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 EXCEKPI FROM THE JoURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF 
 
 THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1, Savile Row ; 
 FRANCIS EDWARDS, 83, High Street, Maryi.rbonk, W. 
 
( 224 ) 
 
 XVn. — Report on the Harrison and Lilloet Route, from the. 
 Junction of the Fraser and Harrison rivers to the Junction tf 
 the Fraser and Kai/osch rivers, with Notes on the Countru 
 beifond, as far as Fountain. By Lieutenant H. Spenceh 
 Palmeh, r. e. 
 
 Communicated by the Admiralty. 
 
 Jioail, December 12, 1859, 
 Lieut. Palmer to Col. R. S. Moody, u.e., f.r.o.s., &c. 
 
 Sin, 
 
 May, 1859. 
 As the oxisthig route from Queenhorou;j;li to Douglas can he performed 
 throughout by steamers at certain seasons of the year, 1 deem it unnecessary 
 to describe it in detail, dwelling otdy on those points where engineering works 
 will be necessary to establish it as a permanent route for river steamers at 
 all times. 
 
 The Harrison liivcr runs into the Fraser from the northward, at about 3") 
 miles by water above Fort Langlcy. At the mouth the river is broad and 
 deeji, and the current by no means swift, the water of the Harrison being 
 backed up by that of the Fraser at this season of the year. About 3 miles, 
 however, from the mouth it is extremely shallow and rajjid, and although a 
 channel does exist, which will admit of bateaux drawing 1 loot or 18 inches of 
 water being towed through at the lowest stages of the water, it is a great deal 
 too tortuous, narrow, and shallow, to admit of the passage of steamers of the 
 class at present rumiing on the Fraser, except at high stages of the water. 
 
 To render this route permanent it will l)e necessary to form a chamiel 
 through these shallows of a considerable width (say 40 feet), which sliall 
 maintain a depth of at least 3 feet at all times. 
 
 At the time I made my recomiaissaiice the water was too high to admit of 
 my forming any decisive opinion as to the Avorks necessary for the above 
 puri»ose ; but from such information as 1 have been able to collect, in addition 
 to what I observed myself, the jiortion that would have to be deepened is not 
 more than a quarter of a luile in length. 
 
 I am of opinion that the simplest and easiest way to effect the formation of 
 this channel would be by draining at the upper end of the shallows, an opera- 
 tion that would be greatly facilitated by the existence of the numen)us small 
 islands and bars with which this jiortion of the river is studded, and which, 
 although covered at high-water, are perfectly dry in the fall of the year. 
 
 The dannning might be etfected in two ways : cither, Istly, so as to close 
 the heads of the numerous slews and creeks through which the water at ])re- 
 cjvint runs, and thus drive it into one main channel; or, 2ndly, the water 
 might be forced through a narrow channel by the construction of wing dams 
 at such points as might be necessary. 
 
 Th(! actual method to be employed can oid}' be decided on by ins{)ection at 
 low-water ; but, as the river at this part is from 500 to (100 yards wide, I am of 
 o]>inion that the forcing of so large a body of water through a comparativt'ly 
 narrow aperture would have the eflect of deepening the channel to the neces- 
 sary extent without any excavation whatever. From this jwint to the head of 
 Harrison ivake, a distance by water of 40 miles, no obstruction whatever exists 
 to the navigation. The lake, which is 34 miles in length, is bounded on 
 either side by cliffs so rocky and preci])itous in most places, as almost to i>re- 
 clude the jMssibility of constructing a road along its margin ; and the forma- 
 tion of a channel through the shallows of the Harrison River will, in conse- 
 
Palmer'* Report on the Harrison and Lilloct Route. 225 
 
 om the 
 Hi on of 
 lountrji 
 
 PENCE H 
 
 ', 1859. 
 
 icrfoniK'd 
 
 noccssavy 
 
 ul; WDl'ks 
 
 aiutTS at 
 
 aliout 3r> 
 road and 
 ion l)eiii;j: 
 
 3 miles, 
 though a 
 
 iiichca (if 
 fivat deal 
 ,'rs of tlie 
 vater. 
 , channol 
 
 ich shall 
 
 admit of 
 'iL' aliovc 
 
 addition 
 led is not 
 
 niation of 
 an oiicra- 
 ous small 
 id which, 
 [■ar. 
 
 s to close 
 •r at lire- 
 he water 
 'ing dams 
 
 )oction at 
 ', 1 am of 
 arativdy 
 he neces- 
 le head of 
 ver exists 
 iinded on 
 st to 1 ire- 
 he forma- 
 iu couse- 
 
 quoncc, lie necessary as a preliminary step to ensure constant communication 
 with Douglas. 
 
 A short narrow creek, about half a mile in length, connects the north corner 
 of Harrison Lake with a smaller one, called at present " Lake Douglas," about 
 li mile iu length and f mile extreme breadth. 
 
 At the lower end of Douglas is a flat, shallow, gravelly bar ; on which, 
 although in summer time there is suflicient water to allow of the passage of 
 steamers, there are not above five or six inches in winter. 
 
 1'here is also an extremely sharp bend in the creek, just below the bar, 
 which is with great difficulty rounded by steamers, even at the highest stage 
 of the water, and which at low-water, when the creek is not more than one- 
 third of its jiresent breadth, would, in my ojanion, bo impassable. I also 
 think that the nature of the soil is such that, even if a passage were cut 
 through the bar, tiiere would be every probability of a fresh deposit taking 
 place, owing to the sharp bend immediately below ; and coiipling this opinion 
 with that above expressed, relative to the difficulty of turning the bend, 1 
 conclude that to ensure a constant steam-communication with Douglas, it 
 would be necessary to cut a new and straight chanu"!, connecting Lakes 
 Harrison and Douglas. 
 
 The town of Douglas is situated at the head of the lake, on ground which 
 descends to the water at a considerable slope and rises in rear of the town to a 
 height of about 300 feet. 'J'his ground is a gully between two mountains, 
 portions of chains which extend down either shore of the lake. 
 
 'I'ho town site is heavily timbered, with little or no land in its immediate 
 vicinity which could be made use of for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Adding to these defects the fact of its being embosomed in hills, which render 
 this mode of egress to the interior by roads extremely difficult, and the insuffi- 
 cient depth of Douglas Creek, 1 d<!em it a very badly chosen spot for a town, and 
 a poor terminus to what is likely to form the main head of communication 
 with the Upjier Fraser. 
 
 'J'he •' Lilloet Trail " starts from the western end of Douglas, and, keejnng 
 to the left of the bed of the gully, ascends to a very considerable height (say 
 500 f'!et) on the side of the westernmost of the two mountains. 
 
 'i'his i)ortion of the trail is extremely bad. 
 
 The line of route that has l)een adopted is by no means the easiest that the 
 nature of the country affords ; and, although a coiisideiabhi ascent is unavoid- 
 able, I think that by adopting a line of route which 1 shall jiresently describe, 
 it need not rise to much more than half its present elevation. The bridges 
 and corduroys are indifferent, and the road stony throughout, and in many 
 l)laees swampy for the want of small culverts and drains. 
 
 Few or no attempts have lieen made at regular grading, and the present 
 trail rises in several places over spurs in the hill at grades impassable for any 
 animals but mules, and barely so for them, descending as precipitously on the 
 ojiposite side. 
 
 At about 2 miles from Douglas the trail reaches its greatest elevation. . 
 
 It is then carried along on comparatively level ground lor about half a mile, 
 when turning sharp to the right it descends a steep hill to the bed of the 
 ravine. 
 
 Crossing the ravine, at a considerable elevation, it is carried along the sh)pe 
 of the opposite mountain for a short distance, and then descends very pre- 
 cipitously by a zigzag jiath to a strong plateau about 140 feet above the level 
 of the Lilloet lUver, running along this jilateau for about half a mile by the 
 side of the river till it reaches the Four-mile House. 
 
 Li constructing a waggon-road ou this portion of the route I would suggest 
 as follows : — 
 
 It being almost impossible, from the nature of the ravine in the immediate 
 VOL. XXXI. Q 
 
22(5 
 
 Palmer's Bcpoti on the 
 
 vicinity of Douglas, to carry the rDnrl aloiis its bed, I would recommend tliat 
 the existing lino be adhered to I'ur the first 1)00 yards, subject of course to 
 such alterations regarding the ])reciso sjiot of exit from the t(»wn as might bo 
 thought fit, and with any slight deviations that might improve the regularity 
 of the grade. 
 
 On arriving at the first corduroy (000 yards from Pouglas) T would keep 
 to the right along the ravine, which at this point is cm the same level as the 
 trail, thereby avoiding an ascent of 200 or 300 feet. 
 
 A road niight easily be constructed along this ravine for uj^wards of 2 
 miles, subject to no great variation in level, and, meeting the old trail at the 
 crossing point, be contiimod on approximately the same line as far as the top 
 of the steel) descent to the i)late:iu. 
 
 This hill is unavoidable, and eon only be made practicable for loaded 
 waggons by long grading through dtony and rocky ground, at a very con- 
 siderable exi)ense. 
 
 On the "Stony IMateau " the trail winds most unnecessarily, and the con- 
 struction of a straight waggon-road would Iw a matter of no difiiculty 
 whatever. 
 
 On leaving the Four-mile House the trail is generally pretty good, though 
 a much better and straighter line of road might be adopted by keeping along 
 the river-bank. 
 
 At about 1 mile from the house it leaves the river to the left, and mounts 
 an extremely steep and stony hill at a grade ,at ])resent almost Imprncticable 
 for waggons. 1'he ascent continties for about a mile, the descent to the river 
 on Ihe other side of the hill being equidly as steep and precipitous as tho 
 ascent. 
 
 I'ljoining the river about 3 miles from the house, and following it for about 
 300 yards, the trail again Itends to the right and aoCenda a second hill longer 
 than and equally as steep as the former one, descending to the ]>laleau on 
 which the Ten-mile House is situated, at an average angle of about SO^ with 
 the horizon. 
 
 On this portion of the route the same general defects exist as on the first 
 jiart, viz. ; — 
 
 A bad line of trail both in general direction and in detail. Precipitons 
 ascents and descents ; indinbreiit bridges and corduroys ; a stony and irregular 
 trail. 
 
 1 would suggest the following changes in he route, my ojiinion being fonned 
 from an inspection of the places in question : — 
 
 The road, after leaving the Foiu'-mile House, should be carried along the 
 river-bank as far as the foot of the first hill, then, instead of bending away I'roni 
 the river, it should follow it round the base of the hill, meeting the present trail 
 where it rejoins the l.illoet. 
 
 In this portion of the ])roposed new route there are two bad rocky ]>laces, 
 each about 200 yards in extent, caused by spurs from the hill running down 
 to the river, where a good deal of cutting and blasting would be necessary ; but, 
 as the remainder of the route is good for a road, 1 think this line would be 
 Air preferable to that over the mountain, which could not be made practicable 
 for waggons except at an immense expense. 
 
 AVliere the old trail. strikes the riv(;r again the two routes might coincide for 
 300 or 400 yards, and then, instead of mounting the second hill, I would 
 adopt the same ])lan as before and Ibllow the river round. 
 
 'J'iio road here, after going along an easy level ])lateau, for about 1 mile, 
 would strike a small tract where a number of successive spin-s tolerably level 
 oil th'j top, but with ravines between them, run down to the river in a 
 southerly direction. The dilbeulty might, however, be overcome by careful 
 grading round the heads of tho ravines. 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
Harrison and Lilluvt Route 
 
 227 
 
 ncnd that 
 [jourso to 
 iiiif^ht 1)0 
 •eyuliirity 
 
 mid keep 
 vcl ns the 
 
 ards of 2 
 \\\ at tlio 
 [18 the top 
 
 'or loaded 
 very con- 
 
 I the con- 
 dillieulty 
 
 d, though 
 [)ing alou;i 
 
 id mounts 
 
 prncticable 
 
 the river 
 
 )U8 as tho 
 
 t for ahoiit 
 hill lon-Jicr 
 jilalcau on 
 t 30^ with 
 
 II the fust 
 
 rrecipitous 
 .1 irregtilar 
 
 li'g foiined 
 
 aloiia; tho 
 iway i'rom 
 leseiit trail 
 
 Iky jilaces, 
 
 jiing down 
 
 |sary ; but, 
 
 would he 
 
 )racticablo 
 
 pincide for 
 1 would 
 
 It 1 mile, 
 lahly level 
 liver in a 
 \y careful 
 
 This formation continues for about one-third of a mile, after which the road 
 would enu-rge uimiu a broad and beautifully lev(!l plateau, ^vith little or no 
 brushwood, and very light timlxjr, niucli of which has been burnt. 
 
 Tliis flat, which 1 have named in my jilau the '• Burnt I'lateau," is about 
 1 mile in extent, and a good road along it might, 1 think, bo made in two 
 days by a party of fiO or (JO njen. On arriving at the end of the Ihirnt 
 I'lateau I camo to the "Cilens" of tho Lilloet liiver, and found that it 
 would be absolutely impossible to continue the road along the bank, as the 
 cliifs here run down to the water at a considerable angle with the horizon, and 
 the huge boulders and fragments of rock which lie about, and the danger that 
 would be incurred from future slides in the clitf, preclude the ixissibility of so 
 doing. 
 
 If, however, the road ha inclined to tho right corner of the Burnt Plateau, 
 it can be carried up at a tolerable grade to another plateau, between the river 
 and the existing lino of trail, but on a much lower elevation than the latter. 
 
 By following this route tlie additional advantage of an easy descent to tho 
 Ten-mile House ])lateaii would Ihj gained — a point of great importance, as the 
 existing descent is barely practicable. 
 
 For the first half-mile, after leaving the Ten-mile House, the trail is very 
 irregidar. Several small ravines extend across the line of route to the river, 
 and to diminish the steepness of the ascents and descents tlic ii ill is carried 
 round the heads of the ravines. It also winds most unnecessanlv on the level 
 ground between them. ShouM a waggon-road Ik; made here I would recom- 
 mend that it be cut straight through ; there is ]>lenty of ■.nber nt hand, .Mid 
 bridges of from 40 to (!0 feet 8[»an might bo built aero ihe ravines, wliich 
 are only four in number. 
 
 After the f'"* ' dl-mile a cutting in the side of the hill (whicli is, T think, 
 unnecessary, there being a fine Hat below) leails to a Cediu linttom magni- 
 licentl' timbereil. 1 cannot speak positively ar to the advisability of carrying 
 the road along the ilat mentioned above, as although it was dry when 1 was 
 there, the water of the Jjilluet may have risen since sufiieiently high to swamp it. 
 
 The Cedar Bottom is a little swamjiy in two or three ])Iaces ; this, how- 
 ever, is caused not by the iiilloet liiver, but by small streams running 
 down from the mountains, which fre(piently overllow and leave tlieir natural 
 beds, owing to obstructions caused by fallen logs, &c. This evil might bo 
 remedied by clearing proper chaimels for the rivulets, but 1 would suggest 
 that a waggon-road should keep to the right on a higher line of level than the 
 existing trail. 
 
 In tho Cedar Bottom, which is about three-quarters of a mile long, and 
 of an average breadth of 500 yards, the soil is very rich, but there is so much 
 timbert hat I question its availability for agricultural purposes. At 1^ niile 
 from the Ten-mile House the trail ascends a short steep hill by a zigzag path, 
 and is carried along the siile of a small mountain for about half a mile on 
 undulating ground, rising with one more steep ascent to the top of a level, 
 well-timbered and strong i)lateau on a spur from the mountain. 
 
 The hills, I fear, cannot be avoided, as the baid<s run down steep to the very 
 edge of the river. At 3 miles from the Ten-mile House it runs down the hill, 
 on the opjHjsite side of the spur, and crosses a broad ravine, extending from 
 tho river to the mountains, and consetjuently unavoidable. 
 
 Crossing the ravine it rises with a long ascent of 1 mile, varying in steep- 
 ness to a plateau on the summit of another spur. It is continued for l.alf a 
 mile alonij; this ])lateau, and then descends a hUl dreadfully stony, and so 
 steep that it has been necessary, in portions, tc zigzag the path to make it 
 practicable for mules.* 
 
 * On arriving at the foot of this hill, a level stony plateau, one mile long, leads 
 to the Sixteeu-mile Hou«e, situated about SOU yards buck from the river. 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 
 
 Palmer'* Report on the 
 
 A waggon-voatl, if constructed, should he carried down tlie side of llic first 
 S[mr at a long and trcntlo grade, and, having crossed the ravine, should, instead 
 of mounting the hill on tlie opposite side, he carried round tlie foot of the 
 hill, by the river, ou a much lower i)lateau than that on which the present 
 route runs. 
 
 Circumstances prevented my actually walking over the ground in question, 
 but from what I saw myself, and the information I collected, I think there 
 would be no difficulty in adopting this line for the road. 
 
 immediately on leaving the Sixteen-mile House the River ** Acchuchlah " 
 is crossed by a good substantial log-bridge of 45 feet span. A short rise then 
 leads to the top of a tine plateau, about 30 feet above the level of the Lilloet 
 liivor. 
 
 The trail is carried along the plateau at distances from the river, varying 
 from 150 to 400 yards, and there would bt! no difficulty in constructing a good 
 waggon-road on a much straighter line than the existing trail. 
 
 Tiie ]ilateau is 2i miles long, and of an average breadth of 500 yards. 
 
 Timber abounds, chiny hemlock-pine, and the soil, though stony in some 
 places, is generally good for cultivation. 
 
 At the cud of the plateau the trail descends a short hill to nearly the level 
 of the river, and runs close to the water's edge for a short distance. 1 here 
 passed a beautiful little patch of land alKuit 3 acres in extent, abounding 
 with roses and wild fruit, and which, if cleared, might easily Ihj turned to 
 some use. On the opiMDsite side of the hilloet is a large Indian wigwam 
 and fisliing-slation, with a little clear land and some jiotato-jiatclies around it. 
 The trail now, fur nearly a quarter of a mile, is cut in the side of a stony 
 hill which runs into the water; but as this hill is subject to frequent slides, 
 which would render it a matter of considerable expense to keej) a road thus 
 out in repair, 1 would suggest that a sea-wall of stones be built 5 or G feet out 
 in the river (which is here very shallow), and a road made on the top. 
 
 'J'here are plenty of large stones at hand for this jmrpose, and 1 think it 
 would be easier, chea^ier, and generally more advantageous to construct a road 
 in this manner than to make a regular cutting in the side of the hill. 
 
 After jiassiug this hill I came to a long jKiint which juts out to the left 
 into the river, and at the extremity of which, 2oO yards froui the trail, are the 
 Great Falls of the Lilloet. 
 
 The trail crosses this point on a good general line, and rejoins the river 
 about lialfa mile further up ; it then follows the liank at distances varying 
 from 5 to 100 yards from the river, and about 15 feet above it, on a fine level 
 ])lateau three-quarters of a mile long and 500 yards wide, with good rich soil, 
 scanty timber, and little or no brushwood. 
 
 At the end of this ])lateau there is a very steep rise (zigzagged) to a ledge 
 on a high clay-slate hill, 'J'he trail is carried along the side of this hill for 
 al)out 200 yards, and then descends precipitously to the foot, whence a (piarter 
 of a mile tolerably level, but capable of great improvement, leads to the Hot- 
 spring House. 
 
 This hill might be entirely avoided and a good road constructed round its 
 foot, with the aid of a little blasting. 
 
 On leaving the " Hot-si)ring House" the trail runs for one mile along a fine 
 broad flat, alwut 10 feet above the level of the Lilloet, following the bank for 
 half a mile, and then leaving the liver, which takes a bend to the left. 
 
 This flat is rather rocky and the soil light and sandy. 
 
 Hendock and cedar abound, and there is very little underwood. 
 
 At the end of this mile the trail branches to the right and ascends a gorge 
 between the mountain on the right and a high rocky blufl" (named in niy 
 ])lan " Moody's Look-out") on the left. After reaching its highest elevation 
 (al)out 250 feet), it runs on a comparatively level line along the top of the 
 liill for about a quarter of a mile, and then descends along a steep hill to the 
 
 \ 
 S 
 
 5 
 
Harrison and Lilloei Route. 
 
 220 
 
 (he fust 
 1, instead 
 )t of the 
 i present 
 
 question, 
 ink there 
 
 huchlah " 
 
 rise then 
 
 he Lilloet 
 
 r, varying 
 ing a good 
 
 rds. 
 
 y in sonic 
 
 ' the level 
 t'. 1 here 
 abounding 
 turned to 
 11 wigwam 
 ; around it. 
 L)f a stony 
 lent slides, 
 V road thus 
 
 I'cet out 
 op. 
 
 1 think it 
 
 ruct a road 
 
 I. 
 
 to tlie left 
 
 ail, are the 
 
 the river 
 
 ;e8 varying 
 line level 
 rieh soil, 
 
 to a ledge 
 lis hill Ibr 
 a (juarter 
 ,o the llot- 
 
 1 round its 
 
 ong a fine 
 e bank for 
 I'it. 
 
 ids a gorge 
 lod in my 
 t elevation 
 top of the 
 hill to the 
 
 I 
 
 river hank. This hill should be avoided, if a waggon-road be made, by 
 deviating to the left at the foot and following round the base. The ground 
 is level and good throughout the greater part of the distance ; the difficulties 
 to be overcome being about 100 yards of rocky ground, succeeded by a jiicce 20 
 yards long, where the bluff rock runs nearly perpendicularly into the river. 
 The first of these difficulties might be mastered by blasting ; the second, by 
 tlie construction of a sea-wall of the descrijition proposed at the Great Falls. 
 Immediately after getting round the point the road would strike a fine level 
 flat, continued to the point where the present one trails the Lilloet. 
 
 For the next mile tlie construction of a road is simple enough, and it mi'.;ht 
 be made much straighter than the existing trail ; a little careful gra<iing 
 would be necessary to descend into a rise from the valley of the Kivcr 
 " Schotscheen," which runs too far back to be rounded, and is too broad to 
 be bridged. This river is about 50 feet wide, and is crossed by a good bridge 
 of 60 feet span. Another mile and a half of very good level trail along a 
 jilateau by the river-bank, varying in breadth from 150 to 300 yards, leads to 
 a spot marked in my plan as " Camp," close to the foot of a long range of 
 steep hills. The land thus far is all more or less good for cultivation, timber 
 being rather scanty, and little or no brushwood. The soil is rather light and 
 strong, but is, I think, available for agriculture. 
 
 From the Camp it is exactly (5 miles by the trail to the house at the southern 
 end of " Tenass Lake," known as the " Twentyeight-mile House," although 
 in reality 34 miles by the trail from Port Douglas. 
 
 The mountains throughout the whole (5 miles run down to the water's 
 edge, and the construction of a waggon-road along their sides would bt; a 
 matter of great difficulty, labour, and expense. There is no plateau what- 
 ever along wliioh the road could be carried, and no possibility of avoiding 
 to any extent the steep ascents and descents to which the present trail is 
 subject. 
 
 1 think it, therefore, not only highly advisable, but positively necessary to 
 cross the Lilloet Hiver in the neighbourhood of the Cam]). I examined 
 the river for the purpose of finding the best crossing-place, and think that the 
 most suitable spot is about 300 yards beyond the Camp. 
 
 Mr. Nicol, J. P., was kind enough, on a subsequent occasion, to walk down 
 on the opposite side the whole way from the Lake to the Camp, and 
 inlbrms me that there is an excellent Indian trail along the river-bank, easily 
 convertible into a good level waggon-road. The only obstructions are the 
 rivers " Bmockwa," and another with two mouths, called in my plan 
 "l)elta B," both of which woulu have to be crossed by bridges of 50 or (iO 
 feet span. There is, in addition to the above, one rocky place to be i^assed, 
 but this would be no great impediment to the construction of the road. 1 
 have since had an opportunity (while I was descending the Tiilloct in a canoe 
 on my return) of exaniiniiig portions of this part of the proposed new rouh-; 
 and am of opinion that it would bo advisable in more wa>s than one, as, in 
 addition to the advantage of having a levi'l waggon-road, there is a great deal 
 of good agricultural land in the neighlMjurhood, which would thus be ojeued 
 up for cultivation. 
 
 Tlie trail is ai, present continued beyond the Twentyeight-mile House, as 
 far as the southdrn end of Lake Lilloet, a distance of 8 miles. 
 
 I propose, liowever, by a method 1 shall presently describe, that the south 
 end of Tenass Lake be made the terminus of the first jiortage, eight miles of 
 land-transport over anything but a good road being thereby avoided. 
 
 There is an ex c;el lent site for a town at the terminus of the new route I have 
 lirojHised, and as a small one would be very likely to spring up at the jimction 
 of the land and water coninumicalions ; this would be a farther inducement to 
 
230 
 
 Palmer'a- Report on the 
 
 its adoi'tion, there being no sort of site for a town «at tlie tcrniimis of tlio 
 prosout trail. 
 
 Lakes Lilloct and Tenass are connoctefl hy a small river about IJ mile in 
 length, rai»i(l, and towards the mouth very shallow. The difference of level 
 between the lakes 1 ascertained to bo 10 feet 6J inches on the 23rd 
 May, 1859. 
 
 J}y constructinf!; a dam of the necessary heiujht across the Lilloet Kivcr, 
 where it leaves Teiiass Lake, the water iu the two lakes might be brought to 
 the same level, and a permanent water-communication thus established, 'i'his 
 damming woultl have the el'l'ect of swamjiing jtortions of the flat land in the 
 neiglibourhood o'' the Tenass lliver, but that at the terminus of the pro- 
 posed route is too liigh to sutler in like manner. 
 
 The dam miglit easily be constructed of logs, snags, and stones, plenty of 
 whicli are at hand. 
 
 Tossibly a permanent water-communication between the two lakes might 
 bo ellicted by deepening the Tenass lUver at and near its mouth. As, 
 however, I was not on the ground at the lowest stage of the water I cannot 
 speak as to the extent of the portion tliat would have to be deepened ; but, 
 from such information as 1 could collect, it would only be necessary to form a 
 channel at and near its mouth. 
 
 On this part there are, I am told, but six inches of water in winter time, the 
 remainder of the river (piite deep enough to admit at all times of the passage 
 of steamers of the small class likely to be established on the lakes. 
 
 Thus far I have described such deviations from the existing line of trail as 
 would be required, supjMising it alisolutely necessary to construct a waggon- 
 road on the left bank of the I^illoet from Douglas as far as the Camp. 
 
 I am, however, of opinion that the site of Dougli\s is extremely badly 
 chosen. 
 
 \w addition to the defects T have already pointed out I am informed by the 
 Indians tliat Lake Houglas freezes in the winter, and remains so for some 
 time, while the Harrison never freezes at all. 
 
 In tlie north-west corner of the latter lake there is a high dry site for a 
 town, accessible at all times to boats and sti'amers, and open to the valley ot 
 the Lilloet Ifiver. As a protection from the sea, which is sometimes rather 
 rougii for boats, a breakwater of snags might easily be constnicted at the. 
 jioint sliown iu the plan, to form a small harbour, behind which they might 
 lie in safety. 15y uiaking this the terminus of the route a constant steam- 
 connnunication with Queenborough could bo established (the channel once 
 open to the lia[iids of the Harrison Uiver), and there would be this additional 
 advantage, viz., that the flat land in the valley of the Lilloet would become 
 opened uj) ibr cultivation. 
 
 From the cursory view I was enal)led to take of the right bank of the river 
 during my rajiid descent in a canoe, 1 am of ojiinion that from the Harrison 
 Lake to the point opposite the ])lateau, below tlie Sixteen-mile House, a road 
 could be far more easily made along that bank than on the present route. 
 
 A'ot having actually walked over every portion of the ground, I cannot 
 sjieak very decidedly on this [loint, but adding to the opinion I was enabled to 
 form the fact, that the old Lulian trail runs along the right bank the whole 
 way from the Harrison Lake to the Tenass Lake, and the well-known circum- 
 stances that the Indian trails throughout North America invariably follow the 
 best line of travel through a wild country, I conclude Uiat at least a great 
 jtortion of the road should be carried along that bank. 
 
 I have accordingly come to the following opinions on this point, viz.: — 
 
 " That the starting point of the route should be changed from Douglas to 
 
Harrison and Lilloot Route 
 
 231 
 
 tlio noith-wcst corner of the Harrison Titila'. Tliat the wacrpion-road l)c carried 
 aloni; the rii.'ht bank of the liilloet Kiver, as far, if iiussiliio, ;i.s tlie point 
 oi>l)usite the lower end of the plateau, below the Sixteen-mile IIouso.* 
 
 " That the Piiver be bridged here, and tlie road carried along the left hank 
 as far as 'The Camp,' following the general direction of the present trail, 
 subject of course to the deviation already proposed, 
 
 " That the Lilloet be recrossed at the point marked on tlie plan, and the 
 road then constnicted on the right bank of the river, and terminated at the 
 sonthorn end of the ' Tenass Lake.' " 
 
 1 may here mention that Sapjier Breakenridge, who has since made a recon- 
 naissance of the right bank from the Harrison Lake, as far as the point 
 opposite the Four-mile House, rejiorted to me, after going over both routes, 
 that the one on the right bank, although rather swamj»y in some jilaces, was 
 far prelerabie to the existing one, and 1 think a still better might be found 
 by keeping further back from the river. 
 
 Tlie distance by water from the south end of the Tenass lioke to the north- 
 west end of Lake Lilloet is alwut 21 miles, the shores of both lakes being 
 e«pially as precipitous as those of the Harrison. 
 
 'J'lie town of " I'emberton," whicli, when 1 .was there, consisted of five or six 
 houses, stands on a wretched rocky site in the nortlu'rnmost corner of Liiko 
 Lilloet. At high stages of the water the town is accessible to boats, but in the 
 winter a long flat bar of sand jn'events their coming within 500 yards of it. 
 From this place the second portage commences, known now as the " liirken- 
 lieiid Portage;" nor is there any better starting point in the vicinity. 
 
 The valley of the " U])per Lilloet," which river runs into the lake at its 
 Western lixtremity, takes a westerly direction from the head of the lake. The 
 river, about 5 miles from its mouth, divides into two, a large delta being left 
 between the mouths, which, in summer time, is again divided in two by a 
 creek. (.)n this delta, and particularly towards its western point, a few farming- 
 men have cultivated laud, and there is also a large Indian village, surrounded 
 by potato-patches, &c. In the centre of each island is a small lake, the 
 ground, for a considerable distance IVom their edges, is swampy ; but the banks 
 are high and dry all the way round, contain good soil, and are covered with 
 niagnilicent grass. The trail, on leaving I'ort I'emberton, is carried over 
 ground very similar to that at the back of IKmglas, but in this case the ravine 
 has been adhered to, and the hills are far less [irecipitous than those near 
 Douglas. I was unavoidably compelled, both on my way up and on my 
 return, to travel very rapidly over this portage, and consequently unable to 
 make detailed lield-notes, or survt^y the route as accurately as I should have 
 wished. The trail which, for the whole 24 miles, runs through a natural i>ass 
 in the Cascade Hange, is, on the whole, far better than that on the Douglas 
 Portage, and, with the exception of blasting round two or three rocky hills, no 
 great deviation from tlui jiresent route would lie necessary, if i'vrt Vanbtiiuti 
 he made the point (f ilipuitnn'. 
 
 As, however, it might be necessary, in the event of this route being made 
 the main cliannel of communication with the upper country, to establish a 
 town of some size at the junction of the laud or water communications, the 
 site of Port Pembertou should, in this ease, be abandoned. 
 
 There is a good site for a town, near the mouth of the "Mosquito Eiver," 
 which empties itself into the Upper Lilloet, opposite the Indian village, on the 
 westernmost of tho Lilloet Islands: If,^therefore, the bar at the mouth of the 
 southern or main branch of the river were deepened sutTiciently to admit at 
 
 * If impossible to carry it as far as the point proposed, there are several good 
 crossing-places along the river (one half a mile bel; w the Four-mile House), but 
 tiiv Fort Douglas Hill should by all means bts avoided. 
 
I 
 
 232 
 
 Palmer'*- Report on the 
 
 all times of llio passac;c of steamers, T would suggest tliat the town be esta- 
 blished at the mouth of the Mosquito liiver, and the road run along the 
 valley, striking the old trail at its junction with that river. The large valley 
 of the Upper Lilloct would thus be opened up and inducement given to fanners 
 to clear and cultivate the land in the vicinity of this town, which might other- 
 wise be neglected in consequence of its remoteness from any main route of 
 communication. 
 
 About 17 miles from Pemberton the trail nins along the shore of a small 
 lalso, one mile long and half a mile broad. 
 
 This lake, which is situated on the summit of the Pass, is called 
 " Summit Lake," and from either end there is a descent to the Fraser, that 
 from the north by Anderson l^iver, through Lakes Anderson and Seaton, and 
 tlie Eivcr Inikumtch, and that from the south end by the Mosquito Kiver, 
 through the Lilloet and Harrison Lakes. 
 
 After passing the Summit Lake I crossed a tract of valley land 2 or 3 miles 
 in extent, containing little timber, and good rich loani}'^ soil, irrigable, if 
 necessary, from Anderson Pivcr. 
 
 In the vicinity of Anderson, and for some little distance down the e.astern 
 shore of the lake, there is plenty of good grazing-laiid for sheej) and cattle on 
 the sides of the mountains ; and I am informed that, owing to the absence of 
 briai's, (Src, this i\art of the country is very well adapted for raising good wool. 
 
 Tlie town of Anderson is situated, as shown in the plan, on the south- 
 western end of Lake Anderson. 
 
 The site, as regards its suitability both for a town and a point of depar- 
 ture for steamers, is extremely good. 
 
 The baidv is liigh and dry (about 15 feet above high-water mark), timber 
 plenty and fine, but not too much of it, the soil good, and the land lor one mile 
 in rear flat, and easily irriszable. A good jetty has been built by the men 
 who have settled there and own the boats that convey passengers across the 
 lake, and, as the water is deep close in-shore, the port is accessible at all times 
 to steamers. 
 
 From Ander, m to the spot marked in my plan as ** Wapping," which con- 
 sists of one log-house for trav(!llcrs to sleep in, is 14 miles by water. 
 
 The short portage connecting lakes Anderson and Seaton (1^ mile in 
 length) commences here, and terminates at the s|iot marked " Flushing." 
 
 A Mr. Dozier, an American, who has established a waggon for conveying 
 lirovisions across this portage, constructed a waggon-road last year, connecting 
 the two lakes, entirely at his own expense. 
 
 The road is a very fair one, and as he has likewise constructed a neat and 
 substantial bridge across the Seaton River of 60 feet span, 1 would suggest 
 that, in the event of this becoming a permanent route, the by no means trivial 
 service he has done to the colony be recognised. 
 
 It will be seen, on looking at the plan, that it is necessary to cross the river, 
 as there is no starting-place for boats or room for houses, on the right bank, at 
 the r^ake Seaton end. 
 
 '^I'hc land on this portage is stony, the timber is scanty, but the brushwood 
 thick, and there is a fine patch of rich lan<l to the north-west of Flushing. 
 Potli that place and \Va]iping are admirably adapted for the points of de- 
 parture of steamers and as sites for small towns. 
 
 On the 30th of May I found the difference of level between the two lakes to 
 be HitJ feet, a dill'erence which woidd combine witli the softness of the soil to 
 render the construction of a canal of communication a matter of considerable 
 diilicnlty. Several looks would, moreover, be necessary, and I question 
 whether it would not be better to run the goods across the Isthmus on a tram- 
 way, which might easily be ma<le from one jetty to the other. 
 
 At the eastern end of Lake Seaton, 14 niiles by water from Flushing, is 
 
Harrison and Lilloct Route. 
 
 233 
 
 situated the small town of " Soaton." The houses arc built on the beach, 
 M'hich is not more than 30 or 40 yards broad in the widest places ; and 
 immediately in their rear a steep bank, about 100 feet hip;h, leads to a large 
 diamond-shaped plateau or bench, on which there is good grazing-land for 
 cattle (bunch-grass) and very little timber. The site of Seaton possesses the 
 same advantages, as a point of arrival and departure for steamers, as the 
 other places on these lakes, but there is no room to establish a town except 
 on the top of the bench, which would, I think, be too far above the water. 
 
 The trail winds round the point of the plateau at a steep rise, and, on 
 attaining a height of about 50 feet, is carried along the side of the hill at an 
 undulating level for about half a mile. 
 
 Here it emerges on a level and very stony plateau about one-third of a mile 
 broad, bounded on the north by the Imkumtch, and on the south by the 
 Kayosch Kiver. These rivers join in one, about three-quarters of a mile 
 further on, and the trail is carried along the plateau to within 100 yards of 
 this point. 
 
 It then crosses the Tnkmutch on a rough log-bridge, built last May by the 
 ]iackcrs, between Peaton and Kayosch. A large rock in the bed of the river 
 lorms a natural pier for the sujiport of the centre of the bridge. 
 
 For the next three-quarters of a mile the trail runs along the side of a 
 stony mountaiii at a considerable elevation, on a small ledge cut for the pur- 
 l^ose. This portion of the route is very dangerous, and, owing to the frequency 
 of large slides in the mountain side, impassable for a waggon-road. 
 
 I'assing round the point of this mountain the trail emerges on the level 
 grassy bench-land, peciUiar to this district of the Fraser, and, running along 
 this land for about IJ mile at a very slight variation in level, reaches the 
 small town of Kayosch, situated on the western bank of that river. 
 
 The benches in the vicinity of this portion of the Fraser, which are covered 
 with bunch-grass, and in some ]ilaces scantily timbered, would form excel- 
 lent grazing-lands for cattle, but the soil is, I think, too dry to be cultivated 
 to any extent. There are two or three small rivulets running through the 
 bench on which the town of Kayosch is situated, which ailbrd a supply 
 sunicient for the wants of the present inhabitants, and tor irrigating a small 
 l>atch of about 10 acres on a lower bench in front of the town, now under 
 cultivation, and 1 dare say more might be obtained by digging wells; but water 
 to any great extent is not to be had on the upper benches, either on the 
 Kayosch or on the Fort IJelireiis side of the FrastT. 
 
 The majority of the benches, although beautifully clear and level, are, I 
 think, at too great an elevation above the Fraser Uivev to be well adapted as 
 sites for towns ; that, for instance, on which Kayosch stands being about loO 
 to 'JOO feet above the river. 
 
 'J'hey vary in length from J a mile to 1 J mile, and in breadth from 200 
 to 1000 yards ; the slo[»es eomucting one bench with that above it being 
 generally at an angle of about 45^. 
 
 I • unable to procure any means of crossing to the southern bank of the 
 Kayoscli, but I was ablt; to see suflicieut from the o))]Hisite side to convince 
 me that on that baid\, at its junction with the Fraser, is the best site for a 
 town in the neighbourhood. 
 
 June \M. — At tills part a considerable flat, 300 or 400 yards wide, and 
 about 20 feet above the level of the Fraser, extends some distance down the 
 shore of the Fraser and up the Kayosch. 
 
 Ik'hind this Hat, and about 100 feet above it, is another extensive plateau 
 to which a tijvvn might be extended, while any amount of water-] ;ower might 
 bo obtained in that portion of the town or the lowor Hat, by fluming from tlio 
 Kayosch. 
 
234 
 
 Palmer's Report on the 
 
 I sugi^ost, therefore, that instead of crossing the Tmknnitch at the forks 
 of that river and the Kayoscli, the latter river be bridged at or near the 
 same point, whence an almost natural waggon-road extends to the proijosed 
 town site on the right bank, a distance of 125 niiies. 
 
 The trail from Kayoscli to the bank above French Bar requires no altera- 
 tion whatever, extending along the Hat benches at occasional slight changes in 
 level for about 2i miles. It tiien runs down a frightfully steep bank to the 
 " Bar," and as the remainder of the route both from this point to the mouth 
 of Bridge lUver, and thence on to Mormau Bar, is so bad as to render the con- 
 struction of a waggon-road barely possible, I will proceed at once to re] ort 
 on the best route to Fountain that, in my opinion, the nature of the country 
 will permit. 
 
 The Kayoscli should, I think, be bridged from the south as near its mouth 
 as jiracticable, the waggon-road carried round near the Fraser at the lowest 
 possible elevation, as far as French Bar. 
 
 Crossing the Fraser at a point on the bar which will be found practicable 
 where the river is only about 75 yards wide ; * it should ascend the steep bank 
 on the opjiosite side at a gentle grade, wlience, with the exception of one 
 place subject to slides, the road to Fountain is generally good. 
 
 Fountain is situated on the left bank of the Fraser, on a large bench 
 upwards of a mile in length, about 500 yards wide, and 700 or 800 feet above 
 the level of the Fraser, to which the bank makes a direct steep descent. 
 
 1:^ miles beyond the fountain a trail branches oil' to the southward and 
 runs at the back of the range of mountains which skirts the left bank of the 
 Fraser as far as the Forks of the Tliomiison Iliver. This trail is, I believe, 
 the best and shortest route from the Forks to the upper country ; the country 
 between Kayoscli and tlic Thoni]ison affords every facility for the construc- 
 ticin of a good waggon-road on the right bank, though the existing one on the 
 left bank is, I understand, very bad for a large ^lortion of the distance. 
 
 Water to a Ct.nisiderable amount is procurable at Fountain from a lake 2i 
 miles back in the mountain ; but, although a town on the Hat might be of some 
 importance in connectiou with the branch roads to the Forks, Pavilion, and 
 Kayosch, the site is at too great an elevation above the Fraser to admit of the 
 establisliiiient of a town in connection with any traflic that may at a future 
 l>eriod take i)lace on that river. 
 
 The land around and in the valley leading (o the Forks is of the same 
 nnture as that around Kayosch, viz. excellent for grazing, but too dry in 
 
 summer, unless well irrigated, to admit of 
 
 agriculture 
 
 to any important 
 
 extent. 
 
 In the Bonaparte Valley, which extends from Pavilion to Fort Thompson, 
 there are, I understand, from 40 to 50s(iuare miles of rich land tit for cultiva- 
 tion. In this valley, too, there '*'• a great deal of black marble, and limestones 
 abound at Pavilion and its neig) lonrliood. With regard to Fountain I should 
 add tliat a town tliore might, at a future period, be of importance in connection 
 with a road from Canada through the Bonaparte Valley to Kayoscli. 
 
 would beg to 
 
 With reference to other interesting features on the route I 
 call your attention to the following : — 
 
 At the south end of Harrison Lake, about three-quarters of a mile to the 
 south-east of the point where the river and lake join, a hot spring, called 
 " Ht. Alice's Well," is situated. 
 
 * Tiiere is a rock about one-third of the way across, covered at high-water, but 
 dry in the fall. On this rock a pier might easily be made. 
 
Harrison and Lilloet Route. 
 
 235 
 
 The water, whoso temperature on the 20th May, was 130° Fah., huhljles 
 out of a small mass of conglomerate rock 6 inches ahove the then level of the 
 lake. 
 
 It is highly sulphurous, hut, owing to my having been unable to procure a 
 perfectly clean bottle and cork, the specimen 1 sent down to Victoria proves, 
 I regret, to be unfit for further analysis. 
 
 Another hot spring, somewhat similar to St. Alice's, and of about the same 
 temperature, though not so highly sulphurous, is situated about GO yards north- 
 east of the Hot-spring House, 23^1; miles by the trail from Douglas, liy a 
 subsequent cursory examination, this water was found to contain chloride of 
 sodium and sulphate of soda ; but, owing to the impossibility of my procuring 
 a perfect specimen, an accurate analysis could not be made. 
 
 J'lvery sensible miner to whom 1 spoke on the subject, clearly admitted the 
 existence rf siold all along the banks of the Upper Fraser in considerable 
 quantities; in quantities, too, that — were it not for the exorbitantly high 
 l>rices of provisions and the want of good fresh meat and vegetables — 
 would attract and retain thousands of miners who were then leaving the 
 country. The great cry is for a waggon-road and cheap and good provisions, 
 and these, once obtained, there will be no farther doubt as to the stay of the 
 miners in the country. 
 
 Dry diggings have yet to be found, and, there is no doubt, will be found as 
 soon as men have heart and strength to prospect the country in every direc- 
 tion ; but as long as bacon and beans are the sole articles of diet, few, if any, 
 will 1x5 found with the heart or strength to do more than support themselves 
 by mining for a few hours each day, much less to travel over such a wild 
 co'uitry atid such bad trails, as they must do, in order to explore the districts 
 in the vicinity of the Ui)per Frasor. 
 
 From the cursory view I was enabled to take of the general geological 
 cliaracter of the comitry, Trappean rocks appear to prevail, consisting prin- 
 cipally of greenstone, dense clay-slate (here ami there presenting a lami- 
 nated structure), and compact hornblende. The exposed surfaces of the 
 rocks are very generally covered with the white deposit due to the decomposi- 
 tion of felspar, and are occasionally stained red with iron, forming an agreeable 
 contrast in the landscape. Quartz veins permeate the clay-slate in many 
 lilaoes, of an average tliickness of from 1 to 12 inches; tlie formation, in fact, 
 would suggest the high probability of metalliferous deposits. 
 
 The mountains rise bold, rugged, and abrupt, with occasional benches on 
 their sides, on wliich are found quantities or worn rounded boulders, princi- 
 pally of coarse-grained granite, occasionally porphyritic. The granite contains 
 golden-citloured and black mica in large quantities. The crystals of felspar \\\ 
 the porphyritic granite are very muuerous, but small. The soil appears in 
 many places to liavn been formed by the clecom posit ion of granite — it being 
 liglit and sandy, and containing much mica. 
 
 Below the soil is very generally fou id a white compact mass, very hard, 
 and approacliing to a conglomerate, containing jiebbles of every description in 
 a matrix of decomposed clay-slate. Lime seems wanting even in the con- 
 glomerate, and I saw no traces of limestone or sandstone all along the route, 
 though I understand there is plenty of the former at Tavillon. 
 
 •^. 
 
 Table 
 
230 PALMEu'i- Report on the Harrison and Lilloet Route. 
 
 Table showing the Astronomical Positions of important points on tlic route, 
 as computed by Lieut. H. ypENCEu Palmeb, R.E. 
 
 station at 
 
 Queenborough 49 
 
 Mouth of Harrison River 
 South end of Harrison Lake 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Ten-Mile House 
 
 South end of Tenass Lake . . 
 , , Lilloet Lake 
 
 Pemberton 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Flushing 
 
 Seaton 
 
 Kayosch 
 
 Mouth of Bridge lUver 
 Fountain 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Longitude in 
 
 Time VMgX of 
 
 Qucenborougl], 
 
 12 58 
 
 14 25 
 
 19 
 
 45 35 
 
 52 41 
 
 
 52 
 
 17 32 
 
 32 13 
 
 42 25 
 
 40 18 
 
 41 51 
 45 33 
 44 44 
 
 25*596 
 00-688 
 46-808 
 12.972 
 10-445 
 
 9-546 
 40-240 
 11-872 
 
 2-356 
 10-146 
 22-753 
 17-753 
 27-508 
 
 Absolute 
 Longitude West. 
 
 122 53 15 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 122 11 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 35 38 
 35 52 
 43 11 
 35 17 
 26 39 
 5 43 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 33 
 48 
 22 
 
 TAnii. OF Distakces. 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 PiBtances 
 
 by Ijaiid 
 
 (trail) In 
 
 MiltH. 
 
 Histanco 
 by Wiitur 
 in MlU-s. 
 
 Queenborough Camp . . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto .. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 South end of Tenass Lake . . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Pemberton 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Wapping 
 
 Flushing 
 
 Seaton 
 
 Kayosch 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Fort Langley 
 
 Mouth of Harrison River 
 South end of Harrison Lake 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Four-Mile House 
 
 Ten-Mile House 
 
 Sixteen-Mile House 
 
 Hot-Spring House 
 
 The Camp 
 
 South end of Tenass Lake . . 
 Ditto Lilloet Lake .. 
 
 Pemberton 
 
 Halfway House (2nd portage) 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Wapping 
 
 Flushing 
 
 Seaton 
 
 Kayoosch 
 
 Mouth of Bridge River 
 Point opposite Fountain 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 4-'o47 
 11*852 
 18-911 
 23*881 
 27*999 
 34-000 
 
 • • 
 
 15-000 
 29-000 
 
 1*45 
 
 3*700 
 4*200 
 6*500 
 
 17000 
 47-700 
 57-700 
 92-700 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 6-650 
 21-130 
 
 • • 
 
 14*000 
 14-000 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Total from Queenborough 
 
 To Fountain 
 
 74-65 
 
 141-83 
 
 Entire distance, Queenborough to Fountain, 216*48 miles. 
 
15 
 51 
 
 4 
 33 
 
 3 
 38 
 52 
 11 
 17 
 39 
 43 
 33 
 48 
 22