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om gQotian 
 
 • • • 
 
 Institute of gcience. 
 
 PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, 
 
 1894^. 
 
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^:^iDnz):K:E]ss 
 
 TO nil-: 
 
 Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 
 
 m:.\i) AT TiiK 
 
 Opening Meeting of Session, 1894-95, 
 
 NOVEMBER 12th, 1894, 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE LAWSON, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.SC, 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 IVieUNT ALLISON 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 HALII'AX. \. S. 
 NOVA SCOTIA PlilNTINCi COMPANY, 
 
\^ • ■- 
 
 I 
 
 
PRILSIDENTS ADDRESS 
 
 TO TMK 
 
 NOVA SCOTIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE. 
 
 (jENTLKMEN,— 
 
 Wo have assembled tliis eveniiif' as MeiiilMTs of tlie Nova 
 ScoTIAN Institute of Scil-xrE, for the perfonnanee of two 
 distinct duties, — first, to close the session of lS().S-94, which we 
 now speak of as past : and, secondly, to enter upon the opera- 
 tions of another year and lay plans for the future. We are 
 thus recpiired. Janus-like, to p\it on two faces, one looking' 
 backward, the other forwanl. The annual address nuist l»e to 
 a larf,^e extent a lookinf,' backward, for it is expected we shall 
 ^ive some acc<MUit of our stewardship. It is my place as 
 president to deliver the atldress on this occasion, because 
 a year a<j^o you thou<fht fit to appoint me to fill your most 
 honorable office. I was conscious that you mif^ht well have 
 made a better choice, for I felt that the president of a 
 scientific body like this shouM be prepared to f,Mve time and 
 enerfjy for more arduous labor than that of sitting' in a chair 
 at the monthly meetin(,'s. I was not ii^norant of the fact 
 that the UKjst active workers are aT)t to (.-ntei-tain an abnt'f'a- 
 tive spirit in ret^aid t(.- such thini^^s, to shirk prominence and 
 seek gratification in the (juiet pursuit of knowled<;e i-ather 
 than the attainment of personal distinction. While this 
 spirit was to be respected, it did not afford a sufficient reason 
 for my accedinj,' t(» your recpiest ; but, on the other hand,! 
 knew that the couipliment which you wished to ]iay me after 
 thirty years meuibership of the Institute was sincere, and 
 was actuated by the kindliest feelings. ^When, moreover, 1 
 
 A 
 
 iS^ff 
 
4 I'KKSlDKSrs AhlUlKSS Id IIIK 
 
 WHS iissurcil iii" sulist.intiiil lii-lp 1'imim tin' rf«^iili'iit vifr- 
 iirt'siiiciit uihI scci ctMi'ifs, it ^t-t'iiiiil that im ntliiT cnnrM' wiis 
 M'l't iiic l)\jt to !ic'('c|it tin- jidsitioii, to tliaiiU ynii all fur tlic 
 lidiKir vdii had ('diil"<'i Ti il u|i(»ii iiif, aiiil |n<i('rc(l td <id what I 
 CduM ill (li.-chaiiic d|' the <lutit> so uii<l«'itak('ii. 
 
 Ami iidw that iiiv term ol' dtiicf is (•(»iiii»lrtc(l, I ask v<>iir 
 att< iitidii td a lirirt" rcNicw di' tin- d|it'iati<iiis dl" ttif ytar. 
 This will fiiahlc us the Letter to rcali/t' our ]idsitidii in the 
 inc^fnt, aiwl td I'drecast the v, di k that k mains for th(- I'lituro. 
 »Sd turtiticil. we may make a tVcsh start. 
 
 It is |)l('asiii<f to 111' alilc to ii't-difl that this year (Uir iiit'in- 
 l)t rship has not hct'ii n'tluccd citht'r Ky death di- resi^riiati(tn. 
 Our list has heeii increased hy the a«hiiissidM of soveii 
 ordinary and two corres[iondin<,f niciidiei's. 
 
 During' the .session, se\en ordinaiy monthly iiiei'tin^'s for 
 the readine ()f .seieiitiiic jjapcrs were held. At those m('etin<^s 
 twenty papers v\ei-e rt'ad ; their sul»ji'L'ts pivsented eoiisider- 
 ulile varietv. The session commenced, in accoi'<lancc witli our 
 laws, with tlic autiual moetiu<; of niemhers of (Sth Novemlior, 
 wlicn Dr. Martin Murphy, the retiring' President, i'ea<l an 
 adflress, in which he reviewed the work of tht; l»ye-^one 
 year. On the sa.iie eveuint; an ordinaiy puhlic meetin<jf was 
 constituted. The first paper rea<l was hy Trof. MacUre^or, 
 of Dalhousie Coljef^e, on the isothermal an<l adial)atic expan- 
 sion of f'ases ; its object was to show how certain important 
 laws of the expansion of (rases, extensively emj)loyed in tiie 
 .stu<iy of heat engines, an<l usually demonstrated hy the 
 tlid of tiie calculus, may he demonstrated Ity the use of 
 elementary mathematical methods. The demonstration of 
 these laws was thus brought within the comprehension of 
 enii-ineers who had not ha<l the advantage of extensive 
 mathematical training. 
 
 At the December meeting, Dr. Somers called attention to 
 the native forms of juniper, giving details of his observation 
 
 1 
 
Nova ^itillAN INsrmiK nl' S( IKNTK. 8 
 
 (A' tlir variatiiiiis in li!il)it (tf tlifsr pluiit'^, iiml cxliiMtin;; 
 liviiin; sprcimi'iis sliowiiii,' nion- j)ai-ticuliii'!y tli*' u|iri;.'lit 
 arlioroct'iit or tr.'f-t'nriiis oF .luiii|M'i'iis ('ommuiiis. a spt-ciis 
 nliicli, lM»tli in Kur«)|M' ami Aincrii'.i, ('<»Mniioiily appears nn 
 liait' hills an<l sainl-flnin's as a tlcpivssi'd lnjsli witluajt any 
 cifct main stt'in. Iff also cxliihited a stutl'tMl spccinH-n of 
 Lmius liorcalis, and read notes on its laitcluT-liird liHl»its, 
 distribution, and local occiirrcnef. liotli <»!' these siihjects 
 C'li('iie<l int'orniation fi'oiii UHMuhei-s of ohseiva'ions they had 
 niaile. The flisciission that ensue 1 in ret;ard to the juniper- 
 forms led to expression of the \ie\v that depressed and hush 
 forms (»f ('onifer.-e are to he re<Mi'ded in ''eneral. not as 
 incipient trees in process of development or e\(dution, hut 
 rather as dei^r,.n,.i-;ite oi- dwarfed forms of sjieeies that now 
 exist, or lia\'e formei'ly existe(l, normally as trees. We do 
 nit now huve the pl-oju-r forest-tl"ee-foi'in of .lunipeiMls 
 communis anvwhei-e. hut our native vew hush, 'i'axus ('ana- 
 densis, wliile it <iccurs nowhere on f/ii-^ continent as a tree, 
 is lielieved li\' manv hotanists to he consi)ecitic with the 
 Eni^dish yew, the trunk of which attains i^reat si/e as well as 
 anti(|uity : it is the trei; that furnished wood for liows to the 
 En<,dish howmen. Mr. (iuildford K. .".larshall, Principal of 
 Kichmond School, <,fave an account of the ohservation of 
 earthworms on roofs, etc, as if they had talleii in a shower: 
 the facts narrated sui,'^f<'st«Ml se\eral |)ossihle explanatioiis of 
 tjie plienoineiion, in connection with which details of the 
 liahits of these fannliai- liut despised creatui-es wei-e hrou^dit 
 forward hy memhi'rs. At the same meetint:, the President 
 offered i-emarks on souic features of the Kentucky Flora, 
 pointiufjf out the prominent ditiereiices in the ve<f .tation of 
 the Kentucky plains or low-lands from that of Nova Scotia, 
 while the hill or mountain [ilants were, in certain cases, 
 identical with oui' s])ecies, or jiresented iM|aivalent torni'^. 
 These remarks were founded on, and illustrated liy, sped- 
 
na>ii»KNTs AithUMs i'< I in: 
 
 iiH'iis (•••llcctctl duriii;,' till' scusnii l>y Mr. Kiiiriit'V, of the 
 liiitaiiical l)('|»artiufiit ••1" ( "oliiinliiu < 'ollc^/f, New ^^»l■k, wlu^ro 
 iiiUfli inxid liotimiciil vvnrk is !<ciii<r duiu'. 
 
 At tli(! .Iiuumry iin'rtiii;j ( 1h;>4), |)r. (iilitin, Deputy Coin- 
 missiohcr ot" N'iiifs, i,'av<' ii «,'»'< tloj^doil (IcsciMptiou of tlic 
 Nictaus ir«»ii-on'-tit'M. wliicli lias (-f late yciiis a('(|uirtMl 
 iii('i'<'as»'il ('('((iioiiiic iiiijiortanct'. TIh- reading' of tins paper 
 led to ait iiitfi-cstiii;,' discussion (ni the (.O'licral ^folo^^dcal 
 features of tlif disti-ict. wlucli was familiar to Di*. A. P. Heid 
 ajid other iiiendters present. Mr. Doaiie, our City Kii^diieer, 
 ^ave an acciamt of tlie operation of tlie "Kennedy 
 h^orajter." s()-c'alle<l, and an explanation of the cause of a 
 recent faihu'e in its woikin;,' when introduced into the city 
 watei' ])ipes. The intei'est in^' histoiy (if this invention for 
 automatically freeinir watei-jiijies from rust-incrustation was 
 detailed, the apjiai-atus shown, its mode of worUinj^' descrihed, 
 and its u>e in our city wat'r works fully exj)lained. 
 
 The Fel»ruary meetine^ was occup'i 'd with Icttanical 
 suhjects. Notes were <,dven on the l»otanical and commercial 
 historv of Nova Scotian foxherries. an export trade in which 
 has Keen developed to a surprisinrj extent within the last few 
 years, especially in ( Juysliorouefh County. Mr. (J. H. Cox, R A , 
 communicated a list of plants collected in an<l ai-<auid the 
 Town of Shellairne, on the Atlantic Coast of our Pi'ovince, 
 in the years from iMfM) to ] SOJi. The Institute had previously 
 piven sjiace in its Transactions (vol. vi , ]ip. 20{)-80(), and 
 pp. 2(S:i-2So) to two similar lists of the native plants of Ti'uro, 
 ill Colchester County, liy Dr. (!e()i-i,^' (1. Camjilndl, which are 
 supplementecl this year hy a list of additiojial sjx'cies 
 collected in that locality liy Mr. Percy J. Smith. Such 
 lists as these, when prepared with cire. form valuahle 
 material for the ])i-epaiation of local floras, as well as for 
 Provincial or more (jfeneral works, and the opportunity should 
 not he lost to call attention to the substantial service that uiay 
 
N(i\.\ xollAN INSTITITK nl sriKXCK. 7 
 
 Im' n-ndcn-d to liotutiical sciffipc liy the pi'cpiiriitioii of stioh 
 li>its tor lociilitirs tliroui'liout tlif I'lviviiicc liv tliosi- who 
 liav('(»|»j»orttniiti<'s, Ky rcsidfru'*' or otln'iNvisf, for local oliscrva- 
 tioii !IU<1 collci'tioii. 
 
 Tlif March iii('('tin<,' was takt'ii U)» with astroiioinical, 
 •'K'Ctrical and chemical snliji-cts. Mr. Caiimron, Principal of 
 Yaniiouth Academy, whose }ia|)er.s on astronomical oltserva- 
 \ation, puMished in the periodical jjress at diH'ei-ent times, have 
 so <,'rcatly interested the jrenoral pnltlic, <;ave us his notes of 
 ohservations on Ncjuis. These not<;s may Ik; rej^arded as a 
 sequel to his previous paj)ers on that planet, of which he has 
 for some yeai's maiie a special study, with re^'ai'd i.i ve 
 particularly to her visihility from the earth umlev r.he 
 chanifinji conditions of elonuatioji fi-om the sun, ' • iliancs', 
 position, and stnf" f our atmospliei-e. It seems desii-aMi-, 
 therefore, ♦^'» advei't l»riet1v to the ifeneral r"sults reacln(l liv 
 theauth(»r in each of his two ])revious papcM's. 
 
 In the first volume of the second series of our Transac- 
 tions, Session lSf)2-0;i (pp. 14S-1 ')()), Mr. Cameron dealt with 
 the en(|uiry : On how many (astronomical) days in the yi'ar 
 may Venus he seen witii the naked eye :* The answer to this 
 (piestion involved adiscussion of the motion and chani^'es of 
 the planet an<l of the {Geometrical conditions upon which her 
 hrilliancy depen<ls. Hy constant watchfulness he succeeded 
 in recordini; a valual)le series <»f ohservations at Yarmouth, 
 while notes of others made at Merseilles were ol>tained fi'om 
 M. Brurjuiere, wdio Jwul heen euirafjed on the verv same work 
 for several years l>efoi'e. Duriiifif iSiM), when Venus het^an 
 her season as eveniiif,' star with tlie superior conjunction of 
 February l.'ith, and ended with the inferior conjunction of 
 Decomher 4th (a period of 2f)0 <lays), Mr. Cameron saw her 
 witli the naked eye as I'arly as March KJth, and Mr. 
 Brufjuien* as late as Xoveinlier 2!)th, so that she was visihle 
 to the naked eye that season on 2')9 days out of tlie total 
 
THESIDEXT's ADIIRKSS 10 THE 
 
 2n0. In his socorxl paper (Tniiis. Tnst., sor. 2, vol. i, pp. 
 34r>-;^'3S), (»ur author (h)alt with the visibility of the planet 
 in <h(i/li(i/if to the naked e^'e and \v:ih aid of the opera-f^jlass, 
 and ert'ectually disjielled the connnon notion that Venus could 
 be seen with the naked eye in daylif,diton very rare occasions 
 only. From the lon^ course of patient, I nii^dit say 
 persistent, observations made, Mr. C-ameron was enabled to 
 determine that on the averaw, out of every 100 days tht-re 
 are S4 on which any star-rrazer with a fairl^'good eye can see 
 Venus in daylight, if the weather permits and if he knows 
 where to look for her. The paper of the past session brings 
 the brifjht planet before ns in another role, its object beini; to 
 detail observations of her performance of the two characters 
 of evcuivf/ and morn in;/ star "at the same time," and to 
 explain the conditions winch briiiij about this phenomenon. 
 The paper will be found in crtcn^io in the forthcominof part 
 of Transactions, now passing throu^di the press. One feature 
 of tliese papers ouyht n(it to be omitted : they consist not 
 of mere observations and results (althou^'h it will be seen 
 that these are of ^veat interest), but give details explaining 
 clearly the tacts necessary to be known l)y tliose who, without 
 having the advantage of previous training in systematic 
 observation, may wish to observe for themselves the phenomena 
 so well described ; these papers will thus serve as a guide to 
 young observers, and ma}' help to correct the fault which 
 their author finds with the general ]niblic, who, nowadays, he 
 thinks, are not nmcli given to looking heavenward either by 
 night or by day. We wait with expectancy for the next 
 secret which Mr. Cameron is going to wrest from the fair star 
 of his ati'ection. 
 
 At the same meeting, Mr. F. J. A. MeKittrick, ll Sc, 
 connnunicated a paj^er oti the measurement of i'<»sistance of 
 electrol^'tes ; it consisted chieHy of a report of research 
 
NOVA SOOTIAN INSTITUI'K OF SriEXCE. 9 
 
 work dono in the Ph^'sical Ijiibor.-itory of ]){i!h(>usio College 
 iindrr I'rof. M.-icCSrc^'or, and may l»c ro(,MrdLHl as an oarnc^fc 
 of still niorc important woi'k that is expected from Mr. 
 McKitti-iek in the futnre, for he was this year nominated hy 
 the Univei-sity Senate, and accej)ted hy Her Majesty's C'om- 
 nussi(jners of the Lon(h)n K.\l)ihition of IS51 as i-ec'i}>ient of 
 one of theii- Science Scholarships. 'I'his scliohirship, of the 
 annual value of one hundi'cd and tift\' pounds .sterling", is 
 tenahle for two years on the condition that,<lurin<f his tenure, 
 the liohh'-,- shall <ievote himself wliolly to study and researdi, 
 more especially in some hranch of science, such as pliysics, 
 meclianics or clienustry, the extension of which is especially 
 important to our national industries. The Senate's nonnna- 
 tion to the Royal ('omnnssionei's was accomj^anied hy a copy 
 of Ml-. McKittrick's paj)ei- from the Institute Ti-ansactions to 
 sliow the author's cajiacity for resc'arch woi'k. 
 
 Mr. ]). M. J^)liss, electrician, Andierst, in a ])aper titled, 
 " The coming developnuMit of ai-tiHcial illunnnation," set fortli 
 a number of interesting' facts and problems that are nt)w 
 enjjfagini,' the attention of electrical eni^dneei's, and that are 
 not only of scientific interest, but also prospective!}' of 
 economic importance to civilized connnuiuties. 
 
 Ml". John Forbes, whose mechanical iuNcntions in coiuiec- 
 tion with iron manufactures \\ayv broui^ht fame to oui- city, 
 pu'esented us with a review of some nKMlrrn methods in 
 manufacturin;^', with su_i,''^esteil analoi,nes fi-om a study of the 
 evolution and nature of some of the processes eniployed. 
 The reading of this papt'i' KmI to an inti'i-estinif discussion on 
 the processes of UKUiuiacture of the diirei-ent kinds and 
 (pialities of iron and steel, th ' obst'r\ations of the speakers 
 beinir wdl illustrated by a scries of samples exhibited by 
 Ml'. Forbes, which, showed the several progressive steps in the 
 processes of manufticturc. 
 
10 
 
 niKSIDKNTS ADDUKSS TO Till': 
 
 Our April mectii*,' wns licld in the (Jlnircli of En_<,'l!Ui«l 
 Institute l)uil<lin<x ; the attendjince was unusually larf^'o, both 
 of ladies and ^'entlcmen, notwithstanding' the disaf,M-oeahle 
 weather. The eveninfif was entirely devoted to a paper by 
 Dr. D. A. Cani])l)ell, titled "(Jcnerai considerations concerning 
 Bacteria, with notes on the hacteriolo^deal analysis of water." 
 ])r. Caniphell had studied llacterioloi^'v at Johns-Hopkins 
 University, where unusually ample facilities are offered, and 
 he has continued the investigation since his return to Halifax. 
 In this paper he rrave a cleai* exposition of the most important 
 results t>f bacteriological encpiiry up to tlui present time. 
 He describe*] the piincipal forms of bacteria, with respect to 
 their cliaracteristic features in f(;rm and si/e, the changes 
 wdiich they un<lerg o, the ])arts they play in the economy of 
 nature, as in putrefactive processes, in converting organic 
 substances into suitable compounds for plant food, and in 
 their relation to such diseases as anthrax in the lower 
 animals, and di|)htheria and cholera in the human race. 
 The author ih.'scribed the general methods of bactei'iolo^ical 
 work, the modifying modes of culture by wluch vaccines arc 
 produced, and showed the several forms of apparatus and 
 appliances used. The whole subject was a(hnirably illustrated 
 b}^ preparati()ns and live cultures shown under excellent 
 microscopes. The water su})plied to the City of Halifax had 
 been examined, and was found to be remarkably free from 
 deleterious bacteria ; the author, howevei-, otlt'red suggestions 
 as to kee])ing the lakes clear of decaying vegetable matter 
 that might nt any time menace the health of the city. The 
 animated discussion that followed was a feature of the 
 mettintf. Dr. A II. .Maekay, who had also studied the subject, 
 showed by calculation the ja'odigious rate at which bacteria 
 multiply, and enfoicetl upon the audience the object lesson of 
 necessity for scruj)ulous cleanliness in the kitchen which 
 the fleeting life-histories of tlu; bacteria taught us. Dr. 
 
NOVA SruTIAN INSTITUTK Ol" SCIKXL'E. 
 
 11 
 
 Somors exprcssod his l)eliot' tliat the invostif^ation f»t' bacterial 
 pliononiona was oF scicntifie interest, l»ut he couhl not a<huit 
 tliat tlie ^erni tliecjry of iliscasc had heen establislied. Dr- 
 A. P. Reid, on the other han<l, rer,'arded hacteriolo^'y as of 
 vital importance to the medical profession, and to the people, 
 and congratulated the Institute on heinfj the means of pre- 
 sentinri^ to the connnunity an <>x[)()sition and illustration of 
 this subject that ever}' one could aj>pi-eciate : to-nii(ht, he said, 
 for the first time in the history of medical science in Hali- 
 fax, the livinf,' and moving bacillus of cholera iiad been 
 shown. 
 
 The Mfiy meeting, being the last of the session, was 
 overcrowded with papt'rs : eigiit were brought forward, 
 several having lain over from previous meetings. Some had 
 to be rea<l by title only. The first was a notice of a new test 
 for Antipyrine, by the President, Antipyrine is the thera- 
 peutical name and that commonly used, for the chemical 
 compound properly called oxy-jihen^d-dimethylpyrazole, or 
 phenyl-dimethyl-pyrazolon : it belongs to the great class of 
 aromatic compounds, of which Benzene CPfg is the type : 
 but it difiers from the benzene derivatives in containing a 
 pentagonal in place of a hexagonal nucleus. The chemical 
 constitution of the comp^)und was explained by means of 
 diagrams of the graphic formula' of related compounds, and 
 the several kno'.vn tests were shown. The sj)ecial test referred 
 to for detecting, or confirming the detection, of this compound, 
 is the re-action obtained by prolonged boiling with strong 
 nitric acid, a brilliant solution somewhat like that of i-oseine, 
 but with a purplish tinge, being produced. 
 
 ])r. Mackay, the Supei'intendent of ['education, presented 
 a valuable suunnary of c»liservations foi' the season (jf 1893, 
 of the dates of tlowering of [)lants, and of the apj)earing 
 of migratory birds. Dr. Somers exhil»ited and described a 
 
12 
 
 I•|{l■:Slf>l•;NT^^ ADDIlK-sS lo IIIIC 
 
 spont^e obtained by Mr. An<li-o\v Sullivan, one of our fisher- 
 men, at the nei^'libourinf^ fisliiiiif villa<.,n; of Herring Cove; 
 it has not yet been identified wifli any descrilied s[»ecies. 
 Mr. H. Piers I'avM valuable notes on Nova Scotian zot)lo<;v. 
 Dr. Henry Ami, of the Dominion (Jeological Survey, con- 
 tributed an account of a collection of silurian fossils from 
 Cape George, Antigonish County, with descriptions of three 
 new species. J)r. R. V. Wells gave notes on sedimentary 
 formations on the I>av of Futidv coast. Mr. \V. H. Prest's 
 observations on deep mining in Xova Scotia concludes our 
 catalogue of papers read during the Session of lS9Ii-94. 
 
 At the thirteenth meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, 
 held in May, 1894. the Institute was represented by our Vice- 
 President, Dr. A. H. Mackay, who presented a i-eport of our 
 operations during the year : this has been printed in the 
 Royal Society's Minutes of I'roceedings for l8!i-i, i)p. XXVll- 
 XXVIII. 
 
 Having thus briefly dealt with the work of the session 
 just close<l, I m;iy be pei'mitted as an old nu nibiM" to extend 
 my remarks to the circumstances uiuler which the Institute 
 ori'dnated more than thirtx^ xcai's ai-'o, althou<;h the time now 
 avuilable will not admit of more than a, uwrc glance at 
 its early history and progress. 
 
 This Institute was originally organized in the winter of 
 lfSG2-G3, the former being the year of the London Interna- 
 tional Exhibition. Loni; before that time the Mechanic's Insti- 
 tute formed a centre of scientific and literary life in the City 
 of Halifax, but it had then ceased to exist, leaving its nuiseum 
 as a memento in the old buiklin*' of Dalhousie Collew. About 
 the time when the proposal to hold the London ICxhibition of 
 1802 was announced, it was felt here that it would be of sub- 
 stantial advantage to the Province to make known its resources 
 and products to the world, and this Internationnl Exhibition 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 NOVA SCOTfAN INSTITL'TE Of aClKSf'E. 13 
 
 soeinod to oftbr a fitting' opportunity for doinf,' so. It was 
 Jicconliiif^'ly detennined to colloct and forward a suitable 
 c<jntril)ution of specimens to the exhibition. This was a new 
 kind of Work in Nova Scotia ; the task proved an arduous 
 one, alth()n(,di the froverinnent was liberal in providing the 
 means for obtainin^r what money could purchase, and those 
 who were en^ratred it, carryirifr out the work felt especially 
 the need of scientific help in placincr the products of the 
 country before the nations of Europe, Thus was suf'cested 
 the ^n-eat want of some permanent orifanization to foster the 
 scientiKc spirit in Nova Scotia. A .'Society had been recently 
 formed for the readinnr of literary papers. Some of the more 
 active meml>ers vvei-e now en<'rossed with the arrangements 
 for the Nova Scotian exhibit in Londim, and the literary 
 society readily (rave place to an orf,Mnization of a scientific 
 kind under the name of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural 
 Science. The inau<rural address was deliven^l by Phh-IP 
 Carteuet Hill, ]). C. L., President, who died rather suddenly 
 at Tunbridge Wells in Sejjtend.er last, and to whose memory 
 there is an appreciative notice in the last issued number of 
 the K'mvr's Colleo-e Record. As mayoi- of the city, provincial 
 secretaiy and premier of the Pi-ovince, and in other important 
 positions, he took an active part in civic an<l Provincial atfaiis. 
 He afterwards removed to Entrland, and durinor his residence 
 there had been en(,rai^^e(l in reH(,nous and jdiilanthropic 
 work, occasionally also contributin£( to the literary jour- 
 nals. He is pleasantly remembered by matiy citizens 
 of Halifax as a ^fenial, benevolent, .scholarly. Christian 
 gentleman. 
 
 In his inaugural adi^ress, at the first mcetinrr of the 
 Institute, Dr. Hill pointed out that however great the 
 ardor or untiring the efforts (jf imlividual laborers in 
 science might be, theii- isolated labois would really tend 
 
T^samam^smim 
 
 14 
 
 I'HKSIDKNTS AIiDUESS TO TIIK 
 
 but little to cnlar^'o the boundaries of huiruin knowledfje. 
 Coininunication with each other, every laborer in the field 
 casting' his contribution into a common receptacle, whence 
 all could freely draw, couM alone (five those results of 
 in<lividual effort their hi^diest value. " It is then," he said, 
 " to aid in this important work, and to afford a well con- 
 structed and ori,'anized chainiel for the contributions to the 
 general stock of knowledf^'e of those among ourselves who 
 are interested in the fascinating fields embraced in the term 
 ' natural science,' that ihe Nova Scotian Institute has been 
 established. Should our hopes not be disappointed, we look 
 forward to the time when our ' I'ransactions' shall be 
 exchanged with older and more important institutions, and 
 any new and well authenticated fact, having passed the 
 ordeal of our own local organization, shall be transmitted to 
 the great centres of science, and become the property of the 
 whole world. * * The object of the Institution is to 
 stimulate effort, and to aid and encourage the student l>y 
 giving a recognized position and permanency to the results of 
 his labors. If we succeed, in however limited a me.isure, in 
 effecting this ol)ject, our intention in founding the association 
 will be fulfilled, and our humble effbi-ts for the promotion of 
 science and the elevation of our native land will be 
 abundantly rewarded." The Hon. Dr. Hill could hardly have 
 expected then that these prophetic utterances would have 
 been so fully realized as they W(;re in his own lifetime, for, 
 owing to the strenuous exertions of some of our members, 
 chiefly I believe Dr. MacUregor and Mr. Maynard Bowman, 
 there is now no country under the sun whose scientific 
 societies (where such exist) do not have our Transac- 
 tions on their library shelves as exchanges for their 
 own. (The exchange list presented this evening show.s 
 that our amiual disti'ihution of Transactions to such 
 
NOVA HCOI'IAX INSTITUTK OV SCIKNTK. 
 
 16 
 
 liltnirif's tlirou^'hout tlio world ainounts to upwanls of 
 seven luiiulrcd copies.)* 
 
 Wliile sentimciits sucli as those e.\[)resse(l in Di*. Hill's 
 address wore eiitcrtaiiUMi liy tlie or<^!iiiiziiiLC members who 
 ](K)ked to the Institutt.' they weie creatiiii;' as an association 
 for the promotion of pni't.' science, it was iki douht felt, on the 
 other hand, hy the husiness or nioi'e j)ractical classes of the 
 
 * Sliitcmcnt of till' iiuiiiltci' i)f scientific and othci- institutions, 
 iiicludinijf societies, universities, government scientific oflices, 
 lihrai'ies. etc., to whicli the Ti-ansjut idus of the Nova Scotian 
 Institute of Science are sent, and from whicli exclianj^es liave Iteeii 
 received. This list e\hii)its the extensive dist rihut ion of t]\v 
 volumes, and sliows how lavife an audience may lie jjjained Ity those 
 who conti'ihute scientific ])a[)ers to the Institute's puhlicatioils ; - 
 
 Nr.MiiKii or Institctioxh 
 
 'f'o wliicli 'ri'iuis- From wliidi 
 ml inns iiri; cxcliaiiKi's 
 
 si'iil : ;u'i' rcc'ii ; 
 
 Gi'cat Bi'itaiu 
 
 Fi-ance 
 
 (ieimany 
 
 Itussia 
 
 Aust ria-Huut^aiy 
 
 Norway 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Hel^ium 
 
 Nethei'lands 
 
 Italy 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Servia 
 
 Spain 
 
 I'ort u^al 
 
 ]>emnark 
 
 India 
 
 Cliina 
 
 Malta 
 
 .Mauritius 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 .Japan 
 
 South. Africa 
 
 Austi'alasia 
 
 IJrazil 
 
 Chili 
 
 Arj^eiit ilia 
 
 lir'l ish (iiiiaiia 
 
 Cent ral America 
 
 Mexico 
 
 West Indies 
 
 I'nited Slates 
 
 Newfoundland 
 
 Caiia<la (exclusive of N()\a Scot ia ). . . II ) 
 Nova Scotia -2 j 
 
 Totals 
 
 I2«) 
 
 59 
 
 ()2 
 
 21 
 
 HI 
 
 57 
 
 IS 
 
 11 
 
 2;? 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 J> 
 
 4 
 
 Ht 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1) 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1) 
 
 1) 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 •M 
 
 20 
 
 ;{ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •} 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 !.-)<•. 
 
 •.to 
 
 1 
 
 (1 
 
 (K5 
 
 87 
 
 7(K> 
 
 :«;{ 
 
16 
 
 rUEHIUENT's ADI)IIE:!J« TO THE 
 
 coiinnuiiity, that the want oP honu! iiit'oniiiition in iviranl to 
 our industrial rosourses in f^encnil, and our mines and minerals 
 particularly, was a (,'reat evil, ri'strainin<,' the i)r()<,'ress o\' our 
 industries, — for coal miiun<,' was ,i(oin<,' on apace, iron was 
 bein^r produced at Londonderry, ^r,)Id had been discovered at 
 Tan<4'ier, and was beinn^ jjickud ui) in otlnn- plac(,'s alon^' the 
 Atlantic coast. Such memoirs on thi' new mineral industries 
 as had been pn!|)art'(I, citlun- li^\ native scientists oi- pi-ofes- 
 sional miners, wei-e then necessarily published bt>3-ond the 
 Pi-ovince. Thus, in a paper bv Prof. How of Kinir's Colle<:e, 
 read to the Institute on the 4th April, lN(i4, on iron ores, he 
 remarked : " Many facts have been g'iven in orie^inal paj)er.s 
 by myself and others, published almost exclusively out of 
 the Province, durin*,' the last few yeai's, and are scattered 
 throu^i^di the pa^^es of vai-ious pei-iodicals : * * * ;ind I 
 propose, n(nv that an Institute of Science exists in the 
 Province which has a prosjiect of jiermanence and an 
 established system of publication of its Ti'ansactions, to otler 
 for t]u) consideration of its mend)ers, from time to time, such 
 notes on the nnnerals of Nova Scc-tia as I hope will be 
 acceptable and useful." 
 
 For thirty two years the work of the Institute has rrone 
 steadily on. The monthly meetin<i^s have been re^nilarly 
 held : the chamiel for publication of scientific pajjcrs lias 
 been maintained ; the fasiculus of them tmder title of Ti-ans- 
 actions has been annually issued, and of late years we have 
 been able to illustrate paj)ers more freely, 
 
 Many who took part in the work durin<r the early period 
 of the Institute's histoiy have pa.ssed away : their names will 
 not be forgotten. The papers they have left Itehind in our 
 Transactions will ])e consulted an<l ([uc^ted by the fj^enerations 
 to come of students workiiii^ in the sevei-al departments to 
 which they relate. Others have come in from time to time to 
 
NOVA S(OTIAN INSTITLTK (^F SCIENCE. 
 
 17 
 
 tiil\«' tlio |)l;ic('s (tf tliosc wlio <li'(»pp('(l out of i}\\v ranks yvnv 
 1>\' xviw, jind, \vliil(> we cannot lionst of iinv Lfi'i'fit increase in 
 our hand of laborers, yet tlic Institute remains in an active 
 state, annually turnint; out a certain amount of sultstantial 
 work, and ext-ivi^in;/ we trust, a healthy intelh'ctual influence 
 in the community. The proceed inf,'s at our montlily meetin<,'s 
 may he of limited interest to the f,'eneral puhlic, hut our door 
 is al\va\'s open to any who care to heai* what prof^ress is heintj 
 made in matters of science in whicli our I'l'ovince is interested. 
 We are accumulatin<f hv exchaiu'e a reference hhrai'v that 
 will he of ^reat si.'rvice foi- future woi'k, and we are only 
 waitin<,' for the necessary huildin^' accommodation to assist in 
 tilling' »ip the collections of our Pi-ovincial Mtiscum, so as to 
 make them an ade(|uat(! i-eprescntation of the natural wealth 
 of the Province, and afford to our own people and to visitors 
 from abroad a view of our mineral, a<^fricuitural, foi-est, 
 fishcries,shi])]Mniij and manufacturinn- industries connnensurate 
 in some measure with their <frowinfj importance. 
 
 In conclusion, I W')ul<l like to call attention in a prominent 
 manner to the fact that we are no loiifrcr limited to the 
 domain of imtural science. With an ahhi-eviation of name 
 made some years aoo to that of the Institute of Science 
 we extended our ran^e so as to emhrace all <le])artments. 
 Our membershi]) has not in consequence increased in the 
 proportion that nii<,dit have been expected. Almost every 
 kind of industi'ial work nowadays, except mei-e maiuial 
 lal)or, requires, on the part of the worker, some ao(|uaintance 
 with scientific facts and principles, and, in certain cases, 
 rcfjular scientific trainiuff. With our advanced civilization 
 and industrial development, surely there must bo more 
 persons in this Pi'ovince devotinfi^ some portion of their time 
 to scientific work than those whose names ai'o inscrilied on 
 the nuMnbersliip roll of the Institute of Science. To all such 
 we extend a heai'ty invitation to come and join us I 
 
NOVA SCOTIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE. 
 
 PATRON HIS HONOR MALACHY BOWES DALY, LIEUT.-GOVERNOR. 
 
 OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1894-5. 
 
 I'rc.^idviit (Jl<;(»Ii(JK h.WVSOX. I>ii. I).. LL. I).. K. |{. S. ('. 
 
 1st rirrrnsiilriif VLKXANDIOIf MacKA Y. 
 
 ;.'/!'/ Mn-Pirsiihut KDWIN (ilUMX, A. M., \.\,. I).. K (S. S.. V\ It. !^. C 
 
 Tirdsinrr WILLIAM A. SI LVLlt. 
 
 Corri:ij)oiiili)i!/ Srrniin'!/ lAMKS (i()I!l)(>\ MA((i!tK(i()lt. M. A.. It. .Sc., 
 
 K. 1!. .SS.. !■:. &. C. 
 
 livronUivj Scnrfiirii HAItl! Y I'IKItS. 
 
 Lihrariiin M A YNA KD H( »\V."\I A\. 
 
 JIAIiTIX MIIMMIY. I>. Sc.C. K. 
 
 A. H. MacIvAY. H. a., H. .Si., LL. I>.. 
 
 K. I«. S. V. 
 .lOHX SOMKKS. :m. |». 
 K. \V. \V. DOAXK, C. !<;. 
 
 ALKXAXDKi; I'. KKIi), M.D. C. y\. 
 L. It. C. S. K., L. ('. I'. & S. I'A. 
 
 WILLIAM McKKItUOX. 
 W. A. HI.SIIOI'. 
 
 Thk Institute of Science meets, iliwinjjr the Winter Session, on 
 th(> second Monday of evei-y month, at 8 l'. .M.. for the reading of 
 Scientific Paju'rs. To these meetintifs the jiuhlic Kre invited. Those 
 desirous of heconiinjjf mendx'i's, or of conimunicatinfj; Papei's oi- 
 notices of scientific discovei'ies. may adih-i'ss the ("ori-espondin^ 
 Seci'etarv, Pkok. MAcfrHKCioH, Ditlhininle Un'irvrs'itji. Hdlifa.r, \. S. 
 
OK TIIK 
 
 Nova $cotian Ixstitl'TE ok .'^(^exce, 
 
 NA.MK ASK OM.IKCT. 
 
 1. Thf name of tlir Society sli.ill he " Thf Nova Scot iaii liistituli' 
 of Scieiirc." 
 
 2. The object of the Institute shall he the nromotion of scientific 
 jcsfarcli. 
 
 .MKMUKUSlIIf. 
 
 'A. The liiMtiliil(> sliall consist of Ordinarv, Associate and Coitcs- 
 ])on<lin^ Menihci's. 
 
 4. All j)ersons. whatever niav i»e their place of icsiih-nce. shall 
 he eliKilile for Ofdinaiy nieinheiship. 
 
 .'). All persons who I'eside at a distance of more t han ten miles 
 ti'oni the City of Halifax shall l)e eli^'ihle for Associate nienihershii». 
 No p»Tsons who reside within that linut shall he Associate .Members. 
 
 (i. All persons who reside outside of Nova Scotia shall l)e eligible 
 '•»'■ <''""''*'^P >"<l'iiK nionbership. No persons i-esident in Nova Scotia 
 shall lie (•orresi)ondinK Membei's. except bv special permission of 
 the Council. 
 
 AD^riSSKtN OK MKMliKHS. 
 
 7. lOvei-y candidate for admission as a nienibei- sliall be pi-ni)osed 
 and reconmiended l)y twooi' more nii'mi)ers. who shall, at an oi-di- 
 nary meeting' of the fristitute, cause to bedelivei-ed to the RecordiuK 
 Seci't'tary a paper signed by themselves, specifvinj,' the full name 
 and the usual ])laceof i-esidem-e of such candidati". Candidati's thus 
 l)ropos.'d shall be balloted foi- at the next meet iiijLr of the Council. 
 
 5. Kvery i)erson chosen as a member shall have inunodiate 
 notice of his election ^iveii liim by the ( oi'res])ondinK Secretarv, 
 wh(> shall also send him a copy of these Iviws. 
 
 0. No member elect shall enjoy the privilege's of membership 
 until he shall have paid liis first annual subsci-iption, excei)t bv 
 special permission of Council. 
 
 I'IMNII.KC.IOS (»K MKMHEH.S. 
 
 H). An oi'dinai-ymembei- sliall liave the followin<» jii'Ivilef^es, viz.: 
 (1) that of reailin^ scientific i>apei's at the ordinary meeting's of tlie 
 In;4itute, (subject to the rcirulations of jii .Vi-.")!); (2)'th-it of sjieakinj^ 
 and voting on all mutters that mav bi* liroui^'lit foi' decisio,i tx-fore 
 all meet iiijj^s of the Institute; (:]) tliat of iM-aring anv otlice in the 
 Institute to which he may be elected; [l] tliat of rereivinj;, i,n'atis. 
 (subject to the i-e<j:ulatioii of ?; IS) a copy of such parts of the 
 Institute's Ti-ansact ions as may b,- publishetl subsequentlv to liis 
 admission ; anil (."))that of using the Institute's Library and .Museum. 
 
 11. Associate and C<ti-respondin<,' Meinbersshall have tlie follow- 
 ing i)T-ivileges. viz.: (1) that of reading and discussing scientific 
 papers at the oi-dinary meetings of the Institute) subject to tlie 
 
20 
 
 I.AW> i>l' TIIK 
 
 rcprnliiHoii (if Jif! ."2-.'>|) : (2i llinl of I'eci'iviii^; ^rrdli-. (siihjfcl fn llio 
 ir^ill.il ion ul' >! |S|. oiif coiiy imi|i o| siicli pirts of til" I list it ill i'"s 
 'riiiiixicl ioii> .1^ iiiJiy ill' itiiMii-lifil Mil»-.f(|ii('iil In to i Inii' at I mission ; 
 iiikI i:<) tliiit of iHiiifTllic lii>t it iiti-'s |,!lir.ii-y ami .Miisriini. 
 
 I'AVMIvVrs MY .Mi;.MIU<;|{S. 
 
 12, Kvcry Ortliiiai'y .Mi'iiiln'i' sliall p ly to t lir Kccoidinj; Si-ci-t't ar-y 
 fit lii'i- an annual siilisciijii ion of Two I ) ill at-., tn' one fee ol 'I' wen I y 
 Dollars in lit-u of all siuli annual siiliM-ript i<ins. 
 
 |:{. i'lvcry Associate M'-niln-f shall pay to tin- M'-conlin;; Sccrc- 
 taiv ('it lifi' an annn il ^iili-iript ion of Oni- I )iillai'. or one fee of Tt-n 
 l)ollars, in lit-ii of all >u(li annual siiliscript ions. 
 
 n. An Associ.itc .Mcinlii'r may at any tinif* liccoiiir an Oiilinary 
 .McnilH'r liy nndfrl.ikin^; to |»a>- tin- fcrs of an Ordinary .Mfiiiln'r, 
 and, in tlict'vcnt of liis lia\in^r paid tiK'lifc composition fee of an 
 Associ.itc Mcinlici', tlic |i.i\iiicnt of an additional fee of Ten Dollai-.s 
 shall exempt him from the piymenl of annual siiltscript ions. 
 
 1."), ( dvre^jiondinj,' Memlieis sh.ill not he re(|iiired to pay fees, 
 
 Ki. The annual suiKcriiit ions sli.ill he payahle in advanci , and 
 shall hi' dii' a« the date of the Annual Musiness .Meet in^, 
 
 17, .Memh 'I's who fail to pay t heir aiinual suli-icript ions foi' two 
 successive years, due a;iplic it io;i hiviiiij^ h 'en mide to t Iviii hy t he 
 H'cordiiii; S 'cr.'lary. shall h- rejimted to the Council, and. if the 
 Coimcil see III, they shall h' declared fi'om that period to he no 
 lon^rer memliers. Such nieinliers shall not he elii^ilile foi' re-election 
 whilst arre.irs due at t he t iiiie of t heir removal remain uni»aid, 
 
 IS, .\o memher who is in arrt-ars in t he payment of his aiinuiil 
 siihscript ion shall receive t he Traiis.ict ions j^rat is. 
 
 I'A'imiN. 
 
 10. Tlis Honor the l.ieulenant-( Jovei'iior of ( he I'l-ovince of Xovii 
 Scotia, for the time lieinir. sh.ill lie r'eiiuested to hcconie the Patron 
 of the Institute. 
 
 <tl-I-l< KKS AM) CotNCII,. 
 
 20, 'I'he odiceis of the [nstitute shall he .i I'lesident . two \'ice- 
 I'lcsideiils. a 'I'reasiirer. a ( "orrespondin^ Secretary, a Hecoi'ding 
 Seci'etary. and a Curatoi' of the Mn.-^eimi and Lihraiy, 
 
 21, The alVairs of the Inst it iite shall he managed hy a Council 
 composed of (he otTicers of the Institute, together with seven mem- 
 liers without ofTlhc, 
 
 22, The otticers and otliei' mcinhcrs of Council shall he elected 
 aiuiually, at the Annu.il fiusiness Meeting?, The election shall he 
 hy hallot. unless the meetiii}^ hy a iinaiiimous vote choose some 
 other mode, 
 
 2'{, A retiriiifj: menihei' of Council shall he re-eli^ihlc ; hut no 
 menilier shall hold the office of President for more thiin three 
 years in succession, 
 
 21. Any casual v.icancy occuriinjj; in the Council may he filled 
 up hy the Council. 
 
 2.">, The duties of the officers and othei' memhers of Council shall 
 terminate at the con(!u-;ion of the Annual Husiness Meetiuf^. 
 
 in rii;s Ol- Till-: (H-j-kkhs and corNcii,. 
 A. I'lic /'nsli/fiifs and I'iti-I'ritiulrnts, 
 
 2<i. The President shall act as Chairmin at all meetinpc-i <>f the 
 Inst it lite or of the Council at which he may he present, and shall 
 discharj^c such ot her dut ies as ai-e laid upon him hy these I^aws. 
 
NfiVA SMiiiAN iN-iTiTii|.: oi' m'ii:n(i:. 21 
 
 21. Ill llic iil.x'Mrr (,f tllM I'r.-i.I.'lll. nli.i.f llir \' ici'-|»r(.^i(|fllt s 
 
 shall »li-(liiu>;', til,, tiiinlinti'' nt the I'l.'^id. m 
 
 IN It' III .my iiiri'tint,' of ilic lii^litiiti' i.r Cuimrii. iicillifr tin- 
 
 I li«,i.|,.|lf IMii'citlifl' (.1 111.- \'ir.-|'iv-;i.|fllt.s III- pivsfiit. soill.' ollirr 
 oiMlllill'V lllriiil.rr Ol.lii I !.M't..,| cliiiiniiJlll I'ul' t i •rasii.ii. 
 
 -:'• Th.' ri.siilriii. -Ii;ill. if hr M-.-s lii. d.'livfi' Ml llir Aiimial 
 IliiMii.-ss MctiiiK' an a.l(l?v,> h.tjir In-*! if iili-. iwii-wiiiu' tli'- |>iiiKi'«'ss 
 «•! till- liisiihit.' .lining' ih.^ \rar. Kiviiin' a short sk.-tcli nf lii.' life ami 
 scH'iitilic work nt iiiciiiltfis (IcfastMl <liifiiiLC tin- vtar. and I real iiiK 
 siifh nlli.T l(.|.irs a> 111- may ilrciii <'()iMliiciv.. to ih,. wclt'aiv of liic 
 
 IllNtlllllfainl lu tilt' liloiunlioii of il- ()lijfct>. It' thr I 'iv, ill. -Ill ilo 
 
 iH.l .Ifsiiv I,, di'lis.'f Mirli an a(l.ltv». thr ( 'orr.v-.p.ai.liii-,' Si.civiarv 
 sliall luvscnt a ivii.ni I.. I li.' Insi it i i th,. ^ Mil, j,.,. is. 
 
 />'. 'J'/ir 'I'ridaii I'l'r 
 
 ■ !<». 111.. hva-<iiii'f shall k.'.p a i>n.!iiT a.'i-.iiini ..I' t he iii.'t.iiii' and 
 (•x|..-ii.liliii<. .,!' the ln>lilut.'. II,. shall siil.iiiit his a.-coiinls with 
 
 Maichcrs l.tr payin.-nls made l,y him. t,> 1„. audit. 'd •.• in ..acli 
 
 yrar, and shall prodnc,. t h.' acniiint h.h.ks piDp.-i l\' p.i-,!..,! up. wh.'ii 
 r.'ijuiivd hy 111.. C.un.'il. ||,. shall piv-,.-nl I.. Ih".- Instiinl.- at th.- 
 Aiimial nii^^inc-<.-, .Merlin.' i Italan.' • sIhtI ;ind irp.trl si^Mi.'.l hv two 
 aiidil.ii's. 'I'll.' au.lil.irs ii.iv li.- ..iccti.,! .n .uiv 'iim- n't' the 
 
 I lis) It lit I. ■ 
 
 • ^1 I 1 1 1 I 1 i 
 
 'M. \o sum of niDiii'y. anidun 
 
 :ill III. ii'iM i.v-i.,.i>t I.. ,1 1' >i. 
 
 OI. •><> sum OI nioiii'y. am.iuntin;,' to live dullais of iipwaids. 
 sliall Ih' jKiid i-x<M-|)t l.y oi'd.T ,it' th,. Council, sii^n.-d l.v l!i,. !'r,.sid,.iif 
 Of \ ic.'-l'fcsid..nt in Ih.' Chaif. .and f,'i,rist,.i.,.d l»v ihi'- Si-c.vlafv. 
 
 h.--li)c Council. 
 
 :i"). The Couiicil shall, suhjccl |o the f('H:ulati<)ns fof the tiini' 
 bemK (»f the Institute, hav." th.- sole coiitfol and m.ina},n'iinMit of tho 
 income, i)r()p('fty, and alfaiis .if the Institute. 
 
 3(5. The Coimcil sh.iU meet, at least om-e a month diifini;- the 
 session of the Institute, ten days before the dav of the oidinaiv 
 meeting of the Institute. 
 
22 
 
 I,A\VS OF THE 
 
 '.VJ. Special nu'ctin^s of tlu' Coinicil shall be held at such other 
 times as the President, ot' in his altsence one of the Vice-Presidetits, 
 may appoint, notice of such meetings havinjjf been previously sent 
 to every njemhei- of Council. 
 
 :iS. The President, oi- in his absence one of the Vice-Presidents, 
 shall sunnnon a special meeting of Council at any time, upon a 
 r«'(piisition to that effect from five members of Council, who in the 
 event of his failure to do so within one week, shall have the right to 
 sunnnon such meeting tluMuselvt's. 
 
 ;fl). At meetings of the Council tnree membiM's shall form a 
 (juorutn. and in the case of an eiiuality of vott's the Chairman shall 
 have a second or i-asting vote. 
 
 MKKTINCiS OK THE INSTrrfTK. 
 
 4(1. Tlie meetings of tlie Institute shall be of three kinds, viz.: 
 
 (A.) Business Meetings, including Aiunial and Special 
 Business Meetings. 
 
 (B.) Ordinary Meetings. 
 
 (C.) Field Meetings. 
 
 A.—Ih(sinrss Meetings. 
 
 41. The Annual Business Meeting shall b- held on the second 
 Wednesday of October at S o'clock, I'. M. 
 
 42. The oT'der of business at the Antuial Meeting shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 (1.) Contii-mation of Mitmtes of last Business Meeting. 
 
 (2.) Presidi'ut's Addi'css or Secietary's He[)ort, and business 
 arising therefi-om, 
 
 (8.) Treasm-er's Kepoi't. and business arising therefi'om. 
 
 (4.) Ciu'ator's Repoil, and busintv-is arising therefi'om. 
 
 (ij. ) Other Business. 
 
 (($.) Election of Otticers. 
 
 (7.) EU'cCion of othei- members of Council. 
 
 4;^. A Special Business Meeting may be cojivened by the 
 President or Council whenever he or they may think fit. 
 
 1-1. The Pri'sid(>nt shall. u])()n receiving a recpiisition signed by 
 not less than sevi'U ordinary membeis. convene a special meeting 
 of the Institute within fourteen days from the i-»'ceipt of the 
 recpiisition. Such re([uisitioii must state the obj(>ct for which the 
 meeting is desired. If tlu' i^resident should fail to i-onvene such 
 meeting within the time sju'cilied above, the said seven ordinary 
 memi)ers of the Institute shall have the right to convene a special 
 meeting themselves. 
 
 4"). The order- of business at Si)ecial Tiusiness Meeting sliall be 
 as follows : 
 
 (1.) Confii'iuation of miimtes (tf last Business Meeting. 
 (2.) S]»ecial Business. 
 
 4(1. At least seven days notice of any Business Meeting, sjieci- 
 fying the i)lace, the day and the hour' of meeting, and in tin* case 
 of sju'cial business, the general nature of such business, shall be 
 given by cii'cular- to every or-dinai-y member- r-esider\t in Nova .Scotia. 
 
 47. At ever-y Business Meeting seven or-diriary member-s shall 
 for-m a quorum^ if at any such meeting a (piorum be not pi-esent 
 
SUVA ^^(•OTIA^ JNSTITLTE OF .SClENf'K. 
 
 23 
 
 witliiii lialf an horn- uftcr thr tiiiu- appointt'd for holditiL' the 
 ntt'etin^r. (h,. „H.(.tiii>,' shall hi' th.'tvhv adjourned to a date to he 
 hxed iiy th' Council. 
 
 \H Kvery oi-dinary nieniher shall at a Btisiness Mt-etin^' he 
 entitled to oi)(> vote. In the ease of an eiiualitv of votes the 
 I njiu'uian shall h«' entitled to a second or eastinK\-ote, except in 
 the case ot the election of an officer of the Institute. 
 
 li.—Onlinnrii Mvvtin<js. 
 
 4!>. An Ordinary Meeting of the Institute shall he held on 
 the second Monchiy of each nxtnth during the session of the 
 Institute, <. J'., from the date of the aiuuial lir.siness Meeting 
 to the second Tuesday in May. 
 
 50. The Older of husiness at an Ordinary Meeting shall he as 
 follows : * " 
 
 (1.) ronfirination of the minutes of the last Ordinary Meeting. 
 
 (i.) Aiinouncenient of the election of new nienihers. ' 
 
 (H.) Announcement of donations to the Institute. 
 ,.,.'^-' R«'»<lii'K '>i»l discussion of papers and exhihition of scien- 
 titicspecimens or instruments. 
 
 (o.) Special husiness. 
 
 r>l. At an Ordinary meeting three memhers shall <'onstitute a 
 (pioruni. 
 
 1 /'^' |^\^'*''">' I»'»«<»»i who may desire to hriiig a communication 
 hetore the Instituti' shall give notice thereof in writing to the 
 Kecording Secretary, stating the nature of the communication. 
 In all cases the Council shall decide whether any paper shall or 
 shall not he read. • x i 
 
 5:1 No ])aper which has previously heen r.uhiished shall he 
 permitted to he read hefore the Institute, 
 
 +u '"'^'i ^^" papers or communications which havt' heen read hefore 
 the Institute, and which the Council desire to puhlish in the 
 Iransactions of the yeai-, shall hecome the property of the 
 institute, exce])t in cases in which special arrangements have l)een 
 made with the author. 
 
 ;")"). Special husiness, the discussion of which is likely to re(iuire 
 hut a short time, nay he hroiight hv the Couiicir l)efoie an 
 ordinary meeting. Notice thereof must he given hy i-irc iilar t(» 
 all ordinary memhers who reside in Nova Scotia." During the 
 discussion of s])ecial husiness at least seven ordinary memhers 
 must he present and the i-egulation of ;; IS shall hold. ' 
 
 <\ Fii hi McctuKjs. 
 
 ;■)(). Field ine<'tings or exdusions shall he held at such times 
 and places and under such regulations as the Council mav from 
 time to time determine. 
 
 in lilJCATlONS. 
 
 r>7. The Institute shall from time to time puhlish its transac- 
 tions and proceedings. Fortius purpose the Council shall select 
 from among the papers and reports read, the addresses delivered 
 and the discussions held hefnre the Iiistitule. some to he jjiinted 
 ill full; they shall cause ahstracts to i)e made of others as they 
 may see fit ; and they shall superintend the printing and pul)- 
 lishing of (he same. 
 
 oH. No report of any written or oral commun ••at ion made to, 
 or proceeding had hy the So(i<'1y at any meet in.;, shall he pul)- 
 lished except under the authority or hy the pet mission of the 
 C<)uncil. 
 
 T)!). Authors of papeis i)rinfed in full shall he iMi'dled to receive 
 fifty s( parate copies free of expense. 
 
24 
 
 LAWS OK ■nil-; NOVA ^CoriAN INSTITL'IK OF ^CIKNCIC. 
 
 'I'lIK MI'.liAKY. 
 
 (id. 'I'lic Lil)i'ai'y sluil! l)c open to llic imhlic I'nv coiisultal ion 
 at such limt's as tlu' ('i)iiiicil may fnini linic to tiiiu' (let cniiini'. 
 
 (il. All ofdiiiary iiK'iiihfi's shall ha\c thr ri^lit to take hooks 
 t'l'oiii t he l.il)i'ary. 
 
 ()2. IJooks may he sent out of the City to mcmhc'i's hy special 
 l)ci laissioii of the Coimcil. 
 
 ()I{. No iiiemhet' sliall detain a hoo' nioic than foiu' weeks IVoia 
 the time of his lakinij; it fi'om the Lihiar.\-, without re-entry, oi' 
 more than one week ai'tei' notification hy the Lihivii'iaii that the 
 same is requii'cd. 
 
 ai,tki;a'I"I()N oi- laws, 
 
 (U, The Laws of the Instil ute may !):• chan,a;ed at any lousiness 
 Meetinji:. |)ro\ i<led that notice of such chauLCe liave l)een sent, and 
 intimation of th<' time an<l |iiace of such meetinti^ made, to all 
 Oi'dinaiy Memhei-s resident in Xova Scotia, at least fourteen days 
 from t he date f(i;' which such meetin.u' is called. l-'oi- this ])urpose 
 a majofily of two-thirds of the mend)ers |)resent shall lie necessary. 
 
 (>."). Proposals to change the Laws nuist he suhinii ted to the 
 ("ouncil, and the Council shall in i.(enei'al decide wheth<'i- oi' not 
 the notice re(|uircd hy ij (U >hall he issued. ihit on receipt of a 
 I'ccpiisit ion signed hy at least seven Ordinai'V .Mendxrs statiiiii' 
 their desire tojirojxise a s))ecified change in the I^aws. t lie ('ouncil 
 shall issue the necessary notice; and should they fail to do so the 
 said seven memhei-s shall have tlie li^hl to issue such notice 
 themsi'lves.