:MPL0YED. Although this Colony has been organized for seventy years, still no pro- per system of locating the public lands has yet been adopted : they are laid out in the most irregular manner imaginable. With the exception of a few isolated cases, limited and local surveys have been made, merely to suit the notions of the applicaius, who are not always the best judges of what may be most ndvantageous for themselves, and certainly not of what may be most for the general interest of the public. The syslom, or rather no system, has not unfrequcntly been, first, to cm- ploy a trapper or lumberman to mark out a road, which is generally done by following the meanderings of the streams, or " steering by sound."' The latter method of exploring tlie wilderness may be thus explained : a person at or near the proposed point of termination discharges a gun, or strikes a dry tree with an axe, when the party at the starting point, proceeds to make a line in the supposed direclion from whence the sound proceeds. Another, and which is considered as a more scientific plan, is to start with a pocket compass in hand, the cost of which does not frequently exceed half a crown, in the direction of the sound, or in some other supposed direction ; and thus a line for a load is set cut, but as may be easily imagined, not without its curves and s( rat if his. When this part of the public service has been thus performed, or perhaps in anticipation of it, parties desirous of settling select their lots, commence their "war upon the wilderness," petition the Legislature for money to assist them in rendering their intended road passable, and, in process of time, make applications to the government for a grant ; when this is about to be issued, a surveyor, for the first time, enters on the locality for the purpose of establishing lines upon which he may base the description in the grant ; and generally taking this serpentine road as the base work of his op(U-ation3, he proceeds to give one lot a double breadth in proportion to its quantity, — to another half the front it should have, for convenience; extending a third perhaps, if at all, several miles from the first, in order to inclose some fa- vorite spot, either as a lumber district, or the site of a saw mill. And with regard to the directions of side lines, they are generally run on difierent m irhich set- 5 opened; ; brought i no roads m was in- hich they ' thera by r approxi- [•e correct. ev indivi- Ives exist, ;ress ; the ibe. The n pointing ig settlers IPLOYED. ill no pro- sy are laid n of a few to suit the what may at may be rst, to cm- rally done nd/' The : a person r strikes a 3 to muko Another, a pocket a crown, and thus ithout its )r perhaps commence money to ss of time, bout to be c purpose he grant ; perations, lantity, — ig a third some fa- And with difterent 243 courses, ofken leaving irregular portions of land between them, as the wishes of the applicants may determine. We know of instances where the Government own tracts of lands sur- rounded by curvilinear roads, on which all the front lands have been granted and located, without even reserving a road to the remaining Crown pro- perty, so tnat future applicants for the lands thus circumscribed would have to resort to legal steps in order to obtain access? to the farms which may be granted to them ; in fact, it is only necessary to glance at a map of the located roads and lands of the Province to be satisfied of the irregular man- ner in which they have been laid out. Nearly all the grants made previous to the last six or eight years have been laid out too large. In some places, the writer in rc-measuring old grants, has found that in ten lots purportmg to be jegioh one fourth of a mile in width, there were actually eleven lots of the same breadth. Similar cases are very common throughout the Province. '' Hence arises an insuper- able difficulty in compiling a correct map ; in fact, under these circumstan- ces, it is impossible to do so correctly or to accurately delineate its sub-divi- sions without a rc-survcy of all the roads and grants in the Province, at an expence which its finances do not probably at present warrant. It is true that the maritime sifirvey of its seaboard, the recent railway surveys, the survey made on the Ashburton boundary, and that lately made ibe tween this Province and Canada, will tend to secure a more correct contour ; but the map of its interior must remain, for some time to come, in an imperfect As there are still 11,000,000 acres of the area of the Province ungranted, it is not too late to reform, and, *' better late than never," to establish a proper system of locating the public lands. Let them be laid out in town- ships, or regular concessions, in opposite lines, parallel, and of proportion- able length and breadth ; with due regard to area, and upon straight roads. This system, if steadily pursued, would ensure satisfaction to the future possessors of the lands, and prevent much of the litigation that too often attends the re-establiahment of the boundaries of old grants, boundaries which have in some cases been removed or varied by interested parties, and in others, have been destroyed by fire, or perhaps placed too near public highways, the banks of streams, or the sea shore, and have thus been re- moved from their original position. Such a system, too, would save much trouble and expense to the applicants for land — much perplexity to the sur- veyors, arising out of the present complicated and confu?ed method of lay- ing out allotments, — and a vast deal of trouble to the officer of the Crown Department in com))iiing and arranging the general plans of the Province. Another, and a still more perplexing feature, in the location of the public lands of the Province, is the variation of the compass. The located lands have oil been laid out uy instruiuents governed by the magnetic needle ; nor will the infant state uf the Colony admit of the ge- neral use of the Theodilite ; the best, in fact, the only remedy for inaccu- rate surveys, being an instrument of the latter description which costs about forty pounds, currency ; and when damaged, it cannot be repaired in the Colony. Thus the cost of making surveys with such an instrument, would be more than double the ordinary charge. Hence the use of the Circum- ferenter, in making the general and usual surveys of the county, will have to be continued, until the people are able to support the adoption, and pay for :he use of other more improved and more scientific instruments. h r < ''ii^ It 3 I I . It is needless in a work of this nature, intended for the general reader, to attempt to elucidate the properties of the magnetic needle ; the \^Titer has at some length, detailed the operations of the Circuuiferenter in a work on land sirveying, published by him in 1844 ; and therefore he may only be perm'.tted to say, in general terms, that all instruments governed by the magnet are subject to variations, which have not, in the present stage of scientific progress, been satisfactorily accounted for. In some parts of the world there is no variation of tho Compass, while in others it amounts to one quarter of the circuit of our globe ; in some places, it varies four degrees in ten years, while in this Province the change is only one degree in the same space of time. Neither is this variation re- gular, for at gome times and in some places it inclines to the eastward, and m others to the westward of the true north. In this Province, it is found by the httest observations, to be still prog)'essing westerly. The needle is also found to be liable to other irregulavities in addition to the annual change, to a diurnal change, which is greoter in winter than in summer, and more observable in the middle of a hot day tlinn in the morn- ing or evening. In this Province, too, the variation is vorv iiTcrent in dil- ferent parts of the Colony ; at St. Andrew's, in its extromc southwestern angle, it amounts to fifteen degrees and forty minutes ; while in the mouth of the Bay Cha,leur it is twenty-onr; degrees and fifty minutes; thus differ- ing six degrees between the two extremes of an imaginf^ry di\.;o'.al line, passing through the Pi evince, as little more than 200 uiiles in length. In addition to these inexpliable chan;^es, the needle is liable to be, and often is, desturbed by local attraction. Ferrugcnous matter is ^iresent, more or less, in almost everything in nature, especially in almost every variety of mineral substance ; and the aurora borealis, and other phenomena, are not without their influence. These disturbing c .uses, although sometimes al- most imperceptible, occasionally produce sensible effects on the operations of a survey made by the compass, It can therefore scarcely be expected that accuracj,' should be obtained in making surveys of a country, in the utter absence of any proper system of location of the public lands, — and with instruments not only defective, but subject to so many external influences, and to so many strange and perplex- ing phenomena. Many persons have so much faith in tho accuracy of the compass, that they imagine that all a surveyor has to do is to place it at the starting point, and that, by some concealed property i; possesses, he may, without further calculations, or even paying any attention to counieracting influences, arrive at the true terminus ; there can be no greater mistake than this ; especially in re-tracing old lines, or running new ones parallel to those which havo been formerly run. In either of these cases he must first ascertain their true magnetic direction, — observe carefully that his instrument is not dis- turbed by local influences, and otherwise attend closely to its operations ; he cannot otherwise with any degree of certainty, make a proper inclosure; a skilful practitioner may thus^ with a good magnetic instrument, and byerror3 balancing errors, make a tolerably correct survey : so uiuch so indeed that JEuropei.'i Phigineers are often astonished at tho degree of accuracy that may thus be obtained, even without removing any large obstacle that may be in the way, and taking the distances on half cleared lines. The whole system of land surveying, even with such instruments as we have, might be much improved by the establishment of meridian lines, at / eral reader, e v,Titer has 1 a work on nay only be •ncfl by the nt stage of npas3, while je ; in some the change variation re- stwarcl, and it is found 1 addition to "Iter than in n the rcorn- brcnt in dit- outh western r the mouth thus differ- •^'^oKal line, length. ?. to bO; and resent, more ry variety of lena, are not )m'j times al- jperations of } obtained in er system of efective, but and pcrplex- ampaas, that arting point, lout further ances, arrive I ; especially which have certain their t is not dis- operations ; ?r ihclosure ; uidbyerrora indeed that ^curacy that Ic that may ments aa we iuu lines, at 245 convenient distoncea apart, in order that Surveyors might frequently com- pare their instruments with such lines, and note the difference, if any ; sur- veys would not be so frequently made with instruments which are out of repair, besides the magnetic phenomena would bo better understood by sur- veyors, and this portion of the pubhc business be infiuitcly better per- formed, PROVINCIAL EDUCATION. There are few terms in our language with which we have so much to do, and which takea such a latitude of meaning as thai of " education." By some it has been considered to consist entirely in a knowledge of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and the higher branches of mathematics ; by others, and we think with much more propriety, in such knowledge as may best fit men for the various duties of life according to the station in which they may h.c plnced. Education presents itself to us in a two fold aspect : first, man, ns a ra- tional and sentient being, is required to learn, progress, and know ; and se- condly, as a responsible being, his knowledge requires to be rightly di- / rected. We hold it to be utterly useless and futile to impart acholastiu instruction, without ."giving it direction ; supposing a man able to grasp all tlie languages in existence, unfold and unravel the whole course of metaphysical science, and even to decipher all the intricacies connected with the astral heavens, but still to pursue an immoral and reprobate hath ; the bestowal of such know- ledge, so abused, would be worse than vanity. It requires no proof beyond that furnished by every day's experience, that, whenever moral and intellectual ignorance pr avails, supei'stitinn, idolatry, and crime, go hand in hand; and, if the millions of money, to ray nothing of the sufferings of criminals ai.d the heart burnings of paients, that have been spent in the punishment of guilt, had been applied in its prevention, how different would the actual state of society have been. In looking in detail at the various pursuits to which the great of mankind is required to devote its labor, we find that they resolve t.'iemseives, gene- rally, into these two great branches, agriculture and commerce ; and what- ever kind of knowledge tends to develope, and render these pursuits more useful to man, is a great desideratum. As a first and primary principle, however, ev^vy citizen of a free state should be so educated as to enable him to understand and appreciate the institutions of his country, the duties that may devolve on him in a public or private capacity, and above all, the whole system should be so morally and religiously directed, as that he may be enabled to shun those rocks upon which the ignorant and unlettered are so often dashed. All civilized and enlightened countries, in addition to the regulation of their jurisprudence, have their intellectual institutions which are recognized by the body politic. These institutions in some countries are encouiaged by and under the dirt^ct control of the Legislature; while in others, they take their rise among the democratic body, and are confirmed by legislative enactment. In both these cases it requires enlightened knowledge to render these scholastic institutions really useful. Great Britain possesses no national system of education, though frequent attempts have been made to establish one, universally, or generally applica- ble, but all have hitherto failed. Parliament annually votes large sumij of 'U 246 I' If f ■un ■^: I money in aid of education ; and the nation is blessed with a multiplicity of intellectual institutions of all kinds, many of which are fre*and accessible to all grades and ranks of society ; still vast numbers of the poorer classes are sent forth to the world unlettered and uncultivated. On turning to that part of the. American Union known as the New Eng- land States, many of whose public institutions are worthy of imitation by much older countries, we find that the law now in operation was enacted in 1647, when the population did not exceed 21,000 souls, when the country was a comparative wilderness, when the red man of the forest claimed to be monarch of all he surveyed, and when isolation, poverty, and want were among their chief characteristics. It was then that the Pilgrim Fathers con- ceived the idea, that the property of all should be taxed by the majority for the education of all : thus practically saying that "it is better to be taxed for the education of the child, than for the punishment of the man," and this was done within five years after the first settlements were formed in that now practically educated country. This, we believe, is the first attempt at the establishment of free schools upon this system ever promulgated by authority since the Christian era ; and notwithstanding it is of 207 year's standing, with its usefulness ratified by time, and that the world is ascending higher and higher in the intellec- tual scale, still how few a.re the countries which have foPowed this noble, wise, patriotic, and philanthrophic example. In those districts of Canada in which a somewhat similar system has been in operation, the attendance of pupils has increased from 50 to 300 per cjnt. Under this mode of advancing education, the poor and the rich pay for its support according to their means ; and as a consequence, all have the right to a participation in the benefits of a good practical instruction. " The son of the rich man will drink from the stream of knowledge at the com- mon fountain, and will experience corresponding elevation of thought, sen- timent, feeling and pursuit." Another beauty in this plan is that every parent, having paid his yearly quarter, however little or much, is entitled by law to the education of his children, however numerous ; so that the body politic practically, become trustees, and are all interestcu in its advancement and public utility. There is this marked difference betvreen the system pursued in the United States and that in Canada. In the former, the taxation, which commenced at this early period of the country's history, is compulsory ; while in the latter, where such astonishing results have been produced, it is optional with the people in their municipalities, whether they will assess themselves or not. While we believe that New Brunswick^ principally through the liberality of its Legislature, is in as eiiicient a state with regard to its parish schools, as any other country where the free school system does not prevail, still we hope thai, if the Province would adopt a similar plan, the existence of an uneducated youth within its limits would be an isolated fact. The principal objections taken to the free school system of propagating knowledge arc, that the higher classes, generally meaning the more wealthy, do not consider the parish school the px oper place for the education of their children, and, therefore, they ought not to be taxed for its support ; — and that it is unjust to tax persons for the support of a school, in which they do not participate or from which, from having no children, or any other cause, they do not receive a direct and individual benefit. In answer to these very common and frequently urged objections, we arc led first to in- sence pies this pally cduca 247 ;iplicity of accessible er classes New Eng- itation by enacted in le country imed to be want were Lthers con- ajority for ;o be taxed aan," and formed in ree schools istian era; ess ratified tie intellec- this noble, of Canada attendance ich pay for 1 have the m. "The t the com- ught, sen- his yearly ,tion of his [y, become ;y. There ted States Iced at this Ithe latter, il with the or not. liberality ih rJichoolS; |il, still we ince of an bopagating Ic wealthy. In of their )rt ; — and Ihich they [any other lanswcr to irst to in- quire who are the higher classes , we know that the rich and affluent arro- gate to themselves, that distinction, without at all weighing themselves m the scale of moral rectitude ; while experience has established the fact that neither the poor nor the rich are the most moral portions of society, but rather those who, comparatively speaking, are neither very poor nor very rch, — those who pursue the middle walks of life — not that it is necessarily so, but this result grows out of the facts that tiie poor, lor Avant of a moral and intellectual education, for want of training up in the way they should go, too often fall into tlie ranks of vice and crime ; on the other hand, the rich, through the abundance of wealth, and in the ab- sence of moral education, are apt to run into profligacy, and by their exam- ples produce the worst effects upon the other grades of society, inasmuch as this class generally supplies the rules, and we find that vice almost univer- sally d( scends from rulers to subjects. But when wealth is accompanied by education, moral as well as intellectual, its recipient will, never for a moment, entertain the idea that to educate his children in the parish school, together with those of the poor but honest man, is beneath his dignity : but on the contrary he will be glad to assist by example, precept, and means, to elevate the character of these around him : if, in after life, his children have the leisure and ability (which cannot fall to the lot of all) to improve the ele- mentary education thus given, the means are, of course, open to him to give them these further advantage's. These objections further imply that some are benefited, but those who direct- ly send pupils to the schools, which in the .\bsence, is not true ; for if moral and intellectual education lessen:, "~^ce, which no one, we presume, will venture to deny, then it must save money, which is all important in this money- making age, by lessening the cost of prosecutions and of maintenance of criminals. Besides this it adds to the safety of life and property, and adds to the value of property in every well ordered community. And further, the philanthrophic feelings which must be impressed on every breast, when he sees the blessings of well directed intelligence spread around him, ought to be some compensation for a pecuniary outlay. The question then arises, believing this system, ii' realized, to be replete, with all that is necessary to good and wholesome education, what is the duty of the Legislature with regard to it. It is the opinion of some that its adoption should be made compulsory by legislative enactment. Notwith- standing, however, that we are decidedly in favor of this principle, we do not believe that this is the proper way to promote education among a free ar 1 intelligent people, and we are inclined to prefer the Canadian system, which leaves ii to every municipality to adopt the compulsory plan, but en- courages its adoption by afllbrding it legislative encouragement. The enforcing this measure by immediate compulsory enactment among a people whose voice is sovereign in the making as well as the administra- tion of the laws would be inexpedient. Conviction must precede legislation, and to produce this, let competent persons be employed, v.hose duty it shall be Lo visit every settlement hovrever remote, and to explain by lecture both to parents and children, the advantages of acquiring education, and the best system for advancing it; thus not only may every man be roused to a par- ticipation in its blessings, but the free school system, modified as in Canada, once approved by the majority of the people, will soon become the law of the land. There have been, from time to time, various legislative enactincnts in thia I:'.-' %:\^ ¥M >. ■ i"?! m-i *:, i 248 Province for the encouragemont of education. We shall not go farther >>ack than the Act of 1833, which provided for the appointment of three Truiteea in each parish, who had power to divide it into school districts, •»8sist the inhabitants in employing a teacher, examine him as to his qualifi- cations, watch over his proceedings, and displace him for misconduct. They were further to certify the schools to the Justices at general Sessions, pro- vided the school was kept for six or twelve months pursuant to agreem,ent, and to their satisfaction ; the inhabitants had to pay to each male teacher / '■' and to each female XIO per annum, or to provide them with board, loaging and washing, and on these facts being certified by the Justices to the Administrator of the Government, each male and female drew the same amounts respectively by warrant on the treasury. Tbese are sonie of the principal provisions of an Act^passed upwards of twi ;' ^r ago, Jii ■: ■ ay be asked why this act did not more effectually advance edu- cation ; operations were under the immediate control of the people themse ^ ; ti;'^ 'rusteos were annually appointed by the Sessions, and the inhabitants, togt-.ui. ■<" with those trustees possessed the sole power of em- ploying the teacher ; in fact, all the supervision was virtually placed in their joint hands. This failure may be attributed to the following causes :- 1.-, St, On account of the difficulty of finding, at that time, persons in each parish competent to the perform the duty of Trustees. 2d. This arduous duty had to be performed gratis, hence it was neglected. 3d. In consequence of a want of means, either real or supposed, teach- ers were generally employed with a greater regard to cheapness than to their moral o-' intellectual qualifications. 4th. The paltry sums paid for tuition fees were not sufficient inducement to persons to qualify themselves for the proper discharge of these duties ; hence it followed that few but incompetent and unfit, and in many cases, in- digent persons, were candidates for the office of school teacher. In consequence of this incompetency among the teachers, the Legislature in 1837, passed another act, the provisions of which did not much differ from tliose of 1833, except that a boarJ of education consisting of three or more persons was appointed for each county, Avhose duty it was to receive applicaiiona from, and to examine all persons desirous of teaching school, and to report thoreon to the Government. Bj^ th)3 Act, little, if any, improvement was effected in the management of paririh soliools ; generally speaking, the same persons who taught under the former act, wore continued ; however it remained in operation until 1840, when an act was passed in amendment of that of 1837, the principal clter- ations being an increase of the teachers allowance, giving an average of XI 80 and £260 as the extremes for an}' one parish. This Act not giving satisfaction in its working, the whole was remodelled, and in 1847, a now act was passed, the principal provisions of which were : — Isl. A Provincial Board of Education, composed of the Administrator of the Government, with the Executive Council. 2d. The establishment of a training school at Fredericton, where licensed teachers Avcre required to attend for the space of ten weeks, to receive in- gtx'nct^ou in the ar>. of teaching ; for which att«.'ndance each candidate re- ceived lea ^hillin^rs pci* week. 8(3, Trained teacbetB to bo eUssiiS^d by tha Board ftooording to^theirquft' ii: go farther int of three lol districts, hia qualifi- uct. They ssions, pro- agreement, lale teacher with board, Justices to 3W the same i upwards of .dvance edu- [ the people ons, and the 3wer of em- aced in their , persons m as neglected. posed, teach- than to their t inducement these duties; ny cases, in- e Legislature much differ g of three or as to receive jhing school, management :aught under n until 1840, 'incipal clter- n average of remodelled, lich were : — administrator here licensed ;o receive in- candidate re- ;t9^theirqu6r 249 lificatioas ; the first class receiving ^30, the second ^£22, and the third £1S per annum. 4tb. A sum of £1000 was placed at the disposal of the Provincial Board of Education, for the purpose of providing books, apparatus, &o., for the use of parish schools ; the average Provincial allowance to each parish was X180, and the maximum £260 as by the last act. 5th. All licensed teachers who did not avail themselves of the < , aining school, were to receive £20, subject to a reduction to XI 3, as tea. aers of the lowest class, should they neglect, after a reasonable time to attend at that establishment. 6th. The Trustees were given the same powers as under the former acts, except that of judging of the teachers literary qualifications. This act continued in force until 1852, when all former acts were repealed, and a measure substituted, the principal features of whicli are : — 1st. The appointment of a Provincial feuperintendant, and .a local inspec- tor for each county. 2d. A clause providing for the volur -7 adoption of the assessment principle for the support of teachers, &c.. ^^ht ;ver a majority of the rate payers upon property of any parish or d" itric ^.hall decide upon such a course. 3d. A Board of Education as before ; the Superintendant, who is Secre- tary to the Board, being a member also ; L,ach Superintendant to receive a salary of X200 per annum, and £50 r travelling expenses, while visiting various parts of the Province once a y^ar. 4th. Trustees are required to divide parishes into districts, to assist in providing school-houses, and procuring teachers, and have power to suspend or dismiss such teaciiers for improper conduct. 6th. The average allowance is £200 to each parish, and not more than £260 to any one parish. 6th. All teachers in such parishes as have adopted the assessirent prin- ciple are allowed 25 per cent over and above the allowance to teachers of the same class in other parishes. 7th. A training school is established at St, John also, with male and fe- male instructors, where teachers and candidates may obtain first or second class licences. Teachers of the lowest class may obtain uuiliority to teach from the superintendant on producing a certificate from the local inspector. We hcive now but one more act to refer to, making, however, no less than six statutes " for the better establishment and maintenance of parish schools," in little more than 20 years. This act, passed in 1854, merely altera one section of the preceding act, giving the following salaries : — Per annum. First class £37 10 Second '' 30 Third " 22 First class 27 Second " 22 Third " 17 , The partial failure of these acts, to effect the amount of good required, has resulted, in a great measure, from their ineffective provisions, as well as from the want of energy on the part of parents. Notwithstanding that the first act gave the control entirely to those most interested in its operation, the people at large, still it did not effect even so much for the advancement 84 Male Teachers. Female Teachers. 1 SI ii' .i It.'* !• If: 250 of fidacation as was anticipated from it. It may be submitted whether the schools of tlio Provinco vrould not have been more cflicient than they are at the present day, if the Legislature had coDt'nucd this act, and increased the salaries of the teachors to what they now arc, <]ividi»g tlo amount now paid to the Eupcrintendant and Inspeciors, XITCS, among the Trustees of each parish, this woul of the faults of the present system, still it must be admitted that it has many good features. The classification of teachers, thereby encouraging emulation. The training tichool for teachers, a great step towards uniformity of system. Quarterly reports of every school in the Province ; hence the state of the schools Ji obvious to every cne desirous of becoming acquainted with this important dopartment. A better and more uniform suj^ply of books and apparatus. And tne whole under the supervision of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, the Executive Council, and the Provincial Superintendant of Education, a gentleman well versed in the whole routine of scholastic in- struction. The following table will shew the number of schools and pupils for the years thereoy indicated : 1851. 1852. 1858. Increase. Number of schools 688 744 56 II of pupils 18,386 18,591 24,1-T ,536 The annual repoit on the parish schools for 185-4, recently published, is incomplete, but the superintendants estimate from the returns made, that the attendance of pupils in that year amounted to 26,200. It will be seen by the census of 1851, that there were 18,386 pupils then attending parish schools— a number, we believe, to be much beyond the truth ; there may have been this number perhaps at school at intcrvels dur- whether the I they arc at ncieased the ant now paid itees of each ate remuner- grotuitously a new couu- e, and where me to public lally elected, ' proopcdings lemsclves for ilation would 1 to teachers otter able to study, and sum paid to 3n to Inspec- of the visits onts, instead 1 I'ROw when perform, but ua the whole ) people have ,11 it must be of teachers, iniformity of Q state of the :cd with this )f books and c Lieutenant intendant of icholastic in- jupils for the Increase. 56 5,536 published, is 3 made, that pupilb then beyond the litervels dur- 251 ing that year, in the way that parents too often send thsir children to school ; say that for one month tliey aciid two or three, for the next month none, and for the month after, one,— a plan as ruinous to the advancement of education in the children, as it is unfair to the laws by which it k regulated, and unjust and prejudicial to the teachers. Whatever time parents can af- ford to send their children to scliool, should be continuous and unbroken • for it cannot bo expected th".t children \v]!l icarn, unless endowed with mi- raculou,i powers, v, hen they are only allowed to attend school for three, four or five A\ccks at a time, with an interval of five or six months of ne-^lect. It will bo ob3erved, from the above table, that, assuuiin*^ the census of 1851 to be correct, the increased attendance in 1852 only numbered 205, while that in 1853 exceeded the precediii7 "'"4 1'here are Madras and other sohools in ' ' the Province, in addition to the above- In the year 1853, there were 21,074 learning spelling, 18,927 13,573 a (( i( C( u (( (( (( u li (( (( (( (( (( u (( (( (( i( (( II (1 C( (( (( (( (( u l( (( ({ (( u (( u 9,527 4,151 3,606 1,329 605 181 197 75 21 66 578 2,050 (1 (C (( (I n (t (( (( (( (I (( (( (( reading, ■?vriting, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, history, book-keeping, geometry, mensuration, land surveying, navigation, algebra, other subjects, common needle-work. The above numbers and list of subjects are all taught in the parish Bchools, in addition to the numbers educated, and branches of education taught, in other institutions throughout the Province. Table^ shelving the classification of Teachers : First class, 87 " Second do., 122 Third do., 253 \ Male teachers. Total, First class, Second do., Third do., Total, 462 J 461 40 I 167 } 268 J i Total of both 715. sexes — Female teach- ers* chool in 185S, year. atioQS. n'a Aoademy. an Catholio , AMoan and !S, and French Ichool, Baptist udli.C. School. ;her schools in the above. mar. 3> 3-work. the parish f education :h sexes- .{i*^> ' . Religions Persuasion of Teachers : Episcopalian, Roman Catholic, Presbjterian, Methodist, Baptist, Congregationaliat, Other 'IcnominationS; The total amount, including Provincial allowanceg, suras sessment, subscriptions by inhabitants and from vtirious other was expended during the year 1853, for the support of was Granted in aid of other institutions 263 179 155 106 00 140 5 19 realized by as- sources, which pariah schools X22,587 5,222 .' ^ Making the grand total in aid of education in the Province £27,809 This gross amount is in addition to the support given to numerous private schools, and other similar institutions, wliicli arc not under the direct con- trol of the Board of Education, from whose reports wc have extracted tho principal pnrt of the foregoing tabular statements. These returns shew the small numbor who attend the higher branches, compared to those who engage in the elementary studies. By the census of 1851, it appears that, out of a population of 193,800 souls, there were only 502 who atU led grammar schools. Thus we see that but little interest is taken by tlie mass of the people in the higher stu- dies — these who learn geography are only 181 ; land surveying 75 , navi- gation 21 ; and algebra 06. As it is very common for one student to at- tend to various branches at the sumo time, tho number Avho made either the sole object of study must be very few. It follows, therefore, that the Pro- vince have been legislating for education a head of the Ic;.Mtimate wants of the people, besides the amount given for county gramn ir chools, at a great cost to the Province, large sums have been granted to Cuilegiato institutions at the expense of the many, and only to the advantage of the few, without producing a commensurate amount of general utility. King's College. — This institution was estnblished at Fredericton by Royal Charter in 1828, under the patronage of Sir Howard Douglas, then Governor of New Brunswick. It is amply provided with highly competent professors, a library and philosophical apparatus, with an observatory , so that a thorough classical and philosophical education may be obtained at it. It receives annually the large endowment of .£2,000 sterling, one half from the British Crown, and the other from the Provincial Legislature ; it possesses besides a tract of 6,000 acres of valuable land adjacent to ihe college, and the total revenue from all sources is £2,501 annually. Strong objections have been urged to its receiving such large sums from the public funds, while it was sectarian and exclusive in its operations. Frequent applications have been made to the Legislature, and a correspon- dence opened with the Imperial Government as to the allowii other deno- minations besides the Church of England, to participate in i' management, and otherwise modifying its exclusive character. This, in ^ -me measure, has been effected, but it is still under sectarian control. The salaries of the Professors and other incidental expenses amounted, in the year 1852, to more than £1,800. There is also a Collegiate School in Fredericton, ably conducted, where ■' 254 (\ t,*\ t 'i I- n I I pupils pursue all the necessary branches to qualify them for matriculation at th?. College. It receives the annual sum of ^350 from the College fund ; 30 that the amount actually paifl in defraying the expenses of these two establishments, is over £2,200, while the average number of students "whu annually attend at the College docs not exceed sixty-five : therefore, each sLudcnt educated there costs o£oO. at least, of public money. King's Coll'jgc was erected at a great cost, and at a time when \he Pro- vince was unprepared to support it ; and scarcely, even at the present day, twenty-six years since its foundation, is the st<'itc of society sufficiently ad- vanced to su[)port such r.n establishment, especially considering the number of other literary institutions now in being. So that if the large amount of money, £2u,000 sterling, which have been paid out of the public funds of the Province, together wiih its other endowments, besides an equal amount from the British Crown, had been expended in deviating and endowing the common schools, in which almost all the useful and practical men of the country receive their education, what a blessing it would have been to the Province. If, indeed, a thorough Uni\ersity, where creed should not be considered; but where moral and intellectual endowments should be the only test, were establishf'd near the common boundary for both Nova Scotia and -New BruusvrJck, and in which both Provinces could participate in common, and the surplus of all the endowments not propeily required for this purpose, bestowed on the improvement of the parish schools, a new era in moral and scholastic instruction would characteiize the Frovince. Sin^e the foregoing obc.rvations were written, the Commissioners ap- pointed by the Government have made their reporu on this institution, em- bodying many useful recommendations ; one of the principal being the es- tablishment of a University, with which other educational institutions may be afliliateil. They also recommend the cmtiracing many branches of prac- tical education, not heretofore taught in the College, but which, in the words of the Keport, " will best (jualify them (the students) to advance their own inter sts and those of their country, in tlie capacity of farmers, merchants, manufacturers, engineers, architects, mechanics, navigators, or professional men." There is other important subjects winch seems to have rr.?eived the full attention of the commissioners, and their report affirms that "no youth can be propr'* ly educated who is no;, instructed in religion as well as in science and literature.'"' Buplisl iSaninnry. — 'i'his institution was cstabliphed in Frederieton in 183(3, by the r>aptists of tlie Province, it is °.upported, with the excep- tion of an annual Legislative Grant of X250, by the denomination to which it belongs. It has been foand a useful institution of learning, and has done much in elcvitting the cduc:::tional standard of the Province by diifusing a kno-'vlcdge of the classics, and the higher branches of science. SackvUle Aradfj.n/, in AVestmorcland ccv.nl y. was built by private sub- scription in 1843. it receives an annual donation of ii300 trom the Pro- vincial Legislature of .New Brunswick, and another of X150 from that of Nova Scotia. It is under the c-nntvol of th; Methodist i'enomijuUion ; the subjects taught are classics, natural and moral philosophy, mathematics, ani divinUy. It gave insinicti'Mi, in Juno^ 1854, to 119 students. ■ .• Funuh Acudaiiy at Sackvillo wbicli aiao receives a legialntivo allowaiiO pf £800. This institution wan esiublishod in 1864, under the management 255 aatriculation the College ises of these of students ): therefore, len \hti Pro- present day, ITiciently ad- the number ;e amount of blic funds of qual amount idowing the men of the been to the considered ; \y test, were ia and 'New ommon, and bis purpose, n moral and 5sioners ap- ;itution, em- leing the es- tutions may hes of prac- in the words le their own merchants, professional t'ed the full youth can s in science cdericton in the excep- on +0 which nd has done r diifusing a irivatc sub- in the Pio- rom that of Jiation ; the uithematics, nts. allowaiit) aanagement of the same body of Christians. The instruction given is under the direc- tion of a female Principal of high literary standing, and the other precep- tresses are extremely well qualified for their task : the number of pupils already admitted exceeds one hundred. Both these last named Institutions arc situ.ated in a hcruthy part of the Province, and are calculated to promote the intellectual progress of its youth of both sexes. The country round the head of the Bay of Fuiidy is as lii,'!:hly favored in an educational point of v'ew us any other pai t of the Province. In ad- tion to the two Academies already dc^iCiiocd, uioio are tv.o other schools, both female, in that neighborhood; cne at Amhors<" in Nova Scotia, and the other near Fort Cumberland; and strange to say, that as these institutions have increased in iiumbev, go have the pupils in cnch ; a fact which evident- ly shews that education has recently received a fresh and satisfacLory sti- mulus. In the cily of Saint John, tuOio are a number of literary inotitutions, all of which receive Legislative aid. T/ic Madras School, which '3 nndor the supervision of tlie Aduiinistra- tor of the Government and the heads of the principal departments, receives XiOO 100 150 .50 _ 50 v.hich shall entitled to -Every county, the inhabitants of £50 in payment of a teacher, is £100 annually The grammar school, a very superior one Roman Catholic School African School Commercial School Grammar Schools. Bubscribe the sum of have a Grammar School, tho Govciiaucnl allowance being JjLI^[) per annum. There are at present twelve of these institutions in the Province, in addition to several other i^cliools of a high order. These Grammar Schools are, next to the pariali schojls, the most useful in the Province ; they arc cuLiroly fre; irom tliiit sectarian element which enters, more or le^s, into all denoniination-\l .^.^tabiishnicntrf ol' this nature. However, at the present time, many of tho parish 3cbooh]ia.-jtcr3 are fully competent to give instrucLion in all the branches required to be taught in tho grammar schools, and may therefore be said to have in a great measure su- perseded them, especially a^ board and lo(!\^ing ave gre:it obstnclcs in the way of many bo^ys availing themselves of the grammar schools. The teach- ers of parish schools being generally migratory, though not necessarily so, their usefulness becom.es more generally diffused ; whereas there can only be one grammar school in each county, and that s::tationary, gouerally in the county town. At many of the parish tchools, graniuiar, and some of the higher branches of education, ave actually taught, and if a pi, in could be de- vised for making these grammar schools migratory, accoiding to tho wants of the population, their utility would be more practical, and the benefits to bo derived from them would be participated in by a far greater number. The establishment of school lil)jaric3 has n(;t yet been attempted in this Province, though in Upper t'anada 75,000 volumes are in circulation. Wo hope the attention of the public will, in lutuvj, be directed to this praise- worthy object. Lilcralurc. —Tho Literature of the Province, both moral and intellec- tual, is on equal footing with that of the growing countries by which it is surrounded, and is far in advance, especially in a moral point of view, of i m iA [ '■J ^ 'jt ' ; 11 j v.' if! Bi' '* :■ pi ': Plf^ f 1 1 256 many of the countries of Europe. The truth of the maxim is daily be- coming more manifest, that success is the offspring of diligence, and eminence the fruit of steady apphcation and laborious effort. In addition to the frequent publication of works on moral, religious, his- torical, statistical and scientific subjects, there are, besides two daily papers, published in the city of Saint John, twenty weekly newspapers published in the Province, as follows: - Place. Saint John, (( U (( York, City of Fredericton, (( a u (( (( (( Charlotte, St. Stephen's, St. Andrew's, (( (( Carle ton, Woodstock, a ' a C( (( Northumberland, Chatham, Westmoreland, the Bend, Names of papers. Morning News, Courier, Obser' cr , Freeman, New Brunswicker, Churcli Witness. Royal Gazette, Head Quarters, Reporter, Temperance Telegraph, The Pilot, The Standard, The Family Gazette and Char- lotte County Advertizer. Carleton Sentinel, Woodstock Journal, Temperance Advocate. Gleaner. Westmoreland Times. English literature is eagerly sought for, and vnst numbers of newspapers are circulated on the arrival of every mail from Europe. In many respects, there is great attention paid to morality and re- ligion in every department in the Province. The appointment by the Government of clergymen, irrespective ot creed, to examine its grammar schools and other literary institutions, the closing of public offices, and, in a measure, the stoppage of the travelling of the mails on the Sabbath day, and a course of good wholesome laws, for the suppression of public immo- ralities, arc among those good things at which the country may rejoice. Still there is ample room for a vast amount of further reform in the moral atmosphere of the Province. The inference to be drawn from the preceding Statistics of Provincial Education is that few. countries, with such a paucity of population, and that scattered over 20,000,000 acres of territory, are higher privileged, few have better prospects ahead ; a continually incrcaring desire for the ac- quisition of knowledge, morally, intellectuolly, and physically, among the mass of the people, Avith a growing supply for all our domestic wants, and every prospect of an increased revenue, must ail essential!}'' tend to the elevation of its inhabitants, and ultimately to the legitimate developement of the resources of the Colony. In concluding this important subject, we may bo allowed to say, that wo find ample room for congiatulation to our provincial fellow-countrymen on the situation and prospects of this favored land, we do not possess a dense population, nor have we the advantage of being surrounded by countries rich in historical recollections ; but we can rejoice in a country which, though daily be- eminence »ious, hia- ly papera, iblished in iph, ) and Char- ivertizer. 1, ;ate. les. newspapers ty and re- |ent by the grammar 63, and, in bbalh day, blic immo- Ly rejoice. the moral , Provincial Bation, and [privileged, I tor the ac- lamong the Iwants, and Ind to the lopement of ly, that we Itrymen on Us a dense countries Ich, though 857 but a few years ago, a comparative wilderness, the habitation of savages, now boasts its free and liberal institutions, diffusing knowledge through every village, in which two or three may be gathered together, however isolated or solitary, within its limits — a country which allowing every inhabitant the utmost liberty of conscience to worship the Almighty as he pleases, pro- vides ample means of religious as well as moral instruction, and is surround- ed by other sister Provinces, and by States which are equally alive to these subjects — to the moral and intellectual march of the understanding, and, in one word, to the elevation of the human mind by the proper application of matter. And we are warranted in drawing the inference, that thus in- struction, precept and example, coupled with the cheapness of books, and with almost every other mental facility, must inevitably produce the same results among ourselves as they have done in other countries in which their operation has been longer and more vigorously applied. RELIGIOUS DENO^'IINATIONS. Neither the number of adherents or churches belonging to any of the bodies comprising the religious denominations of the Province, are given in the census of 1851 ; so that the namerical strength of each cannot be sta- ted. The following are the principal sects into which the inhabitants of the Province are divided : Church of England, Kirk of Scotland ^ Free Church ) Reformed Church Church of Nova Scotia Free Christian Baptist ) General ) Wesleyan Methodists Roman Catholics Congregationalists. These comprize the principal religious denominations, and geographically considered, they are interspersed throughout the various districts. It would be difficult to find a settlement of any considerable extent, in which there are not to be found persons adhering to each of these religious divisions. The Episcopal Chutch is presided over by a Bishop, who resides at Fredericton, where a Cathedral is erected By the census of 1,340, there were sixty-one places of worship belonging to it; and at tiie jiresent time, it possesses as many clergj'men as it then had churches, who are scattered throughout the Province. The various bodies comprized in the Presby/criaii Chvrch, in 1840, owned thirty-two places of worship. This body, unitedly, can now boast of twenty-eight clergymen in various districts, and there are eight vacant stations. The Associated Baptist Churches in 1840, had erected sixty-one j laces of worship ; at this day they have eighty pastors located among iheir several congregations; thoy have the largest number of clergy of any christian body in the Province. Wesleyan Methodist ^hurch. — This body, in 1840, owned forty-four places of worship ; at the present time it numbers thirty-four clergymen. Ihey are an active influential body, and deserve credit for attention to their educational institutions. 85 m Presbyterians. Associated Baptist Churches ■ If I ■ f r I i! !' 258 The Roman Catholic Church is presidea over by a Bisliop, wbo?9 iT- Bidence is in Saint John, where a cathedral if . -^w he\,-^ .r-^cted. In 1840, th'^re were fiftyune places of worship attacheil v> :t; ii viat, rowoiilj^ t - .i- ty- seven clergymen, while its adherents, vi'Jely ;3cacrtred throughout the Colony, exceed those of any other religious body The other denominations, including the Congregat'ionaUtis^ who number only four clergymen, are comparatively small. The total number of Churches in 1851, was ({ (1 1840, u 423 268 155 Thus it will be seen that while the inhabitants of the Province have been increasing in number, progressing in wealth and in ihe improvement of the country, and promoting their educational institutions, they have not forgot- ten to erect places of worship where each may do public hom.ige to his Cre- ator according to the dictates of his own conscience. And it may be re- marked, as not the least favorable characteristic of the Province, that, generally speaking, every profes'sor of Christianity adheres to his cvrn Church without molesting or " bringing railing accusations" against those who may differ from him; hence religious discord is almost unknown, and p-ace on this subject at least, generally prevails throughout the whole community. ADDENDA. Since the foregoing pages went to press, some ii^portant alterations have been made by the New Brunsv.ick Legislature, in the civil divisions, judi- cial proceeding's, &o., of the Province, a brief outline of which we insert in this place. • TIL DIVISIONS. County of York. — Tlie pnrisli of Manners Snftnn is situate on the south-west side of the river l^aint John, and is formed by part of what for- merly constituted the south-western st c ion of the pari.sh of Kingsclcar, and about one-half the breadth of Piince William, bounded by a line running: from Lake George parallel to the adjoining parish lines, until it meets the county of Charlotte. The parish of Cantprbuj-y was erected out of that of Dumfries, and is situate in the most western portion of the county of Yoik County of Albhirt.— The parish of Harvey was divided, and a new parish, called Ahia, erected ; the latter is situate in the western part of the county, and abuts on the Bay of Fundy, and the counties of St. John and King's County of Glougi<:3TER. — All the northern part of the parish of Sau- Kiarez, formed by lines running from Tracadie ; westerly to the parish of Bathurst, was constit^ited a separate parish, called Likcrnian. County of Kent, — The southern part of the parish of Carleton, bound- ed by a line running westerly from the sea shore, was created into a separ- i of ing but A pow( for t W ried road quire tion accoi #.*'. • wbo?9 rr In 1840 )!ily t ■^-"'^1■ l2bout the ho number 423 268 155 ! have been nent of the not forgot- to his Cre- n;ay be re- vince, that, ovrn Church se -svho may id p--ace on limunity. T rations have •isions, judi- we insert in tuate on the of what for- nirsclcar. and line running it meets the iiinfries, and . and a new item part of of St. John vlsh of Sau- tbo parish of leton, bound- iuto a separ- 259 Thus there are now one hundred <'nd ninft parishes in the Pro^inco of New Brunswick. JUDICIAL. By a recent cnactmei.., "every male inhabitant, between the ac! y of twenty-one and sixty years, being a British subject, and possessed, .r- the county where he resides, of real or personal estate, or both together, ' i'a*< value of one hundred pounds, shall be qualified to serve as a grand or neut juror." Twenty-one petit jurors, and twenty-four grand jurors, have to bo sum- moned to attend each court. " The petit jury, for the trial of all civil causes, investigations, and is- sues, and also informations on the exchequer side of the court, shall consist of seven persons, and for criminal cases, of twelve. * * *= * And if they cannot agree within two hours, any five of their number may return a verdict ; but in all criminal cases, the jury must be unanimous. * * * The practice of keeping a jury without meat, drink, or any other comfort, until they agree upon their veidict, is liereby abolished." i.very petit juror receives five shillings per day for every day's atten- dance, and six pence j)cr mile for travelling fees — Chap. XXIV., 1855. The leniaiks made in a former part of this volume, page 32, have thus, in a great measure, been applied, as far as this Province is concerned ; and it is to be hoped that, iVom the admirable working, already experienced, of the new 'aw respecting jurors, that the other Provinces will soon follow in the same train of judicial reform. POLITICAL. The Postmaster (Jeneral is now made a political oflficcr, rid a r.:mber of the I'xecutive Council, with a salary of XGOO per ar nurr . ;utd f..ower is given to his Excellency to ai)point a Posimaster at Sain' .'.'>tin, who is to have a salary of X400 [)er annum. A B(j•K■s ha'^ been organized, and a Chief Co"' misf^iorier ap- pointed with a s.ihuy of XtJOO per annum. lie has all the pow...^ pertain- ing to a supervisor , and all the great road- and biidgcs in tlie .Piovince, but not the bye-roads, are under the control of this departnient. An act has recently been jiasscd. giving the inhahi-arns in each parish power to elect commissioners, to expcmi any monies that ii;: y be granted for the bye-roads in their re^pectie parishes. We Ciinnot see any go'd reason why this important reform cannot be car- ried a little fuilher; so that the inhisintants in each parish sbonld have the road monies in groj-s, in order that they might divide, as necessity might re- quire. ISuch a coarse would save much time and monies spent in legisla- tion ; besides, the amount granted would, no doubt, be expended more in accordance with the requirements of the people. . w, 260 CHAPTER IT. h ^j\ f ! BRIEF OUTLINE OF TUE HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. In our account of New Brunswick, we have given a sketch of the disco- very and early history of America, with other archeological memoranda re- lating to the various treaties entered into hy the two great nations then con- tending for supremacy in the northern section of this continent ; and we have endeavored very briefly to notice the events of those times, so far as New Brunswick is concerned. For this information, as well as for the fol- lowing, we are indebted to various sources, but principally to Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia,— an author to whom these Colonies are under great obliga Lions for having preserved their early history from oblivion. We propose now to give some account of the early history of Nova Sco- tia which, as well as New Brunswick, formed a part of ancient Arcadie', or New Fi-ancc ; the details of which are replete with vicissitudes of no or- dinary character, arising fn ai the keen contests carried for its ownership, vfhich we may attribute to its prominent peninsular position, giving it the command of the northern seas, as well as to its vast capabilities, as regards its agricultural, its piscatory, its forest and mineral resources. After the discovery of the American continent, in H92, by Columbus, whose name it should have borne, as due reward for his thus "acquiring for on^ half of the world a knowledge of the other," there were various ad- venturers who filled up parts of the outline thus opened. Americus Ves- pucius, a Florentine, enjoyed the honor denied to Columbus— that of naming the continent ; his voyage was made in 1499. Two years previously, in 1497, Cabot took possession of a large portion of these northern ehcres, in the name of Henry Vll. of England. In 1525, Vevazzmo endeavored to i' y claim to some nart of these possessions, in the name of Francis I. of Franc?. In 1 198, Cabot discovered Newfoundland, of which Sir Humphrey Gil- bert toot; more formal possession, in the name of En«:land, in 1583. In 1590, C 'pe Breton was resorted to by persons from England ; but the ear- liest attempt at the coloni^ition of Nova Scotia appears to have been made in 1598 by the Mar(jui8 de la Roche, under Henry the Fourth of France. A more generul knowledge of this coast, and its geographical character, was reserved for De Monts, whose researches have been aire idy mentioned, and who vf-ii appointed by the same sovereign, in 1004, Governor General of New 1' ranco, which embraced Nova Scotia as well as a large additional por- tion of the northern part of the continent, extending from the 40th to the 46th degrees of north latitude. However, notwithstanding the possession thus taken by France, " the discovejy of Cabot, the fornaal possession taken by Sir Humphrey, and the aotoal residence of Sir JoLq Gilbert, hid brother, ure considered by the )f the disco- moranda re- ns then con- jiit ; and we 18, so far as ! for the fol- Halibui ton's ) under great m. f Nova Pco- ent Arcadie', des of no or- s ownership, ;iving it the s, as regards y Columbus, "acquiring e various ad- mericus Ves- lat of naming previously, them shores, endeavored Francis I. of amphrey Gil- in 1583. In but the ear- been made 1 of France, iharactev, was lentioned. and ar General of Iditional por- ) 40th to the b'rance, "the hrey, and the dered by the 'e 1 261 English, as the foundation of the right and title of the CroTm of England, not only to the territory of Newfoundland, and the fishery on its banks, but to the whole of its posse;-sions in Noith America." Halibuiton, vol. 1, p 8. De Monts, in his voyage in 1604, landtd at Liverpool, then the residence of a French trader, named Hossignol, who was trading with the savages without licence, and whose property he therefore confiscated. The name of the great lake at the head of the Liverpool river, in Queens' county, is the only memorial left of this French adventurer. Numerous settlements and forts were established by De Monts on vari- ous parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which was also included in his government. This enterprizing navigator, having explored various parts of the Bay of Fundy coast, returned to Port Royal (now Annapolis) and there established a town, wh eh was afterwards gran'ed by France to Mon- sieur Pontrincourt, on condition that he should attend to the conversion of the natives. This settlement \v,is destroyed in 1618 by Sir Samuel Argyle, Governor of Yiiiiiuia, iu the name of Great Britain. In the year 1621, tlie whole territory, from the St. Croix to the St. Law- rence, was granted by James I to Sir William Alexander, afterwards Earl of Stirling, he was invested with all but royal prerogatives. The princi- pal reservations made in this extensive ;2rant, which was afterwards removed and extended by Charles I , was a tenth part of all the royal mines of gold and silver, and five per cent on tlie imports and exports, after the explora- tion of the first seven years. This nobleman gave to Acadia, or L'Aca- die, the name of ^sova Scotia or New Scotland. He, with several of his countrymen of distinction, fitted out fourteen vessels and effected some set- tlements : they captured several French transports laden with ordnance and stores bound from Quebec to Nova Scotia. Sir William Alexander conveyed to Claude de la Tour, a Frenchman who had married an English lady, and been created one of the Baronets of Nova Scotia, the whole of that Province, except Isle Boyale, now called Cape Breton. At this time La Tour's son had possession of Cape Sable for the French, and repulsed his father. Subsequently, however, La Tour returned to England, and engaged with Lord Stirling, to cede to his son the Cape and a large portion of the adjoining territory. Great Britain was now master of this country, but, by the treaty of St. Germains, in 1632, Charles I unceremoniously agreed to render to France the Province of Acadia : whereupon Louis XllI divided it among a number of his subjects. Churnise was lirst sent from France, as Commander-in- Chief, whose landing was opposed by La 'J'our the younger ; the contest ended in the overthrow and death of the former, when the latter married his widow, and claimed Nova Scotia as his own property, grounding his rights on his father's agreement with Lord Stirling, but holding it for the Crown of France. In 1634 Cromwell re-conquered the country, and granted it to Sir Thomas Temple ; William Crounc also obtained a larger tract ; the former purchased La Tour's claim, opened a trade, and expended abo'\t £16^000 in the erec- tion of fortifications. But by the treaty of Breda,* in 1667, it was again ceded to France, and that Government agreed to refund to its former possessor, Sir Thomas Tem- ple, the c£16,000 expended by him, but failed in doing so. During all this time, but little progress was made in the improv ement of the coantry ; the *A city of Brabant, 262 -S Ut ' ' >w !■> |:^ i S'i I .•■ *{ ii !;■ liir * 'm inhabitants, who were principally French, were disheartened by the frequent changes taking place in their allegiance, which waa sometimes due to one sovereign and sometimes to another ; so that almost all the settlements in the Colony were confined to the banks of the rivers emptying into the Bay of Fuudy ; while Port Royal, La Have, and Chedabucto were the principal fortiiicitions. The French population, it is said, at this time, did no'; exceed 1000 persons. By the conditions annexed to this treaty England was to hold Montserrat, St. Christopher's, and Antigua, in the West Indies ; Charles II. thereupon ordered his subjects to relinquish all their rights to France, when the latter power commenceil strengthening the fortifications, and the erection of new ones at Canseau, and Pe.-equid, now called Wind.sor. During a poriod of twenty years peace which succeeded the treaty of Breda, this section of America did not make much progress in the scale of general iaiprovements; and the fortifications were allowed to decay ; so that, on the declaration of war against France by (ircat Britain, in 1686, Sir William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, Avas plucod in command of 700 men, one frigate of 40 guns, and two ships, one of 16 and another of 8 guns, and in the following year attacked Port [loyal which was dilapidated, and only protected by 90 troo[)S ; the governor, Manival, entered into a verbal treaty with him, and Phipps then re embarked with his men, com- pelling Manival and 40 of his soldiers to accompany him. Before return- ing to Massachusetts, Pliipps attacked Chedtbucto, but the garrison per- sisted in its defence until thrt English had set fire to their buildings, when terms of capitulation were obtained. i\s Port Boyal was now unprotected by military fortifications, its inhabitants were plundered by pirates, who hanged soru^ of them, burnt their houses and destroyed their cattle. The Governor, Villabon, who now arrived from France, to tike command of Acadia, found the English in possession of Port Royal, which was not protected by any troops: he re-took the pla.e, and, being re-inforced by two ships and aided by the Indians, who were partial to France, but would ally themselves to which ever party would pay ihem ^lest he captured Pesequid in the year 1606 In consequence of tiiis net, the Bostonians dispatched Col. Church, with 500 me.i, who attacked Nova S'Otia. landing at Beau Basin, (a beautiful basin) now Fort Cumberland, arul ravaged the country, giving quarter to the French, but killing the Indians, and destroying the dykes and other improvements made by the French settlers. This truly deploiable state of things continued for some time, the inhabi- tants being continually harassed, their pioperty destroyed, and themselves made to swear allegiance to each successful party under promises of protec- tion, which were not always kept. But by the treaty of Hyswick,* in 1696, Acadia was restored to France, By this treaty an attenipt nas made by the two powers, once more at peace, to establish a boundary line between their respective territories, which was fixed at the river St. Croix, now the western boundary of New Brunswick. But as most of the names of these rivers were in the Indian language, it became a question which of two rivers on that coa-^t was the one intended. The long continuance, and the harassing character of the wars had en- gendered among the subjects of the two nations, the strongest feelings of animosity against each other ; so that continual cncronchments were made on their ro«fpective limits; and ae Louis XIV. had acknowledged the Pra- i^Atowu in South lioUttad. 263 le frequent ue to one iletnents in to the Bay e principal no'i i:»xceed /lontse^Tat, thereupon 1 the latter ion of new e treaty of he scale of f ; so that, 1686, Sir and of 700 lother of 8 lilapidated, red into a rnen, com- ibre return- irvison per- lings, when in protected lirates, who tie. e command ch was not reed by two would ally i Pesequid dispatched g at Beau he country, broying the the inhabi- themselves of protec- ,* in 1696, 3 rflade by le between ix, now the es of these ' two rivers rs had cn- fvelings of were mnde i th© Pre- tender as king of England, war was again declared on the 4th of May, 1710. This war lasted eleven years, during which period the people of this coun- try were again subjected to most serious privations and difficulties ; and in order to retaliate for some injuries, real or supposed, " an armament, con- sisting of three men-of-war, fourteen transports, and 36 whale-boats, having on hoard 550 soldiers, under the immediate command of Col. Church, wa3 fitted out in 1704, for the purpose of ravaging the French settlements in Nova Scotia." Ilaliburton ; v. 1, p. 83. In 1707 the New England States dispatched a force of 1000 men with two ships of war, against Nova Scotia. The first place attacked was Port Royal where they were repulsed two different times, and the enterprize was for the time abandoned. In 1710 an armament was fitted out under the command of General Nickelson, an able officer, consisting of four men-of- war and the Starbomb, and Massachusetts Provincial Galley, with twenty- nine transports and a tender conveying five regiments of men, Avho arrived off Port Royal in September. At the entrance to the haihor one of the tran.^ports was wrecked and 26 men with all the stores on board were lost. There were only 260 effective men in garrison to oppose this formiilablc force, and the commandant entered into articles of Ciipitulation on the 2d of October, when 'ID'S soldiers, and some others, amounting in the whole to 481 persons, were taken prisoners, all of whom were transported to Rock- elle. The English only lost 14 or 15 men, besides those who perished in the transport. General Nickel?on left 200 marin' s, and 250 volunteers in garrison, under the coramand of Colonel Veteto, who had been apj)ointed Governor of the country. Even after the reduction of this fort, the Aca- dians entertained hopes of its being retaken by France, and it became ne- cessary to dispatch a detachment of regulars to render them submissive. Resistance was offered, and mafiy of the soldiers were killed : 30 or 40 were taken prisoners by the Aoadians and Indians, at a place called Ijloody Creek, about twelve miles from tlie fort, on the road leading to Halifax. By the time, however, that they had abandoned the^e hopes, and "in the midp; of these troubhs^ peace was concluded between England and France, on the 11th April. 1712. By the 12th article of the treaty, all Nova Scotia, with its ancient bounaaiies, as also the city of Port Koyal, and the inhabitants of the same, were ceded to Great Britain." — Ilaliburton; vol. 18. 91. And the same writer (p. 82) says, " that the Court of Versailles was now for ever deprived of a Colony of which it had never known the value." By this celebrated treaty, known as the treaty of Utrecht,* the whole of this vast territory became British possession. Pert Royal, afterwards called Annapolis (Annes city) whs strongly garrisoned, and remained the capital of Nova Scotia imtil 1749, when the Provincial Head Quutters were changed to Halifiix. General Nickelson, who took so active a part in the subjugation of Nova Scotia, was appointed its commander-in-chief in 1714, and held the government until 1719, when he was succeeded by Colonel Philips, under whose administration a Council of eleven was formed Dur- ing this period, the population of Nova Scotia principally consisted of French, who were allowed for some time to remain free from magisterial control, or provincial taxation, and were permitted to settle their own dis- putes, which they did by appointing twenty- four deputies, from whose deci- sion an appeal could be made to the Council, the latter being convened to *Tiie capital of a Province of that namo iu the Netherlands. .?i| 'M ' 3 If ^ T' . ffli IM d64 hear such appeals three times in the year. This state of things continued for some time, during which about 900 of these French Neutrals, as these disaffected people were called, took the oath of allegiance to the Bi'tiah Gov- ernment, which seems, up to this time, to have acted towards them with great liberality. There were about 1250 of thcso men about Annapolis, and probably 3000 residing in other parts of the Province ; and their strong predelections for the land "from which they derived their origin, their lan- guage and their customs," rendered it difficult to persuade them to become loyal suljrcts of England. During this time (Jape Breton^ which was called by Vevazzano, Isle Du Cape, and by the French Isle Royale, remained in the possession of France. It probably received its present name from some native of Brittany in re- membrance of the land of his origin. Previously to 1714 it had been unin- habited, but it did not long remain so, for, from its advantageous position as a fishing station and for carrying on trade with Canada, as well as its agri- cultural capabilities and mineral wealth, settlements were commenced in 1720, and upon a neck of land on the south side of Enii;lish Harbor * * were laid the foundations of a town, two miles and a half in circumference, which was called Louisburg, in honor of the King of France." It was encompassed by a rampart from 30 to 40 feet in height, built of stone, and by a ditch eighty feet in width, except for a space of two hundred yards, bordering on the sea, which was inclosed by a line of pickets and a dyke. This place was inaccessible to an attack from shipping in consequence of the shallowness of the water, and the numerous reel's ; and it was otherwise well protected by the bastions which were very formidable, consisting of six, besides eight batteries, which containrd embrasures for 148 cannon, and 16 mortars, of which only forty-five were mounted. In addition to these works of defence, there were several batteries, one of thirty guns, carrying 28 lb. shot, on the island at the entrance to the har- bor; at the bottom of the harbor ^\as erected the royal battery of 28 can- non, 42 pounders and two eighteen pounders, and at the draw-bridge near the west gate was a circular battery of 16 guns, carrying 14 lb. shot Thus it will be observed that, at this eaily period, Louisburg was considered a place of no small importance ; it had its governor, and on its fortifications, which were 25 years in building, were expended thirty million of livres, nearly £1,500.000 sterling, which must have been repaid by the profits of the fisheries, the latter annually producing 1,800.000 quintals of scale fish. During this time the English were extending their improvements in Nova Scotia proper, but not attending much to the reparation of the old, or the erection of new fortifications, for their defence, against the time, now shortly to return, when war should be again declared ; and the Indians and French neutrals, but especially the former, were continuing their fatal depredations on the lives and properties of the few settlers who were scattered along iso- lated spots on the sea-board. A fishing establishment had been erected by the Eiglish at Canso, which was attacked by the Indians and plundered of <£20,0U0 worth of merchan- dize; several lives were lost, and the perpetrators of this outrage made their escape to Louisburg, which aiforded them a rendy asylum. ]Many other horrifying barbarities were inflicted by these savages, who were very numer- ous, upon the peaceable people who were using every endeavor to gain a •ubsisteuce for themselves and their families. " At Barrell's island, near «' I continued 3, as these ^Itiah Gov- them with Annapolis, heir strong , their lan- to become 10, Isle Du of France, tuny in re- been unin- position as lis its agri- imenced in ,rbor * * !umference, ." It -was ' stone, and ired yards, 1 a dyke, sequence of IS otherwise 3ting of six, ion, and 16 itteries, one to the har- of 28 can- 3ridge near shot. Thus onsidered a trtifications, 1 of livres, le profits of is of scale its in Nova old, or the now shortly and French epredutions 1 along iso- anso, which f merchan- trage made Many other ^ery numer- to gain a island, near If 265 Canao, they killed and scalped a Captain Watkins, two men, a woman and child." In 1828, they captured seven sail of fishing vessels, and took a large number of prisoners, nine of whom they cruelly put to death. Seven of these men wen' re-captured, after a hard struggle, with 15,000 (juintals of fish ; and on the arrival of an English vessel in the harbor of Lunen- burg, where the captured boots and prisoners h:ul been taken, the latter were, with difiioulty, removed. Complaint being made to the Govornor of Louis- burg of these outrages in time of peace, his answer was that the Indians were an independent race, over whom he had no control : and that, if there were any French among them they were some of the neutrals of Nova Sco- tia. Thus encouraged, the savages attacked the garrison of Annapolis, burnt two houses, killed and scalped two persons, and took several prisoners. These Indians are said to have belonged to the Abenacjui nation, a race now nearly extinct, and who were led by IJaron Castine, a son of the old J>aron of that lame, by an Indian woman. The old Baron, a native of Beam, in France, had spent his life among the savages, married after their maimer, and was expert in the language and usages, he was actually idolized by them, as well as feared by the English, and had been appointed their great chief and leader. The Indians still continued hostilities, until their destruction at Kennebec by an expedition, consisting of 208 men, from Massachusetts, in 1724. On tho 20th of March, 1744. France declared war against Great Britain ; on the news of this event reaching Cape Breton, M. Du (^uesnal, who had succeeded M. Constable as Governor of the island, fitted out an armament from j^ouisburg, consisting of two sloops of war of eight guns, two swivels, and small arms, with 1)4 men each, and other small vessels with 70 sol- diers on board, under tho command of M. Du Vivier; the expedition was afterwards joined by 200 Indians. The first attack was made on the Eng- lish garrison at Canseau, which, being feebly fortified, immediately ca- pitulated. The next attempt was made upon Annapolis (which, at that time, could not muster more than eighty men) by M. Luttre, a French Priest, at the head of 800 Indians. He kept the place in constant alarm for four weeks, awaiting reinforcements from Louisburg, which did not arrive ; and, as the fortifications were dilapidated, the garrison must have surrendered to this savage host, but for the timely arrival of four companies from New England, to its assistance. The savages then overran the country, scalping and com- mitting every species of barbarity they could invent on the inhabitants, in consequence of which the women and children were removed to Boston. A body of 900 Indians, commanded by M. Morin, was afterwards sent to lay siege to Annapolis, but it was recalled to the relief of Louisburg, which by that time was attacked both by land and sea. Soon after the dispatching of these irregular forces, Du Quesnal, the Governor of Cape Breton, died, and was succeeded by Duchambon, when " the captive garrison of Canseau, with other prisoners taken at sea, and carried into Louisburg, were sent to Boston." In 1745, an expedition, consisting of four thousand men, and ten vessels, the largest not carrying more than twenty guns, Avith some armed sloops, was fitted out from Massachusetts and the other colonies, under General Pepperal. This armament was joined by Commodore Warren, from the West India station, who afterwards received reinforcements, till his fleet numbered ten ships, each carrying from 40 to 64 guns. The two comman- ders^ on appearing before Louisburg on the 7th of May, sent a summons to 36 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I | 4i ui Mm !r 140 2.5 2.0 L25 i 1.4 1.6 // y. 7a V] v^ /: -c*J VI 7 t Hiotographic Sciences Corporation m ^ V iV 0, to reduce them to obedience ; at his approach they burned their town to ashes, forsook their lands and joined M. La Corne, which re- inforced him to the extent of 1,500 armed men. Major Lawrence not being able to cope with this formidable body, returned to Halifax for more troops. He was again sent, with 1000 men, to Chignecto, where he found the French in possession of the lands they had previously deserted, and, together with the Indians, strongly entrenched to dispute his landing ; he soon, however, routed them, when they escaped to Fort Beau Sejour, which had recently been erected by M. La Corne. Major Lawrence immodiately built another fort on the opposite side of the river, giving it his own name, which the district still bears. The result of the operations which followed, ending in the capture of Fort Beau Sejour in 1755, has been more fully noticed un- der the head of New Brunswick. During the period we have been describing, no important settlement had been made by the English in addition to that of Halifax, but on the return of Governor Cornwallis to England, Thomas Hopson was sworn into office, during whose administration Lunenburg Avas settled by 1453 Germans, who suffered greatly, as those at Halifax had done, from the attacks of tlie wild man of the forest, and many lives were sacrificed to his barbarity. The incursions of the French still continued, but were somewhat re- pressed by an expedition from Massachusetts of "JOOO men raised and com- manded by Col. Winslow, who, joining Col. Monckton and being under his command, reduced lloau Sejour with its dependant forts, as well as tliat on the river Saint John. The greatest difficulty, however, with which the Government had to contend was occasioned by the Indians, who were sup- plied with arms and ammunition by the French neutrals ; the latter at this time (1755) being isi^attered over tho Province and forming a population of had amount- ish as to the the treaty of •ras both with last long, us tie boundaries trals, as they possible way. )uisburg were cnt of Acadi- ei'jrht miles in An English glish settlers, and energetic ' the savages, ,vilh arms and predators were I. lor of Quebec possession of 1 at Chignecto ce was sent in ;h they burned rne, which re- ence not being r more troops, rid the French together with 3oon, however, 1 had recently built another ne, which the ived, ending in ly noticed un- settlement had ; on the return :)rn into office, Germans, who ks of the wild irity. somewhat re- vised and corn- icing under his veil as that on ith which the who were sup- 10 latter at this popuUtion of 269 However, the 10th of September, 1755, has to record the most exciting scene of those times; on that dry, the whole French population, under a preconcerted plan of the English, were ordered to assemble in their respec- tive liabilities, at a certain hour to hear the king's command, the nature of which they little expected --little indeed did they imagine that their compul- sory exodus from the country was to be the purport of their sentence. I'hese people had, it is true, giviri the British Government much trouble, and cost it many valuable lives : but this was occasioned partly by their attach- ment to the land of their fathers, and partly by the freijuent change of gov- ernment, for which they were not to blame. The number of this unfortunate people, who were collected at Grand Pri, was as follows : — Men (heads of families) 483 Women 337 Sons Daughters )■ •, I 527 57tJ Total Their stock consisted of.* - Oxen Cows Young cattle Horses Sheep Hoiis 1,023 souls. 1,2G9 1,537 5,070 93 8,600 4,107 All of which were confiscated to the (Jovernment. leaving them only their money and other moveables ; tliey were then sent, in small parties, to differ- ent parts of the then British dominions on this continent. Some of these unfortunate people made their escape to the woods, but, as their country was laid waste, they could not subsist, und were obliged to yiel(' themselves up to the authorities. In the district of ^linus alone, 255 houses, 276 barns, 155 outhouses, 11 mills, and one church were des- troyed. Although they received their sentence, and bore their confinement with fortitude, still when the hour of embarkation arrived, '' the weakness of human nature prevailed, and they were overpowered Avith the sense of their miseries." The French settled in Annapolis and Cumberland disobeyed and made their escape; some were forced by starvation to return, and were shipped to the other Colonies, others remained with the Indians, and some reached Canada. Those of Cumberland, being more rebellious iu their character, were more difficult to subdue. Ori the arrival of the soldiery, 253 houses, with a great quantity of wheat and flax, wei-e burned, which was beheld by the inhabitants concealed in some of the adjoining woods ; but wlien they saw their chapel set on fire, a party of them returned, and attacked the in- vaders, killing 21) rank and file, and afterwards made their retreat to the forest. In conseciuence of the scattered character of these settlements, it was found impossible to subjugate the whole of this numerous people to terms of the king's decree ; so that only about 7,000 of them were collected at this time nnd distributed among tho other colonies ; 1000 of them were landed in AiUti of destitution in MaM»ohui«(t9, ^rh^ro tUo^ bcQaiue » publio «h»rg9 ; V' r. ^ ' n jBl 1^' 1 it >. ^ 1 %$■ 1 h fe-^ '^1 i;ll 270 415 in Pennsylvania, where they were sold with their own consent, and the remainder to other Provinces. The portion sent to Georgia made efforts to return, but on reaching Boston, were prevented by Governor Lawrence. They then memorialized the king, but without avail ; they were doomed to exist in a strange land, without means of support, and the innocent suffer- ing with the guilty, which wo at this day must consider a hard sentence. How i'lir. indeed, their deportation, as a last resort, was judicious, none but those well acciuainted with the circumstances of the times, can explain ; tur- bulent, troublesome, and implacably hostile to the English, as most of them no doubt were, the ^teps taken seem harsh, and in our eyes, scarcely justi- fiable. Speaking of this measure, Haliburton observes, that the whole course pursued towards these people " is doubtless a stain on the Provincial Coun- cils, and we shall not attempt to justify that which all good men have agreed to condemn." About GOO of these men were removed from New York to the Island of St. Domingo, where tricy suffered from pestilence ; the remnant were, at their own request, sent to Louisiana, where they became settled. Many were afterwards permitted to return to Nova Scotia, and their descendants have since become peaceable and inoffensive settlers. They are numerous in manv localities in this Province, as well as in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick ; in the latter there are about 40,000 scattered over its va- rious di-itricts. These pioneers of the forests of ancient Acadia have indeed undergone most unparalleled vicissitudes and hardships, most of which were caused by their owii rebellious conduct. No doubt the sympathy for the sufferings of these people, which must have been felt by the French Government, was one stimulus to the renewal of the war with En;_^land, which was declared in May, 175G. The Island of Cuj'c Breton was again soon to become the scene of warlike operations. The trade and settlement of this Colony had made great ad- vances under the F*'ench, and the fortifications of Louisburg had been much strengthened. This had been ci;used probably by the threatening state of affairs between the two nations, me facilities here presented for the prosecu- tion of the fisheries, and the <■ immanding aspect of the Island with regard to Canada. Halifax, being an excellent h • 'bor. and in a central part of Nova Scotia, was fixed upon by the Military < : uncil held in Boston, early in 1756, as the rendezvous of the British i\nxcK destined for the reduction of Cape Breton. AIe by the colon V, A grant of 20,000 acres of land passed to Is'ing's Colloge. The Chesapeake captured and brought int. Ilalifiiv, ^y His Majesty's frigate Shannon, Americ'.u coast declared in a state of blockade by Admiral Cochrane, Treaty of p< ace with France, A fleet of 17 vessel.^, with four regiments, left Halifax for that piivt of ihe American coast bordering on iN.w Brunswick, and after taking the forts, captui"cd all ihc vessels in tiie harbor?, Treaty of Ghent entered into between ti"^ United States and Great Britain, Peace concluded between these two powe-': Trustees ot Piciou Aca'lciny incorporate' i a stage-coach commenced to run between Halifax ,n, 'Vindsor, £40,000 worth of property destroyed at Hahlax by nre, Population of IJalifJix, ll,ioG, and of the Province, T8,S-i5, Cape Breton re-aimoxed to iNova Scotia, The sum of £1000 ijranted to Dalhousie College, Act passed authorising the construction of the Shabenacadic Canal, 131 vessels, of the grosn amount of 15,535 tons, were buiit in i.'ova Scotia. The number of vessels owned in the Province was 1,031. amounting to 52 779 ton?, Annapolis i^oyalwas the provincial head quarters from 1710 to 1749, when llalit'tx became the seat of government. 2,000 emigrants arrived in Cape Breton, 1794 1795 1802 Do. :sor ISOG Do. 1810 1812 Do. 1S13 Do. 1S14 Do. 1314 Do. 1S15 1816 Do. 1818 1820 1821 1824 1320 1841 na ACOllIGINES. That America, when first discovered, wn.-i inhabited by a race of human beings, is beyond ■•■-pute ; but as to their origin or previous course the pages of history is blank and there is nothing but some vague traJitions to give rise to our conjectures. All that the mure civili/.ed nation? have dore seems to have been to appropriate the country they called their own. and this has been, and indeed, still continues to be, the case up to the present time ; the northern portion of the continent being nearly equally divided bctwee-i Great hi I ' ft h ft f d i!i being 276 • Britain and tho United States. The natives are fast approaching to the point of extinction, and those who do exist can scarcely be said to be sub- ject to any liiw, except ■when they commit any criminal act, and are left, like the wild Arabs, to wander over the country, with some few exceptions, without any iiomc or abiding j)laco. As the Indian races were the sole human inhabitants of this vast region, " masters of all they surveyed," — the whole American continent — it is no wonder that they considered the " pale faces" of Europe to be en- croachers on their rxtensive domain. Their ferocious habits, their physical strength, their warlike propensities, their agility and skill in the use of their weapons, and their doaOly opposition to every other race, rendered it an ex- tremely hazardous undertaking for a iiuropean to land on their shores, much more so to penetrate into tho country. These people, less civilized and fiercer than their southern neighbors, were divided into diiTerent nations, and, though the habits and customs were ge- nerally similar, each nation spoke a language peculiar to itself, and varied in many respects from the others. Boundaries Avere established between some of thcin, usually consisting of rivers and lake;?, or, perhaps, the sea shore ; and if one nation encroached on tho territory or hunting ground of the other, war ensued. Some dwelt on the sea coasts, while others remained on tho rivers and lakes of the interior; fishing, fowling, and hunting, in all of which they wore very expert, were their principal employments. The skins of wild animals formed their clothing ; their dwellings, or iviirwatns, were of the moit simple order, being almost all built in a conical form, the first which sugjicsts itself to the unskilled architect, and covered with the bark of trees. Before their introduction to employment by Europeans, the bow and arrow were their principal weapons, and they were skilful in the manufacture of stones into hatchets or tomahawks, which they well knew how to plunge, with a sure and deadly blow, into the objects of their at- tack. They were well acquainted too, with the means of inflicting the most barbarous tortures ; so much so that imagination alone can set bounds to the sufferinfTS which those of our American forefathers, who were so unfortu- nate as to fall into their hands, h:id to endure. It is almost difficult in these times to bring the mind to realize the awful cruelties, which none but sava- ges could be capable of perpetrating, and which were inflicted on the early colonists, thro\\n as it were, helplessly, on a shore distant more than 3,000 miles fiom their native country, in an almost unboand'.d forest, swarming with these savages, who embraced every occasion of raising their warhoops ; and their onslaughts were too often followed by scalping and otherwise cru- elly torturing their prisoners, as well as burning or plundering their habita- tions, wherever they Avcrc defenceless. They then returned to their hiding places, evading pursuit, but prepared to renew their attacks whenever oppor- tunity offered. It may perhaps be asked, why do we, at this distant period, dweP upon a state of things which in these more civilized uays, can never return. The reply will be that we ought fully to understand, and to appreciate the debt of gratitude which the inhabitants of these now thriving and peaceful countries owe to those pioneers who thus paved our way, subdued those savage tribes, and depiived them of the power of continuing their depredations. There were few of the early settlers in America who suffered more from the Indians than those who emigrated to ancient Acadia ; and what en- 277 'Caching to the laid to be sub- t, and are left, few exceptions, his vast region, ^an continent — urope to be en- , their physical the aso of their adeved it an ex- ;ir shores, much neighbors, were istouis were ge- self, and varied jlishcd between erhups, the sea itinji "round of others remained i hunting, in all loyments. The 3. or wi£(wams, onical form, the overed with the Europeans, the e skilful in the thev ■well knew :cts of their at- icting the most et bounds to the ere so unfortu- difficult in these none but sava- ed on the early lore than 3,000 brest, swarming their warhoops ; I otherwise cru- ng their habita- to their hiding vhencver oppor- well upon a state jrn. The reply iate the debt of ?aceful countries se savage tribes, tions. fered more from and what en- hanced their sufferings in this respect, was the continual wars between Eng- land and France, and afterwards between the "old coloniea" and England, for the possession of those lands, originally belonging to the savages. It must be confessed that these wars teuded but little to christianise or civilize the wild men of the forest ; indeed each of the European nations rather be- came themselves savages in their turn, for neither hesitated to use every means, by presents and bribery, to obtain the assistance of the native tiibes, and to encourage their barbarities — a course which either of these nations, at the present day, would shudder to adopt. The principal part of the Indian tribes of this part of the continent, be- came, at an early period, converts to the Roman Catholic faith ; and this tended much to attach them to the French, for the reasons, the settlers of that nation being of the same belief, and having been the means of their conversion ; and the bitter animosity which then existed between Protestant"? and Catholics, which was still further increased by the violent hostility so long promoted and carried on between the subjects of these powerful na- tions. The number of Indians who inhabited Acadia, it is impossible at this distant day to estimate : but it must, judging from the numbers that are re- corded to have been present at various engagements, have amounted to seve- ral thousands ; and when they had to fight with the white men, the differ- ent nations appear to have lost sight of their own quarrels, whether as to boundaries or otherwise, and to have assembled at the battle field to indulge in war, which was their greatest pleasure. Dr. Gesner says, in his work on the Industrial Resources of !Nova l:;cotia. p. 1 , that, " at an early pe- riod, the number of Indian warriors was not less than 3,000. This warlike people, and the first French settlers, formed a powerful barrier to the intro- duction of British colonists," We h ive before adverted to the harassing nature of the hostilities between the English and these tribes ; and to the treaty made in 1763 with the chief Argeinault, who then accepted King George as the " great father" of his nation. On this condition the Provincial Government agreed to protect the fur trade, by setting such a value upon the several articles as was agreed upon between the contracting parties. From that time, every possible encouragement has been held out to these people by the local governments ; large tracts of land have been set apart for their use in different parts of both Provinces, and the Legislatures have, whenever their necessities required it, granted large sums, and superintended the expenditures, for their relief. In both Provinces money has been granted to P»oman Catholic missionaries engaged in their instruction ; and a school for Indian children has been established in the county of York, by the New Brunswick Government. There are upwards of 50,000 acres of land reserved for them in that Pro- vince, as well as large tracts in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Commis- sioners are employed by all the colonies to advance their interests, and to encourage them in the cultivation of their lands. Recently some of them have leen induced to settle on these lands, where, in some instances, they have built houses after the English fishion, and keep farm stock. They are sometimes employed in the lumber woods, and more frequently as la- borers on the farms. But their predilections for hunting, basket making, and the wigwam f prevent them from pursuing other avocations for any length of time. An 278 effort ha=; roccntlj' been mado, by the Protestants of Nova Scotia, to prose- litise them; a inissionary, the Rev. Mr. R:in-:, -who has made himself ac- quainted with their lan^^uage, has been sent mnonrr^t them ; scmo portions of the scriptures, and a first rcadir',:; book, have been translated into the Miemac hii)>:;uage: and they are being tni\r,ht to "<;i!d them. The society wliich has be\!n funned i'cr thin puryose, has cstabii.sh'xl an iz/fhu^/rial in- stitufi: amoTig theut, where their (juill boxes, tubs, buckets, brooms, baskets and other artiLdes of Uieir munufactuie are received; agents are appointed to coiU'Ct them, and every mean'' adoj.'tcd to secure tii(;m a full value for their Lhor. ]\!.;ny of the in promiiK'nt and philanthropic men in the Provinces aio promoters of this OMJoct. 'iiie sum of XlJVl was subscribed in 1854, and devoted to the ainelioration of their eurniition. in addition to the large sums annually granted by the Legislatures of the lov.'er colonies. In th(^ earlv historv of these Provinces, there were probably several na- tions of ludiaiis inhabiting this .section of America, but they are now re- duced to two, the Micmacs and the MilicetcH. who speak different Innguages. The former are a r(':)ust race, and prineij.ndly inliabit the sea shore ; they are the ir.vjst nnniei-or.s. The latter are less johust. and their predilections arc more in favoi* of the interior parts ot the country. In 1>!41, Mr. Pcrley found the number of Indians in New Brunswick to be as follows : — T.r. \ 444 males ' -t-t ^ \ 218 males I 4J1 lemales. i / j.zA females. The total numbci- was, tiieretbre, 1377 In the census of 1S51, the number in the same Province were, Males 567 Females 541 Total 1116 Decrease iu ten j^ears 261 In Nova Scotia in 1851. there -were Males 5o- } rr i 1-1/ -,' • • n A'^- ■p -, - , , ^ Total lOob, principally Micmacs. In Prince Ed\v.",ru Island, in 1C4S, there were S30, almost all Micnnccs. From the proximity of this i.sland to the other two colonies, and the mi- gratory habits of this people, it is probable that a portion of them may have been iii..uded in the census ibr each of thcic colonics. It is now estimated that, at present, their aggregiite number does not exceed 2 000 souls. Though there are no endeuiical diseases among them, they are, from their manner of life, ex)joscd to every enivlernic that may be brought into the country b\' emigraiits or sailors' and. from their uljectionsio meiiical treat- ment, tiiey, and especially the chihhen, are often cut ofl' by disease. ?o that, unless some s'pecial effort is made on their behaif, the whole of these tribes, once so formidable to Europeans, will speedily be extinct. E.MlTUOrAKFS. This Province, and its sister colonies, nave, as well as the United States, been rejieatedly subject to slight slioeks of earthqu:ikc3. The cause of tluse terrestrial phenomena has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained. Until recently, the subject ui mighty agent that thus powerfidly operates upon our planet, but rather, if the natural causes and their operations could be discoverenial] rivers and foun- tains were dried u^i; in others, ti.e W!:t.'r became sulphurous, and in nemo the channel in which they ran was so altered, that it could not be distin- guished : many trees were torn up. and th; jwn to a considerable distance ; some nmuniaiiis ajipeaied to be mu'di broken and moved ; half-way between Tadousac and Quebec, two mountains were sliakeri dnwn, aiid formed a ) oint of land, which extended half a quarter of a league into the river St. Law- rence. Tho island A ax Coiidrea became larger than it was before, and the channel of the river became mudi altered. — Memor. Am. Arts and Science, 1st, 203, and 1st ilulmes, 3s0." Tho above extract records the most extraordinary phenomenon of this nature ever known on this part of tho continent of xVmerica, tboiifdi thero were numerous stories related by the Indians, at the time of its discovery, of similar concussions, A>hich piud..u:cd the most wonderful results ; but wc have no reliable data to enable us to give any (iescription of these events. A little before sunrise, en the morning ol the 22ud of ^^Tay, 1S17, three slight shocks were felt in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the State of Maine. They .ail took place wiiliin the short sj)'ico of fifteen minutes, and were accomjianicd ])y a lumbling noise like thunder : buildings Avore shaken, and their c'tntents moved, so that the people liccame al.'.iii cd. bli<.ht -hocks were al.^o ftlt in uiff.vent parts of these Provinces in 1827 aLd l^-oi), but they produced no serious elTocts. About .■^even o'clock in the morning of the Stli of bebrmry, ISof). ano- ther of these plLjuonicna visited Nova .Scotia, New Prunswick, arid a part of the adjaeent JStatcs. The thermonioter, on the day previous was observ- ed to be lower tlitsn had been known, at that period, in the I'lovince for sev- eral years. The duration of the moiion was very .short- -not more, in some localities, than twenty seconds ; in other parts of the Piovince it lasted a little longer: and in others there v,cre soveral concussions felt; in some places slight shocks weie percci/ed some days after, jiuring the time of the heaviest concussion?. Hoveral stone and other buildings were ^diak'^n. and furniture displaced : it produced a rumbling noise, like a chimney n fire, or distant thunder. It was felt most sensihly at the Pend, Sussex Vale,. Fiudei'ioLoa; oud other low ^liQui in Nuw Piaudwick, where the lockio^ I m Ui I'O: •I ; ' 280 motion was said to continue longer ; and it is the duration of the shock that produces the greatest effects, l^o material iojurj, however, was done in any part of the country. BOUNDARIES. The Province of Nova Scotia, like that of New Brunswick, is a depen- dency of ti:ie British Empire ; being included in the General Government of British North America. Nova Scotia proper, is a somewhat rectangular peninsula, connected with New Brunswick on the north east by a narrow isthmus only fifteen miles in width, and it is bounded on the south and south east by the Atlantic ocean ; on the north west by the Bay of Fundy and Chignecto Bay, which, with the isthmus before mentioned, separate it from New Brunswick; and north easterly by the Straits of Northumbeiland, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic ocean. Its area, including the island of Cape Breton, is nearly 12,000,000 acres ; and it is situate between 43 ° 20', and 47 ° 4' north latitude, and 59 ° 37' and 66 ° 23' west longitude. 'Ihe Island of Cape Breton is situate to the north eastward of the Penin- sula, from which it is separated by the Gut of Canso. The Atlantic ocean bounds it on the east, and a part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence dividing it from Newfoundland on the north; its western shore is also washed by the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Note. — Nova Scotia (as described in the Commission to Lord Durham, on his memorable mission to Briuah North America) is " bounded on the westward by a line drawn from Cape Sable across the entrance to the cen- tre of the Bay of Fundy ; on the northward by a line drawn along the cen- tre of the said Bay to the mouth of the Musquat river (now called the Mis- siqua&h), by the said river to its source ; and from thence by a due east line across the isthmus into the Bay of Verte." The inland part of this boun- dary is not yet defined ; it is somewhat difficult to determine the source of the Missiquash in consequence of its numerous large arms extending into the country. This would best be done by tracing a minute survey of this river and its numerous tributories, and ascertaining their extent, and the volume of water they respectively supply. 281 ) sbock that was done in is a depen- Government rectangular )y a narrow h and south Fundy and irate it from humbei land, icluding the late between ® 23' west if the Penin- tlantic ocean !C dividing it isbed by the )rd Durham, mdcd on the 3 to the cen- long the cen- lled the Mis- due east line )f this boun- he source of tending into irvey of this ent, and the r >■ CIVIL DIVISIONS. (This Province, like that of New Brunswick, is divided into counties and townships.) Names and Papulation of the Counties. y-* 1 • Population. Counties. County Towns. Increase. 1838. 1851. Halifax, City of Halifax, 2S,r,70 39,112 Lunenburg, Lunenburg, 12,058 10,395 Queen's, Liverpool, 5,798 7,250 Shelbiirne, Shelburne, 0,831 10,622 increuso Yarmouth , Yarmouth, 9,iHy 13,142 i^'g^y. Digby, 9,269 12,252 in Annapolis, Annapolis, 11,989 14,2X5 >■ King's, Kentville, 13,709 14,13S Nova Scotia proper, Ilant'a, AV^indsor, 11,399 14,330 Cumberland, Araherst, 7,572 14,339 53,611. Colchester, Truro, 11,225 15,469 Pictou, Pictuu, 21,449 25,593 (Juysborough, (Juysborough, 7,447 10,838 Sydney, Antigonish, 7,103 13,467 - Richmond, Arichat, 7,607 10,381 luoreafle in Capo > Breton, 23,478. Cape Breton, Victoria, Sydney, i liedeque, ( 14,111 17,500 10,100 Inverness, Port Hood, 13,042 10,917 Totals. — Coun ties, 18 199,028 276,117 77,089 le to small vessels, with the exception of the first, which will admit those of a somewhat larger size. Bay Vaic, already described under the head of the (Jcography of JSew Brunswick, is a large estuary, perfectly safe for vessels of a large class, which have to lie at some distance from the head of the Bay. The harbor at the mouth of the Ti Inish river can be entered by schooners and small class brigs. The mouth of this river is the reputed termination, northerly, of the Province of Nova Scotia. Cojtc Union hl3 a good harbor, but the natural protec- tion which prevented the encroachments of the sand being now removed, it is unsafe, and the water shallow. Capes and Headlands. — Cape Chignecto is at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and the extreme south-west point of the county of Cumberland. Capos Blomidon, in Colchester, and Split, in King's, are on each side, and at tho head of Minag Channol O^no Sablo \% the most souiborn point of Babb Island, op tho Atl^tlo I-:!- i ,! I U ^ I- m^ it 4^-^ i ^^ i/i B 284 coast of Nova Scotia, It mnst not be confounded with *he Sj'.ble Island hereafter described, which has been the scene of so many disastrous ship- wrecks. Cape Sambro and Penant Point are situate south of the h;«rbor of Hali- fax, and form the southern extremity of the county of that name. Cape Canso is the most eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, and is often the first land si^ghted by steamers and other vessels on their passage to Halifax. Red Head lies north of Chedabucto Bay. Cape St. Gcoi'ge is situate to the north-Avest of St. George's Bay. Cape Porcupine, which is 560 feet high, is opposite Plaster Cove, Avhere the beds of gypsum are exhaustlcss. This is the narrowest part of the Gut of Can- so, and the point where the telegraph line crosses the Strait. Capes John and Malagash lie respectively on the east and west Sioes of the entrance to Tatamagouche harbor. Cape BMon. — Cape St. Lawrence and Cape North form together the most northerly extremity of the Island. Cape Egmont is the southerly entrance to Aspy Bay. Point AoGui is situate between the Great and Little Bras d'Or. Cape jVlurgain lies 'jetv/een Cow and jMire' Bays, and Cape Breton is sit- uate south of the entrance to Mire' Bay. Lakes. — Lake George, Vaughan, St. John and Pubnico are all in Yar- mouth county. Lake Rossignol is of considerable size, and forms, with lakes Port Med- way, Malaga and other small lakes, nearly a complete chair across Queen's county. Sherbrook Lake is in Lunenburg county. There is a chain of lakes extending from Dartmouth, at the harbor of Hahfax, towards the head of Cobequid Bay ; the principal of which — Grand Lake— and several otheis, empty themselves into that bay by the Shubena- cadie. This cbaiu is now being connected with Halifax harbor by means of a canal — an undertaking which has long been talked of, and was first pro- posed for the passage of ships, but is now being adapted to carry small boats or barges only. Ship Harbor Lake empties itself into the sea to the eastward of Halifax, and is situate near the centre of that county. Between this lake and Hali- fax harbor is a succession of small lakes, the principal of which are Major, Porter's, and Chezzetcook lakes, all in the county of Halifax. All the sec- tion of Nova Scotia proper, to the eastward of and including tliat county, is interspersed with small lakes, while the districts to the eastward and north- ward possess but few of any note. Lakes of Cape Brcfou. — Ainslie Lake makes its exit into the Straits of Northumberland north of Seal Ir/land. The centre of this isLind consists of a chain of lakes and inland bays, as Whykokomagh Bay, Basin Saint George. Straits of Barra, and the Bras d'Ors (already described), which nearly divide the island into two parts. These lakes have numerous arms extending in every direction, and afTording excellent in 'ernal navigation. The only remairmig inland water of any note is Loch Loi nond, which empties itself into the ocean cast of St. Peter's Bay. Rivers. —Beginning at the head of Cumberland Basin, the principal rivers of Nova Scotia are the Missiquash, the boundary between this Pro- vince and New Brunswick, the La Planche, Napan, Macan, and Ilebert ; none of which are navigable for Viptssols. Applo river is w small stream emptying itself miQ Chignc^to Bay. 285 Sj'ble Island lastr^us ship- rbor of Ilali- name. Cape ften the first aalifax. Hed a Bay. Cape rliere the beds D Gut of Can- west Sioes of 1 together the I'Or. 1 Breton is sit- re all in Yar- :c3 Port Med- icross Queen's the harbor of which — Grand the Shubena- )r by means of was first pro- rry small boats rd of Halifax, lake and Hali- ich are Major, All the see- that county, ard and north- to the Straits nland bays, as and the Bras ito two parts. and a^Tording ,er of any note Peter's Buy. the principal reen this Pro- and Ilebert; QHiall strearo There are a great number of streams which fall into Minas Basin and Oobequid Bay. Those on the north and east side are Partridge, Little and Great Bass, Folly, De Bert, Chiganois, North and Salmon rivers, which take their rise principally among the hills forming the Cobequid range in Cumberland, Colchester, and Pictou counties. Those running into the same bays on the south shore are : the Shubenacadie, which has numerous tribu- tories, known as the Stewiac, Saint Andrew's, Gay's, Nine Mile and Five Mile rivers, which have their sources in Colchester and Hants ; tho Shuben- acadie has its principal origin in the lakes before mentioned, within a few miles of Halifax ; the Avon, who?e branches are numerous, the largest being the Kennetcook, Meander, Saint Croix, Half-way, and Gaspereaux; the sources are chieily in Hants county. The Cornwallis, Cunard, and Habitant rivers rise in King's county, and fall into the Minas Basin west of the Avon. The Annapolis River, discharging itself into Annapolis Basin, has, amongst its numerous smaller affluents, the Nictau and the Fales rivers. From St. Mary's Bay we come to the Sissiboo, the Mor 'Ugan, and tho Salmon Rivers, in Digby county, and the Salmon and Tusket in Yarmouth ; the latter, a stream of some importance, takes its rise in Digby and empties itself into Abuptic harbor. Proceeding along the coast and passing some inconsiderable streams, we come to the Clyde, Roseway and Jordan, which rise in Shelbornc ; tho Broad, Liverpool, and Port Medway rivers, the latter being the largest which have their origin among the lakes of Queen's coun- ty ; the Lahave, one of the most extensive rivers in this region. Petite, Gold and Middle rivers, all originate in Lunenburg county, and the two lat- ter fall into INIahone Bay. Between this bay and Hahfax harbor there are a number of small streams, but none of them of any extent. Sackville river falls into Bedford Bat-in, which forms part of Halifax harbor ; around the westerly margin of this harbor and river, crossing the latter, is now be- ing constructed the Atlantic portion of the European and North American Railway. From Halifax harbor to Cape Canso the streams are numerous, but not extensive ; the principal in Halifax county, are the Salmon, Musquodoboit, and the two branches of Middle and Mosure rivers. Liscomb is a small river taking its rise partly in Halifax and partly in Guysborough. St. Mary's River, having numerous tributory streams, is the most ex- tensive on the Atlantic shore of the Province; it has its sources in Pictou and Sydney counties, interlacing with the streams falling into the Nor- thumberland Straits, and flows through Guysborough^ making its exit in St. Mary's Bay. Country harbor river also has its rise in, and runs through Guysborough, and as well as Salmon river, falls into Chedabucto bay. The principal streams between the Gut of Canso vnd Pictou, are. Black, Pombhot, South, and West rivers ; the two latter have their discharge in Antigonish harbor. All these rivers originate in and run through Sydney county and flow into St. George's Bay. The principal rivers of Pictou county are, Barney's, French and Suther- land rivers, which empty themselves into Merigomish harbor ; East river, famed for its coals, Middle and West river, all falling into Pictou harbor • and River John discharging itself into Brule harbor, which lies east, and forms a part of Tatmagouche harbor. Waugh, French, Tatmagcucho, and Dewars rivern, all tako thoir riie in th© high Uad!! cf C^khcBter, aad M iat^ T*JHi?.a^cuoh6 hftrbot I t .1 ' 13 5 'f: |1; i t -X, J 286 From hence to the boundary of New Brunswick at Bay Verte, tl.e prin- cipal rivers are the Wallace, Pugwash, Philip, Goose, Shinimecas, and Tid- nish rivers, all of which are small streams, except the Pugwash, \\hich is deep at its mouth, but not extensive, and the river Philip, which has a large course ; the three first have their sources on the north side of the Cobequid hills, and the others in other parts of Cumberland, all of them empty them- selves into the Northumberland Straits. The R'nwrs of Cape Breton, are, the two branches of the Margarie, and the two branches of Mabou, all of which run through Inverness coun- ty into the (jiulf of St. Lawrence ; Mire' river, and Salmon river, its tribu- tory, take their rise in and flow through the county of Cape Breton, falling into the Atlantic, south of Cape Margain ; and (Jrand River, originating ir; Loch Lomond, and emptying itself into the Atlantic, cast of St. Petev's Bay. MontUalns. — This Province is very uneven ; it is divei*sified by hills of considerable magnitude, and extensive plains. These hills nowhere ab'sume the character of mountains, except in that range known by the Lame of the Cohe) , li ■- i* »• * ■ ,^ 15 ;«3l ■ 288 square miles of the area of this Province, is principally composed of red and gray sandstones, shells, gypsum and limestone, all of which are gene- rally found in stwtified positions. The district occupied by this formation embraces nearly all the low lands of that portion of the Province lying north of the Minas channel and Cobequid Bay, with a small portion of the counties of King's and Hants ; its southern boundary runs easterly in the direction of Cape Canso, at the entrance to Chedabucto Ba^, . ^-prehending, in its range, a large portion of Cape Breton. The iron ores and clay iron stone of this system, as far as discovery has hitherto gone, have been observed in the counties of Cumberland, Colches- ter and Pictou, and in the island of Cape Breton ; they are mostly of the hematite description. The surface includes some of the best land in the Province, and is almost all capable of being cultivated and rendered highly productive. The netvred sand stojic system, and the trap associated therewith, skirt, in isolated patches, the whole Bay of Fundy coast, from St. Mary's Bay to Minas channel, p,nd both sides of the latter to the head of Cobeqnid Bay. Veins of magnetic iron and copper ores, and also agates and jaspers, have been discovered within these boundaries. This system contains soils of an excellent quality ; and even the debris of the trap rock, when it is not too precipitous, is found, when tilled, to be very productive. The limited geological researches already made in this Province seem almost to warrant the belief that it contains within its bowels useful miner- als of almost every description, and in such great abundance, that all that appears wanting to their developement is the application of capital, skill and industry, which would render these vast natural treasures subservient to the interests of the inhabitants. It is the opinion of many, however, that the cause that has paralyzed, in a great measure, this branch of industry, may be found in the following circumstances. In the year 1826, a large portion of the mineral wealth of the Colony was conveyed, by Royal charter, to the late Duke of York, who thus became the sole owner, for the term of sixty years, (of which thirty-one are still unexpired,) of all the mines and min- erals in the Province not previously granted with the land ; and the grant includes, with some few exceptions, all the minerals hitherto discovered. The reserved rent was the annual sum of £3,000 sterling, with a further sum of Is. sterling for every ton, of 2620 pounds, raised, and four pence for every ton of ore worked exceeding a certain quantity. This lease was assigned to a Company of Capitalists in England, who were incorporated under the name of The General Mining Association of London, and who com- menced their operations at Pictou and in Cape Breton, in 1828. The Roy- alty or Gain e has been reduced, by arrangement between the Association and the Provincial Government, to a uniform rate of two shillings currency per Newcastle chaldron. Great and continued dissatisfaction has, however, arisen between the Company and the local Government, and in April, 1854, there was a joint application by both branches of the Legislature to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, praying him to confer, during the re- cess, with the British Government and the Directors of the Association, with a view to an adjustment of several points in dispute and a modification of the moiopoly thus created. osed of red 1 are gene- le low lands jhannel and and Hants ; Cape Canso, age, a large liscovery has ,nd, Colches- aostly of the and is almost srewith, skirt, [ary's Bay to obeqnid Bay. jaspers, have 18 soils of an it is not too >rovince seem useful miner- !, that all that ,pital, skill and servient to the ever, that the industry, may a, large portion [charter, to the term of sixty .ines and min- land the grant [scovered. The .\irther sum of |ence for every ras assigned to .ted under the and who com- 8. The Roy- |hc Association lings currency 1 has, however, |n April, 1854, ilature to His during the re- |e Association, a modification 289 The principal Minerals of Nova Scotia, economically considered. There are few mineral substances of so much importance to the interests of a country os that of coal. Its use is essential on rendorinjjj every other mineral serviceable to man : manufactories cannot be profitably carried on without it. Steamboats re((uire this fuel to enable them to traverse the deep ; in fact, by its ardency must all the j^reat improvements in manufac- tures, in commerce, and in the intercourse bet\Ycen one country and another, be effectually achieved. With regard to quantity and quality of this useful mineral, no country of equal extent on the American Continent is so highly privileged as the Colo- ny of Nova Scotia. There are five different places at which coal has been raise'd on a scale more or less extensive, namely, at the Albion or Pictou iMir.ea, the Sydney, Bridgeport and Bras d'or iMines in Cape Breton, and the South Joggins in Cumberland. Besides these, outcrops have been discovered at numerous other places, at some of which small cjuantities have been extracted for local domestic use. Tlioso coal fields are very extensive, and further research will no doubt be crowned with success, as a large portion of the coal region is still mantled with its pristine vesture. The PictoH Mines are situate on the east river of Pictou about eleven miles from the town, and seven from the harlior of the same name; with the latter it is connected by a railroad constructed by the General Mining Association. By this means the coals are brou<:^ht down ior shipment as long as the navigation of the Culf of St. Lawrence is open, bein^ from about the 1st May to the middle of November. When, however, a branch of the railway, now being built by the Provincial ur dollars per I tbo markets )lliir8 per ton. from 1842 to ne there were irts ; -while be- ^a 1849, there ' duty hu9 been 5 that we may I export of this le law. Is. 7d. to 29 2d. —at which rate lising the coal reports to the t 129. l.^d. per ils employed in he average tou- red in the trade which, together Additional labor- 1 the east side of ;eport. and Bras iace of 35 miles ng the islets on re on the north lown as Sydiity ;hed is over 300 ted States is not it is also burnt litax, being well om the mines to ilf from Bridge- 3S, intersected by e stream of that from its mouth. ty- es on the Island !d is very exten- as th^ principal md sheets of wa- illy studded, the coal of these rade of Pictou, a 180,000 tons of es numerous out- . 291 crops which have been observed in various localities, there have been some seams of great thickness and good quality discovered, some of v hich aro worked. At Maccan a vein of 12 feet in thickness is reported by Dr. Gesner to be of good (|uality. The Sprung Jlill coal scam, or rather bed, for its depth has not been an- certained, is about ten miles from the navigation of the Maccan river, and about twenty-one miles from the harbor at Parrsboro' ; at the latter place there are excv'^llent facilities for shipment, and it is free from ice at almost all seasons of the year. The coal is good, being highly bituminous and free bdrning. At the Sovth Jogfrlns, there is an extensive stratum of coal, which out- crops at many places along the coist and on the stream:*; the coal is of fair quality and is Avorkod by the General Mining Association to a con.siderablo extent. This Company has expended large sums in the i'orniation of a breakwater at this spot, and otherwise in the developement of the Cumber- land coal fi(.'M, the extent and value of whicii, together with its proximity to the towns and settlement:^ on both sides of the Bay of Funily, and the facilities for s1ii[)ping to the United States, render it of vast im,iortance to this section of the Province ; all that is required to make it available is fresh enterprize anr this Associa- of enterprising mineral riches, nt of the capi- nd said to bo the Cobequid ni; to G(i parts a larjie portion th of this vein, ortained ; it is mliar property it is converted from tliis steel (.ireat Exliibi- Many of these ratum of lime- 1 extends to a ;o run parallel The Acadian iCharles D. Ar- favorablo posi- /es it great ad- 293 vantages ; the iron smelted here, though of very limited quantity, commands a high price in the London market. Every facility is here afiordcd for the extension of works of this naiure. euch as vast quantities of wood for char- coal, many streams descending from tlie hills ofl'ering sites for water wheels, and, as is believed, many veins of coal on the table land inimediui'jly ad- joining : and these numerous advantages combine to render this iion-bound region peculiarly valuable. Surely the time is not far distant when they will be appreciated, and in place of oar importing large qaantitic;^ of iron, this latent mineral storehouse of wealth will be opened, and reii'Ieied sub- r,vi'vie*it to the interests of the country. A ^ aluablo bed of iron ore, over six feet in thickness, lias been discovered near '.he Airtau rircr in Annapolis, where the Acadian Mining; Company have begun some works. Iron was manufactured at tl.is place in the early settlement of the country. Iron ore is al-o i^ok witli at the Pictou coal mines, and also about twelve miles above thtiji ; ^iitKjhe latter place the vein is about 15 feet in thickness. Smelting has hi&uh'^iied on at tlie Albion Mines, b.ut only to a limited extent. -'^ ''" ^.. The hematite vaviety of iron ore has been mo'fe^.Vith tioar tho Shubenaca- die river, and at Grand Ltike in the county of llahtax', as well as at numer- ous other places, but no smelling operations of any note have been iiistituted. Is it possible that, in thrse days of railway ppt-culatioa, eii' the incre.ised construction of machinery of every description, and of shiphiuidii ,;•, wiien such vast quantities of this metal are required for (lom,esi4c.«ial uiber pur- poses, that an invfstment in ii'on wori':3kiU which could be procured from the mother countiy. wouM not welT'rCjviy tiie out- lay of capital? and ^Ijy is not the march of enterpiize directed towards these minerals, to j^rovide at any rate a suiliciency fur our local wants I The nmnhcr of l-'oinir/crlcs, S,'c., in 1851, irns as fo//oir.:5u0 Yarmouth 1 100 Annapolis 1 1500 170 Colchester 3 5000 250 113 Pictou 1 c 800 120 1.503 Cape Breton 1 ^.500 1,200 Totals, I2.0O0 400 tons X3 4>0 Copiur Ores, from their dilliculty to trace, are not so maniiost in this Province as many other minerals ; indications of this metnl huve b^en ob- served at various j laces in the counties of Pictou, Cumberland ;ni<1 < ulehes- ter, but no lode has yet been a>tertained to be of a work'djle charaeur. Orcti of MiiHf^diu'SC have been found in the county' of Hants, liom which a few tons have I'cen shipped to the States. It is also met with in some other places, but not to any extent. Ores of Ijtad (galena) are discovered on the Shubenaeadii^ Stcwiackc, and some other places, but are not supposed to be in sullicient quantity to yield a })rofit Graitite of an excellent description is found at Anna})olis and many other spots; indeed this U'lCful substance is abundant along the whole At- lantic coast, where it has been (piarried, and used in the ereetion of the ci- tadel at Halifax, and various public edifices. Small quantities have been ft. r I ■ 1 1. '^ til I if 'il I'' ■' ' Mi 294 shipped to the States and other places : and a quarry has recently been opened for exportation near the newly constructed railway. Mica^ quartz^ fellspar^ ■porphyry^ slnte^ chrystal, sulphiirets of iron and copper, and various other mineral substances have been discovered in diiferent parts of the province. Gypsum. — There are two varieties of this valuable substance, both found in Nova Scotia in great abundance, accompanied by marls, sandstones and lime. Gypsum is so plentiful within the coal measures, that description would fail to give an idea of its quantity. It may be seen in many places in Hants, at Truro, and Londonderry in Colchester, at various spots in Pic- ou, and in Parrsboro, Maccan, Napan, lliver Phillip, Pugwash, and Wal- lace in Cumberland, as well as in the central portion of Cape lircton. Here it is only now bo^inning to be used to a small extent, and as a substitute for lime m fertilizing the soil and rendering it more pliable; but it is con- sidered as a valuable manure in the States, and large quantities are shipped to that market from Windsor and other places along the Minas basin and at Pugwash. Tlic gross amount quarried in 1851, was 79.795 tons, of which 76,743 Avere shipped in the county of Hants. The whole quantity exported was valued at X10,498. Limesto7U'^ like gypsum, is very abundant throughout the coal formation. Some of it is capable of being polished to a high decree, and some fine spe- cimens of mfnble have recently been sent to England from the neighbor- hood of Parrsboro' and ihe Five Islands. Lime is now couiing into use in farming operations, and can be obtained in great tibundance at Pugwash, Wallace, and other places on the gulf shore, also near Amherst in Cumber- land, various spots in Colchester, and in numerous other places in the Pro- vince. In 1851, there were manufactured in the Province 18.608 caska, valued at ,£4,483. Nearly one half of this quantity was burnt in the county of Pictou. Grindstones, of which the total '^umber of tons manufactured in 1851, was 37,570, valued at ^£5857. Uf this amount 86,712 tons, valued at £5,198, were made at the Joggins in Cumberland, 368 at Pictou, and the remainder in the counties of Colchester, Inverness, and Cape Breton. The stone in tlie Province adapted for this purpose and for building, as freestone, is exhaustless. Ochres oi' a ferruginous character, abound throughput the Province. As an illustration of their use it is only necessary to refer to the celebrated t^^- tcni Jirc-proof po lent, called Boss's Patent Artificial Slate; and to the other metallic paints, black, purple, and red, mr.nufactured in the county of Col- chester. The first named valuable material is found, from its adhesive qua- lities, to be a great preservative for edifices of every description, for ships, and also for all metals. It is extensively used both in the Colonies and in the United :"tatea. Phisfir C/ay, used in the manufacture of bricks and pottery, is found in almost every county. In 1851, there were 2,845,400 bricks made, valued at £3.211. Sa/i-s/n'inffs occur in many places in the counties of Hants, Pictou, Col- chester, and Cumberland, and in the island of Cape Breton, but no effectu- al steps have been taken to render these Viiluablo deposits of saline matter subservient to the pressing wants of the country, There are numerous other mineral substances found in the Province by Dr. Gesner and others, but those we have "numerated are the principal yet discovered which enter into the economical wants of the country. 295 recently been urets of iron I discovered in ice, both found landstones and lat description n many places 3 spots in Pic- ash, and Wal- Brcton. Here IS a substitute but it is con- ies are shipped \s basin and at tons, of which mtity exported coal formation, some fine spe- 1 the neighbor- ng into use in e at Pugwash, rst in Cumber- oes in the Pro- 18,G0o casks, burnt in the tured in 1851, tons, valued at Pictou, and the Breton. The g, as freestone, Province. As celebrated pa- ind to the other county of Col- 3 adiiesive qua- ition, for ships, 'olonies and in ery, is found in s made, valued ts, Pictou, Col- but no eifectu- f saline matter bo Province by he principal yet intry. FOREST TREES OF NOVA SCOTIA. The climate, soil, and vegetable productions of Nova Scotia are so similar to those of New Brunswick, that it would be mere repetition to dwell at any length on the contents of its forests ; and we shall therefore confine ourselves only to an enumeration of the most useful trees found iu the Province, and the value of the timber manufactured therefrom fur ex- portation. Notwithstanding the great extent of land within the colony which has been stripped of the forests, by the hand of man or by the operation of fire, there are still largo tracts yet covered with trees of the most valuable description, in an economical point of view, the principal of which arc com- prised in the following notice. The most common and most generally applicable, both for exportation and domestic purposes, is the spr'in>^ of which there are two species — the white and the black. The latter is the most valuable and extensively useful ; it is manufactured into deals, battens, masts, spars, plank, boards, scantling, shingles, and a variety of other articles too numerous to mention. Pine, of which ten varieties have been noticed, in addition to all tho va- rious purposes to Avhich spruce is applicable, is employed in the finishing of edifices of every description. The most valuable is the white pine ; this species, from its size and durability, is much sought after for spars and masts. It is getting very scarce in this colony. The silver fir is very abundant throughout Nova Scotia. American larrhc, which is known by a variety of names, as taraar.ac, cy- press, and juni[)er, but more generally by its Indian name, hacmatac. is found in great abundance. Its importance, especially in ship-building and for railways, is so well known that further notice in this place is unneces- sary. The next in order are the maples, of which there are several species : the white sugar maple, black sugar maple, white maple, red maple, moose- wood or striped maple, and the mountain maple bush. The most important are the sugar maples, from the bird's eyes, scrolls, and other pecuiiariiies presented by their wood when used in cabinet making and upholstery, but more especially for their sugar producing- qualities. Of this article, there was manufactured in the Province, in 1851, the large (juantity of 110.441 pounds. Each tree produces, on an average, three pounds of sugar in each season. There are numerous species of the birch — the yellow, white, grey and black birch, all of which are applicable to various purposes ; but the last is the most valualile and most extensively useful. Beech, of which there are two species — the red and white — is met with in large quantities. There are two species of elm known to exist in this colony — the red and the white. Hemhck spruce, generally known by the name of hemlock, is remarka- bly plentiful throughout the Province. There are several varieties oi ash, known as the black, white, yellow and grey ash ; but on examination, they \s\\\ be found to belong to tAvo species, namely, the white and the black. Almost all the swamps furnish supplies of this valuable wood. There are two species of the oak — the red ar.d the black— found on the borders of etrcairs. f 'V i i^. ^^^■:\ ^^}, ii '*. '^s :t 296 Poplar, including the tree poplur, the aspen, and the -white-leaved pop- lar, is produced in great abundance throughout the Province. Cedar is not so plentiful in Nova Scotia as in New Brunswick, where it is found in great quantities. Tiie foregoing catalogue comprises most of the trees from which the ex- ports given in the following suminary arc derived : The irioss amount, in value, of the timber exported from Nova Scotia in 1847 was X76,8a2. In 1853, the value of the exports of this nature of all descriptions was as follows : Lumbc)-, (sawr,) £115.989 ghingles, 4,454 Staves and Hoops, 2,570 Spars and Ivnees. 6,547 Timber, (.^u ft wood,) 3,590 I>u. (liard wood.) Wood, (cord wood), Total. 5,494 26,151 £164,795 Shewing an increnso in six years of £S8,463 And if we add to this the value of tho timber manufactured into ships, many of Avbifh are annually sold in other countries, to say nothiiig of the vast (juaiitiiios used for domestic purposes, tliis sum Avould be greatly aug- mented, 'iho Value of tbe forest timber, both of tins ami the adjoining Pro- vince, ii only now beginning to be known : for, wbile the demand for these articles must bo nniob increased in the l)riti>:h markets, there is now an ad- ditional souioe of tiade opened by tbe Keciprocity Treaty with the United States, wbi'.li will absorb a large additionrd ijUantiry, and probably at more remunerative pvie-es. As to the '|ualities of several of the woods of this Province for uphol- stery and oabniet ware, they cau hardly bo surpa>^sed. in testimony of this a>sertiou it is oidy necessary to visit the eal>inet shops of the country, which iiisplay articles of various descriptions possessing both beauty and durability ; and as j furtlicr )>roof. we may refer all who take an interest in this subjeet to the Museum at llalifiix. where they Asill find ujiwards of sixty beautiinl specimens of native wood.s manufictured in the Province, evidently shewing tbat the inltabitaiits are underrating tbe capabilities of their own country and the skill of iis artizjns, as ben they import articles of this deseji[)tion of foreign growth and manuficiurc. For a I'^iM-e detailed iiccount of tb. fo'C-t trees, their uses, and the soils upon which they respectively grow, the reader is referred to the article " Bo- tany,'" ni our description of New Brunswick The following list of indigenous plants which have not yet been rendered valuable in a comniercial aspect, comprizes tbe principal part of the forest production of Nova Scotia: — lluzel Nut, Balm of Gilcad, Hornbeam, ' Bill Berry, Buti'-Munt, Swamp willow, LoiMv^t 'J'ree, Bh^k willow, Wild Cherry. .T5.ipik<5f, willyVY, TliMrfi, vvliitM A blur, saved pop- c, where it ich tlie ex- a Scotia in iptions was 115.989 4,454 2,570 6,547 3,590 5.494 26^151 ;164,795 ?^ 297 £88,463 I into ships, tiling of the rrveatly aug- ioininLT Pro- ud lor tnese I now an ad- \ the United ib!y at more for upliol- testirnony of tlio country. leavity and intcrtt-t in upwards of Province. iililities of ^t articles )^y I) id the soils irliclo "Bo- ;eu rendered )f the forest f Gilead, Jviy, wdlow, ivillow, w'diyVT, Ald^Tj Flowering Plants, There are a large number of flowering plants t- be met with in every direction. In the month of June, indeed, both fields and forests present a great variety affording both beauty and fragranco. Their study has not as yet attracted much attention although a more delightful and instructive pur- suit can hardly be imagined. The following is a list of the more obvious, in addition to many of those given in the foregoing catalogue . Wild Gooseberry, Plum, Currant, two species, Whortle Berry, Rose, two species. Lilies, three species, Strawberry, Indian Cup, Baspberry, Hemp, Blackberry, Sarsaparilla, Dew Berry, Sumach, Bed Cranberry, Low Moosewood Bush, Grey Cranberry, Blue Berries, High bush Cranberry, Tea Berry, Cherry, Huckle Berry, Choke Berry, Ground Hemlock, Many other of the indigenous plants and shrubs enumerated in pages 55 and 56, will be found in Nova Scotia. As a fruit growing country. Nova fceotia, especially its western counties, is not far behind other parts of this continent. We have no means of as- certaining the quantity of fruit raised in the Province, but, judging from that exported, we are led to believe it must be very great. JTn 1853, there were 40,045 bushels of apples and plums shipped, principally to the other North American Colonies, valued at X6,849. Considering the very sluggish «nd careless manner in which orchord culture is pursued, this must be looked upon as a large yield. Wo have no doubt that this branch of arboricultural business must, ere long, become a prominent pursuit of the people of the Province. It is scarcely possible that it should remain much longer in its present neglected state. FISHERIES OF NOVA SCOTIA. As the fisheries of this Province differ so little either in extent, kind, or quality, from those of Now Brunswick, of which we have already given as full and detailed description as our limits would al^ow, we propose to afford but brief consideration to this important branch of industry in its commer- cial aspect only. Since the i'Jgin Treaty has become the law of tho land, conferring on the citizens of the United States the privileges of fishing on the coasts of the British Provinces ; and giving in return the same liberty the colonists on certain parts of the shores of the Republic, together with a free and un- controlled market in all her seaports for the produce of their waters, we may reasonably anticipate a large increase in the catch and tho exp'^'rtav'on of fish by the Provincials ; and this is more especially applicable to Nova Scotia, which is surrounded, and every where intersected by waters teem- ing with every variety of the most valuable fish. The numerous treaties and long pending negotiations that have heretofore been made and carried on, by Great Britain, spurred on by her Colonies, on 40 -J 111, h V ;-r^ 298 the one part, and by the French and American Governments on the other as well as the protection oiforded by England, at no small cost, by numer- ous armed vessels on these shores, evince most strongly the vast extent and value of the fisheries of British North America. There is indeed no part of Her Majesty's Colonial Dominions to which this branch of business is of more importance than to Nova Scotia. When her forests shall cease to afford the supplies of lumber they now furnish, the products of her fisheries will become one of her staple articles of expor- tation, ranking perhaps, second to her agricultural produce. One feature in their recommendation is the cheapness with which they may be pursued, for while an outlay of many thousands is required to bring into action even a small portion of the mineral wealth of a country, a comparatively trifling cost will amply provide the necessary outfit for this purpose. It is true that the miner sometimes meets with unexpected success, from the discovery of soue new mineral not at first supposed to be within his range, or from the superior quality of the vein he may open ; but it is equally evident that, from tiiC variety of fish, no less than seventy species, frequenting these wa- ters, at defFerent seasons of the year, that the prudent fisherman need be at no loss : for if the catch of herrings fail, he may devote his time and atten- tion to that of mackarel, as well as to the shad, salmon and many other spe- cies well suited, cither for the table or the production of oil. The different families, generally and species of fish usually found on these shores, have been enumerated under the head of the fisheries of New Bruns- wick, pag-e 82, sec. The following statistic-? will shew to some extent the value of the export trade in fish to this Province ; but as we have no means of ascertaining the quantity consumed in the colony, these figures will not convey a proper idea of the full importance of this branch of business. From the reports made to the Legislature in 1849, it appears that there were exported in that year : 230,028 barrels of pickled fish, 245.620 quintals of dry fish, 27,431 boxes of smoked fish, 825 tons of oil. Of which 91,785 barrels of pickled fish were shipped to the States, not- withstanding the high duty. The imports of fish daring the same year, were . 17,181 barrels of pickled fish, 80,983 (quintals of dried fish, 4.570 boxes of smoked fish, '297 tons of fish oil. In 1851 there were 812 vessels of the aggregate burthen of 43.333 tons manned by 3,681 men, and 5,161 boats, whose crews were 6.713 men : also 30,151 seines and nets, employed by Nova Scotia. In the same year there were exported — 277,870 quintals of dried fish, 168,160 barrels of pickled fish, 14,567 boxes of smoked fish, 1,076 tons of fish oil, Of which there were shipped to the States — 58,196 barrels of mackarel, 18,490 " herrings, S in Co 299 I on the other )9t, by numer- ist extent and nions to which Scotia. When y now furnish, tides of expor- One feature ay be pursued, nto action even ratively trifling se. It is true n the discovery range, or from ly evident that, nting these wa- man need be at time and atten- nany other spe- j found on these of New Bruns- le of the export ascertaining the jy a proper idea pears that there the States, not- of 43,333 tons 5.713 men: also 3,215 barrels salmon, 3,603 quintals of cod fish. .. The "tal value o;' exported fish during the same year was £235 000. Applicati ns for he bounty on the mackarel fishery by the hook and line, were made on the 3,378 tons, the crews amounting to 699 men ; and the amount paid was £1,879. During this year, though the American fishermen pay from six shillings to seven shillings and six pence per barrel for every barrel of mackarel brought into their country, there were from 1,000 to 1,200 vessels from the States fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which brought into Massa- chusetts alone 329,278 barrels. The following; table shews the ports in Nova Scotia from, which fish- ing vessels have sailed in 1853, the number of vessels from each, with the tonnage and men employed : — Port. Halifax, Yarmouth, Lunenburg, Windsor, Liverpool, Pictou, Guysborough, Dighy, Sydney, Arichat, Annapolis, Clements Port, Port Medway, Pugwash, New Edinburgh, Cape Canso, Argyle, Sheet Harbor, Pubnico, Canada Creek, Gatess Breakwater, Westport, Bagged Islands, Ship Harbor, St. Mary's, Port Hood, Barrington, Church Point, The folloivijig quantity of fish was exported from Nova Scotia in 1853": Kind of fish. Quantity. Value. Shad and Salmon, £19.607 Mackarel, 78,763 barrels 77.243 Herrings, 128160 " 78,545 Smoked Herrings, 3,053 Codfish, 249,800 quintals 159,000 Vessels. Tonnage. Men. 149 5,816 ' 1,240 54 1,982 400 23 1,130 244 1 14 4 18 585 106 6 316 63 11 382 76 4 97 23 8 204 '53 44 1,155 152 1 10 4 2 23 8 6 152 33 5 380 60 6 282 30 24 861 174 7 193 49 2 57 7 7 206 55 1 26 5 3 43 15 16 27 952 218 10 283 52 3 75 19 3 139 36 17 413 116 8 72 19 .a; I'l •■"'r-\ 300 Alewives, Scale fi3h, Oils, &c., 8,608 barrels 88,362 quintals 6,636 16,767 27,252 Total, £888,003. Of this amount the value of X64,990 was shipped to the other North American Colonies ; .£141,433 to the West Indies; £117,944 to the Uni- ted States, and the remainder to Great Britain and other counties ; thus it will be seen that the West Indies offer a valuable market for the fisheries of these Provinces. The value of the fish imported into Nova Scotia, principally from the other Provinces, in 1853, was £111,567 Excess of exports over imports, 276 43G Excess of exports of 1853 over those of 1851, 153,000 shewing a great augmentation of this branch of industry, within two years. Much*attention has been recently paid by the Legislature of this Province to the fisheries of its rivers, wliich, at one period of its history, teemed with salmon, shad, gaspereaux or alewives, and trout, but all these species are now becoming much more scarce, in consequence partly of the obstruction to their passage up the rivers to their spawning grounds, by mill dams ; and partly of the vast quantities of saw dust thrown into the streams by the mill men, which is found to bo highly injurious to the fish. It is said, though we doubt it, that fish ways through, or rather by the side of mill daais, by which the fish may ascend cannot be made without impeding ond in a great measure stopping the operations of the maniifacturers of lumber ; and the question would then resolve itself into one of economy —wii-'ther it Avili be more advantageous to cheek, and for a certain time, stop the saw mills, or, which has becii almost done already, to destroy the river fisheries. CLIMATE. The observations made in a former part of this volume, respecting the climate, the indigenous productions, and the agricultural capabilities of New Brunswick, will apply, with a few exceptions, to Nova Scotia. The winter in the latter Province is not so severe, especially on the Atlantic coast ; nor does the snow fall to so great a depth, except along the northerly side and summits of the Cobequid Mountains. Here though the falls are often con- siderable, yet it goes off earlier in the spring than in the northerly portion of the adjoining Provmce. It appears as if the increased agricultural ca- pabilities of some sections of these Colonies were attributable to the quan- tity of snow with which they are covered ; and it has always been observed that these seasons are the most productive, in which this covering has re- mained on the ground of a greater depth during the whole winter, and to a later period in the spring, and has not been subject to alternate thav ind Bnow-st(3Vm3 ; these changes expose the roots of grass and other vegetuoles to piercing frosts, which often displace and raise the ground around them. Besides this, snow has some fertilizing property, in condensing, as it were, the salts contained in the atmosphere, and by the floods usually produced by the thaws, a rich sediment, or debris, is brought down from the more elevated parts, and deposited on the table lands, rendering them the most productive portions of the country. Hence, probably, may arise the wheat 301 6,536 16,767 27,252 X388,003. other North 4 to the Uni- nties ; thus it be fisheries of illy from the £111,567 276 430 153,000 f, within two ■ this Province r, teemed with !se species are lie obstruction iiill dams : and treams by the is said, though mill dams, by ond in a great mber ; and the >ther it will be ! saw mills, or, ries. respecting the bilities of New The winter itic coast ; nor lierly side and are often cun- :therly portion Lricultural ca- to the quan- Ibeen observed Bering has re- enter, and to a ito thav and |licr vegetuoles [around them. Ig, as it were, lally produced l"om the more lem the most Irise the wheat By Fahrenheit's Ther- mometer. and other grain producing character of the north-west section of New Brunswick, and the rapidity which which, in that locality, those crops attain to maturity. The western and milder section of Nova Scotia is equally distinguished for its productiveness in potatoes and fruit ; and these two pe- culiarities of the two Provinces will be found to depend upon the variations of climate, as well as upon the dissimilarities of the soil of the two districts. It is now generally understood that, in an agricultural point of view, more depends upon the geological character of a country than upon its climate ; hence follows the importance that the former should be well understood by all interested in agriculture. The mean temperature of the year, in the ] Province of Nova Scotia, is 42 I Extreme of cold, (below zero) 24 | Extreme of heat on the shore, 96 J AGRICULTUllE. The character and distribution of the soils of Nova Scotia for agricultu- ral operations, and the manner of pursuing this important branch of indus- try, differ little from those of the sister Province. The Province, with the exception of a strip of land, of a metamorphic character, fronting the At- lantic, is highly calculated for the labors of the farmer, and, under a |)roper system of tillage, will vie with any other country, of equal extent, on the North Am.erican continent. Its whole gulf coast, from the New Brunswick boundary to the Gut of Canso, consists of excellent land ; and from thence, through its greatest length, from Canso to the western extremity of the Bay of Fundy, the soil is well adapted for cullivatiou. Even along the margins of the numerous bays, rivers and streams, falling into the Atlantic, much good land is to be found, consisting of rich alluvial marshes and meadows, as well as upland of the best quality ; and there are many other interven- ing tracts which well repay the hand of industry, more especially as many of the beautiful harbors, which everywhere stud this coast, are enlivened by thriving villages, where infant manufactories, ship-building, and fisheries are carried on with both energy and profit ; thus affording to the farmers a home market for their surplus produce. Upon the whole, it may be fairly estimated that, while one-half of the area of Nova Scotia is well calculated for tillage, about three-fourths may be cultivated with profit. Since the application of chemistry to agriculture, much attention has been paid to the geological character of soils ; and, while man can do little to ameliorate the climate of a country, except by clearing its forests, a great deal may be done by the aid of science, in the improvement of the quality of the land, especially where, hke this Province, there is so great a variety in the composition of the soil. We do not here propose to enter into the geological rainutia3 of the soils of Nova Scotia. The reader will find the agricultural capabilities of the Province ably depicted in a little work recently published by J. W. Daw- son, Esq., entitled " Scientific Contributions towards the improvement of Agriculture in Nova Scotia" — a work which no farmer in the lower Pro- vinces ouo;ht to be without. Geologically considered, the soils may be briefly distinguished is follows : First, Alluvial Soils. This character of soil embraces several varieties, such as the red marsh, in the counties of Cumberland, Hants, Kv:}g's, &c., If •r.Ti: lb rv 302 which is principally composed of fine sand and clay, mixed, more or less, with decomposed manure, plants, and particles of marl and other substances, deposited on the low lands skirting the Bay of Fundy and the streams fall- ing into it. This is the most productive land in the Province, and some portions of it have been yielding large burthens of hay, of the best quality, for upwards of one hundred and fifty years, without any appliances. The peculiar nature of these marshes has been noticed, at some length, in a for- mer part of this work. There are 00,000 acres of soil, of this class, bor- dering on the Bay of Fundy, worth at least XIG per acre, beside large quantities not yet reclaimed from the sea, and other extensive tracts, espe- cially in the county of Cumberland, which require to be irrigated by. and to receive a further portion of sediment from, the muddy waters of the Bay, before they can be brought into a state of cultivation. Another quality of marsh is that bordering on the Atlantic and Gulf shores. In 1851, there were about 4,000 acres reclaimed from the sea by dykes ; it is I'ght and earthy, and its average value is about XG per acre, though some of it far exceeds that price. There are still numerous tracts of this soil capable of being reclaimed. The last and most common variety of this description is intervale, which is composed of the debris of the higher lands deposited in t'le ravines and on the borders of inland streams by freshets. This class of alluvial soil is very valuable on account of its productiveness, and also because its use as a manure on the upland adds much to the grain-producing qualities of the latter. The soils embraced by the carboniferous system form the best upland in the Province, and in a forest state it is found clothed with excellent timber. This region is very extensive ; nearly all that portion of the Province north of a line drawn from the head of St. Mary's Bay to Cape Canso, including Cape Breton, comes within its limits. It comprehends loitm, marl, lime, gypsum, clays, sand, &c., and there is therefore every facility aftbrded for making composts. It is within the boundaries of this division that agricul- ture is prosecuted to the best advantage, and where persons desirous of lo- cating themselves for farmmg purpose, ouould select their lands. Within the carboniferous or new red sandstone district, there are high ranges of land, the principal of which is the Cobequid jMountuins, as they are called. Many of these, it is true, present a mountainous appearance at a distance ; but the writer observed, while on a railway survey of this Pro- vince in 1853, that the acclivities of these hills, generally speaking, are not abrupt, and there were few places where farming could not be carried on with advantage. Maple, beech, birch, spruce, and other valuable timber may be seen growing along the sides of the hills, and extending, in many instances, to their very summits. In fact, there appeared to be hardly any spot so steep or rugged as to prevent pasturage, or even the growth of grain and other vegetables. Hundreds of famiUea might be located in this sec- tion of the country with advantage. The number of acres of cleared land, including marsh, in 1851, was 839 322, and in 1827 there were only 274,501 ; shewing an increase of 564,821 acres cleared v.ithin the short space of 24 years. Agricultural Products. Wheat grows well m the central and eastern parts of Nova Scotia proper, including the range irom the Gut of Canso to the New Brunswick boundary, 303 more or less, er substances, ) streams fall- nce, and some J best quality, lianccs. The igth, in a for- lis class, bor- ), beside large 3 tracts, espe- gated by. and rs of the Bay, ntic and Gulf 0111 the sea by £G per acre, imerous tracts .tervale, which iG ravines and lilluvial soil is ise its use as a lalities of the best upland in eel lent timber. Province north inso, including m, marl, lime, ty afforded for n that agricul- iesirous of h- ids. here are high itains, as they i appearance at jy of this Pro- jaking, are not be carried on aluable timber iding, in many be hardly any growth of grain id in this see- in 1851, was an increase of I Scotia proper, wick boundary, but the fogs of the Atlantic and Bay of Fundy are highly prejudicial to its ripening on these shores. In 1851, there were 29'7,157 bushels of this grain raised in the Province; of which 186.497, or nearly two thirds were grown in the counties of Sydney, Pictou, Colchester and Cumberland ; this fact shews the superiority of this section of the Province in the production of wheat, and the same peculiarity extends along the who'e north eastern shore of New Brunswick to the boundary of Canada. In 1851, there were raised in this Province — Oats, 1,384,437 bushels Barley, 196,097 " Rye, 61,438 Buckwheat, 170,301 Indian Corn, 37,475 (( In JS'27. there were raised, of wheat, 161,416 bushels, and of other grain, 790.665 bushels. By the statistical returns of 1851, it appears that the middle and eastern counties, inciudini; Cape Breton, produce tho largest comparative quantity of oats— each section seems to be equally adapted for the growth of barley. We cannot, however, rely on these tables to shew the crops which may be best suited to a new count.y; as farmers are very apt, when ono kind of produce succeeds well, to pursue its cultivation to the neglect of others. This was the case with regard to potatoes, for the growth of which all these Provinces were so well ad.ipted, previous to their being affected by disease. This practice cannot be roo strongly represented, as it is a part of the duty of every scientific farmer to attend to the culture of all such productions as the climate and soil of his country will permit. With regard to other agricultural productions, there were raised in 1851. 1827. Increase. Hay, 287,837 tons Peas and Beans, 21,688 bushels 150,976 tons 137,861 Grass seeds. 3,686 K Decrease. Potatoes, Turnips, Other roots, 1,986,789 467.1-27 32,325 (( 2,434,760 bushels 447,977 Butter, Cheese, 3,613,890 652,060 pounds it The above table shews the effect produced by the disease in the potatoes, which commenced in 1845. and has continued to affect them in some parts of the country, until the present time. However it is now disappearing, and we may hope that this excellent esculent is beginning to recover its for- mer prosperity. The deficiency in the crop raised in 1851, compared with that produced 24 years previous, when the facilities for their growth were much less, is very remarkable. The average time of sowing and reaping may be taken as follows : b'owing. Reaping. Wheat. May 11th August 20th Oats, ' " 5th " 25th Barley, June 1st " 10th Buckwheat, " 20th Sept. 15th The average of each of these periods, as well as that of digging potatoes and other roots, is a few days earlier along the southern division of ITova H «■ *i (( 11 tc u 29 weight, per bushel 60 lbs. 40 (i U 40 " 38 {( « 51 " S9 i( (1 62 '« 41 i: It 63 " 304 Scotia, than it is in New Brunswick, but the diiferenoe is generally very little. Average yield and weight : Wheat; bushels per acre Oats, '• Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, " Potatoes, -when not affected by rot, 225 Turnips, 600 Mangold Wurfzel, GOO Hay from 1 i to 2 tons per ncre. The weight of wheat exhibited at the Industrial Exhibition held at Hali- fax in 1854, varied from 63 to 66 lbs. per bushel ; buckwheat from 56 to 58 ; barley 57 ; oats from 41 to 48 ; indian corn 62, and rye 58. Root crops nrrives at great perfection in this Province, as well as a variety of grasses. Tlie upland produces timothy, and both red and white clover ; and the marshes yield the same herbage, with the other varieties of hay grass such as suit hay, sago, brown top meadows abounl also with several species, all of which are eiigerly sought for both by sheep and peat cattle. Flax and hemp, especially the Ibrmer, are readily produced. Flax grows in great luxuriance, and might be cultivated to a much greater extent than it is at present. Its manufacture would afford profitable employment for farm servants during the winter season, and its production therefore deserves special attention. The culture of fruic may be carried to a great extent in this Colony, Few districts on this continent can exceed the counties of Annapolis, Kings, and other sections of the Province, bounding on the P)ay of Fundy and its branches, in the growth of apples and .ill the other productions of the orchard. The soil is here peculiarly adapted to orchard culture, and the farmers possess these advantages in addition to the grain producing qualities of the country, which affords them a dc '. od preference, possessing also am- ple market, over the other counties of the Province. The general character of Xova Scotia for raising farm stocks is good. In summer, pasturage is abundant, and enough of food can be obtained for the support of an adequate number of live stock during the winter. There were of farm stock in the Province in Horses, Neat cattle, Milch cows Sheep, Swine, 1851. 28.789 150,857 86,856 282,780 51,53 1827. Increase in 24 years. 13,232 15,557 100,739 142,974 152,979 129,101 Decrease. 75,772 13,139 The reader is referred to page 58, in the first chapter of this work, for a comparative tabular statement of the agricultural products of this Province, by which it will appear that Nova Scotia exceeds the thirty-five States named in the table, in the growth of wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, pota- toes, and hay, and in the making of butter. The number of persons engaged in agriculture in 1853 was 31,604, which exceeds the number in New Brunswick in relative proportion to the popula- tion. This arises from the latter Province having a far more extensive lum- 305 oerally very 60 lbs. 40 (( 51 (( 52 t( 53 (1 beld at Hali- t from 56 to 58. 1 as a variety *vhite clover ; leties of hay with several jeat cattle. Flax grows ' extent than plojment for jiore deserves this Colony. )f Annapolis, ay of Fundy )roductions of ture, and the cing qualities sing also am- Dcks is good, obtained for inter. in 24 years. ,557 2,974 9,101 ecrease. 3,139 work, for a lis Province, -five States ;wheat, pota- 1,604, which the popula- tensive lum- bering region. However, many of the farmers of Nova Scotia, like those of the sister colony, divide their time between lumbering, the manufacturing of timber in saw iiiills, fisliing, ship building and various other pursuits, which have a tendency to prevent the profitable carrying on of either ; especially as firming rcijuircs undivided attention to ensure success. This desultory adoption of various calhngs appears to be common to all now countries. It arises, in the first instance, from necessity ami the scarcity of laborers; but Nova Scotia has surely now far advanced as tu supersede that absolute ne- cessity existing in a new settlement for one man to act the part of lum- berer, ship carpenter, mason, house carpenter, fisherman and I'armer. Most certainly he who attempts all these avocations rarely accumulates wealth by either. The farmers of this Province in common with thojio of tb.o sister colonies have one imjmrtant lesson to learn, namely, to make agriculture both prac- tical and scientific, their primary objects. Then will the rich treasures which the soil is capable of affording manifest themselves in such a manner as to afford abundance of food both for man and beast, besides ensuring the advancei^ent of the character of the colony, and its duo appreciation both at home and abroad. A^'i'icuUurdl Societies. There is in Halifax a Central Board of Agriculture, under the direction of the government ; and there are also many county ov district societies, which are under the control of this Board. A Committee of the House of Assembly, in 1854, reported the existence of " forty- two local societies in the several counties," and that they were all "in active and useful opera- tion," besides five others, from which no reports had been received. The annual grants from the Legislature for the encouragement of atrricul- ture vary according to circumstances. In 1854, they amounted to X3175. besides the usual grant of X540 to promote the erection of oat mills and kilns throughout the Province. The Committee in closing their report, say that " they cannot refrain from noticing the favorable prospect in view in reference to the progressive advancement of our agricultural interests, by the worthy example shewn by his Excellency Sir John Gaspard LcMarchant, the Lieutenant Governor, while engaging with zeal and energy in the promotion of those objects best calculated to direct the attention of the farming classes to their true inter- ests, in the improvement of their circumstances, and the elevation of their position ; and which has not been without its effect upon the minds of many of the ablest and leading men of the Province, who are now directing much attention to the noble and honorable avocation of agriculture with renewed enerjiies and with a newly acquired impetus, and from which we may rea- sonably hope the most favorable results may ensue."' In addition to the several sums before mentioned, the Legislature grant- ed, in aid of individual subscription to an equal amount, the sum of £1000, for the purposes of the Industrial Exhibition, which was held in llaljfax during the summer of 1854. 41 306 il! I'm \\ j 1^, S2 POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS. Governors, and Adrdmstrators of the Government, since 1710. Colonel Vetch, F. ^'icholson, R. Philips, R. Doucctt, L. Armstrong, J. Adams, P. Mascarene, Hon. G. Cornwallis, P. Ilopson, C. Lawrence, R. Moncton, J. Belcher, M. Wihiiot, M. Franklin, Lord W. Campbell, M. Franklin, Lord W. Campbell, F- Leger, M. Franklin, M Arbuthuott, R. Hughes, Sir A. A. Hammond, J. Parr, Sir A. A. Hammond, 1710;E. Fanning, 1714 R Bulkly, 1719 J. Wentworth, 1722 Sir G. Prcvost, 1725 i\. Crooke, 1739 Sir J. feherbrooke, 1740 General Darrah, 1749 Sir J. Sherbrooke, 1752 General Smyth, 1754 Earl of Dalhousie, ?>L Wallace, 1760 Lord Dalhousie, 1764 Sir J. Kempt, 17G6:AL Wallace, ISir J. Kempt, 1772 M. Wallace, Sir J. Kempt, 1773M Walhicc, Sir P. Maitland, 1776 Sir C. Campbell, 1778 Lord FaHJand, 1781 Sir John Harvey, 1783 1791 1792 1808 1809 1811 1811 1814 1816 1816 1818 1819 1820 1824 1825 1828 1834 1840 1846 1852 1852 1782 Col J. Bazaigette, Sir J. G. LeMarchant, Thus, during one hundred and forty-five years, this Province has had forty-eight administrators of its government. T/ie Llailenaiif Governor is the chief Executive officer, representing the Sovereign ; and he, with his Executive Council, the ministry of the colony, makes appointments to all public offices, and performs all the duties appertaining to that branch of the Legislature. The Legislative bodies consist of a Legislative Council, nominated by the Crown, and a House of Asscmbhj, elected quadreniully by the counties and townships, as follows : County of Hulifa.x, Queen's, Lunenburg, Shelburne, Yarmouth, Digbv, Annapolis, King's, Cumberland, Sydney, Members. «.; 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 S Town of Halifax, Liverpool, Lunenburg, Shelbuine, Harrington, Yarmouth, Argyle, Digby, Clare, Annnpolis, Granville, Cornwallis, Horton, Amherst, Members. 2 307 since 1710. 1783 1791 1792 1808 1809 1811 1811 1814 1816 1816 1818 1819 1820 1824 1825 1828 1834 1840 1846 1852 »t, 1852 rovince has had cer, representing ministry of the ras all the duties i7, nominated by / by the counties Members. 2 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 % Guysborough, Pictou, Colchester, Hants, Cape Breton, Eichmondj Inverness, Victoria, Members. 2 2 1 1 2 2 Pictou, Southern District, Northern do., Windsor, Falmouth, Newport, S^ydney, Arichat, Members. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cl Totals, 30 And for the townships, 23 We have fully gone into the variety of offices, and the duties of each, under the head of New Brun.-^wick, and shall nojf therefore repeat what we have already stated. The diflfereuces betweeu the tivo governments are very slight, and merely nominal.

V The postal accommodation of Nova Scotia is as good as can be reasonably expected in a new colony As soon as a settlement is formed, nnds applica- tion made to the Provincial Government for n.ail convevance. it is- most rea- dily granted ; and even where not more than two or three fimilies are ga- thered together, the mails are known to stop on their way and leave a mail bag. Previuus to 1851, when the Post Office Department of this, as well as the other North American Colonies, was under the control of the Imperial Post Office, the postage of letters passing through these Provinces was in many cases even four times its present rate, besides which the postal arrange- ments were not by any means so good as at present, and it was difficult, even with great delay, to eifct alterations or im[)rovements, which r((juired re- ference to ihe Home Office ; but in that year the experiment that had been so successfully tried in England, was introduced in Briti.sh America, the several Provinces taking the management respectively and, of ootnse mak- ing up any {'i;ficiency of the revenue to defray the cost of the establish- ment. The following covipnrdtive synopsis will shew ihe state cf this de- partmciit : — In 1851, the number of post and way offices was la 1853, they numbered And on the Ist November, 1854, The revenue of this department in 1850, under the high rate of postage, amounted to £7.0G5 In 1854, under the uniform three penny rate 143 225 200 Deficient, on^ 6,905 >->yfl i "4 it i'j<«'- 308 The distance travelled in 1857, wag . v" 1854, " 2,487 miles. 3,027 " Increase in four years 540 (( The aggregate distance travelled in 1851, to and fro 1854, a u (t 352.000 " 568,000 '' Registered mony letters in 1851, 1854, In 1852, there passed through the post oflSc© And nearly 5,000 7,260 457.000 1,000,000 letters news- papers The total expenditure in 1853, was X9.283 " " 1854, 10,159 Thus it will be seen that, while the Province had, in 1854, to disburse the snm of £10.159 in keeping up its postal establishments, it only received a revenne of X6,905, leaving a deficiency of X3.154 to be provided for; this was in part occasioned by dead letters, and by the packet postage due -0 Great Britain on letters to and from Europe. But if this department had not extended its postal accommodation in 1854, beyond what it was in 1851. there woulu not have been a deficiency of more than half this amount, notwithstaiidinrr the gieat redu':tion of postage. The result of these statistics evidently shews the great advantage of cheap- ening every branch of the public service, so as to bring it within the reach of all — and consequently to the accommodation of all. 4 I' m li. # m:^ lilt REVENUE. Tbp almost insulated character of Nova Scotia has rendered it eminently adapted for commercial pursuits. The following summary will be found to contain its revenue for the last four years : — The revenue derived from customs, excise, light dues and other incidental sources was in 1886, £49,466 ; in 1846, £82,776, The total revenue collected in 1847, was £111,000 and exportation in the same year was £109,905. In 1852, the revenue was £93,039 sterling. The public debt of the Province to the end of the year 1852, stood thus : On interest at 4 per cent sterling, £39 200 Province paper ailoat, not paying interest, 47,889 Total Gross amount of imports in 1852, was Exports during the same year, £87,089 £1,194,175 970,780 Excess of imports over exports, £223,395 The articles exported are put at the market prices obtained in the colony, and tho prio8s of ,ihiprar»at during *M same ym\\ aro not iuoludod, which ||WW^ ... r r miles. 7 " (( " " )0 )0 00 letters newa- papora DO 83 59 to disburse nly received rovided for; postage due deparlment hat it was in this amount, Bge of cheap- iiin the reach it eminently be found to icr incidental cportation in l039 sterling, lood thus : £89 200 47,889 X87,089 il,194,175 970,780 £228,395 the colony, jdod, vflilch In 1846, Nova Scotia owned 2583 vessels, amounting to 141,093 tons; and in 1852, she owned 2943 vessels, with a tonnage of 189,083, shewing an increase m six years of 360 vessels, and 47,900 tons ; nearly two tons of shipping for every three of its inhabitants. The value of imports in 1853, and from what country imported: Imports from Great Britain, ^£47 1.648 North America, 310,161 West Indies, 20,750 United States, 415 909 10 Other Countries, 198,617 15 tt <( (( (( Total Nett increase over 1852, was Exports to Great Britain, North America, "West Indies, " United States, Other Countries, (( £1,417,086 5 £222.910 15 102.382 411,181 5 208 652 277,946 10 78,596 Total £1,078.707 15 Nett increase over 1852, was £107.927 8 The above amount of revenue was collected at 47 ports. Total number of vessels built in 1853, was 203, of the gro-s tonnage of 34.376, and va- lued at £315 418 sterling; of this number 49 vessels were sold in Great Britain; 30 in the British Colonies, and seven in the United States. The casual and territorial revenue for 1853, was derived as follows : — Rent of coal mines, £3,750 ' of reserved mines, 15 Royalty on 39,156 chaldrons of coals at 23., 3,915 12 Crown Lands, 6,567 1 4 Fees collected in 1852, 659 2 9 Total State of the Provi?ice 'dlsi December, 1853 Treasury notes in circulation, Amount due deposited in the savings bank, Undrawn for roads and bridges, " for other servicf^s. Amount due to board of works for various services. Total Cr.— Ballance in hands of the Receiver General, Due from collectors at outports, " " Halifax Excise, Casual and territorial revenue, Canada, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed- ward Island, for light houses, Different counties for advance for road$ and brid|j;09, Dalhomio Cvllege, £14,893 1 1 (f £59.862 60,000 2 526 15 350 8,833 £131,571 £17,266 6,456 188 7,549 1,104 1,691 6,000 i-?i iii^ 310 The whole, including odd shillings and pence, amounts to £40,4.')7 6 6 Leaving a balance of £91,114 12 8 The reports of the House of Assembly, from which we have extracted the above, sny " that the net ballance in favor of the Province, Slst De- cember, 1853, is ^5,696 13s. 9d. As the articles on which the ad valorem and specific duties are collected, are so numerous we do not insert them. Besides the tariff is so liable to change, that the articles which may be subject to duty t'uis year may be free next year and vice versa. Estimate of the expenses of the civil government of the Province^ for the year 1854 : Lieutenant Governor's salary j£3,750 Private Secretary to " 312 10 Cost of Administration of justice, 6,465 Provincial Secretary's Office, 1,400 Receiver General's " 865 Financial Secretary's " 815 Legislature, 5,846 16 Revenue, 4.580 Militia, '290 Miscellaneous, 11,350 Amounting in the whole to .£37,399 63. Od, inclusive of the cost of educa- tion. The gross revenue for 1854, was i£131,000. (( u (( u (( i^1 \i W: LIGHT HOUSES. From the insular position, numerous harbors, and maritime character of Nova Scotia, it is very (lifficult and costly to maintain sufficient light house ac- commodation on all necessary parts of its extensive coast. In addition to those alrea ly erected, many others are wanting. However, the Local Go- vernment is continually electing new houses, and otherwise, facilitating the safety of the numerous llcot continually studding its coast. List of LigJit Houses. Pictou. north entrance— fixed light. />>., south entrance — beacon light. Cliedahiicto Bay, head — fi.'ied light. Isle Madanic —hoacon light, Sydney Harbor, east side — fixed light. Port Hood Harbor, southern entrance — fixed light. Lonisbitrg Harbor, east side — fixed light. While Head Island -ihfih light. MaruarcH Island — new light. Cranbarry Island, Canso — fixed light. Maui^her's Beach, Halifax harbor, east side — fixed light. Devil's Island, entrance ol' Halifax harbor — red light. Snvibro Island —^Kcd light. Cross Island, Lunenburg harbor — two lights, a fixed and flash light. Coffin'' s Island, Liverpool —revolving light. jpor/ Msrftt^o^— beacon light. 40,457 6 6 11,114 12 8 ve extracted ce, 3l8t De- are collected, 3 so liable to year may be Province, for ?3.Y50 31210 6,465 1,400 865 815 5,84616 4.580 '290 11,350 J cost of educa- le character of igut house ac- In addition to the Local Go- facilitating the It. id laash light. 311 McNuit^s Island, Shelbume — two fixed lights. Baccaro Pointy Barrington Bay, east side — flash light. Yarmouth Harbor — revolving light. South Seal Maud — fixed light. Briar Island. Bny of Fundy — fixed light. Dirrby Gut — fixed li^ht. vvcstport Harbor — two lights. Black Rock — fixed light. Horton Bluff — beacon light. Beaver Island — revolving light. Apple River, Chignecto Bay — t-v^o fixed lights. Partridge Island River — iixed lights. Gidl Rock — fixed light. Pidmicp — beacon light. There are ether light houses in course of orection, namely : ( le on Mar- garee Island, and another on Scatarie Island, in Cape Breton ; one at the entrance to La Have River, in the county of Lunenburg ; Long Island, county of Digby, and Ilaut Isle, Bay of Fundy. MANUFACTURES. Second only to the agricultural interests of a country, come the manu- facturing, which generally promote and encourage all the mechanical occu- pations. The farmer may be said to produce the raw material, and the manufacturer and mechanic to prepare it for the use of man. While the agriculturist and manufacturer, if they v>ish to attain proficiency in their respective vocations, are each required to pursue their separate calling, still there must always exist a most intimate connection between them ; for the farmer stands in need of axes, scythes, and various other articles of ordi- nary use, as he does also of hou-es and other erections for himf^elf and his cattle ; but it would be bad economy for hiiri to neglect his fields and apply his unskilled hand to the labors of the blacksmith, the carpenter, or the mason ; nor can the mechanic till the soil without neglecting his own pecu- liar calling. By the division of labor, however, the mechanic builds the towns or cities, and provides the necessary implements ; the manufacturer produces all the various and indispensable articles of common use, while the farmer provides the raw material for most of those articles, and the food which is requisite for those engaged in their prtduction. — thus fornjing the base and foundation on w'hich the commercial, or, it may be said, the whole social fabric is reared. The truth of the old axiom, that there is no general rule \Yithou*- an ex- ception, is especially applicable, in this respect, t) now countries ; for it be- comes absolutely necessary that the pioneers in a c.lony should ho able to manufacture the principal articles required for their domestic use, until they are able to carry out a division of labor, and to devote the attention of a part of their number to the production of the raw materials and the means of support, while others are engaged in manufacturing and preparing such raw materials for use. The Province of Nova Scotia has long since arrived at this status ; but, like its neighboring colonies, it finds it hard to forget the customs of its childhood : the farmer is still, in a great n.easure, the manufacturer, and vice versa. They have both yet to adopt, practically, the adage, that what 312 N- m^ii is worth doing at all is worth doing well ; that part farmer, part mechanic, and part manufacturer, will not do in this advanced stage of the country's progress. It is high time that each pursued his own calling in such a man- ner as its nature and importance may demand. The manufactories of the Province, if we except the domestic manufac- ture of homespun cloth, have, until recently, been confined to the operations of sawing wood into deals, boards, shingles and scantling, some of which are shipped to Great Britain, and others to the United States ; and also to \he erection of mills for these purposes, and for the manufacture of flour and meal. There are iron foundaries at Halifax and Pictou, and in some other localities, where excellent castings are made from imported iron, in place of employing the ore of the Province, which is most abundant, but which is only smelted at the Acadian Mines, in Londonderry, and at Nictau. Tanneries, pail manufactories, potteries, grindstone works, cloth factories and carding mills are numerous. Coaches, waggons, carts, ploughs, and other farm utensils, together with every variety of household furniture re- quired for domestic use, are made in the Province. Cider, ale, beer, soap, candles, bricks, hats, bonnets, of a quality somewhat resembling the leg- horn, maple sugai, paints, brooms, kc, are also manufactured in various localities. btill, there is a great defi'. acy in this respect ; too much preference is given to articles of foreign origin, however worthless they may be in point of wear and quality, while too little store is set upon the productions of the Province, and too little encouragement given to their producers. Too much money is sent abroad in payment for the very articles which Nova Scotia itself is well calculated to produce. Few countries on this continent are better adapted for the raising long-woolled sheep, both as respects the quali- ty of the wool, and the ease with which they can be kept ; and none can exceed it in the growth of flax. Thus the ra>v material might be afforded in abundance for manufacturing cloth of every description. The country is thoroughly traversed by streams, affording ^ater power for spinning mills and looms ; while, for the more powerful application of steam, coals are not wanting. We have seen, too, on several occasions, that the inhabitants are not -deficient in taste ; so that these articles might be produced in every va- riety of form and color. As we have before stated, iron ore is most abundant ; yet stoves, and every other article made from that metal, are imported. Salt springs are very numerous, but none is manufactured. It is true that the plarter and wood are exported to pay for these articles, but it is the interest of the inhabitants to augment their exports, and to employ them in the procuring such com- modities as tlieir own country cannot produce, not of such as they have be- neath their feet. Coal, however, lies at the foundation of '.very description of manufacture ; and until the coal mines are eflFectively and abundantly worked, it is in vain to look for much progress in any oihtr department. We havo spoken of the extent to which the fisheries of New Brunswick might be carried— and it is the samp with regard to Nova Scotia. The whole Province may almost be considered as one vast fishing station, where sufficient fish, of every variety, might be taken and prepared for the mar- kets of the world. If these resources were adequately developed, the agri- culturist would find a home market for all his productions, and a most pow- erful stimulus would thus be applied to the cultivation of the soil. An increased demand for many of the articles of export will probably 313 rt mechanic, le country's such a man- tic manufac- ae operations of which are d also to \he of flour and n some other 1, in place of which is only iloth factories ploughs, and furniture re- c, beer, soap, ling the leg- 3d in various preference is y be in point actions of the 3. Too much Nova Scotia continent are !Cts the quali- ind none can it be afforded The country spinning mills coals are not ihabitants are i in every va- et stoves, and )rings are very fter and wood he inhabitants njj such com- they have be- ry description 1(1 abundantly department. w Brunswick Scotia. The station, where for the mar- )ped, the agri- d a most pow- soil. will probably ;i' candles, soon arise, in consequence of the Reciprocity Treaty ; but there is one con- sideration, with regard to its operation, which should not be lost sight of; — while the colonists are allowed many additional commercial privileges, they ought not to depend too much on the importations from the h'tates in re- turn ; but they should keep a single eye to the growth and manufacture of those commo'lities for which their soil, their climate, and their minerals are especially adapted, so as to be prepared to encounter tho?'^ periodical com- mercial storms and adversities which never fail sometimes to visit all coun- tries on the fac<^ of the globe. The following figures, taken from the return of 1851, will shew the then state of the Province in respect of manufactures, and the value of manu- factured articles : Sawmills, 1153; gristmills, 39S; steam mills, 10; tanneries, 237; — gross value of the whole £188,280. The value of leather manufactured was £52,625 ; boots and shoes, £73,654 ; the number of foundaries was 9, and valued at £12,900; the value of iron castings and iron smelted was £8,121; weaving and carding establishments. 81, liand looms, 11,096; yards of cloth filled, 119,689; ditto not fulled, 790104; yards of flannel, 210.352; breweries, 17, gallons of malt liquor manufactured, 78,076; gallons of distilled liquor, 11,900; other factories, 131. The value of agricultural implements made, £16.640; cabinet ware, £11,- 155: carriages, £9,491: wooden ware, £19,233, soap, £28,277 £21,210. Value of manufactured goods exported from Nova Scotia in- Cotton and woolen, Leather and leather goods. Ale, porter and cider. Staves, spars, timber, deals, &c., Totals £175.369 £202,479 The value of lumber;, &c., exported in 1847, was £76,332. which is more than doubled by two class of manufactured articles in 1848. PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION. An Industrial Exhibition was held in Halifax tiaring the summer of 1854 ; the fund raised amounted to £2,000, one half being granted by the Legis- lature, the Q'\eT produced from priv'^tc subscription. In addition to the Province Budding, which was placed at the disposal of the Committee, there were two large tents t-rected ; and the whole including the various apart- ments of the building, were crowded with what may be called a Panorama of the Productions of Nova Scotia, scrongly evin^'ing its real and substantial wealth. The number of exhibitors was 1.260; and the articles received for exhibition amounted to 3,010. Numerous prizes were awarded for minerals, vegetab'.a productions, in- cluding grain, fruit, roots, cabbages, herbs, grasses, and flowers, for horses, cattle, sheep and swine, for manufactures in metal, wood, grain, parts of animals, woolen, linen and leather, and for fish. Prizes and diplomas were also distributed for productions in the fine aits, Provincial Literature, models, Indian works, music, and many other similar effects in ingenuity. Most of the articles exhibited were of a superior order, and it is only necessary for 42 1852 and 1S53. £31.645 £29,949 3.318 3,235 3,180 4.455 137,196 154,795 i 314 those who may be sceptical as to the capabilities of the Province of Nova Scotia, if any such there are, to visit such an exhibition, consisting, not of imported articles, but of the actual productions of this partially developed Province, to be fully convinced of what might be done if its varied resources y?ere adequately carried out. ;l.' li »' 1. M ROADS AND DISTANCES, WITH FACILITIES FOR TRAVELLING, The roaus of Nova Scotia, like those of New Brunswick, are, for the mc3t part suppovted by, and under the control of the Legislature, They are divided into orcal and h,/e roads; the principal mail routes receive the largest amount of public support. In addition to the geographical fact that nearly the whole external boundary of the Province is washed by navigable waters, and its interior interspersed with lakes, and intersected by streams, varying from the brook to the navigable river, there are roads constructed or projected along its sea girt margin, and traversing it in almost every di- rection , so that where nature has failed in providing a pathway, the hand of man has supplied the deficiency, The.=5e roads connect the numerous sea ports, towns and villages, and oven the most remote settlements with each other ; and the means of transit are so far perfected that a safe, tolerably rapid and cheap communication is kept up between all its Settled dietricts. The old roads of the country generally manifest a want of system and of engineering ekill ; but recently, great improvements have been introduced, as well in the location as in the mode of construction. "Whenever a settlement is formed, or even one, two or three families are gathered together, they are obliged to devote a small portion of their own time to construction of roads ; and in addition to this, on application to the Legislature, grants of money in aid are annually obtained, until the whole road is rendered passable. Thus, indeed, no person need fear settling in the most distant recess of the forest, as he may be sure that, on making his case known, he will receive legislative assistance to enable him, with some exer- tion of his own, to construct a sufficient pathway to some nearer and older settlement. And this assistance answers a two fold purpose to the new set- tler ; for while it is devoted to making a road to his own door, he has also the best chanra of getting employment in the construction of that road at such a season of the year us will least interfere with the cultivation of his farm. In addition to the large nums annually granted for opening and improving the roads of the country, the inhabitants are required by law t'^ contribute in proportion to their property, to the same purpose, in their respective dis- tricts ; this is done either in labor or money, an 3 mails per week. Total 128 " j Truro to Pictou — 40 miles — 6 mails per week. Pictou to Antigonish — 50 miles — 2 mails per week. Antigonish to Canscau lorry — 33 miles — 2 mails r)er week. Totals : from Halifax to Pictou — 105 miles ; and Halifax to Canseau — 188 miles. Pictou to Amherst, via Wallace — 88 miles ~2 mails per week. Halifax to Windsor — 45 miles — 6 mails per week. Windsor to Yarmouth, viz. to Kentville, via WoitVille — 28 miles— 6 mails per week. Kentville to Annapolis — GO miles — malls per week. Annapolis to Digby — 20 rniles — do. do. Digby to Yarmouth — QQ miles — do. do. Making a total, from Halifax to Yarmouth, of 214 miles. From Halifax to Yarmouth, by tlie Atlantic coast, the distances are as follows : — To Lunenburg, 70 miles ; Lunenburg to Liverpool, 36 miles ; Liverpool to Shelburne, 40 ; and from Shelburne to Yarmouth, 56 miles ; making, in the whole, 202 miles. The mails travel this l:ne three times a week, calling at all the towns and principal villages on the way. From Plaister Cove, at Canseau, to Port Hood, on Cape Breton^ is 30 miles ; Plaister Cove to Sydney, via St. Peter's, 7G miles : Plaister Cove to Arichat, 27 miles ; and Sydney to jMavjiaree. via the Sydne^- Mines, 64 miles. There are two mails a week travelling over a part of these distances. The principal mails to and from Prince Edward Island go by way of Pic- tou during the summer ; though mnil bags are made up at various places along the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shores, for, and are received from the Island in return by sailing packet. A speedy conveyance is kept up between Halifax and St. John, via An- napolis, by coach and steamer. Sailing packets run between Halifax and Saint John. " "• •' Liverpool, N. S. Guysborougb, Mills Village, Windsor and Parrsborough, Newfoundland. Bermuda. There are two good lines of packets regularly running between Halifax and Boston. We must not omit to mention the English steamer.*?, of the Cunard line, which touch at Halifax semi-monthly, and leave the mails for the Lower Provinces, on their voyages both out ft»d home, betweea J^iverpool, in Bng- jlaod; and Boston. (i (< (( (( {. n i iv...l 316 Thus it will be obaerved that the facilities of communication, both as re- gards the Kany excellent roads, the conveyances by stage coach and packet, and the various foreign lines of sailing vessels and steamers, are numerous and increasing, not only between the various sections of the Province, but from its metropolis to the neighboring countries, and to Europe. And, from present prospects, we may fully anticipate that the time is at hand when new an*' exiensive leading arteries will be opened throughout British North Americ;i. to be traversed by that more modern and rapid mode of conveyance, the iron horse. ■ •»t' »i ; EDUCATTOX, LITERATURE, AND RELIGIULS DENOMINATIONS. The educational system of this Province, like that of New Brunswick, has been the si'.!»ject of repeated legislative enactments, no one of ihem last- ing longer than merely to ascertain its operation. In the absence of p compulsv)ry assessment, that principle has, in some few instances, bten voluntaiily 'idopted, c:ut not to a sufficient extent to ren- der its beneficial effects generally known. The Province liad recently a very efficient Buperintendant of Education, in the person nf "\V. J. Dawson, Ebi] , of Pictou, who has taken the greatest interest, in the education of the rising generation. The annual reports fur- nished to the Government by this gentleman are replete with valuable in- formation on the state of the schools throughout Nova Scotia. He has been succeeded by the Rev. Alexander Forrester, a gciiikman equally calculated to promote this great object. In the year 1842, there were, including grammar schools, 797 schools, Attended by 23,233 scholars. In the sarje year, there were raised by individual subscriptions, in sup- port of these schools, X20,867 currency. Paid by the Legislature, 7.,3G9 " By the first report made by Mr. Dawson, in the year 1 850, there were in the Province, taking the average of v/inter and summer, schools, 864 Average attendance, 25,328 By the census of 1851, there vrere schools in the Province, 1,096 Scholars in attendance, 31,354 The numbers, both of schools ond scholars in attendance, shewn by the census of 1851, are exaggerated, as will appear from the subsequent school reports. By the Superintcndant's return for 1851, there y:Qre in operation, In winter, in 1851, 825 schools, 28,528 pupils. (( u 22,818 30.631 e7;838 X38 11 36 7 if 7^ Do. 1850, 886 In summer, 1851, 1,004 Do. 1850, 843 Average salary of teachers in 1851, " " 1850, In the Provincial report for 1852, the state of the schools stood thus : Winter. Summ.er. Number of schools, y2S 984 Attended by, scliolars, 31/^01 33,624 So that the avorago attendance for the year 1852 is 32,762 pupils ; and ths increase of 1852'ovor that of 1850 ii -7,484 Bchobrs. la tlig BcliC'ol report for 1862, Mr* D>.wboe %%p (c»g9 2?) ; -" 'U%\\% 317 both as re- and packet, re numerous Province, but le time is at I throughout n and rapid ATIONS. V Brunswick, of ihem last- has, in some extent to ren- of Educatioii, n the greatest il reports fur- i valuable in- He has been illy calculated 797 schools, ,233 scholars. )tions, in sup- p.67 currency. )0, there were ools, B64 25,328 1.096 31,354 shewn by the equent school icration. 28,528 pupils. 22,818 ''' J0.631 " 27;838 X38 11 36 7 stood thus : Summer. 984 33,624 2 pupils ; and IC ?) (( Liul« change appears in the support of schools. The apparent improvement fn support of schools, and salaries of teachers, in the past year, is mainly at- tributable to the establishment of a greater number of grammar schools. These, it will be seen, have been steadily increasing from 25, in J 850, to 43 in 1052. This sh'^ws an incrposiiig desire for a higher education than that afforded by common schools, and is a hopei'ul symptom of increased in- terest in the more central and wealthier districts of the several counties." The report, after shewing the ocmfiaratively small and irregular atten- dance of pupils, and that there arc " 20.000 children destitute of educa- tion," says : — " No stronger uvgument for assos=ment and free schools can be obtained, than that afforded by these facts, when compared with the I statistics of free school cuuntrie.s, which often show ten fourteenths of the persons between four and fifteen to be in regular attendance at the schools. " In almost all the well-conditioned sections of the European continent, the average attendance at school is about one- sixth of the pi^pulation. In the New England States, where the assessment princi[)ie prevails, the average is much larger, amounting to one in every four. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, there is about one ir nine, of the whole population, attending school." Although the school attendance in this Province is not proportionate to the population, still the returns do not shew the actual state of educption, inasmuch as there are many families whc, though the children do not attend schor',, make self-cukure a first dury ; and, in this age of cheap rudiraental and other literary works — so much so, that '" ho who runs may read" — there is no great difhculty f^j anyone, availinghimself of these facilities, to obtain such an education as may enable him to transact the various duties of ordi- ary life. The amount appropriated in aid of education, for the years 1850, was X10,592 ) { £25,1.^.9 ) t> . ,. ,, 1851, " 10,668 [ Provincial allowance. \ 23,402 V ^^i^eu oyine 1852, " li;995 ) I 26;851 S ^"^'^b'^^"^^- The average sum contributed by each individual, for every one pound re- ceived from the Province, is £2 5ri. The average salary of teachers is £26 raised b} the district, and ,£13 from the Legislature, making a total of Xo9 paid to each ttacher from both sources. In addition to these amounts, the Legislature made grants for the pur- chase of books, and philosophical apparatus, for schools; the amount ex- pended for these purposes, in 1852, was <£620 currency. Besides the common schools, many of which are of a superior order, and teach the higher branches of education, there were, in 1852, not less than 43 grammar schools in the Province, attended by 1200 scholars. These schools receive from the Legislature the sum of =£1,165, and about double that amount by private subscription. The,«ums appropriated by the Legislature annually, both for parish and grammar schools, are distributed by the terms of the grant throughout the different county sub-divisions into which the Province is divided, as circum- stances may require, and again apportioned, by the local authorities, among the different setUements, r« the looai boards may thmk most Rdvisabk rnd judicious. , % 318 \ •I' ; Collegiate and other Institutions. The Province of Nova Scotia, like that of New Brunswick, has no gene- ral Educational University ; but every religious donomination supports its own literary institutions of a higher order, with the exception of a small sum annually granted in aid of each by the Legislature. The earliest institution of this nature is King's College, at Windsor, in the County of Hants, which was founded by Royal Charter in 1789. This establishment was, and still is, under the control of the Church of England; from the year 18U2 to 1^33, it received Imperial aid to the amount of £1000, sterling, per annum, but this grant was then reduced to X500, and was short- ly afterward.^ withdrawn. This College continued to receive £.44i currency, from the revenue of the Province, until 1851, when iho Legislature passed '• nn Act to discon- tinue the grant to King'ri College, Windsor;" by whi'^h a conditional annu- al grant of £250 is placed at the disposal of the governor's. This institu- tion is, therefore, now put on the same footing with others of a similar na- ture. There is also an Academy for the education of boys at Windsor. Free Church College. Halifax, with which an Academy is connected, is under the control of the Presbyterian Free Church, and according to a re- port of a Committee of the House of Assembly, in 1854, gave education to 54 pupils, who are " taught Greek, Latin, French, and natural philoso- phy, with all the other branches usually included in a sound English educa- tion." It receives an annual iirant of X250. Balhousic College, belonging to the Presbyterians, and formerly presided over by Dr. McColloch, is also situate at Halifax. The other educational institutions at the capital are an Academy for young ladies, and the Halifax Infant School, which receives <£50 per annum, and derives the remainder of its support from private fees. It affords rudimen- tal education to an average of 80 pupils, whose parents are unable to pay for their attendance elsewhere. There are besides numerous other schools of a high order in addition to the usual common schools. Acadia College, Baptist, is established in King's County, and has a Col- legiate Academy attached to it. It is in an efficient state, and receives £250 annually, from the Province. The average number of pupils for 1854 was 65— the extreme number Avas 130. St. Mary's College, a Roman Catholic Institution, receives a similar sum from the same source. Gorham College is erected at Liverpool in the County of Queens, and is under the patronage of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia. Pictou Academy, established in 1819, receives £250 from the Provincial revenue. In 1854, it gave instruction to 84 pupils, of whom 45 attended the higher classes. Of the whole number, 57 belonged to the Presbyterian Church, and 27 to other denominations. In several of these Institutions, an excellent education, for any of the learned professions, can be obtained on very cheap terms. Antigonish Seminary, Roman Catholic, is established in Cape Breton. Classics and mathematics are taught in it. A Normal School is now forming at Truro, in the centre of the Province, to which place the Superintendant of Education has removed. It will thus be seen that, besides the common or district schools, and in addition to numerous private establishments of this nature^ throughout No- Sec ( con Isla Mi Adi Pn Kir as no gene- Bupnorts it8 of a small Windsor, in 1789. This of England; It of £1000, id was short- e revenue of ict to discon- litional annu- This institu- a similar na- Windsor. connected, is )rding to a re- ave education Ituval pliiloso- finglisli educa- merly presided lemy for young ier annum, and fords rudimen- unable to pay other schools and has a Col- ,, and receives pupils for 1854 3 a similar sum Queens, and is colia. _. the Provincial om 45 attended le Presbyterian for any of the Bi Cape ^Breton. of the Province, !d. , schools, and in t]irougbout Np' 319 va Scotia and Cape Breton, there are several Colleges and Academies, as well as other superior schools ; and that the principal part of them is large- ly endowed by the Legislature, If therefore, the inhabitants of this flou- rishing Colony do not compete with those of other countries in respect to a sound and useful education, it must be entirely their own fault. The at- tention of the Legislature lias been recently more fully directed to this sub- ject, and every endeavour has been used to improve the syatem. as well as to afford the utmost encouragement to general education. Literature. This Province is in advance of many and much older countries in the character and ability of its literary productions. Every year adds new and more varied works to its stocks, and the facilities of obtaining books from other countries are continually increasing. One thing, however, should be guarded against, both in this and the adjacent Colonies, as injurious, more especially to the rising generation ; we allude to the circulation of novels and other light trash of literature, which is now becoming so common. The principal part of these works impart no useful knowledge, but on the con- trary, do much to corrupt the morals and retard the intellectual advancement of the people. The newspapers and other periodicals published in the Province are : The Royal Gazette, Nova Scotian, Acadian Recorder Halifax (( (( '' The Morning Chronicle. Religions papers. } a (( (1 I The Presbyterian Witness, '• AVesleyan, ' ' Christian Messenger, (Bap- tist,) " Church Times, " Plalifax Catholic. (( (( Atheneum, Sun, (daily) Colonist, British North American, Morning Journal, The Eastern Chronicle, Pictou, " Yarmouth Herald, Yarmouth, " Tribune, '= Liverpool Transcript, Liverpool, The Cape Breton News, Sydney, C. B. The Ecclesiastical and Missionary Record of the Free Church of Nova Scotia, printed monthly ; and the Missionary Register of the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia, also issued monthly. Note. — Several of the above papers appear tri-weekly, one daily, and almost all are published weekly, or have a weekly edition. Religious Denominations. According to the Census, the various religious denominations of Nova Scotia numbered their adherents as follows : ~ Church of England. — This church has has a Bishop, who exercises control over the clergy belonging to this Province, and also to Prince Edward Island. « 1851. 1827. Increase. Ministers, 38 Adherents, 36,482 28,659 7,723 Presbyterian Church, — Kirk of ScoUand, 18,867 320 t 'm Presbyterian Church of No- va Scotia, Free Church, Total Presbyterians, 28,767 25,280 72,914 37,225 35,689 In 1851, there were 50 ministers belonging to the various bodies com- posing this Church. Methodists, — 1851. Ministers, 24 Adherents, 25,596 Baptists, — Ministers, 49 Adherents, 42,243 In dependants, — Ministers, 6 Adherents, 2,639 Lutherans — Adherents. 4,0S7 Oiher denomiyiations. — 4,080 1827. 9,408 19,790 Increase. 14,188 22,452 s'^- i Total 10,806 8,365 2,441 The Roman Cathnhc Church has an Arch-Bishop, a Bishop, and 33 clergymen. 1851. 1827. Increase. Adherents, 69,634 20,401 49,233 Note -The census of 1837 does not distinguish the religious profession of the people of Nova Scotia. The number of places of worship, belonging to all these denominations in 1851, was 567. With refereiice to the g .ographical distribution of the Christi.^.n denomin- ations, the Church of England is generally scattered over the Province. The Baptists are most numerous in the counties of King's, Digby, and Annapolis : the Presbyterians in Pictou, Colchester, Cumberland, Halifax, and Hants, and in the Island of Cape Breton ; the Methodists in Cumber- land, Colchester, and the western comities ; and the Roman Catholics abound in Cape Breton and the county of Halifax, but there are, also, several large groups of this denominativin in other sections of the Province. It may indeed be observed that it would be difficult to find a settlement in which there arc not some persons adhering to each of these forms of worship, and all of whom generally live together in perfect peace and amity. I; ^j HALIFAX CITY AND COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by Hants, Colchester, and Pictou ; on the east by Guysborough ; on the west by Lunenburg : and on the south by a front of one hundred miles on the Athintic Ocean. This extensive line of coa^t is indented by numerous bays, harbors and rivers, and diversified by many islands. The principal harbors are Beaver, Sheet, Spry, Ship, Joddore, Musquodoboit, Colo, Halifax, and Margaret's. Several of them, vith others of less note, offer <:reat facilities for the prose- cution of the fisheries ship-building, and other branches of commerce. No harbor, however, in the Province stands forth more prominent than that of 35,689 bodies corn- Increase. 14,188 22,452 2,441 lishop, and 33 Increase. 49,233 Tioua profession enominations in isti?.n denomin- ,e Province. i?"b, Oigby, and .;rland, Halifax, igta in Cumber- :;atholics abound 30, several large ?e. a settlement in )rras of worship, amity. er, and Pictou ; ind on the south lys, harbors and bors ere Beaver, and Margaret's. es for the prose- commerce. No ent than that of 321 Halifax, or, as it was known in the early settlement of the country, " Che- bucto." Its latitude is 44 ® 40' north, longitude 63 ® 38' west ; rise and fall of tide, 6^ to 9 feet, and the magnetic variation, 15 ® 8' west. This harbor has not, it is alleged, its superior in America. It is situate nearly in the centre of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and is free from ice at all seasons of the year. It extends inwards for about fifteen miles ; at its head is a beautiful basin, called Bedford Basin, which is so encompassed with high- lands that its waters are always placid, during every variation of the wind ; and the depth of water is such, that a nation's navy could ride in it in good anchorage and perfect safety. The entrance of the harbor, havmg Mc- Nutt's Island in the centre, is deep and spacious ; every shoal and headland is well marked out and guarded by lights, buoys and beacons, — so that its ingress and egress is perfectly safe at all hours of the night. The harbor of Halifax possesses many most important advantages. Its proximity to Europe, and the conspicuous situation it occupies on the map, with regard to that continent, North America, and the West Indies ; the almost complete water communication between it and the Bay of Fundy, by way of the Shubenacadie, now being improved, and tlie railroad i,n rapid progress, as well as its extensive postal and telegraphic communications with all parts of British America and the States, will always render it the first place of ct>ll, and a most important station, for the British mail ships : and as a military and naval depot and arsenal, it may be considered the key of North America and the Northern Atlantic. The city of Halifax was settled in 1748 by a number of English, Irish and German emigrants. In 1790 it contained 70G houses and 4,000 in- habitants ; in 1817, it was declared a free port ; in 18*27, it contained 1,580 houses and 14,489 persons. It was incorporated in 1841. and is now light- ed with gas ; its present population will number upwards of 26,000. This city, the metropolis of the Province, is situate on the west side of its har- bor, and on the declivity of a hill ; it extends upwards of two miles along the shore, and about three quarters of a mile in width from the water's edge. The streets, except a few of those in front, which retain the characteristics of the earlier locations of the country, are well laid out, of good width, and at right angles lo each other. The margin of the water is lined with wharves, slips, and other commercial facilities. Port George stands on a peculiar eminence near the centre of the city, which, as well as the harbor, it overlooks in every direction. It has a very commanding aspect, and, with a sufficient garrison, would be difficult to re- duce ; indeed, this fort, with the batteries that have heen constructed for the defence of the excellent narbor, and the extensive barracks for the ac- commodation of troops, may well enable the city to resist any attack from the most powerful enemy. Among the public buildings of the city, the l*rovince Building ranks first ; it contains, beside the legislative halls and committee rooms, tiie offices of all the heads of departments, and the usual accommodation for the Su- preme Court. The Lieutenant Governor's residence is pleasantly situate. The city also contains a post office, telegraph and railway officer. Dalhousie College. Free Church College and Academy. Mechanics' Institute, Museum, several grammar schools and other literary institutions, a Tem[)erance Hall, many churches and chapels of all religious denominations, and other public edifices. All the private buildings of late date are well built, and display considerable taste in their architecture ; and the city, on the whole, pre- 4a ,■■«' I I 322 Mn fei ■i'j ' M .M sents a fine and imposing appearance, especially to those coming up the harbor. For municipal purposes, the city is divided into six wards, each of "which annually electa three aldermen, who, along with the Mayor, also chosen by the inhabitants, the Recorder, and other officers of the Corporation, have in charge all matters relating to the civic local government. The Mayor's Court sits on the second and fourth Tuesday of every month. In addition to the public establishments already enumerated, there is a fire department, and two companies of firemen ; Saint George's Society, Charitable Irish Society, the North British Society, Highland Society, Vv"esleyan Female Benevolent Society, Female Orphan Asylum, Carpenter's Charitable Society, Dispensary, Literary Mechanics' Library, Halifax Libra- ry, Barrister's Society, Athenaeum Reading Room, and a Merchant's Read- ing Room. There are also fire and life assurances and agencies of various kinds, four Banks, one a " Savings' Bank," and five Joint Stock Compa- nies, besides horticultural, agricultural and medical societies. Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the harbor, is a small but growing town, connected with Halifax city, a part of which it now forms, by a steam ^Try, which is continually passing and repassing across the harbor, between the hours of six in the morning and ten at night ; affording a ready commu- nication to the public at a moderate expence. This town is fast building up, and bids fair at no distant day to claim for itself separate corporate powers. It is the natural terminus for the railway now in progress, and though the line is at present being carried more to the westward, yet it is probable that ultimately a branch will be constructed connecting this side of the harbor with the main line. Railway. — The excellent character and central position of Halifax har- bor, together with its easy access to Europe, render it decidedly the best and most advantageous Atlantic termvuus for the great railway and its branches, as originally contemplated, and of which some portions are now in course of construction, from this city to Windsor and Pictou, and to the New Bruns- vrick boundary, to be hereafter connected through that Province, with the railways of the Uniied States and Canada. The line commences about a mile to the northward of the city, and follows the windings of the s)iore of the basin. The general character of the ground is slaty rock, and in many places it runs precepitately to the margin of the water. Hence in i5on;e places the line has to be built across arms of the basin ; while in others con- siderable cuttings are necessary in order to obtt*in curves of sufHcient radius to secure both speed and safety. From the peculiarities of tlie ground, a short portion, passing Birch-Cove, cannot, without much additionnl outlay, be adapted for obtaining great speed, though it has the advantage of an easy grade ; however, as this difficulty occurs near a depot, it is not of so mucli importance as it would have been at a greater distance from a stopping place. This line of railway, as far as engineering difficulties are concerned, will be good, except the portion crossing tlio Cobequid jMountain.*!. The shortest line would be by the valley of the Folly river and lake ; but this is difficult and the gradients somewhat steep ; another line surveyed is lhrouj.';h a gorge on the Pictou side of the hills, longer in point of distance, buc mur i lev.l, and by this divergence something will be gained by Ehorteuing the branch to Pictou, a section which proraiBCs to be the most paying in •. ic Province. When these railways arc completed the city of Hahfax will become the Atlantic terminus for a vast extent oi internal communication, and oii the ^M¥tOK*UsVtd^.^lSiJdi^l. 323 oming up the each of which ilso chosen by ration, have in The Mayor's ,ed, there is a Tge's Society, iland Society, ra, Carpenter's Halifax Libra - rchant's Bead- jies of various Stock Compa- II but growing US, by a steam arbor, between ready commu- st building up, •porate powers, nd though the 3 probable that of the harbor if Halifax har- ly the best and d its branches, )w in course of c New Bruns- vince, with the aences about a of the shore of :, and in many [lence in souic in others con- ufficient radius the ground, a itionjii outlay, tage of an easy lot of so much stopping place, 'oncerned, will The shortest this is difficult jr(nigh a gorge luc mor i lev.l, ijfj the branch I I he Pjovince. ill become the on, and on the other hand, its geographical position will ensure for it the regular and fre- quent visits of most of the European steamers ; thus, as far as regards pas- senger trafiSc, at all events, ic can hardly fail to be one of the first cities of this continent. Its internal trade, under the Reciprocity Treaty especially, will be almost indefinitely increased by the connection with the iiay of Fun* dy, and with the Pictou coal mines, the produce of wliich will then be ex- ported to the States and other inarkett; at all seasons of the year. A canal is novr in course of construction, from the arm of the Bay of Fundy formed by the Minas basin, by way of the Shebenacadie river, and the chain of lakes at its head, to Dartmouth. This water communication la almost complete, and it afforded the Indianc ^nd early settlers a ready access to Truro, Windsor, and other neighboring localities. In 1826, a company wa? foi-med at Wuiifax for the opening a canal in this direction; but, after spending £80.000, the ple.n was abandoned; and, strange to say, after a lapse of nearly 80 years, now that a railway is being built, which for a great par-, of the dh' i.ice, v-ill run parallel with and in the vicinity of the canal, a nev; C. W e^>rt is r.?.\ng mad i to comnlete it. From the vc ry able -eport of F!iir')aiik3, iiisq., C. E., in 1850, it appears not only that the work can c.:sily be acooreplished, but that it wiH well repay the interest on the capital noce?sary for its completion. One thing, however, is certain, that whether it will pay the undertakers or noi, it will, when finished, and for about seven months in the year, be of vast local rdvanrage to those settled along its borders, by increasing the facilities of transport, that it will open up other lands for settlement, and otherwise bring into action the dormant resources of the country along its track, besides adding much to the trade and prosperity of the city of Halifax. The civil divisions of this county are Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown, and Preston. The population in 1838, waC; 28,570 ; and in 1851, it amount- ed to 39,112 ; it is now probably about 45,000. The interior of the county is well watered by numerous streams and lakes, the principal of which are Mosure and Middle rivers, with the east branch of the latter; Ship Harbor lake, an extensive sheet of water ; Musquodo- boit river and Salmon river with its tributories ; the two latter have their sources interlocking with the Shubenacadie, which falls into Cobequid bay. These, with numerous other small streams fall into the Atlantic to the east- ward of Halifax. The principal of those to the westward are Nine Mile and North East rivers ; the latter takes its rise in Pockwak lakes. The county of Halifax is not by any means a good agricultural district ; the land is generally hilly and broken, and much of it is barren, especially near the capital, a circumstance which coupled with the fact of the post road to New Brunswick, running through much poor land, has no doubt tended to detract from the real merits of tiio Province. Un this subject, however, we must caution the stranger against hasty conclusions. Let him traverse the margins of the various branches of the Bay of Fundy ; let him visit the western counties ; and then turn to the shores of tiie Gulf of St. Law- rence, and the Northumberland Straits ; and if he should have entertained ideas inimical to the Province, they will soon be dissipated by a view of the rich marshes, the fertile uplands, and the valuable minerals, to say nothing pf the coasts and river fisheries, hardly to be parallelled in the world. Notwithstanding some rocky tracts, however, Hahfax possesses numerous localities that would well repay the industrious and persevering settler, be- sides much valuable land, and xoany good setilementa skirting the uaagprn i 324 « (( <( (( (( tl of its numerous streams, more especially on the Muequodoboit and Sackville rivers. In 1851 there were 2,099 persons engaged in agriculture, and 23,- 866 acres of improved land. Education. — The number of schools in 1851, was 115 And of pupils. 4,497 In 1852, schools, 63 pupils, 3,596 Trade. — The imports of Halifax consist principally of West India and European goods, and the exports are the produce of the fisheries so exten- sively carried on from that laarbor, and the others, so numerous along the sea board. Total value of imports m 1850, Xl.020,100 exports " '415 904 imports in 1853, 1,064 556 exports " ^ 006,718 Shewing an increase in the last year of X44,456 in the imports and ^190,8 14 in the exports over those of 1850, Nearly one half of the value of the imports is from Grea Britain, and one fourth from tlie United States ; the remainder is nearly equally divided between British North America, the "West Indies, and other countries. Of the articlos exported, nearly one half is to British North America, one fifth to the West Indies, a little above one-sixth to the United States, one- tenth to other foreign countries, and the remainder, a little above a fourteenth to Great Britain. The quantities offish exported from Halifox in 1851, were : — Dried fish, 191,802 quintals : mackarel, 96.650 barrels ; herrings, 43,559 barrels ; alewives, 4,227 b'jrrels ; salmon, ^40 tierces, and 6,412 barrels ; oil, 3,493 casks ; preserved and pickled fish. 3.472 boxes ; codfish, 78 barrels. There were, in 1853. 149 vessels, of the aggregate tonnage of 6,816 tons, having on board 1,240 men, employed by the port of Halifax in the prosecution of the fisheries. Skips imcurd and oidiuard in 1850 : Sailing vessels. Steam vessels. Total— 1,081 vessels, 111,204 tons. 113 vessels, 65,400 tons. Inwards. •' 952 " 84,218 " 110 vessels, 76,861 tons. The number in 1851, outward, includir , both sailing and steam vessels, was 1,164 vessels, of the tonnage of 176,802 tons. The value of the goods brought by these vessels was .£1,073,854 cur- rency. Ship building is not very extensively carried on along the coasts of this county. In 1853, the duties collected at this port amounted to £80,000 cy. In 1S54, to nearly 100,000 " Shewing an increase of £20,000, which of itself is a sufiicient proof of the increasing prosperity ol this Province. The effect of the reciprocity treaty with the United States will probably cause a small diminution in the amount of duties to be collected ; but this will, no doubt, be made up, without additional taxation, by the fresh stimu- lus it will impart to various branches of trade. 3^5 md Sackville ure, and 23,- 115 4,497 63 3,596 est India and ries so exten- lus along the Xl.020,100 415 904 1,064 556 606,718 a imports and I Britain, and qually divided her countries. . America, one 3d States, one- ve a fourteenth 5 : — Dried fish, 3,559 barrels; [els; oil, 3,493 i barrels, nage of 5,816 Halifax in the vessels. , 65,400 tons, irds. 1, 76,861 tons. steam vessels, ,073,854 cur- joasts of this X80,000 cy. 100,000 " icient proof of will probably icted ; but this le freah stimu- COUNTY OF LUNENBURG. This county is bounded on the north-east by Halifax and Hants ; on the south-west by Queen's ; and on the south-east by the Atlantic, The face of the country is generally undulating, though in many places broken into hills and vallles. Its sea-board is very much indented by nu- merous bays running in from the Atlantic. Margaret's Bay is a large estuary studded with small islands ; it divides the county from Ilalifax, on their Atlantic frontier. Mahone Bay is a beau- tiful sheet of water, separated from the former by a promontory, on which is Aspatogan Mountain, about 500 feet high, and a well known beacon to mariners. This bay is a beautiful recess of the sea, well protected by Tam- cook and other islands ; the principal rivers falling into it are Middle, Gold and Mussamish rivers, all -^f which take their rise in lakpi. Lunenburg harbor is separated from Mahone Bay by i narrow peninsular strip of land, almost insulated. This harbor is accessible to ships of the largest class. The town of Lunenburg is situate on an elevated plot of ground on the east side of the barbor. This section of the county is said to have been settled ps early as 1751, principally by Germans and Swiss, who erected fortifications, the remnants of which are still visible, for their defence against the Indians. Lallave Bay lies about seven miles west of Lunenburg ; it is a good har- bor, and its entrance is studded with islands, which afibrd protection to the shipping. This is the locality in which La Toar obtained his grant, and built a fort at the entrance of the bay. The Lallave river, falling into the bay, has several tributories^ which have their sources in a number of lakes interlocking with streams flowing into the Bay of Fundy, and its Mi- nas arm. This river has about 20 feet water at its mouth, and is navi- gable for about 14 miles. At the distance of 18 miles, there is a fall of about twenty feet, and six miles further up is another, somewhat smaller. Salmon were formerly abundant ia this beautiful stream, but they are now prevented from entering its waters by mill-dams and saw-dust. Port Med- way is an excellent ship harbor, situate at the most southerly angle of the county. The whole interior of the county is well watered by streams, some of them navigable, and all affori'ing fiicilities for the erection of water-power ma- chinery. Roads run along its Atlantic coasts, and through its principal settlements, the leading lines of which concentrate at Lunent';rg, Chestei, iHid the other most populous towns and villages, most of whlvh are located at the harbors' mouths. The principal towns arc Lunenburg, the shire-town, Chester, which stands on Mahone Bay, and New Dublin, which is situate at LaHa"c harl;( i-. This county is well adapted for farmn^g, and contains a great extent of good land. On the Lallave river, near the Ohio settlement, there is a large tract of meadow land, consisting cf several hundred acres. There are also considerable tracts, having the same character of soil, skirting the borders of many of its inland waters, all of which are famed for their hay-produc- ing qualities Kiora the report of "W. Thompson, Esq , Deputy Surveyor, made to the Government in 1853, it appears that there were 277,600 acres of vacant land in the county, most of which was well calculated for lum- bering, and a large per centage of it was highly adapted to agricultural pur- suits. 116,400 acres of this land lie to the west of LaHave river, and II 336 M;^^r feU, about 70,000 acres between the head of Gold river and Halifax county. There are upwards of 80,000 acres in detached places between the two blocks above described, the character of which is not known. However, there is no doubt but several hundred families could be located on good land within the precincts of the county. The population of Lunenburg, in 1827, was 9,405; in 1838, 12,058; and in 1851, it wad lQ,d95. The ciearea land, in 1851. was 29,390 acres; there were 3,018 fliriaera, and 1,165 fishermen. In 1852, the county con- tained 42 schools, attended by an average of 1,409 pupils. Imports aad Exports at the followifi^ ports : laHave, Lunenburg, Port Medway, I', having an excellent harbor at its mouth, takes its rise in a series of lakes, and affords vast facilities for transporting the productions of tlie forest to the sea coast. Liverpool is an excellent ship harbor, with good anchorage, open at all seasons of the year. Coffin's Island, on which there is a light house, is situate at the e;is;;erly entrance to this harbor. Liverpool river is one of the most extensive in Nova Scotia ; it has its source within a short distance of the Bay of Fundy, Avith the tributories of which it interlocks. It runs through a chain of lakes, the largest of which is Lake Rossignol, about eighteen miles long, by about four in breadth. This river, though not na- vigable for vessels, is well calculated for the conveyance of lumber to the port. Extensive mill machinery have been erected on it. and there are sev- eral beautiful falls on the main river and its branches. This water commu- nication afforded the aborigines, in early times, a short path to Annapolis Basin, with whose waters it is almost connected. Ports Mouton and JoUi are the only remaining harbors of any note ; they are broad shallow bays. At the head of the former, Broad river enters it, but has a short course. The north-western section of this county is completely variegated by land and water ; the frontier is generally poor and rocky, and not favorable to agricultural pursuits ; in fact, from what is known of its interior, Queen's vaiQ hwdiy be called w tvgmultvufftJ county. Alrooa* all tb« choic* hnda fax county. »en the two However, )n good land 88,12,058; 9,39G acres; 5 county con- Exports. 9 > Exports. 2) lO )f 7,030 tons, , tho fisheries ; Annapolis ; on lantic; and on mouth, takes ansporting the e, open at all ight house, is er is one of the ort distance of ocks. It runs ,oisignol, about hough not na- lumber to the d there are sev- water commu- to Annapolis )uton and JoUi shallow bays, lort course, iegated by land ot favorable to iterioTj Queen's h« choice kn^ 32t are granted, though there are many isolated spots which will well repay the hands that may till them. The townships of this county are Liverpool, the shire-town, and Guys- borough. The town of Liverpool, which was founded in 1760, is built ou a rocky site, about 80 miles west cf Halifax. It presents the appearance of taste, though not so much of business. The road passing along the At- lantic coast of the Province traverses the sta board of this county, and there is a leading road from Liverpool running northward to the Bay of Fundy ; there are also several bye-roads diverging from the main roads to the new settlements in the interior. The population, in 1838, was 5,798 ; and in 1851, 7,256. At the lat- ter period, it had 13,950 acres of land cleared, 400 farmers, 310 fishermen, and 280 lumbermen. In 1851, there were 30 schools, attended by 887 pupils, " 1852, " 32 " •• 904 '' In 1854, the county owned about 7,000 tons of shipping. Imports. Exports. 1852— Liverpool, £13,132 £36.061 1854— " 15,961 36,000 SHELBURNE, This triangular county is bounded on the northeast by Queen's ; on the southwest by Yarmouth ; and on the southeast by the Atlantic. The whole frontier is a succession of harbors. Jordan river, which empties itself into Green Harbor, takes its rise in Davies lake, and is navigable for about ten miles ; the harbor is flat. Shelburne harbor is one of the best on the coast of the Province; it has an island, McNutt's, at its mouth, on vhich a light house is placed. The main entrance, which is on the east side of the har- bor, has suJ9Bcient water for the admission of large class vessels. Roseway river has its source near the most northerly angle of the county, and near the western sources of the Liverpool river ; this stream, though not large, is suflBcient for the transmission of lumber, and for the erection of mills. The principal river on the westward is the Clyde, a stream of some note as a conveyance for tlie productions of the forest. The next harbor of impor- tance is Barringtun, into which falls a small stream fed by lakes ; this is a fine bay, and affords good shelter and anchorage for large class vessels. The county is divided into two townships, namely, bhelburne, the coanty town, situate at the head of the buy of the same name, and Barrington, which comprizes the southern part of the county. 'ihe whole Atlantic coast of the Province is poor and in many places rocky; and this county shares the general character. The principal settle- ments are on the banks of the streams ; that on the Clyde is thriving. The county contains about 200,000 acres of ungranted land, most of which is only fit for lunibering, thoufrh there are some intervening spots adapted for farming ; but lamb-irirg, shipbuilding and fi;hing have been the principal emplovments of its bilabitants. Bhelburne was settled by a number of emigrants from New York in 1783, but from its unfitness f >r agricultural pursuits, it was subsequently almost abandoned ; recently, however, new life and vigor has been infused into the place, and it is now rapidly progressing. The principal road is that along tho seaboard, from which i^ye-roads diverge towards the interior. The pop- 328 ulation in 1838, was 6,831, and in 1851, 10,622 ; the county contained in 1851, 1,151 agriculturists, 406 fishermen, 210 registered seamen, and 553 persons employed at sea. The number of schools in 1851, was 49, attended by 937 pupils. Imports in 1852. Exports in 1852, Shelburne, £747 £2,332 ' Barrington, 3,696 9,977 In 1853. Shelburne £1,955 £11,050 Barrington, 4,813 2,263 h \ ■ % ,

1 1 330 The county is divided into the townships of Dighy and Clare : the first comprehending tl^ e northern, and the latter the southern sections. The s) ore of iJigby is studded with villages and settlements, nnd much of the front land ia very fertile At the head of St Mary's Bay there are extensive tracts of marsh land. A largo portion of the inhabitants are descendants of the Acadian French, who, together with the otiiers, own about 100 ves- sels engaged in the fisheries, nnd in trading to the States. The town of Dighy is the shiretown, and is about 145 miles from Halifax ; ' it is situated on an elevated spot at the south west of Annapolis basin, which affords its trade an outlet to the Bay of Fundy ; the scenery around is beau- tiful and varied. A steamer has recently been established from this place to Boston. 1862. Imports. Exports. Digby, X14,955 £13.438 Westport, on Briar Island, 6,114 7,215 Weymouth, 1854. I*jgby, Westport, Briar Island, Weymouth, 8,664 20,850 £17.384 £10.867 4 317 10.062 5i874 10.841 There' were exported in 1853, from the ports of Digby and Weymouth, 757 bushels of apples and other fruit. 11 ''':'^:'\'.; ANNAPOLIS COUNTY Annapolis is bounded on the north east by King's ; on tho south-east by Lunenburg and Queen's ; on the south-west by Bigby ; and on the north- Viest by the Bay of Fundy, The .whole sea board of this county is composed of a continuous ridge of high land, and therefore, it is void of harbors, with the exception of Anna- polis Gut and Basin. That arm of the sea is a beautiful estuary, which, with the river of the same name stretching into the county of Kings, is na- vigable for upwards of thirty miles ; it has numerous tributories. flowing from the southward of the main river; the whole affords a valuable outlet for the produce of the fisheries and the other articles of export. Some of the lakes and streams emptying into the Annapolis basin, interlock with those of the Liverpool river, so as almost to isolate the western part of the Province. The surface of this county is greatly diversified : while the sea-board is somewhat mouniainous, and the southern portion rocky and hilly, the valley of the Annapolis and its tributories is very fertile, and highly calculated for agriculture, and for the production of fruit. We find, from the report of Alexander Campbell, Esq., principal deputy surveyor of the county, that it contains 380,000 acres of crown land, which he classifies as follows : — Linds capable of profitable cultivation. 120,000 acres J lands covered with timber, but unsuitable for tillage in the present circum- stances of the country, 140,000 acres ; lands generally designated barrens, 120,000 acres." The principal part of the arable land lies in the southern and ea?tern sec- tions, and additional roads are required to render it available for settlement. There are also several hundred acres of valuable meadow land skirting the fltrtftma to the oouthwerd; If roads were opened through' tho 120,000 aereft. 331 irc : the first . The 8> ore of the front jre exten&ivc descendants )Out 100 ves- 'rom Halifax ; i basin, which ound is beau- im this place Exports. £13.438 7,215 20,850 £10.867 10.062 10.841 d Weymouth, south-east by on the north- nuous ridge of )tiGn of A nna- stuary, which, ■ Kings, is na- itories. flowing k'aluable outlet lort. Some of inteilock with rn part of the 16 sea- board is illy, the valley ' calculated for incipal deputy land, which he 20,000 acres; csent circum- natcd barren?, nd eastern sec- for settlement. d RKirting the IkO.OOO aereft. of good land reported by Mr. Campbell, not less than 800 additional fami- lies could be located With regard to much of the land iu this Pioviiico which tho prevailing opiiiion has condemned as unfit for tillage, wc are greatly inclined to indorse the opinion expressed by this able report, in which the writer says that " profitable cultivation does not depend altogether upon the good quality of the soil, and it3 capability of cheap tillage, but, in a great measure, on the relative position of the lands, as regards good roads and fa- cilities of communication with the market," Roads are alone wanted to open accesses of the forests to settlement, and to facilitate the transpor- tation of its valuable timber. The leading roads of the county are those running along each side of the valley of ihe AnnapoUs, from Annapolis, across the country, to Liverpool ; from the same place to Chester, and also from Wilmot to Liverpool. The Annapolis valley is studded with good farm houses and orchards, and is a fine agricultural district. In 1851, the county contained 2,793 acres of dyked marsh, of the best quality, and 44,512 acres of other improved lands; 1,514 horses, 177,04 head of cattle, 17.526 sheep, and 2,852 swine. It gave employment to nearly 2,000 farmers. 202 fishcMmen, and nearly 400 seamen. &c. In the same year its agricultural produce was as follows: 11,031' buchels of wheat; 17,048 of barley; 17,035 of rye; 42,955 of oats ; 13 984 of buckwheat ; 11,779 of Indian corn ; 23.i^35 tond of hay ; 146,899 bushels of potatoes ; 73,470 of turnips ; 186,717 pounds of but- ter, and 171,961 pounds of cheese ; besides many other minor articles. In 1853, there were shipped from Annapolis, Clemontsport and Wilmot, 28,- 646 bushels of apples and plums, of the value of £5,143. 1852. Annapolis, Clementsport, Wilaot, Imports. £14,488 1,633 6,617 Exports. £20.366 1,875 5,477 1853. Annapolis, Clementsport, Wilmot, £12,348 2 310 12,777 £26,435 £19,854 2,811 19,496 Totals for 1853, £42,101 These figures shew the trade of the ports named to be greatly on the ad- vance ; and the excess of exports over imports prove a still more satisfac- tory progress, being £15,726. This county, in 1852, possessed 62 schools, attended by nearly 2,000 pupils; its population, in 1838, was 11,989, and in 1851, 14,285 souls. The town of Ann-^polis, the head quarters of the county, and the Port Royal of the French, was founded by the latter in 1605. AKhough it is now 250 years since the first settlement, 122 years since the English be- cam3 masters of it, and 100 since the Acadians were expelled, still it has not made so rapd a progress as might be expected from the long period that has elapsed, and from the elements of wealth it contains, y^f^er the remo- val of the French neutrals, this part of the county was settled by emigrants from the States, disbanded soldiers and loyalists. The old French fort is still in existence, but silence is now spread over its dilapidated battlements, and the field, once the scene of war and bloodshed, is now cultivated, and ia t|j ' ■■ ' 'ill m : ► ^1 * ; r 4 I: U applied to its legitimate purpose — that of producing food for man and beast. The other townships of the county are Granville, Wilmot and Clements, There ure numerous thriving villages spread over tho Annapolis valley, which add to the picturesque appearance of the surrounding landscape. If the iron mines of Moose river (a small tributory of the Annapolis) were extensively worked, the valuable lands rendered available for settlement by tho construction of roads, the far-famed herring fishery of the basin more extensively pursued, and the railway from Halifax extended, so as to encou- rage and effect a communication by Rieamboat across the Bay of Fundy to Saint John, a distance of forty-five miles, we might see a distant vista in prospect, holding out promises of groat prosperity to this section of Nova Scotia. KING'S COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north east by Minas basin ; on the north west by Minas channel ; and on the south east by Lunenburg and Hants. The only rivers are those emptying themselves into Minas basin, namely, the Gaspereaux, Cornwallis, Canard, Habitant and Pereau ; these all run nearly parallel with the Minas channel and are navigable for distances vary- ing from four to ten miles ; the Cornwallis indeed will admit steam boats of light draft for upwards of twenty miles. That part of the county bounding on Minns charnel, like the correspond- ing portion of Annapolis, is precipitous and rocky ; but the borders of the streams we have enumerated, present a decided contrast, being flat, with large tracts of the richest alluvial deposites in the lower Provinces. The princi- pal settlements skirt the rivers and the post road from Halifax towards An- napolis ; though cross roads are being extended in various directions upon which cultivation is being carried on. This valuable county had, in 1851, 6,988 acres of dyked marsh, valued at X17 per acre, some of which was dyked by the French upwards of 100 years ago, and also 66,668 acres of other improved land. The crown lands were then about 130,000 acres, one half of which was probably fit for profitable cultiva- tion; there are also several tracts of meadow land in the interior still ungrant- ed, but additional roads are required to render these lands accessible to set- tlers. The subdivisions of the county are : Kentville, the county town, Horton, Cornwallis, and Aylesf'ord. Kings was first settled by the 1 rench, who built a village in Horton, which they called Minas ; but after their expul- sion in 1755, their farms were occupied, about 1764, by emi),'rants from the States. Kentville is situated in a vale sheltered on all sides by high land and forests. This fine county is traversed by several principal roads, which are inter- sected, and as it were tied together by numerous cross roads, upon all of which are villages as well as scattered farm-houses, possessing beautiful and productive orchards. Notwithstanding the great agricultural merit of this county, its popula- tion has not increased in proportion to that of many others ; in 1838, it con- tained 13,709, and in 1851, 14,138 persons. The gross amount of the agrisultural productions and farm stock, differed very little, 1851, from the amounts raised in Annapolis county, the popu- lation of the two being nearly equal. r man and Clements, olis valley, ciscape. If ipolis) vrere tileraent by basin more as to encou- )f Fundy to ant viata in on of Nova on the north and Hants. isin. namely, hese all run stances vary- :eam boats of 5 correspond- orders of the at, with large The princi- towards An- rections upon rsh. valued at of 100 years nds were then able cultiva- still ungrant- essible to set- own, liorton, ivcnch, who their expul- ants from the by high land ich are inter- upon all of beautiful and y, its popula- 1838, it con- itock, differed ty, the popu- Id 1851, there ^ere 56 schools, attended by 1,966 pupils, and in 1852, the schools had increased to 66, and the scholars to 2,216. 1852. Gornwallis, Horton, Totals, 1853. Gornwallis, Hort-/n, Totals Imports. £7,664 3,992 X11,65G ;e7,883 6,061 £13,444 Exports. £15,057 4,030 £19,087 £8 936 4,101 £13 037 Apples and plums were exported in 1858, to the amount of 4,922 bushels. COUNTY OF HANTS. Hants is bounded on the north by Minas basin and Cobequid buy ; on the east by Colchester ; on the south by Halifax and Lunenburg, and on the west by King's, This county has a large frontage on the Minas branch of the Bay of Fun- dy, and there are numerous streams running into the southerly arm of the Minas basin, the principal of which are the Avon, St. Croix, the Meander and Kennetcooke. All these except the first are only navigable for a short distance from their mouths, but the Avon is accessible for ships to Windsor, twelve miles, where it is crossed by a bridge preventing their further pro- gross ; and small vessels may ascend about seven miles further ; this river is three miles wide at its mouth, and extends to within a short distance o the Atlantic. These fine rivers afford great facilities for the shipment o gypsum and limestone, both of which are very abundant along their margins Thib county has also the benefit of one half of the Shubenacadie, which divides it from Colchester on the east, as far as Gay's river. In 3851, this county contained 5,292 acres of dyked marsh, valued at £22 per acre, and 60,162 acres of other improved land. According to the report of the principal County surveyor, Benjamin Smith, Esq., " the lands on the principal rivers, and most of the public roads have been already granted," and the land fit for settlement still in the possession of the Crown, lies in detached places in the county , so that new roads will have to be made before the land, so placed, can be rendered valuable. This report classifies the crown lands as follows 1st. Land capable of profitable cultivation, 2d. Land covered with timber, but not capable of profit- able cultivation, 3d. Barren land, 43,500 acres. 48,500 74,000 u Total, 166,000 However, about 300 families would find suitable farms in the county ; and as is the case in most other instances, all that is wanting to render these lands accessible is additional and well laid out roads. The surface of the greater part of the county is flat, except that portion bounding on Halifax, which is hilly and broken ; the frontier land is very fertile, especially on the borders of the streams and estuaries. After the ; I I"* 1 ■. 'i ,, I. If .1- m 334 I i .ii: .•J :< expulsion of the French, the county was taken up by settlers of various origin, principally loyalists and emigrants from the United States. There are six townships in this county, namely : Windsor, the shiretown, Newport, Kempt, Falmouth, Douglas, and Kawdon. Windsor is a beauti- ful town, systematically laid out, and situate in the midst of a valuable coun- try. The population of Hants, in 1838, was 11,399, and in 1851, it was 14,380. This county, with nearly the same population as King's and An- napolis, differs very little from them in ihe growth of farm produce; so that these three counties appear to be nearly balanced in this repect. 1852. Imports. Exports. Maitland, £2,478 £3 815 Hantsport, 823 2.924 Windsor, 9,706 9,542 1853. Maitland, Hantsport, Windsor, Totals, £13,007 6,053 2,804 16,656 £16,281 8.045 6,154 16,065 Totals, £25,513 £30,864 Maitland exported in 1853, 17,973 tons of gypsxm ; Windsor in the same year, 55,838 ditto— total, 73,811. COLCHESTER. This irregularly located county is bounded on the east by Pictou ; on the south by Halifax ; on the west by Hants ; on the north and north-west by riuraberland and the Northumberland Straits ; and in other parts on the south by Cobcquid Bay. Colchester has a front of 45 miles on the 3^ay, into which Harrington, East, Economy, Little and Great liass rivers, enter; and further to the east- ward, Fortapique, Great Village, Folly, De Bert, Chigar.ois, North and Salmon rivers. These all take their riso in, and drain the southerly side of the Cobequid hills. The Shubenacadie, which is navigable for schooners for upwards of thirty miles, forms the boundary between this county and Hants. The Stewiaekc, an eastern tributory of the former river, traverses the whole southerly section of Colchester. All these vivers are skirted by valuable marsh land, similar to that at the head of the Bny of Fundy. Cobequid Bay is only twenty-two miles from Tataraagouche harbor, on the Northumberland Straits, the division between them being foi med by the Cobequid Mountiiins. A number of small streams muke their exits into this harbor, which have their sources at the foot and on the north side of the mountains. The whole county is thus well watered. Some of the streams are navigable for schooners — most of ihem for loats, barges, and rafto, for some distance ; and all offer great facilities f(u' the working any description of machinery by water-power. The natural advantages of this county are very great, comprising coal and iron ore, freestone, gypsum, marble, limestone, and roofing slate, salt springs, sea and river fisheries, and extensive tracts of valuable forest land. The interior is diversified by lofty hills, in which the Cobequids are conspic- uous, and by extensive vales, while the coast is undulating, with a soil gen- 335 i of various tes. e sbiretown, is a beauti- luable coun- 1851, it was ig's and An- uce ; so that jlxports. £3 815 2.924 9,542 216,281 8.G45 6,154 16,065 £30864 indsor in the 'ictou ; on the lorih-west by parts on the h Harrington, er to the east- is, North and utherly side of or schooners is county and ver, traverses «re skirted by Fundy. le harbor, on formed by the leir exits into north side of &«ome of the ts, barges, and e working any 3mprising coal itig slate, salt le forest land, ds are conspic- ith a soil gen- erally of a fertile and loamy nature. Although there is much poor land to be found, yet the arable tracts are extensive, and they, together with the alluvial marshes, render the county a decidedly superior agricultural dis- trict. The principal part of the land south of the mountains has been granted ; but as much of it in their neighborhood is broken by steep hills, deep val lies and ravines, there is great difficulty in cultivating some paits, There are numerous detached pieces of land still the property of the Crown, among which are between four and five thousand acres on the south side of the Stewiacke river, and about three thousand near the \V hidden settlement. About 30,000 acres, comprising much good land, lie on the noith side of the same river near its sources ; at the most westerly extremity of the coun- ty there are about 5000 acres of excellent quality. All the ungranted lands in Colchester will probably be required by its own increasing population, so that it does not present so many advantages to emigrants as some of the other counties. From the extensive forests and ready means of communication with the sea, it follows that ship-building and lumbering should be extensively prose- cuted by the inhabitants ; and this is the case at Cobequid. and more espe- cially at Tatamagoucbe. Many districts are also well adapted for agricul- ture, and the people of Onslow, Londonderry, and the neighborhood devote to it a considerable portion of their attention. When the forests fail, it has a concealed and, as yet, nearly dormant source of wealth, second only to its soil, in its cxhaustless and invaluable mineral deposites, on which it may fall back. Colchester is divided into four townships, namely : Truro, the shire-town, Onslow, Londonderry, and Sterling. Truro is a beautiful little town, situate on a tabular piece of land divided by a creek, about a mile from the head of ship navigation in the Cobequid Bay. In the centre of the town is a fine t-quare reserved, into which roads enter from all parts of the Province, and on its sides are all the public edifices of the county, as well as many stores and private buildings, many of them neatly ornamented. The prin- cipal part of the town is situate on the south side of the stream ; the streets are much better laid off than those of other towns formed in the infancy of the colony. From this place, roads diverge to Halifax, Pictou, Wallace and Amherst, and thence to New Brunswick. The settlements of Truro, Folly, Londonderry, and Economy, skirting the northern shore of Cobequid Bay, are densely inhabited, and present the appearance of wealth. There are few places, indeed, in the Frovinco which afford more picturesque, as well as more thriving prospects, thar. some of these distriii^s ; and the traveller who will take the trouble to ascend an emi- nence near Truro, could hardly select a spot where his eye could traverse so vari(.d a landscape. The spacious bay, the numerous streams meander- ing through livih marshes, the extensive upland improvements studded with farm houses, and last, though not least, the conical sugar-loaf appearance of the hdls towering in the distance, and covered with trees to their summits, preseni a splendid panorama not easily equalled. Largo portions of this valuable tract were occupied in the early settle- ment of the county, by the French, and after they were dispossessed in 1755 passed into other hands. The township of Truro, nontaining 60,000 acres was flettlod by a number of cmigrnnts from Londonderry, In.Onnd : Qnolow r«oeiY6d in 1701 «bo>A( ilO families of Vftiiuv.:} 9lrigip ihm M(^»!^vhua€lt» ■■I'fi i f 336 't''.' i ':': •i'l •who appropriated a portion of the dilapidated property of the Acadians ; Londonderry must have had a numerous French population, judging from che size of the chapel, which Haliburton tells us, " was 100 feet long and and 40 feet wide," and was destroyed on their expulsion by the provincial troops ; in the same year, this valuable and fertile section was settled by about twenty families from the north of Ireland, who gave it the name of the place of their nativity. That portion of the county bordering on the Northumberland Straits is well settled ; the land is excellent, and the farms are being extended along the sea shore, the margins of the streams, and the roads ; the two latter every where penetrating into the recesses of the forest. The population of Colchester in 1837, was And in 1851, Number of schools in 1842, (C 1851. (( 1852, of agriculturists in of acres of land cleared 88 71 72 1851. Imports. Beaver river, Londonderry, Tatmagouche, Exports. Beb.ver river, Londonderry, Tatmagouche, 1852. Xl,219 4,241 1,648 1.673 2,739 3,843 The number of vessels built in 1851, was, Amounting to the aggregate tonnage of In 1853 there were built, Amounting in tonnage to And of the value of 10,674 souls, 15,469 ({ Scholars 1853. X244 7,828 1,681 214 4,494 5,125 1,666 1,861 2,227 2,333 71,670 Increase. £2,645 Increase. X578 22 8,192 9 2,144 £20,519 tons. tons. COUNTY OF CUMBERLAND. This is the most northern county of Nova Scotia proper, and is bounded on the south west by New Brunswick, Cumberland basin, and Chignecto Bay ; on the south by W inas channel and basin and Colchester ; on the east Isy Colchester; and on the north east by the Northumberland Straits; ■with a sea board of nearly fifty miles on the latter, and of over 100 miles on the bay of i^'undy and its arms. The sutfiicc of this valaablc county presents a great variety, from the lofty hills of the Cobequid chain, to the mural cliffs of its western border, the rich alluvial marshes of Cumberland basin, and the undulating uplunfis of the Straits, it is capable of being made one of the best agricultural counties in the Province, as it possesses a larger per centago of alluvial lands, consisting both of alder sevale and marsh, together with a valuable upland adapted for the production of every species of farming produce, than any one of the eij^hteen counties into which Nova Scotia is divided. Its geographical position, also, having the advantage of the Gulf and Bay of Fundy with many excellent harborson both sides, together with its extensive road communications, and navigable facilities, added to the valuable character of its soil renders it a most desirable locality either for agriculture or commerce. 337 The principal reason for its not having made greater progress may probably be found in the compound nature of the employments pursued by its inhabitants — an error upon which we have so often observed in speaking of various sections of the two Provinces — however profitable the lumbering business may be, and however praiseworthy the developement of any of the resources of a county, yet its avocations too generally interfere with any other pursuit — perhaps in some localities the lumberman and fisherman might be well united in the same class of persons, as the summer is the best season for fishing, while the winter is devoted to the preparation of lumber : but in every other case the attempting too much spoils the whole undertaking. The position of the county induced its first settlers, along the shore and margin of its ri- vers, to engage largely in the erection of saw mills, as well as in the fishe- ries; and thus arose a greater mixture of employments than in perhaps any other county. Thus it has happened that Cumberland, and its neighbor Westmoreland, in New Brunswick, have taken the lead of the other coun- ties in their respective Provinces, in the number of saw mills, and in the hands employed in this branch of business, though it will be seen that Cum- berland has, in this respect, a decided advantage. By the census of 1851, Cumberland possessed 226 saw mills, which gave employment to 3GG hands, besides 220 engaged in lumbering ; this with the partial prosecution of the fisheries, fully accounts for the neglect its agriculture has experienced, It would be difficult to find a stream of any magnitude without its machinery of this description, and very frequently its water power is loaded with more than it can keep profitably in motion. Civil Divisions, population, roads, and settleincnts : This large county is divided into three townships — Amherst, the shire- town, Parrsborough, and Wallace. The township of Amherst, including the village of thar, name, is situate near the boundary of New Brunswick, the small district of Fort Lawrence only intervening. The town is four milea from the Province line, on an undulating ridge, looking towards Forts Lawrence and Cumberland, over ex- tensive marshes, and the spacious Cumberland basin stretching in the dis- tance. It has one long winding street, which was laid out before its existence as a town was thought of, and therefore it possesses some imperfections and irregularities, but recently more attention has been paid to system, and new streets are now being planned with a due regard to order und its future prospects. This place is the seat of the Courts of Justice for the County, anu con- tains a Court House, Jail, Probate Court, and Register Office, with a large number of mercantile establishments, and other neat private edifices, also places of worship belonging to the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Roman Catholics ; a female Academy, well attended, and other literary institutions. The surrounding coimtry for many miles is in a good state of cultivation, and the numerous roads leading from the town in every direction are densely settled ; the scenery of the neighborhood presents a healthy, prosperous, and in some places, even a picturesque appearance. We may here observe that previous to the separation of New Brunswick from Nova Scotia, the township of Amherst, as originally laid off, was bounded by lines defined on paper to run from given points ; and a grant " of fifty-three shares, or rights (we quote from Ilaliburtcn, vol. 11, page 53,) 45 ■iq ■ M / i 338 & '.I'v^tt of five hundred acres each, and containing twenty-six thousand seven hun- dred and fifty acres, with allowance for glebe, school, minister, and roads," passed from the Crown ; this block of land is found, like most of the old grants, to contain more land than the number of acres specified ; and by an unprecedented course the Nova Scotian Legislature have thought proper to regrant t^je surplus, instead of permitting the heirs of the original grantees to divide it among themselves. Upon the same principal it would only be just for a government to make up the quantity, in cade of deficiency, which is not usually done. The principal settlements on the other parts of the Bay of Fundy coast, are Minudie, a thriving village, in sight of, and only a short distance from Amherst, but separated from it by the southerly arm of the Cumberland basin. The principal trade is in grindstones and coal^ both of which are procured and the works carried on with spirit at the Joggins ; the surround- ing landS; both marsh and upland, are very productive. Proceeding along the Bay we come to Apple river and Advocate harbor, both affording com- mercial facilities. The township of Parrsborough which is situate in the south west part of the county, contains Partridge Island, which forms a small harbor, and is a place of some note, on account of the facilities afforded to trade by Minas basin and channel, on both of which this township fronts. Though some of the land along this coast is rocky and presents a mural appearance, yet there are fine tracts of alluvial land on the borders of the bays and streams, and also much upland, which well repays its cultivators. The interior of this section is but thinly settled. The township of Wallace forms the eastern section of the county, and abuts on the Northumberland Straits. The whole of this coast is densely settled ; besides the village from which the township takes its name, the set- tlements of P^ugwash, Goose river, and Tidnish are of a high order, the soil being generally based on the grey sandstone, of a dry character, with ex- tensive tracts of upland alluvium interspersed through it. Pugwash is a neat little town, situate on both banks of the river of that name ; the streets are laid off systematically, and Avith a view to future ex- tension. The harbor is the best between Pictou and INIiramichi ; vessels of the largest class can enter and lie in safety within their own length of the shore ; and above the town is a splendid basin capable of holding a whole navy. The principal branches of the trade of this place are lumbering, fishing, and shipbuilding, while the surrounding country yields large quanti- ties of farm produce. The North American and European Fiailroad will traverse forty miles of the eastern section of this county, thirty of which aie fit for tillage; it crosses on its track several streams navigable for small crafts, thus affording outlets to the sea. Rivers and Scltlemeiitff. — Wallace Bay is a large estuary, where ship- building h pursued with much spirit, and there are nearly 500 acres of marsh on its borders. Several small rivers fiill into it ; the banks of the principal are settled for about ten milcS; and around its head there is much good land for future settlement. Pugwash river is settled for a short distance above the harbor. River Philip is settled fcr twenty miles up its course, for which distance roads extend : the banks of its tributories are also thickly inhabited. There is much poor land in its neighborhood, while near its sources, and along its 339 I seven hun- , and roads," ist of the old I ; and by an ght proper to jinal grantees ould only be siency, ■which Fundy coast, distance from 5 Cumberland of which are the surround- ceeding along ffording com- 1 west part of rbor, and is a ade by Minas hough some of mce, yet there 1 streams, and nterior of this le county, and 3ast is densely name, the set- order, the soil icter, with ex- 10 river of that y to future ex- chi ; vessels of length of the aiding a whole ire lumbering, s large quanti- forty miles of for tillage; it thus affording jr, where ship- 500 acres of banks of the there is much bor. which distance bited. There and along its margins, there are extensive tracts of intervale of the best and most pro- ductive character, affording large crops of hay and grain. This river has long been famed for the abundance and quality of its salmon and trout ; but, like other places where lumbering is carried on, and where the inhabitants are allowed to take the fish, both in season and out of sengon. this fishery, unless protected by legislative .enactment, will soon be extinct. Goose river is not very extensive, but it is well settled for five or six miles from its mouth. Tidnish river is the last in the Province, falling into the Straits. It has its source within four miles of that of the La Planche, which runs into Cum- berland Basin. The banks of the former are inhabited for about three miles. The land at the head of these rivers is generally poor, though there are some spots which will repay tht cultivator, Napan, Maccan, and Ilebert rivers, all emptying themselves into the Cumberland Basin, are settled for several miles along their bankd, as are also most of the other rivers falling into the Bay of Fundy, in the western part of the county, lloads communicate with all these settlements. The mineral character ai. ^ educational institutions of this county are no- ticed in another place. The population of this county, in 1817, was 2,398 1827, 5,416 1837, 7,572 1851, 14,339 This county has increased so fast, within the last three years, that its in- habitants cannot now be far short of 17,000. Comparative statement of the imports and exports, at the different ports of this countv, in the years Imports. " 1852. 1853. Amherst, £12,475 £13,934' Joggins, 1,725 1,570 Parrsborough, 3,301 5,032 ^ Pugwash, 1,111 3,452 ) YaTaa Wallace, 2,956 2,314 '*''^''^'*- (( (( (( Totals, X21,558 Exports. Amherst, £4,372 Joggins, 3,317 Parrsborough, 8,000 Pugwajh, 10,582 Wallace, 4,174 £26,302 . £4,035 1 3,483 14'ono ^ Increase, '7:490 ' ^^^'''^' Totals, £20,445 Excess of exports over imports, Number of agriculturists in 1851, Acres of land cleared " Nu^ibor of schools in 1842, " scholars " " schools in 1851, " scholars " *' schools in 1852, Average attondance of pupils, £38,949 £13,760 1,932 101,067 55 1,796 71 1,861 56 1,90C 1 340 m i The number of vessels built in 1851 was Of the gross amount of And there were built in 1853, Amounting, in the aggregate, toj And to the value of £46,089. PICTOU 88 10,233 tons. 21 vessels, 4,177 tons, Is bounded south by Halifax and Guysborough ; on the west by Colches- ter ; on the east by Sydney ; and on the north by the Northumberland Straits, on which it has a front of fifty miles. This county presents, in its general character, a great diversification of hills, vallies and winding streams. The soils are comprised, principally, under the silurian and carboniferous formations, and, with few exceptions, are well calculated for agricultural purposes. The principal harbor in the county is that of Pictou, situate near the cen- tre of its sea- board, it is suiticiently deep and capacious to allow large class vessels to enter, though by a narrow channel, and to be in perfect safety ; indeed, there is ample room, in from five to nine fathoms of water, with a muddy bottom, for a very large fleet. The light house at its entrance affords the necessary directions to mariners making the port. Three streams fall into this harbor, namely — West, Middle and fast rivers; the latter has numerous tributories, and is navigable for small vessels for upwards of five miles. All these rivers drain largo tracts of good land, and are well adapt- ed for saw mills, and the floating down lumber for shipment. Near the eastern boundary of the county, the river John makes its exit into Tatamagcuche harbor, in Colchester ; and at the eastern extremity, Sutherland, French, and Barney's rivers, empty themselves into the shallow harbor of Merigonish. The county is intersected not only by these numerous streams, but also by roads running along their banks, and along the coast in almost every di- rection. There are great leading roads to New Brunswick near the shore, and by way of Amherst, as well as to Truro, Canso, Halifax, and other placeb on the Atlantic coast, all concentrating at the harbor of Pictou. There are only three townships in the county, namely — Pictou, I^Iaxwell- ton and Egerton ; but villages and settlements, some of them almost entitled to be called towns, are scattered over the whcl^^ county. Besides Pictou, the shire-town, the principal are New Glasgow, Albion Mines, Durham, on the "West river, and Bellevue, on the river John. Pictou is a neat-looking town on the north side of the harboe, to which, as well as to the county, it has given its name, in ht. 45 "^ 42' norih, and long. 02 ^ 46' west. Its front streets indicate the same want of system, in its firot laying out, that wo so often observe in early settlements. Recent- ly, however, a great advance has been made, both in the location and exten- sion of new streets, the improvement of the old ones, and the erection of numerous elegant edifices, many of them being built of stone. This town possus-scs great advantages, in its geographical position, with regard to the trade of the Gulf and Straits, its proximity to the flourishing islands of Prince Edward and Cape Breton, {ind the excellent quality of the soil of the surrounding districts. To these may be added the commercial facilities for the valuable fisheries of all these coasts— for ship-building, and for the important ooal trade carried on from its harbor to all the British Pro- 341 88 ,233 tons. 21 vessels, :,177 tons, t by Colches- rthumberland ersification of 1, principally, !W exceptions, near the cen- iow large class )erfect safety ; water, with a ntrance affords e streams fall the latter has pwards of five are well adapt- makes its exit )rn extremity, ito the shallow earns, but also most every di- jear the shore, fax, and other )f Pictou. ctou, I.Iaxwell- almost entitled besides Pictou, s, Durham, on rbor, to which, 42' norih, and t of system, in pnts. Recent- tion and exten- the erection of position, with the nourishing t quality of the the commercial p-building, and ,he British Pro- vinces and the United States ; the latter, indeed, may be expected to receive a great additional stimulus from the Elgin treaty ; and the whole, if rendered properly available, cannot fail to constitute it the second place of importance in the Province. All the public buildings of the county are here situate, together with post and telegraph offices, giving ready means of communication to every principal town in the Provinces and the States. Among its excellent edu- cational establishments, we must not omit to mention the Pictou Academy, founded in 1816. From this institution has emanated much valuable infor- mation, placing this county foremost, in proportion to its population, in the literary scale of the Province. The neat and flourishing towns of New Glasgow and Albion Mines, are situate on the east river of Pictou, near the coal mines to which they owe their existence. The coal of these mines is transported to the loading ground on the harbor by means of a railway five miles in length, worked by loco- motive engines. The population of this section of the county is fast on the increase ; and the neighboring districts, notwithstanding a large portion of the inhabitants being engaged in mining, are undergoing great improvement in agricultural respects. A railway from these mines to Halifax, to which we have already referred, would confer a lasting benefit on this county, and would no doubt be highly remunerative; it is calculated indeed that the revenue derived from the coal trade alone would pay the interest on half a million of money. Population. — Pictou was seu ^ in 1765, by a few families from Mary- land, who, eight years afterwards, were jomcd by about thirty families from the Highlands of Scotland ; since that time there has been a considerable emi- gration from various parts of Scotland ; and the principal part of the popula- tion consist of these emigrants and their descendants. Gaelic is commonly spoken in many districts. In 1837, the population numbered, " ISf.l, The number of schools in this county in 1851, was Attended by In 1852, there were Attended by The number of persons respectively engaged in the following pursuits in 1851, were: — Merchants, 159 Manufacturers, 280 Mechanics, 1,089 Agriculturists, 3,463 Inhabited Houses, 3,869 Other buildings, 4,757 Families. 4,110 Improved lands in 1851, 103,582 acres 1827, 49,181 " 21,449 25,593 102 3.525 pupils 90 schools 4,622 pupils u Increase in ten years, 54.401 " The sawed lumber exported in 1853, amounted to 4,140,000 feet, of the value of .£15,645 ; almost all of which was sent to Great Britaini In the twrne year there were 92,181 chaldrons of coal exported. ^; a / i h r V I II *, ? I ; i ». if ^ Fisher^ ^ — prosecutioi' ' ; that the prii !p and 50 of heii. 342 The vessels built in 1851, were 27, of the aggregate tonnage of 9,680 tons ; and in 1853, there ^rere 21 built, making together 5,884 tons ; twelve of these were sold in Great Britain, and the value of the whole number was ^54,904. The value of the merchandize entered at the port of Pictou during the year 1852, was £43,597 ; of which X17,610 was from Great Britain ; £6,359 from ports in British North America; and £19,602 from the States. In the same year, the exports from Pictou were valued at £57,618, of which the worth of £13,056 was sent to Great Britain ; £10,299 to North America ; £33,761 to the United States, and the remainder to other coun- tries. , vithptanding the facilities afforded by this county for the branch of industry, it appears by the Census of 1851, lis in the catch of that year were 75 barrels of salmon, ai/* ;n 1853, there were exported from the port of Pictou only 748 barrels of hciiii gs, of the value of £554. Although large quantities of land have been granted, and extensive im- provements made in this county, there are still 120,000 acres ungranted. About one fourth of this or 30,000 acres, is fit for cultivation ; so that 800 famiii';'5 could be located on 100 acres each. The principal part of the land capable of tillage is situate between Barney's Biver and St. Mary's settle- ment, in the eastern section of the county ; and it is therefore easy of access from Merigomish harbor. This tract is clothed principally with hardwood, and is well watered, though somewhat stony. There are about 75,000 acres of the Crown Land lying near the sources of the East river, of which not more than seven or eight thousand are adapted for settlement ; and as they are in detached pieces, they are therefore not so advantageous for pro- fitable cultivation. There are many other spots where good land could be procured ; al- though recent fires have ravaged a large portion of this county, but in this as in most other districts where fire has spread, the land is generally poor, and the timber of inferior growth. THE COUNTY OF SYDNEY Is bounded on the west by Pictou ; north by the Straits of Northumber- land and Saint George's Bay ; cast by a part of the Gut of Canso; and on the south by Guysborough. This small county is traversed by a ridge of lofty hills, being a continu- ation of the Cobequid chain, and has much undulating land. It possesses several small harbors on St. George's Bay, the principal of which is Anti- gonish ; there are several rivers emptying themselves into this harbor, which drain a large extent of country. From Antigonish to the Gut of Canso there are some small streams falling into St, George's Bay. From the general mountainous character of this county there is not much ungranted land fit for settlement. The soil is, to a great extent, very dry and meagre ; and a great many of the inhabitants are merely squatters hav- ing no title to their lands. Still there are many fine settlements in the coun- ty ; and there is a large flat tract of fertile land, bounded on each side by hills, running through its centre. Sydney is divided into four townships— Antigonish, containing tho shire- it, hea 343 3 of 9,680 19; twelve amber was during the it Britain; I from the ?57,618, of >9 to North other coun- inty for the as of 1851, a of salmon, )rt of Pictou xtensive im- 8 ungranted. 80 that 300 t of the land lary's settle- jasy of access th hardwood, tbout 75,000 iver, of which nent ; and aa ,eou3 for pro- jrocured; al- but in this enerally poor, Northumber- anso; and on ng a continu- It possesses rhich is Anti- harbor, which Gut of Canso re is not much tent, very dry Luatters hav- Its in the coun- each side by Ling tho shire- 1852. Imports Antigonish, £435 1853. Antigonish, 593 town of the same name, Tracadie, St. Andrew's, and Arisaig, In 1837, the inhabitants numbered 7,103, and in 1851, they amounted to 13,467. The population, which is principally composed of persons from the High- lands of Scotland, and their descendants, live chiefly by agriculture and fishing. The principal minerals hitherto discovered, are limestone and gyp- sum ; the btter is beginning to be used in agricultural operations, and small quantities are exported. Roads are either made or projected from Antigonish in every dir 'iion throughout the country, so that almost all its lands available for settlement will have the advantage of highway communication. In 1851, there were 69,370 acres of improved land, and 2,113 farmers within the coanty. The number of schools in 1851, was, 46 And of pupils, 1,348 In 1852, the schools were 55 And the scholars numbered, 1,642 The commercial returns are as follows : — Exports. £7,520. 5,238 THE COUNTY OF GU"^SBOROUGH Is bounded on the north east by Chedabacto Bay, and the Gut of Canso ; on the north by Sydney and Pictou ; on the south west by the county of Halifax ; and on the south east by the Atlantic. Milford Haven is the largest harbor of this county in Chedabucto Bay, which contains some others of a smaller size. There are a great many on the Atlantic coast, the principal of which are Canseau, a good harbor, White- haven, Country harbor, also good, St. Mary's Bay, Liscomb, and other har- bors. The subdivisions of the county are, Guysborough, the shire-town, Man- chester, and St. Mary's. There are about 304,000 acres of ungranted land in thii} county, of which about 80,000 are fit for cultivation ; and about 35,000 are good timber land ; the remainder is almost all barren and unfit for setttlement. The greater part of the available lands, according to the report of William Hartshorne, Esq., principal deputy surveyor of the county, lie as follows : — neur the St. Mary's river, 30,000 acres ; between Salmon river lakes and the county of Sydney, 20,000 acres, this is a superior tract, and if roads were made through it, would soon be settled ; between the Gut of Canso and the river at the head of Milford harbor, there are about 15,000 acres; and about 15,000 acres between the back lands of Salmon river and the Atlantic. There are also several detached pieces of land throughout the county well worth cul- tivation. There are nearly 100 squatters on the public lands of this county. Until recently, farming has not been carried on with much spirit in this county ; fishing having been the princi^ al pursuit of its inhabitants. That portion bordering on the Atlantic and the south side of Chedabucto Bay, is, with few exceptions, very rugged and rocky ; while there is a ridge, inclu- ding the good lands above described, extending from the southerly entrance of the Gut of Canso, through the centre of the county to its south western 1 344 h f 111 extremity. Here four or five hundred families could speedily be settled on lands that are well adapted for cultivation. Notwithstanding the inattention formerly paid to agriculture, there are several fine settlements in the county, iiv'u limestone is abundant. The early settlers in Guysborough were loyal- ists from the States and disbanded soldiers. Its population in 1827, was 5,657, and in 1851, it contained 10,838. Roads diverge from the shire-town in vanous directions, but new ones are much wanted in order that the large tracts of land capable of cultivation may be made available for settlement. In 1851 this county contained 11,510 acres of improved land, and 2,113 farmers, with about an equal number of fishermen. The number of schools in the same year was, 48 And of pupils, 1,026 The following figures will shew the state of its commerce in the years specified : — 1853. Exports. Imports. Guysborough, £2,203 £2,807 Canso, 6,646 9,895 1852, Guysborough, 2.1T4 1,196 Canso, 7,046 7,350 I'^i ' !■■ II ■ V i '■'Wa / ;■■■ j P 1^ THE ISLAND OF CAPE BRETON. General description and suh-divisions. This valuable Island, called by Vezazzani, Isle da Cape, and by the French, Isle Royale, lies between 45° 27' and 47" 2' North Latitude, and 59° 47' and 6F 37' West Longitude ; its extreme length being about 110 miles, and its greatest breadih about 90 miles. Its seaboard is sur- rounded by numerous small islands, and its surface, exclusive of water, com- prises about 2,000.000 acres. This island is divided from Nova Scotia proper by the Gut of Canso, which in some places is not moic than three-fourths of a mile in width, while in others it is more than double that distance. On the north of this strait it is also bounded by St. George's Bay, and on the south by Chedabucto Bay, both lying between the island and Nova Scotia. The widest part of the Straits of Northumberland separate the western coast at Cape Mahon from East Cape in Prince Edward Island by a distance of about thirty miles. The most northly point, Cape North, is about ten miles from St. Paul's Is- land, and about fifty from Cape Ray in Newfoundland. The submarine telegraph cable intended to connect Newfoundland with the American conti- nent is proposed to be laid down either between these tv/o points or to Prince Edward Island, as the managers of the Company may hereafter determine. Cape Breton now possesses a similar connection with Nova Scotia proper, and through that Province to the States, New Brunswick, and Canada by a line already complete, spanning the Gut of Canso. The Island of Cape Breton, an historical account of which will be found at the commencement of this chapter, was annexed to Nova Scotia in 1763, immediately after its final surrender to Great Britain : it continued so united until 1784, when it was established as a separate colony. In 1800 a num- ber of families emigrated thither from Scotland. It made but slow advances ^ M 345 e settled on ) inattention the county, were loyal- 182T, was lew ones are [ cultivation i, and 2,113 48 1,026 in tbe years imports. £2,807 9,895 1,196 7,350 ), and by the 3rth Latitude, 1 being about aboard is sur- of water, com- f Canso, which .-idth, while in this strait it is edabucto Bay, est part of the )9 Mahon from It thirty miles. St. Paul's l3- Che submarine American conti- its or to Prince fter determine. , Scotia proper, id Canada by a b will be found Scotia in 1763, .inued so united :a 1800 a num- it slow advances during this period, and in 1820, it was rc-unitcd to Nova Scotia, of which it still forms a part. The climate differs but little from that of its neigh- bors. Nova Scotia, or Prince Edward Island. About one half of its area, or 1,000,000 acres, is highly fit for cultivation, and produces all the varie- ties of food for man or beast, common in the other lower Provinces. Cape Breton is liighly favored in respect to its water communications ; its eastern shore is washed by the Atlantic, with excellent harbor.s, accessible at all seasons of the year; its northern extremity protrudes into the (jiulf of St. jjawrcnce; while the Northumberland Straits and the Gut of Canso are respectively its western and southern boundaries, forming a sea coast (tf no less than 800 miles, the whole of which is indented by numcious harbors, many of them of first rate importance. Internally it i,-> literally a not work of streams and lakes ; and it U separated into two ptirts, with the exception only of a narrow istliLius of 767 yards, by the Uras d'or Lake, ([)ronouncod Bra dore) and two of its outlets, bearing the same name, having huge arms or extending into each of the two peninsulas into which the island is thus divided. I^his sheet of water extends nearly 60 miles from the Atlantic coast to St. Peters' Bay, with which it is about to be connected by a canal across the narrow neck of laud l)cfore mentioned. Thi.s work has lung been considered a great desideratum to the fishing and mineral, as well tis to the agricultural intciests of the island ; and the depth of water in ail parts of the chain of lakes, forming the Bras d'or, is suilicient for ships of llic la,r- gest burthen. Tlic practicability of the undertaking will be best shewn by the following extract from a report made by <]apt. Barry of the Uoyal En- gineers, to the government of Nova Scotia, in 1858, in whicli ho suys, " The greatest depth of cutting to bottom of canal is fifty-seven feet, and it will generally have thirteen feet water in it, * -^ -' and be navigable for the passage of vessels drawing from nine feet to eleven feet six inches of water." The difference between the surface of the water of the kiko^ and that of high water at spring tides in St. Peters' Bay is only two feet, the latter being the highest. The dimensions of the canal proposed by Captain Barry, are as follows: "width of canal at ten feet, deep 20 foct ; slopes about one and an half to one, depth of water IC feet, wiilth of cimal at water line 50 feet, lock, length 120 feet, lock opening of gate 22 feet. These dimensions, T consider, ample for the accommodation of any vessel, employed in the fisheries and coasting trade of the Province." He proposes to construct the principal part of the works wlili bricks, for the manufacture of which there is abundance of the best clay on the spot. He estimates the whole cost of forming the canal at XI 7, 751. The Nova Scotia Legislature in 1852, passed an act guaranteeing tliree and an half per cent on the capital employed by any Company who would complete this desidcralile work up to about three fourths of tlie estimate ; this guarantee to cease as soon as the proceeds of the canal should amount to this per centage over and above the working expences. The surface of this Island is much diversified, presenting, especially to- wards the north a strong contrast with its insular neighbor, I'rince Edward Island, In that part of Cope Breton the coast is bold and rocky, some of the hills almost assuming the character of mountains, and rising to the height of 1000 feet, while their sugar loaf form presents from the r,oa a very picturesque appearance. The southern border is more ilat and undu- lating. About ten miles north easterly from Cape North, the northern point of 46 1 ! M •i H 346 Cflpe Breton, and in a direct line between that Cape and Cape Ray, New- foundland, is situate St. Paul's Island, a most dangerous rock, on which which thousands of lives are said to have been lost. This rocky islet stretch- es in a north and south direction for about three miles, it is very narrow, and has a Light House, 140 feet high, on each extremity. It has long been the dread of mariners, and is surrounded by a depth of water of from 20 to 40 fathoms. In 1853, a survey of the northern and western sections of Capo Breton, from St. Ann's Bay to the Gut of Canso. was made by direction of the Government, by J. R. Forman, Esq., with the view to the improvement of the harbors on this part of the coast. From the whole tenor of the able re- port made by this gentleman, it appears that their permanent improvement cannot be effected without a large outlay of capital. With reference to the general character of the island, Mr. Formua says, that, "any person of observation, visiting the Island of Cape Breton, can- not but be struck with surprise at the vast natural resources every where exhibited. The mineral deposits seem to be without limit ; the inland navi- gation, with reference to the extent of country, unparalleled ; the soil in many places of the most fertile description ; and its fisheries are unsurpassed by any in the world. Unfortunately, however, capital and skill, the great desiderata necessary to bring into full operation these beautiful gifts of na- ture, are not there ; the day must, however, come A>hen this island will hold a position of no secondary importance, and become capable, not only of sup- porting a much larger than the present population, but also by its exports supplying the wants, and conducing to the comforts of the inhabitants of other countries ; and the improvement of its harbors will be no unimpor- tant step to bring about this result." The crown land on this island is very extensive, and much of it highly capable of profitable cultivation ; it is estimated, however, that full one half of the settled lands have not been granted, the people merely living there as squatters, and not real owners of the tioil. Civil divisions. — This island is divided into four counties ; the names, geographical position, and character of which are as follows : — Inverness, stretches from near the centre of the Gut of Canso along the whole north western section of the Island, and has a length of over 100 miles with an average breadth of fifteen. The shire-town is Port Hood. The lands in many parts of this county is of a high order for agricultural purposes, and there are numerous thriving villages and settlements along the bays and rivers of its sea girt boundary. Large tracts of the best land along the shore have been granted ; but it is calculated that there are near- ly 40,000 acres of good land, fit for settlement, still in the hands of the Crown. About 500 of the settlers are mere squatters, without title to the lands they possess. This county has no fine harbors with the exception of the Gut of Canso, which has a depth of water varying from 14 to 54 fathoms. The border of the Strait as far as Port Hood is principally settled by families from the Highlands of Scotland, among whom the Gaelic is much spoken ; northerly as far as Cape Mahon, the people are of a mixt origin ; at Margarie, 50 miles north of Port Hood, and thence to Cheticamp, where there is a Jersey fishing station, the inhabitants are mostly descendants from the Acadian French. Still further to the north, though the hills assume a majestic appearance, the soil is more meagre and rocky and the settlements are few and far between. 347 6 Ray, New- )ck, on which r islet stretch- very narrow, has long been ir of from 20 Capo Breton, rection of the nprovement of )f the able rc- , improvement Forraua says, 3 Breton, can- ;s every where le inland navi- ;d ; the yoil in re unsurpassed ;kill, the fjreat ful gifts of na- island will hold ot only of sup- ) by its exports inhabitants of e no unimpor- ch of it highly •it full one half y living there 3S ; the names, !anso along the th of over 100 is Port Hood, for agricultural ttlcments along )f the best land there are near- le hands of the out title to the Gut of Canso, pally settled by (liiebc is much a mixt origin ; leticamp, where escendants from hills assume a the settlements Victoria. — This county, whoso principal tow:? ip Bedeque, lies for the most part north of the Bras d'or waters and is bounded on the north west by Inverness, and on the east by the Atlantic. It presents the same varie- ties of soil with the county we have just described. The best land is found skirting tbo streams, most of that on the sea shore being unfit for cultivation. Fishing and farming, but principally the former, are the chief occupations of the inhabitants of the north eastern portion of the county. From Cape North to St. Ann's Bay, the coast is bold, and in many places the rocks overhang the sea, making the navigation somewhat precarious ; it is but thinly settled. St. Ann's Bay has a depth of seven fathoms, and is a safe harbor, easy of access ; the soil along its borders is well fitted for cultiva- tion. A short distance south of this harbor, and of which it almost forms a part, is the entrance to the great Bras d'or, which has from 30 to 40 feet of water ; this is the main channel leading to those curiously formed sheets of navigable waters wushing the interior of the island. A little further to the southward lies the lesser entrance of the same name, which, though having 00 fathoms water within, is too shallow at its mouth to admit vessels of any considei-able burthen. These two passages are separated by Boular- dric, or, as called by Captain Bayfield, Borilactria Island, which, as well as much of the surrounding country, belongs to the coal field; there are also limestone, freestone, and salt springs in the vicinity. A part only of this island is attached to Victoria county. There are a great number of persons sei.ied in this county under location tickets, obtained by them previous to the removal of the Crown Land Ofiice from Cape Breton to iialilax ; and in many instances they appear to consi- der that time has ratified their claims to the lands they possess. The inter- ior is almost all a dense wilderness of which little is known. The island of ^^'a8hahok, situate at the head of the two Bras d'or outlets, forms a part of this county. The County of Cape Breton is bounded on the north-wf't >y the coun- ty of Victoria, and the waters of the Bras d'Or ; on the north east and east by the Atlantic ; and on the south-west by the county of Richmond. A part of the Boulardarie, or Borilactria, island is within the limits of this county, as is also Scatarie island. A large portion of the county is washed by the Atlantic, as well as by the inland chain of lakes. Sydney is the shire-town, and is situate on a peninsula within the harbor of the same name ; at its extremity are barracks, together with a battery and block- house, where a few soldiers are usually stationed. A short railroad runs from the coal mines to the place of destination. '..Communication is constantly kept up between this town and the other vihv.ges in the harbor, and also periodically with Halifax, by steamboats. The harbor has not less thnn five fathoms of water in the shallowest place ; and from this circumstance, no less than from the other advantages it pos- sesses, it must speedily become a place of importance. Among other ele- ments of iinprovtracnt may be enumerated the agricultural capabilities of the surroundiug districts, and the advances they are making in tha' espect; the extensive coal deposites, and the vast quantities of that miner - nnual- ly shipped ; as well a:3 the fiicilities presented for the prosecution of the fish- eries, and other branches of commerce. Mire' Bay has a depth of from six to sixteen fathoms of water. The en- trance to the river of the same name is shallow ; the latter has its rise about forty or fifty miles in the interior of this county. 348 ^'^fl r ^'1P^^ '' *^ V W i V' The island oi" Scatarie, which is the most easterly point ol' Cape Bieton, consists cf poor barren land, and is the scene of numerous shipwrecks ; a light house has been erected on its eastern point. Gabarus Ba-y has sufli- cient ^v:^ter for vessels of the largest class. This section of the county was originally settled by a number of American loyali,-;^, who, with their des- cendants, h:ivo done much for the improvement of thi< ])art of the country. The soil from this luirbor along the sea-board to the westward is good for many miles. The lands of this county arc more undulating than those of the two last described ; it comprises much lortile land, a large portion of which has been granted ; but there a)o some extensive tracts of excellent quality still at the disposal of tln^ (^'rown ; but, as yet, the prjncipal settlements are confined to the banks of the sti earns and harbors, the latter of which arc numerous ;'.nd jiood. The land alono; the internal waters of the countv is also i>;ood. though as yet thinly sett led. tilr/niioiit/, the fourth :uid last county, in the order of descrij)tion into which thij island is divided, is bounded on the north by Inverness, Brasd'Ur Lake, an;iy and Bras d'Or. Its townships are Arichat, the shire-town, situate on Isle Madame, and Lenox, Maitland, and llawksbury. Froni a report made in 1854, by Thomas Grumlcy, Esi(., the principal county surveyor, tlicrt; ajipcars to be 00,000 acres of first rate soil in the county, and 45,000 of second rate, exclusive of the Isle Madame. This is a flourishing island, and Arichat enjoys a considerable coasting trade. Bichmond, like C* ^n-eserve it, low known as 1 of Britain's 45 and lTr)S. with the con- 349 trast it presents to the accounts we have of its ancient grandeur. The har- bor, once crowded with vessels, comprising a large portion of the navy of France, scarcely contains a single sail. Its lofty walls, once bristling with cannon, which environs the fifty acres on which the town stood ; the busy and crowded city itself, Avith its cathedral, chapels, hospital, nunnery, brew- ery and theatre ; its government and public buildings : its portcullis, bomb- proofs, magazines, and other defences, have all passed away, and their only memorials are a few mounds covered with herbage : the formidable fortifica- tions at the entrance of the harbor are mere grass-covered hillocks. The islrnd at the entrance, on which a strong battery was placed, is now en- croached on by the sea. The remains of the foundations of many of the strongholds and public buildings are still visible ; and we may trace, in the midst of a bog on which the town was built, and by which it was surround- ed, the breastwork, at about 400 yards from the citadel, thrown up by the besiegers previous to its capture. Bombshells, cannon balls, cannons, and other arms, are fre(iuently found, together with fragments of the human irame ; and these are all that is now left to mark the position of ancient Louisburg. At this day, the harbor is scarcely numbereil among the sea- ports of the island ; and the site of this once strongly-fortified and flourish- ing town is inhabite which the island was " Richmond, ) then divided, Total, In 1851 the numbers ranged as follows : Inverness, Richmond, Cape Breton, Victoria, 14,111 14,099 7,203 85,413 16,917 10,381 27.580 Total, 54,878 Shewmg an increase of 19,465 souls in fourteen years. In 1828, there were exported from Arichat, 39,200 quintals of cod, and 12,559 barrels of pickled fish. In 1848, the whole value of fish exported from Cape Breton was =£75,000. The imports and exports from the ports of Sydney and Arichat in the year 1844 were as follows : — Imports. Exports. Ships, 989 1,038 Tons, 71,585 73,256 Value, sterling, £,81,181 X128,708 In the same year 47,926 chaklroncj of coal were exported. The total number of vessels which entered inwards at the various ports of this island, in 1850, was 508, of the gross amount of 47,061 tons; and outwards in the same year, 405 vessels of the gross burthen of 36,468 tons. The value of imports during the same year was £34,369 and of exports £84,725. In 1853, the value of imports and exports is shewn as follows : — Imports. Exports. No, of ships. Tonnage. Arichat, £13,520 £27.911 G 699 Port Hood, 697 3,073 Sydney, 18,309 45,912 9 872 Totals, 32,526 76,896 16 1.571 The trade of Capo Breton having been incorporated with that of Nova Scotia proper, the above table does not by any moans exhibit its present imports and exports. There were in 1851, 5,884 farmers ; 2,669 fisliermen : and 74 lumber- men ; the inhabited houses were 8,147 , and the families 8,556. The im- proved land numbered 161,320 acres ; horses 6,416; cattle 46.937 ; sheep 52,114: swine 7,651; bushels of wheat raised 46,388; barley 46,993; oats 378.317; buckwheat 892 ; Indian corn 314 ; potatoes 204.851 : tur- nips 37,978 ; pounds of butter made 695,036 ; and 73,649 pounds of cheese. There were also raised in the same year 39,689 tons of hay. The saw mills were 30 ; grist mills 75 ; steam mills 2 ; tanneries 14 ; foundries 1 ; carding mills, kc, (5 : and yards of cloth made 196,188. The numerous harbors and oxteusivo inland navigation afford great facili- ties for shipbuilding ; and this branch of business, besides the agricultural products, fisheries, and coal trade, render Cape Breton a most important appendage to Nova Scotia. 351 kill t,099 r,203 5,413 6,917 0,381 ;7.580 14,878 of cod, and sli exported ■ichat in the Ixpovta. 1,038 3,256 8,708 various ports 61 tons; and in of 36,468 id of exports Tonnage. Y8 872 1,571 that of Nova t it8 present d 74 luinber- 30. The im- 6.937; sheep •ley 46,993; 04.851 : tur- inds of cheese. tanneries 14 : ■196,188._ d great facili- e agricultural ost important Religious Denominations in 1651. Clergymen, 34; adherents to Episcopalian Church, 2,970; Presbyteri- ans. 19,333; Roman Catholics, 27,061 ; Baptists, 840 ; Methodists, 865. Education. — In 1842, there were 124 schools, attended by 4,179 pupils; and in 1851 there were the same number of schools, attended by about 3,000 pupils. But in 1852 the schools numbered 190, and the pupils 5,600. These last statistics manifest a marked increase, while those of 1851 shew the then depressed state of the country, both in a commercial and agricul- tural point of view. There is an academy at Arichat, affording philosophi- cal education. A weekly newspaper is published at Sydney, called the " Cape Breton News." SABLE rSLAND. This low, sandy Island, known in the early history of this Province by the abortive attempt at colonization, made upon its inhospitable shores by the Marquis de la Roche, in 1598, has its eastern extremity in lat. 43 ® 59' north, and long. 59 "^ 46' west It is shaped somewhat like a 1)0w. and is in length twenty-five miles, and about one mile and a fourth in brendth. Its position is eighty miles southerly of Nova Scotia, and nearly in the track of vessels to and from Europe. The western end of this island, for upwards of two miles, has been washed away by the sea, while additions have been made, by tiie same mighty agent, to other parts of it. It is extremely dan- gerous to mariners, especially as its north-eastern bar extends about fourteen miles. At thirteen miles, it has six fathoms of water, while at the four- teenth there are ten, and a short distance outside. 170 fathoms. A light house should be erected on some part of the island ; at present, there is an establishment maintained on it, at a cost of XiOOO per annum, defrayed partly by Nova Scotia, and partly by (jreat Britain, by which ii vast amount of life and property is saved. Notwithstanding the narrowness of this island, there is a lake, about fif- teen miles long, by about three-quarters of a mile wide, extending along its centre, and known by the name of Lake Wallace^ around which grow large quantities of wild grasses and cranberries ; of the latter, £107 worth were exported in 1853, It has also been famed for the numbers nf wild cattle and horses with which it abounds, and which .ubsist upon the natural grass- es. Two cargoes of these horses, which are well known as Sable Island ponies, were sold in 1853 in the United States for £173. This sum, and the produce of the cranberries, assisted in supporting the establishment be- fore mentioned. Every possible aid is afforded by tlie resident and his as- sistants to those who may be wrecked on the island, most of ■whom, previ- ously to this measure being adopted, were either drowned, or perished from starvation. Life boats, with complete outfits, were presented to the estab- lishment by the philanthropic Miss Dix, which have greatly added to its utility in succouring vessels in distress. The same lady also forwarded about 500 volumes of selected books for the use of the persons thereon. The soil and climate of th' ■ island are not congenial to the production of food for man; but its vicinity contains abundance of mackarel, cod nnd other fish, and there are good facilities for taking them. Recently, schooners up to 100 tons burthen have done a profitable business in these fisheries, and the opening the American market will probably cause a considerable increase. 1* I i\ A. 352 PRINCE EDWARD ISLA/D. GEOGRAPHY. This islaud is situate between 45" 56' and 47 i' north b.titude, and between 62° and 64"' 25' west loniritude. It lies in the Gulf of St Law- rence. and is in the form of a crescent. Its length is about 134 miles, and its greatest breadth 34 miles ; in its narrowest part, which is near the cen- tre, it is only about four miles wMe. Cape Traverse, on the soL*:h side of the island, is nine miles from Cape Tormentine and on the west it is fourteen miles from Ilichibucto Head, both the latter beiag in ^ew BruL3wick. In consequence of the numerous and deep indentations of its coast, there is no part of the island more than seven miles from tide water. HillsboroHgli Bay, which is the second harbor in the island, has a depth of from 15 to 40 feet of water; its entrance is between St. Peter's island and Point Prim, and is about half a mile in width. We may hero rcmark that, from the peculiar geographical character of this island, there are no rivers of any magnitude, its inland waters arc almost arms o" the sea, tnough many of them are called rivers, which do not extend far into the country Hillsborough Bay receives numerous streams, the principal of which arc Eliot, York, and Ilillsborcagh. On a peninsula formed by the junction of the two latter stands, Charlottetown, the capital of the l-;1and. The last named river is navigable for largo c^.ass vessels above the lov.n, and takes its? rise near St. Peter's Day, on the opposite or northern coas;. The only features worth noticing between this harbor and Bedcquc Bay, are, Tryon cove, Cape Traverse, before referred to a?} the point from which the mails are carried during winter, and Carlton Hea'I Ikda/uc Hay has a depth of from five to seven fathoms of water, and wl' admit vessels of 400 tons, but the channel is narrow and winding; the stieam falling into it, of which Dunk river is the principal, are not extensive. It is only four miles of a flat country between tiuis bay and Richmond Bay on the opposite side of the islan> , so that a . ■ ■"-,o might be easily made for ships, V;hich would be of no little importamv , the Gulf trade. Egmoiil, or Halifax Bay, is a large estuary, with good anchorage in from six to seven fathoms v»'ater ; it is very shoal at the head. The mouths of Percival and Enraore rivers falling into it, are obstructed by sand bars. The surrounding country is very flat, and there are about 2,000 acres of marsh land in the vicinity. Cape Egmont lies to the south west of the harbor, and West Point and Cape Wolf to the north of it. From this cape to the northern extremity of the island, the shore presents rocky clifl's, docs not vary much from a straight line, ami is without har- bors. North Cape or Vainly is the most northerly part of the island ; there nn excellent fishing grounds in its vicinity. Holland Hay, or Orsrumpef/uo Htrrhor, i.s the most western harbor on the north side of the Island. It has a bar with about eighteen feet of water at high tides, a^d there is a light house on a point near the channel. Sand hills (;:':tcnd i»(;arly parallel to the shore oil' this hai'bor, and as far as Rich- mond Bay, at the distance of one and a lialf or two miJea ; boats can pass the whoh distance between these mounds and the coast ; and in many places, there are channels deep enough to admit vessels The harbor and anchor- ■^ b/iitude, and of St Law- >4 miles, and ;iear tho cen- 30u*^^li side of it is fourteen AL3wick. In it, there is no I, has a depth Jeter's island here remark , there are no le sea, tnouj^h le country of v.hich arc le junction of Qd. The last , aud takes it? Dedcquc Bay, it from which c(ine Llay has riit vessels of falling into it, :t is only four n the opposite ships, ^:hich anchorage in The mouths by sand bars. 2,000 acres of th \Yest of the shore presents 5 -without har- island; there tern harbor on I feet of water lannel. Sand 8 far as Uich - t ?! can })ass tho jiiiiny places, lo\' and anchor- I 353 age are good, and though the land is but little elevated above the tide waier, large class vessels can lie alongside the wharf. Rich7no?id, Bay or Malpeque, h ? [pa-.iuus h.irbor -n:^ bay wit^ a "er.lV of 17 feet water un tbo bar ; the sands foraging it txieid over a mile from the shore. Fishery Inland is situate at the mouth of the Bay ; and form? two entrances, the eastern bei ^ the largest and best channel ; vessels may lie in ibis harbor in perfect safety. The village of St. Eleanor's is 'iitunf:; at the head of thi ; Bay. Granville^ Harris, Hanmns;ton, Bedford^ and St. Pdefs Bays, ari Savage Harbor, arc all bar harbors, and only accessible for small vessels ; St. Peter's Bay, which is a narrow indentation of the shore, being the only one in any way remarkable. The remaining part of this coast, until wo arrive at East Cape, forms nearly a straight hue, without any navigable in- lets. The east Cape forms the extremity of the ij=land, and between it and Cardigan Bav or Three Rivers, are Colvillc, Porinne, Honif;, and Broiirrh- ion Bays, all of which arc shallow estujypeSr capable only of admitting small sized fishing vessels. ^ y^^ The entrance to Cardigan Bay has Broughton island on the eaf*-, and Panmure island on the wcot. The harbor is safe, spacious, and easy of ac- cess for whole fleets of large class vessels. Cardigan, Brudenell and Mon- trgue Rivers have their outlets in this bay ; in the former there is from three to six fathoms of water, and in the two others from two to four fathoms. George Town stands on a peninsula formed by the junction of Cardigan and Brudenell Rivers, and is a place of some trade where lar^'^ \'e,sse1s can load or discharge their cargoes ; it is much resorted to by the American fisher- men. It has no bar, is the longest, open in the fall, and may be conside:t:r? the best harbor in the island. Alarray Harbor lies to the southward of Cardigan Bay, and close to tho northward of Bear Ca'^ o ; it is studded with islands, and is .r.rrow an I diflicult of access, with but two fathoms of water. Between this a"d lliVir borough Bay there are no harbors, but several r^cfs and rocks, v. 'ca ^en.lor this part of the coast dangerous to shipping. New Glasgow is a small harbor merely noticable in our survey of uho coast. Though from the narrowness of Prince Edwaid Island, there are no i!s*jr3 of any magnitude, yet from its configaratinn, almost every section of the county is favorably situated for commerce; and the prosecution of the iish- cries, so much so that we know of no plr.ce in British North America pos- sessing greater advaniages. The tides and currents are somewhat irregular ; the latter are often known to run for many d'iy;> from west to east along the north shore, and vice versa, while the tide rises fnuii three to iivo feet. These phenomena together with the storms prevalent in the Gulf of St. Lawrence are the cause of so many of the harbors, especially on the north side being so much obstructed by ^.and bars. HISTORY. Whether this island was actually visited by Cabot or not, is a matter of some uncertainty. Some allege that this navigator discoverea it on Saint John's day, in 1407, and that VevQZzanl subsequently re-discovered it; neither of wliich. from the various accouuts ^iven of tLe courses pursued 47 •I II 354 (■I ,. ■; 1- i.i <'■ il A '• ":■■■ ■ ' i by these navigators, would appear to be correct. At this distant day, it may be diflBcult to settle this point ; but there is no doubt but that both England and France, claimed it by right of discovery, the latter calling it a part of ancient Acadia ; and as long as the French possessed Canada and Cape Bre- ton, they esteemed it as a source from whence ilfcy could derive supplies for their garrisons at Quebec and Louisburg, as well as on account of the valu- able fisheries on its coasts ; for these reasons it was termed the granary of North AmericB. In 1663. the Island was granted to a Frenchman named Seuev Doublet; and it afterwards became the rendezvous of a number of French families who were dissatisfied with the English rule. It was captured by the New England forces in 1745, but was restored to France by the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle; and after the second reduction of Louisburg in 1758 it became by treaty, permanently attached to Great Britain in 1703. At this period it was said to contain a population of from 4 to 6,000 inhabitants, who had large stocks of cattle, and some of them were reported to send 1200 bush- els of wheat to market. After the subjugation of the island to Great Bri- tain, these people continued disaffected to its government, in consequence of which they were doomed to the same proscription as their countrymen in Nova Scotia. Some were sent to Canada, and others to the old Colonies ; so that, in 1770, it is said that there were only 150 families on the island. In 1767, after numerous foolish and abortive plans had been proposed for its subdivision, disposal and settlement, one was ultimately determined on, which does not appear to have been much wisor in some of its provisions thrin these which were abandoned. About this time a division of the whole island was made into sixty seven townships or lots, of 20,000 acres each, comprizing 1,860,000 acres, "his extensive tract wns conveyed, viih the exce^.'tion of some resei'vations. to officers, atid other individuals, who had some claims, or supposed claims, on the Crown, by lottery. The grantees were bound to settle on the island and to introduce a certain number of set- tlers within ten years from that date. This allotment has no doubt been productive of vSome serious evils, which were probably not contemplated at the time tne arrangement was made by the Imperial Government. An absentee ownership was thus in effect established on the island, as the condition of residence was fulfilled in but fcAV instjnces: and this, while it has had some good effects, has produced much evil. Several of the grantees hav-^ from time to time sent out colonists, and have otherwise promoted tho scttlemer.t of the country — not however parting with the fee simple of the Ifinda, e.vc'^pt perhaps in some few instances, but granting leases varying as to viuio ■li.rQ 21 to 999 years, at reserved rents, according to the value and •.Jtuaiion 01 the land. Frciri Iftpjv of time, most of these lots have changed hands, and the sys- tem \j'i lottiiig has been varied, that however generally pur>rB 357 ahandoned. ;inal grants, purposes of the Island, m made by ridinal line ut by fixing le distances 3on ; and all instruments 3y 9th Vict. [ west dlrec- i/eyors using the accuracy )re populous lands, which ities for uni- 000 acres of 1 Bay in the ) purchasers, jy, per acre ; oents bearing T. id is divided and King's more recent the colony, to the east - Prince Town, and on the lom near the the central its capital is ted from the ips, and elec- n Pflrishes. North Pariah. Egmont. Halifax. Prince County. Lots. Electoral Districts. Richmond. St. David's. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 25 26 27 28 District No. 1, including Sa- vage Island, returns two members. District No. 2, with the is- lands in Richmond Bay, returns iivo members. District No. 3, including In- dian Island, returns two members. Prince Town Royalty sends two members. Thus this county is divided into five parishes and four electoral districts includmg Prince Town, and sends eight members to the Legislature. Queen^s County. 20 Granville Parish. Charlotte. Hillsborough. Bedford. St. John. 21 22 23 67 24 83 84 32 29 30 31 65 33 36 87 48 49 60 57 58 60 62 District No. 1, including Pe- ter's Island, sends tivo m,ember3. District No. 2, and the adja- cent island, returns tico members. Diitrict No. 3, with Gover- nor's Island, returns two members, 358 i\^' ^;-a Charlotte Town Royalty elects tion members. The county also contains five parishes, and, with Charlotte Town, four electoral districts, returning eight members to the House of Assembly. King's County. 43 £ast Parish. St. Patrick's. St. George. St. Andrew's. 44 45 46 47 88 89 40 41 42 56 55 54 53 62 51 66 59 61 63 64 ) District No, 1 sends tioo members. } District No. 2 and Broughton Is- land sends two members. j District No. 3, including the is- ! lands in Murray harbor and ^ Panmure Island, sends two members. George Town Royalty elects tico m,embers. This county contains four parishes, with George Town, four electoral dis- tricts, and also returns eight representatives. The sub-divisions of the whole Island are fourteen parishes, twelve elec- toral districts ; and the House of Assembly consists of twenty- four represen- tatives. Note. — The parishes are not much referred to by the inhabitants, except in judiciary matters. The several localities are more generally distinguish- ed by lots — as lot, 1, 2, &c. Having thus given, in connection with the civil divisii3ns, the electoral districts, end the number of members returned by each; we will proceed to lay before our readers an outline of the other departments. Governors^ and Administrators of the Government, since 1770. 1770— W. Paterson. 1789— E. Fanning. 1805 — Major Desbarrea. 1813— Col. D. Smith. 1823— Lieut. Col. Ready. 1831— Lieut. Col. Sir A. Young. 1836— Sir John Harvey. 183 T -Sir C. A. Fitzroy. 1841— Sir H. V. Huntley, R. 1847— Sir Donald Campbell. 1851- -Sir Alexr. Bannerman. 1854 — Sir Dominic Daly. N The Executive and Legislative Councils each consist of nine members. As the respective duties of the members, as well as those of the different heads of departments, do not differ from those in the other colonies, the reader is referred to the article entitled " Political Department," in page 22 of this work. 359 Courts. — There are regular sittings of the Supreme Court held in the shire-towiis. The Court of Chancery is still retained, though recently abolished by Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where its powers and duties have been handed over to the Equity side of the Supreme Court. The is- land has all the courts peculiar to Colonial Government, but differs from Us continental neighbors with regard to the mode of recovering small debtd. For this purpose, district courts are established, presided over by commissioners, with a clerk to each court. For instance, in Queen's county there are seven courts, namely — one at Churlotte Town, with four commissioners . others at Rustico, New London. Crapaud, Stanhope, and J3elfast, and one comprising lots 48, 49 and 50. In this county, there are eighty-six justices of the peace. The other two counties are divided in the same manner ; King's has six places, in each of which commissioners sit, attended by their clerk, and sixty justices. Prince county has also six commissioners' courts, and twelve justices. I (iENEKAIi DESCRIPTION. In contrasting the physical features of Prince Edward Island with those of Cape Breton, the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy shore of New Brunswick, it may be said to be a flat country, resembling that part of New Brunswick bordering on the Gulf Still there are some hills, rising with gentle slopes, to the height of from 250 to 800 feet ; and there are several ridges of njoderalely elevated land, extending through the more central divisions of the i.slami ; the rivers and streams in some places flow in deep ravines, but no where so abrupt as to preclude cultivation. The land between Chariot letown and Bedecjue is somewhat hilly, but north to to Egmont and Richmond Bays it is very Hat. Though there are none of those lofty cone-like elevations which stud many parts of the continent, yet the greater part of the island is beautifully varied with undulatino; hills, windinjivallies. and innumerable bavs. rivers, or creeks, and small lakes or lagoons, with springs, affording an abundance of excellent water. Several of the streams are bordered near their entrance into the sea, with tracts of salt marsh, or deposites of marine and upland alluvium: there are numerous small peat bogs on the island, the largest is near Cas- cumpeque ; these will become very iisefal hereafter l)y affording a supply of fuel, when the beautiful forests now clotting a large portion of the country, shall have given place to the plough : they might also be made available as a valuable source of manure. The Forest Trees of the island are similar to those of the neighboring continent, consisting principally of maples, beech, birches, poplars, larch, spruce, cedar, hemlock, fir, and other kinds of trcei; besides great varieties of shrubs, kc. Repeated fires, as well as the operations of the shipbuilder and lumberman, have made great havoc among the woods, and the time is less distant in this than with regard to either of the neighboring colonies, wiien the forests of the country will cease to supply its own wants<. Indeed the soil of this island is too well calculated for tiie growth of agricultural produce for it to be allowed to remain much longer covered with its primeval forests; and when they cease to supply fuel, ship-timber^ or lumber, the surrounding colonies will have abundance of coal and timber to meet these wants, and they will be glafl to take the wheat, oats, and other grains for which its arable laiujb are so highly famed. It is estiiuated that three-fourthei Ji 4 »■'»:' ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Uif23. ■10 2.5 US Hi 1.8 L25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6 V] V^ r o^ Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 U.A :\ \ 6^ 360 1 Itenu- I; 'i./r ' !fef"fri I i of the area of the island are capable of profitable cultivation the amoant of which will be 1,023,050 acrea. Estimated quantity improved and partially cultivated in 1855, 300,000 " Number still unimproved, 723,050 " Roads. — The surface of the island being generally even, and the soil dry and silicious, in some places intermixt with sand and gravel, there is every facility for constructing good road?. Originally, the principal roads of the island were laid out in straight line, parallel with those of the townships ; but as they were not all constructed at that time, departures from these lines have since taken place ; and in conse- quence of the more hilly character of Queen's and some part of King's, the roads are there more uneven than in the other sections of the island, but Prince County is very level, and with the exception of the curves rendered necessary by the rivers and the shore, is well calculated for road making. A little good engineering would be of incalculable benefit applied to the lo- cation of some of the roads traversing the more uneven districts, for in many instances, where they now pass over the hills, a practical engineer would easily avoid them, without adding much to the distance, while much labor and time would thus be saved to the traveller. The roads and bridges are kept in repair both by statute labor and legis- lative grants. The Statute labor consists in an obligation on every person from sixteen to sixty years of age, when required by law to work thirty- two hours on the roads, and eight hours for each horse, annually. This la- bour, however, may be commuted for a money payment. Legislative Grants. — The Government of the colony annually grants mo- ney, according to the necessity of each case, and the amount of disposable re- venue, for the purpose of perfecting the road communications. The amount thus appropriated in 1854, was £8,133 currency. To regulate the expen- diture of which the island is divided into about thirty districts, for each of which a commissioner is appointed, with a salary of £10 per annum. The outlay on these improvements considerably exceed that on other public works in consequence of the numberless streams by which th i country is traversed, and which require expensive bridges ; one has lately been built across Mill River, emptying into Granville Bay, a quarter of a mile in length; it is an excellent and convenient structure, and cost £1.200. Another very good one crosses a river of the same name near Cascumpeque, and one is pro- jected over Ellis, or Grand River, falling into Richmond Bay. The system of laying out the wilderness lands, though much superior to that 110 system which exists in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, .is still lia- ble to some objections ; the lots being 100 chains by ten are disproportion- ately narrow ; but the regularity thus secured has done much to secure the systematic location of most of the principal roads. Upon the whole, the highways of the colony are not inferior to these of any new country. In addition to the extensive water communications which intersect the whole island, the sea coast is belted by tolerably good roads, besides some main roads, such as the western road, running through the in- terior, and these are intersected and connected by cross roads diverging to every important settlement, so that it would bo difficult to find u. spot on the whole island more than five miles from a road. As the bye-roads are too numerous to mention, the following distanoeB ^ill assist the traveller, to some extent : 361 B amount of 3,050 acres. (( « 0,000 ,3,050 the soil dry tiere is every straight line, onstructed at and in conse- f King's, the tie island, but ■ves rendered road making, iied to the lo- 8, for in many ngineer would e much labor bor and legis- i every person I work thirty- lily. This la- lUy grants mo- ; disposable re- The amount [ate the expen- ts, for each ot annum. The er public works rv is traversed, li'lt across Mill ength ; it is an >ther very good nd one is pro- V ich superior to ickj.is still lia- disproportion- ;h to secure the rior to these of ^nications which ily good roads, through the in- h diverging to id u, spot on the jwing digtanoes From Charlotte Town to St. Eleanor's, 40 miles. Tignish, 94 " The latter place is nearly the north-western extremity of the island, pass- ing, in one direction, by the Grand river settlements and Port Hill ; and in the other, along the western road, comparatively unsettled. From Charlotte Town to George Town, 30 miles. " George Town to East Cape, 40 " The distance of 70 miles thus brings us, in this direction, to the most eastern point opposite Cape Breton. Settlements. — The road from Charlotte Town to St. Peter's passes over large tracts of excellent land, and through some of the oldest settlements on the island, in lot 34, but about half-way there is some poor land. From St. Peter's to East Cape, the land is flat ; but around the Cape it is more hilly and broken, though not so much so as to prevent cultivation. The streams on this road are all bridged. This part of the coast is destitute of harbors. From this Cape to George Town, the shore is indented with good harbors, and the country penetrated by a number of streams, aflfording good facilities for the fisheries ; the country is well settled. There are many villages and settlements both on the coast and in the in- terior of King's county, of which George Town is the capital. It has great advantages of situation at the confluence of Cardigan and Brudenell rivers, and from Montague river falling into the Bay, it is often called Three Rivers. The town plot is somewhat undulating, and is well laid out, with a scjuare in the centre. It contains places of worship belonging to the Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pioman ("atholic, and Methodist r^enominations ; as well as a court house, gaol, market house, and other public buildings. The private houses are neat, and the country round fertile, and in many places well cul- tivated. The harbor might become the rendezvous of a fleet, and it is not uncommon for 200 American vessels to take refuge there during a storm. The settlements along the road from George Town to Charlotte Town are fast improving, and the soil is good ; but Hillsborough river, near the capi- tal, has to be crossed by a ferry, rendering travelling in this direction some- what inconvenient during the summer, though the accommodation is general- ly good, and winter, of course, never fails to provide a sufiicient bridge as long as it lasts. Quecn^s ComU}/ boasts Charlotte Town as its shire-town, which contains about 6,000 inhabitants. It is pleasantly situate on the acclivity of a hill, on the north side of the harbor. The streets, which run cast and west, and north and south, have most of their terminations at the edge of the water. • There are five squares in the town. The Province Building, which is built of stone imported from Nova Scotia, stands in Queen's Square ; it contains the legislative halls, and offices for the principal heads of departments ; also a room for his Excellency the Lieutenant .Governor, in which he may be seen on matters of business, at stated times. Government House is beautifully situate at the west end of the town. In addition to a great number of public and private edifices, there is a central academy with three masters, atid places of worship belonging to the Epis- copalians, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Methodists and Baptists ; also, an Asylum, Mechanics' Institute, and various other neat buildings. The town has lately been incorporated by Act of Assembly. The lio- man Catholic College stands about half a mile from the town ; it is a neat building, three stories in height. There are many excellent roads lead- 48 ui' t ;l ! f I^t' i 362 ing to all parts of the surrounding country ; the whole surrounding scenery is beautiful, possessing a wholesome, bracing sea air, said to be well calcu- lated to invigorate a weakly constitution. The road from Charlotte Town to Prince Town, on Richmond Bay, is well settled. The New London, Glasgow and Cavendish settlements are in a thriving state, and the land is generally good. St. Eleanor's, the actual capital of Prince county, is situate at the junc- tion of two roads, on the isthmus formed by Bedeque and Richmond Bays. It is built on a flat, and has a neat appearance ; it contains the principal part of the public buildings of the county, and places of worship belonging to different denominations. This place, however, is being rivalled by Sum- merside, a nourishing village on B^dequc Bay, about a mile from St. Elea- nor's ; it may probably, ere long, become the head quarters of the county. The land about Bedeque harbor is very fertile, and well diversified with villages, bcttlements, and other improvements. A constant summer com- munication is kept up by packets between this port and Miramichi, Richi- bucto, Shediac, and other places on the coast of New Brunswick. The rail- way now in course of construction between Shediac and Saint John, N. B., will, when completed, add greatly to the trade of Bedeque, from which its terminus, at the former place, is distant only a few hours' sail, as well as to that of the whole island. From Bedeque to Charlotte Town, by the way of Tryon, the land iis good and well settled. Though there is a considerable quantity of poor land skirting the coast from Richmond Bay to the I>orth Cape, yet there are some large tracts of good soil in this district, and many thriving settlements, especially at Port Hill and round CoscumpequeBay. The sand hills, which have been thrown up outside by the action of the waves, protect the coast, and there are in many places deep water, and good harbors within them. The boggy tract near Cascumpequc consists of a burird forest, which will hereafter be useful both for fuel and manure Both these bays are advantageously situated for tlie prosecution of the fisheries on a grand scale. There are some small es- tablishments, at present, on different points, which succeed well in this im- portant business, and one at Cascumpeque point, on a more extensive scale. The north-western lots are principally settled by the descendants of the Acadiuns. with some Irish, and a sprinkling of the Scotch. They form the best wheat-growing district on the island, and are much wanting both in roads and iuhabitants, though the land is of the best quality for settlement. Kildarc settlement, especially, comprizes a fine tract, yielding to no part of British America in fertility. The reader must not suppose that we have referred to all the settlements and roads of this fine and populous island. This is far from being the case ; and this chapter would very much exceed its intended limits, if we were to detail all the t-xtensive improvements the colony can boast, although in size it docs not ei[Wi\ the county of Northumberland, in New Brunswick, which possesses only 20,000 inhabitants. The i.slanii. Iron' its narrowness, rnay be said to be all front, on which its best lands are situate. From this circumstance, in addition to its navigable bays and streams, and the roads that have been opened, its fi\cilitie3 for set- tlement are very great. And nature annually converts, for a season, its Bcaboaid and rivers into one extensive bridge tible to carry the heaviest bur- thens with the greatest safety, and to render the transit of its produce to market easy and expeditious. Its shores sio supplied with much marine Kite?«®5K5a'-jiaaEr,as«4«»!''aia ling scenery ■well calcu- lond Bay, is ments are in at the junc- limoiid Bays, the principal lip belonging lied by Sum- om St. Elea- ■ the county. [Versified with gummer com- imichi, Richi- 3k. The rail- t John, N. B., rem which its I, us well as to rn, by the way tin^^ the coast large tracts of lecially at Port ve been thrown d there are in he boggy tract after be useful sly situated for some small es- rell in this im- extcRsive scale. cndants of the They form the ■anting both in for settlement. ,g to no part of the settlements being the case ; 1, if we were to although in size runswick, which )nt, on which its to its navigable facilities for set- for a season, its ;he heaviest bur- jf its produce to th much marine 363 ■- -i • ■ ' \ . alluvium of a good quality, and easy of access ; so that when the soil be- come exhausted the means to retrieve it by manure are at hand. Probably there is no place where the poor man could settle himself to greater advan- tage on this continent whenever he can make a fair bargain with the proprie- tors, securing his land at a moderate payment, and with the privilege of some day making it his own. CLDIATE. The climate of Prince Edward Island differs but little from that of the principal part of Nova Scotia, or of New Brunswick. The winters are not so severe as those of Lower Canada, and are both shorter and milder than those of Norway, Denmark, Russia, or Sweden. The thermometer stands sometimes as low as 25, and at others as high as 85, but these extremes are of short duration. There arc no endemical diseases peculiar to the Island. The sea breezes which penetrate all parts of it are invigorating and wholesome, and are un- accompanied by fogs of any kind. Few epidemical diseases ever visit it. Even the cholera, which was inflicted on nearly all the Atlantic coast of America, has as yet been unknown here. Notljinjj can be more bracing than the autumnal air which prevails during its ,se<<60n on all the borders of the Northumberland Straits and the Gulf of Stillimfcnce. GEOLOGY. %V- A >cf It is now generally admitted that more depends upon: the geological for- mation of a country than upon its climate. The island, it is said, does not contain coal, or any worknblo deposit of other minerals worthy of notice ; but this has often been said of countries or districts in which valuable minerals have afterwards been discovered. In 1844 a geological exploration was made by Dr. Gesner under the di- rection of the Government ; but from the limited amount of means appro- priated for this purpose, only X300, it could not ht'-e been more than ca- sual and superficial. It appears that the red and grey sandstones, but prin- cipally the former, comprize the greater part of the island formation. Coal has not been discovered, but limestone, much of it of an impure quality, has been found in several parts of the coast, and on the banks of some of the streams. The other rocks and minerals collected by the Doctor, and de- posited by him in the legislative library of the island, are as follows : — Sul- phate of barytes, copper ore, black oxide of manganese, hydrous peroxide of iron ore, or bog iron ore, red and white marl, grey sandstone, red sandstone, trap rock, and various other substances of no commercial value. From an analysis of the soil taken from five different parts of the island, the Doctor found each specimen to consist principally of silica, or line sili- cious sand, vegetable or Oiganic matter and alumina. The result of these analizations fully shew that the soil is rich in vegetable matter and well cal- culated for the production of the different kinds of grain usually grown in the country. This report contains much valuable information, highly use- ful, (if its recommendations were put in practice) to the farmers of the is- land. It places in a practical point of view, how numerous and varied are the means at command for fertilizing the soil and ho^lini*'■^^"1^^-^^^^ 365 Lte and gco- on; toneg- t betrays an aa bestowed V, is not ex- isses a pecu- ! state of its a, and ex- ^rass, seeds, great abun- ing colonies, f cultivation, The surface ilmost entire- la or new red of the soil is )very of coal, production ot luvium which , are annually ts, beets, pars- ,, strawberries, ;r productions ;ular great at- of the island ■uit, especially (vould sustain, a good state mown produc- resent, besides ,irly infer that iiumstances, be Johnston with nsk be correct, rovince, would eed that num- t its fisheries Scotia, and the arise from the !e by the trade cceived a large Iso from ama- examples well been carefully I of the island, among whom none ranks more highly than Judge Peters. This gentleman, in 1851, published a pamphlet, consisting of 78 pages, on the agriculture of the island, of which 10,000 copies were circulated by means of the agricultural societies and schools. The subject of manure is well treated. The judge shews the value and variety of the means within the reach of most of the farmers to make composts and to save manures, an important branch of the agriculturists' duty. The culture and rotation of crops, with many recommendations as to farming in general, are laid down in such a practical manner, that any one, however limited his knowledge may he, may follow the directions. With reference to the character of the subsoil, and want of system in farming among many, much may be drawn from the fol- lowing remarks, page 54 : — " There can be no doubt that the shallow plough- ing generally adopted in this island is a most erroneous practice. There may be some cases where the vegetable soil is very shallow, and rests on gravel or sand, where the farmer cannot plough deep without injury ; but most of the soils of this island may be ploughed eight or nine inches deep with the greatest advantage. Take most of the worn out lands of the island and plough them with a furrow of six honest inches deep, and they will at once yield a better crop than they have given for the last ten or fifteen years, be- cause the soil which would then be brought up to the surface has not been exhausted." The Inspector of Schools is employed to deliver lectures on agricultural chemistry, throughout the island, which is of vast importance to its farming interests. One of the strongest stimulants to the improvement of the island farming has beenapphed to it within the last few years by means of the " Eoyal Agricul- tural Society," and its numerous branches scattered throughout the country. The general usefulness produced by this society will be best understood from the following extract from page 3, of its report for 1852 : — " Through its (the Society's) instrumentality, a great stimulus has been given to agri- cultural improvement. Turnip culture, the great basis of successful farm- ing, a few years since almost unknown, is now becoming general. Great at- tention is beginning to be displayed in collecting and saving manures ; stock of improved kind are early sought after, while an increased demand for agricultural publications, a spirit of emulation amongst the farmers, and the desire now generally evinced by them to improve in their art, prove the in- fluence of the Society to have been as beneficial as the attempt to introduce itwaa successful. This Society continues its usefulness by holding annually an Industrial Exhibition at Charlottetown, where a complete agricultural panorama of the island is exhibited. It receives annually from the legislature tlie sum of five hundred pounds, on condition that there is an equal amount contributed by private individuals. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Acres of land cleared in 1827. 1833. 1841. 1848. 69,909 94,630 141,580 215,389 From this ratio of increase, and from the great stimulus recently given to agricultural improvement, we may infer thar, the gross amount of cleared land, in 1855, will not fall far short of 300,000 acres, nearly one-fou;-th of the arer. of the colony. 366 !» n^l i hm i ^arming Stock. • ' . '1 • 1827. 1838. 1841. 1848. Horses, 3,977 6,299 9,871 12 845 Neat cattle, 22,925 30,428 42,414 49,810 Sheep, 39,859 50,510 73,642 92,785 Swine, 21,531 20,702 35,522 19,863 The geological character of the island soil is peculiarly adapted for the rearing horses and sheep. Its pasturage, though not so luxuriant as that of the neighboring colonies, is both rich and wholesome, and seems admira- bly' calculated for the health and well-being of animals of this description. It is said, too, that no noxious exhalations arise from its soil ; and the ap- pearance of the stock i'ully justifies this opinion. I'rom the port of Be- deque alone, thtre were shipped, in 1852, horses to the value of £7,242 sterling; and in 1853, the number sold from the same port were 332; valued at £7,769 sterling. Grain^ and other agricultural productions. 1833. 1841. 1848. Wheat, bushels, 128,350 153,570 219,787 Barley, " .88,850 83,299 75,521 Oats, " 261,664 611,844 746,383 Potatoes, " 1,310,053 2,230,114 731, .575 Turnips, " 154,000 Other roots, 153,933 The average crop of wheat is about 15 bushels per acre ; oats, 30 bush- els ; Swedish turnips, about 800 ; frequently, 1200 bushels, or 30 tons of the latter, have been produced on an acre. These tables shew the effects of the potato disease, as well in the small quantity raised, as in the falling off in the number of swine. Hoi -ever, this disease is yearly becoming less, and great attention is again being paid to the production of this valuable esculent, for the production of which this island has been so justly famed. • Some particulars as to the export of the leading articles of agricultural produce will be found under the head of exports and imports. i*i ,■. (( u (( (( a (C u (( PROGRESSIVE POPULATION. In 1797, there were 3,567 inhabitants, by estimation. 1827, " 23,266 '' by census. 1833, " S2.294 1841, " 47,033 1848, " 62,678 1855, at least 75,000 " by estimation. The emigration to, and departures from the island, for the last few years, have been about equal ; still, the population has almost doubled itself with- in the sixteen years previous to 1848. - EDUCATION. This has always been a favorite subject with the island Legislature, and there have been successive enactments to promote it too numerous to detail ; but the educational plan appears at last to have resolved itself into what may 367 be called a Free School System, the people paying, in a great measure, for its support by a tax on land. This system compels the absentee land-holders to assist in supporting the schools, as well as those who are actually in possession. There is a tax of five shillings per one hundred acres on all wilderness land, and half this amount on cultivated land, with a proportioLate rate on town and water lots. In addit'.n to this, the inhabitants have to provide school houses, and are as- sessed for books and fuel. The Government pay to male tor.chers of the first class £55, currency, per annum, and to those of the second £50. Fe- male teachers are p^iid £30 per annum. The balance required for the sup- port of the schools, beyond the amount raised by the land tax, is paid out of the general revenue of the Colony, and if any district requires a superior school, ihe iuliabitanta have to furnish the additional means required for its support. There is a Board of Education, by whom all teachers are examined and licensed. For these purposes, the island is divided into school districts, the boundaries of which are registered by the Board, and the school houses must not be nearer than three miles to each other ; an Inspector visits all the schools periodically, and reports their state to the Board. In consequence of the increased desire recently manifested for education, and the wish to secure good teachers, the inhabKants have, in many instances, boarded the teachers in addition to the government allowance. Number of schools in the following years : — 1841. 1848. 1854. 116 182 231. Thirteen Acadian French Schools are included in the returns for 1854. The number of pupils in the last year was 9,922, being 5,564 boys and 4,358 girls. The expense of supporting these schools was £9,638 currency. By a comparative review of the school statistics of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, it will be seen that the latter sends one third more children to school, in proportion to its population, than either of the two former. This fict tends to prove the superiority of the island system, over those of the other two colonies, and perhaps more strongly, the greater interest in education taken by the people. The following extract from a lecture delivered in the Mechanics" Institute at Charlofctetown, by John A. Stark, Esq., Inspector of Schools, in the year 1855, in the presence of a large audience, shews the enlightened views en- tertained by that gentleman on this importrnt subject,, at least as far as this island is concerned: — " An educati'^nal machinery," the lecturer observes, " has been set in motion, admirable in many of its external provisions. There are upwards of 260 schools, in which from eleven to twelve thousand chil- dren are in attendance. An excellent series of school books has also been provided, but one thing is yet lacking. The great increase in the number of schools, the large proportion of the revenue voted for education will never improve and elevate the education of the people, unless the standard of qua- lification for the teacher be raised, and a provision made for his special train- ing, in the art of communicating. But I would indulge the hope that, ere long, there will not only be a Normal School established, but that every school will be provided v/ith a play-ground, or uncovered school room, for the children, and a house and garden iur the teacher. When this is accom- plished. Prince Edward Island will be a model and esamplo to the North American Colonies." i i 368 I' > >■ A %■ If H: it. :■, ; :■: 1 ^ It .'I' » f; Central A.mdemy. — This institution, the only one of this nature on the island, is situate at Charlottetown, being nearly its centre. It is under the patronage of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, and the Chief Jus- tice, President of the Legislative Council, and Speaker of the House of Assembly, are ex officio trustees and governors ; there arc besides others ap- pointed by the Government. It is conducted by three masters, who teach the classics and the higher branches of mathematics ; it is supported partly by Government and partly by fees from the scholars, and is the only public educational establishment which is not entirely free. The number of scho- lars varies from 100 to 120. There is also »%. Andre^o^s College, a Ro- man Catholic Seminary. Charlottetown also contains a Juvenile School, Scientific, Literary, Bene- volent, Bible and Missionary Societies, some of which have branches in dif- ferent parts of the island, and much good is derived from their exertions. Literature. — From the recent improvements in the educational system, a considerable impulse has been given to intellectual research. In addition to some periodical and miscellaneous works published on the island, there is a great importation, both of school books and general literature, containing much varied information. There is a very good subscription library at Charlotte- town, f\nd from the circumstance of many persons of wealth and literary taste from the mother country having taken up their residence at that place, giving its society a European air, its literature has fully kept pace with other places on this part of the American continent. The papers published are the Royal Gazette, Haszard's Gazette, the Islan- der, the Examiner, and Advertiser. Religious Denominations, and Places of Wursliip. —In 1841, there were 75 places of worship in the island ; in 1748, there were 109. The number of clergymen in 1855, were, Church of England 10 ; Presbyterian 11; Roman Catholic 10; Methodist 15; Baptist 2; other denominations 5 ; making a total of 53 clergymen scattered over the island. POSTAL ARllANCJExMENTS, AND MEANS OF TRANSIT. There is a general Post Office Office Depar^'ment established at Charlotte- town, and upwards of forty post or way offices in various places. The rates of postage, on all dispatches to or from the island being three-pence, are the same with those charged in the other North American Colonies ; while the internal rate, on letters parsing within the island, is two-pence per half ounce. From the position of the island, and the severity of the climate, there will always be an uncertainty and some difficulty in keeping up a regular postal communication between it and the continent. During the summer, for six months at least, the mails are carried to and fro, twice a week, by steam- boat, by way of Pictou, a distance of forty miles. It would, however, be a great improvement if the mail hags were sent by a steamer of light draft from Charlottetown to Bay Verte, and forwarded from thence either to Amherst, Nova Scotia, or to Sackville, New Brunswick, (18 miles) to meet the mails running between Halifax and Saint John. The distance by sea, from Charlottetown, is somewhat less to Bay Verte than to Pictou, and a land carriage of 70 miles would be saved in the transmission of the western mails, there, for New Brunsvriv'k, Canada, and the States, which are the most important to the island, Ii is true that, as regards the Halifax mails, 369 the distance would be increased by about 50 miles ; but this would be made up, in a great measure, by the saving of time in the western transit ; and as soon as the rail, jad to Windsor is opened, a summer route will, no doubt, be established, crossing to Parrsborough by steamer, and running from thenco to Amherst, which will make it more expeditious than the prescn'; route. In the winter, the bags are carried twice a week from Cape Traverse to Cape Tormcntine, the most eastern point of New Brunswick, about nine miles, and are conveyed from thence to Amherst. We have before observed upon the great difficulty and hazard with which the conveyance of the mails by this, the only route open (luring the -vintcr, is attended ; but the importance of the subject to the inhabitants of the is- land is 30 great, that we shall perhaps be excused for recurring to it. The ice, for some distance from the shores, is generally smooth aiter the frost has thorouglily set in ; while in the centre of the sU-aits, it forms, at one time, a succession of mountains — at others, it consisu of snow mixed with small particles of ice; the whole impelled by strong tides, and frequently by high winds, across the intended path of the mail oiirricra. Occasionally, and according to the state of tiie weather, much of the intermediate space, between the more permanent and smooth ice, on each shore, consists of near- ly clear water. Sudden and violent snow storms often arise, while the fee- ble boat is engaged in passing this part of the gulf During the winter of 1854-5, the mail boat, in endeavoring to effect a passage, got into the midst of ruisses of iloatiug ice, and could not work her way to either shore ; a violent snow storm; accompanied with wind, arose, and slie was driven for a distance of forty miles in the direction of Pictou. After four days' exposure to the storm and to piercing cold, the crew succeeded in landing at Wallace. The ' '^sult of this melancholy oc- currence was the death of one of the passeng( s from starvation, and con- sequent exhaustion ; and several of the others werr -o seriously frozen that amputation of the legs of one, and part of thf and toes of others, was rendered necessary. Numerous other cases of suffering have, from time to time, arisen out of this hazardous service ; but, strange to say, no attempt has yet been made to mitigate these evils. We hope, however, that the importance of this is- land colony, and the increasing number of passengers who are compelled by business to cross the straits during the winter, will arouse the attention of the public to the best mode of preventing such heart-rending occurrences. We make the following suggestions as tending to lessen the dangers of the passage : Ist. That a fog-bell be erected on Cape Traverse, and another on Cape Tormentine, in addition to the proposed light house ; both of which would be of great service, during a snow storm, to denote the position of the shore. 2nd. That a better kind of boats be provided, to be constructed on scien- tific principles, so as to combine strength, lightness, buoyancy, and such a model as will constitute them good sea boats, with the best accommodations possible under the circumstances ; perhaps a premium for the best model or drawing might be advisable. 3rd. That every boat carry a ship's compass. 4th. That no boat be allowed to start from either shore, without at least three days' provision for the passengers and crew, ncr without some spare warm clothing, especially for the feet. Probably, if this precaution had been adopted on the melancholy occasion 49 i: 370 .n "K I; M:- ir-HlU i ' i. we have just referred to, the party would not have been driven to attempt to 8ati3fy their hunger and thirst by the blood and flesh of a dog, the only animal on board ; rnd notwithstanding this disgusting expedient, one life, at least, was lost. Men can support much cold and fatigue, if they arc well supplied with food and warm clothing. A joint committee should bo appointed by Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, who should report to each of the^e Governments respecting this service ; stating how it might be improved, and performed more efficiently and safely. Competent and experienced men should be se- lected for mail carriers, who should be well remunerated for the performance of the duty. * LKJIIT HOUSES. Additional light house accommodation is much wanted on the coast of Prince Ed^.ard Island, and indeed on the whole of the Northumberland Straits A light on Cape Tormentine, and another on Cape Traverse, would be 01 incalculable advantage to the passing shipping, especially as regards the shoals extending from the former Ctipe ; and these would, no doubt, pre- vent, in future, the recurrence of such disasters at this spot, as have charac- terized the past. There are only four light houses, properly so called, on the island : one at Point Prim, Charlotte Town ; one on Panmure Island : one at Richmond Bay ; and another at Cascumpeque. Besides these, there are several temporary lights, which are hoisted on wooden frame-works, at Charlotte Town, Bedeque, and other places, during the summer. FISHERIES. Though there are few localities in the whole of North America where this branch of industry could be more advantageously carried on, yet those facilities are not made available to any great extent. The citizens of the United States, lowever, have not neglected thera, for, (hiring the fishing Beason, the whole coast of the island is studded with their vessels, while its natives pay but little attention to this pursuit. This neglect may, probably, be attributed to several causes. A want of enterprise, and, to some extent, of means, is one of the principal. The high protective duty heretofoie im- posed by the States, but now abolished by the Jtlgin treaty, on colonial taken fish, may have operated in this respect : but another and more general rea- son may be found in the superior quality of the island soil. As soon as a fisherman arrives on the island, he does not long remain one, but turns his attention to the cultivation of the soil ; and between a liule fishing and a little farming, he too often contrives to spoil both. The harbors of the isl?.nd are well adapted for ihk pursuit, and almost every kind of fish are most abundant, but especially mickarel, cod, herrings and alewives. The Government will, if they substantiate their claim to the fishery reserve, as it is called, own a belt of h^d 500 feet in width round the coast, and up the rivers as far as the tide flows, m certain townships, and in others the mere right of fishing ; and they will, no doubt, readily grant sites for establishments of this nature, or licenses co use the beach ; the same privileges could, ro doubt, be easily obtained iro'ji the proprietors. There are majij small establishments for fishang along the coast, but the 371 principal are at Tignish and Cascumpeque, in Prince county, one at Eut Point, and another at Three Rivera, in King's county. The amount of tonnage bounty (now discontinued) paid by the Govem- naent in 1853, towards the encouragement of the fisherieaf was £1,143 cur- rency. During that year, these bounties were paid on 750 barrels of mack- arel, 2,704 barrels of herring, 4,277 quintals of codfish, and 2,812 galloDf of oil. J COMMERCE, REVENUE, &c. Shipphis. — In 1846, the island owned 265 vessels ; in 1850, the num- ber owned jud registered was 310, of the gross burthen of 27.972 tons; and in ISf/i, it amounted to 323 vessels, of the burthen of 31,410 tons. Vessels (.nter"d inwards in 1850. 557 25,017 Number of ships, Tons Seamen, Vessels entered outwards : Number of ships, Tons, S-eamen, Number of vessels built in 2,082 1850. 638 40.322 2,301 1851. 533 24,993 2,370 1851. 621 41.823 3,631 1852. 74 10,104 1853. 76 13,340 1854. 106 24,111 1854. X273,191 and pork, 2,042 Ship?, Tonnage, Gross amount of imports in sterling : 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. X123,n7 X134,648 £172,088 £210,678 Exports in 1853. — Cattle, 401 ; sheep, 408 ; beef barrels; barley and oats, 522,000 bu&hels ; flour, 119 barrels; oatmeal, 1,070 Wrels ; dried fish, 11,534 quintals; fish, 5,507 barrels: potatos and vegetables, 149,241 bushels; boards, 2,620 feet; lathwood, 256 cords; shingles, 346 thousand ; timber, 7,511 tons — the whole value of timber ex- ported being £24,295 sterling. In 1852, the principal exports were : barley and oats, 600,877 bushels ; potatos and vegetables. 241,687 bushels; fish, 5,507 barrels; dried fish, 11,534 quintals; value of limber, £18,700 sterling. The above figures do not include all the exports, but nearly the principal items. It will be seen fluit they consist, principally, of farm produce, which speaks well for the agricultural capabilities of the island ; but to illustrate these more strongly, we give the following statement, derived from the best authority, of the value, in sterling money, of this description of exports, for the three years ending 1853 : 1851. Barley, £4,084 ; cattle and beef, £1,738 ; wheat and flour, £566 ; oatg and oatmeal, £21.882; pork, £92; potatos, £7,984; sheep, £184; tur- nips and carrots, £1,252. 1852. Swley. ^5,84^1 QptUe and beef, ^2,678; wbest wd Sour, ^768; o^tl i i \f: » M I fi and oatmeal, ^86,796; pork, ^61,996; potatos, £12,894; sheep, <6dl6; turnips and carrots, £223. 1853. Barley, £3,504 ; cattle and beef, £2,034 ,• wheat and flour, £414 ; oats and oatmeal, £31,478 ; pork, £5,770 ; potatos, £11,308 ; sheep, £249 ; horses, £7,769. Gross liable of Exports : 1852. 1853. 1854. - "^ £103,256 £19^ MS £149,202 The ports at which trade reus rarriea on, during the year 1853, and the . amount, in sterling money, of imports and exports at each. Imports. Exports. Charlotte Town, , £148,209 £49,003 Bedeque, 8,670 21,566 George Town, 20,132 16,102 Col vi lie Eay, 7,664 7,867 Tignish, 2,678 3,949 Cascumpeque, 2.978 3,622 Malpeque, 7,,698 4,704 Murray harbor, 2,910 2,934 St. Peter's, '1,800 •• 1,724 New London, 671 4,248 Crapaud, 776 4,936 Grand River, 2,539 4,818 Orwell Bay, 3,887 1,868 These sums are exclusive of fractional parts of a pound. There are no rxtengive manufacturing establishmenta on the island. According to the census, bliere were in operation in » 1841. 1848. Grist mills, 87 116 8aw mills. 83 139 Threshing machines, 246 Revenue. The amount of revenue collected in the undermentioned years was : 1852, £20,188 sterling. . £31.283 currency. 1853; 23.563 " 35,345 " 1854; 30.689 ^' 46,033 '' Bxpendiiurt. 1S52. 1853. 1854. £14,856 £19,622 About £24,000 sterling. CURRENCT. The circulating medium of all tlie British North American Colonies ».n asylum for a vast number of the surplus population of Great Britain ; in- deed the exodutj from Ireland alone, it is said, has of late far exceeded that from all the rest of Europe. In June, 1841, the population of Ireland numbered 8,175,124; and in March, 1851. it only amounted to G. 515, 794; shewing a decrease in ten years of 1,659,330. This diminution of the Celtic race in Ireland was ow- ing partly to the emigration, and partly to the famine of 1847, which spread death throughout the land. The first cause still continues to operate at the rate of from 250,000 to 300,000 per annum, and the number, leaving Eng- land, Scotland and Germany, have latterally been very considerable. The removal of such large bodies of the human family from one country, climate, and government, to other regions so entirely different, is one of the most remarkable social phenomena of the present century. There appears to be little reluctance, in this age, to leave one's country, the land of one's childhood, and the home of early associations. The great desideratum with the emigrant is improvement in his social, moral, political, and pecuniary condition ; an object undoubtedly highly important to the welfare of our race, and which may be attained, in a greater or less degree, eitijer in the United States, or in the British North American Provinces. Until within the last few years, and since Canada, California, and Australia have beconK* better known in Europe, the States were the only land of promise to tlic emigrating thousands of the mother country. With regard to the two lat- ter, although their gold has attracted to them a large amount of population, yet it is undeniable that their social, moral and physical condition cannot be compared to that enjoyed by the inhabitants of these Provinces ; and if we look at the steady, and, of late years, rapid march of improvement that has characterized the three lower colonies in every department, we can only ac- count for the fact of their being inferior in population, in proportion to their extent and capabilities, to the surrounding countries, by the best of all rea- sons, namely — the ignorance existing abroad of the vast available resources with which they so richly abound. The various statistical details given in the foregoing pages will establish the fact that, considering their meagre population, there is no country on this side the Atlantic that has advanced more rapidly, within the last few years, than New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island ; and even in the worst times, when their commerce lay prostrate, and disease was destroying that valuable esculent, the potato, for the production of which, both as to quantity and quality, they are so justly famed, no person starved, none died of want, and there were no symptoms of that filthy wretched- ness and misery vrhich characterize so large a portion of the European pop- ulation, even in the mcst prosperous periods. Here every man possesses a high degree of independance ; so much so that, especially among the native born, all aim at being masters; few are willing to remain servants; and none think of continuing in that capacity more than one or two years. As to the climate and agricultural capabilities of these Provinces, and the various pursuits presented by the developement of their resources, it is need- less here to repeat what we hr ve said in other places in this volume, on these and other subjects, but we merely refer the reader to the articles treating on them for further information. The laws of these Colonies are wholesome and well administered, and life and property are as secure as in any other American country, or even in the best governed states of Europe. In this respect we yield to no nation in the world, possessing all the advantage of English law, divested of much of its technicality, expense and delay. OlTences of an aggravated character are scarcely known to e.vist, especially among the native born. Seldom, indeed, do we hear of man laying violent hands on his fellow man ; law and order are every where respected • and every man can go about his business without fear of molestation. It is not unfrequent to meet with large communities, composed of hundreds of families, without even an action of assault being brought within the year, and this fact is, of itself, sufficient, as far as the morality of the country is concerned, to warrant the stranger, at least as far as peace and quietness is concerned, in adopting these Provinces as a home for himself and his family. Cases of felony are still more rare, and the lower J*rovinces do not afford so much experience in this way, as would be gained by one day's attendance at a police office in any of the large European cities. In a word, all here ap- pear to be in a happy and thriving condition, and last, though not least, in this money making age, every person seems to prosper. It is material to the emigrant, if he has a family, that there are upwards of 2,000 schools scattered over these Provinces in such a way that there is scarce- ly a settlement of half a dozen families that cannot participate in the benefits of education, and the people possess full freedom both in religion and poli- tics. The country is not infected with Know-No(hini,nsm or any peculi- arity which leads to divisions among the people ; the only subjf^ct of a pub- lic nature, is what at the present time m falsely called Temperance} this subject has, and still does excite the pubUc miad, and laws ar9|i[eiQg M 378 ^' r t J 'i enacted respecting it, which certainly do interfere with the rights of the sub- ject. But time, that faithful teacher, will no doubt settle the extreites down to consistency. Politically, the people are being educated so as appreciate the fact, that measures not men are the best modus operandi of civil government, which is the principal reason why those Provinces, with so limited a popula.,lon, compared with their extent and resources, have made such steady and per- manent advances. As the civil and religious liberties enjoyed by a country are two great cardinal beauties of its government, these Provinces certainly, in this res- pect, have good reason to be thankful. In religion, as in politics, all enjoy liberty to adhere to any church, or to none — to contribute to the support of any church, or none — just as they pl(?ase, or as their conscience may dic- tate. As to poor, there is no comparison between the poor of this country (if speaking comparatively, they can be so called,) and those of any coun- try in Europe. We are most desirous that those wishing to settle in British America, should study its various resources, so that they may not be misled with regard to the difficulties and hardships to be encountered by all new settlers ; for even here some difficulty and hardships must bo encountered ; although perhaps they would hardly be considered worth notice by those iiardy emigrants of the last age, the principal part of whom came to this country and settled among savages without a pound in their pockets. Future emigrants can know, comparatively nothing of the difficultic-? cncoi ntered b}' the first set- tlers of the country. We could name large and flouvis-''ing settlementi:, which, fifteen or twenty years ago, were a mere solitary wilden ess ; but which, with- in that period, have been settled by persons who emigrated from what we familiarly call " the old country." Many of these flourishing villages were composed chiefly of persons who began to clear up new farms without pe- cuniary means, without a knowledge of the country, or its usages, without knowing how to use that all important implement, the axe, without the abi- lity to pay a fraction for their lands, and at that time frequently at such a distance from other settlements, that their provisions had to be carried for miles on their backs, over bad roads, or through mere wood paths. These, indeed, were hardships, but they were only temporary. Yet these men, having located themselves in a healthy country, have by their sobriety, in- dustry, and attention to their farms, not only paid for their grants and se- cured to themselves a competency, but are now settling their families around them, with good roads and schools, affording privileges in the way of educa- tion and otherwise, which the original settlers themselves could, in scarcely any instance, have received from their parents before leaving Europe. Into what a different state of society do these men find themselves transplanted, at the expiration of this short period, from that in which they were living at the place of their birth. Then many of them were existing in misery and servitude, all in a state of depondance in which they and their posterity must have continued; here after a few 3?ears, though some of them may have seen years of hardships, they are living in abundance, paying no tax, except perhaps somt trifle for the maintenance of some old decrepid person, who, through misma aagement or accident, is unable to procure his own sup- port. Here, too, they are eligible to any office, from that of a parish officer to a seat in the Legislature, for which their education or their abilities may qualifjr tham. 379 I of the sub- le extreii'ss le fact, that ment, which I popukvlon, idy and per- e two great in this les- cs, all enjoy le support of ice may dic- this country of any coun- lerica, should ith regard to ers ; for even lugh perhaps emigrants of y and settled tmigrants can the first set- mientL, which, t which, with- er om what we villages were i without pe- flf^es, without lout the abi- x]y at such a 36 carried for iths. These, these men, sobriety, in- raiits and se- milies around i\y of educa- in scarcely urope. Into transplanted, f were living ig in misery leir posterity f them may ying no tox, rcpid person, his own sup- parish officer abilities may 1 In these last observations we have confined ourselves to the case of emi- grants arriving in the Provinces under very different circumstances from those who may now adopt them for their country. The Governments having expended large sums in opening new roads and repairing old ones, have rendered the wilderness more easy of access ; affording means to the destitute emigrant, of supplying himself with immediate employment, and habituating him to the country, previously to fixing himself on a farm. The facilities for locomotion are vastly improved, and the settlements almost continuous, so that most of the difficulties experienced by the early emi- grants to these Colonies have now ceased to exist. Again, the construction of railways has actually commenced; 130 miles of which are under contract in New Brunswick, from St. John to the Nova Scotia boundary, and a similar distance is being built in Nova Scotia, and the St. Andrews' and AVoodstock line is fast progressing towards completion, besides other lines in contemplation, which avUI, in the whole, afford employ- ment for several thousands of persons Ib^. y^jwt% to come. The length of the various lines of railwiy-foi^templated by the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, excn^jivfr Of the Halifax and Quebec line, will not fall short of TOO miles, the completion of which, will be the steady aim of these Provinces, and will afford employment for a portion of the surplus capital and unemployed population of the, mother country ; be- sides which a vast extent of new land will be opened for settlement by the various lines and the common roads which must connect with them. Shipbuilding, for which these Colonies are so highly famed, will no doubt continue to afford employment to a large population ; as nearly one half the cost of building a ship is expended in labor. The reader-may imagine the vast amount that will be required in the prosecution of this business, which must continue to be one of the staple resources of the Colonies as long as their forests last, a period almost interminable. As to the extent and character of the common roads and other travelling facilities, the numerous telegraph lines, the importance and vast extent of the coast and river fisheries, the improvements made in the extension of settle- ments, and the other latent resources, the reader is referred to the various articles enabodied in this work for more minute details. A heavy responsibility is incurred by those who presume to advise an in- tending emigrant in the choice of his adopted country ; and this we should equally feel m spealcing of these Provinces as of any other section of this Continent. Difficulties will arise, hardships have to be borne, and disap- pointments will occur wherever he may bend his course. Dissatisfaction too often ensue, und the poor man regrets, perhaps, that he had left the land of the Shamrock, the Bose, or the Thistle ;. frequently giving verification to the proverb : " that home is home, be it ever so homely." But these fond as- sociations cease as circumstances improve, and the emigrant sees his family settled around him in comparative wealth, exercising their religious and civil liberties without restraint. We have endeavored to place before the public, and those who may peruse our statistical statements with a view to emigration, plainly and truly, such facts as we could collect of a useful nature. Still, emigrants must judge for themselves. We are, however, justified in asserting that there are few places on this continent where well-directed labor is better remunerated, in times of ordinary prosperity. All we ask, therefore, of this class of our readers, will be to make themselves acquainted with the resources of the 380 1 1 n s 1 . * i I country — with what they may fairly expect, if they do adopt it as their fu- ture homo ; and then, having carefully estimated their prospects in tjie land of their birth, to judge for themselves, and thus probably save much disap- pointment ; or, at any rate, they will only have to blame themselves, should they be disappointed in tbe results. The first consideration, therefore, for every man contemplating emigra- tion, must bo his position at home, of which he is, of course, the best judge, and whether he can improve it by removal. To decide the last question, he must be probably informed as to the character of the country to which ho proposes to remove - information which it has been the object of the forego- ing pages to afford ; and lastly, the course to be pursued on his arrival. We will now proceed to give the best directions in our power as to this last and most important point : 1. The best season for the arrival of the European emigrant on these shores is about the first of May, which will afford him suitable time, before winter sets in, to become acquainted with the country, its climate and usages. We caution t'l emigrants, intending to settle in the lower provinces, against embarking for Quebec, or any of the ports on the river Saint Lawrence, as there are no steamers or regular means of conveyance from thence to the ports of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or Prince E. Island. All emigrants should reserve their passage tickets, in order that, if the terms of their agreement with the ship-master should not be complied with, they may have access thereto, and obtain redress. There is an emigrant fund, from which sick emigrants alone are entitled to support, 2. The principal places in the United Kingdom, to which emigrants re- sort for embarkation, and where they find the greatest facilities, are Liver- pool, London, Bristol, Glasgow, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Aberdeen, Dublin, Cork, and Belfast. The ports of disembarkation are Halifax, Pictou, Pug- wash, and Yarmouth, in Nova Scotia; St. John, Saint Andrew's, Shediac, Buctouche, Miramichi, and the ports in the Bay Chaleur, in New Bruns- wick ; and Charlottetown, in Prince Edward Island. Persons desirous of settling in the eastern sections, either of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, or Prince E. Island, where certainly the greatest facilities for settlement pre- sent themselves, should sail direct to Pictou, Pugwash, Sbediac, llichibucto, Miramichi, Charlottetown, or the ports on the Bay Chaleur, according to the locality they may have made choice of The average length of passage to either of these ports is about thirty-seven days. Those who may bend their course to the southern or western parts of either Nova Scotia or New Bruns- wick, should choose Halifax or Yarmouth, in the one Province, and St. John or St. Andrew's, in the othc" . The average passage to cither of these ports is about thirty-six days. Here we may be allowed to caution the emigrant, if he land cither on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia or the Bay of Jb'undy shore, either of that Province or New Brunswick, not to be alarmed at the sight of rocks or tracts of sterile soil ; or if he see snow lying late on the top of some high hill, he must not hastily conclude that winter has a life-lease of the whole country, oi that there is not rich arable land in these fine provin- ces. Let him take a ramble into the interior, when such erroneous notions, should they be entertained for a time, would speedily be eradicated. The following is a scale of the usual cost of a passage from Britain to either of these colonies : Cabin passage, with provision^; from £12 tc iG15 sterling, latermediate do., 4 to 5 (( 381 Intermediate do., without proviBions, about £4 sterling. Steerage, with full allowance of provisions, 6 to 7 " Do , without provisions bevoiid the legal allow- ance, ' 3 to 3 10 " Distances from ports in America to England : Halifax to Liverpool, 2 800 miles. St. John " 3.053 " Boston " 3,000 " • New York " 3,100 " Charlottetown " 3,000 " Sb.ediac (via Gut of Canseau), 3,080 *' Note. — The reader is referred to the table of distances, page 21, of this work. All emigrants are, on t'l.oir avrival in New Brunswick, detained at the quarantine station until they have been examined by the proper medical of- ficer. The tax on each emigrant is 2s. Id. sterling ui 2s. 6d currency, which the master of the ship has to pay ; and in addition to which, if there are any lunatic, idiot, maimed, blind, aged or infirm person, not belonging to an emigrant family, a bond must be executed that such person shall not become chargeable to the Province for three years. The other colonies have arrangements, respecting the landing of emigrants, similar to those of New Brunswick. 3. All persons, but especially those not bred to any mechanical trade, should, as soon as they have sufficient acquaintance with the manner of per- forming the several labors of the country, procure a small tract of good land, not exceeding one hundred acres, unless they have extra means at com- mand ; and even in that case, it will be found more advantageous to expend a portion of the capital in the improvement of a small farm, than to exhaust the whole in a large investment of this nature — an error into which emi- grants frequently fall. 4. As the credit system, or " paying in kind," is still very prevalent in many parts of these Provinces, the emigrant cannot be too strongly caution- ed against making any purchase of land, until he shall have realized, by his labor, if he is not previously master of sufficient means, enough to pay the purchase money. It is not unfrequently the case that an emigrant, looking only at the comparatively small cost of 3 or 400 acres of land, and dazzled by the name of a landholder, applies, immediately on his arrival, for a large tract, perhaps not judiciously selected ; the cost of the grant being paid by some capitalist, who may probably favor him with supplies. The nominal owner, after years spent in hard ]abor by himself and his family, finds that he is obliged to let his benefacior take the whole. We could name instan- ces where this has occurred, and the emigrant and his family have had to betake themselves to the wilderness, and, with the aid of their dear-bought experience, in a few years more, rendered themselves independent. 6. After the emigrant has been enabled to settle himself on a lot of land, he should devote the whole, or by far the greatest part of his attention to its improvement. And here, again, we cannot too strongly condemn the prac- tice, so frequently pursued, namely, that of abandoning the cultivation of the soil, whenever the demand for labor increases, ai.d returning to it as soon Q9 that demand abates. All who know anything of farming will concede the fact that io farm well requires undivided attention. »' n H LU\ 382 6. As the emigrant should avoid running into debt, he should be careful not to settle on poor land ; the almost certain consequence of such a step, at the outset, is to keep himself poor. With regard to general information res- pecting immediate requirements) it is the duty of the emigration officers and deputy treasurers to afford it to those who arrive in the provinces ; and the inhabitants of the country will not be found backward in this respect ; but the land surveyors will generally be be?*" '^'"^ to give the best directions, both as to the situation of good land for ..ent, and other local facilities. And as the labor of farming is so varied, there is no way in which the fami- ly of the emigrant can be more profitably employed than in agricultural pursuits. 7. It is frequently found advisable for a man with a family, and without money, to rent an old farm for a year or two, until he is enabled to secure some means, and becomes familiarized with the country ; and this can gen- erally be done in the more densely populated districts. It is very custom- ary for parties letting to receive labor on the land, or farm produce, in pay- ment of rent, which gives the renter a great advantage. 8. The followinrr list will shew the kind of pursuits most in request in this country, and the wages generally paid per day, in addition to board and lodging : Currency. Sterling. Carpenters and joiners receive from Gs. Od. to 7s. Gd. 4s. 9d. to 5s. ll^d Masons, 7s. Gd. to lOs. Od. 5s. Hid. to 7s. lid. Bricklayers and black- smiths, do. do do. do. Tailors, 6s. Od. to 8s. Od. 48. 9d. to Gs. 4d. Cabinet makers, 4s. lOd. to 6s. Od. 4s. Od. to 58. Od. Coopers, 83. 7d. to 4a. lOd. 3s. Od. to 43. Od. Farm laborers, 3s. Od. to 4s. 6d. 2s. 4 id. to 33. 7d. Tanners and curriers, 5s. Od. to 7s. Gd. 4s. Od. to 58. Hid Sail makers, 6s. Od. to 7s. 3d. 53. Od. to Gs. Od. Ship carpenters, Shoe makers, 38. 3s. 9d. Od. to to 5s. 4s. Od. Od. 33. 2s. Od. 4^d to to 43. Od. 3s. 2d. Plasterers, 5s. Od. to 7s. Gd. 43. Od. to 5s. IHd Painters, 4s. Od. to 5s. Od. 33. 2d. to 4s. Od. Millers, do. ( lo. ( .lo. do. Millwrights, 5s. Od. to Gs. Gd. 4s. Od. to 5rf. l|d Lumberers receive from three to five pounds per month ; book-binders and printers earn from £3 lOs. to X4 currency per month ; dairy-women from XIO to £L2 currency per annum. "When board iiid lodging are not included, as they are in the above scale, from nine to fifteen shillings per week, according to the price of provisions, must be added. The artizans and mechanics most in request in this country are masons, carpenters, blacksraiths, ship builders, bricklayers, shoe makers, sail makers, tailors, tin-smiths, saddle and harness makers, and painters. 9. The average rate of wages for agricultural labor, in addition to board, washing, and lodging, may be taken as follows : Able-bodied men, by the year, X25 currency. < Do., by the month, during harvest, 3 " Do., winter months, , JJ (( """■MP* 3^ .:i aid be careful uch a step, at formation res- )n officers and ices ; and the i respect ; but est directions, local facilities, ■bich the fami- n agricultural ,y, and without .bled to secure this can gen- is very custom- roduce, in pay- • t in request in ion to board and Sterling. . to 53. lUd. d. to 78. lid. do. 1. to 6s. 4d. to 5s. Od. to 4s. Od. ,d. to 33. Td. [. to 53. U^d. I. to 63. Od. to 43. Od. d. to 39. 2d. to 58. IHd. II. to 4s. Od. do. to 5rf. l|d. ;h; book-binders [b ; dairy-women the above scale, |ce of provisions, itry are masons, cers, sail makers, addition to board, ^5 currency. 3 2 " i< I Wages per day, during harvest, Ss. to 48. fid. Other summer months, 28. 6d. " During 1854, the price of labor far exceeded these rates. Gpod men have been getting from <£4 to <£5 per month, during tlie year. It is not to be expected that the emigrant, on his first arrival, can know how to perfoim much of the work«of this country so efficiently as those brought up in it ; he must not fall into the too common error of expecting as high wages as the more skilful workmen for the first year or two. There is a great demand in towns for domestic servants, and in tlie rural parts of tiie country, farm servants are also much wanted, and can always find abundance of employment, at highly remunerative prices. Boys at the age of about 15 years can always obtain work, either at farming, or by bind- ing themselves for three or four years to a mechanical trade. 10. Price of AgricuUund Implcmc.nls : — Ploughs, from <£2 10 to .£5 currenry. Cultivators, 15-' 1 10 '• Harrows, 1 " 4 " Hay and Straw Cutters, 2 " 4 " Scythes, 5 " «j Gd. Artizans may bring out with them any portable tools thoy may possess ; but agriculturists need not bring articles of husbandry to this country, as they can be purchased here cheaply. Emigrants may bring warm clothing, and such domestic articles, if not too bulk}^ as they may possess, and also all the hooks they may have or obtain without too great an outlay. The most useful implements required by the emigrant on his settling in either of these colonies, are an axe, a hand (cross cut) saw, nail hammer, spade, scythe, sickle, one inch chisel, one inch au;^ur, two or three gimblets, and shoemaker's awls, and a couple of pinchers. Ho should not omit, for the use of the female part of his family, a spinning Avheel. hand reel and loom, a pair of hand cards, and other articles of a domestic nature, all of which can be obtained in this country at a cheap rate , and the sooner a new set- tler and his family learn the use of these and other similar implements, the better it will be for their comfort. In fact, necessity compels the emigrant for the first four or five years after he locates hin.oclf on a new farm, to convert his house into a miniature manufactory, where all utensils for farm use, clothing, &c., could be made. 11. yli'emoe Price of Farming; Stock : — A good cart horse, A serviceable riding horse, A yoke of oxen, A good milch cow, A "pig one year old, A pig one month old, Sheep, per pair, .1 X20 currency. 25 i ', 16 iC 5 u 2 It 5 ii 1 5 li The reader is referred to the articles. Climate and Agriculture, for fur-^ and 56. per acre, of clearing land and erecting ther information on these points j/dges 49 and 56 12. — The average price, {buildings ■ — For chopping an acre of wilderness land, Piling, burning off, and lencing it XI 10 cur. ;'*» ?M ' f r~ Planting one acrd of potatoes' on burnt land, 1 our. Etumping one p.cre of land . 1 10 " Erecting a comfortable .'of^-housd, 16 " All these prices will hr found to vary according to circumBtances ; for ex- ample, an expert axe-ni'in will chop an acre of land, in some situations, in four days, while in others it would take him six ; again, half a dozen men, with a yoke of oxen, would errect a log-house or barn for half the amount a contrp.cter would >.sk. There is a custo-a throughout the new scttlemants in these Colonies that the Deighbors sho'iid assemble and assist a new 'jomer in the erection of bis buildings or the chopping and clearing his first field, which is highly impor- tant at the outPdt. Emigrants -.vill find it advantageous to settle in groups, and if possible where there are settlers scattered round, who have had a few years' experience ; by familiar intercourse and conversation with them, they will spedily learn much that will be useful both as to the manner of performing labor and other Twatters connected with the country. Thjre is every inclination on the part of the Colonial Governments to assis', emigrants, by opening new roads and grunting such other facilities as the exigencies of the case may require. There are Surveyors in every county who are ready to lay out the land, kc. And where groups of persons are desirous of emigrating, they should seni pioneers to make arrangements and prepare the way previous to bring- ing out their families, or muke their intentions known to the emigrant officer of the port, at which they desire to land, at least a month or two previous to disembarkation. Such a course would save both them and their families much delay and expense, and probably if they have no means, save suffer- in 5 and inconvenience. The price of land cleared, either wholly or partially, depends on the lo- cality, quality of the soil, and the state of improvement. A fiirra of two hundred acres, in a new settlement, with five acres under the plough, and about ten acres in pasturage, and ready for stumping, with a log-house and barn, will cost from X150 to X200 currency; with a frame house and barn, from .£200 to ,£300. An emigrant possessed of ^100 or £200 sterling, can settle himself and i'amily comfortably on an old farm with considerable improvements ; and a man having £400 could locate himself in the more densely'settled section of the country, where every luxury that he ought to require may be ob- tained. The validity of titles can be ascertained at the Register Office for each county, and all lands originally held in fee simple, by grants from the crown, under the great seal oMfle Jp'rovince, without quit-rent, mines and minerals alone, been preserved ^Ql,|the crown. All private lands are transferred by deed, which is registered jri the county where the land is situate. '■■%^. Mm .f *> Governments to ther facilities as pends on the lo- A farm of two the plough, and a log-house and B house and barn, settle himself and 'ovements ; and a "ly^settled section quire may be ob- ;er Office for each s from the crown, lines and minerals are transferred by situate. Page 23 — twelfth line from top, 64 — seventh «' 68— fifteenth «« 103— twenty-third " 137— " " 140— twentieth " 140— twenty-first " 141— thirty-fourth " 142 — thirty-second" 146— ninth " 165 — thirty-second " 172 — twenty-lourth" 176— fiftieth 184 — forty-second 187— twelfth 188 — forty-second 189— third 190— fifty first 191 — twentieth 196— fifty.first, 201— thirty-fourth 202 — twen ty-sixth 207— fourteenth 222— eleventh 245— thirtieth 246 — thirty-second 147 — twenty-third 147 — twenty-fourth " 147~twenty-fifth " 269— fourth 290— fifteenth 298 — twenty-second " 303— twenty-fourth '« 310 — twenty-second " 313 — thirty-second " 331— ninth " 354— fourty-eiffhth " 359— thirty-lifth " (( (( (( (( <( u <( (( (( II <( (( (< (( C( (( (( l( ERRATA. For lUad \ " Vote," Veto. " Fleece," Flax. : "2000," 2800. "Wild," Wide. " Merepis," Nerepia. " 998,898," 99,898. " Inwards." Outwardfl. " L'Etary," L'Etang. " Dock," Dark. " Strong," Stoney. " Indirect," Insulated. " Streams," Stoaraera. " Fairogues," Peroeuea. And layed. " Proceed to lay," " Larger," Longer. "Sheltering," " Parishes, ' Stretching. Families. "Capt. Piper, R.E.,' "1852," ' Capt. Pipon, R.B. 1842. "Crept," Cropt. "Wild," Wide. " Useful," Awful. " Consist," Exist. "Seadoue," Scadouc. " Great of," Great mass of. " Quarter," Quota. " Some," None. " Absence," Abstract. " Science," Crime. " Liabilities," Localities. " Generally:,'^"" 9s. Genera. «' Represented i'^ Reprehended " Inclusive,** Exclusive. " 1843," 1853. "Open acceSBes," Open the roceflseB. " Town," , Term. " Clotting," ^^ Clothing. 1 V y ■ -■• ^'^ 5 ^ > r- '^ '■,"■■ (3 ^"^ -^. j> ■--■ ^■:i