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Photographic

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32X

Con

TO WHIG

HI STORY

OF THl

MAUMEE VALLEY

Commencing with its Occupation by the French in 1680.

TO WHICH IS ADDED SKETCHES OF SOME OK ITS MOKAL AND
MATERIAL RESOURCES AS THEY EXIST IN 1S72.

BY iL S. KNA r p.

TOl. BDO :
iti.Ai>n MANMirrn prihtino amp viTiti.iiiniNa boiihi*.

t878.

72i85

■nterad •ccordlng to an act ot fongj-eg-, in iiu- year ]«2,

i?y /f. -«. KJVAPP,

In the office of the Librarian oi (tousrcss, .u \\ asUin^u.

TO RUTHERFORD BIRCHARl) HAYRS,

LATE GOVERNOR OF OHIO:

Whose official life adds lustre to the character of the true soldier,
and able and incorruptible statesman, and whose interest in all that
bears relation to the preservation of the historical wealth of Ohio
has been manifested throughout his life, this volume is respectfully

dedicated, by ,,

^ H. S. K.

Toledo, May, 1873.

INrRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.

The author of Ecce Deus says : " History ran never be written.
It can only be hinted at, and most dimly outlined from the particu-
lar stand-point which the historian has chosen to occupy. It is only
by «;oiirtesy that any man can be called a historian. Seldom do
men so flatly contradict each other as upon points of fact. Incom-
pletentss marks all narrations. No man can fully write his own life.
On reviewing the sheets which were to have told everything, the
autobiographer is struck with their reticence and poverty."

It may be said that in this work appear many historians. Its com-
piler, in a large degree, has acted only the part of a faithful amanu-
ensis, ai\d transcribed the recollections of others, as they have been
given him. Statements are made regarding the same facts by per-
sons of high character, which other persons efjually entitled to credit,
and havmg knowledge of the .>ame cotemporaneous events, may cri-
ticise and contradict. These discrepancies result from the infirmi-
ties of human memory, and the author could not undertake to adjust
or reconcile them ; and the remark above (juoted he has found so
obviously true as to justify repetition : " Seldom do men so flatly
contradict each other as upon points of fact." This observation will
apply even to matter emanating from the highest official sources,
including Messages of Presidents, and reports from heads of civil and
military departments. For a wise purpose, doubtless, it was ordered
that the words of only One should outlive and defy all criticism.

A ])rimary object of this work has been to embody the names and
recollections of as many of the pioneers of the Maumee Valley as it
was |>racticable to obtain, within a reasonable space of time, and
bring the survivors, so far as the art of printing could execute the

[design, into a Common Council. It is sad lo review the decimation,
made by the hand of death, during the last two years and more, since
the commencement of this vohmie, among the early settlers. If the

[years immediately succeeding make similar inroads upon their ranks,

[the time is close at hand when the last of the old race we call " pio-

[neer," will have been conveyed to his f'nal rest.

The names of many worthy 'old settlers' of the Valley are necessarily

[omitted ; but this work, now largely exceeding the limits originally
designed, and extending several months beyond the time fixed
for its appearance, should reach the " finis " before its author reaches
his tomb. Even if the task has been imperfectly accomi)lished, the
months of drudging, though pleasant, toil, devoted to it, will not be
regarded as spent in vain. The author only regrets that he had not
lease of longer life than will })robably be allotted him, and ample pecu-

[niary resources, to make the work more acceptable. But,.commen-

icing on a jjrescribed limit of 350 pages, it was again fixed at 500,
and now, as the reader discovers, considerably exceeds 600, exclu-

j sive of engravings and maps.

Acknowledgments are due such a multitude of good people for

[kindness that discrimination is hardly ])roper. It would, however,

be scarcely pardonable to omit expression of general obligation to
[my old cotemporaries of the newspaper press throughout the Valley

and country, and to name especially the late A. T. Goodman, Secre-
tary of the Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Associa-
[tion, and the late Secretary of State, W. H. Smith, Clark Waggoner,

Alfred P. Edgerton, Jesup W. Scott, and to the works of my old
[friend and editorial associate, Mr. Charles Cist, of Cincinnati,

Typographical errors will be discovered. The responsibility for
I these, in a court of equity, would be about equally distributed, pro-
jbably, among printers, proofreader and author. In most instances

they are so manifest, that the intelligent reader will pass them by
[without complaining of the absence of a hackneyed and hateful
["errata."

Toledo, July, 1873.

Allen f'i)iin(y,

and wcM

Allen county,

Alli'n, dapfftit

Aliiiiidt'H— Ta

jjloneerc

oHlcor* i

AiidrewH, Will

Arrowsniitb, J

ArniHtrons', Ca

Auf,'laiz« river

nii;itary ;

navij;ati(

Auglaize coiinl

^rst turn

taxable I

Harclay, (Capts
Baylcps, Saniiu
Hirc'liard, Sardl
Bond. Jotin K.
Boil (I net and B
Bowline Green
Briglmni. Mavt
Kiickland, Gene
BucyruB— plott*
Biicyrns in 1872

(!«nal systems {
Vm», General I
Oliasc, Gt-neral
<-'larl{, Dr Jaco
<'lay, General G
CotJinberry.And
I'offlnberry, Jan
Coghlin. Timoll
Coolie, Richard
Conant, Ur. Ho:
personal s
Combs, General
speech of
(Jniich, Joseph I
C<iy, CyruH and
Crane, Gabriel
Crawford counti
present oti
Crawford county
t;rawford'« Kxpe
Croglmn, Major-
bis answer
bis heroic
liromotod 1
receives th
at the bati

i:]srDEx:.

Allon ri)iinlv, Iiullana-its area— flri<t offlcern— lint of JuellceB in 1872— prcgron In population

and w('alih— offlccrs of the county i» 18V2 378-H81

Allen county, Otilo—itrt furmallon, IH-iO 4B1

Alien, CaptaiD Saniuol 655

AliiiuduH— Tabic of; | see Appendix " B . '"] mi, m4

pioneerc, notes of 46S-45!(

oiriccrt in 1872— jail building, population, Ac 45»-4«i

AudrewH, William and Samuel ti4«

Arrow-smith, Miller, pergonal sketch of 6(t3-.')(»4

ArmMtront?, Captain John— hie operatioug and uecape near Fort Wayne, in ISiM) 67, ti8

Auglaize river — a nlKht bivouac on 142

military po!-t!i en 154

navigation of • 470

Auglai/.e county— itn oreauization , 466

arst terra of Court '. 472

taxable basis— Federal census 474, 475

Karclay, (Captain of tlie British fleet on Lake Brie) 1H3

Dayleiis. Samuel— "Book of Uencral Orders" 179-182

Hifchard, Hardis— remtnim'ences of 517-525

Bond. John K., 661

Bouquet and Bradptreet, campaigns of 40, 41

Bowline Green in 1872 484

Brigliani. Mavor 649

Hiickland, General R. P— personal sketch of 526-529

Bucvrus— plotted lu 1822 47T

Bucyrus in 1872 480

Canal syntemg of Ohio and Indiana 329-;i47

Casi?, Ueneral Lewis- letter from, to the Governor of Ohio . 134-l:i5

Chase, General Daniel and Dr. James L 652

Clark, I)r Jacob (iSd

Clay, General Green 16(i

CotJInberry, Andrew A.— Reminiscence" of JilXi-blO

Cotlinberry, James M— personal sketch of 317, :118

Cojjhlin. Timothy and Dennis <■'")••

Cooke, Richard T irr,

Conant, Dr. Horatio— letter of, in 1832 427, 428

personal sketch of rul.fui

Combe, General Leelie— letter from 205, 20il

speech of 213-217

Cnuch, Joseph N— letter from 13.5, 1S«

Coy, Cyrus and Cyrus H 657

Crane, Gabriel 653

Crawford county— organization and origin of its name— earlv history— first Court- first and

present offlcers— proceedings of the Board of CommisHioners of 1831 475-480

Crawford county— population, wealth, Ac, in 1872-73 4«0, 4«1

Crawford's Expedition 51-58

Crojjhan, Major— .t Kort Stephenson 18:1

his answer to General Harrison 184

his heroic defence at fort Steplienson 1S5, 186, 187, 1S8, 18»

promoted for his gallantry, and complimented by General Harrison 190

receives the plaudits of his countrymen ; 190

at the battle of the Thames 801

I'mglui", Ot'orirc— liln vIkK Id ttm Mkiiiu-o Viillcy In 17(15 48-)J

Ocni'nil Cliiy in roniiiiiiiul M Kori VIiti^'H 114

re(■.<!iv('^ iiiHinictioiiH (ruin Uuiutrul llarrlmon Ht

lottor to (li'iicrul HurriHon SOfl aW \

l)ani(Mi>, VVI lard J. — pernonal fikutch of Sftimdl

I»aiilnl8, 'I'liomax tw;

Do ColcntirM «x|iL-(llil()ii lu 17I9 , •■II

l)(>tl nil o coiiiity , BNfj

Dfttauco (mrl) (Tcc'oil Ancii-t 1784 , ...HI

tr>Mi|ii^ t'l bf c'ollcciod at lid

(;onL'riil IhirrlKDii Ht 144, 14,) |

ri-viilf In a Kciitmky reKlinuut 14S-14,'i

Willi llCHtlT Ht UN I

Dffiiincu tliri'aii'MPd 17:) j

Lo^'anV dcatli and Imii'IiiI ... ai6 4(i« <

liirt liiiprovud hy (linural Waynu III 17VI 3^'>\

hl» niaiili In Fori W'avnt! 'Ml

Col. JoliiiHoii at Drllaiiue In )8ia 877

farly whlti! ht-tory or ... .'W2M(:i

Di'dancu. (town)— wIumi a d out. It* rapid xrowth, popuiatluii, reaourciu, i&c, CWlMiUi

OelplioH— population— 1951). 18(10, 1M70 461

lilotoilcal hkt'lch or uiid pi'fft'iit liiiiiliiUKH 4B'i-4t'j

Detroit.... Itta;

UicklUHon, R'ldolph'iK— commUslonor to I Htablish Crawfoid loiinty cuat 47(1 j

pfr-onal nkutch ol' Mi^, ft'.!*

Dudley Coloni'1-.a B'ori MuIk* 181-71) |

Editcrton, AUcrd P.— pwnonal skt'tch of 482-441

K mall, Win >.— n'niliii-criiHo* of 3tf5-4'l

JMUoli, (Biiti»liC'oloiu'l) Hi,

Evaii», l)r •loin, and 8. O&ry— poiHOiial Bkutclius of 40J-4ih

Kvarto, T. C ti6I

Eivliijj, Uolouul Ueo. W — ptTHonal ekuteh of 40y-iri

Flndl <y, (fnrt)— erection of Oil, lili

lie^ieL'ud in April, I81H If9

plmiuern of Kindliiy, pnpiilalloii, Ac, OlS-tM.I

Finliy.Wm.J «'« |

Ko. 1 Ad mix eroe ed in ll.H Hi

Fort Indnstrv, (Toie o) Vi

•• De rh.ini, (ai ClikaKi.i i;);;

" F(n-I .luiiiiiiiKB. (Pii I a a i-onnty) —erected in 1812 Ill

Fort Steiihencon— Id teru relailuti to military fituation ol" 17T, '7ii |

Ilarrliion at IM

lieroic defence of bo

Fort Mei),'«— military defeneee and ojieratious at, in tlio «?prlii>{ and summer of 1813 l.'ia l.Vi |

the post l)e»ie!,'ed l.W i

Proctor demands its surrender — UarrUou's reply 16ii

narrowly escapes destruction ICi

second Biej;e of K]

caved from a great peril 17

eainplifeat , 179-lSJ j

the HBCond siese abandoned M

importance of the poi-t 191

Fort M ami at Fort Wayne 11

rebuilt in 1748 by the .Irreucb, uuder Lieut. Duhuisaou ISSH

Fort Wayne— In ItiilO lu

Indian towns at i'A(*

the town In 1812 1« |

the post relieved 14U

opcninfi; of canal navigation at S^IO, 3ti

early history of ;)J»

La Ualm's unfortiiuate expedition to 3.'Jl-i).V)

its military importance in the view of Generals Washin^jton, St. Clair Wayno and Knoj

in l-()0 91 94 36B :»•.

Little 'I'urile auu General Wayne 35,')-.'iV

Little Turtle buried at .ifil

Indian treaty at Fort Wayne in 1^03 36(1- Mil

Ji hn B. Richardville— his birth and death at Fort Wnyne 362-.')(i4

General Wayne reaches the towu September, 1714, and deienuiues the loi^ation of the

new girrison StW

fort compleied and nam^d 3ii6

Fort Wayne from 17!»4 to 1811 3(i7. ;*S

the old Council House . Stiii

Major William Oliver and Lo<;au at 36it 37)

the fort bi'slej;ed— Harrison marches to its relief— his arrival and llight of the enemy aiS
situation of affiiir-i at the fort , .1711

('(iltini'l .Toliiii'oii iitralii Hi till' lurt ....0TB

corniiiaiKliiiitH of thu f(irt .877

IhikI omccchtiiltllHlii'd 111, In Wii 878

iiiiiiilili>nliimr()rn-lH-l(MH7'^ 880

i'liiir<'hr%, iiiHVHimpi'iy, hiIihoIh, Ituuuvnlont Inctlllllloiu 8H't, S8U

Ihf town 111 IKll 8»»> 881

liiihlii.'MHol' Ihoclty 111 1S7!< 8>7-!WB

iiloiii'iTHof till' Vulloy, non rfHldfiitP (if 878, :«*, «94

lit'lnt; ilirculriii'il liy tlii' IihIIiiiih, |ii'<iin|)tii Ihii oxpcdilioii iiKHliiMt MiMHliiHliiowa tOW

Ihii lor; lU'iila lliivHlciiud U77

iiiilol ili<> ItiipiciH— ciipture uf I'lipiHln A. Cliirk, a HritiHli ottlc^or 140, UT

WimliuMiur ttt 148

lliiiriHoii al 15a-lM»

Hrl IhIi t-rcl Imtli'ili'H on lul't bunk ..IM

i-'oHtvr, Cliurluii W .— uuriiuiml itki'tch uf SOi<, n04

Foxtorln 50;J-»Oft

Fiiliiin county ftts

li'icmli pofii-- Hiirrcndoror, In 17tH, by the Frt-nch 38

ll'roiitL'iiut, (.("oiiiiti 10

(liiiio, (IcniTiilJoliii S.— letter (if VflO, ail

liity, Simoii--liUlttnilly SM. ,'>», «0

a pocl'ii view of IiIm timriictor — 67!t, 580

■(iliidwyii, cniiiiiiiuidiiiit 111 Uuii'olt Bti, 87

loodlrfy, l)r. CImrlef M .Otlll

lOiiiui, Kliuha 687

ll'iiiicock Coiiiity— Karly liii»tory of, plniieci-!', present ri'90iireo», &c,, 611-016

IHaiMin. Colonel -opiTiitioiiB iii'ur I'ort Wayne 67-70

llliriiiar'w cninp'iii;!! 62-78

lluri'iKoii, Oiiierul VViUiaiii IIiMirv — appiilntment of, as coinmander-luchlcf ol ihe nurth-weht-

erii iiriiiv, Scptenihi^r 17, IHli— limtructlonst irom tlie war departmunt 139, 140

liU dflVmc ol K.iri MelKB 158-161

iii\iiil">» Canada 198

ll;iiliawav-lii»olll(ial report or tlio battle of the Thames 198-801

lloii(,'i'H, biivid 6fi9

li.niyioiintv .')78-.'W8

Mill, (loiiiiiiil Ctiarlex W t).M, fl.W

IIoii;,'lan(l. I'lic'V— piTj-oiml Hki'tcti ol" 4lil-41.5

lliik'nl., U'il ia'ni C. -pcixuiialrkctc'liof 5»i-f)im

lli.lniK, KiiHliin—hlB dcalli at Koit Wayne 'M

ll()iii;li, T. H 641,648

Hull, Ui'iicriil— ap^iolnted to cnininand of norih-wentcrii army— IiIh Incapacity and nilsfortuncH

— tirins ot hix Hurreiideriit Detroit, and liis trial for treason 186-138

letter from (ieneral .lerHiip ill relation to 184

limit, .lolin K.— reiiilnlt>cencei) and poreonul Hkulch of 868-fi6H

llmvard. Thiima* 64H

UiivNUrd, Uoben A 649,650

llowani, I), \V. H m)

Hciwant, William 6.'50

Indian naval en;,'a<?emeiit 41

Imliaiii'— iiioral and religious condition of, in 1808 103-181

Indian TreiitieB :—

at Fort Mcintosh, 21i»t of .lannary, 1785 218,219

at Fort Ilarmar, January 0, 1789 819 880

at Fort Oroenville, An-jMut .S, nit."! 280 886

at Fort Indnctry, ( Toledo,) .Inly 4, ISO."! 887

at Detroit, November 17, 1S07 827, 88H

and Krownstowii, Novenilier i^ 180S 888, 889

at the foot of the Maumco Kapldx, September 29, liilT S8!). 'i'ii

at St. MaryV, Heptember 17. 1S18 8:11 8;JH

iilSa;;in>nv. Hepteinber24, 1819 81)8

at Fort Wayne, in 180;j 850-861

laMt treaty with the t)Uio Indians . 8:i!l

.Idhnson, Colonel Klchard M.-at the battle of theThamos !itO

he killH Tecumseh 2,)l-8(t3

.liincairuon the Maumte in 1753 86

Kclchiiin. V. II 631, C41, 646

Keclt-r, Samuel I (i.Vi

Kiiit,'»hiiiy, Henry i) 651

Kiuij,'^'!*, Cajitain .laraca— his testimony regarding the death of Tecumseh 801-803

r.itliiop, lonel L. B 058

Uwton, Uohert N .65H

Lawyoru in pruclice in 1878-73 ; [see Appendix -A.''

Lima, Allen connty— notps roKarrting Its cai-lv and later history 453-4611

Little Turtle and General Wayne " 856 35(i

Little Turtle a diplomatist an wrH a* warrior 369-881 1

Logan, (the Indian chief,) and Major William Oliver SlSl

Louau's family and death 465, 466 1

Loramie, Peter — hi» station and his death, Ac, 3JS, Sfjj

Loskirl. Moravian Missionary 33 j

Lower Sandusky— suggestion of name for the town, in 1816.
Lower Sandusky

General Harrison at

military situation at

operations at in IHia.

42'
140 1
.151
.153]

"eoneral orders,"' May 14 and 22, 1813 177, iWl

I'roctor ut

a bad military position

petition for relief to Oovernor Meigs, from citizens (if 209, 210

letter from General Oi\no 210,211

Lucas county— its ea.ly history, pioneers, &c 532-5C6

Its history resumed 616

Mackinac— surrender of 35]

Martin, Patrick tiS'il

Maumee Valley— first M'hite settlnmont in KiSU. 9-13J

Maumee river — known in 1748 as "River a U Koche" '■!(! f

as a military route in n.W .3i)j

military importance o', and of Lake Erie, as viewed by the I'Vench in 1751 Ji I

ils importance to the -riny in th" war of 1812, as a channel of transportation 'i\h

Wf;.\rthiir, General Duncan — letter to Governor Worthington 212

Morrett. William H W\

Mercer con ty — when formed— origin nf its name— St. Clair's battle — Wayne's trace — Simon
Girty— th' fort at St. Mary's— U'tter from General Wayne — earliest white settlement

at Fort Rvicovcry — thr slrin of St. Clair's army 4J8-H1

first session of the commissioners ". 441 1

first Court term 442

pioneers 442, 4t3|

reservoir troubles ... 448-4451

pioneer notes 44.5-45(1 j

county administr'itiou— county oflicers for 1871-72— valuation of property and popula-

tion— "Celina, Ac 45U, 451 1

Mctcalf. .Iiidu'e Ben.— aneodote by: 321

Miller, Colonel .John— at the sieae of Fort Meig Wl

Miami, (Fort Wayne,) i)asse8 under control of the English in 17bl 32 1

captured under Pont iac in t7tit 351

Miami villiages at and near Fort Wf.'ne— their military importance in the view of Oent'ral[

Washingtoa

Miner, Byrum D— a public spirited citizen of Kort Wayne, \vho,repre.«cnted Allen county in I
the lowislatu'-e of Indiana, and also held other rosponsiblf! olllcial and/</MCJarj/ (not, I

as printed, "judiciary ") positions 42il

"Mohickon, Jolin's Town" 31 1

Moravian Missions in 'ihio 49, .50, all

Morris— his reception and nial-treatment at Fort Wayne .. ..42"44|

Morrison, John H.—remin scenes of 326. 3'2;|

Mott, Richard — recollections of, regarding Toledo 544-5o''l

Navarne, Peter 534 5381

Neubert. Henry O IBil

Nichols, Francis L— personal sketch of .W, j'*\

Nicholas— his cunspiracy in 174.5. . . • 141!

Ogle, Joseph 6.V

Ohio, United States and Michigan territory — boundary controversy — origin of the constitii
lional provii^ion of 1802— 'eiters from Amos Spatl'ord and Dr.H. Conant— the agitatioi.l
renewed in 183.5- lesriHlaiive hoi-tilities between Ohio and MichlL'an- efforts at conil
piomi-e — Governor Mason, of Michigan, rejects the peace offers — the surveying expt-|
rtitioD — explanation cf a .Michigan prisoner— Major Stickney and N. Goodsell, prieoii-l
ers; their letters — letter from Andrew Palmer— inectins at Toledo— (Jovernor Liica'r
calls an extra session ; his message— at tempt to arrest Two Stickney — Noah IL Swnyiii'.l
Wm. .\llen and David T. Disney, Ohio commissioners to Washington- close nl' tliel

controversy— peace jubilee at Toledo '/tiPJUIj

Oliver, Major William Hi nry— letter refering to siege of Fort Findlay 159, ISj

roaches Fort Melius with message to Harrison If'I

at Upper Sandusky Wl

at Waupaukonnctta and Fort Wayne '2' J

again a' Fort Wayne : 369-3Ti|

Oratanon, (I'wrt, near Lafayette. Indiana).

Ottawa county .531. 'HI

Paulding county— when oriranized, population, &c (102 ftj

notes by Gent ral Curtis 602, *5|

r»nlly, Ensigu— coinnmiidant at Foil Sundu»ky— his capture, lomaiillc uarriitivc, divorco and

I encapc ;■•,•• '^^ '. 35-.'i7

hrry Commod ,)re— liis naval victory upon Lalto Erie 1»3-1!1H

at the battle of the Thames 201

Perrysbiire (see Fort Meigc)— post ortice ostalilislicd at, In IHIO, and in ISKi the only (not, ns
printed, "old") post office between tlio river Kaisin and Lower Sandueliy, Ind hc-

iween the Maiimee bay and Chicago 42',

mcKCStion that originated the name 427

thjtownin ISffl 4:i2

" " " lH:i8 433,4:i4

'• " <' 1872 434,43r>

hillips, Phillip I., and Colonel Charles B C57

ickawillany— its destruction 22-86

ong, John • • ■ «5S

olitical campaign of 1841)— monster meeting at Fort Meigs 205-269

humors of later conllicts 269-273

oiitiac—his speech to Alexander Henrjr 32, 33

besieges Detroit 3S

his craft failH 3!t

his financial scheme 4!)

his character and death 44

Pont^ French— surrender of 33

Otter, Emery I).— pergonal sketch of 285-288

K'tor, (British (General) 158, 165, 183

Mitice, Frederick- -[)er3onal sketches of 561-563

Presbyterian Mission on the Maumee ; [Appendix "C "

?atman County— early history, pioneers, first lawyers, flrst physicians 606-60)

population Gil

Raymond, Wm. II «56

!{lioa, Captain J !)3, 133, 134

Jice, Clark H— personal sketch of 6(t!i, UK)

^ice, Gen. A V— Military record of (ilO, 61 :

■lie hard ville, Jolin B— his character and death 362-;j64

iJogors, AlonEO 658

ioijers. Major Kobert, expedition of in 1760— his triij from Detroit via Maiunee river to Pitts-
burgh 31,32

Sudisill, fienry 407,408

Bandusky county -early history, present resources, &c .'505-5.31

Bandusky (fort)— surrender of under Pontiac, in 1764 38, 36

Scott, Jesup W— persijnal sketch of 572-577

Scnman, Daniel 667

?eiieca county— organization- early history, present resources, &c 489-505

BenecH (fort) Pleasant township, Seneca county IKi

Bessions, Horace-personal sketch of ,594-5i)7

Shaw, Cornelius (} 6.57

Smith, I)?vid (i53

Spink, ilohn C— reminiscences of 314-316

Bt. Clair, (icneral Arthur— succeeds Ilarmar 71

instructions to 72,73,74,75

hirf army in motion— his defeat, and explanatiotis '•7, 78, 7!(, S;,', 81, 82

Ptcodman, Colonel S. H 6.58

Ptoedman, General Jiinies B 651

:*iiikii.-y,M>.jorB F .. .^36, ,5;i7

Pt. Mary's— its military importance during the war of 1812 lt(l,14l

war transports for army .. . 212

tirst settlements a' 468

early 8 ttlers—»dd block house, Ac 170,471

the town and its prospects, in 1872 471, 472

fonnerly know as Girty's town— its situation in 1S14 468

as a dei)Ot for annv supplies 460

the tiwn in 1824 and 1872 469

Bnttertield, Mrs. Laura 408, 40!)

Sweet, Captain B. G 651

recumseii at the siege of Fort Meigs 161

his maunauiraity 163-172

in peril 165

at Fort Stephenson 18:1, 192, 203

Willed by Colonel Johnson at the battle of the Thames l»!l, 202, 203

his character antl generous qualities 204, 20."), 2ii6

nn'old"ench and Bar — first Court northwest of the river Ohio— The territorial Judkiary—
attorneys admitted in 1802-Supremo Bench, 1S02-1872— reniiniscouces of .ludge David
lliggins; his views regarding the bouudary cantorversy ludian murder trial at Fre.
niout— iudicial circuit* in North-Western Ohii) under the first Constitution-* (minion
Pleas Judges under the Constitution of 1802— the old Bar members. Judge Fmery I).
Potter, Judge John Fitch, and others— reminiscences of Hon. Thos. W. Powill; his

recollectionK ot Perrysuurfj and Maumec cKy In 1820; of the old liiwyern; murder trial;
trip to Defiance; notes regarding Major Stickn'.'y, John C. bpink, etc., etc,,..aT4-;)'As

Toledo (Fort Industry) !i:j

prisoners and exhibition of scalps at, in 1813 172

Ocneral Comb ' experience at 206

Indian treaty, July 4. tHon held at 2«

Bometliing of its past and present— progress in taxable wealth and population— imports

and exports— railways, Ac (1211-«Ik

recollections of Sanford L Collins (iliMiiii

" (if J. VV. Scott MT-n+l

" of Richapd Mott &«-r)5<i

" of Major Stickuey .-3«

(see " boundary coniroversy'") public meeting at, in 1835 Sftii

Toledo ii. IMti and in 1810 2ti;i, iCA

other notes relating to liistory of riSti-Silii

ofllcerN iif City tiovoriiinent, Ac i'rm

Treaties— (see Indian treaties. >

lipper Saiidupky— Crawford's expedition 50-5^

war of 1812 llii

riiiht wing of the army at Vis

(ieneral Harrison at l.")l

military situation at i.Vi

Harrison's prini ipal stores at lS:i

military importance of ttio pl:ice ISl

letter from J. C. Hartlelt, Quartermaster (Jeueral, to Genetai Lewis Cass 20:i

exodus of the Indians from Upper Sandusky, July, lS4:i Sis

tlie town in 1872 4Ss

Urbana I in

Van Wert — when formed and organized— poi)ulatioii, early history, pioneers, first and presi'iii
county officers— noti:S on (he existing resources ot Uie town, iVc (104 i;oij

Waite, Morrison U- personal sketcli of ."iCH-nTl

Wai-s, Alexander. (il'.i

War of 1812, declared June 12th— the imperilled nortli-western frontier— causes that led to

the war— letter from General Solomon Sibley 122-12ii

Washington, George, President — his Indian policy fiO, til

Way, Willard V —his reminiscences of tlie old Bench and [Jar 3i;)-:il'

personal sketch of, &c V4'

Wayne, Anthony— i ommenced his north western campaign in 1792 S'f

erects Fort (Jreenville and Recovery in ITiW (•S

h's march and victory Sfl-'.W

hisdeath 91

General Hull in command- on tlic Maumee in June, 1812- incnpableness of Hull and the
administration- complaint of army contractors— difficulty in transporting supplies—

his surrender at Detroit lv8-i:S

Waupaiikonnetta- " the town of Tecumseti and of I.ogan " 214, il.">

Tecumseli^ Logan, Biicht Horn, and Captain Jolm 4ti")-l()7

Colonel Ilichard M. Johnson, Antliony Sliane, D. M. Workman, David Robb, and Robert

J. Skinner 4ti~, 4t)'*

ea-ly hi-tnry of and original proprlctori< t)8 17:i

Wells, Captain William 88-inii

White, Dr. Oscar (miI

Whitney, Noah A., Thomas P., Milton D. and Augustus tl fi48, (i4!i

Winchester, General J— letter from ViT. 138. 13'.i

resigned, ai Deflaiioe, by General Harrison, to the cuiumaud of the left wing of the army

I4.-I

at Deliance, at the close of ISli U^

at the foot, of the Kapido, January, 18)3 UX

at Frenchtown, (river Rai^in)— his mistake, defeat, and massacre of hin troops,14y,l,")l),l")l

public opinion regaraing his defeat ITiii

Williams county 5g2 .Wi

Wolcott, Judge James fw-l

Wood conn tv— in nilO, 1810 and 1816 42:i

in 1812-15 : 4*

session of tlie commissioners in 182t)-23 428-l'iil

progress in population and wealth 4*1- 13i

pioneer notes— Captain David Wilkinson, Willard V. Way, William Ewiug, and Aaron

S . Dri'sser 435 131

Worthington.Gov.Tliomas— .letter to (Jeneral Me.\rthiir andconfldeutial communication to ihc

lower branch of the Legislature 2l;t

Wyandotte county— IbrmMtion—lientoii, (!irty, Logan, Ac 483 484

M(^thodist Mission, early settlers, taxable wealth, population, &c 481-4.'W

Wyandotte Indians ;«. :il. "i''

irilur trial;
.,..a;4-;i'is

Iti

172

'.'(Jti

2iT

a— Imports

(isa-dis

(;i(i-fii!i

....M--r)4.i

....544-r)5!i

:i3i;

SB!,

. . 2fi3, 2C4
,...53G-S(;2
, li-ix.

50-5N

IJii

lis

151

l.Vi

ISli

ISl

20:1

2'39

4SS

iifl prcpciit

,. ..ti<)4 am

...5CH-r)T1

(i4'.i

Imt li'd Id
....1!22-I2ii

fiO, fil

.3i:j-:ib

.... i:k

8.'i

1-5

. . . Sti-lW
91

11 and the
supplicM—

.ivS-i;«

,. 214, iir.

.4(M-lli7

id Unbcrt

. 4t)7, 4(')^

,. 1)8 4T:i

..88-Hiii

I'M

.fi4«, Ii4'i
7, 138. i:'.'i
tho urinv
. . 1 1:.
...11-
. . . 14'*

49,1, mi.")!

[.■Hi

.582:)8.".

42:>

.... ni\

.l'2S-r!il

.4:iii-13-J
id Aaron

. I.'i.'i 13;
lUl to I he
...2i:l
..48.3 tW

.48)-4'<S

►J "6
C O

■f. -

< 2

o ^
^ ^

ji.

FIRST WHI

The fir,
settle the
iiiulGrtaken
1680. ItM
domicil am
tnre, or mij
attack by t
and fearless
mentioned,
Joseph's ri)
retained jios

During t
Canada, urg(
I'orts and tr;
great lalces.
Fronteiiac, v
niinibo]' of ti
and to take j
goverumeut (

"One of t
river, and iu
Manmee Citj
years, and iu ;

ISTORY OF T

HE M AUMEE y

UMEE V ALLEY.

CHAPTER I.

FIRST WHITE SETTLEMKXT IN OHIO MADE ON 'HIE MALiMEE KIVEK,

IX 1C8U.

The lirst efforts made by Europeans, or their descendants, to
settle the territory now forming the jurisdiction of Ohio, Avere
undertaken by the French, in the Manmee Valley, and in the year
1680. It was deemed prudent by those who sought even temporary
domicil among the savages, whether the object was trade, agricul-
ture, or missionary labor, to lirst secure safety against surprise and
attack by the construction of military defences. T'he enterprising
and (earless discoverer, La Halle, erected, in the autumn of the year
mentioned, a stockade at the conlluence of the Ht. Mary's and St.
Joseph's rivers, on the ground now occupied by Fort Wayne, and
retained possession of it about one month.

Paring the year 1679, the Count de Frontenac, Governor of
Canada, urged upon the French monarch the importance of erecting
forts and trading posts in the Western country, along the chain of
great lakes. Though no assistance came from the proiligate King,
Frontenac, who was a man of great energy and spirit, sent out a
number of trading parties, with authority to erect stores or posts,
and to take possession of all the country visited, in the name ot the
government of France.

"One of these parties found their way to the Miami or Maumee
river, and in 1080, built a small stockade just below the site of
Maimiee City. This was an important trading point for several
years, and in 1694 was under the command of Sieur Courthemauche;

First Wliite Settlement

but AViis finally abandoned I'or a more eligible location at the head oC
the Mau.'nee river, near where the city of Fort Wayne now stands. On
the very spot where the Ibrt of Maumee stood, the British, in 1794,
erected Fort Miami.'* This statement is made u})on the authority ol'
the late A. T. (Joodman, Es(|., Secretary of the AV'esteru Reserve and
Northern Ohio Historical Society, who obtained the data ujjon which
it is based, from French records, at Montreal and (Quebec, and pa])ers
at Albany and llarrisburg. Hence tlie occui)ation of the Maumee
ante-dated that sought to be established on the Detroit; the lirst
effort at French settlement being nuide on the last named river in
1683.

In 1701, de la Motte Cadillac laid the foundations of Fort Pont-
chartrain on the Detroit, which embraced the whole strait from
Lake Erie to Lake Huron. The first grants of land at Detroit, i. c,
Fort Pontchartrain, were made in 1707. Cadillac was not only
founder of Detroit, but (lovernor of Louisiana. The town, as Ave have
noticed, was founded subse(;uent to the settlements on the Maunua-
river; yet, according to the statenu'ut of .ludge Jiurnet, it was the
most ancient on the Upiier Lakes ; and was the capital of Upper
Canada until it fell into the hands of the United States.

In 1089, the Count de Fronteiuie was again commissioned Gover-
nor of Canada. The following year (1090), war brolse out between
England and France, and the King of the French, in a letter to
Frontenac, expressed ''great desire for the maintenance of French
posts in the West.''

In 1095, Captain Nichols Perrot built a trading station "at tin
west end of Lake Erie." This continued for two years, when tin
Miamis plundered the place, seized I'errot, and were on the point ol
" roasting him alive." when he was saved by the Ou^agamis. Tin
exact location of Perrot's station can not now be determined. Duriii::
the year 109.5, a very bloody war occurred between the Iro(pK)is
and IMiamis, in which the latter nation suffered severely, as did tlic
French traders in the Oliio and Illinois country. We lind the (Juv-
ernor of Canada conijilaining tlnit the h'oi|;iois ''roasted all tlie
French prisoners" that came into their hands.

It is probable that English traders first began to establish them-
selves for permanent operations in the West in 1098-09. Early in
the year 1700, M. de Longneuil held a grand Council at l)(;troit, with
the Outaouais, Ilurons, PouteouatMmis and ^lississagues. In hi

■I

spe

ech to them he said: "The Englitshnun hath reddened the sen

with my
i other coi
} hath piisl
avenge oi
neitlier to
against hi
several yej
White riv'
immediate
will seize
Y'ou shall
this scum,
you Avill
Itead."

In answ

ueuil said:

binding an

(he Ueauti

the men h(

years of h

missionaric

About this

on the Mai

In 1703,

near the Se

I he French

During tl

;uul Sieur d

Canada, an

In 1707,

small force

years later (

from liake ]

In 1712,

The French

-Saguenays. '

ci'eing nearl

mis and Ma

An early i

mm pf fore

In tlifi Maumee Valley.

with my blood ; lie has also causelessly stained with it a great many
other eountries. My hatchet has not stirred. ' lint now that ho
hath jnished me to tlie wall by so many relapses, I must perish or
avenge on him uU the blood he has drawn from my veins. It is
neither to Montreal nor his territory that 1 direct your first steps
against him. It is in your own immediate vicinity, where he, lor
several years, hath quietly made his way with his goods. It is to the
Wliite river and to the lieautiful river, (Oliio,) that I expect you will
immediately march in (piest of him, and when you destroy him, you
will seize and divide all his goods among you. Set out forthwith.
You shall want for notliing that you recpiire for the extirpation of
this scum. \{ the English escape you on the Ikniutiful river, (Ohio,)
you will llud them a liltle farther off with liis brother, the Flat-
Head."

In answer to a message of the White river Indians, M. de Long-
ueuilsaid: "Wait not till the English striki ilrst; commence by
l)inding aiul pillaging all the English who come to your parts, ai\I
the Ueauiiful river, (Ohio); divide the goods among you, and bring
the men here to Detroit,'' During the year 1 TOO, the Iroc^uois, after
years of hostility, made a treaty with the I*'rench, by which their
missionaries and traders were allowed in all parts of the West.
About this time a party of factors from Detroit built a small post
on the Maumee, where Toledo now stands.

In 1703, the English invited the Ilurons and Miamis to locate
near the Senecas, on Lake Erie, assuring them of protection against
the French, The proposition Avas rejected.

During the year 170.'5, Sieur de Joncaire visited the Seneca Indians,
and Sieur de Yincennes the jMiamis, on business of the Governor of
Canada, and found English traders with each nation.

In 1707, M, de Cadillac, commandant at Detroit, marched with a
small force against the Miamis, and soon forced them to terms. Two
years later (1709), Cadillac advocated the building of a ship canal
from liake Erie to Lake Ontario.

In 1713, S'eur de Vincennes paid a second visit to the jVIiamis.
The French post at Detroit was besieged by the Pouteouataniis and
Saguenays, who nuide war on the Indian allies of the French, massa-
creing nearly one thousand men, women and children of the Outaga-:
mis and Maskoutins.

As early fis 1714, Governor Alexander Spotswood, of Virginia, a
nian of forceight' und energy, sa^y the ftdviwttig^ io bp gaiped by an

First White Settlement

early settlement of the Ohio country. He had been api>ointe(l Oov-
crnor in 1710, an ollico which he illled with great ability for twelve
years. During the year 1 714, he exi)lorcd the country across the Blui'
Itidge to the Ohio, and became enamored with the surroundings. It
was not, however, until the year 1716, that he communicated to the
Legislature a plan for a compatiy to settle the lands on the Ohio
river. Tlie Legislature viewed the matter favorably, and the jiapers
were sent tO the English Ministry for a])in-oval. Tliey were held for
a long time, and (inally the plan was rejected. The e.xact cause was
never known, but was supposed to have been fear on the part of the
Ministry, that the planting of colonies to the westward would givi'
offence to the French. Notwithstanding this disheartening refusal,
the matter was not entirely dropped. From time to time, pamphlets
were printed, and letters published, urging upon the English Gov-
ernment the necessity of pushing its jiossessions westward. There
were plenty of capitalists ready to risk their money in the ])urchase
of lands and building up of settlements, but the ilinistry were
weak and timid, and would give no encouragement whatever.
I In 1714, Captain de La Forest showed to the French Government
the importance of maintaining Detroit, and keeping possession of
Lake Erie and its environs. The French monarch had more fore-
sight than England's King, and si)ent vast sums of money in
extending his possessions. In 1715, a party of Englishmen from
North Carolina constructed three ]iosts on the south side of the
Ohio, and its branches.

The French having obtained control of the Ohio Indians, the
English in 1716 sent agents among them with speeches and presents,
and endeavored to form an alliance, but were unsuccessful. The
same year seventeen Frenchmen were killed while on their Avay from
the Illinois country to Detroit. In a letter, addressed about this
time by M. de Ilamezay and M. Begon, to the Governor of Canada,
they requested the French Government to build a post at Niagara,
on the ground that "this post would deter the Mississague and
Amicoue Indians from going to the Iroquois to trade, when passing
from the neighborhood of Lake Erie." A stockade was built by the
French at Vincennes, but soon abandoned.

During the year 1720, French traders Avere active along the Ohio.
Sieur de Joucaire reported that he had seen "a fountain near the
head waters of the Ohio, the water of which is like oil, and tasted
like iron." Further north, ho reported another fountain of the same

Til ilie Mmimee Valley/.

nts,
'he

'0111

this

kind. " The savages," he says, "make use of the water to appease all
jniinncr of pains."

Ill 1722, a treaty was made at Albany, Now York, between the
InKiuois and English, by which the lands west of the Allegheny
Mountains were acknowledged to belong to the Irociuois by reason
of their con(| nests from tiie Eries, Conoys, Tongorias, &c.

Jn 1735, Baron de Longuenil was made fiovernor of Canada, and
soon after rei)orted (hat. "the English have built two houses and
some stores on a small stream which flows into the Wabash, where
they trade with the Miamis and Ouyatanons."

During the year .17:20, the country from the Cuyahoga in Ohio, to
Oswego in i\ew York, was placed by tiie Iro(|uois under the protec-
tion of the Knglish.

In 172^^, the AIar(|iiis de Beauharnois, then Governor of Canada,
recommciuled the erection of a fort on the south shore of Lake Erie,
to serve as winter (|iiarters for two sloops he jiroposed to build on
that lake, "By this means," he writes, "the English would be
prevented from sending loaded canoes with brandy and merchandise
to the head of Lake Erie." The King declined building the fort, or
paying for the construction of sloops.

In 1729, Joshua Gee, of London, printed a pamphlet urging the
planting of English colonies in Western America. The following
year (17.'30), Governor Keith urged ui)on the Ministry the advantages
of securing British dominion west of the mountains.

During the year 1731, Sieur do Joiicaire, by direction of the Gov-
ernor of Canada, visted the Sliawanese,who had located on the Ohio
and its branches — for the purpose of securing their friendship and
alliance.

In 1736, Vincennes was destroyed by the savages. The French
now claimed to have 10,403 warriors, and 8^,000 souls under their
control in the West.

During the year 1739, M. de Longuenil left Detroit, crossed the
Ohio country, and discovered Bigbone Lick, in Kentucky. De Loh-
gueuil constructed a road from Detroit to the Ohio river, which
crossed the Maumee at the foot of the rapids, and was thereafter
used by the Canadians.

In 1742, a number of herdsmen from Detroit settled at V'incennes.
John Howard, an English traveler, crossed the mountains from
Virginia, descended the Ohio in a canoe, and wus tttketi prisoner by
the French, near the Mississippi,

Plot of Nicholas.

Ill 174IJ, I'clor Chartit'S, a VreiiclMiian liviii<f in riiihulolitliiii,
muk'rtook, by a mission ainont:^ tlu' Ohio Shawaiu'se, to engage tliciu
in war with tho Six Nations. For this he was sevoroly reprimanded
by the Governor of iVimsylvania, and becoming ahirmed, lied to
Canada, where lie was appointed Captain in the i'^reneh service. Ik'
secured an alliance of the Shawanese with the French. The same
year the Detroit Freiicli sent jjoods and presents to a i)arty of Seiie-
cas, Onoii'laf^as, and others of the Iroquois, then recently settled oii
the White river. In return for these favors, the Indians promised
to dri\e off all HjUglisli traders from the Ohio.

In 1744, Commissioners of the Colony of Pennsylvania made u
treaty at liancaster, Pa., with reiiresentatives of the six nations, by
which the latter "recognized the King's right to all lauds beyond
the mountains.'' Fhicouraged by this, the English formed several
settlements and magazines along the Ohio, but. were j.h'iven oil",
ahnost in) mediately, by Detroit Indians. Hearing of their location
on the White river, (Indiana,) SI. do liongueuil sent thirty-five
picked Warriors of the Outaouais, to kill and plunder them, which
was accom}dislied. Peter Charties, with one hundred .Shawanese,
ambuscaded two English traders on the Allegheny, near the Ohio, and
seized their property, valued at sixteen hundred pounds. The traders
were sent to Canada.

During the year 1745, a dispute arose with the Senecas, in which
several of the latter were killed, but no general warfare followed.

PLOT OV NICHOLAS TO KXTEIIMINATE THE FRENCH I'OWEIl IN THE

WEST.

This year, the Miamis entered into the conspiracy of Nicholas, the
distinguished Huron chief, wlio resided at " Sandosket," on the bay
of that name. A plot was formed for a general extermination of the
French power in the "West. Seventeen tribes joined in this move-
ment. In July, the Miamis danced the Calumet at Detroit, yet
soon after seized Fort Miami, took eight Frenchmen, and destroyed
the buildings. This tribe had removed from the Detroit river to
lands on the north side of Sandusky bay. They were a powerful
body of men ; active, energetic, and unscrui)ulous. They had in
some manner been ofleiided by the French at Detroit, which affords
tho veasou of their change of habitat-ion, Nicholas, their principal

I*lot of Airholas.

I lie

chief, was a wily follow, full of savau^o cunning, Avhose enmity, when
diici' aroused, was f^'rrally to ha Icarcd.

Late in the same year a party of J'lnglish traders from I'ennsylva-
iiia visited the village of Nicholas, and were received with marked
iitteiition. Nicholas had become an im})lacable enemy of the French,
and was therelbrc ready to make a treaty of amity and good will
with the Kufflish. He accordingly ]iorniitted the ere(!tion of a large
\>AK'k hoitse at his jjrincipal town on the bay, and sutlercd the traders
lo remain and dispose of their stock of goods. Once located, the
I'.ngligli established themselves at the place, and, according to French
accounts, ac(|uired great inlluence with Nicholas and his tribe. This
iulluence was always exercised to the injury of the French.

On the 2'.\i\ of June, 1747, live Frenchmen, with jJcUries, arrived
at the Sandusky town from White river, a small stream falling
into the Wabash nearly opposite the present town of Mt. Carmel,
Illinois. These Frenchmen, being wholly unaware of the presence
(if Ktiglish among the llurons, were unsuspicious of danger, and
counted ujjon the hospitality and friendshii» of the Indians. Tlieir
presence, however, ins])ired anything but tokens of good will.
Nicholas was greatly irritated at the audacity of the French in com-
ing into his towns without his consent. The Fnglish traders,
noticing this feeling, urged the chief to seize the F'X'iudinien and
their ])eltries. This was acconn)lislH'd on the afternoon of the day
of their arrival. The fate of the poor l<'renchmPn was soon deter-
mined. Nicholas condemned them to death, and they were toma-
hawked in cold blood. Their stock of peltries was disposed of to
Uic J"]nglish, and by tliem sold to a l>arty of Seneca Indians.

The news of these outrages created much feeling among the
French at Detroit, and especially so among the traders in the Ohio
country. As soon as the Sandusky murders came to the information
of the Governor of Canaila, he ordered M. de Longueuil, command-
ant at Detroit, to send a messenger to Nicholas demanding the
surrender of the murderers of the live Frenchmen. The demaml
was not complied with. Three other messengers in turn followed,
but were met with the same refusal. M. de Longueuil then sent a
peremptory demand, re(iuiring the surrender ot the murderers, to be
disposed of according to his pleasure; that the llnrons must ally
themselves at once with the French, or the latter will become their
irreconcilable enemies ; that the French were disposed to look upon
the recent murders as acts of irresponsible parties, and not of the

French Village at Fort Waijne.

Huron tribe, and that all English traders must loave the Indian
towns Ibrthwith.

The answer returned to these i»ro))osition8 amounted to a defiance,
and preparations were'nmde for an expedition against Sandusky.

The crafty Nicholas was not less active than the French. He
formed a great conspiracy for the capture of Detroit and the upi)or
French posts, and the nuissaere of the white inhabitants. How loni;
this conspiracy had been* brewing, we have no infornuition. We
know that by August, 1717, the lro(iuois, llurons, Outaouagas,
Abonaquis, Pons, Ouabash, Sauteurs, Oulaouas, iMississagues, Foxes,
Sioux, Sacs, .Sarastaus, Louj)s, I'outeouataniis, C'haouenons and
Miamis had entered into a grand league, iuiving for its object exter-
mination of French dominion and authority in the West. Every
nation of Indians, excepting those in tlie Illinois country, entered
into the plan with zeal Mud alacrity.

OU'ensive operations were to commence at once. A party of De-
troit Hurons were to sleep in the fort and houses at Detroit, as they
had often done before, and each was to kill the |)eoi)le where he
lodged. The day set for this massacre was one of the holidays ul'
Pentecost. A Inmd of I'outeauatamis were commissioned to destroy
the French mission anil villages on lU)is Blanc Island ; the
Miamis, to seize the French tradera in their country; the Iroquois,
to destroy the French village at the Junctioa of the Miami and St.
Joseph; the Foxes, to destroy the village at (Jreen JJay; the Sioux,
Sacs and Sarastaus to reduce Micliillimacinac; while the other
tribes were to destroy the French trailing i)osts in their respective
countries, seize the traders, and put them to death.

This great conspiracy, so skillfully planned and arranged, would
have been attended with a frightful loss of life, and the utter annihi-
lation of French power, but for its a"fidental yet timely discovery.

It seems that a party of Detroit llurons had struck before the
other tribes were ready, by the murder of a l''renchman in the forest
a few leagues from Detroit. This act* was unauthorized by the
Huron chiefs, who had made their arrangements for occupying the
houses at Detroit, and Avere only waiting for the appointed time to
strike the fatal blow. So fearful were the chiefs that their object
would be detected since the murder, that a council was held in one
of the houses, which had been obtained for the purpose, to deter-
mine whether any change of operations way necessary. While they
were in council, one of their squaws, going into the garret of the

Plot of Nidi of (IS IhfntfHi.

liouflo in soarch of Indian oorn, ovorhcard the details of the con-
spinii'y. SIk' at onco luisti-iii'd to ii Jtauit priuHt, and ivviiiUhI I1u>
j)lan8 of the savages. The priest lost no time in communicating
with M. dr liOMifuenil, th<' i''rench commandant, who ordered ont
the troops, arouHi'd tiie people, and gave the Indiana to inderatand
that their planr had heen disc()\er<'d, and wonid he diHeomtitcd.
Willi great alaerity messengers wi-re despatched to the forts and
trading posts, which i)ut tiie people on their gnurd.and cansed them
to retire to places of safety. All t'.ie settlers in the vicinity of De-
troit were notilied to enter the fort. The post of Miami was ahan-
iloned, and relief asked for from Quebec.

When the llurons at Ditroit found they had been deteiUed, they
sullenly withdrew, the eomnnindant being unwilling to o|)mi actual
hostdities by detaining them. Soon after this the Indian oi)erations
began, though confined to a snndl scale, on account of the vigilance
of M. de lionguenil in apprising his countrymen of their danger.
The latter part of August, 17-17, a number of Frenchmen were killed
lit (Jhibarmini ; eight traders were seized in the Miami country; a
man named Martineau was killed near Detroit; the S.iuteurs attacked
a convoy of French canoes on Lake St. Clair, captured one and
plundered the goods; the Outaowas killed a number of French
traders residing in their country; the Foxes murderetl several traders
at (Jreen Hay ; a French trader was killed on the !^[iami ; a party of
llurons attacked the inhaliitants of JJois Hianc Island, and wounded
three men. Five of the llurons were captured, taken to Detroit,
and heavily ironed. One was soon after killed by the people, and
another committed suicide. Other murders were committed, and
trading houses destroyed, but the conspiracy had been pretty elfectu-
ally broken up by its timely discovery. Soon after hostilities had
commenced, numbers of those who had entered the league deserted
it, and craved the pardon and favor of the French. First among
these were the Outaowas and Pouteowatamis, the latter having
agreed to destroy the Bois Blanc villages. Thus weakened, the
plans and efforts of Nicholas were in a measure paralyzed.

On the 22d of Septemberj a large number of boats, containing one
hundred and fifty regular soldiers, arrived at Detroit from Montreal.

Upon hearing of this, Nicholas abandoned all his plans, and was
ready to make peace on the best terms he could obtain. He knew
that certain destruction awaited his villages, unless pardon Avas

Nicholas ((handoiis I'^andnshy Bay

obtained; for the Frencli commandant was already meditating a
punishment for him and his people, for the murder of the five
traders the June [)revious.

During the summer, two chiefs of the Detroit Hurons, Sastaredzy
and Taychatin, had visited Detroit on a professed mission of friend-
ship. They were seized and sent to Quebec to answer for the mur-
ders committed by the Sandusky Hurons. Sastaredzy died at
Quebec on the 4th of August; Taychatin was released when peace
was made. Nichohis secured the pardon of himself and the San-
dusky Hurons, upon the most favorable terms — that of maintaining
peace in the future. The French abandoned their demand for the
murderers of tlie five traders, and made no conditions as to the
Indian trade with tlie EngHsh. Even during the winter that fol-
lowed, 1747-8, Nicholas received at the Sandusky villages, on two
occasions, a party of Englishmen from Pliiladelphia, and allowed
his people to trade witli them. Soon after this, Nicholas received
belts and ('tiier tokens of friendship from the English. These
things came to the ear of M. de Longueuil, and he lost no time in
asking instructions from Quebec.

On the 14th of January, 1748, Nicholas sent fourteen of his
warriors to Detroit to ask for the release of the three remaining
Indians captured at Bois Blanc Island. M. de Longueuil, wishing
to secure Nicholas as an ally, granted his request, and th3 prisoners
were released.

In February, 1748, French soldiers rebuilt and again occupied the
post on the Miami. The same month, La Joncaire, Governor of
Canada, ordered M. de Longueuil to give Nicholas notice that no
English traders W(uild be allowed among his people^ or in the West-
ern country; and if any were found, they should receive notice to
quit forthwith. Agreeable to these instructions, a French oflScer
was sent to Sandusky, who notified Nicholas of the wishes of the
Governor of Canad-i. Finding several English at the towns, the
ofticer commanded them to leave the country, which they promised
to do.

Finding himself deserted l)y nearly all of his allies, his power for
mischief gone, and the activity and determination of the French to
suffer encroachments from the English no longer, Nicholas finally
resolved to abandon his towns on Sandusky Bay and seek a home
farther west. On the 7th of April, 1748, he destroyed the villages

and fort, a

nineteen

I Indiana.

country, lo

in the fall

The stei

of the tribt

desired efl'e

had been u

for peace.

holding of

savages to '

much ttnva

tion was isi

the tribes ei

Saute urs. '

be overlook

wards withd

French, hov

" rebels,'' as

not inclined

ders. They

being placed

rule. In th

we find the J

"Should I

tort without

arrest him ai

Similar or

west. These

the Indians 1

louspiracy o

performed th

I'ort Miami,

.loseph's and

In 1746, tl

French post

were operatiri

ket." Thec<

and did an ej

A 7id Jietn o > m \Ve)<f.

l\)

and fort, and on the following day, at the hetul of one hundred and
nhu'tecn warriors, and th(^ir families, left for the White river in
Iiuliana. 8oou alter he moved with his people to the Ilhnois
country, locating on the Ohio, near the Indiana line, where he died,
in the fall of 1748.

The stern, unyielding conduct of M. de Longueuil coward most
of the tribes who had been engaged in the conspiracy, produced the
desired effect. By the 1st of May, 1748, the power of the league
had been utterly annihilated, and nearly every nation forced to sue
for peace. This result was not produced by the sword. The with-
holding of supplies, the prohibition of traders, the reduction of the
savages to want not only of provisions but of powder and ball, did
much toward humbling their desire for war. In June, a proclama-
tion was issued by the Governor of Canada, granting pardon to all
the tribes engaged in the conspiracy, excepting the Mississagues and
Sauteurs. Those nations had committed offences which could not
be overlooked without punishment. These exceptions were after-
wards withdrawn, and peace was established in the Northwest. The
French, however, for several years, looked with distrust upon the
" rebels,'' as they were called. The Detroit Hurons were sulky, and
not inclined to carry the yoke the French placed upon their shoul-
ders. They had formerly enjoyed every privilege ; no obstructions
being placed in their way. Now they were subjected to military
rule. In the general orders of the post at Detroit, June 3d, 1748,
we find the following:

"Should any Huron, or other rebel, be so daring as to enter the
fort without a pass, through sheer bravado, 'twould be jjropei- to
arrest him and ]nit him to death on the spot."

Similar orders were issued at all French posts in the North-
west. These harsh, but necessary measures, had their lessons, and
the Indians became as quiet and peaceable as ever. Thus ended the
conspiracy of Nicholas. The Miamis were fully in the plot, and
performed the part assigned them by the capture and destruction of
Fort Miami, as it was then known, at the confluence of the St.
Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers.

In 17+6, the Marquis de Vaudretiil advocated the erection of a
French post at the Falls of the Ohio. At this time the English
were operating between the mouth of the Cuyahoga and "Sandos-
ket." The celebrated George Croghan had a house at the Cuyahoga,
and did an extensive business with the tribes along the lake.

Fort Miami Rehiilt.

AVlieii the conspiracy of Nicholas had been crushed, Fort Miami
was rebuilt and occupied by the French under Sieur Dubuisson, In
May, 1T48, Captain de Celeron left Montreal for Detroit, with a
convoy of arms, amniuniiion, goods and ])rovisions. The Governor
of Pennsylvania seni Coni'ail Wtisser to Logstown with a large sup-
ply of presents, to secure the friendship of the Ohio Indians. At
this time the French were considering the practicability of building
a fort " on Lake Erie, below Detroit," when a treaty of peace was
signed at Aix-la-Chnjielle. \^^' the terms of this treaty, .Commis-
sioners were to be ajipoiuLed to run a boundary line between lliu
French and Englisli j)ossessions in America, but nothing seems to
have been done in the premises. On the 3d of October, 1748, Ciov-
ernor Clinton, of New York, addressed a communication to the
Duke of Bedford. The following is an extract: "I am informed
that all the numerous nations to the westward of the English colo-
nies are exceetlingly dissatisfied with the French: that ihey have
killed several of the French traders, and had blocked up the small
forts the French had amongst them, and killed several of ih -r
soldiers. This was owing to the English selling goods more tliuii
one-half cheaper than the French did, and by the French endeavor-
ing to hinder the Indians from trading with the English." This
refers to the conspiracy of Nicholas.

In October, 1748, Count de La Galissonniere wrote to M. de Lon-
gueuil, commandant at Detroit, that " though we be at peace, every
attempt of the English to settle at liiver a la Eoehe (Maumee),
White river, and Ohio river, or any of their tributaries, must be
resisted by force." Not long after this a party under Captain de
Celeron, forced the English to leave Sandosket and the Cuyahoga.

During this year (1748), a treaty was made with t!.e Twigtwees,
or Mianiis, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by which they allied them-
selves to the English, and agreed to protect^ such traders as might be
sent among them. The same year, 'J'homas Lee, who was connected
with the provisional government of Virginia, formed a design of
effecting a settlement on the wild lands west of the Allegheny
Mountains. His plans were corilially .-'pproved by the Executive
Cov.ncil of Virginia. Lee associ^ued himself with twelve Virginians,
among whom wt-re Laurence and Angiistim! Washington, brothers
of (Jeorge Wiishington,_ and a Mr. llanl)ury, of London, and formed
the "Ohio Land Company." The following year (1749), they
obtained from King George II. a grant of live hundred thousand acres

v: of land sif
? Vii'ginia si

'= During t
into the
in the nan

■ along the

■ ferences wii
of his missi
trading col
Muskingum
never to ret

From tha
" To warn h
their appear
any delicacy

During tt
August, Gov
(0 the Ohio
eeased betw(
of Captain C

We have r

hetween the

preserving tl

the Fall of 11

among its ne

sons from Ea

i.t the mouth

northwest of

after a distir

bidck house

place jirosper

had seeininglj

occasion hap|:

In the Butn

dcserced, deli\

Twigtwees. wl

allies, wanted

revenge

in order to sa

De Celeronh E^rpeditinn.

of land situated on both sides of the Ohio, but ]irincipally on the
Virginia side between the Monongahela and Kanawha.

Durinf the year 1740, Captain de Celeron conducted an expedition
into the Ohio country, to formally take possession of the territory,
in the name of the King of the French. He buried leaden plates
along the Ohio river, visited the interior of the country, held con-
ferences with the Indian tribes, and faithfully performed the duties
of his mission. In August, Captain Celeron discovered an English
trading colony at an old Shawanese town on the Ohio, near the
Muskingum. The traders were permitted to leave, on their promise
never to return.

From that place Celeron wrote to the Governor of Pennsylvania:
"To warn him that if any English traders should thereafter moke
their appearance on the Ohio river, they would be treated without
any delicacy."

During this year, also, many interesting events took place. In
August, Governor Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, sent George Croghan
to the Ohio Indians with a message, informing them that war had
ceased between the French and English, and to inquire the reason
of Captain Celeron's march through their country.

We have noticed a treaty of amity and friendship macie in 1748
between the English and Twigtwees. Desirous of maintaining and
preserving the relations established, the colony of Pennsylvania, in
the Fall of 17.~)0, lent its a,id to the planting of a company of traders
among its new allies. Late in that year a party of twenty-five per-
sons from Eastern Pennsylvania, built a station on the Great Miami,
i.t the mouth of what is now known as Loramie's Creek, sixteen niilfs
northwest of Sidney, Shelby county. It was called Pickawillany,
after a distinguished chief of the Twigtwees. Hefore >Spring, a
block house and several stores and dwellings were erected. The
place prospered, the traders did a flourishing business, and success
had seemingly attended the effortjs of the Pennsylvanians, when an
occasion happened which gave uml)rage to the French.

In the Summer of 17.51. three or four French soldiers, who had
deserced, delivered themselves to the English at Pickawillany. The
Twigtwees. who had long suffered from the French and their Indian
allies, wanted th^ three deserters delivered to them for purposes of
revenge. The English would not consent to this, but were obliged,
in order to save their lives, to send them to an English post on liie

Fort PickawUlany.

Muskingum, where hhey were delivered to (leorge Croghan. When
the French lieard that deserters from their service were received and
protected at Pickawillany, the Governor of Canada determined upon
the destruction of that post. A force under Sieur de Joncaire, was
sent, but was obliged to return to Detroit from diHiculties met witli
in the wilderness. In ]\Iay, 1752. another party left Detroit on the
same mission. The French aiul tlieir allies numbered about two
hundred and fifty men. On the 21st of June, at early morn, they
reached T'ickawillany. and at once began the attack. A skirmish
took place, in which one Phiglishniau and fourteen Twigtwees were
killed. The place, after some furtJier resistance, was surrendered.
and a general plunder of the houses followed. Some of the huts
were razed to the ground ; the fort, or block house was left stand-
ing. The Knglish traders were sent to Canada, but tradition says
few of them reached there.

The Twigtwee King, "Old Britain," was killed and eaten in the
presence of his con((uored people. In the following year the Gover-
nors of Pennsylvania and Virginia sent presents and messages of
condolence to the Twigtwee nation.

Recurring to the order of years, we are brought back to 1750.

During that year, Etiglish traders were a second time expelled from
the Cuyahoga. A party of French from Detroit built Fort Junandat.
on the east bank of the Sandusky river, near the bay. Fort Char-
tres was also rebuilt. About this time Luke (Vrowin, of Pennsvl- |
vania, Joseph l<'ort(>ner, of New Jers(\v, and Thomas Borke, traders,
were (•a))tured near F'ort Jananchit, John Pathen, an English
trader, was arrested near Fort Miami. All of these were sent to
Canada, thence to France. The Governor of Canada, upon learn-
ing the fact.-;, wrot(^ to the Governor of New York, complaining that
"the English, far from confining themselves within the limits of the
King of Great Britain's possession.^, not satisfied with multiplying
themselves more and more on Rock river with having houses and
open stores there, have, more than that, proceeded within sight of
Detroit, even unto the Fort of the Miamis.'' Soon after, the Gov-
ernor urged upon the French ^Ministry the great importance, and
the benetits to be derived from holding the Ohio and its tributaries,
Desiring to put an end to the influence of the English, sundry
rewards were offered for the scalps of traders found on French
territory.'

A numb(
Ohio to the
HI formation
The Englis
and on Bea
the Huron,
city. In 1
Oliio Oompj
(hiring the I
which had
did not coi
visit from tl:
eastward.

FURTHER RI

[In 1870-
Western Ref
til rough Hoi
James, in obi
British tradir
by the Fren*
Mr. Good ma
Cincinnati, ii
writer avails
as the princ
Valley.]

For many ;
the Miamis h
at the mouth
That point w
gers, who tra
day. and had
the Miamis w
of " TmiHxtw
called V\cka\
" Picktovm '' ;

Pichatvillany Def<troyed.

A number of Philadelphia and Lancaster traders explored the
Ohio to the Illinois country, and on their return lurnished valuable
inlormation to Lewis Evans for his map of the Western country.
'L'he. English this year made their way into the Venango country,
and on Beaver Creek, while the French established trading posts on
the Huron, at its mouth, and at "Ogontz," on the site of Sandusky
city. In 1752, Ciiristopher (list was aopointed surveyor of the
Ohio Company, and at his suggestion a trading post was established
during the Fall of that year, at a point somewhat eastof Pickawillany,
which had been destroyed by the French during the Summer. It
did not continue long; for the traders, learning of an intended
visit from the French, hastily gathered up their goods and proceeded
eastward. The site of this post car. not now be determined.

'i FURTHER REGARDING POST " PICKAWILLANY,"' AND ITS DESTRUC-

TION IN 1752.

'ani-

tlKlt

if till

fwv;

aiul

It of

(ioV-

and

[In 1870-71, the late Mr. A. T. Goodman, then Secretary of the
Western Reserve Historical Society, at Cleveland, was successful,
through Hon. John Lotlirop Motley, Minister at the Court of St.
James, in obtaining certain valuable historical p ipers relating to the
Briti-sh trading post Pickawillany, which was attacked and destroyed
by the French in 1752. An analysis of these papers was made by
Mr. Goodman, and publisiied in 1871, by Robert Clarke & Co., of
Cincinnati, in a volume entitled, ''Journal of Captain Trent.'' The
writer avails himself of the material points embraced in this volume,
as the principal of them belong to the history of the Maumee
Valley.]

For many years prior to the advent of Indian traders in the "West,
the Miainis had a village on the west side of the Creat Miami river,
at the mouth of what afterward became known as Loraniie's Creek.
Tiiat i)oint was visited by the (knircurs des Bois, or Canadian voya-
gers, who traveled under the direction of the traders, at an early
day, and had become a place of note long ]irevious to the alliance of
the Miamis with the English. From the latter, it received the name
of " Tawixtnn tnion,'''' until the building of a stockad*', when it was
called Pickawlllnny, though in some accounts we find the name
" Picktoton '' applied to it.

P/clr/ iriJ/anf/ Def^troijed.

Eiiglisli traders dealt "with the Miamis at an early period, even
Avhile the latter were fully pledged to French interests. The Penn-
sylvania factors seem to have been special favorites, for they sold
their goods at half the price asked by the Coiirenrs dcs Bois. This
Avas a matter of importance to the Indians, and, doubtless, had much
to do with the subsequent friendly alliance with the English.

During the Summer of 1749, M. de Celeron visited the Tawixtvvi
town, but found no traders there, they having had timely notice of
his coming, and departed Avith their goods and chattels. The
Miami warriors were in force at the time of Celeron's visit, and that
ortlcer did no injury. On the contrary, he treated tlicm witli kind-
ness and attention. Presents were given, and the usual speeches
made, but the Indians withstood his arts and artifices, and remained
friendly to the Englisli, While the English traders felt safe in the
hands of the Miamis, tliey were in constant fear of the French.
Occasionally an unfortunate trader became a victim. The dread of
such a fate was increased l)y the fact that the Ottawas were known
to " kill, roast and eat"' their English caj/tives. The Miamis shared
this feeling, as several of their best warriors had fallen into the
enemy'.s hands. IMie need of a strong post was felt, which would
afford better protection tlian the ordinary houses of the traders. It
was some time, however before the Indians would allow the erection
of such a structure.

In Pennsylvania, licenses to trade with the Indians were granted
by the Governor, upon the recommendation of the iustices of the
counties in which the applicant resided. The trailers' goods were
carried on pack-horses, along the old Indian trails, whic)\ led to all
the ])rincipal towns imd villages. The articles of tratlic on the parr
of the whites were fire-arms, gunpowder, lead, ball, knives, Hints,
hatcliets, rings, rum, tobacco, medals, blades, leather, cooking uteii
sils, shirts, and othei' articles of wearing apparel : pipes, paint, etc.
Some of the traders would run regular "ciiravans "' of fifteen or
twenty horses, making several trips during the year. It is impossible
to give any definite account of the extent of this tralfic, but it must
have amttunted to great value.

Having obtained permission from the Indians, the English, in the
Fall of 1750, began the erection of a stockade, as a placo of protec-
tion, in case of sudden attack, both for their persons and property.
When the main building was completed, it was surrounded with a

high wall o
. sure the tra
fresh watei
summer.

At this ti
and was the
cy. Christ,!
lislied joiin
"• one of the

In several
I'ickawillan
the struetui
authority, tl
l)()rhood of
(iist, howev
exists in si
nourishing t
than a cent
upon the M;

In Decern
\ama to lear
ed them as '
English trad
wholly deser
lit Vincennes
to the place,
Miamis, lavis
u"reat variety
scss enterpris
mUil ITd!). w
established a
hater of the
eiice among
■ Loramie's ^
t'ellowship wi
was titled on
place beconi
borderers, tli
solved to pa'
tuckians, in t

Peter Lornmie and hi.s Station.

high wall of split logs, having three gate-ways. Within the inclo-
sure the traders dug a well, which furnished an abundant supply of
fresh water during the fall, winter and spring, hut failed in
summer.

At this time Piekawillany eontaiuiHl i'our hundred Indian faniilies,
and was Mie residence of tlie prinei[»al chie^'of the ]\Iiiinii Confedera-
cy. Christopher Gist was there in February, 1751, and in his i)ub-
lished journal, says the place was daily increasing, and accounted
" one of the strongest towns on this continent.''

In several contemporary papers we liud it stated tluit the fort at
Pickawiliany was built of stone. If this was the case, remains of
the structure ought yet to be visible, hut we are informed, on good
authority, that no traces of the kind are to be found in the neigh-
borhood of the mouth of Loramie's Creek. This statement ol Mr.
Gist, however, may well be (Hiesticuied, although ample evidence
exists in support of the conclusion that it was a po[)ulous and
flourishing town, and the centre of a large Indian trade. But more
than a century previous, seats of a larger trade, probably, existed
up(m the Maumee river.

In December, John Patten wa>; sent by the Governor of Pennsyl-
vania to learn the intentions of the Mianiis. and it appears he report-
ed them as "gone over to the French.'" At this time most of the
English trader^! abandoned the Ohio trade. Pickawiliany was
wholly deserted by them. Not long after, the French commandant
at Vinceimes, deeming the location a good one, sent some traders
to the place, and made a treaty of concord and friendship with the
Miumis, lavishing upon them a very large amount of money, and a
great variety of costly presents. The place, however, did not pos-
sess enterprise or spirit, and was not widely known as a trading post
until 1T()9. when a Cninidian French trader, named Peter Loramie,
established a store there. lie was a man of energy, and a good
hater of the Americans. For many years he exercised great inHu-
ence among the Indians. After his arrival, the place was called
''Loramie's Station." During the Revolution. Lorpraie was in fidl
fellowshij) with the British. Many a savage incursion to the border
was fitted out from his supply of war material. So noted had his
place become as the hea<l<|uarters of spies, emissaries, and savage
borderers, that (Tcnei-al George IJogors Clarke, of Kentucky, re-
solved to pay it a visit : which he did. with a large party of Iven-
tuckianS) in the Fall of 1782. The post was taken by surprise, and

Jonoaire on the Manniee.

Lor.'unie iiiirrowly t!sca))0(l bein<ij mjido prisonor. His store was
rilled of its (lontents, and hiirned to tlic tfroimd. as worn all the
other habitations ill Ihe vicinity. Poor Loratnio shortly afterward
removed witli a party of Sliawnesi^ to a spot near the junction of
the Kansas and Missouri, wlieii' he closetl his days. The site oi'lMcka-
willany and Loraniie's Station has never been rebuilt.

The hostility of the French a<j;ainst> the Twigtwces, awakened a
V)itter feelinjx from th > latter Two Frenchmen near the Oliio were
murdered in cold l)l()()d. The Kiiijflish this year (li^-i) stationerl
thems Ives on the Vermillion river, and a trader named John
Frazier built a cabin upon French Creek, near the Ohio. During
the Summer a council was held with the Delaware, Shawanese, and
other Ohio tribes, at Logstown, when the Indians promised Colonel
Joshua Fry and other Knglish Commisf ioners. that, they would not
molest any settlements ma<le on the southeast side ol the Ohio.

In 17")0. a large body of French from Canada moved to the .south-
west, and erected forts Presque Isle, on the site of P^rie, Pennsylva-
nia ; La Hoeiif, on French Creek, and Venango, on the Allegheny
river. In Ajtril o\' that year, M. Joncaire was st'nt, with a small
detachment o^ regidars, and a nnnibi>r of Iriendly Senecas. to visit
the Indians on the Ohio and its branches. When Joneaire reached
the Miamis, he marchtd \\\* i their towns witii great ceremony. The
Indians were frltxhtcned. ami promised again '• to become the chil-
dren of the French." Joncaire assured them of {)rotection, and
succeeded in inducing a large number to ai'coinpany him to the fori
on the Maumee. Captain Trent was sent to the Ohio from V^irginia
with powder, shot, guns and clothing for Indians friendly to the
British.

The Kuglish. in September, represented by William Fairfax, met
the Indians of Eastern Ohio, in council at Winchester, Virginia, and
made a treaty of peace and friendship. A like coven.ant was enter-
ed into at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, between Pennsylvania Commis-
sioners and the Iroipiois, Delawares. Shawanese. Twigtwees and
Wyandots. With gr at foresight, tiovernor De Lancey, of New
Yo k. recommended to the Fnglish Lords of Trade the building of
two strong foris on the Ohio, on.' in Pennsylvaniii. the other in
Virginia. While the •' Lords" were dreaming over the proposition,
the FnMich look advantage of the situation.

Learning of the operations of M. Duquesne, Governor Dinwiddle,
of Virginia, despatched George Washington with a letter to Fort

Le Fioeut. a
he was infri
departure.'"
Although
until the y.
that yen-
troops, and
fence an<l si
of the site o
seciu'cd the
proved of g
Washington
marched th
erection of a
Necessity, ai
under Sieur <
slain. i\ If
which was c(
hundred mer
above Fort
confe<leratior
was rc'jected
lish Lords of
establishment
the cidebrato
advocated th
One of these
Cuyahoga, or
pied that poi
Mingoes, whc
as the Engl i si
place in viev
located on th
mouth, .and a
The difficn
January of tl;
Brit.sh Goveri
country to th
On the 2-^d of
America mus

British and Freivh Jealousies.

.•l.il

i.ru,

Kori

TiC liociif. apprisiiiij; M. de St. Pierre, the French eominandor, th.-il
lie W.18 iiitViiij;ing on KngliHh territory, and roquirinjjj "his peaceable
departure.'" No attention was paid to this modest demand.

Although war between France and Kngland was not deelareil
until the year I T.")f^). the contlict actually began in IT.")1. During
that yeir Virginia appropriated S-")'',***'" for the siipport ot" State
trooj)s, and other colonies were as liberal in tlieir measures of de-
fence and supply. Early in the season the French took possession
of the site of Pittsburg, and erected thereon Fort DiKpiesne. They
secured tlie friendshi]) of the Indians living on the Scioto, who
proved of great service to their tnasters. In .\pril. Major (ieorge
Washington ami Colonel Joshua Fry, wit.li six hundred Virginians,
marched through Pennsylvania for the Ohio, having in view the
<'rection of a post, .and the exptilsion of the French They built FVrt
Necessity, and shortly afterward (b'feated near there, a French force
under Sieur de Jumonville. who. with thirtytive of his soldiers, was
slain. A large party of French now besieged Fort Necessitv,
which was compelled to surrender with Major Washington and tive
hundred men. After this event, the French erected Fort Machault
above Fort Venango. During the month of July. \l^y\. a plan of
confederation was formeil by a Colonial Convention, at Albany It
was rejected by the assemblies as too (trii^tomili'-, and by tlu> Kng-
lish Lords of Trade because it was too Ihmorratir. A plan for the
establishment of colonies in the West, was ])ublished this year, by
the celebrated Dr. Franklin. Among other recoinmend.it ions, he
advocated the building of stnmg fortresses in the Ohio country.
One of thes(' he suggested should be located at the mouth of the
Cuyahoga, on Lake Erie. 'C\\o French, however, had already occu-
pied th.at point by the establishment of a trading post among the
Mingoes, who lived on the river. This post probably began IT.')!.
as the English w^ere driven off in 17.5(>, and the French had had the
place in view for some time. One of their trading houses was
located on the left bank of the Cuyahoga, about ten miles from its
month, and a little above the mouth of Tinker's Creek.

Tlie difKcnltii'S in America continued into the year 1755. h\
Janaary of that year, the French King made a proposition to the
Ib'itsh Government, to .settle all grievance.s, by restoring the Western
'ouutry to the same condition it was in before the la('' war — I7b">.
On the 2-^d of January, the English replied, that the West of North
America must he left as it was before the peace of Utrecht. On

English and French Hofitihtiefi.

February 6tli, Fninoo answering said, tliat the old claims in America
were liiitcnablo, and offi-red as a coinpromiso that the English
retire east of the Allcgheiiies, and the French nunain west of the
Ohio rivL'r. On tlu' 7tli (»!' March, the P^ntrlish agreed Id the French
offer of compromise, providing the latter destroyed all forts on tiic
Ohio and its brunclRvJ. This the French Monarch declined to do,
and the negotiations ended.

In May, 175(>, England declared war against France, and the latter
followed with a like declaration in Juno.

The Newjwrt (Rhode Island) Mercuri/, of December, 1758, con-
tained the following :

New Youk, December IJith, 1758.
Early on Monday morning last, an express arrivi'd here from the
westward, and l)rought sundry letters, which gave an account that
General Forbes was in ])ossession of Fort Du Quosne*. One of these
letters says, that the Monsieurs did not stay for the ai)proacli of our
army, but blew up the fort, spiked tlu'ir cannon, threw them into
the river, and made the best of their way off. carrying with them
everything valuable, except the spot where the fort stood. .And
yesterday anotlier express arrived here with other letters confirming:;
the f(jregoing, and directed from the fort itself; the most particular
of whic'h are as follows, viz :

FoKT DiJ Qup:.sne, November 26th, 17.58.
_ I have now the pleasure to write you from the ruins of the fort.
On the ^Ith, at night, we were informed by one t»f our Indian
scouts, that he had discovered a cloud of smoke above the place; and
soon after another came in with certain intelligence thatit was bunii
and abandoned by the enemy. We were ihcn about lifteen niiks
from it. A troop of horse was senf forward immediately, to extin-
guish the burning, and the whole army followed. We arrived at six
o'clock last night, and found it in a great measure destroyed.

There are two forts about twentv vards distant — the one buik
with imnien.:;e labor; small, but a great deal of very strong works
collected into little room, and stands on the point of a narrow neck
of land, at the continence of the two rivers. It is square, and has
two ravelins, gabions at each corner, etc. The other fort stands on the
bank of the Allegheny, in the form of a ))arallelogram, but nothing
so strong as the other. Several of the outworks are lately begun,

and still un
standiiitr, b
which ruiiii
barrels ol a
liarrels of gi
off in so inn
works they
night lu'lbre
here. Whc
them down
old, who hi
the 2d in,vti
wood into tl
took at Maj(
the Indians,
ol bodies wii
nionnnients
Delawares. w
to treat with
over. Whetl
leaving any
is appointed
I' is rniijesty's
During tin
act to enconr
lily offered a
liostile Indiai
>iuners to tlu
diiaching th
iH'nrt failed.

In 1759, I

I'rench Mini

I'ort Machan

annoy the Eii

Lake Erie am

[would entail

Lcidties for vie

1 capable of bei

prevailing in

Illinois and 1)

Reward offired for India it Hi'ulps.

21>

ort.

(liiin

and

lurtii

liii-

' iiiul still unHiushc'd. There are, I think, thirty stacks of chiinnoys
.stamlintr, but tlie houses are all destroyed. They sprung a Tuine,
which ruined one ol" their nia<!aziiii's; in the other wo iound sixteen
barrels of aninuinition, a prodifrious i|uantity of old carriajjje ii'on,
iiuri'els of gnus, about a (iart-load of .S('ali»iu;f knives, etc. They went
oil' in so inueh haste that they could not nuikiMpiite the havoc of their
works they intended. We are told by the Indians that they lay the
night before at Beaver Creek, about forty miles down the Ohio frotn
here. Whether they buried their cannon In the river, or carried
tliein down in their battcaux, we have not yet learnt. A boy \'Z years
(jld, who has been their prisoner two years, and nuule his e.>iCiipe

' the '^d instant, tells us they had carried a jirodiglous (piantity of
wood into the fort; that they had burnt five of tlu' prisoners they
took at Major Grant's deieat, on the parade, and delivered others to
the Indians, who were tnniahawked on the spot. \Vi (omul numbers

■ ol bodies within a ((uariiT of a mile of the fort, unburied— so nuiny
nu^numents of French humanity! A great many Indians, mostly
Delawares, were jiathered on the Island last night and this morning,

■ to treat with the (Jeneral, and we are making rafta to bring them
; over. AVhether the General will think of repairing the ruins, or

leaving any of the troops here, I have not yet learnt. Mr. lieatie

^' is iippointed to preach a thanksgiving sermon for the superiority of

Ms niiijesty's arms.

During the same year, the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed an

; act to encourage settlements in the West, while the N'irginia Assem-

I bly offered a price of ten pounds sterling for the scalp of every

■| hostile Indian over twelve years of age. The English sent Oommis-

ij sioners to the Delawares and 8hawanese in Ohio, for the purpose of

ilei aching those tribes from their alliance with the French. The

:= I'tfurt tailed.

In K59, M. de Vandrcuil, Governor oi Canada reported to tiie
French Ministry, " that M. de Ligneris has had orders to remain at
Fort Machault, on the Ohio: 1st, to support the Nations; ^d, to
annoy the English ; 3d, to force them to a diversicm ; 4th, to cover
Lake Erie and force the enemy to march only with an army, which
would entail considerable preparations, whence arises serious diffl-
^cuUies for victualling of all sorts in a country where the ground is
capable of being defended inch by inch. The scarcity of provisions,
prevailing in the colony, has determined me to send orders to the
Illinois and Detroit to forward to Presque Isle all the men these two

mmm

(Uipi<littf of /urnc/r (^jJi<rrM.

lorlH CUM riiniisli.'" Al'ttT ircoiviiig thirt conimuiiiciition, M. do
LignrriH visited ilic liidiuiiH iiioii;; tlu> Ohio, iiiid oliliiincd ii proiiiiso
IVoiii Miciu "to place limits to llu' inuiiitioii of llie iMijilisli." At
Ihi' re(|iiest. of the Shiiwiiiiese on llu> Sciot.o, Lij^iieris iip|)oiiite(l M.
llerti'l, an inlliUMiliiil tnider, as Kiviich a^jeiit amoiij; them.

The iictivity of Sir William .loliiisoi! cauai'd an early ahamloii
mt'iit of i"'ort Veiiaiifijo. The |)tda\vares were also liroiij;ht to
Kiiji'lish terms, and delivered to .lolmsoii live prisoners taken hy
Iheni on tlio borders, viz : .lames I'erry. iioheri Wilson, Kli/.abeth
Armstrong, Calharine llillz, and a lli<i[lilaud soldier. It was now ';
(170*.!), that French powi^r in the West, showed sij^nis of an early ]
overthrow. Disaster npon disaster happcMied. Manpiis de Mont-
ealin reporteil tA> his f^overninent that "(!npidity has seized otticers,
store-keepers and traders on the Ohio and elsewhere, and they are
amussini; astonishing' lortnnos."

Early in the year the French built a small post ut Upper Piipiu,
on tile Great Miami river. A year or two later a parly of Enylisli |
traders and Indians attempted its capture, hut were defeated, willi
j^reat loss. In June, it. was reported to the (Joverm^r of C'anaila J
that " The Cherokees have allowed them to be ;iaiiu'd by the j)resents
of the Lnglish, so tiuit above and below the lieautil'iil river, (Ohio,)
we need not Hatter ourselves with llndin|i[ any allies anu)iig the
Indians.''

During the sanu^ month, (June, 175'.),) tjiree liundred Frencli
soldiers aiul nulitia, and six hundred Indians marched from the
Illinois country for Fort Machault. The route taken was down the
Mississijjpi to the Ohio, up the Ohio to the Wabash, and thence on
that river to the portage at Fort Miami. From that point the
stores were carried to the Maumee, down tlie Maumee to Lake Erie,
and along the southern shore to Presfpie Isle ; thence to Fort
Machault. There they joined the forces of M. de Ligneris, and
marched to Fort Niagara, for the relief and reintorcement of M,
Pouchot, who tvas besieged by English and Indians under Sir
William Johnson. On the 24th of July this relief force was totally
defeated near the fort by Johnson. On the 25tli Niagara surrender-
ed, when the Indian allies of the English massacred in cold blood a
large number of the Illiiu)is French. In September, Quebec was
taken, and the following month. Fort Massiac abandoned. The
year closed under disheartening circumstances to the French.

ICvjmlltlov of .\fnjor Uinjt'vx,

Kiirlv ill 17f^0, tlic (Governor of ('iiniidii nrdorpd Fori MiisHiiir to
1)1' rt'liiiiH iind stn.n^ly lorlilifd; lit- iiIhd IkuI cn-ctcd ii iiiiliiuiy pu.-il
at Kiirtkiiskiii, IlliiMus, lAnir Kii<j;lisli trudcra wciv killed near Fori
Mas8iiic, mid M. Ilcitil, wliu liad inaiiiluiiicd liiH^rruiind lunoti;; the
Indians on I ho Hciota, rcportt-d llial nmncioiis Mnj,'!isli inisonci-.s
from Carnlina were l)ioii;;lil In iiiin l>y tlie sava^^'cs. 'riitiu;,'li llufy
stt'iiu'd rriciidiy, llcrld rccuinniriidcd an t'arly nnioval nf ilic Scioto
Inilianstoa |)t>int near I"'orl Massiac. Diirinj; lln' 8|irin<j; the MisniH-
suiJiK'H, living; oil hakf I'lric, lu'iir l*ii'S(|iii' Islr. joined llic l-'rcin'li al
Dctroil. Allaiis in ilic Wesl. were assiiniiiii,' u hri^Milcr aspect lor
llie French, wlii'M disiisters in Oarolinu produced an ciitiiv revulsion.
Tlie (lovernor issued an order direcliiiff tlie ai»aiidonniciit ol" ail posts
on Ilic Oliio. A^rei'uldy lo tl«is, Ihey were destroyed, and llie <,farri-
soiis ivlired with |)rovisioii,s. www!^, artillery, aiiinuiiiition, etc., lo
Detroit. In lianiiliii;^- lliis event to the French Ministry, the (Jovcr-
iiorsaid: "All llie nations on the lieaiitil'iil river, (Ohio,) witnessed
with sorrow the departure ot the l-'reiich. (Jhevalier do Port neiir
sent thoiii a messajfe, especially the CliaoiKniions, to oii<,'Uffo them to
persevere in their <;ttod intenlions.""

The Kii<,disli, ill i;(')i». were act ive and vif,nlaiit. A party at h'orl

Pitt constructed several small hatteaiix, in which tlioy sailed down

tlie Ohio, and took nolesol'tho islands in that river and the strt-ams

thiit empty into it. Amon<( this [larly was 'riiomas lliitchins, the

raiiioiis ge()gra[)lu'r. Dr. 'riiomas Walker, ol" J'eniisylvania, also

[passed down that river into Kentucky. iJiiriiig the summer (1760),

KJiUiada surremlered to the Kiiglish,aiid in September, Major Robert

Rollers was sent West to take possession of Detroit, and other

French ports along the lakes, lie li'ft Montreal on the J.'Uh of

September, ITOO, and, on the 8th of October, reached Fresque Isle,

[where Bouquet commanded. Ho then went slowly up Lake Erie to

[Detroit, which place \w summoned to yield itself on the I9tli of

l^'ovember. While waiting for an answer from this demand, he was

jvisited by the great Ottawa chieftain, I'oiitiac, who demanded how

Itlio Knglish dared enter his country ; to which answerwas given, that

[they came, not to enter the country, bn' to ojien a free way of trade,

land to expel the l^'reiudi, who interrupted their trade. This reply,

jtogether with other moderate and kindly words, spoken by Rogers,

Iseeinod to lull the rising fears of the savages, and Pontiac promised

Ihiiii his protection, lieleter, meantime, who commanded at Detroit,

Ihad nut yielded; nay, word was brought to Rogers on the 24th, that

Major .Ro(jei'H o)i the Mminiee^ dr:.

his nu'sseiiger liad been confined and a flag-pole erected, with a
wooden head npon it, to represent Bi-itain, on wliich stood a crow
piclving the eyes out, — as emblematic of the success of France. In
a few days, liowever, th.e commander heard of tlie fate of the lower
posts ; and, as his Indians did not stand Ijy him on the 20th, he
yielded. Rogers remained at Detroit until December 23d, under tliu
personal protection of Pontiac, to whose presence he probably owed
his safety.

From Detroit the Major went to the Mauinee, and thence across
the present State of Ohio to Fort Pitt; and his journal of thi;
overland trip is the first we have of such an one in that region. His
route was nearly that given by Hutch ins, in Bouquet's expedition,
as the common one from Sandusky to the Fork of the Ohio. It
went from Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed tlie
Hu)'on river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon Johu't
Town," upon what we know as ^lohicon Creek, the northern branch
of White Woman's river, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, ii
Delawaie town, on the west side of the " Maskongan Creek," oppc
site "a fine river," which, from Ilutchins' map, we presume was-
Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town was one hundred and eighty
warriors, and not le.^s than three thousand acres of cleared land.
From there the track Avent up Sandy Creek and across to the Big
Beaver, and up the Ohio, through Logsto\,-n, to Fort Pitt, whicli
place Eogcrs reached January 23d, 1700, precisely one month havind
passed Avhile he was upon the way.

In the spring of 1761, Alexander Henry, an English trader, went]
to Michillimacinac for purposes of business, and he found every-
where the strongest feeling against the English, who had done
nothing by word or act to conciliate the Indians. Having, by meam^
of a Canadian dress, managed to reach ^Michillimacinac in safety, lit
was there discovered, and waited upon by an Indian chief, who
was, in the opinion of Thatcher, Pontiac himself. This chief, after!
conveying to him the idea that his French father would soon awaktj
and utterly destroy his enemies, continued :

"Englishman I although you have conquered the French, yocj
have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves! These lakeJ
these woods, these mountains, were left to ns by our ancestorsf
They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none,
Your nation su])poses that we, like the white people, can not li«|

Milhout
lie, the (
upon thei
Before
J'resque I
(lassed ui
jterson, ])
conquered
virtually (

M. Dun

Anticipati
"■' insist st
allbrds a p
i'\l)ressed
and the A
.Mississippi
ought to b(

Surrender of the French Posts.

without bread, and i)ork and beef. But you ought to know that
He, tlie Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us
upon these broad lakes and i)' ^hese mountains."

Before the closf^ of tlie year. JJetroit, Michillimacinac, Sandusky,
Presque Isle, Miami, Green Bay, St. Joseph, and other French posts,
passed under control of the English, Avho guaranteed security of
])erson, property and religion, to all French inhabitants of the
conquered territory. It was at this time that French, dominion
virtually ceased over the Ohio country.

M. Dumas addressed a Memoir on Canada to the King of France.
Anticipating an early treaty of peace, he urged that monarch to
"insist strongly on the entire possession of the Ohio river, as it
aflbrds a passage to the Mississippi, and thence to the sea." He also
expressed the ho])e, that Lake Erie would be held, as by that lake
and the Miami and Wabash, another passage is provided for the
Mississippi. lie further said : " The entire possession of Lake Erie
ought to belong to France, incontestably, up to the head waters of
the streams that empty into the lake on the south side ; the rivers
flowing toward the Ohio are included in the neutrality proposed, for
tliat river."

This season, Sir William Johnson made a journey from Niagara to
Detroit, along the southern shore of Lake Erie. He encamped for
a time at tlie mouth o' the Cuyahoga, where Cleveland now stands.

During the year 17<3^, the terms of a treaty of peace were agreed
upon between France and England. The former made a secret
covenant with Spain, conveying to that nation the territory of
Louisiana, which embraced a large portion of Western America.
Early in 1763, peace was effected between the belligerent powers in
America. By the treaty that year, France surrendered' her posses-
sions in North America to the English. The Ohio country passed
under the control of the officials of that Empire, and for some
years affairs tliere and in the far West, were managed by army
otticers, commandants of posts on the frontiers.

The Moravian Loskiel relates that in the villages of the Hurons,
or Wyandots, on the Sandusky, the traders were so numerous in
1703, that the Indians were afraid to attack them openly, and had
roeourse to the following stratagem: They told their unsuspecting
victims that the surrounding tril)es had risen in arms, and were
soon coming that way, bent on killing every Englishman they could

Pontiac's Cons^nracy.

find. The Wyandots averred that they would gladly protect their
friends, — the white men, — but that it would be impossible to do so,
unless the latter Avould consent, for the sake of appearances, to
become their prisoners. In this case, they said, the hostile Indian^'
would refrain from injuring them, and they should be set at liberty
as soon as the danger was past. The traders fell into the sniirc,
They gave up their arms, and the better to carry out the deception,
even consented to be bound; but no sooner was this accomplished,
than their treacherous counsellors murdered them all in cold blood,

The years 1763 and 1704 arc memorable in Western history bv
reason of their having been marked by the formidable coalition o!
the Indian nations, extending from the northern lakes to the fron-
tiers of North Carolina, organized Avith the object to fall upon tlif
whole line of British posts, and annihilate the white inhabitauts.
Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, ]\liamis, Shawanese, Delawares and
Mingoes, for the time, laid by their old hostile feelings, and united
under Pontiac in this great enterprise. The voice of that sagacious
and noble man, (says Jam^s H. Perkins, in his " Western Annals,''i
was heard in the distant North, crying, " Why," says the (Ireat
Spirit, " do you suffer these dogs in red clothing to enter your
country and take the land I have given you ? Drive them from it!
Drive them I When you are in distress I will help you."

That voice was heard, but not by the whites. The unsuspecting]
traders journeyed from village to village ; the soldiers in the fortj
shrunk from the sun of the early summer, and dozed away the diiy ;j
the frontier settler, singing in fancied security, sowed his crop, or,f
watching the sunset through the girdled trees, mused upon out
more peaceful harvest, and told his children of the horrors of tliej
ten years' war, now, thank (Jod I over. From the Alleghenies to|
the Mississip})i the trees had leaved, and all was calm life and joy.j
But through that great country, even then, bands of sullen red nieuj
were journeying from the central valleys to the lakes and the easterDJ
hills. Ottawas lilled the woods near Detroit. The JMaumee i)OSt,]
Pres(iue Isle, Niagara, Pitt, Ligonier. and every English fort wii.-
hemmed in by Indian tribes, who ft-lt tiuit tl.e great battle ilroul
nigh which was to determine their fate and the possession of Ihiirl
noble lands. At last the day came. The traders everywhere werfj
seized, their goods taken from them, and more than one hundred cij
them put to death. Nine British forts yielded instantly, and thfi
savages Trank, " scooped up in the hollows of joined hands," tlid

blood

Virgin!

" of sea

tliousan

taken b

Folloi

latter a ;

of Lafa\

Thispos

by Ensig

situation

miles, in

from evei

niand, an

woods. ;

therefore

prisoners.

Sanduskj
neigh )orho(
Among the
officer. Ens
bound hand

Cainlnlation of Forts Miami and Sandusky. 35

blood of many a Briton. The border streams of Pennsylvania and
Virginia ran red again. " We hear," says a letter from Fort Pitt,
"of scalping every hour." In Western Virginia more than twenty
thousand people were driven from their homes. Mackinac was
taken by stratagem.

Following closely the surrender of Mackinac and Onatanon^ (the
latter a fort situated upon the Wabash, just below the present town
of Lafayette,) came the intelligence that Fort Miami was taken.
This post, standing at the head of the Maumee river, was commanded
by Ensign Holmes; and heie one cannot but remark on the forlorn
situation of these officers, isolated in the wilderness, hundreds of
miles, in some instances, from any congenial associates, separated
from every human being except the rude soldiers under their com-
mand, and the white or red savages who ranged the surrounding
woods. Holmes suspected the intention of the Indians, and was
therefore on his guard, when, on the 27th of May, a young Indian
girl, Avho lived with him, came to inform him that a squaw lay danger-
ously ill in a wigwam near the fort, and urged him to come to her
relief. Having confidence in the girl. Holmes followed her out of
(he fort. Pitched at the edge of a meadow, hidden from view by an
intervening span of the woodland, stood a great number of Indian
Avigwams. AVhen Holmes came in sight of them, his treacherous
conductress pointed out that in which the sick woman lay. He
walked on without suspicion ; but, as he drew near, two guns
Hushed from behind the hut, and stretched him lifeless on the grass.
The shots were heard at the fort, and the sergeant rashly went out
to learn the reason of the firing. He was immediately taken
prisoner, amid exulting yells and whoopings. The soldiers in the
fort climbed upon the palisades to look out, when Godfrey, a Cana-
dian, together with two other white men, made his appearance,
and summoned them to surrender, promising that if they did so
their lives should be spared, but that otherwise they would all be
killed without mercy. The men, being in great terror, and without
a leader, soon threw open the gate and gave themselves up as
prisoners.

Sandusky had been attacked by the band of Wyandofs living in its
neigh )orhood, aided by a detachment of their brethren from Detroit.
Among the few survivors of the slaughter, was tlie commandiug
oificer. Ensign Pauily, who had been brought prisoner to Detroit,
bound hand and foot, and solaced on the passage with the expecta-

36 Captivity and Escape of Commandant Paulhj.

tion of being birnt alive. On landing near tlie camp of Pontiae,
he was surrounded by a croAvd of Indians, chieily squaws and
children, who i)elted him with stones, sticks and gravel, forcing him
to dance and sing, though by no means in a cheerl'ul strain. A worse
infliction seemed in store for him, when, happily, an old woMiaii,
whose husband had lately died, chose to adopt him in place of the
deceased warrior. Seeing no alternative but the stake, Paully
accepted the ])roposal; and having been first plunged in the river,
that the white -blood might be washed from his veins, he was
conducted to the lodge of the widow, and treated thenceforth with
all the consideration due an Ottawa warrior.

Gladwyn, the commandant at Detroit, soon I'eceived a letter from
him, through one of the Canadian inhabitants, giving a full account
of the capture of Fort Handusky. On the IGth of jMay — such was
the substance of the communication — Paully was informed that
seven Indians were Availing at the gate to speak with him. Aj
several of the number Avero Avell known to him, he ordered them,
without hesitation, to be admitted. Arriving at his (juartcrs, two of
the treacherous visitors seated themselves on each side of tlir
commandant, Avhile the rest were disposed in various i)arts of the
room. The pipes were lighted, and the convention began, when an
Indian, who stood in the doorway, sitddenly made a signal by raisin,:
his head. Upon this, the astonished officer was instantly pouiieeil
upon and disarmed; while, at the same moment, a confused uoiiJi'
of shrieks and yells, the ilring of guns, and the hurried tramp of
feet, sounded from the area of the fort without. It soon ceased, |j
however, and Paully, led by his captors from the room, saw tlio %
parade ground strewn Avith the corpses of his murdered garrison.
At nightfall, he Avas conducted to the margin of the lake, avIriv
several birch canoes lay in readiness; and as, amid thick darkness,
the party pusheil out from shore, the captive saw the fort, lately
under his command, bursting on all sides into sheets of flame.
Subsequently, during Pontiae's siege of Detroit, a man Avas discov-
ered one afternoon about four o'clock, running toAvards the fort.
closely pursued by Indians. On his arriving Avithin guu-slm!
distance, they gaA'e over the chase, and the fugitive came iiantin?
beneath the Avails, Avhere a Avicket was thrown ojten to receive him.
lie proved to be the late commandant at Sandusky, who, having. ;i;
before mentioned, been adopted l)y the Indians, and nuirried to an

old s((uaAv

divorei', ai

For the

of the deft

to Lhe vail

At Dot:

niul iiihab

uliicli occ

disclosures

without o>

(he inhal)it

the coinaia

sirous of b

iiis nation,

;i council -«

the least t

i;'t'iierars rei

On the ei

pi»inted by

a curious el

with thein,

lier fo take

Iff then dir

lii.'^niissed iu

but no fiirtl

(lie business

and asked ]

answer.

Some shor

of his servai

satisfactory ii

she came inf

I loitering alx)

hat she mig

Mo. She tol(

heiiaved Mitli

[the remaiiulo

piid yet had

lie tiien aske

l^liohad been

Paulhj Divorced from his Sqvrnr.

old S([u;iw, now seized tlie first opportunity of obtaining a summary
divort'i', and (.'soaping from her tender embraces.

For the above interesting circumstances attending the surrender
of the defences at Forts Miami and Sandusky, the writer is indebted
to the vahiable work of Francis Parkman.

At Detroit, Avliere Pontiac commanded in person, the garrison
and inliabitants were saved under circumstances simihir to those
whieii occurred during the conspiracy of Nicliolas, by the timely
disclosures of an Indian woman. Pontiac had approached Detroit
without exciting any suspicions in the breast of the governor, or
the inhabitants. lie encamped at a little distance from it, and let
tlie commandant know that ho was come to trade ; and being de-
sirous of brightening the chain of peace between the English and
liis nation, desired that he and his chiefs might be admitted to hold
a council with him. The governor, still unsuspicious, and not in
the least doubting the sincerity of the Indians, granted their
ijenei'ars re([uest, and iixed on the next morning for their reception.

On tiie evening of that day, an Indian woman who had been ap-
pointed by Major Cihuhvyn to make a pair of Indian shoes, out of
a curious elk skin, brought them home. The major was so pleased
with them, that, intending them as a present for a friend, he ordered
her to take the remainder back, and make it into others for himself,
lie then directed his servant to ])ay her for those she had done, and
dismissed lier. The woman went to the door that led to the street,
but no further ; she then loitered about as if she had not linished
the business on Avhich she came. A servant at length observed her,
and asked her why she staid there ? She gave him, however, no
answer.

Some short time after, the governor himself saw her, and inquired
of his servant what occasioned her stay. Not being able to get a
satisfactory answer, lie ordered the wonum to be called in. When
slie came into his presence, he desired to know the reason of her
loitering about, and not hastening home before the gates Avere shut,
that she niiglit complete in due time the work he had given her to
do. She told him, after much hesitation, that as he had always
lieliaved with great goodness towards her, she was unwilling to take
the remainder of the skin, because he put so great a value upon it;
[niul yet had not been able to prevail upon herself to tell him so.
He then asked her why she was more reluctant to do so now than
[elio had been when ijhe mtule the former pair, With iucreased reluC"

•^

Pontiae Besieges Detroit,

tance she answered, that she should never be able to bring them
back.

His curiosity was uo»v excited, ai.d he insisted on her disclosing
the secret that seemed to be struggling in her bosom for utterance.
At last, on receiving a promise that the intelligence she was about
to give him should not turn to her prejudice, and tlia:, if it proved
to be beneficial, she should be rewarded for it, she informed him,
that at the council to be held with the Indians the following day,
Pontiae and his chiefs intended to murder him ; and, after having
massacred the garrison and inhabitants, to plunder the town. That,
for this purpose, all the chiefs who were to be admitted into the
council-room had cut their guns short, so that they could conceal
them under their blankets; with which, on a signal given by their
general, on delivering the belt, they Avore all to rise up, and
instantly to fire on him and his attendants. Having effected this,
they were immediately to rush into the town, Avhere they w'ould find
themselves supported by a great number of their warriors, that were
to come into it during the sitting of the council, under the pretence
of trading, but privately armed in the same manner. Having
gained from the woman every necessary particular relative to the
plot, and also the means by which she acquired a knowledge of
them, he dismissed her with injunctions of secrecy, and a promise
of fulfilling on his part with punctuality the engagements he had
entered into.

The intelligence the Governor had just received gave him great
uneasiness; and he immediately consulted the ofiicer who was next
him in command on the subject. But this gentleman, considering
the information as a story invented for some artful ])urpose, advised
him to pay no attention to it. This conclusion, however, had,
happily, no weight with him. lie thought it prudent to accept it
as true, till he was otherwise convinced. Therefore, without reveal-
ing his suspicions to any other person, took every needful precau-
tion that the time would admit of. He walked around the fort the
whole night, and saw himself that every sentinel was upon duty,
and every weapon of defence in proper order.

As he traversed the ramparts that lay nearest to the Indian camp,
he heard them in high festivity ; and, little imagining that their
plot was discovered, probably pleasing themselves with the anticipa-
tion of their success, As soon aa the morning dawned, he ordered

all the gi
to a few
til ought
infornKiti
enter the
desired tl
of that ki

About
conductet
princifjul
As the li
greater nu
marching
skins prep
occasion h
and paradi
intended t(

The Ind
I lie strong]
Hnglish, ar
the partici
lion, was t(
liis attendt
and the so
before the
though on
I I'embled ;
delivered it
tiently exp(
but contini

The Gov^

the great w
ed, he acci
P^nglish, w
and villain
with his mc
Indian chic
exposed th
Indians, ar

His Craft Fails.

all the fjarrison under arms, and then imparting his apprehensions
to a few of the principal officers, gave them snch directions as he
thought necessary. At the same time he sent to all the traders
iiiforniation that as it was expected a great nimiber of Indians would
enter the town tliat day, who might be inclined to plunder, he
desired they would have their arms ready, and repel any attempt
of that kind.

About ten o'clock, Pontiac and his chiefs arrived, and were
conducted to the council chamber, where the Governor and his
])rincipal officers, each with pistols in his belt, awaited his arrival.
As the Indians pMSsed on, they could not help observing that a
greater number of troops than usual were drawn up on the parade, or
marching about. No sooner had they entered and been seated on the
skins prepared for them, than Pontiac asked the Governor on what
occasion his young men, meaning the soldiers, were thus drawn up
and parading the streets. He received for answer that it was only
intended to keep them perfect in their exercise.

The Indian chief warrior then began his speech, which contained
the strongest professions of friendship and good will toward the
Kiiglish, and when he came to the delivery of the belt of wampum,
the particular mode of which, according to the woman's informa-
tion, was to be the signal for the chiefs to fire, the Governor and all
liis attendants drew their swords half Vay out of their scabbards ;
and the soldiers at the same time made a clattering of their arms
before the door, Avhich had been purposely left open. Pontiac,
though one of the bravest men, immediate^ turned pale and
trembled ; and, instead of giving the belt in the manner proposed,
delivered it according to the usual way. His chiefs, who had impa-
tiently expected the signal, looked at each other with astonishment,
but continued quiet waiting the result.

The Governor, in his turn, made a speech, but instead of thanking
the great warrior for his professions of friendship he had just utter-
ed, he accused him of being a traitor. He told him that the
English, who knew everything, were convinced of his treachery
and villainous designs; and as a proof that they were ac([uainted
with his most secret thoughts and intentions, ho stepped towards an
Indian chief who sat nearest to him, and drawing aside the blanket,
exposed the shortened lire-lock. This entirely disconpevted th©
Indians, and frustrated their design,

<«■

Po}}ffac\<i Finai}cial S^clu'nie.

He then continued to tell tlicm, that us he liml given his word at tlie
time they had dooired an audience, that their persons should he sale,
he would hold his promise inviolable, though they so little deserved
it. However, he desired them to make the best of their way out of
the fort, lest his young men, on being acquainted with their
treacherous purposes, should cut every one of them to pieces.

Pontiac endeavored to contradict the accusation, aiul to make
excuses for his suspicious conduct; but the Ciovernor, satislied of the
falsity of his protestations, would not listen to him. The Indians
immediately left the fort ; but instead of being sensible of the
Governor's generous behavior, they threw oif the mask, and the next
day made a regular attack upon it.

Thus foiled, Pontiac laid formal siege to the fortress, and for
many months that siege was continued in a manner, and with ii
perseverance, unexampled among the Indians. Even a regular
commissariat departinent was organized, and bills of credit, drawn
out upon bark, were issued; and, what is rarer, jnuietually paid.
From May, 1763, when Detroit was first attacked, until March,
1764, the inhabitants were sleeping in their clothes, expecting an
alarm every night.

Fort Pitt was besieged also, and the garrison reduced to sad straits
for want of food. This being known beyond the mountains, a
quantity of provision was collected, and Colonel Bouquet was
appointed to convey it to the head of the Ohio, having assigned
him for the service the poor remains of two regiments, which had
but lately returned from the war in Cuba. He set out toward the
middle of July, and upon the 25th reached Bedford. 1^'rom that
post, he went forward by Forbcs's road, passed Fort Ligonier, and
upon the 5th of August was near Bushy Run, one of the branches
of Turtle Creek, which falls into the Monongahela, ten miles above
Fort Pitt. Here he was attacked by the Indians, who, hearing of
his approach, had gathered their forces to defeat him, and during
two days the contest continued. On the Gth, the Indians, having
the worst of the battle, retreated ; and Bou((uet, with his three
hundred and forty horses, loaded with Hour, reached and relieved
the post at the Fork.

Co-operating with Bouquet, in the pursuit of the same general
policy of the British (lovernment. General Bradstreet was ordered
i»to the country upon lyake Erie in the spring and sumniei' of 1704,

W^H
^

lie moved

■; aceduqiiinic
[twenty or
[the 8(li of
[nioiilli, a di
[provisions o

1. All ])n

5. All fla

"Were to be a

iiiigiit be lU'i

much land \

;:. If iiiiy
Jjiglish law,

I. Six lios
of the eondi

The An nil
l^lr. (Krie.)
Ciillcetinns (
iiaiiit'd the ^I

While Bra(

(';i|>tain Mori

jursuiug his

uVseending th

[l^ntiac, whc

ithdrawn tc

iVhile yet at {

two hundred

rudeness, whi

jnd Canadian

jtogetlier towa

He mot the a

lis liand. '"

tiion displayeci

^oeii written 1

the gros.sest Cii

|to incense the

not forgotten.

fcead nor aslee

h'vengo himst

Li'lie letter wi!

Campaigns of Bouquet and Bnal street. 41

He moved to >.'i:i^'arii early in tlio snminei'; and then', in Jnno,

Hcconipaniod by ^ii' AVilliani Jolinson, lu'hl a }?rand council with

twenty or more tribes, all of whom sued for peace ; and, ujton

*lPtIie St]> of Aii.LMisI, reached Detroit, where, al)()nt the ^Ist of that

Imoiitb.ii dcliiiiti" treaty was m;ule with the Indiiins. Among the

^|j)rovisions of this trca!y were tiie Inllownn': ;

'% ]. All prisoners in the hands of the Indians wore to bo given u[).
I 5, All claims to the posts and l\)rts of the Englisli in the West
;nvere to be abandoned, and leave granted to erect such other forts as
vnii'dit lie needed to iirotect the traders, etc. Around each fort as
Kmueli land was ceded us a "cannon-shot'" would tly over.
I 3. If any Indian killed an Kiiglishman lie was to be tried by
sfKnglish law, the jury onediulf Indians.

I. Six hostages were given by the Indians for the true fultillnient
.|of the conditions of tlie treaty.

I The v\nnual Ivegister of ]7()4 says this treaty was made at l*)'es([ue
ilsle, (Erie.) Mr. Harvey, of Erie, cpioted by l^ay, in Tlistoriciil
|Collections of Pennsylvania, (-SU.) says the same. Others have
4 named the Maumce, wlunv a truce was agreed to, August (>rh.

While Bradstreet's army lay encamped on the iields near Detroit,

aptain jMorris, with a few Iroquois and Canadian attendants, Avas

ipursuing his adventurous embassy to the country of the Illinois.

*^Ayeending the Maumee in a canoe, he soon approached the camp of

Tontiac, who had now virtually given up his great cont(>st, aiul

ivitlulrawn to the banks of this river with his chosen warriors.

iVhile yet at some distance IMorris and his ])arty were met by about

wo hundred Indians, who treated him Avith great violence and

udeness, while they otfered a friendly welcome to the Iroquois

nd Canadians. Attended by this clamorous escort, they all moved

iogether towards the camp. At its outskirts stood Pontiac himself.

le met the ambassador with a scowling brow, and refusi'd to olier

is iKuid. '' Tiie English are liars,'' was his lirst: salutation, lie

ion displayed a letter addressed to himself, and purporting to have

een written by the King of France, containing, as Morris declares,

ho grossest calumnies which the most ingenious malice could devise,

incense the Indians against the Knglish. The old falsehood was

ot forgotten. " Vour French father," said the writer, '• is neither

[load nor asleep; he is already on his way, with sixty great shijis, to

revenge himself on the English, and drivo them out of America."

lie letter Ayits \yrittcn by a French olUcerj or, more probably, ft

Jlcrrptlon of Morrisi at Fort Wat/ne.

Frencli fur trailer, who, for liis own prolU, wishod to inflame the
passions of tiie Indians, and thus l»ar the way a<,'ainht Kn^lisii
competitors. If Jiradstreet, before leavin<j Sandusky, ha<l I'orecd tiic
Indians of tliat phiee to submissio.i, he woukl have inspired sucli an
awe and respect among the tribes of the whole adjacent region, that
Morris might have been assured of safety and good treatment, even
in the camp of Pontiac. As it was, the knowledge that so uiany of
their rehitives were in the power of the army at Detroit rrstrained the
Ottawa warriors from personal violence; and, liaving plundered the
whole party of everything except their arms, their clothing, and their
canoe, they suffered them to depart.

Leaving the unfriendly camp, they urged their way, with poles
and paddles, against the rippling current of the JMaumee, and on
the morning of the seventh day reached the neighborhood of Fori
Miami. This post, captured the preceding year, had since remaimd
without a garrison; and its only tenants were the Canadians, wlin
liad built their houses within its palisades, and a few Indians, wIki
thought fit to make it their temporary abode. The meadows about
the fort were dotted with the lodges of the Kickapoos, a large band of
whom had recently arrived ; but the great i\riami village was on the
opposite side of the stream, screened from sight by the forest which
intervened.

Morris brought his canoe to land at a short distance below ilu'
fort, and while his attendants were making their way through tin
belt of woods which skirted the river, he himself remained behiml.
to complete some necessary arrangements. It was fortunate that In
did so, for his attendants had scarcely reached the o])en meadow, whiel!
lay behind the woods, when they were encountered by a mob
of savages, armed with spears, hatchets, and bows and arrows, ami
bent on killing the Englishman. Being, for the moment, unabK
to find him, the chiefs had time to address the excited rabble, and
persuade them to postpone their vengeance. The ambassador,
bnffeted, threatened, and insulted, was conducted to the fort, where
he was ordered to remain, though, at the same time, the Canadian
inhabitants were forbidden to admit him into their houses. Morris
soon discovered that this rough treatment was, in a great measure,
owing to the influence of a deputation of Delaware and Shawanese
chiefs, who had recently arrived, bringing fourteen war belts of
wampum, and exciting tho Miamis to renew their liostilties ftgainst
the common enemy,

Morris
nirriors en
nth a niisi
he bank o
tion llashc(
[then take I
across the
Itoward the
|th('y stoppc
'?fculty of tl
nniforni.
'gush, and lii
all the lodi,fi
iuliout him I
^:death yells-
ivof starved a
Ave re eager t
clamorous t
froy and 8t
ventured to
latter was a
arrived at ]
. kinsman. I
would not S(
own relatives
the Swan, al,
1)1 it i\Iorris
another chie
liy the neck
liorseback, se
Innate man.
daring boy.
[Lake, and yo
|this man, wh
The currei
and, having
lof words au'
Jviolence out
jalthough, on
Ihis naked boi

Maltreatment of Morris.

Aforris had not reinnined Vm\r at the ibrt, when two Miiimi

••niirriorsi'ntci't'd, \vli(», .si'iziiig him hy the arms, und tlirciiti'iiing him

with ii raised tomahawk, rorcod him out of the cate. and led liim to

the bank of tiie river. As lliey drew him into the water, the convic-

-tion flasiied aeross liis mind, tiiat tliey intended to drown him, and

then take his sealp; hut he soon saw his mistake, for they led him

across the stream, which, at tliis season, was fordahle, and tiience

toward the great Miami vilhige. When thoy approached the k)dfjes,

tiny stopped and began to strip liim, but grew angry at the difli-

ivculty of the task. In rage and despair, he himself tore off his

.^uniform. "^Flie warriors bound liia arms beliind him with his own

feash, and drove liim before them into the village. Instantly, from

vail the lodges, the savages ran out to receive their prisoner, oiustering

aliniithim like a swarm of angry bees, and uttering their discordant

idcath yells — sounds comjjared to which the nocturnal liowlings

|of starved wolves are gentle and melodious. The greater number

'^wcre eager to kill him ; but there was a division of opinion, and a

clamorous debate ensued. Two of his Canadian attendants— God-

froy and St. Vincent — had followed him to the village, and now

v(>ntared to interpose with the chiefs in his behalf. Among the

ilatter was a nephew of Pontiac, a young mar., tliov.gh not yet

larrived at maturity, who shared the bold sjiirit of his heroic

f kinsman. He harangued the tumultuous crowd, declaring that he

would not see one of the English put to death, when so many of his

()\\ 11 relatives were in their hands at Detroit. A Miami chief, named

ill" Swan, also took part with the prisoner, and cut loose his bonds ;

Jim! Morris had no sooner begun to speak in his own behalf, than

"another chief, called the White Cat, seized him, and bound him fast

by the neck to a post. Upon this, Pontiac's nephew rode up on

lioiv^eback, severed the cord with his hatchet, and released the unfor-

fiinate man. "I give this Englishman his life," exclaimed, the

daring boy. " If you want English meat, go to Detroit, or to the

Lake, and you will find enough of it. What business have you with

|this man, Avho has come to speak with us? "

The current of feeling among the throng now began to change;
land, having vented their hatred and spite by a profusion
of words and blows, they at length thrust the ambassador with
violence out of the village. He succeeded in regaining tho fort,
ulthough, on the way, he was met by one of the Indians, who beat
his naked body with w stick,

A)) Indian Xaval Engagement.

Ho fomid the ('aiuuliiiii inliiihilautaof the fort disposed to befriend
him, lis far us thoy could do so wiMumt danger to themselves; l)iii
his sitiiiitioii was still extremely (jritieal. The two warriors, who
had led liim across the river, went coiKstaiitly liirkinu^ al)oiil, watch-
ing an o|i|)(trtunity to kill him; and the Kickajtoos, wliowe lod^os
were jiitched on the meadow, sent him a message to the effect Unit
if the Miamis did not |»ut him to ' they themselves would di.

80, whenever he; should pass theii ..uip. lie was still on thi
threshold of his journey, and his linal jioint of destination ua-
several hundred miles distant; yet, with great resolution, he deter-
mined to persevere, and, if possible, completely fullill his missidii.
His Indian and Canadian atteiulaiits used every means to dissuadi
him, and in the evening held a council with thciMiaini chiefs, thr
result of which Avas most discouraging, ^lorris received nu'ssagi/
after message, threatening his life should he persist in his design;
and word was brought him that siiveral «»f the Shawanese ilei)utif.-
were returning to the fort, expressly to kill him. Under these
circumstances, it would have Ikm'U madness to jjersevore ; and.
reluctantly abandoning his j^urpose, he retraced hia steps toward?
Detroit, where he arrived on the 17tl •' September, fully expectiii;:
to find Linidstreet still encamped >e neighborhood. V>\\t thai

agile commander had returned to n.. usky, whither JMorris, com-
pletely exhausted by hardships and sulferings, was unable to follow
him. He hastened, how(;ver, to send liradstreet the journal of hi-
unfortunate embassy, accomi)anied by a letter, in which occurs th'
following extract: '•' The villains have nii)ped our fairest hopes in
the bud. I tremble for you at Sandusky; though I Avas greatly
])leased to find you have one of the vessels with you, and artillery,
1 wish the chiefs were assembled on board the vessel, and that shu
had a hole in her bottom. Treachery should be paid with treachery:
and it is a more than ordinary pleasure to deceive those who would
deceive us."

The above account is gathered from Parkman's history of tin
conspiracy -jf Pontiac, and from the testimony of his Indian ami
Canadian attendants, given in Uradstreet's presence, at his caiiiii
near Sandusky. The original journal is in the London Archives.

A naval engagement, which occurred during this Pontiac war,
is thus mentioned in the " Jiiltish Annual liegister" for 17(K) : " On
Lake Erie, with a crowd of oanoos, the Indians attacked a schooner,
wliioh conveyed provisions to the fort at Detroit, Though iu theii-

j savage iia
I liiit a sing

f MU'nt, will

if
cation on

s(» much \v

In this \

|iarlicnlaii

' Tiicy l.n.n
liiihire of
ami conliii
we find Si
siiIdiiT of
tiiMii'il hill
al war wit!
captured a
nf August,
Miamis, by
hunting ";r
liiwns on t
•hiscph and
The confi
taut fortres
lliein becan;
winter: otlu
liy the hope
another wlu
ties revived ;
wi-nt ii.to til
llinois, and
new union a
Ua Indian.
•So far as
i'crkins, 111 ii

: ii'iiior and d
1 1 live an ace
his exccutio
"f one uf hi
His whole f(
upon Niagai
would have

Clidraotev of PoiUlao,

•savjigi' navy tlicy liiul (.'iiiployi'd iiciir fcnir liuiulrcd men, iiiul had
Imt a Hingle vessel to ongUL", they were repulsed, iifter a hot, en<,Mige-
iiieiit, with coiisidenible loss. This vessi'l wiis, to I hem, as a t'ortili-
eatioii on the water, and tiiey eoiiM not make their attacks with
so imieh advantage as niion tlio enemy by land."

In I his war the Miamis were with their red brethren, and assisted
)tartienlarly in the destrnetion of Korts Miamis and Sandusky.
They l»n»n,i,dit into the lii'ld one thousand warriors. Al'ter the
failure of I'ontiae, that great chief sought refuge auu)ng the Miamis,
anil continued with them (or more than a year. \\\ March, 1705,
we lind Sir William .Johnson comijlaining that the Miamis took a
soldier of Fort Miami prisoner, rubbed him of all his clothing, and
turned him into the Avoods. JTo also repoi-ts that tlu; Miamis are
J at war with the ('liii)pewas, allies of the English, and had killed and
captured a large number of them. (Jeorge Croghan, on the y4th
(if August, attended by Colonel Campbell, made a treaty with the
iMiainis, 'jy which that nation was to remain undisturbed in its
hunting grounds. Not long after this, the tribes abandoned their
towns on the (Jreat j\riami, and removed to the Maumee, the St.
.Josej)!! and Wabash rivers.

The confederated tribes had failed to take the tlircc most impor-
titnt fortresses ii the West — Detroit, Pitt and Niagara. Many of
them became disi rtened; >thers Avished to return home for the
winter ; others had ,-,i, islicd their longings for revenge. United only
by the hope of achieving an immetUato success, they fell fronj one
another when that success did not come. .Jealousies and old enmi-
ties revived; the league was broken ; and Pontiae left his tribe and
Went into the West, and for some years after was living among the
Illinois, and at St. Ijouis, attempting, but in vain, to bring about a
now union and a new war. ]le was, in the end, killed by a Kaskas-
kia Indian.

So far as we can form a judgment of this chieftain, (says .T. H.
Perkins, in his Western Aniuds,) in point of talent, nobleness of spirit,
honor and devotion, he was the su])i'rior of any red man of whom we
have an account. His jdan of extermination was most masterly ;
his execution of it eiiual to its conception. But for the treachery
of one uf his followers, he would have taken Detroit early in May.
His whide force might then have been directed in one mass, first
upon Niagara, and then upon Pitt; and in all probability both posts
would have fallen. Even disappointed as he was at Detroit, had

George Crogliaii's Visit to the

the six nations, with their dependent allies, the Delawares aui]
Shawanese, been trne to him, the liritish miglit have been long ke]i;
beyond the monntains ; but the Iroquois, — close upon the colonies,
old allies of England, very greatly under the influence of Sir Williau!
Johnson, and disposed, as they ever proved themselves, to claim
and sell, but not to d^^^^nd the West, — were for peace on the
terms of the British King's proclamation. Indeed, the Mohawk
and leading tribes, were from the first with the British ; so that,
after the success of Bouquet and Brad street, there was no difficulty
in f^oncluding a treaty with all the Western Indians.

George Croghan, of Pennsylvania, Sir William Johnson's sub-
Commissioner, made a visit to the West in ] 765, for the purpose of
establishing more friendly relations between the English and the
more distant Western tribes. From the journal of his travel^,
published in the Appendix to Butler's History of Kentucky, i:
appears that he set oif from Port Pitt with two bateaux, on the ITtli
of May, 17G5, and on the date named below, we find him at thtjga
mouth of the Wabash :

July 25th, 1705, we set out from this place (after settling al!
matters happily with the natives), for the Miames, and traveled tht
whole way through a fine, rich bottom, overgrown with wild hemp.!
along the Ouabache, till w^ came to Eel river, where we arrived thc2j|
27th. About six miles up this river is a small village of thej
Twightwee, situated on a very delightful spot of ground on the baiikj
of the river. Tlie Eel river heads near St. Joseph's, and runs nearlyl
parallel to the Miames, and at some few miles distant from it!
through a fine, pleasant country, and after a course of about oik
hundred and eighty miles, empties itself into the Ouabache.

On the 28th, 29th, 3()th and 31st, we traveled still along side tht
Eel river, passing through fine, clear woods, and some good meadous,!
though not so la'^^e as those we passed some days before. Tl
country is more overgrown with woods, the soil is sufficiently riclil
and well watered with springs.

August ist, we arrived at the carrying place between the riverl

Miames and the Ouabache, whicli is about nine miles long in dijl
seasi^ns, but not above half that length in freshets. The head of thti
Ouabache is about forty miles from this place, and after a course of
about seven hundred and sixty miles from the head spring, throiigkj
one of the finest couiitries in the world, it empties itself!
into the Ohio. Tl)e navigation from hence to Ouicatanon, is verv|

difficult

freshets,

canoes w

days, whi

(wo hunt

thence to

year. Ti

are jirett

.shrubs an

Within

of that nn

Indians k

ininiediatt

at Fort r

gave me v

Maumee Valley in 1765.

ilitticnlt in low water, on account of many rapids and rifts ; but in
livshets, which generally happen in the spring and fall, bateaux or
ctinoes will jiass, without difficulty, from here to Ouicatanon in three
(hiys, which is about two hundred and forty miles, and by land about
two liundred and ten miles from Ouicatanon to Port Vincent, and
thence to the Ohio ; bateaux and canoes may go at any season of tne
veur. Throughout the whole course of the Ouabache, the banks
are pretty high, and in the river arc a great many islands. Many
slirubs and trees are found here unknown to us.

Within a mile of the Twightwee village, I was met by the chiefs
of that nation, who received us very kindly. The most part of these
[ndians kncAV me, and conducted ma to their village, whei'e they
immediately hoisted an English flag that I had formerly given them
at Fort Pitt. The next day they held a council, after which they
L;;ave me up all the English prisoners they had ; then made several
t^peeches, in all of which they expressed the great pleasure it gave
them, to see the unhappy differences which embroiled the several
nations in a war with their brethren (the English) were now so near
a happy conclusion, and that peace was established in their country.
The Twightwee village is situated on both sides of a river, called
St. Josej)!!. This river, where it falls into the Miame river, about a
iiuarter of a mile from this place, is one hundred yards wide, on the
east side of which stands a stockade fort, somewhat ruinous.

The Indian village consists of about forty or fifty cabins, besides
nine or ten French houses — a runaway colony from Detroit. During
the late Indian war, they were concerned in it, and being afraid of
punishment, came to this post, where, ever since, they have spirited
up tlie Indians against the English. All the French residing here
are a lazy, indolent people, fond of breeding mischief, and spiriting
up the Indians against the English, and should by no means be
suffered to remain here. The country is pleasant, the soil rich and
well watered. After several conferences with these Indians, and their
delivering me up all the English prisoners they had, on the 6th of
August, we set out for Detroit, down the Miames river in a canoe.
This river heads about ten miles from hence. The river is not navi-
giibU' till you come to the place where the river St. Joseph joins it,
mill makes a considerably large stream. Nevertheless, we found a
giviit deal of difficulty in getting our canoe over shoals, as the waters
at this season were very low. The banks ot the river are high, and
the country overgrown with lofty timber of various kinds; and the

MaHMfkN

Ciw/liati on tlte yfdumee in 1705.

land is level siiid the woods clear. About nine miles from tli.
Mianu's or Twijifhtwee, we came to where tlie large river that iu'iuls
in a large liek, falls into the Miame river. Tuis they call the Forks.
The Ottawas claim this country, and hunt here, where game is vcrv
plenty. From hence we proceeded to the Ottawa village. Thi>
nation formerly lived at Detroit, but is now settled here, on accoiiii;
of the richness of the country, where game is always to be found in
plenty. Here we were obliged to get out of our canoes, and dia.
them eighteen miles, on account of the rifts, which interrupt tli
navigation. At the end of these rifts, we came to a village of tli.
Wyandots, who received us very kindly, and from thence we procet'd-
ed to the nil uth of this river, where it falls into Lake Erie. Froii;
the ^[iaines to the lake is computed one hundred and eighty miK-,
and from the entrance of the river into the lake at Detroit, is sixty
miles — that is forty-two miles u|)on the lake, and eighteen miles \\\
the Detroit river to the garrison of that name. The land on tlu
lake side is low and Hat. AVe i)assed several large rivers and bays,
and on the IGth of August, in the afternoon, Ave arrived at Detruii
river. The country here is much highei' than on the lake side; tli-
river is about nine hundred yards wide, and the current runs yax]
nivrmg. There are several line and large islands in this~river, on
of which is nine miles long; its banks high, and the soil very gooi'

On the 17th, in the morning, we arrived at the fort, which is a i
large stockade, inclosing about eighty houses. It stands close on
the north side of the river, on a high bank, commands a very
l)leasant prospect for nine miles above and nine miles below the
fovt. The country is thickly settled Avith French. 'I'heir plaiita-i
tions are generally laid out at)Out three or four acres in breadth on j
the river, and eighty acres in depth. The soil is good, j)rodueiiig
l)lenty of grain. All the people here are generally poor wretches,
and consist of three or four hundred French families, a lazy, idle
people, dejtending chielly on the savages for subsistence. Though
the land, with little labor, produces plenty of grain, they scarcely
raise a^ much as will su])i»ly their wants, iti imitation of the Indiiuif.
whose manners and customs Lhey have entirely ado])led, and caniun
subsist without them.

The men, women and children speak the Indian tongue perfectly

well. In the last Ind

lan

war, the most part of i\w French woi

concerned in it, (although the wliole settlement had taken tiie 0!it!i|
of allegiance to his Britannic Majesty.) They have, therefore, grca

'■■%.

■!■''■

reason U
to descr
(lu'ec n;
vilhige w
Uie Otf;
tlic Wvii
below til
erable di
reniarkal
particuh
by tlieii
During n
nations o
matters to

Moravian Missions in Ohio,

nch is
lose oil]

a very
low the

phiutii-
:uUh on

diieini:

Iro

tchej.

F^y

idle

sciiroo

■Si

^lli:ln^.
L'anuut 1

erfectlv

h WL'iv

■

he oatli

■

., great

reason to be tlumkful to the English clemency in not bringing them
to deserved punishment. Before the late Indian war, there resided
three nations of Indians at this place: The Pottawattan.ijs, whose
villiiirc was on the west side of the river, about one mile below the fort ;
the Ottawiis, on the east side, about three miles above the fort;
the AVyandots, whose village lays on the east side, about two miles
below the fort. The former two nations liave removed to a consid-
erable distance, and the latter still remain where they were, and are
renuukuble for their good sense and hospitality. They have a
particular attachment for the Konuui Ciitholic religion ; the French,
by their priests, having taken uncoir.nion pains to instruct them.
During n)y stay here, I held fiecpient conferences with the different
nations of Indians assembled at this place, with whom I settled
matters to their general satisfaction.

The courageous i\Ioravian missionarv^ Frederick Pest, first visited
Ohio in J 701, and during the next siiring, in company with Hecke-
welder. commenced the work of educating and converting to his
faith the Indians of the Muskingum ; but in the following autumn
was warned to leave the country, in anticipation of war.

f/.ite in 1767, and early in 17C8, Treisberger establisbed a mission
near the Allegheny, thour^h in the face of strong opposition and
liliUs against his life, and succeeded in converting some of the leading
Indians, through the inlluence of whom the missionaries were invited
to Big Beaver in 1770. The Delawares of the jMuskingum, joined
by the Wyandots, invited the Christian Indians of Pennsylvania to
come and dwell on their river, and, after much deliberation, the
proitosition was accepted. !May od, 1772, Treisberger, with twenty-
seven of his native disciples, founded Shu'nbrun on the Muskingum,
the lirst Protestant Christian settlement within Ohio; to which, in
the following year, the Christian Indians of the Susquehannah and Big
Beaver removed. For some years tiiis and the neighboring Christian
Iiuliun towns continued in peace and prosperity; but during the
wars between the northwest savages and Pennsylvania and Virginia
front ier-men, the innocent diseii)les of Post, Treisberger and Ileckc-
W(.l(ler were the subjects of suspicion and jealousy ; and in 17T1) the
British delibei'ated on measures to remove them from the American
borders to destroy their supposed interference.

The result is set forth in the following narrative of Mary Heck-
ewekler, daughter of the missionarv :

Massacre of Moravian Christians.

"Soon after my birth, April 16th, 1781, times hecame very troub-
lesome, the settlements often in danger from war parties; and finally,
in the beginning of September of tliC same year, Ave were all made
prisoners. First, four of the missionaries were seized by a party of
Huron warriors, and declared prisoners of war; they were then led
into the camp of the Delawares, where the death song was sung
over them. Soon after they had secured them, a number of war-
riors marched off for Salem and Shwnbrun. About thirty savages
arrived at the former place in the dusk of the evening, and broke
open the mission house. Here they took my mother and myself
prisoners, and after having led her into the street and placed guards
over her they plundered the house ol every thing they could take
with them and destroyed what was left. When going to take niv
mother along with them, the savages were prevailed upon
through the intercessions of the Indian families, to let her
remain at Salem till the next morning — the night being dark and
rainy, and almost impossible for her to travel so far — they at last
consented on condition that she should be brought into the camp
the next morning, which was accordingly done, and she was safelv
conducted by our Indians to Gnadenhutten.

"Afterexperiencing thecruel treatment of the savages for some time,
chey were again set at libei'ty; but were obliged to leave their flour-
ishing sett'.viments, and forced to march through a dreary wilderness j
to Upper Sandusky. We went by land through Goseachgwenk to!
Walhonding, and then partly by water and partly along the banks of |
the river, to Sandusky creek. All the way I was cai-ried by an In-
dian woman, carefuljy wrapped in a blanket on her back. Ourj
journey was exceedingly tedious and dangerous; some of the canoes ;
sunk, and those that were in them lost all their provisions, andj
everything they had saved. Those that went by land drove the cat-
tle, a pretty large herd. The savages now drove us along, the mis-
sionaries with their families usually in their midst, surrounded byi
their Indian converts. The roads were exceedingly bad, leading]
through a continuation of swamps.

"Having arrived at Upper Sandusky, they bnilt small huts of logs]
and bark to screen them from the cold, having neither beds nor
blankets, and being reduced to the greatest poverty and want; for
the savages had by degrees stolen almost every thing, both from the
missionaries and Indians on the journey. We lived here extremely
poor, oftentimes very little or nothing to satisfy the cravings of

: hunger; j
dead cat!
In the :
.■ their forn
j corn whic
^' ul tan eons
white sett
ments of
ca])tured ;
son, comn
and child
eighteen (
men, twen
fellow-Chri
Americans,
Another
izcd agains
dusky, "li
>vas to die.'
said, reluct
Carrying a
hundred m
! found the t
wliich the y
' his associate

* About :

young man

ise. Word

were obtainc

i requested an

[ camping gro

It was a frui

a short distai

I the troojis, b

I road to Fort

hlay out the I

I routed it, kill

jthe captives \

Calamities of Craicford and his Kindred. 51

le time,
flour-

ilerness

i^enk to
,nks of I
an In-
. Our I
canoes

hs, andi
lie cat-
Ihe mis-
ided byl
.eading

luinger; and the poorest of the Indians were obliged to live on their
dead cattle, which died for want of pastnre."

In the following March, 1782, some of the Moravians returned to
their former homes to gather any remaining property and collect the
corn which had been left in the fields. Unfortunately, about sim-
ultaneously, parties of Wyandots made an assault upon the
Avhite settlements which the frontier-men associated with the move-
ments of the Moravians, and eiglity or ninety of these set out,
captured the unsuspecting gleaners, bound them ; and William-
son, commander of the party asked : " Shall these men, women
and children be taken to Pittsburg, or be killed?'' Sixteen or
eighteen only favored granting their lives, and soon about forty
men, twenty women and thirty-four children — defenceless, innocent
fellow-Christians, — were murdered in cold blood by eighty or ninety
Americans.

Another expedition as fierce and blood-thirsty, was at once organ-
ized against the Moravian Delawares and Wyandots upon the San-
dusky, " No Indian was to be spared; friend or foe, every red man
tvas to die." The expedition was led, though in justice let it be
said, reluctantly and unavoidably, by Colonel William Crawford.
Carrying a black flag and with the battle cry of " no quarters," five
liundred men marched to Upper Sandusky in June, when they
found the town deserted and savages prepared for the battle, in
which the whites were defeated. Crawford's own fate is given by
his associate in wretchedness. Dr. Knight.

* About midnight on the 6th, Col. Crawford missed his son, a
young man who had just attained his majority, and of great prom-
ise. W^ord was passed along the line, but no tidings of the youth
were obtained, and the father became alarmed for his safety. He
requested and obtained a number of men to return with him to the
camping grounds of the previous day to search for his missing boy.
It was a fruitless mission. Crawtord had returned on the trail but
a short distance, when he concluded not to follow the main body of
the troops, but to strike ott with his party, by the shortest possible
road to Fort Mcintosh. This was a fatal mistake. On the third
day out the Indians attacked the Colonel's rraall force, and utterly
routed it, killing and taking prisoners nearly the whole. Among
the captives was the unfortunate commander.

* These letters and statements were furnished the Bucyroa Foram, by A. T. Goodman.

CnvrfovWs Ill-fated Kcpedition.

About the same time, and in the same way, perished Colonel
Crawford's son, John Crawibrd and liis noi)hL'\v and namesaki
William Crawford, a promising son of Valentine Crawford. tSo
also died Major William Harrison, the Colonel's son-inlaw, and a
near relative, Majiir Rose. Truly the Sandusky expedition brought
its full share of calamity to the family of its unibrtunate commander

In corroboration of the foregoing is the following letter:

Fort Pitt, July 11th, 1782.

Sir : Dr. Knight, (a surgeon I sent with Colonel Crawford.)
returned on the 4th instant to this place; he brings an account of
the melancholy fate of ])oor Crawtord. The day alter the main
body retreated, the Colonel, Doctor, and nine others, Avcre over-
taken within thirty miles from the tick! of action, by a body of In-
diauv. to whom they surrendered, were taken back to Sandusky when
they all, except the Doctor, were put to death; the unibrtunate Col-
onel, in particular, was burnt and tortured in every manner they could
invent. The Doctor after being a spectator of this distressing scene
was sent to the Shawanese town under guard of one Indian, where Ik
was told he would share the same fate n xt day ; but fortunately foiuul
an opportunity of demolishing the fellow, and making his escape
The Doctor adds that a certain Simon Girty, who was formerly in
our service and deserted with McKee, is now said to have a com
mission in the British service, Avas present at the torturing of Col
Crawford; and that he (the Doctor) was informed by an Indian that
a British Captain commands at Sandusky ; that he believes that In
was present also, but is not certain; but says he saw a person there
who was dressed and appeared like a British officer. He also says
the Co'onel begged of Girty to shoot him, but he paid no regard to j
the request. A certain Mr. Shlover has also come in yesterday, who
was under sentence at the Shawanese town; he says a Mr, William I
Harrison, son-in-law to Colonel Crawford, was quartered and burnt,
Both he and the Doctor say they were assured by several Indians
whom they formerly knew, that not a single soul should in future
escape torture, and gave as a reason for this conduct — the Moravian i
affair.

A number of people informed me that Colonel Crawford ought to I
be considered as a continental officer, and are of opinion retalialioD[
should take place. These, however, are such facts as I can get
Dr. Knight is a man of undoubted veracity.

This account has struck the people of this country with a strange]
mixture of fear and resentment. Their solicitations lor making
another excursion are increasing daily, and ihey are actually begin-
ning to prepare for it. I have the honor to be &c.,

Wm. Ervine.

To His Excellency, General Washington.

The an
Tiicy can
\'irgiMia.
ei' was a
Avho was
married.
William
coiuity,
world the
;iiid ])lay
k'lirned 1
(hat for 1
surveyor :
called int
weeks' du:
friend Crai
Itle threslu
'f Weems
I "Tliisw
\ liim an abu
I front of tilt
liiindred ya

OraioforiT ti Ill-fated Expedition.

an lliat
that 111
on tlic'it
so sav
iard to i
\\, ■who
Villiarai
)urnt.
Indian*
I'titure
oraviau j

nglit to
alialion |
■an set.

begin-

Tho ancestors of "William Crawford, Avere of Scotcb-Irish origin,
Tlicy came to Aniorica early in tho eighteenth centnry, locating in
Viri^'inia. The father of William was a respectable farmer. Ilis moth-
er was a woman of masculine i>ower and great energy of character,
Avho was very attentive to her family of little ones. She was twice
married. By ^Ir. Crawford, who died 173(5, she had two sons,
William and Valentine. William Crawford, was born in Berkley
county, Virginia, in the year 1732, — the same that gave to the
world the illustrious Washington. William was an intimate friend
and ])laymate of George Washington, and at an early age,
Karnod from him the art of surveying. It will be remembered,
tliat for many years, Washington followed the occupation of a
surveyor in Virginia. His services in that capacity, were often
( alli-d into requisition in Berkley county. His visits were of
weeks' duration. Upon these occasions he always stopped with his
friend Crawford, and nowhere could he have found a more hospita-
lile threshold.

Weems in his life of Washington, thus refers to these visits :

''This was a family exactly to George's mind, because promising
liiui an abundance of that manly exercise in wliich he deliT;hted. In
I'lont of the house lay a fine extended green, with a square of several
Imiidred yards. Here it was, every evening, when his daily toils of
-iirvevinii: were ended, that George, like a voung Greek training for
I lie Olympic Games, used to turn out with his sturdy young com-
l)anions, " to see, '' as they termed it, " which Avas the best man, "
at running, jumping and Avrestling. And so keen was their passion
for these sports, and so great their ambition to excel each other,
that they would often persist, especially on moonshining nights, till
bed time. The Crawfords and Stephensons, though not taller than
George, were much heavier men ; so that at wrestling, and particu-
larly at the close, or Indian hug. he seldom gained much matter of
triumph. But in all trials of agility, they stood no chance with
liim ! "

This intimacy continued' through life, and was proved upon more
than one occasion to be genuine friendship ; — to be relied upon in
oniertieney.

Until William Crawford reached his 23d year, he followed the
double occupation of a surveyor and farmer.

He subsequently held important judicial trusts in Pennsylvania ;
waa aclivelj' engaged in the French war ai)d revolutionary struggle,

CrawforcVs Ill-fated Ea'peditkyn.

and was energetic in urging Congress to an effectual defence of the
western frontiers.

During the fall of 1779, Colonel Crawford led several small
parties into Ohio in pursuit ot savage depredators. No better em
ployment was desired by him than to follow up with success those
bands of redskins who made the frontier a region of terror; murder-
ing families, destroying dwellings, stealing horses and cattle, and
often carrying into hopeless captivity, men, women and children
who had become objects of their rapacity. His expeditions to pun
ish these fiends rarely failed of success, and long before his unfortu-
nate end, the name of William Crawford was a terror to the Ohio
Indians. It is to be regretted that no connected accounts of his
Indian exploits have come down to us. With here aud there an
exception, treasured up in the memory of the aged, but little
remains. We should probably have had a " storehouse " of pioneer
history, had not the Colonel's records and papers, Journals and
Orderly books been ruthlessly consigned to the flames soon after
his death. That thoughtless act will ever be regretted by those
who have felt an interest in the events of his career.

In a letter addressed by Washington to President jMoore of
Pennsylvania, dated July 27th, 1782, is the following reference to
Crawford :

" It is Avith the greatest sorrow and concern that I have learned
the melancholy tidings of Colonel Crawford's death. He Avas known
to me as an officer of much care and prudence, brave, experienced
and active. The manner of his death as given in letters of General
Ervine, Colonel Gibson and others, was shocking to me, and I have
this day communicated to the Honorable, the Congress, copies of
such papers as I have regarding it."

While the loss of Colonel Crawford was deeply felt by Washing-
ton, and by a host of comrades in the patriot army, perhaps the
grief excited by his melancholy end was nowhere more poignant
than in Western Pennsylvania and Virginia. There, he was famil-
iarly known to one and all. He had long been looked up to as a
leader, and the pioneers of the border knew that a place had been
made vacant which could not be filled.

Colonel Crawford possessed a sound judgment ; Avas a man of
singular good nature and great humanity, and remarkable for liis
hospitality. It is said that during his life in the West, many an
Indian captive Avas spared through his intiiience. In times of peace

and quiet

; than he.
; dwellinc:
J Regarc
■•■■^ extract ol
. introduce

H. S. K

you say t
through a
base my j
in law, na
After fatJK
Peiui.sylva
astrous cai
through ^
pas.sed a si
This, beyoi
they pass(

3 county.

Avas origmi

•9

In the r
he states 1
paraded to
they had el
seventeen i

'•'Colonel
Avho lived v
go home th
orders at tl
turned out
of us Avere
miles of the

" Tuesda,

out to us 01

asked the C
and that Gi
hut that th
paiticiilarlj

CvainfonVs Til-fated Expedition.

ishing-
ips tlie
ignant
famil-
o as a
been

an of

or his

vny an

peace

and quiet no man was more friendly disposed towards the red man
than he. Hundreds of them at ditterent times visited his humble
dwelling and partook of his hospitality.

Regarding Crawford's route to Upper Sandusky, the following
extract of a letter from Hon. A. H. Byers, of Wooster, is here
introduced as establishing a landmark of some historical value :

WoosTER, Ohio, March 7, 1872.

H. S. Knai'p: On page 14, of your " History of Ashland County,"
you say that " probably the expedition of Crawford did not pass
through any part of Ashland county." I think you are in error, and
Itase my judgment on the following facts: My father had a brother-
in law, named Carson, who was in that expedition, and escaped.
After father moved to this county, he visited his relatives in Western
Puiinsylvania, and in conversation with Carson regarding that dis-
astrous camy)aign, the question would likely arise, whether it passed
through Wayne county ? Carson assured him that the troops
passed a small body of water, known as " Mohecan John's Lake."
This, beyond doubt, fixes a portion of the route, so that, westward,
they passed through Hanover and Green townships, Ashland
county. You will remember that the lake now called " Odell's,"
was originally designated as " Mohecan John's Lake.''

Accept my best wishes, &c.

A. H. Byers.

In the narrative of Dr. Knight, Colonel Crawford's associate,
he states that on "Monday morning the tenth of June, we were
paraded to march to Sandusky, about thirty -three miles distant;
they had eleven prisoners of us and four scalps, the Indians being
seventeen in number.

"Colonel Crawford was very desirous to see a certain Simon Girty,
who lived with the Indians, and was on this account permitted to
go home the same night, with two warriors to guard him, having
orders at the same time to pass by the place where the Colonel had
turned out his horse, that they might if possible find him. The rest
iif us were taken as far as the old town, which was within eight
iiiiles of the new.

"Tuesday morning, the eleventh. Colonel Crawford was brought
out to us on purpose to be marched in with the other prisoners. I
asked the Colonel if he had seen ^Mr. Girty? He told me he had,
and that Girty had promised to do every thing in hi.s power for him,
but that the Indians were very ranch enraged against the prisoners ;
purticularljr Captain Pipe, one of the chiefs, he likewise told me

Crawford at tho ^taVe.

that Girtyhadinformod him that hia son-in-law, Cnlnnol ITarrison,
and his nephew, William ('rawl'onl. wore niuili' jirisoiuTs liy tlic
Shawanesp, but had been ijardoncd. 'I'liis (hiptain Pipo liad oonu'
from the town abont an hour before Colonel Crawford and hiul.
painted all the prisoners' faces black. As lie was paintin«^ mo he
told me I should f^o to the Sliawanesi' towns and see my friends.
Wlien tlie Colonel arrive(l lie painted liini black ulso, told bim lie
was glad to see him, and that be would have him shaved when lio
came to see his friends at tho Wyandot town. When we marched,
the Colonel and I were kept back between I'ipe and Wyngenim, the
two Delaware chiefs; the other nine prisoners were sent forward
with another i)urty of Indians. As we wt'Ut aloniif wo saw foiii'
of the prisoners lying tomhawked and scalped: some of them wen- at
the distance of half a mile from each otlier. When we arrived within
half a mile from tho place where the Colonel was executed, we over-
took the five prisoners that remained alive; the Indians liad caused
them to sit down on the ground, as they did also tlu' Colonel ai.u
meat some distance from them. I was there given in charge to uii
Indian fellow to be taken to the Shawanese towns.

"In the place where we were now made to sit down, there was a
number of scjuaws and boys, who fell on the five prisoners, and
tomahawked them. There was a certain Jolin McKinley among tin
prisoners, formerly an officer in the V.\\\\ Virginia regiment, Avhosi'
head an old squaw cut otf, and the Indians kicked it about ujion tiK'
ground. The young Indian fellows came often where the Colonel
and I were and dashed the scalps in our faces. We were then
conducted along toward the place where the Colonel was afterwards
executed; when we came within ab :)ut a half a mile of it, Simon
Girty met us with several Indians on liorseback ; he spoke to tlic
Colonel, but as I was about oiu^ hundred and fifty yards behind,
could not hear Avhat passed between them.

"Almost every Indian we met struck us with sticks, or their fists.
Girty waited till I was brought up; then asked, was that the Doctor?
I told him yes, and went towards him, reacliing out my liand, but lie
bid me be gone, and called me a damned rascal, upon Mhicdi the
fellows who had me in charge pulled me along. Girty rode up alter
me and told me I was to go to the Shawanpse towns.

" When we went to the fire the Colonel was stripped naked, ordered
to sit down by the fire, and then they beat him with sticks and their
fists. Presently after I was treated in tho samo manner. They

jtthfMi tied a

|tlie Coloiud
:Jig.iture h'
M<» sit down
flBame way.

'.intended t(
Jvlie wn ukl la
'^Ifliicf, made
vfpixty or sev(
I "Vheii t
'ihearty assei
'tlieir guns a
Jiis Me(d\. 1

jliis naked b(
'|niy ol)servat
Ipittle, I saw
|f|iieiiee then
% "The lire
'K'nlonel was
'through in t

feet ill lengt

individually,
his naked 1)0(
^h '11 tors pres^
Tfiggots and

B'hieh they cc

■%

ison,

Crawford and Oiriij.

;•(

ihen tied a rope to the foot of ii post about fifteen fcethiffli, bound
lie ColoiuO's hands behind Iiis hack and fastened tho rope to the
ii,Mtnre iK'twoen liis Avriats. 'IMie ropo was lon;,^ onfuij^h for liim
o t;it down or walk round tlie j)ost once or twice, and return the
anie way. Tiio ('oloi.c! tiicn calh'd to (Jirtyand asked him if they
ntended to burn him? (iirty answered, yes. The Colonel said he
10 would take it all patiently. Upon this Captain I'ipe, a Delaware
lui'f, unule a si>oech to the* Indians, viz : about thirty or forty nuMi,
i\ty or seventy s(|uawsand boys.

"When the speech was linished they all yelled a hideous and

carty assent to what had been said. The Indian men took up

lu'ir j?uns and shot powiler into the Colonel's body, from his feet to

:iis neck. I think not less than seventy loads were diseharired upon

!!•< naked body. '^Pliey then crowded about him. and to the best of

IV observation, cut off his ears; Avhen the thronpf had dispersed a

it tie, I saw the blood running from both sides of his head in conse-

uence thereof.

" The fire was about six or seven yards from tho post to which the

olonel was tied; it was made of small hickory poles burnt ((uite
lir()Uij;h in the middle, each end of these poles remaininjjj alxuit six
jfeel in leuffth.' Three or four Indians by turns would take up,
Individually, one of these burning pieces of wood, and apply it to
lis naked body, already burnt black Avitli the powder. These tor-
mentors presented themselves on every side of him with the burning
[i,G:,!:^ots and poles. Some of tho squaws took broad boards upon
iV'hieh they could carry a ([uantity of buriiin*;' coals and hot embers
uul threw on him, so that in a very short time he had nothing but
poals of fire and hot ashes to Avalk upon.

"In the midst of these extreme tortures, ho called to Simon Cirty
bid l>o<fged him to shoot Vim : but Cirty makinu^ no answer, ho
balled to him again. Cirty then, by way of derision, told the Colo-
K'l lie had no gun, at the same time turning about to an Indian
i'ho was behind him, laughed heartily, and by all his gestures seemed
Icliglited at the horrid scene.

" (iirty tlien came up to me and told mo to prepare for doafh. lie
lid, however, I was not to die at that place, but to be burnt at the

liawaiu'se towns. lie swore by (I — d I need not expect to escape
iiiith, hut should suffer it in all its extremities.

" He then observed that some prisoners had given him to under-
They ^Btan^lj thtit if our people hud him they would not hurt him; for his

lists,
ictor?
»ut lie

1 the

aJ'ter

dercd

their

Indian JjarharUies.

part, lie suid he did not believe it, but deairod to know my opinio-
of the nmttcr ; but btuiip; at that time in great anguish and dislivv
for the tormonta the Colonel waa suHVring before my eyes, aa u
SkA the expectation of undergoing the aanie fate in two days, I nuul
little or no aiiswer. He cxpre.s.sed a greal deal of ill will for Coldiii
(libson, and .said he wa-sone of his greatest enemies, and more to tli
aamo piir[)ose, to all wliich I paid very little attention.

"Colonel Crawford at this period of his sullerings besought the A
mighty to have mercy on his soul, spoke very low, and bore his tur
monts with the most uianly fortitude, llc! contiiiucd in all thee
tremitics of pain for an hour and three (puirters or two hours lonuv
as near as I can judge, when at last being almost exhausted, Ik^ la
down on his belly; they then scalped him and repeatedly threw tli
scali) in my face, telling me " that was my great captain.'' An oli
squaw (whose appearance every way answered the ideas people eiittr
tain of the devil,) got a board, took a luircel of coals atul ashes aiK
laitl them on his back and head, after he had been scalped:

•'lie then raised himself upon his feet and began to walk roui!
the post. They next put a burning stick to him, as usual, but Ik
seemed more insensible of pain than before.

" The Indian fellow who had me in charge, now took me away ti
Captain I'ipe's house, about three-tjuarters of a mile from the jiliu
of the Colonel's execution. I was bound all night, and lliii-
prevented from seeing the last of the horrid spectacle. Nexij
morning, being June T^th, the Indian untied me, painted me bhvckj
and we set off for the Shawanese town, which he told me was!
somewhat less than forty miles distant from that place. We soodI
came to the spot where the Colonel had been burnt, as it was partlyj
in our way. I saw his bones lying amongst the remains of the lire,]
almost burnt to ashes. I suppose after he was dead they laid hiij
body on the tire. The Indian told me that was my big Captain, ui\
gave the scalp ' halloo ! ' "

Girty, iu the spring of this year, had "\\cw 'M-ders to have llecb
welder and his comrades driven lil< Sandusky to Detroit,!

and enjoining especial brntidiiy ' However, his agents,

and those of the EnglisI in West, together with

the traders employed to t-i i. their iiovui, marked their conduct|
by conspicuous kindness, and espe' lally in defending them against
the outrageous brutality of (jirt\ who overtook the captives atl
Lowe;- guudusky, swearing he would have their live.- md

The Girty FiutuUj.

mluctcd them to their follow disciples ut a Moraviuu settlement
Ijjion the river Huron.

As the famous and infamous white Indian. Simon Oirty, is bo
^(on montionod in these jia^^cs, it nuiy he well to appond here a
ik.tcli of the family from the writin<,'s of Jud^'c Camphell:

'■ (iirty, the father was an emigrant from Ireland, about ei<;fhty
yoar.s af?o, if report can be relied on. lie settled in Pennsylvania,
wlK!'e tluit liberty which he souj^lit, degenerated in his possession
into the biisest licentiousness. His hours were wasted in idleness
and beastly intcmperamv. Nothing ranked higher in his eKtima-
tioi), or so entirely oomnumded his regard, as a jug of wiiislvy.
•<(lr()g was his song, and grog would he have.'' Ilis sottishness
tuiiied his wife's atleetion, and she yielded her heart to a neighbor-
iiif,' rustic, who, to remove all obstacles, to their wishes, knocked
Girty on the head and bore off the trophy of his ])rowess.

'• lie left four sons — Thonuis, Simon, (Jeorge, and James. The
thice latter were taken prisoners by the Shawanese, Delawares, and
Sciiocas, in that year Avhich developed the military talents of General
■\A ashington. (ieorge was adopted by the Delawares, and continued
witii them until his death. lie became a jjcrfect savage — his
manners being entirely Indian. To consummate cunning, he added
till' most fearless intrepidity. He fought in the battles of Kenhawa.
Blue Licks, and Sandusky, and gained himself much distinction for
ekill and bravery. In his latter years, like his father, he gave him-
Btir up to intemperance, and died drunk, about twenty-iive years
0, on the Miami of the lake or Maumee.

" Simon was adopted by the Senecas, and became as expert a hunter
.8 any of them. In Kentucky and Ohio, he eustained the reputa-
ion of an unrelenting barbarian. Forty-tive years ago, with his
lame was associated everything cruel and fiend-like. To the women
md children in particular nothing was more terrifying than the
lame of Simon Girty. At that time it was believed by many, that
le had lied from justice and sought refuge among the Indians,
letermined to do his countrymen all the harm in his power. This
jmpression was an erroneous one. It is true he joined the Indians
their wars with the whites, and conformed to tlieir usages. This
viis the education he had received, and those who were the foes of
lis red brethren were his foes. Although trained in all his pursuits
IS an Indian, it is said to be a fact, susceptible of proof, that through
Jiis importunities, many prisoners were saved from death. His influ-

igC

Wasliingf oil's Indian Pollcij.

ence ..'as f?reat. and -when lie chose to be merciful, it was generally
in his power to protect the imploring captive. His reputation was
that of an honest man. Jn the payment of his debts, he Ma-
scrupulously exact. Knowing and duly appreciating integrity, lie
fullillcd his engagements to the last cent. It is stated tliat on one
occasion he sold his horse ratlier than incur the odium of violaiiii;'
his promise. He was a great lover of rum. Nothing could atford
him more joy than a keg of this be\erage. When intoxicated, in
abuse he was indisciiminate, sparing neither friends nor foes. Thci
it was ho had no compassion in his heart. Although much disabled
by rheumatism for the last ten years of his life, ho rode to his
hunting ground in pursuit of game. SuHering the most excruciat-
ing pains, ho ofteia boasted of his war-like spirit. It was his constant
wish that he might breathe his last in battle. So it happened. IIi
was at Procter's defeat on the river Thames, and was cut to ])ieces by
Colonel Johnson's mounted men.

"James Girty fell into tiic hands of the Shawanese, who adopted
him as a son. As he approached manhood, he became dextrous in
all the arts of savage life. To the most sanguinary spirit, he added
all the vices of the depraved frontiersmen, witii whom he frequently
associated. It is represented that lie often visited Kentucky at tlie
time of its lirst settlement, many of the inhal)itants feeling tiic
efll^cts of liis courage and cruelty. Neither age nor sex found nv iry
at his hand. Ilis delight was in carnage. When unable to walk,
in consequence of disease, he laid low, with his hatchet, captivr
women and children who came within his reach. Traders, who won
acquainted with him say, so furious M'as he that lie would not haw
turned on his heel to save a prisoner from the llames. Ilis pleasure
was to see new and retined tortures inflicted ; and to perfect \\\\<
gratihcation, he fre([uently gave directions. To this barbarian aiv
to be attributed many of the cruelties charged upon his l)rotl!rr
Simon, Yet this monster was caressed by Kiliof. and P''octor.''

The cessation of hostilities between England and her u'lconquern-
ble colonies in 17sn, inspired in candid, reflecting minds, no b<>!i;f
that warfare with the Western border savages was at an end. T^
throw o|)on the country be>yond the mountains without arousing IIp
savages, became the study of the ablest minds, a\d in Si ptemln'"',
178o, AVashington addressed a letter to James Puane, in Congres?,
redalive to the dillicuUies in connection with the iniblic lands, llo
urged the necessity for making settlements compact, and suggegtd

stringent la^'
wliicii might
river; thence
so as to inclu
Lake Erie,
agents from a
all purchases
Legislatures,
prophesied rei

On the 22d
tions, forbade
October 15 th,
instructed :

1st, To rec

U. To inf<
possessions an

;?a. To dw

faithful to the

4th. To nc

Washington, n

river; Llience

Maumee *^o the

ath. To ho

7th. To lea

etc.

8th. To coi

i)th. To lo(

signif^y the dis

lands, and to ]r

Upon the 91
instructions wc
toe, headed by H
iiin due north
iiortliorn limits
t')l(l to treat '

lilllfS.

Tlio treaty o.
included Ohio \
Article of that

Britain Vwh(fe.« the Treat i/ of 17811

stringovit laws against settling upon or Surveying lands west of a line
wliicli niiglit extend from the mouth of tlie (Jroiit i\[i;inii to Mud
river; thence to Fort Miami on the Maiimee, and thence northward
so as to include Detroit, or perhaps from the fort down the river to
Lake Erie. He pointed out the propriety of excluding Indian
agents from all share in the trade with the red men, and proliibiting
all purchases of land from Indians, excci^c by Congress, or State
Legislatures. Unless t'uese, or simihir measures were taken, he
prophesied renewed violent border wars.

On tlie 22d of September, Congress, in pursuance of these sugges-
tions, forbade all purchase of, or settlement on Lulian lands; and
October 15th, the Commissioners, to treat with the natives, Avere
instructed :

1st, To re([uire the delivery of all prisoners.

2d. To inform the Indians of the boundaries b'^tween the British
possessions and the United States.

;]d. To dwell u])on the fact that the red men bad not been
faitliful to their agreements.

•1th. To negotiate for all the land east of the line proposed by
Washington, namely: From the mouth of the Great Miami to jMad
river; Lhence to Fort Miami, on the Maumee, and. thence down the
ilaumee to the lake.

atli. To hold, if possible, one convention with all the tribes.

7th. To learn all they could respecting the French of Kaskaskia,
etc.

8th. To eonlirm no grants by the natives to individuals.

9tli. To look after American stragglers beyond the Ohio, to
signify the displeasure of Congress at the invasion of the Indian
lands, and to prevent all further intrusions.

Uj'on the 0th of the following March, the 4th and 5th of these
instructions were entirely changed at the suggestion of the commit-
tee, headed by Mr. Jefferson ; the western boundary line being made to
run due north from the lev* est point of the Falls of tlie Ohio to the
northern limits of the United States; and the Commissioners beinsr
told to treat with the natives at various placc.'^ and at dilferent
times.

The treaty ol" 17s;{, which terminated the war of the revolution,
included Ohio within the boundaricjs oi the United States, and the 7th
Article of that treaty agreed, that the Kiug'of Great Britain would

IIarmat'''s Cmnpaign.

" with all convenient speed " " withdraw all his forces, garrisons and
fleets from the United States, and from every jiost, place and harbor,
within the same." Military posts were garrisoned, however, by Brit-
ish troops, and continued under the dominion of Great Britain
many years after that date. But preparatory to taking possession of
it, and in order to avoid collision with the Indian tribes, whicli
owned the soil, treaties were held with them from time to time by
which they ceded to the United States their title to their lands.
But the territory thus secured by treaties with Great Britain, and
with the Indian tribes, of which we had thus established an amica-
ble understanding, was many years sequestered from our possession.
The British government urged the failure of Americans to fuliill
that part of the treaty protecting the claims of British subjects
against citizens of the United States ; but, from their " aid and tribes
comfort," rendered the Indians in the campaigns of Harmar, St.
Clair and Wayne, the apparent prime cause was to defeat the efforts
of the United States to extend her power over the country and tribes
north of the Ohio and continue to the British the advantage of tlie
fur trade, whicli, from their relations with these tribes they possessed.

The ultimate result of this international difficulty, was the cam-
paigns of 1T90, — '91 and -'94, ostensibly against the Indians, but,
substantially, against them and their British allies, which bear so
intimate a relation with the fornuil surrender of the country to its
rightful proprietor, that they perform an essential part of history.
' The most satisfactory account furnished, relating to this important
campaign, is that published by the late Charles Cist, in his first
volume of the " Cincinnati Miscellany," issued in 1845. This rendi
tion of the true history of these events is given with so much evident
caution, emanates from a source of so great respectability, and is
adopted or continued by such high authorities, that there is no
hesitation to accept in full his premises and conclusions. He says;

" Having gathered a variety of papers, which shed light on the
various campaigns of Ilarmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, I feel it a duty
imposed on me by that circumstance to compile a fuller and more
accurate narrative of those events than I have thus far seen in print.
Nor need it at all appear strange, under the existing state of society
and condition of things, that much of Avhat is already on record.
should abound in errors; and that both Harmar and St. Clair should
mistake the location of the battle they fought, and that many state-
ments founded on conjecture, should pass curi*ent for years in the

States regnla
and whose es(
"TheW\'st
1788, in a ver;
I and whites.
^ however, any
J the extirpatio
^ their great cc
broke, one up(
Kentucky sta
along their cc
among tlie sa-v
had even been
and families bi
provision whi
permanent stc
permitted the
"But when
after fort, circi
from their fav(
no doubt that
savages, which
g to allay, and sc
live together it
the country fr(
ness,

"After treat
frontiers had be
hawk and scnli
lion, detached

Indian Hatreds and Po'-ftdif.

community., to an extent which even yet serves to confuse the truth
of history. These things are all easily accounted for by the wilder-
ness character of the untrodden West, the scattered state of the
settlements in the Miami country, the little communication between
the respective parts, and the utter absence of newspapers.

"I commence with Harmars campaign. A volume would hardly
serve to point out the errors in dates, places, and facts generally, in
print upon this subject. The best mode of correction is to compile
the narrative anew, availing myself of unpublished manuscript notes
of Captain John Armstrong, who commanded a company of United
States regulars attached to Harmar's army during that campaign,
and whose escape with life in the first battle was so remarkable.

"The Western frontier had been for some years, say from 1782 to
1788, in a very disturbed state by reciprocal aggressions, of Indians
and whites. There does not appear, in the history of those days,
however, any systematic and general movement of the Indians for
the extirpation of the whites, as was alleged to be the object of
their great confederacy of 1782, which, dividing into two parties,
broke, one upon the ui)per Ohio settlement, the other on the various
Kentucky stations, carrying massacre and captivity so extensively
along their course. The irregular and precarious mode of living
among the savages, forbade the accomplishment of such design, it it
had even been their settled purpose ; the subsistence of themselves
and families being principally derived from the chase, a species of
provision which did not permit the laying up of extensive and
permanent stores, if even their improvident mode of living had
permitted the effort.

"But when they found the settlers entrenching themselves in fort
after fort, circumscribing their range, and cutting them entirely oft'
from their favorite hunting grounds south of the Ohio, there can be
no doubt that a determined hostility sprung up in the minds of the
s'livages, which all the exertions of the American Government failed
to allay, and soon rendered it apparent that the two races could not
live together in amity, where it was the policy of the one to reclaim
the country from the hunter, and of the other to keep it a wilder-
ness.

"Alter treaty upon treaty had been made and broken, and the
frontiers had been suffering through this whole period, from the toma-
hawk and scalping knife, the government, then just going into opera-
tion, detached a force of three hundred and twenty regular troops,

IIai')nar\'i Caiiq)ai(jn.

enlisted in New Jersey luul Pennsylvania fur the protection of tlit
frontiers, and devolved the command on Josiah llarmar, who had |
borne arms as a colonel with credit durinu; the Revolutionary
struggle. A force of one thousand one hundreil and thirty-three
draft(Ml militia from Pennsylvania and Kentucky, .»as also placed
under his orders. The regulars consisted of tAvo battalions, coin- |
manded respectively by Majors Wyllye and Doughty, and a company i
of artillery under Captain Ferguson, with three brass pieces ot
ordnance. Colonel Hardin, of Kentucky, was in command of the
militia, in which Colonels Trotter atul I'aul, Majors Hall and
j\IcMiil;..i held subordinate commands. The orders to (jenoral
llarmar were to march on to the Indian towns adjacent the lakes
and intlict on them such signal chas'.'sement as should protect tlie
settlements from future depredations.

The whole plan had been devised by Washington himself, who well u
umlerstood the subject, having, prior to the Hevolution, as is well
known, learned much practically of the Indian character, as well as
the condition of the West, although it is not easy to conceive why
he should have selected such men as Ilarnnir and St. Clair, who
were destitute of the training he himself had acquired, and whicl.
could have been found on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and
Kent,iu;ky; in many distinguished Indian lighters, ready for use.
The forcQ of circumstances probably biased his judgment, as it |
served to ettect appointments equally exceptionable during the war
of 1^12, such as those of Hull, Dearborn, liloomheld, and Chandler, I
men Avho had outlived their energies, il ever qualilied practically for
the weighty trust devolving on them.

On the :2'J'h of December, ITbiJ, General llarmar arrived at
Cincinnati. He had been stationed for some months prior to this
at the mouth of the Muskingum, waiting at that post for militia force
and military supplies from the upper country, ,'ind the completion ol
Fort Washington, which .Major Doughty, with one hundred and forty-
six men from Fort llarmar, had been detached to construct. From
this period to the 30th of September, 17!)(), he was employed iii
making everything ready lor the ex2Jedition, and on that day, all lii>
preparations being made, he started with the regulars, the militia
under Colonel Hardin having already set out.

The lirst days advance was seven miles, and the encamjiment lor
the night was on a branch of Mill creek; course, northeast. Fight
miles more were made the second day, ou a general course ol

Lndhiu I'oirn.s at Fori Wai/iH-.

1^5

northwest, the urmy oucampiiiij; on another branch ot' Mill creek.
On thi! tliirtl day n march ol' iitteen miles was made; the course
generally north, ami the encampment on the waters of Muddy
creek, a tributary oi' the Little Miami, within one mile oi" Colonel
Hardin's command. The next morning Colonel Hardin, with the
militia, were overtaken and passed ; and halting at Turtle creek, one
mile farther on, the whole army encamped lor the night.

On the Itli of October, the army reached and crossed the Little
Miami, on a northeast coujse, moved up it one mile to a branch
called .Sugar «)r Cwsar's creek, near Waynesvilie, where they
encamped, having atjcomplished nine miles that day. Next day a
march of ten miles, still on a northeast course, brought the aimy
to Glade creek, near where Xenia now stands. On the (ith it
reachetl Chillicothe, an old Indian s illage, now Oldtown, and
crossed again the Little Miami, keeping a nortlieast course, making
nine miles that day. Next day the troops crossed. Mad river, ti\en
called the ]^ickaway Fork of the Great Miami, and made nine miles ;
tlicir course for the iirst time becoming west of north. On the 8th,
pursuing a northwest course, they crossed Honey creek, and nuide
seven miles more. On the next day they followed the same course,
and marching ten miles, encamped within U\o miles of the Great
iMiami. Next day tlu. army crossed the Miami, keeping still a
northwest course, and made ten miles more. .

On the 1 1th, by a course west of nortli, it passed the ruins of ^a
French trading station, marked on Ilutchins' map as the 'Tawiytwces
— (Twigtwees or iliamies.) Encamped after making eleven miles.
Next day the army kept a course west of northwest, near Xoramie's
crock, and across the head waters of the Auglaize. Hero they found
the remains of a considerable village, some <jf the houses being still
.standing; fourteen miles made this day. On the loth, marched
ten miles, keeping west of northwest, and encamped, being joined
by a reinforcement from Cincinnati, witli amnumition. Next day,
the 1 ith, Colonel Hardin Avas detached Avith one company ol' regu-
lars, and six hundred militia, in advance of the main body, and
l)eing chai'ged with the destruction of the towns in the forks of the
Maumce. On the arrival of this advance party, they I'ound the
towns abandoned by the Indians, and the principal one burnt.
The main body marched on the 1-lth ten miles, and on the 15th
oigiit more, both days on a northwest course. Next day made
nine miles, same course, and on the 17th crossing the Maumee river

•MMNt

()(>

ludlaih Villacfcf^ at Fori Wdipii

to the Indian village, formed a junction again with Hardin, at the
Omec (au Miami, Fr.) village, ( noAv called Ilarmar'.s Ford. | 'J'his Avas
the same town burnt and abandoned by the savages.

At this point of the narrative, there is considerable obscurity with
names and places which 1 must explore as I best can. The Indians
had seven villages it seems, clustering about the junction of the
St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers, which, as is well known, form the
river Maumee, 1'hese were: Lst, the Miami village, so called alter
the tribe of that name; corruptly and by contraction, Omcc^ from
Au Minnii, the designation given it by the French traders, who
were here resident in great force. This lay in the fork of the St.
Joseph's and Maumee; [now the ('olc- I'aber farm. J 'id, a village of
the jNIaumees, of thirty houses, Ke Kiogue, now Fort Wayne — in
the foi'k of the St. Mary's and INIaumee. od, Chillicothe, a name
signifying ■ town,' being a village of the Sliawanees, down the
Maumee, on its north bank, and of fifty-eight houses. Opposite
this was another of the same tribe, of eighteen liouscs. The Dehi-
wares had their villages, two on the St. INlary's, | near where tlie
Allen county, Ind., I'oor Asylum is now situate.] about three miles
from its mouth, and opposite each other, with forty-live houses
together, and the other consisting of thirty- six houses, on the cast
side of the St. Joseph's, two or three miles from its mouth.

The day of Ilarmars junction Avith Hardin, tAvo Indians Averc
iliscovered by a scouting jiai'ty, as they Avere crossing a prairie.
'I'lie scouts jiursued them and shot one; the other made his escape.
A young num named Johnson, seeing the Indian a\ as not dead,
attempted- to shoot him again; but his pistol not making tire, tin'
Indian raised his rifle and shot Johnson through the body, Avhicli
proved fatal. This night the Indians succeeded in driving througli
the lines betAveen fifty and one luuidj-ed horses, and bore them oil',
to the no small mortification of the Avhites.

The same day (October ITth) Avas emjjloyed in searching in tlie
hazel tJiickets for hidden treasure. jNIuch corn Avas foiuid bulled in
the earth. On the evening of this day, ('a{)taiu ]\IeClure ami
McClary fell upon a stratagem peculiar to backwoodsmen. Tliev
conveyed a horse a short distance doAvn the river undiscovered,
fettered him, unstrai)ped the bell-tongue, and concealed themselves
with their lilles. An Indian, attracted by the sound of the bell.
came (cautiously u|) .and began to untie him, Avhen McCHure shot
him, Tlie rejtort of the gun alarmeil the cainji, ami br(»ught nnuiy

I/anh'/i's Covunand I>cfe<ite(l.

(i7

of the troops to the place. A young man taken prisoner at Lora-
mie's was brought to see the Indian just killed, and pronounced
him to be ''Captain Punk — great man — Delaware chief.''

The army burned all the houses at the dilterent villages, and
destroyed about twenty thousand bushels of corn, which they
discovered in various places where it had been hidden by the Indians,
:i large quantity havmg been found buried in holes dug for that
purpose. In this destruction a variety of property belonging to
French traders was involved. On the 18th, tiie main body of the
troops was moved to Chillicothe, the princijial town ot the 8hawa-
nese, General Harmar having previously detached a jiarty of one
hundred and eighty militia and thirty regulars in ])ursuit of the
Indians, who appeared to have retired westward across the St.
Josc])h's, .after the destruction by themselves of the Omee town, Capt.
.lohn Armstrong commanding the regulars, and Col. Trotter, of the
Kentucky militia, the entire force. They found and cut off a few
Indian stragglers, but did not overtake the main body, being
recalled to camp by signal, late in the evening. Next morning the
same detachment was ordered out .'uiew, and being placed under
the command ol" Colonel Hardin. ])ursueil the same route in search
of the sav.'iges. Finding himself in their neighborhood, he detached
Captain Faulkner, of the Pennsylv.ania militia, to form on his left,
which he did at such a distance as to render his company of no
service in the api)roaching engagement. Il.ardin's command moved
Inrward to what ihey discovered to be the cnc;nn])ment oC he
iiuniy, which w:is Hanked by a morass on each side, as well as ■■"
one in Jront, which was crossed with great promptness by the
troops, now reduced to less than two himdred. who, before they had
time to form, received a galling and uiiexi»ected tire from a largo
'lodv of savacjes. The militia imnie<liatelv broke and tied, nor
c'tuhl iill the exertions of the oilicers rally them ; hfty tAvo of the
ilispor.sing being killed in a few minutes.

The enemy pursued until M.ajor Fountain, \> ho had been sent to
hunt up Faulkner and his comp.any, rettirning with them, compelled
llicm to retire, and the survivors of tlu' detachment arrived safe in
(';imp.

Tlie regul.ars under Armstrong bore the brunt of this ailair. One
^cnj^eant and twenty-om; privates being killed on the battle ground.
and wlide endeavoring to maintain their position, wore thrown in
disorder by the militia rumiing through their lines. Hinging away

i'.8

i^apittiii Ai'mxtromj K IC-iciijn

tlu'ir arras witlioul even tiriiin' a sliot. Tlie Iiidiiins killed in tliis
iitl'air nearly one liiuuhed men.

As reniirds tlic force ol" the savaues, Caplain Arnislroiig who was
under no tem])tatioii to underrate iheir nniidter, s]>eaks ol' them a^
about one hmidied in force, 'riieir strength has been stated, bill
as I think, without any data by Marslial. in his life of Washinntoii.
at seven hundred. The real strength ot the Indians was in a well
chosen position, and in tlie cowardice of tlie militia, who found
numerically, the princii.'al force op])Osed to them. This (U'struclivt'
contest was fought near tlic spot wliere the Goshen State road now
crosses Eel River, near Hellers Corners, about twelve miles west
of Fort Wayne. Captain Armstrong broke througli the pursuing
Indians and plunged in the dee])est of the morasses referred to,
where he remained to his chin all night in water, with his head con-
cealed by a tussock of liigh grass. Here he was compelled to listen
to the noctui'nal orgies ol the Indians, dantang and yelling around
the dead bodies of his brave soldiers. As day .'ipproached they
retired to rest, and Armstrong chilled to the last degree, extricated
himselt'from the swamj), but found himselt oldiged to kindle a lire
in a ravine into which he crawled, having his tinder-box, watch and
compass still on his person. By the aid of the fire, he recovered his
feeling, and the use of his limbs, and at last reached the camj) in
safety. For some years after, bayonets were found upon this spot
in numbers, and bullets have been cut out of the neig'.dioring trees
in such qualities as to attest the desperate character of this engage-
ment.

On the 20th the General published the following order :

" Camp, at Ciiillicotiie, i

(One of the Slmwnuesc Townn on Ihc Omec (Mauinco) iiiver,) >

October 20th, 1790. }

The party under the command of Ca])taiu Strong, is ordered to
burn and destroy every house and wigwam in this village, together
with all the corn. Ac, which he can collect. A i)arty of one hun-
dred men, (militia) projierly othcered, under command of Colonel
Hardin, is to burn and destroy etfectually this atternoon, the Picka-
way town with all the corn, &,c., which he can find in it and its
vicinity.

"The cause of the detachment being worsted yesterday, was
entirely owing to the shameful, cowardly conduct of the militia
Avho ran awav, and threw down their arms without firintj scarcelv a
single gun. In returning to Fort Washington, if any officer or men

shall presi
tliey are o
to lire on
m.ike then

Oil tlif
Wasliingtc
iiameil) wl:
in and rep(
lage. lying
llarniar, an
in the affaii
surprise tl
under his oi
companies y
of .Major V
Colonel I
ofthe:L*-Jd.
division ofw
at the ford,
the St. Jose
mIio had er
division un(
lord, on the
party li;id I'c
he tlie sign a
in the I'ear,
however, M(
they h;id In
lord initil d.-i
iiig ahoul 1
hegaii to i-al
rushing in.
iintnedinteh
iiUMilici's, an<
liiii's men in I
ll.inis ot* hi^
I'ligagemeni
^iirpa.ssed an\
ilii;' do-\ii (I,

2'he III (Hint H A<;aiu Affaded.

lus

ill

spot

ilitia
ely a

UR'll

Hlinll prt'siiiiK' to (luit tlio ranks, or not to marcli in tlic Conn tliat
tlii'v !iie onlorcd, the (Tciicrtil will most assui('(lly order the urlilli'ry
to liro oil tlifin. lie liopus tli(3 clit'iik they received yesterday will
niiike tliein in future oltedient to orders.

"JosiAiiilAitMAU, Brigadier General."

On the -Ist the army left Chillicothe on tlu'ir retuiii t(t l''ort
W.'ishiniiton, marching!: ei<j;ht miles, [to Merriam's creek, now
iianu'dl when the scouts, who had l)Cen scouring the country, came
in .and reported that the Indians had re-oceupied the ' Omee ' \\\-
lage. lying in the junction of XXw St. tfoseph.s and Maumee rivers.
Ilannar, anxious to elface the stigma resting on the American arms
in the alfair of the T.lth, detatched Colonel Hardin with orders to
surprise the savages, and bring on an engagement, 'i'he party
under his orders consisted of three hundred militi.a, of whicli three
(•(iinpanies were mounted men, with sixty regulars under command
of Major Wyllys.

Colonel Hardin arrived at the Omee town early on the morning
ofthoi*'Jd. Jlis force had been dividend into two parties, the left
division of which was to have formed down the St. 3Iary's and cross
at the ford, after which they were to rest until daylight, and cross
the St. Joseph's and commence an attack on the Indians in Iront,
wild had encamped out, ne.ar the ruins of their town. The right
division under Hardin and Wyllys, were to jjroceed to '• Ilainiars "
lord, on the ^^aumee, where they were to remain until McMillan's
party had reached the river, and commence the attack which was to
he the signal lor them to cross the ]\Iaumee and attack the Lnlians
ill the rear. Owing to the treachery or ignorance of the guides,
however, ]\rcMillan"s force lost its way in the thickets through which
they had to pass. aii<l although travelling all night, did not rea<'h the
ford until daylight. As soon as the Indians, who had been luicamp-
iiig .'ihout the ruins of their t own. disco\(U'ed Hardin's nien.thev
liegau to r.ally foi' the light, llir alarm spr<'ading, and the Indians
nisliing in. Colonel Hardin discovering thai unless he crossed
iitnnodiately he would be compelle<l to do it in llic lace ol su[iei'ior
luunbers, and expecting every moment to hear the report of McMil
laifs men in his i-ear, gave the order to cross, .-md by the lini" two-
ll.inls of his force had passed o\i'r, the Itatth* began. A se\ ere
I'Ugageinenl ensued; the desj»ei'ation ol the sa\a<j,es in ihe contest
surpassed anything previously known, and the greater part, ihrow-
Jny; do'\n theii- arms rushed on the liayonets, tomahawk in llMl\d,

- {//'((■////</ / lliiih lit.

tliUH rciitlci-iiii;' cvcrytliiiin- itsulcss but, llii- rilK's oi' llic iiiilili:i. miuI
cjirryiiig rai>i(l <U'sl ruction ovorywhin'o in tlicir advaiirc. WliiK
tills iittaek was <jtoiii<f mi, tlic rillcs of llic rcuiaiiiiii!.;- Indians mcic
fatally cniployod pickiii!;' out llii' olliecrs. Majctr I'oiiiitain and W \\-
lys, l)otli valual>io onici'is, toll directly alter tlic Iiatllc l)cu,an, tlio
lornicr pierced with eiu;lileen Ituliett;. Filty one ol' Wyllys's reifii-
lars shared his late, and llie otlser divisions snUen'd severely in liotii
killed and wounded.

Major ^rcMillan came up with his force while tlie liattU' was
ras^iny, hut could not tiu'u its tide, ahliou'jh he succeeded in enahlini;
the discoinlited troops to retire, which they did in coin[)ar;ilivcly
j^ood onler.

The militia l»chaved well on Ihi'^ nienmralile day, and recei\ od the
thanks of Cieneral Ilarinar lor their i;ood conduct. What the car-
najxe in this battle was, may he iulerred from the retui'u ol" one hun-
dred and eiu'hty killed and woumled. not more llian hall' of those
onuiiLic'd in it escapinji' unhurt. There is no doul)t,as respectH the
second battle, — whatever was the .act in the lirsl, — tliat the savage-
outiumibered, as well as overpowered, ifardin's forces, and the
disparity was rendered still n'reater by the |»lan of niirht attack
which separatoil McMillan from the nuiin body when his aid was
most needed.

It is alleged by soiiu' historians that tlie American troojis wei'r
not defeated, as was pi-oveu by their regular retreat, a dis-
orderly Hight being the usual concomitant of defeat. l>ut the liul
that our troops were obliged to lea^e the i-eniaiiis of the brave
soldiers who fell on that occasion, to become scalped and li(> unbiir-
led, and their bones bleaching on the ground, until \\'ayne"s visit.
four years afterwards, obtiiincd fhcTii decent burial, scouts the idea.

An artecting incident occurreil at the place of crossing the river.
A young Indian and his father and brothti- were crossing, when tin'
ball of a white man passed through his body, and ho fell. The old man
seeing his boy fall, dropped his riile, and .attempted to raise liis
liiUen son, in order to convey him beyond the reach of the wliili'
men, when the other son also fell by his side. He drew them hotli
to the shore, then sat dov.n between them, and with fearless,
Roman composure, awaited the approach of the pur.suing foe, who
came up .ind killed him also.

Ildiniiirs ( nfortiautti: (rent'/'iflshfp-

\\ tli( re lie :my .i^oiiorjilshlp in Uius si-ndiii^ out (Iclacliimuit altor
ilctacliincMit to 1(0 ('111 up in detail, tliun Genoral I lariuar deserves
th;it (lisliiictioii. He put the best faeo on the matter wliieh the
iiiiiiirr ()(' tlu' case periiiitled, and issued the tbllowiuL; order on (he
■jjil ol' Octolier. the day ol' the si'eund hattle :

"Cami- Kiomt Milks vuom tiik liiLNS }

oi TiiK Maumek Towns, 1 ;•)(). <i

'•'riie (n'ueral is exceediu'^Iy })h'ased witli the behavior of t lie
militia in llie action of this niornini:;. They liave Laid very many
of the enemy dead upon tlio spot. Althoutih our loss is nrreat, still
it is iticonsiilerable in c.oniparisdn to the slauuhterainonif tlu? savaiijes.
Kvery account Mi;rees that upwards (>!' one huudr(!d warriors fell in
!hc battle. It is not more than man for man, and wo can aftbrd
llicm two for one. The resobition and linn determined CDiuluct oi'
liic militia this morniuj; has elfectually retrieved their character in
the opinion of the General. lie knows they can and will tij^ht."

It is (.'asy to judtiC by tlie preeedinj;- narrative and orders what
kind of litness llarmar jiossessed for the service to which lu; was
ciiiled. A L!;eueral who encamps in the neighborhood of the enemy,
with a force large enough to exterminate him, and contents himself
with seiuling out detachments to be destroyed successively, where
11(1 u(lc(iuate reason exists why the Avhole force should not have
liccii l)rought into action, 'deserves not the name of a military man.
ilarniar kept two-thirds or three-fourths of his troops eight miles
from the battle ground, inactive, and of as little service as if lie had
left them at Fort Washington. lie appeared to be fully consoled
for the loss of the brave oflieers and soldiers who fell by the savage
lomaliawk and ritle, by the rellection expressed in the general
orders that- the American troops could allbrd to lose twice as
many men as the Indians. My unfavorable Judgment is supi)orted
by tliiit of the actors of that campaign, who still survive.

The celebrated Indian chief, fJlllc 'rurlic. cominandtMl the savages
ill both battles with ('olonel Hardin an<l his troops, as he did after-
wards in St. Clair's defeat, as well as bore a eons[)icuou8 part in the
i'littic with General Wayne, at the Fallen Timbers.

lli.rinar returned by easy marches to Fort Washington, where he
arrived on the od of November, and which he left soon afterw.ards
ror Piiiladelphia, being succeeded in his military command by St.
Clair. He resided in comparative obscurity for some years, on the
bapK's of the Scliuylkill, and died about IBO:), 1 was present at the

Sf. CJah' Ap)y)l)itrd Majnr Gfneval.

fiiiicnil, wliicli was cniidiictoil with ijrcat militiiry poinii, liis liorHc
iKfiiiLj (IrcHsc'd in tuouniinij, and IiIn sword and [listols laid npnn his
collin, which was liorne on a hicr, hi'arscH not lic'in;4' in use in lhi>N(;
days.

Ilarniar's disastrons dofcat liavinjjf dcniojistratcd tlic nocosHity of
opposing SOUK! strong cliock upon tlic aggri'ssions ol' Iho northern
savages, imnicdiato nio.'isnriw were devised fur tlie attninment nt'
that. en<l.

As early as 1185, Wasliington h.ad been impressod with tlio supe-
rior advantages of the JNr'nmi \illages at the cdnlluonco of tlio St.
Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers, for the ereetion of a fort; anti it
now beeaniH iho paramount purpose duriiii;' 17'.)!, to build this and
establish a chain of military posts from Fort Vr''ashii!gton to the
head of t)jo Maumee. In jjiirsuance of tins objeet, St. Clair was
nppnint«d Mnjor General, invested with the eliief command ot thu
frontier tbrces, and received instructions from which such extracts
are taken as will define the general policy of the government.

" It is only general prhiciides which can be i)ointed out. In the
execution of the duties of your station, circunisl.aucos which can
not noAV be foreseen, may arise to render material devijitions neces-
sary. Such circumstances will retiuiro the exercise ol' your talents.
The government jjossesses a guarantee in your character and
mature experience, tliat your judgnient will be tu-oper on .all occa-
sions. You are well informed of tin; unfavorable i?npressions which
the issue of the last exi)edit-ion has made on the ]>ubli(; mind, and
you are also aware of the expectations which are Ibrmed of tli.'
success of the ensuing campaign.

" An Indian war under any circumstances, is regarded by the great
ma«s of the ])eople of the United Stati's. as an event whicli ought,
if ])OSsil)le. 1-0 b(! avoided. It is considered th.at the sacrifices of
blood and treasure in such ,'i war far exceed any advantages whicli
can possibly bo reaped by it. The great policy, therclove, o\ tlu'
(Tcneral (Tovernmeut. is to establish a just and liberal peace with tin
Indian tribes M'ithiu the limits and in the \ icinity of the ten-itory
lit' the United States, ^'our intimations to the hostile Indians,
immediately aft.M- the late expedition, through the Wyandots and
Delawarcs ; the arrangement.s with the Senecas. who were hiu'ly in
this city, that part of the Six Xations should rejtair to the said hostile
Indians, to intluence tliem to ]>.aciilc mensuros ; together with the
j-pcetit mission of Colonel Proctor 'o Micm for ijie stone piirpo<i'.

fndUht Polu'ii of fhi V nitol Sfnijn,

will stfoni^'ly cviiuu" tlio (loHirc (if (lie (tciicral fiovcrniiiunt to
|ir('Vont th{i olVusioii of Ijlood, and to (|uict all diHturliaiici'H. And
wlicn you shall arrive upon tlic front icrs. if any other or fnrthor
iiu'asurc's to cUbct tlii! sauic ohject should prosont, you will oajjcrly
t'luhrace them, and tho roasonahio ('xponscs tlioroof wliall bo defrayed
hy tho pul)lic. Hut if all the lenient mcasuroM taken, or whieh may
he taken, sliotild fail to brinjx tlie hoNtilo Indians to a Just sense of
llieir situation, it will be necessary that you sliouhl use such coer-
cive means as you shall possess, for that jmrpose.

'• Vou are informed that, by an act of Con!j;ress, passed tlie '2d
instant, another re«jiment is to be raised and acbled to the military
estiihlishment, and provision madt^ I'or raisinif two thousand levies
for tlie term of six mouths, for tho service of the frontiers. It is
contemplated that the mass of the rej^ulars ami levies may be
recruited and rendezvous at Fort Washintjton, by the 10th of July.
In this case you will have assembled a force of three thousand
cff-jctives at least, besides leaving small garrisons on tho Ohio, in
order to perform your main expedition, heri-inafter mentioned.
But, in th(> meantime, if the Indians refuse to listen to tl)e messen-
fjers of ])eace sent to them, it is most probable they will, uidess
prevented, spread themselves along tlic line of frontiers, for the
])iu'pose of committing all the depredations in their power. In
order to avoid so calamitous an evi'ut, lirigadler (Jeneral Charles
Scott, of Kentucky, h;is been authorizcid by me, on the ])art of the
President of the United Slates, to make an expedition against the
Wea or Ouiatanon towns, with mounted volunteers or militia from
Kentucky, not exceeding the numl)er of seven hundred and fifty,
officers iiududed, Vou will perceive, by the instructions to Briga-
dier (ieneral Scott, that it is contided to your discretion, whctlier
there slioiild be more than one of tlie said expeditions of mountetl
\oiiinteer'; or militia. Yotn* nearer view ol' the o])ieets to be
clU'cted Ity :i secoiiil desidtory expedit i(Ui, will en;ib]e you In tbrni
a iictter Judgment than can at pri'sent be loi'mi'd :i1 this distance.
The [)roj)riety of a secfond operation would, in some degree, depend
"11 the alacrity and good eoniiiosition of the troops of Avhich the
first ni;iy have been formed; of its success; ot the |)rol)able etfects
ii second similar l)loV(' woidd have upuii the Indi.ans, with respect to
iti< inHuene.ing tluMii to peace; or, it they shoidd be still hostilel^
disposed, of prevent i!:g them from desohiting tlu' frontiers by thpiv
i'ltvtios.

Instructions to St. ( hiir

" Von vill oliH('V\(' ill \\w iiistriudloiis to IW-igadior (u'lieral Ht'fii:
wliic.li iire to serve iis :i l);isi.s for tlii' iiislriKtioiis of tlio coiniii.'indn-
who may Kuceeed liim, tliat all captives arc to bo treated Avilli grci
Inimaiiity. It will be smni'l iioliey to attract the Indians by kirn!
ness, after di'uionf-trating to them our jiower to piniisli them, on a
occasions. While you are niakini; such use ofdesuitory oj)eratioiis ;;
in your Judgment the occa.»-ion may require, you will ])rocoed vij,'(,i
ously, in every operation in your jiower. tor the ])i;rj»ose ol" tli
main expedition; and having asj- nbled your force, and all tliiiiu-
being in readiness, it m> decisive indications of peace should Ikim
been produced, either by the messengers or by the desultory opera-
tions, you will commence your march for the iNIiarai village, in oi'dir
to establish a strong and permanent military post at that jilace. I;,
your advance you Avill establish sucl*. j»osts of communication with
Fort Washington, on the Ohio, as you may Judge ])roper. Tlii
[>ost at tlie Miami village is intemled for the jiurpose of aweing ami
curl)ing the Indians in that ijuarter, and as tin.' only pre\ cntive df ^
tiiture hostilities. It ought, therefore, to be rcinb-red securer agaiib %
all attempts ami insults of the Imlians. The garrison which slioiik
be stationed there ought not oidy to be sutHcient for the defence ol tin
place, but always to atford a detachment of live or six hundre<l mi/ti, i
either to chastise any of the Wabash, or other hostile Indians, or to I
secure any convoy of ])rovisions. The estalilishment of such a ]iom
is <'onsidered as an important object of tlie campaign, and is to takt
place in all events. In case of a previous treaty, the In<lians arc !«j
be conciliated upon this ])oint, if pos-iijle ; and it is presumed goo'i
ai'guments may be olfered, to induce tlu'ir acquiescence. The sitiia-
tion, nature, and cons' ruction of the works you may direct, ivil
depend u[ion your own Judgment. ^lajor Ferguson, of the artillcn.
will be fidly capable of the execution, lie will be furnished witii
three iive and a half inch howitzers, throe six ])Ounders, and thm
three })ounib'rs, all brass, with a sudicient quantity of shot nini
shells for the purpose of the oxpeditiuu. The appropriation ol
these pieces Avill (b'pend upon yo u" orders.

''Having commenced your niarcli upon the main expedition, aii!:
thr Indiixus continuini: hostile, you will use every jjossibie excrtioi;
'o make theni ieel t!;e ct'bots of vour superiority ; and after havini'j
arrived at the Mianii village, and put your works in a defonsil)'
state, \on will seek the enemy with the whole of your remainir.;:
force, and endeavor, l)y all i)os ible means, to strike them with p^'t

seven ly. Ii
attaiuahie, ai

Itistriicfioiis li> Si, Chih'

( ''

a'veriiy. li \»'ill '"' li^'l't (o youi' discri'tioii wIu'IIht to ciiiiilov, if
MtlaiuitliU', ;uiy Indians of (lie >-',ix iiatiuu>-, uiul I lie (Mi ickusawrfor other
iiortliei'ii nation.'^. .Alost jirobahly the eniploymcnt oC about iiCty

ol eiici
ailvu.i

mull

■r I lie (

liieelioii ot ioiiie ilisereet uiul alile cliief, would

t:ii,'e()iis, Iml these oui^ht not Id he asisembled beiore the line of
iiiaivli was taken uj), because they are soon tiled and will not bo de-
tiiined. 1'he force eonteiuplated lor the garritioii of the ]\[ianii village
and the conummications has iieeii from a tlioiisand to twelve
uiidred uon-coinniissioned (dlicersand [)rivates. Tiiis is mentioned

as a ireiierai idea, to which van wil

dhen

o!' iiMiii which von wil

deviate, as circumstances may retjuire. 'JMie garrison stationed at
ihc' Miami village, and its commiinication.s, must have m store at
least six iiKMiths' good salti'd meat, and Hour in projiortioii.

" It is hardly possible, if the Indians continue hostile, that, you w ill
he suite red i|uii
lerofore, mav

tlv to establish a post at the .Miami village; conflicts.

Ih
ph

expccte

uai

d ; and it is to be presumed thai, disci-
nod valor will triumph over the undisciplined Indians.
•'In this event it is probable that the Indians will sue for i)eaci'.
ihis shiuild be the case, tlie dignity of the United States will
piire thai; the terms should be liberal. In oi'der to avoid I'liiiire
rs, it, iniirht be iironer to make the Wabash, and theti

3Iiami.

a.n

il d

ro}
own

over i<)

loiiiulary. excejiting .so far

-IP

same to its month, at Lake Krie, thj'
a.s the .same should relate to tiie W'yaii-
iliits and Delawares, on tlu' supposition of their contimiing faithful
lo the treatic.?. But if (hey should join in the war against I he
Culled Stales, and your army be victorious, tlie said tribes ought to
h^' iviuoved without the boundary mentioned. You will also judge
whether it would be proper to extend the boundary, from the moiilh
of tin.' Ifiver an Pause of tlu! Wabash, in a dne west line to the ]\[issis-
pi. Few Indians, besides the Kickajtoos, would be alfected liy
siielialine; this <uight to be tenderly managed. The modiiication
ef ilie boundary must !)c conlided to your discretion, witti this
single observation, that x\v })o1icy and interest of the United States
ilictate their lieingat piace with the Imiians. This is of mo/e vahir
lliaii millions of uiienltivated acres, th;.' I'iglit to which may be
loiiceded by some, and disjnited by other.'.. The establishment of a
p'ist at the Miami vilhigf, wiU i)robably be regarded, by the Jiritish
oHieers on (lie frontii'r, a.- a circnnistance of jealousy. It may,
itii. r.Toiv. be ne(!e.«sary tiuit you should, at a jn-ojicr time, make such
Mitimutions as may remove all such dispositions, This intimation

7«

Sf. VUiirs A rill If in Motion.

liad bettor follow tliiui procetle the possession of the ])ost, iiiilo>-
circuiustiuices diclute othei'\vi.>se. As it is not the ineliiuition oi
interest of the United States to enter into ;i contest with Qxn'
Britiiin, every measure tendinj^ to any discussion or alternation niii>;
hi ])revented. 'V\\c delicate situation of affairs may, therel'un,
render it impi-oper at pnsent to make any naval arrangement upni,
Lake Krie. After you shall have ulfected all tlio injury to the ho^tili
Indians of which your force may be ca])able, and aftei' having estiil-
lished the posts and garrisons at the Miami village and its conum
nications, and placing the same niuler flic nrilers of an olliiv:
worthy of such high trust, yon will return (o i-'ort "Wasiiingtoii, m
the Oiiio."

Tlius entrusted and commissioned, St. Clair jiroceeded with all
possible celerity to e\e(Mite instructions, reaching Pittsburg, whciv
troojJS, horses and su[)pliLS were gathering, late in A])ril ; but the
fultillnu}nt of his mission and tlif disigns of the government
sutfered unexpected delay. Arriving at fort Washington, May 15tli,
he found himself stronger in " instructions" lh)"i in the means fur
carrying them into etfect. llf had only two hundred and sixty-four,
available non-commissioned otlici'rs and privates. July 15th, tli>'
first regiment of two Imndred and ninety-nine men joined bin), ami
General ]?utler's recruits adiUil to his lori'es; but there Mas ;i ;
deticiency of money, ])rovi8ions and stons. Kmipsacks, pack-
saddles, tents, kettles, were defective, while danniged powder, ai'iii\
and accontrenu'nts, and ainu)st entire lack of tools- to make th
necessary renairs, ciuitribntcd lo the (lilliciiltics. Another source

)1" anxietv ai'

llirouu'h till' tlcniorali/

;inii

>r ti

le so

Miers

in their intrmpciMiir,'. rouipi'lling Si. Claii

II n'h

)rmiitorv

nieasniv, to remove the iirn.v r
from Fort Washington, which inor.
cost of ))rovision lor the iidOD-.

jU'ilow".< Sialion. .--ome six inile>
nih doiiiilcd the coiilnictwi

Septembei

irni V.

nuniiierim

Luo

hou

sant

I tluv

hundred, moved I'orv.ai'd and erected. :it a jioini on the (li'calj
Miami, the lirsl in the line of Ibrts, an I named it Kort ][amiltoii.[
October I'^th. Vovi .ielfersoii was begun, forty miles distant (aboiii
six miles south of (ireenville, Darke eonnty.) from the :i+tli,tlii
army marcheil through tli" wilderness, under the most (lisconrn!jiD;|
circumstances of almt>st iinpaHsable roads, insullicient ration-.
sjoknosK Mii'i d<?scj'rion in "'real ni'inhers, until Noyomber IW, whe;.

"^ thoy reached

-Mary's, for w

'I'he details

November -111

((> the Secreta

"The right

Inittahoiis, co:

line; and tlu

Imttalioiis, an

Colonel ])ark^

■ them of about

The right llan

and Faulkner

covered the le

u!id advanced

order. There

of the creek, b

of the militia.

miles I'rom the

work, the i)lan

Ferguson, whe

j everything else

moved on to a

|ei)me up. But

'liL' 4th, about

just been dism

[liiive them all

I attack was mai
time, and rusl
(which, togctlie
disorder, and w
cers, was never
their heels. TJi
almost ins tan tb

II fi'W minutes
woight of it w;
artillery was phi
^^^itli great slau
confusion begin

jwere falling in

/St. Cldlrs liepiirt.

■acttti

t hm I

(irwi!
liltoii.]
alioiiii
li.tlv
•aijitiil
it ion:. I

rliey reachefl a branch of tho Wabasli, a little sontli of the St.
Mary's, for which Si. Clair ini.stook the .streatn.

'PJK' details of the encani])nieiit here, and the disa.«trons defeat of
Kovember 4th, are extracttd Ironi the commanding; general's letter
tc the. Secretary of War, on his return to Fort Washin^ii^ton.

"The risrht M'inj^', composed of Bntler's, Chirk's, and Patterson's

battalions, commanded Ijv Major (ieneral liu'lor, formed the lirst

line; and tlie left wing, consisting of liedinger's and Gaither's

Jiattalions, and flie second regiment, coninumded by Jjieutenant

Colonel Darlve, formed llie srcoiid line, with an interval between

theni of abont seventy yards, wliicli was all the ground would allow.

Tlie right Ihmk was pretty well secured by the c^reek; a steep bank

anfl Faulkner's corps, some ol' U: cavalry, and their picipiets,

covered the leiY ilank. 'I'lic militia were thrown over the creek,

and advanced about a quarter of a mile, and '■ncam[)ed in the same

order. There were a few Indians who apjteared on the oi)posite side

of the creek, but fled with the utinost ]nvcii)itation, on the advance

of the militia. At this place, which 1 judged to be about tifteen

miles from the Miami village, I determined to throw np a slight

work, the jilan of which was concerted that evening with Major

Ferguson, wherein to have deiiosited the men's knapsacks, and

evorvthing else that was not of absolute necessity, and to have

j moved on to attack the enemy as soon as the lirst regiment was

jcome up. But they did not permit me to execute either; for, on

I the 4th, about half an hour before sunrise, and when the men had

just been dismissed i'rom parade, (for it was a constant practice to

jhave them all under arms a considerable time before daylight,) an

[attack was made ujion the militia. These gave way in a very little

[time, and rushed into camp throcgh Major IJutler's l)attalion,

(which, together with a part of Clark's, tliey throw into considerable

|disordor, and. which, notwithstanding the exertions of both those olH-

cers, was never altogether remedied.) the Indians following close at

thoir heels. The lire, however, of the front line checked tliem ; but

almost instantly a very heavy attack began ui)on that line: and. in

alow minutes it was extended to the second likewise. The great

pvoight of it Avus directed against the center of each, where the

iutillery was placed, and from which "he men w<.re repeatedly driven

hvitli great slaughter. I''i tiding no great elfect from our lire, and

jcoiifusion beginning to spread from the great number of men who

[Were falling in all (puuters, it became necessary to try what could.

VJxplcDKlfioilfi of 'h)sii<tn'.

bo done by 'he btiyouet. rjieutcnaut Colonel Barke was accordinjrly
ordered to make a charge Avith part of the second line, and to turn
the left think of the enemy. This was executed with great spirit.
The Indians instantly gave way, and were driven back tiirci; or four
hundred yards: but for want of a sufficient numlter of rillemen to
pursue this advantage, they soon returned, and the troops were
nhliged to give back in their turn. At this moment they had
entered our camp by the left ilank, having pushed back the troops
that were posted there. Anotiier charge was made hei'e by the
.second regiment Butler's and Clark's battalions, with equal etlect-
and it was repeated several times, and always with success; but in
all of them many men were lost, and particularly the olficers, whicli,
with so raw trooi)s, was a loss altogether irremediable. In that 1
just spoke of, nuule by the second regiment and Butler's battalion,
Major Butler was ilangeronsly wounded, and every otlieer ot tlu'
second regiment fell exe^'pt three, one of which, Mr. Cireaton, was
shot through the body.

" Our artillery being now silenced, aiul all the officers killed excqit
Captain Ford, who was very badly woundud, and inorc than half nf
the army fallen, being cut off from the road it became necessary to
attempt the regaining it, and to make a retreat if i)ossible. To thi» I
purpose the remains of the army was formed as well as circumstances
would admit, towanls the right of the encampment, from wiiicli, by
the way of the second line, another charge was made iijion the enemy, j
as if with the design to turn thi.'ii' right Hank, but in fact to gain
the r()ad. This was elfected, and as snoii as it was ojien, the militiii
took along it, Ibllowed by the troops; .Major Clarke, with his Iwi-
talion, covering the rear.

" The retreat in those circumstances, was, you may be sure, a verv
precipitate one. It was, in fact, a ilight. Thu camp and artillciv
were abnndoned ; but that was unavoidable ; for not a iiorse \v:it
left alive to have drawn it off, had it otherwise been possible. But
the most disgraceful ])art of the business is, that the greater ])art o!
the men tlnvw away their arms and accoutrements, even after tlu'
pursuit, which continued about four miles, liad ceased, i foiim!
the road strewed with tliem for many miles, but was no' able tn
remedy it; for, having had all my horses killed, and being mounteil
u})on one that could not be i)ricked out ot a walk, could not gel
forward myself; and the orders 1 sent forward either to halt t!uj
front, or to prevent the men from parting with their arms, wen

Lwcntv-niiie

Idiiriiig tlio cai

i»rovisions. I ;i

77/'.' Defeat h'.rj>l(i /»(</.

1\)

unattended to. The rout coiiiinued (juite to Fort Jotforsoii,
iwoiity-iiiiK' miles, whicli ■was reached u liUlo after sim-sottiiig. The
action begun aljout liall' an liour lielbre sunrise, suul the retreat was
attempted at lialf an hour after nine o'clock. I liave not yet been ubic
to o'et returns of the Ivilled and wounded ; but Major General liutlcr,
Lieutenant Colonel Oldluini, of the militia. Major Ferguson, Major
Hart, and Major Clarke are among the former; ('olond iSargeant,
my Adjutant general, Lieutenant Colonel l)ari\e. Lieutenant
('olonel Gibson, Jlajor liutler, and tlie Viscount Malartie, who
[.served me as an Aid-de-cara}), aie among the latter: ;in(i a great
number of ea])tains and subalterns in both.

"I have now, sir, hnished my melancholy tale — a tale that will be

Mt sensd)ly by every one who has sympathy for private distress, or

tor public misibrtune. I have ufjthing, sir, to lay to the charge of

the troops, but their want of discipline, which, from the short time

lli.y had been in service, it was impossible tiiey should have

[!ie([uired,aud which rciulered it very difiicult, when they were thrown

linto confusion, to reduce them again loonier, and is one reason Avhy

ihcloss has fallen so heavy on the oHicers, who did every thing in

liiiir power to effect it. Neither were my own exertions wanting ;

l)ut, worn down with illness, a. id suffering under :i ipaiuful disease,

unable either to 'uount or dismount a liorse without assistance, they

pvere not so great as they otherwise would, iind perhaps ought (i>

jhiive been. We were overpowered by :iun)l)ers; but it is no more

[tliiui justice to observe, that, though composed of so many different

iBpieies of trooi)S, the utmost harmony prevailed through the army

Idui'ing the campaign. At i'\)rt .Jelfersou 1 fouud the iirst regi-

jiiK'nt, which had returned from the service they had been sent upon,

jwithout either overtaking the deserters, or meeting the convoy of

\)rovisions. 1 am not certain, sir, whether 1 ought to consider the

ibsencc of this regiment iVoni the field of actidii, as ibrtuiuite or

)tht'riA'ise. I incline to Ihiiik it was fortunate, lor,l very much doubt

^vhcther, had it becii in the action, the fortune of the day had been

jturned; and, if it had not, the triumph of the enemy would have been

move complete, am' the country would have been destitute of every

kiifans of defence. Taking a view of the situation of our broken

iroops at Fort Jefferson, and that there was no I'-rovision in tlie fort, I

pillwl \\[\nn tiu^ field otlicers. viz : Lieutenant ('alonel Darke, Major

Ihimlramck, .Major Zeigler and Major Ciaither, together with the

iijiUunt General, (Winthrop Sargent) for their advice what would

The hefrnt Ki-plaiiunl

be proper furlhor to be done ; audit was their nuaiiinious opinion,
that the iulditioii of tlie lirst rci^inient, unbroken as it was, did not
put the army on so rcsjieotubir a loot a.s it was in the morning,
because a great part ol" it was now unarmed; that it had been tluii
found une(|ual to tlio enemy, and shouUl tliey come on, wiiich was
possible, wouhl be found so again: tliat tlie fr()0])s could not bu
thrown into the fort, Ijotli because it was too small, and that there
were no i)rovisions in it: that provisions Avero known to be ujioii
the road, at the distance of one, or at most, two marclK'S ; tlia;
therefore, it would be more projier to move without loss of time, U
meet the provisions, when tlie men might; the sooner have an oppoi-
tunity of some refreshment, and that a proper delac])ment might lie
sent back with it to have it safely deposited in the fort. 'JMiis advice
was accepted and the army was ]iut in motion at ten o'clock, ;im!
marched all night, and the .Nucceeding d;ty met a quantity of Hour.
Part of it was distributed immediately, part taken back to supply
the army on the nuirch to l-'ort JIamilton, and the remainder, about j
fifty horse loads, sent forward to Fort Jefferson. "^I'lie next davii
drove of cattle was met with for the some place, and I have inlunii-
ation that l)oth got in. The woundeel, who had l)cen left j^l thai
place, were ordered to be brought to Foi't Washington by the relunij
horses.

'• I have said, sir, in a former pan of this letter that we were over-
powered by numbers. Of that, however, I have no other evidence I
but the weight of the lire, which was always a most deadly one, aiifi
generally delivered i'nmi the ground — few of the enemy showiii;;!
themselves afoot except Avhen they were charged ; and that in a IlwI
minutes our whole camp, Avhich extended above three hundred audj
fifty yards in length, was entirely surrounded and attacked on al
quarters. The loss, sir, the public has sustained by the lall ofso|
many officers, particularly (ieneral Builer, and Major Ferguson, can-
not be too much regretted; but it is v, circumstance that will allevi-
ate the misfortune in some measure, that all of them fell most gal-
lantly doing their duty. I have had very particular obligations ii'j
many of them, as well as to the survivors, but to none more tliaiij
Colonel Sargent. He has discharged the various duties of his otliotl
with zeal, with exactness, and with intelligence, and on all occasioiiil
afforded me every assistance in his power, which 1 have also experi-
enced from my Aid-de-camp, Lieutenant Denny, and the N'iscdimi
Malartie, who served Avith me in the station as a volunteer."

General J\
deficiency of
among those
tee of the J In
ter, reported
ibi- the dele]
(March ;jd) f(
in the Quart(
when the exp
and e\])erienc
Nt. Clair fron
Perkins in liis
defeat, unnotic
Congress; viz.
cx])eef;od by th
by tlie Hying n
pureil, all chan
who command
troops, tile evei^
different. We
were surprised
surprise.^ The
advance of the
advance, was Ca
I went otit to 1
I Oldham, who cc
|e\!mu'ned by tin
su-unniiig throi
skirts of the arm
duty as far as s
person to the ess
"'>lit Captain 8
large a ijody of
roported his obs
I'casons uncxi)la
'"'if'Tmafion, an
|<'olonel Oldham
the presence of tl
hiiii Slough, to (

|not go

Til

e Con

Kl'pliDKltioilS Collfltl //('</.

(icnenil Knox assigned as reasons for St. Clair's defeat, — 1st the
(k'li(;ioncy of good troops; 2d, the want of apijropriate training
iiinong those he had ; 3d, the lateness of the season. The Commit-
tee of the House of liepresentatives api)ointed to investigate the mat-
tor, reported the causes: 1st, the delay in preparing estimates, &c.,
for tile defence of tlie frontiers, and the late passage of the Act
(Miireli od) for that pur])o,se ; :'2d, tJie delay caused by the neglects
ill the (Quartermaster's department ; Jkl, the lateness of the season
wh"U till! expedition was coii ,;ienced; 4tli, the want of disci})line
and ex])erience in the troops; and especially exonerated General
St. Clair from all l)lame in connection Avith the disaster. J. 11.
Perkins in his Western Annals calls attention to two causes of the
defeat, unnoticed by the Secretary of War ami the Committee of
Congress ; viz., the suri)rise by the Indians, who were in no degree
expected by the army ; and the confusion introduced at the outset
by the Hying militia. Had the attack been expected, the troops pre-
pared, all chance of confusion avoided, ami had the very able officers
who couuuanded been obeyed, — with all the disadvantages of raw
troops, the event might have been, probably would have been, wholly
different. We are then led to ask, how it hajii)ened that the troops
were surprised ? Were proper measures taken to guard against
surprise? The militia as St. Clair says, were a quarter of a mile in
advance of the main army, and beyond the creek ; still farther in
advance, was Captain Slough, who, with a volunteer party of regulars,
went out to reconnoitre; and orders had been given Colonel
Oldham, who commanded the militia, to have the woods thoroughly
examined by the scouts and patrols, as Indians were known to be
swanning tlirough the forests, and to be hanging about the out-
; skirts of the army. In all this St. Clair seems to have done his entire
duty as far as sickness would permit him; could he have seen in
[ person to the essential steps it would have been better. During the
night C'aptain Slough, who was a mile beyond the militia, found so
hirgo a ijody of savages gathered about him, that he fell back ai\d
jroported his observations to General Butler. But the (Jeneral, for
reasons unexplained, made no dispositions in conse(|uencc of this
jinforniation, and did not report it to the Commander-in-chief.
[Colonel Oldham also obeyed his oulers, the woods were searched, and
jtho presence of the enemy detected, but he too reported through Cap-
Jtiiii; Slough, to General Butler, beyoiul whom tlie information did

liiot go. The consequence Avas that in the morning tin; army was
' 7

The Terrified Frotitle^

taken unawares and unprepared. But even thus taken there was a
great chance of victory lor the United States troops, had tliey not
been thrown into disorder at the outset by the lliglit of the militia;
and this leads us to notice the coincidence of common-sense unin-
formed by technical knowledge, with jiractical military slvill, for
both (after Ilarmars experience of 17J)() Avitii the western militia,)
would wave forbidden the step taken by St. Clair when he iwstiil
his militia in a body in fiont of the other troops. The exjierioiKv
of Hardin under Ilarmar, luul demonstrated that militia coukl iiui
be trusted as a military force opposed to Indians, however brave tln'
individuals; as in the war of the Revolution their untnistworthines!
ae troops, when opposed to regulars, had betu experimentally proved:
and common sense, if free, unlettered by technical rules, Avoukl we
think have prevented St. Clair placing his militia as he did. * *

* There was nothing, absolutely nothing lo excuse the abuse
and persecution to which he was afterwards subjected; but thtre
was, 1st, apparent neglect on the part of General Butler and Colonel
Oldham, leading to asuiprise ; 2d, a mistaken ])osition assigned the
militia by St. Clair, in accordance with the maxims of most oflicers
of the day ; and 3d, a needless adherence to military rules on the
part of the Commander-iii-chief, which made his force a target for
the Indians to shoot at."

The final scenes in the melancholy drama of this gallant soldier'-
and accomplished gentleman's life, are noted under the " Sketch of
the old Bench and Bar," in anothei' chapter of this work.

The destructive expedition of Generals Scott and Wilkinson inin
the lower Wabash region during the summer of 1791, added to the
efforts of General Ilarmar in 1790, hid inspired the Northwestern
Indians Avith the belief, stimulated by the British, that the govern-
ment policy was to exterminate the race and seize their lands. This
belief was now fully confirmed by the camj)aigu of St. Clair.
Inflamed with jealousy and hatred, and elated by the result of
their last fierce victory, Indian depredations and barbarities threat
ened the terrified frontier settlers. The inhabitants proceeded to
provide every possible means of defence, while the government
adopted the earliest ]n'acticable measures for recruiting a military
force adequate to the successful encounter of any possible combined
Indian force, and sufficient for the establishment of the proposed
military stronghold at the Miami villages.

After delibe

iireessary in su

Washington ac

Wayne proceed

iier, the "Legii

\ilk', about twe

April, 17!)y, wh

I'lioice," (the (

n'\u- Fort AVas

the legion left

meats, a journa'

limy.

Aside from t
down on the spi
gent writer, is f
notice.

The first is, tli

"seventeen-mile,

i out the little i

])enod alfoi-ded,

'especially vahiul

untiring vigilan

! which afforded ;i

litiie,ss for the

^ detached by govt

T)mr Sir: — A

tunity of writin<.

\ give it to you by

; 7th October.—

i the army had no

J fen miles. Our

i Hamilton. Maul

I I'lvtty generally'

tiiought otherwise

9th.— Our thin

of Hamilton.

vprj vigilant, or

10th.— Our fbu

, "I'ii^ tree, and nu

i 'iiie of march, e\-

!«f the marching

I tion, superadding

Generid W(nj)he'.s Campaign — 1704.

After deliberately balancing the peculiar military qualifications
lu'ccssiiry in such an o\i)eclition, and the abilities of General Wayne,
Wiisliiugton assigned him the command. In June, 1792, General
Wiivnc proceeded to Pittsburg to organize his army; and in Decem-
ber, the " Legion of the United States " was assembled at Legion-
villc, about twenty miles below Pittsburg. Here they encamped till
A])ril, i71>3, when, passing down the Ohio, it landed at " Hobsou's
Clioico," (the only ])oint possible in consequence of high waters,)
near Fort Washington, where, remaining until the 7th of October,
the legion left Cincinnati. Below is given, with the editor's com-
ments, a journal of the march, taken from Cist's Cincinnati Miscel-
lany.

Aside from the freshness of this species of nari'ation, written
down on the spur of the moment, which, in the hands of an intelli-
irunt writer, is sure to interest, there are some points worthy of
notice.

The first is, that distances are described by the " five-mile spring,"
"seventeen-mile," and " twenty-nine-mile tree,'' which serves to point
out the little improvement which the Miami country at that
jieriod aiforded, as way-nuirks on the march. But the letter is
especially valualjle, as a testimony from beginning to end of the
untiring vigilance, and press-forward spirit of Anthony Wayne,
which aiforded a presage from the first day's march of his peculiar
litness for the hazardous and responsible service on which he was
ilotached by government.

Camp, Southwest Bkanch Miami, )
October, 22d, 1793. j"

dear Sir : — Agreeably to promise, I have seized the first oppor-
tunity of writing you, and to be methodical in the business, I shall
;' give it to you by way of journal.

7th October. — Our first day's march was great, considering that
the army had not got properly in their gears. T think it was about
iiii miles. Our second, the 8tb, was greater — it reached Fort
Hamilton. Many of the men were exceedingly fatigued, and it was
|iivtty generally believed hard marching, though the General
iliought otherwise, and it must be so.

9th. — Our third day's march was to the five-mile si)ring, advance
of Hamilton. Observe, we fortified our camp ev(!ry night, and were
very vigilant, or ought to be so.

10th. — Our fourth day's march we encamped about the seventeen-
mile tree, and nothing extraordinary happejied, excepting that our
line of march, extended for near live miles, owing to the rapidity
j of the marching and the badness of the roads for our transporta-
tion, superadding the straggling soldiers, worn down with fatigue

Genenil WaifiH'n, Mcforloiis

and sickness, brought up by the rear guard, whom they rctardni
considonibly.

lltli. — We proceeded on to the tweuty-niiu'-niile tree, Ibrtilied a-
usual, and oeciipied a line coinnumding ground; anil nothing n;
conse(|n(!nce iiiippened here.

12th. — The roads were very had, and some of our wagons hrokf
down: but as tiie (ienoral's orders declared there ,<liould l)e ii"
interstices, the line of nuu'ch was not impeded, and we made, mi
ten miles this day.

l.'Uh. — AVe advanced by toleraldy «(uick movemcnis until we cttmel
within a mile or so of Fort Ji'lfcrson, and this day furni.sjied a good
deal of sport; for as the devil would have it, Colonel lliimtraiiick
Avas nuiueuvering his troops, and li:ul a sham light, which «!
construed by the whole army, as an attack upon our advance giuird;
or Hankers. It really frightened a good many; but we all said, Itij
them come; or, Ave are ready lor tlieni. V,'c' had marched hard tlii>|
day, and 1 'think not so well jjrupared. However, it Avas at leiigttl
discovered to be a sham light, and every body knew it then. Oh, i;|
was llamtramck's usual practice! said they. IJut it was all iu iiivj
eye — they never thought of Ilamtramck!

14th. — 'We marched past Fort Jelft-rsoi, without even desiring tJ
look at it ; indeed, some of us turned our heads the other Avay wttl
disdain ; and it has been threatened (as report says) to be demolT
ished entirely. This day's nuirch brought us to where I am iiojj
sitting, writing to my friend. AVc Ibrtilied our encampment venj
strong, and feel very secure.

loth. — The wagons Averc sent back to Fort St. Clair for storeiJ
provisions, etc., with, an escort of two subaltern and betAveen eiglit;|
and ninety men. And nothiug happened extra this day.

IGth. — IMie devil to pay; Colonel Blue, Avith near twenty of
cavalry, Avent out to graze the horses of the troops, and after soiihl
time Blue discovered something craAvling in the grass, Avhich hea:[
lirst thought Avas turkeys, but immeiliately found them to be t« [
Indians, and ordered a charge; himself, tAVo sergeants, and a^jrivail
charj^ed, the rest ran aAvay ; the conseipience Avas, the two Indiaiij
killed the two sargeants — Blue and the private escaped. The IfiiAf
of the rascals Avho behaved so coAvardly Avas immediately tried aii-j
condemned, but pardoned the next day.

17th. — Lt. LoAvry, Ensign, formerly Dr. Boyd, Avith the escort
ninety men guarding the Avagons, Avere attacked by a party of tliinj
or forty Indians, Avho rushed on Avith savage fury and yells, avI'
panic struck the whole party, (excepting the two officers and lift«l
or tAVcnty men, Avho fell a sacrilice to savage barbarity,) and tli^l
all lied, and have been coming into Fort St. Clair by tAvosand tlirrcl
ever since. The Indians plundered the Avagons, and carried olf iviiJ
them sixty-four of the best wagon horses in the army, killing ii
horses at the Avagons in the defeat. Mr. Hunt has been a cousidenibi

dnn/Hurfii-

04.

losor: his wii<,'on wiia pIiiikUtciI also, ("oloiid Adair pursued lln'
Indians, aiul found sevc'al lioi'Hos dead, wliicli lie supjxiscd liad \)w\\
tired and llicy liillt'd (lii'in, ti prool" iluit Uicir lli;,dit, was very vapid.
In lliisiittiick W(( l)av(0()8t two proinisiu<j[. worlliy and brave ofru'crs,
;in(I altoiil. twenty men, mostly of Captain Sliaylor's company;
for luH and daptain I'rior's Ibrnied the escort, and are hoth iu)W
rather in di8*;race.

We have Itocii h'd to helieve thut this placu would have been
made the j,a"and ileposit, until tiiis day; we now loarn that tliere
will bo a I'orward move in tlie course of ten days, nine milos further
into tile indiiin country, to a i>laoo called Still Wiitor ; the reason 1
ean't surmise, but tliey say, tliey are very coj^ent ones. I have no
husinoss to pry, but if I should accidentally find it out, you shall be
intbrnied. in the meantime believe me to be very sincerely your
friend, Jno. M. Scott.

Lute in October, General Wayne established his Avinter liead-
quurters, about six miles north of Fort Jefferson, and there erected
Fort Greenville, the present site of the town of that name in Darke
county.

On Christmas day, 179.'}, a detachment re-occupied the ground
which had been rendered memorable by the disastrous defeat of St.

I Clair, three years before, and there built a stockade -work, which was
signiiicantly called Fort Recovery. During the progress of this

I work he oflered a reward for every human skull found on the battle
ffrouiul. Six hundred of those relics of carnage were collected
iiiul entombed beneath one of the block houses. Says one of the
legion, " when we went to lay down in our tents at night, we had to
scrape the bones together, and carry them out to make our beds.''

[ I See chapter on Mercer county.]
Providing an ade(iuate garrison, rrcnoral "Wayne placed the fort in

[charge of Captain Alexander Gibson, and during the early months
of 179i actively engaged in preparations for the anticipated blow.

[lie had already been admonished by incidents of the march, and the
vigilance of his numerous spies, that an active, dexterous and pow-

[erful enemy were in the wilderness surrounding him.

The government, always anxious to avoid the carnage of war, had

[exhausted every means to obtain an amicable adjustment of the dif-
iicultios; although the fact that five different embassies were sent,
oHoring most generous terms of peace to the hostile tribes, attests
the sincerity of the expressed design on tho part of the United

|Statosauthorities to render full justice to the aborigines. But the

ifiuliixn successes, with promised Bvitislx and ftpanisli assistanoe,

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(7:6) 872-4503

V^ "%

i/l

^i^

General Waf/jie'.t Victorious

\l\

rendered them insensible to pacific overtures, — all of which were
more or le^s directly rejected, and three of the embassadors, — Free-
men, Trueman and Colonel Hardin — were murdered.

In June 1794, before the enemy had left winter quarters, a detach-
ment which had acted as escort of provisions from Fort Eecovery,
fell into an ambush of Indians about a mile from the fort, and were
driven back with great loss, the victors continuing the pursuit
to the very gates, which they endeavored to enter with the fugitives.

The siege continued nearly two days, and from General Wayne's
despatch we learn that " there was a considerable number of armed
white men in the rear, who they frequently heard talk in our
language, and encouraging the savages to persevere in the assualt;
their faces generally blacked." Adds General Wayne, " another
strong corroborating fact that there were liritish, or British militia
in the assault, is, that a number of ounce balls and buck shot were
lodged in the block houses and stockades of the fort, ft would
also appear that the British and savages expected to find the artil-
lery that was lost on the 4th of November 1791, and hid by the
Indians in the beds of old fallen timber, or logs which they turned
over and laid the cannon in, and then turned the logs back, in their
foiyiier berth. It was in this artful manner that we found them
generally deposited. The hostile Indians turned over a great
number of logs, during the assault, in search of these cannon, and
other plunder, which the^ had probably hid in this manner, after
the action of November 4th, 1701. I therefore have reason to be-
lieve that the British and Indians depended much upon this artil-
lery to assist in the reduction of the fort ; fortunately they served
in its defence."

July 26th, Scott joined Wavne at Greenville with 1,600 mounted
Kentuckians, and on the 28tn, the legion took up the track of the
Indians, who had left it obviously marked in their rear, either from
the haste in which they made it, or, what is more probable, because
they were desirous of luring the army still farther into the recesses
of the wilderness.

He halted at Girty's town, at the crossing of the St. Mary's, twenty-
four miles in advance of Greenville, a sutlicient length of time to
build Fort Adams, on the bank of that stream. He was enabled to
complete his march unobserved, till he arrived almost in sight of
Au Glaize, the great emporium of the enemy, of which he took
possession on the 8th of August, without the loss of a single mau.

Cainpaign — 1 794.

On the preceding eveuiiig Lue enemy abandoned their settlements
and vilhiges, witli such apparent marks of surprise and precipita-
tion, as convinced everybody that the approach of the legion was
not discovered until a few hours before its arrival, when the fact
was communicated by Newman, who deserted from the army at St.
Mary's.

It was manifest that the defection of that villain enabled the
Indians to save their persons by a rapid flight; leaving all their
property to fall into the hands of tlie Federal forces. The extensive
and highly cultivated fields and gardens, which appeared on every
side, exhibited the work of many hands. The margins of the
beautiful rivers, Au Glaise and Miami, [of the Lake,] had the
semblance of a continued village, for several miles above and below
that junction.

The first duty of the General, after taking possession of the
country, was to erect a strong stockade fort, with four block houses,
by way of bastions, at the confluence of the rivers, which he named
Fort Defiance.

The annexed plan and description

i of Fort Defiance, is found in the mem-
' oranda of

Benj. Van Cleve, commu-
nicated by his son, John W. Van
Cleve, of Dayton, to the American
Pioneer.

At each angle of the fort was a block-house.
Till.' one next the Maiimee is marked A.hav-
injT ]iort-h()les B,nn the three exterior sides, and
door D and chimney C on the side facing to the
interior. There was a line of pickets on each
i^ide of the fort, connecting the block-houses by
their nearest angles. Outeide of the pickets and
around the block-houses was a glacis, a wall of
enrili eight fi^et thick, sloping upwards and out-
wards from the feet of the pickets, supported by
!i log wall on thi» side of the ditch and by facineti,
a wall of faggots, on the side next the Auglaize.
The ditch, tifteen feet wide and eight feet deep,
surrounded the whole work except on the side
tov aid the Auglaize; and diagonal pickets,
eleven feet long and one foot apart, were secu-
red to the log wall and jirojccted over the ditch.
E and E were gateways. F was a bank of
earth, four feet wide, left for a passage across
the ditch. (J was a falling gate or drawbridge, which was raised and lowered by pullies,
acros,s the diti'li, coverini; it or li-.'iving it uncovered at pleasure. The officers' (luartera
wore at H, and the sioreliouses at I. At K, two lines of pickets converged towards L,
|r^ which was a ditch right fret deep, by v. hirh water « as |iroeiiied from the river without ex-
posing the carrier to the enemy. M was a small snnd-bnr at the jioint.

Fort Drfi liner.

General Wayne^H Victorious

It had been ascertalnetl by the most recent intdb'gence, tliat tlic
enemy were collected in great force — that they had l)oen johied hy
the Detroit militia, and a portion of the regular army — and that
they had selected, for the contest, an elevated plain, above the foot
of the Kapids, on the left bank of the river, over which a tornadd
had recently passed, and covered the gronnd with fallen timber, hy
which it was rendered nnfavorable for the action of cavalry 'riiis
information, unpleasant as it was, did not excite any serious appre-
hension, or in the least degree cool the spirit and ardor of tlic-
troops. On the contrary, among the officers and privates, both of
the legion and the mounted volunteers, there was but one aspiration
heard, and that was to meet the enemy.

Captain Wells, the wily, sagacious, and intrepid warrior of tlio
woods, led his party \\ itliin so short a distance of the British works,
as to ascertain that the Indians Avere encamped under their protcc
tion. He took one or two prisoners, and made a bold, though
unsuccessful attempt on a camp of warriors in the night, in Avhicli
he was wounded. Hoon after his return, the army moved slowly and
cautioiisly down the left bank of the Maumee, (or " Miami of the
Lake," and sometimes " Omee,'' as the river was then called.)

On the 13th of August, true to the spirit of peace, advised by
Washington, General Wayne sent Christian Miller, who had been
naturalized among the Shawaneesc, as a special messenger to offer
terms of friendship. Impatient of delay, he moved forward, and on
the 16th, met Miller on his return with the message, that if tlu
Americans would Avait ten days at Grand Glaize (Fort Defiance.)
they — the Indians — would decide for peace or war. On the IBtli,
the army arrived at Roche de Boeufy just south of the site of Water-
ville, where they "erected some light works as a place of deposit for
their heavy baggage, Avhich Avas named Fort Deposit. During tlu
19th, the army labored at their Avorks, and about eight o'clock on
the morning of the 20th, moved forward to attack the Indians, avIio
Avere encamped at the fallen timbers, on the bank of the Maumee,
at and around a hill called " Presque Isle," about two miles south of
the site of Maumee city, and four south of the British Fort Miami.

This British post had been occupied by a garrison sent from
Detroit the previous spring. There could be no misappreliensioii
of the motives Avliich led to this occupation — tiiking place, as it did,
eleven years after the country had been ceded to the United States:
ftn<l ftt » time, too, when the angry ^^(i protracted negotiation ofi

several years
ill! open rup
Hritisli.

Witli the j

array themsel

their destinie;

iiijurionsly.

tiieir agents \

it the means

stretching oul

forest, and in

hiid been cede

then in nrogr

and as the Ir

eountry in di

surrender, so t

sition of a sii

towards the eh

independence (

western fronti

the conditions

As long as t

foiuul in arms

that the Briti

therefore, of j

eoimtry, that

prudence. A

every previous

about the midc

ik'structive to

probably decide

Fndians. Gene

ance tliat this (

lion as the fort

the Iiulians, un

^11 eh a course h

General Way

iiiand, and the I

'liis is not ini

Northwestern f]

(Jampaigu — 17 94.

several years rolatiiijif to it, was supposed to be about terminating in
an open rupture. The Indians were all decidedly in favor of the
British.

With the jealousy natural to Aveakness, tliey were always prone to
array themselves against tiie power which most directly pressed upon
their destinies, and which they thought most likely to affect them
injuriously. The British were fully aware of this feeling, which
tiieir agents Avere zealously active to excite and foster. They saw in
it the means of crippling the growth of a young rival, who was
stretching out into the West with giant strides, trampling down the
forest, and introducing Christianity and civilization. The country
JKul been ceded by a treaty still in force; but new negotiations Avero
then in progress, under the influence of several disastrous defeats,
and as the Indians demanded an independent dominion over the
country in dispute, the British Government might expect that a
surrender, so desirable to them, Avould at last be granted. A propo-
sition of a similar character Avas made by the same government
towards the close of the second Avar with Great Britain. The entire
kdopendence of the Indians occupying a Avide belt on our north-
western frontiers, Avas formally and seriously demanded, as one of
the conditions of peace.

As long as the formidable coalition of tribes Avhicli General Wayne
found in arms, should continue united and hostile, it Avas evident
that tlic British pretentions and hopes Avould remain. It Avas,
tlierefore, of great moment Avith General Wayne, and Avith his
country, that his present steps should be taken Avith the utmost
prudence. A new defeat, like that which had terminated almost
every previous campaign, commencing Avith the colonial period,
about the middle of the last century, Avonld have proved not only
destructive to his army, so far advanced in the wilderness, but
probably decided the British to openly espouse the cause of the
Indians. General Wayne, in the present case, could feel no assur-
ance that this cause would not then be sustained by such co-opera-
tion as the fort and garrison could afford. Indeed, the position of
the Indians, under the Avails of the fort, rendered it probable that
such a course had been determined on.

General Wayne had about three thousand men under his com*
iiiand, and the Indians are computed to have been equally numerous.
This is not improbable, as the hostile league embraced the Avholo
Northwestern frontier. As he approached the powsition of the enemy,

General Wayne's Victorious

he sent forwtivJ a battalion of mouu ted riilenien, which Avas ordered,
in case of an attack, to make a retreat in feigned confusion, in order
to draw the Indians on more disadvantageous ground. As was
anticipated, this advance soon met tlie enemy, and being tired on,
fell back, and was warmly pursued towards the main body.

The morning was rainy, and the drums could not communicate
the concerted signals with sufficient distinctness. A plan of turning
the right ilank of the indians, was not, therefore, fultlUed. But the
victory was complete, the whole Indian lijie, after a severe contest,
giving Avay and Hying in disorder. About one iiundred savages
were killed.

During the action, and subsequently, while General Wayne
remained in the vicinity of the British, there did not appear to be
any intercourse between the garrison and the savages. The gates
were kept shut against them, and their rout and slaughter were
witnessed from the walls with apparent unconcern, and without
offering any interposition or assistance. After the battle. General
Wayne devastated all the fields, and burnt all the dwellings around
the fort, some of them immediately under the walls. The house of
Colonel McKee, an Indian trader, who was snnposed to have exer-
cised great influence over the Indians, was reduced to ashes in the
general conflagration.

"It is too important to omit," says Mr. Mann Butler, in his
history of Kentucky, '• that General Wayne had positive authority
from President Washington to attack and demolish the British Fort
of Miami. But on reconnoitering it closely, and discovering its
strength, added to his own weakness in artillery, the General, with
a prudence not always accorded him, most judiciously declined an

In this daring reconnoitre, the General was near falling a victim
to his gallantry. He had rode within eighty yards ol the fort,
accompanied by his aid. Lieutenant William 11. Harrison, and
within point blank shot of his guns, when a considerable disturb-
ance was perceived on the platform of the parapet. The intelligence
of a deserter the next day explained the whole affair. It appeared that
a Captain of marines, who happened to be in the garrison when
General Wayne made his approach, resented it so highly, that he
immediately seized ?. port fire, and was going to apply it to the gnn.
At this moment, Major Campbell, the commandant, drcAV his sword
and threatened to cut the Captain down instantly, if he did not desist

Canqmufn — 1794.

He ibon onlerofl him to be arrested. 'I'Jiis high-minded forbearance,
in all probability, saved the life of General Wayne, with his suite,
and possibly the peace of the United States. Major Campbell then
opened the folloAving correspondence :

Miami (Maumbk) Kivkk, August 2l8t, 1794.

,sV/- ; — An army of the United States of America, said to be under
vour command, having taken jiost on the banks of the Miami
(l\raumee) for upwards of the last twenty-four hours, almost within
the reach of the guns of this fort, being a post belonging to His
Majesty the King of Great Britain, occupied by His Majesty's
troops, and which I have the honor to command, it becomes my
duty to inform myself, as speedily as possible, in what light I am to
view your making such near approaches to this garrison. I have no
hesitation, on my part, to say, that I know of uo war existing
between (ircat liritain and America.

1 have the honor to be, sir, Avith great respect,

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

William Campbell,
Major 2ith Reg't, Comd'g a British post on the banks oj the Miami.

To Major General Wayne, etc.

Camp, ok the Banks of the Miami, • \

(Maumee,) August 31st, 1794. |

Sir : — I have received your letter of this date, requiring from mo
the motives which have moved the army under my command to the
position they at present occupy, far within the acknowledged juris-
diction of the United States of America. Without questioning the
uuthority, or the propriety, sir, of your interrogatory, I think I may,
without breach of decorum, observe to you, that were you entitled
to an answer, the most full and satisfactory one was announced to
you from the muzzles of my small arms, yesterday morning, in the
action against the horde of savages in the vicinity of your post,
which terminated gloriously to the American arms ; but, had it
continued until the Indians, etc., were driven under the influence
of tlie post and guns you mention, they would not have much
imjiedcd the progress of the victorious army under my command, as
no such post was established at the commencement of the present
Wiir, between the Indians and the United States.

I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect,

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

Anthony Wayne,
Major General, and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Army.

To Major William Campbell, etc.

General lVaf/ne\s Victor iotfs

FoiiT Mr AMI, August 22il, 1794.

Sir: — Although your letter of yesterday's iliito fully Jiutliorizes
mo to auy act of hostility iigainst (he army of the lluited Stiitey
in this neighborhood, under your comnuind, yet, still anxious to
prevent that dreadful decision whieh, perhaps, is not intended to he
appealed to by either of our countries, I have forborne, for these
two days past, to resent those insults you have offered to tlie liritisli
flag Hying at this fort, by approaching it within pistol shot of my
works, not only singly, but in numbers with arras in tlieir hands.
Neither is it my wish to wage war with individuals; but should
you, after this, continue to ap]n'oach my post in the threatering
manner you are this moment doing, my indispensable duty to my
King and country, and the honor of my profession, will oblige me
to have recourse to those measures, which thousands of either nation
may hereafter have cause to regret, and which I solemnly appeal to
God, I have used my utmost endeavors to arrest.

I liave the honor to be, sir, with much respect,

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

William Campbell,
Major 2Wi Reg't, Gomd'g at Fort Miami.
To Major General Wayne, etc.

Camp, Banks of the Miami, 32d August, 1794.

Sir : — In your letter of the 21st instant, you declare: "I have
no hesitation on my part, to say, that I know of no war existing
between Great Britain and America." I, on my part, declare the
same, and the only cause I have, to entertain a contrary idea at
present, is the hostile act you are now in commission of, i. c, by
recently taking post far within the well known and acknowledged
limits of the United States, and erecting -a fortification in the heart
of the settlements of the Indian tribes now at war with the United
States. This, sir, appears to be an act of the highest aggression,
and destructive to the peace and interest of the Union. Hence it
becomes my duty to desire, and I do hereby desire and demand, in
the name of the President of the United Stales, that you immedi-
ately desist from any further act of hostility or aggression, by
forbearing to fortify, and by withdrawing the troops, artilleiy, aiul
stores, under your orders and direction, forthwith, and removing to
the nearest post occupied by liis Britannic Majesty's troops at the
peace of 1783, and which you will be permitted to do unmolested
by the troops under my command.

I am, with very great respect, sir,

* Your most obedient and very humble servant,

* Anthony Wayne,

To Major AVilliam Campbell, etc,

:"ii

CamixvHjn — 1794.

Fort Miami, 22d August, 1794.

^9/r. I have tlils moment to acknowledge the receipt of your

letter of this date; in answer to which I have only to say, that
being placed here in the command of a British post, and acting in
a niflitary capacity only, I cannot enter into any discussion either
on the right or im]n-opriety of my occupying my present position.
These are matters that I conceive will be best left to the ambassa-
dors of our diflerent nations.

Having said this much, permit m« to inform you that I certainly
will not abandon this post at the summons of any power whatever,
until I receive orders for that purpose from those I have the honor
to serve under, or the fortune of Avar should oblige me. I must still
adhere, sir, to the purport of my letter this morning, to desire that
your army, or individuals belonging to it, will not approach within
re.'icli of my cannon, without expecting the consequences attend-
ing it.

Although I have said, in the former part of my letter, that my
situation here is totally military, yet, let me add, sir, that I am
much deceived, if Ilis Majesty, the King of Great Britain, had <iot
a post on this river, at and prior to the period you mention.

I have the honor to be, sir, with the greatest respect,

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

William Campbell,
Major 2^th Iteg't, Comd'g at Fort Miami,
To Major General Wayne, etc.

Ito
ed

Before General Wayne retired from the Valley, his foresight
suggested to him that the erection of a military post near the
continence of Swan creek with the Maumee river, would secure
to his government more than all the advantages which could be
derived by the possession of the British fort Miami. Under his
orders, therefore, a stockade was built below the mouth of Swan
creek, and placed in charge of Captain J. Ehea, who held it until
after the evacuation of all the British posts in the Northwest, which
occurred in pursuance of Jay's treaty. Tlie remains of this fortifi-
cation were examined by General John E. Hunt, in his early years,
when they were in good condition and preservation ; and they were
not entirely obliterated as late as 1836, Avhen Richard Mott made his
tlrst visit to Toledo. Samuel Andrews, now of the Toledo " Blade,"
and Charles A. Crane, now of East Toledo, and many others, have
distinct recollections of this fort, which, in the natural features of

General Wuajin'.^ Death.

the country, occupied a prominent position on the bluff, on the site
near the south side of Summit, between Jefferson and Monroe
streets. That a conflict luid occurred at Toledo during Wayne's
visit to the Maumee, appears probable, from the fact that early
settlers procured harvests of bullets on the ground above described,
and also other antiquities in the vicinity of the Trinity Church
building. In the work of grading the streets, human bones, and
remains of garments, to which buttons were attached, were exhumed
in considerable quantities ; thus affording evidence that a sangui-
nary conflict had occurred on the platc.niu now in possession of
the busy ihrong who have established a commercial emjjire at
Toledo.

On the 27th, the troo])S took up tiieir march, devastating every
village and field on the line to Fort Defiance, which they proceeded
to render more substantial. September 14th, the legion moved on
to the Miami villages, where the long contemplated fort was
constructed, and October 22d, ]794, placed under command of
Lieutenant Colonel Ilamtramck, who, after firing fifteen rounds
of cannon, gave the name which the city now bears, of Fort
Wayne.

On the 38th of October, having fully achieved the objects of the
campaign, General Wayne started on his return with the main body
of the regulars, for Fort Greenville, where, in the following year, he
rendered himself as conspicuous in atatesmanship and diplomacy as
in war, by a treaty which will be found iu its proper place in this
volume.

Although given the sobriquet of " Mad Anthony," he was as prudent
as he was valorous ; and if there had been reasonable hope of reduc-
ing the British Fort Miami, the attack would undoubtedly have been
made. However, it became his happy privilege to take peaceful
possession, by authority of President Washington, of this fort early in
1796, when the Britisli Government surrendered the northern posts,
including Fort Miami, (built in 1794, by the Canadian Governor
Simcoc, at the foot of the Rapids of the Maumee,) in pursuance of
the treaty negotiated by Chief Justice Jay, in 1793.

General Wayne's reception of this fort was one of his last official
military acts, and occurred only a few months prior to his death,
near Erie, Pennsylvania, where he was buried, until removed many
years after, by his son, to the place of his nativity.

chief in the

(hpia in 1 1 'tIJid ni 1 1 V//.<?.

or.

lial
th.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM WELLS.

As tlie name of this remarkable man is associated witli some of
till' most prominent and thrilling events connected with the liiatory
of the Maiimee Valley, and his descendants were wt-II known to
tlio pioneers of the country, a brief sketch of him contained in
McBride's Pioneer IJiography, is here given:

'' Of Captain William Wells' birth and parentage, we have no
record. lie was captured at the age of twelve years, when he was
an inmate of the family of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, in Kentucky, by
the Miami tribe, and going through the formal adoi)tion, lived to
miinhood among them. His Indian name was Black Snake. He
ln'Ciinie (piite an influential man among them, and married a sister
of tiie celebrated chief, Little Turtle. Jle fought l)y the side of his
chief in the contests with General llarnnir and !St. Clair. ' After-
wanl, in tim<;s of calm reflection, witli dim memories still of his
cliildhood home, of brothers and ])laymates, he seems to have
lieen harassed with the thought that among the slain, by his
own hand, may have been his kindred. The approach of Wayne's
ariuy, in 1794, stirred anew conflicting emotions, based upon indis-
tinct recollections of early ties, of country and kindred on the one
hand, and existing attachments of wife and children on the other,
lie resolved to make his history known. With true Indian char.ac-
tei'istics, the secret purpose of leaving his adopted nation was,
according to reliable tradition, made known in this manner:
Taking with him the war-chief, Little Turtle, to a favorite spot
on the banks of the Maiimee, Wells said : ' I leave now your nation
for my own people. We have long been friends. We are friends
yet, until the sun reaches a certain hight (which he indicated).
From that time we are enemies. Then, if you wish to kill me,
you may. If I want to kill you, I may.' At the appointed hour,
crossing the river, Captain Wells disappeared in the forest, taking
an easterly direction to strike the trail of Wayne's army. Obtain-
ing an interview with General Wayne, he became ever afterward the
faithful friend of the Americans. — Hon. J. L. Williams' Historical
Sketch of the First rresbijterian Church of Fort Wayne, p. 17.

"He was made captain of the spies connected with Wayne's army.
Mis adventures in that capacity are sufficiently detailed by Mr.
MoBride. After the treaty of Greenville, and the establishment
of peace, he was joined Ijy his wife and family, 'and settled at the
'old orchard,' a short distance from the conllnence of the St. IVLary
■iiid St. Joseph, on the banks of a small stream there, afterward
• ailed ' Spy Hun,' and Avhich still bears that Viame. The govern-
ment; subsequently granted him a pre-emption of some three hundred
and twenty acres of land, including his improvement, the old orchard,
etc. Wells afterward also became, by appointment of the govern-

In Coniiaand at Fort Wayne.

ment, Indittn agent here (Fort Wayne), in wliicli capacity lie served
several years.' — Jirice'.s History of Fort [Vdj/nc, p. liS.

"Ca])tain AVclls, by his first wile, had throe tlaughters and (me
son. 'I'he daii^diters were Mrs. Judge Wolcott, of Maumee C ty,
Mrs. Turner and Mrs. llackley, of Fore Wayne. Mr. Williams siys
of them: *Uf the first members of this church, two wew Imlf
Indians, who had before, in iHiiO, joined the liaptist dhurch under
the labors of Kcv. Mr. McCoy, missionary to the Indians ut this

post They Avere educated in Kentucky, and are yet

kindly remembered by some in tiiis church and community, as
ladies of refinement and intelligent piety.' — p. IG, 17. The son,
Wayne Wells, died when a young man, while crossing Lake Erie, in
183;}. CJa|)tain AVells afterward married another sister of Jjittle
Turtle. They had one daughter, Jane, Avho married a son of an
old I'ort Wayne pioneer, ]\latthew Griggs, and settled at Peru,
Indiana.

"In the war of 181U, Ca])tain Wells was in command at Fort
Wayne. When he heard of General Hull's orders for the evacuation
of Fort Dearborn, he made a rapid march to reinforce Captain
Heald, and to 'assist in defending the fort, or prevent his exposure
to certain destruction by an attempt to reach the head of tlie |
Maumee. Bui he was too late. All means for maintaijiing a sioge
had been destroyed a few hours l)efore, and every preparation Jiatl
been made for leaving the post next day.' On the morning of tlie
15th of August, the little company, with Captain Wells and his
Miamis, evacuated the fort and moved along the shore till they came
to Sand Hills, when they Avere attacked by five hnndred 'treacher-
ous and cowardly Pottawatomics.' * The conflict was short, desper-
ate, and bloody. Two-thirds of the white people were slain or
wounded, and all the horses, provisions, and baggage lost. Only
twenty-eight strong men remained to brave the fury of about five
hundred Indians, who had lost but fifteen in the conflict.' ' Captain
Wells displayed the greatest coolness and gallantry. He Avas by the
side of his niece (Mrs. Captain Heald), Avhen tlie conflict began.
' We have not the slightest chance for life,' he said, 'Ave must part to
meet no more in this Avorld — God bless yon.' With these Avords lie
dashed forward Avith the rest. In the midst of the fight, he saw a
young Avarrior painted like a demon climb into a wagon in Avhich
were twelve children of the white people, and tomahawked tlieiii
all! Forgetting his own immediate danger, AVelJs exclaimed: 'If
that is their game, butchering Avomen and children, I'll kill too.'
He instantly dashed toAvard the Indian camp, where they had left I
their squaws and little ones, hotly pursued by SAvift-footed young |
warriors, Avho sent many a rifle ball after him. He lay clost
to his horse's neck, and turned and fired occasionally upon lii»
pursuers. When he had got almost beyond the range of their rifles,
a ball killed his horse and Avounded himself severely in the log.
The young saA^ages rushed forward Avith a demoniac yell to make I

Othfir Incidents in his Life.

him 11 ]irisoner, mul reserve him for tortnre, for lie was to tliem ati
mrh Dfl'oiuler. His friends, Win-iio-meg iind Wan -ban-see, vainly
iittcniptccl to save him from his fate. IIo knew the temper and
pruetices of the savages well, and resolved not to be made a captive,
lie taunted them with the most insulting epithets to provoke them
to kill him instantly. At length ho called one of the fiery yonn^
waiTiors J'er*so-tiim (a squaw), which so enraged liim that he killei
Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped upon liis body, cut out
his heart, and ate a jiortion of the warm and half-palpitating morsel,
with savage delight." — Lossing's Field Book of the War of 1812,
p. UOO.

In a sketch in the same volume, contributed by Mr. McDonald,

the following is extracted :

"General Wayne had a bold, vigilant, and dexterous enemy to
contend with. It became indispensable for him to use the utmost
caution in his movements, to guard against surprise. To secure his
urmy against the possibility of being ambuscaded, he employed a
number of the best woodsmen the frontier afforded, to act as spies
or rangers. Captain Ephraim Kibby, one of the first settlers at
Columbia, eight miles above Cincinnati, who had distinguished
himself as a bold and intrepid soldier, in detvnding that infant
settlement, commanded the principal part of the spies. The writer
of this article, and his brother Thomas, were attached to Captain
Kibby's company of rangers. This will account lor the author's
intimate knowledge of the subject of which he is giving a relation.
A very effective division of the spies was commanded by Captain
William Wells.

" Captain Wells had been taken prisoner by the Indians when
(|uite a youth ; he grew to manhood with them, and consequently
was well acquainted Avith all their wiles and stratagems. From
causes not now remembered, about eighteen months previous to the
time of which I am writing, he left the Indians and returned to his
relatives and friends in civilized life.

" Being raised by the Indians, well acquainted with the country
which was about to be the theater of action, talking several of their
languages fluently, and, withal, desperately brave, such a soldier
was a real, effective acquisition to the army. Captain Wells was
: the same gentleman named by the Rev. O. M. Spencer, in the narra-
tive of his capture by the Indians, and release from captivity. It
was to Captain Wells that Mr. Spencer was primarily indebted for
his liberty. (See Spencefs Narrative, page 105.) I am particular
m describing this corps of the army, as they performed more real
service than any other.

"Attached to Captain Wells' command were the following men :
Robert McClellan (whose name has been since immortalized by the
graphic pen of Washington Irving, in his " Astoria ") was one of
the most athletic and active men on foot that has appeared on this

Other Incidents in his Life.

globe. On tlie grand parade at Fort Green-'ille, where the ground
was very little inclined, to show his activity, he leaped over a road-
wagon with the cover stretched over ; the wagon and bows were
eight and a halt feet high. Next was Henry Miller. He ana a
younger brother named Christopher had been made captives by the
Indians when young, and adopted into an Indian family. Henry
Miller lived with them till he was about twenty-four years of age;
and, although he had adopted all their manners and customs, he, at
that age, began to think of returning to his relatives among the
whites. The longer he reflected on the subject the stronger his
resolutitin grew to make an attempt to leave the Indians. He
communicated his intention to his brother Christopher, and used
every reason he was capable of. to induce his brother to accompany
him in his flight. All his arguments were inettectuaL Christopher
^.vas young when made captive — he was now a good hunter, an
expert woodsman, and, in the full sense of the word, a free and
independent Indian. Henry Miller st't ofl" alone through the woode,
and arrived safe among his friends in Kentucky. Captain Wells
was well acquainted with Miller durinj:" his captivity, and knew that
he possessed that firm intrepidity which would render him a valua-
ble companion in time of need. To these were added a Mr.
Hickman and Mr. Thorp, who were men of tried worth in Indian
warfare.

*' Captain Wells and his four companions were confidential and
privileged gentlemen in camp, who were only called upon to do duty
upon very particular and interesting occasions. They were permitted
a carte blanrhe among the horses of the dragoons, and when upon
duty went well moimted ; whilst the spies commanded by Captain
Kibby went on foot, and were kept constantly on the alert, scour-
ing the country in every direction.

" The headquarters of the army being at Fort Greenville, in the
month of June, 1794, General Wayne despatched Captain Wells
and his company, with orders to bring into camp an Indian as a
prisoner, in order that he could interrogate him as to the future
intentions of the enemy. Captain Wells proceeded with cautious
steps through the Indian country. He crossed the river St. Mary,
and thence to the river Auglaize. Avithout meeting any stragghng
party of Indians. In passing up the Auglaize they discovered a
smoke; they then dismounted, tied their horses, and .proceeded
cautiously t*^ reconnoiter the enemy. They found three Indians
camped on a high, open piece of ground, clear of brush or any
underwood. As it was open woods, they found it would be difficult
to approach the camp without being discovered. Whilst they were
reconnoitering, they saw not very distant from the camp, a tree
which had lately fallen. They returned and went round the camp
so as to get the top of the fallen tree between them and the Indians,
The tree-top being full of leaves would serve as a shelter to screen
them from observation. They went forward upon their hands and

Capture of Christopher Miller.

knees, with the noiseless movements of the cat, till they reached
the tree-top. They were now within seventy or eighty yards of the
camp. The Indians were sitting or standing about the lire, roasting
their venison, laughing and making other merry antics, little dream-
in<' that death was about stealing a march upon them. Arrived at
the fallen tree their purpose of attack was soon settled ; they deter-
mined to kill two of the enemy and make the third prisoner.
McClellan, who, it will be remembered, was almost as swift on foot
as a deer of the forest, was to catch the Indian, whilst to Wells and
Miller was confided the duty of shooting the other two. One of
them was to shoot the one on the right, the other the one on the
left. Their rifles were in prime order. th« muzzles of their guns
were placed on the log of the fallen tree, the sights were aimed for
the Indians' hearts — whiz went the balls, and both Indians fell.
Before the smoke of the burnt powder had risen six feet, McClellan
was running at full stretch, with tomahawk in hand, for the Indian.
The Indian bounded oif at the top of his speed, and made down
thp river; bat by continuing in that direction he discovered that
McClellan would head him. He turned his course and made for
the river. The river here had a bluff bank about twenty feet high.
When he came to the bank he sprang down into the river, the
bottom of which was a soft mud, into which he sunk to the mid-
dle. While he was endeavoring to extricate himself out oi the
mud, McClellan came to the top of the high bank, and, without
hesitation, sprang upon him as he was wallowing in the mire. The
Indian drew his knife — McCllellan raised his tomahawk — told him
to throw down his knife, or he would kill him instantly. He threw
down his knife, and surrendered without any further effort at
resistance. «

" By the time the scuffle had ceased in the mire, Wells and his
companions came to the bank, and discovered McClellan and the
Indian quietly sticking in the mire. As their prisoner was now
secure, they did not think it prudent to take the fearful leap the
others had done. They selected a place where the bank was less
precipitous, went down and dragged the captive out of the mud and
tied him. He was very sulky, and refused to speak either Indian or
English. Some of the party went back for their horses, whilst
others washed the mud and paint from the prisoner. When washed
he turned out to be a white man. but still refused to speak or give
any account of himselt. The party scalped the two Indians whom
they had shot, and then set off' with their prisoner for headquarters.
Whilst on their return to Fort Greenville, Henry Miller began to
admit the idea that it was possible their prisoner was his brother
Christopher, whom he had left with the Indians some years previ-
ous. Under this impression he rode alongside of him and called
him by his Indian name. At the sound of his name he started, and
stared round, and eagerly inquired how he came to know his name.
The mystery was soon explained — their prisoner was indeed Chris-

100

Ilelease of ChHstcyplier Miller.

topher Miller ! A mysterious providence appears to have placed
Christopher Miller in a situation in the camp by "vvliich his lite Avas
preserved. Had he heen standing on the right or left ho would
inevitably have been killed. But that i'ate Avhich appears to have
doomed the Indian race to extinction permitted the white man to
live, whilst the Indians were permitted to meet the 'fate they can
not shun.'

" Captain Wells arrived safely with their prisoner at Fort Green-
ville. He was ])laced in the guard house, Avhero General Wayne
frequently interrogated him as to what he knew of the future inten-
tions of the Indians. Captain Wells and Henry Miller were almost
constantly with Christojiher in the guard house, urging him to leave
ott" the thought of living longer Avith the Indians, and to join liis
relatiA'CS among the Avhitcs. Christopher, for some time, Av.ns
reserved and sulky, but at length became more cheerful, and agreed,
if they Avould release him from confinement, that he would remain
with the Avhites. Captain Wells and Henry Miller solicited General
Wayne for Christopher's liberty. Gener.al Wayne could scarcely
deny such pleaders any request they could make, and, Avithout hesi-
tation, ordered Christopher Miller to be set at liberty, remarking that
should he deceive them and return to the enemy, they Avould be but
one stronger. Christopher Avas set at liberty, and appeared pleased
Avith his change of situation. He Avas mounted on a fine horse, uml
otherAvise Avell equipped for Avar. He joined the company Avitli
Captain Wells and his brother, .and fought bravely against the
Indians during the continuance of the Avar. He Avas true to his
word, and upon every occasion proved himself an intrepid and
daring soldier.

" As soon as Captain Wells and company had rested themselves
and recruited their horses, they Avere anxious for another hout Avitli
the red men. I'ime, Avithout action, Avas irksome to such stirring
spirits. Early in July, they left Greenville; their company Avas
then strengthened by the addition of Christopher ; their orders
were to bring in prisoners. They pushed through the countr)'.
ahvays dressed and painted in Indian style; they passed on, cross-
ing the liver St. Mary, and then through the country near to the j
river Atiglaize, Avhere they met a single Indian, and called to him
to surrender. This man, notAvithstanding th.at the Avhites Avere six
against one, i efused to surrender. He leveled his rifle, and, aa the |
Avhites Avere approaching him on horseback, he fired, but missed i
his mark, and then took to his heels to effect his escape. The
xnidergrowth of lirush Avas so very thick that he gained upoii|
his pursuers. McClellan and Christopher Miller dismounted, and
McClcllan soon overhauled him. The Indian, finding himself over ,
taken by his pursuers, turned round and made a bloAV at McClellan
Avith his rifle, which Avas parried. As McClellan's intention wa>
not to kill, he kept him at bay till Christopher Miller came up I
when they closed in upon him and made him prisoner without |

The Heroic Captain Wells.

101

receiviiiLj any injnvy. Tliey turned about for headquarters, and
arrived safely at Fort Greenville. Their prisoner was reputed to
be a Fottawotamie chief, whose courage and prowess was scarcely
enualed. As Christopher Miller had perlornied his ])art on this
occasion to the entire satisfaction of the brave spirits with whom
he acted, he had, as he merited, their entire confidence.

"On one of Captain Wells' peregrinations througli the Indian
country, as he canie to the bank of the river St. Mary, he discov-
ered a family ot Indians coming up the river in a canoe. lie
dismounted, and concealed his men near the bank of the river,
whilst ho went himself to the bank, in open view, and called to the
Indians to come over. As he was dressed in Indian style, and
i;poke to thcni in their own language, the Indians, not e.xjiecting
an enemy in that part of the country, without any sus])icion of
<lauger, Avent across the river. The moment the canoe struck the
shore, Wells heard the cocks of his comrades' rifles vvy. ' nick, nick,'
as they prepared to shoot the Indian;^; but who should be in the
canoe "but his Indian father and mother, with their children ! As
his comrades were coming forward with their rilles cocked, ready
to pour in the deadly storm upon the devoted Indians, Wells called
to them to hold their hands and desist. He then informed them
wli ) those Indians wore, and solemidy declared, that the man who
would atteni])t to injure one of them, would n'ceive a ball in his
head. He said to his men, that ' that tartiily had fed him when he
was hungry, clothed him when ho was naked, and kindly nursed
liiin Avheu sick ; and in every respect Avero as kind and affectionate
to him as they were to their own children.'

''Those hardy soldiers approved of the motives of Captain Wells'
li'uity to the enemy. They threw down their rifles ancl tomahaws,
wout to the canoe, and shook hands with the trcmibling Indians in
the most friendly manner. Captain Wells .assured them they had
nothing to fear from him ; and after t.alking with them to dispel
their fears, he said, ' that (general Wayne Avas .approaching with an
iiverwlu'lming force; that the best thmg the Indians could do was
to make ])e.ace; that the Avhite men did not Avish to cojitinue the
war." He urged his Indian father for the future to keep out of
the roach of danger. He then bade them farewell ; they appeared
grateful for his clemency, They then pushed off their canoe, and
went doAvn the river as fast as they could pro])el her.

"Captain Wells and his comrades, though perfect desperadoes in
fi.!j;lit, upon this occasion proved they largely 2)ossessed that real
gratitude and benevolence of heart, which does honor to human
kind.

"Early in the month of August, Avheh tlie main army had arrived
at the ])l!ice sul)sc-([uently designated as Fort Defiance, General
W ;iyue wished to be informed of the intentions of the enemy. For
this jiurpose, Captain Wells Avas again despatched to bring in
imother prisouor. 'J^he distauc(,^ from Fort Defiance to the Britisl^

102

Other Adventu7'es of the

fort, near the mouth of the Maumee river, was only forty-five miles,
and he would not have to travel far bei'ore he would find Indians.
As his object was to bring in a prisoner, it became necessary for
him to keep out of the way of large parties, and endeavor to fall
in with some stragglers, who might be easily subdued and captured.

" They went cautiously down the river Maumee, till they came
opposite the site on which Port Meigs was erected by General
Harrison, in 1813. '['his was two miles above the British fort, then
called Fort Campbell. On the west bank of the Maumee was an
Indian village. Wells and his party rode into the village, as if they
had just come from the British fort. Being dressed and painted in
complete Indian style, they rode through the village, occasionally
stopping and talking to the Indians in their own language. No
suspicion of who they were was excited, the enemy believing them
to be Indians from a distance, coming to take a part in the battle
which they all knew was shortly to be fought. After they had
passed the village some distance, they fell iu with an Indian man
and woman on horseback, who were returning to the town from
hunting. This man and woman were made captives without resist-
ance. Thev then set off for Fort Defiance.

" As they were rapidly proceeding up the Maumee river, a little
after dark, they came near a large encampment of Indians, who
were merrily amusing themselves around their camp-fires. Their
prisoners were ordered to be silent, under pain of instant death.
They went round the camp with their prisoners, till they got about
half a mile above it, where they halted to consult on their future
operations. After consultation, they concluded to gag and tie their
prisoners, and ride back to the Indian camp, and give them a rally,
in which each should kill his Indian. They deliberately got down,
gagged and fastened their prisoners to trees, rode boldly into the
Indian encampment, and halted, with their rifles lying across the
pummels of their saddles. They inquired when last they had heard
of General Wayne, and the movements of his army; how soon, and
where it was expected the battle would be fought. The Indians
who were standing around Wells and his desperadoes, were very
communicative, answering all their interrogatories without suspect-
ing any deceit in their visitors. At length, an Indian, who was
sitting some distance from them, said, in an undertone, in another
tongue, to some who were near him, that he suspected that these
strangers had some mischief in their heads. Wells overheard what
he said, and immediately gave the preconcerted signal, and each
fired his rifle into the body of an Indian, at not more than six teet
distance. The Indian who had suspected them, the moment he
made the remark, and a number of others, rose up with their rifles
in their hj»Tid8, but not before Wells and his party had each shot an
Indian. As soon as Wells and his party fired, they put spurs to
their horses, 1' '»' with their breasts on the horses' necks, so as to
lessen the m! the enemy to tire at. They had not got out of

the light

McClellan

under his t

Captain "V^

rifle ; the a

" After 1

rode at ful

them on he

McClellan

of about tl

receive the

painful, one

ance for a j

ger arrived

perilous sil

sympathy ^

feeling for 1

we can ther

of the sufte

Without a ]

of the swii

fellows to \

camp, and t

"As the 1
after this afl
were not en
the Indians
peace."

Heroii] Captain Wells.

loa

— -5;

the light of the camp-fire, before the Indians shot at them. As
McClellan lay close on his horse's neck, he was shot, the ball passing
under his shoulder-blade, and coming out at the top ot his shoulder.
Captain Wells was shot through the arm on which he carried his
rifle; the arm was broken, and his trusty rifle fell.

" After having performed this act of military supererogation, they
rode at full speed to where their captives were confined, mounted
them on horses, and set otf for Fort Defiance. Captain Wells and
McClellan were severely wounded ; and to Fort Defiance, a distance
of about thirty miles, they had to travel, before they could rest or
receive the aid of a surgeon. As their march would bo slow and
painful, one of the party was dispatched at full speed to Fort Defi-
ance for a guard and a surgeon. As soon as Captain Wells' messen-
ger arrived at Fort Defiance, with the tidings of the wounds and
perilous situation of those heroic and faithful spies, very great
sympathy was manifested in the minds of all. General Wayne's
feeling for the suffei'ing soldier was at all times quick and sensitive ;
we can then imagine how intense was his solicitude, when informed
of the sufferings and perils of his confidential and chosen band.
Without a moment's delay, he dispatched a surgeon, and a company
of the swiftest dragoons, to meet, assist, and guard these brave
fellows to headquarters. Suffice it to say, they arrived safely in
camp, and the wounded recovered in due course of time.

" As the battle was fought, and a brilliant victory won, a few days
after this aftair took place, Captain Wells and his daring comrades,
were not engaged in any further acts of hostility, till the war with
the Indians was auspiciously concluded by a lasting treaty of
peace."

From the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine, published at Hart-
ford, the following extracts from a report made to the Trustees of
the Missionary Society of Connecticut, by Rev. David Bacon, is
reproduced here, in order to exhibit the religious and moral condi-
tion of the race which then maintained dominion in the Maumee
Valley : •

"The 29th of April, 1802, sat out for the Miami in a canoe with
Beamont and the man that I had hired ; but by reason of unfavora-
ble winds, we did not arrive at the mouth of the river until the 4th
of May. We were much fatigued with hard rowing, and were
several times in danger by the violence of the waves, but God was
better to us than our fears. I was obliged to go without the public
interpreter, as he could not be spared. I started, however, with
hopes of obtaining his brother, who, as I was told, lived but a few
miles out of my way. But after traveling till laie in the night to
see him, with limbs that were wearied with the fatigues of the day,
I was disappointed of him, also. But when 1 camo to the Miami, I
learned the reason of these disappointments ; for there 1 found an

104 Moral and J^eUgious Condition of the

excellent interpreter, in whom the Indians place the utmost confi-
dence, and who served me faithfully for a much less sum than Avhat ^
either of the others would have asked. His name is William *
Dragoo. He appears to be a very worthy man, considering the
advantages he has enjoyed — was taken prisoner on the Mouonga-
hela, when he was ten years of age, and adopted into the head
family of the nation, and is considered a chief

" When I arrived at the mouth of the river, the most of the chiefs
were drunk at the traders above. After remaining there two days,
and finding it uncertain when they would be down, we went up and
stored my provisions and farming tools at Fort JNliami, eighteen
miles above. Hearing tliere that the most of them had gone down,
we returned the next day to the mouth. The day after I found that
Little Otter, the head chief, and one other, were all that were in
the main village where wo were, and that the rest all lay drunk in
the neighboring villages. In the afternoon, I spent several hours
with these two, in explaining to them the origin and designs of the
Missionary Society, and the benefits, temporal and spiritual, that
they might expect to receive from having me among them. They
appeared to pay good attention, and when I had concladed, Little
Otter observed in reply, that the Great Spirit had been listening,
and that they and their young men had been listening to all I had
said ; that he believed it was true ; that the air appeared clear and
no clouds in the way, and that ho would assemble his chiefs and
hear me again as soon as possible; but that till then, he could give
me no further answer.

" This was Saturday, the 8th. Througli the Sabbath following,
we enjoyed peace and quietness in the midst of them. Hitherto,
the most of them had remained sober. But the following night mo
were disturbed by the rattles and drums of a number of individual*
who spent the night in conjui'ing over a poor sick child in order to
save its life ; but it died within a day or two after. Near morning,
they began to drink, and by eight o'clock, several got to fighting.
But at the request of the sober Indians, who chose not to interfere,
we parted them; and after some time, made out to pacify them,
though one of them was so iar enraged as to attempt to murder his
antagonist. As spon as this disturbance had subsided, I called on
Little Otter, who informed me that he should not be able to collect
his chiefs that day, as we had expected, as most of them were still
drunk ; but added, that they would be sober the next day, as they
were preparing to have a dance the Tuesday night following, and
that if it was possible, he would assemble them in season to attend
to my business first, though he thought it doubtful whether they
would be able to give me a hearing till after the dance.

" The next day he called upon me and informed me that they
would not be collected in season, and observed that as I was sent
there by the Great Spirit, and my business was important, it would
PQt do to have it hurried; and that as it was necessary to hay^

wished: and hi

Indians in the Valleif,m 1802.

105

tliem all sober before we entered on the business, he wislied me to
wait three clays, as tliey would not be prepared sooner, and as I
alight expect by that time to find them wise, and ready to attend
to me. As there were sick people who needed my charity, and aa
others were constantly begging from me, I had then disposed of all
inv provisions, and found it necessary to go up to the fort for more.
When I arrived at my interpreter's, which was one mile above, I
found there the head chief of Rushdaboo, who is very troublesome
when iu li(pior. I perceived that he was intoxicated, and soon
discovered by his gestures, and the tone of his voice, while talking
with another Indian, that he had something against me. Withiu
a few minutes he accosted me in an angry manner, told me that he
had heard bad news — that he had been informed that the white
people were a going to collect all the Indians together, and then
tall \i\ion them and kill them ; and that he believed that I had come
upon that business. But I soon convinced him, by means of my
interpreter, that I had neither ability nor inclination to destroy
them ; and that I had come among them to be one of their people,
and to do them all the good that was in my power. lie then gave
me his hand and told me he Avould be my friend; but begged that I
would lend him a dollar to get some whiskey. IJut I put him oft" by
telling him that I had been so long from home, that I had spent the
most of my money, and that if I had to remain there much longer
I did not know but I should have to call on him for assistance
But before we parted, he kissed mc more times than I could have
wished; and hugged me till he obliged me to return the compliment.

" As we had a strong head wind, it was with, difliculty that we
got but five miles up the river that afternoon. We encamped about
a quarter of a mile above their dancing ground. ^ly intery)reter
advised me to go Avith him to see them that evening ; and I had a
desire to be present, as I supposed that I might acquire some infor-
mation that might be useful; but I thought it would not be pi'udent
to be among them that night, as I knew that some of them were
intoxicated, .and that such would be apt to be jealous of mo at that
time; and that nothing would be too absurd for their imaginations
to conceive, or too cruel for their hands to perform. But as a son of
; the head chief was sent early next morning to invite me down. I Avent
. to see them. I had the greater desire to go, as this is their annual
conjuration-dance, which is celebrated every spring, on their return
[from hunting, and at no other time in the year. No one is suttered
to take a part in it who has not served an api)renticeship, and been
regularly admitted. Their number used to be but small, .and
[ consisted of men only ; but is now very great, and consists of men
[ and women, and children that are above the age of twelve or fifteen.
It appears to bo a very growing evil among them of late ; and is as
I much of a secret as Free Masonry. My interpreter, Avho has been
I bred up with them from a child, told me. that he knew nothing
I ihout it, .18 he had. not tb.ought; fit to jojq th^na. S^t£^n hj^s not

106 Moral and Religious Condition of the

been ignorant of what has been doing of late for the spread of the
gospel among them ; and I believe that this and spirituous liquor
lire the principal engines which he is employing against it. And
I doubt not but he is flattering himself with hopes of success ; and
certainly appearances seem to be in his favor. Mr. Anderson, a
respectable trader at Fort Miami, told me that they had been grow
ing worse and worse every year since he had been acquainted witb
them, which is six or seven years ; and that they have gone mucli
greater lengths this year than he has ever known them before. Ht
assured me that it was a fact, that they had lain drunk this spring,
as much as ten or fifteen days, at several different traders above
him ; and that some of them had gone fifteen days without tasting a
mouthful of victuals while they were in that situation. Mr. Ander
son disapproves of the practice ; and by not complying with it, has
lost the trade, and has turned his attention to his farm. He treated
me very kindly, and seemed friendly to my designs, and very desir-
ous to have me come out there. ^

" The leaders of the dance I have mentioned, may be called
conjurers or doctors. They are never without large bags of medi
cine, and their conjuring apparatus ; and are supposed, by the
Indians, to possess great skill in medicine, and great power in
bewitching. Sickness and ill-success in lumting are commonly
ascribed to their agency. It is believed that they ai'e able to poison
or bewitch people at any distance ; or to afford relief to those who
are poisoned or bewitched ; which they suppose to be the diflicultj
with the most who are sick. And if any die without applying to
one of these men, their death is usually attributed to this cause. It
is supposed, likewise, that they are able to heal the sick, where the
Great Spirit does not interfere. In short, life and death, in moBt
instances, are considered to be at their disposal. In cases of
extreme illness, they often send great distances for the most noted,
and give them whatever they ask, that is at their disposal, which is
commonly a large sum, besides storing them with a plenty of
provisions, especially with liquor. It is not uncommon for one of
this description to require a horse, saddle and bridle before he will
undertake to effect the cure. And if he does not succeed in the
attempt, in order to give satisfaction, has only to report the Great j
Spirit killed him. Their pupils, before they can be admitted into
their dance, are required to encamp one winter at least near one
of their order, for the purpose of receiving their education. Then,
when they carry their preceptor a supply of the best provision!
they can procure, he will condescend to instruct them in medicine,
and learn them the songs and dances that are peculiar to themselves.
And at the time they are admitted into the dance, they have to |
give each of the conjurers a blanket or shirt, or something equiva-
lent. The Indians frequently have other dances, in which any one I
is allowed to take a part ; but no one is admitted into this upon |
cheaper terms. Then, after serving a number of years in this way,

if there is
instruct thei
for about or
disciples is i
they have, i
nothing to
The most of

Indians in the Valley in 1802.

lOY

Great I
into]
one
hen,]
isioM I
icine,
elves.
,ve to
juiva-
y one
upoo
way,!

if there is not likely to be too many of their order, they will
instruct them in the black art, and receive them into their number,
for about one hundred dollars. But this revenue arising from their
disciples is not all : No one dares refuse them a share of any thing
they have, if they do but ask for it. They are not chiefs, and have
uothing to say in public councils ; but they are superior to chiefs.
The most of the chiefs have some little respect paid to them by the
common people, and they may do something by advice and persua-
sion ; but they have no authority or power to enforce their com-
mands; and they receive no emoluments; and commonly suffer as
mucli from indigence as any in the nation. With few exceptions,
the only honor put upon them, that is worth mentioning, is, that
they are allowed to transact national affairs, and their voice allowed
to be decisive in councils. But in all their decisions, they must
take care that they do not offend their conjurers ; as they stand in
as slavish fear of them as any of the common people. So that these
vile imposters are, in fact, the lords and governors of the nation.
These are a set of enemies that I was not aware of. I obtained
the chief of my information respecting them from Mr. Anderson
and my interpreter, at the Miami, whose testimony I am warranted
to rely on. It has likewise been confirmed to me by others.

" I think it is not reasonable to suppose that the chiefs will be
generally disposed to be friendly to the preaching of the gospel
among them, when they come to find that it is addressed to them
as well as others ; as those who pride themselves in being the first
in the nation, and the most fit to give instructions, will doubtless
be the last to receive them. But if I mistake not, the conjurers
will be much the most bitter, active and successful opposers; for
if they have but half an eye, they will perceive at once that their
craft is in danger. Surely, no Missionary, who views things as I do,
will ever encounter and withstand the united influence of these ene-
mies of all righteousness, and the overbearing influence of spirituous
liquor, without a firm and steadfast faith in Him, who has subdued
principalities and powers, and is able to subdue all things to himself.
God grant that I may soon experience those unknown degrees of
grace which are necessary to fit me for the arduous conflict.

"I have conversed with traders and interpreters from most of the
different nations in this country, and from what I can learn, there
are none but what acknowledge that there is a Great and Good
Spirit, who has made all things ; and that there is a bad spirit. But
what seems remarkable is, that most, if not all their prayers and
sacrifices are offered to the bad spirit. The reason they assign for
it is, that the good Spirit will ixot hurt them ; and that the bad
spirit will, if they do not make use of these to pacify him. It seems
that they are literally, worshipers of devils ; and I have no doubt
but they receive special assistance fi'om them. Acccording to
report, the exploits of the conjurers in their dances, could not be
performed without the evil agency of invisible beings. However

108 Moral and MeUgimis Condition of the

some may sneer at the idea, I think that it is not unseriptural ; and

they cannot be rationally acconntfd for in any other way. 'rhogo

exploits are performed only in tiio ni<2;ht. What they are, I sliall

not undertake to say, as J was not present to seo them. While I

was there, the chief of their time was taken up m conjuring over

their medicine, and in rattliiisj and drnmminoj, sinnjing and duiiciii^.

Each of these dancers had skins of fur-animals lilled with pulverized

medicine, which they would puff into each other's faces as they were

dancing. This had very ditferent etiects on dilferent persons. My

interpreter informed me that, when it first strikes the face of the

newly received members, they fall down motionless, and remain for

ten or fifteen minutes Avith scarce any signs of life. As they wore

admitted at the b(\ginning of the dance, I was not witness to this

myself; but when I came there they looked like death, and would

fall as soon as it reached them, unless held up ; but they would

commonly rise again within the space of one or two minutes. On

the old ones, who were most experienced, it appeared to have much

less effect. They did not fall ; but they conducted much like

persons strangled with snuth I was told by my interpreter, that

when drunken Indians, who did not belong to the dance, have

ventured in among them, and accidentally received some of the

medicine, it has very near cost them their lives. Krom all this. I

concluded that it was composeil of very poisonous materials ; and

that the different effects which it had on different persons, was

owing to habit. The dancers appeared to be about one hundred

and fifty in number, and very gaily dressed. Their parade was

npon a beautiful eminence upon the bank of the river. Tlie

turf was taken oft' of their dancing ground, which was about

twenty feet in widtli and forty in length. In the middle stood a

red post with a white feather in the to}), round which the conjurers

took their stand, who seemed to be musicians to the rest, who were

dancing round them. On each side they had bark roofs erected,

under which they smoked their pipes and refreshed themselves

when fatigued. The most of them had begun to be intoxicated,

and some of them were very noisy and ({uarrelsomo ; but when they

attempted to fight, the rest wouUl hold them till they got pacified,

or till they got them drunk enough to sleep. The Indians who did

not belong to the dance, were seated round at some distance from

the rest, and were merely Sjiectators. I took my stand by the side

of my interpreter at the end of the !)ark hut, within four or live

rods of them, where I had a fair prospect. While I was standing

there, I recollect to have soon one of the conjurors walking about

for some time, and looking at nie, but I Daid no attention to him

till I saw him advancing very last towards me, with a countenance

that bespake bad intentions. \\" was just enough in li([tujr to iVi'l

insolent and courageous. Tiie nearer lie advaneod, his countenance

assumed a more threatening aspect. Jiy the time he came within a

j-otl of me, while approacliing n^' with greater spped, he railed oi^t

Indio/ns in the Voile}/ m 18t)2.

109

at mo, flourisliiii,? his fist, and cluir}i;ecl me with despising them, and
with coming there to make frame of tiieni, I must acknowledge,
with siiame, tliat I was (hiunted at tlio first shock, being oft' from
my giiiinl ; but on looking to (lod for grace and strength, and
ivcoliecting that this enemy could not raise his hand without His
a^,'ency, I was immediately strengthened. As soon as the words were
intt'r])roti'd to me, I replied that he was mistaken, and that what he
■Siiiil was not true ; that I had a great regard for the Indians, and
had come out in a friendly nuinner to visit them, in ordsr to do
tiicm good — that I had been invited there by one of his people, but
that 1 luid not come there Avith the least intention of making sport
of them. This, however, did not satisfy him, for he immediately
added, that he supposed that I thought that ho was poor, and that
ill' did not know much ; but he said that he had property at
home, and that he thought liimself as good as a white man. I
replied, that I had a good opinion of tlie abilities of the Indians,
and that he had no reason to think that I was disposed to under-
value them, as I had come out to live with them, to be one of their
people, if they were willing to receive me. But he said that he did
not want to have me stay there ; and observed that when the
Flench came into this country, the Wyandots and some others
embraced their religion, but that they had not, and did not like it,
and had always continued in their own way ; and added, that the
Great .Spirit had made him an Indian, made him red, and made him
every way just as he was, and placed him there on thatgronnd ; and
said that he meant to remain just as he was; and that he did not
mean to hear to me. lie addctl further, as 1 understood my inter-
l)reter, that they did not pray ; but, pointing to the dance, said that
tliat was the way they did. I suppose his meaning was, that they
did not pray to the Good S})irit, but to the bad spirit, as that is
luuloubtedly the case when they are conjuring. I told him that I
was waiting to have a council with the chiefs ; and if they were not
generally disposed to have me stay, I should go away immediately.
And I observed that, if 1 did stay, he or any other one would be at
liberty to do just as they pleased about embracing my religion. He
held up his medicine bag, and said he supposed I thought that that
was a bad thing, and that their way was a bad one ; but he said that
bag was a good thing, and that there was nothing bad in it ; and
that their way was a very good one, and much better for them than
ours. But he said if wc thouglit our rehgion was so much better
than theirs, he wanted to know why our people did not teach it to
their forefathers, when they first came into this country. He said
if our people had begun with the Indians then, that they might
have learned our religion, and been all of our way now. But he
said their forefathers were all dead and gone; and they had contin-
ued in their way so long, that they could not turn about now. I told
him that our people did do something to Christianize the Indians
then, that lived near them, and that they had been doing something

110 Moral cmd ReUgimis Condition of the

since ; but that wars between us and them, and a want of ministers,
with many other difficulties, had prevented them from being able
to do much till of late. He then related to me the shameful and
horrid story respecting the poor innocent Moravian Indians on the
Muskingum, who were inhumanly murdered, in the late revolu-
tionary war, by a band of our American volunteers. And he added,
that they might expect to experience something similar if thev
received me amongst them. I replied that we were as angry witn
those cruel murders as they could be, but that it was difficult to
keep wicked men from doing mischief in time of war. I observed,
however, that as we were at peace with our red brothers, they had
nothing now to fear, as our good people did not wish to hurt them,
and our bad people would not be suffered to do it in time of peace,
To cut the business short, as he was disposed to be tedious, I offered
him my hand, and told him I must leave him, as I was in a hurry
to go up the river ; that if I remained there, and he wished to have
any more talk with me, he must come to see me ; and added that,
notwithstanding all he had said, if I came there to live, I meant to
treat him well ; and that I meant to have him for one of my best
friends. At first he seemed unwilling to receive my hand, but on
hearing that I meant to be a friend to him, he shook my hand, and
said if that was the case, he would be a friend to me ; and, as a
token of this, he invited me to come and eat meat and bear's grease
with him. *

" This was Wednesday, the 12th of May. I then went up to the
fort ; and, as I thought it doubtful whether they would receive me,
I brought down all my things. When I returned, I found the most
of them sober.

" Friday, the 14th, in the afternoon, I got them assembled at the
mouth ot the river. After a short introduction, I delivered the
Trustees' address to them ; which I endeavored to make as plain
and familiar to them as possible. I had read it, and explained it to
my interpreter before ; but fearing that that would not be sufficient,
I took care now to read him but a few lines at a time, and then, to
express the ideas in a language better adapted to his capacity, and
more agreeable to their modes of speaking. I think the address
was much too long, i. e. that it contained too many ideas on that
subject, to them so uninteresting, to be delivered to Indians at once,
but this made it much longer. Little Otter was too unwell to attend
that afternoon. I was glad that I had explained the business to him
before ; and I apprehend that he heard the most of it now, as he lay
in the flag camp, that was close to the door of the bark house that
it was delivered in. From what I could discover, the leading ones
present, were disposed to treat the matter with neglect, if not with
contempt. The most of the chiefs, though not conjurers, belonged
to the dance, and I observed that these took a more active part in it
than others. Little Otter belongs to the dance, likewise, but he
appeared to take a less active part, and he treated what I had to say

fndians in the Valley in 1 802.

Ill

with much more respect. When speeches are delivered to tliem, it
is usual for most of the chiefs and old men to give their huoh at
the end of every paragraph, or interpretation. It seems to l)e
always a sign of attention, and when breathed out strong, of appro-
bation. When such parts of the address were interpeteu to them as
accorded with their notions of things, such as, that there is a God
who made all things, and that we must not murder, steal,
cheat or lie, etc., they gave the sign of attention tliat I have
mentioned, though with a degree of backwardness. To other parts
of the address they appeared to pay very little attention, and almost
wholly withheld the sign of it. We were much disturbed the most
of the time by the hallooing, screaming and laugiiing of a multitude
of their young men, who were playing ball round the house. This
sliows the ditticulty of teaching a disorganized people.

" Before I began the address, I marked out on the ground a map
of Lake Erie, the States of New York and Connecticut — divided the
latter into towns, and described a great house in the middle of each,
where our people met to worship God, and- hear his ministers —
described another at Hartford for the General Association ; and, for
convtiiience, another at New Haven for the Legislature, and a still
greater one at the city of Washington for Congress. This excited
their curiosity, and served to give them an idea of Connecticut, the
number of our ministers, and the regularity of our towns ; and it
helped them to understand those parts of the address which spake
of the General Association, the Missionary Society, and the Legis-
lature. And it helped me, likewise, to give them a more just idea
of the importance of the different characters which compose the
honorable Board of Trustees, as I could point them to the great
houses to which the different civilians belonged ; and tell them what
important stations they held in them. I informed them that the
other six were as great in the ministry. I had taken care before
this to lei them know that I had a written recommendation from
one ol the great chief warriors of the United States. I was the
more particular with respect to such characters, as they feel the
most dependent on these, and have the greatest respect for them.
At the conclusioi. of the address, I observed to them, that if
their patience was not exhausted, I should be glad if they would
liear what I had to say to them. And as they readily complied,
and seemed to pay better attention, I delivered them a pretty •
lengthy speech, in which I carefully noticed every thing of import-
ance that appeared to me to be to the purpose. Supposing that they
might want to know why we had not sent them a minister before,
since we were so urgent to have them receive one then, I informed
them we had been prevented by wars, by a want of ministers, and
by their living at such a great distance from us, but that we had
sent ministers to the other Indian nations who lived nearer to us.

" Having heard of four objections which I supposed they stood
ready to offer, I brought them up and answered them.

112 Mot'ol a/nd Meligioim' Conditimi of the

" The first objection was, that our religion was not designed for
Indians. In answering this, I availed myself of the declaration*
and promises of Hcripture to the contrary, and the command of
Christ, ^0 preach it to every creature (which I told them I could
show them), and the success which he had given to the ministry.

" The second objection that I noticed was, that our religion was
not good for them. In reply to this, I showed them what etiectsi'
would have on their children — on th'ir young men, who, it was said,
did not mind the chiefs as they used to — and on society in general;
how it would tit them for heaven, and give them a sure title to it
that it must be good for them if God had designed it for them
that other Indian nations, to whom we had sent ministers, tried it,
and found it to be good, and that they would do wrong to condemn
it, or reject it without trying it.

"The third objection was, that by listening to me they would
expose themselves to the fate of the poor Moravians, who wen
destroyed by our people, in consequence of their embracing our
religion.

*' In answering this, I observed to them, that they could bavt
nothing to fear from having me among them, or from listening to
me, because that our bad men would not be allowed to hurt them
now, as our people were at peace with them, and their great fathers
in Congress were disposed to treat them as their children.

" The fourth objection I thought to be much the most important,
and tlie most difficult to answer. It was tliis ; that they could not
live together so as to receive any instructions on account of their
fighting and killing one another when intoxicated.

"Two liad been killed but a few days before at the trader's above:
and 1 found that they seldom got together without killing some;
that their villages there were little more than places of residence
for fall and spring, as they were obliged to be absent in the Avinter
on account of hunting, and as they found it necessary to live apart
in the summer on account of liquor : and that the most of them
were going to disperse in a few days lor i)lanting, Avhen they Avould
be from ten to fifteen miles apart, and not more than two or three
families in a place. To remove this objection, I acknowledged the
difficulty of their living together Avhile they made such free use of
spirituous liquor ; and proposed to them to begin and build a new
village upon this condition, that no one should be allowed to get
drunk in it; that if they would drink, tliey should go off and stay
till they had it over, and that if any would not comply with this
law, they should be obliged to leave tlie village.

" I then sliowed the advantages of adopting the plan — that they
would live in peace, as they never quarreled when they were sober;
that with my assistance they would be able to give their children an
education ; for want of which they were going on blindfold in their
business with white people, who frequently imposed upon them; but
who would not have it in their power, if they once had eyes of their

own, to see

cliieis and

i'liigiish ; an

liuiguage for

what I conic

{\mv grouiu

then a/uiost

potatoes, s([ii

jioiiltry; th:i

about biiildi

their houses

about niakiii

M'onien how

.send them oi

nothing; tlui

wai; a gooil rr

lor them in 1

than what t

trouble of go
land was exc
men would n
these privileg
then they avo
for those Avh
winter Avhilst
what Avas inli
the religion <
it, Avould ma
into vieAV the
to his proposi
that, as the av
be too scarce
their children
we did, that
would not ki
excellent lan(
pleasiiiit riveil
distant and
since it Avas tli
they Avould n
pro])osed villa-
it ; that 1 avoi
among ihoin
convince then
'lipiu ami tin
Indians, had
means of this
drnnkenness av

Indians in the Valley in 1802.

113

own, to see for themselves; as wouki be tlie case if their young

chicrs and others should get an education and learn to speak

lliiidish ; and that then tliey might have books printed in their oAvn

hui'^uage fur them to read ; that I would show them and assist them

wiuit I could about making carts ami i)loughs, and about ])loughing

their ground, so that they might employ their horses, wliich were

tlien almost useless to them; and raise a plenty of corn and wheat,

notatoes, S(iuashes and tobacco, horses and cattle, sheep, hogs and

poultry; that I would show them and assist them what I could

about building a mill, building houses, and making funiture for

their houses; that I would make them wheels and show them

about making looms; and that my wife would learn their young

women how to make their own cloth ; that our good people would

send them on school masters enough to school all their children for

nothing; that I would try to have them send on a blacksmith, who

wa;^ a good man, and would mend their guns, and do all their work

tor them in the best manner, and at a much more reasomible price

than what they had to give for it then, besides saving them the

trouble of going a great distance for it. I told them that, as their

iaud was excellent, if they would adopt this plan, and their young

men would assist their women and children, they might enjoy all

these privileges within a few years, without working hard, and that

then they Avould have a comfortable home for their old people, and

lor those who were sick, where they could remain through the

winter whilst the others were gone to their hunting grounds ; and,

what was infinitely more than all the rest, they might then enjoy

the religion of God's Avord, which, if they would rightly attend to

it, would make tliem unspeakably happy forever. I then brought

into view the coufcoquences that would follow if they did not glisten

to his proposal. I told them that game was growing scarce, and

that, as the white people were settling round them, it .would soon

be too scarce for them too live by hunting ; that if they did not teach

their children to cultivate the laud and raise their living out of it as

we did, that they would soon be so poor and hungry that they

would not know Avhat to do; that at best they would sell their

excellent land for little or nothing, and l)e obliged to leave that

l)leas9nt river and delightful country and seek a home in some

distant and unknown wilderness. And I observed to them that,

since it was thus, I hoped they would listen to my advice, and that

they would nof only prevent liquor from being brought into the

proposed village, but that they would entirely desist from drinking

it; that 1 would have them more afraid of those Avho brought it

among ihem than those who cann against tliom with lire-guns. To

convince them of this, I assured them that the country between

tlicni and the Atlantic, Aviiich was once thickly inhabited with

Indians, had become almost entindy dejiopulated, principally by

means of this destroying liquor. And 1 addi-d that this universal

drunkenness was very displeasing in the sight of God, and provoked

114 Moral and lieligioits Condition of the

him to give them up to die, as it Avere, by their own hands ; and
that if they continued to go on as otliers had done, they must
expect ere long to be universally swept from the earth in like
manner. I told them that they might thiuk that they could not
keep from drinking, but that if they Avould strive against it, and
pray to the Great bpirit to help them, that he would enable them to
keep from it ; that if they had any regard to their welfare, the least
they could think of doing would be to accept of my assistance, and
follow my advice with respect to the village I had proposed, and not
suffer any liquor to come into that. I told them that I might have
lived much happier at home among my dear friends and acquanit-
ances, where we had everything that Avas comfortable around us;
but knowing how much they needed my assistance, and having a
great love for them, and being commanded by God, 1 had forsaken
all, and had come a great distance to tpend my days with them, in
order to make them happy in this world and in the world to come:
that I had come by the desire of God's ministers and good people,
who tenderly loved them, who had always been their best and only
true friends, both in time of war and in time of peace, and had
always been praying to God for them, that they might enjoy those
great privileges which they had now been at so much pains and
expense to help them to ; that I had not come merely of my own
accord, or by the desire of those good people, but that I was sent
there by God himself, who commanded them to listen to me ; tliat
since it was thus, if they did not receive me, and attend to the good
things which I was sent to teach them, they would make me very
sorrowful, exceedingly grieve the hearts of God's ministers and
people, and, what was inconceivably worse, they would dreadfully
offend the God who had sent me, and make him very angry with them.
To conclude my speech to them, I told them that they were not
to blame for not having this good religion sent to them before, bnt
that if they rejected it now it was sent, rejected the goodness of God
in sending it to them, and all our kind oilers to them, which had
cost us so much trouble and expense, they would certainly be inex-
cusable, and that 1 therefore hoped they would give me a favorable
answer.

"I was thus urgent with them, because I suspected that the most
of them were determined not to receive me. They heard me with
the more patience on account of my having furnished them, in the
first place, with as much tobacco as they could smoke. As tk
Trustees' address took Vip so much time, I should have been glad to
have been much shorter; bnt as I thought the ca.se doubtful, I wa?
unwilling to omit anything which might be to the purpose. The
most of the chiefs renniined together that night. Tliey assembled
on the grass the next day, at about twelve o'clock, and sent for nie.
Little Otter was well enough to attend ; and he delivered me tin'
following speech, with several of the ideas often re})eated :

" Brother, we listened to you yesterday, and heard all you had to

Indians in iJie Valley in 1802.

11^

say to us. Since that, we have been tliinking of what you said to us,
and have been talking it over among ourselves, and have made up our
minds. Now, brother, if you will listen to us, we will give you an
answer. But it is our way to be very short. Our white brothers,
when they make speeches, are very lengthy. They read and write
so much, "that they get in a great many little things. But it is not
so with your red brothers. When we go on any great business, and
have any great things to say, we say them in a few words. Brother,
we understand tliat you are sent out here by the Great Spirit, and
by his good people, who live in one of the sixteen tires. Brother,
we believe you have not come alone, or of your own accord, but that
you are sent out here, as you say, by the Great Spirit, and by some
of his great black-gowns and great men who make laws. And we
thank those great Fathers for being so kind to us. Brother, we
like what you have said to us. We know that it is all true, and all
very good. When you was talking, you kept looking up, and said a
great deal to us about the Great Spirit. We believe that there is a
Great Spirit, who has made the world, the sun, the moon, the stars,
the ground, the water, the trees, and all the men, creatures and
things that are in the world. Brother, we understand that you have
come to teach us and our children how to worship the Great Spirit,
and what we must do to please Him, and be happy in this world and
in the world to come. We understand that you want to have us
raise a plenty of corn and wheat, horses and cattle, and all the other
creatures and things that you raise ; and that you want us to live
like the people that wear hats. And we believe that you and our
great fathers that sent you, Avish to do us all the good you can ; that
you want to make us happy, not only here, but in the world to come.
Brother, we know that you spoke true, when you told us that our
game was growing scarce, and ihat it would soon be so that we
could not live by hunting as we used to. We feel very poor, and we
do not know how we are going to live or what we shall do. Now,
brother, if you and your great black gowns and chiefs want to help
us and make us happy, wliy don't you stop your people from settling
so near us ? If you would do t'is we might have game enough and
do very well.

"Brother, we know that it is all true what you say to us about the
stuff the Avhite people make, which we like so well. We know that
it makes us foolish, and quarrelsome, and poor, and that it destroys
us, and has greatly diminished our number; that we used to be
much happier before it came among us, and that it would be much
better for us to be entirely without it. We do know how to make
it ; Indians don't know how to make it, and have nothing to make
it of If your people did not make it and bring it to us Ave should
not have it. And if we did not see it wc should not care anything
about it. But when Ave get a taste of it Ave love it so well Ave "do not
knoAV how to stop drinking. Brother, since it is so, why do you not
stop your people from bringing it among us ? If you would do this.

116 Moral and Religious Condition of the

then perhaps you might get us to come and live together in one
village, so that you might have an opportunity to instruct ns and
do us good. But until this liquor is stopped we shall (juarrel so
among ourselves, when we get it, that we cannot many of us live
together in the same village, and you will not be able to do anything
with us.

*' Brother, what yor have said to us is all true, but we would not
wish to steal the good words or keep them to ourselves. We under-
stand that you Avas sent out to travel round and visit the Indians
in order to find out their minds respecting this business. You have
seen but a few Indians yet. Tliere are a great many that live away
back of us. If you Avas to go and see them all it would take you
two or three years. We think you had better go and talk with them
all, and see what they think about it ; aiul if they will agree to have
black gowns, we will agree to have one too. This is all the red
brothers have to say to you.

I suppose they meant to require me to stoj) all the liquor and get
the consent of all the Indians to receive ministers before they would
receive me. This, they doubtless thought, would be putting the
matter oif far enough for the present, and that it would be a more
polite way of answering me than saying no. I3ut I was not disposed
to take even no for an answer till I had a farther trial. Therefore,
as soon as he had finished his speech, I begged another hearing,
and delivered them another speech as lengthy as my first, in which
I was enabled with the greatest ease to remove every difficulty they
had artfully flung in my way ; to represent things in the clearest
light, and to press the matter home in such a manner as forced
them to a fair explanation. But time and ])atience require me to
be very brief in my account of it. I told them the fault with respect
to our people's settling too near them Avas their oAvn, as they sold
them the land; that their observations against Jicpior were very
encouraging, especially as the same had been made by Little Turtle
in his speech to the President, which Avas in behalf of several
nations, and as the same had been Avarmly expressed by the head
chief of the Shawanesc ; that it Avas not in the power of our good
people who had sent me to put a stop to it, but that they Avould
rejoice to hear that they were opposed to having it come among
them ; and that if they Avould get the other nations to join them,
and petition Congress against it, our good peo])le Avould undoubtedly
do the same in their behalf, and that there Avonld be but little
danger but that the united influence of the Avhole would i)revail, and
that Congress Avould pass a law to prevent liquor from being carried
into tlie Indian country. I assured them that nothing should be
Avantiug on my part to bring this about.

" Here I enlarged on the transientness of the pleasures deriA'ed
from it, and the mischievous and destructive consequences attending
it ; and on the happy conse<|uences that Avould follow the ])r()liibition
of it, and urged them to use their utmost endeavors to get as many

of the I

petition ^

on the A

iimong ti

of evciy

liad actec

ill j)etitio

tlieir indi

tiiat it Avc

minister ■

tliey had \

plan I ha

Aviiling to

a village, ]

families to

schooling t

a.s Cast as t

and that I

.•?ick Avho :

promote th

atl vantages

all who Avoi

represented,

before man^

as the most

interest to

that it was ;

<lo well Avhi

ministers; i

H'ickedness

them for seT

Jil\e the sno^

oxpect to pn

"le- I assnr

build a great

seventh day

ill his bookt

he destroyed

and prosper

MVithres)
that it would
Ponld serve
send out any
pi-ojiosed, I n
they were, or
•'^"ffieient nu
^vished to h
file he§(; way

Indians in the Valley in 1802.

11Y

of the Indian nations as possible to join tlieni, and send in their
petition without delay. I inlbrined them that some of the six nations
on the Allec^heny, throucfh the intluence of the Quakers who were
among them, had come to the noble resolution to dash the heads
of eveiy kog of li((uor that was ottered for sale to their peojde, and
had acted accordingly ; and that if they should not be successful
in petitioning Congress, it would not only be justifiable in them but
their indisi)ensible duty to follow their example. But I told them
that it would do by no means for them to think of doing without a
minister till this experiment could be made ; that if they thought
they had not resolution enough in general to adopt and pursue the
plan I had proposed, there would probably be some Avho would be
willing to attempt it ; that if they would nnike choice of a place for
a village, I would begin it if I could not get more than one or two
families to begin with me ; that I would be learning their language,
schooling their children and receiving new members into the society
as fast as they were disposed to comply with the regulations of it ;
and that I would do what I could for the comfort of the aged or the
sick who might be left there during winter, and exert myself to
promote the general interests of the Avhole. I then pointed out the
advantages that would occur to the children, the aged, the sick and
all who would be so wise as to ccrnply with my proposals. And I
re])resented the flourishing state the village would probably be in
before many years if they would suffer me to make this beginning,
as the most of them must soon be convinced that it was for their
interest to come and live in it and follow my advice. I told them
that it was all in vain for them to think that they could prosper and
do well while they rejected Avhat God had to say to them by his
ministers; that he had been very angry with the Indians for their
wickedness (showing them in what it consisted) and had suffered
them for several hundred miles to melt away before the white people
like the snow before the sun, and that the only way that they could
expect to prosper was by listening to what he had to say to them by
me. I assured them that if they would come and live together and
build a great house for God, and meet in it and worship him every
seventh day as our good people did, and do as God told them to do
ill his book and by his ministers, that he would not suffer them to
lie destroyed as he had the other Indians, but would preserve them
and prosper them as ho had the white people.

" AVith respect to visiting all the other Indians, I observed to them
that it would be of no service to get the consent of every tribe, as I
could serve but one, and as our good people were not prepared to
send out any more at present; that if I travelled round as they had
l^roposcd, I might not And any Indians who were so well inclined as
fliey were, or who would be disposed to receive me ; that they had a
sufficient number about them for me to begin with ; that if they
wished to have all the other Indians join them in those things,

the best way wa,e for tliem to ?et the excvmple m^ show tliem the

118 Moral and Heligious Condition of the

happy consequences, which would preach louder to them tlian any-
thing I could say or do. I concluded what I had to say to them in
the following words : Fathers, you see that I am very unwilling to
leave you. 1 have come a great way to visit you, and I find there is
a prospect of my doing you so much good if 1 remain here that I do
not know how to think of going away. You see that it is just
with me as it is with your children. If you tell them that you
cannot have them with you, and that they must go off and look
out for another home, they will tell you that they love you so that
they cannot leave you. And if you insist on their going away, they
will hang round you and tell you they cannot, and they will plead
with you to let them live with you, and will tell you how much
good they will do you if you will let them stay. Now, fatliers, if
you will not turn away your children who love you and are willing
to do anything for you, and who plead with you in this manner to
keep them, I think I may conclude that you will not turn me away,
I then left them to prepare an answer.

"This extract is much shorter than -the original, though much
longer than I intended. But they paid better attention than before,
and I believe they were very much puzzled for some time to know
what reply to make to it, as they wished to put me off, if possible,
without assigning the true cause for it. They went alone, and were
very secret in their consultations with respect to an answer. After
deliberating for some time, they sent for me to hear Little Otter's
reply. The first part of it was mere rei)etitions of a lew things that
were nothing to the purpose, occasioned, as I suppose, by a reluC'
tance to come to the main point. The principal ideas contained in
it, expressed in fi wer words, are as follows : Brother, the most of
our horses are wild. In oider to catch them, we liave to catch one
of the tame ones first, and then we can dratv the rest in so as to
secure them too. It seems that you think that the Indians are like
these horses. You consider us to be the tamest, and imagine that
if you begin with us that you will be able to draw in the whole.
But we are all wild, and if j'ou were to try ever so long, you could
never get us to live together. You can go home, or write home to
the great fathers who sent you, and let them know^ how it is. Tell
them that it is not with their red brothers as it is with the white
people; that you have tried all that you could to have us live
together, and that you could not get us to do it, and that if they
were to try ever so much, they would never be able to do anything
with us, and that this is the way of their red brothers. Brother,
your religion is very good, but it is only good for white people. It
will not do for Indians. They are (piite different sort of people.
When the Great Spirit made white ])eople, he made them just as
be, and put them on another island and gave them farms and

they

tools to work with ; and he made horses and horned cattle, and
sheep and hogs for them, so that they might get thejr living that
way. And he learned them to resid, and gave theiii tljeif religion

in a bo

them in

have, so

us to li

liave wa

do for u

liave noi

ping up

Well, thi

ojieii con

you see r

might hi

afraid of

tlieix'fore

come a gi

folks and

iiny thing,

tiiat your

" The I
was conju
" Little
and capab
con Id disci
come ther
these speec
was eviden
"At the
more to si
and should
so dreadful
the world
tliem. Th
tl'iy, the 15
ness, and t
evening,
lake shore
for many d
very urgen
favored as
Jioon the '
|liougl} we
'■^ 'ip'-n tht
" In purs
crosh, r set
•schooner, i
•-•iptain all
place in .scy
flian at Det

Indiana in the Valley in 1802.

119

in a book. When he made Indians, ho made thorn wild and put
them in the woods on this ishind, and gave them tlit' game that they
have, so that tlicy niiglit live by hunting. 80 tliat he did not make
us to live like the white people. The religion which we used to
JKive was very much like yours. But we found that that would not
do lor us ; and Ave have lately discovered a much better way. "We
have now got so that some of us come to life again. There, [strip-
])ing up his shirt-sleeve,] do you see that ])]ack spot on my arm?
Well, that was put into my arm when I lived before, away in the
open country. Afterwards 1 came to life here on this ground where
you see me. If you had only proposed to school our children, you
might have got here and there one to attend to you, but we are
iilVaid of your religion. We lind that it will not answer for us, and
tlierelbre Ave cannot listen to you. You mentioned that you had
come a great Avays to see us. We go a great ways sometimes to see
folks and get neAVs; but if Ave do not jjet any news, or make out
anything, Ave do not mind it, or think anything of it. This is all
that your red brothers have to say to you.

" The Interpreter told me that Avhat they meant by the new way
was conjuration.

" Little Otter, though said to be clever, is a very shrewd old man,
and capable of deceiving if he is disposed for it ; but, from Avhat I
could discover, I am of opinion that he Avas in favor of having me
come there at first; and am inclined to believe that in delivering
these speeches he spoke for the conjurers, rather than himself. It
was evident at least that he was not half so bitterly opposed to me.

"At the close of this last speech I told them that I had nothing
more to say, only that I thanked them for treating me so civilly,
aiul should always wish well to them ; that I Avas sorry to find them
so dreadfully deluded, and that they Avould be forever sorry for it in
the world to come. I then shook hands Avith the Avhole and left
them. The Interpreter appeared very sorrowful. This Avas Satur-
day, the 15th, and near night ; but as Ave had everything in readi-
ness, and the Avind favorable, avo sat out and went several miles that
evening. A.s the Avind Avas lair the next day, and as Ave Avere on the
lake shore Avherc Ave Avere liable to be detained Avith contrary winds
for many days, and Avere on expense, and my call to be homo was
very urgent, Ave sailed about lialf of the day; and Ave Avere so far
favored as to be enabled, Avith hard rowing, to reach home before
noon the Tuesday following. We Avere blessed with good health,
though we Avere exposed to Avind and weather, and Avere obliged to
lie \\\M,\\ the ground almost every night.

" In pursuance of my original plan, to visit the Indians at Arbor-
crosh, T set sail the 2d of June, Avith my family, in a convenient
schooner, for this place. Our accommodations were good, our
captain all kindness and attention, and Avere gently Avafted to this
place in seA'en days. The Indians are vastly more numerous here
than fit Detroit, I gee none here but Ottawas and Chipeways. I

120 Moral and Meligloits Condition of the

believe that tlic Ottawas are much the most mmierous just about
here. Tlioy are accounted by both nations to be the fathers of the
Chipoways. I tind, as I had been informed, that there is a good dial
of difference between the hmguage of tliese Indians, and tliose of
the same nations about Detroit. Some words seem wholly unlike;
but tlie difference in general appears to be in the pronunciation,
which is not so drawling, but much more agreeable to the English
pronunciation. These Indians appear much more sprightly, cleanly,
industrious and agreeable than tliose. I have not been able to talk
with them much yet, for the want of an interpreter. T am disap-
pointed with respect to the public interpreter, as he is a Frenchman
and can scarce speak any English. In order to speak with them by
him, it is necessary to have another to interpret French. I am in
some hopes that the interpreter at St. Joseph's, whom I mentioned
in one of my letters last winter, will be here within a few days, as
there is a vessel expected in from that place. But if I do not
succeed in getting him, I do not know but I am like to make out
about as well ; for I have lately seen a young man from the main
land, who speaics good English and Indian, and who has partly
agreed to serve me for his board and schooling. Such an interpreter
would be of great service to me in getting the language. Indeed, it
Avould be next to impossible for me to get it without an interpreter,
unless I could be all the time with the Indians, and even then it
would be very difficult.

"From what I can learn, I fear that it is not much better with
the Indians at Arborcrosh, on account of drinking and fighting,
than it is with those at the Miami. Hearing that they were mostly
drunk, and not having an interpreter, I have not visited them yet.
Or, if it had not been for these difficulties I do not know but I
should have waited for the assistance of Colonel Hunt, as he is now
expected every day, to take the command of this post. Knowing
that he was to be here so soon, I rather wished not to see Ihem till
he came. Foi*it is said there are no Indians who pay so great respect
to the commanding ofiicer as what these do; and he told me he
would use all his influence in my favor. With all the forbidding
circumstances in view, which I see attending my mission to these
Indians, as I am to look for miracles, I considered it a matter of the
utmost importance to avail myself of every circumstance in my
favor, at my first introduction. With all these, I think it is very
doubtful whether I shall be received by the chiefs. There are two
circumstances against me which I have not mentioned. One is, that
these Indians at Arborcrosh have formerly had Roman Catholic
priests with them, to whom they adhered as strictly as could have
been expected.

" Another circumstance not mentioned is, the Indians in general
have an idea that ministers have a power to send distempers or
sickness among people, like their conjurers. And if any mortal
djgeas? breaks out among them whilf they are with thepi , they are

Indians in the Valley in 1802.

121

tU: \

supposed to be the authors of it. Tlie Indians to this day tell that
the priests whom they had with them at Arborcrosh, sent sickness
among them. So that thougli tliey would be more likely to jjrefer
the Roman Catholic than us, yet it does not seem very likely that
they would wish for either to come among them. But if I cannot
lu'evail o\\ the chiefs to receive mo, I mean to insist hard on their
letting me have a number of their sons to educate hen^ on the
Lshuid, whilst 1 am learning their language, and 1 shall re(|uire them
to find them food and clothes.

" My present determination is to remain about here till in one
way or another I get the language ; and if 1 can get a good inter-
preter at a moderate expense, be preaching through the summer
to all the Indians who will hear mo. As they are always absei\t
through the winter, I must try in that })art of the time to be doing
something to help support myself, either by a school (which must be
small) or by some kind of labor."

The editor of the Magazine appends the following comments
upon the report of Mr. Bacon :

"The reader will perceive from Mr. Bacon's account of the
Indians that one of the greatest obstacles in the way of propagating
the gospel among them is the influence of the conjurers. These
conjurers are the same as the powows spoken of in the history
of the New England Indians, which has been published in several
numbers of this Magazine. They have sense enough to see that the
introduction of the Christian religion among the Indians will
destroy their influence and endanger their craft. Tliey will, there-
fore, exert themselves to the utmost to prevent Missionaries being
received ; and as Mr. Bacon very justly observes, they are, doubtless,
the instruments of satan in preserving idolatry and opposing the
true God. ]&ut the failure of this first attempt of Mr. B. ought not
to discourage the friends to the Missionary cause ; it should rather
stimulate them to more vigorous exertions. The Indians on the
Miami, from their proximity to the white people, have more free
access to spiritous liquors, and are much more opposed to everything
good than the tribes which live more remote. There is still reason
to hope that to some of the tribes God Avill give a listening ear, and
that he will prosper the labors of the Missionaries that may bo
sent among them. * It is certainly the duty of Christians, and it is a
duty the obligation of which they cannot but feel, when they see to
what a deplorable state of sin and wretchedness the Indians are
reduced, to make every possible exertion to recover some of them at
least from that state. They ought always to remember the promise
that the fullness of the Gentiles shall come in ; that the glorious
bead of the church is infinitely superior to satan and all his instru-
ments; and, believing these things, they should exert themselves,
and submisGivelv wait God's time to bless their exertions with
niccess,"

CHAPTEll II.

WAK 0J-' 181J2-15.

The war declared against Great Britain by the United States
June 12, 1812, may be regarded as a continxiation of the Revolution, ;|
and as an effort on the part ot the latter to compel respect lor the
provisions of the treaty of peace made in 1783. It resulted in the i
consummation of the independence of the States and the enforcomeni
of the terms of that treaty. The immediate causes that produced
the war, wore the interference with American trade, enforced bj
the blockade system ; the impressment of American seamen ; the I
encouragement of the Indians in their barbarities; and the attempt'
to dismember the Union by the mission into the New England
States of Henry, Through the winter of 1811-12, these causes of?
provocation were discussed in Congress and the public prints, and i
war Avith Great Britain openly threatened. Even in December,
1811, the proposal to invade Canada in the following spring, before i
the ice broke up, was debated in the House of Representatives:
and in particular was urged the necessity of such operations at the I
outset of the anticipated contest, as should wrest from the enemy
the command of the upper lakes, and secure the neutrality or favor |
ot the Indian tribes by the conquest of Upper Canada. While,
therefore, measures were taken to seize the lower province, other I
steps were arranged for the defense of the iTorthwest frontier]
against Indian hostility, and which, in the event of a rupture tI
Great Britain, would enable the United States to obtain the com-
mand of Lake Erie. The following letter which now makes its first |
public appearance in this voluri»3, was addressed by General Sole
mon Sibley, a distinguished citizen of Detroit, to Thomas Worth'
ington, then Senator in Congress from Ohio, and will convey some I
idea of the situation and the apprehensions of the inhabitants onthtl
exposed ^Northwestern frontier during the few months precedins
the w^r, and when it became clearly evident that th^t evoiit«

Eccposed Situation of the Frontier.

123

inevitable. On the back of this letter is ondorscd, "Received
March 2G, 1812, answered the same day, and put into the hands of
the Secretary of War on the same evening :"

Detroit, February 2G, 1812.

Dear Sir

-I have taken the liberty of addrcHsing you on a
\ subject highly interesting and important to myself in common with
j my friends in this place, and although T cannot expect that you will
embrace my individual private feelings, yet I Hatter myself that
iyour luimanity will draw your thoughts towards this (juarter. I
lam connected with a lady, the daughter of an old friend of yours.
We are favored with children. Their happiness, their safety, is
[dear to rae. Will you not accept my anxiety on a subject so inter-
[esting, for an apology in troubling you at this time':'

From a carefnl perusal of the proceedings of Congress, I am led
[to believe that war with England is probable. Our situation
[exposes us in a peculiar manner to the calamity of war. But, sir, a
hvar with England, -simply, has no terrors compared with those
[arising from their savage allies. Our melancholy fate, should we
[unfortunately fall into the hands of the Indians, need not be
Ipointed out. The consequences are too obvious to require descrip-
Ition.

On reading the President's communication, delivered at the open-
ling of Congress, slight mention is made of the Indians. The little
[said on this head is, however, important, inasmuch as it convinces
Ithose who read it, that the President is not furnished with full and
Icorrect information by his agents on so important a point. It is
[feared that the agent rests satisfied with the transmission of the
)ublic speeches; that having done this, he flatters himself that he
las discharged his duty. If this surmise should prove correct, it
rill exhibit one of two things, either that the man is a stranger to
[the arts, subtelty and deceit of the Indian character, or afraid to
[express himself in terms contradicting the open professions, lest he
should give umbrage. The Government ought to be advised of their
secret movements and resolves, to enable them to meet and counter-
ict them. It has always been noted, that when an Indian is bent on
lischief, he is more than usually open in his professions of friendly
ttttachraent. He smiles upon and caresses the victim devoted to
iestruction. A secret cause of hatred and disatfection exists, and
3as been nourished for some years by the savages, against the
United Siates. This spirit has been encouraged by secret enemies
)f the United States, imtil it has pervaded the whole Indian nations,
"ilarly the ensuing spring, it will burst upon the whole line of
frontier, involving them equally in ruin. This fact, I am assured
T)f in that way as to force full conviction upon my mind. Our local
Mvernment is satisfied of the impending dangers that hang over us.
Use why has the Governor, Secretary and Judges adopted measures

124

Krpom-<l Sihiotioii of the FroiUier.

■If

of iiulividuiil H;ii'oty — soino by Icaviiit^ llio Territory i)erHoiiiillv
otliorH by sending; llioir rainiliiis out of llin rountry V Arc wc i
expect from tliewc movements that the; <^cneral {government will in
8U|»i)ort and protect tis by timely and adc(|uat(^ n\eans V If siicli .
the (b'termination of the j^uncsral jjjovernment, why not commuiiiia,
it to th(f citizens, and thereby alford tiiem a chancie of provi(hin,'t(,,'i
indiviibiai safety, and tliat of their families V Far be it from mJ
the tiioui^ht (hat our government will adopt a course ho deroi^aton
of tlie national dignity. 1 am conlldent the country will b(( deftiiiW
with ])romptitudc and energy, and that nothing is wanted butcoirci:
information to draw the attention of government to this or antl
other point of the Union where threatened witli danger.

1 have stated it is liiy o])inion that this country will be uttackKE
early in the spring, and will submit some ot the gro\mds to yoi;]
consideration on which I have drawn the (lonclusion. It is unmet-
sary for your information, for me to remark that the first settlors : J
this country Avero Krenchmen, and that their descendants fonni^i
large pro|)ortion of our present population. This class of citizni' I
in some instances, arc allied to the savages b)» intermarriage, tlimV;!
cementing a union previously formed by habits of trade and famifei'i
intercourse. To these may be added the fact that the Canadiiin
familiarly acquainted with the several Indian languages. Thi>
causes have at all times secured to the Canadi.ans the friendship anv
confidence of their Indian neighbors. To the enlightened FrenclU
merchant, trader and farmer I have therefore applied for informs '
tion ; and to them ami indebted for the knowledge upon wliidil
have formed the oi)inion of their hostile views, already expresM
and shall be happy should it prove incorrect. Several Canadii|
gentlemen, entitled to credit, and well disposed towards ouriiotl
ernment, have stated to me that they have been repeatedly callei|
upon lately, by Indians whom they believed their friends, who 1
requested them not to mingle or identity themselves Avith til
Americans, or '• Long Knives ;' that early in the spring, (at tlT
first swelling of the buds) the Indians Avould strike upon Detro;!
and the Avhole frontier. That if they Avere found at home, attcDli
ing to their private concerns, they Avould be respected and tiieil
property remain safe ; otherwise, that they Avould be involved intbtj
fate of their neighbors, the Americans. That their determinatioJ
Avas to clear the country north and west ot the Ohio of every Amerij
can, and in future establish that river for a boundary. That tbl
scheme had been long in agitation, and now Avas endorsed generall|
by the Indians. That such natives, or tribes, as reiused to joint'
confederacy, would also be cut oft". These communications fromtfej
Indiana to their friends, have made deep impressions upon the ff«T
dispo&ed Canadians. How the majority Avill act, should an attail
be made, is doubtful. It Avould bo unwise for the government tooij
culate much on their assistance. |t is further stated by those gentlfl
men that the impending stovra hA^no immediate connection Avith oil

Kvpoml Sit If at ion of the Jn'oiUior.

125

InderstandinccB wltli (4reat Hritiiin ; (hut, i\\v uttui;k will bo inado

\y the savauoH, whiitevcr may bo tho ri'sult of otir pt'iidhit; nogolia-

x)iis wilii Kii<,'laii(l. They Mtato lurthcr, that, tlu" Indians arc atiiply

ipplicil with anus, ainmuiiition, blankets, itc, t.(» cnalih! tlieni to

■iisctiiti' war with vij,'<»r. Tho niodo of attactk is not so fully (ioni-

uiiicati'd. Frotu sonio hints wldeh have fallen, it is bolioved a

rco will have in chartje to waylay the roads leadini^ to tho Ohio,

itli a view of interruptinj^ and cuttinjj; oil" re-inforecMueiits and sup-

ios. Shoidd this i)lan l)o adopted and adhered to for a few uionthw,

is post would bo in great danuer. We have no eoinpetent force

tliis quarter to force a corninunicatlon.

Havino- made tho above remarks on this subject, considered
iply in relation to tho Indians, I wish to draw your attention to
H (iiiestion in tho event a war with England should tako place.
u" present military force stationed at Andierstburj;, unaided by
(linn auxiliaries, is not such as to excite apprehensions tor the
,lbly «»f Detroit. But, sir, it has heretofore been tho policy of
eat Hritain, in her wars in America, to call upon the savages for
And when tho immense sums of money that government
pemls annually to retain them in her interest is considered, no
onahlo doubts can be entertained of her future policy in case of
r with tho United States. The fact is notorious, and avoU attested
by every person who has lately visited Andierstburg, that
jery possible exertion is making to render that fortress secure and
able, and also to retain command of tho upper lakes. The gov-
ment has already a large armed vessel upon Lak(! Erie, equipped
fully manned, superior to any naval force tho United States can
iil; ai^ainst it. Not content with this force, thoy are actually
j)loyed in building a second vessel of equal or superior force,
idi will be completed and manned at the tirst opening of naviga-
|n. By means of this force, all communication by water will be
oil' between our ports. While one is stationed \ipon Lake Erie,
other will be ordered to Lake Huron to aid in the reduction of
hilimackinac and Chicago. In addition to the naval force, if^is
orted and believed by many that the British w^ill seize upon and
Id works at the mouth of tho Detroit Kiver, at or near what is
ed 1% Creek, on the United States territory — a place strong by
lUrc, and well situated to aid the navy in cutting oft" all supplies
iigncd cither by land or water for this garrison. It is believed
the ))oint last mentioned will bo occu])ied ])revious to a decla-
011 of war, and tho moment it is thought to bo unavoidable.
era! otHeers of distinction have lately visited Amherstburg. In
V niunber is included an engineer and barrack-master; also a
. St. George. They report that tho Britisli are greatly enlarging
r works, building extensive barracks, and apparently under an
icctation of a mucli larger force than has ever been stationed in
upper country. From tho various steps and movements of that
ernment, it is to me evident that they Avill make a firm and

126 Exposed Situation of the Frontier.

formidable . .and in this upper country, contrary from what appean
to be a prevailing sentiment in Congress. Great calculations are
made from the aid which they expect to derive from the Indians.
Should Detroit fall, it is evident it would cost the United States
much blood and treasure to regain what they will have lost. By it an
extensive wilderness will be thrown between the upper province
and the physical force of the Western States. Our whole line of
frontier Avill be ravaged and kept in a state of alarm. These are
consequences calculated upon by the British government, and, in
my opinion, on correct principles. It is, however, in the power of
our government to defeat their views, by marching six or eight
hundred militia or volunteers from the State of Ohio or Kentucky
before the lakes break up. If troops are not at Detroit before Mav
or Jut , the opportunity and season of saving us will be lost. ^Ve
shall be sacrificed with the interest ot the public.

I hope, sir, you will receive the remarks contained in this letter
as intended by the writer. It has been hastily written, and is full
of delects. The object I had in view was frankly to disclose my
opinion of our dangerous situation. I sincerely wish you to have
an interview with the Secretary of War. Impress him with ite
necessity ot succor for this place. A few days delay Tiay lose tbe
place to the United States. Should you discover any part of my
letter that can give umbrage, suppress it. If it contains any re
marks that you think can be of service, you are at liberty to make
use of them. Will you inform me if we may expect assistance
shortly ? I am, dear sir.

Your most obedient servant, Sol. Sibley.

Governor Hull had comraunicated similar warnings to the Var
Department, and liad recommended the adoption of a like policy:
and the same measures were also urged by General Armstrong, in
a private letter of January 2d, 1813 ; yet the government proposed
to use no other than military means, and hoped, by the presence of
two thousand soldiers, to effect the capture or destruction of the
British licet. Nay, so blind was the War Department, that i:
refused to increase the number of troops to three thousand, althougli
informed by Governor Hull that that was the least number from
which success could bo hoped. When, therefore, Goyernor, now
General Hull, (to whom, in consideration of his revolutionary
services, and his supposed knowledge of the country and the native?,
the command of the army destined for the conquest of the Cunatlas
had been confided,) commenced his march from Dayton on the 1st
of June, it was with means which he himself regarded as utterly
inadequate to the object aimed at — a fact which, in some degree,
mitigates his vascillating, nerveless conduct. Regarding the appoint-

General HulVs Movements.

127

inent of General Hull, John Johnston, Avho, in the early part of
the vear 1812, was transferred from the agency at Fort Wayne to a
iK'W agency at Pifjua, having in charge all the Indians of Oliio, with
tiie Delawares, of Indiana, and who was in Washington at the
time Congress was discussing the ({uestion of a declaration of war,
comnuuiicatt'd in 1S46 to Cist's Miscellany the following: -'Whilst
at Washington, I learned that Hull was an applicant for the
oomniand of the Northwestern Army. Governor Worthington was
then in the Senate. I took the liberty of warning him against the
appointment. The people of the country where he was to operate
had no confidence in him; the Indians despised him; he was too
old, broken down in body and mind, to conduct the multifarious
operations of such a command. The nomination was made, object-
ed to, referred to a committee, reported on favorably, and confirmed.
On the very same day he jmssed the Senate, the poor, weak, vain
old man was seen in full dress uniform, parading the streets of
Washington, making calls."

Through the whole month of June, General Hull and his troops
toiled toward the Maumee country, busy with their roads, bridges
and block-houses. On the 34th, advices from the Secretary of War,
dated on the 18th, came to hand, but not a word contained in them
made it probable that the long-expected war would be immediately
declared, although Colonel McArthur, at the same time, received word
from Ohillicothe, warning him, on the authority of Thomas Worth-
ington, that before the letter readied i.im, the declaration would
have been made public. Tliis inforuuition McArthur laid before
General Hull; and when, upon reaching the Maumee, that com-
mander proposed to place his baggage, stores, and sick on board a
vessel, and send them by water to Detroit, the backwoodsman
warned him of the danger, and refused to trust his own property
on board. Hull, however, treated the rejiort of war as the old story
which had been current through all the spring, and refused to
believe it possible that the government would not give him infor-
mation at the earliest moment that the measure was resolved on.
He accordingly, on the 1st of July, embarked his disabled men, and
most of his goods on board the Cuyahoga packet, Hull'ering his aid-
de-canip in his carelessness to send by her even his instructions and
army roll, and then proceeded upon his way.

On the Ist jf June, Mr. Madison recommended war to the Senate;
on the 3d of June, Mr. Calhoun reported in favor of it, and in an

128

General HuWs Incapacity.

able manifesto set forth the reasons ; and on the 19th, proclamation
of the contest was made. Upon the day preceding, Congress having
passed the needful appropriation bill, the Secretary wrote to General
Hull one letter, saying nothing of the matter, and sent it by n
special messenger, — and a second containing the vital news, which
he confided to a half-organized post as far as Cleveland, and thence
literally to accident. And, as if to complete the circle of folly, tlu
misled General, through neglect, suficred his otticio! papers, which
he owned ougiit never to have passed out of his possession, to pas.-
into that of the foe, and thus informed them of his purposes and
strength.

But that strength, compared with their own, was such that ii
proved adequate to deter the British from making any attempt to
prevent the march of the Americans to Detroit, or to interfere with
their passage across tlie river to Sandwich, where they established
themselves on the 12th of July, preparatory to attacking Maldoii
itself, and commanding the conc^uest and conversion of Upper
Canada. And here, at once, the incapacity of Hull manifested
itself. By his own confession, he took every step raider the influ-
ence of two sets of fears : He dared not, on the one hand, act boldly,
for fear that his incompetent force would all be destroyed ; while
on the other hand, he dared not refuse to act, for fear his militia,
already nneasy, would utterly desert him. Thus embarrassed, he
proclaimed freedom, and the need of submission to the Canadians:
held out inducements for the British militia to desert, and to the
Indians to keep quiet, and sat still at Sandwich, striving to pacify
his blood-thirsty backwoodsmen, who itched to be at Maiden. To
amuse liis own army, and keep them from trying dangerous experi-
ments, he found cannon needful to the assault of the British posts,
and spent three weeks making carriages for live guns. While these
were under way, Colonel Cass and Colonel Miller, by an attack \\\m
advanced parties of the enemy, demonstrated the willingness auil
power of their men to push their conquests, if the chance were
given, but Hull refused the opportunity; and when, at length, the
cannon were prepared, the ammunition placed in wagons, and the
moment for assault agreed on, the General, upon hearing that .i
proposed attack on the Niagara frontier had not been matlc, ami
that troops from that f[uarter were moving westward, suddenly
abandoned the enterprise, and, with most of the army, on the 7th
of August, returned to Detroit, having etfected nothing except the

destructio
force unde

Mean tin

Maiden, ai

that post j

States, he (

to cut off

merely neu

into surren

keep open

reacli him.

published ii

mand had I

;S'/>.--l 1
States for i
army at Chi
also all othe
iiorth of the
of Michigan
with a view
su])p]ies mig
ported in ves
Previous <
of provisions
Ohio and P(
to this place
is now shut ;
for me to fur
means tlian
wilderness fo
tlie roads are
and where, n^
Jng on liorsei
hostile dispo
dations on t
their power t
Under the
efforts of an
short of tlie
Some time
>'e»iuested tl)i,
but have not
Understam

•ma

Complaint of Army Contractors.

129

destruction of all confidence in himself on the part of the whole
force under his control, officers and privates.

Meantime, upon the 29th of July, Colonel Proctor had reached
Maiden, and perceiving instantly the power which the position of
that post gave him over the supplies of the army of the United
States, he commenced a series of operations, the object of which was
to cut off the communications of Hull from Ohio, and thus not
merely neutralize all active operations on his part, but starve him
into surrender, or force him to detnil his whole army, in order to
keep open his way to the only point from which supplies could
reach him. The following letters from army contractors, now tirst
pubhshed in these pages, will show the straits to which Hull's com-
mand had been so easily driven :

Detroit, July 28th, 1812.

Sir: — I have a contract with the Government of the United
States for the supply of all rations which may be required by the
army at Chicago, Michillimakinac, Fort Wayne and this place, and
also all other places in the State of Ohio and Indiana Territory,
north of the forty-first degree of latitude, and also in the Territory
of Michigan. This contract was entered into by me in time and
with a view to a state of peace, and with an expectation that the
supplies might be furnished as they have heretofore been, and trans-
ported in vessels over the lakes.

Previous to the declaration of war, I had made large purchases
of provisions along the shores of Lake Erie, within the States of
Ohio and Pennsylvania, and had just commenced removing them
to ibis place when war was declared. The navigation of that lake
is now shut against us by the enemy, and of course it is impossible
for me to furnish the army by water. There then remains no other
means than to forward supplies from the State of Ohio through the
wilderness for one lumdred and fifty or two hundred miles, where
the roads are so bad that it is almost impossible for wagons to travel,
and where, no doubt, the cheapest mode will be to transport by pack-
ing on horses. In addition to these embarrassments, is that of the
hostile disposition of the Indians, who are daily committing depre-
dations on travelers on their route, and will, no doubt, do all in
their power to prevent supplies from passing.

Under these circumstances you will see at once, Sir, that the
efforts of an individual can proiluce but little effect, and that nothing
short of the energies of government can furnish necessary supplies.

Some time ago I wrote ib the Secretary of War on this subject, and
requested that he would devise means to overcome these difficulties,
but have not received his answer.

Understanding that General K..11 was about to address you on the

180 Difficulties in Transporting Supplies.

siibjeot of an additional force to his army, and supplies for that and
the force already here, 1 am induced to make this communication.

There is one circumstance relating to these supplies which I will
mention ; that is that the army which came on with General Hull,
very socn after their arrival, passed into Canada toithout the limits
of my contract ; but notwithstandini^ have been supplied by me;
since, as a matter of necessity, should an additional force come on,
I conclude they would also pass into Canada, and of course be
placed out of the reach of any government contract for supplies.

I leave to-morrow to proceed eastward along the southern shore
of Lake Erie, with a view of sending on some su])plie8 in boats from
New Connecticut; but the success of this attempt must be doubtful,
and not to be relied on. I should wish that your Excellency might
adopt such measures to furnish supplies as your better judgment
may direct, without considering me us the contractor.
I am, sir, with great respect,

Your obedient servant,

Augustus Porter.
To His Excellency Governor Meigs.

Urbana, 20th Aug., 1812.

His Excellency, li. J. Meigs, Governor of Ohio :

Sir: On the 10th of July I was appointed by the Hon. Brig.
Gen. Wm. Hull, an agent to supply tlie Northwestern army with
provisions, in the Michigan Territory and State of Ohio north of the
41st degree of N. Lat., under the contract of Augustus I'orter, Esq.,
the said contractor having tiailed to furnish agreeable to his contract.
Gen. Hull having only advanced me a sufhciency ol funds to pur-
chase two hundred thousand rations, and to furnish them at the
Detroit post. The additional force now going on from this State
and Kentucky, makes it necessary that a large quantity should be
sent on. Communication being cut off with the army precludes the
possibility of procuring funds from General Hull. 1 therefore have
to request your excellency to advance me ten thousand dollars to
enable me to furnish the army now going on.

With respect, I am your obedient servant, John H. Piatt.

A proper force on Lake Erie, or the capture of Maiden, would
have prevented these annoying and fatal embarrassments, but the
imV)ecility of the government and that of the General combined to
favor the plans of Proctor. Having, by his measures, stopped the
stores on their way to Detroit, at the river Raisin, he next defeated
the insufficient band of two hundred men under Van Home, pent by
Hull to escort them ; and so far withstood that of five hundred
under Miller, as to cause Hull to recall the remnant of that victo-

7erms of IIiilVs Surrender.

131

rious and gallant band, though it had completely routed the British
and Indians. By these means Proctor amused the Americans until
General Brock reached Maiden, which he did upon the 13th of
August, and prepared to attempt the conquest of Detroit itself.
And here again occurred a most singular want ol skill on the part of
the Americans. In order to prevent the forces in Upper Canada
from being combined against Hull, General Dearborn had been
ordered to make a diversion in his favor at Niagara and Kingston,
but in place of doing this, he made an armistice with the British
commanders, which enabled them to turn their attention entirely to
the more distant West, and left Hull to shift for himself On the
l-lth of August, therefore, while a third party, under McArthur,
was dispatched by Hull to open his communications with the river
Haisin, though by a new and impracti(;able road. General Brock
appeared at Sandwich and began to erect batteries to protect his
further operations. These batteries Hull would not sutler any to
molest, saying that if tlie enemy would not fire on him be would
uot on them; and though when summoned to surrender on the I5th,
he absolutely refused, yet ui)on the IGth, without a blow struck,
the Governor and General crowned his course of indecision and
iinuiauly tear by surrendering the town of Detroit and territory of
Michigan, togetlier with fourteen hundred brave men, longing for
battle, to three luuulred Englisli soldiers, four hundred Canadian
militia disguised in red coats, and a band of Indian allies. The
tbllowing were the terms of General Hull's capitulation:

Camf at Detroit, IGth August, 1812.

Vapitnlafion for the .surrender of Fort Detroit^ entered into hetwee^i
Major General Brock, coniniandiu'j Jlis Britanic Mnjesty^s
Forces, on the one part, and Brigadier Ucneral Hull, command-
ing the Nortluoestern Army of the United tStates, on the other
part.

1st. Fort Detroit, witli all the troops, regulars as well as militia,
will l)e immediately surrendered to the Britisii forces, under the
command of Major General Brock, and will be considered prisoners
of war, with tiie exception of such of the militia of the Michigan
Territory who have not joined the army.

2d. All public stores, arms, and all public documents, including
everything else of a public nature, will be immediately given up.

3d. Private persons and property of every description will be
respected.

132

Hull Convicted of Goioardice.

4th. His excellency, Brigadier General Hull, having expressed a
desire that a detachment from the State of Ohio, on its way to join
his army, as well as one sent from Fort JJetroit, under the commaiul
of Colonel McArthnr, shall be included in the above capitulation,—
it is accordingly agreed to. It is, however, to be understood that
such part of tiie Ohio militia as have not joined the army, will be
permitted to return to tlieir homes on condition that they will not
serve during the war. Their arms, however, will be delivered up, if
belonging to the i)ublic.

5th. The Governor will march out at the hour of twelve o'clock
this day, and the British forces will take immediate possession of
the fort.
[Signed,] J.

McDonnell,
Lt. Col. Militia, P. A. D. C,
B. Gleog,
Major A. D. V.;
James Miller,

Lt. Col. T)th U. S. Infantry ;
E. Brush,

Col. \st liegt. Mich. Militia.
Approved :

William Hull,

Brig. Gen. ComcVg the N. W. Army.
Approved :

Isaac Brock,

Major General.

For this conduct he was accused of treason and cowardice, and
found guilty of the latter. Nor can we doubt the justice of the
sentence. However brave he may have been personally, he was, as
a commander, a coward; and, moreover, he was influenced, confes-
sedly, by his fears as a father, lest his daughter and her children
should fall into the hands of the Indians. His faculties luul
become paralyzed, by the intemperate use of alcoholic stimulanti?.
which produced a cowardly fear — fear that he should fail, fear tlmt
his troops, whose confidence and respect he could not fail to discover
he had lost, would prove untrue to him ; fear that the savages would
spare no one, if opposed with vigor; fear of some undefined and
horrid evil impending. His conduct throughout was such as might
have been reasonably expected from a man who had reached prema-
ture dotage and physical decay by the excessive use of spirituous i
liquors.

But the fall of Detroit, though the leading calamity of this unfor-
tunate summer, was not the only one. The misfortune did not
come singly. Word had been sent through the kindness of some

fnV'nd I

ill form i

miles fr

Han ki,

notice f;

koy of I

Hritish,

tvventy-c

men, fell

constant

war, and

Less ft
Clilcago.
(Ca]itain
distribute
Heald, as
evident tl
in conseqi
wanted, t
learned, ai
oatastroph
the fort, b
they were
'ifty to si XI

Thns, b^
exception r
of the Bri(
were also al
greatest vio
Captain Z. '
the war wi
United Stat

Ca])tain ]
matu];u)(; of
•^ncceedinof y
to (Jovernor
then been aci
red four dav

' M

Fort Wayne Escapes the General Misfoi'tune. 133

friend under a frank from the American Secretary of the Treasury,
iiiforiiiing tlio British commander at St. Joseph, a post about forty
miles from Mackinac, of the declaration of war; while Lieutenant
Hiiiika, commanding the American fortress itself, received no
notice from any source. The consequence was, an attack upon the
key of the Northwestern lakes, on the 17th of July, by a force of
British, Canadians, and savages, numbering in all one thousand and
twenty-one. The garrison, amounting to but fifty'Seven effective
men, felt unable to withstand so formidable a body, and to avoid the
constantly threatened Indian massacre, surrendered as prisoners of
war, and were dismissed on parole.

Less fortunate in its fate was the garrison of Fort Dearborn at
Chicago. General Hull sent word to the commander at the fortress
(Captain Heald) of the loss of Mackinac, and directed him to
distribute his stores among the Indians, and retire to Fort Wayne.
Ilcald, as heretofore explained, proceeded to do this, but it was soon
evident that the neighboring savages were not to be trusted, and he
in consequence determined not to give them, what they most of all
wanted, the spirits and the powder in the fortress. This they
learned, and this it was, as Blackhawk asserted, which led to the
catastrophe. On the loth of August, all being ready, the troops left
the fort, but before they had proceeded more than a mile and a half,
they were attacked by the Indians, and two-thirds of them (from
fifty to sixty) massacred at once.

Thus, by the middle of August, the whole Northwest, with the
exception of Fort Wayne and Fort Harrison, was again in the hands
of the British and Indians. Early in September, these two posts
were also attacked, and the latter, had it not been defended with the
greatest vigor, would have been taken. Its defence was entrusted to
Captain Z. Taylor, who subsequently won distinguished honors in
the war with Mexico, and. in 1848 was elected President of the
United States.

Captain Rhea, who, subsequent to Wayne's campaign, was com-
mandant of the post below Swan creek, but who, during the
succeeding war, held the garrison at Fort Wayne, addressed a letter
to Governor Meigs, of which the following is a copy. He had not
then been advised of the surrender of Hull's army, which had occur-
red four days prior to the date of his letter :

134

General Cass on the Situation.

FoHT Wayxk, August 20th, 1812.

Honored Sir: — 1 am re<iuo8to(l ])y Chingwiiitluih, or the Little
Turtle's nephew, the present cliiff of the Miiimie8, who has just
returned with part of the escort, hildy under the oonimaud of
Captain Wells, to assist in the evaeualion of Fort l)eurl)orn, to
inform you that as soon as he can collect his men, women and
children together, they will repair to the great council at Piqua with
all possible dispatch. Both they and the Pottawottamies of this
country would have been at the council before this period, had not
the necessity of assisting Captain ileald intervened. I have no
doubt of th" attachment of this young chief to the American
interest.

Any information you can give us of the success of (reneral Hull
and his army will alford us much satisfaction.

I have the honor to be, with respect, sir,

Your obedient servant,

.1. Khea, (Jiipt. (JomtVg,
To his Excellency Governor Meigs. •

In reference to the trial of Geu'-ral Hull, General Jessup addressed
the following letter to Governor Kthan Allen Brown :

ALBAJfY. N. Y.. ()th February, 18U.

Dear Sir: I arrived in this city on the .'>rd inst., after a most
tiresome and disagreeable journey. The trial ot General Hull pro-
gresses slowly. 'I'he court has been a month in session, and not
more than eight or ten witnesses are examined. The General's
guilt, however, is so apparent from the testimony already adduced,
that even his own counsel. I understand, have abandone<l the idea
ol disproving the tact contained in tlie (ihargoH. Tin y will attenipl
to show, it is said, that his conduct was the consequence, not of
cowardice or treason, but of extreme fatigue and anxiety of mind!
When such is the defence, how hopeless must be the cause.

Sincerely yovu's, Th. J. .Tessti'.

Hon. E. A. Brown.

The following letters from distinguished sources illustrate im-
portant movements occurring at the time, and may here be properly
introduced, as none of them have hitherto been made public :

Isr Camp, Ukbana, June 8. 1812.

Dear Sir: We reached this place yesterday On arriving at
Staunton, and making inquiry respecting the route down the Au-
glaize, it was found that at this season of the year that stream was
useless for any purpose of navigation, and that a road along it would

Jlie Enemy Cut of Communication.

135

be difficult and circuitouR. It was conoluded to change our direction,
to proceed to this plao(>, and from here on tlie best ground to the
foot of the rajtids. In this determination I concurred. A road
from here to the rapids would open to Detroit the centre of the
State ; and in tlie event of a war with England our supplies must be
drawn from here. It is indisputably the shortest and probably the
best route.

Boyd's regiment joins us to-morrow. Things go on well in camp.
This morniag four comi)anie8 marched for Mauary's Block-House to
open the road.

We have had a council with the Indians. They have agreed to
permit us to open the road, and to establish along it a line of block-
houses. You well know the situation of the men who compose
tliis detachment. They were generally in respectable standing and
of good pi'ospects. They have made great sacrifices. They did not
come for money, because all the money they can receive will be but
a poor compensation.

[And here follows an appeal urging the necessity of a more
prompt payment of the troops, and the letter concludes :]

Rely upon it, it must be done. And still further rely, that you
are the man who must see it done. Your standing, influence and
the confidence your fellow-citizens place in you, all justify them in
looking to you. I know they will not be disappointed.

Sincerely ever yours, Lew. Cass.

lien

ot
|u\'

River Raisik, August 11, 1812.

Sir : I improve the first opportunity by the bearer, Major Taylor,
(0 inform you that I arrived at the rapi<ls of the Miami on the morn-
ing of the 0th inst . but have been delayed on the road for want of
grain for the horses. I came here yesterday accompanied by twenty-
one rangei-s from Manary's Block-House, who volunteered as an
escort for the purpose mentioned in your letter addressed to Captain
Manary.

I regret that I cannot send you an accurate detail from head-
•luarters, but this is now hupossible. The communication with the
army is entirely obstructed by the enemy. On Wednesday last the
mail was escorted by between two hundred and three hundred men.
A severe engagement ensued on the way. Our troops retreated,
formed, and fought valiantly for a time, until overpowered by the
enemy, which consisted of both Indians and British. Twenty-five of
the escort went from this place, and but .^eveii of them have returned,
and some of them are wounded. From the best information we
have, about one -half of the escort were killed and missing. It seems
to have been a dreadful havoc. The road was strewed with the
mangled bodies of the dead ! A prisoner escaped from Maiden, and

136

Preparation for the

came in here yesterday, who states on oath that l»e saw the mail
opened in the British garrison, wliich was supposed to have been
taken in the battle of Wednesday last, and that there was much
sport in Maiden in consequence of arresting the public papers, which
were examined by the enemy.

I have also to state that a severe engagement took place day
before yesterday three or four miles the other side of Brownstown,
very near the place of the battle ground of Wednesday, and it is
confirmed by two Frenchmen who fled from a boat ^being there
prisoners,) that our troops were victorious, and the enemy experi-
enced a total defeat. Such are the reports here ; and such the general
opinion relative to the battles of Wednesday and Sunday. But, sir, we
are all in doubt and anxiety about the details of the two last engage-
ments. As many as five different expresses have been sent from this
place to General Hull to get tidings from the army, and not one has
been heard of or returned. The expresses sent were confidential men
and persons well acquainted with the woods. An express man is
here now waiting from Buffalo, in the State of New York, who
says the British have started three vessels to reinforce Maiden ; and
one of the Frenchmen from Maiden states that the three vessels
have arrived at Maiden with reinforcements. A rejoicing ensued
at the fort, and the guns were heard at tliis place.

Captain Brush's company arrived here on the 0th, all in good
health and good spirits. There are now about one hundred and
sixty troops hero (exclusive of the militia, which cannot be relied
on.) Great suspicion is attached to the Frenchmen living in and
about this place. The people are flocking into the stockade for
protection, and the town and country around are alarmed.

I cannot inform you, sir, what course will be pursued here. If
there is even a probable chance of seeing Detroit without incurring
the reputation of rashness, I shall proceed to headquarters. If not,
I shall wait with the rest of the troops till I can hear from General
Hull.

I have but little time to write. The bearer now waits. I must,
however, be permitted to suggest that I think our army is in a pt-
carioua situation. There are many sick or unable to do duty-
several have been killed or wounded ; and it is possible the Avhole
corps may dissolve for reasons known to your excellency, unless
encouraged by immedinte reinforcement. Would not the volunteers
from Gallia and Athens counties march without delay to this place,
with orders to report themselves to the commandant here ?

With deference I submit to your excellency this hasty summary,
and meanwhile am, sir, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant, Jessup N. Codch.

His Excellency, Return J. Meigs.

Before the surrender of Hull took place, extensive preparations
had been made in Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia and Pennsylvania, to

Defence of the Maumee Valley.

187

brine into service a large and efficient army. Three points needed
defence, Fort Wayne and the Maumee Valley, and the Wabash and
Illinois coimtry. The troops destined for the Maumee were to bo
under the command of General Winchester, a Revolutionary officer
resident in Tennessee, and but little known to the frontier men.

Reaching Cincinnati, he addrcsacd (Jovernor Aleigs the following
letter :

Cincinnati, 9th September, 1812.

Sir: — I am thus far on my way to assume the command of the
army on your Northwestern frontier. 1 shall leave this place
to-niorro\v"for Piqua, wiiere I shall be extremely glad to see you,
in order to consult with you relative to the best possible means of
protecting the exposed frontier of the State of Ohio, without losing
sight, at the same time, of Upper Canada. I am authorized by the
Secretary of War to call on your excellency for reinforcements of
militia. On this subject, also, a personal interview is desirable.

Should it, however, be inconvenient to you, sir, to meet me at
Piqua, or at some other place on my route, you will be good enough
to communicate to me in writing your ideas on the subject of the
protection of your frontier inhabitants, as well as the extent of mili-
tia you can furnish upon my requisition.

I have the honor to be, with high consideration,

Your obedient servant,

J. Winchester,
Brigadier General U. 8. Army.

To His Excellency R. J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio.

And from his headquarters at Fort Wayne the following:

Headquarters, Fort Wayne, 32d September, 1813.

Sir: — I had the honor last night of receiving your excellency's
Idispatch of the 16th instant, coveiing a communication from General
jWadsworth, for which I beg you will accept my sincere thanks.
IWitli you, I rejoice at the prospect of regaining lost territory, and at
jthe determination of the President on a vigorous course of measures ;
ind I still hope to winter in Detroit or its vicinity the ensuing
(season.

To enable me, in part, to effect this purpose, I avail myself of the

iauthority given me by the Secretary of War, to call upon your

feNccllency for such reinforcements as I may deem necessary. You

vill please to furnish two regiments of infantry to join me at the

:{apids of the Miami of the lake, about the lOth or 15th of October

138

Oeveral Winchester at Defiance.

next, well clotlu'd for ii full rampuign. ArniH imd iiiniTiunitioii caii
be tiniwii fmm Newport, Kenliicky. it Ih extrctiit'ly dcHiroiM to nit
that iiu time may be lout in .sii[»plyiM^f tliU re(|iii8ition. The cold
season is fast ajtproaehiuff, ami the stain on the Ameriean chanietci
at Detn)it not yi't wiped away.

If yon conld fnrnisii one other rej^iment to rendezvons at Piqim,
and proceed to open and improve the road, by eauHeways, etc.. t
Detuiiiee. it would jfreatly facilitate the tran.sport,ation of HUpplu-N tn
this arniy, wliieh i.s imperatively requisite to its welfare. This liittei
regiment might then return, or proceed on after the army, n?
circumstances should dictate.

1 have the honor to be, with high respect,

Your obedient servant,

.F. Winchester,

Bri(j. Gen. IT. S. Army.

To His Excellency lleturn J. Moigs, Governor of the State of Ohio.

And on the 15th of October, 181'2, not having been informed u;
the appointment of (kmeral Harrison, on tiie previous mouth, to
the chief command of the Northwestern army. General Winchester
a^Idressed Governor Meigs the following letter:

Camp Defianck, Mouth of the Auglaize,
15th October, 1812.

Sir : — Captiiin Wt>od. commanding a small party of spies, camf
into this camp yesterday, .and reports that he w.as detached from
TTrbana to visit tlie rapids, etc. ; that he fell in with other spif«
who hail just returned from that place, and had obtaiiu>d all the in
formation tli;it he possibly could I therefore have directed liimtn |
return and report, deeming it unnecessary that he should proceed, as
the inlbnu.'ition required had been obtaine<l, and being desirious. tno.
to communicate to your excellency that tl. is army could immediately
march and take possession of the rapids, if supplies of provision*,
ifec . could certainly reach us in a few days after our arrival. Many j
days provisions could not be carried with us, because it is not hce.
Neither h.ave we the means of transportation, and it is impovtani
that the corn at that place should be saved if it could be done.

At this place a })icketed post with four block-houses, two siouf |
houses and a house for the sick, will be finished this day. Thenl
shall tui'u tny attention to building pirogues for the purpose otj
trausportiug heavy baggage and provisions down the river, ami
anxiously wait your answer with relation to supplies. I shall remain |
in readiness to march as soon as it is received.

It (reneral

! tents of this I
nIkiiiM addret
I have the 1

To His Excell

The appointi
lover all the f
|]7th of Septen
lonth.

The followir
^iist to the adra
from the War ]

Sir: The Pn
'J^orth western
I'-ingers in thos(
Jf Kentucky, CJ
jinia ;ui(l Peini
;lioiisaii(l men.

■•iving procc

lill retake !)»

-.iii.'kIm, you wi

JdiM- coiiim.-md

Imiii ot .•irtiller

lil'ie, rcijuires t'i

Y that place, wi
leceive your \n^
leport himself t(
Inil join you wit

V receive such o
TJeginieut of Di
liau-ly. Such st
fill be aj)proved

Copies of all

|i':insiuitted. M

' i'uniisli mag.az

m Deputy V^u

Itores and munit

General Harrimn Commander-in-Chief. 139

It (toncral llarriHon i« at Urbiina, you will communioato tho con-
ItJ'titN of this I'.'ttcr to him. If I know whoro ho could bo founrl, I
Uhotilil iultlrt'SH n letter to him on tho «umo Hubjoct.

1 havo the honor to bo, with iijrcnt roHpect.

Your KxcoUoncy's obeiliont Hcrvant,

J. Wl.VOHKSTER,

Brif/in/irr (reueral f/, *S'. Army.
Ito Ilis Excellency Return J. McigH, Urbana.

Tho appointment of Harrison to the post of Commander-in-Chief
over all the forcos in the West and NorthwcHt, was made on the
|]7th of September, 1H12, and officially ratitiod on tho '24th of that
lonth.

The following judicious instructions, liberal in their spirit, and
just to the adrainistratiou and to General Ilarrison, were forwarded
from the War Department :

VVak Department, September 17, 1812.

Sir : The President is pleased to assign to you the command of tho

foithweslern arm) which, in addition to the regular troops and

faniferH in those (j rs, will consist of the volunteers and militia

KeiitiK'ky, C)hi( i.iree thousjind th'tached militia from Vir-

tiiiia .iiiil l*ennsyivui.i.i, making your whole force consist of ten

^liniisaiid men.

Having proceeded for the protection of the western frontier, you
Rill ro take Detroit and, with a view to tho concjuest of l^pper
[Canada, you will |)enelrato that country as soon as the force under
jTiiur I'ointnand will Justify. Every c.vertion is making to give you a
liaiii ot artillery from Pittsburgh, to etlect which, yi)U must bi- .sen-
|il)lo, riMjuires time. Major Stoddard, the senior officer of artillery
Y that place, will advise you of his arrangements autl projects, and
receive your instructions. Captain Gratiot, of the engineers, will
h'port himself to you from Pittsburgh. He will receive your orders
Ind Join you with the tirst pieces of artillery which can be prepared,
W receive such orders as you may direct. Major Ball of the Second
u'ginieut of Dragoons will also report himself and join you imme-
liaic'ly. Such staff officers as you may appoint, conformably to law.
Irill be approved by the President.

Copies of all the contracts for supplying provisions have been
jran(iinitted. Mr. Denny, the contractor at Pittsburgh, is instructed
tuniish magazines of provisions at such points as you may direct.
Hie Deputy Quartermaster at Pittsburgh will continue to forward
tores and munitions of every kind, and will meet your requisitions.

140

General Jlarrison^s Plan.

Colonel Buford, Deputy Commissioner at Lexington, is furnished
with funds and is subject to your orders. Should an additional pur-
chasing commissary become necessary, you will appoint one, and
authorize him to draw and sell bills on this department. It seemi)
desirable to keep the local contractors in re(|uisition as far as they
can supply. With these objects in view you will command sucb
means as may be practicable. Exercise your own discretion and
act in all cases according to your own judgment.
Very respectfully, I have the honor to be,

Sir, your obedient servant,

W. EUSTIS.
To General Wm. H. Harrison, Commanding the N. W. Army.

Meantime Fort Wayne had been relieved, and the line of the
Maumee secured ; so that, when Harrison found himself placed at
the head of military aHairs in the West, his main objects 'vere
as will have been noted, first, to drive the hostile Indians fromtLv
western side of the Detroit river ; second, to take Maiden ; and thiiVi
having thus secured his communications, to recai)turc the Michica;
territory and its dependencies.

The plan adopted by General Harrison to meet the duties inciii!:
bent upon him was, to collect the troops at four points, Woostt:
Urbana, Fort Defiance and St. Mary's. From these places li
object for concentration for his troops Avas the rapids of the Maurat
The forced expedition at first adopted against Detroit was iio«
abandoned, because the infantry could not be in readiness to seciir
and retain the acquisition, shoulu it be made.

The base line of the new campaign w'as one drawn from Upper
Sandusky along the southerly side of the swampy district to St,
Mary's. These two places, with Fort McArthur between them.
were intended as the depots for provisions, .artillery and niilitan
stores. The troops at Defiance were intended to act as a corps ol
observation, and when the artillery should be brought to bpper
Sandusky, they were to advance to the rapids. At Lower Saiuliiskv
a corps of observation was also stationed, which, wiiii that at Deliaiice,
would form the extremities of the new military base, Avhen the array
should have reached the advanced j)osition mentioned on the Ma"-
mee. These arrangements covered the frontiers by the diti'ereii;
corps, and kept the troops within the bounds of tlie ordinary coj
tractors; while the quartermasters were accumulating provisioi'l

Fort Jennings Erected.

141

farther in advance, and procuring means of transportation across
the difficult district of country so well termed the Black Swamp.
General Winchester was in command of the troops at Fort Waj'!i_',
and General Harrison had proceeded to St. Mary's, where about three
thousand men were collected for the purpose of the expedition.
against Detroit already alluded to. This expedition had been
abandoned by the commanding General, for reasons which have
l)ec'i. already assigned, AVhile in this position, information was
leceived by Quartermaster Thomas D. Carneal, that a large force
(if British and Indians, with artillery, was passing up the left bank
of the Maumee, towards Fort Wayne. General Harrison immedi-
, aiely determined by a rapid march upon the coniiuence of the
l Aui^laize with the Maumee. to try and intercept the return of this
i (letachnient, knowing it would be met in front by the return of
\ Winchester. The force under the immediate command of the Gen-
eral at this time consisted of some troops of cavalry from Ohio and
; Kentucky ; the mounted corps of Finley of the former State, and
lot R. M. Johnson belonging to the latter ; together with the in-
Ifantry regiments of Poague, Barbee and Jennings. The latter oificer
rvith his regiment had previously been detached to erect an inter-
[mecliate post between St. Mary's and Defiance, called Fort Jennings.
On the oOth of September,* General Harrison set out on the pro-
posed expedition. Apprehensive that the infantry would too much
retard his progress, after the first day's march, the two regiments
l^vere ordered to return ; and the General, at the head of the cavalry,
icontinued his march. No weather, or condition of a country, could
be more trying to the feelings and the subordination of irregular
kioops, than during this forced expedition of General Harrison, The
pin fell in torrents: the fiat beech woods were covered with water,
knd they were so swampy that the horses sank half leg deep at every
Itep, On the close of the second day's march, the troops encamped
a bottom of the Auglaize,

" A description of the bivouac of this night might well serve for that

bt'many similar ones which were passed by the General and his troops

ling this campaign, with the exception of the increase of suffer-

•Here is an cnor In date, made bj' Mr. Dntler, in his History of Kentuclty, authority

pich iH generally regarded, and jiiftly, too, of the hifjhoat character. It muHt have been

iveral days later than Scpifmber aotli; for, on the l.'itli of October, General Wincliester

rritos to Onveriior Mei{,'s that he was desirous of eoniniunienting with (ieneral Harrison, but

luot " know where he could be found."

142

A Night Bi/vouac on the Auglaize.

ing from the severe cold of winter. The troops being on a forced
march, were not suffered to encamp as long as there was light
enough to march. They were formed as well as possible in an
order ot encampment, and guards placed out. The ground of tk
encampment here spoken of, was on the side of the Auglaizt
river, in a flat beech bottom, which was nearly covered by tht
water from the rain, which fell in torrents during the whole night
The troops were without axes, and their tomahawks could effeoi
nothing with the large green beech trees. Happy were they whu
could tiud a dry log in which a fire could be kindled. Those who
had not this good fortune were obliged to content themselves witli I
passing the night sitting on their saddles at the roots of the trees,
against which they leaned and procured a little sleep. Being" sepa-
rated from the baggage, there were few who had anything to eat,
or spirits to drink. In a situation of this kind, men are peevishdj
ill-natured, in the venting of which a thousand circumstances contii-
ually occur. To prevent ebullitions of this kind, and to produce I
more pleasant feelings, the General, seated round a small tirewitU
his staff, wrapped in his cloak, and taking the rain as it fell, directed
one of his officers to sing an Irish glee. The humor of this son J
and the determination which seemed to exist at hciulqnarters topm
circumstances at defiance, soon produced cheerfulness and gooiil
humor throughout the camp."

Hy day-break of the next morning, the march was resumed, tkl
troops being required to be in readiness to mount by reveille.
the course of the next day, the General was met by an ofliwl
from General Winchester, who informed him of the latter oil
cer's arrival at Fort Defiance, and the united body of British anil
Indians had retired down the Maumee. Ho then prosecuted hiij
march, with a small escort, to Winchester's camp, leaving
detachment to come up more at their leisure. He arrived late>i|
night.

At Fort Detif nee a revolt in the Kentucky regiment ot Coloneil
Allen took place, which, for its honorable termination, as welUj
from motives ot historical fidelity, requires to be mentioned. Ill
has been but obscurely alluded to by General McAfee and llj
Dawson.

Soon after General Harrison's arrival at camp, and after he
retired to enjoy some little repose, so welcome to anv one wholuij
been exposed on the preceding conifortlegs and forced expediliotl

jtlie diVooiitontc'd
N^Pectatiou of fi

Defiance — Revolt in a Kentucky Regiment. 143

he found himself suddenly awakened by Colonel Allen and Major
M. D. Hardin. These officers were the bearers of the mortiiying
news that Allen's regiment, exhausted by the hard fare of the cam-
i»ai£>n, and disappointed in the expectation of an immediate engage-
ment with the enemy, had, in defiance of their duty to their country,
and all the earnest, impassioned remonstrances of their officers,
(lelermined to return home. The&o officers assured General Harri-
son that they could do nothing with their men ; that their represen-
tations were answered by insults alone. They begged the- General
to rise and interfere, as the only officer who had any prospect of
bringing the mutineers back to their duty. He refused to interfere
at that time, but assured the gentlemen that he would attend to
the serious object of their request in his own way, and at his own
time. The officers retired. In the meantime. General Harrison sent
oue of his aids to direct General Winchester to order the alarm, or
point of war, to be beat on the following morning, instead of the
reveille. This adroit expedient brought all the troops to their arms
the first thing in the morning. It diverted the spirits of the discon-
tented troops into a new channel of feeling, and prepared them for
the subsequent events.

On the parading of the troops at their i)osts, General Winchester

was ordered to form them into a hollow square. General Harrison

now appeared upon parade, much to the surprise of the troops, who,

from his late arrival in camp, were unapi>rised of his presence. If

the smlden and unexpected arrival of tiieir favorite commander had

!^o visible ail effect upon the men, his immediate address to them

fully preserved the impression. He began by lamenting that there

were, as he was informed, considerable discontent in out- of the

Kentucky regiments: this, although a source of mortilication to

himself, on their acciumt, was happily of little consetiuence to the

government. He had more troo]is than he knew well what to do

with at the present stage of the campaign; he was expecting daily

j the arrival of the Pennsylvania and Virginia quotas, it is fortunate,

I 'aid this otlicer, with the ready oratory for which his native Virginia

is So famed, that he had found out this dissatisfaction before the

[ Ciuupaifi;n was farther advanced, when the discovery might have been

mischievous to the public interests, as well as disgraceful to the

p:u'tit.'s concerned. Now, so far as the government was interested,

jilie discontented troops, who had come into the woods with the

[expectation of finding all the luxuries of home and of peace, had

144 Defiance — Revolt in a Kentucky Reghn&nt.

full liberty to return. He would, he continued, order faci ities to be
furnisiied for their immediate accommodation. But he could not
refrain from expressing the mortification he anticipated for tiie
reception they would meet from the old and the young, who had
greeted them on their march to the scene of war, as their gallant
neighbors.

What mnst be their feelings, said the General, to see those whom
they had hailed as their generous defenders, now returning without
striking a blow, and before their term of plighted service had ex-
pired ? But if this would be the state of })ublic sentiment in Ohio,
what would it be in Kentucky? If their lathers did not drive their
degenerate sons back to the lield of battle to recover their wouikW
honor, their mothers and sisters would hiss them from their presence,
If, however, the discontented men wen- disposed to i)ut up withal!
the taunts and disdain which awaited them wherever they win,
they were, General Harrison again assured them, at full liberty to:-
back.

The iniluence of this animated address was instantaneous. Tli-,
was evinced in a manner most flattering to the tact and numagenitii; \
of the commander. Colonel J. M. Scott, the senior Colonel of Ktii-
lucky, and who had served in the armies of Harniar, St. Clair, an ;
Wayne, in the medical staff, now aildressed his men. These weiv
well known in the army as the " Iron Works," from the neighbor-
hood from which they had come. " You, my boys, ' said the generoi;:
veteran, " will prove your attachment for the service of your iiountn
and your General, by giving him three cheers.' The address wt
attended with immediate success, and the air resounded with i:
shouts of both ofHcers and men.

Colonel Lewis next took up the same course, and with the saii]
effect.

It now became the turn of the noble Allen again to try the teni]W
of Ms men. He begged leave of the General to address them; bm
excess of emotion chokeil his utterance ; at length he gave veiitto
the contending feelings of his heart, in a broken, but forcible adclre»
breathing the lire which ever burned so ardently in his breast. ^\
the close of it, however, he conjured the soldiers of his regiment k
give the General the .same manifestation of their patriotism iiiidrr
turning sense of duty, which the other Kentucky regiments liad?
freely done. The wishes of their high spirited officer were comi'li^
with; and a mutiny was nipped in its bud, which might, if persist^t

Oiiii.sc. ;^

til rough tl

ottered up

of Raisin.

(leiieral

siibonlinati

t'wl H'incli

officer were

iiicnts of f

;uldi(i()j)al n

(.'i»luiu'l Bo(

'ii'aluiisoilice

fodiviw u])()

"IiieJi he mi;

•'li^ coniinaiid

, ft now hoc

■ his attention

^'■<'0]is, wliiel,

; ;i'iil Virginia.

,1 «1' tlie Ohio n

only provision

niiiterie] of w;

■ "'Jieii but two
f'i<-'(]ii,'grjiocfii|
'Uul whicJi tilt"
''•-' Iiad rather
'""•g'l withoul
^''^Mviiolocoim
Pliwl with all .
"We to Aim is) 1
which the can-ii
'J''iis Was flu.
'" 'i "lost ini]),,,
Colonel Mor
I .^^'illiarn Piatf, .
' "' '''^' service, t(
["■estern army.

Defiance — Revolt in a Kentucky Regiment. 145

iti'oK

ill. have spread disafloctioii through the Kentucky troops, to the
disgrace of that gallant State, and the lasting injury of the public
c.inso. No troops, however, behaved more faithfully or zealously
111 rough the n-uKiiiuler of their service, till the greater part of them
oH'civd up their lives in defence of their country on the fatal Held
(if Kaisin.

(ieneral Harrison having ([uelled this unhapjjy disturbance, in the
subordination of the troops, now made his arrangements witn CJen-
cral Winchester, for the full command of the left wing. To this
oilicer were committed the regulars under Colonel Wells, the regi-
ments of Scott, Lewis and Allen, already mentioned, and the
additional regiments under Colonels Poague, Barbee, and Jennings.
Colonel Bodley, the quarternnister of this wing, an etlicient and
zealous orHcer of Kentucky, was fully empowered by Ceneral Harrison
to draw upon the treasury for the carrying into elfect all orders
which he might receive from (ieneral Winchester for the supply of
his eonunaiul.

It now became necessary for the commanding General to direct
his attention to the arrangements for the accommoilation of the
troops, which were marching to his reinforcement from Pennsylvania
and Virginia. 'IMiese, together with the brigade of (Ieneral Perkins,
of the Ohio militia, constituted the right wing of the army. Not
only provisions were to be collected for this body of men, but all the
materiel of war, ammunition and artillery, were yet to be obtained.
It will hardly be believed in the future history of America, that
when tint two pieces of disposable artillery of small calibre had, by
I he disgraceful surrender of Hull, bern left in the Western country,
and which the comnuuuling General informed the Secretary of War
he had rather be without, cannon should have been sent to Pitts-
liurgh without their carriages. Yet such was the fact : and when
the whole country su])]ioscd (Jeneral Harrison was thoroughly sup-
plied with all the munitions of war, which the governnu'ut was so
able to furnish, the trees were still growing about Pittsburgh, out of
which the carriages of the artillery were to be manufactured.

This was the state of protracted destitution of the army, in regard
to a most important military arm.

Cdlonel ]\Ioirison, an old Ilcvolutioiuiry officer, and Colonel
William Piatt, had l)een aj^pointed deputy (^uartermasters-Cieneral
the service, to act at the head of their department in the North-
I western army. These officers were placed under the command of

146

General Tujp'per to Governor Meigs.

General Winchester ; ajid lie was fully informed of the general plan
of tlie campaign by General Harrison, and thus became responsible
for the part assigned him, in the general operations of the military
service.

General E. W. Tnpper, commanding the central column, addressed
to Governor Meigs the following letter:

Camp, Near McArtkjr's Block-House,)
November 9th, 1812. j

Sir: — 1 have for some time thought a ])risoner from near the
!Maumee Rapids would at this time be of much service, and highly
acceptable to General Ilarrisun. For this i)urpose I ordered Cai»taiii
llinkton to the Kapids, with his comi)any of spies, Avith orders to
Take a prisoner, if iiossibje. Tie has just returned, and brought in
with him Cai)lain A, Clark, a l>ritisli subject, wiio resides two miles
above Maiden, and was out with a party of about five hur. ^red Indians
and liI'Ly ]5ritish, with two gunboats, six bateaux, and one small
schooner at the ibut of the liapids, to gather in and carry ovlt to
Maiden the corn. Captain Clark had but just arrived with the vau
of the detiichnient. The vessels and boats had not yet anchored
when the spies surprised him as he advanced a lew rods from the
shore to reconnoitre, and brought him ott undiscovered ; and this
from a number of Indians, who were killing hogs and beginning to
gather corn. At the same time, several of Captain llinkton's fipk>
lay concealed on the bank within live rods of the place where soiiu
of the first boats were landing. Captain llinkton has condiicteil
this business with great skill and address. Captain Clark was taken
prisoner on the 7th instant, a little before sun setting. He inform;
me that the force now at the liapids contemplated remaining there
from ten to llfteen days, in order to convey the whole of the eorii in
that neighborhood to JNIalden. I know not, sir, whether it will meet
your api)robation, or that of our commander-in-chief: but I have
orderccl every man in the brigade who does not fear the fatigues ula
rapid nuirch, ;ind is in a conilition to perform it, to draw live days'
provisions, and march with me for the liai)ids in the morniug.
taking nothing with them but their provisions, knapsacks aiiJ
blankets. Although the force will not exceed six hundred am!
fifty, I -am convinced it is sufficient to rout the force nowattki
Eapids, and save the greater })art of the corn, which is all-imiiortaiit |
tons. A moment --- - . „ .,

three days.

I have also sent an express to General AVinchcster, advisin?
him of the situation of the enemy, and of our march; but a;
we can reach the Jtapids one day sooner than General Winchestei|
Avaiting for my express, I could not think of losing one day,
thereby sutler the enemy to escape with the forage.

it is not to be lost. We shall be at the Eapids ia^B To hig Jj^-p^^jj^.j

British Officer Captured.

147

Captain Clark informs me that there are but few Indians now at
Miiklen ; that they have principally been in antl received their
anmiities and returned to their families. The Brownstown Indians
are now at the liapids with the foraging party — amounting to about
sixtv mounted warriors. The othei Indians now at tlie Rapids are
Cliippeways, Ottawas and Pottawotamies, who came up in the vessels
and canoes. Detroit is now garrisoned with lifty men of the forty-
tiist regiment, under the command of General Proctor. They have
made no improvement on the fort. The battery opposite to Detroit
is demolished. Eight large pieces of cannon taken at Detroit, now
lie on the wharf at Maiden. Captain Clark cannot say what num-
ber of cannon are mounted at I)etroit; — he thinks but few, and
those small. iMalden is garrisoned with about five hundred regular
troops of the forty-llrst regiment, and about two hundred militia. It
mounts four heavy cannon in each bastion, consisting of 18-pounders
and long 9-i)ounders. The greatest force of militia they have ever
been able to raise was about four hundred. Tiie Indian force at the
surrender of Detroit did not exceed seven hundred — the British
regulars and militia between six and seven hundred. Captain Clark
must be a good judge of the force, having been in the battles of
Brownstown and JMaguuga, and tvt the surrender of Detroit. At
Maiden they are strengthening the fortifications, though they do not
calculate on an expedition from the United States this season. They
are apprised of General Winchester's force, but understand he is
building a fort at Defiance, and is to remain there during the winter.
They have no knowledge of any other preparations making in the
State of Ohio. i

This contains the most important part of the information I have
gained from Captain Clark. I have given him to understand that
liis treatment hereafter will depend entirely upon the truth of his
relations. I send him off in the morning to General Harrison. I
write you, sir, in great haste. The pre})arations making for our
march will employ me the whole night. I take with me one light
G-nounder, drawn by six horses. 1 am in hopes of tinding some of
those vessels iu the river, and with this piece I can advance thirty
miles per day.

I am, very respectfully,

Your p]xcellency's most obedient servant,

Edward W. Tupper,

Brif/iicUer Oen. Ohio Quota.

To his Excellency R. J. Meigs, Governor of Ohio.

P. S. — I shall not take a man with me but such as volunteer their
siryiees. I have assured them that they will have to endure liunger,

S iatigue, difficulties and dangers. Such as fear to risk their lives, or
encounter the sufferings of a rapid march, on short rations, I leave

^i behind to guard our camp.

148

The SltuMlon at the close of 1812.

Tlie troops commanded by Goneral Tupper were raised chictlv
from the county of liis residence, (^Gallia,) and from Lawrence iim!
Jackson couniios.

Tlius, at the close of the year 1812, nothing efTectiial had Ijceii
done towards the re-con(|ues^t of Michigan. Winchester, witii the
left wing of tlie army, was at Defiance, on his way to the Rapiils,
his men enfeebled by sickness, want of clothes, and want of food:
the right wing at Upper Sandnsky, and tlie centre resting at Fort
McArtlnir.

Several smaller operations had taken ])lace, and one of some
imi)ortance oc(.'nrred near tiie close of the year, when General liiirri-
son disjiatched a party of six hnndred men against the Mijimi
villages upon the Mississinneway, a branch of the Wabash. This
body, under the command of Tjieutenant Colonel Canipboll,
destroyed several villages and fought a severe battle with the
Indiiins, who were defeated; but the severity of the weather, the
nuuiljer of his wounded (forty-eight), the scarcity of provisions, and
the fear of an attack from Tecumseh, at the head of six hundred fresh
savages, led Colonel Campbell to retreat immediately after the battle,
without destroying the i)rincipal town of the enemy. The expedi-
tion, however, was not without valual)le results, as it induced some
of the tribes to come openly and wholly under the protection ami
within the borders of the Republic.

0.1 the 10th of January, 1813, Winchester with his troops reached
the Rapids. From tlie 13th to the IGth, messengers arrived at Win-
chester's camp tVom the inhabitants of French town on the river]
Raisin, representing the danger to which that [)lace was exposeil
from the hostility of the British and Indians, and begging for pro-
tection. These rejiresentations and petitions excited the feelings of
the Americans, and led them, forgetful of the main objects of the
campaign, and of military caution, to determine upon the step of
sending a strong party to the aid of the sufi'erers. On the ITtli, ac-
cordingly. Col. Lewis was despatched with 550 men to the river
Raisin, and soon after Col. Allen foUoAved with 110 men. Marchinj
along the frozen borders of the Bay and Lake, on the afternoon of
the 18th the Americans reached and attacked the enemy who were
posted in the village, and after a severe contest defeated theui. i
Having gained ])ossession of the town. Colonel Ijewis wrote for rein-
forcements and prepared himself to defend the position he liiid j
gained. And it was evident that all his means of defence would bf

Winch ester'' s AlUtake.

149

needed, as the pliicc was but eigliteeri milf!^ from MaUUui, wliere the
whole lii'ilish Ibrcc was colloctetl umlcr Proctor. Winclioster, on
the inth, having lieard of the action of the previous day, niarclied
witli ;J5tf men, wliich was tlie most he dared detaoli from the Rapids,
to tlie aid of tlu; cajitor of Frenohtown, which i)hice lie reached on
the next evening. But instead of placing his men in a secure posi-
tion, and taking measures to prevent the srcret a])proach of the
eneniv, Winchester sntfered the troops he had brought with him to
rejnain in the open ground, and took uoellicient measures to protect
himself from surprise, although inft)rmed that an attack might be
expected at any moment. The consequence was that during tlie
iiiglit of the 21st the whole British force approached undiscovered
and erected a battery within 300 yards of the American camp.
From this, before the troops were fairly under arms in the morning,
a discharge of bombs, balls, and grapeshit, informed the devoted
soldiers of Winchester of tlie folly of their commander, and in a
moment more the dreaded Indian yell sounded on every side. The
troops under Lewis Avere i)rotected by the garden jiickets behind
which their commander, who alone seems to have been upon his
gnard, had stationed them ; the troops yielded, bi'oke and fled, but
lied under a fire which mowed them down like grass ; Winchester
and Lewis (who had left his pickets to aid his superior ofHcer), were
taken i)risoners. Upon the party who fought f-om behind their
slight defences, however, no impression could be made, and it was
not till Winchester was induced to send them what Avas deemed an
order to surrender that they dreamed of doing so. This Proctor
persuiided him to do by the old story of an Lulian massacre in case
of continued resistance, to which he added a promise of help and
protection for the wounded, and of a removal at the earliest
moment; without which last promise the troops of Lewis refused to
yield even when required by their General. But the promise, even
if jijiven in good faith, was not redeemed, and the horrors of the
succeeding night and day will long be remembered by the inhab-
itants of the frontier. Of a i)ortion of those horrors we give a
description in the words of an eye-witness :

NiciroLASviLLE, Keutiicky, April 24th, 1^13.

Sir: — Yours of the Ath instant, re(ptcsting me to give you a
statement respecting the late disaster at FronchtoAvn, was duly
received. .I?est assured, sir, that it is with sensations the most

150

21i6 Mmmore at liiver Huimi.

unpleiisaiit that I iiiulcrtiiko to recount tli»> iMfiimous and Ijarbarotis
coiuluct of the Urili.sli and Indians after tlie battk- of tlie :i2d
January. 'I'lio blood runs cold iu my voins wIku I think of it.

On the niorniui^ of the 'Jlid, .shortly after lifjlit, six or cifflit Indiiins
came to tho liouse of .lean Unptisto Jcreaume. where I was, in com-
pany with Major (J raves, (Japtains Ilail and Hickman, Doctor 'I'otUl,
and liftecii or twenty volunteers, belonnin;^ to dilferent corps, Thuy
did not molest any person or thin<i[ on iheir lirst approach, but kept
saunterin^j: about until there was a large number collected (say one
or two hundred), at which time tliey commenced ])lunderin^' the
liouBcs of the iidnilnlants, and the massacre of tho wounded
prisoners. I was one amongst the first that was taken ]>risoner, iuid
was taken to a horse about twenty j)aces from the house, after buin;,'
divested of part of my clothiuf?, and comnumded by signs there to
remain for further orders. Shortly after being there, I saw them
knock down Cajjtain llic^kman at the door, together with several
others with whom I was not accpuiinted. Supposing a general mii>-
sacre had commenced, I made an effort to get to a house al)out oin
hundred yards distant, which contained a number of wounded, h,ii
on my reachii.g the house, to my great moitification, found it sur-
rounded by Indians, which precluded the iiossibility of my giviiii:
notice to the unfortuiuite victims of savag(^ barbarity. An Indian
chief of the Tawa tribe of the name of K'Carty, gave me possession
of his lurse and blanket, telling me by signs to lead the horse to the
house wliicli 1 had just before left. 'IMie Indian that first took nn,
by this time came up, and manifested a liostile disposition towunK
me, by raising his tomalniwk as if to give mo the fatal blow, wliicii
was prevented by my very good friend M"(!arty. On my reaching'
the house wliich I had first started from, 1 saw Ihe Indians take oil
several prisoners, wliich I afterwards saw in the road, in a ino.'-i
mangled condition, and entirely strij)ped of their clothing.

Messrs. Bradford, Searls, Turner and Blythe, were collected roniu!
a carryall, which contained articles taken by the Indians from tb'
citizens. We had all been placed there, by our resjiective captoiN
except Blythe, who came where we were entreating an Indian to
convey him to Maiden, promising to give him forty or fifty dollars,
and whilst in the act of pleading for mercy, an Indian more savii<ii'
than the other, ste])ped up behind, tomahawked, stripi)ed and scalped
him. The next that attracted my attention, was the houses on tire
that contained several wounded, whom I knew were not able to ,ffit
out. After the houses Avere nearly consumed, we received marcliiii!;
orders, and after arriving at Sandy Creek, the Indians called a halt
and commenced cooking: after pre]iaring and eating a little sweet-
ened gruel, Messrs. Bradford, Searles, Turner and myself, received
some, and were eating, when an Indian came up and proi)osed
exchanofing his moccasins for Mr. Searls' shoes, which he readilv
complied with. They then exchanged hats, after which the Indian
inquired how many men Harrison had Avith him, and, a,t the same

time, oallii

litiu'k and i

the body.

to resist, ai

his oyc.i an(

I was near

fatal blow, i

saw three oi

town, wliiel

being expos

we were pni

covered witi

when we a<

river Koiige,

(lays, tlicn t

of the j)roci

cation whici

Baker, and t

have partieu

far as came i

I am, sii

Jesse Bledsoe

Of the An
were killed in
•5o escaj)ed.

Oeneral If;
U' ill eh ester ]
eiiiiie to liim
some meditate
Lower Sandu.-
'•attalion of ti
learned what t
and with addi
he arrived ear
arrival of the
outstripped; t

The Massacre at Hiner Raisin.

151

t,im<\ oiilliii!^ Soarls a Wnsliinfr^on or Madison, then riiisod his toma-
hawk and strnok him on llu' slionldcr, wliu-h cnt into tlic oavily ol"
the body. Scarls then can.irlit holil ol" tiic ti)niahawk and appeared
to resist, and npi»n my lolIin<( iiim his fate was inevitable, be closed
hi.s eye.j anil recived tbr' savai^e blow wliicb tiTniinated lii.s existence.
I was near cnonj;;!) to liini to receive tin.' brains and l)lood, after the
tatal blow, on my I)lanket. A sliort time after the death of Searls. I
saw three others share a similar fate. We then set ont for lirowns-
town, which i)hice wo roaclied about 12 or I o'clock at ni^dit. Alter
l)ein)? exposed to several hours' incessant rain in rea(■bin^• that place,
we were put into the council house, tlu' lloor of which was j)artly
covered with water, at which place we remaineil until next morniui!!-,
when we a,i,'ain received marchinc; orders for their villau^e on the
river Kouge, which ))lace we made that day, where I was kept six
days, then taken to l^etroit and sold. I'or a more detailed account
(if till' proceedincis. I take the lil)ei'ty of referrini,' you to a publi-
calioa which ap|)eared in the jiiiblic prints, siijned l)y Ensign ,1. L.
Baker, and to the i)ublication of .Tudg-e Woodward, both of which 1
have parlieularly examined, and llnd them to be literally correct, so
far as came under my notice.

I am, sir, with due regard, your fellow-citizen,

(irsTAvrs M. Boavku,
Surgeon's Mate Fifth Regiment Kentucky Volunteera,

Jesse Bledsoe, Esq., Lexington.

Of the American army, which was about SOO strong, one-th.ird
were killed in the liattle and the massacre which followed, and but
:5lj escaped.

General Harrison, as we have stated, was at Upper Sandusky when
Winchester reached the lla}>ids: on the night of the IGth word
panic to him of the arrival of the left wing at that point, and of
some meditated movenuuit. He at once proceeded with all speed to
bower Sandusky, and on the morning of the ISth sent forward a
hattalion of troops to the support of Winchester. On the LOth ho
learned what the movement Avas that had been meditated and made,
and Avith additional troops he started instantly for the Rapids, where
he arrived early on tlu' morning of the ;.'Oth ; here he awaited the
arrival of tlu; regiment with Avhich he had started, but which he had
outstripped; this came on the evening of the 21st, and on the fol-
lowing morning was despatched to Frenchtown, while all the troops
belonging to the army of Winchester yet at the Rapids, 300 in
number, were also hurried on to the aid of their commander. But
it Avas, of course, in vain; on that morning the battle Avas fouglit,
and General Harrison Avith his reinforcements met thefcAV suivivors

152

TTavrimn A handons Fort Meigs.

long bflbro thoy roiichcd the ground. A council being culled, it was
ilecnicd uiiwirti' to lulvjiiu-c iiny rurtlirr, and tin- troojj.n retired to tiie
Rapids again ; here, during tile niglit, anotlier consultation took
place, the result of which was a di'teriniiuition to retreat yet fartluT
ill order to jircvent the juxsaibility of being cut ofF from tlio convoys
of stores and artillery upon their way from Sandusky. On the next
morning, therefore, the block-house which had been built was
destroyi'd, together with the provisions it contained, and the troops
retired to Portage river, eighteen miles in the rear of Winchester's
position, there to aivait the guns and reinfonu'ments which wore
daily expected, but which, as it turned out, were detained by rains
until the 30th of January. Finding his army 1700 strong. General
Harrison on the 1st of February again advanced to the Hapids,
where he took up a new and strt)nger position, at which point he
ordered all the troops as rapidly as possilile to gather. lie did this
in the hope of being able before the middle of the month to advance
upon Maiden, but the causes which compelled him to abandon this
hope are clearly set forth in the following letter addressed to the
Secretary of War:

ilEAOQUAUTKriS, FoOT OF TITK MlAMT RaPIDS,

11th February, 181 3.

Sir : — Having been joined by General Leftraech, with his brigade,
and a regiment of the Pennsylvania (]uota at Portage river, on the
;}Oth ultimo, I marched from thence on the 1st instant, and reached
this place on the morning of the '^d, with an effective force of aboin
sixteen hundred men. I iiave been since joined by a Kentucky
regiment, and General Tupper's Ohio brigade, which has increased
our numbers to two thousand non-commissioned officers and
privates. Y'our letter of the -27th ultimo, was received before I
left the camp at Portage river, and although the injunctions
contained in it were such as to produce many doubts of the
propriety of pushing on the arrangements calculated for the
accomplishment of the [)rincipal objects of the campaign duriiii;
the present winter, yet there were other considerations wliicli
produced a preponderence in my mind in favor of proseciitiiif;
them with vigor as long as a hope remained of their being suc-
cessful. I accordingly ordered the whole ol the troops of the left
wing, excepting one company for each of the six forts in that
([uarter — the balance of the Pennsylvania brigade, and the Ohio
brigade, under General Tupper, and a detachment of regular troops
and twelve months' volunteers, nnder the command of Lieutenant
Colonel Campbell, to march to this place as soon as posssible, believ-
ing I should be able to advance from hence by this day or to-mor-

Difficulties of Trant^povfiny Army Supplies. \tu\

row; aiul il' il^ wi'iv not in my puwLT to tiikc heiivy iirtilU'ry for the
siege of MaklcMi, I aliouKl !«' I'lmhli'd to scour tliu wholo country —
(lisiifr.so till! Indians — di'stroy all llu' shipitiiij^ of tho cncniy luid
tlio i^reator i)arl of tlioir i)r(>visions, jiud ii-uvc u ijorlioii at. or nciir
Brownstuwu until a further supply of cannon and stores couKl be*
broiiLrlit up. Such was my )»liin when I marched from Porta<;c
river on the list instant, anil my sitiiiition was such as to authorize
the stroiifjest hopos of success. Although tho ag<^regate amount of
all the efre(;tive nuMi in all the corfis above nu'ntioned was only a
luuuber that will greatly sur[)rise you to hv furnished with so nniny
nominal brigades, and the j)eriod of service of the Kentucky and
Oliie troops was rajjidly termiiuitiiig — some of iheni e\pirin<: about
the middle of the mouth, and all l)efore I ho last of it — I had estal)-
lished with thorn the i)rincipal that I had a right to march them to
lUiv ]H)int before the ihiy which would couiplete their fourteen
months' tour; and I know them to(» well to believe that they would
abimdou mo in the country of tho enemy. Provisions and ammuni-
tion were also on the road from the Samluskys | Upper and Lower |
anil McArthur's Block-house, in considerable (|uant ities, and measures
taken to supi)ly the means ot transportion for the advance from this
I place. These fair ])rospects have been entirely destroyed by circum-
stances which no human being could contrtd. 'Hie present is
precisely the season, in common years, when the most intense frosts
prevail in this country, giving the most ])erfect security and facility
in passing the lakes, rivers and swamps with which it abounds. For
the last twelve or liftcen days, however, it has been so warm that the
roads have becomi^ entirely In'okeu up, and for a considerable distance
jin our rear absolutely impassable for wagons or sleds, and can with
[great dillicnlty be traversed with single horses. A number of wagons
land sleds, loaded Avith ammunition and other munitions of war,
[have been eighteen days coming from Upper Sandusky, and are yet
[twenty-five miles off. Eighl days they were stopped by an nncom-
Inion h'eshet in the Tymocta, and have been two more in getting
|twenty-live miles. The weaHier has even affected the ice cd' the lake.
jOn the evening before last, I went with a detachment in i)ursuit of
|a body of Indians, who were driving oft' the cattle from a small
Trench settlement about fourteen miles from this place. We pur-
bued them for abont twenty-six miles \\\w\\ the ic(>. which was so weak
in many places that a n-])onnder Avhich was taken with us broke

who were
I have
^or a chani'-i' in
the ho]ii .1 ;„

now
^eiitui ,oo]j.-.
four (lay hut if
Qot hesitate to f"

hroiigh and was nearly lost, us did several id' the otlicers
h'lonntei

. an anxiety which I cannot describe
and until tjiis day I never abandoned
.'ute the })lan which I had formed. It
i' the mimth, the ]ieriod for which the
at took the field, were to serve, expires in
were ready to advance, I am satisfied they would
ow me. To persevere longer under the expecta-
tion of accomplibmug the objects of th" campaign during the winter,

Utl

ch 1.

154 Posts on the Avfflaue, St. Marifs, and at

is, ill my opinion, no Ioniser proptM", considering the enormous
expense which ;i continuance of tliese eil'orts iit this season daily
]iroiliK'es, and which conld only l»e jiistilied l)y a reaoonable hope
of snccess nnder pres('nL appearances. I can no longer indulge .such
hopes.' Indeed. I R'ar 1 shall hi' censured foi' having cherished them
too long, and that I have saeriticed the ])ul)lic interests in a vain
pursuit. I have no hesitation, however, in asserting that I hu^-eit
in my i)o\ver to satisfy the government that (heir wishes would have
been accomplished hut for the unfortunate event of the Rjver
Raisin, and others over whicli \ could have no control; and that
until a few days sitice my calculations of succeeding were su^jportwl
by the opinion of every general and lield officer in the army.

It remains for me, sir, to inlorni you of the dis])osition I shall
make of the troops for the remaining part of the winter. A Inittal-
ion of the militia lately called out from thio State, with the conipanv
of regular trooi)s now at Fort AVinchester, will garrison the ]iosb
upon the waters of the Auglaize and St. Mary's. The small block-
houses upon ITuirs trace, will have a su'oaltern's commaiul in each.
A company will be placed at {"'"pjier Sandusky, and another at Lower
Sandusky. All the rest of the troops will be brought to this place,
amo\inting to frum tifteen to eighre<>n hundred men.

I am erecting here a i)retly strong I'ort -capa1)le ot resisting ficlil
artillery at least. The troojis will be placed in a fortified camp,
covered on one Hank by the Ibrt. '^Fhis position is the best that can
be taken to cove the frontiers, and the snndl posts in the rear of
it, and those above it on the Miami and its waters. The force placed
here ought, however, to be strong enough to encounter any that
the enemy may detach against the forts above. Twenty-iive hun-
dred would not be too many. But anxious to reduce the expenses
during the winter withiii as narrow bounds as possible, I have
desired the Governor of Kentucky not to call out. but to hold in
readiness to march, the fifteen hundred men lately re([uired of him.
All the teams wb.ich have been hired for the nul)lic service wil! Ik
immediatily discharged, and those bi'longing to the public whichar-
pricipally oxen, disjiosed of in the .settlements, where forage is
cheaper, ;ind every other arrang'tnt iit mad;' which can les.scn ihi'
expenses during the winter. Attention will still, however, be paid
to the deposit of snpidies for the ensuing camjiaigu. Little remain.*
to complete the.se. Ininiensc supplies of jirovisions have been accu-
mulating ni)on the Auglaize river, and boiits ar;d pirogues prepared
to bring t'em down as soon as the river opens. I shall havi' th-r
honor to give yon a more particular account of these in a few diiv;.

1 regret that I had the misfortune to i)c misunderstood by Colouel
Munroe, in his letter of tlie 17th ultimo, lie snpjiosed that I had
asscifed i.. mine of the -1th, that Maiden could lu't !»' taken by lit'?'
miu-ching to Detroit and crossing the sti'ait there 'vjth an iirnn
sufliciently .'«trong. and taking with it everything winch it woiild
want, either for its subsistence or for annoying the enemy. It woiik
certainly not he material at what ]ioint it would cross the strait.

Upper and Lower Sandusky to he (jrarrisoned. 155

Tlie whole tenor ol" my argument, \vliei>ever the subjec. has been
incnlioiied in my letters, is this: That by going around by Detroit
more time would be rocjuired to cfrect tlie olijecl, and more jiro-
vlsioiis of 0(uirse wanted: and tliat il" supplies ol' tiiese wciv to be
(Iniwii I'rom tlie rear, each convoy must be strong enough to resist
the whole of the enemy's dispoi^iihlc force, becau,-:r the line of opera-
tion upon which these convoys would nuive — passing almost in sight
(it Maiden, and the enemy haviug the means of ci'ossing the stmit,
thoy could attack them when and where they })leased. \ never
,loubted that our army would be al)le to go anywhere, if sutliciently
.strong, antl luring with it such a (piantity of })rovisions aiul other
necessaries as to re(,uire no sr.]»plies from the dciiosits in the rear.

1 have the honor to enclose you the de])ositiou of a certain ,

uho was at the Eiver Haisin the fi^d ultimo, and remained there
until the 6th inst. Ilis account of the loss of the enemy in the action
i,s corroborated by several others ; nor is there the least I'cason to doubt
his statement as regards the horrible fate of our wounded men.
There is another circumstance w^hich ])lainly shows ihat the British
have no intention to ccMduct, the war (at least in this qiuirtcr,) u])ou
liiosf ]irineiples which have been held sacretl l)y all civilized luitions.
Oil the oOtli ultimo 1 dispatched Doctor JMctJeehan, a Surgeon's
male iu the militia, with a ilag of truce to ascertain the situation of
our wounded. He was attended by one of our militia men and a
Frenchman. On the night after th^ir departure, they halted near
:his place for the purjHise of taking a few hours sleep in a vacant
cabin ujioii the bank of the river. The cariole in which they
travelled was left at the door with the ilag set np in it. They were
discovered by a party of Indians, accompanied, it is said, by a British
oflicer, and attacked in the manner descril ed in the deposition. Tjc
Monte, the militia man, was killed and scalped, and the doctor and
Freiiehnian taken. Dr. "^^cGeehan Avas fnrnished with a letter
addressed to any J^'itish ofTicer whom be might meet with, describing
the character in Avhich he w^ent, and the c^"'i"ct for which he was
sent. An open letter to General Winchester, and written instruc-
tions to himself, all of which he M'as directed to show to tlv lirst
officer he met with. He was also su]ii)lied with one hundred dollars
in irnld to procure necessaries for the wounded.

Sho^ild any opportunitv occur of doinc anvthmg in advance, by
way of a rr)?/;) de wain, it shall not be neglected, and there is a iirob-
nhilify that a stroke of this kind mav reach the Qm^eti Oharlottc,
althoiigh she is covered by the guuf! of j\ra1den.

I have not 3'et received the in'omised letter o!' ("olonel Mnnroe,
with the late acts of Conafress for raising an additional Ibrce. When

T T • • •

1 do receive ir, T will imniediateb; communicate my sentimenls as to
wliat may be done under them in the westerii country.
I have the honor to be. with great respect. Mr,
Your obedient humble servant.

Wm. IIknry Harrisox.
To Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War.

Ir. ' State of the Country and of Puhlio Opinion.

The coimunnications wliicli follow will iitlbnl u \ievv of the state
of the country luul of tlu' public o[)inion which followed the disaster
at River Raisin ;

Daitun, February 2d, 1813.
Gov. Meigs:

<SVy ."—Since the n^'ws reached thi.s place of tlu; destruction of tliu
left win;^; of the Northwestern Army under Winchesti'r, the inhabi-
tants are much alarmed. Many families, even in thi.s town, are
ahnost on the wing for Kentucky. If the posts at (h'eenville are to
be abandoned, this place will !)e a part of the frontier in ten davs
after. 'J'iie collections of Indians on our frontiers also heighten [\w
alarm. I verily believe that if the Indians are not removed from
J'i(|na, the peojjle will ri.se in a nniss and drive them olf. I ain sorry
the second expedition to Mississinnaway is givi'u uj) for the present.
I am conlident, from very recent inl'ormation, ^hat Tecumseh is now
at ]\[ississinnaway, with n))wards ot 1.000 warriors, lie has nut
been sent there by i'roctor to be an idle spectator of passing events:
the frontier and rear of our army, I presnnie, is marked out for him
to act u])on.

Lieutenant (Jravcs, who bears this, and a nienujrial from the citi-
zens of the town, can relate to you information received from Colonel
"Wells, who is immediately from General Harrison's camj). &c. I
have Just heard the otlicers of the three regiments of militia have
been exchanged, but know nothing as respects my situation.
With great; ]'esi)ect,

Your obedient, humble servant, A. i^iinvAiU)S,

General Meigs, Chillicothe.

Miami County, State of Ohio, Feb. 3d, 1813.

To His Excellency R J. Meigs, Gov. of said State :

The peti'ion of the undersigned humbly sheweth : That whert*;!:
there are a considerable miml)er of Indians of the Delaware triln
called in by order of Geiu'ral Harri.'^on, and are now in our county;
that it is but Ihinly settled on the IV(»ntier, distant from a niarkti
where ]n'ovisions can l)e I'nrnishtd them, and the people of the iieigli-
bo; hood feel themselves in a dangerous situation in consefpiencc of
their being t'X]»()sed to invasion and depredations from them, tlnv
being ce)ntiguous to the enemy: lunce every o])portunity of con-
veying information to them of our situation, moving off and joining
theiU, aiul doing much mischief from their knowledge of o'lr
country, &(!. This brief ])etition we would humbly beg your Excel
lency to take into consideration, and relieve us from a state of
uneasiiu'.ss and alarm by having them removed into the interior o!
the State, where from its population, they will be awed into submit
sion to the aulliorities having charge over them, and supported at a
much less expense to tlie Government. And we shall as in duty
bound, &c., G. Smitji Houston, and 53 otherg.

A Fluchy IvUliman Report f< for Duty. 157

ITamilton CouxTf, Fob. lltli, 1813.

Dear Sir: — I h:ive just read (lu' joiinial of an Anu'i-ican oflicor
(fiipturi'd at Qucenstowii on 10th Oetohcr), kejit on his passage from
Fort (ii'org'' to lioston, stating that while at (^ncbec, between fifteen
and twciitv Ii'islinu'U (naturalized citizens, ami several of them having
t'aniilies iii the United States) were separatetl from the American
prisoners, and put on board a ship-of-war to be sent to Botany liay,
or executed, ibr having borne arms against a Power which, by its
multiplied oppressions, Inid driven them from their native homes to
seek shelter in a foreign land. I inive no doubt of the foregoing
statement being correct. 'JMie British have adopted this system of
cruelty in order to deprive the United States of the aid of a numerous
class of citizens.

It was my lot to be born in Ireland. T have been sixteen years
in the United States, married here, and have a numerous family. I
am on the next class for duty, (and it api)oars our land forces are in
the habit of being taken jn-isouers.) To nuirch in the ranks Avith
native citizens who, if ovei'])owered, might lind safety in surrendering,
aiii)ears for me to bo highly inii)rudent : what would be safety for
them would be certain destruction to me. 1 have talked with several
well-informed ]iersons on the sul)ject, whose o))inions coincide with
mine, and 1 have no doubt the same sentiment pervades the breast
of every Irishman in the State. I wouhl nuirch cheerfully enro^'ed
with native citizens against the Indians. Our cases would be equal ;
but to march against the British in the sani'' nninner, there would
be no e(juality whatever. Let ns be enrolled in a distinct corps,
arnit'd and provided, and ])laced under the direction of General
llarri'^on, and 1 have im doubt we will tleserve well of our adopted
cuuntrv. We would expeci no mercy and take no prisontM'S.

If enriillcd in a distinct corps, T would invfer mai'cbing against
the Ib'itish (the Indians have done me no "essential injury"). I
have received much injury from the British personally, and they
have pluiulered and insulted my progeuit(n-s these twelve hundred
years. Therefore, vengeance calls aloud, and the voice is irresistible.

Dear sir, pardon the liberty i have taken in suggesting the fore-
,:j;oing. The urgencv of the case i.i evident. Therefore, I pray your
Hxcelkncy to divine how (I presume) six or eight hundred men may
be of service to their country, and at the same time take ample ven-
geanci' on their enemies.

1 am, with great resiiect, your ob't seivant,

-ionX CVMIMJELL,
Eiiftign \st Battalion 'id Regiment Xd ^. 0. Militia.

His Excellency Governor Meigs.

P. S.— Since the Prince Regent has declared this slnUl be a war of
extermination, the sooner we commeiici' business the better. I
would glory to march in the ranks of a Spartan band whose best
iilleruative would be to die with face; to the enemy. J. C.

158 Unsatisfactory State of Military Affairs.

So far the militiiry oi)enitions ol'tlie Northwest liud cortiiinly been
snftieieiitly iliscouraging : the capture of Mackinac, the surrender of
Hull, the ma'ssacre at Chicaf?o, and the overwhelming defeat at
Frenchtown, are the leading events. Nothing had been gained, ami
of what had been lost, nothing had been retaken. The sliglit
successes over the Indians b\' Hopkins, Edwards and Campbell, IkuI
not shaken the power or conlidenee of Tecumseh and his allies;
while the fruitless etforts of Harrison through five months, to gather
troops enough at the mouth of the ilaumee to attempt the recon-
([uest of Michigan, which had l)een taken in a week, depressed the
spirits of the Americans, and gave new life and hoi)es to their foej.

About the time that Harrison's unsuccessful campaign urew to a
close, a change took place in the War Department, and General
Armstrong succeeded his incai)able i'riend. Dr. Eustis. Armstrong's
views were those of an aljle soldier. In October, 1812, he haJ
again addressed the government, through Mr. Gallatin, on the
necessity of obtain i.ig command of tiie Lakes, and when raised to
power determined to make naval (Operations the basis of the military
movements in tlie Northwest. His views in relation to the comiii''
campaign in tlie We.-l. were based upon two points, viz. : the use of
regular troops alone, and the c )mnuind of the Lakes, which he »:
led to think could be o!)tained by the ;it)th of June.

Although the views of the Secretary in regard to the non-employ-
ment of militia, were not, and could not be, adhered to, the general
plan of merely standing upon the defensive until the command of tlif
lake was secured, was persisted in, although it was the 'id of August.
instead of the 1st of June, before the vessels on Erie could leave the
harbor in which they had been built. Among these defensive opera
tions in the spring and summer of 1815j, that of Fort Meigs, the ^-n
post taken by Harrison at the foot of the rapids, and that at Low
Sandusky, deserve to be especially noticed, as they form historical
wealth which the whole country, and especially the inhabitants of
the Maunier^ valley, will ever regard with feelings of pride and in
terest. It had been anticipated that, with the opening of spring, tlit
British would attempt the conquest of the position upon the j\Iaum«,
and measures had been taken by the General t forward reinforce-
ments, which were detained, however, as usual, b) the spring fresheti
and the bottomless roads. It was no surprise, therefore, to Genera.
Harrison, that on the breaking up of the ice in Lake Erie, General
Proctor, with all bis disposable force, consistiag of regulars ans

Seige of Fort Meigs — Fort Findlay Attacked. 159

Canadian militia from Maiden, and a large body of Indians under
Tecumscli, auionnting in the whole to two thousand men, made
liim a hostile visit, and laid siege to Fort Meigs. To encourage the
luduuis, he had promised them an easy conquest, and assured them
that General Harrison should be delivered up to Teeumseh. On
the riOth of April, the British columns appeareil on the other bank
of the river, and established their principal batteries on a command-
iii"' oniinence opposite Fort Meigs. On the riUh the Indians crossed
the river, and established themselves in the rear of the American
lines. The garrison not having completed their wells, had no water
except what they obtained from the river, under a constant liring
from the enemy.

At this point it may not be out of [)lace to turn aside from the
regular narrative and introduce the following characteristic letter of
the irallant Major Oliver, which wnll exhibit the condition of aifairs
in the neighborhood :

FoHT FiNDL.VY, April riO, bS18,

To Ilis Excellency Goverjior Meigs:

>'/?•.• Y'ou will observe the seal of the letter from Ilis Excellency
General Ilari'ison, has been broken. This I tlid to take a copy and
transmit Governor Shelby, pursuant to directions from General
Harrison on that subject at the moment I was setting off.

(TtMieral Harrison has not written vou at such length as he would,
could he have confidently calculated on my getting through safe.

Yesterday the British let loose a part of their savage allies upon
the fort from the opposite shore, whilst the former were concerting
plans helow. There is little doubt the enemy intends erecting bat-
lorios on the opposite shore. No force can reduce the fort. All
are in fine spirits, anxiously waiting a shai'c of the glory to be ac-
i tjuived over the British and their sa\age allies ; though one thing
is certain, whilst their forces are so far superior, they caTuu>t be
ilrivcn from their position on the opposite shore. C-aptain Hamil-
ton, who was detached with a discovering party, estimated their
forces at three thousand— independent of the Indians lurking in the
neighhorhood.

I am now in pursuit of General Clay, and expect to come up with

liim to-day.

Yestcrdiiy's mail had been opened befoi'e it arrived at the rapids
—from what cause to the General unknown ; in consecjuencc of
which he directed that the earliest possible inquiry be made to

160 The First Seige of Fort Meigs Opened.

ascertain the source ; that, if treason be on foot, it may be suppressed
in the bud

You will be pleased to have all express mails stopped beyond
Franklinton towards the rapids until General Harrison directs their
resumption.

With sentiments of highest respect, 1 have the honor to be,

Your obedient servant,

William Oliver.

On the 1st, 2d and 3d of May, the British kept up an inco.'isant
shower of balls and shells upon the fort. On the night of the third
the enemy erected a gun and mortar battery upon the left (or Mau
mee City bank) of the river, within two hundi-ed and fifty yards of
the American lines. The Indians climbed the trees in the neighbor-
hood of the fort, and poured in a galling fire upon the garrison. In
this situation, General Harrison received a summons from Proctor
for a surrender of the garrison, greatly magnifying his means of
annoyance. This was answered by a prompt refusal, assuring tin
British General that if he obtained possession of the fort, it woiilJ
not be by capitulation, and that the post Avould not be surrendered
upon anij terms ; that should it fall into his (General Proctor'si
hands, it would be in a manner calculated to do him more honor
and 'jive him higher claims upon the gratitude of his government
than any capitulation could possibly do. Anticipating, as befort
stated, this attack. General Harrison had made the Governors of
Kentucky and Ohio minutely acquainted with his situation, and
stated to them the necessity of reinforcements for the relief of Fort
Meigs. His requisitions liad been zealously anticipated, and Genera!
Clay was at this moment descending the ^M.aumee with twelve biiu-
dred Kentuckians, conveyed on Hat boats for his relief

At twelve o'clock in the night of the fourth, Captain WilHain
Oliver arrived from General Clay, with the welcome intelligence of
his api)roach, stating that he was just above the rapids, and could
reach him in two hours, and requesting his orders. Harrison ai
once determined upon a general sally, and directed Clay to laiiJ
eight hundred men on the left bank, take possession of the Britifl:
batteries and spike their cannon, immediately return to their boat*
and cress over to the American fort. The remainder of Clays forcf
were ordered to land on the right bank and tight their way to tlit
fort, while sorties were to be made from the garrison In aid of the«i

TJie ("tifortiDiafe Dudhtj.

ii;i

oueriitioHS. Oiptiiin II:iiuill.on was ordered to proceed up the ri\ cr
ill !i piroifiie, land a siibaUerii force on the r'mlit hank, vvlio should
be a pilot to eondiict (Jeneral (May to the Ibrt ; ami then cross over
ami station his pirotfue at the place designated for the other division
to land, (rcneial ('lay, having received these instructions, descendetl
llui river in order of battle, in solid .colunuis, each oHicer taking
position according to rank.

Colonel Dudley, being senior in command, led the van. and was
ordcreil to take the men in the twelves Iront boats, and execute (ien-
oral Harrisons oi-ders on the left bank, lie etfected his landing at
the place designated without ditHcnIty. (General Clay kept close
along the right bank until he came opposite the place of Dudleys
landing, but not finding the subaltern there, he attempted to cross
over and join t)olonel Dudley ; but this was prevented by the
violence of the current on the rapids, and he again attempted to
land on the right bank, and etfected it with only fifty men amid a
brisk fire from the enemy on shore, and made his way to the fort,
receiving their fire until within jtrotection of its guns. The other
boats, under command of Colonel J^oswell, were driven further
down the current, and Uinded on the lelt to join Colonel Dudley.
Here they were ordered to re-embark, land on the right bank and
proceed to the foit.

In the meantim-C, two sorties were made from the garrison, one
on the loft in aid of Colonel IJoswell, by which the Canadian militia
audbidians were defeated, and he enabled to reach the fort in safety ;
and one on the right against the Hritish batteries, which was also
[successful. The troops in this attack on the British battery were
I commanded by Colonel John Millei-, of the Nineteenth United States
i Regiment, and consisted of about two hundred and fifty of the Seven-
fteenthand Nineteenth Uegimcnts, one hundred twelve month vol-
unteers, and Cai)tain Seebres company of Kentucky militia. They
^w'le drawn u}) in a ravine under the east curtain of the fort, out of
reach of the enemy's fire ; but to approach the batteries it war neces-
s;ii'\ , after having ascended from the lavine. to pass a plain of two hun-
dred yards in width, into the woods, beyond which were the l)atteric8
protected by a company of grenadiers and .another of light infantry,
upwards of two hundred strong. These troops were tlanked on the
riilit by two or three companies of Canadian militia, and on the
hi by a large body of Indians, under Tecumseh, After passing
aloug the ranks and encouraging the men to do their duty, tlu3 Geu-

ir,2

2 he Siege of h\wi Meigs.

oral ])laGed liimHclf upon the batU'ry of the rear right angle to wit
lu'HH the contest. The troops advancctl witli h)a<le(l hut trailt'.l
arms. They had scarcely reached the sunnnit of the hill when tliev
received the fire of the British infantry. It did ihcni little harm:
hut the Indians being placed in jiosition, and taking sight or aim
did great execution. They had not advanced more than fifty yanK
on the plain, before it became necessary to halt and close the raiik>
This was done with as much order by word of command from tin
offi(!er8 as if they had been on parade. The charge was then made,
and the enemy fled with so much precii)itation tliat altl.ough mam
were killed none were taken. The General, from his position on tin
battery, seeing the direction that part of them had taken, dispiitcliiJ
Major Todd with the reserve of about fifty regulars, who qiiidh
returned with two officers and forty-three uon-comraissioued oHicer>
;ind iirivates. In this action the volunteers and privates suffeidi
less than the regulars, because, from their position, the latter wen
much sooner unmasked by the hill, and received the first fire otali
the enemy. It was impossible that troops could have behaved betltr
than they did upon this sortie.

Colonel Dudley, on the left bank, with -his detachment of eight
hundred Kentucky militia, completely succeeded in driving tlit
British from their batteries, :uul spiking their cannon. Ilavini:
accomplished this object, his orders Avere peremptory to retum
immediately to his boats and cross over to the fort; but the bliiiil
confidence which generally attends militia when successful, proved
their ruin. Although repeatedly ordered by Colonel Dudley, imJ
warned of their danger and called upon irom the fort to leave tlit
ground, and although there was abund.ant time for that pinpost
before the British reinforcements Jirrived, yet they commenced J
pursuit of the Indians, and suffered themselves to be drawn inw
an ambuscade by some feint skirmishing, while the British troop
and large bodies of Indians were brought up, and intercepted tkr
return to the river. Elated with their first success, they cousido;*'
their victory as already gained, and pursued the enemy nearly t«
miles into the woods and swamps, where they were sudfU'i')
caught in a defile and surrounded by double their numbei's. Fiiw
ing themselves in this situation, consternation prevailed ; their w
be(!ame broken and disordered, and huddled together in unresistin.'
crowds, they were obliged to yield to the fury of fhe saviigt"
Fortunately for these unhappy victims of their own rashness, <'*

Tcciimsoli

, liiN appoi

After the

iii.U' <iv(. 1,1,

<'re Willi ,

•'""' l>urie(
'■('filled ot
"i.'imier of
iiii;i(hvd m
were .slain
wounded ill

Proctor,
hidians fa.st
'''tiinied wit
'''<J J'ortion (
'eft it in dis]
'iijht hank, ii
'''•^\!,^e. ilu> Ai
. '"id eighty W(
^ ^Vhoji the
uliich killed
' However,"
~-«(^ them off (
, '"0''«j tranquil.
' something ni,),
'burteen days,
I picture of the
! <^'-»wal of the ,
f ■'*Ppt'-''i-ance.
I ''ands and face
Iiad scarcely ai
'^egrimmed a,,,}

[that we present
. ffenry W^^^^^

pi'e chiefly i,„i,,,

pege of Fort,

[^'"'•'■"g the .sie.v-

l''""Jred wei-e B

J0"e thousand eig

V^ the ti-oops wl

MiUjiiatmnity (ff 'Jeciimseh.

\{V,\

'Pi'oiiinscli (!omiii!iii(l('tl at tliin .unhuscule. ami liad iinl)ili(Ml, sinoo
IiJH a|)|)(>IiitiiH'iit, more luimaiio feelings than his Ih'oIIut Proctor.
After tilt' smrciitU'r, aiid all ri'sistance had ceasiMl, tlu' Indians, llnd
iiiij; live hundred prisoners at their nierey, betj^an the work of massa-
cre with the most sava_<;'e deliglit. Teeiiniseh sternly forbade it,
and buried his tomahawk in the head ol' one of his chiefs who
refused oln-dience. This order accompanied with this decrisive
manner ot enforcinti it, put an end to the massacre. Of eight
hundred men, only one liundred and lifty escaped. The resitlue
were slain or made pris<jners. Colonel Dudley was severely
woiniiled in the action, and afterwards tomahawked and scalped.
Proctor, seeing no prospect of taking the fort, :ind linding his
Indians fast leaving him. raised the siege on the 9th of May, and
returned with precipitation to Maiden. Tecnmseh and a considerti-
ble portion of the Indians remained in service ; but large numbers
left it in disgust, and were ready to join the Americans. On the
right bank, in the several sorties of the Txh of May, and during the
siege, ihe American loss was eighty-one killed and one hundred
and eighty wounded.

When the enemy raised the siege, they gave a parting salute,
which killed ten or twelve and wounded double that number.
"However," says one who was present, "'we were glad enough to
see them ott" on any terms. The next morning found us something
more tran(piil. We could leave the ditches and walk about with
something more of an air of freedom than we had done for the last
t'ourleiii days; and here I wish I (rould present to the reader a
|jicture ot the condition we found ourselves in, when the with-
drawal of the enemy gave us time to look at each others' outward
appearance. The scarcity of w.atcr had put the washing of our
hands and faces, much less our linen, out of the question. Many
[had scarcely any clothing left, and that which they wore w'as so
ibegrimmed and torn by our ix'sidence in the dituh, and other means,
[that we presented the appearance of so many scarecrows."

Henry Howe, in his Ohio Historical Collections, (to whom we

,1111' chiefly indebted for the material relating to this and the second

;isiege of Port Meigs. j estimates the British force under Proctor,

*fluiingthe siege, at three thousand two hundred men, of whom six

liaiidred were British regulars, eight hundred Canadian militia, and

oin' thousand eight hundred Indiana. Tliose under Harrison includ-

tl the troops who arrived on the morning of the 5th, under Ceueral

\C4

Fort Mngfi and its J^MvironR.

Clay, wore about one thouHand two hmidrod. TIk^ iinniber of Ms
men fit for duty, was, perhai)s, U'Sh than uwv thouHUiid one liuiidriMl.

i'liit Meigs and ili> Environs. '

KxpldiKitionx : — rr, irraiul ImttcM-y, c'omiiiaiuloil by ('aptiiiii Diinicl Ciisliing;
h, mortar battery ; e, i, o, minor batteries; ,v, battery eommaiuled at the scconJ
siege by Colonel Gaines; <;, magazines. The black squares on the lines ol tlie
fori represent the ))().siti()n of the bloelc houses. Tlie dotted lines show (!«
traverses, or walls of earth thrown uii. Tiie longest, the grand traverse, to! i
base of twenty feet, was twelve in height, and about nine hundred in leni;!!
The traverses running lengtiiwise of the fori, were raised as a i)rotcclio! ]
against the batteries on tlie opposite side ol the river, and those running cws.-
wise were to defend tliem from the Dritisii liatteries on this side. The Briti?!: |
batteries on the north side of the river were named as follows : « Queen's;
Sailors'; (f, King's; and c, INfortar. The fort fttood upon high ground, on ll»j
uiargin ol' the liank, elevated al)out sixty (eet aboyi; the Maumee. Tliosiirlin'
is nearly level, and is eovcred by a green sward. 'I'Ih; outline of the fort isno«|
well delined, and the grand traverse yet rises six or eight feel from tbi'SUfj
rouudiug ground.

In an (i.\

.hiiie, 1870

with icgar

"On to-i
There you

lllllKJ 4)j til

ignciilturc

original |)i(

rimrkod by

I'iulcs, I here

ancient wai

llie old /on,

history Cioi;

lelies of tli

t'vidcnees of

The woi'k

the two seiu

Ifirgo iuind)e

;;roiind. Tlu

!;isl of whom

li'i'l. The fir

is encioseil by

fUfc to the Ijr

"f'liiM illiistra

Below is ;
>y liev. A. :
'<"yfbr 31;u
"One nth
'I'ltrjule,'' ru
wnlvof the }
•""ii'vey of oil
that wild Co
r hey proved t
cleared forti
tore up thv ,
t'liit bull ha.i
vented ; for „
^^■•^^I'e Proctoi
ployed in ci
'^■nts and j)r(
'""uvs iindMr
-?miid travcr.s,
"»<ler the om
fe"f*'- Those
"^''-^nt of a shel

li\

lit

leeirmseh and Proctor m Peril.

165

\isliiiig'.

> seconi!

.s nt llif

\off l'*

e.liadi

, leiiitt'

otccliw

ig cr(l^■■

ecu'?;

, 1,11 '!.■

!■ •iiirl'i'

■1 is 1!"'

llic sa

In iin (i.M'iirsidii of Hit' vcloraiis oltho war of lMtS-18, miuU' to Kort Moi^w, in
June 1870, Mayi)r 'r.vlt'r, in hiw luUliisH of wclconu' to Ilic soltlicrs iTmaiUeil.
witli i('>;iir(l to the pirscnt coiulilioii of lliis ruiiscrnitt'd groiiiul :

"On to-nionnw you will be escorted to tlio old fortilicnlioiis of Fort Meij^s.
riiiTi' you will liud its ciirtliwoiks faiihfidly prt'scrvcd, Hiifc, only as far as the
liantl ♦>! time lias marred its former war-iVowninir front. No instnnnont of
ijrrienlture lias torn down or jdowed up any part of the old Fort. Two of the
oripnal pickets, placed there in 18 1'}, are then; yet. Then you will tind,
marked hy stones loni: sinc^e placed over lliem, the graves of your fallen com-
liules, tliere the trenehes, there the magazine, there all the outlines of thu
iuuicni warfare. Mr. .Michael Hayes and his brothers, who own the soil of
the old fori, have faithfully performed tludr duty in guarding this landmark of
lii.>*lorv from destruction or desolation. They have preserved many of the
relics 'of the battle-lield — grivpc-shot, canister, bayonets, and many other
evidences of the conflict."

The work originally c;ovored about ten acres, but was reduced In area between
the two seiges, to accommodate a smaller nund)er uK troop.'^. Just above, a
liu'ge number of sunken grav(.'s indicate! the locality of the swldiers' burying
ground. The graves of Lieutenant Walker and Lieutenant JlcCuUougU — the
last of whom was shot whihi conversing with (Jencral llarristm — are within the
lort. The first is surmounted by a small stone, with an inscription — the last
is enclosed by a fence. To understand the position of Fort Meigs, with refer-
ence to the IJritish fort and surrounding country, sec map in this volurao of the
"Plan illustrating the battles of Ihe Mauniee."

Below is an extriict from an articlo on tho siege of Fort Meigs,
by licv. A. M. Lorraine, originally publisiied in the Ladies' Reposi-
tory for ^larch, 1845 :

"One afternoon, as mimbcrs wore gathered together on the
"' parade,''' two strangers, linely mounted, appeared on the western
twnk of tho river, and seemed to t)e taking a very calm and deliberate
survey of our works. It was a strange thing to see travellers in
that wild country, and we commonly held such to be enemies, until
they proved themselves to be friends. So one of our batteries was
cleared forthwith, and the gentlemen were saluted with a shot that
tore lip the earth about them, and put them to a hasty flight. If
that ball had struck its mark, tnuch bloodshed might have been pre-
vented ; for we learned subse([uently that our illustrious visitors
were Proctor and Tecumsoh. The garrison was immediately em-
ployed in cutting deep traverses through the ibrt, taking down the
lents and preparing lor a.siege. The work accomplished in a few
ln»iir,s, under the excitement of the occasion, was prodigious. The
;-'raud traverse l)eing completed, each mess was ordered to excavate,
under the embankment, suitable lodgings, as substitutes for our
tents. Those rooms were shot ])roof and bomb proof, except in the
: event of a shell falling in the traverse and at the mouth of a cave.

166 Th£ Jhitiish Erect Batteries on the Ijeft Banh.

" The above works were Hciiroely completed before it was discovered
that the enemy, under rover of ni^ht, had eonstrneted batteries on
a eomnuiiidin<f hill north of" tlu^ river. 'I'liere their artillery mun
were posted ; but the principal part of their army ocenpied the old
KnL'lish fort below. Their Indian allies appi'ared to have a roving
commission, for they beset us on every side. The cannotiading com-
menced in pood earnest on both sides. Tt was, however, more
constant on the British side, bccanse they had a inon- extensive murk
to batter. We had notliinp to lire at but their l)atteries, but they
were coolly and deiilierately attended to; and it was believed that
more than one of their gn\\» were dismounted durinsf the siege.
On(> of our militia men took his station on the embankment, and
gratuitously forewarned us of every sh()t. Fn this ho became so
skillful, that he could, in almost every case, predict the destination
of the ball. As soon as the smoke issued from the muzzle of the
gun, he would cry- out "shot," or "bomb," as the (!ase might lie,
Sometimes he would ^'xclaim, '' Block-hoij.se No. 1,'* or " Look out,
main battery;'' " K ., for the meat-house;'' "Crood-by, if you will
jiass." In spite of all the e\]»ostulations of his friends, he main-
ta.ned his jio.^^t. One day there came a shot that seemed to defy jill
his calculations. He .stood silent — motionless — perplexed. In the
same instant he was swept into eternity. Poor man I he should
have considered, that when there was no olili(|uity in the issue of
the smoke, either to the right or left, al)ove or below, the fatal ma-
senger would travel in the direct line of his vision, lie reminded
me ot the peasant, in the siege of .leru.salem, who cried out, "Woe
to the city! woe to myself!" On the most nctive day of the
investment, there were as many as live hundred cannon balls mid
bombs* thrown at our fort. Meantime, the Indians, climbing up

♦" A large numbnr of cannon ha.\U were tlirovvii into the fort, from the bill loriei' on ite
oppof Ite Hide of the river. Ucini,' nhort of ii supply, Ilarris>oii offerud ii jjill of whinlcy for every
cnnnon ball delivered to the nia^'a/.ine keeper. Mr. Thonms L. Hawliiiis, wince ref ident o!
Fremont. Over l,(l(K(Killt> of whinky \v('re thus earned by the s(ddieri>.

'•For fafety au'aiiist bombs, eaeli nmn had a liole duL' under },''""iiii<l i" '<""'■ of the \in\,t
traverse, which, bein;; covered over with i)laMk, and (^irlh on top, fully protected them. Whrt
the cry hornli wi.s liiiard. the soldiers either threw ihenisi'lves iipdn the ;;i(>und, or ran tn it'
holes for safely. A bomb is mosi di^structive when it bursis in llu' air, but it rarely o.xpli'i^'
in that way: it usually falls with so much force as to jjenelrale tlie <'artli, and when It "■
plodes, (lies upward and in an aiii,'Lilar direction, in consequence of Uie pressure of the earlli
beneath and at its sid<!s; consequently, a person lyin;; on the jrronnd is comparatively siifo-

"A heavy rain at last tilled up the holes, renderintf them uninhabitable, and the men »er(
oblii,'ed to tompin-arily sleej) in their tents. Then every once in a while, the BtJirllins n.'i
■'bomb :"■ aroused litem from their slumbers. Rushini; from their tents, they watched ill*
course of the rtery messenger of death, as it winu'cd its way throui,'h the midnight sky, aBi"'

Fort Mdys Narnnrlij fCsaipes f>cslructwn. \i\l

into (lie tri'oa, liivd inoi'M.siinlly iipun \\s. SikiIi whs their (listiini'r,
tli;il inaiiy ol" tlu-ir Imlls luiroly iviutlu'il iia, uiul lell ImniiK'Ss to iIk!
fMMiiml. Occiisioiiiillv tlioy iullictA'd diiii^'m'tms luul evi'ii iiUul
woiiiids. Tlic miiiil)or killed in the tort, was stnall, considt'i'iiii.' tlic
prufiisioii of piiwdiT iiiul Inill cxitt'iided on tis. About SO were sliiiii,
maiiv wuiiiidfd, and several had to sutler the ani[)utation of linihs.
Tiu' most dHUj,'ert)US duty which we perl'ornied within the precincts
of the fort, was in covering the maj^a/ine. Previous to this, tlie
powder had l)een deiiosited in wa«,'ons, and these stationed in the
tiiiv(M-se. Here there was no security aj^'ainst .honihs; it was tliere-
t'ore thought to be prudent to remove tiie powder into a snnill block-
house, and cover it witii earth. Tiie enemy, Judging our designs
from our movements, now dire(;ted all their shot to this point.
Many of their balls were red-liot. Wherever tliey struck, they raised
ueloiid of smoke, and made a frightful hissing. An officer, passing
our (|uartors,.siiid, ** Boys, who wilj volunteer to cover the magazine?"
Kool-like, away several of us went. As soon as we reacdied the spot,
there came a ball and took olf one man's liead. The spades and
dirt Hew faster than any of us had before witnessed. In the midst
of our job, a Ijombshcll fell on the I'ojf, and lodging on one of the
bnues ii spun round for a moment. Kvery soldier fell Hat on his
fuoi, and with i)reathless horror a>vaited the vast explosion which
we expected would crown all our earthly su fieri ng-i. Only one of
ill! the gang presumi'd to reason on the case. He silently argued
ihiit, as the shell had not I)ursted as (luickly as usual, there might be
soiiictliing wrong in its arrangement. If it bursted where it was,
;iu(l ihe magazine e\i)loded, there could be no escape : it was death
anyhow; so he s[)rung to his feet, seized a boat-hook, and pulling
the hissing missile to the ground, and jerking the smoking match
from its socket, discovered that the shell was tilled with inllammable
matter, which, if once ignited, would have wrapped the whole
buildiug in a sheet of ilame. This circumstance added wings to our
shovels, and we were right glad when the otHcer said, ' That will
ilo; go to your lines."'

The following particulars of the defeat of Colonel Dudley, were
luihlishod in a public print many years since, by Joseph R. Under-

itli'll iK'iir, fell Hul ii|)oii ttic j:r<p|iii(l : othcnvUc, ri>turii tii Ihoir tfiits, only to l)o aroused iii;aiii
:ii:il aL'iiiii by tlif stiinliiii,' cry. So liarrassiiii; was tliis, so accustomed liad llic moii become to
!lir danger, and so ovcrpowcrin'.' the desire for sleep, that many of the soldiers remained in
thi'ir tents locked in the embrace of sleep, determined, as one said, not to he disturbed in their
slumbers 'if ten thousand bombs burst all around them.' "— H. Howe.

168 Movements of General Clai/.s Brigade.

wood, who was present on the occasion, in the capacity of lieutenant
in a vohinteer company of Kentuckians, comnianded by Captain
John C. Morri .on.

"After a fai.^r.ii i^ rnia-ch of more than a month, General Clay's
brigade found .tse'.f, on the night of the -ttii of May, on board of
open boats, lashed to the left bank of tlie Miami of the Lakes, near the
head of the rapids, and within hea,ring of the cannon at Fort Meigs,
which was then besieged by the British and Indians. Very early on
the morning of the .5th, we set off', and soon began to pass the
rapids. Wo were liailed by a man from the right bank, who pi-f^vod
to be Captain Hamilton, of the Ohid troops, with orders from Gen.
Harrison, then commanding at the fort. He was taken to the boat
of General Clay, and from that to Colonel Dudley's, this last beiiii;
in advance of the whole line. Captain Morrison's company occupied
the boat m which the Colonel descended. It being a damp,
unpleasant morning, I was lying in the stern, wrapped in my blanket,
not having entirely recovered from a severe attack of the measle>.
I learned that we were to land on the left bank, storm the Britisii
batteries erected for the purpose of annoying the fort; but wli:ii
further orders were given, I did not ascertain. Hearing that hv
were certainly to light, T began to look upon all surrounding objects
as things which to mv. might soon disfippear forever, and »ny mini!
reverted to my frieiuls at home, to bid them a IWial farewell. Then
reflections ])rodnced a calm melancholy, but nothing like trepidation
or alarm. My reveries v/ere dissipated by the laruling of the boat,
about a mile or two above the point of attack. Mhortly before wt
landed, we were tired upon by some Irulians Iron' the right bank ot
the river, and I understood that Captain ('larke was wonnded in the
head. The lire was returned from our l)oats, and tae Indians tied.
as if to give intelligtMicc of our appfach. Cat)tain Price anil
Lieutenant Sander', of tlie regular army, landed with us and partook
in .he engagement, having under command a few regular soldier-:.
but I think not a full company. The whole number of troops tii:i!
lauded amo .t n I ed prol>!i,bly to 7(»0 men. We* were formed on the shorv
in rhr^e [larallel lines, and ordered to mandi for :!ie battery at riglr
angles with the riv?r: r,nd so far as I understood th(j plan of attack.
one line was to form the line of battle in the re-ir of the battery,
parallel with the river ; the other two lines to for... one above anil
one below the battery, at r ght angles to the river. The lines tliii;
formed were ordered to advance, and did so, making as little noia

■ .a

as poi
Befon
,«ti-agg
I 'leasee
no Ion
This ^
apjiroa
uitlion
Ciptait
tlie bati
liver, ii
l.'ist tiiUi
my men
sitnutiot
tliat it w
fhe river
of our Ji,
troops,
tiiis sitiia
tleterniiiK
W'e (\\(\ s(
"lioje ree
Indians ei
tween one
l^eliind tn
]| <iestrneti\(
M orders uvr

tiu-ongh tl:

'lie optic II

made the

'••iptain th:

•md con an

'li'ove the

"I'ders WQi-e

"I'ii retrea

-- ''i''ian.>< \V(.

■'i"st horrid

'' tL'mpo);i,._v

•'■'fW'tntcoi

Dudley^ s Command Pursue the Indians. 169

tenant
aptain

Clay's
iiird of
icar the
Meigs,
'iirly on
ass thf
I proved
)m Gen.
the boat
3t being
5ccupied
I damp,
blanket,
measles.
B Britisli
put wh;U
that wi'
T object:-
inv miiiii

lis possible — the object being to surprise tho enemy at their battery.
Melbre we re-iohed the battery, however, we wi're discovered by some
.strangling Indians, who fired upon us and then retreated. Our men,
pleased at seeing them run, and perceiving that we wer? discovered,
no longer deemed silence necessary, and raised a tremendous shout.
This was the tirst intimation that the enemy received of our
apjn'oacii, and it so alarmed them that th.ey abandoned the Inittery
without making any resistance. In effectuating the plan of attack,
Ciiptain J '). Morrison's company were thrown upon the river, above
tiie battery. While passing through a thicket of hazel, toward the
river, in forming the line of battle, 1 saw Colonel Dudley for the
last time. He was greatly excited ; he railed at me for not keeping
my men better dressed. I replied, that he must perceive from the
situation of the ground, and the obstacles that we had to encounter,
that it was impossible. When we came within a small distance of
the river, we halted. The enemy at this })lace had gotten in the rear
(if our line, formed paralb'l with the river, and were tiring upon our
troops. Captain .J. C. Morrison's coin[tany did not long renuiin in
this situation. Having nothing to do, and being without orders, we
determined to march our company out and join the combatants.
We did so accordingly. In passing out, we fell upon the left of the
whole regiment, and were soon engaged in a severe contlict. 'flic
Iiulians endeavored to Hank and surround us. We drove tlieni be-
tween one and two miles, directly back from tlie river. They hiil
behind trees aud logs, and poured upon us, as we advanced, a most
destructive tire. We were fnnn time to tin\e ordered to charge. The
orders were passed along the lines, our lield othcers being on foot.

Shortly after thi.s, v'ai)tai!i J. ('. Morrison was shot

tiu'ough the temples. The ball [)a.ssing behind the eyes and cutting

the optic nerve, deprived him of his sight Having

made the best arrangement for the safety of my much esteemed
Captain that circumstances allowed, I took charge of the company
mid connnued the battle. We made several charges afterwards, and

drove the enemy a eoiisiderable distance At leiigtii

orders were passed along the line din'ctiug us t(» full back and keep
lip a retreating lire. As .soon as this movi'inent wns niadt', the
hidian.s were greatly encouraged, and advanced upon us with tho
'iiixt !;orrid yells. Once or twice the oilicers succeeded in producing
;' iL'iiipoi.a-y .halt and a tire on the indiaus; but the .soldiers of the
dilKrent companies soon became mixed — confusion ensued — aud a

1*70 Diidl€y\'< Ooinniand Sllain or Prisoners.

gi'iienil rout took place. The retreating army made its way toward;
the batteries, where I supposed we should be able to form and repil
the pursuiiii;; Indians. They were now so close in the rear, as te fiv-
quently shoot down those who were before me. About this timu 1
received a ball in my back, which yet remains in my body. It struck
nic with a stunning, deadening force, and I fell on my liands anii
knees. I ros' and threw my waistcoat open to see whether it liad
I)assed through me ; linding it had not, I ran on, and had not pi'u-
cet'ded nu)re tlian a hundred or two yards before I was made prisoner,
In emerging from the wo(tds into an open piece of ground, near tlii
battery we had taken, and before I knew what had happened, n
soldier seized my sword and said to me, " Sir I you are my prisoner!'
I looked before me .md saw, with astonishment, the ground covered
with muskets. The soldier, observing juy astonishment, said:
" Your army lias surrendered," and received my sword. He orderiil
me to go forward and join the prisoners. I did so. The lirst maa
I met whom I recognized, was Daniel Smith, of onr company. Witli
eyes full of tears, he exclaimed, "Good Lord, Lieutenant, what does
all this mean':'"' I told him we were prisoners of war. . . .

" On our march to the garrison, the Indians began to strip us of
our valual)le clothing and other articles. One took my hat, auotlur
my hunting shirt, and a tliird my waistcoat, so that I was soon left
with iu)thing but my shirt and pantaloons. I saved my watch by
concealing the chain, and it, proved of great service to me afterwank
Having read, when a boy. Smith's narrative of his residence among
tlu' Indians, ray idea of their character was that they treated thos
best who api)eared the most fearless. Under this impression, as we
nnirched down to the old garrison, I looked at those whom we nut
with all the sternness of countenance I c(uild conunand. I soon
caught tlif eye of a stout warrior painted red. He gazed at ;ne witli
as mucli sternness as I did at liim, until I came within strikinf
dist:ince, wlien he gave me a severe blow over the nose and cheek-
bone with his wiping stick. I abandoned the notion acquired from
Smith, and went on afterwards with as little d. splay of hauteur HDii
di'tianci as pcjssible.

"On our appro'ich to tiu' old garrison, the Indians formed a lint
t" the left of the road, there being a })er))etKli('ular bank to thei
right, tui the margin of wliie-h the road passed. I |)erceived tliattlin
prisoners were running the gauntlet, ar.i,! that the Indians werf
whipping, shooting and tonudiawking the men a.s they ran by tlieir

line. Whei
alile. and ra
would have
pass, for to 1
would have i
In this way .
shoulders wi
"farrison, the
The passage
man and my;
lell— pi-obabi
was among ti
ordered to sit
Captain Hen
menced. An
and shot one i
a secoiul, the
afterwards die
savage then la^
ho killed two
; down amonsf
leaping over t
\ between them.''
[ another, and
I could see nothi
this moment c;
[nient anions:
Wakh Ix^tokeiK
jsaere the whole
|interj)ose to pri
was-'' Oh, nif
'''"' Indian wh>
-''I'l'l't'd his vi(
Ij'i'isoners resun
=' ':ill, stout Inrl
[i^iiife from his I
'wked around it
(fnitillcition of
if probable that

The Prisoners Run the Gavntlet.

la liii'-

jo tilt I

lilt tilt

I iheit

line. Wlion I roaohed the starting plaoc, T dashed olF as fas! as I was
ahlc, and ran near the muzzles of tlieir guns, knowing that they
uoiild have to shoot me wliile J was immediately in front, or let me
iiass, for to have turned their guns up or down the lines to shoot me,
would have endangered themselves, as there was a curve in their line,
hi this wav I passed without injury except some strokes over the
shoulders with tiieir gun-sticks. As I entered the ditch around the
^farrison, the man before me was shot and fell, and I fell over him.
The passage for a while was stopped by those who fell over the dead
man and myself. How many lives were lost at this place I cannot
n.ll—probablv between twenty and f(^rty. The brave Captain Lewis
was among the number. When we got within the walls we were
ordered to sit down. I lay in the lap of Mr. Giljiin, a soldier of
Captain Henry's company, from Woodford. A new scene com-
menced. An Indian, painted black, mou'ted the dilapidated wall,
and shot one of the prisoners next to him. He re-loaded and shot
a second, the ball passing through him into the hip of another, who
.it'terwards died, I was ir''>rmed, at Cleveland, of the wound. The
savage then lay down his gun and drew his tomahawk, with which
he killed two others. When he drew liis tomaliawk and jumped
down among the men, they endeavored to escape from him by
leaping over the head.' of each other, and thereby to place others
hetween tliemselves and danger. Thus they were heaped upon one
another, and as 1 did not rise, they tramitletl u[)on me so that I
[could see nothing that was going on. The confusion and uproar at
[this moment cannot be ade({uately described. There was an excite-
ment among tlu' Indians, aiul a fierceness in their conversation,
hviach betokenetl on tlic part ol" some a strong di-^position to mas-
sacre the whole of us. The liritisli olViccrs and soldiers seerm-d to
interpose to prevent the further effusion of blood. T'lieir expression
was— " 0//, nichee, ivnh!'' meaning, '* Oh I brother, (piitl'" After
the Indian who had occasioned mis li"rril)le scene, had scalped and
stripped his victims, he left us. and a coiw[)arativ(' calm ensued. 'IMie
[prisoners resumed their seats on the ground. Whik- thus situatetl,
la tall, stout Indian walked iiito ihr midst of u.-', drew a long butcher-
Jkiiife from his belt iuid commenced whetting it. As he did so, In;
llooked around among the prisoners, apparently scdecting one for the
jgratifieation of his vengeance. I viewed Iur conduct, and thought
it prohalile that he was to give the signai for a general massacre-

172

EUioU and Tecitmseh.

But after «xcitin}i[ our foars sufticiontly for his satisfaction, lie gave
a contcinptiious grunt and went out from among us.

" About thin time, but whether before or after, I do not di.,dii('tly
recollect, Colonel Elliott and Tecuraseh, the celebrated Indian chief.
rode into the garrison. When Elliott came to where Thos. Moore,
ol' Clark county, stood, the latter addressed him, and inquired "it
it was compatible with the honor of a civilized n:ition, such as the
British claimed to be, to sutler defenseless pi-isoners to be murdered
by savages'.-'"' Elliott desired to I'l.ow who lie wan. Moore replied
that he was nothing but a private in Captain Morrison's company-

and here the conversation ended Elliott was an old

man ; his hair might have been termed, with more propriety, white
than gray, and to my view he had more of the savage in his
countenance than Tecumseh. This celebrated chief was a nohle,
dignilied personage. He wore an elegant broadsword, and A\as
dressed in the Indian costume. His face was linely proportioned,
his n*ise inclined to the aquiline, and his eye displayed none of that
sage and ferocious triumph common to the other Indians on that
occasion. He seemed to regard us with unmoved composure.
and I thought a beam of mercy shone in his countenance, teuiperin^
the spirit of vengeance mherent in his race against the American
people. I saw him only on horseback.

" Shortly after the massacre in the old garri.5on, I was the object
of a generous act. A soldier, with whom I had no ac(iuaintance,
feeling compassion tor my situation, stripped otf ray clothes, muddy
and bleeding, and ottered me his hunting shirt, which the Indian>
had not taken from him. At tirst I declined receiving it, hut k
pressed it upon me with an earnestness that indicated great magna-
nimity I iiupiired his name and residence. He said that hiss iiaim
was James Boston, and that \\is lived in Clarke (/ouuty, and beloniie'l
to Captain Clarke's company. I have never since seen him, ani
regret that I should never be able to recall his features, if I were
to see him.

" Upon the arrival of Elliott and '^recumsch, we wei'e directed tv
stand up .and forni in lines, I think four deep, in orderto be couiilod
Atter we were thus arranged, a scene transpired scarcely less atftvt-
ing than that whicii I iuive hefore attempted faintly to descriiie.
The Indians began to s'lect the young men whom they intended to
take with them to their towns. Numbers were carried oil. I ^i"
Corporal Smith, of our company, bidding farewell to his friends.

The Britifdi Shipping at M(mt1i of Si mm Creeh. 1 7'i

;ted ti-'

(k'd to
1 s;i«

'-%

and pointing to the Indian with whom he was to go. I never heard
of Ills return. The young men, learning their danger, endeavored
to avoid it by crowding into the centre, where they could not be so
rcadilv rciiched. I was tohl that a quizzical youth, of diminutive
size near tlu' outside, seizing wliat was going on, threw himscil'
upon his hands and knees, and rushed through the legs of his coni-
raili'S, (fxclainiing, 'Root, little hog. or die!" Such is the im|jidse
of sc'It -preservation, and sucli the levity with which men inured to
(laiii^cr will rygard it. An Indian came up to me and gave me a
picci' of meal. I took this for jjroot' that he intended carrying me oil
with him. Thinking it the best policy to act with conliden(re, I
made a sign to him to give me his butcher knife — which he did. 1
divided (he meat with those who stood near me, reserving a small
piece for myself — more as a show of politeness to the savage, than
to Ljiatify any apetitu I had for it. Alter I had eaten it and returned
tlie kiufe. he turned and left nie. When it was near night, we were
laken in open boats about nine miies <l()wn the river, [near the
mouth of Swan creek, J to the British ship])ing. On the day after,
ue were visited by the Indians in theii' bark canoes, in order to
make a display of their scidps. These they strung on a pole,
perlui|)s two inches in diameter, and .about eight feet high. The
pole was set up perpendicularly in the bow^ of their canoes, and
near the top the scalps were fastened. On some poles ^ saw four
or five, Each scalp was drawn closely over a hoop about four
iuche.s in diameter; and the Mesh sides, I thought, were painted red.
Thus tiieir canoes were decorated with a flag-staff of a most appro-
priate character, bearing human scalps, the horrid ensigns oi savage
warfare. We remained six days on board the vessel — those of us,
I mean, who »vere sick and wounded. The whole of us were
digcl'.arged on parole. The of1i(^ers signed an instrument in writ-
ing, pledging their honors not to serve against the King of Great
Britain and his allies during the war, unless regularly exchanged.
It was inquired whether the Indians were included in the term
' allies." The only answer was ' that his Majestys allies were
known." The wounded and sick were taken in a vessel commande<I
by Captain Stewart, at the mouth, I think of Vermillion river, and
tliore ))ut on sliore. I afterwards met Captain Moore, a prisoner of
war<at Frankfort, Kentucky, together with a midshipman, who
played Yankee Doodle on a ilute, by way of derision, when tm were
tirst taken ou board hi& vessel. Such is the fortuue of war. They

174

Second Siege of Fort Meigft.

wero c.ai»t.nro(l by Oomniorloro Perry, in the battle of Lake Erie.
1 visited Oaptuiii Slewart to requite his liiiuhiess to me when, like
him, I was a priwouer.''

(ieneral Harrison iiaving repaired the fort from the damage occa
sioned by the siege, left for the interior ot \\w State, to organize
new levies, and entrusted the eoinniainl to (ireneral Green Olav,
'I'he enemy returned to Maiden, where the Canadian militia were
disbanded. Shortly after commenced the second siege of Fori
Meigs.

On the 2()th of July, the boats of the enemy were discoveml
ascending the Mauniee to Fort Meigs, and the following moruing
a party of ten men were surprised by the Indians, and only three
escaped death or capture. The force which the enemy had uow
before the post, was five thousand men under Proctor and Tecum-
sell, and the number of Indians was greater than any ever before
assembled on any occasion during the war, while the defenders of
the fort amounted to but a few hundred.

The night of their arrival, General Clay dispatched Captain
McCune, of the Ohio militia, to General Harrison, at Lower San-
dusky, to notify him of the presence of the enemy. Captain
McCune was ordered to return and inform General Clay to be
particularly cautious against surprise, and that every effort woiiU
be mr.de to relieve the fort.

It was General Harrison's intention, should the enemy lay reguLv
siege to the fort, to select four hundred men, and by an unfrequetti
route reach there in the night, and at any hazard bi-eak through i^
lines of the enemy. The subjoined letter conveys its own expluua
tiou :

: 'i

Headquarters, Lower Sandusky, (
July 2'2d, 1818 \

Dear Sir : — The enemy have again attacked P"'ort Meigs. Thty
commenced their operations against it yesterday. Come on as sooii
as possible, and bring with you all the troops you can colled
Writer to the Governor, and get him to turn out as many militia a.<
possible. My force will not be sufficient for anything but defensive
operations, unless I gat a large reinforcement of militia.

Yours. Wai. Hkxry Harrison.

Brigadier General McArthur.

Fort Meigfi and ita TriaJi^.

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Dfjia7}ce llireatened.

i\\\\\\\\\\ McCmio was sent- oiil a sccoiul time, willi llio inU'lIineiice
to Harrison, that, about ciglit hun(li'(!*l Indians hail been seen
IVoni the tort, passini;' up the Mamnec, ili'signing, it was supposcil,
to attacjk Fort Winchester, at Dcliance. The (4eneral, liowevw,
lieiii^ved that it was a niso of the cnenty to cover tiieir (U'siu;n upon
I'ppcr Sandusky, l^owcr Sundusky. or Cleveland; auil aeoonhiiijlv
kept out a reeounoiterint^ parly to watch.

On the aft(

of the 'Jnth, Captain \r«!( :

deretl

rnoon ot tlie 'JOtn, uaptain .vi<!t une was
Harrison to return to tlie fort and inform Uencn-al (May of his siiiw
tion and intentions, lie arriv(^d near llu^ fort about day break m,
tlie lollowing morning, having lost liis way in the night, aocoiii-
panied by James Doolan, .a French Canadian. They were just upon
the point of leaving the forest and entering upon the cleared groiiiil
around the fort, when they were intercepted by a jiarty of Indiaih
They immediately took to the high bank with their horses, ami
retreated at full gallop uj* the river for several miles, pursuoil liy
the Indians, also mounted, until they came to a deep ravine, putting
up from the river in a southerly direction, when they turned upnii
the river bottom and continued a short distance, until they foiiiil
their further prugress in that direction stopped by an irapassabli
swamp. The Indians, foreseeing their dilemma, from their know-
ledge of the country, and expecting they woidd naturally follow up
the ravine, galloptHi thither to heatl them olf. jVI(!( 'une guessel
their intention, and he and his companion turned back njion their
own track for the fort, gaining, by this nianeuvre, several luiii
dred yards upon their pursuers. The Indians gave a yell ot
chagrin, and followed at their utmost speed. J ust as they neavt'l
the fort, McUune dashiul into a thicket acro.ss his course, on tlv
opposite side of which other Indians liad huddled, awaiting thfif
prey. When this body of Indians had thought them all but in their
jiossession, again was the presence of mind of McCune signally
displayed. He wheeled his horse, followed by Doolan, made Ite
way out ot the thicket by the passage he had entered, and galloper
a'*ound into the open apace between them and the river, where tlif
pursuers were checked by the fire from the blockdiouse at the west
ern angle of the fort. In a few minutes after their arrival their
horses dropped from fatigue. The Indians probably had orders ti'
take them alive, as they had not fired until just as they entered tin
fort ; but iu the chase McCune had great difficulty in ptrsuadiu^i

Doolati to

fore hroui

Tlic opi

iiitelligoMf!

iiigonioiislj

execution i

'I V) wards

Ih-Iuw the

* Indians we;

t'roiu I III) ,'()

Itattle arnoi

tliat .'I Iialth

I lie liirl, in

<'oinrades.

instantly fie

with the ro;

fli<! oflicor.s,

sonic of tliei

'xuiieral CJ;x

■ believe that

ev pressed to

<o Fort Mci.

Hiis intc'liu',

ilie men, wIk

'-,'oing t.> slim-

'^Dldio's; and

"-limver of rai

'"iV.iit iiave 1h

"'' till' troops

'fl'' enemy

•mtlic ijsd, '(.,

'•■'kf. A voliii
l"''T'i'':^ti"iis \
"iicceedod in ;
'I'ipiid and foe
•''■'Miicd !,(.((,.,.
'^"'ves of the

Tlie ti

oops w

Fort Mc'xjx Hartulfroin a ii lu-ai l\i'll.

i t

A
cr.
jdii
.'Iv

liy
Ilia
t on
■ora-
iipon
omul
liaiii-
, ami
;(1 by

upon
tbiunl

ablr
.ntnv-
w ^
esseil

tlifir

liuu
til 01

I'aiv'l

n tb'

tlU'it

tlu'ir
;iial!y
le to
llopeil
le tk
Iwesl-
I tlieit

brs to 1
Id llif 1

anlin^ 1

|>()(»l:ui to itfscrvc liiH lire until the last extrciiiity, ;iiiil llirv llicrt*
tore Itrounlil in their |>le(^eH lo.'uled.

Tlic opportuni' arrival ol .McCun*'. no <U)iibt,, savo(l iho iorl, w^ llic
iiitcliigeiuio ho hroiit^lit was \\\(\ means of preserving them irom an
iii<j;oni()iis!y <levis(.'(l stratagem of Teiiiimseli. wiiich was put into
cxei'iitioii that <hiy, and whicih we here relate.

Towards evening, the Britisli infantry were secreted in the ia\ ine
IhIcW the fort, and tlie eavalry in tlie woods aliovci, wlnle the
iiKlians were stationed in the forest, on the Sandusky road, not \\w
I'roin tlio I'ort. About ;ui hour before darl<. they eonimeneod a .-ham
lijitlie lunong tliemselves. to deceive the Atnericuns into the )»elief
that a liattle was going on between tJiem and a reinforcemcnl for
llie I'orl, in the hopes of entielng tlie garrison to the iiid of their
romrades. It was tuanaged with so miieh skill, that the garrison
inst.iiitly tlow to arms, impr(!ssed by tin' Indian yells, intermiiiuhid
with the roar ol musketry, that a severe battle was being Ibiighl,
file ortlcers, even of the highest grades, were of that opinion, ;ind
siiine of them insisted on being sutfeicd to march out to the res<'Ue,
<TeiioraI (-lay, although unable to accomU, for the tiring, could not
lii'lieve that the (Teueral had so soon alteretl his intention, as
i.'X|iiessed to (/aptain MoCime, not to send or come with nny tri>ops
to Fort Meigs, until there shouhl .appear further necessity for it.
i'iiis iute'ligence in a great, mt^asure satisfied tlu^ officers, l>ut not,
ilie men, who were extremely indign;iiit at being [trevented from
'j;oiiig t > share the danger of their Comniiuider-in-C^hicd' ami brother
^oldie's; and perhaps had it not becm for the interposition o!" a
sliewov of rain, which soon put an end to the battle, the General
inii'iit have been persuaded to march out, wIumi a t,(M-ril>le massacre
of till' troops would have ensiuid.

Till' enemy remained around the fort, but, one day after this, and
on I'ln :iS{:li embarked with their stor(\s and proceed(Ml (h)WM tlii'
liikf, A vohmteer ai(l of Genc^ral Cl:iy makes the statement thai
li)'t'|iarations were made to fire the m;iga/,ine, in case the eiijmy
succeeded in an .'ittempt to storm the fort, and thus in\<)lve .'Ui.
Iiieiid and foe, in one conimon fate. This ten ibie alternatives w.as
•loomed liett(M- than to perish under the tomahawks and scalping

kii

ives of the savatres.

ilKNIItAI, iiiu)i;ks.

llKAmiUAHTKUS, liOWKU SANDUSKY, )

The I

Mill May, l.Sia.

roops which now form the garrison of Lower Sandusky, will

17S

Ajl'mrs (if jditrcv Sandufi/nj.

l)c relieved lo-d.-iy by .'i <lef Miliiiiciil riii'iii>lie(l liy Imh K\eelleiii\
(i!eiiei:il Meiu,s, to tlie senior oH'icer nlwliicli ( 'nioiiel Sleveiisoii will
ileliver llie jiost, ami tiu' imlilie |ii()|ieity ill Iii» jiomsessiou.

The militia l)el(iii«j;iiin- to (Teiieral Watlswoi tli's division, now al

Inr
own

;icli

wii!

this |ti:i('e. will, as soon as relie-vcd. coninM'nce tlieii- mareli
Cleveland, wliere they Avill reuiain lor the protection of that, t
( 'olonel Stevenson Avill lurnisli the si'nior oflieer ol tliis det
nient with a ef)|>y ot this order, and the (.^i''"-''''""!'^'''' here
provide the inenns ol a transport lor I hem. liy order

11. GllAliAM, Aii/-(i('-('inii/K

ti'fl

FoitT Stki'Iii:n.S()N, May 'J-.', lsi

May it Please Your Kxcolkuuiy :

Sir: Agreeably t.^ your orders, sent by Mr. l>islu)p, I have I'
wardeil all the articles specified therein.

(ir

le carr:au<'s on whiil

tliey

arc

to 1

»c moimti'

a\e iiol vet arrived

bill

are daily expi'do

as teams have been sent I'rom this place under an escort from llio

i(iiii<

g.irnson, ii you <ieoi!i il m'cessary tl,iat on«^ ol tlie carriMu'cs siioi
l)(! Ibrwardetl on to (Ueveiand, the same will be done on yotir order

Considerable manual hdior has liecn doiu' to the narrisou siiin
you left this, and impio\ cmenls ari^ daily maklni;.

The troops in general in tlu' garrison arc .'ilHic.lecl with bad cnld-
No epidemi<! or (U)ntauious disorder prtnails. One |)erson has hciii
iMni(^d since you let'l this, He came I'rom Fort Meigs with part ii
the baggage ol' Major Toild. No news, or any apprehcMsiiui dl
danger. l»y order of the Major commanding.

i;. K. Fo.vr, Ail ill I mil.

K. J. Meigs, Esq..

dnccniiir Stale (if O/tio.

|()i.NEi{.\i, ounr.iis. ]

llHAlxtlAltTKi;.-;, Cb,K\ Kl.ANI', /

May 2-1, I si;; S

The Govern<»r of Ohio linds that tlu' safely of the frontier of llic
State reipiires capacity, discretion ami vigilance in tlu; ollicers <miiii-
manding at the dilVerent garrisons. Major Harper, now comuianiliii;
at liOwer S.andusky, will surrender the cfowimand of that ganisnii
to (^aptain Nance.

Cai»tain Vance will immediately repair to Lower Sandusky, aiil
assume command of that, garrison, lie will exercise all his faciill;i-
In establishing order among the troo|)s. Such repairs as he may
think necessary for tlie security and convenience of his comnwnil
h<' will cause to be made.

(captain Vatu-e will disch;irge two Captains and two Ijieutciiiiiil>
and coniform as nearly as possible to tin* War OHice lleguhuionsol
March 19. 181. '5. II. .1. Mkius.

Governor of OlitL

The fol
OrderH,"
tedium ol
li:uids ()/
Ohio, U) V

Tiie IJniltu

^'aplain

lux Siiuoiii

sworn.

'^djiii.ant

Cliargc I

'"•inhsliell (

■•"II l>y f he „

'i"i giiill y- I

' CStlllion

''woni, ,|,.j„j

'liat dill (I,,.

'"'•Ilior saitii

ToKiim,,||^

■■"id .Saitll (ji;

"'I I lie 11(1, I
"" 'i druinlu
"';\t«'iit, and
lusliiiioiiy
•'''l'"^ci|| a,„|

'*'"''ll, and (Ji

.111(1 furl her s

''csl.irnonv
iH-aring \.\^^, \

'li;U .SaMuud i
"'■'%, bsi;
Attest; .Su
Approved.
t'olun

'■'"llliol l];iyio.s.

, ^'o'l .'U'e con

'"'■ti-ial of Jan

Agreeable t(
'"'^"«'l and app.

(Jmiip Life at Fori Me'ujH.

17!>

I'lSP'ii

liiviv

IliU-

'I'lio roll()wiii,n 0x1 r;i»'l.s from "Siiiiiik!! Il.'iylcss' Book ol' (ifiicnil
Orders, " will cxIiiMt, the iiiaimcr in wliicli. lollowiiij^ the sioj^c, the
Uuliimi ot tlio cainp was roliovcd. Tiio orii^iiuvl in!iiiUH(!rij)l, is in ili.'
liainls ot Mi'f^. Tliiiiupsoii, \s\W ol' I lit; Slieriir of Friinkliii county,
Ohio, to whom the writer would exprcsis liis oldis^ations lor its use
I iii',(U.MKNr.\r, roruT mauti at,.]

(.'ami- MiiKis, May If.. ls|;;.
Thc IJitilvil Slides vs. Saiiinr/ S/ctiu/rl:

(!ii|»l,ain I'atriek Shaw, Captain Natlian Ilattield, ('aptain 'riit'o|ilii-
liis Sunonton appeared ;is nieini)ers ot said eoiirt martial and wow.
sworn.

Adjutant Saniucd liayloss, a(!tin<^ Judge Advocate, was swtuii

('liarL;c l;iid in by Alajor Anthony I'il/ 'i', lor putting lire ton
liiiinhsliull containing powder. 'I'iic charge! lieing read to the dclcnd
ant hy the Judge Advocate, and tlu^ (puvstion do you plead guilty or
iiol guilty put, he answers not guilty.

Toslimony on iicliall' ot tht( United Slates: vVlexundei' 'I'uckei
sworn, (Ufposetli and saith that he thought Stewart was the man
that did liie crime, hut did not sec him sel lire to the homlishcll. and
turlliur saith not,.

TuKtiiuony on buhallol' the del'endant : .1. lioggs, sworn, dcposeth
ami saith that lor ton hours previous to the rej»ort of the honilisludl
on the I llh inst., and ii)v somi' two alter, sai<l Sli^wai't w.'is wi'it-ing
on a drundiead in the tent with the (Usponent, and was not o\il ol
the lent, and further saith not

Testimony (U)ntinued on behalf of del'endant : K. Sprig, sworn,
deposelh and saith that he stood by when lire was set to tlu; l»onil)
slitill, and that said Stewart was nor tin; man who set lire thereof,
ami I'urtluu- saith not.

'festimony closed : The court martial, after seeing the charges and
iR'aiing the testimony against anil for tlu^ said Stewart, do adjudgi'
that Samuel Stewart is not guilty, (riven mider my hand this l.">th
ol'Alay, iNl;;. * Pa'Pimuk Shaw, rrcsidviil.

Attest: Samuel I Jay less, .///.(/yr Ailvocale.

Approved: James Alills,

Colonel Fii'fif. JiCz/unviU Third Depl. Ditto Mil ilia.

[UKOIMKNTAf, OHDIiK.j

Ca.mi'Mei(}s, .May -Jl, I si:!.
Samuel Uayless, Adjutant:

You are conim.andetl to summon a regimental court martial for
liu! trial of James Ivelley, Corporal in Caj)lain Simonton's comp.any.

Jamks Mills, Colo/tel.

Agreeable to the above order the following olticers were sum-
moued and appeared and took their seats :

^%*

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1,0

I.I

Z2
12.0

1.8

1.25 1.4

_ ^== 1

1.6

.• 6" —

%%'

C^/. <.>! ••>.

c^^

Photogmpliic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y 14580

(716) 872-4503

c<?

i^.

180

(kmii> lAfe at Fort Meigs.

Major J. Loduick, Captnin P. Sliauo, Captain N. Ilatlield, sworn,

Samuel I>ayless, Acting Judge Advocate, sworn.

f'liargc laid against sai<l Kclluy l>y William Oliver, Assistant,
Commissary, with having suflercd public whisky to be used from tin;
barrel under his charge on the night of the 22d inst.

Testimony on behalf ot the State : J. Davis, sworn, deposelh and
saith that on the morning of the SiJd the barrel, which wo drew
whisky from, had had whisky drawn from it during the night, tlio
spigot being about an inch and a lialf further out than when Iclt,
and the bimg a|)pean'd to have been out.

(Question — Was there more whisky in the barrel at night than in
the morning? He believed there was, and further saith not.

The court martial, alter seeing the charges and hearing the testi-
mony against said Kelley, do adjudge that said James Kelley, Cor-
poral, was not guilty.

iTriven under my hand this '24th of May, 181 :>.

John Lodiick. I'rc^ii/cn/.

Attest: Samuel Bayless. AcIIikj .ludijv. Adrocnlc.

Approved: James ^I ills,

Colonel Fifth Regiiimit Tliiril Dept. O. M.

[OAIUUSON OKDEK.]

Camp Mkios, May 24, ^81.^.

The commandants of the different corps at this place will make
out and deliver to Major I'ondell, Acting Adjutant Ccncial, com
plete returns of their resjiective commands on the ">th day of June
ensiling, for the month of May, instant.

Fighting is es]»ecially forbidden alter this date unless authoiizoii
Every soldier rfhall be entitled to one gill ot whisky i'or e.vciv
cannon ball or bomb he may find and deliver to Captain ('ushingdr
Lieutenant Hawkins. Joiix MiMJ;ii.

Cuhntl Nineteenth Ueijimcni JiiJ'l. CominiDiditiil.

[UEGIMEXTAL COUHT MAirnAI..)

Cami' Meigs, June 4, ISl;!,
United Slates of America vs. Enoch (lallouuiii :

Captains Patrick Shaw, N.athan Holfield and Itobert Irwin wen'
summoned, and ai)peared at two o'clock and sworn.

Adjutant Samuel Bayless was sworn Judge Advocate.

The charge with .^busing and threatening his First Sergeant w;i<
read, and the question aske<l, guilty or not guilty. Answer, guilty
and ask mercy of court.

Evidence — John Haines, sworn, deposeth and saith that befon
that time said Galloway had imitbrmiy done his duty when alilc
and never given any abusive language.

The court martial, alter hearing the prisoner's confession and tin
testimony of John Haines, do adjudge that the said Gallow;\y may

(jcvmi) Life at Fort Meig.^-

181

letiirii to Ills company, and parade with tlio <j;eiK!ral fatijfiie on tlic
r)lli ami <)tli inst., and do tliat tluty faitlilnlly these two days.

r.vTKKJiv 8haw, I'rcsidcn/.
Attst: Samuel IJayloss, ./^^A/o Advoai/c.
Approvetl : .lames Mills,

i'uliuH Firs/ Ueijintcnt Third Div. 0. M.

[ORNKItAI- OU»EIl.|

IIi:\D(}l AHTKRS KkANKMNTON, }

June i;5, IS|:5. ^

The commanding General, with great satisfaction, communicates
tlio following extract from a letter of the honoral)le Secretary of
War, viz.:

"The President has been pleased to direct that I should commu-
nicate to you, and through you to the troops composing the garrison
of Fort Meigs, his thanks for the valor and patriotism they displayeil
ill the defense of that post. And particularly to the different corps
em|)Ioyed in sorties made on the oth of May."

The General is persuaded that the gallant troops which served at
Fort Meigs will duly appreciate the approbation of the Chief Magis-
trate of their country, and that it will prove a stimulus to future
exertion.

IloHEHT BUTLKIl,
Oiptain Uih Uerj. Inft., A. A. A. (}. for Z. Bnilexj.

[UEGIMENTAL COURT MAKTLVL.J

Fort Mkkjs, June 'l^. l.Sl;J.

I herewith commit Thomas Gregory, who is charged with abusing
and threatening me as First Sergeant of Captain Hamilton's com.
[lauy. JoiiN' Hainm;s, First Senjeanl.

Captains Shane and Holtield, and F^nsigu jMcMaken, sworn.

Saniiu?l liayless, Judge Advocate, sworn.

(Question — Do you plead guilty or not guilty? Answer — Not
guilty.

Ailain Stoncbraker, sworn, deposeth and saith that the evening
said Gregory was sent to provost guard, he said he would threaten
and abuse said Haines until he sent him to the provost guard, and
I'lutlier saith not.

liohi'rt Jordon. sworn, deposeth and saith that he did not hear
said Gregory threaten or abuse said Sergeant Haines on the ?i(3th of
■Inno, and further saith not. On being re-summoned, saith that
Itotbre that time said Gregory had threatened saiil Haines, and
^llook his list at him, and said that he would break his cabbage liead.

The court n\artial, ai'ter seeing the charge and hearing the testi-
mony, do adjudge that the said Thomas Gregory was guilty id" the
cliarge ;igainst him, and we do sentence him to ac-knowledge his
luult to and ask lorgiveness of his Orderly Sergeant in presence of

182 The Aniei'kan Naval Vessels Threatened.

tho battalion, or be compelled to go on fatigue for three days, and
put ill the guard house each night, at his o])tion; and that this sen-
tence shall be read on butallion parade by the Adjutant this eveniii'i-.

Pathk'k Shaw, Preaidvnl"
Attest: Samuel JJayless, .fin/t/r Adrocafc.
A])proved ; James Mills,

Colonel First Ihij. Thinl Drpl. <). M.

[gknkuai, OUDF.K.J

Ca.mi' Mi:I(;s, July I, I si;!.

The General commanding announces to the troops under his com-
maud the return of this day, which gave liberty and independence
to the United States of America; and orders tliat a national salute
be iired under the superintendenci^ of (Captains Gratiot and ('iisliiii^
All the troops reported fit for duty shall receive an extra gill of
whisky. And those in coniinemeiit aiitl those under sentence attaclieil
to their corps, be forthwith released and ordered to join their re-
spective corps.

The General is induced to use this lenience alone from considera
tion of the ever memorable day, and flatters Iiimseli' that in future,
the soMiers under his command will bettor appreciate thi'ir liberty
by a steady adherence to fluty and prompt (ioinitliaiice with the
orders of their officers, l)y which alone they are worthy to enjoy tiie
blessings of that lilierty and i nb >endence, the (»nly real legjiey left
us by our fathers.

Ail courts martial now constituted in this cam[» are herel>y dis-
solved. There will be fatigue this day

RoitKHT Ultlkji, a. AdjI. <

iCII.

[genekal ouuku.]

Camp Mi:i(is, July ,s, 1813.

The commanding General directs that the old guard, on being re-
leased, will inarch out of camp and discharge their arms at a target
placed in some secure position, and as a reward tor those who may
excel in shooting, eight gills of whisky will be given to the nearest
shot, and four gills to the second Tlu! officer of the guard will
cause a return, signed for that [uirpose, signifying tlie names of tlie
men entitled to the reward.

J>v order of G. Clay, d'eii. (Juni.

Robert Butler, .1. Adjl. (Icn.

The ship building going on at Eric had not, meanwhile, been
unknown to, or disregarded by the Kiiglish, who proposed all in
good time to destr<iy the vessels upon which so much depeiulel
and to appropriate the stores of the Americans. '"The ordiiiuicf
and naval stores you require,'' said Sir George Provost to General

Captain Bardaifs A n'an(/e7nents.

183

Proctoiv " must l)c taken from the enemy, whoso resources on Lake
Eric must Ix'come yours. I am much mistaken, il' you do not liml
t'apliiiu Barclay disposed to phiy tliat ijame." Captain Harelay was
Mil ovporieiiced, hrave. and able seaman, and was waiting anxiously
lor a suHicient hoily of troops to l»e spared lum. in order to attack
Erie with success. A suHicienl force was promised him on the IStli
(if July, at wliich time the liritish Hoet went down the lake to
viH'onnoitre, and, if it were wise, to make the proposed attempt
upon the Amerie.ms at Erie. None, liowever, was made.

Kiudiuu no proorr.ss made, Proctor next moved to Lower San-
ihisky, i'.td the neiuhborhood of the Commander-in-Chief. The
principal stores of Harrison were at Upjter Sandusky, while lie
himself was at Seni'ea, and iMajor (Jroghan at l^'ort Stephenson or
Lower 8aii<lusky. This latter post being deemed indefensible
against heavy cannon, and it being supposed that Proctor would
of course bring heavy cannon if he attacked it, the General, and
a council of war called hy him, thought it wisest to abiindon it ; but
liefore this coidd he done, after the linal determination of the
matter, the apjiearauce of the enemy u.pon the .'>lst of July, made
it ini|iossihle. The garrison of tlie little fort was composed of ojie
hundred and fifty men, under a commander just past his tweniy-
lirsl year, and with a single piece of cannon, while the ijivesting
force, iiu'hidiiig Tecumseh's Indians, was, it is said, three thousand
strong, and with si.\ pieces of artillery, all of them, fortunately,
light ones.

.Srvcrai (liiy,< Ip'/I'ore the lU'itish liad invested Fort Meigs, General
Ihurisiiii, uilli Mijor ('roghau and some other ollicers, had examined
tin.' heights which surround Kort Stephenson ; and as the hill on the
iippo.sil" oi- s )ut.:iea8t -«idc of the river was found to be the most
I'onunanding c-minence, the General had some thoughts of removing
the furt to that place, and Major Croghan declared Ills readiness to
iiiulertak'' I lie work, lint the General diil not antliorize him to do
it, as lie helieved that if the enemy intended to invade our territory
again, they would do it hefore the removal could bo completed. It
^vas then liiially concluded that the lort, which was calculated for a
garrison of only 200 men, could not he defended against the heavy
iirtillerv n|' (he enemy, and that if tlic British should approach it
I'V water, which would cause a pivsumption that they had lirought
their heavy arlillery, the fort must be' abaiuhmed and burnt, provided
:i ivtreat could he cH'ccted with safetv. In the orders left with Major

184 Military InqyedUm oj Fort Stepheiis<)7i.

Ill

CrojTluii), it WHS stated — ''Should tlu' l?i"iti«li ^troops iijiiJi-oach
you in force with cannon, and you can discover them in tiini' to
ciFcct a retreat, you will do so immediately, dostroyin*,' all the public
stores.

'• "^'ou must be a-tvare tluvt the attempt to retreat in the fnce of an
Indian force, would be in vara. Aj^ainst such an enemy your garri-
son would be safe, however ^reat the number,"

On the evening of the 2!ith,(Jeneral Harrison received intelligciicv
by e.\prcs.s, from General Clay, that the enemy had abandontMl thu
siege of Fort Meigs: and ns the Indians on that day hail swanntd
ill the wooils rountl his camp, he entertained iu» doubt but that an
immediate attack was intended cither on Sandusky or Seneca, ile
therefore immediately called a council of war, consisting of M'Artluir,
Cass, Ball, !'aul. Wood, llukill, Holmes and Graham, who wcrj
unanimously of the opinion that Fort Stephenson was untenable
against heavy artillery, and that as the enemy could bring with
facility any ipumtity of battering cannon against it, by which it
must inevilal)ly fall, and as it was an unimportant jiost, containiiii;
ni)thing the loss of which would be felt by us, thai, the garrison
should therefore not be rein Ibrced, but withdrawn, and the place dus-
Iroycd. In pursuance of this decision, the Geiu'ral itnmcdiatelv
ilis[>atclr^'il the order to Major (Jroghan, directing him inimcdiati'lv
to al)aiul(m h'ort Stephenson, to set it on lire and ivpair with liis
command to lu'ad(|uarters— -cross the river ami come up on theu]iiMi-
site side, and if lie should find it imi»racticable to reach the GeiieniFs
quarters, to take the road to Huron, and pursue it W'th the utmost
eircuins])ection and dispatch. This order was sent by Mr. C'oniitr
and two Indians, who lost their way in the dark, and did iu)t ri'iich
Fort Stephenson till 11 o'clock the next day. AVhen Major (hogliaii
received it, he was of opinion that he could not then retreat witli
safety, as the Indians wore hovering around the fort in considonilA
force. He called a council of his oilicers, a majority of whom coin-
cided Avith him in ojunion that a retreat would be unsiife, and tii;it
the i)ost could be maintained against the enemy, at least till I'lirtlKi'
instructi(uis could be received from head((uarters. The Major thciv-
fore immediately returned the following answer :

" SiK — , 1 have just received yours of yesterday, 10 o'clock P. v..
ordering nie to destroy this place and make good mv retreat« wliiili
w;is received too late to ite carried into execution. We havi.' delt'i-
iiiiued to maintain this place, and Ity heavens we can."

IJei'oic Defence of Fori Steph nwn.

185

[Erfmmres to (he Environs. — a — British gun-boat« at their place nt' Ininlinr;. b — Can

' " ■ " "'■ I. Col. Short nnd Lieut

Jer. r — Mortar, d — Batteries, e — (Graves of I

poi!,n ;-i.\-pnnni
iid.in, who fell in the ditch. / — Road to Upper y.'iiulii.-ky. fs — Ailvancr of the einniy

to the fatal dlK-h.

-ll'-ail (itiinvicaiioii.

References In the Fort. — Line I — l'ii'kci.-J.
Line 2 — IviiliaiiluiieiH from the diirh to and
agaiiijit the picket. Line 'i — Dry liiii'li, nine
feet wide by -six deep. Line -i — Oiiiward
enibanknieiit or si'ic'S" -^ — IVock-liouse
first attacked i)y

eannon.

/, H— l?asti
roni which the ditch was raked bv Cro

lian s
the \>

ariillcry.
wer lei't

C — (luaid

liouse, in

I) — Ibisi.itiil du

F'l) I Sandusky-

urinn
the attack. V. V. V. — .\lii;a;v siore-hou>e8.
F — Coniinis.-ary's sIoil in n i- (i — Maga-
zine. II — Fort uaic K K K — Wicker
gates. L— I'nrtiiion naie.

Ill writi,!^' this noto, Major Croghtin hiiil a view to the proljubility
'f its falling- into tlio litinds ol' the enemy, and on that acconnt made
ii:?(.' of sti'ongor langnaoe than would otherwise have been consistent

Iwith jintjirirly. Jt reached the (ieiieral t)i) the same day, whc did not

I'.iiHy mulersland the cireunistaneis and niotivfs under which it had
ilnriuliotuted. The following ordi'r was therefore immediately i)re-

jliaiiil, iiiitl ,<ent with Colonel Wells in the morning, escorted by

iCiiliiiicI Hall, with his corps of dragoons:

''Jtdji y(», i8i;>.

■'^in Tlir (u'ncral litis jnst received your letter ol this dtde,
liilui'iiiiii!; hini that you hud thought ]>ro[)er to disobey the ordtn-

186 ^Satisf actor [/ Explanations of Oroglian.

is.sued from this otlici.', hikI 'TcMvitocI to you this inorniii^f. It. uppers
tlitiL till! iuroriiiiitioii wliioli (liclatod tiu' urdcr was iiioorivct ; iiii(lii.<
you did not receive it in the night, us wjis expected, it might iiavu
heen jji-oper that you should have reported the circiintsitanoo iind
your sitiuitioii, before you proceeded to its exocutitui. 'L'his luigln
have been passed over; but I am directed to say to you, tliiit an
ollicer who presumes to aver that he has made his resolution, ain]
that lie will act in direct opposition to I he orders of his p,.Mieral, can
no lunger be eiilriisteil with a sei)arate command, (.'oloiiel Wells' is
sent to relieve Vtiu. Vou will deliver the command to him, and
repair with Colonel JJall's scpiadron (o this place. By commaiul, iVc,

"A. II. lIoLMKS, Asfil. Adft. General"

Colonel Wells l»ciiig luft in the command ol' Fort iStephciisun,
Major Croghan returneil with tlie S([uadron to liead(puirters. \h
there explained his nuitives for writing such a note, which wtrt
deemed satisfactory ; and having remained all night with the (Joiimi,
wlio treated him politely, he was permitted lo return to his comiiiaml
in the morning, with written orders similar to thos'' he had recuivcJ
before.

A reconnoiteriiig i»arty wliieh had been sent from head<|uart(.'rslu
the shore of the lake, about twenty miles distant from Fort .SLeplKii-
son, discovered the ap|)roach of the enemy, by water, on theeveniDg
of the ;]lst of July. They returmil by the fort after 12 o'clock tlii'
next day, and had jiassed it bnt a few hours, when the enemy iiiaik'
their appearance before it. The Jiidians showed ihemselves lirst on
the hill over the river, and were saluted liy a six-pounder, the unlj
piece of artillery in the fort, which soon caused them to retire. In
half an hour the Uritish gun-boats came in sight, and the hidiiiii
forces displayed themselves in every direction, with a view to interctf
the garrison, should a retreat be attemiited. The six-pounder was
lired a few times at the gnu-boats, which was returned by theartilkn
of the enemy. A landing of their troops with a llve-and-a-halt'incii
howitzer, was effected about a mile below the fort ; and Major Cliain-
bers, accomiianied by Dixon, was dispatched towards the fort with a
Hag, and was met on the part of Major Croghan by Ensign Sliijt
of the 17th Kegiment. After the usual ceremonies. Major ClKimlier;
observed to Ensign Sliii)p, that he was instriioted by (leiieral I'mctor
to demand the surrender of the fort, as he was anxious to sinirotli^j
(3tfusion of human blood, which he could not do, should he by ituJt'

hjUHUjn Shipp — RemtvvlaMe Intei'mew. 18T

till- ne

rciriiliirs iiiu

cessity of reilucincr it"- by tho powerful force of iirtillory,
1 Iiidiiius uiul(!r his comniaml. Sliipp repliiul (hat the

(diiiiiiiinil:iiit of the fort iuul its garrison wcro determiiied to (hjfeiid
it to the last extremity; that no force, however ^reat, could induce
tliein to surrender, us they were resolved to maintain their post, or to
l)iirv tlii'insclvcs in its ruins. Hielxson then said !!iat their immense
IIjihIv i»r liidiaii.-i could not bo restrained from murdering tlie whole

L'arrisDii in eas

of success, of which we have no doubt, rejoined

(i|iiinb(n-s, as wo are am|)ly prei)ared. Dickson then proceeded to
[U'k, that it was a great pity so line a young man siiould fall into

Irom

haiiiH o

f tl

11) savi!

iges — *' Sir, for God's sake, surrender, and

iii'>\eiit the dre idful massacn- tinit will be caused l)y your resistance."

blr. Shipp replied, that wiuni tlie fort was taken, there woukl be

Inane tomivsiero. It will not be given u[» while a man is able to

jrosisf. All In lian at this moment came out of an adjoining ravine,

I iilvaiieing to the Ensign, rook hokl of his swonl anil attempted

w wrest it from him. Dickson interfered, and having restrained the

(mliiUi, alfected great anxiety to get him safe into the fort.

The etieni" now opened their lire from their six-])ounders in the
;iii!-l)>;iis :iirl the howitzer on shore, which they continued through

ih but littk

itei

and with

little etfect.

Mission,

lie forces of the enemy consisted of 500 regulars, and about 800
[iiiliiiiis commanded l)y Dickson, the whole being commanded by

■II r.il Proctor in person. Tecumseh was stationed on the road to
S'uil Meigs with a body of 2,000 Indians, expecting to intercept a
iiiiloreeineiil on that rout.e.

M;ijor Croghan through the evening occasionally fired his six-
Miiu ler, at th ' same time changing its place occasionally to induce

lielief th;it li'j had more than one i)iecc. As it produced very little

ocutiou on the enemy, and he was desirous of saving his ainiau-
jitioii, he soon discontinued his lire. The enemy had directed their
]iv ;igiiii.«t the northwest angle of the fort, which induced the coni-

iui4er to l)elieve that an attempt, to storm his works would i)e made
at point. In the night, Captain Hunter was ilirected to remove

If six-pouuder to a block-house, from which it would rake that
By giv it industry and personal exertion, Captain Hunter
|i'iii iiccoinplished this oltject in secrecy. The embras'ire was

liiskid, and the iiiece loaded with a half (diarge of powder, and
Id'MiMe eluirge of slugs and grape-shot. Karly in the morning of

1*^^ M, the eueiny opened their lire from their jjowitzer uud thret.;

18S

J Nhjhfs Work S,r if t Justice.

six-poiitulcrs, which thoy hiid laiuh'd in tlui nif,'iit, iind plaiiU'tl in a
])oiiit of woods about '250 yivnU iVoin tiu' fori. In thoevt'iiin^', iilmnt
4 o'clock, tiicy coiKH'iitnifcd flic lire oC idl Ihcir ^nmsoii tiiciriiuiili.
wcsL iiii,i,'l(', which convinced Mujor C'n)<,diiin that tiicy would n-
dcsivor to iniii<(! a brcacii and .st<}nii the \vorl\.s at tiiat [)oiiit;|ie
therefore inuiUHliately iuid that i)lace ,stren<;tliencd as much as possi-
ble with bags of Hour and sand, whicli were so ellectual tliui tlic
picketing iu that |ilace sustained no material injury. Sc'r;,'i'aiii
Weaver, with live or six gcntlenieu of the IVtersburgh Voluiitm;
and I'ittsburgh HIuoh, who ha[)])en('d to b? in the fort, was eiitnuki'
with the management of the six-pounder.

Jjate in the evening, when the smoke of the liring had compktth
enveli)ped the fort, tlie enemy proceeded to make the assault. Tw
feints were made towards the southern angle, where Captain lluiitcr'!
lines were formed; aiul at the same time a column of IJ")0 iiu'ii was
discovered advancing through the smoke, withiu twenty |);i(;l'jii!'
the northwestern angle. A heavy, galling lire of musketry wiisiwn
opened upon them from the fort, which threw them into some cod- I
fusion. Colouel Short, who headed the princi])al column, suui
rallied his men, and led them with great bravery to the brink nftiit
ditch. After a uiojneutary pause he leaiied into the ditch, culling to |
Ilia men to follow him, and iu a few minutes it was full. Tiit
masked port-holo was now opened, and the six-pouiuler, at (h
distance of thirty feet, poured such destruction among themtJis
but few who had entered the ditch were fortunate enough toescaitt.!
A i)recii)itate and confused retreat was the immediate conscqiicncr.j
although some of the olUcers attempted to rally their men. Tl
other coiumii, which was led by Colonel Warlnirton and Majij
Chambers, was also routed iu confusion by a destructive fire froml
the line commanded by Captain Hunter. The whole of them U\
into the adjoining wood, l)eyond the reach of our tire-arms. Diiri"?!
the assault, which lasted half an hour, the enemy kejjt up aii iih"
sant lire from their howitzer and five six-pounders. TheylelU'*!
Short,* a lieutenant and twenty-'ive privates dead in the ditch: ;nl
the total number of prismiers taken was twenty-six, mostoftiunj
badly wounded. Major ^[uir was knocked down in the ditoli,:iii|

*Coliiiiel Short, wlio cuiuinnuil>.Hl Uic n!;;iilarH coinpostn!j; Uio Forlorn Hopn, was orJW
bis moil to Icai) tlicMliU-li, ciil, down t.lic piclccts, iiii I trivo tli- .VmiTicaii^ no (|u;irli;rs,*|
III! t'l'll morl.'illy woiiuib'il iiilo tlu'. (litcli, ImiHtcd hit wliilo li;in(lk(i(:liiol on tliceiiduf"
swoni, iiuil l»ci,'i,'od lor thai, iiu'rcy which ho liiul ii nioiiionl hoforo ordored to l>o (IcuMW''
cuomy.

Tilt Aiixrirdii I'icfor// ( 'owp/rfc.

1S{»

liiv iimoM.i,'

lluMlcad. till tlio (larkiH'SK of llic iii,<f|it ciiiiblcd Imju to

Iclv. 'I'lic loss (»r till' ff.'irri.soii Wiis one killed luid seven

ise;i|K' 111 f<;l

sJiiriitJy wounded. Tlie total loss of (lie oneiny oouUl not- be less

tliuii ITiO kilK'd and wounded.

When night oiime on, which was soon after the as.sault,tlu' woundod
ill (lie ditch were in a desperate situation. Complete relief could
not 1)0 lirought to rlieni by either side with any degree of safety.
Miijor Oi'oglian, however, relieved them as niiicli as possible — hecon-
H'IvimUo convey Ihein water over the picki.'ting in Ituokets. and a
ilitch \vii8 opened under the pickets, through which those who were
iililt" and willing, were encouraged to crawl into the fort. All who
iltle, preferred, of I'ourse, to follow tlioir defeated comrades,

were

mid many others were carried from the vicinity of the ffU't by tlie
Indians, particularly their own killed and wounded; and in the
ni!i;lit, aliont '•) o'clock, the whole Jiritish and Indian force coni-
iiicnced a disorderly retreat. So great was their ])recipitatioii thai
thoy left a sail-boat; containing .some clothing and a considerable
(|ii;uitity of military stores, and on the next day, seventy stand of
iirnis and some braces of ])istols were picked up around the fort.
Tln'ir hurry and confusion were caused by the a])pridiension of an
hittiick from General Harrison, of whose position and force they had
[pr(ii)al)ly received an exaggerated account.

It was the intention of (ieneral Harrison, should the enemy snc-

\(m\ against Port Stephenson, or should they endeavor to turn his

IVt't iuul fall on Upper Sandusky, to leave his camp at Seneca and

ill! hack lor the i)rotection of that place. But he discovered by the

iriug on the evening of the Ist, that the enemy had nothing but

|li<;lit artillory, which could make no impression on the fort; and he

viuiw that an attempt to storm it without making a breach, could

be successfully rejielled by tlie garrison, lie therefore determined

iiMvait for the arrival of 2o() mounted volunteers under Colonel

iteiiiiick, Ix'ing the advance of TOO who were apiiroaching by the

iiyof Upper Sandusky, and then to march against the enemy and

^iiia' the siege, if their force was not still too great for his. On the

Uio sent several scouts to ascertain their situation and force; bnt

iiii' woods were so infested with Indians, that none of them could

|i'oca'd siitticiently near the fort to make the necessary discoveries.

|ii the night the messenger arrived at headcinarters with intelligence

lilt the enemy were preparing to retreat. About 9 o'clock, Major

l'.)()

'' Oeiicral Proctor >< Mortijiratioiis!"

C'rofrliHii liivl iiHCcrttiinLMl from llu'ircollccliiijriihoiit. Ilnir Itoats. lliai
Micy wcro prcpariii*; (o t'ml)iirk,uii(l Imd iiniiicdiiilvly'^ciii :iii fxnr^i
to Mio (!onimiiii(l('r-iii-(!liiol' with tliis iiirormiitioii. 'i"hu General
now (IctonniiR'd to wait no Ioniser lor the rciMroircnit'iits, and inini.
diiitcdy set out ivilli tlic ilrii^^'oona, willi wliicli lie ivucliod liio tur;
cjiriy in tlio niorninf,', having onli tcmI (Icncnils McAitliur und (';u.,
who had arrivod at Sonoca several duyn hcl'oiv, to lollow him witlull
till' dispusaldo infantry at that phicf, and which at this time u\
aiioiit i(Mi men, after the nnmcron.s .si(d<, and the force necfssurv to
maintain the position, were left hi'hind. I-'indin^ tliat tlie ciii'iiii
had Ih'il entirely from tlie fort, m a.s not to \n\ reached liy him. iiiii
leariiin,i( liiat 'IVcumsoh wa.s Homowliore in the direction of |'»r
Meii^rt, witii ri,O0() warriors, he immediately ortU'red Die inliniti'v
fall hack io iSeneoa, lest Tecuinseli shonid make an attack en tli;i;|
phuie, (ir inlercopt the small reinfoi'cement.- advancing from Ohio.

in his ollicial report of this •i.^'air, (ienoral lIarri.son olt.servcsib
"It will not he amon^ the loa.4t of (Jenoral I'roctor'.s niortilie;iti(iii-,i
that he has been halUed by a yonth, who has just i)aH,st'd his twciiirl
first year, lie is, however, a hero worthy of his f^alhiMl iim!.
(leneral (leor[i;e U. (Marke."

('a))tain IFunter, of the I7lh lie^Mnienl, the .second in (;onnii;iiiii,|
conducted himself with ,i,nvat propriety ; and never was tlicicivj
of llnor young fellows than the subalterns, vi/.: Lieiitonanis .luiiih
and I?ayl ir (d" the I7lh, Meeks of the 7th. and Knsigns Slii|))i ;wj
Duncan of the 17th.

Li(!utenant Andi'rson of the 24th, was also noted U^v his i''«|
conduct. Hi'ing without a coinmand, he .solicited MajiU' t!i'(i:;kl
for a musket iind a post to (iyht at, which ho did with the j,'ri«:|
biMvery.

"Too much praise," says Major Croghan, "cannot he hi'sti)Heil"i|
the oHicers, non-(!ommissioued ollicers aiul privates under my ivii.[
mand, for Iheir [gallantry and good conduct during the siege."

'IMio brevet rank of liieutenant Oolontd was immediately coiiffrKj
on Major Croghan, by the Pi'esident of the United >States, tirii|
galliintry on tliis occasion. The ladies of CJhillicotho also preseii
him an elegant sword, accompanied by a suitable address.

We take the above from Daw,son's Life of Harrison, wiieic '
([uoted from some other source. In defending General Ihini:'!
from the charges of cowardice and incompetency in not mai'chiiii''j
the aid of the garrison previous to the attack, Dawson says:

Jysf/'cf h> (Jrnnuil J/ifrrt'sinn.

101

The coikIiicI of tlio jralliinf Crofrlmti iiiid hif? pfiirrisoii roorivod
iViiii. even i|iuirler tlie plaiidils ol' Iheir roiinti'vnu'ii. 'I'liis was
wliiil tliey most rifilily deserveil. Then' was, however, some joiilous

ll I

iito llieii' lioiuls to lie (liHsulislied with the rourso

spirits who l<t(

inirsiieil hy the (•ominiiinliiij,' ;,'eiu'riih The onUfr wliieii wiis iflven

to (iiihmel Cro;,'h;in to I'Viietiiile iiml destroy tlie ;^iirriHoii itrevioiisly

to the iittiieU, Wii.s loudly coiideiniu'd, iirf well as the decision u\' IJie

('oiincil •»!' war, to liill hack with the tr<)0|)s then ut Honocii, to ii

])iisiti<tii twelve miles in the rear. I'oth these niciisurea, it has been

siiid, were determined on hy the unanimous advice of tlie council oj

w;ir. It is n<tt to he presumed that such men as ('oin|Mtsed that

Imanl, wnidd hav<^ i,MVeu ailvi(te which was in any way derogatory to

til' lidMor of the American arms, Kvery individual aniou^i; them

lillier had, hel'm-e (U- al'ti-rward.-, distinjfuished himseir hy acts of

il;iriii;f coiu'a;;e ami intic|»i(llty. We do not jirofess to he much

•ir(|iiaiiiteil with military nuitters. But tJie suliject appears to uii so

liliiiii MS onlv to re(|nire a small portion ot common sense jHYt'ectly

ii)iiiin]»reli('Mtl it. At the time that the detei-miruition was made lo

; williilnuv the jjarri.soM Irom Sandusky, it must he recollected that

jtlii' (Jcneral had only with him at S.'neca. al)out4(M) infantry and !.'{(>

nr I to dra<,'onns. The enemy, as he was informed hy (Jem'ral (Jlay

Jill the letter hrouf^ht l»v ("a]ttaiii .M'Ciiiiic, amounted to at h^ast r>,()()0'

IWitli such a disparity of force, would it have heen proper to have

jriskt'd !in action to preserve the post of Fjower Sandusky, which of

litsi'ir was of little or no importance, and which, the irarrison heiui;'

witlidrawn, contained uothinu: of any value? The pwsts of h'oi't

M(.'ii,'s and I'lJper Sandusky were of llu^ ulnmst importance; the

rdriiicr was amply provided with the means of defencji', and was in

Milliliter; hut the latter, weak in its defeu(;es, and with ;i feehic

brrisiai, eontaininj,' many thou.sands of harrels of Hour ami other

provisions^ the sole resource of the army for the comin<;- campaii,Mi,

V:is to he preserved at any I'isk. 'I'he [losition at Seneca was not in

ilii'iliivct line from IA)rt Meigs to llpjier Sandusky. The enemy,

)}■ taking the direct route, would certainly reach it hehire (Jeneral

laiTison, as .several hours must have elapsed before he could have

crn informed of their movement, even if it had been di.scovcred the

i'nuont it had heen commenced, a circumstance not very likely to

liippeii. It therefore ht'caine necessary for the .security of LTpper

jiiiidusky, that a [tosition better adai)ted to that purjicsc should be

]B;unk'd. There was another and most important reason ibr this

102

Jnd'we to (feneral 1 In it i son.

lunvi'iiiciit ; twelve miles in Uio rear of Scnooii, lowanls ITppor Saii- j
•lusky, (lie itniirie or open country commcMices. Tho iiil'i'il ry,w]iioli
tlio (Joiiimaiuler-in-ehiet" liiul with luju wore raw recruil.s; on tin
contrary, tlic .si[nailron ol" ilra,<>;oons wen; well disciplined, and liaill
soon \\\\w\\ service. In the country uhout Seneca, this iniportmi;
corps could have been of little sei'viee ; in the open country to i:
rear, they would have defeated live limes their nuuilnn- of liuli.i:.
It was for these reasons that it was determined by the c.)iuicil
war to change tlu- position of the ,tro()i)3 at Seneca. II thisni'V
ment did take place, the propriety of withdrawing the garrison
liowor Sandusky was obvious. The place was extremely wciik, i
in a l»ad position. It was not intended originally for a fort. IVi
the war it was used as the United States Indian factory, and luul ii
small stockade around it, merely for the purpose of keeping (
drunken liulians. It was, nu)re()ver, commanded by a iiill, witiiinj
point-blank shot, on the o[)posit(» side of the river. To those wfef
suppose that (ieneral Harrison should have advanced iqnn tk
enemy, the moment he discovered that Sandusky was attacked, wl
must, in the language of the general aiul tield ollicers wlio wvt-
present on the occasion, ''leave them In correct their ojiinions in'iii'l
school of experience." (ietu'ral Harrison had be(!n reinforced iiil;i;|
tu' two l)efore the siege of Sandusky, l)y the 2Sth liegimcnl.r,ii>i'I :j
Iventucky. After having ri'ceived this corps, ho couM noi lui
marcluil mon- than 800 ell'ective men without risking his stiirej,;ii!
what was of still mon' conse(| nonce, 150 sick at Seuec.i, to be talvj
l»y tiu> sinal/est i)arty of Indians, The scouts of the ar.iiy liroii:
information that the Indians were very numerous in the dii-vtidiii
Fort Afeigs. The Gerieral conjectured that a larg.^ portion of tit
Indians were then ready to fall on his Hank or rear, or tli' d •!;;•
less cam)> at Seiu'ca, should he advance. The information he xmm
from the Mritish iirisoners coulirmed this ojiinion ; a b(»(lyor~i"|
being there uiuler the command of Tecumseh. At the momoiiti
wliicii we are s[)eaking, the volunteers of Ohio were rapidly S;!
proaching. Now, under these circumstances, tloes any rMviii-
man i)elieve that (Ieneral Harrison should have advanceil with :
Sim) raw recruits, against a force in front which he knew l;o 1)^4
much su[)erior in numbers, and with the [)rol)ability of hiiviit!:''!
equally large hanging on his Hank ? What would Inive
thought of his abilities as a general, even if he had been 8iieei'--i|
against Ceneral Proctor, (id' which, with his small force. ilieie>M

The X((r((I Victorij on Krie.

\ O.S

littk' i)n)l>iil)ilitV') if i" ''•'^ iil)scii('f 'I'ccmiis.'h, with his 'i.OOO
warriors, had nishinl upon Caiiii) Si'iirc-v. dcstroyt'il his slurcs. idiiia-
lia\vi<f(l his sick soiilirrs, aiul pui'.suiii^' his roulc towards l'|»|u'r
Saiiiiiisl<y. dt'loatc'd the Oiiio vohintccrs, sctiititTcd as ihcy wcrf in
siiialMMulii's, and tinaiiy dulinif iiis caivri with the destruction ol'
the "rand uia,i,Mzin(' of his army, ui)on thi' prt'scrvat ion ol whicli all
his liopes of t'ntnr;' sncoess depended ^ In all luiman ])i-ol)alMniy
this would have heon the ivsiilt, had (lenoral Harrison advanci d to
the relief ol' Kort- Stephenson sooner than he did. It was dTlainly
liet'cr to risk for a while the defeiu e ot" that fort to the talents a,nd
valor of Oroghan, and the gallant spirits wlio were with him, than
I to joopiirdise the whole jirosjiects of tlie eanipaign.

The next event in the history ot tliis war whieh. (dainis attention,
is the naval victory upon L.ako Erie, ac^liieved by Coiiunodore I'erry,
a de-ioription of whieh is annexed from Perkins' Late War:

At Jlrie, Commodore Perry was direeted 1o repair and super.
lintend a naval establishment, the oV)jeet of whieh was to create a
jsuperior force on the lake. The ditKculties ot huilding a navy iu
[the wilderness can oidy be conceived by tl\(>se wlio have experienced
llheiu. Therci was nothin>>- at this spot out of which it could be
|l)uilt, but the timber of the forest. Ship builders, sailors, naval
stores* guns and ammunition, were to be transported by land, over
bad roads, a distance of four hundro<I miles, either from Albany by
the Avay of Butialo, or from Philadelphia by the way of P ittsburuh
Under ;ill these embarrassments, by the tirst of August, Isl.'J, Com-
oiodore Perry had provided a tlotilla, consisting of the ships Ijav-
^ence and Niagara, of twenty guns each, and seven smaller vessels.
jto wit, one of four guns, one of three, two of two, and three of one ; in
pie whole tifty-four guns. While the ships were building, the enemy
riH}uoutly appeared otl" tlu' harbor and threatened their destruc-
tion; but tlie shallowness of the w:iter on the bar— there being but
Sve feet — prevented their app oach. The same cause which insured
Ihe safety of the ships while building, seemed to prevent their being
pf any service. The two largest drew several feet more water than
|here w.as on the bar. The inventive^ genius of Commodore
^'^'y. however, soon surmounted the difliculty. ll(> placed Large
cows on each side of the twt largest ships, tilled them so as to sink
the water's edge, then attached them to the shijis by strong
pieces of timber, and pumped out the water. The scows then

buoyed up the ships so as to pass the bar in safety. This operation

194

The JSaval I 'ictory on Erie.

was perlbriiRMl on botli the large ships in the presence of a superior
enemy. Having gotten his Heet in readiness, (commodore Pern
proceeded to the head of the lake, and auchored in Putin Bav,
opi»oHile to, and distant thirty miles from Mahlen, where the Briiisli
Heet lay under the guns of the fort. He lay at anchor here sevenil
days watching the motions of the enemy, determined to give liim
battle the tirst liivorable opportunity. On the lOth of Septeniki,
at sunrise, the British fleet. «'onsistiug of one ship of nineteen giiiiji
one of seventeen, one of thirteen, one often, one of three, and oneol
one, amounting to si\ty-four, and exceeding the Americans by teu
guns, under command ot Commixhjre Barclay, appeared ott' Put iu
Bay. distant about teu miles. (.1omrao(h)re Periy immediately got
under weigh, with a light breeze at southwest. At l<> o'clock tlif
wind hiiuled to the southeast, which brought the American sijuad-
ron to the windward and gave them the weathergage. Connnodon
Perry, on board the Lawrence, then hoisted his union Jack, liaviui'
for a motto the dying words of Captain Lawrence, '* l>oi('l (/iri iv,'
the .-t/ii/),"' which was received with repeated cheers by the crew.

IJe then formed the line of battle and bore up for the enemy, who
at the saiue time hauled his courses and prepared for action. Tlit
lightness ol the wind occasioned the hostile scpiadrons to approacl:
each other but sU)wly, and prolonged I'or two hours the solemn in
terval of suspense anil anxiety which precedes a battle. The onler
and regularity of naval tliscipline heightened the dreadful quiei ol
the moment. No noise, no bustle [trevailed to distract the iniuii
except at intervals the shrill pipings ol the boatswains whistle ora
murmuring whisper among the men, who stood around their gifts
with lighted matches narrowly watching the movements ol tliel'oe,
and sometimes stealing a glance at the counteJiances of their com-
laanders. In this manner the hostile lleets neareil each other in
awful silence. At fifteen minutes after eleven a bugle was soumW
on board the enemy's headmost ship, iJetroit. loud cheers burst
from all her crews, and a tremendous fire opened upon the Lawrence
from the British long guns, which, from the shortness of the Law-
rences, she was obliged to sustain for forty minutes without being
able to return a shot.

C/ommodore Perry, witliout waiting for the other ships, kept od |
his course in such gallant aiul determined style, that the eueui)
supposed he meant immediately to board. At five minutes betbrt
twelve, having gained a nearer position, the Lawrence opeued Ler

fire, but tl

advantage,

able to do

xides in all

.steerage, \v

Dearly prod

knocked tlii

yuiiiiei- saw

peared to hi
do re's ship; i
blazed iucesi!
''"ding the Lj
le.ssels to foj

tremendous <

•'^«'"y '"•'lee

I'lmageable.

'iisa.stroii8 siti

''"' iij)\vard.s o

-iderable part

'■"iild be brou.i

K'gulai-ity pre

'liegun.sj ^Y^,^.^,

'"to their p|;u

Jietioii. ,\t, (

Th'3 Lawrence

I '"g with blood

plaiu; nearly (,

'"-'1' guns wcr,

p'elped to work
pin Elliot was
pliip into clo.sc
pely determin
|o«" ill charge
tPd, and takin
jl'oard the Ni;i.
povfm- of muj
pl't^and hoiste,
Phe Xiagara. C
jraediately put
P«" kept back

lag

The Naval Victory on Erie.

195

lire, but the long guns of the British still gave tliem greatly the
;iil\iint;i<;e, and the Lawrence was exceedingly cut uj* without being
able to do but very little danuige in reiiirn. Their shot jjiereed her
sides in all directions, killing the wounded in the berth-deck and
steera'Te, where they had been carried to be dressed. One shot had
nearly produced a fatal explosion ; passing through the light room it
knocked the snutf of a candle into the magazine; lortunately, the
I'uuner saw it and had the coolness to instantly extinguish it. it ap-
peared to be the enemy s plan at all events to destroy the Commo-
dore's ship; their heaviest tire was directed against the Lawrence, and
blazed incessantly from all their largest vessels. Commodore Perry,
tiniliiig the hazard of his situation, made all sail and directed the other
vessels to follow, for the purpose of closing with the enemy. The
tremendous lire, however, to which he was exposed, soon cut away
every brace and bowline of the Lawrence, and she became un-
nrmageable. The other vessels were unable to get up ; and in this
disastrous situation she sustained the main force of the enemy's fire
lor upwards of two hours, within cannister distance, though a con-
siderable part of the time not more than two or three of her guns
could be brought to bear on her antagonist. The utmost order and
legularity prevailed during this scene of horror; as fast, as the men at
the guns were wounded they were carried below, and others stepped
into their places ; the dead lemained where they lell until after the
action. At this Juiu;ture the enemy believed the battle to be won.
Th'3 Lawrence was reduced to a mere wreck ; her deck was stream-
ing with blood and covered with mangled limbs and bodies of the
slain; nearly the whole of her crew were either killed or wounded;
lier guns were dismounted, and the Commodore and his officers
[lielped to work the last that was capable ot service. At two, Cap-
jtain Elliot was enabled by the aid ot a fresh V>reeze, to bring his
[ship into close action in gallant style; and the Commodore immedi-
iately determined to shift his dag on board that ship; and giving his
[own in charge to Lieutenant Yarnell, he hauled down his union
jjaok, and taking it under his arm, ordered a boat to j)Ut him on
Iboard the Niagara. Broadsides were levelled at his boat, and a
Ishower of musketry from three of the enemy's ships. He arrived
jsate and hoisted his union jack, with its animating motto, on board
[the Niagara. Captain Elliott, by direction of the Commodore, im-
Imedialely put otf in a boat to bring up the schooners, which had
■ken kept back by the lightness ot the wimL At this moment the

VM\

The JS/'ardl I 'Ictorij on. Erin.

Hag of the I.invrcnco was hauled (lo\\ ii. She had siistainod the
priiu^ipal f'oi-co oi" the enemy's tire tor two horns, and was rendere'l
ineapa!»h' of defenee. Any farther show of resistance wouhl have
been a useless sacritioe of the relies of her brave and mangled crew,
The enemy were at th(> sa>ne tim(^ so cripided that they were un-
able to take possession of her, and circnimstanees soon euahlcd htr
crew to again hoist her llag. ( 'ommodore T'erry now gave tlif
signal to all the vessels for close action. The small vessels under
the direction of Oaplain Klliott, got o\it their sweeps and made all
sail. Finding the Niagara V»ut little injnred, the Commodore deter-
mined upon the bold and deajterate expedient of breakint; ttie
enemy's line; he accordingly I)ore up and passed the head of the
two ships an<lbrig, giving them a raking tire from his starboard giiiij.
and also a raking Hre upon a large schooner and sloop from his lar
board (piarter, at hall pistol shot. Having gotten the whole squad-
ron into action, he liilVed and lai<l his ship alongside the Britisti
Commodore. The small vessels having now got up within good grape
and caimister distance on the other (piarter, enclosed the eneniT
between them and the Niagara, and in this position kept up a most
destructive lire on both (piarters of the British, until every shi(M
struck her colors. |

The engagement lasted about three hours, and never was victon
more decisive and complete. More prisonei-s were taken than there I
were men on board the American S(iuadron at the close of the actioc.
The [irincipal loss in killed and wounded was onboard the Lw-
rence, before the other vessels were brought into action. Other
crew, twenty-two were killed and sixty wounded. When heiHad
was struck, but twenty men remained on deck tit for duty. Tie
loss onboard of all the other vessels, was only five killed and ttiirtj
six wounded. The Hritish loss must have been much more consiJ'
erable. C'ommodore Barclay was dangerously wounded. He
lost oiu' arm at the battle of Trafalgar. The other Avas imw iw
dered useless by the loss of a part of his shoulder blade; he receive
also a severe wound in the hip.

Commodore I'erry. in his othcial dispatch, speaks in the liii'hf"'!
terms of respect and conuuisscratiou for his woundeil auta>.'t"ii"'
and asks leave to grant liiui an immediate parole. Of Capwj
Elliott, his secoiul in command, lie says, "that he is already «" ^"''

wn t ^ the government that it would be almost superflin"
- eak. Ill this action he evinced his characteristic bravery an^j

The Naval Victory on Erie.

197

jnfi'^ment, and since the cloHe of it has given me the most able and
eHsenlial assistance."' The bold and desperate measure of pressing
forward into action with tlie Lawrence alone, and exposing her to
the whole tire of the enemy's Heet for two hours, before the other
ships could be got up, has been censured us rash and not warranted
l»y the rules of naval war ; but thei-e are seasons when the com-
mander must rely more on the daring promptness of his measures
than on nice calculations of comparative strength. Neither Bona-
parte nor Nelson ever stop[)ed to measure accurately the strength
ot the respective combatants. The result is the acknowledged and
•generally the best criterion of merit ; and it sliould not detract from
the eclat of the successful commander, that his measures were bold
and decisive.

Two days after the battle, two Iiuiian chiefs, who had been selected
tor their skill as mai'ksmen, and stationed in the tops ot the Detroit
for the purpose of picking off the Atuerican officers, were found
snugly stowed away in the hold of the Detroit. These savages,
who had been accustomed to ships of no greater magnitude than
what tliey could sling on their backs, when the action became warm
were so panic-struck ai; the terrors of the scene and the strange
perils that surrounded them, that, looking at each other with amaze-
ment, they vociferated their significant '' (/uon/i," and precipitately
descended to the hold. In their British uniforms hanging in bags
upon their famished bodies, they were brought before Commodore
Perry, fed. and discharged , no further parole being necessai'y to
prevent their afterwards engaging in the contest. The slain of the
crews both of squadrons were committed to the lake immediately after
the action. The next day the funeral obse((uies of the American
and British othcers who had fallen, were performed at an opening
on the margin of the bay, in .'in a|)propriate and affecting manner.
The crews of both fleets united in the ceremony. The stillness of
the weather — the procession o!' boats — the music — the slow and
regular motion of the oars, striking in exact time with the notes of
the solemn dirge — the mournful waving of the flags — the sound of
ilie minute-guns from all the ship.s — the wild and solitary aspect of
the |)l;ic(. — gave to these funeral rites a most impressive influence,
:iii'l forming an affcictiug contrast with the terrible conflict of th«'
preceding Jay. Th.-n the people of the two S(|uadrons were en-
;'a<ied iu the deadly strife of arms ; now they were associated as
^mherti to pay the last tribute of respect to the slain of both nations.

1 1 ^.i

108

Arrangements f 07' Immdimj Canada.

Two Amorican officers, Lietitenant Brooks and MirlshipmanLaub,
of the Lawrence; and three British, Captiiin P"'innis and Lieutenant
Stoke, of the Charh)l te, and Lieutenant Garland, of the Detroit, lie
interred by the side of each other in this lonely place on the margin
of the lake, a few paces from the beach.

This interesting battle was fought midway of the lake, between
the two hostile armies, who lay on the opposite shores, waiting in
anxious expectation its result. The allied British and Indian forces
to the amount of four thousand five hundred, under Proctor and
Tecumseh, were at Maiden, ready, in case of successful issue, to
renew their ravages on the American borders.

Meanwhile, the American army had received its reinfoi'ceraents,
and was only waiting the expected victory of the fleet to embark.
On the 27th of September, it set sail for the shore of Canada, and
in a few hours stood aroimd the ruins of the deserted and wasted
Maiden, from which Proctor had retreated to Sandwich, intpndingto
make his way to the heart of Canada, by the valley of the Thames,
Previous to his departure, however, General Harrison addressed
Governor Meigs as follows :

FuAXKr^iN'TON", September 2ad, lbl3.

Be pleased to send a company of one hundred men to Fort Meigs,
Thirty or forty will do for Lower Sandusky.

I am informed that the term of the garrison at Fort Findlay will
expire on the 22d instant. Will you be pleased to order there
twenty or thirty men ?

Yours respectfully,

W.\i, Henry Harrisoj^.
To His Bxceilency Governor R. J. Meigs.

On the li9th, Harrison was at Sandwich, and McArthur took
possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. At this point
Colonel Johnson's mounted rifle regiment, which had gone up the
Avest side of the river, rejoined the main army. On the 2d of Octoher,
the Americans began their march in pur.^uit of Proctor, whom tliey
overtook upon the 5th. He had posted his army with its left rest-
ing upon the river, while the right flank was defended by a marsh;
the ground between the river and the marsh was divided lengthwise
by a smaller swamp, so as to make two distinct fields in which the
troops were to oparate. The British were in two lines, occupying
the field between the river and small swamp ; the Indians extended

American.':^ Folloiv vp their Victor tj.

199

from the small to the large morass, the grouml being suitable to

their mode of warfare, finrl unfavorable for cavalry. Harrison at

first nrflered the mounter! Kentuekians to the left of the American

army, that is, to the field larthest from the river, in order to act

amiinst the Indians, while with his infantry formed in three lines,

and strongly protected on the left flank to secure it against the

savi^^es, he proposed to meet the British troops themselves. Before

the b.-ittle commenced, however, ho learned two facts, which induced

liim to change his plans ; one was tlie bad nature of the ground on

iiis left for the operations of horse; the other was the open order

of the English regulars, which made them liable to a fatal attack by

cavalry. Learning these things, Harrison, but whether upon his

own suggestion or not, we cannot say, ordered Colonel Johnson

with his mounted men to cliarge, and try to break the regular

troo]»s, l»y passing through their ranks and forming in their rear. In

arranging to do this, Johnson found his space l)etween the river and

small swamp too narrow for all his men to act in with effect ; so,

dividing them, he gave the right hand body opposite the regulars in

charge to liis brother James, while crossing the swamp with the

remainder, he himself led the way against Tecutnsi'h and his savage

followers, 'i'lie charge of James Johnson was perfectly successful ;

the Kentuekians received the fire of the British, broke through

their ranks, and forming beyond them, produced such a panic by

the novelty of the attack, that the whole body of troops yielded

at once. On the left the Indians fought more obstinately, and the

horsemen were forced to dismount, but in ten minutes Tecumseh

was dead, and his followers, who had learned the fate of their

allies, soon gave up the contest. In half an hour all was over,

except the pursuit of Proctor, who had fied at the onset. The

whole iiumbi'r in both armies was about five thousand ; the whole

number killed, less than forty, so entirely w^as the affair decided by

panic. We have thus, says Mr. Perkins in his Western Annals, given

an outline of the battle of the Thames, which practically closed the

war in the Northwest ; and to our own we add part of Harrison's

official statement.

"Tlu' tr()o])s at my disposal consisted of about one hundred and
twonty regulars of the -iTth regiment, five brigades of Kentucky
volunteer militia infantry, uiuh'r his excellency Governor Shelby,
averaging less than five hundred men, and Colonel Johnson's regi-
ment of mounted infantry, making in the Avhole an aggregate some-

200

Battle of flu Tliames.

iWwv^ abovt," tlirct! thouf^iiml.f No (lis))<)sitioii of an iirniy, oi)j)ose(l
to nil I ndifiii lorw, can he Hale uiile.<H it is sccvircd on llic llaniv.'s and
in tin- ivar. 1 liad, tlu'relore, no difficulty in arranjijing the inliintrv
conrornial)ly to my general order of battle. General TrottiT'*
brigade of live liundred men, formed the front line, his right upon
the road, and his left upon the swam]). General King's brigade a>
a secoiid line, one hundred and lifty yanls in the rear of Trotter'^
and Chiles's brigades, as a cori)s of reserve in the rear of it. Thest
three brigades formed the command of Major General Henry; tlu
whole of General Desha's division, consisting of t^vo brigades, \V(i\
formed on pole nee \\\)on the left of Trotter.

"Whilst I was engaged in forming the infantry. F had directi'd
Colonel Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be foniuil
in two lines opposite to the enemy, and upon the advance of tlu
infantry, to take grounil to the left, anil forming upon that Hank
to endeavor to turn the right of the Indians. A moment's reflec-
tion, however, convinced me that from the thickness of the wood?
and swampiness of the ground, they wotild be unable to do anything'
on horseback, and there was no time to dismount them and pluot
their horses in security; I therefore determined to refuse my lei'ttn
the Indians, and to break the IJritish lines at once, by a charge of
the mounted infantry; the measure was not sanctioned by anythiii!;
that I had seen or heard of. but I was fully convinced that it wouli!
succeed. The Americiin backwoodsmen ride better in the woods
than any other ])eople. A musket or rille is no impediniont to
them, being accustomed to carry them on horseback from their
earliest youth. I was persuaded, too, that the enemy would be quite
unprepared for the shock, and that they could not resist it. Con-
formably to this idea, I directed the regiment to be drawn ii]tiii
close column, with its right at the distance of tifty yards from tlic
road, (that it might be in some measure protected by the trees from
the artillery,) its left upon the swamp, and to charge at full sp«l
as soon as the enemy delivered their tire. The few regular troops
of the 27th regiment, under their Colonel (Paul), occupied, in
column of sections of four, Uie small space between the road .aiil
the river, for the purpose of seizing the enemy's artillery, and souit
ten or twelve friendly Indians were directed to move under the
bank. The crotchet formed by the fi'ont line, and General Desliii's

t Thi8 estimate was too high, there were not more than 3,500.
uuraerous. See McAfee, Dawson, &c.

The British were nearly ae

Jemimseh Killed hy Johnson.

201

(livisi>)ii WikS an iinportiuit point. At that phice, the venerable Gov-
ernor of Kentucky was 'posted, who at the age of (!6 preserves all
the vigor of youth, the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the
Ui'volutionary War, and the undaunted bravery which he manifested
lit Kiii/^'s Mountain. With my aids-de-camp, the Acting Assistant
Adjutant (roneral. Captain liutler, my gallant friend Commodore
Perrv, who did me the honor to serve as my volunteer aid-de-cami),
iiiul lirigadier (Jeneral Cass, who, having no command, tendered me
his assistance, I placed myself at the head of the front line of
infantry, to direct the movements of the cavalry, and give them the
necessary snpjiort. The army had moved on in this order but a
slwrt distance, wlien the mounted men received the fire of the
British line, and were ordered to charge ; the horses in the front of
the column recoiled from the fire ; another was given by the enemy,
and our column at length getting in motion, broke through the
enemy with irresistible force. In one minute the contest in front
was over. The British officers seeing no hopes of reducing their
disordered ranks to order, and our mounted men wheeling upon
them, and pouring in a destructive fire, immediately surrendered.
It is certain that three only of our troops were wounded in this
eliai'se. Upon the left, however, the contest was more severe with
the riulians. Colonel Johnson, who commanded on that fiank of
his reifiment, received a most galling lire from them, which was
returned wath great effect. The Indians still further to the right
advanced and fell in with our front line of infantry, near its junc-
tion with Desha's division, and for a moment made an impression
upon it. His Excellency trovernor Shelby, however, brought up a
regiment to its support, and the enemy receiving a severe fire in
front, and a part of Johnson's regiment having gained their rear,
retreated with precipitation. Their loss was very considerable in
the action, and manv were killed in their retreat."

The question relative to the death of Tecumseh having been
mooteu, B. F. H. Witherell, Esq., of Detroit, on the 2Sth of Sep-
tember, I8.5;), addressed a letter to General Lewis Cass, which was
iniblished in Volume o of the collections of the State Historical
Society of Wisconsin, extracts from which are here given :

The affidavit of Captain James Knaggs, with whom, as witli
uearly all our old citizens, I believe, you are ac<piainted, will, T
think, set the question at rest.

Being at the river Raisin a few day since, I called on Captain

202

Tecitmseh Killed by Johnmn.

Knaggs, who was a brave and intrepid soldier, in the Ranger sorvicc.

He stated to me all the circumstances of the battle on theTlianu's,
so far as they came within his knowledge, and at my request, he
made an affidavit, (a copy of which I herewith send you,) narriitini;
HO much of the action as is connected with the death of the great
chief.

Colonel Johnson stated at the time, uikI afterwards often reiti liUod
it, that he killed an Indian with his pistol, who was advancing upon
him at the time his horse fell under him. The testimony of Captain
Knaggs shows conclusively, that it could have been no other than
Tecumseh.

Colonel Johnson, when last here, saw and recognized Captain
Knaggs and Mr. Labadie as the men who bore him from the tield
in his blanket.

The transaction is of some little importance in history, as the ball
that bore with it the fate of the great warrior, dissolved at once the
last great Indian Confederacy, and gave peace to our frontier.
I am, respectfully yours, &c.,

B. F. H. WiTIlKRKLL,

State of MiniinA'N",
donnty of Monroe,

ss.

James Knaggs deposeth and saith, as follows :

I was attached to a company of mounted men called Rangers, at
the battle of the Thames in Upper Canada, in the year 1818. During
the battle we charged into tlie swamp, where several of our horses
mired down, and an order was given to retire to the hard groiiiid
in our rear, which we did. The Indians in front, believing that
we were retreating, immediately advanced upon us, with Tecumseli
at their head. I distinctly heard his voice, with which I was per-
fectly tamiliar. He yelled like a tiger, and urged on his braves to
the attack. We were then but a few yards apart. We halted on the
hard ground, and continued our tire. After a few minutes of very
severe lighting, I discovered Colonel Johnson lying near, ou the
ground, with one leg confined by the bedy of his white mare, which
had been killed, and had fallen upon him. My friend Medard
Labadie was with me. We went up to the Colonel, with whom we
were previously acquainted, and found him badly wounded, lying on
his side, with one of his pistols lying in his hand. I saw Tecumseh
at the same time, lying on his face, dead, and about fifteen or twenty
feet from the Colonel. He was stretched at full length, and was
shot through the body, I think near the heart. The ball went out
through his back. He held his tomahawk in his right hand, (it had
a brass pipe on the head of it,) his arm was extended as if strikinir,
and the edge of the tomahawk was stuck in the ground. Tecumseli
was dressed in red speckled leggings, and a fringed hunting shirt:
he lay stretched directly towards Colonel Johnson. When «e
went up to the Colonel we offered to help him. He replied with

Tecumseh Killed by Johnmn.

203

with jjreat animation, " Knaggs. lot me lay here, and i)ush on and
tiike Proctor." However, we liberated him from his dead horse,
tooiv his blanket from his saddle, jdaccid him in it, and bore him off
the field. I had known Tecumseh Irom m/ boyhood; we were
lutVH together. There was no other Indian killed immediately
aiouiid where Colonel Johnson or Tecumseh lay, though there were
manv near the creek, a few rods back of where Teoumseh fell

1 had no doubt then, and have none now, that Tecumseh fell by
the hand of Colonel Johnson.

Jamks Knaggs.

.Sworn to, before me, this 'X'lA day of September, 185;J.

B. F. H. WiTHERBLL, Notary Public

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The Secretary of the State Historical Society ot Wisconsin, Mr.
Draper, adds the following to the deposition of Mr. Knaggs :

" Colonel Johnson was invaribly modest about claiming the honor
of having slain Tecumseh. When I paid Ivim a visit, at his residence
at the Great Crossings, in Kentucky, in 1844, while collecting facts
and materials illustrative of the career of Clark, Boone, Kenton and
other Western pioneers, he exhibited to me the horse pistols he
used in the battle of the Thames, and modestly remarked, ' that
with them he shot the chief who had confronted and wounded liim in
the engagement.' "

Alluding to (Japtain Knaggs' statement, the honisville Journal
remarked: ''A new witness has appeared in the newspapers testi-
fying to facts which tend to show that CoJonel R M. Johnson
killed Tecumseh. The Colonel was certainly brave enough to meet
and kill a dozen Indians, and if he didn't kill Tecumseh, he no doubt
would have done it if he had ha<l a chance. He himself was often
interrogated upon the subject, and his reply upon at least one occa-
sion was capital : ' They say I killed him ; how could I tell 'f I was
in too much of a hurry, when he was advancing upon me, to ask
him his name, or inquire after the health of his family. I tired as
4uick as convenient, and he fell. If it had been Tecumseh or the
Prophet, it would have been all the same.' "

>^liortly after the fore>,'oing pultiicatioii, Mr. Witherell commu-
uieated tlie following to a J3etroit journal :

'"Captain Knaggs, who is spoken ol" in that communication, is a
liishly respectable citizen of Monroe, and was one of the most active
and useful partisans in service during the war of 1813. Almost iu-

ii^i

204

Nohh Qualities in Tec^irnseh.

niiriioniblo and miraculous wor- liis "hairbreadth 'sca|)08" IVoni the

"Ho rehiU'd to nic, when I last saw him. sevi^ral anecdotes ^r
Tecumseh, which will illustrate his character. Am()n<;st others, \w
states that while tho enemy was in full possession of tlm country,
Tecumseh, with a large band of his warriors, visited the Kaisin. The
inhabitants along that river liad been stripped of nearly every wwim
of subsistence. Old Mr. llivard, who was lame, and unable to liilMir
to procure a living for himscll and family, liad contrived to k(r|i
out of sight of the wandering bands of savages, a ])air of oxen, willi
which his son was able to procure a scanty support for tin? family.
It 80 happened that, while at labor with the oxen, Tecumseh, who
had ome over from Maiden, met him in the roatl, and \valkiii<jf up
to him, said, 'My friend, I must have those oxen. My young iikii
are very hungry; they have had nothing to eat. We muni have tin
oxen.'

'' Young llivard remonstrated. He told the chief that if he took
the oxen his father would starve to death.

*' • Well,' said Tecumseh, ' we are the conquerors, and every thiiiL
we want is ours. I /nuf>t have the oxen ; my people must not stiirvi':
but I will not be so mean as to rob you of them. I will pay yoii
one hundred dollars for them, and that is far more than they arc
worth : but we must have them.'

** Tecumseh got a white man to write an order on the Britisli
Indian Agent, (Jolonel Klliot, who was on the river some distiincr
lielow, for the money. '^IMie oxen were killed, largt,* tires built, anil
and the forest warriors were soon feasting on their flesh. Yoiiii;;
Itivard took the order to Colonel Elliott, who promptly refused to pay
it, saying. • We are entitled to our support from the country Ave have
con<|Uered. I will not pay it.' 'i'he young man, with a sorrowful
heart, returned with the answer to Tecimiseh, who said, " lie won't
})ay it, will he? .Stay all night, and to-morrow we will go and see,'
On the next morning, he took young liivard, and went down to see
the Colonel. On meeting him, he said, ' Do you refuse to puvfor
the oxen I bought?' ' Yes,' said the (J(j|onel, and lu; reiterated tlit
reason iV)r refusal. • I baiiglit them," said the chief, * for my youii:
men were very hungry. F promised to ]»ay for tliem, and tliey,vW
be paid for. I have always heard that white nations went to war
with eitcit other, and not with peaceful individuals; tiuit they did ii»i
rob and plunder poor people. / vvill not.' ' Well,' said the Colonel.

J^'ohle (^'ualities in lecumaeh.

205

• I will not piiy I'lir tlu'in." ' )'ofi vmw dons you piciise,' said the cliiof;
'liiit Ih'Ioi'o 'IVciimHch uiul his warriorH cuuio to lip;ht the battles of
tilt' f^roat Kin^' they had enough to eat, for which they had only to
tliank the Master of Mfe aud their good rilles. Their hunting
. 'rounds su|»|)lio(l tlictn with food cnougli ; to them they can return.'
This tiircut iirotluecd a (^Imngc in the ("olonel's mind. The det'er-
tioii ol' the great chier, h(^ well knew, would imnifdiately withdraw
ill! the nations of the Red Men from the British service ; and with-
out them they were nearly powerless on the frontier. 'Well,' saitl
the Colonel, 'if \ must jiay, I will.' 'Dive me hard money,' .said
Tt'cumseh, ' not rag money,' (army hills.) The (!oloiud then counted
out a hundred dollais, in coin, and gave them to him. The chief
handed tlie money to young Ilivard, and then said to the Colonel,
'Give me one (hdiar more.' It was given ; and haiuling that also to
Rivurd, lie said, ' Take that ; it will pay for the time you have lost
in i^etting your money.'

" How many whito. warriors have such notions of justice ?

'• Before tho oomniencement of the war, when his hunting parties
iipproaelied the\>hite settlements, horses and cattle were occasion-
ally stolen ; but notice to the chief failed not to produce instant
redress.

"The character of Tecnmseh was that of a gallant and intrepid
warrior, an honest and honorable man ; and his memory is res])ected
by all our old citizens who personally knew him."

The following letter from the venerable General Combs, of Ken-
lucky, who bore so gallant a part in the defen.se of the Ohio and the
Maumee Valley, has t)oth local and general interest:

Editor Historical Record :

You ask me for a description of the celebrated Indian warrior,
Tecuii.seh, from my personal observation. I answer that I never
saw the great chief but ouee, and then under rather exciting circum-
stuucos, hut 1 haye a vivid recolUH3tion of from his appearance, and
intercourse with his personal friends, I am po8Si.sseil of accurate
knowledge of his character.

I WHS, as you know, one of the jirisoners taken at what is known
us Dudley's defeat on the banks of the Maumee River, opposite Fort
Mt'igs, early in May, IHIIJ. Tecumseh had fallen upon our rear,
and we were com])elled to snrrcmder. We were marched down to
the old Fort Miami or Maumee, in squads, where a terrible scene
awaited us.

206 General CortiM Eatimate of Tecumseh.

The Indians, fully armed with guns, war chibs and tomahawks—
to say nothing of scalping knives, had formed themselves into two
lines in front of the gateway between which all of us were houiul tu
pass. Many were killed or wounded in running the gaiintlci.
Shortly after the prisoners had entered, the Indians rushed over tlu
walls and again surrounded us, and raised the war-whooj), at the .siinif
time nuiking unmistakable demouhtrations of violence. We all ex-
pected to be massacri'd, and the small liritish guard around us were
utterly uinible to afford protection. Tlu'y called loudly for General
Proctor and Colonel Elliot to come to our relief. At this critical
moment '^I'ecumseh came rushing iu, deeply excited, and denoiucd
the murderers of prixfmers. as cowanh. Thus our livetj were spiiml
and wu were sent down to theHeetat the mouth of Swan Creek, (now
Toledo) and from that place jku'oss the end of the lake to lliudii
and paroled.

I shall never forget the noble countenance, gallant bearing iiml
sonorous voice of that remarkable man, whiK' adilressing his warriors
in our behalf.

He was then between forty and forty-live years of age. His fraiiif
was vigorous and robust, l»ut he was not fat, weighing about nik
hundred and seveuty pounds. Five feet ten inches was his lieinlit.
He had a liigh, projecting forehead, and broad, oiien countenance ; ami
there was something noble and commanding in all his actions. Hf
was brave, humane and generous, and never allowed a prisoner to
be massacred if he cou.d j)re\ent i. At Fort Miami he saved tlii'
lives of all of us who had survived running the gauntlet. He after-
wards released seven Shawanese belonging to my conunand, andsiiit
them home on i)arole. Tecumseh was a Shawanese, His name sjiriii
fled in their language, Shooting Star. At the time when I saw luiii
he held the commission of a Brigadier General in the British Ann}.
I am satisfied that he deserved all that was said of him by General
Cass and Governor Harrison, previous to his death.

Leslie Combs.

Lexington, Ky., October, 1871.

In the foregoing is presented all that is deemed proper in a history
of the Maumee Valley relating to events connected with the warol
1812-15. The chapter is concluded by a publication, for the lirst
time, of the following communications, some of vvhicii possess inori
than a local interest :

Cami> Mekjs, June 20th, 1813.

Dear Sir : — Two men, one a Frenchman and the other a prinu
in the late Colonel Dudley's regiment, have just arrived from Detroit.
and from whom we have the important intelligence that the eiieui)
contemplate another attack upon this gari'ison.

General Clay to General Harrison.

207

Tlu' Frel^^lm^!ln states that tlu^ fndians had for some time been
iiwiii" (roiu'iiil l*roctor to renew the attack. A council of war was
held a f<'W days since, in wliich it was determined to renew the
uttiiclc on Fort Meifj:s, and tiie coml)ined forces were to set out on this
(lav, or to-morrow at farthest, with tluit vit'W.

Krotn every information, the Indians would he about four thou-
■;:inil strong, with the exjurtation of additional reinforcements of
lierlmps as many more.

Tilt' Hriti^'h regulars trom Fort (ieorge ami Erie had been sent for,
and were ex])ocr.e(l at iVlalden, about, one thousilud six hundred strong.
Till' C'unadian jnilitia had been paraded on the 4th of June, (the
King's birthday,) and after a siieech by the General had been t»rdered
to yield u|) Iheii- arms, being deemed unworthy of his ^lajesty's

SIM'viOf.

'IVeumseh was encamped at the river Songe, near its mouth.

The prisoner, Thomas Lowe, of Captain Kerr's comjjany Kentucky

militia, states that, " on the 5th of May, he was taken prisoner by

the Indians and carried about one hundred and lifly miles above

Dotnut. to the Sagaua tribe, where he remaii\ed with two other

lirisoners until a W'w days jKist, when all three attempted their

escape. They were discovered by the Indians, tired on and scattered,

Iput neitlu'r of them killed. He made his way good to the neigh-

iKuiinod of Detroit, where he fell in with the Frenchman, whose

srutement precedes, and who agreed to accompany him to this place.

That a small distance from Detroit he was met or overtak<n by a

large, portly man of fair complexion, who told him to hurry on to

this place with all posf^ible speed, and inform the commanding oliicer

here thai this place would l)e again besieged. The I'uemy would

consist of abdur four thousaiul Indians, one thousand five hundred

oror.e thousand six hundred regulars, (a reinforcement just arrived

at Maiden,) and the whole of the regular force from that post ; and

tliat the enemy would set out for this i)lace by to-morrow, or Monday

at tiirtlu'St. He also states that previmis to his leaving the Indians,

luaiiy all the women of the Sagana tribe had left their towns for

Detroit; tluit the person who gave him this information states, as

his opinion, that the enemy intended an attack on the posts in the

ivar of this, and that his opinion was founded on information

received from a squaw.

The officers of the garrison have been generally consulted, and
they give the fullest conlidcnce to the belief that the enemy contem-
plate another attack on this fort; nor do I hesitate to join in the
belief.

The importance of this communication to you needs no comment
IVeiii me.

We .shall be prejiared to give our enemy a warm reception, come
when they will.

1 have every confidence in your exertions, and feel that it is
I tl'ioiigh you this army looks for triumph over our enemies.

208

J. Van Home to Governor Meigs.

I have sent expresses in different routes and to different posts, tn
meet you, and enclosed copies of this communication to Governors
Meigs and Shelby, and have taken the liberty to order Cojoin'l
Johnston's regiment of mounted men from Foit Winchester to this
])lace immediately.

By dilferent detachments sent from this place, we have receivtd
from Fort Winchester about one thousand two hundred barrels Hour,
including that escorted from Anninda by Ensign Gray.

I am, with high consideration and resjiect,

Your most obedient servant,

Gkkkx (Jlav.
To Major General Harrison.

Zanesvili.k, 7th Augusf, ISin.

Sir: — The communication of Mr. Beard, of the 3l!^t of July.
announcing the marching and arrival of so many troops for tlic
relief of Fort Meigs, has been duly received.

I forwarded to General McCounell, and also tu General Paiil's
brigade, the orders for two hundred men each.

Captain Buell, the bearer hereof, is on his way with a large com-
pany of mounted men Irom Marietta. I furnished him witli a ft«
cartridges. Having sent nearly all the lead on hand to the order
of Colonel Enos, some time ago, I shall have to purchase load \»
work up the jiowder.

News from head(iuarters has been so various and contradictorv
these few days past, that we have been in great anxi(!ty. At longtli,
however, it seems to have gained belief that the enemy have been
repulsed at Lower Sandusky, with the loss of some two liiuidrjHl
men, and fled.

Calculations are making here, that with so large a body of niiii.
they will, when concentrated, move on, vithout waiting to be trail-
ported by Commodore Perry, perhaps to Detroit and Maiden, iiml
restore Michigan to its rightful st)vereiguty.

Mav your progress be such as to raise the siege of Fort Mei?;.
and put to rout the hordes of red and white savages who infest th-
frontiers.

It would be very gratitying to be informed, from time to time, of
the real state of things in eamft, and what progress (if any) tli'
Northwestern army is making. The various and eontriHlif't<iiT
reports afloat here (perhaps designed to sport with and harass oiif
feelings) leaves the mind in a perpetual state of anxiety and pain.

r am, sir, your Kxcellency's ol)edient and humble servant,

J. Va^ Horne.
To Governor ii. J. Meigs.

Cwrespondence, 1813.

209

Upper Sandusky, 22d July, 1813, \
10 o'clock, p. M. j

Dear Sir: — Mv. Oliver this moment arrived from Fort Meifjs
with a verbal message from General Clay to Major General Harri-
son, informing him that the British and Indians have again besieged
tliat place. They were discovered on the opposite side of the river
yesterday morning, 21st instant, after reveille. The Indians had
crossed over in the night, and had succeeded in killing and taking
off seven of the picket guard. The force landed from the gunboats,
iind in view of the fort, was estimated at one thousand five hundred
British troops, besides those that had taken their position in the
night. Early last night the enemy took possession of the ])oint on
this side of the river, two hundred yards below the fort, where they
were erecting batteries. Our batteries opened yesterday morning,
and we lieard several guns this evening. Ten or twelve boats, four
of them rigged, Avere in view of the fort vvlien Mr. Oliver left there.
I left General Harrison this morning, at Lower Sandusky. He has
five thousand regulars and one hundred militia with him, and Colo-
nel Paul is within twenty-two miles of headquarters, with five
hundred regulars; and there are one huiulred of the twenty-fourth
regiment at Fort Ball.

I am, sir, with great respect.

Your most obedient servant,

J. C. Bartlett, Q. M. G.
To Brigadier General Lewis Cass.

To His Excellency R. J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio :

May it jilease your Excellency : — The undersigned inhabitants and
settlers on the plains of Lower Sandusky, on the reservation made
by the official agents of the United States, sanctioned by govern-
ment, beg leave to humbly represent their present situation, and
their future hopes.

In the first instance, B. F. Stickney, Esq., as Indian Agent, has
denied us the right or p; ivilege of settling on this ground, and he
has even proceeded so far that he has actually instructed General
Uano, our present commandant, to dispossess us of our present
inheritance.

Many of us whose signatures are annexed to this, have been
severe sufferers since the commencement of the present war, and
even prior to the declaration thereof.

Without reflection on the past, and willing to undergo and
encounter any difficulty which may ensue, we humbly beg leave
to remain as we now do, in the peaceable possession of our cabins,
luimolested by the interference of any man save him who at present
eomniands us, and to whose orders we pledge ourselves at all times,
and in any emergency, to be subservient. The advantages resulting

210

Cwvesjpondence^ 1813.

from a settlement of this kind, iind nt ii time, too, when tlie fruits
of our labor cannot be wanting, need not be recited for yonr Excol-
lency's information.

We do not, neither can we, attempt to claim any legal right lo tlu
ground or s])ot of earth on which we have each and individually
settled. But the improvements "which we have made, and tlii'
buildings which avc have erected, we trust will not be taken from ns
without the interference of legal authority.

To you, sir, as our friend, our benefactor^ and our Governor^ w(
have made this appeal in the hope and expectatio]i that it may merit
your Excellency's attention, by a set of subjects whose hearts im
warmed towards you, and whose breasts will be unbared for youiit
our country's call.

Pennission to build has been granted by CJeneral (lano to thott
who have erected cabins since Iiis arrival, and with pride ami
pleasure we acknowledge his favor i;nd friendship. We renniin your
Excellency's mo.st ol)edi('nt and very hnniblc servants,

(rEOJu^E Bean,
Geo. Eii.MAriiN(jTON,
Ji. E. Post,
Asi^ Stoddaud,

ISKAKl, HaIIKINOTOX,

M OK HIS A. Nkwman-.

\l. LOOMIS,

Jesse 8KiN>fEH,
W1LLIA.M Leach,
Walter BuAiuiooK,
Louis Moshei.le,
Wm. Hamilton,
Leaves Geaneau,
Pat KICK Chess.
Loaver Sandusky, December '.'1st, 1813.

Headquarters Ohio Militia,
Loaver Sandusky, January IGth, 1814.

Hear Sir : — I have the pleasure to inform you that after repeatail
soli(!itations, and much delay, the paymaster has succeeded
obtaining two months' pay for the troops under my comniaiul.
have sent him on to Detroit, ai? the men there are in great war;: |
of money to i)urcliase necessaries, etc.

Yesterday the Lieutenant and Surgeon of the Navy, Champlai::
and Eastman, left tliis post for J:*ut-in-Bay. They arrived the eva-
ing before, and report they have everything arranged to give tbi
enemy a warm reception, should they visit them. About forty pi*'(
of cannon can be l)rought to play u])ou them at any i)oint. Hi
hoAvevcr, tliey want men. I shall send in the regulars from Semftj

as soon
from tl]

(lofailed

jllSf, ill'l

fiat (j 11;
.U;ijor V
Niiiilcy,
iiiiru'ill.
''egiiiiiio
fnfigiie a
'"g, and
s't'eiigtl).
ninety lo<
iii'e nselesi
1 wrote in
to the Qi
con Id Jiuv
IC tlirec h
'i"ve savec
liiive nsed (
'^« I belbre
f'n>ir term
montl]. Xg
'^'ecretai-y oi
of the pub]
"1 Ji toJerub
^^''lich, voii
must rely
"'i'»ense'd(

*'CilI'Ce lit ;i

'Jiizzard "-
"s is nsnal, 1
^^■^ 'Jt'st info
"■'"'in spriiio-
"itervie;v. "
^'^'wl, and !)i;,
lH)ssible. it
''qiial to th^.

I hav(

'^0 Ills Exeul

. P- a^,six
J"st arrive((
"t'L'onnt of th"

7'f ''"uonnt

Corre^ondence, 1813.

211

as soon as possible, to reinforce them, which is absolutely necessary

from the Lieutenant's representations to me. We have not had the

(letiiiied account iVoni liuffalo, etc. Majors N'ance aiul Meek have

just arrived I'roni Detroit, and give me a favorable account from

that quarter as to tlie exertions of Colonel Butler, to whom 1 sent

Major Vance as an express. There is a detachment under Mnjor

Smiley, up the river Thames, who will, I hope, fare better ilian

liarwill. Tiie militia are very tired of tiie service there, and all aiv

heginning to count days. They have had an immense deal of

fatigue aud severe duty to perform. The fort at Portage is i)rogress-

iiig, and is the best piece of work in the Western country as to

strength. The men draw the timber to admiration — eighty or

iiinetv logs a day without a murmur. The teams have been, and

are useless for want of forage. The greatest part have actually died.

I wrote in November to Quartermaster (iardiner lor funds to be sent

to the Quartermaster's assistant here to i)urchase forage, which

could have been obtained two or three hundred miles from hore.

If three hundred dollars could have been sent on, I think it would

have saved the United States three thousand ; and I assure you I

have used every exertion to preserve and protect the public ])roperty.

As I before observed, nothing will induce the militia to remain after

their term of service expires, which will be the hist of next

month. Is there any information from (Jeneral Harrison or the

Secretary of War on this subject? I am only anxious on account

of the j)ublic i)roperty that may be left exposed. I have this post

ill a tolerable state of defence, as well as all the posts 1 command,

which, you know, are scattered from Dan to Beersheba; and oacli

must rely on its own strength for its defence. I have had an

immense detail business in communication, etc. Flour is very

scarce at all the frontier posts. 1 have been between " hawk ifud

buzzard" — the commissary and contractor; and between the two,

us is usual, must fail. What a wretched system of warfare ! From

tl:e best information I can collect, it is my opinion we shall have a

warm spring. I have in reserve much to say when we have an

interview. 1 have had some severe chills and fevers, but have recoy-

errtl, and make it a point to have the men attended to as well as

possible. It is allowed that the troops here exercise and maneuvre

w[ual to the regulars, and are very orderly.

I have the honor to be, with great respect,

Your most obedient and humble servant,

John S. Gano.
To llis E.\cellency R. J. Meigs.

P. S. — Six o'clock, ]'. M. — An exi)ress by a naval officer has
just arrived from Erie. Lieutenant Packet has given me a full
iim)unt of the loss of the posts below, at Niagara. The enemy
possessed themselves of the artillery, military stores, etc., etc., to a
liuge amount; and there is no doubt but an attem[)t to take or
iWstroy the vessels at Put-in-Bay will be attempted, and Captain

212

Correspondence^ 1814.

Elliott has requested a reinforcement of two hundred men to send
to the Island, which I have not the power to furnish. I havp
ordered about thirty regulars from Seneca, aud will send a few
militia. My troops are so scattered, I have no disposable force
without evacuating some of the posts that contain considerable
military stores. I wrote some time since to General Harrison,
recommending him to send on the recruits. They certainly will
be wanted as soon as the British can move on the ice or by water to
Detroit or the Islands. I foar we shall lose all that has been gained,
unless great exertions are used to reinforce; and supply of provi-
sions is much wanted. Joiix S. Gang.

[Confidential.]
Chillicothe, December 13th, 1H14.

Sir : — With serious concern for the safety of the Northwestern
frontier, I have the honor to submit to your consideration, and that
of the Legislature of Ohio, a statement in relation to the situation
of atfairs in this district.

The contractor failed in November to supply the troops at Detroit
with the ilour part of the ration, and they are now subsisting upon
the immediate resources of the adjacent country. The advanced
state of the season precludes the hope that any flour can bo
forwarded by lake transportation, should it have been collected at
Erie, of which there is no authentic account. A considerable
supply is reported by tlus contractor to be in readiness, to be taken
down the St. Mary's and Miami of the lake as soon as practicable,
of which there can be no certainty until April.

/rhree or four thousand hogs are reported by the contractor to be
in readiness to proceed to Detroit by the route of the Auglaize, ami
Hull's road. Subsequent information as to the number collected,
and the price allowed to sub-contractors, induces a belief that net
more than one thousand will reach that place. These facts have
been communicated to the government, with a request that funds
might be transmitted to this place to enable a special commissary to
endeavor to supply the troops of the frontier. There is reason to
presume that a delay for an arrangement of this kind would be fatal;
more especially as it is the intention of the government to increase
the military force of the Northwestern frontier. I have, therefore, to
request of your Excellency to solicit the Legislature of Ohio toaiJ
the LTnited States in effecting this important object in such a man
ner as they, in their wisdom, may deem most expedient.

The loan of thirty thousand dollars would probably enable a per-
son duly authorized to forward to Detroit, by the way of Sandusky,
Ave hundred barrels of flour, and fifteen hundred hogs.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Duncan McAkthuk,

Bi^. Gen. V. JS. Army Coma§.
His Excellency Thomas Worthington, Governor of Ohio.

c'ouini
comm

Gfenera

Qentleme:

r send

(n'liera/ '

from wh

-Vorthwet

these ])os

'iinst inev

of the ne.\

frontier oi

view of till

htin-b to t

fhese posts

treasure of

J cannot
WiWiest oj)j
'oi' the con

^« a /i(ti

fo again iut

^■<^gai-ding tl

'^f'c Kentuc

" )>ioiieer eel

/" eoninic

'.'•'^y'alettei
">^ him to at
'"'aress befori

™"'>tO'fora|
"isoharge
'"•y^'-s ami til

from - • ^ •'

servino-

Correspondence^ 1814.

213

CiiiLLiccTiiB, December 13tli, 1814.

,v,^ji>; — I hiul the honor to receive this evening your conticlentiiil
coniMinniciition of even date herewith, and will to-morrow mornin«f
communicate copies of it to both branches of the Legislature.

Very respectfully,

T. WORTHINGTON.

General McArthur, commanding 8th Military District.

[Confidential.]

OiiiLLiooTHE, 14th December, 1814.
Gentlemeu of the House of Reprcsenfatives :

I send you copies of a contidential communication of Hrigadier
General Duncan McArthur, commanding the 8th Military District,
from which you will perceive the situation of the posts on the
Xorthwestern frontier. Should the United States fail to supply
these posts, and no other provision be made to support them, they
must inevitably fall into the hands of the enemy before the opening
of the next campaign. Such a state of things would lay the whole
frontier of Ohio open to the incursions of the enemy. With this
view of the subject, I cannot hesitate to recommend to the Legis-
lature to furnish, with the least possible delay, the means to supply
these posts, believing they will in this way save both the blood and
treasure of the State.

I cannot hesitate in believing the General Government will take the
earliest opportunity to refund the amount which may be advanced
for the contemplated object.

Very respectfully,

T. WORTHINGTON.

As a titting close of this chapter, it is not deemed inappropriate
to again introduce, by way of most i)leasant corroborative testimony
regarding the sieges of Fort Meigs, the name of the brave and patri-
otic Kentuckian, General Leslie Coombs, who, in a speech made at
a pioneer celebration at Cincinnati, on the 4th of July, 1871, said :

In commencing his address, the speaker referred to having re-
ceived a letter from the Secretary of the Pioneer Association, request-
ing him to attend their meeting on the Fourth of July, and deliver an
address before them. In ancient Rome, when a man has seryed his
country for a term of twenty years, he was adjudged a veteran, and
discharged from further service, but here he had been serving his
liearers and the public, as a man and boy, for fifty-eight years, with-
out either pay or promotion, and yet he could not obtain a discharge
from serving them still, but had been asked to speak to-day before

214

Speech of General Leslie Coombs.

tlieso young Indies and gentlenien, avIio cull themselves Pioneer!?, und
liave organized themselves into a society for reminiscences. |Liiuo;h.
tcr. I

And some of ns have already Ijcgun to show marks of time upon
us. Even this boy (turniii;; to the venerahle Major CJano) lias
grown up to a man and has become slightly gray since I knew him,
now iifty years ago, [laughter], while J retain without dye the black
hair I had in my youth, and still eat my food with a good ajipetite.
using the set of teeth unimpaired with which f was endowed In
nature.

The speaker then said that he would refer in tlu' course of his
address to occurrences which took place lifty-eight years ago, at the
time the war of 1812-1.") was in i)rogress between this country and
Great Britain. In its cause, we })eople of the West had but little
interest It was a war waged for free trade and sailors' rights,
and we people here had little or no interest in either. The matter
of free trade or high tariff affected tlu- cost of our merchandise hy
the time it got here, after l)eing packed across the Alleghcuios on
the backs of mules and pack-horses, while as to sailors' rights, here,
on our inland river, we never saw a sailor, iind scarce knew what,
one looked like. However, when the tocsin of war was sounded, the
West responded prom])tly and nobly. War was declared on the 18tli
of June, 1812, At that time our northern frontier was defended
by three regiments of Ohio volunteers, serving under Generals Mc-
Arthur, Findlay and Cass, while a fourth one of auxiliary forces
was under the command of General Tupper. Kentucky speedilv
raised five thousand live hundred volunteers, part of whom had their
rendezvous at Georgetown. On the 1 6th of August, the very day that
Hull made his disgraceful surrender of Detroit, they were addressed
by Governor Scott and Henry Clay and set out from Georgetown on
their road to Canada, stopping first at Cincinnati. Here the news
reached them of Hull's surrender. They then at once set ont for
the Northwest, making Detroit their first point for an attack. The
Ohio troops had but a line of small forts along the route they had
traversed, and it was the intention of the ofiicers to make them
stopping points on the journey northward. We then had a small
garrison at Mackinac, another at Detroit, and still another at :i
point on Lake Michigan, where the s|)eaker had been told that a tol-
erably-sized village, called Chicago, had since been bnilt. Since its
occupation at that time the place had grown somewhat famous as a
])oint whence considerable wheat is shijjped.

Besides this, we had Forts Wayne and Harrison, both of them
feebly protected only by small garrisons. Piqua was then on the
frontier of the Northwest, while the most northeasterly point was
Mansfield. Beyond there the country was an unbroken wilderness.
The Shawanee Indians had a town wheie Waupaughkonnetta now
stands. That was the town of Tecumseh and of Logan. It was
while General Harrison was encamped here that a young mau ot

Speech of General hedie Coombs.

215

this city, who Imd u store in Fort Wayne, came to Iilni. It appears
lie luiil hoard of TIiill's surrender, and asked Harrison to notify the
Fort AVayne <,'arrison of tlie oocnrrence and send it reinforcements,
freneral Harrison urged tlnit no one could bo got to undertake a
inurney so hazardous. "I'll go," said the man, "if any one man
will go witli me."' Logan, the Indian chief, went with him through
tlmt one hundred miles of trackless wilderness, and when they got
there they found "K Pluribus T^iunn" still floating from the tlag-
stiiff. Ilarrison sjieedily came to their relief. That nnvn who went
through the trackless forest Avith liOgan was Major William Oliver,
of Cincinnati.

But all this was before tlie speaker had taken an active ])art in
the war. He was the baby boy at home, and his mother was reluct-
nut to let him go, as he had already two br()l:hers in the service.
And it was not until Hull's surrender had taken place that, he llually
(ibtiiiiii'd her consent ;ind started out. When he reached Piijua he
found a small detachment of Kentucky militia. In company with
four companies he started for Fort Wayne. This was at a time
when there were lu) railroads, and the roads over which ourpack-
lioiws had to transport our supplies were so bad that the next spring
you could trace them by the turkey-buzzards feeding on the horses
which had died from exhaustion. Once we went foi' tifteen days
witliout a morsel of bread. We had meat-pork that was not so fat
;i3 it grows now — and beef from cattle that were so delicate in body
ihatit was a standing joke with »)ur butcher to ask the boys to come
;uul hold up a steer while he shot him. [Laughter.] When he got
tht'i'o he was appointed as a cadi^t under the command of Colonel
Scott, and as such served during the first campaign.

It was after this, while we were encamped below l'\)rt Defiance,
that Logan cauu- into camp one morning with two other Indians.
Some one had told him that the white men doubted him and thought
he was the friend of the British. He said : " You shall doubt me
110 more. I will go to the Kapids to-morrow, and bring back with
me eitlier a prisoner or a scalp, or else I shall lose my own." They
Iheii passed out between the speaker and his fellow-guardsmen.
The next night about midnight they returned, and Logan was
wounded by a ball. Tliey had been toward the Rapids and re-
turned. We sent Logan up to the ((uarters, Avhere the ball was
extracted from his body, but he shortly died. We had but one horse
in the entire eami) at that time, so we fixed up a rude sled, and lay-
ing Logan's body on it, six officers dragged it over the snow up to
I'ort Defiance, where they buried him, to keep him from being dug
up and scalped by the hostile Indians.

On the 20th of December our troops were without their winter
(lolhing. lint lew of them had shoes of any kind, and the only kind
liny of them had were moccasins made from the skins of animals
with the hair left inside. General AVinchester had decided to move
over to the Kapids, where Fort Meigs was afterwards situated, and

216

Speech of 0(m.eral Leslie Coombs.

wanted to notify General Harrison of liis departure to enable him to
send trooi)s and supplies to him at his new head-cpuirters. This
information it was necessary should be borne to General Harrison,
and a young man who was with (ieneral Winchester volunteered to
bear it. That young man now stands before yon, and tells the story.
[Cheers.] It was a terrible trip. Accompanied by a guide, weweie
nine days on the road, plodding through the rough snow two fed
deep, and for three of those days we were without a mouthful of
food. General Winchester had given a verbal message to your
speaker, fearing that he might be taken prisoner or killed, and if
written messages were found upon him their plans be revealed,
That message was to the effect that General Winchester had on that
very day started down to the Rapids, where he would fortify him-
self and remain until reinforced. The speaker then recounted at
some length his return to the Rapids, and the reception of the news
of the first and second battles of the Raisin — the former a vietorv,
the latter a defeat, and his subset^uent visit to his home for tlie pur-
pose, as he told his mother, of procuring a clean shirt! His return
and the interview with General Clay at Dayton, Ohio, were next
referred to.

While they were at Old Defiance, on the Auglaize, an express
reached them that General Harrison was at Fort Meigs, and daily
expecting an attack. General Clay at once called a council of offi-
cers, and it was decided that some one should set out at once to
inform Harrison that they were on the road to relieve him. Tlk
speaker was captain of the spies by appointment, and he thought it
was his duty to go on this errand. 80 he said if they would give
him a good canoe he would undertake to go. He had four whito
men — two men named Walker, and Paxton and Johnson— and a
young Shawanee Indian named Black Fish, as his companions in the
undertaking. As they started off. Major Shelby said : *' Remember,
Captain Coombs, if we ever meet again, that it was just six o'clocli
when you left." The progress down the Rapids they found by no
means difficult. " It was," said the s[)eakei', " rather like catchiiit;
a man by the heels and pulling him down stairs." Black Fish \si>
in the stern with a steering oar, he was in the bow looking out for
the course of the stream and watching for any surprise, while the
other four took turns of two each with the side oars. They had gone
down the stream some fifty miles, part of the way in imminent
danger of being swallowed in the rapids, and were apin-oaching
Roche Debffiuf, a small fall about seven or eight miles from the
fort, when Jo. Pa"' ton said, "Captain, let us land and take it afoot.
I would rather be scalped by the Indians than drowned in this d-d
river." They did not take this advice, however, but kept on in the
canoe.

It was morning before they reached the last bend of the river;
and when it had been passed, and they saw the fort before tlienii
and floating from its mast, not the white rag of disgrace, but"!

Speech of General Leslie Coornhn.

217

riiiribus ITiiion," with the seventeen stars, they jufiivo a grand cheer.
I Apitlaiise. I At first they saw only a solitary Indian on our side
1)1' ilio river, l)iit a moment later the woods' seemed to swarm with
Ihciii. At once they commenced to fire upon him, and Johnson
was shot through the body, mortally wounded, and Jo. I'axton
WDiinded. At last the Indians cut olf all hope of their reaching
lliurison, and they turned the canoe to the British shore. Here Pax-
tiiu was taken prisoner, and the speaker set ont on foot and reached
I'ort Deliuiice on the .'Ul of May. Afterward when he met Paxton,
and wa> talking the event over with him, Jo. Paxton said it would
liave taken a peck of bullets to kill him when he saw the ihig Hying
(ivcr Fort Meigs that morning

When (Ji'iieral Clay arrived at the head of the rapids, he found
OHver, the Cincinnati man he had spoken of, now a Captain, ready
M start out on tbo same errand from which he had just returned.
Ill' (11(1 tliK«, and brought back orders from General Harrison to land
DM the Hiitish side, spike their guns, run the gun carringes down
tht-' Inuik. and when this was accomplished, make a general assault.
The speaker, with his company of spies, was sent out as soon as they
landed, and the first music he heard was th(! whistling of bullets
lioiii the Indians, when, forming into line, they charged U])on their
dusky foes and soon put them to rout. Following them some distance,
thfv were reinforced, and the company was i'orced to retire, with
orders to lorm again at the batteries. But the batteries had been
taken by the British, and they soon found themselves prisoners.

On their making a surrender, they were marched off to Old Fort
Maiimee, in front of which the Indians were ranged, and where the
ciiptives were compelled to run the gauntlet to reach their place of
imprisonment. Here it was that he first saw the gallant Tecumseh,
who came at their hour of peril and saved them all from massacre.
Aftor being released on parole by the British, he returned home by
the Scioto to the Ohio river.

(J H A I' T K II III.

INDIAN TItKATIES.

It is tk'onu'il 11 nmllor of iiiiiKirluuct! to iMiibudy such provisions
of the Indiiin ti'c'iiti(>,s iis cmhriicc IuiuIh within the Viillcy of tlii
Miiimioc jiiul ivgioiis im modi at fly iuljacciil. Thuy (ion.stituto siicli
viihiablo liiudinarks in Western iii.siury, and bcai- hu(']i ch)SL' rcliitioib
to tho Indian wars, and the ellbrts of Knropean races to establish
their religion and civilization among the aborigimil tril)cs, that tlk'v
lind a proper place in a work of this cliaracter.

Among these ti'eaties, Ihe (ine made at (ireonville in 17!)r>will
alt''act marked altenUcin. In tliis negotiation, (ienenil Wiiyiic
exhibited tliat iie possessed ti'aits of di[)lomacy and ,statesiuiiiislii|i
whicii slione as conspicuously as his acliievements at the lieiul nf
armies — brilliant as those acdiievements were. His sagacity icil liiiii
to include within the sixteen cession?, loc-ated from each othor ai
immense distances, and distriltuted ovei' an extensive area of wildu-
ness country, the lands upon whicrh are now establislnd thoso givai
centres of commerce, Chicago, h-Lroit, 'i'oledo and Fort Wiiyiii'.
llis foresiglit was also manifest in securing a free passage, by laml
and by water, througli the Indian country, that eommuiiiciitioii
might not be interrupted.

By the articles of ti treaty concluded at Fort Mcintosh, 'ilsl nl'
January, ITSo, between Ignited States "Commissioners I'lenipotoii-
tiary, of the one part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wimi-
dot, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa Nations of the other,"' tin
United States granted peace to said tribes on certain conditions;
among which were those mentioned in the following:

SIX MILES SytiARK AT TllK MOUTH 01' THK MAUXIKE, AND SAX-

DU.SKY HKSKIiVATIONS.

'• Article IV. The United States allot all the lands contained
within the said lines to the Wiandot and Delaware nations, to livi'
and to hunt ou, and to such of the Ottawa nation as uow live

'Ireaty at Fort Mr hitoiOi, 1785.

21J>

:licivoii; tiiiviiig iviul reserving lor the ('Htiil>li>*liim'iil, of Irmliii};'
[Kists, six miles 8(|uare ut the mouth of Miami or Omoe rivor, and
ilicsiiine at the jjortage on that branch of the Mig Miami, which
riiiia into the Ohio, and the same on the hike of Sandnske. where
tho (ort furini'riy stood, and also two miles S(|U:iro on each side of
ilic lower I'jiiiids of Sanduske riv(;r, which posts and the lands
;iiinc\i'(l 1(1 them, shall he to the use and undi'r the government of
the United States."

DKTUorr DISTKKT UKSKllVKD.

AuT. \ll. The I'nst ol Detroit, with a district beginning at lh(f
mmith of I lie river Kosine, on the west end of Lake Erie, and
:iintiin<j wi.st six miles up the southern hank of the said river;
I'lnicc iKirtherly, ami always six miles west of the strait, till it
>t likes the Lake St. Clair, shall he also reserved to the sole use of
llie rniteil States."

A treaty was made at Fort llarmar, January Utli, 1780, between
Arthur St. Clair, (Jovernor of the territory of the United States
iiortlnvesl of the river Ohio, and the Saclu'nis and Warriors of
ihc Wyandot. Delaware, Ottawa, (Jhijipewa, Pottawatima and Sac
Niition.s en the other itart.

Hy the terms of this treaty, the boundary line between the L''nited
States and said nations was bounded as follows : " Beginning at the
jmouth of the Cuyahoga river, and running thence \\\\ the said river
;t! 1 1 the ]H)rtiige between that and the Tuscarawa branch of the Mus-
|kiiii:inn: tlicti down the said braiu'h to the forks at the crossing place
liDvi' Fdil Lawrence: thence westerly to the portage on thai branch
liif the Bij^- Miami river which runs into the Ohio, at the mouth of
jwhich branch the fort stood, which was taken by the French in the
Ivoar A. D. 1753 ; thence along the said portage to the Great Miami (u*
ICmeo river, and down the southeast side of the same to its mouth ;
|tliriicc along the southern shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of Cuya-
!lii'<ra, where it began."

Am. X renewed the reservations " heretolbre made in the before-
tiuntioned treiity of Fort Mcintosh, for the establishment of trading
i"|^t.-j, in manner and form following; that is to say: Six miles
hiiiiio at the mouth of the Miami or Omee river ; six miles square
^t thr portage upon that branch of the Miami which runs into the

liio; six miles square upon the Lake Sandusky, where the fort
lormerly stood ; and two miles square upon each side of the lower

220

Treaty at Fort Havmar^ 1*789.

|i!!

rapids on Sandusky river; wliich posts, and tlic lands annexed to
them, shall be for the use and under the government of the Uiiitei!
States."

Art. XI reaffirmed the provisions of the seventh article of tk
treaty of Fort Mcintosh, which reserved the district of Detroii,
beginning at the mouth of the river "T}osine,"at the west end of
Lake Erie, etc.

Appended to this treaty is the following declaration:

" Be it remembered, that the Wyandots liave laid claim to tlit
lands that were granted to the Shawanese, at the treaty held attk
Miami, and have declared that as the Shawanese have been so rest-
less, and caused so much trouble, lioth to them and the United
States, if they will not now be at peace, they will dispossess them,
and take the country into their own hands ; for that the country i:
theirs of right, and the Shawanese are only living upon it by tLeir
jiermission. They further lay claim to all the country west of tin
Miami boundary, from the village to Lake Erie, and declare tliatii
is now under their management and direction."

And a " separate article " in the same treaty is in the following
words :

•'Whereas, the Wyandots have represented, that within tiie reser-
vation from the river Rosine along the strait, they have two village;,
from which they cannot with any convenience remove ; it is agreei!
that they shall remain in possession of the same, and shall notbeiii
any manner disturbed therein."

A Treaty of Peace Between the United States of America, and tlie Tribes of
Indians called tho Wyandots, Delawares, Sliawanoes, Ottawa^, Chippf
was, Putawatinics, Mianiis. Ed River, Weeas, Kickapoos, Pianliasliaif;.
and Kasltasliias.

To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversies, iiniil
to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the said Uuiwl
States and Indian tribes ;— Anthony Wayne, Major General com]
manding the army of the United States, and sole commissioner f'J
the good purposes above-mentioned, and the said tribes of Indiaiiij
by their Sa(;liems, Chiefs and Warriors, met together at Grecnvi
the head([uarters of the said army, have agreed on the followirl
articles, which, wheu ratilied by the President, with the advice aiii!|

11: •■

Treaty at Fort Greenville^ 1795.

221

consent of the Semite of the United States, si ull be binding on
them and the said Indian tribes.

AuTicLE I. Henceforth Jill hostilities shall cease; jieace is hereby
established, and shall be perpetual ; luid a friendly intercourse shall
take place between the said United States and Indian tribes.

Art. II. All prisoners shall on both sides be restored. The
Indians, prisoners to the United States, shall immediately be set at
lilierty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners
among the Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the
date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at Greenville, Fort
Wayne or Fort Defiance; and ten chiefs of the said tribes shall
remain at Greenville as hostages until the delivery of the prisoners
siiall be effected.

Art. III. The general Ijoundary line l)etween the lands of the
United States, and the lands of said Indian tribes, shall begin at
the mouth of Cuyahoga river, and run thence up the same to the
portage between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Mus-
kingum ; thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort
Lawrence; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great
Miami river running into the Ohio, at or near wliich fork stood
Loromie's store, and where commences the portage between the
I Miami of the Ohio and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of the
I Miami which rnns into Lake Fr'e; thence a westerly course to Y'?xt
Recovery, which stands on a branch of the AVabash ; thence south-
hvesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river oppo-
Isite the mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in consideration
J of the peace now established ; of the goods formerly received from the
Bruited states: of those now to be delivered, and of the yearly
|delivery of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indem-
inify the United States for the injuries and expenses they have
Isustained during the war ; tiie said Indian tribes do hereby cede
land relin(|uish forever, all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly
land southwardly of the general boundary line now described ; and
itbese lands, or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made a
|caiise or pretence, on the part of the said tribes or any of them, of
war or injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof.

And for the same considerations, and as an evidence of the
jrcturning friendship of the said Indian tribes, of their confidence in
^1k United States, and desire to provide for their accommodation,

ii I

222

Treaty at Fort Greenville^ 1795.

and for that convenient intercourse, which will be beneficial to boil:
parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to the United States tlii
Ibllowing pieces of land, to-wit: 1. One piece of land «ix miks
square at or near Loromie's store before-mentioned. 'Z. OnepietH
two miles 8(|nare at the head of the navigable water or lantlint'oii
the St. Mary's river, near G'rty's town. 3. One piece six iiiIIh
square at the head of the navigable water of the Au-Glaize river, j,
One piece six miles square at the con^uence of the Au-Ghiize itii'i
Miami rivers, where Fort Defiance now stands. 5. One piece sis
miles square at or near tl o conliuence of the rivers St, Mary's ami
St. Joseph's, where Fort Wayne now stands, or near it. (!. On
piece two miles .S(|Uare on the Wabash river, at the end of tiir
jiortage from the Miami of the Lake, and about eight miles wo;t-
ward from Fort Wayne. 7. One piece six miles scjuarc at tl;
Ouatanon or old Weea towns, on the Wabash river. S. One pioce
twelve miles s<|uar.' at the British fort on the Miami of the Lake,
at the foot of the rapids. 9. One piece six miles square at tk
mouth of said river, where it empties into the lake. 10. Uiiepiec;
six miles square uj)on Sandusky Lake, where a fort formerly stow.
IL One piece (wo miles square at the lower rapids of Sandiijkn
river. 12. The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, tiiv
west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extiii]
guished by gills or grants to the French or English goveninnnt-:
and so much mon- land to be annexed to the district of Dotroita-
shall be comprehended between the river Kosine on the sDutli, Lai;
St. Olair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof sliaii
be six miles distant from the west end of Lake Fa'ie aiul Detm:
river. 13. The of post Michilliinackinac, and all the liuid oii '!i
island on which that post stands, and the main land adjaceut.i';
which the English title has been extinguished by gifts orgniiitst''
the French or English governments; and a piece of laud on tii
main to the north of the island, to measure six miles on hi<
Huron, or the strait between Lakes Huron and Mich ii^ an, and t
extend three miles back from the water of the lake or strait, an:
also the island of De Bois Blanc, being an extra or voluntary gift «
the Chippewa luition. 14. One piece of land six miles square at tlitj
mouth of (Jhikago river, emptying into the southwest end of L
Michigan, where a fort formerly stood, lo. One piece twelve mi!' |
sijuare at or near the mouth of the Illinois river, emptying intii
Mississippi. IG. One piece six miles scjuare at the old PioriaiS l^f I

Treaty at Fort Greenville^ 1795.

223

¥i

I «

and village, near the south end of the Illinois Luke on Euid Illinois
river: And whenever the United States shall think proper to survey
and mark the houndaries of the lands hereby ceded to them, they
shall "ive timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that
thi'V may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that
the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty.

And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United
States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the other
shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain
of posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commence-
ment of the portage aforesaid at or near lioromie's store, thence
along said portage to the St. Mary's, and down the same to Fort
Wayne, and then down the Miami to Lake Erie: again from the
conimoneement of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the
portage from thence to the river Au-Glaize, and down the same to its
jnnction with the Miami at Fort Detuince: again from the com-
uicnccnient of the portage aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down
tiie same to Sandusky Bay and Lake Fa-it.', and from Sandusky to tiif
Lhopost which shall be taken at or near the foot of the rapids of the
Miami of the Lake : ;md from thence to I.)etr()it. Again, from the
mouth of the Chikago to the commencement of the portage between
that river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois river to the Missis-
sippi; also from Fort Wayne along the portage aforesaid, which
leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And
the said Indian tribes will also allow to the people of the L^nited
States the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers along the
lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats,
and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety.

Art. IV. In consideration ol" the peace now established, and of
the cessions and relin([uishments of lands made in the preceding
article by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality
of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace
strong and perpetual; the Llnited States relin(iuish their claims to
all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the
Mississippi, and westward and southward ol the great lakes and the
waters uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed upon
hy the United States atid the King of Great Britain, in the treaty
<'!' peace made between them in the year 1783. But from this relin-
'luishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are
explicitly excepted : 1st. The tract of one hundred and lity thou-

224

Treaty at Fwt Greenville^ 1795.

sand acres near the rapids of the Ohio river, which has been
assigned to General Chirk, for the use of himself and his warriors.
2d. The post of St. Vincennes, on the river Wabash, jmd 1 he lands
a'^.jacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished. 3d. The
lands at all other places in possession of the French people and
other white settlers among them, of which the Indian title has been
extinguished, us mentioned in the third article; and 4th. The post
of Fort Massac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several
parcels of land so accepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title
and claim which they or any of them may have.

And for the same considerations, and with the same views as
above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian
tribes a quantity of goods to the value of !!!20,000, the receipt
whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every year
forever the United States will deliver at some convenient pliice
northward of the river Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circiira-
stances of the Indians, of the value of i|9,.500; reckoning tli at value
at the first cost of tlie goods in the city or place in the United
States where they sluiU be procured. The tribes to which those
goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions in which
they are to be delivered, are the following : [This clause, not deemed
essential liere, i.s omitted.] Provided, that if either of the said tribes
shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of tlie jrood-
aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnisl.'din
domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and otlier uteusi!^
convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artilicerswl)'
may reside with or near them, and be employed for their heiietit, tli'
same shall, at the subse([uent annual deliveries, be furnislRvl acojrJ

iiigly-
Art. V. To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian la'Kl>

relinquished by the United States, in the fourth article, it isexplif

itly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this: TIk

Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to eujov

them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as thf>

please, without any molestation from the United States ; but whm

those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, ur

any part of them, they are to be sold only to the United States; and

until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian

tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizen.'^i''

the United States, and against all other white persons who iutnid'

Treaty at Fort Greenmlle, 1795.

00 r:

And the suid liuliau tribes iiijiuu ackn()wltHl<'e

upon ilu' siiiiio.

ilifinsolvos lo 1)0 under the protection of tlie said United Statea, and

no other power whatever.

AitT. VI. It" any citizen of the United States, or any other white
person or persons, shall presume to settle ui)on the lands now rclin-
(luished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall bo
out of the protection of the United .States ; and the Indian tribe,
on whose land the settlement shall lie made, may drive olf the settler,
ur punish him in such manner as they shall think lit ; ami because
such settlement made without the consent of the United States,
will bo injurious to them, as well as to the Indians, the United
States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove and punish
the settlers as they shall think projier, and so ellect that i)rotection
of the Indian lands hereinbefore stj[)ulated.

AuT. VII. The said tribes of Indians, parties to this treaty, shall
be lit liberty to hunt witiiin the territory and lands which they have
now ceded to the United Status, without hindrance or molestation,
so long as they demean themselves peaceably, and oiler no injury lo
the people of the United States.

Art. V^III. Trade siiall be opened with the said Indian tribes; and
they do hereby respectively enga<^'e to atford protection to such
persons, with their [iroperty, as shall be duly licensed to reside
among them for the purpose of trade, and to their agents and
servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at any of their
towns or hunting cam[)S as a I rader, who is not furnished with a
license for that purpose, under the hand and seal of the superin-
tendent of the department northwest of the Ohio, or such other
person as the President of the United States shall authorize to grant
such licenses ; to the end, that the saiil Indians may not be imposed
i>u in their trade. And if any licensed trader shall abuse his priv-
ilege by nntUir dealin^g, upon complaint and i)roof thereof, his license
.^liall be takon from him, and he shall be further punished acconliiig
to the laws of the United States. And if any person shall intrude
liiinseU as a trailer, without such license, the said Indians shall take
;uul bring him before the superintendent or his deputy, to be dealt
with aeconling to law. And to prt^veut imposition by forged
licenses, the said Indians shall, at least onc6 a year, give informa-
tiun to the su])erintendent or his deputies, of the names of the
traders residing among them.

226 Treaty at Fort Greenville, 1795.

Art. IX. Lest the firm [>eace and tVioii(l.sliii» now t'sfablisliPil
should be intorrnpted by the misconduct of individuals, the rnited
States, and tho said Indian tribes, a^ree that, for injnries done bv
individuals on either side, no private revenue or retaliation siiull
take place; but instead tliereof, complaint shall be nuule by the
party injured, to the other: By the said Indian tribes, or anyol
them, to the President of the United States, or the superintendeni
by him appointed: and by the superintendent or other person
appointed by the President, to the principal (ihiefs of tiie said Indian
tribes, or of the tribe to which tlu' offender belonj^s; and sneli inn-
dent measures shall then be ])nrsued as .shall be nect ssary lo prej-ciw
the said peace and friendship unbroken, until the Ijcf^i.slatnrc (or
Great C'onncil) of the United States shall make other equitalil-'
provision in the case, to the satisfaction of both parties. ShoiiM
any Indian tril)es meditate a war against the United States, or eitliur
of them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the beforemcD-
tioned tribes, or either of them, they do hereby engage to givf
immediate notice thereof to the general cr oflicer commandinL'
the troops of the IFnited States, at the nearest post. And shoiikl
any tribe, with hostile intentions against tlie United States, uf
either of them, attempt to pass through their country, they will
endeavor to prevent the same, and in like manner give infoniiii-
tion of such attempt to the general or officer commanding, as soon
as possible, that all causes of distrust or suspicion nuiy be avoided
between them and the United States. In like manner the ITnittil
States shall give notice to the said Indian tribes of any harm that
may be meditated against them, or either of them, that shall couk-
to their knowledge : and do all in their j)Ower to hinder and prevenl
the same, that the friendship between them may be uninterrupted,

Art. X. All other treaties heretofore made between the
United States and the said Indian tribes, or any of them, since
the treaty of 178.% between the United States and (Jreat Britain.
that come within the pnrview of this treaty, shall henceforth cease
and become void.
In testimony whereof, the said Anthony Wayne, and the Sacheui!

and War-Chiefs of the before-mentioned Nations and Tribes of

Indians, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals.

Done at Greenville, in the Territory of the United States, uortii-

west of the river Ohio, on the 3d day of Augst, one thousaud

seven hundred and ninety-five.

lii

Treaty at Fort Indus^-tj.

" A treat)' between the United Stnf « 7~, ~

warriors of the Wyandot, Ottawa Th . ^^<^^^rn,, chiefs and

.;^awanee and PoLwatima raro^^rT'lT' ^"°^^^' ^«^—
Miami of the Lake, on the mTyVjZvf,^ '' ^''' ^"^"^^^7

111 Article II. of this tmn, l ■ . ^ ^' ^^■> ^««5.''

l» a meridian li„„ ,,,.„„ No,. , an Sn,M"T"'' "'"'"""■«•"■'■■
to be erected on the south sho, „T 1 „.""*'' " ''"""'•"•y
I'venty miles duo west of the wo«, 1 , "'• °"" >»»'>lred and

ol Ill's irnitod .States, and oUen ?"™'" "'" ''"'""''"■y line

'.^.-etofore „„ai,li,,l,od l,y 1," ^ ':'?,,7,""' """' " tate,.,eot« f e

AllT. III. ..Tr,„ T., ]• '^ °' •''■ee'iviilo,' '

o;.fH™dshi„ totho'SdTtZ: ::rtT'''' '»■• "- -"-'e.-.tion

■" ""™ "'"' ''"'••"v.uo nations, have Lkd ,*^^r"'°'- ^'^wanee,
'■:'i'7;"» ' '" ™"l Ifmtod Stat » tWove 1 ;i' '" '^''^ »'!<' ani
»»«i '^'"tcd States lyi,,,, east „Crl,, "'o lands holonjrinir to

»"•• ™.e,.,y h, th/ lino ::. : "ir " «-. -o..nded soS;

a... northerly ,,y ,,0 norther os '«„?";; T"^ "'' «'•"<"-'"«.

"Ortli latitude. ■' ''•'" "' tlie lorty-drst .lesjreo of

% this tre.-uy .Sy(i,()oo wore i,.,i,l .,„ ,
™ guaranteed to the .lilVere /t ,•" ''"'"'f ''«' -""ity of»|,oo„
H<W" >v.,s .secured to the IVosidenl h,,"^ ? '" "• '""^ »um of
'«t.«ut I.and Company and tl, "' *'"' """o. ''J the Con

««ona„d, called Snfti.:;,'! Z^T"'' °'' ""= '-'^ '"fc.
l«e.ors secured to the Preside «. ,elT' ?°'"P""^ -" P™
"lApartof said annuity of SI 000 *n "''""' "- »™'.ity of

0"thel7thofNovemher ;^.
Ween « William Hull c ' "'"'"y '>''« made at D., •.

;-P™tende„t 0?^^!^ l" 2"" '^""'""'^ "' »: ig^ ^
■ 'lie «he.„s, chiefs and wartl 'of T n' ""^ U^'^' «ta
>V,»Kiolteand Pottawa.amie na oTs of I d '°™y' CWppeway
" *■• th,, treaty the following ^ '"" '"' "■" <"!«■• part ■■
"« United States: "bJI ^ described lands were ceded '

22S

Treattj at Detroit, 1807.

Huron, wlilcli forms tlio Kivcr Slnolair; ilicnco ruimiiiL^ nortlioast-
tlio coiirso tliiit may Ix' loiiiid \\\\\ Ic.-nl in a (lircct line to Wliitc
llot'k, in I;ake Huron; llii'iicc <1u<' t-ast, until it, int.crscots the
boundary lino between the lliiiUul States and Upper Canada, in
said lake; tlience southerly, lollowiiiuc the said bouii(biry lint! down
said lake, through Kiver Sinclair, Lake St. Clair and the Kivi'v
Detroit, into Lake l^'rie to a ])oint due east of the aforesaid ]\linini
L'iver; thence west to the ])lace of beginning." The Indians also
reserved in this treaty, "one tract of land six miles square, on the
Miami of Lake Erie above Iloche de l^oeut', to include the village
where Tondanie (or the l^og) now lives. Also three miles stjuaiv
on the said river (above tluMwelve miles gtiuare ceded to the I'nitcd
States by the treaty of (Treenville), including what is called Pros(|Ui'
isle; also lour miles square on the JVJiami Bay, including the vil-
lages where Meslikeinau and Wau-gau now live.''

Articles of m irciily iiiado iuid coiu'ludcd nl IlrowiistoSvii, in tlw^ Tcri'llorvoi
Mi('liij;iui,l»i'l\v('('n William Hull, OovoriiDr ol Hie said Territory and Super
iiitendi'UtoC Indian Allhirsand ConuuissioiierPlcnipotcnliaryof the I'nitni
States (trAMicricii, lor conchidint!,' any treaty or treaties wliicli ina^yhi' riiiiiui
necessary witli any ol' tlic Indian trilics NorlliwesI, of the Kivcr'Oliid, nl
the one part, and llic sachems, chiel's and warriors ol the ('iiipp(;\va, Ot-
tawa, Pottawalami(!, Wyandot and Sliawanesc nations of Indians el' tin'
other i>iirt, concluded November ^5, ISdS.
AimcLli; L Whereas, by a treaty concluded at Detroit on the lilli
day of November, A. 1)., I SOT, a tract of land lying to tlie west ami
north oi the Miami of Tiake Erie, and ))rincipally within the Territory
of ]\lichigan, was ceiled by the Indian nations to the United States:
and, whereas, the lands lying on the southeastern side of the said Itivcr
Miami, and between said river and the boimdary line established in
the treaties of Greenville and Fort Industry, with the exception of
a few small reservations to the United States, still belong to tin
Indian nations, so that the United States cainiot, of right, open ami
maintain a convenient road from the settlements in the State ol
Ohio to the settlements in the Territory of Michigan, nor exlHul
those settlements so far as to connect them ; iu order, thercioii'!
to promote this object 8o desirable and evidently benelicial to the
Indian nations, as weli as to the United States, the parties have
agreed to the following articles, which, when ratified by the Presi-
dent of the United States, by and with the advice and consent oi
the Senate thereof, shall be recii)rocally binding.

Treaty at Bro'irnsfo}im\ ISOS.

220

ORKIIN 01' I'lll'; WESTKRK HESKRVK AND MAl'MRK ROAD.

Art. II. 'I'I'<J Hovenil nations of lufliaus Jitorosaid, in order to
promolo tin; ol>it't!t mcntioiUMl in tho procedint^ article, and in con-
sideration of the t'riondsliip tliey bear towar<ls the I'nited States tor
the liberal and l>ene\oleiit policy which has been |»raetiec)d towards
tlieni hy tlie {government thereof, do hereby give, grant and cede
unto the said United States, ii tract of land tor a road of one hnn-
(ircd and twenty feet in widtli, from the foot of the rapids of the
Kiver Miami of Lake Krie to tlu^ western line of the (Jonnecticnt
reserve, and all tlii; land within one mile of tlie said road, on cdc/i side
thereof, for the purpose of establishing settlements along the sjime ;
ilso a tract of land, for a rond onli/, of one hundred and twenty feet
ill width, to run southwardly from what is called Lower Sandusky
lo the l)oundary line established by the treaty oi (ireenville, witli
llie privilege of taking, at all times, such timber and (.»th(!r materials
IVoin the a<ljacent lands as may be necessary iur making and keep-
ing in repair the said road, with the bi'idges that may be required
along the same.

Articles of a Treaty, made and eoiichidcd at tlie foot of the llapids of the
Miami of Lake Eric, on tln' 2\M\ Hepteinlii'i-, 1817, between IjEwis Cass
and DiN'cAX McAurnfK, ComnrH.-iioners of the United States, with full
power and authority to holtl eoiirereiiees, and conehidt! and sign a treaty
or treaties with all or any of the tribiis or nalioiis of Indians within the
lionndaries of the State of Ohio, of and coneerniiig all matters interestiiif!;
to tlie Unite<l States and llii! said nations of Indians, on the one i)art ;
and the satdiems, chiefs and warnois of tin; Wyandot. Seneca, l)(dawan',
Sliawancse, Pottawatoinees, Oltawas, and Chippeway tribes of Indians.

Uy the stipulations of this treaty C()ntaiue,l in the Wvst. article,
the Wyaii(h)ts ceded to tlie fruited States the lauds comprehended
witliiii the following lionndaries: "Ijeginning at a point on the
siiiithern shore of fjakc Erie, where the i)resent Indian boundary
line intersects the same, between the mouth of Sandusky bay and
the mouth of Portage river; thence running s)uth with said line, to
the line established in the year 1795, by the treaty of (Jrecnville,
which runs from the crossing idace above Kort Lawi'euce to
Lonunie's store; thence westerly, with the last mentioned line to
the eastern line of the Reserve at Ijoraniie's store; thence, with tln^
lines of said reserve, north and west, to th > north western corner
thereof; thence to the north-western corner of the reserve on the
river St. Mary's, at the head of the navigable waters thereof; thence

230 Treaty at the foot of the lia/pida^ 1817.

east to the western bunk of the St. Mary's river aforesaid ; tliciicc
down on the western bank of tl)e said river to the reserve at Fort
Wayne; thence with the lines of the last mentioned reserve, easterly
and northerly, to the north bank of the river Miami of Lake Krie;
thence down on the north bank of the said river, to the western line
of the land ceded to tiie United States by the treaty of J)etr()it, in
the year 1807; thence, with the said lino sonth, to the middle of
said Miami river, o})posite the month of the Great An^lai/,o river;
thence down the middle of said Miami river, and easterly with the
lines of the tract ceded to the United States by the treaty of Detroit
aforesaid so far that a sonth line will strike the place of beginning."

In Art. 2, "the Potowatamy, Ottawas and Ohippeway tril)es of
Indians, in consideration of the stipnlations herein made on the pari
the United States,'' ceded the land described within the followin;.'
bonndaries: "Beginning where the western line of the State of
Ohio crosses the river Miami of Fiake Erie, which is abont twenty-
one miles above the month of tlie Great Auglaize river ; thence down
the middle of the said Miami river, to a point north of the nioutli
of the Great Auglaize river ; thence, with the western line of the
land ceded to the United States by the treaty of Detroit, in ISOT.
north forty-five miles; then west so far that a line south will strike
the place of beginning; thence south to the place of beginning."

By Art. ;{, " the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese. Potawii-
tomy, Ottawas and Ohippeway tribos of Indians," accede to the ces-
sions mentioned in the two preceding articles.

Art. 4 requires that the United States ])ay annually, forever,

" certain sums in specie to the several tribes above mentioned, to

wit: to the Wyandots at Upper Sandusky ; to the Senecas at Lower

Sandusky ; to the Shawanese and Delaware tribes at Wai)aughkon-

netta; and to the Pottawatomie, Ottawas and (^'hippewa tribes ai

Detroit.

TtRANTS at wapaughkonxetta.

A clause in Art. 6 re((uires the United States to grant by patent.
in fee simple, to Catewekesa or Black Hoof, Byaseka or Wolf,
Pomthe or Walker, Shemonetoo or Big Snake, Othawakeseka or
Yellow Feather, Chakalowah or Tail's End, Pemlhala or .loliii
Perry, Wabepee of White Color, chiefs of the Sbawaui'sc triln
residing at Wapaughkonnetta, and their successors in oHice, chiefs
of the said tribe residing there, for the use of the persons mentioned

Treat 11 at th\ foot of the Bapuh, 1 S1 7. 281

in the annexed schocliile, ii (ruct of Iiind ten inilos siiuarc, the centre
of which shall ln' tlu' founcil house at Wapaughkonnetta.

IMM'KK SANDirSKV (iHANT.

The lJnit( (1 States, in Art. (J, al«o grant, by patent, in feu simple,
to I)oan<|iiod, llowoner, Roiitondee, Tauyau, Kontayau, Dawatont,
Manaciie, Tauyaudantauson and llandaunwaugli, chief's of the
Wyandot tribe, anil their snccessors in utiiee, chiefs of the said tribe,
for the nse of the persons and for the pnr[)oses mentioned in the
annexed schedule, a tract of land twelw-" miles s(|uare, at Upper
Sandusky, the centre of which shall be tlu' i)lacc where Fort Perree
stands; and also a tract of one mile square, to be located where the
chiefs direct, on a cranberry swamp, on Broken Sword Creek, and to
he held for the use of the tribe.

(iRANTS ox nO(i CHKKK.

In another clause of the same article, the United States further
t^rantod. by patent, in fee simple, to Peeththa <jr Falling Tree, and
to Oonwaskemo or the Uesolute Man. chiefs of the Shawanese
tribes, residing on Hog Creek, and tiieir successors in ofTice, chiefs
of the said tribe, residing there, for the use nf the persons mentioned
in the annexed schedule, a tract of land containing twenty-five
>f(nin'emih'S, which is to join the tract granted at VVapaughkonnetta,
and to include the Shawan(\se settlement on Hog Creek, and to be
liiidotras nearly as possible in a. s((uare form.

RI.AVCHAUD'S roKK AM) MI'TLK AlM;|yAI/l'; (iUAN'TS.

Till' last clause in Art. H .sti|)ulales that "there shall also be
reserved for the use of the Ottawas Indiiins, but not granted to them,
a tract of land on Hlancliard's Fork of the Great Auglaize river, to
contain live miles scpuire, the centre of which tract is to be where
the old trace crosses the said fork, and one other tract to contain
tliroi' miles square, on the Little Auglaize river, to include Oquanoxa's
viliaajo."'

In Art. !<, the United States, "at the s'pecial retjuest of the said
Indians, agree to grant, by patent, in fee simple, to the i[)ersons
lieroinal'ter mentioned, all of whom are connected with the said
Indians, by blood or adoptitui,'' the tracts of land herein described :

GRANT NEAR CROOHANISVILLK.

To Elizabeth Whitaker, who was taken prisoner by the Wyandots,
and lias ever since lived among them, 12R0 acres of land, on the west

282

Trmfif at thi foot of the Rapith, 1817.

side of (ho Sandusky river, near r!ro<TliunsvilIe, fo be laid off in a
8f|iuu'e lorni, as nearly as I lie meanders ol" I he said river will hiIiiiiI
iiiul to run an e(|ual disfanco abovo and bcdow the lionse in which
the said Klizabeth Wlutaker now lives.

(;ami' ou loirr iiai,I; (IRAn'I'.

To Kobt'Vt Arnislron^', wlio was taken i)risoner by the IiKliaiu,
and luiH ever since lived anionf^ iliein, and married a Wyaiiddt
woman, one section to contain MO acres of land on the west side nl
llie Sandnsky river, to begin at the jjlace called Camp Mall, iiiid to
rnn npthe river, with the meanders thereof. 100 poles, and, from tin
beginning, down the river, with the meanders thereof, ino poles, iiml
from Ihe extremity of these liiies west for qnantity.

(MIANT NKAU MAUUAl'OOX.

To the children of the lale William M'Collock, who was killed in
August, 181:2, near Mangaugon, and who are ([uarter blood Wyandot
Indians, one section, to contain 010 acres of land, on the west side
of the Sandnsky river, adjoining the lower line of the tract htnby
granted to Robert Armstrong, and extending in the samo niiiniiti
with and from the said river.

(iRANT NEAK CROnHANRVILLE.

To Sarah Williams, Jose])h Williams and Kachel Nngeiit, liitf
Rachel Williams, tlu^ said Sjirah having been taken prisoner by tlic
Indians, and ever since lived among them, and being tiie widow,
and the siiid Joseph and Rachel being the children, of the late Isiiai
Williams, a half-blood Wyandot, one ((narter section of huul, to
contain 100 acres, on the east side of the Sandnsky river, below
(Jroghansville, and to inclnde their im])rovements at a ])lace calW
Negro Point.

ORAXT AD.TOINTNO WA I'AUfillKONNETTA,

To the children of the late Shawanese Chief, Captain ijogiin, or
Spamagelabe, who fell in the service of the United States duriiii
the late war, one section of land, to contain OU) acres, on thooiu<t
side of the Great Auglaize river, adjoining the lower line of the grant
of ten miles at Wapaughkonnetta and the said ri ,er.

GRANT TO ANTHONY SHANE.

To Anthony Shane, a half-blood Oltawas Indian, one sectioiu't
land, io contain Oto acres, on the east side of the Kiver Si. Miirv-'.
and to begin opposite the house m which the said Shane now lives:

J^ea^y at the foot of fho Hapids, 1 si 7. 2.'i.S

ill,. lice, lip tlu' riviT, will) llio nu'Uiulrrrt llit'j'i'i>r, l(iO iioIoh, iiiid from
\\\v \)v)(\\\\\\\\\!, down the river, with tlio miiindcr.s tlK'n'of, 100 [tules,
and iVoiii llii' cxln^mity ol" said lim'rf ciisl lor <iiiiintity.

AN'OTirKIl (illANT ON Til H SANDl'SKV.

To Iforoini, or tlio Olierokoi- Hoy, ii Wyaiulot Cliier, a section of
liitui, lo contain Otfl acres, on the S;indiislvy river, to he laid oil" in a

SdM

iU'c Ibrni, and to inelnde his iinitrovonieiits.

(llt.VN'l' TO Tin-; (lODI'KOVS.

To Alexander D. (iodlroy and Ikiclnird (lodfroy, adopted cliildren
111' the Potawatoniy tribe, and at tlieir ,s|»e(;ial re(|iiost, one section (d'
l.iiul, to contain (»40 acres, in tli. tract of country herein ceded to
tilt' raited States by the Pottawatomy, Ottawas and Ciiippewu,
liilu'S, to he located by then), the said Alexander and liichard, after
llie .siiiil tract shall have been surveyed. [Tliis i^rant was located
williiii the jiresent townslii]> of Dublin, in ^fercer county. |

OltANT TO I'RTEU MIXOU. |\IAN(>lt. |

To Sawendebaus, or the Yellow Hair, or J'eter Minor, an adopted
son ol Tondaganiit', or the Dog, and at the special request uf the
Oltawas, out of the tract reserved l)y the treaty of Detroit, in 1807,
III' Iioclio de Boeuf, at the village of the said Dog. a section of
^ )ntuin G40 acres, to bo located in a square I >rm, on the
iiu, .ule of the ^riami, at the Wtdf liajMil. [This grai "mbraced
tlio town of Providence, Lucas county,]

IKr)IAN AOEXCIES ESTA liMSTI KD.

In Article IX, the United States agree to ai)point an agent, to
ivside among or n(>ar the Wyandots, to aid them in the i)rotection of
llit'ir iiersDiis and property, to manage their intercourse with the
.1,'ovennnont and citizens of the United States, and to discharge the
duties which commonly appertain to the ollice of Indian agent:

I :ind the same agent is to execute the same duties for theSenecas and
Deliiwares on the Sandusky river. And an agent for similar i)ur-
puses, and ve.-ted with similar powers, shall Iti- appointed, to reside
among or near the Shawanese, whose agency shall include the

[ ivsL'rvations at Wai)aughkonnetta, at Lewistown, at Hog Creek, and

I :il Blaiiehard's Creek.

And the agent for the Wyandots and Senecas shall occupy such
land in the grant at Uj)per Saiulusky as nuiy be necessary for him
and the persons attached to the agency.

234

Treaties at St. Mar if s, 1818.

The United States, in Article X, engage to erect saw and grist
mills, and also to maintain a hlacksniitli, lor the use of the Wyandot!
and Senecas upon the reservation ot" the Wyanilots, and also for Ihe
use ol' the Indians at Wapauglikonnetta, Hog Creek and Lewistown.

(iJlANT TO THK OTTAWAS.

By Article XX, the United States also agree to grant, i)y pateiil,
to the chief's of I he Ottawas tribe ol' Indians, for the use of o,ai(l
tribe, a tra(!t of land t'> contain thirty-four s'[nare miles, to belaid
out as nearly in a S(|uaro form as i)ractical)le, not interferinf:^ witli
the lines of the tracts reserved l)y the treaty of Gnsenville. on (ho
south side of the Miami river of Lake Krie, and to include Tush-
quegan, or M'Carty's village; which tract, thus granted, .sliall Ivj
held by the said tribe upon the usual condition of Iniliau reserva
tions, as though no patent were issued.

On the ITth of September, IS IS, a treaty was made and oon
eluded at St. Mary's, in the State of Ohio, between Lewis Cass mil
Dimcan Mc Arthur, commissioners on the part of the United Statp*
and the sachems, chiefs and warriors of the Wyandot, Seneca, iShaw
anese and Ottawas ; being sui^plementary to the, treaty niado atui
concluded with the said tribes, and the Delaware, Pottawatamie niii
iMiippewa tribes of Indians, at the foot of the rapids of the J\Iiam
of Lake Erie, on the '29th day of September, A. D. 1817.

By the terms of Article I. of this treaty, it is stipulated that tlif
grants in the treaty of the iJOth of September, 1817, are to be con-
sidered only as reservations for the use of the Indians named in tlni
schedule to the said treaty, and held by them and their heirs tor
ever, unless ceded to the United States.

AnuirioxAi; iji;si;rvati(>xs for tuk wyam)ots.

In ArticK^ II. it is also agreed that there shall bi^ reserved fdrtf^i
use of the Wyandots, in addition to the reservations hotore imI'
tit\y-five thousand six hundred and "ighty acres of land, tobolai
oif in two tracts, the first to adjoin the south line of the sectionoll
six hundred and forty acres ot land heretofore reserved fortlifl
Wyandot chief, the Cherokee i>oy, .and to extend south to the nnrt!:!
hue of the rt-serve of twelve miles S(juare, at Upper Sandusky, an'l
the other to adjoin the east bne of the reserve of twelve mile9!"j*[
at L^pper Sainlusky, and to extend cast for «piantity.

HKSBRVATK

It is also

Wyandots

I in addition i

' of land, to Ij

Fork, the c(

I leading from

and sixty ac

[side of the ,*>

line of two s

[siij)pleraentai

AIMiITrON'AL

There shall
•h'tion to the r
'''■'■d acres of
,. i'i'>('rve of ten
|of the Shawaii
|si\ly acres of
h»erve of for
Reserve llorel)^
piall he equal
I'li'oiigh the sn
Nserved tbr fh
p'Cfortho use
'■'iit'i-e shall a
p"i to the res(
!»•' laid oft on tli
Pne of their rese
f" the Saiidaskv
pill excluding t
^ treaty ^vas
^'' 18I«, betwec
^ "le Phiefs ai
Ns of uhicl,
{"'I in (he 'JV,-,
r^wiistowii, ;,„

TnaticR at St. Mary's, 1818.

235

KKSERVATIONS /VT THE HKAD 01-' BLANCHAUD'S FORK AND ON SAN-
DUSKY RIVER.

Il is also proviiled that there shall be reserved for the use of the
Wvandots residing at Solomoirs Town and on Blanchard's Fork,
in aihlition to the reservations before made, sixteen thousand acres
of land, to he laid olf in a square form on the head of Blanchard's
Fork, the centre of which shall be at the Big Spring on the tra(!e
leading from Upper Sandusky to Fort.Findlay ; and one hundred
I and sixty acres of land, for the use of the Wyandots, on the west
side of the Sandusky river, adjoining the said river and the lower
lino of two sections of land, agreed, by the treaty to which this is
supplementary, to be granted to Elizabeth Whittaker.

[additional IlKSKRVATLONS AT WAl'AUGIIKONHETTA AND ON SAN-
DUSKY RIVER.

There shall also be reserved for the use of the Shawanese, in ad-
dition to the reservations before named, twelve thousand eight hun-
idrcd acres of land, to be laid off' adjoining the east line of their
ircsorvo of ten miles square at Wapaughkonnetta ; and tor the use
lol tiio Shawanese and Senecas, eight thousand nine hundred and
pixty acres of land, to bo laid off adjoining the west line of the
-if-crve of forty-eight square miles at Lewistowu. And the last
ipsfivo lioreby made, and the former reserve at the same place,
pliall I)e equally divided by an east and west line, to be drawn
tlinmgh the same. And the north half of the said tract shall be
reserved for the use of the Senecas who reside there, and the south
^alt'for the use of the Shawanese who reside there.

There shall also be reserved for tlie use of the Senecas, in addi-
lion to the reservations before made, ten thousand acres of land, to
be laid ott on the east side of the Sandusky river, adjoining the south
Ine of their reservation of thirty thousand acres of land, which begins
In the Sandusky river at the lower corner of William Spicer's section,
Bid exckuling therefrom the said William Spicer's section.

A treaty was also made and concluded at St. Mary's, September
p, ]81f^, between Lewis Cass, commissioner of the United Slates,
1 the chiefs and warriors of the Wy;xndot tribe of Indians, l)y the
tims (if which the latter (lede to (he United States two (ra<'ts of
Jiid ill the Territory ol Michigan ; one including the village called
Irownstown, aiul the other the village called Maguagiui, formerly

286

Treaties at St. Mar if s^ 1818.

in possession ^^i tlio Wyandot tribo ol' Indians, containinj^ in dn
wliolii not more than tivo thonsand acres of land, wliicli two iiaot-
of land were reserved for the use of the said Wyandot tiiliiof
Indians and their descendants fof the term of fifty years, ayroealihin
the provisions of the act of Congress, passed February "JH, 18(1!), iml
entitled, "An act for the relief of <rertain Alabama and Wyiimliii
Indians;" in consideration of Avhieh the United States cede ciTiiiin
lands to the Wyandots on the south side of the Ivivcr Huron, iiitk
Territory of Michij^an, containing four thousand nine hundred auJ I
ninety-six acres.

l)i:i;A WAKES CEDETITKIR LANDS IX INDIANA.

A treaty was concluded with the Delaware tril e of Intlians, OcloWr i
)>, iHls, Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass and Benjamin I'arkc, <m\
missioners on the i)art of the ITnited States, by the terms of whir.
the tril»o cede to the United States all their lands in Indiana, iiic*
sideration that the latter agree to provide for them a coiiiitn l
reside in upon the west bank of the Mississi[)pi, and to guarantcet.l
them the peaceable possession of the same.

CKSSIOX 01' LANDS HY TIIH MIAMIKS.

A treaty was also made at St. Mary's between the conunissidiii-
above named and the Miami nation of Indians, on the Ollnlav' |
October, 1818, by which that nation cede to the United Statesl
f()llowing tract of country : " Beginning at the Wabash river, wlierl
the ])resent Indian boundary line crosses the same, near the moiffil
of Raccoon creek; thence uj) the Wabash river to the rost'nci'l
its head near Fort Wayne; thence to the reserve at Kort W;iviit|
thence witii the lines thereof to tlie St. Marys Hiver ; thence iipi
St. Mary's river to the reservation at the portage; thence witlii!-
line of the cession made by the Wy.andot nation of Imliaiis tolii
United States, at the foot of the rapids of the Miami of Lake KrieiJ
the 'iOth day of Sei)tember, A. U. is] 7, to the reservation atLonim
store; thence with the present Indian boundary line to I'^ort 1!« '■
cry; and, with the said line, following the courses thereof loll
place of beginning."

OTIFKII CKSSIUXS NLAIl t'UUT WAYNK.

In Article III. the Unite<l States a ;ree to grant, by patent ml
simple, to Jean Bapt. Uichardville, principal chief of the i*

Treaties at St. Mary\% 1818.

287

nation of Tiiflians, the followiiiiz; tracts of land : " Three sections of
1:111(1, licniuiing alioiit twonty-livo rods below hin house, on the
Kivci' St. Marys, near l^'ort Wayne ; tluMice at right anyhvs with the
coiiiHc of the river one mile; and from this line and the said river
lilt the stream thereof for quantity. Two sections upon the cast

i side of the St. Mary's river near Fort Wayne, running east one mile
with the military rcserv.ition ; thence from that line, and from the

I river tor (juantity. Two sections on the Twenty-seven mile creek

' where the road from St. Mary's to Fort Wayne crosses it, being one

Ifiedion on each side of said creek.'"

'Two sections on the left bank of the Wabash, commencing at

lllie forks .ind running down the river."'

OTiiKii CtRANTS to persons tiierktn namkd.

"The Lhiited States also agree to grant to each of the following
Dcrsons, being Miami Indians by birth, and their heirs, the tracts of

liiiiil herein described :

To .Tosepli Uichardville and .Foseph Richardville, Jr., two sec-
Itiniis of land, being one on each side of tlie St. Mary's Uivc^r, and
licliiw the reservation made on that river by the treaty of Green-
^•■IImii I7!t.-).""

Til Francis (rodfroy six sections of land on the Salamaiiie river,

fti .1 [ilace I ailed J^a Petite Praii'ie.

•'To Lewis Grodfroy, six sections of land upon St. Marys River

|hnve the reservation of Anthony Shane.
'To Charley, a Miamie chief, one setrtion of land on the west
le of Si. Mary's Iliver below the section granted to Pemetche, or

|u' Crescent.

"To Francois La Fontaine and his son, two sections of land ad-
^iiii; and above the two sections <;ranted to Je:in Jiai)t. Richard-

li' near Fort Wayne, and on the same si(b' of the St. Mary's River.

'To the children of Antoine Rivarre, two sections of land at tlie
Iniilh of the Twenty-seven mile creek and below the same.

fo Peter liabadie, one section ot land on the River St. Afary's,
>« the suction granted to Charley.
T'lo the sou of Ueorge Hunt, one section of land on the west

h ot St. AEarys River, adjoining the two sections gr.anted to

pucois La Fontaine and his son.

238

Saginaiv Ireaty, 181V).

"To Josetto Beaubien, one section ol' land on the left bank of the
St. Mary's, above antl tuljoining the three Heetions {^ranted tu.leaii
Richard villc.

"To William Wayne Wells, Mary Wells and Jane Turner Wtlls,
halt-blooded Miamies, were each granted a section of land."

SAUINAW TllKATY.

A treaty was made and concluded at Saginaw, Territory oI'Miclii-
gan, between the United States, by their commissioner, Lewis Ca>i
and the Chippewa nation of Indians, September r24, I SI!), by tlir
ttu'ms of which that nation ceded to the United States tlieiaiij)
embraced within the following lines; " Beginning at a j)oiiit in tlit
present, boundary line, which runs due north from the mouth ol'tlit
Great Auglai/e rivei' six miles south of the place where the ba«
line, so called, intersects the same; thence west sixty miles; theiuj
in a direct line to the head of Tlunider Jiay river; thence dowiitiiti
same, following the courses thereof, to the mouth ; thence iforti.
east to the boundary lino between ihe United States and the BritE
Province of Upper Cadana; thence with the same to the line estal-
lished by the treaty ol' Detroit in the year A. I). 1807; thence wte|
the said line to tlK> place ot beginning."

[Act or May -^(i, ln-jl, 1>I bcssiou of ISUi CoiiLtix'sti, p. 1-iH.J

All lU't, leservinij' to the Wyiiiulol tribe of Iiulians a eei'luiii Iriicl of laiil
lieu of ii reservation iiiiule lotliem by treaty.

Sp:c:tion^ 1. That there be, and hereby is, reserved, for lln' ii^
of the chiefs and tribe of the Wyandot Indians, subject to the it,
ditions and limitations of the former reservation, the noi'tiit*,
• [uarter of section numlier two, in township two, and range si'vd
teen, south of the base line of lund in the Delaware Land l)ijiri''|
in the State of Ohio, in lien of one hundred and sixty acres of W
on the the west side of, and adjoining the Sandusky river: :ii»j
which Avas reserved to said tribe of Indians, by a suppleimiit:''"
treaty between the United States and certain tribes of Indians, li
at St. Mary's, in the State of Ohio, on the 17th day of Sejittiiil
one thousand eight hundred and eighteen; on condition that
chiefs of said Wyandot tribe first relin({uish to the United Stale-'

Last Treaty made with Ohio Indians. 2B9

the right, titlf iiiid cliiiiu ol'siiid tribi', (u ilio one liiiiidrcil mikI sixty
ucivs of land reserved by said siippli'iueiilary treaty.

The suijse(|Ueiit treaties (hat were made with tlie Indians, pro-
vided for tlie purchase uf their hinds hy the United States, ami
their removal west of the Mississi])pi, Tlu^ last Indian title extin-
iruished was Ihat of the Wyandots, whose lands in the reservation
at Upper Sandusky, and in the county which bears their name, was
iidVred for sale by the United States in the autumn of 184-').

''The Delawares ceded their reservations to the United States in
ls;>9. The Wyandots ceded theirs by a treaty made at Upper
Sandusky, March 17, IS'42, they being the only Indians then remain-
ill!,' in the State. The commissioner on the part of the Tnited
States was Colonel John Johnston, who had then the honor of making'
the last Indian treaty in Ohio — a State, every foot of whose soil has
heen fairly purchased by treaties from its original possessors. The
Wyandots h'fl for Kansas in July, 184;>, and numbered at tliat time
,al)oiit seven hundred souls." — Henrii JIowi:

CHAl'TER IV.

THK HOUNDARY CONTKOVEU.SV

"A (li.spiili'il jurisdiction," wrote Lewis Cass to Kdward Tilliii,
tlie United States Surveyor (Jeneral, under date of Novenilu'r ijt,
1817, "is one of tlie greatest evils that can hap})en to a couiitrv,"

'IMie same motives and i)assions that govern cabinets, aiiiiiiiiK-
individuals in their disputes for the ^'iiallest (juantity of groiiml,
(!laims, involving vast sums of money, fail to provoke strife!: a>
acrimonious as those relating to contested land boundaries. Tlir
((uestion of boundary between Ohio and Miciiigau was co-cviil witli
the admission of tlie former into the Union. It vexed the conven-
tion that framed the constitution of 1<S0^. It was owing to tk
neglect of Congi'ess that it had not (juieted before growing settle-
ments and clashing interests had attained such proportions tliatili
controversy at last seriously threatened the [)eace of the coiiiiin.
'rile area in tlispute embraced about live miles in width at the wrf
end, and eight, miles in width at the east end. Writers Ikiv
generally dwarfed the real magnitude of the ([uestion, and the :ii;i;.-
of the present generation know it only as the "Toledo War." Tiir
parties, however, at issue, were not, as some suppose, (ioveiwi
Mason and (lovernor Lucas, nor were they the State of Ohio aiultlit
Tecritory of Michigan; but the real contestants engagi'd \vjreiii!^j
sovereign State of Ohio and the Oovernment of the United StaB
The latter power was tlie lawful guardian of Michigan. That 'IV:-
vitory was its own oll'spring. Uinler the Consliiution and Liivt's"!
the rnion, the hV'deral CJovernnient was bouml to protect evid
just claim of Micliigau. Had the (iovernor of Ohio occiiiued tfc
disjiuted tract with a belligerent force, it would have been ineuiiilrfl
ui)on I'resident .Jackson, had he regarded the claims of MichigiUU|
clear and indisi)utable, to have adopted measures to vindiciitetiij
integrity of the soil of that Territoiy by all the military and iwva.
resources at his command. Governor Mason entertained this vit'l

of (he >
I ho can
jiinver
(•o\ei-ecl
hi one
"As I h
with tlie
'■'■ffht.s ji,
aiithoritit
As befi
the State
members
Ohio. Ju
thus expir
Sec. C, oft
"Theqn
Convention
li'st view.
maps of th(
' ^^~ was pal
tar north o
oeciipy. Qj

f'le Commit
^^overnment
"•a-s laid do
latitude; an.
''end of tlie
'"-'tween the
"lanitestly i„t
"oi'therii Inm
wints of eha,
'""]'- and the
(■'^■Jdence of ti
°''t'ie souther
"^^'len th(
^;^''i"g undcr.s
''"'-'' as define,
"'« .strait, th,.,

'""'*^'- «l-.sr.„.s.si
[^^"-''"■^.'in, and

Orighi of the Constitutional Provision. 241

of the <|iu\stioii, and lie roproscntod tliat, the cause oC Michigan was
the Ciiuse of the Uniiod States, and would l)e sustained by the whole
))i)\ver of the Federal (ioveriinient. The same view, as will be dis-
covered by the documents appended, was held by (Jovernor Lucas.
Ill one of his commnnications to the General Assembly he said :
"As I have heretofore stated to you, we can have no controversy
with the Territoiy of Michigan. A territory can have no sovereign
riglit.^, and no arrangement that could be made with the 'I^erritorial
authorities on the sul)ject of boundary would be ol)ligatory."

As before remarked, the (juestion of the northern boundary of
the State was one that challenged solicitude on the i)art of the
members of the Convention who Iramed the first Constitution of
Ohio. Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the North Western Territory,
thus explains the origin of the proviso contained in Article VII,
Sec. 6, of the first Constitution :

" The question of boundary, though not expressly referred to the
Convention, was one ot greater importance than would appear at
first view. It is generally known to those who have consulted the
maps of the western coiintry extant at the time the Ordinance of
Ki^T was passed, that Lake Michigan Avas represented as being very
tar north of the position which it has since been ascertained to
occupy. On a map in the Department of State, which was before
the Committee of Congress who framed the Ordinance for the
Government of the Territory, the southern boundary of that lake
was laid down as being near the forty-second degree of north
latitude ; and there w^as a pencil line passing through the southern
heud of the lake to the Canada line, which intersected the strait,
between the River Raisin and the town of Detroit. That line was
manifestly intended by the Committee, and by Congress, to be the
northern boundary of this State ; and, on the principles on which
courts of chancery construe contracts, accompanied with plats, that
map, and the line marked on it, should have been taken as conclusive
evidence of the boundary, without reference to the actual position
I of the southern extreme of the lake.

'' When the Convention was in session in IHO:^, it was the pre-

j vailing understanding that the old maps were correct; and that the

line, as defined in the Ordinance, would terminate at some point on

tlie strait, far above the Maumee bay ; but, while that subject was

junder discussion, a man who had hunted many years on Lake

iMichigan, and was well acquainted witli its position, happened to be

242

Oi-'iijln of tJit (hnxilinUonal Provision.

iti Chillicothe. atpl, in converHiitioii with soiiu' of llio memhors,
mentioned to them that the lake extcdKU^d iniieh tiirther .soutii than
was L^encfally snpposeil ; and that a riia|i he; had sci-n phi'.-ed iis
soiitliein l»end many miles north ol' it.-^ true |>oHition. His stateait'iit
produced some apjjrehension and eveitement on the sul)iect, and
in<luoed the Convention to cluuige the line prescribed in I he act of
Congress, so far as to provide that, if it duJuM he found to strike,
Lake Krie l)eh)W the Maumee river, as the hunter infornu'd tliemil
would, then the boundary ot the State should be a line drawn lium
the [loint where tho prescribed line intersected the west boiiinlaiy
of the State direct to the most northern cape of the Maunu^c bay,
That provision saved to the Stale olOhu) the valuable ports and
harbors on the Maumee river ami bay, whicli were the prize cou
tended for, in what was called the Mi(;hi<.;an war oi Governor Lucas
Yet some of the members were so intent on the establishment ot a
State government, in the shortest j>ossihli' period, that they hesitatid
in making the provision lest it might cause delay ; but fortunately
it was adopted, and its object is now secure. Small matters some-
times lea«l to great results, as was the fact in this case.''

A little more than nine years after the admission of Ohio a.s,i
State, Amos Spatford, then collet^tor nl the poit of Miami, at tlit
request of ////// /I'uiihCs. then composing the populatifui of the Jis-
puLed tract, adtlre.ssed the following Icll.cr lu the (Toveriior ol

Ohio :

Miami Km'Ius, .laniiary "j:;, JSli

,SV/' ; It appears to be the geneial wish oi l\\v. people in llib
settlement (which (ionsists of about lil'ty liimilies) to have the law>
of the State i,[' Ohio cNlendiMl over them, as we considei" our.selvo
cleai'ly within the limits of said State. The lew who ol)jcd arc
those who hold oHices under the CJovernor ol .Michigan, and aiv
dtttermined to enforce; their laws. This is considered by a unwl
majoriiy of the inhaliitanls a usurpation ol power which tliey arc
under no obligation to adhere to. li' no adjustment sh<iiil(l takf
plar'.e, i tear the contention will ire long become serious. Sir, ymi
havi' the goodness to inform the peoph; hen- whether there has lictii
any imderstanding Ix^tween the State of Ohio .and the Governor n!
Michigan <ui the subject of Jurisdiction, together w^ith your ath ire,
1 aiu, sir, with high esteem, your obedient servant.

AmO.S Sl'AKFOKD,

'' hUccfor of the pari Miniiii-
To His Kxcelleiicy. lielui-n Joii.athau Meigs, Ms((.

\. li. Till' foregoing letter is written at tin; riMjuest ot llit
iuliabitants.

Letter of J)r. Coiiant.

24n

.11 -.

ill llll>

ic lu\v>

■

iihelvi'>

■

fcl mo

■

iikI an'

■

;i ill'*''''

■

This letter of Mr. Spafl'ord. it will be oltservi'd, \v:ih vvritti'ii dur-
iuK .1 period whoii the population of the wcstoni frontiers were
I'xciteil liy the unfriendly rehitions existinu; between Kn^iiuid and
the IJiiiti'd States; and which resulted in a diu-.laratiou of war made
liv the hitter in June of the same year. The i^reat issue of a forei'j;n
war, threat eiiinn- a eoninion tlanu'er, united all tin- people of the
h'uiitier, iiicludiuL!; thoHc of tlu! disputed jurisdie.tion, in support of
the Ljeneral inlerestH, and, for the time, postponed the l>oundary
coiiliicl. ^'el. in .luntt ol" the s.'une year, (Jongress passed a resolu-
tion ilirectiny the (■•uumissiouer of tlif < General l.and olliee to
cause the line (,o be surveyed ; but for the reason stated, tin- resolu-
tion was not earried into etfet^t until 1XI7; when William Harris,
iiuder the instructions of the Surveyor fTeneral of the ITnited
States, laid oW the northern boundary on the line defined iu the
Ohio Coustitution ol ImO".'. 'riirouu'li tht^ inlluenee ol'tieneral Cass,
then Territorial (Jovernor of Miehinan, another stirv(!y was made
umler the authority of the ITnited States (Jovernment, by John A.
Fultou, known as '• the Fulton line,'' whieh touched closer to con-
fornuty with the elaims of Mic^higan.

The anxiety of the inhabitants of the infant settlement, oootipying

the (hspiited traet, is uttered thronnh the followin<>' letter of Dr.

Uoralio (!{»uant :

Fort Mkfgs, 30th December, lS-23.

Dear Sir: The iuliabitants in this vicinity have lately expressed
con8i<lerahle solicitude respecting the northern line of this State,
ami several of them have requested me to write to your honor upon
the subject. It seems to have been taken for granted, more from
iuailverteuce, possibly, than for any good reason, that the southern
line is tlu^ i;orre(rt one. The jurisdiction of the Territory of Michi-
gan is extended to the territory bet.ween the two lines with the
ileciih'd a))probatit)n ot the iidiabitants of the disputed ground,
nliicli makes it impossible for the State officers of Ohio to interfere
without exciting disturbance We are anxious to have some meas-
ures adopted to ascertain the limits of our jurisdicticm. What those
nniasiires should be, Ol' whether we can aitect anything as indivd-
iials, we are ignorant Almost any line that could be rim would be
pri'ferrod to the present, cutting otf, as it does, the bay an<1 mouth
ot the river. The line to the north <^ai)e of the bay is probably the
only one that coidd be expected, otiter than the one now established,
ami would he the most agreeable to us. If anything can be eft'ected,
we (le[)end upon your exertions ami those ol" the other members of
llie Legislature from this State.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, HoRATIO CoNANT.

Hon. Ethan A. Brown, Senator in Congress.

I >;

244

The Agitation Jienewed in 1885.

In 18.'»5 the agitation was rciiewcMl in conHt'(|uonci! of an anxioiH
desire on the part of a majority ot the inhabitants near the inoiiili
of the river to have the jnrisdiction of Ohio establishctl on the
Harris Lino, wilh a view of seeuring to their locality the ailvnuta^es
of the Wabash anil Erie Canal. W. V. Way, P^sq., of Perryslmri;,
in a very interesting address upon this subject, made in Is(i8, savs;

"The necessity of immediately constructing the canal, and tlii'
urgent demands of the citizens of Toledo, induced the Governor to
bring the subject before the Legislature by a s])ecial message. On
the 2.'5d of February, IH;ir), the Legislature of Ohio p.assed an act
extending the northern boundaries of the counties of Wood, Heiirv
and Williams, to the Harris Line.

" The authorities of Michigan had previously e.vercised jurisdie
tion over the entire territory lying between the Harris Line on the
north, and the Fulton Line on the south, as a part of jNTichigan,

"It ought, however, to be mentioned, that the authorities of
Wood county, at a period much earlier than I8.'J."), attempted to
extend the laws of Ohio over that part of this territory claimed to
be in that county, by levying taxes, but the people did not recog
nize the act and refused to pay the taxes.

"An act ot the Legislature of Ohio, passed on the 'I'M of Febru
ary, IH.-J;"), provided 'that such part of the territory declared by thi«
act as being attached to the county of Wood, shall be erected into
townships as follows, to wit : such part, of ranges five and six is lit«
between the line run due east from the southern extremity of Lake
Michigan and the line run from the said southern extremity to the
most northern cape of the Maumee Bay, bo and the same is herebj
erected into a separate and distinct township by the name ol
Sylvania; and that all such part of ranges seven and eight, togetter
with the territory east of the Maumee River, as lies between thf
line run from the southerly extremity of Lake Michigan to the most
northerly cape of tlie Maumee Bay, and between Lake Erie and tk
lino run due east from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to
Lake Erie, be and the same is hereby erected into a separate anJ
distinct township, by the name of Port Lawrence ;' and fuitlier
authorized and dire(;ted those townships to hold elections for town
ship officers on the first Monday in April next, and provided tor
their complete organization. It also directed the Governor to
appoint three commissioners to run and re-mark the Harris Line.

Gorcrnoi' Mason to Gcnernl Jiroivn.

245

"Fri Sccly, of (Teiiuu:;i. Jonjitlwiu Taylor, of Liokiiitj, miuI Jolin
rultiTson, of Adams, wcrti appointed coinmiKsionors to run ami rv-
iiiiiik tho lin(^ Tlic liist ol" Ai)ril was nanuMl as tho time to com-
mence the Hiirvey. Stovens T. Mason, Secretary and actinj^ Gover-
nor of Michigan Territory, anticipatint; tho action of tho Legislature
(if Ohio, scut a special message to the Legislative Council, apprising
it of the special message of Governor Lucas, and advised the passage
of !in act to counteract the proceedings of Ohio.

" Governor INIason wrote to General Brown, who was in command
of the third division of tho Michigan militia, as follows :

ExEOUTiVK Ot'I'Ioe, DETROIT, March '.), 1835.

Sir: You will herewith receive tlie copy of a letter Just received
tiom Columbus. You now perceive that a collision between Ohio
mill Michigan is inevitable, and will therefore be prejiared to meet
tilt' crisis. The Governor of Ohio has issued a ])roclamation, but I
have neither received it nor have I been able to learn its tendency.
Voii will use every exertion to obtain the earliest information of
the military movements of owr adversary, as I shall assume the
responsihility of sending you such arms, etc., as may bo necessary
tor your successful operation, without waiting for an order from the
Secretiiry of War, so soon as Ohio is j)roperly in tho field. Till
then I .am compelled to await tho direction of the War Department.
Very respectfully your obedient servant,

IStkvkxs T. Masox.

General Jos. W. Brown.

t'i!

"On tho IiLst of M.arch Governor Lucas, accomp.anied by his stafT
nnd the boundary commissioners, arrived at I'errysburg on their
way to run and re-mark the Harris Line, in compliance with tho act
of'iofl of February previous.

"General .Tohn Bell, in command of the seventeenth division of
Ohio niilitin, embracing the disputed territory, arrived about the
same time with his staff, and mustered into service a volunteer force
of about si.x hundred men, fully armed and equipped. The force
nnt into cam]) at old Fort Miami, and awaited tho orders of the
Oovernor. The force consisted of live companies of the first regi-
iiK'iu, second brigade of the neventeentli division of militia, under
the command of Colonel Mathias Van Fleet. The Captains of these
[companies were J. A. Scott, Stephen S. Gilbert, John Pettinger,
ll't'lton and Granville Jones, of the Lucas Guards, an independent
'.ompauy of Toledo.

346

KffoTta at (J(mvpi'(ymUe,

"TLcHf coiiipiuiics nuinlH'i'cil iilxnil lliifc limnli<Ml I'lVcctivo men.
There wan jiIno :i part ol a rc^^'ifX'"' 'i'<»'m SandtiHky «'oiiiity. com-
ii):in<l('i| l)y Cdlonol licwis .Iciuiin^N, and a pari ol' a ri'fiimciil iWnti
St>iu>ca ami ilancot^k <-<Minli<>s, iiiidci- cMiniiiaiHl of Ooloiicl Hr'iHh, of
Tiffin. TIh^s*' niiniltcrcil alioiit, thrtu' tunulrotl nutrc, making; tlic loial
I'orcf six htuitlroil lUc ii.

" (Tovi'rnm- Mason, with (Jcneral Josuph VV. Hrowii, airi\c(| at
Toledo will) a tofcM! under the imnuMliale command ot" tho latter,
varionsly estimated iVom eij^lil hundred to twolve Iinndred men
and went into camp, ready to riwist any advance of the Ohio author-
ities upon the disputed territory to run the boundary line or (Idiii;;
other acts inconsistent with Michigan's rii^ht ot' jmisdictioii over it-

"The two Governors, havinj^ made up an issiio hy lej^iHlative
enactments, found themselvcH (!onlronted hy a military force that
had been called imt to enforce tlicir respective Icjjfislative pleadings.
Governor Mason representing tlu- tenant in possession, was conlcrit
to rest at his ease, (iovernor Lucas ri'iiresentinu the plaintiff, liiultu
open the trial. The whole itoimiry in the meantime hecaiiie wild
with excitement.

•'Governor l.wcas had ilcti-rmined in his mind to order (ieiieral
Bell with l\is force to Tidedo as soon as hi' could make; the iieceHNiry
preparations, and risk the consei|Ucnces ; hut before he had L;iit %
preparations n\ade, two eminent citizens, lion, liichard Kusli. of Fliil
adelphia, and Colonel Howard ol' Halt imore. arrived from Wasliiii;.'-
ton aH commissioners Irom tho President of the United Staton, to use
their personal iiitluence to stop ;ill war-like demonstration.-*. Htm
Elisha Whittlesey, ot Ohio, accom])anied the commissioners as a
voluntary peace-maker.

"The commissioners and Mr. Whittlesey h;id several coiiforc'iR'e>
with both Governors, and Hnally on the Tth of April subniitled the
following propositions for their assent, to-wit :

'* ' 1st. That the Harris Line should be run ;ind re-markcil pi'.r-
suant to the act ot the l;ist session of the Le«.5isl.'itnre of Ohio with-
out interruption.

'••2d. The <'ivil elections unih'r the l:nvs ot Ohio haviiif: i;il<f''
place throU!j;hoMt the disputed territory, that the jicopic ■ ^I'Ik
upon it should be left lo their own government, obeyii
jurisdiction or the other, as they may prefer, without 'i^'"

from the authorities of Ohio or .Vlichiijran until the close of mf next

session
" Governo

of Contrress.

r Lucas, on the uri/ent r

equ

est of the commissiontr>

aiitl .Vfr.
lions as ,■

SCHsidll ()

|iro[»o«iti(

!,'«nliii<j; tl

siiltject to

niiLrfTiienl

Howard ;i.'

IijkI collec;

confiniied i

"(Toveni

Harris Lin

Arii'lii.y.'iii, ;i

".S. Dodi

surveyor to

The resul

oorrcHponde

TdUdlicri 1,11,

>^<i': III f

'■'^>mmis,sioi),

nori|i(.rn h

i-'iii^hc.l as I

'f^l of Apri

|irr)cp(.,|,.,| I

in fimlin-;- \\^

Harris, ;', ,.,

''I'.'il's of!;,-,.

^'r-nir sai,| I
"larked til,, ,

"' ''if llis|;|,„

'lalfthr lorio-(
""'•iriir oil I
""lioriiics of
['"•^•'ofwaich
"ere a|,„n^, ,

u
"•}■ ity

't'd,, .;o,|y

specially not
"■'•lire for rlie
'^velve o'clock

Govprvor M<m>}i liejtds thr Ptac< Ofers. 247

1111(1 Mr. Wliiltlcscy, ni,'i'»'('<l, roliirtaiilly. trt iKKH^pt, tlic |»rn|Mi.si-
lioiis ;is a |)(>a<('Hl»lc sett It'iiu'iil, until afuir ' (ho <il()Mt' ol (lie iitixl,
si'ssioii of Coiinri'ss." (Jovc'riior Mason rct'uMt'il to ac<|ni('S(' in tlu-
piopoHitions. Governor LuctiiH aHsentt'd to lliuni in the liyiit of rc-
"iinliiiL; the (-Jovernor of a t(MTitory in tlie condition of a .siihalturn,
subject to the control ol thi* President. Fie looked npnn the ar-
iiiiiixpnient, iin m:v<h' with the Tresideiit, throiiixh MesHrs. Knsli and
lldWiird as his i-e|)resonl:Ui\ cs, and disbanded the tnilitary forei^ he
hiitl colleoteil. (Tovonior Mason partially followed snit ; hut Mtill
,(iiitiiiiie<l inakiii;^' preparations I'or any eni(M-e;i'ncy that Miijj;ht arise.

"(■lovenior liUeas now thoiit;lH he could run ;md remark the
lliufis Line withoiu serious nioleslalion iVoin the authoritiis ol
MicliiLt'in. and directed the coinmlssioners to prot-eed with the work,

• S. |)oil'_ji'. an cuLjineer on tlic Ohio canal, had hecn engaged as
•iiirvcvoi' to run the lino."

Till' result of till' surveying e\j>odition is shown in the following

corri's|i()ndcnco:

ri;iunsiu Kd, May 1, |s:55.

TolioliiTl hllr.'is, I'^'i., (lovriMlitr nl llic Slulr ot' < >|iiii:

Sir: In tlu; discharge of the duties which devolve upon uh as
tommissioners appoint(>d by your excellency lor re-marking the
niii'iln'rii lnHuiilary line of this Siat.c, which is known ,'ind <listin-
;'iiislu.'il as Ihuris" Line, we nu't at l'errysl>nrg on Wednesday, the
Isl ol' April lasi, ;ind a'tcr coinplcting the lUH^essary iirrangemontfi,
lirncpcilcil |,o the Northwest corner ot' the State, and there succeeded
ill liii'ling the corner as (h-scrilted in the iicld notes of the .Surveyor
Harris, ;i copy of wliicli we had pioeured from the Surveyor Gen-
t-TJirs otliiiv Tlicu.M' your i-ommissioners proeecilcil eastwardly
ilori'j; said line, wliiiih ihey lound with little difficulty, and ro-
iiiarki(1 the same ass diroctod hy law in a plain and visible manner.
to tlic ilisiaiicc of thirty eight, miles and a h.df, being more than
hall' till' length of the whole line.

Hiiring our progress we had been constantly threatened by the
mthoritics of .Michig.an, and spies from the territory, for the pur-
po>iu of watching oui' mo\ emenis and asiicrtaining our actual srengtht
werPiilnuKi daily among u«.

lay evening, the 'iith ult.. .after having pei formed a

ay's scrvi<;c, \our commissioners, together with their

I'd to the distance of .about one mil(> south of the line, in

I'T :ty^ within the State ol Ohio, where we thought to have

e(i>, . ctly and peceably enjoy the blessings of the Sabbath- and

^pmally not being engaged on the line, we thought (uirselves

■'citre for the day. But contrary to our expectations, at about

iwelve clock in tic lay, an armed force of about fifty or sixty men

BB^

248

The Snrv eying Expedition.

hove in sight, within musket shot of us, all mounted upon liorsus,
well armed with muskets and under the eonimaud of General Jirowii
of .Miehi<:;an. Your commissioners obsi'rviusj,- the urciit supcrioriiv
of foree, having but five armed men among us, who had liceii I'lii-
ployed to keep a lookout and as hunters for the party, thought it
prudent to retire, and so advised our men. Your eommissioiiors,
wit', sevei'al of their party, made goo<l their retreat to this place,
But, sir, we are under the painful necessity of relating that nine of
out men, who did not leave tlu' ground in time after being tirci!
upon by the enemy, from thirty to hfty shots, wei'e taken j)risoiit'i's.
and carried aAvay into the interior of the country. Those who were
taken were as follows, to wit : Colonels Hawkins, Scott and Gould,
Major Rice, Captain Biggerstatl and Messrs. Elsworth, Fletcher,
Moalc and Rickets.

We are happy to learn that our i)arty did not fire a gun in turn,
and that no one Avas wouTuled, although a ball from the eueiny
passed through the clothing of one of our men.

We have this day learned by some of the men who were .arrestci]
and have just returned, tlvat they were* taken to '•''ecumseh uiidor
the escort of the armed force, were there brought before a magis-
trate for ex.amijiation, that they denied the jurisdiction; hut tlifit
six entered bail tor their appear;ince; two were released as not
guilty, and one, to wit: Mr. Fletcher refused to give bail and is
retu.ned in custody. We are also further informed, b/ unquostioii-
able authority, that, on the Sabbath day, an armed force of several
Inmdred men were stretched along the line to the east of us, with a
view to intercept us on our way.

Under existing circumstances and in the present threatening
attitude of affairs, your commissioners have thought it pnideut, tor
the interest of the State, as also tor the safety of her citizens and to
prevent the threatened effusion of blood, to withdraw from the Hue
at present, and suspend the further prosecution of the work, until
some efHcient preparatory measin-es can be taken whi(;h will insure
the completion of the undertaking.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Jo>rATiiA>r
J. Pattkuso

UUI Si: ELY.

rVYLOU, i

fommissionen.

Lenawkh Cotin'ty Jail, }
Tkcumsku, .May T), 18:W. i

Sir: Considering it my duty to inform the authorities of Ohio
of my present situation, relative to my iiiiprisonment in Miehiir'ni. 1
take the liberty to address your excellency, I am at present incar
cerated in jail — Avas committed yesterday. The SherilV was in
iluenced to change his ceurse of treatment towards me, by Govcr-

A Michigan Prif<(mer Fixplaws

249

nor Mason and General Brown — chiefly, I l)elieve, by Brown. \
iliiicil with General Brown yesterday. Governor Mason was there
He (Mason) strongly urged me to give bail; he observed as l)ail
Imil been proffered me, tliis fact would go forth to the public and
cxnnenite Michigan from censure in case that I was committed.
I'lif same consideration has been repeatedly advanced to induce
me to enter bail. My re])ly has been that the right to demand bail
is the question at issue — that m the case I gave bail, T did not con-
sider it material whether the responsibility of that bail was assumed
!)V a citizen of Ohio or a citizen of Michigan. Governor Mason
"xpressed himself as being very anxious that the difficulties might
he settled without any further hostilities. General Brown was silent
oil this subject. There is reason to believe that he does not wish to
have this ([uestion amicably settled, but that he secretly wishes
tor a collision between the State and Territory tiiat he may have an
opportunity to distinguish himself; and that ail his measures are
lake'i with a view to effect this. In eonveriation at General Brown's
yesterday respecting the circumstances attending our arrest, the
Sheriii' expressed regret that the citizens of Ohio were lired upon.
General Brown replied that " it was the l)est tiling that was done ;
that he did not hesitate to say he gave the order to liie." He spoke
of i.nviH!; directions to the Sheriff how to proceed : and tiie Sheriff
admilteil that he aeted undi-r his (I'rowii'.s) direrlioii. I mention
these circumstances because, in my view, they illustrate the ])rinci-
ples and motives which have deeply proni|)ted the o]»))osition which
Oliiohas met in her attempts to re mark the boundary line ; and that
yon may be better able to anticipate the course which Michigan will
adopt in the future.

Governor j\rason ex])ressed the defennination to prevent the run-
iiinn;or the line at all hazards. Said that the Sheriff's posse would
not bo called out again. That in ease of an emergencv, he relied on
IJie (issislance and pru/tr/ion of '^>e Exvr.Hlivc of the United Slalen.
1 did not understand him to say that this reliance was grounded on
any direct assurance, but only oii inference. On Saturday evening
last. I received a communication from th;' (/'oniniis'siDners. by Col.
'ireen, in which tlii'V apjirove of the })ositiou which I had taken:
and instructed me to al)ide by it. I was gratified to be informed by
Colonel (Ireen that your Excelleiu\v coincided with the Commis-
sioners in opinion respecting the course I had adopted. When
l-'olonol Green left he- e, the understanding with the Sheritf wp.s,
that he would not commit nu'. As he has seen lit to do so, I have
thought proper to give your Excellency infornuition of it. 1 will
"idy add, that I shall renuiin as I am until further instructions,
which I doubt not will be forwarded in due time.

1 have the honor t ) be your obedient servant,

J. E. Ft.CTCIIEK.

His Exoellencv Kobcrt T.ucas. Governor of the State of Ohio.

250

Major Stichney a Prisoner.

\\A

In adtlilioM lo tlicse oiil laj^vs upon Mic «>l1ici;il surveying paitv
were numerous lltigrant assaults upon individuals, as the folluwiiii;
letters evince :

MoKKOK Phisox, May Otli, 18:15.

near Sir: — Here I am, peepiiiir tlii'oui>ii die ;,M'a.tes ol' a Idmii.
some ]>risou, tor tlie iDUitslraus crime i)\' having' acteil as iJieJud"!
of an election within the State of Ohio.

From wliat took place tlie otiier day. at Port Miami, al a ('(iiiriT-
enec l)et\vt'en youi'seil' iiiid the ( ■ommissioners ol' ihe Hnited Slaiis,
wherein we hail the honor of heing present, we wcjv led to
beiievi' tlnil a truee at least would l)e tlie result. In this wc wviv
again deceiveil. 1 left my residenee in Toledo in company with n
lady and gentleman, from the interioi' of Ohio, to visit my tVn'iid
A. v.. Wing, of Monroe, and others, conceiving that ivsjieci tor I he
ordinary visits of hosititality would iiuve been sulHi.'ieiit for mv
protection under such circumstances. But vindictiveness is carritil
to such extremes, llmt all the better feelings of nian an' buried in
the common rubbish. The otli' ■!• who lirst took me, treated iiH' in
a very uncivil manner: dragging me altout as a criminal tlirniii,'|i
the streets o^! Monroe, not withslaiuling there are a nuuihrr c!
exceptions to this virulent mass.

On board the Ijoat we took })assage from Toledo to Monroe, uciv
Messrs. Jvusli and Howard, on their way lo Wasliingt-oii. Tliey uill
make favorable mention of the extreme forliearanee of (Miio. At
eight o'clock this morviing. we saw and shook Ininds with llii' tnn-
ernor ol these movements (Mason), and his (ieiu'ral (Brown), ni
Monroe, just, leaving for Detroit. It is presii)nalil<' thai thev
directed those outrageous transai-tions.

Uh. 7 o'clock A. M. — Have been here i'oiirleeii hours, am! iin
relri'shinent ol any kind yet furnisheil. It iippears probalile tlui'"
isjntiMideil to soften us by starvation.

'J'hose bands of rullianf of the United Stales, iiangiiig upon tip
northern border ol Oliiii. reipiire chasti.senieiit. Ii is h» be hoped llm'
the United Stiite^ will lake speedy measures !o reduce llieiii to siii)
mission, 'i'liey have bei;onie very troublesome to the Western Slulet,
as you are fully aware, and the State of Ohio partienlarly, niakini'
inroads liv night ;uid bv dav in large gangs, and eonimiitiiiLT <!' I"'"-
dations upon the pea<'ealile population — kidnapping and ahdiieiin;;
individuals who have become otfeiisive to them. Wiiellier lli.'
United Stales iiederlake the subduing of these lawless despera-
does, or K'ave the State iiu!i\ idually lo di'l'eiid themselves, il "il!
require a large force. We eaiinot but hope ihal the United Slad'
or the State to which 1 beloiii!'. wili not iH'rinit our individual siilli:
ings to iiig-e tie'in In aiiv measures that may not lie (•(insistent wit.i
aii enlarged view of the rights iif the United Mates, or the itidivitln;i
States. 1 have the honor to be, .ir, your very obedient servant.

B. F. Sticknev.
His E.vcellency Robert Lucas, Governor of the State of Ohio.

iV! Goodsell a Priwner.

251

To I, K DO, May '^^d, J 835.

,9f,.; — \\\ coiiipliiiiKr with your r('i|iu's1. tliui 1 should forvvHrd to
viui. at ('ohiniliiis. :iu account of my alHluction, I scud you the
folluwin;,^:

On the niorninf;' ol' the Sth of Api'il. at ahout, two o'clock A. M., I
WHS iiwakriicd by a heavy knocking at, my (h)or. 1 got up, raitsed a
window; at the same liinc 1 discovci'i'd a iiuml)i'r ol' |u'r.son.s stand-
ing iioar tlu' (h)oi". 1 dcma-mled wliat they waiitcd. 'I'hcy answered
thc.v wanted to come into t.lie house. I (U'man(h'd wliat their husi-
was, and l)y what- autliority tliey appeared there. But, they

atle no reply to any of my interrogatories ; hut re])lied it I did
pen the door, they wouUl l)reak it. J replied if that was their

nut (»

liusiness. I should treat them accordingly — that the iU)or was last
and I should defend it.

I drove them once from the chtor. when many of them went to
thf" l»aek part of the house, and 1 repaire(| to iliiil })art, for (h'fence.
While there, tliey madi' another attempt to force that iloor, in which
rliev succeeded. 1 returned to the front and found the inmates so
mixed with the assailants, that 1 could i

lot di'fend it success

fullv,

williDiit endan<;erin;;- them, as it was too dark to distiuguisli one
from another, only liy voice. 1 was overcome by fori'i' and treated
verv roiiiflilv. as was also my wife, who had left tlie luuisi' to alarm
the neighhors : l)Ut. was overtaken hy the -kidnappers and treated
with violence ami insolence. I was taken l)a('k into the woods,
wlit'iv there were many horses in readiness, and ordered upon one
of them and hurried off in ilu' direction of Monroe.

My journey was rendered unpleasant by the insoKiice of some of
the jiarty, and my life jeoi»arili/,etl i)y lie in g obliged to ride upon a
liorso without a bridle: which horse being urued Iroiu behind.,

liecaine Iriiihleiu'd and ran with hk until

urnvfd a
ivfiiscd

t .M

onroe, and was detained

ther(

jumped Ironi him.

mil

lie\l

av, as

thcv

me any bail excejH from day to day. I was taken Ik'I'cmv the
session, and (iiiestioiu'd coiueriiiiiii' our tuectintr

Gniiid -liiry. then in

th'' ortieers, etc.. etc. Huring tlu

sei(Mid d;i\ a large military force,
jwssv. was raised, armed and started for Toledo. Al'ter tht>v had

:zono

nearly long enough to have reached Toledo. 1 was admitted ti
iiail, and returned — passed the force on the road — impiired of the
Slieritl' whet her that was to i)c considered an armed force or a SluM'ilV's
/'W.vf. lie answered that he considered il a /m»c at thiit time, but
■.t was so arranged thai it might be either as rirciim>iaiice
I't'ijuiro: that <!eneral Brown and aid wmv alon:
'"ISO llu'V assumed a military force. 1 was informed that they had
"lU' wagon loaded with l' iiited States arms, and one loatled witJi ain-

honlU

who wiHild ai't m

innnitioi). ;iii(l saw tlu' waijons wlii

ell were

id to be loaded. When

iilioui half way from this |dace to Monroe, on the morning o|' my
HtKlucrion, our party was joined by the one having Mr. M(;Kay in
oiistody, who had also beoi abducted, or made prisoner as they

Mr. Wat/s Sfateitieni Hemmed.

termed it. About his person tliere were marks of violenci'. He
rode with liis feet tied under the liorse ; and one of tlie party told
1110 he volunteered to jfo to Toledo that lie miglit have an opportn.
nity of gratifying an old grudge he liad against Mr. McKay.

I am. sir, yours resjiectfuUy,

N. GounsEu.
His Excellency Robert Lucas,

Governor and Commander-in-Vhief of the State of Ohio.

"The Commissioners had commenced their work at the north-
west corner of the State. General liruwn had sent scouts through
the woods, to watch their movements and to report when they found
them running the line. "When the surveying party had got within
the county of Lenawee, the under-sheriff of that county, with a
warrant and posse, made hi.s appearance to arrest them. He arrested
a portion of the i)art}' ; but the Commissioners and Surveyor Dodge
made a timely escape, and run with all their might until they got
off the disputed territory. '^I'hey reached Perrysburg the next di'V
with clothes badly turn ; some of them hatless, with terrible looking
heads, and all with stoniuciis very much coUaitsed. They reported
that they had been att;ieki>d by ii large Ibree of Michigan militin
under General lirown, and had been lired upon and had just escaped
with their lives ; and that they expected the balance of their party
were killed or prisoners. IMiey Ibrmally reported these facts to Gov-
ernor Lucas and he reported them to the President.

"The President sent a copy of the report to Governor Mason and
directed him to send him a statement of the facts in regard to the
treatment of the boundary Commissioners, '/>?/ the officers engafjei
in the transaction complained of.'' Governor Mason wrote General
Brown informing him of the communication fr /m the President,
and requested him to forward a report from the ofl^ieers engaged,
containing a detailed statrment of what had been done, that lif
could forward it for the information of the President. General
Brown forwarded .his report from William McNair, undei'-
sheriff of Lenawee county, with his indoisement on the back in
these words: 'In consequence of reports being circulated throiigli
Ohio that the Boundary Com' ."ssioners had been tired upon
by the Michigan military when the officers made the arrest, a
statement was officially made by the under-sheriff of Lenawee
county who made the arrests, to the acting Governor of Michigan
Territory, to correct such false reports.'

Pullic Sentiment in Ohio.

25.S

"The breaking u]) of the surveying party iind the report they

made of the treutmeiit they Inul received, produced great excitement

tliioiighout Ohio. Tiie press spread the news with such comments

as corresponded with their views. Most of the papers advocated

the course of t^^e Governor, and severely condemned the conduct of

Michigan. However, some few of the Whig or anti-Democratic in

politics, took an opposite view, and condemned severely the conduct

of Governor Lucas and those who sided with him. They treated the

proceedings on the part of the authorities of Ohio as ridiculous and

ealcnhited to bring the State into disgrace. But the number of

these presses that spoke freely against the course pursued by the

State, were very few. Governor Lucas, finding it impracticable to

run the line or enforce jurisdiction over the disputed territory, as

1,1'oposed by Messrs. liush and Howard, called an extra session of

the Legislature to meet on the 8th of June. That body passed an

act ' to prevent the forcible abduction of the citizens of Ohio.' The

act had reference to counteracting the previous acts of the Legisla"

tive Conncil of Michigan, and made the offense punishable in the

ptiiitentiary not less tluui three nor more than seven years. An act

was also passed to create the new county of Lucas out of the north

part of Wood county, and embracing tlie disputed territory north

of it, and a portion of the northwest corner of Sandusky county.

It attached the county to the Second Judicial Circuit, made Toledo

the temporary seat of justice, and directed the C'ourt of Common

Pleas to be held on the first Monday of September then next, at any

convenient house, in Toledo.

"An act was also passed, making api)ropriations to carry into
effect all laws in regard to the northern boundary. Three hun-
dred thousand dollars were appropriated out of the treasury, and
the Governor was authorized to borrow three hundred thousand
more on the credit of the State, A resolution was adopted inviting
the President to appoint a Commissioner to go with the Ohio Com-
missioners, to run and re-mark the Harris Line.

"These proceedings changed the issue. The proceedings of the
previous regular session of the Legislature, made llichard Roe or
Michigan, defendant, but now the United States became defendant
as claimant of title in fee. The determined attitude of Michigan to
prevent Ohio from exercising any authority over the disputed terri-
tory, aroused a feeling of State pride that coald not well brook the
idiii, that the thinly populated Territory of Michigan, with her

254 Toledo Pwiished far Fidelity to 0}do\ Causae.

stripling (iovenior, sliould sucoessrully lU't'y Old (Jovenior Luoiis.
and tln' military jtuwer of a Stati; of a ' million' inlialjitants. (inv-
ernor Lucas, through his Adjntuut {h'Mfi-al, SajnucI (!. Andrews,
called upon (hf i)i\ ision Cummandcrs Id r(!|»(trt as soon ns poHsihli-.
the numl)er uf men in each Division that would volunteer to sustiiiu
him in enforcing the laws over the disputed territory. Kiftei'ii out
of seventeen Oivisions into which the State was ilivideil, re|)orteil
over ten thousand men ready to volunteer. About two thousand
men were estimated for the two Divisions that^ did not rf|iiiri.
These i)roceedings on the part of ( Miio e\asperate(| the authurities
of Michigan. They dared the ()hi<t " miili<m ' to enter the disputed
ground; and ' weh'omed them to hospital)le graves.' Prosecution;
for holding office under the laws of <)hio, were conducted with
greater vigor than I'vcr. Kor a time, tin- people of Monroe eouiity
were kept busy in acting as the sherit1"'s /)0.ssi\ to make arn\st:5 in
Toledo. Tile comniencM'ment of one suit woultl lay the fouiiilatiui
for many othei\s. Probably there is no town in the West (jilways
excepting Lawrence, in Kansas) that has sulfered more for its alle-
giance to its government than Toledo.

"The partisans of Ohio were continually haras.sed by the authori-
ties of Michigan lor the greater ])art of the summer (d' 1S35. An
attempt was made by the authorities of Ohio to retaliate in kind:
but for some reason or other the accusecl would nuin age to escape
into Michigan propei, or hid»; at home. Whenever the sheritl' of
Wood county attempted to make an arrest, there would generally tie
spies wat(diing his coming and (rommunicate the fact to the accused
persoris in tinu^ to hide, or make their cscaju' out of the place. The
town was kept in a great ujtroar much of the tinu' in watching the
movements of the Hailitfs id' Monroe and Wood counties."

The following letter, and proceedings of a public meeting, though
out of their chronological order, are given to exhibit the policy auJ
disposition of Michigan :

T()i,Ki)(), Wood (Joiintv, Ohio, March 1st, 1S35.
His Excelleiuy liolieil liUcas, Ooveruor of Ohio:

Sir: — At tlu' recpu'st of a lai'ge number of my fellow-citizens. 1
hastoii 'o advise )OUof the aspect of our atfairs in this (piarter ofllit
State, that your Excellency may ;idopt, .sucli measures to jiiotiti
their rights and nuiintaiu the laws of the State, as under existing
circunistance.s nniy be deemed necessary.

A notice was last week issued, calling a meeting at Treuiaiii:
ville, of " tlie citizens of that portion of the State of Ohio

Andre ir rainier to Govervor LncaR.

mJ 99 *9

though
licy ami

llS3o.

li/.i'lU, I
\ of tlu-

Ohio

lyin.r north of :iii cast .uul west line clriiwn tliroiij^h the southern
rxtiTino or bciul <>r I^aki- Mi('hi<;aii, aiul wliich liad lu'retoforc bci'ii
III, del- the t('ni|!iirarv jiiri.siliction of the Tcrrildrial j^ovcriiim'iil of
MieliijfiUi.'* The oltjn't of this uicetiiij;- was to sprt-ad intt'Iligeiice
iiiiiuii"' 111'' pi'oplf, aiul lo prepare them for (lie I'^tciisinii of the
iui'isdictioii of the State to its eutir<' eoii.stitutional hmilf', and to
muml a;,Minst any chanee ol' ilivision by the industrious elforts of
cirtiiiii emissaries, who iuid l)eeM sent out l)y the acting' ({overnor
iif Aiiclii^an to ereale an interest in favor of the Ten-itorv, and to
nn Vfiit the operation of the hiws of Ohio. 'I'he meeting assembled
Yosti^i'iliiv afternoon, to tlie nninlier of soun* thn-e hundred persons.
A il»iiiitation was sent out from Miehigan, consistiiii^Mif Ueneral
Brnwii, of Lenawee eonnty ; General Humphrey, of Monroe; Mr.
Bacun.of r.he Legislative (,'onm'il, ami a number of the judicial and
militury ntticers of Monroe county, ostensihiy to confer a;id consult
ith our citizens, but whose real objeer was to overawe and divide
uur meeting. As the nature of their visit was understood, m resolu-
tion was unanimously [)assed, at the ctunniencement of the meeting,
uivitiiiii all strangers, who might feel any interest in its proceedings,
to atleiHJ ; but declaring it *' indecorous, improper, ami out of
order" for any i)ersons to take part in its deliberations Avho was
not interested as a residval of < Mh(j, or called by the language ol" the
iiulicr mider uliicli we bad assembled.

NiiLwillistanding this decisive and unanimous resolution of our
'ilizfiis, n [leat'-d elforts weri' nniile l)y (ieneral Brown, through his
;isiooi;ites, to gel a hearing from our audiences and to procure the
iviiiliiii>' of an order from the acting (Jovernor id" Miciiigan. It at
liiii;tli raine into the hands of a citizen, who hap[)ened lo be in the
Mioiiitfaii interest, and who hail just rciieived a commission from
'loMTiior Mason, and the ordci- was by him otiereil to the nu'cting,
ami jici'iiiission asked to reail it aloud ; but as soon as the sif/udfuvp
wiiKdi.scuvereil, it was indignantly rejected by the nu-eting, and its
iv;tiliii'^- (leelared out of order, according to llie s}»irit of oiii' first
n:-oliiii()ii. 'The [jurport of this oi'tler, as I afterwards learned, was
i:crl;iiii instructions from acting (lovernor Mason, to General Brown,
:n proofed forthwith lu this i»lace, and othi'r t(jwns in tlu north-
« <i(.iii part of Ohio, and to ascertain what public otlicers were in
'II'' interest of the State, for the [uirpose of having them renn)ve(l,
tml I'l'placeil by others mori' loyal to the cause of Michigan. And
it. alter all his elforts, he could not create a division, oi' rai.se a party
[aiiion^' diu' citizens, sntliciently strong to maintain the law.s of
Miihii^iiu, then to raise a posse and proceed forthwith with the
I'uiilii' autliorilies of the adjacent eminties, ami forcibly support
I'lii' jiivisiliction of Michigan, and, i)articularly, to [)iit into elf^ct
lit' lute uneonstitutiomil and unprei-edented enactnu'urs of the Leg-
^lalivo ('(iiiiieil of the Territory, subjecting our citizens to a tine
l"l one tliiiii.iand dollars and imprisonment at hard labor, for a
jt^tm of live years, if they should so far assert their rights as to

25()

Meeting at Toledo.

receive or liold a onnimission niuler the State, from whoso consti-
tution they had a riglit to claim protection, JJut notwitlistaiidiii"
all this, aiid in the very presence of these very gentlenu-n wholiad
come to promulgate these mandates — to put into execution tlusf
instructions, and to overawe the populace — when the special me<-
sage of your Excellency, and the resolutions and enactments of i!;
General Assembly of Ohio, extending to them their rights ;i>
citizens of the State, and the protection of its laws, were km\.
the meeting strongly and [irmly resolved to supi)ort the laws and
constitution of Ohio. 'I'o this resolution there were but four or
live voices in the negative.

After the meeting had adjourned. General Brown read his order
to the populace, anil assured them tliat the laws of Michigan shoiikl
be enforced, and that before the State? of Ohio should extend her
jurisdiction over this part of her constitutional limits, ,s/te icouU
have to nunrh over the dead bodies of that portion of her citizens wh
had heretofore been under the jurisdiction of Michigan.

Every elfort has been made by General Brown and his emissarit!
to create divisions and intimidate our citizens. For this purpost
threats were used — the aid of the General Government was freolv
pledged to those who would come out on the side of Michigan— ami
where intimidation and threats failed to produce the eflect, comnii!-
sions were freely oifered and granted.

1 herewith send you the last number of the " Michigan 8entiml,'
from which your Excellency will be able to gather the feeliii;,':
and sentiments of the citizens of that part of the Territory up.iii
the subject, which, from its immediate vicinity, and from its fonmr
relations to us, has it in its power materially to harass and opprti;
our citizens.

AVitli sentiments of deepest respect,

I um, sir, your Excellency's obedient servant,

AnDKEW I'ALMEll.

irEETING AT T01> EDO.

An adjourned meeting of the citizens of Toledo was held in tfe
village, at the house of J. B. Davis, on Friday, April lOth, 183"), w I
take into consideration Avhat further arrangements were proper w I
protect the citizens from lawless aggression and violence.
After a few remarks from several gentlemen present, it was
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to wait upon Govoniwj
Lucas and ascertain how far the citizens of this town may rely wm
the protection of the State in defending their rights under her M
and constitution, and to consult and concert such measures :ii|
may be proper and expedient;.

(xovernor Liwas calls an Mctra Sesskm. 257

oiisti-
udin;:
10 bwi

,1 nu'5-

of tlK

hts iis
X read,
ws and
four or

lis order
r should
;eud luT
fie xmuli
'mm !t'/lO

■missavii';
s pur\)0:^i'
,vas i'wdv

IgilU— iUld

;, commii-

SentiiH'i"
ic reeliu:;:
tory up>'»
its fornift
lid oppr«>

'ALMKl'v

h'esolvrd, further, That said committee consist of such ottluers
as, iiihIcm' the recent penul enactments of the territorial council of
Miclii"iin, have rendered themselves liable to the laws of the terri-
tory ; tiiat by personal consultation and advice, they may be pre-
piiroil to act both with prudence and decision. Adjourned.

JOHN HALT) WIN, Chairman.

MAXTKit MoWMAN, Scoretdri/.

lieUiuti"-'
|o proii^'i"-"

In Goveviv'!]
rely iir"'1
jerkrb«

(ioveniur liUcas finding it impracticable to run the line or enforce
jurisdiction over the disputed territory called an extra session of
till' fjfgislature on the 8th of June, and issued a message, from
which the following is an extract :

"It appears to me the honor and faith of the State is pledged, in

the most solemn manner, to protect these people in their rights, and

todet'undthem against all outrages. They claim to be citizens of

Oiiio. The Legislature by a solemn act has declared them to be such,

uud has required them to obey the laws of Ohio, which, as good

jitizens, they have done ; and for which they have been persecuted,

prosecuted, assaulted, arrested, abducted and imprisoned. Some of

ilioni have been driven from their homes in dread and terror, while

others are menaced by the authorities of Michigan. These things

iiave been all done within the constitutional boundaries of the State

uf Ohio, where our laws have been directed to be enforced. Are we

luit under as great an obligation to command respect and obedience

I to our laws adjoining our northern boundary as in any other part of

he State? Are not the inhabitants of Port Lawrence, on the Maumee

jHay, as much entitled to our protection as the citizens of Cincinnati,

Ion the Ohio river ? I feel convinced they are eiiually a^ much. Our

jooiuinissioners appointed in obedience to the act of the 23d of

|l'Vl)ruary, while in discharge of the duty assigned them, were

paulted whik' resting on the Sabbath day, by an armed force

friiiu Michigan. Some of the hands were fired on, others arrested,

IiihI one Colonel Fletcher is now incarcerated in Tecumseh, (as will

p seen by his letter,) and for what ? Is it for crime ? No; but for

laithfiilly discharging his duty, as a good citizen of Ohio, in obedi-

|uce to our Jaws. These outrageous transgressions demand your

nost serious consideration, and 1 earnestly recommend, and confi-

^'i>tly liope, that such measures will be adopted as will afford

|rotoction to our citizens ; provide for the relief of those who have

*:vn arrested, and bound under recognizances ; and for the liberation

258

Governor Laaas Mexsdife.

of those who aro iinpriaoncil ; as also lui' Ihc iiidomiiilv of thn,v
Avho havt' HiiHereil loss in coiKseiiiU'iici' nl" their nhcdicMct' to tlicjim.
orOliio; a'ul, in an esjiecial maiun'r, lor l.lic nioi'c prompt, cxceiitioii
ol" our laws, and the punishinonl of Miosc uli(» iiavf violated thiin.
Vou may I'ost assured that whatever oourse yon nniy direct, wiljii,
])ronvplly ])ur8ned hy the I'Aecntive, and that all your laws slmll !.,
faitlifnlly e.xeentcd, as far as his power extends; hut, for thciiclfn.
tnal enforcement, yon have to furnish him with tin- necssary iiuaii-,

"In tile (hxinments annc.vecl fir your inspection iind eoiisidora-
tion will l)e found all the correspondcMice of the Hxeontive rcjalivi
to carryin<i' into cllect the act of the 'V.VX of Kehruary; wliiHi
emhraces the correspondence with the Department of Stiilc ;i!
Washington; the coniniunications received from Mi'ssrs. h'lisli anil
Howard, United States (Jommissioners ; tin' opinion <il' the Atici-
ney (leneral of the United States; the correspondeiHse with ih.
Surveyor (ieneral of the United States, togethei- wiih sundry (Iikn-
meuts relative to ruiinin<^ the northern houndary (d" Ohio ; the liilil
notes of the survey of the line run hy iMr. Harris, under the dim-
tion of the Surveyor Cieneral of the United States; a letter Irmii
Governor Cass objecting; to Harris" line, with tin- Surveyor Genenirs
reply, coiitendinj^' that that line was run in accordance with the art
of Congress, and was the true northern l)oundary of Ohio, toffftliir
with sundry other letl;ers relative to the suhject of our hdiuulaiv,
and the extension of our jurisdiction, all worthy of ii, miiiiUe iiiwv
tigation.

."The suhject of our northern l)oundary has excited eoiKsiJoriibli'
attention throughout the nation, and ^is far as can he learned I'miii
the tone of the papers, great exertions are miU\ing to raise tkdiiu'j
unfavorable to Ohio, forestalling public o])inion to her pvojiulicf.
without refercuce to the merits of our claim, ami all priiicipallj
upon the ground that Ohio is a great, powerful State: Michigaua
weak and small territory, (while in fact Michigan has!igiv:iW|
extent of territory than Ohio.) This ajijiears to be the siibistanei'
of every argument from the beginning to the end of this coiitiV'
versy. We Iind it in the tirst letter of Governor Cass to the Sur-
veyor General, so early as 1817. We also iind it in the avgiimeii!' |
of the ex-Presideiit in the last Congress, as well as in all theintei-
mediate arguments. Hut what is the true static of the case? Ohio
has oppressed nobody — she claims no territory more than \vhiiti'|
defiued iu her constitution \ while, ou the other hand, wo liud tk

OooeviMi' Luvas' Mei^mye.

2r)0

liTi'itory of Muihij^iiu (who cun litive no li'gi(,iiimt(! (^Iiiiiii to sover-
eignty, us her ,i(()V(M'inn('iit, at iiiiy tinuv, may be dissolved hy (!oii-
gress, and the territory north of Ohio attached to (his State)
(■\('rtin<( all the power of her temporary or territorial <<ovenimeut,
III (ippri'ss the small villajjfe of 'I'niedo, piiiiishiii<? its inhabitants,
not tor erinie, bnt lor claiming their oonslilutional rights. In this
tniiisiietioii we see the great, and powerful oity of Detroit, aided by
ihc iiiilliurities of the territory united to oppress and weaken the
snmll village of Toledo, on tlu? Maumee Hay. Hut the true parties
in tlic I'ontroversy are the Ifnited States and the State of Ohio;
aiid let nie ask which is the weaker i)arty in this controversy?
Surely it will not be contended that tht; great and gigantic State of
Ohio (as she has been tauntingly called) is about to weaken the
Uniteil States, by claiming her constitutional rights; or that, by
I'litbrciiig these, her Just claims, she would be making the Aveak
wakt r, and the strong still more |)owerful, according to the argu-
nionts of onr opponents. Arguments of this kiiul may suit those
who wish to avoid the truth, to shun the light, and carry their point,
light or wrong, by their diplomatic management; but in my view
lliLseiirgunients ar<> too contracted to meet the apjn'obation of liberal-
iniiidid statcsnu'n. Is not Ohio a member of tlu^ ITuion ? Does
iiiil fjjio lorni a component j)artof the United States V Will not any
measure calculated to promote the i)rosperty of Ohio also promote
tilt; prosperity of the United States? Why, then, should jealousy
lie excited against Ohio ? Why the extreme exertions of many
editors of news])aj)(!rs, ami other individuals, in some of the States,
to Ibrestall public opinion, and make imi)ressions unfavorable to
Ohio, without examining the justice of our cause ? Is this course
liberal":' Is it just? We think not. '

" With a desire to ascertain all the facts connected with the contro-
versy relative to our northern boundary, I have devoted what time
1 eould sjnu'e from other duties, to a minute examination of the
i^iilijecl. Ill doing this, I collected extracts from all the origimil
charters l)y which the territory northwest of the river Ohio was origi-
uidly claimed ; also from the several deeds of cession, resolutions of
Congress, ordinances and acts relative to the territory northwest of
I the river Ohio, the organization of temporary or territorial goveru-
mciu, and the formation of States therein; all Avhich extracts will
he submitted to your consideration, as an appendix to this com-
Imunication. 'I'hese extracts will present to you a full view of the

200

(rovernor Litras j]f/ss<(f/e.

8ubj('ct, iiiul in\iHf. Iiavo » U'luliiicy to (jotilirin nil who cMimiiu' tlicm
(lispiisHioimtcly, in the opinion Ilinl lUv cltiini nl' (Miio in just uinl
incontrov<'i'til)Ir. Wy them it will \h' wen 1 1ml, I In- Icrriiory now
(^liiiincil l)y Mi('lii;,'iiii wiis (»rii,nniilly incIiKJcd in Mir ;.MMnt (o Con-
nocticnit, and lliaL tlmt StaU- diil not cfdc her ri^dit of jurisdiction In
till! United Stiitcs over tlmt portion of territory borderin;;,' on tip
hike, and known an the " WeHtern lleserve," till the year IHOO, jnuin
years al'lir the Ordinance of ITH7 waH ])asrie(l ; which Mr. Ailiim
deolared. in his ianiouH .spee(di in tln' last Con^reHs, ''to l)e as mini-
teral)le as the laws of nature;'' yet the line contended for !iv Miclii-
;(an, agreeal)ly to said Ordiimnee, would run east tliron;;li tlmi
district of country to which Conffress had no claim, either el' .snil
or jurisdiction, at the time this Ordinance was passed. Tl c iimir
] examine the subject, the iiu»re coiiviueed I am tlmt our eliiiiii i>
just and incontroverLlble; that it is a settled (|uestion ; and that wi
are under as solemn iin obligation to maintain our jurisilietioii dvir
*he town of Port Lawrence, on the Maumee Bay, as wo are to maiii-
LJn it over any township on the Ohio i-iver.

" Gentlemen, the whole subject is now before you for coiisidcra
tion. The cpiestion necessarily arises', what shall be done? Shall
we abandon our just (daim, reliu((uish our Indisputable riglilH ami
proclaim to the world that the acts and resolutions of the Ia.<t
session of tlie General Assembly were mere empty things ? Or,
rather, shidl we not (as was declared in said resolutions to be our
duty) prejjare to carry their provisions into effect ? The latter, I
doubt not, will be your resolution ; aiul I trust that by your ati«,
you will manifest to the world that Ohio knows her consliiiitioiial
rights; that she has in(le])endence eiu)ugh to assert them : and liiiit
she can neither be seduced by Mattery, ballled by diploniatie man-
agement, nor driven by menaces from the suj)port of those riglit.>.
And, gentlemen, you nmy rest assured, that whatever nieuHuros, in
your wisdom, you nmy direct, will be faithfully ))ursued by tlif
Executive, to the full extent of his constitutioiml ]>o\ver, and llif
means tiiat may be placed under his control.

" Very respecti'ully, &c.,

"Robert LucAt."
"Columbus, O., June 8th, 1835.''

*''<•• Jm,}, (.,„ ,

Atteni])/ to Arrexf Turn St'ukiieij.

261

This Hi's.sioii of tho liCj^MsIahirc piisscd iin net "to provout the
loivihlf ;ilMliictiiiii 111" (lie cit i/niH ol' Oil in." 'I'lu' act luul roforonco to
coiiiiirriioliii;; iti'' iHvvidiisiinlsortlic Lci^i.sliitivt'coimciloI'Micliiffaii,
lint! iiiiulc till' ollV'iisc |iiiiiiHlml>li' in llic iicniti'iitiury not Ii-ss timn
iliri'c nor iikh'c tliiin si'vcii yours. An :ict wus iiiso piussod to (jrcuto
ilic ni'W county of liiioas out of the north ]mi't oC Wood (!oiinty,
1111(1 cinhnicinf,' tlio disputed territory north of it, and a portion of
llu northwest eorner oi" Sandusky county. It. attaciicd tho county
Id tile .Second .Indicia! (Jircuit, made Toledo tlie temporary seat of
juslitr, and directed the Court of (!onnnon Pleas to he iield on tho
lir^t Muiiday ol'Septeniher following,', at any convenient house.

I''n'(|iieiit arrests and imprisonments in tho Monroe jail occurred.
All attempt to arrest Two Stick iicy, and to ro-arnst McKay, ])rovod
iiirtt'eetiial, as is seen hy the following atlidavit:

TkKKITOIIY 01<' Ml(JIll(iAN J

Jfonroe County,

ss.

IVr.sonally cauK! hefore Albert Jicinietl, a Justice of tho Poaco
uilhin ;iii(I lor the cmiuty aforesaid, liyinaii Iliird, who being duly
sworn, fiaid that on the loth day of .luly, LSii."), this (U-poiieiit, who
is a coiiiilablo within tho county aforesaid, wont to 'I'olodo in said

ci'iintv. For the oiiriiosool' exocutiu'r a warrant aeainst (ioo.

Ill Ik

piiri

hiilf (»r the United States.

McK

ay,

This defionout was aoco!n))aniod by Joseph Wood, deputy sheriff
itfsaid eoiinty. Said Wood had in his hands a warrant against Two
^tickiiey. This deponent and said Wood wi'ut into the tavern ot J.
K Davii^, in the vilhijjo of Toledo, wlioro they found said Stickney

McKay. 'I'his de])onent infornu'd McKav that he had a av

ir-

nnit for him, and there attenij)ted to arrest McKay. Tho latter
llu'ii spnuiy,' and caught a chair, and told this cioponont that
ihiIl'ss he desisted, he would split him down. This d(>ponent saw
McKay have a dirk in his hand. At the time this dei)onent was
atfi'inptlng to arrest McKay, Mr. AV'ood attempted to arrest Stick-
lU'V. Wood laid his hand on Sticknev's shoulder, and took him
liy his collar; and after Wood and Stickney had scuill(!d for a
sjitiittime, this deponent saw Stickney draw a dirk out of the loft
."ill'.' of Wood, iiud exclaim, "There, damn you, you have got it
niHv.'' Thi.s dcDonont then saw AVocnl let ^o from Stickney, and

unur.

Ills hand upon his side, a|)iiarently in distress, and wont to the
Thi,-! deponent asked Wood if ho was stabbed. Wood said,
'ly faintly, that he was. 'i'his deimiient then went with Wood to
i'ii ^^niitlrs tavern. A ])hysioian* was then called in on tho re((UOst
I WoDtl, Tlir physician thought it doubtful whether Wood recov-

■ I>r, Jacob Clark, yet a citizen of Toledo,

262

An Ohio Missuni to Waj^/dnf/ton.

ored. This deponi''it thinks there were from six to eight person*
present at the tiuK' this deponent and Wood were attempting U)
arrest McKay iuid Stiekney. Kou" of them interfered. At tlv;
t'me Wood infoi-med Stiekney that lie had a [)rcee})t against hini,
Stiekney asked Wood whetlier his precept was issued under tlie
authority of Oliio or Michigan. When Wood nliowed liiin tlio war-
rant, Stiekney said he should not be taken ; but if it was niuler
Ohio, he would go.

This dej^onent thinks that at tlie time Wood was stabbed, it was
between three and lour o'clock in the afternoon, and this dcjiontiit
remained there about three hours. IJefore this depcuent left, th,
inhabitants of Toledo, to the number of forty or fifty, collected at
Davis' tavern. Tliis deponent was advised, ibr liis own si/ety, to
leave the jilace, and also by the advice of Wood, he returned to
Monroe, without having executed his precept. And further tlii?
dei>onent saith not.

Lyman Hurd.

Subscribed and sworn to before me, this sixfeenth day of Jiilv,
one thousand eight hunilred and thirty-live.

ALnKRT liUKXKTT, ./. /'.

These proceedings were reported byCJovernor Mason, to Presidi-iit
Jackson, who was strongly impressed with the necessity of inler|iH-
ing some check to the evident tendency towards serious troulilc

Go' ^rnor Lucas, perceiving considerable uneasiness at Wasljinj;
ton, for the peace of the country, had sent to Washirigtoii, N. 11.
Swayne, W. Allen, and \j.'\\ Disney, to confer with the PresidtMi!
on the subject of the boundary ditliculties.

The result of this mission was the urgent appeal of the Presi-
dent for "the mutual suspension until after the next session uf
Congress, of a'l action tliat would by possibility produce colli-
aion, and the assu.ranoe of an earnest recommendation would k
immediately sent to the acting Governor of Michigan, and tin
other authorities of the Territory, whom he can righlfully iuIvIsimd
the performance of their duty, "that no obstruction shall be iulcr-
poood tc the re-marking of 'Harris Line:' that all proeecdiiigj
already begun under the act of February, shall be immedial.l}'
discontinned ; that no prosecution shall be commenced for any
8ubpeo:ient violatior.s of tha* act, until aft^'r the next session ol
Congress, and that all (piestioiis about the disputed juristlietiou
shall b;> carefully iivoided, and if oeeurrinir inevitably, their discus-
sion shall be postponed until the same period."

Clom of the Controvers^y.

2fia

"The iirniiigoment of (lie 'M\ ol" July, made with Messrs. Swaync,
Allen, Mild Disney, (Kliiicd the base, of operations for Ohio. She
now had the direct promise ol' the President that lie would advise
thiit'iio obstruction .sliall be interposed to the re-niarking of the
lliirris Line, etc." Yet, tlie authorities of MicJii<ran entindy disre-
i;;ird(.'d these arrangements, and the linal adjustment of the ilitticulty
was not clfected until the next session of Congress, when, on the
ir)lh lit June, 1 8.'>0, Michigan was admitted into the Union with
liermuthern boundary next to Ohio limited to the Harris Line, and
•he disinitcd territory was given to Ohio, ('ongress giive Michigan
the valuable mineral lanils adjoining Lake ISuperiur, to make up the
loss of the territory given to Ohio."

Thus, through the ascendency of conciliatory and stalesman-like
counsids prevailing a( Oolunibns and Washington, tli is angry strife
was happily settled, and (ran((uil iuul fraternal relations have since
jiivvailod iu'tween the citizens of the States of Ohio and Michigan.

Tht; Toledo /)Vr/'/c, of June ;^9th, 1836, contains the ]>roceedings
I if a iiK'ctiug ludd on the Saturday previous ('Joth of .lune), con-
vhimI ti» eelebrat(( the settlement of the Ixumdary (piestion. As
ilhistraliug the temper of the jH'oide, at that date, the report states
ihat, a!,n'feably to previous arrangenienls, the day was usht'red in at
jiiiii'iso by the liring of cannon and ringing of bells. Ajiprojiriate
lianiK'i's were waving from the windows of the different hotels and
public buildings. 'L'he liring was kept u|) at intervals during the
morning. At three o'clock, r. m., the citizens and nniny disfcin-
i;iii>lK'(! strangers ])resent, assembled at the Mansion House, and
liiivin;; ror-ned a, i)r.)<'t'ssion, proceeded to the school house, wliere
[a,*horthut iippropriate address was delivereil by Emery D. Potter,
|. Alter the address, the procession returned to the Mansion
House, and partook <d' a dinner which had been prejjared for the
jwcarioii.in Mr. Segnr's best style. L'he cloth having been removed,
till tVillowing toasts were drank, and sentiments given, which were
j?rverally received and cheered in the most enihusiastic manner by
jiii' conijtiuiy. The lirst toast was the following, given by J. B.
[.Marev. of Bullalo:

Thit(ii;\riisi)/ Toledo. — The present growth of thi>: village is a
jti'UL' indication <d' their enterprise and industry, ^hiy it continue
jiiiili! To'.'do shall be the great city of the proud State Of Ohio.

Toast.x wi-re alio given by W. J. Daniels, Hon. Joel jVIcCullum, of
L'ckiwrt, New York; Andr(nv ralmer, (leneral McLaughlin, of the

264

Toledo in 1816.

Ohio Senate; E. 1). Potter, Rev. Mr. Bradburn, of Nantucket,
Rhode Island : A. J. Underbill, of New York : Dr. George 1{. IVr-
kins, S. R. Beardsley, of Otsego county, New York ; Dr. II. H.
Stillnian, John J. Newcombe, George IT, Rich, Roswell Cheiiev, iiml
others. A])pro|)riate addresses Avere made })y Messrs. Beardsley and
Potter, and also by Judge John T. Baldwin, President of the diiy.

TOLEDO IN 181().

Judge Baldwin said: "Gentlemen, I have long looked for this
day. I have sometimes thought that I should not live to see it; but
I have lived to see justice, although tardy in her movements, at last
triumphant. I came here twenty years ago, when there was nobodv
here but Indians, except Major Stickney. I used to Avander alon?
down through the bushes to meet hii^, when we would tall-' 'is
subject over as a matter, of diversion, for we were so weak that we
could do but little else, as nobody seemed t<> pny mu(;h attention f<>
what we said, there being but two of us living on tlu' 'disimti.d
ground.'""

CHAPTER V.

TIIK ''LOU-CABIN," OR " IfARD OIDEH " ('AMl'AKiN OF 1 H-IO.

ThtM-e can exist no reason why the people of the Maumce Valley.
wliose impulses inclined them to hero worship, should not have beeu
ardently attached to the fortunes of General Harrison, whose mili-
tary capacity, after he became invested with the command of the
Northwestern Army, retrieved former disasters, and gave security
Id the exposed frontier. Their support of him. as against (onf other
party or candidate, became almost a duty. At this distance of
time, and when the issues involved in that contest have perished,
the writer of this, who favored the election of Mr. \'an I>uren, who
was a statesman and not a soldier, can afford to say this without
makincj any apology for the choice he then made.

'iiie election of 1840 was one characterized by features which
had no precedent in popular movements, in this or any other
ountry recognizing the people as the source 6f power in the State.
William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, and John Tyler, of Virginia,
were nominated by a Whig Convention, which assembled at Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania, for ti." Presidency and Vice Presidency of the
United States, December 4th. lS;i!>. The candidntes of the Demo-
cratic party, in competition with ihis ticket, Avere Martin Van
Hureu. of New York, and Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky.

General Harrison, although a native of Virginia, was a Westei'n
man— had been conb^' cuously identified with all the conilicts with
the Indians, commencing when but twenty-ono years of age as aid
to General Anthony Wayne, in I7U4, and closing as C^ommander-in-
C'hief of the Northwestern Army, with the brilliaiit victory over
the combined r)ritish and Indian IbrceH at the battle of the Thames,
iiH'anada. in lsi;5.

These were 1 lie candidates. Alter tli(^ ndiuiiiatitui of Harrison, a
Washington correspondent of a Baltimore paper, who subsctpiently

266

The PoUtical Ccmipaign of 1840.

became a Harrison man, referred to tlie candidate of the Wliig
party as one whose liabits and attainmentf would sccnire him flic
lnu;hest measure of happiness in a log cabin with an abuiulanl
supply of hard cider, This ill-chosen and hapless phrase was seized
upon by the crafty politicians of the other side, and made to tbim
the key note of the campaign.

Log cabins, constructed after the frontier style of riido archi-
tecture, their waMf- ornanuiited with cijoif-skins, and their inleiior
abundantly supplied with cider, which was generally drank jiom
goui*ds, constituted the " wigwams " wht-re all the in-door gatherincs
of the Whigs were held.

The space on State street, now occupied by the Atheneum, opjio-
site the State 1 louse square, embracing an area of one hundred and
tifty by one hundred and eighty-eight feet, was occupied by it loj;
cabin, constructed by the joint personal efforts of Alfred Kelly,
'I'homas Ewing, Nouh 1 1. Swayne, Dr, Goodale, .Michael Sullivai!'.
William Neil, and others.

On the eve ol" the anniversary of Washington's birthday, ('.'Isi
Kebniary. LSK),) tl)e can;pMign, on ihe |>art ot" Harrison's irieiids,
was o|)ened in Ohio by an illumination ol all Whig ilwi'Uings in the
Capital. (Jolumbus then had a )io])idatioii of six thousand. Tin'
number of transient visitors who participated in the celebration
ol' the following <lay, exceeded in number more than three-i'olfl tin
then residents ol' the city, — the hirgest number that had ever at that
time been massed at Columbus, Every hotel and boarding house
was crowded to its utmost, and the hospitality of the citizens, and
especially of the Whig I'aniilles, had no limit. The weather w;.>
unusually inclement. Heavy rains had swollen the streams, and llit
principal streets between the sidewalks were covered with a (U'|'tl;
of mud th.'it reacheil, on an average, near to ones ankles Hut Hie
ardor ol' the enthu.siastic processions was not, d.ainpened by iheH'
discomforts; and above the angry voice >d' tin; elements rosetlif
triumphant peal of loiul mouthed cannon and exultant strains ul
twenty bands of music.

The Maumee Valley poure<l out its h-gions in this monster meet
iiig. Kroni the description of the procession published in tl"
(Columbus (Ohio) (hwfvdrfdlr intil Old Sr/toid A'(7;«/>//r,'/;/, edited I'V
that most estimabU^ gentleman. ntly deceaseil, John (i. Miller

Esq.. is extracted the fo'.lowing .«...itingto the representation trom
Northwestern Ohio:

The Political Oampai(/n of 1840.

2«7

• ^

,1 in tV'
;(lite«m

;. Mill^V'
tioii t'r"W

• There is indeed an attractive object. That is Fort Jfriz/s. Tlic
imitation is perfect. How frau,a;iit is it witli engrossing and inipres-
viivo liistory I IIow much does it tell of the gallant man who at
this moment occupies the thoughts .and the hopes of his country-
men ! It was no common zeal which stimulated the leelings of
those who constructed that fabric — and well have they perfected
the design, Those six line horses which draw the interesting l)ur-
ilen have imbibed the very spirit of Fort IVIeigs; — mark the dignity
nf their motion, and the military precision of their steps. "The
Ifiigth of the fort is twenty-eigbt feet — its embankments six incnes
hiHi, .surmounted by piquets of ten inches.' Its garrison is forty
men. The block houses, seven in mimbor. ' The whole structure
is a beautiful as well as perfect representation of the spot where
Harrison achieved a victory wbicli 1ms incorporated his name and
ihosu of the brave men wiiom he commanded with the ne\er-dying

I ','lory of his country. Observe those gims -twelve cannon, ' with
;i|ipropriate mountings — are properly disposed at the batteries/ and

i that little ' brass spo/icsmcn, cast .at the Toledo foundry,' is about to
loll its 'iron tale' in imitation of its 'illustrious ))red('eessors,'
whif'li syjo/v; to fearful and destructive purpose in May, \x\',]. I^ook
;\t those tiag-statfs, thirty feet in height. See floating from the fore-
miist of them, that .signal of virgin wliilc, ; nil reatl the inscription

1 it ilisplays :

' KOKT J>[Kl(iS,

'T"ll (leneral I'roctor wheti he gets possession of the Fort, be
u ill <4,'iiii more honor, in the estimation of his Iving ami country,
'than he would acquire by a thous.and capitulations.'

And on the streamer of the otlier ai'c tln^ bi'^t words of the brave,

|e\iMring Lawrence — " Don't give up the !s)ii|» I " And yet another

Ibanncr flies at the extremity of the fort which, atblressing the leaders

iac^tinn, advises them that they are 'Mveighed in the balance, and

Sf'iind wanting."'

Hut det.ails of this niemoralde affair can not here be giv(!n. One
^i^nlution adopted by the grt-.U meeting is, in coneiu ion, appended :

" /iW)/(vv/, That it be recommended to the young men of the
States ut Ohio. Kentucky. Indiana, Illinois, .Michigan, Western .New
ifrli, Pennsylvania aufl \'irgini:i, to ccleltr.ite the ne\t anniviTsary

jl the raising of the siege of Kort iv|eigs, in June, l>^|:'. on the

l|''*'"U'l occupied by that iort,"

268

The Political Oimpaigti of 1 840.

In pursuance of this recommeiidation there asscmblod at tin
a|)i)oiiite<] time and place, a concourse of people variously estiiimud
at from thirty-five to forty thf)U!-and, and embracing represeutalive^
from every State and Territory in the IJuion. ]*robably never
before or since, in tlie annals of the country, has there occurred a
mgre enthusiastic or impressive pageant. All classes and condi
tions, rich and poor, aged and young, " fair women and brave men,
lent their presence and ardor. ( J eneral Harrison's veterans and miinv
of the country's rare statesmen, orators and humorists were there t"
hOTior, each in his own attractive way, tlie hero of the siege. I'hcmci
chant lelt his counter, the farmer his fields, the mechanic his bench,
to join in the shouts of applause and exultation, while cannon. m\\<-
ketr^, church bells and martial music rent the air again and again!
Nature, too, smiled from her brightest sky upon the green banks, ilit
glancing waters, the beautiful towns of Perrysburg and Maumir,
the gleaming banners waving over the victory — honored fort anl
British batteries — all combining to give the celebration llie |iriili
and glory, if not manniticeiice, ol a lioman triumph.

General Harrisons speech on this occasion was more tiian usiiall}'
elegant and scholarly. Of other names recorded among the speakt'i*
are Colonels Todd and Clarkson, of Kentucky, former ofHcors under
(ieneral Harrison during the siege; Hon. Thomas Kwing; (ienorai
Woodbridge, of Micliigan , (ieneral Ford; dohn R. Osborn. Esi|..
then of Nor walk, now of Toledo, who, on this occasion, rcnderel
himself conspicuous in an effort which challenged the cncomiiiiiis
of some of the most distinguished persons present : Hon. ()livtr
Johnson, of Miehigan; Dr. Smith, of iVIonroe, Michigan; Mr
liobert Schenck, of Dayton; George C. J')ates, P^sq., of Detroit:
Messrs. Dawsoi\ and Brooks, of Detroit ; JVIr. Saxton, an old llev)
lutionary soldier, from Connecticut; .lames Fitch, of New York:
Hon. E. Cook, of Sandusky City, delivered :i brilliant oration: 3lr'
Chamberlain, a blacksmith, from Kinderhook, gave a humorous aiiJ |
witty discourse. Uev. .Joseph Badger, the Chaplain in I'^lil
eighty-live years of age in ls|(), otfered the opening prayer. Mr,
Titus, of Toledo, was called ui)on J'or a song, and responded repoa
ediy to the loud encore.

Conspicuous among the military was the battalion from Bnflnl
under Major Fay, embracing tlu^ I'.ullalo Flying Artillery, Buffal'l
City (iuards, La Fayette Guards, W:isliington (Guards, and Fri'doDlij
Guards ; the Toledo Guards, under the command of Cai>tain C' "I

IwidenU relaihuj fo other Politiral Contei^ts. 200

Hill, tlien oiu! ortlio best drilled and cfiuipued volunteer companies
in the West; the Cleveland (ireys, under Captain Ingraham ; the
Summit (4uards. from Akron. A i'omi)any ol J^og-Cabin boys, iu
iiiimitive unitbrni, tVoni Geauga county, and an Indian company.

The steamboats associated with this memorable day were, the
"Coraiuodore Perry,'' which brought the delegation from Ibiftalo
tlic iiiijhl, ])revious, and on the niornitg made a trij) to Toledo,
iTtiiiniiig with (leneral Harrison, ;ind la(b'n with citizens; '•(Jeiuiral
Wiiync," '■ United States." 'General S(!Ott," •' J{f)chester,'" ^tar,''
"Huron," '• Macomb," " Jellerson,' "Sandusky,'' "Commerce,"
■• Lady of the Lake," '• Vance,'' and '' Chesapeake."

Ami here is closed a brief sketch of the most imposing poi)ular
ilcmonstration that at that time had occurred in tlie United States.
Tlic i,n'ouiid, and many ol tlu^ distinguished actors, were associatect
with some of the most interesting events recorded in American
iiistory.

The ioUowing in(;idents relating to other i)olitical campaigns are
ap])euded :

During the Presidential contest of 185(5, David Tod, (who may

be (losignated as '• a politician at large '' during that strjj,) Alfred

P. Edgerton, delegate for Congress, and F. C. Le Blond, who had

Ikcii nominated for Common Pleas Judge, met at Kalida for the

liuipose of addressing a meeting of their political fricnids. Mr. Tod

hud l)een so unfortunate as to have had his satchel stolen, involving

the loss not only of documentary matter, which formed much of

llie thunder, which he fulminated from the stump, but of his linen,

and it so happened that by reason of considerable travel in the cars

laud over dusty roads, his only linen lett him, then upon his person,

I was in a condition tiiat would embarrass him in appearing belbre an

auilii'Mce composed of some ladies as well as gentlemen. In this

Nilemraa his friends came to his aid. Edgerton produced from his

hagLjage a clean shirt, which, though fitting his own person, wanted

pcvtral inches to enable one of the more capacious form of Tod to

r'lowd into. A knife, however, vigorously handled, soon effected

pii opening in the back, and a collar from Le Blond's stock of lii;(;n

pas made to reach something more than half the circumference of

jlodsueck; and thus appareled, he appeared upon the stand, and

"•niailc the best showiusj; he could under the circumstances. At

270 TiicideiiU rd(Uiu(j to other PoUtiml Coittests

every slij^hl ])au8e in his speech, Le Blond, wlio was sittiiiL,' upon
the pI.'U ionii diieirtly in his re:ir, would iiiquirc iil" him ht)w he was
gcttiiiL? iiloiiL? ill tii.'il, HJiiil y

During a political caiiviiss, in which the late Governor, Daviii
Tod, and I Foil. William Sawyer, were holdint^ forth to the pcoiilc
in hehair of the claims nf tin- Dcinociat-ic party to the jjopiilar siif
JVai^e, they culled at the tav<Mii of I'eter Myi'rs, in Perry to\vnslii|i,
T'utnani county, tfH" refreshments. Jlt're they metr a crowil, ami
'■ the drinks,"" after they alighted, were the lirst things in urder. A
jug and glasse." were soon deposited on a rough tahle, and the
vessels first passed to (lolonel Sawyer, who, although never a
habitual drinker, in iiis electioneering tours had the reputation of
possessing more tiiaii ordinary (capacity for hohling beverages con
sidered intoxicating. Sawyer poured out a moderate drink, a.nl
passed the vessel to Tod. who stood beside him, and who, to the
dismay and astonishment ot' the former, poured the licjuor into his
glass until it, reached the veiv l»rim ! After the drinking ceremouv
closed, and tht; crowd had all partaken. Sawyer turned to Tod.
and gr.avely remarked: " Tod, that s the meanest trick I ever liad
played upon me. Jlerc. directly befon; my eyes, and in preseiur
o( my own constituents, wln) regard me as one of the best ilrinktTs
in the district, you have illustrated to them that there is o«(! man,
at least, in Ohio, who can beat him in the ijuautity of his drink. It
t,h(t di.strict could be considered at all close, this villainous trick of
yours, Tod, would utterly ruin my chances for re-election."

Alfred P. Edgerton first api)eared !>efore the people as a oamii-
date for oHice in IH|5, lor the State Senate. Prior to thai time, lio
had not been cwnspicuous in politics, though a staunch Democnii
Alter his iioininalioii, his friends deemed it expedient that lie can-
vass the district, hold meetings, and form acquaintance witli llio
people A meeting was advertised for him to be holden at N.
Mary's, then known as the capital of '• the hoop-pole region.' 11>'
reached the town, near the hour named for the meeting, accom-
panied by two or three friends, all on horse-back ; and a little group
of " sovereigns," clad mostly in lumting shirts, and linsey pants, the
bottoms of which wei"e crow^ded into the tops of their stoga boots.
were standing in front of the tavern in readiness to greet and make

Incidents relatiruj i<> othfr Pollii'al Contests. 271

llic jictiii.'vintaiKie of (hoir tw.w ciiiulidatc, \vli(» li.-id siitVcrcil Home in
re|)iit!ili<'ii :uiioii^t^ iheiii l>y reports tliiit lit' liiul lieoii guilty ol" tho
liciuous pnictice of paying uiulm. attcinion to tlio color iiiul quality
(it his liiuiii aiitl otlmr ap[)ar('l. It ]\:i(l, iiiik'Otl, como to tlioir ears

tliiit li(! was

a wliitc-sliirtcd aristocrat. Wliat was their joy, then,

wlii'ii Kdgerldii had hi'eii recognizeil hy some one, and pointed out
l(t tiiein, to diseovcr that he was lu'Spattered with a liberal
coating ol' the same swamp iinid. Inmi head t<» I'otjt,, that adorned
llicir own (clothing, ami that he was iieai'lv as rough l(»olving, by

Ins reason.

as any *'! them.

itin<

trom his horse, in front of

lilt' tavern, and following with the party into the bar-room, tlie
usual introtluctory '•drinks" were ealled for. One of the veterans
.il' till' bar, who .-ippearetl ti> lie miislei- of ceremonies, rangetl
glasses upon the coimtt'r, and proceetletl to pour into eae.li about
H(jiial (|uaiitities «d' whiskey ami mol:isses -nsing one of his long,
iliick. unwashed lingers, lor the donbh? pnrpost; of commingling tiit;
sUiti, and also us a gnage, st> that an eipial tpiantity of the villainous
liii^rt'dients slioidtl be the portion ol euch. Kdgerton regartletl the

|ji'ot^etHlings very much wilh

leermu's of a criminal witnessiiiir

lilt' iirt'parations ior his own exeeutit^n. It was an ttrdeal he had not.
uiilit^ipaled ; but when the time came, he summoned .all his physical
iiiuntal Ibrces, antl " by a powerful elfort, " swalloweil the done
man.

aiR

•lik

This submissive resignation to his fate, was highly

salistiictory to the assembled voters, anil ]»repared their minds to
ti;^'lit il through for him vigorously on that, line. It is said, however,
ilial tin; compound so di gusted him, that lu; forswore whiskey and
molasses, and has since romaine<l an inexorable total abstinence
iiiau.

Kdgerton subse([uently became a candidate lor the ( 'ougressioual
iiuniiiiation of his party; and had been advised, through friends
at hinia, that Michael Leatherman, who had been the {»revious
villi', a llepresontative in tht! Ohio Ijcgislature from the county
III Allen, was opposing hii.i in his aspirations. Urgcil by those
liiiiiils to visit the county, and settle, if pos.siblc, the business with
I'is only inrtuential and active opponent, Edgerton, soon appeared
'A Lima, ,ind, a(;companied by his friend, the late Hon. Jf. II.
Nichols, proceeded to the resideut'O of Leatherman, a few miles
tlistaut; but on their way, they met the gentleman they sought en
I'oute to Lima. After the u-nial salutations, Nichols observed :

i I

272 Incidents relating to otlx r Political Contest!^.

" Loiitheniiiin, Kdgerton luul mysiiH' were on our wiiy to your
liouHH, with the |)iu'pone of hiiviiii;' you toi^cllicr, und scut if you
wouhl not be euahled to settle the matters of ditfereuce hotwccu
you, and reeoiicile you to his support for (Jonj^resH. Now, yen ciiii
state the trouble riu;ht here, so that we can understand it."

"Well," says Leathonnan, "the only thing " ith thith, Eth(iiioii,
T understand from Bob Skintu'r that you thould have wrote liim
from Columhuth ihat Aun'laithe would have pathed i\n\ Liiifittihi
thur, when I was in the lloutli, and you were in the Thenali, it' il
hadn't been for that damn tool, Leatherman. Now, Etliertoii, 1
want to know whether you wroth thuth a letter':"'

" Mr. Leatherman/' replied Kdgerton. '• 1 have no recollection of
having written such a letter; but if Bob Skinner says I did, I sii|i-
])ose 1 must have written it "

" Thpoken like a man," rejoined Mr. Leatherman. " I knew you
was onetli, aiid if you had written thuth a letter, would tliiiy
thow. Etherton, give me your hand. You thall have my tliuii-
port.''

And so the war-cloud passed, and the hapj)y family all returned
to Lima, and Allen coanty was solid in its support of Edgerloii.
Mr. Leatherman, although having a slight impediment in his speedi,
was a man of many good qualities, and a most excellent neighbor.

m 1850, Mr. Edgerton was advertised to address a Democratic
meeting at Wauseon. Very few of the population sympathiseil
with him in his politics; nevertheless he obtained the use of a
clmrcrh in which to make a speech. A large majority of his audi-
ence wore Republicans, and included a number of ladies. At tk
close of his speech a movement was made to organize the crowd
into a Fremont meeting, to be addressed by gentlemen who weiv
in waiting, after he closed, to make speeches on their side. Edjier-
ton claimed that the meeting was his own, and that he would ii"i
yield his right to the floor. He submitted the following propo'-i
tions :

"All those in favor of the election of James Buchauan, will
signify their choice by a hearty Aye ! " Every Democrat in tlif
crowd, of course, shouted a lusty response. After a slight pte,
he put the negative in this wise : " All those opposed to the election
of James Buchanan, will so demonstrate by instantly risin:

g and

hiridentfi rehttimj to otiur Political Contests. 27.*^

t(!!iriii<,' lluiir Hliirts ! "' The llo|»ul>Iioiiii portion of lli.it incctiiisjj \v;i8
inijoiiined witliout w:iitlii;:!; lor the Ibrmality of a coiiltjst on tlie
villi!, ami Hooii X\h' spoukcir antl "' dliairiiian," and Iiis I )<'niocrali(.'
trit'iids, liail exclusive |i(»sHi'S8ion of t,li«; ciiurcli, and tlii! nici-tiug
W!i8 [idjournnd aiuf (tic. His |»olit,i(al t»ji|.»ont'nt. allf'g<'d tUat it was
a clnar case of UHurpation of poH'er.

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Sciences
Corpordtion

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

CHAPTEU VI

THE OLD BRNCH AND I?AR.

The first court held northwest of the river Ohio, under the forms
ot civil jurisprudence, was opened at Campus Martins, (Marietta.)
September 2d, 1788.

It will be remembered that on the preceding Tth of April. Gen-
eral Rufus Putnam, with forty-seven men, had landed and com-
menced the second setttlement in what is now the State of Ohio.
(ieneral Harmar, with his regulars, occupied Fort Harmar. Govcr
nor St. eclair, and also (ieneral Samuel H. Parsons, and Geueial
James M. Varnuni, Judges of the Supreme Court, arrived in July,
1T88. The Governor and Judges, constituting t'le government,
had been employed from their arrival in examining and adoptiiiir
such of the statutes of the States as, in their opinion, would be
adapted to the .situatiou of this new colony. The government had
made appointments of civil officers for the administration of justice,
and to carry into eftect the laws adopted. Some idea may he
obtained of the character of the early settlers of Ohio, In
describing the order with which this important event— the estab-
lishment of civil authority and tht; laws — was conducted. From .1
manuscript, Avritten by an eye witness, the substance of the follow-
ing is obtained. The procession was formed at the point, (where
most of thcsettlers resided,) in the following order : I, The Higli
Sheritf, with his drawn sword ; '2, the citizens ; o, the officers of the
garrison af Fort Harmar ; 4, members of the bar ; 5, the Supreme
Judges ; 0, the Governor and clergy ; 7, the newly appointed
Judges of the Coui't of Common Pleus, Generals Rufus Putnam,
and Benjamin Tapper.

They marched up a path that hail been cut and cleared througli
the forest to Campus Martins Hall, [s(ockade,J when the whole
countermarched, and the Judges Putnam and Tapper took their

The Ifti'vitorial fJuiUnavy.

2T5

seats. 'Hie clergyman. Rev. Dr. Cutler, tlieii invoked the divine
lilessiug. The Sheritt', Colonel Ebenezer Sproat, (one ol nature's
uobles,) proclaimed with a solemn "O yes, O yes, O yes," that a
Court is opened for the administration of even-handed justice — to
the poor as well as the rich, to the guilty and innocent, without
respect of persons; none to he punished without a trial by a jury
ol' their peers, and then in pursuance of the laws and evidence in
the case." Although this scene was exhibited thus early in the settle-
meut of the State, few ever ecpialed it in the dignity and exalted
character of its principal participators. Many of them belong to
the history of our country, in the darkest, as well as the most
splendid periods of the R':,/olutioniiry War. To witness this
spectacle, a large body of Indians was collected from the most
powerful tribes then occupying the almost entire West. They
had assembled for the purpose of making a treaty Whether any
of them entered the hall of justice, or what were their impressions,
we are not informed.

.IUDGE8 OF THE NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY AND OP THE SUPREME
COIRT OF OHIO UNDER THE FIRST CONSTITUTION — 1803 TO 18.52.

eiui'

Supi'

)pointeil

iPutnam'

I througii
le whole
Lk their

in a work of this character it would seem not to be traveling out
of the record to notice, briefly, the judiciary of the Territorial era,
and also of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union
ilown to the period when the first constitution of the State was
superceded by the present one.

Upon the establishment of the Northwest Territory in 1787, by
ordinance of the Continental Congress, provision was made for the
government of the same by an executive ofKcer and three judges —
the executive ])ower being in the Governor, the judicial in the three
judges, uud the legislative in both united.

As population increased new settlements were formed, and the
tenitorial government proceeded, from time to time, to lay out and
organize other counties, in each of which Courts of Common Pleas
;ind General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, vested with civil and
criminal jurisdiction, were established.

The General, or Sujjreme, Court consisted of the three jndgeB
iihovc stated who were appointed by the President, with the advice
mid consent of the Senate, each of whom received a salary of eight
iinndred dollars from the Treasury of the United States. It was

270

The Territm'ial Jndieim'y.

! !

the highest judicial tribunal in the territory, and its jurisiliotion
C'inl<raoed xxn empire in aroa, and was vested with original uiul
appellate jurisdiction in all civil and criminal case.«, ami on capital
cases; and on (piestions of divorce and alimony its jurisdiction was
exclusive. It was, however, a Common Law Court merely, witlioiit
chancery powers, and was the court of'derneir resort. It had \)^^\sn'
to revise and reverse the decisions of all other tribunals in the ter-
ritory; yet its own proceedings could not be reversed •>r set aside.
even by the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus were the
Governor and judges clothed in almost imperial powers. The
court was held in Cincinnati in March, at Marietta in Octol)er, at
Detroit and in the western counties at such time in each year as the
(lovernor and judges, in their unfortunate wrangles, undertook to
designate.

As before stated the Ciovernor and jtuiges constituted tlie legisla-
wL tive body, and were vested with power to adopt any law in force in
either of the original States, and it was made their duty to report
all laws so adopted to the Congress of the United States for their
approbation. If tiicy were approved by that body, they became the
laws of the territory until repealed l)y themselves, or by the general
assembly, thereafter to be established. This restriction of the ordi-
nance, however, was lUsregarded, and they proceeded to enact law.<
at their own discretion — which, of course, could not be approved bv
Congress.

The propriety of this action was Ireijueutly contested by the bar
and a disposition existed to test its validity. JVo attempt, however,
was made tor that purpose, in consc(pience, probably, of the faci
that Congress had merely withheld their assent without expressing.'
an actual dissent, and that as the validity (d" the laws would l>i'
decided by the same men who passed them, the hope of a sueoesslnl
result Avas too weak to justify the undertaking. The consequence
was that all the laws professedly adoitted and promulgated by that
quasi Legislature were treated as cou'^Litutional by the bar and the
Courts, anil were continued in Ibioe till they were eonfirmcd.
repealed or amended and adopted by the Legislature of the territory,

Congress had appointed Arthur St. Clair, (iovernor; James -M.
Varnum, Samuel II. I'arsons anil John Armstrong, Judges, ^t.
Clair was from Pennsylvania, Varnum from Uhode Islaiul, Parson?
from Connecticut and Armstrong from Pennsylvania. Each of the
appointees had been a General in the army of the revolution. Arm-

Attorney H Admitted in 1802.

277

strong declined accepting the position tendered him. Tho otlier
two judges, with tlie Governor, iiccei)ted. In the pliuic of Arm-
ijtrotig, Congress, on Fchniary 19. 1788, cliosc John Cleve Symins,
of New Jersey, u very i)roniinent lawyer of tliat State who had been
;i inemhcr of Congress in 1785-0.

Among the territorial judges suhscquently appointed to fill vacan-
cies occasioned hy death and resignation were Win. Barton, of Penn-
sylvania; (leorge 'rurner, oi" Virginia; Kufus I'utnani, one of the
pioneers and fonnders of Marietta, who had served as a Brigadier
General of Miis'^iiehtisetts troo])s in the continental service; Joseph
(lillman, aivsideut of iraniilton county: Return .1. Meigs, of Mari-
L'ttii, (subsequently (rovernor of Ohio, United States Senator and
Postmaster General). Governor St. Oluir was well fitted for the
ramp, hut not so well for the cabini t, and liis arbitrary rule hastened
theailoption of measures which secured the admission of Ohio as
a State under the (Jhillicothe onstitution of the 20th of November,
1802, and which went into effect the i'oHowing spring.

Arthur St. Clair succeeded John Hancock as President of tho
Continental (^'ongress. When the State entered the Union, he had
liuthing to expect at the hands of the people of the new State, and
returned to Pennsylvania. Ilis resources, limited at best, were soon
t'xhausted by journeys to Washington to obtain the allowance of
unsettled claims against the government. His jjecuniary circum-
stiiuces became worse and worse, and he was finally compelled, as a
means of support, to sell whiskey by the gill and chestnuts by the
i|uart to travelers crossing the Allegheny ridge.

The first attorney admitted under the constitution of 1802 was
Lewis Cass, whose certificate bore date 1803, and whose honored
name has since become known to all Americans, and occupies u
liis'i place among the diplomatic archives of Europe. Of later
iiiimes may be mentioned Charles Hammond, William Woodbridgc,
^^ince United States Senator from Michigan, Thomas Ewing, Judge
t'rancis Dunbary, Judge Lnke Foster, Kobert B. Parkman, D. K.
^sW, Elisha Whittlesey, liobert V. Slaughter, Judge John W. Willey,
J'% John W. Campbell, Wm. Creighton, Joseph H. Crane, Benja-
'"iii Kii-glrs, Johu W.)ods, Robert T. Lytle, Elutheros Cooke, Alfred
K^illt y. Shrrloek ,1. Andrews, Henry Stanl)erry, 'IMiomas lu llatuer,
^iiiiison Mason, Judge M. S. Cowen,*A. W. Ijoo"mis, Salmon P. Chase,
^"Qiuul R Vinton, Simeon Nash, Eber Newton, Henry Ji. Payne,
Huani V. Wilson and Humphrey U. Leavitt. Among these will

278

Snprenie Bench-~iS02-lHl2.

J '

be recognized names distiguished in the executive, legislative and
judicial departnients of the State and federal governments, as well
as in the military service.

The first official coininissicjn was issued to Samuel Huntiii<,'l,oii,
who was elected Judge of the Supremo Court on the 3d of April, IRO;),
(rovernor 'I'ittin, in his letter to Judge II., enclosing his commission
as such, refers to it as the very first one issued " in the name of and
by the authority of the State of Ohio."

The following is a correct list of those who served on the Su-
preme Bench, uiuler the tirst (Constitution, from 1803 to 1853. The
names are given iu the order of their election or a))pointment :

Samuel Huntington, Jteturn J. Meigs, William Sprigg. Georgu
Todd, Daniel Symmes, TMionuis Scott, Thouuis Morris, William W.
Irvin, Ethan Allen Brown, Calvin Pease, John McLean, Jessnp N.
Couch, Jacob Burnet, Charles K. Sherman, Peter Hitchcock, Klijali
Hay ward, John M. Goodenow, lleuben Wood, John C. Wright.
Joshua CoUutt, Ebenezer Jjane. h'rederick Grimke, Matthew Kirch-
ard, Nathaniel C. Reed, Edward Avery, Kufns P. Spalding, William
B. Caldwell, and Rufus P. Ranney.

Some of these names are also eminent in the civii and militiiiv
history of the country.

The subjoined list embraces the names of the Judges of the
Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1851 :

William B. Caldwell, Thomas W. Bartley, John A. Corwin, Allen
G. Thurman, Rufus P. Ranney, Joseph R. Swan, William Keniion,
Jacob Brinkerhoff", Ozias Bowen, Josiah Scott, Milton Su^Iitt, Wni.
V. Peck, William Y. Gholson, Charles C. Convers, Horace Wilder,
William White, Hocking H. Hunter, John Walch, Luther Day, and
George W. McHvaine.

Having completed a record of the names of those who occupied
places upon the Supreme Bench during the Territorial period, and
under the lirst and existing Constitutions of Ohio, it may here be
nu'ntioned that the first Circuit Judge who presided after tli''
organization of counties in Northwestern Ohio, was (ileorge 'IVd,
father of the late Governor David Tod, aiul the second was Ebene-
zer Lane, who was subsequently elected Suprenu- Judge. His buc
cesBor was David Higgins, whose interesting reminiscenceij air
subjoined:

Meminiscences or 'fudge J^. Hiygin^. 279

WASHfNOTor 14th April, 1872.
Mit. Horace S, Knapp:

l)e(ir Sir: — In iiccordiUici.' with your rc(]iie8t, trunsTnittcd to mv
through .ny frioiid, (rencral Morj^iiii, I liavc writton out a few
uu'inorips of tho " Maumec Nalli'V-" H llioy can be made to aid
your objects, tlioy are I'urnislicd witli pleasure.

1 sliould 1)6 glad lo hear of your ])rogres.s in your worl\ and to see.
it Avheij eompU'ted. T pay " .str ,"' liabitu.illy, for 1 can not, see to
rend a lino of the above — my mind follows my pen, instinctively —
but I make errors, and am compelled to ask aid to examine and
correct tlieui. Yours truly,

I). JIlfKilNS.
MIIMOItlKS OV IIIK MAir.MKK VAI;I-EV. — 1!Y I). HKiftlNS.

1 was elected by the (Jeneral Assembly Judge* of the »Second Judi-
cial Circuit of Ohio in February, 18JJ0.

The Circuit, lying in the northwest corner of the State, included
about one-tifth part of the territory of Ohio. The Indian title to a
large portion of that territory had been recently (viz., in 1822) extin-
.ruished by a treaty negotiated by Cienerals Cass and McArthur. and
was then <|uite au unsettled wilderness.

The counties which composed that Circuit at the time of my
appointment were Huron, Richland, Delaware, Sandusky, Seneca,
('rawford, Marion, Wood, Hancock, Henry, Williams, Putnam,
I'auldiug and \'an Wert. The counties of Henry, Paulding and
Van Wert, were unorganized, and attached to adjacent counties.

At the expiration of my term, Ozias Bowen was appointed my
successor.

You inquire about our voyage in the good pirogue "Jurispru-
dence." There were no very noteworthy incidents in the voyage.
We had been attending Court at Finlay. Our Circuit route from
that town was first to Defiance, and from there to Perrysburg. A
countryman agreed to take our horses directly through the Black
Swamp to Perrysburg, and we purchased a canoe, and taking with
lis our saddles, bridles and baggage, proposed to descend lilanch-
ard's Fork and the Au Glaize rivers to Defiance, and then to Perrys-
''iirg. Our company consisted of Rodolphus Dickinson, J. C.
Spink, Count Collinberry, mvself and a countryman, whose name
I forget, 'J'he voyage was a dismal one to Defiance, through an
""Settled wilderness of some sixty miles. Its loneliness was only
'iroken by the intervening Indian settlement at Ottawa village,
where we wertj hailed and cheered lustily by the Tahwu ludiang>

280 Notes regarding the Bounda/ry Disp^ite.

ns would be ji foreign war-ship in the port of New York. From
Deiiance we descended the Maiimee to Perrysbnrg, where we ioimd
all well. In descendinor the Mauniee, we came near running into
the rapids, where we should jirobably have been swanijied had wo
not been liailed from the shore and warned of our danger.

Among the incidents occurring during my Judicial connection
with the Second (!ircuit, was wliat is commonly called the Toledo
war, which was a contest about the northern bouiulary, dividing tho
State of Ohio from Michigan. T iim not apprised that any history
of this contest has been written, ami T propose to give a succinct
account of it.

In the ordinance of cession, l)y which the State of Virginia ceded
to the United States all the territory northwest of the Ohio river,
it was stipulated that not. less than three nor more than live uew
States should be organized in the ceded territory. That there
should be three new States organized in that portion of the terri-
tory lying upon the river Ohio, and lying south of a line drawn east
and west through the southern shore of Lake Michigan.

In the subse([uent organization of these three States, the in-incipli
Avas clearly recognized that the expression in the Virginia ordiuiincc,
''Bounded north by an east and west line drawn through the soutli-
ern shore of Lake Michigan," was ini ended, and shoulil be under-
stood to designate a general location of territory, and not to deline
specilially a State boundj|i-y. Accordingly, Ohio claimed that her
northern boundary should include all the territory lying north o(
the Maumee river, and bouiuled by a line drawn eastwardly I'roui
the aforesaid south shore of Lako Michigan, so as to strike the north
cape of the Mjiumee Bay. This line would pass about ten mileii
north of the Maumee river, at Toledo. This boundary would
include a triangle on the north line of the State, ten miles wide
at the mouth of the Maumee, and gradtuited to a ])oint at the north-
west corner of the State. Ohio generally exercised jurisdiction
without dispute over this territory until the question of the Walwsh
and Erie Canal location and (U'gaiiizing the State of Michigan wai
agitated, when Michigan set up claim to extend her boundary south
to the due east line from the south shore of Lake Michigan.

This line would cross the Maumee above its nu)uth and throw the
town of Toledo and the country ten miles north into the new Stiite
of Michigan.

Notes regm'ding the Bonndavy Dispute. 281

The constnictioii of tho Virginia act of cession claimed by Ohio
luid l)euii recognized from the first by (Jongress ; for on admitting,
ill ISIO, tlic State of Indiana into tlie Union, lier northern boundary
was lixed sixteen miles north of tlie sonth slioro of Lake Miciiigiin.

And ill like manner tlie boundary of Illinois was tixed thirty
miles north ol' said south shore of Lake Michigan, thus settling by
construe tion the fpiestion of northern boundary.

In the year lfS.'{5, the county of Lucas was sef off from Wooil
county, including all tho territory north of the Maumee, and the
Court was re(|uired to be holden at 'i'oledo on a certain day. This
excited anew the opposition of the Michigan people.

Tho Territorial (lovernor had not entered upon his official term,
and tiio duties of his oflice devolved upon the Secretary, a young
man named Mason, said to have scarcely arrived to years of man-
hood. Some time before this the Ohio authorities had sent out a
party of surveyors, to locate the northern boundary from the north-
west corner of Ihe State, when Secretary Mason sent a force, who
captured most of the j)arty, and they wei-e imprisoned for a long
time ill the jail at Monroe.

Xow. the action of the State, in requiring jurisdiction to be (^xer-
liscd within the territory claimed by Michigan, excited very
iiUonsely ihe belligerent proclivities of the youthful ex-oillcio
(iovernor. He levied a small army, and on Sunday, the day before
that sot for holding the Court, he invaded the State, and eucaniiied
with ii force of one thousand two hundred men in the lower jjari
of tho town of Toledo. This ill-advised operation was attended by
no jiartieularly serious consequences ; for the Michiganders found
110 one to opposi' them, and of course they were barely lighting the
wind.

Tho Lucas County Court met on Monday morning early, made ;i
record of their session, appointed a Clerk and Sherift", pro icni,
and adjourned without (iovernor Mason and his forces being aware
of their meeting. In conse(|uence, the Court exercised their juris-
diction without being disturbed, and the gallant (Jovernor Muson
inaichod to Toledo with his one thousand two hundred men, nour-
ished his drums and trumpets and then nuirched back again. This
iiuestion was settled upon tho adtnission of Michigan info the
Union, when the boundary was establishetl by a line running from
the northwest corner of the State of Ohio easterly to the north
cape of the Maumee Bay.

282

Indian Murder Irial at Frcimnd.

Upon the cxtinguishinL'iii of the Indian title, tiiere were several
trib(!« Oi Indians who continned to occupy their former homos, ami
retained their title lo small rescrviilioiis of land. Among these
Indians was the trihe ol' Sfnecas, who held :i rcHt'ivc of len miles
square, on the Sandusky river, a li'W miles above J^'remont. The
political relation between these Indians and the United States Gov-
ernment Were peculiar. The Ignited Stales clainu-d and exercised
an ultimate sovereignty over all Indian reserves: and I hey conceded
comidete persoiml independence to the people, and complete nuinici-
jial jurisdiction to the individual tribes within the bounds of their
reservations, l^uestions re(piiring (le(;isioii upon this relation were
(recpiently occurring in the ciourse of my judicial experience.
/Vniong others was a (^ase occurring in the Seneca tribe, of pecu-
liar interest.

During the session oi' the Sui)ri'me (!ourt at h'remont, in the year
1822, (I may be mistaken in the year,) some person in J<Vemont
(then Lower Sandusky) instituted a (()m[)laint before a Justice of
Peace against the head chief (jf the Senecas for murder, and he was
arrested and brought before the .Justice, acct mpanied by a number
ot the priuiiipal men of his tribe. The incidents uj)on which this
proceeding was founded are vei-y interesting as illustrating the Indian
life and character. With this head chief (who, among the Americans
passed by the appellation of Coonstick) 1 was somewhat acquainted.
He was a noble speciman of a man, a fine form, dignilied in man-
ner, and evincing much good sense in conversation and conduct.
Some two years before this time, in prospect of his tribe removint,'
to the west of the Mississippi, Coonstick had traveled to the West,
and had been absent a year and a half in making his explorations.
The chief had a brother who was a very bad Indian, and during the
absence of the chief, had made niucli disturbance among the tribe:
and among other crimes, he was charged with intriguing with a
medicine woman and inducing her to administer drugs to an Indian
to whom he was inimical, which caused his death. When the chief
returned home, he held a council of his head men, to try his bad
brolher; ami upon full investigation, he was condemned to be
executed. The ])erforniance of that sad act devolved uj)on the head
chief — and Coonstick was re(piired to execute his brother. The time
fixed for the execution was the next morning. Accordingly, on the
next morning, Coonstick, accom| anied by several of his head men,
went to the shanty where the criminal lived. He was sitting on a

The old Jndkdal (jirmntH.

283

'rhirteiMitli .JudkMiil (!irciiit. This Oii'cuit ern-
l)ut oiil; of till.' territory tlicii existing, three

lieiieli licFore Ills shiinty. The party hailed liini, and ho appnmohed
tlii'ni,iin(l wrai)i)iii^' his hhmkel. over his head, droi)ped on his knees
lit'lore tlu- exeeiiting party. Immediately Coonstick, raising his
tomahawk, buried it in tiie brains ol' th« criminal, who instantly
exjiirod. These laots being presented to the Supreme (Jourt, they
decided that the (.'xeeiition of the criniinal was an act completely
within the Jurisdiclion of the chief, and tiiut Coonstif^k was jnstitieil
ill the execution of :i judicial sentence', of whicdi he was the ))r(tper
|i6rson to carry info ed'ect. The case was dismissed and ('oonstick
discharged.

At the session of the (Jeneral Assembly, in ISIIS-JJO, un act was
passed creating thi
braced ten counties
counties, namely : I )eliance, Auglaize, and l<'nlton, have since been
erected. The following counties embraced the Circuit as then estab-
lished, namely : liucas. Wood, Henry, Williams, Paulding, Putnam,
\^m Wert, Allen, TFardin, and Hancock. This territory, iit the
time, formed part, of three Circuits — Allen, Putnam, and Van Wert
l)elon<ring to the l)aytoi> (Circuit, presided over by Hon. Wni. L.
Helt'enstein ; Hardin, belonging to the Columbus Circuit, presided
liver l»y Hon. Joseph P. Swan, and Lucas, Wood, Henry, Williams,
Paulding, and Allen, belonging to the Marion Circuit, presided over
by Hon. Ozias Bovven.

Under the act creating ibis Circuit, Emery D. Potter was elected
in February, 18.j9, Presiding Judge of the Circuit, and held the
oHiee until the winter of 1844, when he resigned, and took the seat
in Congress, to which he had been elected in October, the year pre-
ceding. He was succeeded on the bench by Hon. Myron H. Tilden,
who continued in office about eighteen months, when he also
resigned.

On the 19th of February, 1845, the Sixteenth .Judicial Circuit,
imbiacing the counties of Shelby, Mercer, Allen, Hardin, Hancock,
I'utnain, Paulding, Van Wert, and Williams, was erected, and Pat-
rick 0. Goode, of Sidney, elected Presiding Judge. A law of the 1 Otli
of March, 1845, attached the then newly erected county of i)eliance
to this Circuit.

The same legislative session reorganized the Thirteenth Judicial
t'ii'cuil, and made it consist of the counties of Henry, Wood, Lucas,
Ottawa, Sandusky, Huron, and Erie, and elected as J 'residing Judge,
iJbeaezej- B. Satldjer, of Sandusky City.

284

Common Pleas Judges — 1851-18Y2.

Tho HL'venil Jutlges who served in Hiib-divisioiiH, emhnicing other
(jouiities in tlx' Valley, are liere iipju'iKlcd ;

(JOMMON I'LKAS .FlM)Oi:S KNIjEK TIIK COSSTITrTION 01' 1851.

In District No. .'1. siih-diviHioii I, fonipoHed ol" tho (;ountie8 of
IShelhy, Au<,Hiii/,(', Alh'ii, Hiirdin, Loiriiii, TJiiion. iind Mitdison, Jiciij.
K. Metrair WHS clcotcd i'l Octither, IH.'il, and William Ijiiwrenco in
18.^)0. 'I^his district and Kn^-divinion was chun^'cd l)y u legislatiw
act so as to cnihracc only I In' connlifs of liO^an, Union, Hardin,
Marion, and Slicihy, and .Tndgc liuwrcncc was rc-clcctcd in 1801,
and r('8ijj;ncd in 1804, (havin<,' l)e('n cho.sen to a scat in Congress,)
and Jacob S. (Jonklin was appointed his sncccssor, in October, 18(54.
At the election of the year I'ollowini^, .Indgf ("onklin was (fhicted to
lill the nnexpired lerni of .Indgi- Lawrence, and re-elected in 186()
lor the full term. An act ol" the Legislatnrc passed in 1808, tr;jis-
lerred the county of Marion to another snh-division, and to the sub-
division so changed, Philander 1>. Cole was elected in October, IR71.

In nis'lrict No. J], subdivision '1, composed originally of tiie
countii'S of Menu'r, \'an Wert, I'lilnani I'anlding, Defiance, Wil-
liams, ICenry, and l"'nltou, .lolin M. Palmer was elected in October,
1851, and Alexander S. Ijatly in Octobei-. 18.")(). The sub-division
was changed l)y an act i)assed April 8th, 18.58, and at the October
election ol" that year. Benjamin l'\ Metcalf »vas elected an additional
Judge lor the sui>-division composed of the counties of Auglaize,
Allen, Mercer, Van Werl. and Pulnam. .Tndge Metcalf was elected
in October, 180:5, ami died in hVbruary, 1805. 0. W. Eoso Wiis
appointed March 0th, 1805, to lill, temporarily, the vacancy occa-
sioned by the death of -I'dge Metcalf. James Mackenzii", at the
October electi .a of i3G5, was chosen to lill the remainder of the
unex[>ireil term of Judge Metcalf, and in 1868, was re-elected. In
March, 180!), an additional Judge was authorized in this sub-divi-
sion, and Edwin M. Phelj)3 was elected April 17th, 1809,

In District \, sub-division 1, composed of the connties of Lucas,
Ottawa, Sandusky, Erie, and Hui'on, Lucius B. Otis was elected in
1851. An additioiuil Judge being authorized by law, John Fitcii,
ii\ 1851, was elected, and re-elected in 1859, and again in 1804. S.
F. Taylor was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1801. .Samuel T.
Worcester was electcil in 1858, and resigned, and in 180 L, John L.
Green was elected to lill tiie vacancy. Walter V. Stone was elected
in 1860, and re-eleeted in 1871; and, (an additional Judge being

tlior

'8 of

Bcnj.
ice in
liitivf
mVm,
1801,
;re88,)

1804.
ited to
11 186(')
tri.ns-
le 8ul)-
r, 1871.
of the
e, Wil-
)ctober,
livision

)ctober
[Utioi'.al
liigliiizo,

.'Icctcd
l),sc was

f occa-
at tlie

of the

ed. Ill
liib-divi-

Jjucas,
jtcd ill
Fitch,
^64. S.
Iiiuel T-
lohn L.
elected
i being

Common Pleas JudyeH — 1851-1872.

285

lUitliorizod,) OliurK'S K. IVniu'Wcll wiis flcclcd in IS(1(>. At. Hit'
same election, Williiiin A. (\»llin,s Wiis tiLso elected as the snooes-
3or to .IihIk*' l''it(!li. All jicL pu.ssfd March lOth, 1S7I, authorizing
un aiMitioiial .Iiidji;e, Josliua 1*. Seiiey was elected.

In the sub-division coiiiposrd of the counties ol' W(>od, .St-iiecu,
Hancock, Wyandot, and C'rawford, Lawrence W. Hall was elected
in isr.l, and M. ('. Whitcly in If^'jO, and iv-olectod in ISOl, in tlu>
siilKlivision then consistin<;' ol" the counti's of Wood, Hancock, and
Putnam, (ieorj^c K. Scney, under an act passed April Nth, 1S.')(J,
was elected an additional .ludgc for the first ujciitioiied suh-division,
ill October, 185(5; Chester K. Mott, December I2th, ISOd; James
Pillars, April 18th, 1808, and Abner M. Jackson, in October, 1871.

Ill the subdivision composed of the counties of l*auldin<^'. I)uti-
anco, Williams, Vulton, Henry, and Wood, Alexander S. Latty was
elected in 18r»G, re-elected in IStil, and again in IFOG. IFuder the
act of I8G8, tl;e county of Wood was transferred to another sub-
division, ami Judge Latty, in 1871, was again elected to the suli-
tlivision composed of the counties of Paulding, Ocliancc, Williams,
Kiilti>ii, and Jleiiry. ^

TIIK OLIt IIAK MIOMIIKKS.

The effort is now made to present the names and dates of com-
mencemeut ot professional business, of the early members of the
Lucas county bar, and they arc given, as near as possible to obtain
them, in chronological order.

Emery D. Potter, whose Judicial ^<ervice has already been men-
tioned was the first who opened ; iw office in Toledo. Jie is the last
of his early professional cotemi)orarics, and is yet a citizen of Toledo,
in full possession of his intellectual aiul physical powers, but only
practices law wJien it is impossible to avoid it. His home, and an
occasional iiululgencc in the sports ot the forests, ticlds, neighboring
bays and river, arc his chief source of enjoyment. Having been a
l>iomineiit actor in many of tiic imi)ortant issues that divided the
old political parties, 8ome extracts Irom the February (IH.")0) num-
lier of the Deinocrufic J!cviciu arc appended, which will attbrd a
general view of the estimate placed by the leading organ of his
party upon his services and [losition by a generation now passed
away:

" Few men have risen to eminence and distinction in our Repub-
lic, whose lives more faithtnlly portray the proneness of all things

286

fJa/i'ly Memhevs of the Bar

in our threat West, to press on vapidly in the sate line of progress,
than does that of Emery 1), Potter, who represents the Fifth Dis-
trict of Oliio, in the Thirty- lirst Congress ot the Uuited States.
He was born in Providence county, Rhode Ishind, tlie son ot Ahra-
liaiu l*otter, a farmer in limited circumstances, of that State, which
has furnished so many eminent statesmen, lawyers and merchants, to
aid the giant strides ot our country to its present condition. At two
years of age, Mr. V. was taken by bis parents to Otsego county,
JSlew York, then well nigh a wilderness; and there be remaiueil
until after having completed his academical education ; and beiug
prepared to enter college, circumstances interfered which compelleil
liim to commence tin; study of the law without achieving collegiatp
honors. He was entered in the office of Hon. Jno. A. Dix and Abuer
(look, Jr., at Cooperstown, with whom he diligently pursued liis
studies until he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of
the State ; after which he pursued his profession at that point for
two years, with much success for one of his age and experience.
Finding that field already occupied by men of more mature age aiitl
well established reputations, he soon came to the conclusion that
the region was " too old " to afford him the opportunity for whicli
he longed. So, in the fiill of IH,"..'), he emigrated to Toledo, in Lucas
county. Ohio, bis present residence, where be immediately re-coui-
n»i;nced the practice of the law, and .soon rose to distinction, earu-
ing a high reputation as a forensic orator, and for the extent and
soundness of bis legal attainments. His success at the bar having
indicated bim as the proper person on whom to bestow the office
of Presiding Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, he was
accordingly elected, without solicitation, to that post of responsi-
bility and honor, in February, 1S.'>1I. The region embraced in his
Circuit (then composing ten large counties, from the territory of
which several have since been erected) was the last settled part ot
the State — the northwest— an eighth of the whole vast terrilorv
of Ohio. In the discharge ot the duties of this office, he was com
pelled for five years to travel these counties on borse-back, swim-
ming creeks when the waters were high, and at times laying out \\\
the woods, when that might be necessary to enable him to meet
his official engagements. Indeed, as in all new countries, the
history of his Judicial career was marked with hair-breadth es-
capes from perils which, though lightly regardcul in the Western
country, would not be encountered by proi'essional gentlemen ol
older communities, for many times the meagre compensation usuailv
accorded to Judges in the great Northwest. In the discharge ot
these duties, Mr. P., of course, became extensively aciiuainted with
the people of the Circtiit, upon whoso regard he so won, that iu the
tall of l84o, be was nominated and elected to Congress by a hand-
some majority; the District having been previously represented hy
a Whig, which party had always been victorious there, by from tivi'
to six hundred majoritv. On takinff his seat in Congress, thonsih

Marly Memhen's of the Bar.

287

(lecliniug to make long speeches of a party character, his excellent
seuse, qiiickuesB of apprehension, good temper, and general know-
ledge of all the gr«!:it issueB betw<'eu the parties at that era, soon
caused him to be regarded as one of the leaders oi" the DeuiocraiJy
upon the floor, on all delicate and dittieidt occasions. . . . The
records of that Congress are leplete with the history of the ettect
oi his mind and character upon his fellow-members. Mr. Potter
was placed upon the selecit committee to consider and report, upon
the best method for carrying (tut. th« will ot the philanthropist.
Smithson, and after a thorough examination of the subject, he
joined Mr. Adams in his famous report, which in fact formed the
t'oundatiou ol' all the sid)se(pient legislation of Congress, enacte<l
with the view to render this noble charity .available for the purpose
designed — to diffuse knowledge among men,"

In the fall of 184T, Judge Potter, without solicitation, and against
Ins wishes, was elected to a seat in the Ohio House of Representa-
tives. The session to which he was chosen, was regarded as one
of unusual importance, and it appeared to be the settled aim of
both parties, throughout the State, to secure the nomination and
election of their ablest men. It was under the dictation of this
policy that Judge Potter was called by his party to occupy a seat
in the Representatives Hall of the General Assembly. The Review
enumerates and analyzes the character of the leading measures of
the session, and justly observes that Judge Potter, by common
consent, was placed in the lead as the champion of the Denio-
cvatic side of the House, and maintained this position very satisfac-
torily to his ))olitical friends, though no* so satisfactorily to his
opponents. The Jh'vie/i' also regaids it worthy of note that, from
bis entrance into the Legislature to the close of his service therein,
not a single (pxestion was put to the House, upon which he failed to
vote. It is (questionable whether the same may be said of any other
gentleman who lias ever served as a Legislator in any State of the
Union. The Review thus closes its sketch :

"In the following August (liSlS), without the slightest solicita-
tion on his part, he was a second time nominated for Congress.
Indeed, he was a member ot the t'ounty Convention to select dele-
gates to that body, and exerted himself therein to secure the selec-
tion of gentlemen known to favor the nomination of another.

''On taking his seat in Washington, in the contest over the selec-
tion of a presiding officer for the Thirty-tirut Congress, he received
seventy-eight votes for that distinguished position in many ot the
sixty-two trials occurrinu; before a choice was effected, though he
"an prevjouslv served but a single term in the House, and that

288

Karly Mewherst of the Jjar.

many years before. In the selection of the committees, he was
honored with the (Jhairmaualiii) of tlie Committee on Post Oflices
and Post Roads, one of tlie niost important committees of the
House. His choice for the position, under the circumstances, cou-
veyed a high complimtint to his talents and attainments, .ami a
grateful acknowledgment of the value of his previous pulilir
services."

Hon. Hezekiah D. Mason was in Toledo during ISo.! ; Imt,
although a well educated lawyer, he did not engage in practice.
Caleb F. Abbott opened an office in the winter of 1880-36; and
Richard Cook, during the spring of the same year, commenced
practice, forming a law partnership, during the summer, with Geo.
B. Way — the last named gentleman having been here previously,
but not engaged in Ids profession.

During a portion of the year 18.'>6, Tappan Wright, son of tlie
late John C. Wright, of Cincinnati, was engaged in the practice
of law in Toledo. It was also during this year that John I'itcli
commenced his professional career.

In 1837, Daniel O. Morton, John R. Osborn, and Myron H,
Tilden — the two last named from Norwalk — opened law office,'!.
Mr. Morton, under the administration of President Pierce, was
appointed United States Attorney for the District of Ohio. He
was also one of the commissioners who formed the Hrst code oi
civil [)rocedurc under the present constitution of the State. He
established a high reputation as a lawyer, and died in 1803. Wm.
Baker (having formerly practiced in Norwalk) removed to Toledn
in November, 1844, mul opened an office, ami in 1847, the lawiirni
of Tilden & Baker was formed. Judge Tilden removed to Cinciii
nati, in 1850, and is in active practice in that city.

On the first Monday of December, 1837, Mr. Osborn was elected
Clerk of the Ohio Senate, and with Cooper K. Watson, ot Tiliiii;
as assistant, discharged the whole duties of the office, with tlie
exception of a slight additional force employed during the last
three weeks of the session. In 183'J, he returned to Norwalk, ami
remained imtil 1853 — representing his district in the State Senate
at the session commencing December, 1844. In 1853, he was
invited to take charge of the law department of the then projecieJ
Wabash Railroad, which position he yet holds, his supervision being
limited to the Ohio interests of the company.

Among the early lawyers who were students in Toledo, and aii
mitted to the bar, were Thomas Dunlap, Daniel McBaiu, Charle*

The Old Bench and Bar.

289

M. Dorr, Charles W. Hill, Hiram Walbridge, James M. Whitney,
Charles E. Perigo, Lewis McL. Lambert, Jerome Myers, and Wm.
H. Hall. Some of these attained distinction in law practice, and
one — General Hiram Walbridge — removed to New York City,
was elected to Congress, and became prominent as a politician.

At Mauraee City, at an early period, were David Higgins, John
M. May, Nathan Rathburn, Henry C. Stowell, Horace F. Waite,
Samuel M. Young, Henry S. Commager, Morrison R. Waite, and
Daniel F. Cook. Mr. Commager was successful as a lawyer — was
conspicuous as a politician, and possessed the confidence of his
friends, and the respect of his opponents — and during the late civil
conflict, made an honoralJe record, and at the close of the war held
the rank of Brigadier General. He died at Galveston, Texas,
August 14th, 1867. Mr. Waite in November, 1871, received the
appointment as Counsellor for the American members of the Anglo-
American Commission, which met at Geneva — a distinction which
conferred as much honor upon the administration that made the
appointment, as it did upon himself.

In the list of lawyers of the olden time, who, occasionally, as
they were retained in cases, and others regularly attending the
terms, were Joseph R. Sw.an, Edward Wade, Orris Parrish, Joshua
U. Giddings, Noah H. Swayno, Benjamin F. Wade, Chas. Sweetser,
and others of equal note. In looking over the Lucas County Court
Docket for the terms held in I S;]G and 1837, one linds the interests
of parties in the hands of Giddings & Osborn, May & Young, J. Stet-
son, Glasgow & Way, Wheeler & Morton, Stone & Brown, Swayne &
Brown, Heed <fc Hosmer, (Perrysburg lawyers — Henry Reed and
Hezekiah L. Hosmer,) Perkins & Osborn, C. L. Boalt, ]<]. E. Evans,
Purdy & Morton, G. W. Stanley, Samuel B. Campbell, E. Allen,
Wing & Noble; and in 1839, E. S. Hamlin, W. P. Berry, Hitch-
cock & Wilder, Evans Darling & Lownsbury, and John Wilson.
And coming down to 1844, which is about the date at which this
sketch should be terminated, we discover in charge of cases, the
names of Stowell & Commager, J. R. Hopkins, B. W. Rouse, Allen
& Stetson, McKay Scott, A. & J. M. Collinberry, W. M. Scott, and
Lathrop, Morton & Whitney.

At Perrysburg, the county seat of Wood county, which then
embraced more than the present area of both Wood and Lucas
counties, appeared John C. Spink, and Henry Beuueti— the former
in \m^ jihti Ifttter w 1833, Thomas W. Powell, who bad bee^ ft

:! 11

: t

290

The Old Bench and Ba/r.

practicing lawyei*, and resident of Perrysburg since 1820, re-
moved to Delaware, where be now resides. Ilonry Bennett
formed a law partuersbip witli Samuel B. Campbell, the tinn
name being Bennett & Campbell. In 184H, after ten years' resi-
dence in Perrysburg, Mr. Bennett removed to Toledo, and at
once became one of the law firm of 'I'ilden, Hill & Bennett.
After the election of Mr. Tilden as Judge of the Thirteenth Judi-
cial Circuit, Messrs. Hill & Bennett continued their association
until 1850. During that year they separated in business, and Mr,
Bennett formed a law partnership with A. ('. Harris, a brother-in-
law of ex-President Fillmore. The firm was dissolved in 1852, by
reason of Mr. Bennett's declining health, which made it necessary
that he abandon his profession ; and since that time, with physical
powers well recuperated, he devotes his time to the insurance busi-
ness. General Hill continues in practice with his son, Avery S.
Hill. Henry S. Commager had removed from Maumee City to
Toledo, and spent several years in practice with R. C. Lemnion

Thus it has been attempted to sketch, with as slight refer-
ence to the fair record of the living who continue in active prac-
tice, as it was possible to do, the old btiich and bar of the
lower portion of the Maumee Valley. Altliough conspicuous in
the struggles of a generation that may be regarded as past, the
remnant of the old band evince no signs of failing energies. Some
one in the future will take up the record where this leaves it at a
distance of about thirty years, and will bring it forward to later times.
None of the old class occupy places on the bench ; but the survi-
vors, who continue in the profession, maintain a front rank araonj
their brethren throughout the State, and have substantial reason
for self-gratulation in contemplating the honorable record they are
making up.

In numbers, the veteran lawyer corps now constitute only a small
body beside their more recently-established competitors for forecsic
renown; but they are generally well-preserved, albeit some of
them, retaining an inflexible hold upon those habits of severe toil
which were formed in earlier days, when, perhaps, very close appli-
cation was a necessity, (but a necessity no longer with most ot
them,) are gradually receiving upon their features and frames tlie
impress which nature stamps upon those who are so determined in
tjieir preference to " wear out, rather than to rust put.'' [For a lis! i

ReminisGences of Mr. Powell.

291

ve-

melt

firm

vesi-
id at
nnetl.

Judi-
cation
id Mr,
,her-m-
b52, by
icessary
j^iysical
iCe busi-
Lvery i^.

City to
,iuon
hi reler-
tive prac-
of the
i\cuou8 in
past, the

18. Some
OS it at a

iter times.

Itbe suvvi-

Ilk among
^al .reason
tbey are

lly a small
V- foreEsic
some of
tevere toil
lose appli;
li most 0!'
Vrames tk
Inninedii
[[For a 1'^' I

of some of the lawyers in the Maumee Valley engaged in practice
in 1872, see appendix marked "A."]

Delaware, Ohio, November 30th, 1871.
H. 8. Knapp, Esq. :

Dear Sir : — Your kind letter of the 9th instant, was duly received
while I was quite busily engaged, and was therefore compelled for
tlie present to delay answering, but did not intend so long a delay,
which I hope you will excuse.

I first went to Wood county and attended its second court in the
tail of 1820 ; and soon afterward settled at Perrysburg, where I
remained until December, 1830.

In 18G8, at the request of W. V. Way, Esq., of Perrysburg, I
wrote an account of my recollections of tlie Maumee Valley, which
was published in the Perrysburg Weekly Jonrnal, March 13th and
20th, 1868 ; and reprinted in the Defiance Democrat, May 2d, 1868.
In botli of these there were some typographical errors ; but 0.' the
two, the Defiance paper was the freest of them. Unaccountably
they got the name of Mr. Small instead of Levell, as our landlord
iit Defiance. I hope you may be able to procure a copy of the Defi-
ance paper; and if I can give you any further information, I shall
be lappy to do so.

I cannot now recollect whether our first court at Defiance was in
the summer of 1824 or 1825, but believe it was the latter. At that
time, besides Judge Lane, the presiding Judge of the court, that
court was attended by Eleutheros Cooke, of Sandusky City; Rodolphus
Dickinson, of Lower Sandusky, (now Fremont); Mr. Gage and
myself, from Perrysburg; Charles and William G. Ewing, from
Fort Wayne, and one or two from Dayton. I can not recollect all.
There must have been eight or nine lawyers attending that court.

J. C. Spink came to Perrysburg a few weeks before I left there,
and took my office. Count Coffinberry attended the court at
Perrysburg for a few years before I left there, but did not remove
there until a few years afterward; and subsequently he settled at
Pindlay. Yours truly,

Tiios. W. Powell.

KEMINISOENCES OF HON. THOMAS W. POWELL.

Delaware, Ohio, February 9th, 1867.
W, V. AVay, Esq. :

Dear Sir : — I am in the receipt of your very kind lettpr of invi-
tation, on the behalf of the Pioneer Society of the Maumee Valley,
to he with you at your meeting on the 2'2d instant ; and if not able
to attend, to commimicate. I find it impossible to be there person-
ally, aij I should be extremely happy to be with you ; I haye, thercj.

292

Heminiscences of Mr. Powell.

fore, prepared the followinc; hasty sketch of my reminisficnco of the
Mauiuee Valley while I resided there, which you will please prcKenl
to the Society with my best resiieets :

I have a choriKhed memory of the JVIaumee Valley, :iiid fiuiilly
retain a Avarm recollect ion of the inhahilaiits I I'ouiid ;md Icl't tlioie;
who, from their general intelligence, and high moral «'liariicter, were
fully entitled to it. No better or more deserving people were ever
tound in a new country.

At the close of the war ot 181 M. the attention of the public w.'ib
more directed towards the Maumee. »»n the account ot its promis-
ing future importance, in the estimation ot all intelligent persons,
than to any other new country. That war had expelh^d all the
former inhabitants and rendered the country entirely desolate. But
on return of peace, settlers beg.an to repossess the valley, and lorm
settlements at prominent ])oint8 — as the Foot of the Kapids, lloehe
de Boeuf, Prairie l)em:is(jue and Detiance.

I came from Utica, in New Y^ork, in IHI!), to Ohio, and while
waiting for my admission to the bar, I spent my quarrmtine, (as it is
called,) of about eighteen months, at Canton, in Stark county.
While there, I looked around for ^ome prominent point tli.il. |iut
forth promise of natural advantages, where I could settle and grow
up with the place, as it was then frequently t\ pressed to nic.

I then, in my imagination, would draw a line from the Foot of
the Rapids to the northwest, and another to tlie southwest; ami to
that point I concluded the commerce of the country, to the West
at some future time, (not far distant,) nuist converge. J was ad-
mitted at the Supreme Court at Wooster, in September, 1<S2(), ami
went immediately to the Maumee. On seeing the be.'iuty of the
valley, with my exalted conlidcnc^c in it,d future (Icstiiiy, 1 bccauiuiiu
enthusiast in hope, and determined to make it my future lioine.
From Wooster I traveled on horse-back, by the way of tiu' placi
where Ashland now is. New Haven, Lower Sandusky, to the Mau-
mee. The country througli which I })asscd was very new — witli
here and there a settlement. From Lower Sandusky to the Mau-
mee, it was an entire wilderness, and known as the lilack Swamp.
through which there was no road except a mere trail throuj^h the
woods. I arrived at Perrysburg in the afternoon of a line day.
about the middle of September, and upon arriving on the high bank
near Fort Meigs, I was most favorably struck with the nuiftniliceut
scenery and beauty of the valley. Along the rapids, the intervals
from hill to hill were originally prairies, and even these Avere mostly
covered Avith the linest fields of corn. At tliat time there avms not
a single house upon any of the in-lots in Perrysburg — there wenn
few on some of the out-lots. The Front street had just been cut
open and cleared from the wood and brusli. I crossed the river at;i
ford at the foot of the rapids, and came to the town of Maumee,
where I made my homo for some time, at a public house kept by
Mr. Peter G. Oliver, a brother of Major Willifttn QUver, a gallant

Perrysbiirg and Maumee in 1820.

293

the

jseut

(Hilly
l\erc ;

, Wt'Vli

e c'vev

'n', was
romis-

all till-
.3. 15ut
id ioim
, Hoche

(1 while

(us il is

I'liunly.

thai \\\\

iu«l i^TOW

; I(\,Ot of

uikI to
lie West
wi\s lul-

ty of tilt
)tH'anK: iiu

tUo \>liiL'f
JO Mau-
_ \v — willi
the Mau-
k Swamp,
[rough till'
I line day.
Ihigh bank
laKailicent
I intervals
|ere mostly
i-e was not

It been cut
river at n

young ofticcr who had distinguished himself by important and
meritorious services rendered under General Harrison at the siege
of Fort Meigs.

Upon arriving at Maumee, I found there a considerable village,
with two good taverns, two or three stores, and other objects and
appliances necessary for the convenience, comfort and business of
such a place. But above all, it was gratifying to me to find there
quite \ number of intelligent and well informed people, and the
society of the place far above that usually found in a new country.
Among the men that I then found there, who, on account of their
character and intelligence, became my friends, were Dr. H. Conant,
Almon Gibbs, Esq., General John E. Hunt, Judge Robert A. For-
sythe, Judge Ambrose llice, John Hollister, and two or three of his
brothers. These and others constituted a society there, which
would be acceptable any where, and who, on account of their
intelligence and enterprise, would be prominent citizens in any
place. Settled along the river in various places from Swan CU'eek
to Roche do Boeuf, were found persons Avho were entitled to our
notice, amongst whom were the Keelers, the Hubbells, the Hulls,
the SpatTords, the Wilkinsons, the Prays, the Pratts, and the Near-
ings— all distinguished for their intelligence, enterprise and indus-
try. Finding there was so acceptable society, and commendable
jiopulation, and being charmed with the beauty of the valley, I soon
tlc'termined to nnike it my future home, and to which determination
I udlu'ivd iigainsu every ol)stacle for ten years.

Proviou.s to the war of 1812, the loot of the rapids had been set-
tled by a considerable population engaged in agriculture and in the
extensive Indian trade, that the natural advantages of the place
iiftbrdcd. But soon after the commencement of tlie war, upon the
ilcfwitof Hull at Ditroit, these linst settlers of the Maumee, were
all driven olf by the Bi'iiish and Indians — their homes burnt down,
and Iheir habitations rendered de.solate. Soon after the restoration
of peace, inhabitants Itegan to return, and settlements were formed.
In IS17, th(^ Gentn-al Oovernment sold the lands in lots within the
"twelve miles s(inar(! at the foot of the rapids,'' and then permanent
seUlenient.s were formed, ami the improvements made that I found
when 1 arrived there. The interesting events connected with the
earliest known history of the valley — the taking possession of the
CDiliitry l)y Ihe British, al, the close of the lievoliitionury War, and
the building of I heir Ibrt just below the foot of the ra})ids — at what
suhsequeiitly became Fort Miami — the events of 1794, and the
liattle of General Wayne's campaign — the defence of the country
''y General Harrison, the defeat and massacre of Colonel Dudley's
men, and the siege ol' Fort Meigs, as well as the treaty held by Gen-
eials Cass and McArthnv in 1^17, are all events highly interesting
ill the history of the country, and render the valley of the Maumee
the classic ground of Northern Ohio. But all these transpired
before I came to the country, and I do not further intend to

I li

oo.t

The Indiari Trade, <&g.

ullude to them. The county of Wood was organized in the spring
of ISaO, and at that time included the whole valley. In May of
that year, the first Court of Common Pleas was held at the town
of Maumee, by Hon. George Tod, of Trumbull county, whose cir-
cuit as presiding judge, included all Northern Ohio, (the Hosirvc
and the New Purchase,) and who continued to hold courts there for
several years. The Clerk was Thomas R. McKnight, Esq,, from
Wooster, Ohio, and who was continued in that ollioe until his death
in 1882. The Prosecuting Attorney was J. C. McCurdy, E,s(|., h
young lawyer who was transiently there, and who I never saw.

in October, soon after my arrival at Maumee, was held the secoml
term of the Court of Common Pleas, at which Judge Tod presided,
Mr. McKnight was the Clerk, and I Avas appointed the Proseeutinj^
Attorney— an office I held during the whole ten years I rosidtu
there. There were at this term several cases tried, both civil and
criminal, of considerable interest and some importance. The douit
was then attended by several able lawyers from various parts of the
country. Eleutherua Cooke, Esq., from Huron county— then a bril-
liant and eloquent lawyer; Ebenezer Lane, an able hiwyer and tin-
ished scholar — a graduate of Harvard ; W. Dogherty^ Es([., of Colum-
bus; Jonathan Edwards Chaplin, Esq., of Urbana, a good lawyer
and scholar, and on hio mother's side a descendant of Jonathmi
Edwards, and a near relative of the celebrated Aaron Burr; Charles
I. Lanman, from Michigan, a brilliant and accomplished geiitlennm
whose father was then Senator in Congress from Connecticut. These
distinguished men, as well as a few others, gave the court an interest
and standing which the court of Wood county always retained.
When that court was over, the whole of us — bench and bar — made
an excursion up the rapids to Eoche de Boeuf, and we were all de-
lighted with the beauty of the country and its future promise.

Upon tlie close of the war of 1813, the foot of the rapids became
an important point in the commercial business of the country. In
the spring of the succeeding year, large quantities of the produce
of the western part of Ohio and Northeastern Indiana was brought
down the river in flat-boats and transferred to the shipping
of the lake. The Indian trade was large. The quantity
of furs and peltries collected here by the Indian traders, and
that of the sugar made by the Indians from the sap of the supr
maple, and put up by them in cases made of bark, each weighing:
sixty or eighty pounds, and called " mococks" — these and other like
objects of trade and commerce, made up a considerable businesf.
The fisheries of the Viver also constituted a large item in the then
business of the place. The quantity of corn even then raised on
the Maun\ee, was very large, and was exported in large quantities 'o
Detroit and other parts of the upper lakes — this was so much the
case that it was called "coming to Egypt for corn." These objects,
and other minor subjects of commerce and traffic, rendered the
business of the place far larger than that which would be indicated

A Case of Burglary and Or and Larceny. 295

L'COlul

osuli'ii
,'U iiud

(louvt

ol' the

a bril-
ind tin-
Coluiii-

Uiwyer
>nutluin

htU'iiiau
t. Tlu'se

interest

•etiiiiH'il. ]

— iiMide

|so.

beciime

try. i"
produce
bvouglit

shippi"?
(luantity

lers, and

hie sug»i"

weigln"?

ithei- like

business.

the then

i-iiisfcd OH

entities 'o

[nuch the

•c objects,

[lerecl the

[indicated

by the population of the place, and the amount of the lake shipping
that came up there to meet this commercial demand was quite con-
sidenilile. The ronnection of transient persons with these transac-
tions in the various dejnirtments, made the business of the place
assume a variety and character far superior to wiiat the permanent
inhubitants would atlbrd or require. This gave to the law business
of the place a variety and interest it could not otherwise attain. It
iiuliicid a large number of lawyers to attend the courts there, dur-
ing the time J made the valley my residence. Among those who
thus attended m subsequent years, (besides those whom I have
ulieiidy nientionod.) were Judge Parish, of Columbus ; G. W. Ewing,
(if Fort Wayne ; Lannuui, Lawrence, and Noble, of the River Raisin ;
Dickinson and Latimore, from Sandusky and Huron counties, and
occasionally others, which rendered the bar of Wood county, at
court times, large, able and interesting.

Soon after I came to the Maumee, a lawyer by the name of Roby
came and settled there with his family. He commenced his practice
in Albany, New York, and afterwards settled for a while in South-
ern Ohio. He attended our courts a few terms, when he took the
l)ilious lever of the country and died. About the same time, James
Lee Gage, Esq., and Cyrus Lee Gage, Esq., two young lawyers, came
and settled in Maumee. They remained and practiced there some
years, and then removed to other places. With J. L. Gage, I was
longer and better aciiuainted. He was a man of talent and intelli-
gence, but tinctured with considerable eccentricity. He afterwards
settled iit McConnellsville, Ohio, where he became distinguished as
an able lawyer, and as the huyband of Mrs. Fanny D. Gage, distin-
guished for some literary productions, for her woman's rights advo-
cacy, and for considerable eccentricity.

During the time I was there, the law business of the valley
furnished the courts of Wood county a number of quite interest-
ing cases. Among them, also, were a few of the more important
criminal cases of homicide, burglary and the like, in which a num-
l)erof the accused were convicted and sent to the penitentiary.

In the spring of 1826 there transpired at Perr^sburg a case of
more than ordinary interest and excitement. Elijah Huntington,
Esq., of Perrysburg, had about that time been collecting his money
with a view to be prepared to purchase some lands on the river that
were soon to be resold by the United States, and which had become
forfeited for non-payment by the former purchasers. Huntington
liiid in his house some four hundred dollars, which he kept by him,
waiting the sale of these lands. Early one morning, Mr. H, came to
my house greatly excited, with a club in his hands, saying that in
the night previous some persons had entered his house, broken open
liis drawers, taken his money, and left in the room that club. Mr.
H. thought himself ruined; for at that time four hundred dollars,
with a view to the approaching sales, was an important sum of
money. But who had committed the crime could not be even

fi.

290 A Case of Bwglary mid Grand La/rceny,

guessed at. It for n while balHod all conjecturo, and became (|uit(«
a mystery. A week or two previous, a pocket-l)()ok and a .smiill
amount of money had been missed from tl»e housci of (Jbas. O'Ncil,
of Perrysburg, and suspicions after a while began to be phicLil upon
one Stockwell and liis wife, who had not h)ng before settled tliert.
The citizens of I'errysburg became greatly excited upon tiie subject
of this robbery ; and for a time it seemed to elude all endeavors to
detect the perpetrators. Suspicions having been jjlaced upon Stock-
well and his wife in regard to the O'Neil affair (though as yet there
was no evidence against them), public attention was directed im-
mediately to Stockwell as a person who might be in some way con-
nected with the robbery of Mr. Huntington. The club that was
found in Huntington's house, after the burglary, was for a while
handed around as a curiosity. When tired of its exhil)iti(tn, Mrs.
H. threw it upon the fire for the i)urposc of making a linal dispusi-
tion of it. Just then, as luck would have it, Judge AmbroHc j{ice,
an old citizen of Maumee, a remarkal)ly shrewd man aiul cK)se ob-
server, came into the house and immediately snatched the club Ironi
the (Ire, with the observation that it should be jn-eserved, as it nii^lit
yet bo evidence against the i)erpeti-ator8 of the act. The club was a
hickory stick, considerably reduced at one end by long chips takeii
from it with a knife. Judge Jiice thought that possibly the chips
might be somewhere found and identified with the clul), so a.s to
implicate some one with the burglary. Strenuous inveatigations
were made for some days without any result. At length a number
of the citizens of IVrrysbunij determined to make a search ol' Stock-
well's house, and take him and his wife, for a while at least, into
custody. For this purpose they went in the night time, when they
would be sure to find them at home, took ])ossession of tiie house,
and them into custody, and made diligent search of the hoiife will)-
out finding any evidencie against them. Stockwell and wife asserted
entire ignoraiu'.e of the whole matter in <|uestion. 'I'he next morn-
ing Judge Jiice went to the house with the club, and examined tn
see if some of the chips taken from the club could not be lonnd
there. After some diligent search he found some fresh chips scat-
tered under the floor of the house. These chips u])on examination
would coiTespond exactly with the marks of the club, so completely
that there could be no question of their identity. This was a enisli-
ing answer to Stockwell's assertion of his innocence in the niaHcr,
But as yet no further evidence Wii« discovered against them. But
becoming alarmed in conse(pience of the identity of the i!hi|)s found
at his house with the club, and finding that his associates liiid
played a trick upon him in keeping him ignorant of the anuMuitof
money that had been taken, and applying the whole of it to tiieir
own use, he became indignant towards them, and determined to
disclose the whole. For this purpose he sent for me as the prose-
cuting attorney, and. disclosed to me the whole transaction as far as
he knew it. lie told me that he and his wife liad the O'Neil money,

A Case of Burgla/ry and Gra/nd Larceny. 297

uiul informed mo where I could find it; but as to the IImitiii<j;toii
money, lie knew nothing beyond eij;ht or ten dollurs of it. H*; said
tliiit a ni{(lit or two before irnntin}.'t,on'a house whs robbeil, two men
by llie niune ol" Keiser, old cronies of his in crime, came to iiis house
and inquired of them if there were not soni(* plunder to be had in
IVrrvHbur},'. Stoekwell informed them that his wife had iliscovered
Ihct Mr. Huntington had a quantity of money on hand in his house.
This tliey soon formeil a resolution to take. They ke])t secreted at
his house a day or two making observations and i)lanning how to
take the money. On the night that the money was taken, they
all three rallied forth and went to Huntington's house, found them all
asleep, and one of the K(;isers made his way into the house and soon
returned, saying he had got Huntington's jwcket-book, but he feared
it was a " water-haid." The club he had taken into th(i house with
liim, lie had accidentally left there, which gave them some concern,
and some limo debated upon the subject of returning for it. They
(lid not however, and jiroceeded to Stockwell's house to examine the
imoket-book ami divide the spoils. Keiser presented the pocket-
book us all that he had taken. Upon examination it was found that
it cortainod only lifteen or twenty dollars, ami the Keisers gave
Stock\\. il fight or ten dollars as his share of it. Stoekwell was dis-
satisfied, and suspectcnl fraud ; and so (piestioned Keiser about it.
Keiser (leclared u|)on his "honor" that tluit was all he had taken —
it was, he said, only a water-haul; and ])roposed to Stoekwell that
lie might search him. Stoekwell was silenced by the brass and im-
pudence of the Keisers, who immediately left I'errysbnrg ; and no
oneexce))t Stoekwell and wife knew anything of their having been
there, or within a hundred miles.

Now, if the club had not been saved by Judge Uiee and identi-
fied with the chips found in StcK^kwdl's house, and was likely to
throw upon him the guilt of tlus whoh^ transaction, and the eonvic
tioiHin liis part that \\w Keisers had pcrpetralcd u]ion him what he
eoiisidercd lo l)e a dishonorable and knavish trick, in secreting from
liim almost the whole of the spoils tbry had taken, it is not prohalde
that this most wicked transaction could have been ferreted out.
But the ways of Proviilcnee are mysterious and the ways of the
wieki'd arc hard, and in the l)eHt laid schemes of tht' criminal is
r<iuiid the train id" eiiuMimstances that leads to his inevitalde detec-
tion. Stoekwell, smarting under the conviction rluit an infamous
trick had been i)layed oil' on him, finding by sad exiierience that

there

was no ''honor amongst thieves," and finding that the evi-

Jence against him was likely to make him a victim of the knaves
who had appropriated, by means of a dishonorable trick, the whole
spoils to their own use, was now ready to make a frank and open
ijisclosure of the wliole transactions as far as he knew them. He in-
formed us that the Keisers were to be found in a strip of woods on
the north cape of Maumee Bay. A committee of the citizens was
immediately dispatched for them, and within a few days the Keisers

298

Odd Cases before the Courts.

were iu custody of the committee in Tcrrysburg. They hi Id out
for some time before they could be induced to disclose where the
money was. But u,iU'r being put tiirougli a pretty severe course of
discipline, they, in the course of about a week, revealed where the
moi^oy was to be found. It was buried at the foot of a tree on the
north cape of the bay. Two women, the mother of the Keisers,
and the wife of one of them, who were then at Perrysburg, were to
show where the money was to be found. TMiese women, Mr. Hunt-
ington, myself, and a few men to man a boat, went down there to
receive the money. When we arrived at tlie cape, we found a most
desolate place — a mere sand bar with a few trees and shrubbery,
where we found a miserable log house — the home of the Keisers. The
women took us to the tree where the money was buried. After a
little search, it was found ; and principally in paper money, which
had laid there some ten days, it had become so very damp, that it
was very near being worthless. Through the means of these various
proceedings, Mr. Huntington recovered nearly all of his lost money.
Stockwell and the Keisers remained in jail several months after
that, waiting their trial. But just before court they broke jail and
made their escape to Canada.

But in my recollections of the Maumee, I ought not, and cannot
forget the courts and their doings. While I was there, the Court
of Common Pleas was organized with a president and three associ-
ates. The court, as I have already remarked, was, during the whole
time I was there, presided over by Judges Tod and Lane. There
were frequent changes amongst the associates, and their number
became quite large. Their names will appear in the history of the
times, and therefore I will not occupy time in repeating them.
But I must say for them, that, after seeing Associate Judges in
many and various parts of the State, I have seen no where a body
of men, more comi)etent or intelligent than the Associate Judges
of Wood county. I would be glad to particularize and commend a
number of them; but that would be invidious.

Mr. Gage, a few years since, published in the iiewsi)aper of Per-
rysburg, an interesting account of one case as his " first case.'' It
was an aciion brought by Gage (under the necessities of circumstances)
to replevy some nursery trees. But it has been perversely misrepre-
sented by some of our members of the bar, as a standing joke
against Mr. Gage, that he had brought the action to replevy an
orchard.

Another case has attained some celebrity in the reports of Judge
Wright, who never missed an oppc't^^unity of perpetrating a joke,
or publishing an obscenity. The case is that of Laking vs. Guuu.
Laking had been a merchant at Waterville, and some of his good
neighbors thought he was a little too gallant, and they wished to
bring him a little down in his gallantry and his estimation of himself.
They therefore confederated for that purpose, and procured a girl
to tell Laking that she had something important to communicate

A Mxirder Tnal.

299

id out
re the
irse of
re the
on the
Reisers,
wore to
, Hunt-
there to
. a most
I'ubbery,
ers. The
After a
y, which
D, that it
e varioui
it money,
ths after
B jail and

nd cannot

the Court

ree associ-

the whole

e. Tliere

ir number

lory of the
ing them.

[judges in
re a body
te Judges
[oiumend a

iH-r of_ Ter-

case." It

liimstances)

misreprt-

Idiug joke

Veplevy au

Is of Judge
lug a joke.
.>\ Guuu.
ff his good
wished to
of himself.

kured a gi"
hiimunicate

to him, and avouM that night meet him at a certain place, and
inform hira what it was. When poor Laking, us the victim of the
conspiracy, had arrived at the place agreed upon, the conspirators
had a parcel of boys *^here secreted, who arose around him, firing
guns, blowing liorns, etc., creating great noise, and falsely pretend-
ing that Ihey had caught Laking there in some unlawful act.
Laking claimed that all this was done maliciously, to injure his
good name and fame, and ruin him as a merchant. He was
anxious to bring a suit, and counseled Judge Parish and myself.
Upon the urgent solicitations of our client, we t\greed to bring the
suit— Judge Parish saying that if I could draw the declaration, we
would go it. I promised to draw it ; though in the further prose-
cution of the case. Judge P. was unaccountably found on the other
side of the ca.so. I drew up the declaration, never dreaming that it
was afterwards to be put into print. But there it is, and I rejoice
to say that it is a good one. I submit to any lawyer who has intel-
lect enough to know what a declaration should be, whether it is not
a triumph. But Judge Wright was determined that the case
should not have a trial upon its merits, and therefore upon demurrer
dismissed the case, by imagining that the declaration contained
muchrau:<'. and a i'av different case from what it did. Judge Wright
was an old cock of great worldly experience. He could not keep
his imagination from surrourding the case with the result that his
experience would throw into it; and which my want of such expe-
rience and naivete never permitted me to imagine to be in the case,
and what certainly was not in the declaration. The case served
Judge Wright's purpose — to show off his wit and perpetrate a joke
at the expense of the law ; but certainly was violating every prin-
ciple of law in relation to pleading and demurrer.

The most interesting case that transpired in the valley while I
was there, was the trial and conviction of Porter for murder. Isaac
Richardson, the man whom Porter had killed, had been tor many
years a citizen of the valley. About the year 1817, he and a Mr.
Thompson had purchased a lot of land containing Roche de Boeuf.
They had commenced to build mills at those rapids, and progressed
at one time, so far as to get the mills in operation. But continued
quarrels and difficulties existed between these two men, so that the
one of them would one day tear down and destroy what the other
had built up the day before. So that Roche de Boeuf, instead of
becoming a prosperous mill locality, as it should have been, became
the scene of endless strife and litigation. Without saying anything
about Thompson — Richardson was in every sense of the word s.
bad man. He was a tall man, with a well-proportioned figure,
flaxen hair and corresponding features ; and it was then remarked
that he would make a good model for an ancient Anglo Saxon. If
1 a bad man was needed for such a model, certainly they could
[scarcely obtain a better one.
Porter had labored for Richardson at the mills, as a carpenter

f: m

300

A Murder Trial.

and laborer, and had considerable claims for such labor, while
Richardson could not be induced to pay, or do anything, except
to taunt Porter that he could not collect his claims. This taunt,
without denying in any manner the justice of the claim, he would
cast up to Porter in the most aggravating manner. At last Porter
became indignant and irritated beyond the power of his endurance
One evening after dark, while Richardson was sitting in his hall
with his family and others around him, Porter came unexpectedly
and immediately shot him dead in his chair. Porter went oif an-
nouncing that it was he. Great excitement was produced over the
whele river, and much search was made to tind Porter. After a
day or two Porter returned — gave himself up, avowing that he did
the act to avenge his wrongs. He was incarcerated, and in due
time brought to trial in the Supreme Court for the county. Thai
court was held by Judge Peter Hitchcock and Judge Henry Brush,
I was the Prosecuting Attorney, and Mr. Higgins (afterward Judge)
was appointed to delend Porter. Porter did not desire to make
any defence, became religiously convicted, and very penitent. It
was with difficulty that his friends could persuade him to go into
a trial, with the hope of procuring his acquittal on the grounds
ot his insanity. But when the defence commenced, that ground
was urged with energy and ability. Mr. ] liggins urged every cir-
cumstance to the jury to prove his insanity and want of discretion. Ho
called the attention of the jury to the fact, that by law he had the
right to make his choice to be tried in the Court of Common Pleas
instead of the Supreme Court, which would delay his trial and put
it off until some time late in the fall. Judge Hitchcock noticed the
turn that this argument might take ; and never missing an oppor-
tunity of })erpeti'ating his wit and jokes, called out • " Wliat, what,
Mr. Higgins, do you contend that it is evidences ot llie man's
insanity, tliat he choo.'^os to bi; tried by us V "

In opposition to this claim of insanity, I ]>ut tlie grounds of prose-
cution upon the theory adojiled by Lord Erskine in lladiield's case:
That ev(iry person is res])on^il)le ibr his acts wheniivcr lie acts upon
actual facts and real circunistanccs. That all that Porter claiiiu'd as
motives for his ;icts — the injuries and insults received from Kicli-
ardson — were all founded ui»oii .ifitiial facts :mtl n^al circiiinstancos.
There was no delusion or unreal facts about his case. Whatever acts
he committ<Ml, or whatever motives actuated him, they were like all
th(! ratiftnal acts of the rest of mankind, i'ounded upon real tacts
and actual circnmstaiu!es. The court adopted this view ot' the
case, and Porter was convicted, in about a month afterward, in
pursuaiu'c of the judgment of the court, he was executed by being
hung, in the ravine at the east end of Fort Meigs. Thus terminated
a tragedy in which the law triumphed, where the sympathies of tlie
people of Wood county were far more with Porter than with
Richardson.

About 18Ji5, Judge Lane succeeded Judge Tod as Judge of the

The Old Bench — Irips to Defmice.

301

while
except
taunt,
would
Porter
iirance
lis hall
ectedly
, off an-
)ver the
After a
,t he did
I in due
yr. That
•y Brush,
a Judge)
to make
[tent. It
go into
} grounds
it ground
every cir-
retion. Hf
e had the
non rieas
al and put
oticed the
iin oppor-
h:it, what,
tho mans

Common Pleas, and .ibout the same tinu' the coiirts were organized
atDeiiance ibr Williams oonnty, then including all the northwestern
part of the State west of Wood county. Judge Lane's circuit of
the (oMiinon Pleas then included the whole of the Northwestern
part of tli(! State — iiicliKling the coinities of Huron, Ilichland, Dela-
ware, and LTnion, being fully one-fourth ot the State. He w.as very
punctual in attending the courts of Perryslou'g .and Defiance, and
Gage and myself always jiccompanied him ; and they Avere fre-
i|UL'iitly attended by other Lawyers from other parts ol' the country.
Tliuse excursions i'rom Perr\,siHirg to Defiance, in '.ittending the
courts there, were enjoyed with rare [deasin-e and attended with
considerable excitemcMit. U'e usii.ally made the trip on horse-back,
biU lieiiuently when the river w.as in a higli stage of water,
we would procure a canoe jit Deiiauce ami uiake our way
back by Avater. We fre<piently took two (biys to make the trip,
and then would make Prairie Damasque our half-way st(M)piiig place
overnight, at the iiouse of Judgi^ Vance, a brother of Governor
Vance, of Ohio ; a Avelcome and desirable resting pl;ic(i ; and which
was made thrice interesting and aceept.able by his good French
lady for a wife, whose accom[)lishments, especially as a house-
keeper, ma<le his home and hospitality most acceptable.

At liiattime, Defiance consisted only of a few houses, such as would
he found at a. new town <»f the smaller dimensions ; a warehouse on
the h.aidi of the river aUbnb'd a court house, and the house of Mr.
Lvell atlorded us a hotel. Vet the term there was attendeil with in-
terest and |)leasuie. Prequently the cases tried were oi a highly
interesting char.acter — creating considerable excitement. Many
lawyers were freipieJitly congrcigated there from various jiarts of
Oliio, sometimes Judge Kwiiig and a Mr. Cooper, from Fort
Wayne. At those times our social meetings were often animated
luid highly interesting. Judge Lane, so distinguished for his learn-
ing and intelligence, and who afterward became one of the ablest
of the disthiguishcd Judges of the Supremo Court of Ohio, and
forms a In-illiant iigure in its judicial history, would be our leader
iu learning, science and literature ; Gage, in anecdotes, jokes and
eccentricities ; and all would contribute, Avhat in .any coimtry or
society, would render the gathering marked and highly interesting.
Nor was the journey void of many interesting incidents. Among
which is that of Gage getting a man at Prairie Demasque so far
untangled in the meshes of the law, as to secure him under the
promise of professional assistance, to engage to tak(! us up to Defi-
ance in a canoe, by water. Our horses w'cre left at the Prairie, and
we were relieved by a voyage instead of a ride. When we arrived
at Defiance, Gage made a new engagement with his client, that, in
case he would clear hini from his legal restraints, ho would take us
all back again to the Prairie at the end of tho term. Gage soon
procured a writ of habeas corpus, upon which his client Avas released ;
*ml as compeusatiou for which, avo Avurc taken btick by Avator, ftp4

302

Perils of Navigating the Rapids.

Gage had a long standing credit, of killing two birds with one
stone — engaging the man to take us up, by getting him into diiR-
culty, and then to take us back again, by getting him out.

In return from court at Defiance, in the spring of the year (I
think it was 1827), Gage and myself came down the river in a
canoe. The river was extremely high at that time, and we made
our way down rapidly and pleasantly until we were below Roche
de Boeuf. So far we had passed the dangers of the rapids without
difficulty ; but when we were near the island, opposite Waterville,
a person on the south shore, near to which we were keeping and
intended to keep, called out to us, as though he intended to give
us some important instructions, which we took to be, to "keep.
close to the island," but it possibly may have been as we intended
to do, to keep close to the shore. The river was high, and tlie
rolling surges of the water on the rapids just below the island, was
truly terrific. It was much more like the frightful waves of the
ocean in a boisterous storm, than anytlung else it could he com-
pared to. In accordance with what we took to be the directions
of the stranger, we turned our canoe towards the island, and along
the shore of which we passed forward without difficulty. Bat im
mediately upon leaving the foot of the island, we found ourselves,
in a frail canoe, in the midst of the frightful waves and breakers of
the rapids, and by them tossed so that it seemed impossible for us
to live a moment. I turned my sight towards Gage, and beheld the
most frightened face lever saw upon man ; and perhaps mine was no
better. We immediately made for the shore again, and our perils
were soon over. It was indeed a very providential escape Irom the
most imminent danger. I have seen many perils, but I look upon
that moment as the most critical of my whole life.

One of the most interesting characters of the persons who wero
figuring on the Maumee in those early days, was that of a person.
then and since well known as Major Stickney. This person had
been appointed by Mr. Jefferson as Indian Agent, and as such had
long resided in the Western country — first at tipper Sandusky, ami
then at Fort Wayne. About the time I came to the Maumee, he
was residing at the mouth of Swan Creek, on the immediate bank^
of the river, at a place then known as Port Lawrence. He wasi
man of some intelligence, and assumed to be a scholar and philoso
pher. His wife was a highly respectable lady — every way amiable,
and a daughter of the celebrated (Tcneral Stark, of the Kevolution
But Mrs. Stickney's accomplishments did not prevent him from
resorting to all kinds of eccentricities. A part of this was to ^
as much as possible, like no hody else. This he carried out in the |
naming of his children, ^'ot after any names foimd in either Chris
tiau or profane history; but the boys were to represent thf|
numerals, and the girls the States — as far as their numbers woulij
go. The boys, therefore, were named One, and Two, etc, ana
though he condesceqded to name his eldest daughter, from respeii

Major Benjamin F. Stichney.

303

ear (1
r in a
) made
Roche
without
,erviUe,
ng and
to give
I "keep'
Dtended
and tlie
\nd, was
38 of the
be com-
irections
ind along

Bat im
Durselves,
■eakers of
ible lor us
pehcld tk
ne -was no
ovir i)evils

irom tk
look upon

to Mrs. Stickney, Mary, the rest of his clanghters were named after
the States — Indiana, Michigan etc. This eccentricity produced
some of tlie most ridiculous anecdotes ; amongst which is the fol-
lowing : Soon alter the family moved to Port Lawrence, and living
in a house put up at the landing of the mouth of Swan Creek, Mrs.
S. one uiorning came to the piazza in front of the house, where a
vessel laid at anchor, and called to her sons, and said, " Two call
One to breakfast.'' A sailor aboard the vessel looked up and said :
"Is this Maumee / It is a terrible hard country, if it takes two to
call one to breakfast."'

In the spring of 1821, Major Stickney was a ruling spirit at Swan
Ureek. There was then a thriving settlement in the neighborhood,
amongst which was a Mr. Wilson, the custom house officer of the
port, Major Keeler, living on his farm, and others whose names I
have forgotten, besides a number of French, Indian traders and
immigrants — Yankees and foreigners. Up to this time Swan Creek
had been without a question within the jurisdiction of Ohio. Writs
had been issued from Maumee, in Wood county to them, as wit-
nesses, jurors and suitors, and they until then, had answered as
such without a (juestiou as to jurisdiction. But other views had
entered into Major Stickney's policy and philosophy. He called
a public meeting of the citizens; and to them when thus assembled,
he represented, that the citizens of the incipient city had very
seriously mistaken their interest as to the question — where the
true northern line of the State of Ohio was. He did not care as
to what the constitution of the State of Ohio said on the subject —
the true line was the one run due east Irom the south.ern extremity
of Lake Michigan; which run considerably south of Port Lawrence,
and would leave them in the Territory ot Michigan, instead of the
State of Ohio, and therefore they were Wolverines instead of Buck-
eyes. That it was greatly their interest to be so. That while they
were citizens of the Territory they would be cherished and protected
under the auspices and guardianship of the United States ; while in
Ohio, they could not expect anything excejit to be taxed. He said he
was well acquainted with General Cass, the Governor of Michi-
gan, and would go to him, and get a commission of a Justice of the
Peace for Michigan for that place, in case the citizens there would
[Sustain him. The motion carried — the secession was complete,
j Major S. procured his commission and was exercising the jurisdic-
tion of a Justice of the Peace of Michigan over the seceded terri-
tory. Soon after these things had matured, General J. E Hunt,
lot Maumee, had some official business to tr.ansact at Port Law-
irence, as an officer of Wood county. The citizens there threw every
obstacle in his way to prevent the discharge of his duties, and to
Iconvinco him thai they had really seceded. Gei;eral H. returned
nth just complaint of the conduct of the citizens there. A meet-
ing of the Commissioners of the county was called, at which T
cfed as advisory member, as Prosecuting Attorney. The question

304

Major Stickney^a Policy.

was, what shall bo done with the seceding rebels — shall they be
prosecuted and hung? Perhaps so, if justice were done them. But
mild and discreet measures and counsels were adopted. It was
considered that Congress and the State of Ohio would in duo timp
settle the (juestion, and in the meantime it was neither discreet nor
prudent to get up a war which could be avoided. This policy pre-
vailed, and thoy were let " alone in their glory."

In the meantime a very serious and interesting tjuestiou arose in
the alTHirs ot the Maumee Valley. Under the authority of tie
State of Ohio, a survey had been made for a canal along the valley.
and the great question was where that canal should terminate. Judge
Gaddis, of New York, who had been eniployod as Civil Engineer
for Ohio, had reoonnoitered the valley and dt^tcrniined that the
canal should terminate at the foot of the rapids — that a dam with a
sloop lock should bo placiMl on Knagg's liar, j\ist below Mauiuee
City and Perrysburg, and the river i'rom there down, to be im-
proved for ship navigation. When this matter was so ascertnineJ,
Major Stickney eall(Ml .another meeting of tlie citizens of Swim
Creek, and to them he now reju'esented that they had ('(ninnitled a
great error in seceding from Ohio, ami going over io Micliigaii;
that while they belonge<l to Michigan, they could not expect that
the State of Ohio woultl (construct the canal to Swan Creek. They
must go back to Ohio. Tiiey must secede from ]\Iichigan ami go
b;ick to Ohio ivgain. They must undo tlieir former secession and
rebellion, or tliey couM not expect to secure the canal. Thereupon
all sorts of resolutions were ado|)ted, to the eHect, that they were,
and of right should l)e a part and parcel of the State ot Ohio ; that
Ohio was a gi'cat and glorious State, and that they would maintain
their i)ositi<)n, if necessary, at the point of the liayonet.

These measiu'cs succeeded in arousing M ichigan to a demonstra-
tion of war. Militia soldiers were sent from Detroit by land and
water to Swan Creek, to whip the rebels into subjection to their
legitimate authority. They came, in war arrayed, and took ])0sses-
sion of the territory where the proud City of Toledo now st;inds,
made the citizens succumb to the power and jurisdiction of Michi-
gan. They returned back to Detroit in the most jubilant triuinpli.
drinking all sorts of toasts to the glory of Michigan and to anathe-
matize Major Stickney in Ohio, one ot which was, " Here is to
Major Stickney's potatoes and onions — we draft their tops and their
bottoms volunteer.''

This was all to the wishes of the Major, and in accordance wilt
liis policy. He went immediately to Columbus, to represent totlit
Governor and i)eople of Ohio, tlie intolenible barbai'ity of the )Vo!-
verines, and how they had desecrated the just authority of Ohio.
and trampled under foot the loyal citizens of the State. The Stiiie
was aroused by these means to a proper sense of her dignity and iuju-
ries. War was declared, and troops raised in every part of the Stiite
Regin^eut after vogiment were marched t,o tHe flispiiteil territory ofi I

>ftiiJ know

change Jui

"'ho reside

mU beJi\

, P''<^sent til

; =*'nuiint of

I f «^ue an

T^ t3-J>e, 1

i '^^pteniber

J'l'eathtT of

\miXU-y SOI

ll^'''> tile «
Jtaken down
r have knc

He'inirmcenctK of Mr. Pmvell,

805

!V be
'But
t waR
L' time
et nor
jy pre-

rose in

of tie

valley.

Judge
njimcer
hat the
11 witli a
Mauraee
) be im-
ertaincJ,
ot Swim
unit ted !i
(lioliigwK
peel tl\iU
5k. 'HH'y
\\\ aiulgo
pssion ami
Hierenpon

"loy were.

)\\io ; thai

I luaiutaiu

lleinonstra-
ly land ami
m to thcit
.ok I'osses-
[o\v st;iucis,
l of MicW-
lit triumpli.
to auatbe-
[lere is l»
,s and tkit

Idance witli
Wnt to tk
pf the ^^'ol•
L of OhW'
rmieStiUc
liyivndiuin-
if the Stafc

tilt; Miiuuiee. Some lighting wuh done, juul litllc Mocil spilt, hut
tlie trausiiclioii will he n'menibfrt'd lus liu' .MicliigMii War of IHiJS.
In the meantime, howevfT, Congresis inlerlercd by .sending Peace
CommisioiHM's to the ditftrac^ted eonntry, iind by making the dis-
puted territory a part of the State of Oliio. 'i'liin aeuied the
questioji of jiiris<liction, and the excitement produced by tlie war
rmil)li.'ii Major Sti('kiny to gtft I he canal not oiiiy lo 'rtdedo, liut
fVi.-n to Maniiattan, live miles bi-yond whrre thi'V wand'd it, vv had
any use for it. Never, in eitlnr aiuiicnt or n\ii(lern liirtlory, has
there been an instaiu'e of .sece.s.sion and reii-llion .so .<^ucce.sslul,
and no one is so entitled to be the iiero of one of them, as Major
Stickney of this.

1 have Llius sketched a nnmbcj' of incitienth in my renuni,s(!t net s
ol tlie times I was a citizen of the Valley of the xMaun)e(\

And now it may be inqiured by some one, how it wa.s that 1 came
to leave the country, after a residence there of ten year.s, and having
so admired the country ami so hopeful ol its future? 1 never
changed my opinion of the country in either of these respects ;
but after battling for its pros[)erity so long, 1 l)ecame convinced
that the time for its prosperity, that I so tirnily anticii>;ited, would
not come in time to answer mypurpo.se. But in this, after all,!
may have committed an eri'or of judgment. From various causes
the valley did not proifress and imi)rove, from 1825 to 1835, as was
anticipated by almost all its friends. None changed their opinion
of its ultimate destiny — it was only a cjucstiou of time ; and in that
I had been mistaken.

From 1820 to 1830, a vast new country was thrown open by the
United States to emigration. Througiiout the whohf West, there
were numerous enticing places, holding forth their future })romises
toemigrants, besides the Maumee. During that time thousandsof emi-
grants passed through the Maumee V'^alley to Indiana, Michigan,
and other parts of the West; and it seemed as though tiiey pur-
posely avoided this valley. The ]>rincipal cause of this, was then
well known — the unhealthiness of the country. Since then sucli a
change has come over the healthiness of tiie country, that no one
who resided there during that time that I made it my residence,
could believe that it would become so far improved as it is at tho
present time. During the forepart of my residence there, the
amount of sickness arising from bilious complaints in the shape
'jf ague and fevers — intermittent and remittent of the most viru-
lent type, was often frightful. This sickness would commence iu
i^eptember and October, and last until some time in the cold
Weather of the coming kvinter. Those who have been in the
leountry some years would become acclimated, and would be ex-
lenipt from the eft'ect of the sickly season. But during the time I was
jthere, the stranger who remained there would be as certain to 1)6
jtaken down in the course of the sickly season as that he remained.
|1 have known whole families who came there in the spring of the

306

The late Count Cojffinberry.

year to be in the full every one of tliem taken down, so that there
would not be enough well persona to take care of those who were
sick. Yet, by ChristnniH and New Year, all this would be entirely
forgotten, and all would become jubilant and joyful. The old
citizens who had Vjeen there before the war of 1812, declared that
before the war, the country was healthy, and did not at all suffer
fronj bilious complaints. Without stopping to speculate upon the
question, how it came that the country was so much healthier before
the war, and lias so greatly impro\>'d in point of health since 1835,
I will only say that the character of the country for health from
18'<}0 to 1835, was the great cause of the delay in the rapid improve-
ment of the country, which, with the wet character of the lands in
the country l)ack from the river, cau-ed a delay in the settlement
and improvement of the country, and brought it almost to a stand-
still from 182.5 to 183,5. In the fall of 1830, I became utterly dis-
couraged, and so disappointed in my expectations, which were that
the country v/ould grow up as Toledo has since, that I came to the
reluctant determination to leave the country. I left there in
November, 1830, iii'ter a most determined struggle of ten years for
the interest and prosjjerity of the valley. A few weeks before Jno.
C. Spink, Esq., cam.- there as a resident lawyer, and occupied my
place and office ; whose memory still lives fresh in the recollection
of the present inhabitants of the country, and over whose decease,
they are ready, I doubt not, to bestow a sympathetic tear to his
many generous ([ualities and virtues.

I must now i lose, with the warmest and kindest feelings of respect
for those old citizens of the valley with whom I was so long identi-
fied in the struggle for the welfare and prosperity of the country,
and to them I bid an aflfectiouate farewell.

Thomas W. Powell.

COUNT OOFFINBERUT.

Conspicuous among the old time lawyers of the Maumee Valley,
and beloved l)y his professional brethren, and by all with whom he
came in contact, was the good (!ount Coffinberry.

He obtained his sobriqm'l by reason of his genteel address, and
uniformly nice apparel. In these personal matters. Judge Potter
was also, in those days, fastidious, and during his Judicial service.
accompanied often by roystering members of the bar, and tossea
about for lodgings in miscellaneous places, he would permit no ODe
to share his room and bed except the Count.

When traversing the circuit, the journeys always being on horse i
back, the Count carried in his portmanteau, or saddle-bags a con

The late Count (J(t(fliiherry.

;}07

lere
vere
rely

old

that

suffer

w the

let'ore

1835,

Trom
prove-
,nds in
lement
, stand-
rly dis-
are that
e to the
here in
years for
.ore J no.
pied my
•oUection
, decease,
ar to his

of respect

ig identi-

country,

Lowell.

liee Valley,
whom ii«

idresB, ani

Lge potter
Tial service,
land tosse"
Imit no one

on horse |
col-

IbagB

siderable war(lroV)e. It was during a heated term of the Hummor
solstice, when the roads were supposed U) have heeii exhausted of
water and mud, tiiat Judge 1 'utter. Judge lUggius, Mr. Cotliii berry.
Johu ('. Spink, James G. Haley, and some others, iett Uetiauce for
Kalida, to attend the opening of the Oonunon Pleas Court. The
good Count had decked himself in his best — lenriug no evil in the
torra of rain f)r of water or mud ; liut somehow, before the party
traversed those thirty (wo miles, bis apparel, su taultle.ss on starting
out, was in a condition when he readied Kalida to exhibit him as
the most sorry specimen of the whole party —the mud-marks upon
his linen being more conspicuous tbau those upon the coarser gar-
ments of his travelling companitms, and giving bis clothing the
general appearance of the unchangeable spots ol ilie leopard. He
was in ill humor with himselt. by i-eason of his piMsoual apj)earaiice,
when he entered ihe village; but iliecontenls ot his porLmauleau
enabled him l,oap|»ear next morning, as usual, "nice as a pin."

One who, during t,h»' lile-tiuie of Mr. Coffinberry. was a junior
member of the bar, Inrt since achieved eminence in his profession,
contributes the following ;

Andrew (^offinberry, Esq., was born at Martinsburg, Berkley
county, Virginia, August 20th, 17H8, where his grandpai-ents had
settled in IT.')**, having emigrated from Wirtembui-g and Strasburg.
He removed with his lather, George Coffinberry or (Jollinb7/v/«r. as
his German neighbors called him, to Ohio county, Virginia, in lliti),
and from then; to Chilicotbe, Ohio, in |stK); tlience to Lancaster,
Ohio, iu IH(>7. At this place he left his father and shipped for two
years in the naval service, and served his time under iiainbridge
and Hull, then rejoined his father, wlio had removed to Mansfield,
Ohio, in the fall of IHOS, or spring of ISItli. He remained with his
lather during the war of l!-'l*2-18, living sometimes in a log cabin,
and at others, when the settlement was menaced by hostile Indians,
in one of the two block -houses erected upon the public square of the
village. At the close ot the war he read law with John M. May,
Esq., at Mansfield, where he continued to reside until he removed to
Herryshurg, in 18;>t). For some years I)efore leaving Mansfield, he
regularly attended the sessions of the (. 'omraon Pleas and Supreme
Courts in ail or nearly all the counties of Northwestern Ohio, be-
I ginning with the organization of most of these counties, and conlin-
I uiug down to a few years before his death, which transpired at
[Findlay, Ohio, May 12, 1850.

We are not able to state definitely at what time he tirst began to
lattend the Courts of Wood and Lucas counties, but he was of counsel
jto Governor Lucas in tlie border controversy between the State of
lOhio and Territory of Michigan, and accompanied Governor Lucatj

308

2 he late Count Coffinberry.

in hifl military uxpeilitiou to the trontier, for the purpoue of vindica-
ting by the iDciyi'r nf Inillh; the title of the State ot Ohio to the har-
bor of Toledo, in tlu; Mpring of 1835.

There are but few of his coleinporaries left to bear testimony to
bis ability au a lawyer and his worth as a man.

But when it is understood that for almost half a century he was
associated in the practice of his profession with men of the character
and 'caliber of Thomas Ewing, Charles 11. Sherman, William ami
Henry Stanbcrry. Willis Silliman, Ebenezer Lane, Josiah Scott,
Orris Parish, T. W. Hartley, Jacob Parker, and Hosmer and Henry
B. Curtis; and in the later years of his life with Richard Cook, Geo,
B. Way, John C. Spink, Thomas W. Powell, Henry S. Commager,
D. O. Morton, M. H. Tilden, M. \i. Waite, and many others scarcely
less distinguished lawyers of the Maumee Valley; and that he was
beloved and honored by them without an exception, it is almost
superfluous for us to say that he was not only an excellent lawyer, an
honest, honorable man, but a great hearted, genial gentleman as well.

His boyhood was passed so entirely upon the extreme verge of
Western civilization, and so surrounded with the perils of Indiau
warfare and the vicissitudes of poineer litie, as to deprive him of the
advantages of early culture. He informed us that he had attended
school for but three months of his life, but by his own unaided ettbrts
he acquired a good English education, made considerable proticienoy
in the study ot the French and German languages, and became a well
read and thoroughly intelligent man. He was inditterent to the
acquisition of wealth, fearless and out spoken in the expression of
his convictions on all subjects, never united with a church, and never
became a member of any association, order or society of any kind.
He was without malice, and there was no taint of V)itterne8s or ill
nature in his composition, but he could not tolerate pedantry,
hypocrisy or humbug of any kind. He was faithful to all his en-
gagements, zealous and efficient in the cause of his client. If lie
ever had a hobby, it was his passion for the study and investigation
of geological science. His habits were always good, his life was
simple an<l pure, but amongst all his compeers no one enjoyed con-
vivial occasi(ms more than he, whilst his <|uaint wit and pleasant
temper contributed largely to the enjoyment ot others. Many good
stories are told of him. Having one night attended the wedding
party of his fr'ends John M. May and Miss Eliza Wolf, his 4 years
old boy appeared at his bedside at day break the next morning, and
called him to account for keeping late hours the night before. He
was told that his father and mother had been out until after midnight
helping May catch a Wolf. The urchin took to his trotters and made
a straight shirt-tail, (having no other garment on) for May's lodging,
where he promptly appeared shouting, "Mr May, 1 want to see your
Wolf" May replied "here she is, 'Gunner,' come and see her.'' The
urchin scrambled upon the bed and was fairly caught by "J^''
May's Wolf."

The late Covnit (Joffimherry.

309

ie was
aractev
m and
ScoU,
Henry
,k, Geo.
imager,
scarcely
, he was
I almost
(vyer, an
1 as well,
verge of
)f Indian
im of the
attended
ed eilbrts
roticieney
ine a well
It to tbe
.ressiou ot
and never

any ki""!'
lesH or ill-
pedantry,
all his en-

|ut. IH'^
■estigation

is lite was
joytd ^o"^'
i pleasant

^lany good

le wedding

.irt -I year*
irning, a"*
lefore. He
r midnigw
Is and made
'8 lodging'
Ito see your

— '' 'rh«

'Mr.

Being pitted against .Tndge Higgins, iit Kalida. in the defence of a
Blander siiit, tho Judge who was a vonerablo looking man, with a
pale face and hair as whitu as snow, cio.sed his spoeoh by reading
with solemn voice and reverent air. several versos from the liihle
condemnatory of the tongue of the slanderer, tfec. Apprehensive that
it was getting to be 'a solemn occasion for liis client, the Count
slowly rose to his feet, adjusted his spectacles, elevated his nose to
an angle of about 45 degrees, and in a most clerical tone addressed
himself to the(!ourt and said : " Your llon/^rti, sludl we si'nrf? " The
Judges struggled till they were black in the face to <!omi)ort them-
Relves with becoming dignity; but it would not do ; judges, jur.^rs,
lawyers and spectators were con vvilsed with laughter, but the Count
looked as solemn as a funeral, while Judge Higgins' unfortunate
client was being literally laughed out of ( 'ourt.

The Count and his son James were upon one occasion opposed to
Mch other in a trial before the Wood County Common Pleas, of a
suit brought to recover damages for deceit practiced in tin* sale of
a horse. A young gontleman of about his own age had given very
damaging evidence to the younger (/ofRnberry's case, an<l for the
purpose of belittling the witness, and having the jury understand
that he was but an inexperienced boy, James on cross examination
continually addressed him as •' George," which the Count thought un-
becoming in his son, and disrespectful to his intelligent witness.
Finally James said : 'George, won't you tell the Court and jury what
state of flesh that horse was hi ?" Whereupon the Count leaned over
the table towards his son, and whispered just loud enough to be
heard by everybody in the court room : "Jeems, ' that creetur was
probably in a state of horse Hesh." '" ,/n-t/is " subsided.

The writer of the foregoing, although possessing better opportu-
nities than any one living for a knowledge of the character of the
Count, is mistaken on one point. He fh'd belong to a secret society,
and on one occasion, as High Priest of the '' sublime order" of the
Thousand and One. during :i Court term at Findlay, was master of
the imposing ceremonies attending the initiation of the lale Ben.
Metcalfand ''the subscriber," then both residents of Kalida. into
the mysteries (if that wonderful organization. It was an impressive
scene, and one which the surviving witnesses will not forget, while
memory holds its seat.

General Hill, of Toledo, relates the following anecdote of the
Count :

The dignity and grace of the Count, in addressing a Court or jury,
were confipicuous, and even his attitude was very marked. In the
year 1840 he was the Whig candidate for the State Senate, and
Colonel William Sawyer, then a resident of Miamisburg, Montgom-

310

The (hunt on fl\e Stump.

ery ronnly, was \\\v Dcmocriitif caiiilidiitf for Con^roHs a^ainNf
I'titiick C-i. (iiftoiic. It \V!iH <liiriiiL; tlu' tiiiiioiiH "li.-ird ciflcr ami log
ca}»in'' <'Miiii|)aif;n, uiul party Npirit ran lii;j;li. ('(doiicl Sawyer, havirif;
Ix'cn advertised to adnrt'SH H nieetini^ at iMaumee dity, the iVienils
of Mr. Oortinherry t^halleiif^cd ^arvyer to eiij^aj^e in aj()iiit diHciission
to ho htdd at Perryshurii;. (^ohmel Sawyer promptly aeecptod thp
ehaUen/^e. Tlio o(hls were umM|ual, as the (%>imt, altlionujh a lawyer
of acknowiedu^ed power, jtossessed none of the elements wliieh lorm
the Huccc'ssful politician ; while Sawyer was an old eam])ai}xner, anfl
thoroughly posted on piihlie measures and party issues, and on all
the arts and devices of the politician, ruder the arrangement.
Sawyer made the oi)ening spi'ech. He charged upon the h'a<lers of
the Whig party that they weie aristocrats, i-ontrolling tlie hankiiic
and moneyed interests of tlu; country, and that their professed sym-
pathy with the real dwellers in log cahins was a sham and a fraud.
The wire-pidlers of tlu' Whig party, lie said, occupied the palaces
of the land, and weri' arrayed in purpU' and tine linen, | And here
he gave a significant glance at the Count himself, designed to con-
voy the intimation that hv was "one of 'em."]

"•As to myself." continued Sawyer, '' T was horn in a log cabin,
and I yet reside in a log cabin. My Vdacksmith shop, where, when
at home, my circjumstaiu'cs compel me to severe toil about twelve
hours out of the twenty-four, is a log cabin. My associations, sym-
patliios and hopes have ever been, and now ar(^ identified with the
pioneers of the country, and the occupants ot log cabins. C-an my
highly aristocratic tricsnd wlu; is to follow mv. in this discussion, and
who residef in a lordly mansion almost within sight of this audience
say this for himself'/''

Slightly embarrassed :md vexed, the Count rose, struck his
characteristic "attitude."" and commenced by deprecating the per
sonal allusions in which his friend. Colonel Sawyer, had thoughl
proper to indulge 'I'o get even with his opponent, he tossed liis
head back to a point that looked towards the zenith, and exclaiineii,
with great emphasis: '• Ye.-^. gentle;//^//, if there is any merit in hav
ing been li-a-r-ii in a log cabin, I. too, Mr. Chairman, and ladies
and fellow citizens, was born in a log cabin — in the firsf iwfdiiir!'
The latter part of the sentence beintr one that ho was accustomed t"
use in his opening addresses before courts and juries. This incidei,
virtually closed the political controversy between Mr. (Joffinberrj
and Colonel Sawyer, .and. for that campaign, at least, virtually
placed the former upon the retired list

A scene that iu our day W(uild l)e con.siderod rare in a. court i''"iin.
but one that, in the time it occurred, whs ii oharacteristic ejiisnd''
happened at the fall term of the Court of Common Pleas held in
Napoleon, in 1839, the first year of Potter's judicial service. The
Court at this time ocoupied the second floor over the kitchen and
dining rootn of the tavern kopt by General Leonard. This was a I

and prog
''minent
Airfher d
"fi^ompr
sfance— t
eje-^her
to a final
and extre
iiimselff .
and san^ii

'^as again]
labored faj

, to address I

, '^'len he hi

,'"« nianu8([

J '"? matter]

I «o arrangir

Court 8cme at NapoUo)).

811

linst
i lojT
vine

ll'Uils

8hion
I tho
iwyer
\ t(»rm
•r, and
on all

(Icrs <>t

.(1 Hvnv
•V fraud.

A\A her*'
, to ctm-

re, ■wl>''"

vviUi the

Can my

ssioii. anil

aiuVionce

eld I

1 10

I IV ice
;itchen

Tilt

This was s

story-ftud-a-half log house, covering about in hv *25 feot of ground.
The Court were seated uj>on a platform siiglitly elevated, at the end
of the room opposite tlu! narrow door-way and stair case ; and to the
right of the ('ourt sat, the jury, a nuigh-luoking, Ijut honest body
of men, as fully alive to th«^ responsibilities of their oaths, as any
twelve men who could probably now be selected to discharge the
same duties in Henry county.

The jury occupied a single row of puncheon scats, so placed that
they could rest their shoulders against the lo!,^ walls of the building
—something after the custom adopted for a class of boys and girls in
an old time spelling school.

The ease on trial was an old one — not as musty, probably, as the
ch"ncery suit (lescrii)cd by Dickens, "Jariulycc /'.s. .larndycc ; " yet
it had much (nlor of anti(|uity. ft w.is i'ainiliarly known to the old
habitues of the court sessions, and particularl to the clerk who
wrote the docket, as " Morehead vs Rohi: ; " and a ( t hat originated
in a claim of ydaintilT lor a pig, which he valued ,i iwo and a half
dollars. As near us can be ascertained, the claim w mmenced be-
fore a Justice of the Peace some time duriii;; the first (juarter of the
present century ; and Ji'dge Potter found this case upon his cal-
endar when he held his first Court at Napoleon. As regards both
parties to the controversy, it will be inferred, all reflections upon the
disputed title to the swine aside, that the litigation in its inception
and progress, developed in both adversaries (pialities savoring in an
eminent degree of pig-headedness. At this term, all ex]>edient,s for
further delays and postponements having been exhausted, and the
nneompromising belligerents having each expended nearly their "sub-
stance— the ''bottom dollar'' of both being then visible to the naked
eye— there was reason to believe that the conflict would be brought
to a final close. Defendant's counsel was an old and able Attorney,
and extremely punctilious on points of judicial decorum, (having
himself occupied the bench,) and was also possessed of a nmrcurial
and sanguine temperament. The oft-repeated testimony in the case
was again rehearsed and closed. The attorney for defendant bad
labored faithfully for his client, and it now became in order for him
to address the jury. It was his habit to wear spectacles not only
when he had occasion to refer to and read the law authorities and
his manuscript notes, but also during the time occupied in expound-
ing matters to the jury, which he had a peculiar style in adjusting,
BO arranging them that one of the glasses would cover au eye, while

312

Cryt/rt Scene at NwpoleoT}..

the other wonld hr tmncd downward, and rest upon his cheek.
Hence he would only ".^o one eve'' on the jury, or on any other
given object. It was also his custom to select a single juryman, and
concentrati' his look and speech upon .lim alone. This he was partic-
ular to do in the present instance.

But it so hajipened that at one end of the range of puncheon seats
occupied by tlie jnry, and tha tend the head and most conspicuous,
as well as most convenient to the grotes(iue vision of the attorney,
there Avas a vacant space just large enough to seat another man. A
spectator who had heconie weary of standing upon his feet, discov-
ered this opening, and at a moment when the lawyer had paused in
his address, jind was engaged in a seai'ch for some laAV authority on
the table before him, this '* sovereign " quietly took possession of the
vacant place. The attorney lifted his countenance from the bonk,
having read his authority: and, not discovering that one had been
added to the lawful number of jurymen, resumed his address:

"Gentlemen of the jury, " [looking full in the face, through both
eyes — one, as usual, naked, and the other clothed with a lens — at the
raw recruit, whom he bad mis<^aken for one of the jury, and, jud;:-
ing from his conspicuous position, very likely the foreman], " Gen-
tlemen of the jury. T Wiint to know whnt this man," [meanino;. nf
course, the plnintift.] " has come into Court for? Why is he here;
Now, T repeat, ger tlemen of the jury, why is he here?"

The self-chosen juror, not doubting that these high -soundini:
interrogatories were addressed to any other than himself, made hastf
to utter a tremendous oath, that fairly "roared in the index'' — tiiert
were some })rofane, Aiilgar people in those days, as there are raanv
now —

"I'm around, sir, a witness: liave been hero these three dav;,
waitin' for my fees, and nary a dime can I git. ThaPa what I'm
here fori Pay me my witness fees, sir, and I'll git out. "

The attorney was shocked, dumbfounded, and very tremendoiisif
insulted. An explosion by members oi' the bar, bench, and «>thcP
was imminent. The Court put on its most elaborate marble froii'
The brethren of the bar, among whom were the genial and niir'i
loving Count CofRnberry, James G. Haley and John C. Spink, strn?j
gled manfully to maintain the proprieties; — broad grins oversyj
owcu some of the countenances of the jury and spectators; wh'i'J
the unconscious offender sat as one suffering from a inomentary fsrj
alysis. The irate counsel, choking with passion, and losing sight.isj

The late John C. Spink.

313

other
n. and
partic-

>n seats
ncuous.
tt-orney.
^an. ^
. discov-
iuset\ in
lority on
on of tht'
[lie bciok
had he«'n
'88 :

,,^s__at the
an(i ]"(!?■
.1 ''Gen-

-aniu?. ^f
he here':

•soumlw?
made haste

,y are nwny

three day*'
what I'm

the paii,c;s of his exacerbation, of the wealth of humor involved in
the scene, demanded the protection of the Court, and the condign
puiiiHlunent of the «»fTend''rI This appeal was promptly c<miplied
with by Judge Potter, so far as to say to the man :

" My friend, you will please lind a situation a little lower down,
and leave this space to the jury. "

And thus ended this commin^j^lod tempest of vvrath and merri-
ment, antl the attorney, after a while recovering his equanimity,
proceeded with his address to the jury.

John C. Spink was one of the most br.lliant and genial lawyers in
the Maumee Valley. Prior to his removal hither, his residence had
been in Wooster, of which city his family were pioneers, and held in
hijjh t'sneein. W. V. Way, Es(|., of IVrrysburg, communicates the
following:

"Some time in the fall of 1834. I was at the old court house, on
Front street, a.ud Spink was riding past on an Indian pony. I had
some Inisini^^s with him. and re(|uested him to stop. He replied
that he had an engagemeiit at Sloane's tavern, on the o])posite side
of the strei't. and requested that I cross over there, where we would
iransuet our business. I informed Spink that his re([uest was un-
rcasoiuiblc owing, to the condition of the streets, (at that time there
«vre neither side-walks nor cross-walks, and a sea of mud extended
f^m the court house t'l Sloane's) and in order to reach there J
should be eoiu]»elled U> walk a great distance around, Spink, in a
joking way, said that I should get up behind him, on the pony, and
ridr iieros's. I seconded the joke, and sprang on: my feet, after get-
tint,' on, reaching to the gronnd. I had scarcely nuninled wlieii the
puiv eommenced kicking, and jiracticing a lively double- sli utile —
[ihino;iiin- ,)„t into the depths of the sea of mud and water: but it
was too hue for me to ijot off without ffoinsf to mv knees in the mud.
■^IMiik headed the pony for the tavern, and the beast persisted in
doing jnst wliat might have been expected of him, if he had b(>er
liiiliiloini: at the bar, and abunt leaviiig thet:ivern. The farther we
progressed, the more frantic became the kicks of the pony, until we
l?i>t noarly across the street, aiul wh(>re the mire was deepest, when
h^pink and inyse. f wtu'e tossed over the animal's head into a world of
[tniiilile. Wheti we straightened up, we found ourselves completely
Imiul-olad. Spink's face was in a eoiulition to destroy identificalion
jl'v liis most intiuial'' friends, and even his mouth was lilh'd. My
lown plight was equally sorry. As .;oon as he could speak — both of
I'ls stiiiulino; iu the inir.' facing each other — he stretched himself up
Bs though li>- were in court, and about to utter the great sentence
ioiitivo of triumph in his case, and shouted : 'Way. if we /lavc been
lowniL' in the mud like iwi> silly lioys, we have the proud satisfac-
Poii of knowing that we are the two fir^t lawyers in the county' —

314

Cofinherry and Spink,

the point of which consisted in the fact that we were the only prac-
ticing lawyers in the county at that time."

Mr. Way also relates the following on the authority of Joshua

Chapjiel, who commenced his residence in Perrysburg in 1817:

"In 1819 a man was owing Jacob Wilkinson a debt of about nine
dollars, payable in tish at the next lishing season. The season
came, and the fish were caught; but the debtor sold them, and
pocketed the proceeds. Failing to meet his promise, Wilkinson
called uptm him, but could attain tio other satisfaction than that if
he wanted the fish, he must catxili them himself. In those days there
was gn^at leniency on the part of ci'edi tors towards poor debtors who
could not pay, although the law imprisoning for debt was then in
force. Wilkinson considered this man a fit subject for the extreme
rigors of the law, and sued him — took judgment, and got ont hcam
— and had the debtor arrested, supposing that he would pay the
small amount, rather than go to jail. Wood was then attached to
Champaign county for civil purposes, and TTrbana, about 150 miles
distant, was the county seat, to which point tlu^ debtor would have
to be taken to comply with the writ. The constable started with the
prisoner, furnishing him a horse to ride. They proceeded through
the woods, having nothing but an Indian trail to follow, by the wav
of Fort Findlay. At this time there was not a white inhabitant
living between the toot of the rapids and Findlay. When they
reached [Irbana, the jailor refused to receive the prisoner, without
payment of a week's boai'd in advance, as the law provided. The
constabU', not having anti(;i{)ated this demand, was not provided
with the I'umls, and returned home with the prisoner in hiscompanj.
It is said the constable's bill against Wilkinson for services and
expenses amounted to a little above !i!l')0. "

This case illustrates the disadvantages the early settles labored
under in judicial proceedings; and particularly presents a strong
case where a man going to law may have the right on the merits, yet
get badly beaten on the execution.

There were several non-resident lawyers who traveled with the
Presiding Judge from county fo county through the circuit. They
were commonly called circuit, lawyers. The most prominent were
Andrew Coffinberry and James F'urdy, both then residents of Mans-
field. Spink was the very embodiment of humor, and woidd turn
every incident into fun. He was a genial and happy man in the
society of those who could appreciate him. Count Coffinberry ^vsj.
to all external appearance, as grave as a clergyman ; yet he possessed
a remarkable degree of humor, and only required some genius to draw
his fire, and fun would begin in earnest. And just such a genius wa;
Spink. Both were endowed with rare gifts, and each seemed par-

Old Court scenes at Perryshurg.

315

out nine
; season
em, and
'ilkinson
yii that it
lays there
3tors who
IS then in
e extreme
mtaMSffl
L pay the
,tached to
150 miles
'onUl have
■d with the
■d through
l)y the way
inhabitant
Vhfu they
er, without
ided. The
it provided
,8 conapany.
irvices and

ficiilarly formed for the other; yet two beings more unlike are
rarely found.

tlach term of Court in Wood county was a carnival of fun for the
lawyers. The Presiding Judge and circuit lawyers always put up at
Spatford's E.xcliange, where the Judge occupied habitually the best
sleepinir room in the house, a capacious apartnient in the northwest
corner, ovt'r the l);ir nxun, (o wliiidi tlu; lawyers resorted nightly for
asocial lime. The ConnI, Spink and Way were the chief actors.
Way was not naturally humorous, but the Count and Spink had
a way of playing about aiul making him funny in spite of himself,
and the three constituted a capital theatrical stock company, inclu-
ding the orchestra, in which the Count represented the bassoon,
Sjiink ilic violin, and May the trombone, while the Judge would
act as stage manager. These entertainments were the most brilliant
and hilarions during the time that our friend Judge Potter presided
over the circuit. The Judge always preserved inviolate his dignity
on the bench, but like a popular country school master would play
with the hoys out of school hours, and joined heartily it', the laughs
whieh his rai'e fund of hutnor always produced. The Judge some-
times opened the enl( rtainment by singing his favorite song of
'Ijord Level '' which was always received with tremenduous a}>plause.
,iiid the ('««)rrt frequently responded to by ''Kusin the Bow,'' in
which he was inimitald;'.

Major McMillen and Ralpii 0. Koeler resided in the county at this
lime— Kceler near the prescMit, village of Weston, for wlii'in the
Keeler prairie was named, and McMillen about four miles south of
Keeler ill Milton township -and were about the first settlers in their
respective neighborhoods. In those days the inhal)it!inls were so few
in tile country that, a large proportion of the population was neces-
iiary to make up the two juries and witnesses; consequentlv they
W'M-e very often obliged to come to Perryshurg during the perioilical
terms of Court, but quite as frequently their love ol fun brought
them to enjoy t!ie holiday merrinienl. of the " Bur Theatre." These
•iitertaniments were tisnally limited to the lawyers, but the rare
S'H'ial fpialities and wit of Keeler and the Major, secured them a
i'laee among the favm-i'd few. On one of these occasions, Keeler
emphatically declared he had attained the very finale of happiness,
ind when the Count had concluded one of his happiest renditions of
;"'bipiter in love with the Mermaid, " Major McMillen pitched from
"•IS chair, rolled on the floor, kicked up his heels and sang out,

i! Ill

316

The late John 0. Spink.

"scripture says ' woe auto you, lawyers,' but if this is the way you
enjoy lifo in this world, you can well afford to endure a little scorch-
ing In the next. ''

Our i(Ood host, Jarvis Spafford, was usually a participant in these
festivities . when not engaged in pn-paring hot punches lor the
performers.

Spink was a successful lawyer. Although not possessing the habit
of great industry, he had a keen perception of the winning point in
his cases, and seldom failed to make it aviulable, especially in thf
defence of criminals.

He used to say he was unlike other lawyers, in liaving become a
practitioner without making the usual " maiden speech " at the, hnr,
but that he made his maiden speech before an nidiienrc of maiim
in the swamp between Porrysburg and Fjower Sandusky iiiulcrtlif
following cireumstanc(-S : Soon after he was adtnitti'd, but h fore
commencing practice, he was traveling over the Black Swamp road
in company with a young clergyman, Avhose professioniil pin feiithfr.;
were of about ecpial length witb his own, and they pur up togetherat
a tavern at Sugar Creek, a few miles west of the present town of
Fremont.

At. that time the roiid had not been MeAdami/.ed and was one of
the very wors^ to tnivel. but it was, however, used a great deal.
Taverns were all small, log buildings and travelers were (sompelled
to nut up with whatever accommodations tliey could" find.

It was liite when Spink and his companion reached the tavern;
supper was over, and the house crowded with moving families, hut
the landlord, having an eye to prolit. assured them of com fortatilf
quartifs, whi(^h they gladly acct?pted. During the preparation of
supper, the movers were stowed away for sleeping, as well as possible.
though there was but one bed in the house unoccupied by the family.
'I'his spir> bed room being th^' cleanest, the female movers nvre
as.-igned tlie floor on which to make th.'ir beds, of their own bcddiiip
while the bed was reserved for the newly arrived professional jjentle-
men. The room was small, and dimly lighied by a smouldering tiiv
when they were assigned their bed, to wliich they were compelled t^
make way through a sea of women. Arriving there, rhey discavemij
the faces of the women all turned upon them, and themselve.« nnaW'
to elude their embarrassing vgazi". How to proceed was a prohljinj
they could not readily solve, as this was their first adventure in J j
ij6w count^ry, involving undressing in presence of women.

Judge James M, Cofinberry.

ay you
scorch-
in these
fur the

he habit
point ir
,ly in the

become a
it the. hnr,
f mniikr^
under th(
hvit h'fore
v'.ivnp road
,in t't'iitber?
toirptherat
nt town of

\viis ont' M
groat deal.
compelled

il.

,hc tavern;

|lmili('!^^ hut

inifortiililf

piiration "f

as possible.

the family,
overs were
,vn bocldiiit;.

)nal gen<l^-
iihlcrinsfii''

oinpelh'd t"
■y aiscoveve^ j

Is a ri-obkirJ
L-entnreiBM

At length the minister calmly pulled off his coat and asked Spink
to hold it stretched out in both hands l)etweeii him and the women,
which he did, and tiie minister ((uietly got into bed, covered up and
left his legal companion to escape from the difficulty as he best
might, Spink was sorely perplexed. He could not get the landlord
to come and hold the coat for him, us he had already retired. To
get in ivith his pantaloons on was out of the question as they were
covered with mud and wet. Had each face been a poiiited musket
to be discharged the instant he should be divested of his lower gar-
ments, he could have been little more terrified. Finally, reflecting
ihiit, as a lawyer, he must '>e compelled to make his living by his
wits, lit- determined t(j make then and there his ''■Maiden Speech'"'
to the fair occjupants of the tloor, which lie proceeded to do in about
the following language. " Ladies, this is my bed, and I am without
means of screening myself from your observation. This is my tir^t
introduction to new country life. Probably it is yours also, as you
appear to be moving. 1 hope you will not impute to me rudeness,
but 1 will esteem it a great favor if you will duck your heads while
I get into bed. " Every face di.^appeared, while he retired unharmed

tu meditate on his folly in having aioakeaed the duinberiny beauties

by his speech.

The following sketch of Judge Coftinberry is taken from a work
entitled " Kepreseiitative iVleu of Cleveland "

•' James M. Cdtfinberry, son of Andrew, or the good " Count, '' is ;i
native of Manslield, Ohio, having been born in that town in 1818.
He studied law with his father, who was then located at Perrysburg,
ill the Western part of the state, and upon his admission to the bar
in 184], opened a law oflicc^ in connection with his father in Maumee
City, He Very early obtained the public confidence, being apprecia-
i;ed for hi,s high pei.sonal and prolVs.sional integrity, and giving
I'vidence (d' £ne abilities as a lawyer and advocate, he was elected
and served as Prosecuting Attorney for Lucas county for several
years. About the year 1845, he removed to Hancock county, and
purchased and edited the Findlay Herald, a whig jjaper of that day,
and for about ten years |)racticed his )trofossion with credit and suc-
'••'ss ill tile large circuit of Hancock, Allen, Putnam, V^an Wert and
W(jud counties.

''In 1855, he removed to Clevtland, where he entered very readily

! into a good practice, and for six years confirmed the good reputation

*hich he urought with him, and took high rank at the bar which

numbered among its members some of the best lawyers in the State.

i ;

318

Judge James M. Cofinberry.

"In 1861, he was elected Jud^eof tiieCovirt of Common Pleas,
and performed the duties of the oftlcc for liis full term of fiw years,
with credit to himself and to the eminent satisfaction of tin- piililie,
and an appreciative Jjar. The kind and genial traits, elinraelei-
istic of Judge Cofllinberry's mind, and his quiet manners upon tin-
Ijeiich made it always agreeahle for both lawyers and Hiiiior.s duini{
business in his Court. His charges lo iln' jury wen- always plain,
clear and forcible, and in the coursi- of his jmiicial si-rxicc, lir dt-jiv-
ered some very able (Opinions, verba! and wiitbn wliicli elicited the
favorable consideration of the profession, and it is uiulerstool that iin
judicial opinion pronounced by him has ever been reversed on revi.w
by a higher court. The charge to tlie jury on the trial <it' Dr. .Jnim
W. Hughes, for the murder of Tamzi^ Parsons, of Bedford, which
took place in December, 1865, was acknowledged by the t!lpvclu.id
bar to be one of the ablest ever delivered from the Ciiyiihogii heinii.

"Judge Coffinberry is renuirkable foi' an apparently intuitive per-
ception of legal truth, which gives to his ai'gumcnt at the liar, and
as a lawyer and Judge, to his opinions, a tone of (»rigiuality. Hh
has a fine appreciation of the learning of the profession, and le
regarded as among the best advocates of the rjhveland bar.

"Judge Coffinberry has been successful in almost every undertit-
king, and has richly deserved it. ''

[Transcript from the docket of John Amstutz, of Kichlami

Township Allen (.■ounty. J

a e lo ^ Criminal action of an assault in a menacing manner,

J y% (June ^9, 1867.

Levi Tope. )

This day appeared before me, J(din Amstutz, a Justice of flie
Peace of said county, Isaac JS. Mark and made oath by an affidavit
that Levi Tope assaulted and struck at him m a menacing manner.
Therefore, the said Isaac N. Mark was the complainant, and saidLvi
Tope the defendant. A State warrant was thend'ore issued forthwith
against said Levi To})e, defendant, and Ihe same was delivered by
said Isaac N. Mark, complainant, to William Lewis, regular Consta-
ble of Richland township, in said county. There was also a sub
poena, on reijuest of said complaiiumt. issued for State witnesses
against Joseph A. Murray, I. McHenry, Charles E. Wilson, Georgt!
Burget, John Kenton, 'rhomas Murray, Ira Town.seud, Erastus
Thompson and (Jeorge Kanu;r, All said witnesses were conmiiuukd
to appear forthwith, July 1, 1857. The said Levi Tope, defendaut.
appeared before me, at about half past /line o'clock, and requested
me to issue a subpoena against A. W. Rokatch, Ebenezer Rus.sell, Si-
Wui. F. McDermott, Wm. Vance, Peter K. Mummer, Ralph Ewing.
Samuel Whissler, John Fenton and Thomas Fenton. Said witnesses

Odd Cases hefwe the (hurts.

3iy

Pleas,

yeavs,
tulilu',
ructer-
1)11 the
^ ill ling
■; plain,
(• (li'liv-
ily*l the

tluit nu

I VfViv'W

)i-. Juhn
il, winch

llt-vcUud
;;ii IhMh'I

itive per-

bar, and

Ally. He

1. ami 15

• uinl'ivta-

Riclilaiui

manner.

were commanded to appear forthwith, and were intended by the
defendant to defend him before tlie .Justice's Court.

Defendant likewise made a motion if I would want another Justice
of the Peace assist me, in the proceedings of the action, that matter
was therefore accepted by me. I therefore issued a notice to George
W. Goble, a J- P. in said townshi)) of Richland.

Complainant gave himself and Krastus 'rh()mj)son bails on a bond,
taken and atiknowledged before me for the costs of the action if the
State should fail. Past 3 o'clock same day, witnesses appeared.
Said George W. Goble, my assistant, also appeared. Wm. Lewis,
Constable, made his returns. I therefore made it known before we
went into trial, to the complainant, and to all the presence, that I
will have said Goble as my assistant, in every respect during the
trial, stating the reasons such, that things appear to me to be tick-
lish, and dubious and critical ; that I would only have to bear half
oftht burdens, if I should go either way. It was therefore accepted
by the complainant, and by the defendant, likewise before the pres-
ence, that said Goble may be my assistant during the action in
every respect.

The trial therefore began by asking Levi Tope, defendant, whether
he was guilty or not guilty of the fact charged against him. He
therefore pleaded " not guilty. " Therefore witnesses on behalf of
the State, were duly sworn. Also, \. N. Mark, complainant, was
3worn. I. N. Mark, complainant, was the first witness to testify ;
then George Burget, Charles E. Wilson, and Erastus Thompson.
The balance were not called to testify. Then the witnesses for de-
fendant were sworn. John Fenton, Wm. Vance and Peter K.
Mummer and another testified. The balance were not called. After
the testimony, allegation, examination and re-examination of the
witnesses and proceedings on behalf of the State, and for the defend-
ant, of the whole testimo)iy, John Ewing, Esq., attorney of com-
plainant, opened the pleading deliate. Charles N. Lamison, Esq.,
pleaded for defendant, and Isaac N. Mark, complainant, closed the
matter.

After that, I, John Amstntz, and George W. Goble, my assistant,
stepped off in a separate I'oom, to consider on the matter, to render a
judgment according to testimony. After the absence of about half
an hour, we concluded that the complainant, like defendant, were
alike, in our consideration, offence in fault. The complainant, we
finded him to be in the offence of provoking defendant; and the
defended, we linded him \» be in the oftence of assaulting the com-
plainant. Therefore, our pure judgment would be to discharge de-
Itudant, and each of them would have to pay his own CDsts, or the
jlialfof tlui whole costs, provided, if they are satisfied, and confess
on it— that is to say, as the law gave us no power to give that kind
ofa composing judgment, what we considered to be the purest judg-
ment accordingvto our consideration. We therefore considered that
I we will offer our pure judgment to the parties. Therefore I offered

820

Odd Casen before the (JourU.

IK'i

the saitl judgiiient to the parlies, and th-y would iiucopt it, tor the
costs inatttr; hut tlic coiiiplaiiuiiit »Viiut that tlie di'leiuLiiit slmll
confess that he did wnuig, ncvertholus.s the conipluirumt. iMnlcs.scd
hetbre the whole crowd, tliat lie was sorry towards tlie d( I'tndiiiit.
But defendant would not confess, and coini)lainant would not witli
draw iiis motion. Blven I offered hini to sutler loss .-I' my wlinlc

wr will diseluu'i'i tiic dttleiHlani

fees. We tiierefore considered tiiat

and th(! complainant will have to pay the costs. Tlierefor.'. ii

I Ii

111 sIkiI

name of us both, 1 discharge the di'lendant. and (•om|)laina
pay tin- costs of the whole action, and thi.^ was our liiial jml^^inciu,
and all what we could do according to law in this case. But, I, Ibr
my part, will never consider it a pure judgment aceonling to ihr
whole transactions and circumstances between the eomplainant uiid
defendant, as both })arties tresspassed the civil action of reasonable
men, and they ought to ])ay for it alike, as lessons.

This transcript was given to the comjilainant on hisri<|UesL Hi)
intention is to reverse the judgment of this action; but the trans-
cript itst.'lf will show that 1 was trying to act in a way that niiglil
perhaps jiroduct^ more than this coi.ise. As a matter of coiuw, 1
want to be satislied as sooii as possible before I am requii'ed to iusuc
execution ; and that by the County ('Irrk, and under seal. I do uoi
care about my fees. 1 said once that I would sutler my fees, and 1
say that yet, if I only can produce peace among my fellow-citizens.
I therefore will not charge any fees to the complainant for this
transcript; as he has already trouble enough. It shall be free jrratis.

Yours very respectfully,

Jon>i Armstutz.

When Judge Hitchcock held his tirst term of the Supreme Court
in Tiffin, Joshua Seney was Clerk of the Court. On the day fixed
for the term, and when the Judge was expected, Mr. Keen and Mr,
Seney were sitting in the Clerk's office ; and the latter, looking (fUt
of the window, observed a rough looking person approaching tlie
office, and, taking him for the same one who had been annoying
Mr. Keen for the sale of a lot of hay, observed : '' Now, as 1 am a
sinner, if there isn't that same villainous old Irishnuiu coming to
torment us again about that hay." Soon the offensive person en-
tered ; the two occupants of the room continuing their coiiveM
tion, and neither suggesting a seat to tlie intruder, but expectiUj'
every moment to hear a re-opening from the Irishman (if the jiesti-
ferous hay business. Mr. Seney became (ionsiderabiy embarnisjt'J
when the person approached his desk, and, very politely, but in tW
bearing and tone of voice of one clothed with authority, inquired:
" Is the docket of the Supreme Court in thiij office r* I would like
to see it."

Kotei^ on the Old Bench ami liar.

321

Although hiibited in very similiir olotliing, and bfiiring upon his
lii'iul an almost cxaot chiplioiito of the old straw hat worn by the
Irislinian, tho stranger, it was now on closer scrutiny ((uite clear,
wus iinno other than Judge Hitchcock himself.

The late Judge Metctilf would relate the following: Under the
iinoioiit regime in good old Virguiia, the mother of Scates and of
Lawyers, the fundamental law of that Commonwealth raised the
senior justice of the peace of the county to the dignity of Sheriff. An
old gentleman, who had passed through the several grades of justice
aiul fuially attained to the SherifJ'alty, determined to cast his lot
acroiis the border, on Ohio soil, and engage in law practice. With
tliis view, and under the impression that by virtue of the official ex-
pTiouce above mentioned, he would be competent to discharge the
Juties of an attorney before any Ohio Court, he eonlidently demand-
ed admission to the bar in the county he had selected for his resi-
dence. He WHS advised, however, that under the Ohio system, as in
Virginia, it would be necessary that he enter his name with a lawyer
and pursue a course of studies for a terra of years, when he could
obtain a certificate from his preceptor, which would form the basis
tor his ajiplication to the Court for admission to the bar. Accord-
ingly he entered his name, but under the unshaken conviction that
he possessed a better knowledge of law than the average of Ohio at-
torneys, he concluded that the only point with him was to put in the
time, and that actual study was unnecessary. The two years having
expired, he made application to the Court, and soon found himself
before a Committe of the bar. A few questions relating to elemeu»
tary principles of law were proi)osed to him, to none of wliich was he
enabled to return satisfactory answers. The Virginian, finally, in
much perplexity, observed : " I tell you what it is, gentlemen; / never
(/tW pretend to be much of a Blackstun lawyer, but you once take
me on the Virginny statoots, and you'll lind me thar," He retired
from the disgusting ordeal in high and dignified dudgeon.

In 1857 a new Sheriff was inducted into office in Allen county. He

hvasmuch inclined to waggery, and plumed himself upon his success

111 the practical jokes he would get off on his friends. Judge Robb,

[who habitually takes everything in good humor, and had been in sev-

jeral instances his victim, devised the following retaliatory scheme :

322

Notes on the Old Bench and Bar.

Seeking a conversation with the new officer, ho informed him that it
was th(^ sMiiillest number of Sheriffs who understood the true form of
opening Court. " Now," suid Ilobb, "while our Democrats may
not like the English government and people altogether, it must
nevertheless lie admitted that we are indebted to our British ances-
try for the fundamental principles of our admirable system of juris-
l)rudence. The more closely we adhere to their venerated forms,
the more imposing and sublime appears the administration of
justice." The Sheriff concurred in this view, and the Judge then
proceeded to drill the officer as to tlie true method of opening Court
— and having h'arned to "speak his piece,'' Judge Metcalf and the
bar aiul spectators were electrified next morning to hear the new
Sheriff proclaim, in stentorian voice, in response to the order to open
Court;

" Oh yes I oh yes ! ! oh yes ! ! ! All manner of persons having any-
thing to do with this Court of nisi priiis, held in this county of
Allen, will draw near and give attention. God save the Queen!"

At the April term, in 1847, of the Mercer county Court, a hog
case was tried before Judge Patrick G. Goode. The arguments of
counsel had been concluded, the charge of the Court had been made,
and tlie case submitted to the jury within a few minutes of the regu-
lar dinner hour, and they ordered into their room. The Court then
adjourned until after dinner. Within a few minutes one of the
jurymen, Cyrenius Elliott, (then a rough-hewn specimen, but withal
a young man possessing more than average ability and coolness.)
entered the room of the hotel where the Judge was seated. The
latter regarded Elliott with much surprise, and excitedly inquired;
" What are you doing here ? Have the jury agreed ?

"Jury agreed ? " hissed Elliott ; "you must be a simpleton to ask
the question. You must understand, Pat Goode, that I don't believe
much in the divine right of Kings, or in the infallibility of Courts.
when run f)y such men as yourself. Your riglit way was to have let
us had our dinner? before sending us into the jury-room — knowing.
as you must, if you had good sense, that jurors have stomachs and
bowels as well as judges and lawyers."

The Judge, in a towering rage, threatened that his first business,
immediately after the re-assembling of the Court, would be to visit

N'ntfs on the Old Bench and Ba/i'

.^2n

at it
m of
may
must
inct'8-
juris-
forms,
:)n of
;o then
Court
iiul the
,he new
to open

ing any-
mnty of
eenl"

Irt, a hog

[iments of
■en made,
the regtt-

lourt then

,ne of the

,ut withal

coolness,)

;d. The

inquired ■•

Iton to %^
In't believe
1 of Courts.
|to have let
-knowing-
aachs ani

It business.
be to tisit

ii])()n Elliott the severest peniilticsof tlic hiw ; to vvhioli the juryman,
widi mueh snnfi f'rnid responded, Miiit it vviis not neccssiiryfor him to
wait until iif'ter the meetinj^^ of tiu? ('ourt to miike a more llagrant
Mii^'gins of himself than he iiad already shown himself to be.

Upon re-opening Court, however, the Judge, rellecting that the
law was inadequate to jiunish, us he thon<jfht Ihey deserved, the re-
cusant jurors, made the disposition of the case as exi)lained below in
the Mercer County Standard:

" Abraham Miller, of this place, happened to be one of the famous
twelve, and when the Court had re-assembled in the afternoon, the
Judge, after censuring those of the jurymen who had appeared in
the Court room, lor their conduct, and after some hesi ation as to
what disposition to make of the case, ordered it to be recorded,
which closed as follows : and. the jury not being able to agfee, du-
pem'd ; and the rase was continued to the next term. Th ; next term
of court ordered "that the defendant go hence without diy," and so
the matter has slept until the la^^t term of Court, when Mr. Miller
was ushered into the jury box by theSherifl", whereupon Mr. LeBlond
who was attorney for the defendant in the case in 1847, objected to
him on the ground that a man couldn't serve as a juryman on two
cases at the same time. Judge Mackenzie intimated that a man
who was unable to make up his mind in twenty-four years was hard-
ly competent to sit on a jury ; however, he was permitted to remain
till the linal disposition of the case; but the fact still remains that
the jury which went out in 1847, has never returned into court."

And at this point, in these random notes, as illustrative, in some
degree, of the judicial practice in primitive times, we cross the Ohio
border into the Indiana portion of the Maumec Valley, and relate
the following on the authority of Judge John Morris, now of Fort
Wayne — authority that may be accepted as unquestionable :

Arial Walden, a most excellent man, noted for his intense venera-
tion of Henry Clay, was among the first settlers of DeKalb county.
His education was limited, but he could read, and had read every-
thing within his reach that in any way related to Clay. To him
Clay was in fact the great embodiment, not alone of Whig pi'inciples,
but of the Constitution and everything valuable in our institutions.
Walden had memorized many of Clay's speeches, which had inspired
him with a deep reverence for the Constitution. He read and re-read
the sacred instrument, and always, as he declared, with increasing in-
terest and devotion. He regarded the expunging resolutions and the

S24

Notea on the Old Bench and Bar,

driiwing of the black lines across the Senate journal as a wanton
aiul oiitrugi'oiih violation of the Constitution. Tiie pet banks of
Jackson and the sub-trcusury sysli^m of Van Buren, ho looked upon
as menacing the very existence of our free institutions. If his best
and most cherislu'd frieiul spoke lightly or irreverently of the Con-
stitution, he ' "nu'd him at once, regarding him us the enemy
of his count nd but little better than Jackson, Calhoun or
Benton.

Walden was. nevertheless, a kind-hearted, amiable man, and gen-
erally tolerant of the opinions of others. He would listen patiently
to any criticiism of his views upon religion or any other subject, save
thatolCIiiy iind thi^ Constitution. Upon these two subjects there
was no i^>(»rn for debute. The ConsMtution was just what Clay s;iid
it WHS ; the expunging resolutions, the pet banks, the sub-treasury
were clear violations of it. Jackson, Calhoun and Benton and their
associates were traitors. His devotion to Clay was looked upon as a
sort of infatuation, and did not at all affect his popularity among his
neighbors, though they were generally opposed to Clay. Finally,
Wulden was 'ken up by the people of the county and elected to the
otlice of A.' te Judge. He was an honest and zealous, if not a re-

markably ... .gent Judge. Lawyers soon found out that with
Walden on the bench, the Constitution was the "supreme la of
the land," and that he who could appeal to it, was sure to win.

In 18-fO, there was, among a half dozen causes pending in DeKai
county, a slander suit which attracted unusual intenst. The pre-
siding Judge, who was always a lawyer, had gone home ; the associ-
ate Judges, (two of them.) who were not lawyers, were holding the
Court. The slander suit came on for trial. One of the best lawyers
of tlie State appeared as counsel for the plaintifT, and Messrs. Coombs
and Colerick, of Fort Wayne, for the defendant.

The plaintiflTs case was clearly made out, and the defence, so far as
the evidence was concerned, was a complete failure. The counsel
for the plaintiff expected a verdict for a reasonable amount of damages
at least. But his client was personally unpopular, and, as sometimes
happens, especially in a new country, the jury, without regard to the
evidence, found for the defendant. All were surprised, and none
more so than the defendant and his counsel.

Mr. H , counsel for the plaintiff, as soon as the verdict was

read, moved the court for a new trial. He demonstrated the injus-

Noti'R on the Old Bench and Bar.

325

)eK.ai»
he pre-

associ-

iiig the

awyors

Coombs

80 far a3
counsel
Uiniages
[metimes
Id to the
lud none

Idict was
he injus-

tice of tlie vordiot, and Bomewliut ( )iifi(lontly and imperiously de-
miindod that il, be set aside at onco.

The coMiisi'l for the (h'teiidant whisfu'red a fow words of oojisul-
tatioii, wlien Mr. (.'oonibs, assuininjf an imiisiial (h'f^Mve of gravity,
arose and addressed the court substantially as follows :

"May it please your Honors : The counsel for the plaintiff is a
gentleman of ni'Uih learning and ability, for whom we have all here-
tofore entertained the greatest respect. He is fatiiiliar with the ('on-
stitution, that great palladium of human rights, and to it he owes
the right to ajtpear before this Honorable C-ourt. Imagine, there-
fore, my surprise to iind him standing before this tribunal and
audaciously demanding that your Honors shall deliberately violate
the following ])rovi8ion of the Constitution : •

" 'The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.'

"To ask this Court to lay its hand ruthlessly u|)on the veidi(!t of
a jury, is to treat with contempt the people, the conrt, and above all
the Constitution itself. I k.iow your Hon(jrs understand the Con
stitution ; I know how profoundly you reverence it, and I cannot
but hope that you will severely rebuke the imprudent zeal of the
counsel, and stop at once the discussion of a proposition which assails
our glorious Constitution in its most vital i)art. I'll not impugn the
intelligence and patriotism of this tribumil by a word of argun)ent
upon such a proposition. Here the Constitution is safe, nnd, I trust,
supreme. Shall not this jury trial remain inviolate ? "

This speech profoundly impressed the Court. There was a
moment's silence, and then :

Mr. H. — " May it please your Hon — "

Judge Walden — "Sit down, sir; sit down. The Constitution is
the supreme law of the land. It shall be maintained."

Mr. H.— "But— "

J. W. — " Sit down, sir. We will not hear you. True, the jury over-
looked or forgot the evidence — I don't cure which — but the Consti-
tution plainly says that trial by jury shall remain inviolate. It
must and shall be preserved. This trial must be as perpetual as the
Constitution. We will not hear you. The Court advise the learned
counsel to go home and read Henry Clay on the Constitution."

The counsel left the room at once, and though a supporter of
Henry Clay, just then he would have been glad the statesmaa had
never been born.

326

Notes on the Old Bench and Bm\

Here it may not be out of place to recur to the early mem-
bers of the old Fort Wiiyiie bar. Those who (luitted their jur-
isdiction, and crossed the border to i)ractico in the northwestern
counties of Ohio, have beeii already named in the reminiscences of
Hon. T. W. Powell, of Delaware, Ohio; but more ample testimony
rt\_,..rdiug the early lawyers of Fort Wayne could l)e furnished by the
veteran member of the Northeastern Indiana bar, David A. Colerick)
Esq., who removed from Lancaster, Ohio, to F(»rt Wayne in 1820, forty-
three years ago. The only member of the Ijar then residing at Fort
Wayne was Henry Cooper ; and now Mr. Coofier being dead, Mr-
Colerick is the only survivor of the bar of that date. Subse(]uentl)''
about 1831, the bar was reinforced by the addition of Tlios. W. Ewing,
(a man, says Mr. Colerick, of rare intellect and culture, and eminent
as a judge and a lawyer.) The next lawyer was Charles Joluison,
who opened an office in Fort Wayne in 1834 — a gentleman faithful
to his clients, and a good lawyer. His ileath occurred in 1845 — re-
sulting from exposure on his return home from a professional tour at
Bluflfton. Lucien P. Ferry was about this date admitted to the bar
at Fort Wayne, having studied with Mr. Cooper. His death was
caused by a similar exposure, and occurred on the same night that
carried off Mr. Johnson.

These are all the reminiscences, furnislied by Mr. Colerick — by rea-
son of the pressure of business, advanocd age, and ill health — regard-
ing the "old time " lawyers of Fort Wayne.

One of the early lawyers of Findlay wns John H. Morrison, ;i
character well adapted to the people and tlie times in which be lived.
His right arm had returned to its native dust some half century
before the main trunk perished. His natural gifts were good, and a

noble heart was ever lodged on the k^ft side of bis vest.

Judge M.

C. Whiteley recalls the following of him :

During a term of Court at Findlay, be had a cape in whicii lie
manifested much interest, aiul after the evidence had closed he felt
that the cause of his client was lost, aiuI opened his address to the
Court and jury with the following doclaration : '• May it plciise \\w
Court: By the perjury of witnesses, the ignorance of the jury, ami
rhe corruption of the Court, I expect to be beaten in tliis case."
The Judge (Patrick G. Goode) turned to the counsel and inquired;

Notes on the Old Be.ich and Bar.

SSY

em-

iur-
tern
esof
[\ony
y the
.'vicki
I'orty-
. Fort
A, Mr-
lently'
lowing,
niuent
hnson,
[aithful
45— rc-
l tour at
the bar
nth was
rht that

-by roa-
-retrard-

risoui ii

ho livetl.

t'ontui'V

ludgeM'

iwiuch he
til he io't
-ss to tlu'
Ih'ase H\e
jury, !^"*^
his case."
[lUHured;

^'What is that you say, Mr. Morrison ?" The latter promptly re-
plied : " That's all I have to say on that point," and proceeded in
his remarks to the ttupid jury.

Judge Whiteley also recalls the following remarkable replevin
case:

A husband and wife whose domestic wrangles had led to a separa-
tion, were the parents of a single chiM, the exclusive possession of
which V as sought by both husl)and and wife. The mother, however,
had maintained her charge of it. The father applied to Morrison
for counsel, and was advised to get out a writ of replevin! The
proceedings had reached the point when it became neci'ssary for the
Sheriff to summon two persons to appraise the " j)roperty." These
first could not fix a value upon the child ; r/hen they were dismissed
and yet others summoned, with the same result; and while a third
effort to establish a value was pending, a brother of the mother seized
the child, and placing it before him on his horse, pusiied the animal
forward upon his highest rate of speed, and soon was at a distance
that would render successful pursuit impossible.

"There!" exclaimed Morrison, " there goes my case! I could re-
plevin the devil out of hell, if I could only get appraisers to put a
value upon him."

Daring the judicial service of Judge Goode, three new associates,
by reason of death, resignation, and exi)iration of term of otfice, ap-
peared upon the bench. They were men of very fixed notions of
morality, but all strangers to Mr. Morrison. In tliose days tavern
licenses were granted by the Court to applicants whose moral char-
acter and general fitness to keep a public; house, were endorsed by
two responsible witnesses. A man in ill repute made application to
the Court for license, and procured two witnesses, boon companions
of himself, to testify to the virtuous character of the applicant. Tlie
Court considered the proposition, and Judge Goode announced that
the application was refused. Mr. Morrison, much excited and agi-
tated, rose and addressed one of the Associates: " Judge Ewing, is
that your decision ?" Judge E. responded afiirmatively. " And
Judge Price, do you concur in that decision ?" " Yes." Kw\ Mor-
rison was about putting the same question to the third Associate,
when he was interrupted by Judge Goode witli the question : " Mr,
Morrison, what are you about? What are you doing?" "Why, I'm
polling the Court, your honor." •

828

Notes on the Old Bench ami Bar,

Hon. William Mungeu solemnly asseveratos as follows :
When an early term of the Supreme Court was held at Findlay
Judge Wood pre-^iding, (perhaps his first visit to Hancock) he, in
company with John (J. Spink, Andrew Coffinberry, (better known
as the old Count) Jud(? Hall, J. M. May and some others, at the
close of the District Court left Findlay on horseback, for Kalida or
Defiance. They had saddle-bags, in which about all the law books
in this part of the country were packed and carried around with the
Court in its migrations. After getting down the rivtn- some twelve
miles, they called a halt at a house to get some water to wash down
their "drink." They hitched their horses to the fence and went into
the yard. About the time the Court was washing down his drink,
one of the horses reached his nose over the fence, and iip?ct a bee-
hive, which stood just inside. The scene which followed was a live-
ly one. The horses struck for the " tall timber," and soon the saddle
bags were emptied of their contents. The party followed in pur-
suit of the fugitive horsi's, which they succeeded, after much delay
and racing through the woods, fuming and fretting, in recovering;
though the " library," saddle-bags, bridles, &c., had suffered consid-
erable damage.

Fintllay,
c) ho, in
jr known
rs, at the
Kalida or
aw books
[ with the
nao twelve
fash down
went into
his drink,
\^fot a bee-
was a hve-
I the saddle
^rcd in pur-
nuoii delay
•t'covering;
jred consid-

CHAPTER VII.

THE CAN"AL SYSTEMS OP OHIO AND INDIANA.

In any tv.o liistory of the early seftlement and material ]>rogres8
of the M;>'.;inee Valley, the two important Canals — the Wabash
and Erie, and the Miami and Erie — which unite near Defiance,
and thence reach the Maumee Bay by a common trunk — must fill
an important pasfe. However valuable ma.y be the railroads, built
Inns; afterwards, it is .slill truo l.liat Lht; canals had prepared the way,
settled the country, and laid the foundation of its cities, of which
Toledo at the mouth, and Fort Wayne at the source of the river,
are the chief.

In 1816 Hon. Ethan Allen Brown, of Cincinnati, had a corres-
pondence with DeWitt Chnton — the latter beins; then a*- t'lo In'iid of
the Board of Canal Commissioners of th"' >:';.:iLi; uf ^s'cw York, upon
the snbject of the proposed canal connecting the waters of Lake
Erie with those of the Hudson Eiver.

In February, IS'-iO, an act was passed by the Ohio Legislature, ap-
pointing three Commissioners to locate a route for a navigable
eanal between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, and providing for its
location through the Congress buids, then lately purchased of the
Indians. The a(!t also proposed to ask of Congress a grant of one
or two millions of acres of land. This act was not thoroughly en-
forced, by reason of some failure to appoint Commissioners, or to
have ii suitable survey made.

Oovernor Brown, in his inaugural address, 14th December, 1818,
thus called attention to the subject of jiublic improvv^ini'nls:.

" If we would raise the character ot our State by iiureusing in-
'lustry and our resources, it seems necessary .o improve the internal
communications, and open a cheaper way to market for the surplus
produce of a large portion of our fertile country."

Gov. Brown also called the attention of the Legislature to the
snbject of canals, at the two or three succeeding sessions.

330 The Canal Systems of Ohio and Indiana.

The subject of a canal did not, however, receive attention at the
hands of the Ohio Legislature until at the session of 1831 and 1822,
when, on the 3d day of January, of the hist named year, Micujah T.
Williams, of Cincinnati, a Representative from Hamilton county,
and chairman of a committee to whom the subject had been referri'd,
made the first report, discussing elaborately this question of connect-
ing by canal, the Ohio River with Lake Erie. A sentence or two
from tills statesman-like document, will afford some adequate idea of
the condition of the State and its industries at that period, and of
the progress made in efforts to secure means of artificial transport:

" It is a well-established fact that man has not yet devised a mode
of conveyance so safe, easy and cheap, as canal navigation ; and al-
though the advantage of easy and expeditious transportation is not
likely to be perceived when prices are high and trade most profita-
ble, yet the truth is familiar to every person of observation, that the
enormous expense of land carriage has fretiuently consumed nearly,
and sometimes quite, the whole price of provisions at the place of
embarkation for a distant market. This is essentially the casein
relation to all commodities of a cheap and bulky nature, most of
which will not bear a land transportation many miles, and conse-
quently are rendered of no value to the farmer, and are suffered to
waste on his hands. The merchant who engages in flu; exportation
of the produce of the country, linding it a losing commerce, aban-
dons it, or is ruined ; and crops in the liuest and most prodnctivc
parts of the State, are left to waste on the fields that produce them,
'or be distilled to poison and brutalize society.'"

The valuable report of Mr. Williams concluded with the introduc-
tion of a bill authorizing an examination into the practicability of
connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River by a canal, which wa;
read the first time, and linally i)assed January 151,1822. The'il
section a[)pointed lienjamin 'I'appan, Afred Kelley, Thomas Worth-
ington, Ethiui Allen Brown, Jeremiah Morrow, Isaac Minor anil
Ebenezer Buckingham, Jr., commissioners, " whose duty it shall I*
to cause such examinations, surveys and estimates to be madebytht
engineer as aforesaid, as utay be necessary t') asciertain the prai'titv
bility of counectiiig L.ike Erie vvith the Oliio River, by a caual
through the following rcuites, viz: from Sandusky Bay to the Oliio
River; from the Ohio River to the Maumee River; from the lake to
the river aforesaid, by the sources of the Cuyahoga and Black river;

The Canal Systems of Ohio aiid Indiana. 331

u at the
nd 1822,
cujali T.
county,
refeiTi'tl,
connect-
cc or two
lie idea of
Dd, and of
transport:

ed a mode
n ; and al-
tion is not
ost profita-
n, that the
ued nearly,
he phiceof
the casein
arc, most of

and conse-
sulfered to

ex\'0rtatiou

iierce, aban-
productive

ml vice tliem,

and the Muskingum River ; and from the Lake by the sources of the
Grand and Mahoning rivers to the Ohio River."

At tliis period the population of the Maumee Valley was so sparse
as to prevent the exercise of an influence adequate to compete for
the prize with other routes — particularly with tlioseof the Sandusky
l^ay and Cuyahoga River — and lier claims were hardly considered.
Cleveland was finally selected, over Sandusky City, as the lake ter-
minus of the Ohio Canal. Between two of the gentlemen repre-
senting interests engaged in the bitter strife for the lake terminus,
which arose out of these surveys, the late Elulherus Cooke, of San-
dusky City and the late Alfred Kelley, then of Cleveland, personal
alienations were engendered, that continued throughout the lives of
these eminent and useful citizens. The Maumee Jiay, however, was
from the first, looked upon as the proper lake terminus of the Miami
aiulMaumee Canal, from Cinciunali to the lake, when that should
be built.

On the 27th of January, 1823, an act was passed, " supplemen-
tary to the act authorizing an examination into the practicability of
connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River, by a canal." The 2d
section of this act appointed Mieajah T. Williams, of the county
of Hamilton, a Catuil Commissioner, in plac of J> r* iiii;th ^lorrow,
resigned. Under the 5th section of the act, the commissioners were
"authorized and recpiired to take the necessary measures to ascer-
tain whether loans can be obtained on the credit of the State, for the
I purpose of aiding the State in the construction of a canal, from
Lake Erie to the Ohio i-iver; and if so, on what terms and condi-
tions;'' thus, in the incipient stages of the public improvenn'tits, im-
liosing upon this Board, the duties of Fund as well as Canal Com-
Imissioners.

In a letter addressed to Mieajah T. Williams, Ks(|., one of the
lOliio Canal Commissioners, by DeWitt Clinton Governor of New
IVirk, on the 8tli of November, 18"23, in rcsijonse to inquiries from
Ml'. ^Viilianis, he thus refers to the ])rejeet of cou.structiiig a eaaial
j""! the Lake to the Oliio River: "The State of Ohio, from the
Inility of its soil, the benignity of its climate, and its ge^.^^raphical
P">ition, must ahvi«ys conlain a dense population, and the products
I'l'l eiinsumptions of its inhabitants must forever form a lucrative
Nexten.stve inlatul trade, exciting tlie powers of prodiu.tive indus-
^}) and communicating aliment and energy to external commerce..

332 The Canal Systemfi of Ohio and Indiana.

But when we consider that this canal will open a way to the great
rivers that fall into the Mississippi; that it will be felt, not only in
the immense valley of that river, but as far west as the Rocky
Mountains and the borders of Mexico ; and that it will communi-
cate with our great inland seas, and their tributary rivers ; with the
ocean in various routes, and with the most productive regions of
America, there can be no question respecting the blessings that it
will produce, the riches it will create, and the energies it will call
into activity."

During the season of 1824, a careful and continuous survey of what
is now the Miami and the Wabash & Erie Canal, was made from the
Ohio Kiver at Cincinnati, through the Miami Valley to the Maiimee
River, at Defiance, and thence along the northwest bank of tlie
River to the head of the Bay; and an estimate of the cost of the
Canal on this route was reporti'd to the Legislature of Ohioattlif
session of 1824-25. This survey was under the direction of M. T.
Williams, Esq.. then, and for ten years afterwards. Acting Commisj
sioner and a leading member of the State Board of Canal ComraL*'
sioners. The engineer corps was headed by Samuel Fovrer, Es<i„
who still survives, and, at the age of four score years, continre.'iii
professional charge of the Miami Canal. Besides Mr. Forrer, thr«
of the engineers engaged in this first survey, forty-eight years ago, are
still living, to-wit: J. L. Williams, Francis Cleveland and Ricliani(
Howe.

One half or more of the route of this survey was through am
broken forest. From Fort St. Mary's, where the town of that nannj
now stands, to the Auglaize River, some forty miles, not a hoiisj
nor a trace of civilization existed.

On the southwest bank of this river was found a squatter by tbel
name of Thoinsis McClish, with a clearing of about one acre. Wbilfl
the engineer party were at this encampmint, the second offioffJ
in the corps, Thos. J. Mathews, father of the Hon. Stanley MatlieRJ
of Cincinnati, was overtaken by a special messenger, who hadj
made his way through the wilderness, with notice of his appoint!
ment as Professor of Mathematics in the Transylvania Universii
at Lexington, Ky. j

A few miles further down the Auglaize the party encamped neiil
an Lidian village, Oquanoxa's town, (now Charloe,) of the Ottaifi
tribe, at that time numerous in the lower section of the MaiimC

The Canal Syfiiems of Ohio and Indiana. 333

the great
)t only in
he Rocky
3ommuni-
; with the
rejijionB of
ngs that it
it will call

fey of what
de fromtlie
he Maumee
lank of tk

cost of the
Ohio at tk !
ion of M. T.
ing Commis-
nal Comtnis-
"Fovror, Esq., |
continve?
Forror, thr^ I
years ago, awl

and RichaiJ

I rough am
|of that name I
not a house

liuatterbytbi
acre. 'Wbil

second ofBo^il
iley Matlie«.

[er. wh*^ H

If his appoit''
lia TJniversitl

kcamppt^ «^'
lof the Ottaw

the Maiini'

Valley. It was a time of threatening war with the Miamis, then
dominant and powerful on the sources of the Maumee River and
Upper Wabash. The Ottawa braves and warriors were at Fort
Wayne to take vengeance for the loss of an Ottawa Indian, plain
by a Miami. A money componsntion. however, (or Indian goods)
was agreed upon in lieu of blood, probably through the influence of
thf Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, the Hon. John Tipton, afterwards
U.S. Senator from Indiana — an early instance in which arbitration
proved better than war. From this Indian village the party pro-
ceeded to Fort Defiance, where they found the block houses yet stand-
ing, on the extreme point, at the junction of the two rivers.

But, returning to tlie legitimate history of the Canal survey, it
should be recorded that from one of the encampments in the depths
ofthefoity miles forest south of the Auglaize fiiver, Mr. Williams,
the Acting Commissioner, left the party, and, with proper guides,
explored in advance the route to the foot of the rapids. Taking
there a small boat, he sounded carefully the depth of the water in
the River from the foot of the Maumee rapids to Turtle Island, so
called, off the north cape of the Bay. His report of these soundings,
as commnnicatt'd to the engineer on his return to camp, and after-
wards stated in his official report to the Legislature, clearly indicated
jthe mouth of Swan Creek, now the site of Toledo, as the point
here the immense C(tmmerce in the future to seek Lake Erie
ould be transferred from canal boats to Lake vessels.

But while the survey on the Cincinnati branch of the Maumee
'anal wa? a few years in advance of the explorations of the Wabadi
ne, yet it i.« historically true that the Indiana work, known as the
labash & Erie Canal, was first to seek efficiently and to obtain
eans for its construction through the beneficent and judicious
tiouoftho Congress of the United States in granting alternate
ctions of land, through this vast unsettled region of northern
dianaaud northwestirn Ohio.

In the treaty of l82(i, between tlie Miami tribe of Indians and the
uvernnieht of i.he United States, through its Ci nimissionere, Lewis
|ii*s, John Tipton, and James B. Ray; by which the Indian title in
i northeastern Indiana, with the exception of certain reserves, was
tinguishud, the idea of the Wabash and Erie Canal found sub-
nriid rwogiiition. The treaty contained the foUowin,:;' clause :
"And it is agrood that the State of Indiana may lay out a canal

334 The Canal Systems of Ohio and Indiana.

or road througli luiy of these reservation, s, and for the use of h
canal, six chains along the same are hereby appropriated."

The next step in the progress of events was the procnreniunt,
chiefly through the iigency of the members of Congress from Indi-
ana, of a survey of the Canal by a corps of United States Topocrraph-
ical Engineers, A corps of Engineers, under the command uf Col.
James Shriver. was detailed for this survoy, by order of the War Di-
partment. After a tedious journey through the wilderness, the sur-
vey was commenced at Fort Wayne in May or June, 1826. But
little progress had Iteen made, when the whole party was ))riistrak(l
by sickness, and Colonel IShriver soon afterwards died in tlic OM
Port. He was succeeded in command by Colonel Asa Moore, lii;
assistant, under whose direction the survey was continued (luriiij:
1826 and 1827, down the Wabash to the mouth of Tippocunoe, then
considered the head of navigation. The work was continued iiloii;;
the Maumee in 1827 and 1828, until Colonel Moore also foil a vic-
tim to disease, so prevalent at that time in these forest-covered vnl-
leys, dying in his tent at the head of the Maumee Rapids, on tln'
4th of October, 1828. This survey was completed to the ManiiKT
Bay by Colonel Howard Stansbury, who, from the beginning, liad
been of the party.

Following this survey was " an act to grant a certain quantity of j
land to the State of Indiana, for the purpose of aiding said State in 1
opening a Canal to connect the waters oi the Wabash River witt
those of Lake Erie."

By this act, approved March 2, 1827, Congress granted to the
State of Indiana, one-half of five miles in width of the public lanJij
on each side of the proposed canal, from Lake Erie to the navigat
waters of the Wabash river, amounting to .3,200 acres for each niileJ
The Indiana terminus of the Canal, and therefore of the grant, wmI
at that time established at the mouth of Tippecanoe river, adistaiifti
from the Lake of 213 miles. At the session of the Indiana Lepi-f
lature of 1827-28, the grant was accepted by the State, and a B
of Canal Commissioners appointed, consisting of three ni embers, ti)-j
wit : Samuel Hanna, David Burr, and Robert John.

The Indiana Commissioners were directed to re-survty the Sii
mit division in 1828 ; bat sickness ag.iin interrupted the progressoi
the work. Mr. Smythe, the engineer, accomplished no more,afte|
arriving at Fort Wayne, than to gauge the river and adjust his i

The Canal /Sy stems of Ohio and Indiana. 835

striiments, when he was laid aside for the season. In this emergency
the Commissioners tliemselves, though not engineers, took hold of
the instruments, and with the aid of a competent surveyor, com-
pleted the survey of the division of thirty-two miles.

An act "to aid the State of Ohio in extending the Miami Canal
from Dayton to Lake Erie, and to grant a quantity of land to said
State to aid in the conatruction of the canals authorized by law," &c.,
was passed by Congress and approved May 24, 1828.

The first section grunted to Ohio for the purpose of aiding said
State in extending the Miami Canal from Dayton to Lake ?>ie,
by the Maumee route, a quantity of land equal to one-half of
five sections in width on each side of said canal, between Dayton
anil the Maumee river, at the mouth of the Auglaize, so far as the
same shall bo located through the public land, and reserving each
alternate section of the lands unsold, to the United States, to be se-
lected by the Commissioners of the General Land Office, under the
direction of the President of the United States; and "which land, so
reserved to the United States, shall not be sold for less than two
dollars and fifty cents per acre. The said land, hereby granted to
the State of Ohio, to be subject to the disposal of the Legislature of
said State for the purpose aforesaid and no other. This section also
required that the extension of the said Miami canal shall be com-
menced within five years, and completed within twenty years, or the
State shall be bound to pay to the United States the amount of any
lands previously sold ; and that the title to purchasers under the
State shall be valid.

Section 4 enacted that " the State of Indiana be, and hereby is,
authorized to convey and relinquish to the State of Ohio, upon such
terms as may be agreed upon by said States, all the rights and in-
terest granted to the State of Indiana to any lands within the limits
of the State of Ohio, by an act entitled, " An act to grant a certain
quantity of land to the State of Indiana, for the purpose of aiding
said State in opening a canal, to connect the waters of Wabash
river with those of Lake Erie," approved on the 2d of March, A.
D., 1827 ; " the State of Ohio to hold said lands on the same con-
ditions upon which it was granted to the State of Indiana by the
act aforesaid."

The munificent grant to Indiana of the public domain before al-
luded to, of March 2d, 1827, was the first of any magnitude made

SJ^fi The Canal Systems of Ohio and Tmliana.

for the promotion of public works, and may thoretbro be viewed m
initiating the policy afterwards so extensively adopted of granting
alternate sections for these objects.

Under the section above quoted, Commissioners with plenipoten-
tiary powers, were appointed by both States : W. Tillman, ol'
Zanesville, on the part of Ohio, and Jeremiah Sullivan, of Marlison,
on the part of Indiana, by whom a compact was agreed upon in Oct.
IH'if), which, after some delay on the part of Ohio, was ratified by
both States — Indiana agreeing to surrender to Ohio the land witliin
her territory, and Oino stipulating to construct the canal, and guar-
anteeing its use to the citizens of Indiana on the same terms as her
own citizens. From this period, the canal, though one work an re^
spects its commercial interests and bearings, became separated into
two divisions, as regards its finances, construction and management.
It is to the Indiana division that the following historical description
chiefly refers :

The portion of this land-grant, falling to Indiana, east of Tippe-
canoe river, amounted to 349,261 acres as the selections were finally
made and approved.

During the year 1830, the middle or summit division of thirty-
two miles, was located and prepared for contract by Joseph Ridg-
way, Jr., of Columbus, Ohio, an engineer of experience and skill,
employed for that purpose by the Canal Commissioners. The actual
construction of the work was not authorized until the session of
1831-32, when a law was passed empowering the Board of Commis-
sioners to place the middle division under contract, and creating a
Board of Fund Commissioners, and authorizing a loan of $200,000
on the credit of the State. Jeremiah Sullivan, Nicholas McCarty
and William C. Linton formed the first Hoard of Fund Comrais-
sioners, whose organization took place at Indianapolis on the •^8tli
of February, 1882. The Board reported the entire Canal Fund at
that date to be $28,('i.'")l received from the sale of Canal lands. Jesse
L. Williams was appointed chief engineer of the Canal in the spring
of 1833.

The formal breaking of ground on this great work, with such cer-
emonies as could be arranged in an uninhabited region, where the
chief and indeed only village contained but 400 people, was per-
formed at Fort Wayne, on the 1st of March, 1832, just in time to
save the land grant under the limitation of the act of Congress In

The Canal SyHtema of Ohio and Indiana. 337

poten-
an, ol'
idison.
\n Oct.
lied by
wWiin
id guar-
s as her
k as vB'
vtcd into
igcment.
scriplioii

of Tippe-
jre finally

of thirty-
iph Riclg-
and sTcili,
no actual
session ot
|f CommiH-
creating a
If $2()O,00«
js McCarty
Conimis-
in the -iStli
lal Fund at
ids. Jess*
tbe spring

lb sucli cer-

I where tile
was per-
in time to
Ingress l"

June, following, under the diroction of the Board of Canal Commis-
sioners, then consisting of David Burr, Samuol Lewis and Jordon
Vigus, the first letting of contracts was made, embracing some
fifteen miles, and in the fall of tho same year, i'our miles in addition,
including the St. Joseph Feeder Dam, were placed under tho con-
tract. Up to the close of IH.'W the Comiiiissiontrs report work per-
formed by the contractors only to the value ot $1,180. The remain-
ing thirteen miles of the middle or sur-imit division, thirty-two
miles long, was let in May, iHIJ.'i. This division, uniting tho sources
of the Wabash with the waters of tho lake, was completed in 1836
and on the 4th of July of that year, the first boat passed through it.
It was the beginning of canal navigation in all tho vast region of
country lying northwest of Cleveland and Dayton, .and was appro-
priately celebrated at Fort Wayne in the presence of an assemblage
of citizens of Indiana as numerous as could be gathered in that
sparsely settled ilistrict, to whom an appropriate and able oration
was delivered by Hugh McCulloch, lato Secretary of the Treasury of
tbe United States.

It may serve to illustrate the rigid and judicious economy of that
primitive period, as it also shows the greater relative value of
money cora[)ared with other commoditit-s for which it was exchanged,
before the discovery of California gold, to staio that this division of
Canal, with a fair proportion of lockage and an important dam, cost
but 87,177 per mile, though constructed in a wilderness where sup-
plies ol provisions could be obtained only from the distant settle-
ments on the Upper Miami through the limited and tedious pirogue
navigation of the St. Mary's river.

The Canal was constructed literally through and amongst Indian
villages and wigwams. At the village of White Raccoon, a Miami
chief, the log cabin of Cha-pine, the orator of the tribe, was found
to stand exactly on the line of the Canal and was necessarily moved
and rebuilt at the expense of the canal fund, and to the great disgust
of the Indian.

Probably no one contributed more to the success of the canal
1 policy, during the first and trying years of its progress, than the late
Samuel Hanna, of Fort Wayne. From 1828 to 1836, he was suc-
cessively Canal Commissioner and Fund Commissioner, besides ser-
ving three years in the State Senate and one year in the House, re-
presenting as Senator, perhaps one-third the entire area ot the State,

3.38 The Canal SyHtems of Ohio and Indiana.

luiil lilliiii; ill t'lutli body, for a part oi tlio time, the post of chair
man of tin; Canal Committee. In these otlicial stations he evinced
the same jiid^moiit, tact and foreo of character, whicli. near aciuartcr
of a ecsntiiry al'tcrwards, eiiahicMl him to render important Hcivicoto
tilt' mtrtiieiii Hffction ot Indiana, in tiic (iiiterpriHe of coinphaiiijr,
under linancial ditiicuiil ics siicli as would liavo <liscouiaged mcii Icsh
coura^eoiiH in assnmiiii!; pecnniary reH})onsil»ilitios, that portion of
the PittHliiirgh, Fort Wayne *& Chicago liailway lying wcHt ot
Crestline.

In the Hiiniinor of IH;{7 tlie division l)etweeii Fort Wayne ami iIk
Ohio State line was placeil under contract. These several siib-ilivis
ions were Huccessively o[)eiied for navigation until a water eoininu.
nication was perfected, in IH40, between the east line of Indiaiiiiaiid
Lafayette, the head of steamboat navigation of the Wabash ri\er.

The State of Ohio, reali/.ing less than Indiana the want of this
chaniK^l of navigation, from the sparse settlement of her uorthw('.4-
em territory, was more tardy in providing for its construction. It
was only after repeated and urgent soliciations from the autliorillt's
of Indiana, by legislative resolves and through the appointmeni.
linally, ol a special commission, that the Ohio Legislature was in
diiced to commence the construction of lier division.

The people of liidiaiiii, in 1S3!) and 1840, gave evidence of a dis-
appointed feeling leganling the tardiness of the Ohio anthoritieij in
prosecuting their jxtrtion of the work, and a joint resolution, ap-
proved January '^2(1, 1810, made it the duty of the Chief Etif];itu'er.
J. \i. Williams, '• to proceed immediately to tlie seat of government
of the State of Ohio,, and in a respectful manner to urge upon the
consideration of the members of the Legislature of tliat Stati;tlif
necessity of a speedy completion of the Wabash & Erie Canal, from
the IiuliaMa State line to the Manmee Bay, in compliance with the
compacts heretofore made between the two States in relation thereto."

Mr. Williams, thus accredited, hastened to Columbus; on the
30th he addressed a forcible and elaborate letter to Governor Shan-
non. >' day following, January 3lst, was, together uith
Ml f ion of the Induma Legislature above mentioned,
oai y fiovernor Shannon, in a special message to tlie
(iem-. Ass« .ihly.

In uis letter to the Covernor, and referring to the magnitude of j
till iiter])rise, and the extensive interests dependent njwn its earl)
comi)letion, he thus ref' '-s to the capabilities of the W^abash vallej

T1i€ Canal Syfttfims of Ohio and Indiana, 88t^

chair
riiiccd
uarU-r
/\ce to
iU'.ti«n.

lion of

VCHl Ol

ib-tUvit*
coiiumi-
liaimuiul
isli riviT.
it of tliii*
ol•li^wc^l•

Ul)IV. I'
,vUi>ovilii's
loinimi'in.
ro was ill-

je of 11 tlis-
\\()vilii.''^ 'n
ution, wy-
■ KiicriueeT.

;overnmi'iit
e upon lii'^

.tiuil, i'row
ice Avitli tlie

,n thereto."

lus ; on tlie

trnov Slwn-

,i.rethcv wi^''
mcntioiKil

Issagetotte

mgnitwl^'"''
hiori its carl!
Lbash vailed I

for fnrnishiiif^ tmnsporfation, by means of its production and oon-

sumjitinn :

" For this trade the Waljush «fc Eiie Canal will forui Ihe natural,
iind, in faot, the only channpl, so far as a Northern market may bo
sought. Kniin the lirst settlement of the Valley, its citizens have
anticipated tiie opening of l.liis Canal at no remote period, for which
expectation they, perhans, had sntlicient grounds in the donation of
land I'lir I his ohji'ct, and the acoeptanoe of this donati(»n, with all its
iv(|uir«'iii(nts, hy the States. They have neither sought nor desired
liny other connection with Lake Krie, but on the contrary have loca-
ti'ii mill eoiistriicted llieir eoiumon roads, to nay nothing of their
latiTuI eamils and railroads, some of wliieii have Iteeii ciimmei.ced,
80 as to concentrate their trade on this Canal, as the main trunk.
From this (lircmnstanee, as well us from llw directness ol the route,
the Wiiliasli ii Krie Canal will not, !»e suhjecird to competition with
other estal)lished channels (d trade, as is olleu the case on the open-
ing of a new work, Itiit from the lir,>t will coiunnind tlu' undivided
commerce and intercourse lietween tlie \Va'>a.sh coimiry and the
Northern markets.

•' The district for vvliich this Canal will form (he main channel of
trade, may he described as extending from the State line, as far
down the VVabasI: as the Gnind Rapids, a distance of three hundred
miles. 'The boundaries ol' llie district on the south and south-east
limy be deli ned by a line jjursuing generally the valley of the weal
fork of White Hiver, to the east line of the State, embracing nearly
(iiie third of the surface betwei-n the W'aliasli anti the Ohio Kiver;
ami on the north and west by a line diverging from the Crand Rap-
ids of the Wabash, and extending about one-third he distance to
llie Illinois River on the west, and Lake Michigan on the north.
The liniiis of this district, it will l)e perceivinl, are marked out with
due reft-reiice to the inllttence of the Ohio navigation ou the south,
and of the Illinois River uiul liake Michigan on the west and north,
as rival channels of commerce. 'The district thus described contains
aHurfuce equal to thirty-eight counties in Indiana, and nearly nine
counties in Illinois, including an average area of '^'i,!)!)!) sijuare
miles."

The difficulties encountered by Ohio, in the jn'osecution of her
division of thi^ work, and the earnest efforts jtiit forth to keep faith
with Indiana, are illustrated in the extracts given below, from re-
ports of several consecutive years ol' the Board of Pulilic Works;

Extracts from Annual Report of (Hiio Board of Pitbfu; Works^
January 1(1, |s;{.S:

" Early last spring, the principal engineer. Mr h'orrer, was di-
rected to complete the final location of this W.abash it Erie Canal ;
and on the ■i'tth of May last, proposals were received at Maumee
^ity, by the Acting (Jommissioner, for the conistructiou of so much

340 The Canal Systems of Ohio and Indiana.

of the line as extends from its eastern termination, near Manhattan,
to the " Head of the Rapids,'' being about thirty miles, and con-
tracts entered into for all the sections, with the exception of those
containing the lockage.

" On the li^th day of October, proposals were received at Defiance
for the construction of the remaining part of the line, extending
from the " Head of the Rapids"' to the Indiana State line, and con-
tracts entered into accordingly.

Extracts from Annual report of Board of Public Works, Decem-
ber 00, 1S39 .

"The cont "actors on this work have, from the commencement,
labored under diHicullies, to an extent that no other work in the
State has been subjected. This has resulted from the continued
high ])rices ot provisions, enhanced by the remote situation of the
line from the better cultivated portions of the State, and con-
sequent high prices of labor, which, with the sickness that has
prevailed along the line of the canal during the summer months,
has much retarded I he progress of the work. On the first c!
April last, it was progressing as rapidly as could be expected,
and so continued until about the first ot July, at which time.
on account of the dread of sickness, such as prevailed the season pre-
vious, the larger portion of the laborers left the line and soughi em-
ployment elsewhere. Owing to this cause, and the difficulty exper-
ienced by contractors in not receiving regular payments, but little
work was done from the first of July until the middle of October."

From the Annual Report of the Board of Public Works, January

12, 1841:

•'At the close of the l.ast year, a'ld nntil the month of April, the
prospect ot obtaining money for completing this work was so doubl
ful that contractors were .idvised of the fact, and recommended to
use their own discretion and consult their own convenience in pros
ecuting their jobs; eonsetjucntly, not "uch work was performeil
during that time. But fro'.n the first of April until the mcnth ot
July, the season of the year when laborers usually leave the canal.
on accouni of sickne.-^s. the work progressed as rapidly as could havo
been expected, with the limited number of laborers remaining on
the tine. All the locks and culveits are commenced, exoept the threo
locks connecting with tlie Maumee river at Manhattan, Toledo aul
Maumee City. From Defiance to the State line, the want of proper
material rendered it necessaiy to build the locks of wood."

From the Annual Report of Board of Public Works, January 8,
1 8-12 :

'* Seventy miles of different portions of the line are finished, leav
ing about twenty miles to be completed. From Maidiattan, the
eastern termination of the canal, to the head of the rapids, a distance
of thirty one miles, the earth work and culverts are completed, ami

and
TJ

tile

I'llbl

faihin

iiU'an.s

'natle.

'■•^qiiirei

fract /iv

•Voveni
'"fficiilt
"The
*'tl diirii
'"assiiio-
"■intnr'^
nnividp(
from til,
'*f Octol
tracts V']
order

ittan,
I con-
those

ifiance
snding
id con-

Dacem-

cetnent,
k in the
)ntmue(\
)n of the
m\ con-
that has

monthu.
; first of
expected,
,ich time,
eason pre-
ough; em-
lUy expev-
, but little

October."

8, Jar-uavy

April, the
s 80 douht-
mended tc
ice in pros-
pertbrmetl
e month ot
; the c:inal.
could havi'
maining on
pt the thveo
[Toledo aii«l
It of proper
Id."
, January ^

Liahea, iwv
Idiattan. the

a I

Vistanci'

lupleteJ, a«

The Canal Systems of Ohio and Indiana. 341

all of the locks on the main line, consisting of eight lilt and one
guard lock, are nearly so, and will be finished at the opening of nav-
igation. The two locks on the Toledo side cut, and live on the
Maumee side cut, are also finished, with the e.\'ce))tion of the gates,
which will be completed this winter. The out-let lock on the
Maumee side cut will be finished next May, and the aijueduct across
Swan Creek, Avhich completes the canal communication with Man-
hattan, will not be finished before the month of July next. The
water has been let in, and the canal used for the purposes of navi-
gation the past season, from the head of the l?apids to Maumee
City, a distance of eighteen miles ; and during the present month,
it is expected, the water will be let into the canal from Maumee
City to the head of the locks at Toledo, an additional distance of
nine miles.''

From the Annual Report ot Board of Public Works, January 2,
1843 :

"The whole of this work is now so far completed as to admit the
water, when the proper season for using the same shall arrive, and
nothing but unforeseen accidents will from this time forward, prevent
at all proper seasons of the year, an uninterrupted navigation.''

" For the last fifteen months there has not been paid one dollar in
money, to contractors on this canal, and the amount now due is
equal to *600,()00. Almost the whole resources and credit of that
portion of the State in the vicinity of this work have been used up
and invested in the construction of the same."

The financial embarrassment of that period which had so retarded
the work in Ohio, was felt also in Iiidiaiia. The extended system of
inihlie works commenced iu 1830, was entirely suspended with the
I'itilure of State credit. The Wabash & Erie Canal was left witliont
nu'iuis, other than the small receipts from laud sales thereafter to be
made. To open navigation from tlie Oliio State line to Lafayette,
required about a quarter of a million of dollars. The following ex-
tract from the report of J. L. Williams, Chief Engineer, then also
n-ofjim a member of the Board of Internal luDrovements, ilated
November ;i7th, 1840, shows the pledges by which these financial
diiticulties were overcome :

"The completion of the Canal in this State has been accomplish-
id during the |iast season, under circumstances peculiarly embar-
rassing to contractoi's and their creditors. The legislation of last
winter, while it authorized and directed the completion of the work,
m-ovidod not a dollar in payment therefor, nnl"il it could be realized
from the sale of Canal lands, whicii was fixed by law for the month
of October. Believing it important that the few remaining (ton-
tracts v'hich had been so long on hand, should be coni})let:ed, in
order 'jat the community might enjoy the convenience of the nan-

342 The Canal SyHte'mf< of Ohio and Indiana.

gatioii, and that the State misfht save the ex]u'n8e of miiintainiiifr
any l^Mi^er a corps of engiiKevs for its !?ii}i( rnitctideiu'c. the uiuler-
signed has been unremitting in his exertions for the Hccuniplishment
of this ohjecfc.

" T\^' g'^'J'K 'III assurance to the laborers and otliers that their ad-
justed chiinis would be recognized, and that eaeh claim would re-
ceive its jiroportionate dividend of the money received at the land
sale, the contractors were enabled to keep up their operations and
complete their jobs. On linal settlement, made during the present
montli, there was found to be due to contractors and others, tl;esnm
of $115,124.08, of which amount the monev received for sale of
lands was found sulhcient to pay twenty <ive per cent., leaving the
sum of $8(1,587.47 unpaid, for which the Commissioner has issued
drafts on the fund commissioners, based upon the further proceeds
of the canal lauds. These drafts, of which there are eleven hundred
and seventy-two in number, vary in .imouut from one dollar to sev-
eral thousand dollars, in proportion to the size of the claims. Un-
der existing laws they are redeemable only when the amount is
realized from the future proceeds of the lands. The propriety of
meeting them at an earlier day will doubtless suggest itself to the
Legislature. If there be no other means of paying these drafts, per-
haps the substitution of scrip or Treasury iS'otes, of small denomi-
nations, made receivable for lands, would afford a convenience to the
holders of them."

No action having been taken by the legislatnre for the speedy
payment of these drafts, the engineer, upon his own responsibility,
and without the authority of the law, (necessity knows no law) pro-
cured a plate to be struck in imitation of a bank note, from which,
on more lasting bank note paper, and in small denominations, new
notes were issued in reilemption of the first white paper drafts then
nearly worn out by circulation. This issue, beaiing interest and
receivable for canal lands, entered rtadily diu'ing that period otpc
cuniary stringency, into the circulating medium of that part of the
State, under the name of '• White Dog,'' a name facetiously given to
it by the recipients for reasons well understood at that time.

The extension of the land grant from the mouth of the Tippecanoe
river to Terre Hante, as claimed by the State, and finally authorized
by Congress, laid a financial basis for the canal along the Wabash
to that point. The construction of this part of the line was author-
ized by the legislature of Indiana at the sesnion of 1841 -42. Fol-
lowing the precedent set by the engineer east of the mouth of the
Tippecanoe, which, though without law, had proved a success, the
legislature having no other financial resource, authorized the issue
of canal land scrip in payment for the work, ol the dcoomiuatioii of

The Canal Systems of Ohio and Indiana. 343

i\kl re-
le Uuul
\is luid
present
>.e sum
sale of
ring the
s issued
n'oceeds
hundved
f to sev-
ns. Un-
Tiount is
priety of
;\f to the
i-aits, i^er-
\ denomi-
jnce to the

five dollars, and in the shape of Bank issues, receivable for these
lands. This land scrip, as in the other case, formed a {)art of the
circulating medium in that region. By the year liS-lo navigation
was extended as far west as Covington on the Wabash.

The contrast, financially, between the year 1H4U and 1870 is cer-
tainly striking. Now, millions of money are readily obtained from
Europe and in this country for the construction of public works in
excliauge for securities of far less strength than the bonds of the
State. 77<t'//, even State obligations, small in amount, required the
pledge of future land sales to make them current.

In the summer of 1843, as the Board anticipated, the Ohio
portion of the canal was completed, and the entire work in naviga
ble order between Lake Erie and the fertile valley of the Wabash.
The achievement was appropriately celebrated by the united assetn-
Mageof the citizens of both States at F'ort Wayne, on the 4th of
July, 1843, to whom an able and classic oiation was delivered by
General Lewis Cass.

The Miami Canal Extension, now known as the Miami and Erie,
was open for business in June 1845 — thus completing a continuous
line of canal between the Maumee bay and the Ohio river at Cin-
cinnati.

Thus is skeiched a history of the origin, progress and completion
ot the canal systems of the two great States of Ohio and Indiana, so
tiir as the Maumee valley is concerned.

It may not be out of place here to give a sketch of one ot tiie
civil engineers who was prominently connected with the public
works of the Maumee valley. The names of others and their pub-
lic services are referred to in another place. In a volume eutitied,
'Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America, by
Charles B. Stuart, Civil Engineer,"* a handsomely printed octavo
volume of .'Wo pages, and one of the most interesting of its character
I'ver issued from the American press, embraces sketches uf
Major Andrew Ellicott, Surveyor General of the United States ;
James Geddes, Benjamin Wright, Canvass While, Jesse L. Wil-
l''ims, David Siauhopc Bates, .Nathan S. Roberts, Gridley Bryant,
tieneral Joseph G. ^wift, Col. William McKee, Samuel H. Knoass,
t'aptain John Childe, Friedereich Ilarbach, Major David Bates
I^oi'glas, Jonathan Knight, Benjamin 11. Latrobe, Colonel Charles

♦ Recently publishtid by D. Van Nostraud, 83 Murray St., >'ew York.

^■i

n44 The Canal Systevifi of Ohio and Indiana,

Elliott, Jr., and others who have hoen prominent in the grand
acliicvemcnts made in C'wW Kngineerintr in the United States dur-
ing tiie last half century. And among other civil engineers whose
biography and services are sketched in the above named volume,
and who have been connected with the early public works of the
Maumee valley, undertaken by the joint action of the States of Ohio
and Indiana, none have been more conspicuous than Samuel Forrer
of Ohio.

The. subjoined sketch of him is from the volume ju.st mentioned of
Mr. Stuart : . .

" Samuel Forrer, born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. January
17, 1793, visited Ohio at the age of "21 years, but soon alter returned
home, where he remained until ISr.', when he removed to Dayton,
which has si^^ce been his place of residence.

'■ In July 1825, the Ohio canals were commenced under the gen-
eral supervision of David S. Bates as Chief Engineer. Mr. Forrer
had been betore ( uijiloyed from the very beginning of the canal sur-
veys in Ohio, and now look charge of the work on the Miami and
Krie canal. He continued in the service of the State until 1^81 dur-
ing which time he located the whole of the Miami and Erie canal
and its branches, and a great portion of the Ohio canal. In 183'J
he was appointed a member of the Board of Canal Commissioners,
and continued in tl^^at position three years, when that Board was
abolished and a Board of Public Works created in its stead by the
Legislature of Ohio, of which he was a member several years. Not
only was he exceedingly useful in this capacity, but by his zeal,
general intelligence, and force of character, he contril)uted largely
to the promotion ot the canal system, and was a valuable o-laborer
with the men of that period wlio shaped the policy ot the State anl
laid the foundations of her commercial institutions. Mr. Forrer was
at one time a contractor on the VV.al)ash and Erie Canal in Indiana,

"The following extract from a letter written by the Hon. Jesse
L. Williams, of Furl Wayne, an old professional co-laborer, dated
Dayton, Ohio, April 12, 1H7I. and published in Stuart's work, ex-
plains the condition in which he found Mr. Forrer:

"I was to-day an hour with Mr. Samuel Forrer at his home. He
is in a feeble state. Paralysis has been gradually coming on, which
affects somewhat his speech and strength of body, yet his intellect is
unimpaired. He is still the consulting engineer and chief depend-
ence, professionally, of the Ohio State Board of Public works, es
pecially as to everything relating to the Miami and Erie canal tor
the enlargement of which work hr has lately submitted an estimate.
He attends all meetings of the Board at Colunihus. IPs age is i^
years. I was gratitied in having the opportunity, probably the last
one, of conversing with so good a man, so near the close of a usetal
life."

The Old Packet Linen and their Captains. 845

grand
as clur-

wbosc
^•olunie,
s of the
of Ohio
[ Forvev

tionedof

, January

returned

, "Dayton,

• the gen-
/[r, Forrer
, canal sur-
vliami and
11831 clur-
Frie canal
I In 183-2
luissioners.
Board was
,eaa by the
ears. Kol
by his Zt'ttl
fted largely

c')-lal)Ovev
State an'i

Fovreiwas
|\n Indians

Hon. .less^

,orcr, datetl
work, ex-

J home. Ho
Inr on, whicb
Is intellect 1*
Tief depend-
\ works, es-
[•\e canal for
Ian estimate.
Is ago is '^
Ibly ^helas
. of a usetul

Captain George Dutch Davis, now of the United States Revenue
office, Toledo, kindly furnishes '' some recollections ot the palmy
(lavs ot the Miami and Wabash canals, together with the names of
boats and captains," which may be properly appended here. The
fact may be recalled that the office of captain of a canal packet boat,
in those times, was regarded as invested with a dignity equal to that
now awarded to one in command of the best steamer that floats
upon the lakes; and, though slower and more expensive, they had
the advantage of railway coaches on the score of comfort. Some of
the generation of to-day make merry when they recur to what now
strikes them as the slow modes of travel and transportation of the
canal days, and commisserate the condition of their fathers, whose
highest rate of speed in a passage packet boat was from seventy-five
to a hundred miles in twenty-four hours; while, by improvements
since made, six hundred milts, in the same length of time, can be con-
veniently passed over in railway coaches ; yet, if they had " roughed
it" through the black swamp, when, indeed, it ioiis a "black swamp''
—though one no longer — paying high rates of passage in the rude
and comfortless vehicles that then conveyed the United States
mails, and struggling, often on foot, half the distance through mud
and water, because the horses had not the strength to draw their
weary load ; and again, when off the stage routes, to undertake a
journey of a hundred miles, one would leave home on horse-back,
and before reaching his destination, would perhaps travel by the
various conveyances of piro,ij;ue, raft and canoe, and finally be glad
to finish his journey after several days of severe toil, on loot
and horseless ; and, if our young friend would recur to the fact that
farm products, in many places, did not pay transportation charges
to reach a market ; and also to the fact that the country merchant
often paid more in freights on some of his goods, than the invoice
amounted to in the market where purchased ; he would not then
marvel at the exultation indulged in by the inhabitants of the Mau-
mee valley, when the canals were opened for travel and transporta-
tion'uses.

But in turning to the recollections of Capt. Davis : he states that
in the year 184o, Samuel and Archie Mahon, brothers, commenced
running two small packets between Toledo and Fort Wayne — start-
ing and stopping without reference to regular time — sometimes
camiiingout, and getting their meals at tarm houses along the line
C'l' canal. Nothing, however, was permanently undertaken in packet

346 The Old Packet Line>^ and their Ca])tain8.

boating until the summer of 1844, wlien Samuel Doyle and William
Dickey, of Dayton, Ohio, organized a line muking regular trips be-
tween Toledo and Cincinnati, and from Toledo to Lafayette, com-
prising the following boats, namely: "Erie,''' "Baimei," "Ohio.''
" Indiana," "' Illinois," '* Missouri," •• Kentucky," " Tempest," "Cata-
ract," " Atlantic," '' Fasiiion " and a steam propeller named " Niag-
ara."

Cjipt. Georgt> Dutch Davis opened the first regular packet office
in Toledo, in 1844, and in ltS45 resigned the position to again take
charge of his boat, and Wm. J. Fin lay was given charge of the of-
fice, and retained it until the opening of the Toledo and Wabash
railroad in 1854 caused the withdrawal of the line. During the last
five years of the existence of the line the proprietortihip was in the
hands of Jerome Petree, of Little Falls, X. Y., and E B. Holmes,
of iirockport, N. Y., who purchased the interest of Doyle & Dickey
in 1849.

The names of the old packet captains, which have a choice place
in the memories of thousands yet residents of the Maumee valle}'
and of other thousands distributed over distant regions, are given
below, and the disposition which the hand of Providence has made
of them :

Thomas B. Filton, deceased ; W. S. B. liubbell, deceased ; M. Van
Home, resides in Iowa; John M. Wigton, Toledo; Clark Smith,
deceased ; A. Vauness, deceased ; Byron O. Angel, Fort AViiyiu:
Wm. Sturgess, deceased ; Benjamin Ayre.s, deceaseil ; Joseph Iloskiii-
son, Napoleon ; William PiuUips, Ijima; Ciiarles Sherwood, Cinciii-i
nati ; Christian Suavely, deceased; George Alvord, in Arkiui.'<a>; j
James Popple and Nathan Nettletou, St. Louis ; Thomas B,
McCarty,Iate State Auditor of Indiana, at Indianapolis ; EliasWA
Middletown, Ohio ; William Dale, New York; (Jeo. Dutch Davis, IVj
ledo; J. R. Smith, Cincinnati.

George Owen and David S. Davis, of Dayton, were proprietors ( I
the first packet line from Dayton to Cincinnati. Samuel DoykMviij
the first to experiment with steam on the Miami canal — having boiii
in 1845, the propeller '• Niagara," at a cost of SIO.OOO. She wa
commanded by Capt. William Dale, and proved a failure finaiiciii&l

Mr. Colerick, among his interesting reminiscences of early iv.m
contributed to the Fort Wayne Gazette, gives the following Hctoi!.|
of the first boat ride on the canal :

Id the spring of 1834, tho canal being finished from the feeder ilif

V iWiam
r\\)8 be-
,e, com-

;' -Cala-
{ " Niag-

ket office
igain tako
of the of-
,\ Wabast
n(f t\io Ifvsl
was in Ibti
[5. Holmes,
Q & Dicley

jhoice place
imcc valley^
,8, arc given
kce lias made

(SC

CiiU-k Smiili,
ort \Vayiw.
<^.^»l\ Uoskiii-
yood, OinciL- 1

Thomas 1

Eiias^V^■^l

to\i l)Hvis/IH

^n-opvictorsel
aR'lDoyl^'^^'^1

[..-iiaving^'""

)00. Sbe«*|

n-c ftuauciiit!

of early tii*-'

owing ivco'i'-

Opening of Canal Navigation at Ft. Waijnc. Ml

to the town, and the water having; been let in in tlie month of June,
all were rt'^rf'tting that there was no bont with wlii(!h to have a ride
,,11 the approHeliinjf -1th of July. Thm the iiHlffatigal)le F. P.
Tiiikhiun, seeiiiji^ the situation, went to tiie wood.s antl eut down the
trees with which to make the hull of a l)oat, and in less than two
weeks time had a staunch craft completed and alloat, and on the
iiiiiriiing of the glorious 4tii of July the entire j)opulation embarked
thereon and proceeded to the feeder dam, live miles distant, where,
alter sjiiMiding the day in eating, drinking and nuiking merry, all
relnrned to their homes, well pleased with the day's doings, and feel-
ing themselves under great obligations to Mr. Tinkham for the first
hojit ride on the oaiud.

Hv the first of June of the following year the canal was completed
to Huntington. Capt. Asa Fairfield (recently deceased) in the
meautime had contracted for the building of a boat, which was
finished in the latter part of the month of June, and was called the
Indiiuia. He placed h's brother, Capt. Oliver Fairfield, an old sea
captiiiu, who had just come to the country, in command; and on
the nidriiing of the anniversary of American independence, (now an
ol)8(.tlete idea), the Indiana started on her first trip to Huntington,
carrying a large party of gentleiijen, (no ladies), including Dr. L. (1.
Thom|»S()n, Judge Hanna, Allen Ilamiltou, Samuel and Wm. S.
Edsall, W. G. and G. W. Ewing. Francis Comparet, Capt J. B.
Roiuii>. Wm. Ilockhill, Col. John Sp(-nci'r, J. L. Williams, D. H.
Colerick. L. P.Ferry, Jas. Barnett, M. H. Seott, Madison Sweetzer,
and many others. Caj)t Fairfield, now a resident of Decatur, ludi-
aiia. with whom I had a conversation recently regarding the nuitter,
I. said that this was the liveliest l)arty that he ever carried on the
IndiuiiH. On the return trij) the next day, Dr. Tate, Capt. Murray
(and many other citizens of the town ri'turnefl with the party, and

lierealter trips were made every other i\ny, eari'ying freight and
|'assei)g:ers, and as the canal was com'leitd to each jmint, the " In-
"lanii" extended her trips theretxt. Ann -1th what pleasure did we
frcijuently repair to the dock on her arrival, (an event of no small
Interest to us isolated beings) which was always heralded by the
"liirionet and violin of Ed. Parker and Bill Patchin, < mployees, as
he boat emerged from the aqueduct and rounded the bend west of

pwn. Sweeter music I think I never heard than these two men

Me; ')t 1 "ast, such is the impression that it left long years agone.
ihere were no buildings then on the banks of the canal to interrupt
|e sound or vi'ew from (Columbia street."

\ :

1 the feeder is"

CHAPTER Vlll.

FOIIT WAYNE.

This city, situated at the head of the head of the Miami of the
Lake, and among the first founded in this empire of the north-west,
by Europo^ans — the Ke-ki-ong-a of the aborigines — the capital of
the ancient Twigtwee, or Miami confederacy, appropriately occapies
the first place in the sub-divisions commenced with this chapter.

It has been stated (see aut. p 9), that the chevalier La Salle vis-
ited this place, and, as early as 1680, erected a stockade. As hither-
to remarked, the authority for this statement is the late A.. T. Good-
man, Secretary of the Western Reserve and Northern Ohiii
Historical Society, whose intelligence in archaelogical researches
throughout both continents, in collecting material relating to tlii
early history of the West, was appreciated and recognized by the
best minds in the country. In a letter to the author of this worii,
dated Cleveland, August 28, 1871, Mr. Goodman says:

" I was glad to learn by your favor of the 26th that you contem-
plate publishing a 'history of the Maumee Valley ;' and after some
allusion of a personal character adds that "the field abounds in in-
teresting historical resources, and I desire to place myself at voiir
service, to aid and astJist with what material I have in my privak
collections, and what is on file in the rooms of the society."

With reference to the early occupation of the country, he assure;
his correspondent that his facts on this point are "drawn fromj
French records at Montreal and Quebec, and papers at Albany !
Harrisburg.'' In a subsequent letter he promises " full dataassoi'DJ
as his health improves," but unfortunately that improvement never |
came, and within a few days subsequent to writing his promise,
useful life was brought to a close.

Mr. J. L. Williams, in his historical sketch of the First Prosbytel
rian Church of Fort Wayne, says that " a report of LaSalle, wriuei
probably in 1682 [but more probably in 1680,] mentions the mn

Fort Wayne.

349

.')

iami ol' the
north-west,
2 capital of
jly occupies
cliapter.
a Salle vis-
As hither-
A.. T. Good.
•them Ohi'i
I researches
,tiug to tlK
ized by the
if this work,

rst Presb\i«-|

balle, wriW«|

IS the rou«

by the Maumee and Wabaah, as the most direct to the Mississippi
and very justly observes that " it is improbable that the French
would pass this thronged centre of the Miamis, at the carrying
place between these rivers, without establishing hero one of that
cordon of military posts designed to connect their Canadian and
Mississippi settlements. Vaudreuil," says Mr. Williams, " Governor
of Louisiana, writing in 1751,'' seventy-one years after the erection
of the original work, " names Fort Miami at this point. It was a
small stockade fort, and situated near the St. Mary, probably in the
vicinity of the canal atiueduct. The dim outlines of the fort were
traced by Wayne in 1794, and by Colonel John Johnston in 1800.''
Not having the benefit of the "full data" which Mr. Goodman
intended to furnish, it is assumed as probable that the Chevalier
built his stockade here in the autumn of 1680, on his return route
from the St. Joseph's of Michigan to Fort Frontenac. In confirma-
tion of this view, and in conclusion of its discussion, it may be
added that the pioneers relate, as a current tradition among the
Indians at Fort Wayne, that they were first visited by white men
who came from the West.

From the earliest record the Miamies have been a leading and
influential tribe. Bancroft says: "The Miamies were the most
powerful confederacy of the West, excelling the Six Nations. * *
Their influence reached to tlie Mississippi, and they received fre-
quent visits from tribes beyond that river." Mr. Gamelin, the mes-
senger sent by Governor St. Clair, in April, 1790, to know the mind
of the Indians as to peace or war, after reading the Governor's
speech to the chiefs and head men, in every village on the route
from Vincennes, was everywhere desired to proceed to the Miami
town (Ke-ki-oug-gay). They said, " you know that we can termi-
nate nothing without the consent of our brothers — the Miamies.'
The impress of its name upon so many western rivers, shows the
predominence of the tribe. The two Miamies of the Ohio will ever
perpetuate it. The Miami of Lake Erie (now Maumee) was like-
wise named for the tribe. The St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, was
called the " river Miamies,''' when LaSalle erected a fort, and Heiie-
pin first raised the cross at its mouth in November, 1019.* Our own
J^t. Murys was marked " Miamies river''' on the rude skeleton map,
made to represent the western country at the time of Colonel Bo-
nnet's expedition in 1763. — Note by j' L. Williams.

In the conspiracy of Nicholas, begun in 1745, described in preced-
ing pages, the destruction of the French village at Fort Wayne, it

•This is one of Hennepin's historical errorsi. Father Marquette or Alloez had preceded
Hennepm at this point several years, and established a mission and erected the cross.

350

Fort Wayne.

will be observed, formed un important part of the echeme ; und the
fort and viliiige were besieged, oapturod and demolished. Tiie Fort
Miami that was re-built, and occupied by the French under Lieut
I)ui)ui88on, after the conepinicy of Nicholas had been crushed, wiw
doubtless the one at Fort Wayne, and not the Fort Miami formerly
erected at the mouth of the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, attoiit
1678 or 1079.

The next historical event, memorable in the annals of Fort
Wayne, occurred in 1703, during the I'ontiac war. The eon.spirucy
of Nicholas was designed to subvert the French power; the scheme
of Pontiac was directed against the English. [See ante, pp. 34,35,
41, 42, 43 and 44, for events in the Pontiao war having rujutiun to
Fort Wayne and the Maumee valley.]

Mr. J. L. Williams, in his interesting address from which liberal
(piotations have been already made, says :

"Four nations, at diflferent jteriods, have held dominion here,
F^or near half a century prior to the con(|ue8t of Canada, the tri-
colored flag waved at the meeting ot the St. Joseph and St. iMary.
The French adapted their manners and character to forest li(e,
Schoolcraft says, the Indians of the North West often referred tn
* the days of French supremacy as a kind of golden era, when all
things in their affairs were better than they now are.' Then eanif
the English m December, 1760, and the British Hag was run up in
its stead. Their manners were reserved and haughty, far less
adapted than the genial, pliant and vivacious French to win the
confidence of the Indians, In no particular is there a greater dis-
similarity in the two Nations. The French, like the Spanijmk
readily meet a lower civilization upon an interm<diate platform, as
in Canada and Mexico. The genuine Anglo Saxon takes no step
downward. English society in Calcutta is as select and high-toned
as in London. To elevate, near to its own level, or else to destroy
by gradual encroachment and pressure, seems to be the mission of
the race among the sluggish and decaying nations. Whether oriio:
the Indian sagacity was adequate to a full perception of these diverse
tendencies, certain it is that the Miamis of that day were haters of
the English. In less than three years the British flag was lowered.
and its proud defiant folds trailed in British blood.* Tlu' conspi-
racy of Pontiac — greatest of the Red race, in genius, force of char
acter, and statesman-like combination — had done its work. Niueof
the twelve English Forts in the Northwest, scattered from Pivsr,iii-

*lt was about the period of thesu stirring chanjfus, that the la'e Miami Chief Ricliardvill; apple tree," standing «ome sixty rods from the supposed site i'
this old Britisili Fort. This tree yt-t stands, connecting the memories ol the past teulury ff:it
the present. Its circumference is eleven feel. We need not (question its identity. Thereart
specimens of the hardier varieties in this country now hearing fruit at the age ol 150 to '.W |
years. (See Am. Cyclopedia.)

Fort Wayne.

Pl'"'^' of . I.n.n^.,,, .■on(.,„\;,;;7j';' V, ;'\"-',''''^«^''' ^'•'"^•'ul home , „d

iS HH?iH if s sis5

Si=f :s^s Itisa

cutoff." '^'^^^-^'"'^ J'ttle army, with fen- exce ti ! "*^- ^»

f ^ctptiuns, was entirely

2;-; -'>i^^ were copied iZm^^'b^^^^'; ''''' ^^ --i^
^ he following r.r.rouoe t. the n , .'r' ^"^ ^hich con-
^falm: the ill-considered expedition of

SSi'l^- ^^'^ W:?-r .;? Ziir:-"-' ^'-^ -^itated an '
■^"cc.; , It ''^^^•^'- to hav; ala do . ' -f "^^ ^^^-^troit; a^

l"f the LnveMvi ' ^'^''' "A ^'"^ "^inclof Clark ''h' • ^ "^ ^^■'"''^

352

LaBahCs Unfortumite Kxpedition.

undertake what even the daring Clark, with greiitcr resources, did
not deem prudent to venture upon. This was LuHaltn. But of
him and hi8 expedition, it nuiy l>e iiere stated, very little iiitbrrau-
tioii, ol' an entirely autheniic sh'i[)e, is within our reach. Whatever
may he given in this hrief sketch, has been ohtauied mostly from
some of those who were in piirt eye-witnesses to the events, and from
tradition as handed down by the old inhabitants. LaHalm was a
native of Fran -e, and had come to this country as some kind ef ;iii
oflHcer, with the French troops, uniler fjaFayette, in I77i». We arc
not apprised whether he came to the West on his own resjwnsibility,
or whether he was directed by some authority; but we find him, in
the Summer of 17X0, in Kaskaskia, raising volunteers to form mi
expedition against the [mst of Ke-ki-ong-a, witii the ulterior view,
in case of success, of extending his operations against the fort and
towns of Detroit. At KaskasKia he succeeded in obtiiining onlv
between twenty and thirty men. With these he proceeded to Viii-
cennes, where be opened a recruiting estal)lishnu'nt for th<! purpose
ot raising the number necessary for his object. Hut he does not
seem to have been met here with the favor and encouragement ol'
the principal inhabitants, or to have had much success in hisenliat-
ment. His expedition was looked upon as one of doubtful propri-
ety, both as to its means and objects, and it met with the encourage-
ment, generally, of only the least considerate. Ue conducted his
march with such caution and celerity, that he appeared at the village
of Fort Wayne before even the w.itchful inhabitants had appreheml-
ed his approach. The sudden appearance of a I'oe, unknown as to
numbers, character and designs, threw them into the greatest alurm,
and they fled on all sides. LaHalm took possession of the place
without resistance. It was })robably his intention, in imitation of
Clark's capture of Kaskaskia, to take the village and its inhabitant?
by surprise: and tlieii, by acts and professions of kindness aihl
friendship, to win them over to the American cause; but the in-
habitants, including some six or eight French traders, totally ehuled
his grasp, llis occupation of the village was not of long duration.
After remaining a short time, and making plunder of the goods of
some of the French traders and Indians, he retired to new \\v
AI)oite Creek, near the point where the Wabash and Erie canal now
crosses this stream, and encani{)ed. The Indians, having soon ascer-
tained the number and character of LaBalm's forces, and learnin,?
that they were Frenchmen, were not disposed at first to avenge tlie
attack; but of the traders then living in the village, there were tffd
named Beaubien (who married the chiefess, widow of Joseph Droiiet
de Riohardville, and motlier of the late chief of the nation, .losepli
B. Richardvillt.) and LaFountain, (father of the late Miami chief.
FjaFountain,) who, nettled and injured by the invasion and pliimKi
of the place, were not disposed to let the invaders off witlioui ;i
olow. 'L'hese men, having incited the Indians to follow and attack
LaBalm, they .soon rallied their warriors of the village and vicinity.

LuBahi's Unfortunate Eccpeditimi.

353

rct'H, tliil
But, (if
iiit'ornw-
iVliatt'Vfv
illy from
and I'rtim
iin was II
ind (if ;ui
We are
onsihility.
d him, 111
) form an
>i'ior view,
lurtand
ning only
'd to Viii-
ic juiriiosf
i does not
aj^nnont of
\ hi.H enlist-
ful pvopri-
encounigi.;-
ulv\cted his
the village
npprelieiiil-
iiown as to

if the plrt"'
niitationof

linhiilntant?
iidiiess ami
Dut the ill-
ally olmle^l
r dunitiou.
Ru- tjoods of
jo near thi'
canal mi«
soon ascer-
d learning
avenge tk
L. were two
U)h DroiK^t
lion, .losepli
iatni chid.
nd pluinl*^^''
[• without ;i
and attack
lad vicinilV'

under the h-ad of their war chief, I lie rjilllc Turtle, and. fulling' iii)on
them in Lhe.iii^'lit linu-, niiiH.sacrcd Die I'litire party. Not one is
said to have survived to relate tlie sud story of llie expedition.

"Such in a hrief and imperitcl account of La Halni'M expedition,
of wliieh so little is known. Jtnniy not liave been impelleil by the
most patriotic motives, nor gnided by wise counsels, nor attended
with results especially lu'oelicial to the country ; yet, as an intercHt-
iiig event, connected with the early history ol' the country, it should
be preserved from the oblivion which rests u)ion it."

"The sao^acions mind of Washiii<,'ton,'' says Air. Williams, "at an
parly period, lixed upon the junction of the St. Mary's and the St.
Joseph's as ol commandin^^ iinjioi tance for a stron;^ military post."
This slatement will presently be fully veiHied. (See ante. i)p. 72
and 74 1 .

In a letter to Richard Henry Lee, written in 1784, Wiishington
wrote: " Would it not, be worthy of the wisdom and attention of
Congress to have the western waters well exitlored, the navigation of
them fully ascertained and accurately laid down, and a complete and
perfeet map made of the country, at least as far westerly as the Mi-
amis, runnin<5 into the Ohio and Lake Lrie, and to .see how the
waters of these conimuiiicat(3 with the river St. Joseph, which
I'mptit'H into Lake Miclii,i,Mn, and with the WaliashV fori cannot
forbear ob.sorving that the Miami \illa<fe, | now Kort Wayne |, points
to a very important po.st for the Union.'' — Uricc^s llititory ut J'ort
Wiujnc^ piujc 1 09.

In the Indiana war in the West, the Miamis were the principal
central iiower, Uccmpyin^^, (.says Mr. 11. K. Schoolcraft), with their
confederate.s, the valleys of the Wabash and the Miami of the Lakes,
they stretched, like an impassible line, between fjake Erie and the
lower Ohio. They wore a complete bar to the onttrpri.se and settle-
ment of the West. The outrages they, in connection with the
Shawanee.s and Dtdawares committed, and the threatening aspect
they assumed, led eventually to the )narch, at sei)arate periods, of
General Harmar, General St. Clair and (Jeneral Wayne. In the
American State Paj)ers apj)ears a letter of Governor St. Clair, dated
New York, August 23, 1790, addressed to the Secretary of ^Var,
in which the following Ls given as the motive of em])loying the mil-
itary force of the lirst cami)aigu :

"Three hundred of the militia of Virginia are to rendezvous at
Fort Steuben, and, with the garrison of that fort, to niarch to Post
!5t Vincennes and join Major Hamtramck ; the remaining twelve
hundred of the militia to assemide at Kort Washington, und( r the
orders of (ieneral llarnnir, which, with the troops to be collected
there, will form a body of lifteen hundred ; these are intended to
march directly across the country to the Miami village (Fort Wayne)

354

Fort Wayne— ll'dO.

while Major Hanitramck moves up the Wabash to attack any of the
vi Mages oq that river to which his force may be equal."

General Knox, the Secretary of War, in a communication dated
September \, 171)0, (liscu8.scs the military importance of the esthb-
lishment of a strong garrison •' at the Miami village, (Fort Wayne),
in the heart of the Indian country.'' And, in a report dated Decem-
ber 26, 17U1, •' tie great object" of the second military expedition
under (;ommand of Generil St. Clair, is si't forth in language yet
more ' .plicil :

" It will ai)pear, by re'''rence to report A, which acccupanies this
iv[»i)rt, Ihiit the great oliji-et, of the late campaign was to establish a
strong military post at the Miami village, lying upon the river of
that name, which comniiinieatt's with Lake Erie; and that subordi-
nate posts were also to In' erected, as well on the Wabash as on the
said river Miami.

''That, l>y un examination of the position of said Miami village,
and its contiguity to, or cuniiexion with, the waters of the river St,
.Josephs of Lake Michigan, and the river Illinois, and therei)y the
Mississippi; the Wiibash and thereby with the Ohio; the Miami ami
therel)y Lake Erie; its short distance IVom the Miiimi of the Ohio,
which, at times, n my afford considerable facility to transportation;
•it will appear that tiie saitl position, with its projjcr conununioa-
tions, is greatly superior to any otlier, in order to serve as a barrier
to protect essentially a frontier of upwards of eleven hundred miles,
stretching fri^m the upper parts of the Alleghany to the lower parts
of the Ohio.

" That it was intended to garrison the said post at the Miami
village, and its communications, Avith one thousand or twelve hun-
dred troo[)S, and have it ulways well stored with ])rovisions, etc.
Tbat, from the said number, a detachment generally might be spared
of sufficient nn^gnitude te chastise any of the neighboring villages
or tribes, sei)arately, who might iiave dared to commit de})redations;
or be a jdace t() which muunted n.Miitia might snddenly repair, draw
sui)plies, and act in conjanetion, in case of a combination of the sev-
eral towns or tribes in acts of hostility.

" Although the ])recise numner in which the force to be raifeJ
should be employed, cannot be pointed out with proi)riety at tlii!
time, as it will depend on the circumstances of the moment; yet it
woUid not be ini])roper to observe, that, upon a review of the objects
of the late cam jtaign, to-wit: The establishment of a stro.ig niili
tary post at the Miami villag.;, (junction of the St. Mary's and St.
.Iose|)li's,) with the necessary i>o,sts of communication, the ncci'ssitv
and propriety thereof remain the same: that this necessity will proli-
al)!y continue until we shall be possessed of the posts Vipoii b:il"'
Miehigan. Detroit and N iagara, withheld from us by (Jreat Britaii.
c -ntrary to treaty. Without remarking upon the principles uf this

Fort TF«?/w^— 1794-95.

356

y of the

oil dated
le estab-
Wayne),
1 Decern-
xpeditiou
^uage yet

nuiies this
istablish u
\e river ot
,t snbordi-
iis oil the

imi villagi',

he river St,

;,herel»y the
Miami ami

,t' the Ohio,

jsportation;

!ommuiiii^^i'-

118 a barrier
dri'd miles,
lower parts

the Miami

welve hull-
ivisiovis, etc.
|ht be spared

•ing villagf^
icpredationf.

•epair, draff
111 of the sev-

|to be raised
Iriety at thii
Inent; yet it
the objects
stro-ig null
ly's and !"■
he nfc>-^»ity
it-v will pro)-
, "upon I'lil*''
IreatUri'f'
iples of tl»=

coiuhicl, it may bo observed (i^enevally Uiat every arraiigoinent in the
power id' the Uiiited States, for e,stal)lishiii<f tlie tranf|uility of the
frontiers, will be inferior to the possession of said posti*. That it is,
however, eon8i(hM-ed, that if the said i)o.sis weu; in our possession, we
ought, also to have a strong jiost at I lie Miami village, in order to
render the protection eifectnal, and that the posts above mentioned
will ie(juire garrisons whensoever they shall be given up."

Ill his oilieial rejjort to the War l)epartment, communicating the
particulars oi" the victory at the foot of the i'a])ids, dated "Head"
(.luarters, Grand Glaize, (Defiance,) 28rh August, 1794," General
Wayne says: " In liie interior we shall improve Fort Defiance, and
as soon as the escort returns with the n.-^cessary supplies from Green-
ville and Fort Recovery, the army will pidceed to the Miami village,
(Fort Wiiyue.) in order to accomplish the object of the campaign."
A careful analysis of the above quotations will show the import-
unci', in a military sense, attached to this point by General Washing-
ton's administration, and they also dimly pre-ligurea just coniK^ptiou
of its future commercial value.

This Indian capital, at the junction of the .St. Mary's and ai.
Joseph's rivers, was the al)ode of the principal chiefs of the confeder-
ated tribes, and their reluctance in yielding its poasession to the govern-
raeat of the United States was illustrated, as hitherto stated, in the
cumluot of Little Turtle during the negotations of the treaty of
Kflo. Ill tiuitcontes! at (ireeiiville, there met two diplomali.^t.s —
Gt'iieral Wayne, on the part of the United States, and Little Turi.le,
on behalf oi the Indian confederacy — who would have been enabled
to cope with the most sagacious State minister of a Furopean court.
The cuun(!il commenced its session on the I6tli ilay of June, and
the treaty was signed on the 3d and exchanged on the 7tli of August.
Tbe time occujjied would have been considerably abridged had it
not been for the obstacles interposed by Little Turtle, the master
spirit on the jiart of the Indians, whose chief point was to retain
partial, if not full possession of his " glorious gate,"' at Fort Wayne.
Till' other chiels, many of whom, in the discus-;ion, gave evidence of
the possession ol much wisdom and elo<pieuce, early in the negotia-
tions evinced a disposition to readily asseiit to all the terms piv.-^crib-
ed by the commissioner of the United States. This entire discussion
is of (lei'p intei'i'st. l)ut only that |)»rtioii of it which rolate.-; espec-
uilly to the ui'gotatious affecting the title to Fort Wayne are given.
Inivplv to a siieech of Little Turtle, General Wayne said, in his
address before the council held on the '^'•tiii of .lulv:

356

liovt Wayne — Little lurtle.

"I havo paid iittontioii to wliat Little Turtle said two days since
concern iiig tlie lands wiii(;h lie claims, lie said his lathers lirst
kindled the lires at Detroit, and stretched his lines from thence to
the head waters of the Sciota ; thence, down the same, to the Ohio;
thence, down that river, to the month of the Wabash ; and fruiii
thence to Chicago, on the sontliwest end of Lake Michi<fan ; iind
observed that his forefathers had enjoyed that country from time
immemorial.

"These boiuidaries enclose a very large space of country indeed;
they enil)race, if I mistake not, all the lands on which all the nations
now pi'eseut live, as well as those which have ])een ceded to llio
United States. * * * The Little Turtle says, the ])rint3
of his forefather's houses are everywhere to be seen within tlieso
boundaries. Younger In'other, it is true, these prints are to be ol>
serv 1; but, at the same time, we discover the marks of French
possessions throughout this country, Avhich were established loii<r
before we were boi'n.

" I will point out to you a few rlaces where I discover strong
traces of these establishments; and lirst of all, I find at Detroit :i
very strong print, where the lire was first kindled by your Ibic-
fathers; next at Vincennes, on the Wabash; again at Musfpiitou,
on the same river; a little higher up that stream, they are to be seen
at Onitanon ; I discover a)iot,her strong trace at Chicago ; anotlieroii
the banks of the St. Josephs of Lake Michigan. I have seen dis-
tinctly the prints of a French and of a British post at the Miami
villages, [Fort V'lyne,] and of a British post at the rapids, now in
their possession*"

At the Council on the 2?th of July, after a general acquiesceiifi
to the terms of the treaty had been given by the other chiefs, Little
Turtle arose and said :

" Listen you, chiefs and warriors, to what I am about to say to
you; to you I am speuking. We ha -e heard what our elder brotlier
has said to us this day. I expected to have heard him deliver those
words ever since we have been here, for which reason I observor] you
were precipitate on your part. This is a business of the greiittit
consequence to us all ; it is an affair to which no one among us ciii!
give an answer. Therefore, I hope we will take time to consider tlie
subject, that we will unite in vinion, and express it unanimoiisk
Perhaps our brothers, the Shawanese, from Detroit, may arrive in
time to give us their assistance. You, chiefs present, are men of spii;e
and understanding; this occasion calls for your serious delilteration.
and you, my uncles, the Wyandots, and grandfathers, the Delawate
view our situation in its true point of consideration."

In the discussion on the day following, (July 28,) the New Gto
a Pottawattamie i;hief, growing impatient at the delay, exclaimed
"Why do you hesitate ? You know good works are always better,!

,y8 since
lers th'sl
hence to
lie Ohio ;
md iVom
ran -. iiud
I'oui time

y iudet'd;
le nations
led to tiio
the \)rint3
thin these
; to l5C ob-
of French
l\s\\ed long

avcv strong
,t Detroit a
r your fovc"
Mus<iuitou,
i-e to be seen
; anotlier on
iivc seen dis-
„ the Miami
Yids, now 111

D-

3 V. 5

Hi S:

I 1

< -+

acciuiescence
Icliiefs, Lit*

|)ut to say to

[elder brotliei

1 deliver thos

1 observod yo^

the greatest

Uong us can

f) consitlcvtM

Inay arrive w
I nieu of seu^
|s deliberatio'" I
Ihe Dela\vai'«'

= ^

» -

r. //

'I r

11, (; New tori"
oxclaiwedi

always^'*'''

wliei
and

pt'Cill

wJiici

Little
«'!'

Detro
-tliiil

iO OU'l

I'rom t

ci'S, till

from II

"111

I he Wi

U'o thii

rtl. W

river w]
mliiibit
niierevc
;mce of

liitiicrs,
'('111!! ear
sistence i
ill the CO
lis both
alFords."

Ill his

"Kind

The Litfci

lliat placu

tlmt point

^t. Mary's

I 's ever ;m

' groiiiul an

nilo as we]

„" Object
^'^"•1, Way,
fliat that r

I ''''^S hereto
j*so; but

I it IS true

Fort Wayne — lAitle Turtle.

857

when oxecutod witli decision. I now enfcrwit you all to join li:ind
and iic'iirt, and finisli this good work with our older brotlicr."

To tliis Little Turtle replied:

"All you present must know that every kind of business., es-
pecially such as we are at present enj^aged in, exhibits difficulties
which require patience to remove, and consideration to adjust."

At the council on the 29th of July, addressing General Wayne,
Little Turtle said :

"These ])cople [the French] were seen by our foreft'thors first at
Detroit: afterwards we saw them at the Miami village [Fort Wayne]
—that glorious gate which your younger brothers had the happiness
to own, and through which all the words of our chiefs had to pass,
from the north to the south, and from the east to the west. Broth-
ers, these people never told us they wished to purchase these lands
from us.

"I now give you the true sentiments of your younger brothers,
the Miiunis, with respect to the reservation at the Miami villages.
We thank you for kindly contracting the limits you at first propos-
ed. We wish you to take this six mile s(iuare on the side of the
river where your fort now stands, as your younger brothers wish to
inliabit that beloved spot again. You shall cut liay for your cattle
wherever you please, and you shall never require in vain the assist-
ance of your younger brothers at that place.

'•The next ])lace you pointed to, was the Little river, and said you
wanted two miles sqiuire at that place. This is a request that our
fathers, the French or British, never made us ; it was always ours.
This carrying place has heretofore proved, in a great degree, the sub-
sistence of \ ;ur younger brothers. That i)lace has brought to us,
in ll>e course of one day, the amount of one hundred dollars. Let
us both own this place, and enioy in common the advantages it

In his reply, General Wayne used the following language:

"I tiud there is some objection to the reservation at Fm-t Wayne.
The Little Turtle observes, he never heard of any cessions made at
that place to the French. I have tracfnl the lines of two forts at
that point; one stood at the junction of the St. Joseph's with the
St. Mary's, and the other not far removed on the St. Mary's, and it
IS ever an established rule, among the Europeans, to reserve as much
ground around their forts, as their cannon can command. This is a
rule as well known as any other fact.

"Objeetion has also been made respecting the ])ortage between
I'ort Wayne and the Little river; and the reo,sons i)rocluced, are,
that that road ht's been to the Miamis a source of wealth ; that it
MS, herotolbre, produced them one hundred dollars |n.'r day. Itniay
I'i^^so; but let us iiKpiire who, in fact, paid this heavy contribution?
I" is true the traders bear it in the Grst instance; but they laid it

358

Fort Wdf/ne — Little Turtle.

on their fi;ooilH, and the FntliiUis oC tlx' Wahasli r< ally, ami fiiiallv,
paid it; tlitTcluiv, it is tin' Little Boavir, ilio i^oKlitT, the ^ tin, and
their tribes, who have uctually been so highly taxed."

At a private cunierence, on the l:ith Au<;uMt (aller the treaty had
been signed and exchanged), with tlie Miamis, Kel river and Kick-
apoo Indiana, the liittle Turtle, in the name of the others, observed
that, as they intended soon to dejuirt, and return to their respective
homes, he took tlie opi)(»rtunity of re[)eating to the General that he,
himself, and the Indians with him, were pi-rfectly aeciuainted with
every article of the treaty ; that no part of it had escaped their
seriovs and anxious di'liberation ; that, in the early stage of the in-
gotiation, he had not compn'heiuled the nioderalion and liberality
with which he is now convinced it is diclaled; that, to this causLs
and to a duty which he conceives he owes his country, must be
attributed the opposition he exhibited on sundry occasions; that lie
was persuaded his Father would not think unkindly of him for it:
for he had heard him, with much plea.-un . approve of the freedom
with which he delivered his sentiments: that he was a man who
spoko as he thought, and a nian of sincerity: and that he emln-aced
this last occasion to declare that, as he was fully convinced that the
treaty was wisely and benevolently calculated to promote the mu-
tual interest, and insure the iiermanenl happiness of the Imlianv
and their Father, ti)e Americans; so it u;:s his determined resolii
tion to adhere religiously to its 8tipulati(ui8. He asked for trader?
to reside at their different villages, and mentioned the iiamea of
some, who, for the confidence he had in their integrity, they wish»d
might he licensed, and continued by th<' United States, as trader?
among them : he hoped (the Weeas particularly,) t.haf a fort would
be immediately established at Oniaiaiion ; and |)romised every as-
sistance which they could atTord to the establ'shuient ; that he. him-
self, would reside near Fort Wayne, where daily experience should
convince nis Father of his sincere friendship: aiul that, a^ he in-
tended to re-kindle the grand council fire at that place, by means of
which the different nations might conimuniciiie with each othpi" :is
usual, he requested his Father to give orders to the com man dun t ai
Fort Wayne, to inform hira, from time to time, tjf any ineasnitj
which the great council of the Fifteen Fires might adopt, in which
the interest of their children should be concerned: and that Mr.
Wells might be placed there as a resident interpreter, as he possessen
their confidence as fully as he did that of their Father.

dpi^ ^

Fort Wayne—Imliiiii Trcui'i of ISOS. ;i50

Tho noxt ami flnal ap})L'arance of Little Turtle in tlu' Ik-Id ol'

(liploinacy, was at the Convention lnOd at Fort Wayne, Juno 7,

1803. The follcwing are the

AimcLKS of !i Treaty made at Fort Wiync "u the jMiaiiii of tlu; Liikw, lii.'-
twccn William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Iinliaii Territory, snperin-
tcndcnt of Indian atfairs, ami commissioner plenipi.tentiary of the United
Slates for coneludinu; any treaty or treaties v.'iiich miy be found necessary
with any of tlie Indian tribes north west of tiie Ohio, of the one part, anil
tije tribes of Indians called tin; Delawares, Shawanoes, Polawatimies, Mi-
amis and Kickapoos, by their chiefs and head warriors, and those of the
Eel river, Weeas, Piankashaws and Kaskaskias, by their aiicnts and repre-
sentatives Tuthinipee, Winnemac, Hieherville and Little Turtle (who are
properly autliorized by the said tribes) of the other part.

Article I. Wlicrcas, it is decliircd by the fourth article of the
treaty of Greenville, that the United Slates reserve for their use the
post of St. Vincennes and all the lands adjacent to which the Indian
titles had been extinguished : And v/iorrK.s, it has been foutid diili-
cnlt to determine the precise limit of said tract as held by the French
iintl Hritish governments ; it is hereby agreed that the l)oundaries of
the said tract- shall be as follow : Beginning at Point Coupee on the
Wabiish, and running thence by a line ni^rlh seventy-eight degrees,
west twelve miles ; thence by a line parallel to the general course of
the Wabash, until it shall be mtersected by a line at right angles
tD the same, passing through the moutii of White river; thence l)y
the last mentioned line across the Wabash and towards the Ohio,
seventy two miles; thence by a line north twelve degrees AvesI, until
it shall be intersected by a line at right angles to the same, passing
flirougli Point Coupee, and by the last mentioned line to the place
of hegiiuiing.

Akt. II. The United States hereby relinquish all claim which
they may have had to any lands adjoining to or in the neighbor-
hood of the tract above described.

Ai{T. III. As a mark of their regard and attachment to the
United States, whom they acknowledge for their only friends and
protectors, and for the consideration hereinafter mentioned, the said
trilies do hereby relinquish and cede to the United States the great
suit spring upon the Saline creek which falls into the Ohio below
the mouth of the Wabash, with a (niar.tity of land surrounding it
not exceeding four miles square, and which may be laid ofl' in a
sqtiare or oljlong as the one or the other may be found most conven
ient to the United States: And the said United States being desi-
rous that the Indian tribes should participate in the benetits to be
derived from the said spring, herei)y enixage to deliver yearly and
'■very year for the use of said Indians, a cpiantity of salt not exceed-
ing one hundred and fifty bnshels, and which shall be divided among
rh'^ Several tribes in such manner as the general council of the chiefs
may determine.

Art. IV. For the considerations before mentioned, und for the
convenience which ihe said tribes will themselves derive from such

360

Fort Wayne— Indian Treat ij of 1803.

establisliiiu'iUs, it is hereby a<,'ivi'(l llmt;is soon iis the Irilfs callod
Kiokiipoos, Fiul river, Wt'OiW, Piiinkii.sliiiw.s uiid Kjiskii^kiiLs shall give
their eonsent to the iiieusiire, the United States sliall have the right
ol' looutiiii; throe truels of IjiiuI (of siteh size as may l)e agreed upon
with the hist mentioned tribes) on the main road between Vincennes
and Kaskaskias, and one oilier between V^inceimes and (Jlarksville,
I'or the piiri)ose of ereetinp; houses ol' (jntertainment for the accom-
modation of travellers, liiit it is expressly umlerstood that it' the
said locations are made on any of the rivers which croas the said
road, and ferries should be established on the same, that in times of
high water any Indian or Indians belonging to either of the tribes
who are parties to this treaty shall have fcho privilege of crossing
such ferry toll free.

Art. V. Whereas, there is reason to believe that, if tiie boundary
lines of the tn^t described in the first articde should be run in the
manner therein directed, that some of the settlenu'uts and locations
of land made to the citizens of the United States will fail in the
Indian country — It is hereby agreed that such alterations shall be
made in the direction of these lini-s as will include them ; and a
({uantity of land e([ual in duality to what may be thus taken shall
be given to the said tribes either at the east or the west end of the.
tract.

In TESTi.NfONY wjiKRKOi', I'lic Commissioner of the United Statis
and the chiefs and warriors of the Delawares, Shawanoes, Potawat-
imies, Miamis and Kicka])ooH. and those of the Kel river, Woeus,
Piankashaws, and Kaskaskias. l)y iheir agents and representatives,
Tuthinipee, Winnemac, Richerville, and the Little Turtle, who are
properly authorized by the said tribes, have hereunto subscribed
iheir names ami alUxeil their seals at Fort Wayne, this seventh day
of June, A. D., 180;5, ami of the Imlependence of the United States,
the twenty-seventh.

WILLIAM IIENKY HARRISON.

Miamies.

Eicherville

Me-she-kun-nogh-f|Uoh
(or Little Turtle.)

On behalf ol themselves atui Eel river,
We(>as, Piankashaws and Kaskaskias,
whom they represent.

Kickapooi<.

Nah-mah-to-hah, (or standing,) Pas-she-we-hah, (or cat.)

Shawanoese.

JS'EAHMBMICEII.

Pottaiuattomies.

m ;, ■ • ) On behalf of the Pottawattomies and Eel River,
lutninipee, [ s^ Pinkashaws and Kaskaskias, whom they

Winnemac. i ' , '

) represent.

Wanaangsea, or Five Medals ; Keesas (or Sun.)

]^ort Wayne—Indian Tmtty of 1803. 3fil

? calkil
all give
10 right
'd upon
ncennos
rksville,
accom-
it if the
the said
times of
le tribes
crossing

(oiuuliirv
111 in tlie
location^
ill ill llie
sluill be
1 ; uud a
ken shiill
ul ui' the

ted States
Totawat-
-r. Weeas,
iMitatives.
, who are
uhscribed
eiith day
,t'(.l States,

;i;isoN.

lEel river,
Iciskaskias,

Hockitijifpomskcnn,
Koclikuwhiiiuuid.

lei River.
10 m they

Delnwarcs.

Tola !?u.\ike,
Hii-Kon-igo-lielas,

Shawanoese,

Cu-the-we-ka-Siiw, (or Black Hoof,) Mcthawnasico.

Sifjiied, sealed and delivered in the [)re.s(Mice of John Itice Jones,
Secretary of the Commissioner ; Joiin (lihsoii, Secretary of Indian
Territory; Thomas Pasterrs, Capt. lirst re<riment Infantry ; Wm.
Wells, Interpreter ; John Johnston, United Status Factor , llend-
ricii Aiipanmert, chief of Muhhecon ; Thomas Freeman.
The proceedings at the witliin treaty were faithl'nlly interjireted
by us, John (lihson and William Wells ; that is, for the Delawares,
John Gibson ; and for the rest of the trihes, William Wells.

John (Jihsox,
William Wells.

To the Indian names are subjoined a marked seal.

The chief, Little Turtle, was the leader who had overthrown tho
Federal armies in the expeditions of 17!)0 and 1791, and which had
struck with dismay and terror the white inhabitants of the exposed
frontiers. His natural statesmanship was illustrated at Greenville.
On that occasion the double task involved upon him to deal with
and control his confederate chiefs, aiul at the same time cope with
Anthony Wayne. Although environed by these perplexities, he
passL'd the ordeal, and carried oil* honors only second to those which
fell upon the representative of Washington's administration, lie
was surely a man endowed by nature with remarkable gifts. In the
third cainjiaign he met his superior in the inxincible "Mad
Anthony," and him he had to confront in the peaceful treaty ground
at Greenville. Regarding him, Mr. Williams thus nuikes mention
in the lecture (page Ifi,) above referred to :

"Of Little Turtle, Col. Johnston writes: " Meshekunnaghquoh,

or the Little Turtle, was of mixed blood, half Mohican, half Miami.

* * * * 1 knew him intimately — the gentleman

of his race. lie died at Fort Wayne, and was buried as he deserved,

bv the commandinjr officer, with all the honors of war due to his high

laracter and rank," With great propriety, the spot which he so
i bravely defended against Ilarniar, in 1790, was selected as his burial
I place."

The successor to Little Turtle was " Peshkewah," or as his name
j IS signed in the treaty of 1803, just copied, " Richerville," or, as
more familiarly known to the pioneers of the Maumee and Wabash
valleys, John B. Richardsville.

362

Fort Wayne — John B. JiichardviUe.

From the (Iiilc of tlu' treiity of Greenville, the Miiimis renmiiied at
pciice witli the United Stiites, llmilly realiziiif^, from the Siile of their
fertile liin'ls, much more thiin all the aviiils of their furs cuuld hiivo,
under any possible supposition been worth. Afh r the death (if
Little Turtle,* who had been their counsellor, leader, and war
eai)tain, ante and post-revolutionary, the chieftainehip, being in the
female line, fell into the hands of Peslikewah, or the Tiyrx, a nmn
betti'r known on the frontiers as John B. Richanlsville. Inheriting
French bloud, of the Metiff cast, from the father's side, he was a nmn
well adapted to conduct the affairs of the Miamis during this peculiar
l)eriod. Putting forth high powers as tiie Governor of a numerous
tribe, who had a reputation for their warlike (|ualities, and with a
strong feeling of self-interest, he secured the best terms in everv
negotation, enriching greatly both his tribe and himself.

Agreeably to tradition, Peshkewah was born within tlie present
limits of Fort Wayne, about 1701. This was locally the period of
the Pontiac war, in whicli the western' tril)e8 followed tlie lend (if
of that energetic and intreprid Algonquin, in resisting the trail sfiT
of authority from the French to the English power, lie was too
young for any agency in this war, ami the event has no further con-
nection with the man than as it introduced him and his people to a
new phasis of histoi'y. Braddock had !)ecn defeated in 1755,
Quebec surrendered in 175!> ; and by the treaty which followed,
Fnuice forever struck her Hag in Canada, But France had left an
element in the land whicli could not be extracted by a treaty, Tlie
French population had extensively intermarried with the Iiuliaii
females, and the whole lines of Irontiers was composed almost eutiri-
ly of this Metiff" population. The influence of the Indian trade, that
lever ol pd.ver, Wiis in tbeir hands. They were almost exclusively
ac(juaint(Hl with the Indian languages, and no negotations could l*
accomplished without their aid. Thus England, from the fall df
Queliec to the outlireak of the American revolution, may be said to
have worked on the frontiers with French hands.

This is not the only great truth that belongs to this subject; fur
A'derica has also been obliged to employ the same influence amoii^
the Indian population up to a period scarcely now passed. It was
in this condition of things that gave Peshkewah, and all of his class
who were similarly situated, such influence on the frontiers. We

*H. R. Schoolcraft, Part !i, pages 528, 629, 530.

Fort Wayne — John B, Jiichnrdville.

363

lined III
of their
1(1 hiivoi
Ica'h of
iiiul Wiir
ig ill tk'
c, a man
\hcriting
ms a man
s peculiar
nuuiovous
[1(1 with a
i iu every

lie presenl
. period of
the lend of
:he transfer
[le waa too
urther con-
people to a
in 1755.
;h followed,
had left an
veaty. 'n>o
the Iiuliaii
modt eniivi'-
X trade, that
exclusively
ns could lii'
,1 the fall «!
y be said to

I subject ; f«
(lence amon?

ued. It^'''
lof hiscte

•onticrs. ^^e

run l)ut iiliiulf to this i)orio(l tuul tluvse inllueiices in (.'iilling atten-
tion to the man.

Witliiti ii (h)Zt'ii years of that time, the war cjf the Atnoriciin Revo-
lution hroke out, imrl tii(! colonists found tlic vveHtcrn luilians as
niidy to tai<e up the hatcliet against them, as they lortuerly were
against the Knglish. In this feeling, as it was ootnnion to his trihe>
t()(;etlu'r with (tthers, Peshkewah naturally participated. As he was
hut nineteen at the close of the revolutionary war, he could have
taken hiit litth^ part in it. He was |)re8ent, and assisted in Ilarmar's
(lecat in 17!H».

Cireunistances early l)rought young I'eshkewuh into notice; his
motlier being a chieftainess, he became the leading chief. His talents
Win' rather those of the civilian than the warrior. He was kind
and Inunane to prisoners while thc^ war la(>lid, and as soon as peace
was restored he became a worthy citizen, and enjoyed the conlidence
of the whites to tjie fullest extent. He spoke both the Fr^'uch and
tlie English languages ; and for a series of years, his house, which was
(■li;.'ihly situatcii on the banks of the St. Mary's, about four miles
from I*\)rt Wayne, was known as the abode of hospitality, where
his friends and strangers were received with open hands.

To these generous qualities he unit<d a disposition strictly honest,
a capacity for the transaction of business far above the ordinary
ilass of aboriginal chiefs and rulers, and a diligence .and forecast in
the acquisition and the husbanding ot his property, which were as
rcmiirkable. In the negotiations of this tribe with the United States
goviTunient tor the cession of the Mianu lands, he was the leading
and guiding spirit of his tribe; and it is but justice to his memory
to say, that he secured the best terms.

Peshkewah, at the time of his death, is believed to have been the
most wealthy man of the native race in America, the estimate of his
property exceeding half a million dollars. A large part of this was
in the best selected lands, reserved out of the original cessions of
Ms tribe, and other real estate. He left nearly $200,000 in specie.
This is the chief of whom it was said, on the occasion of the govern-
ment feeling the general pressure for coin to meet its Indian annui-
ties in ls;}T-;5H, that he ottered to loan the disbursing agent the
amount required for his tribe at a moderate interest.

A note appended to the lecture of Mr. Williams, relates, on the
authority of the late Allen Hamilton, the following incident in In-
dian life at Fort Wayne :

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WEBSTER, NY 14580

(716) 872-4503

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(/^.

364

iThdian Life at Fort Wayne.

" About 1792 a white man was bound to the stake for burning.
The mother of the late prii oipal chief of the Miamies, Richardville
(or Peshkewah) herself the daughter of a chief, a woman of great
influence in tho tribe, had made fruitless eftbrts to save him. The
savages stood around eager for the cruel sacrifice, and the torch was
ready to be applied, llichardville, then a young man, had been
designated as their future chief, biit not yet installed. To him his
mother appealed, and placing a knife in his hand, bade him assert
at that moment his chieftainship. Hushing within the infuriated
circle, he cut the cords that bound the white man. Though cha-
grined at the escape of their victim, all applauded, as men, savage
or civilized, will honor a bold and decided character, and his influ-
ence and power were from that time established. The kind hearted
Miami woman contrived to secrete the white man, sending him
down the Maumee in a canoe, undfr a cover of furs and peltries, in
charge of some friendly Indians. Many years afterward, the chief,
on a journey to Washington City, stopped at a town in Ohio. A
man approached him, throwing his arms around his neck in grateful
embrace. It was the rescued prisoner."

Richardville made a will, bequeathing his property to his children
and relations with even-handed justice. He had expressed a desire
to prolong his life, but finding that the time of his departure drew
nigh, he resigned himself with perfect composure. He remarked
that it was ordered by the Great Spirit that all men must once die,
and he was ready and felt willing to obey the mandate. He died
on the loth of August, 1841, aged 80, within a few miles of the
place where he was born ; and it is a proof of his peaceful and do-
mestic habits, that, with very few exceptions, his whole life had
been passed upon the native domain of his tribe. His remains were
deposited with religious ceremonies in the Catholic burial groimd
at Fort Wayne.

It has been reserved for this place and chapter to give some
details relating to points of local and historical interest not embod-
ied in preceding pages.

" According to the statement of chief Richardville, Mr, Peltier
and others,'' says Mr, J. L. Williams, " the extreme point of land
just below the mouth of the St. Joseph, now so attractive in rural,
peaceful beauty, is said to have been the accustomed place for
burning' prisoners." And General Cass, in his address July 4,
1843, stated that, " for many years, during the frontier history ot
this place,(Ft. Wayne, )and region, the line of your canai was a bloody
war-path, which has seen many a deed of horror; and this peaceful
town has had its Moluch, and the records of human depravity
furnish no more terrible examples of eruelty than were oflered at
this shrine. The Miami Indians, our predecessors in the occupation

Fori Wayne — Its Estahlishment.

3G5

urning.
irdville
>f great
a. The
rch was
ad been
him his
a assert
liuriated
igh cha-
i, savage
his influ-
\ hearted
ding him
eltries, in
the chief,
Ohio. A
n grateful

is children
3d a desire
■ture drew
I remarked
it once die,
He died
iles of the
fill and do-
,le life had
luains were
•ial ground

I^r. rdticr
oint of land
ve in rural,
place fov

•ess July \
r history ol
wrasahloodv
his peaceful
depravity
offered ut
occupation

of this district, had a terrible institution whose origin and object
have been lost in the darkness of aboriginal history, l)ut which was
continued to a late period, and whose orgies were held upon the
very spot where we now are. It was called the man-eating society,
and it was the duty of its associates to eat such prisoners as were
preserved and delivered to them for that purpose." And lure
occurs a resumption of notes, not given in the preceding part of
this volume, relating to the visit and experience of General Wayne
antl his military successor at this point, Colonel Hanitramok ;
inasmuch as the events which occurred during tha military adminis-
tration of these officers are of local historical value."

On the 14th of September, 179-4, the defences at Fort Defiance
having been completed, the legion under TJeneral Wayne began their
march for the Miami villages at the head of the Mauraee, where
they arrived at 5 o'clock, P. M., Sep. 17; and on the following day
the commander-in-chief reconnoitered the ground and determined
on the spot to build a garrison. The following are extracts from
the journal of Wayne's campaign :

"(^idHj) Miami ViUaf/es, 18//t Sep/.^ 1794. — Four deserters from
the British came to us this day, and bring the information that the
Indians arc encamped eight miles below the British fort to the
number of 1000.

" '20th Sept. — General Barber, with his command, arrived in camp
ahout 9 o'clock this morning with .'558 kegs of flour, each contain-
ing 100 pounds.

" 23r/ Sept. — Four deserters from the Britisli garrison arrived at
our camp : they mention that the Indians are still embodied on the
Miami (Maumee) nine miles below the liritish fort; that they are
somewhat divided in opinion — some are for peace, others for war.

24//i Sept. — This day the work commenced on the garrison, which
I am apprehensive will take some time to complete. A keg of
whiskey, containing ten gallons, was purchased this day for eighty
dollars, a sheep for ten dollars Three dollars was offered for one
pint of salt, but it could not be obtained for less than six.

2t)//i Sept. — McCleland, one ot our spies, with a small parly, came
in this evening from Fort Defiance, who brings information that
the enemy are troublesome about the garrison, and that they have
killed some of our men under the walls of tlie fort. Sixteen
Indians were seen to-day near this place ; a small party went in pur-
suit of them. I have not heard what discoveries they have made.

" ■^fh Oct. — This morning we had the hardest frost I ever saM
the middle of December; it was like a small snow; there w;is
in our camp kettles three fourths of an inch thick ; the fatigues go
on with velocity, considering the rations the troops were obliged to

ice

live

on.

360

Fort Wayne — Its Estahlisliment.

"■ Qth Oct. — Plenty and quietness; the volunteers enga)i;etl to
work on the garrison for which they are to neceive three gills ofwliis

ami

111

key per man per day. Their employment is digging the ditch
filling up the parapet.

"8//! ^A,/.— The troops drew but half rations of flour this day,
The cavalry and other horses die very fast, not less than four or
five per day.

" 9M Od. — The volunteers have agreed to build a block house
front of the garrison.

"11/// Ocf. — A Canadian (Rozelie) with a flag arrived this even-
ing; his business was to deliver up three prisoners in e\(,-liange toi
his Ijrolher, who was taken on the 2()th of August ; he brings int'oi
mat ion that the Indians are in council with Girty and McKee near
the fort of Detroit, and that all the tribes are for peace e\cept, ilk-
Shawauees, who are determined to prosecute the war.

" 16/// Orl. — Nothing new ; weather wet and cold; w'lid from N.
W . Troops healthy in general.

" 19/// (kl. — This day the troops not ordered for 1-ibor ; hi ing
the first day for four weeks, and accordingly attended diviuc
service.''

On the morning of the 22d of October, 1791, the garrison was in
readiness, and Lieutenant Colonel Hamtramck assumed comniantl
of the post, with the following sub-legions : Captain Kiug.sburyV
Ist ; Captain Greaton's 2d ; (Japtains Spark'is and Reed's lid: Cap
tain Preston's 4th, and Captain Porter's of artilleiy ; and after fiiw
fifteen rounds of cannon, Colonel Hamtramck gave it the naiiu' ol
Fort Wayne.

On the 28th of October, General Wayne, with the main body of the
regulars, took up his line of march for Fort (ireenville, arriving ai
that point on the 2d of November. Colonel Hamtramck reniaincJ
in command at Fort Wayne until the 17th of May, 1790; auil
thouph nothing of a very important nature transpired during thai
time, yet there is much of interest to be gathered from the vim
letters of Colonel H. written from the fort, and addressed to Gen
erals Wayne and Wilkinson — these letters having first been madf
public in the American pioneer, in 184;{, a:^d re-published in Brice'-^
History of Fort Wayne :

"FoiiT Waymb, December 29, i;04.

" Sir : Yesterday a number of chiefs of tho Ciiippeways, Ottawis.
Sacs and Pott awal amies airived here with the two Lassalles.
(Jacques and Antoine.) It appears that the Shawanees, Delaware
and Mif;mi8 remain still under tiie influence of McKee ; but Lasallf
thinks they will be compelled to come into the measures oftlie

and to,
(^ was.
more fl
could
creatiii

sage.

HiiS Vpjv

t'lal \Vi

I'resent,
voiis. in

ft-'si'Ieuc.
Would g(
fioiD you

(Til Gent

"The I
.ijoinir to

iHayN t,.|

lo be verl

Fort Wayne— \1U-^^.

367

|T;e(l to
of whis
tch and

his day.
four ov

hourtt' ill

his eveu-

ngs infov
;Kee near

ulfrom N.

l)or; ^M
uled diviue

ison was in
(1 comniaml

'tt :id -. Cap
I aftei-fivinii
itlie name ot

|, body ol'llie
arriving i^
l(.\t veniaini''!
1790; aii'i
during tlisi
Ivii tbe man)
,sed 10 Oen-
it been nia^i'^
Led in Bviw'^

•>«.).

[ay9,0ttaf'

' ^ Lassallt*

.8 Del awards

' 'butL:isa>)*

fcasures of tlie

other Indians. After the chiefs have rested a day or two, I will
send them to headquarters.'

" Fort Wayne, December 29, 1794.
" Sir : Since my last letter to you of the present date, two
war chiefs have arrived from the Miami nation, and inform
me that their nation will be here in a few days, from
whence they will proceed to Greenville. They also bring the intel-
ligence that the remaining tribes of savages acceding to the preva-
lent wihh for peace, and collecting for the purpose the chiefs of
their nations, who, it is supposed, will make their appearance at
this post about the same time the Aliamis may come forward."

"Fort Waynk, December 13. 1795.
"The issues to the Indians would be very inconsiderable this
winter, if it was not for about ninety old womi u and children, with
some very old men, who live near us, and have no other mode of
subsisting but by garrison. I have repeatedly tried to get clear of
them, but without success."

" Fort Wayne, January 13, 1796.

"About ninety old women and children have been victualled by
the garrison. I have, yesterday, given them five days provisions,
and told them that it was the last they could have until spring.
(1 was obliged to do so, because, from calculation I have no
more Hour than will last me until spring. But, sir, if other supplies
couhl be got by land 1 would consider it politic to feed these poor
creatures, who will suffer very much for want of subsistence.

(To General Wilkinson.) March 28, 179G.

" I am out of wampum. I will be very much obliged to you to
send me some, for speaking to an Indian without it is like consul t-
a lawyer without a fee."

(To General Wilkinson.) April 5, 1796.

"Little Turtle arrived yesterday, to whom I delivered your mes-
sage. His answer was. to present his compliments to you : that he
was very glad of the invitation, as he wished very mucii to see Gen-
eral Wilkinson, but it wiis impossible for him to go to Greenville at
present, as he had ordered all liis younu' men to repair lo a rendez-
vous, in order, when assembled, to choose a place for a permanent
rusidence; that, as soon as that object shall be accnmplished, he
would go to see you, which, he said, would be by the time he hears
from you again."

(To General Wilkinson.) " April 18, 1796.

I " The bearer is Captain Blue Jacket, who, at your request, is now
!^'oing lo (ireenville. Blue Jacket is used to good com])aiiy. and is
always treated with more attention than other Indians, lie appears

[to be very well disposed, and I think him sincere."

368

Fort Wayne— \1^(S—n\0-\\.

" For a period of sixteen years subsequent to tlio treaty of Green-
ville, agreeable relations were maintained, by the United States, be-
tween the Miarais and some other tribes represented at that famous
treaty. During this time the Indians seemed mainly to have be-
taken themselves to the forests and prairies in pursuit of game; and
the result was that a considerable traftic was steadily carried on
with the Indians, by fur traders of Fort Wayne and Vincennes, and
at diti'erent trading posts which were established on the borders ot
the Wabash river and its tributaries. The furs and peltries which
were obtained from the Indians, were generally transported to De
troit. The skins were dried, compressed and secured in bales- each
bale weighing about one hundred pounds. A pirogue or boat, thai
was sufficient to carry forty bales, required the labor of four men to
manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash river,
such a vessel, under the management of skillful boatmen, was pro-
pelled fifteen or twenty miles a day, against tue current. Alter
ascending the river Wabash and the Little river to the portage near
Fort Wayne, the traders carried their bales or packs over tlie j'ort-
age, to the head of the river Maumee, where they were again placed
in pirogues, or in keel bouts, to be transported to Detroit. At this
place the furs and skins were exchanged lor blankets, guns, knives,
powder, bullets, intoxicating liquors, etc., with which the traders
returned to their several posts." — Dillon''s Ifistory of Indiaiui, «r
Bricc's History oj Fort Wayne.

In 1810, General William H. Harrison, the governor of Indiana
territory, was made acquainted witli a plot that was maturing lor
the surprise and massacre of Fort Wayne, Detroit, Chicago, Vin-
cennes and St. Louis. Tecumseh, and his brother the Prophet
" were moving with the slow but sure action of a volcano ; audtlie
internal heat of their efforts was continually made the more appar
ent by the rising cinders cast up in the endeavor here and there to
secretly draw the different tribes of the west and south withiu their
circle, and by otlxer means, equally wily and surreptitious, to I'rin^"
their plans to bear for the overthrow of the whites of the nortli
west."

Nothwithstanding these machinations resulted in overt acts oi
hostility, including the bloody conflict of Tippecanoe, a few dav>
after the latter event, on the 22d of November, 1811. the period lor I
the annual meeting of the Indians to receive their payments arrivel
and they began to assemble in'great nnmbers to receive their allotteii
portions. Col. John Johnston was then Indian Agent at Ft. Wayne |
Many of the chiefs in attendance claimed their respective portio
of the annuity equal to that of the most peaceful of the tribes- 1
representing that the Prophet's followers had him in confiuementi

Jjocation of the Old Council House.

369

f Green-
ates, be-
t famouH
Ivtive be-
ime •, and
ivried on
nnes, and
orders ot
ies wbich
,ed to De-
lies- eadi
l)()at, Ibal
)ur men to
jasli river,
1, was pro-
mt. Alter
triage near
31- the I'ort-
,gain placed
It. At this
;\m8, knives,
'the traders
IndiaiM, «r

and purposed takiug liis life ; that he was chargeable with all their
troubles ; together with many other stories of a similar character
all, in the main, untrue, especially as regarded the Prophet's con-
finement, for, at that time, he was at full liberty on the Mississin-
newa. But the stories presented to Col. Johnston had the desired
eftect, and he was induced thereby to inform the government that
the Indians were all favorable to peace ; and -yet, says McAfee, " in
most of the nations here assembled, a Hritish faction was boiling to
the brim, and i-eady to flow on our devoted frontiers, wherever the
British agents might think pro})er to increase the fire of their hos-
tility."

" The old council house was located about the spot now occu-
pied by Michael Hedekin, Esq. It was a two story log building,
about sixty feet long, by twenty wide ; and stood but a short dis-
tance to tlie southwest of the fort. It was in this building that the
agent lived. And it was often an interesting as well as paintul sight
to witness the tall red men, with their painted faces, gaily plumed
with feathers and trinkets ; their skins, in some instances, barely
covering their loins, in others a blanket wrajjped about them, sitting
ill groups here and tliere, or standing at some point recounting their
adventures or misfortunes ; or, having drank 'fire-water,' freely, were
venting their savage ferocity upon each other in hard words or death
blows with the tomahawk or scalping knife ; the -quaws wandering
about with their pappooses to their backs, or sitting about with their
Indian husbands, awaiting their turn to receive their annuity, or in
some way obtain a little favor, if only a pipe or loaf ot wheat bread,
at the bunds of some pale face or friend. Such was life in the vicin-
ity of the council house and fort here during portions of many years
subsequent to the treaty of Greenville.'' — Brice's History of Fort
Wayne, p '100.

After the surrender of Hull at Detroit, Tecumseh devised a
scheme (ante, p 133,) for the siege of Fort Wayne and Fort Harri-
son. This demonstration was made in September, 1812. The gar-
rison at Fort Wayne was under the command of Captain Khea,
whose habits of intemperance disi^ualified him for the place ; and
during a period of two weeks the safety of the fort, principally
owing to the incompetency of the commander, was in jeopardy. An
express hud been sent to General Harrison requesting re-entorce-
raents. One day a white man and four Indians arrived at the fort
on horbeback, " in full yell." It was the Indian yell of triumph.
I The white man, who was foremost, proved to be Major William
j Oliver, and accompanied by four friendly Shawanee Indians, the
[ brave Logau among the number. The garrison had been for more

370 The gallant Major Oliver reaches Ft. Wayne.

than a fortnight in a state of suspense ; not knowing whether tlie
express to General Harrison had gotten through or not, and every
day under the apprehension that the British force would arrive.
All were on tip-toe to hear the news; William Oliver and his little
party had arrived in defiance of five hundred Indians — had hroken
their ranks and reached the fort in safety. He reported that about
two thousand volunteers had assembled in Kentucky for the reliel
of General Hull at Detroit, and had marched to Cincinnati. There
they were informed that Hull had sun-endered, and deemed it un-
necessary to ma.'ch any further in that direction. Harrison having
received the dispatch from the agent (Major B. F. Stickney.) at Ft.
Wayne, had determined to march to its relief. Ohio was raising
volunteers. Eight hundred were then assembled at St. Mary's.
Ohio, sixty miles south of Fort Wayne, and intended to march to
the relief of the fort in three or four days. At Cincinnati great
fears were entertained that the fort had been captured, .and it.s in-
mates massacred. When the question arose, as to how the condi
tion of Fort Wayne was to be ascertained, the stoutest hearts iu the
army quailed.

Oliver was then a young man of about twenty-three years of age;
possessed the true spirit, and was at the time sutkr to Fort Wayne.
Previous to any knowledge of the hostile intentions of the Indians,
Oliver had jjone to Cincinnati on business. He called on Governor
Harrison, and made a tender of his services, individually, to obtaio
the necessary information. Harrison thought the danger too great
and endeavored to dissuade him from making the attempt; biitl
had determined to accomplish it, or lose his life iuthe effort. Wlie
Governor Harrison shook hands with him, he observed that li
" should not see him again." A man by the name of Worthingtoc. j
an Indian Commissioner of the time, embarked with Oliver in tie
adventurous undertaking, placing themselves at the head of abofij
eighty whites, forty of whom, so perilous seemed the task beforfj
them, after a march of about three days, returned home.

Having pursued their course, with care, until within some tweil
ty-four miles of the fort, a council was called to consider the expj
diency of a further advance, when it was concluded best for all;|
remain behind except Oliver, Logan and the other Indian attendans
On the following morning, with their horses, they continued
way, "with the common wariness of Indians and without any reniatij
able occurrence, until they came within some four miles of thefel

The gallant Majoi' Oliver reaches Ft. Wayne. 371

tber the
id every
(1 arrive.

his ViUle
d brokeu
hat about

the reliet
t\. There
[tied it vm-
son having
ney.)at¥i
■was raising
St. Mary's,
,o march to
•innati great
I, and its in-
-w the condi

Iveartsint^w

years of age;

1 Fort WavM.

f the IndiaM.

on Goveruoi

illy, to obtaio

ger too gre«

Tempt; buife

effort. W>e.

erved tiiat ^

Wort\iingt»'

Oliver in tte

head ot M

^le task belotfl

jme.

lin some ^m
,sider theoM^

, best for all'.

[dian attenaaB>

icontituied tfc
out any teiH
miles of tliefof

Oliver had determined to cuter the fort in broad daylight.'" They
uow began an o.^aminatiou of tlic ground with great precaution, de-
termining to ascertain, if possible, what movement had taken place,
and the exact locality of tlie Indians. The keen eye of Logan now
discovered that the enemy was concealed along the road, with a
view to cut otf any re-enforcements that might attempt to reach the
garrison.

Leaving the main road, they now moved cautiously across to the
Maumee river, whither, leaving their horses in a thicket, they ad-
vanced on foot towards the fort, in order to get a view of it, and to
ascertain, if possible, whether it still held out against the besiegers.
Being fully satisfied on this point, they again repaired to the thicket
where they had left their horses, remounted, and soon struck the
main road agani. The moment of greatest peril and determination
had now come. The fort was to be gained at the expense of life it-
self; and putting whip to their horses, Oliver and his faithful
Shawanee companions started in full speed for the fort. What
was most remarkable, the moment of the attempt proved to be
the only safe one that had for some days presented itself, as
though a kind providence had opened the way for the safe arrival of
the party to cheer the inmates of the beleaguered garrison. First
reaching the gate of the esplanade, and finding it inaccessible, they
descended the river bank, and were soon admitted by the northern
gate.

Oliver's story was soon told. When the volunteers of Ohio,
assembled at St. Mary's, learned the extent of the Indian force
I about Fort Wayne, they deemed it imprudent to advance with so
small a force, and concluded to await the arrival of the Kentuckians,
[thus subjecting the garrison to a still longer state of suspense. The
[auxiety was intense; and it was through extreme good fortune, and
aere accident, that the fort was enabled to hold out, under its inca-
pable management. Oliver, though a private citizen, was now the
nost efficient man in the fort. Having prepared a letter announcing
General Harrison his safe arrival at the fort, and its })erilous sit-
hation, Oliver immediately started his Indian companions back with
lie letter, while he determined to take his chances with the inmates
the fort. Seeking an o]iportune moment, Logan aiul his com-
anions left the fort safely, but were soon observed and pursued,
flieir exultant shouts soon revealed to the inmates of the garrison

372

Relief Approaching the Besieged.

that they hud outstripped Ihuir pursuers, and passed the hnes
unharmed.

The Indians now a<,'aiii hor^un al'urious altaek upon tlio fort, biittlie
little garrison brav<'ly met the assault, and were, in a few days more,
enabled to hail the ap|)roach of tlie army.

On the morning of tlie Oth of September, the army began its march
for Fort Wayne, encamping that evening in the woods some twelve
miles from Picpia. Early on the morning of the 7th the army n--
sumed its mareli, This day, says one «)f their number, (John D,
White, of Lawrenceburg, [ndhma,) "we made fifteen miles, amUii-
camped on a branch, three and a half miles this side of St. Mary's
river. During the 8th we only marched to St. Mary's, where wo
lay till next day. On this evening we wi-re joined l)y two ImiKhvd
mounted volunteers, under Colonel Kichard M. Johnson, who liiul
volunteered for thirty days, on hearing that Fort Wayne was be-
sieged. Wednesday, the !)th, we marohed eighteen miles, to what
is called Shane's crossing of St, Mary's. Here we overtook a regi-
ment of eight huiuhvd men from Ohio, uiuler Colonels Adams ami
Hawkins, who had started on to the relief of l''ort Wayne. On arriv-
ing at this point, Logan and four other Siuiwanees, offered their ser-
vices to General Harrison as spies, and were accepted. Previous to
our arrival, Logan had gone on in disguise, and passing through the
camp of the besieging party, had ascertained their number to be
about fifteen hundred. Logan also went to the fort, and encouraged
the soldiers to hold on as relief was at hand. Colonels Adams and
Hawkins having joined our army, we now had a force of about
three thousand five hundred. Friday morning we were under march-
ing orders after an early breakfast. It had rained, and the guij
were damj); we ware ordered to discharge them, and reload, as we
were then getting into the vicinity of the enemy, and knew not hoff
soon we might be attacked. A strong detachment of spies under
Captain James Suggett, of Scott county, marched considerably
ahead of the army. Indications of the enemy having advanced
from their position at Fort Wayne, for the purpose of watching the
movements of our army, were numifest, and Ca})tain Suggett came I
upon the trail of a large party, which he immediately pursued-
After following the t "ail for some distance, he was fired on by m
Indian, who had secreted himself in a clump of busiies so near tej
Suggett that the powder burnt his clothes, but the ball missotl liim-
The Indian jumped from his covert and attempted to escape, but

Relief Api^voaclies, the Beaieged.

373

Amlrcw Joliusoii, of Scott, sliot him. On tlu' ivtuni of Cui>taiii
Suggctt's party, orders were issued for the men to turn out and
niiiko ii breastwork around the encampment, wliioh order was
promptly obeyed, and l)o('ore dark tlie same was l\)rti(icd by a breast-
work, made by outtinj^ down trees and piling tliem on each other.
A strong picket guard was detailed and posted at a considerable
distance from the line. After tattoo, at 9 o'clock, we lay down ;
alter which, the officer of the night came around to give us the
watch-word, which was "light on." (The watch-word is given to
tlio sentinel as well as the army, in order that, in case of a night
attack, and the sentinels having to run into camp, may be distin-
miished from the enemy by it.) Orders were given, that in case of
two guns being lired in fpiick succession, the soldiers were tore-
pair to the breastwork. From every indication we had strong
reasons for believing that we would be attacked before day. We lay
with our guns on our arms and our cartridge boxes under our heads.
About ten o'clock, just as the soldiers were in the enjoyment of
"tired nature's sweet restorer,'' they were aroused by the firing of
two guns by the sentinels, and the drums beat the alarm. In a
moment all were at the breastwork, ready to receive the enemy.
The Indians were around us, and we were in momentary expecta-
tion of an onset. At last all was calm again, and we were permitted
to rest. But just as we were in the sweet embraces of sleep, we were
again aroused by the firing of a number of guns, and again we were
as prompt in repairing to our posts. We now stood a considerable
time, and all became fpiiet again. At length day cu.,wned, and the
guards were relieved. We ascertained afterwards, from Indians taken
prisoners that they came from their encampment with the design of
making ii night attack on ns, but on finding us so well prepared to
receive them, they declined prosecuting their designs. Without being
able to get around the entire encampment before daylight next morn-
ing, the Indians returned to their own lines with the word that
"Kcntnok was coming as numerous as the trees."

" September 10 we expected to reach Fort Wayne, but thought, in
all probability, we should have to tight our way, for the Indians lay
;it what was called the Black Swamp, Ave miles this lide of the fort,
immediately on our road. We started after an early breakfast, and
marched with much caution. From St. Mary's we had moved in
two lines, one on the right and the other on the left of the road at a
uistance of about one hundred yards therelrom, while the wagons
sept the road. A short distance in advance of their camp, at the

874

FoH Wayne /ielicno/.

swamp, llie spies rclunu'd with infbrmut.ion tliiit Ihoy were there,
prepared jo ^'ive nn luitMe. A hiilt wns nmde. mid tli>' line of Itntil,.
i'uniied. ('oloiii'l lliiwkiiis, o\' tiie ()liit» iiioiiiited vnlimteen^, luul
left the lilies, iiiid j^otio koiiu' di.stiuu;e from the roud. Meiiijj partly
concealed liv a climip of hiislieH, one ol'liis men takinjf liitn for im
Indian lired at him and shot him throii^di. 'I'h«> hall entered Ix'-
twc'cn the shonUU'rH, and came out tit the hrejist — which, how-
ever, did not prove iimrtal. We a;j;ain took up th • line of nmrcii,
and in a slioi t time came in sight ol' the smoke of the camp of ihi
enemy.''

At the iirst pray of \ho mornin<; of the lOtli of Septemher, the
distant halloos of the diHai»|)oiiiled savages revealed to the aii.\ioii8
inmates of the fort the glorious news of the apfiroach of the armv.
(Ireat (blonds o' diist could he seen from the fort, rolling up in llic
distance, as the valiant soldiery, under (Jeneral Ilarri.-on, moved for-
word to the rescue of the garrison ; and soon after daybreak tlie
army stood hefore the fort. I'he Indians luul hear, a retreat to (he
eastward and northward, and the air ahoiit the old fort resounded
with the ghul shouts of welcome to freneral Harrison and the bnive
boys of Ohio and Kentucky. — Brice's llistorji of Fort Wayne.

The Indians had nuiinly lied. Some, however, were couraucoiis
enougli to remain until a few nnunents before the army reached the
fort, who were pursued by the Ohio horsemen, hut without success.
Previous to the commencement of tlie siege, there were severii!
dwellings near the fort, forming a handsome little village; but
it was now, on the arrival of the ainiy, in ruijis — having been
burned down by the Indians, together with the United States fac-
tory. The occupants of the dwellings surrounding the fort, as the
siege began, sought refuge within the garrison, -vhere they remained
in safety till the army arrived.

The fort, during the siege, was well supplied with provisions.
There was a go;)u veil of water within the enclosure, traces of which
are yet to oe soen. jnst at the tdge of the south side of the canal.

Of the fort al; this period, which was the same built by the order
of General Wayne, in 1794, Captain McAfee said : " It is delight-
fully situated, on an eminence on the south bank of the Miami of
the Lake, immediately below the formation of that river by the
junction of the St. Mary's from the southwest with the St. Joseph's
from the north. It is well constructed of block houses and picket-
ing, but could not resist a British force, as there are several eminen-
ces on the south side, from which it could be commanded by a six
or nine pounder."

During the siege, the garrison lost but three men. From subse-

General Ilarriaomh Mm^ementa.

atf)

qncnt; informiitioTi, it was belioved that-, the Indian loss was about
twenty-live. Hight woro si'cn to full. One Indiiin w.is liillcd at ft
ilif(l:ince of throe hundred yards, wliilc standing in the St. Mary's
rivi-r. A soldier by the name of King, with a long, heavy rille,
liri'd. iuid the ball took ofTcct in tlio i>ack of the savage, between his
siioiilderH, and lie fell into the water.

Tile second day following tho arrival of tlm army at Fort Wayne,
(Iciu'ral Harrison sent out two detachments, with the view of des-
troying the Indian villages in the region of country lying some miles
;iroiuid Fort Wayne, the first division being composed of the regi-
ments under Colonels Fx'wis and Allen, and Captain Carrard's troop
of horse, under General i'ayne, accomjianied l)y (ieneral Harrison.
Tiie second division, under Colonel Wells, accompanied by a battal-
ion of his own regiment under Major Davenport, (Scott's regiment,)
the moini ted battalion under Johnson, and the mounted Ohio men
luuler Adams. These exjieditions were all successful ; and after the
ivlurn of the divisions under Payne and Wells, General Harrison
sent them to destroy Little Turtle Town, some twenty miles north-
west of the fort, with orders not to molest the buildings formerly
erected by the United States for the benefit of Little Turtle, whoso
I'rienilsliip for the Americans had ever been f rm after the treaty of
r.rocnvillo. Colonel Simrall most faithfully performed the task
assigned him, and on the evening of the 19th returned to the fort.

In addition to these movements, (says Mr. Brice,) General Har-
rison took the precaution to remove all the undergrowth in the
locality surrounding the fort, extending towards tho confluence of
the 8t. Joseph and St. Mary, to where now stands Rudisill's mill,
and westward as far as St. Mary, to the point where now stands the
Fort Wayne College ; thence southeast to abo ut the point of the
residence of the late Allen Hamilton, and to the east down the
Maumee a short distance. And so well cleared was the ground, in-
cluding a very large part of the entire limits < >f the present site of
the city of Fort Wayne, that it was said by tho se who were here at
that early day, and to a later period, a sentinel "on the bastions of
the fort looking westward, could see a rabbit running across the
grounds as far as so small an object was discernibli 'to the naked eye."
The seclusive points were thus cut off, and the t idians now had no
longer any means of concealing their approach up( >n the fort. Some
thirty or forty acres of what is now known as the • Cole farm, extend-
ing to the junction of the rivers, and just opposite the Maumee, was

3YB Colonel Johnmn hgain visits Fort Wai/ne.

then known as ulie Pnblic Mejidow, which of course whs then, as it
had louj^; bof'ore boon, a considfrablc open spac'c. The soldiers were
thus readily enabled to ol)serve th; ajiin'oaeli of any liosrile movc-
nieut against the lort, and lo open the batteries, witli lorniidable ef-
fect, upon any advance that uiighc be made .iganist the garrison,
from any direction.

On the hi\\ of June, 181 ,'), the regiment under Colonel Rieliiird
M. Johuson being tiieii at lAn't Meigs, took up its line of niarcli For
Fort Wayne. Wiien the troops readied Shane".-" erossiug on the !Sl.
Mary's, al)out forty miles from Fort Wayue, they were halted and
drilleil for some time, and here remained over night. Heavy rains
having but recently fallen, the St. Mary's was found impassable; and
on the followiug morning a rude bridge was formed over this stream
by felling trees across it, upon whieh the army crossed with tlicir
baggage and guns, while their horses were gotten over by swimming
them by the side of the fallen timber. The remaiiuler of the route
to Fort Wayne proved very diilicult; "all the llats and marshes,"
says McAfee, "being covered with water, and the roads very miry."
Reaching the fort on the 7th of June, it was found that the boats
]iad all gained the common landing place, at the liase of the hill,
just below the garrison, in safety , but one. which had stranded on a
sand bar a short distance above, and in sight of the fort ; and while
attempting to get the boat olf, the boatmen were tired \\\)o\\ by some
Indians lurking near, and two of the boatmen killed, while the
third, in attempting to reach the shore was drowned.

Arriving a little in advance of the regiment, Colonel Jolmson
and staff, as soon as it was possible to get ready, mounted their
horses and crossed to the boat. The Indians at once fired upon
their advance, and then retreated. The spies having now suggested
that the Indians were considerably stronger than the party under
Colonel Johnson, a pursuit was deferred until the arrival of the
regiment, when a chase was imme<liately commenced and continued
for some ten miles; but rain beginning to fall heavily, the party was
compelled to return to the fort, without having gained sight of the
Indians, Further pursuit was made in the direction of the south-
east shore of Lake Michigan ; and after several days employed in
this service, discovered the Indian villages everywhere deserted, the
warriors being in the vicinity oi Maiden.

Alter a few days stay at Fort Wayne, the regiment under John-
son proceeded down the Maumee, with an escort of provisions, to

Fort Waiin^—\%V^-\^.

37*7

L'li, as it
iers were
lie move-

iiun'isoii.

1 lliebiird
nuii'ch for
an the St.
uiltod and
oiivy rains
58ii\>k' ; ami
shis stvi'am

with their

swiinmini;
1' the vontf
1 marshes"

very iniry."
it the. boats

of the. hill,

•uwleil on ;\
and \vliii<;

)0U by some
, while tk

>1 Johnson
)unted their
fired upon
w suggested
):irty umler
rival of tiie
d continued
ie party w^
sight of tlie
)f the south-
employed in
deserted, tire

under John-
irovisions, if

Fort Defiance. The provisions were placed in boats, with a number
of men to man them, while tlie troops continued their way along the
road oi)ened by General AVinchester, on the north side ot the AFau-
meo. encamping every night with the boat.s. lieacl\ing Fort Defi-
ance Colonel Johnson, in pursuance of a suggestion made by Gen-
eral llarri.son, was contemplating a movement against the enemy
upon the river Raisin; but while arranging the plans of this move-
ment, an express arrived from General Clay, commanding at Fort
Mei<i,s. witli information that tlie British and Indians threatened to
invest that place again, and with a request that Colonel Johnson
would march his regiment there immediately for its relief. Orders
to march were promptly given ; and such was the zeal and activity
of both ofhcers and men, that in half an hour they were all ready
to move, and commenced crossing the Maumee opposite the fort.
The heads of the column were then drawn \\\< in close order, and
the Colonel, in a short and impressive address, instructed them in
their chities. At ten o'clock on the same night the regiment arrived
opposite Fort Meigs, •' without molestation," says M'Afee, " and
encamped in the open plain between the river and the hill on which
the British battcies had been erected.''' Colonel Johnsons subse-
quent movements and gallant services have been noticed in previous
jiages.

hi his History of Fort Wayne, Mr. Brice says : "The old fort,
as oritjinally built by order of General Wayne, in 1794, had with-
stooil the ravages of time, and the efforts of th • Indians to destroy
it remarkably well. From the period of General Hamtramck's oc-
oupatioii of it, after the departure of General Wayne, to its final
evacuation, in IHJO, it had been in charge of m.any commandants.
After the resignation of Captain Uhea, in iSlJi, Captain Hugh
Moore assumed command ; who. in 181.*?, was superseded by Joseph
Jenkinson. In the spring of fH14, M.ijor Whistler became its com-
mandant, who, in turn, was superseded by M.ajor Josiah II. \'o8e,
who continued in comm.nud until its final evacuation. I'.fth of April,
'■^'O'' In IS 14, while under command of Major Whistler, the post
I was repaired and strengthened.

"In 1815," continues Mr. Brice, '" a few houses began to appear
home fligtance from the fort, but usually in range ot the bastions,
jfo that in case of attack tliey might easily be destroyed, or the
lenemy driven away. One of these was built r4^ont the center of
phat is now Barr street, near the corner of Columbia, which, some

378

Fort Wayne and Allen Coiuiti/.

years afterwards, heino; removed from its former locality, formeri a
part of the old Washington Hall bnilding, on the south-west coriior
of Columbia and Barr streets, destroyed by lire in IH.l.S.

'* Among those who came to this point in ISl."), were Mr. Boinie,
grandfather of L. T. Bourie; Dr. Turner, Dr. Samuel Smith. iVom
Lancaster, Ohio ; and John P. Hedges returned hero from Cincin
jiati, whither, auu to Bowling Green, Kentucky, he had gone after
che battle of the Thames. The following year (ISKi) Dr. Troviu
came.

Allen county was named at the suggestion of General Tipton, in
honor of Colonel John Allen, of Kentucky, a distinguished lawyer,
who met hij death at the massacre of the River Raisin. The
county presents the following area :

Square miles (i54.:?5

No. of acres 410,607.08

"In 1816, Indiana having been admitted as j State, in comjilianoo
with an act of Congress, this part of the State, then a portion ot
Knox county, was represented by John Badolet, John Uoneliel.
John Johnson, William Polk and Benjamin Parke, all now deceaseil.
The seat of government of Kno.x county was at Vincennes, which
had for several years been the capital of the Indiana Territory ; and
all judicial matters relating to the vicinity of Fort Wayne >vere
settled at Vincennes up to 1818, when this portion of the State.
extending to Lake Michigan, was embraced in Randolph county, oi
Avhich Winchester was the county seat up to the formation of Allen
county, in 182;>. Among those engaged in the Indian trade at this
point, and at what is now South Bend in \^'Z\, were Francis Com-
paret, with the Pottawotamies. at the latter place, and Ale.xis
Coquillard, with the Miamis, at the former. William G. and George
W. Ewing arrived here in 18!22, and began to trade with the Indians,
En route for the Mississippi, General Lewis Cass, and the Indian
historian. H. R. Schoolcraft, made a short stop at this point in June,
1822, reaching here in a canoe by way of the Maumee, from Detroh,
whence their frail vessel was hauled across the Portage to Little Uiver,
from whence they proceeded on their journey to the Father ot
Waters."

In May, 1822, a land office \eas established in Fort Wayne, anil
Joseph Holman, of Wayne county, was appointed Register, anil
Captain Samuel C. Vance, Receiver. On the 22d of October, 18io,
a public sale of the lands in the district commenced, the miuiiniini
price being fixed at Sl.t*5 per acre. At iJiis sale. Messrs. McCorkle,
of Piqua, Ohio, and Barr, of Baltimore, Maryland, becanic the pur
chasers of that portion ot the »city marked on the maps " Old Fl;i!
of Fort Wayne." The purchasers reserved suitable lots forchurcli,

Fort Wayne and Allen County.

379

(t cornor

•. Bouvie,
ith. from
II Cincin-
one at'ter
r. Tvevill

Tipton, in
>a lawyer,
sin. The

C,54.'3r)
,607.08

compUanco

portion ol

ni Beueliel.

w decease!

;nnes, wHieli

rritory, ami

Vayne ^vere

f the State,

)h county, ol

ion of Allen

trade at tins

Francis Com-

and Alexis

and George

11 the Indians.

|d the InAiaa

Lint in Jun^

ltronil)«^i"^^i^'
jiAttleUivev,

Aw Father ot

Wayne,

ke^wtev,

and
awl
)ctoher, l^-^>
I the miuimuffl
svs. McCorkle,
k-a:r.e the pw
La " Old Plat
lots for churcb.

school and burial purposes, to be donated when required for those
geveral uses. The late Judge Hanua subsecpiently became the pur-
chaser of the interest of Barr and McCorkle. John W. Dawson,
Esq., in his Fort Wayne Times in IBoS, said : '• In the old school
house, many of Miose, then young, but now past middle life who yet
live here, many dead, and others absent, had their early training for
usefulnes ; and many there experienced that joy only once known
in a life-time; while, perhaps, nearly every teacher, who there disci-
plined the youthful mind, has gone to his final account, and soon
liere to be entirely forgotten. This old school house was built of
brick, in I S25, and was then (piite large enough for all needed pur-
poses. It was only one story in height, and served, for many
years, not only as a school house, but as a place of religious worship,
town meetings, Masonic installations, political speeches, &c. J. P.
Hedges was among the first teachers in this old pioneer school house.
Henry Coo[ier, Es([., is claimed as the first school teacher of the
place.' Under the authority of an act of the Indiana Legislature of
18'23, the county of Allen was org.anized, and in 1824 the seat of
justice established at Fort Wayne. The following is a list of the
first officers elected : Anthony L. Davis, Clerk ; Allen Hamilton,
Sherift ; Samuel Hanna and Benjamin Cnshman, Associate Judges ;
Joseph Holman, Treasurer ; H. B. McKeen, Assessor ; W. T.
Daviss, Overseer of the Poor; R. Hars, Inspector of Elections;
Israel Taylor, Joseph Troutner and Moses Scott, Fence Viewers.

The following forms the list of commissioned Justices of the
Peace of Allen county, for 1 8/2 :

Wayne Township and C<7//, James E. Graham ; Adams, H. Bitten-
ger, William Stewart. Samuel C. Freeman, and Daniel Uyan ; Al/oit,
5^iinon B. Stouder; L(dr, Henry Keeler; /'M Hirer, William B.
Shoaf ; Pern/, Henry Wilkison and Wm. J, Mayo ; (^edar Creek, I.
W. Beard; ^7. Joseph, John Brown; Mif/rn, Daniel M. Frisby;
>'imng field, Francis Cosgrove and Nathan B. Hale ; Scipio, H. W.
Hide; Maumvf, Robert B.Shirley; .7ar/(;.vo?i, Frederick Mead and
John McMillen ; Jeferson, Francis Roy and John Nail; Monroe,

^Mlliam Dickinson and A. A. Baker; Madison, Silas Work .and

I Thomas Mcintosh ; Mtiviiin, Harvey K. Turner and Hiram Coleman ;

iPkasani, M. Mineheart; hafaiielte, Henry S. Kelsey and John A.
Bowser; Adams, Samuel H. Eveland, and John Dougal ; Wash-

mgton, Ephraim Irey.

380

List of County and City Offix;iah.

County Officers. — Clerk, Wm. S. Edsall; Auditor, Ilonry J.
Riidisill ; Treasurer, John Ring; Sheriff, Chas. A, Zollinger ; Re-
corder, John M. Koch ; County Commissioners, John Begue, John
C. Davis and Jacob Hillegas ; Prosecuting Attorney, Edward
O'Rourke, (Joseph S. France, Proseiuting Attorney elect :) Surveyor,
W. H. Goshorn; Coroner, John P. ^Witers; School Examiner,
James H. Smart ; Court House Janitor, A. M, Webb.

The first and last city officers of Fort Wayne are given below-
beginning with the organization of the municipal government, iu
1840, and closing with the current year :

18i()— Mayor, Geo. W. Wood ; Recorder, F. P. Randall ; Attor-
ney, P. P. Randall ; Treasurer, Geo. F. Wright ; High Constable,
Samuel S. Morss ; Collector, Samuel S. Morss ; Assessor, Robert
E. Fleming; Market Master, James Post: Street Commissioner,
Joseph H. McMaken ; Chief Engineer, Samuel Edsall ; Lumber
Measurer, John B. Cocanour. Aldermen, Wm. Rockhill. Thom-is
Hamilton, Madison Sweetser, Samuel Edsall, Wm. S. Edsall, Wm,
L. Moon.

Officers of t»^;e Fort Wayne City Government fok 1873.
— Mayor, Franklin P. Randall; Clerk, Sum. P. Freeman ; Treasurer,
John A. Droegenioyor ; Civil Engineer, Charles S. Brockeiirklsfo;
Cliief Engineer of Fire Department, Thomas Maiuii:^ ; Miirkrt
Master, Wm. Schneider; Street Commissioner, B. L. P. Williinl;
Marshal, Chas. Uplegger ; Chief of Police, M. Singleton; Cuiiii-
cibnen, O. P. Morgan, Charles McCnlloch, John W. Bull, II. H.
Putnam, T. Hogan, Henry Stoll, Louis Dessaner, A, II. Carkr,
James Lillie, 0. E. Bradway, C. Becker, Wm. Tegtnieyei', Gor^'e
Jacoby, H. Schnelker, G. H. Wilson, S. T. Hanna, C. Tremnitl ami
J. Shoepf.

The original City Charter was written by Hon. F. P. Randall, anJ
passed by act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, incor-
porating the city of Fort Wayne, approved February 22. 1 840, and
provided for the election, by the [)eople, of a President (or Mayor,)
and six members of the Board of Trustees, (or Common Council.)
and the election of General Officers by said Board, or Council.

The progros.g in material wealth of Allen county and Fort Wayn^
may be approximately measured by the following statement, gatherta
from the books of Henry Rudisill, Esq., County Auditor:

■'^''"il('...J
Ail:ims

Vm. \\\

•'■"'kiioii.

''''ff'cr.soii.J

'"■''■'■lyclte.
wke

•^I'ulison,.,
■^'aridii...'.'

■Vii.-M) ;;

Moiii-(„,
Iii;is;i,il..,

I M. .r,

'>i<'|)ii.

Progress in Population and Wealth.

381

1840— Tiixablo viUimtion of real property in Allen countj' $ 821,662

Taxable valuation of personal property in Allen connty 234,932

Taxable valuation of real properly in Fort Wayne 367,336

Taxable valuation of personal property in Fort Wayne 134,933

1850— Taxable valuation of real property in Allen county 1,800,103

Taxable valuati(m of personal property 595,830

Taxable valuation of real property in'Forl Wayne 604,439

Taxable valuation of personal property in Fort'Wayne :'.81,476

1800— Taxable valuation of real property in Allen eounty 4,952,385

Taxable valuation of personal proiierty 1,950,695

'faxable valuation of real jjroperty in Fort Wayne 1,449,300

Taxable valuation of i)ersonal property 814,870

1872— Taxable valuation of real property in Allen county 10,210,824

Taxable valuation of personal property 3,057,352

Taxable valuation of real property in Fort Wayne 4,191,715

Taxai)le valuation of personal jiroperty 2,:!58,845

The growth of Allen eounty durinj» a period of forty years is
exhibited in the following census returns :

ISO 996

Ist'tO . 5,942

1850 16,719

18(10 29,328

1870 43,494

And of the city and several townships in the county, during three
decennial periods, in the following table :

TOWNSUirS AND CITIE8.

1870

ISfiO

1850

Allditf

906
2388

912

1713

1217

19400

202
1445
1471
1309
1278
1319

394
1183
1479

g;!0

1280
1280
420
1749
1373
1628

876
1773

539

Ailains

1013

New Haven

Cedar Creek

1>! River

1-128

1003

10319

1061

1320

951

919

1358

1()4

786

610

814
655

l"i)it Wayne

■lacksoii ...

4283

Ji'tt'crson

568

Lifiivi'lte

524

Luke

578

M:i(lisoil

561

Jlaridii

1095

Maunve

Milan

361

MOMI'df

414

Moiiroeville

I'lITV

1180
1207
346
1505
1005
1487

842

i'liiiiant

658

!>iil)ii)

178

^I'lin^ffield

702

!->l. •Inseph

\\;isliinu:ti)n

748
1805

382

Fort Wayne — Churches, /Schools, c^c.

Churches. — There are twenty-two, namely : Three Presbyterian ;
three Catholic; four Lutheran; four Methodist; two Protestant
Episcopal; one Baptist; one Congregational; one Bethel (Evan-
gelical Association ;) one Jewish Synagogue, and two German
Reformed.

Nkvspapkrs. — Four, namely : The Fort Wayne Soitiurl, (daily
and weekly,) Dumra & Fleming, editors and proprietors ; the Fort
Wayne (iazatte, (daily and weekly,) McNiece & Alexander, editors
and proprietors ; Indiana Slants Zei7?«///, (tri-weekly and weekly,)
John D. Sarninghausen, editor and proprietor ; Fort Wayne
Itejmblicnn, (weekly,) W. R. Steel, editor and proprietor; Fort
Wayne Journal, (weekly,) Thomas S. Taylor, editor and proprietor:
and the Volksfretmd, (weekly,) the Volksfreund Publishing Com-
pany, proprietors.

Public School Department. — Board of Education : Oliver P.
Morgan, President; John S. Irwin, Treasurer; Pliny Hoagland,
Secretary; James H. Smart, Superintendent. In addition to the
High and Training Schools, which occupy one building, there are
nine others, namely : The JetFerson, Clay, Washington, Hoagland,
Hanna, Harmer, Bloomingdale and East and West German Schools.
These schools are all under very efficient management, and are con-
ducted satisfactorily to the public. About 2,500 pupils were
enrolled the current year.

There is also the Fort Wayne College, and three private schools.
the latter in a flourishing condition, and under the auspcies of tlic
Catholic Church.

Benevolent Institutions. — There are eight Masonic urgani
zations: Fort Wayne Couimandery No. 4; Fort Wayne Council
No. 4 ; Fort Wayne Chapter, R. A. M. ; Wayne Lodge No. 25, F,
& A, M. , Summit City Lodge, No. 170; Home Lodge, No. 34:':
Sol. D.Bay less Lodge, No. 359, and Ancient and Accepted Scottiisii
Rite.

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows are represented iu four
Lodges: Fort Wayne Lodge No. 14; Harmony, No. 19; Con
cordia, No. 228, and Summit City Encampment, No. 10.

The Israelites have four societies which are well sustained.
nemely ; The Independent Order Benai Beritli ; Jewish Poor Kurni
Society ; Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, and Hebrew Literary i
Association.

Fort Wayne in 1834.

383

y tenan ;
otestant
[ (Evan-
German

id, (<laily
thi- Fort
sr, ecVilors
I weekly,)
t Wayne
ior; Fori
(vouvietor;
,bmg Com-

: Oliver P.
Hoagland,

ition to the

g, there ave

1, lloagland,

nan Sc\\ools.

and are con-
pupils were

vate scbools.
jpcies of the

sonic organi
lync Council

Ige, No. 34'i:
Jpted Scotfwli

denied iu io«

f o. 19 ; tJoB-

Jell sustained.
Lli roor Vuni
Ibrew I^'terarj

The Independent Order of Red Men sustain two Lodges; the
Good Templers one, and the Typo^^'raphical Union one.

Tlic Frcneh citizens have a nourishing organization known as the
Lafayette Benevolent Society)

The Catholics liave several charitable and literary institutions,
ainoiip: the most huncficient of which is a Charitable Hospital
o8tabli.sh(i(l in the large building formerly used as a hotel, and known
as the liockhill House.

Tlie young Men's Christian Association, and the Allen County
Bible Society have each a large membership.

The foregoing is all that could conveniently be obtained in regard
to the religious, literary and benevolent establishments of Fort
Wayne, without exhibiting a discrimination tiiat would have
suhjeuted the writer to censure — some having furnished full data
Avhile others, engrossed in business, neglected to atford the infor-
mation retpiested.

A copy of the Fort Wayne Scnliiiel, by Tigar & Noel, (the first
paper established in the Maumee Valley,) dated August iJO, 1834, is
funiislied by Mayor Randall. A glance at the advertisements,
and other mutter in this number, indicate some of the general
features of the business as it then existed, and a digest is here
furnislied :

S. & H. Hanna tJt Co. advertise that they are engaged in the
commission business, and that they will receive in storage and sell
all kinds of produce, " and attend to the storage and forwarding
Imsinoss generally."'

Then appears a prospectus for the Ohio Farmer and Western
llorliriil/uris/, published twice a month, " on fine paper and new
type,'" by S. Medary, Batavia, Clermont County, Ohio— concluding
with the admonition " that all letters to tlie editor must be post
paid.''

I Samuel Edsall " respectfully informs the inhabitants of Fort
Wayne and the public in general," tliat he is engaged in the car-
penter and joiner business.

John B. Richardville notifies all concerned that he is adminis-
Itrator of the estate of Joseph Richardville, late of Miami county,
[Joceased.

David Coles offers for sale '"that valuable propeity on the
jMaumoe liiver, three-fourths of a mile from Fort Wayne, consisting
lot a mill establishment and mill site, a portion of which is bottom,

384

Fort Wayne in 1834.

and the balance first rate upland. There is an excellent and con-
venient spring ot water on it."

Thomas Johnson and Lucien B. Ferry insert their law cardp.

W. G. & G. W. Ewing " having prepared a commodious ware-
house, will receive and sell all kinds of produce, and attend to the
storage and forwarding business generally." They furthernioro
promise the highest price in cash and nierchaudiHo for lurs aiiil
l)eltries.

The St. Joseph Iron Works, which appear to have been under
the management of A. M. Hurd, advertise business in their line.

Comparet & Coquillard notify "all persons indebted to the firm
by book account to call and make settlement ; and those who are
indebted by note of hand, are ro(|uested to call and pay the same.'

Ebbert & Co. " inform their friends and the public in general
that they have commenced the cabinet and chair making
business " — their shop being " on Columbia street, one door east of
Joseph Morgan's store, and nearly opposite the printing office."

Ebbert & lihinehart announce that "they continue to carry
on the carpenter and joiner business in all their various brandies."
" and hope by a strict attention to business,"' &c., <fec.

John B. Dubois " returns his thanks to his numerous friends lor
the liberal encouragement bestowed,'' &c., and " informs them ami
the public in general that he will continue the tailoring business ai
his old stand adjoining the Exchange Coffee House.'"

An apprentice, between 1 4 and 1 6 years of age was wanted by Mr,
Tigar in the Sentinel otUce.

" Good strong beer, for sale at the Fort Wayne Brewery, by the
barrel or gallon, cheap-'''' Signed, Comparet & Coquillard.

The co-partnership of Work & Cron, (Henry Work and Isaiali
Cron,) was dissolved July 16, 1834.

Comparet & Coquillard advertise for hops and deer skins.

T. Pritchard oft'ers the highest price in cash for old brass and I
copper.

" Many voters " request the announcement of the following j
names as suitable persons to fill the offices in the village : Corpop,
ation Trustees, John B. Bourie, L. G. Thomson, James Barnett, Jolm
B. Dubois and L. B. Wilson; and for Library Trustees, J. A.|
Aughinbaugh, L. V. B.Noel, Thomas Johnson, Wm. H. Wallace, H
Rudisill, Milo Kumsey and Marshall L. Wines.

The publishers state, editorially, that they " have been disappointei j

Fort Wayne in 1834.

885

aiul con-

ivcls.

ua ware-
nd to tlio
.•thermovo
• turs and

)('en under
ir line,
to the firm
isc who are

the same."

in general
iv making
;loor east of
r office."
lue to carry
ns \)vanche8."

s friends tor
ms ti>em aiul
,r business ai

Wanted by Mi'

jwery, ^y *
Kd.

[k and Isaiali

skins.

>U1 brass d

the follo\viii?l

ige: Covpor

Barnett,Jota|

Irustees, J' ^'

ll. Wallace, B'

n disappoint*!

in receiving their supply of paper ; thoreforo, no paper will be issued
from their office next week."

The following statement of the number of votes given at the
Presidential election in 1834, and at the elections in 1831 and 1832,
is offered by the editor as gratifying proof of the rapid increase of
population in this part of the State :

COUNTIES.

Allen

Lngrange..

Elkhart

St. Joseph.
Laporte....

Total..

18-34

'dm

364
446

482

lasa

324
87
189
244
165

1801

909

1831

208
unorganized.

183

123
unorganized.

513

Ten dollars reward is offered by Joseph Gronauer for the recovery
of a horse that left his premises.

Horatio N. Curtis, Tlios. P. Quick, William Gordon, Robert W.
Clemmer, George Platter, Samuel Hughes, Kobert Murphey, Henry
Hughe.', Andrew Clemmer, E. V. Spurrier, AVm. Banks and James
Phillips, date an advertisement from Cranesville, Williams county,
Ohio, and appear to have a controversy with a firm at Fort Wayne
who had sold each of them Fanning Mills.

Fresh groceries at the William Tell Coffee House, No. 7 Commer-
cial Row, are advertised.

D. Burr, Commissioner of Contracts, cautions the public against
the purchase of draft No. 78, drawn on the Commissioner of the
Wabash and Erie Canal, and directed to James B. Johnson, Fund
Commissioner of Canal Board, and made payable to Daniel
McGillycuddy.

D. Burr, Samuel Lewis and James B. Johnson, Commissioners of
the Wabash and Erie Canal, serve a notice upon George Conner, to
the effect that they have "requested S. Noel, Magistrate, to
issue his warrant to the Sheriff to summon a jury to meet on the
east part of the south-east quarter of section No. 3, Township 30
north, of range 12 east, at 10 o'clock A. m., 30th September, to
I ascertain the damages, if any you may have sustained by the con-
[struction of the Wabash and Erie Canal."

Anthony L. Davis has placed his notes in the hands of S. Noel^

[Esq., for immediate collection.

386

Fort Wayne in 1834.

Thomas Johnson, Clerk jiro tern., notified the qualified voters ol
the town of Fort Wayne " that there will bean election at the houac
of Colonel Sutton field on ^londay, the 1st of Sei)tembernoxtfortli(!
purpose of electing live trustees of the corporation of said town;'
Dated August 11, 1834.

D. Pickering announces that an election will be held for tlii'
purpose of electing *• five delegates for the Allen county library for
the ensuing year."

Matthew Griggs advertises reliable property for sale, connisting of
"lots Nob. 117 and 118 on the original plat of the town of Fort
Wayne. On lot No. 118 there are comfortable buildings which rent
for one hundred and forty-four dollars per annum. Lot No. 118 is
on the corner of Barr and Berry streets — 150 feet on Barr and 60
feet on Berry. For terms enquire of the subscriber, three-fourths of
a mile south of Fort Wayne, or of D. H. Colerick, in Fort Wayue."

S. & H. Hanna & Co. advertise " new goods, flour, pork, butter,
lard, brandy, rum, wine, molasses, tea, coffee, mackerel, shad, Ames'
shovels, Collins «& Co.'s axes, table knives and forks, log chains, cut
spikes, tow, linen, counterpanes, needles, pins,'' &c.

Samuel and James Hunter inform the public that the persons
who vend wind mills made at John's Mills under the direction of Mr.
Bowser, sometimes represent to the people that the mills are the
work of our establishment at this place. This is not true," &c.

One hundred laborers are wanted by Isaac Whicher to whom
highest wages in cash will be given for labor on sections 57 and IK
of the Wabash and Erie Canal.

Isaac Spencer announces that he has received a new stock o'j
summer and fall goods.

Eumsey & Stophlet advertise that they have removed their eho
to the new building No. 14, Commercial Row, Columbia street.

Lucien P. Ferry gives notice that he has taken out letters t
administration on the estate of Louis Godfroy, deceased, formerblj
Huntington county, Indiana.

V. Armitage offers ten dollars reward to the person who k|
return his stray horse to Col. Suttenfield's stable.

F. D. Lasalle & Co., make a call upon those indebted to themi't'j
payment.

Henry Work offers the highest price for hides and skins, and statsj
that he manufactures l^oots and shoes at his tannery.

Fort Wayne in 1872.

387

roU-rs ol'
he ho\i3t^'
xt Tor Uic
id town."

d for t\ii'
Library for

,n«i8tin?; o(
vu of Vorl
which rent
t No. 118 13
Barr and 60
>e-fourths of
ort Wayue."
pork, butter,
shad, Ames'
)g chains, cut

; the persons
rection of ^^•
mills are the
true," &c.
r to whom tk
,n8 57andli:

new stock oi I

)ved their M
Lbia street.

out letters «
ted, formerly'

erson wbo «!
Ited to them«:
|8kins,andst#l

T. Pritchard advertises the William Tell Coffee House and Read-
ing Room, No. 7, Comnu'rcial Kow, Columbia street.

Hhoc'a and Wm. C. Cushiuau gives notice that the books, notes,
l)onds, and every other evidence uf liability to the estate of Dr.
Hriijiimin Ciislitnun have been placed in thehandsof D. II. Colerick
for iniini'diate suit and collection.

Jacob Cox announces to the public that he has opened a saddler's
sliop in Commercial Kow, No. 3, and notifies the citizens that they
can be furnisbed with lire luuikets, it' iinmediare application be
miidc; and adds the signiticant suggestion that *' tbo ordimmce is
about to expire."

Oiu' hundred uolbu's is utFered in ;ui lulvfiti.stMnenf. signed " Wni.
T, Biirry. Po-sUnabter General, by II. Kiidijsill, P. M., for the arrest
and delivery to the United States Marshal at Indiatnipidis, or secured
in any jail within loO miles of Fort W'ayne, of Wni. McCoy, charged
with robbing the United States mail, and who broke jail at Fort
Wayne, on Friday, the 14th of May, 183-i. Said McCoy is 17 years
of age," &c.

Henderson & Kincaid suggest that they will have a small sum of
money to lend, providing those indebted to them will call and settle
their accounts soon ; if not, they will inevitably have to borrow.

NOTES ON THE BUSINESS OF FOIIT WAYNE IN 1872.

It is a subject of regret that a more satisfactory view of the
business of Fort Wayne, as it now exists, could not have been pre-
sented in these pages. In December, 1871, a Board of Trade, one of
the chief purposes of which was to make an annual exhibit and
publication of the business of the city, was organized ; its officers
and committees were judiciously selected, and its membership
embraced, so far as enrolled, the best business men of the city ; but
the first year not having terminated, it is too late to receive for use
in this work the benefit of the valuable statistics which the forth-
1 coming first annual report will doubtless present. The writer
devoted much time and effort to the work of gathering the necessary
Istatistics; but finally, through the pressure of personal demands
jnpon the time of railway managers, manufacturers, bankers, mer-
jchants, &c., to whom application was made, many of them were
Innable to communicate the facts so desirable to present a view of
Itheir several industries. The best presentment, however, from the

388

Fort Wayne in 1872.

imperfect liglit attiiiiuible, is licre given, prol'iiced by a liwl oC tin
oniccrsof the Kort Wiiyiic Uoiird of Tnule :

President, \, P. Kdgertoii; \st Vice President, .). 11. Bass; 'id

Vice President, K. (r. McN iece ; Hccrntar]!, V\ S. Shurick ; Trcamm,

Chas. McCuUoch; Directors, fS. Gary Kvaiis, h>. V>. lioml, A. ('.

Trentman, A. P. Etlgerton, J. II. Hass, A. Waring, S. Tlianliotisoi'

R. G. McNiece, Jolm Orl!', Chas. i\IcCnlloch and F. S. Siuirick.

The following list of members of the Hoard will coiistitnto soiul-
thing of a business landmark for future times:

Same of Members. Lvninfiin.

Alexander D. S fSa/.clto Co.

Anderson T. P Piano (leiikTs.

Aveliue House Hotel.

Bash Sol Hash & Co., dealers in f..r.s, wool, hides, &t,

BiiHS John H Fort Wnyne Maehine Works.

HaylessSol. D Attorney-at-law.

Beaver A. C Beaver, iMilkr ilcCo., planing mill.

Becker Jacob Oppenheimer A; Beclter, com. merchants,

Bell R. C Attorney-at-law.

Bond C. I) Prosidint Ft Wayne National Rank.

Bond J. D Cashier Ft. Wayne National Hank.

Boeger Rudoli)h Miller & Boegcr, flour, feed, &c.

Bond S. B President Allen Hamilton & Co.'s bank.

Bowser J. C Bowser & (-o., machinists.

Beach Frederick Morgan i\5 Beach, hardware.

Biddle L. M Druggist.

Becker Chris Shitcrmeister, Becker & Bond, steam lime

marble works
Bond Henry W Shetermeister, Becker & Bond, steam lime

marble works.

Bull John W Proprietor Mayer House.

Boltz F. F Groceries.

Braudrif! A, D Braudri)F& Roberts, hardware.

Brackenridge J Judge Criminal Court.

Carter Wm Stove dealer.

Clark Jos. M Merchant tailor.

Clark Jno. H Clark &Rhincsmith, plnclumbor dealers

Cochrane John Cochrane, Humphrey & Co., builders.

Case W. H Humphrey & Case, Unseed oil.

Colerick David H Attorney-at-law.

Coombs Jno. M Iron dealer.

Carry E Root & Co., dry goods.

Dumni R. D Dumm & Flcmming, daily (Sentinel.

Dreir Bros Druggists.

Davezac Peter Grain dealer.

EckertFred Butcher.

Edgerton A. P President Gas Co.

Edgerton H. H Secretary Gas Co.

Edsall W. S County Clerk.

Evans S. Cary President Merchants' National Bank.

Evans A. S Evans it Co., wholesale dry goods.

Edgerton J. K Attorney-at-law.

Ewing Geo. W Ewing, Smith & Co., tobacconists.

Fort Wat/nem 18Y2.

389

■ (>r iiu,'

rcasnm,
d, A. C.

•iek.

it'J SOUK'-

1, hiaes, &c.

11.
:;rclianl9.

uk.

1.8

blink.

Hleam Hmc
steam Vimc

Inr dealers
luiUlets.

ttiael

Bank

I)0d3.

Mama of Membert. DtuiineM.

First National Hank J. ]>. Niittinim, Prcsklenf.

Fort Wayne ISiilioniil Hunk ('. I). Hiiiid, I'rcHidont.

Fleming Win Duinin vV b\, daily iSeutinel.

FiH-llinj:t'r J. M (Jnx^i'ricH, iV-c.

Fl. W. Macii. iVCivr Wlicel W'kH..J, H. ]<ass, I'ropriotor.

Ft. Wayne Savings Hunk ...Ino. Hongli, TreiiHurer.

Foster IJrotliers Dry (loodw.

Frank M Friink i\: Tliauhonflor, dry goods,

(tosiiorn J. S CMvii fimiiiccr, <,'onlriiclor, etc.

OorlmurC. E Siipt. I*. Ft. W. it C. Uy.

lliunilton, Allen it Co Bunkers.

Iliimiltiin Montgomery lluestia ct H., wholesale grocers.

Hamilton A. II

llumiilirey it Case ...Linseed oil.

Ilanna S. T Heal estate, &c.

ilanna H. T Heal estate, itc.

lloirman Hros Walnut lumber dealers and manuractiirers.

Haskell Wash Produce & commission mcrcbuut.

Iliiltcrsley Hrass works, itc.

Harper IJros Hatters.

HillO. L Piano dealer.

Hill Jno. E. Jr Flouring mill.

Hoagland Pliny Vice President Ft. Wayne National Bank.

Hoiii;li .John Heal estate, insurance, itc.

Huestis A. C Iluestis & 11., wholesale grocers.

Ihnnplu'ey Geo Cochrane II. & Co., builders.

Hiinl 0. 1) Sasli, door and blind manufacturer.

Irwin Jno. S C!asliier Merchant's National Bank.

Iildiuga llirnm U. S. pensicm agent.

■limes Wm. H Attorney.

Kamm J. J Postmaster.

KeilBros Books, stationery, wall paper, «.tc.

Lamley Moses Jjamley i.t Hosehthol, cigar manufacturers.

Lingcnf'elsor Bros Trunk it valise manufacturers.

LmvryUoljt .Judge Circuit Court.

McCulloch F. II McC. & Hichey, hardware, &c.

McCulloch Charles Cashier Allen 'Hamilton «t Co.

-McDoujciiU Juo Carpet dealer.

McKay Neil McKay & Goshoru, contractors.

McKinnie Henry Eating hotel.

-McNieceR. G Daily Gazette.

Markley Aaron Markley, Scrader & Co., boots and shoes.

JJaycr Andrew Mayer it Grotfe, jewelers.

Meyer Bros. & Co Druggists.

Miller ,lno. M Furniture manufacturer.

Moon Goo. R U. S. Collector's office.

Morgan 0. P Morgan it Beach, hardware.

Murray K Murray it B., machinists.

Myers W.H Physician and surgeon.

jModerwellH Shirt manufacturer.

Neiseiter C. B Harness, saddles, &c.

Neiseiter Conrad Trunks, valises, »tc.

Nidlinger .lacob Clothing.

"iikley & Son Hardware.

Okls&Sons Spokes, hubs, &c.

Orir John Flouring mills.

[Urtrc OrffC. &Co.,drygood3.

390

Fort Wayne in 1872.

A'07»«« of Membera. Dmimsa.

Paul Wm. &Son Groceries and provisions.

Pfeiffer J. C. & Co Flouring mill.

Kandall F. P Mayor.

Read & S»n Livery and sale stable.

Read Moses Flour, feed and produce.

Reid|A.D Reid, Waring & Nelson, Ft. W. Plow Works.

Root L. B. & Co Dry Goods.

Rurod« E. C Root & Co., dry goods.

Rudisill H. J County Auditor.

Sarnighausen Jno Stoats Zeitung.

Shoan Sam'l H Saddles, harness, »fcc.

Shurick J. S Stave manufacturer.

Siemou Bros Stationery, books, &c.

Sinclair Samuel E Attorney.

Slack Thos. A Agent Empire Line Co.

Schurick F, S Agent Associated Press.

Smart J. H Superintendent public schools.

Smick S. S Agricultural implements, &c.

Steel W, R .^t^diior Republican.

Stockbridge N. P Stationery, books, &c.

Sturgis House C. B. Cumpston, proprietor.

Sutermeister A ....Sutermeister, B. & B., marble works.

Schuckman Juo Wilson S. & M., hardware.

Trentman B Trentman & Son, wholesale grocers.

Trentman A. C Trentman & Bon, wholesale grocers.

Trentman H. J Crockery, china, «fcc.

Tresselt Christian Tresselt, tloagland & Co., Flouring mill.

Thanhouser Sam>\el Frank & Thanhouscr, dry goods.

Vollraer Daniel Druggist.

Vodermark & Sous Boots & shoes.

Wagner IJ. G : Druggist.

Wallin C. E Photographer.

Ward H, N Crockery, chiua, glassware, «S5C.

Western Uuion Tel'gh Co C. II. Currier, Manager.

White J. B Fruit house.

Williams J. L.. Civil engineer and contractor.

Williams Henry M Hoagland, Tresselt & Co., flouring mill.

Williams Edward P Meyer Bhls. & Co., driiggir^ts.

Wilson Geo. H Wilson Schuckman & M., hardware, tin, Ac.

Wolke Frauk H Wolke & Trentman, contbctiouersand cracker

miinutiiclurcrs.
Worthington W. W Suiiei-inleudcul Ft. W., M. i.t C. Railway.

AgricuJfiirnl Macliiiieri/, tfy;. — Seven estiihlislirnents are engaged in
the haiHllina; of iigricnltural niachiiu^ry, wliose {iiimial sales exceed
j>] 80,000. These goods, howover, are chielly mnnufactured abroail.

Bakeries. — Ten are reported. The vahie of the raw material con-
sumed and aggregate profits, would imdve a good exhibit, if they
could be ascertained.

Bank and Banker!^. — Statistica of this important element that
exercises so great power on the business of a community, couUl not
be ascertained. There are five institutions, however, and all sub-
stantial. The Fort Wayne National Bank is one of the oldest and

Fort Wayne in 1872.

391

most solid institutions in Indiana — having existed prior to its or-
ganization under the National Banking act during many years, un-
der a State Charter, and organized and managed, chiefly, by Hon.
Hugh McCulloch, late Secretary of the United States Treasury, and
now principal of a leading banking house in London. Then there
is the Merchant's National, the Bank of Hamilton, Allen & Co.,
the Fort Wayne Savings Bank and the First National Bank.

Band Saw Mill. — [See "Black Walnut Lumber and Sawed Chair
Stuff." Also, " Saw Mills."]

Boarding Houses. — Thirty-six.

Boiler Makers. — Three, employing in the aggregate a capital and
manual force that renders it one of the most important industries
of Fort Wayne. Statistics of one of these appears under the head of
"Stationary Steam Engines, Boilers,'' &c., the establishment of J. C.
Bowser «& Co.

Booh Binders. — Two, Dumm & Fleming and Davis & Bro.

Books and Stationery. — Four well-stocked establishments.

Boots and Shoes. — Thirty-five ; the stocks being mostly imported.

Black Walnut Lumber and Sawed Chair Stuff. — Hoffman Bros.
employ in this industry sixty hands, and produce an annual value
amounting to $125,000.

Car Wheels. — The establishment of John H. Bass gives employ-
ment to eight hundred hands in the manufacture of car wheels,
boilers, &c.

Carpets, Oil Cloths, &c. — Two houses are engaged exclusively in
this trade.

Carriages and Wagons. — Six establishments manufacturing exten-
sively.

Chair Stuff. — One by J. R. Hoffman & Bros.

Children^ s Carriages. — Three firms engaged in this manufacture.

Cigars and Tobacco. — Twelve establishments, the larger number
of which manufacture cigars.

Clothing. — It is estimated that twelve clothing establishments
make annual sales amounting to 8250,000, and that about twenty
percent, of this amount Is manufactured in Fort Wayne.

Drugs, Medicines, iCc. — Fifteen stores, one of which, (Meyer,
Bros. & Co.,) wholesale to a large amount, and the store of II. G.
Wagner is one of the most attractive business houses in the city.

Dry Goods. — Nine estabhshments, one of which sells only at
wholesale.

392

Fort Wayne in 1872.

Other Stores. — Six Hour and feed, one variety, nine liquor and
wines, twelve sewing machine agencies, two periodical depots, twelve
millinery, twelve notions, four looking glasses, five harness, saddlery,
&c., four hair work, jewelry, tStc, six hats and caps, one hoop skirts
and corsets, four fur dealers, ten furniture, fourteen gentlemen's fur-
nishing goods, five fruit dealers, five fancy goods, eight stove and
hardware, four china, glass and queensware, one dental goods, and
one tin and glassware.

Groceries. — Three wholesale and sixty-eight retail houses. The
sales during the current year of one of these houses is estimated at
$800,000.

Two establishments trade in guns, pistols, «ic., seven in hides, pelts
and furs, four in horse collars, one in knitting machines, one in lap
window shades, six in leather, findings, &c., five in lime, plaster and
cement.

Gas WorTcs. — The Fort Wayne gas works use thirteen miles of
street main, and supply six hundred and six customers. There is
probably no establishment, either in Europe or America, which con-
tains in its management so large a degree of science and intelligent
business skill as that which, chiefly under Mr. H. H. Edgerton, sec-
retary of the company, controls the Fort Wayne gas works.

Hotels. — There arc twelve well-conducted hotels, namely: The
Mayer, Aveliue, American, Harmon, European, Exchange, Fox,
Hedekin, Old Fort, Phillips, Robinson and Union.

L'on, Steel and Heavy Hardware. — The estimated sales of these
lines of goods, made by two firms, exceed annually $750,000, a con-
siderable proportion of which is at wholesale.

Photographers. — The city contains five photograph galleries. One
of these, under the management of J. A. Shoaff, produces works of
art equal to those issued from the best establishments in the United
States, The proprietor has devoted his life to his profession, and is
owner of ShoaflTs Automatic Solar Camera, and other improvements
which enable him to produce with marked accuracy miniature or
life-size likenesses. The photographs from which were engraved the
likenesses of Messrs. A. P. Edgerton, Pliny Hoagland, J.L. Williams
and Wm. S. Edsall, were executed by Mr. Shoaff*.

Ploivs. — The Fort Wayne Steel Plow Company, have invested a
capital of $65,000, and give employment to thirty-five hands. The
company have the capacity of making 10,000 plows annually, equivii-
lent to a gross pro. act of $100,000 in value. .

Fort Wayne in 1872.

393

lor and
3, twelve
jaddlery,
)p skirts
len'sfur-
itove and
oods, and

ses. The
imated at

lides, pelts

one in lap

plaster and

n miles of
There is
which con-
i intelligent
Igerton, sec-

iS.

mely. The
lange, I'ox,

lies of these
>,000, a con-

lleries. One
ces works of
.. the United
■ssion, and is
nprovements
miniature or
engraved tk
.L.^Yillianl3

Ive invested a

hands. Tlie

lually, eq«i^'^-

Saw Mills. — Four saw mills produce nearly six millions feet of
lumber annually.

The owners of two that manufacture the larger proportion of this
amount, are Hoffman Bros., wlio make use of an invention, a patent
for which was secured by one of them, and the proprietorship of
which exists in the firm, that is of sufficient public value to render a
special mention justifiable. The invention is one of the most im-
portant that has been made, relating to the lumber product, during
the present century. It is known as Hoff'man's Patent Band Saw
Mill, and the following are some of its features : It is a new appli-
cation of the principle of the Band Saw, heretofore in use only for
scroll sawing, to a purpose that makes it successful in converting
into lumber the largest logs that are gathered from the forest. An
elaborate description of it cannot here be given, but the following
points are justly claimed for it :

1st. Saving of Lumber. Ordinary saws cut five-sixteenths of an
inch saw-kerf, while many in actual practice cut three-eights. This
Band saw cuts oisrE-TWELFTii. In sawing 1,000 feet of inch boards, a
saw cutting five-sixteenths of an inch will turn 312 feet of lumber,
into sawdust. This saw, cutting one-twelfth of an inch kerf, makes
83 feet into sawdust. This shows a saving of 229 feet of lumber on
each thousand feet of inch boards sawed. In sawing thinner lumber
the saving is greater. In valuable timber the saving in sawdust
alone pays the first cost of the mill in six months.

2d. Saving of Poivcr. Twelve-horse power is all that is required
to cut 5;000 feet of hard wood lumber, or 8,000 feet of soft, per day.

3d. Making Better Lumber. "With this saw can be made boards
of any required width, limited only by the size of the log. They leave

no offset.

4tli. Freedom from Danger. — Every year scores, if not hundreds,
of mi'! are killed or maimed by circular saws. These saws are per-
fectly safe.

Stalionary Steam Engines, Tubular and Fluid Boilers, TanTcs and
Saw Mills. — The house of J. C. Bowser & Co., use raw material to
the amount of $75,000, manufacture annually u value of $200,000,
and employ an average force of seventy-five hands.

This lirm, the members of which consist of Messrs. Jacob C. Bow-
Iser, Joseph K. Prentiss and Daniel M. Falls, are each, in his sphere,
tnoroughly practical and energetic business men ; and as evidences of
[the remarkable success of their enterprise, it may be stated that their
jwork is shipped chiefiy to New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts,
liuid other States east ; thus, by reason of the character of their goods,

Fm^t Wayne in 1872.

coming into successful competition with establishments founded
when the Maumee Valley was comparatively a wilderness. The per-
son who, even twenty years ago, would have suggested that an estab-
lishment for the manufacture of the heaviest iron machinery would
one day spring up at what was then the small town of Fort Wayne,
and ship their work to the Atlantic States, would have been consid-
ered but a small remove from insanity. Yet the fact exists, and to
business men of their stamp is the city of Fort Wayne largely in-
debted for its unexampled prosperity.

Watches, Clocks, Jetoelrt/, Solid and Plated Silver Ware, d-c.—Ym
jewelry establishments make sales amounting annually to $200,000,
The house of Messrs. Geo. J. E. Mayer and F. Voirol, opposite the
Fort Wayne and First National Banks, Main street, is among the
most reliable and extensive in Indiana, and justly noted for the pure
quality of their goods.

The city also contains eight lumber yards, five livery stables, four-
teen meat -larkets, five saddlery and harness stores and shops, eleven
barber shops, and ten confectionery establishments.

Among the manufacturing establishments not heretofore enumer-
ated, are the following: One flax mill; one linseed oil mill; four marble
manufactories; three mattress manufactories; one mustard manufiw-
tory; one paper mill; one paper box factory; one organ factory; one
pottery; the Fort Wayne agricultural works, manufacturing reapers
and mowers; six breweries; two brass foundries; four broom factories;
four candy factories; ten bakeries; four cooper shops; one basket
maker; thirteen blacksmith shops; two establishments manufactur-
ing trunks, valises, etc., and giving employment to thirty-six hands;
two chair factories; fourteen dressmakers, one hat and cap establish-
ment, employing eleven hands; four planing and flooring mills, one
of which employs eighty-five men, and tui'ns out an annual product,
including building material, amounting to $80,000; one spice mill;
one woolen mill; one spoke and hub factory; two manufactories of
staves and heading; three tanneries; one umbrella maker; five up-
holsterers; three vinegar factories; and two establishments thatraau-
ufacture window blinds and shades.

Standing upon the cupola of the Court House, and looking over
the city, and counting the chimney or " smoke stacks," one discov-
ers that there are t^venty-nine manufacturing establishments in Fort
Wayne operated by steam.

ents founded
2SS. The per-
that an estab-
hinery would
Fort Wayne,
J been consid-
exists, and to
ne largely in-

ire, cC-c— Five
f to $200,000.
, opposite the
is among the
d for the pure

' stables, four-
l shops, eleven

)fore enumer-
1; four marble
iard manure-
n factory; one
■uring reapers
oom factories;
ps; one basket
3 manufactur-
rty-six hands;
cap establish-
ing mills, one
nual product,
me spice mill;
nufactories of
aker; five up-
ints that man-
looking over
" one discov-
raents in Fort

;^-

'~2''t^^t^

2Z^

ck,^^J^

Pioneer Notes — William S. Edmll.

395

Transportationr-Railroads. — Primarily, and when the North
West was only inhabited by Indian tribes'and scattered settlements
of French and English traders, clustered around military posts, the
town Avas the entrepot for a trade of considerable magnitude be-
tween Lake Erie and the country west and south, and also was the
gate-way of the early commerce that floated down to it on tlie St.
Mary's, in flat-boats and pirogues. These primitive and expensive
means of transport were succeeded by the canal, opened in 1843,
and this by the railroad system. It would be a matter of public in-
terest to trace the origin and progress of the several railroad lines,
which have exercised an influence so powerful in securing the rapid
concentration of population and wealth at Fort Wayne. A dilligent
and patient effort to obtain the necessary statistics was made, but
tailed chiefly by reason of the refusal of the local manager of the
tirst established and most important road (the Pittsburg, Fort
Wayne & Chicago,) to furnish the necessary statistics, although a
clerical force was tendered free of chai'geto the company. The ap-
plication made to W. F, Ray, Master Mechanic of the Toledo,
Wabash & Western Railway Company, was more successful, and
the substance of his communication is appended :

The value of the shops at Fort Wayne, at present, is about $275,-
OOO, but these will be increased in extent and value soon.

The number of men employed is about 300 ; what proportion of
them have families residing in Fort Wayne, I cannot say, but should
judge as many as two thirds, and half that number, or as many as
one hundred, own their houses where they live, and many own lots,
intending to build on them.

In addition to the two great lines mentioned, the following
named roads have Fort Wayne us one of their terminating points :
Gran<l Rapids & Indiana ; Michigan Lake Shore ; Fort Wayne, Jack-
9on jfc .Saginaw ; Fort Wiiyne. Muncie & Cincinnati; Cincinnati,
Richmond & Fort Wayne. The seven lines now in operation, and
others projecteil, are probably destined to place Fort Wayne the
iirst in the list of Indiana's cities.

Recurring to the era of the first; settlement of the Maumee Val-
ley by the Anglo Saxon race, there will be tound much of value and
interest in the reminiscences which follow :

NOTES UEOARDtXQ THE EDS.iLL FAMILY.

An early pioneer of Fort Wayne, and identified with measures
that secured its first public improvements, iuclnding canal, mud
jtiirnpike and plank road enterprises, as well as those involving im-

396

Pioneer Notes — William S. Edsall.

portant commercial schemes, and who is yet living, is William S.
Edsall, the present county clerk ot Allen county, and the fourtli
son of Peter and Catharine Edsall, who emigrated ironi Orange
county, New York, in the Year 1812. The family then consisted
of the parents and four children. They reached Pittsburg by wag-
ons, at which point they embarked aboard a flat boat, to which tlie
family and goods were transferred, and descended the Ohio river to
Cincinnati. Here they landed, and the crew, securing the craft to
a large tree on the bank of the river, encamped near the shore.
During the night, and in a heavy Avind and rain storm, the tree was
uprooted, and, falling upon the boat, iorced it to the river bottom,
carrying with it nearly every vestige of their outfit, including even
the bible, containing the family record. From thence they proceed-
ed lip to where Miamisburg, Montgomery county, Ohio, now stands,
and rented a small piece of ground, and with the limited means lett,
bought the necessary farming utensils and seeds for putting in a
crop. They remained upon this rented land two years, and then
removed to Darke county, near Greenville, where they resided
pending the negotiations of the treaty, concluded at Greenville, July
5i2, 1814; at which place, by keeping a shanty boarding house, tliey
recuperated sufficiently to get up respectable trains, and removed
to St. Mary's, Ohio, (now Auglaize county,) and during the treaty-
making, resulting in several treaties, [hitherto cited in this volume]
made at that town with sundry tribes of Indians in the montlis of
September and October, 1818, the family a second time resorted
to the boarding house business, and were sufficiently rewarded to
enable them, in 1819, to purchase an eighty acre tract of land on
the south side of Shane's prairie, three miles south of Shane's Cross-
ing; and here the husband and liather died, in 1822. When the Ed-
salls located on the prairie, the families they found there were the
Dennisons, Chivingtons, Kocbucks, William li. Hedges and An-
thony Shane. In the meantime, since leaving New York, five chil-
dren had been added to the household. The widowed mother, de-
siring to execute the oft-expressed Avish of her husband to secure
an education for her children — that beinor the sole aim of the life of
herself and husband, of Avhom she was now bereft — removed, lu
1824, to Fort Wayne.

Reaching this place at the date mentioned, Avith a family of children
now increased to nine — six sons and three daughters — she proposeil
to her three eldest sons, namely : Samuel, John and Simon, that
they go out from her, and make free choice of their several trades.
and stipulate for education as part consideration for their servicc-
this form of apprenticeship then being in conformity Avith the law
and custom of the country. The youngest of the three named.
Simon, devotedly attached to his mother, declined to leave her, on
the ground that his choice Avas that of farming, and furthermore
that his energies Avould be required at home to aid in sustaining his
mother and the younger members of the family in their rugged ways

Pioneer JVotes — William S. JSdsall.

397

Yilliam S,
the Ibiirtk
m Orange
I consisted
rg l>y ^vag-
) which llie
ihio river to
the craft to
■ the Bhore,
[,he tree was
vcv bottom,
lading even
hey proceed-
, now stands,
d means lett,
• putting in a
ars, and tlien

they resided
eenville, July
g house, tliey

and removed
ng the treaty-
1 this volumol
the montlis of
time resorted

f rewarded to

act oi" lao'^ O"
^hane'8 Cross-
^Vhen the Ed-
there were tlie
idges and An-
ork, five chil-
id mother, de-
band to secure
, of the lite of
, removed, in

of life— Ids junior brother, William S., being then only thirteen years
of age, and supposed to be too young to contribute anything beyond
the amount necessary to support himself.

In accordance with this arrangement, mutually agreed upon by
the mother and children, Samuel, the eldest, made choice of the car-
penter and joiner trade, and was apprenticed to Colonel Hugh llan-
na;andJolm, the second, was apprenticed to John JMcAUister,
tailor.

Tlio business life of William S. commenced under the circum-
stances hereinafter mentioned :

In 1826, a corps of United States Topographical Engineers, under
command of Col. James Shriver, Avas detailed to survey a route for
the Wabash and Erie Canal. In May or June of that year the sur-
vey was commenced at Fort Wayne, and but little progress had
been made, when the whole party was prostrated by sickness, and
Colonel Shriver soon afterwards died in the old Fort. He was suc-
ceeded by his assistant, Colonel Asa Moore, under whose direction
the survey was prosecuted during the years 1826 and 1827, down
the Wabash to the mouth of Tijjpecanoe, and continued along the
Maumee in 18l27-li8, until Col. Moore also fell a victim to disease.
dying in his tent at the head of the Maumee rapids, on the 4th of
October, 1828. ]\[r. Edsall was an attache of this engineer coi'ps,
auJ sutt'ored from the prevalent diseases of the country.

FORT WAYXE I2f 1822.

During tlie residence of the Edsall family on Shane\s prairie, the
senior and his three eldest sons, viz : Samuel, John and Simon, in
1819 and 1820, made trips to Fort Wayne in the summers of those
years, and cut and cured hay for the subsistence of the stock of the
traders at that point. The hay was obtained from the extensive
prairie west of the Fort. The wants of the traders required large
quantities of hay to subsist the stock of their Indian customers, who
would congregate at the place during the winter months for pur-
poses of trade. As exhibiting the general features of the prairie at that
period, it is stated that the principal portion of the grass was cut in
places where the water covered the surface from six to fifteen
inches, and the saturated herb was then placed on litters, and trans-
lerred to the higher ground for the purpose of curing. A portion
of that same ground is now, though wet, tolerably adapted to pur-
i poses of tillage, and is susceptible of reclamation by drainage into
the sources of the Wabash, and will ultimately become the most fer-
I tile portion of Allen county.

These summer trips of Mr. Edsall and his sons to Fort Wayne

[were satisfactorily remunerative, furnishing a market for the surplus

farm products, which they would carry to the Fort Wayne market

on the outward trips, and the hay enterprise, realizing sufficient to

[afford considerable recompense. These visits impressed Mr. and

^98

Pioneer Notes — William S. KdsalL

Mrs. Edsall so favorably ren;arclin{» Fort Wayne tliat they concluded
it was destined to become an important point, favorable to the great
purpose they had in vie\v of educating their children; and a removal
had been contemplated before the death of Mr Peter Edsall, which
occurred, as before stated, in 1H22. After his deatli the three sons
pursued the custom of their father, in spending the hay-makiiig sea
son at Fort Wayne.

In the summer of 18:i;{, the elder brother being at Fort Wayne,
Jacob Gundy, a neighbor, was passing their house, on Shane's prairin,
with a load of bacon for the Fort Wayne market, and it was agreed
that Wm. S. should accompany him ami ascertain ihe condition of
his brothers. The distance was forty miles, and tlie tri|) to the Fort
occupied ten days — there being no regidar r()a'l.e.vce[)t the old trail
of Gen. Wayne and fallen timber fieqiit'titly interposing ohstaoks
in following it, and rendering it necessary to out new pasHages
Between Shane's jirairie and the Fort, therc^ wa;^ only one house, and
that on the Twenty-Four Mile Creek, occ'Ui)iod by George Ayres,
a British deserter. Cupt. Uiley however, was residing at WilLsliire,
on the oppo-ite bank of the river.

Reaching Fort Wayne, the junior Edsall found occuj)ying the
block houses within the tort, Gen. John Tipton, Indian Agent Jos,
Holman, Iteceiver, and Samuel U. Vance, Register ot the UniteJ
States Land Office; two taverns, kept respectively by Colonel Alex-
ander Ewing and Colonel William SutteuHeld — the tbrmer situateJ
on the south side of Columbia street, corner of Barr, and the latter i
on the opposite, or diagonal, corner of the same streets; and totbl
proprietors of these two taverns Mr. Gundy sold his freight of ha-,
con. The merchandise business was principally in the hands oftliej
licensed Indian traders, namely: Comparet & Coquillard, agentso
the American Fur Company ; Colonel Alexander Ewing, and his I
sons, Wm. G. and George W. ; George Hunt, Chief Richardville,
James Barnett, Samuel Hannaand Thomas Forsyth; a retail ginger |
bread, candy and beer establishment, kept by the father of the I
Xenas Henderson, (the latter being a lad at the time.) The lattBJ
establishment occupied the site on Columbia street, where no»j
stands the hardware store of B. W. Oakley & Son. Among
then residents of the place, and connected with the Indian traJil
were Francis Aveline, alias St. Jule, father of the late Francis JJ
Aveline, who built the Hotel in the city now known by the faffliij
name ; James Peltier,father of Louis Peltier, now a resident of Foi
Wayne; John Baptiste Bruno, Richard Chobert, Francis and Cliarii
Minnie, John Baptiste Bourie, father of the late John B. Boiirf
Josei)h Barron, John P. Hedges, John B. Bequett, (an Indian tricij
et manufacturer,) John Baptiste Durett and Antoine Gamblin.

Among the farmers of the neighborhood Avere Captain HackH
(son-in-law of the distinguished Captain Wells,) who cultivai
very imperfectly a few acres, which now constiLute the northij
margin of the city, and whose house stood upon the ground n

Fionetr .Notes— William >S'. Edmll.

399

concludeil
,0 the great
I ft removal
Isall, wbirfi
. t.hrt'o Hoiih

t wuH agreed
. couiVilionot'
m to the Fon
t, the o\«\ ivail

new pawi^ages^
one house, and
leortic Ayvo?.
,g lit WUlsluvt,

occnpying jl«
lan Agont Jos^
,. ot t\ie Un'^«^
Y Colonel AleS'
iomner situated
and the laUet

eets; andtoik

s iVclght ot a-
'aie hands oftfe

nUlavd, agenM

Lf llichardville.

\. a retail gin&*
rather of the to

I me.) Thelat
reet! wheret^^
' Among twL
.he Indian m
L late l^rancis
vnbythe aj
a resident of M
rancisandChH

(an Indian H
^ine Gan*;

l>) who culti
'nte the nonte
the gvounti''

the foot of Calliouu street, ou the north bank of the St. Mary's.
Anion <T tlie names above nientioutd, one of the most fur-siglitod
iiiul philanthropic, \va3 that of James IJarnctt. Disco verini?, clearly,
ivca in the nule condition of the country in which he lived, that
Fort Wayne was destined to become a city of importance, lie gave
freely of his time ami energies to every scheme that was devised to
flivo the place a start in the race of business life; and no appeal for
the exercise of Christian charity was ever made to him without meet-
ing with a generous response.

He ]>agsed through Fort Wayne a few years after the close of the
last war with Great Britain, driving a lot of hogs for the use of the
garrison at Fort Dearborn. lie subsequently, as before mentioned,
established himself in^business at Fort Wayne, and actively engaged
inevirv well-dcviued enterprise designed to promote the pui)lic
prosperity.

The writer is informed by the subject of this sketch, that at the
time this survey was made, there were only six white families resi-
dent of the whole district between Fort Wayne and the mouth of
the Tippecanoe river — a distance of J'U miles. Thes^were Champ-
ion Helvey, at the confluence of the Salamonie with the Wal)ash ;
Major Harsh, (brother-in-law of Col. iNTcCorkle, one of the origituil
proprietors of Fort Wayne,) who occui)ied a tenement on the old
treaty ground where Wabash now stands; Benjamin Chamberl-in,
residing at the mouth of Fel river, op{)osite Logansport; Major
Daniel Bell, then on the ground upon which is now Logansport;
Mis. Hicks, at the mouth of Rock creek, twelve miles below Logans-
port, and an old Mr. Baum, at the mouth of Deer creek, now the
town of Delphi.

The widow Edsall occupied a cabin on the banks of the St. Mary's,
near where the county jail is now located, and which was near the
usually traveled route of the Indians trading at the rival establish-
iments of Wm. G. & George W. Ewing, Barnett & Hanna, Francis
Comparet and Alexis Coquillard. In the seasons when the Indians
jcame to trade, they would generally encamp on the opposite, or north
[Bide of the St. Mary's, and cross over and spend a portion or the
ifhole of the day on the Fort Wayne side. Canoes were in demand
^0 ferry the Indians, and also fre(iuently the traders, and young Ed-
ill discovered an opportunity of making some money for the use of
[he household by the establishment of a ferry. Among others, the
Swings, on their visits to the Indian camps, were frequently his cns-
^mers; and Wm. G. Ewing, after some acquaintance, thus formed,
proposed to the boy that he engage with himself and brother, ;ind
5come instructed in the mysteries of trade and commerce. The
[roposition was highly acceptable to the lad, but he referred it to his
jother, and an arrangement was concluded, and in October, 1827, at
leage of sixteen years, a contract was made,by which he entered their
|rvice,and continued until 18.32, spending the last two years with
2orge W. Ewing, at Logansport. In the spring of the last named

400

Piomer Notes — William S. J^JthaU.

year, havinj]f attained his majority, tlio Ewings, desirous of continu-
ing business relations with ]\Ir. Kdfiall, iiroposod to liiin either ;i
partnership or an outlit of a stock of {joous, they to share the iirofits
of tiie business, in caso he chose the latter. Accordingly ho elected
to have charpo of a stock of goods, an<l scloetcd Huntington as thi
location. His customers were principally Indians and canal con-
tractors. Near the close of the year IH.'J'-J, he received the appoint-
ment of postmaster at Huntington, and in the spring of 183;}, was
elected clerk and recorder of the county, to which was then attached
for judicial purposes, the counties of Wabash and Whitley, and in
IH.'ih resigned all these oflices, closed his business, and returned tn
Fort Wayne, and entered into co-partnership in the mercantile busi-
ness with liis brother, the late Major Samuel Edsall. This firm con-
tinued until 1839, when the Ewings offered Wni. S. Edsall a third
interest in tlieir widely extended business, which olfer he aocepted.
Tlu* newly-formed partnership of Ewing, Edsall & Co., and its con
nections, extended over a large area of country — the policy beinj^to
not only hold the fur trade with their old Indian customers, who
had removed west of the Mississippi, but to establish relations with
other fur dealers, throughout the country. This, and other firms,
with which they were in close alliance, were in competition with the
American Fur Company, and the strife between them for the trade
became so great that furs advanced to a price that inflicted consider-
able losses upon the rival companies. During this co-partnership,
in the spring of 1839, Mr. Edsall made a horseback visit connected
with the business of the firm from Fort Wayne to Chicago, Joliet,
Ottawa, Rock Island and Dubuque, thence to Galena and Madison,
the })resent capital of Wisconsin. At this period, after leaving Ottv
wa, he would frequently ride thirty miles M'ithout finding a human
habitation ; waste places then, that are now covered with populous
towns and cultivated fields.

The firm of Ewing, Edsall & Co. dissolved its business in 1841,
The partnership, by reason of the competition already referred to,
had been unsuccessful. After the dissolution of the firm, and Mr.
Edsall having retired with blighted prospects and exhausted le-
sources, applied for and received the appointment, in 1843, of Regis-
ter of the United States Land Office in Fort Wayne, and held this
place until 1848. In 1846, however, he had again formed a partner-
ship with his brother, Major Edsall, in the mercantile and milling
business, which they conducted until 1849.

At this period the Edsalls, realizing the necessity and great ad-
vantages to the trade of Fort Wayne of a road which would open
commuuicatlon with the settlements north and south, originated '•
project for the construction of a plank road from Fort Wayne to
Bluffton. In this work they had the hearty co-operation of all thf j
business men of the city, who were generous in their aid by
stock subscriptions. Although the road, from its inception to its I
completion, occupied about two years, it proved an enterprise ot

Pioneer Noten— William S. E^lsall.

401

tf contimi-

rn either ;»

> tlio nrotitH

^ ho elected

igton as tht
canal con-

the appoiut-

)f 183il. was

lien attached

itlcy, and in
returned tn

•cautile busi-

:iusi\rmcnn-

dsall a third

r he accepted,

I and its con-

olicy being to

istomors, who

relations with

I other firms,

tition with tli.'

1 for the trade

icted consider-

;o-partner8hip,
isit connected
hicago, Joliet,
and Madison,
V leaving Otta-
ding a hnman
jwith populous

piness in 1841.

|ly referred to,

Ifirm, and Mr.

exhausted le-

1843, of Regis-

\ and held tliu

[med a partner-

' and milling

I and great ad-
Jh would open
|i originated f.
krt Wayne to
Ition of all tje

\ their aid by
Leption to Its

' enterprise ot

greater value to the busijiess intcro.sts of Fort Wiiync than any pub-
lic iniprov(Mneiif, except the WaliJiali and Erie canal, that had liither-
to been uiuh'Ttuken,

On the 3d of July, 185.'{. the l>ri)ther.s iMlsall onlerod into a con-
tract with the Liikc Kric. Wiihiisli it St. Louis 1{. H. Company, for
the !j;radiiig, niaM(»iiry and liiruishiny the ties lor turty si'voii miles
of the road, from the Ohio State line to the Wabash river, two miles
west of llmiliugtori; and iminrdiately commenced the erection of
shantie:^, the colleeiioii oi' alabuntig luaio, and other prepuralious
lor the execution of their contract. Having completed their pre-
liminary arraii,i;einent.s, they were inform. 'd by the Compuny that,
owni^' to the monetary crisis then existiuij, they wouM iu)t i»c I'li-
abled to inakt^ jjaymcuts before the following spring. Undismayed
liv this intelligence, which resulted in the suspension of the work
by some of Llic- other contractors, the Kdsalls availed themselves of
their credit, and maiie successlul appeals to the public spirit of the
inerchants <tr Fort. Wayne to atford supplies to sustain the lal)oivr3
upon the work, ami they proceeded witii undiminished vigor ami
regularly met the claims of their creditors. Hut in the following sea-
son the cholera scourge appeared in fearful form, extending along the
whole line, and sweeping olf in multitudes overseers and workmen.
Added to this, labor and provisions suddenly ap|)reciated ; and Hour,
which tlie Edsalls the previous year bad shippeil to Atlantic markets,
realizing, when sold, from ^4.75 to 8.").0() ])er harrt'l, was now worth,
delivered along the line, $'.). 00 per barrel, ami lahor, which, when
they commenced their work, could be readily had at 75 cents per
day, now commanded 81.25. Notwithstanding all these discourage-
ments, they struggled on, and completed their contract in the spring
of 1806, having a large uuli([uidated claim against the company, i)ut
owing no laborer a dollar.

Stating here what might have been previously mentioned, that
Wm. S. Edsall was a contractor on the Wnbasii and Erie caind, and.
also recapitulating what has been mentioned, tliat hiinsidfand brother
originated the sclieme for bridging what was then an impassalde
swamp between Fort Wayne and Jiliilftou ; their joint etl'orts and
sticritices to secure a second railroad to Fort Wayne; it will be dis-
covered that the city and county are cousiujrably uidebted to the en-
terprise and public spirit of these gentlemen for tlie commercial im-
portance the city has now attained.

Concluding this sketch, it may here be stated that Major Edsall
closed his useful life in February, 18Go, and that the sui)ject oi' this
sketch, although never having enjoyed but a single day of school
priviletfes, has l)een enabled, in the uattle of life, to successfully com-
pete with the merchant princes of the land, and yet is a citizen of
Fort Wayne. In 18G8, returning to his old home from Chicago,
where he had passed the preceding three years inactive I)usines8 life,
the Democratic Convention of Allen county, in .hnie, ISTO, con-
ferred upou him the nomination for county Clerk. The only oppo-

402

Pioneer Notes — Dr. John Mvans.

sition ticket, organized by a " Reform Party," also placed him in
nomination ; and thus, without any compromise of manhood or
principle, he received the unanimous vote of the people of Allen
county for the office hen )\v fills to the satisfaction of the people and
advantage to the public interests. ,

DR. JOHN EVANS.

The family of this gentleman was widely known to the old citi-
zens of the upper Maumee Valley. He had studied his profession
under the instruction of the doctors Spencer, of Kentucky, and
Rush, of Philadelpliia; and commpnced practice at Washington,
Fayette County, Ohio, about the year 1814 ; and also conducted, in
separate rooms of the same building, the mercantile business and
an apothecary store. On the 27th of May, 1818, he married Miss
Elizabetli Taylor, of Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio.

The Evans family were among tlie early settlers of Kentucky.
Samuel Evans (father of Dr. John,) removed to Ohio from Bourbon
County, Kentucky, when the latter was about 17 years old. Will-
iam Taylor (father of Elizabeth, who married Dr. Evans,) was the
first settler between the Ohio river and Chillicothe. He moved from
Pennsylvania to Kentucky when his daughter Elizabeth was about
three months old, and from Kentucky to near Bainbridge, Ross Co.,
Ohio, when she was six or seven years of age.

Dr. Evans and family (now consisting of hi.i wife and two daugh-
ters,) removed from Washington, Fayette County, to Defiance, in
February, 1823. They started in a large double sleigh, but the
snow failing, they were compelled, on the second day, to abandon
their sleigh, and resort to wagons. The family reached Judge Na-
than Shirley's, on the Auglaize river, one mile above Defiance, on
the last day of February. Their first location was at Camp No. 3,
five miles below Defiance, on the north side of the Maumee,
in a double log cabin ; and here, Samuel Carey Evans, their
first son, was born, April 10th, 1823. During the summer,
the doctor built a frame house at Defiance, into which he re-
moved his family in the month of November of that year. He made
the first brick and the first lime that was manufactured in Defiance,
a part of which wa^ used in the construction of his own house; and
the proceeds of the sale of the surplus lime and brick netted an
amount that paid the entire cost of his house.

In this same year. Foreman Evans, his brother, also removed to
Defiance.

The late Judge Pierce Evans (cousin of Dr. John,) removed to
the head of the rapids of the Maumee, and resided there during the
year 1822 and in 1823, and then removed to the farm below Defiance,
now occupied by his son, Rinaldo Evans.

When Dr. Evans reached Defiance, there were no ^ihysicians on
the river nearer than Fort Wayne above, and Maumee City below,
and his professional visits often extended to the first named place,

Pioneer NoUS'^Dr. John JSvans.

403

jd him in
inhood or
! of Allen
leople and

e old citi-
profession
itucky, and
^■ashington,
inducted, in
asiness and
larried Miss

f Kentucky,
om Bourbon
3 old. Will-
,ns,) wa8 the
} moved from
th was about
Ige, Ross Co.,

i\ two daugli-
Defiance, in
eigh, but the
to abandon
■d Judge Na-
Defiance, on
Camp No. 3,
[the Maumee,
Evans, their
the summer,
hich he re-
ar. He made
a in Defiance,
_n house; and
lick netted an

vedto

30 remo

^ removed to
're during the
telow Defiance,

.hysicians on
le City below,
named place-

to St, Mary's, on the St. Mary's, and to the head of the Maumee
rapids. There being no well-made roads, no bridges over the
streams, and facilities for ferriage at points remote from each other,
it is difficult to convey to the mind of the medical practitioner of
this day in adequate view of the formidable, ard often dangerous,
obstacles that Dr. Evans was compelled to encounter in the dis-
charge of his professional duties. The first relief from this exhaust-
ing toil was afforded by the arrival, at Defiance, of Dr. Jonas Colby,
in 1832.

In 1824 he purchased a stock of goods of Hunt & Forsyth, of
Maumee City, which were brought up on pirogues. This was the
first store of considerable importance that contained goods adapted
to the wants of the white settlers, although staple Indian goods
(except whiskey) were included in his general stock.

When the family removed to Defiance, there were no regular
Church services ; and, until the Court House was erected, no suita-
ble house for worship. The Methodists, however, held services at
short intervals, sometimes in private houses, and, when the weather
was favorable, in the adjacent groves. The first Presbyterian cler-
gyman was Rev. Mr. Stone, (father of Mrs. Wm. A. Brown, now
living at Defiance).

During his residence in Defiance, Dr. Evans possessed more fully
the confidence of the Indians than the majority of those who had
had dealings with them. He acquired this confidence by profess-
ional ministrations, by fairness in trade, and refusing their applica-
tions for intoxicating drinks. When the Indian men and women
would visit town, and the former obtain liquor of mercenary tra-
ders, and become drunken and crazed, a^.i their brutal nature
aroused, the latter would gather up the tomahawks and knives of
the'r lords, and deposit them about the premises of their friend. Dr.
Evans. On one occasion, the chief, Oquanoxa, of Oquanoxa's town,
on the Auglaize (now Charloe, Paulding County), brought one of
his daughters to the doctor to be treated for some malady which
had baffled the skill of the Indian " medicine man." She was re-
ceived into the doctors household, and in due time restored to
health. As an equivalent for this service, the chief made the doc-
tor a present of an Indian pony.

In 1838, with a view of affording his children opportunities for
obtaining better educational facilities, he temporarily removed to
Troy, Ohio, and continued there until the fall of 1840, when he re-
moved to Port Wayne, and engaged actively in commercial pursuits,
in partnership with his son-in-law, John E. Hill. During his resi-
dence in Troy, he had continued business at Defiance — and now,
from the two stores, they supplied the contractors who were con-
structing the Paulding County Reservoir with goods to prosecute
their work. In 1840 he removed the Defiance stock to Fort Wayne,
and concentrated his business at that point.

In the summer of 1842, business called Dr. Evans to Defiance, and
while there he was seized with an illness that would have induced

404

Pioneer Notes — Dr. Jghn EvanSi

ail ordinary person to remain and receive medical treatment ; but his
indomitable will had determined him to make an effort to reach his
family, at Fort Wayne. Leaving Defiance on horseback, he had
traveled only about a mile, and reached the house of Thomas War-
ren, when the intensity of his sufferings arrested his progress, and
he remained at the house of Warren two or three days. Meantime,
believing himself. doul>tless, that his case was critical, he despatched
a messenger to Fort Wayne, to notify his family of his condition.
On the message Iving communicated to the family, his son, Samuel
Carey Evans, immediately started to meet his father ; and, reaching
his bedside, discovered the alarming symptoms of the case, and at
once dispatched a second messenger to Fort Wayne to summon Dr.
S. G. Tiiompson, and also to notify his mother and other members
of the family, of his father's condition. The intelligence being
communicated. Dr. Thompson and Misi< Merica Evans, second
dau{jhter of the doctor, at once sat out on horseback, and, notwith-
standing the bad condition of the roads, reached Mrs. Hilton's (to
whose house, in order to secure more comfortable quarters. Dr. Ev-
ans iuid been removed,) witliiu eight hours after leaving Fort Wayne.
Dr. Evans, by this time becoming fully conscious that he could only
survive a few hours, dietiited the following as his last will and testa-
ment (Dr. Thompson acting as amanuensis), and which embodied a
distribution of his estate, adjusted upon such nice principles of jus-
tice and affection, that no word of complaint, or of discord, was ever
uttered by the parties affected by it :

'■I, John Evans, being weak in body, but sound in mind and
memory, knowing the uncertainty of life, and the certainty of
death, do make and )tublish tiiis, my last will and testament, hereby
revoking all loriner wills. First — I commit my soul to God, who
gave it, !i.nd my body to the earth, to be buried at Fort Wayne, in
such manner as my family may direct. And I hereby appoint my
daughter, Merioii. and my sons, Carey and Rush, together with Al-
len Hamilton, Hugh McCuUochand Pierce Evans, as my Executors:
and it is my desire that the three last named Executors shall per-
mit my sons, Carey and Jl'ish, to continue the mercantile business
until all my just debts are paid ; after which, it is my desire that
my beloved wife sliall have one-third of all my personal and real
estate during her life; and desire that my daughter, Eliza Hill, shall
receive nothing more until my other children have received one
thousand dollars each. After which, J wish the balance of my prop-
erty e(iu;illy distributed annnig my children. And I further desire
that my children shall provide for Alcy Cumberland [a faithful col-
ored servMut of the family.] so long as she may live; and it is my
special re(|ne8t tt>at my friends, the three last named Executors, will
not make any public sale of property, but permit my sons to sell at
private sale to tlie lu'st advantage. Signed, sealed and delivered,
this 10th day of August, A. D., 1842. "JOHN EVANS.

"S.G. Thompson. > „-., , „

"A. G.Evans, S

Pioneer Notes — Dr. John Evans.

406

buthifi
each his
he had
as War-
i-ess, and
eantime,
spatched
ondition.
I, Samuel

reaching
56, and at
nmon Dr.

members
ncc bein^
as, second
i, notwith-
Iilton'8 (to
rs, Dr- Ev-
'ort Wayne.

could only
[1 and testa-
embodied a
;iples of jus-
M>d, was ever

Having performed this last earthly dnty, his remaining moments
were consecrated to the service of his Maker, and in endearing ex-
pressions of affection for the two members of his family who were
present, and in messages to those who Avere unavoidably absent. On
the following day (11th of August,) his death occuneci.

And thus, at the age of forty-eight years, the honorable career
of Dr. John Evans was brouglfit to a close in the very prime of
his manhood. No death that occurred in the valley during that
year, produced a more general or profound regret. The physician
whose skill had prolonged the lives of multitudes, was unable to
heal himself.

An obituary of the Fort Wayne Times, dated September 17, 1842,
appears below :

"On the evening of the 11th ult., near Defiance, Ohio, Dr. John
Evans, of this city, breathed his last, in the 49th year of his age.
The removal of this highly respectable and enterprising citizen from
the sphere of his earthly labors has excited the deepest sympathy,
and the siucerest regrets among a numerous circle of friends and
acquaintances; and has cast a deep shade over the hopes and hiipjii-
ness of a disconsolate wife and bereaved family. He is now no
more— all that was mortal rests within the portals of the tomb ; but
his memory will ever live in the hearts of all who knew him. His
weight of character, his great moral worth, and exemplary deport-
ment in each and every relation of life, will be remembered, his vir-
hies admired, and his memory cherished, as long as the qualities
that adorn human nature shall be held in proper estimation.

"At a very early period in the settlement of north-western Ohio,
Dr. Evans located at Defiance. The extended practice and the ex-
traordinary degree of favor which he there obtained, are sutRcient
evidence of his eminent merit. It may be said with truth, in the
beautiful language of the poet :

" ' None knew him but to love liim,
" ' None named him but to praise'

"After having passed the meridian of life in the practice of a la-
borious profession, he removed his family for a short period to Troy,
Ohio, and thence to this city, with a view of establishing his sous
in the mercantile business, and reposing, durinc: the remainder of
his days, in the midst of his beloved family, and in the enjoyment
of an honorably-acquired competence. He went to Defiance about
the commencement of the month (August) {ox the purpose of trans-
acting some business. While there he felt unwell, and fearing an
attack of disease, he started for home ; but before proceeding far
his progress was arrested by a most severe attack of bilious pneu-
monia, which terminated his earthly existence on the seventh day
following. During his short but painful illness he was composed
and resigned — he expressed a desire to live only on account of his
family. He aroused from the stupor of approaching dissolution to
assure them of his entire willingness to meet his Maker. As his life

406

Pioneer Notes — S. Carey Evcms.

had been honorable and useful, his death was peaceful and happy."
Mrs. Evans, widow of Dr. John Evans, is yet living, in a remar-
kably sound condition of health and mind, alternately making her
home with her surviving son and daughters (Samuel Carey EvanB,
and Mrs. John A. Hill, and Mrs. Henry J. Rudisill). She has
vived her affectionate husband, and one-half her children.

sur-

Samuel Carey, son of Dr. John Evns, may be justly classed
among the pioneers of the Maumee Valley. His father left him
stocks of goods at Fort Wayne— one owned by John Evans & Co.,
(Edmond Lindenberger being the junior partner,) located on the
corner of Calhoun and Columbia streets ; and the other store in the
n ame of Evans & Hill, Culumbia street, on the premises now occu-
pied by Morgan & Beach, hardware dealers.

Samuel C. and William Rush Evans settled the estate of their
father, commencing their work at the date of his death, in August,
1843, and making a final settlement in the summer of 1845. In the
fall of the last-named year, the two brothers, with Pliny Hoagland,
engaged in business at Fort Wayne, on the corner of Calhoun and
Main streets, under the firm name of S. C. Evans & Co., and con-
tinued one year, when Mr. Hoagland retired from the partnership ;
but the firm name remained until the fall of 1847, when a sale was
made to T. K. Brackenridge & Co., the partners closing with about
sufficient assets to meet liabilities ; and S. Carey Evans going to
New York to engage in trade, and the two brothers, at about the
same date, organized a firm at Defiance, under the name of W. E.
Evans & Co., which prosecuted business about two years without
realizing any profit. In April, 1853, the firm of R. Evans & Co.
was instituted — consisting of Rinaldo Evans, and S. Carey Evans—
and engaged in mercantile business on the corner above mentioned,
and continued until the first of August, 1855. This firm was sue-
.cessful — transacting a cash business, and promptly meeting every
engagement ; and at the settlement of the partners, $4,159, in goods
and other assets, were divided between them.

The firm of S, C. Evans & Co. (the junior partner being John M.
Foellinger,) commenced business in August, 1855, at the stand
named above, and continued until September 1, 1860 ; when the
firm of S. Carey Evans & Co. was re-organized and removed to Ken-
dalville (the firm now being S. Carey Evans and W. Rush Evans).
The junior member died here in April, 1862, and the business there-
after was conducted by S. Carey Evans until September 1, 1865,
when he closed his mercantile business at Kendalville, and, in Jan-
uary, 1866, returned to Fort Wayne, and, on that date, assumed the
Presidency of the Merchants' National Bank, to which position he
had been elected, and which place he yet holds. Few important
enterprises, of value to Fort Wayne, during his residence in the
city, are not connected with his name, by the material aid and other
epcouragement he hag afforded. This is partioalarly true of the

id happy."
a remar-
aking her
•ey Evans,
le has sur-

ly classed
sr left him
ans & Co.,
;ed on the
store in the

now occu-

te of their

in August,

!45. In the
Hoagland,

ilhoun and
)., and con-

artnership ;
a sale was

with about
18 going to
about the
le of W. R
sars without
Ivans & Co.
rey Evans-
mentioned,
•m was sue-
eeting every
59, in goods

ing John M.

-t the stand ^^__^

) ; when the ■ ^^^-^^^^Z^^-^^.-f \^yy^^

ived to Ken- ^ ^ J^ ^ ^f

Lish Evans).

siness there-

ber 1, 1865,

md, in Jan-

assumed the

position he

^ important

ence in the

id and other

true of the

di
bo
M
Fr
pla
to

nes

Bar

bus:
B

was,
Ti've
Mea
char
that
knoi
M
true
the 1
took
to i
As
JohnI
Josej
catedl
and
flour
thefii

tj;

startel
Jishedl
churcf
as ten)
readyj
accord

Pioneer Notes — Henry Hudisill.

401

Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw Railroad; which important enter-
prise, it is generally conceded, was secured to the city through his ener-
gy and judicious management as a contractor for the whole portion
of the work within the State of Indiana. Mr. Evans is a good type
of the business men of Fort Wayne, and inherits the business saga-
city of his father.

HENRY BUDISILL.

Early identified with the business interests of North-Eastern In-
diana, and of Fort Wayne, was the subject of this sketch, who was
born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in the year 1801. His father (says
Mr. Brice, in his history of Fort Wayne,) subsequently removed to
Franklin County, Pennsylvania ; and, at the age of 14, Henry was
placed in a mercantile establishment in Shippinsburg, in that State,
to be thoroughly educated in all the diiferent branches of that busi-
ness. Three years afterwards he removed to Chillicothe, Ohio (then
on the borders of western civilization), as an employee of Messrs.
Barr & Campbell, who were then largely engaged in the mercantile
business, at that and other points, east and west.

He remained with this firm until 1824, when he removed to Lan-
caster, Ohio, where he engaged in business on his own account, and
was subsequently married to Miss Elizabeth Johns, who still sur-
vives him. In 1839 he moved to Font Wayne, and, as the agent of
Messrs. Barr & McCorkle, the original proprietors of tlie town, had
charge of their real estate interests until 181-37 ; and while acting in
that capacity, cleared and cultivated a large portion of what is now
known as the " old flat," and " Hanna's Addition" to Fort Wayne.

Mr. Rudisill was of an active and energetic temperament, and a
true representative of the men who, under Providence, have made
the western country what it now is, and, with unselfish aim, always
took an active and important part in every movement that tended
to advance the interests of the county and city in which he lived.
As early as 1836, he, in connection with his father-in-law, Mr.
Johns, commenced the improvement of the water power of the St.
Joseph river, at the point where the St. Joseph's mills are now lo-
cated, one mile north of Fort Wayne, and built there a saw-mill,
and the first flouring mill capable of manufacturing merchantable
flour in Northern Indiana. A few years later he put in operation
the first machine for carding wool that was ever used in Allen coun-
ty; and, some years subsequent, in company with Mr. L. Wolke, he
started the first mill for making oil from flax-seed ; and also estab-
lished the first woolen factory in north-eastern Indiana. So, too, in
church and educational matters, and in such public improvements
as tended to develop the resources of the county, he was always
ready and willing to aid, and contributed freely to their support,
according to hie ability.

408 Pioneer Notes — Mrs. Laura Suitenfidd.

Bc'iiifj of fierman dosccni, iiiid lor a niiTiil)er of yoarp I he only one
ill the city who could speak l)uth hm^Uiiji^c'y, he soon Itecunit' the
counsoUor, friend and helper of niuny who oiime from the old world
l(» make this portion of the new their home;; and there are many in
the county to-day who can date lluir first stei)s in tluir course of
prosperity to his assistance and advice.

Mr. Rudlsill served as postmaster during the two terms of the ad-
ministration of President Jackson ; and a term of three years as
Commissioner of Allen County.

Injured by a fall while su])erinteiiding some W(»rk at one of his
mills, his spine became alfected, causing i)artial paralysis, and subse-
(juent death, in February, 1858, leaving a widow, who now occupies
the homestead embracing the margin of the acres which were cleared
for military jiurposes l)y General Wayne, in 1794, and afterwards
by Oenerai Harrison, in the war of 1812. His njjrightness, kind-
ness, and affability in his intercourse with his fellow citizens, early
won for him a host of friends, who will ever cherish for him a kind-
ly memory and regard. In his i)rivate social intercourse, he was nii
less happy in winning the aflection and esteem of every one with
whom he came in contact ; and it is a consolation to liis family and
friends to know that his true piety and earnest Christian faith have
prepared for him u rich reward in that better world to which he has
gone.

MRS. LAURA SUTTENFIELD.

" But few of the pioneer mothers of Fort Wayne," says Brice,
" survive among us to tell the adventures of the past ; one of whom
is Mrs. Laura Suttenfield, now [iu 1872] in her 78th year. Mrs. L,
was born in Boston, Mass., in 1795, and came to Fort Wayne in
1814, by way of the St. Mary's river, then much navigated by flat
boats. It was soon after the arrival of herself and hnsljand. that
the old fort was removed, and a new^ one erected on its site, in the
building of which her husband, Colonel William Suttenfield, took
an active part. From the time of lier first a; rival, her family made
the fort their home, and resided in it for several years. Ever atten-
tive and amiable in her disposition, she early won the esteem, not
only of those Avithin the garrison, but of sti'angers visiting the post,
then so famous in the northwest. Her memory of e irly events, even
at her advanced age. is remarkably clear. Her husband. Colowl
Suttenfield, now dead many years, was a patriotic, kind-hearted
mr.ii. For some time after his removal to this point, he was a non-
commissioned officer of the fort. At an early period of the Strug
gles in the west, he Avas engaged in the recruiting service, and for
many months after his arrival here, was mainly employed in bring-
ing provisions from Piqua, and other points, on pack-horses, and
usually had three or four men to accompany and aid him in bis per-

Pioneer Notes — Colonel George W. Munng. 409

ilous and bunleriHome duties back and forth to the sottloincnts. The
first house (a substantial log editioe,) thai was built in what is now
the 'old flat,' was encted liy him at the northwest corner ot l>arr
and Columbia streets, just opposite of T. 1>. lb dekin, in which his
family resided ibr many ye;irs. lli r recollections of Goneral dohn
H. Hunt, Colonel John Tipton, Major B. F. I^tickniy, and Colonel
John Johnson, are very clear.

COLONEL GKOKGE W. EWING.

No family connected with the early business of the new States
and Territories, and the prominent cities, west of the Alleohenies,
was more conspicuous than that of the I'lwings, or occupied a lar-
ger space in the public mind. In th ir day and gener.ition, they
achieved distinction in the halls of legislation, in courts ot justice,
and in leading marts ot trade in i\merica and liuropo.

In the Fort Wayne (UiZiilc, of ,lune 0, iN(;(;, !ip)»ears an obituary
notice of the survivor of these eminent brothers, George W. Ewing;
which was prepared by l?yrum D. Miner, Esq., who was then })riu-
cilial and managing executor of the estate, and which is re-publish-
ed below :

" We are again called upon to record the demise of an old and
valued citizen, one of the most enterprising and energetic pioneers
of the northwest. Colonel George W. Kwing, the subject of this
obituary, departed this life at the residence of Dr. Charles E. ^>tur-
gis, in Fort Wayne, on the aOth of May, INOO, in the God year of
his iige.

"As the Ewinir family, of whom he was th" surviving male nu^m-
ber. have been identified with the early settlement of this country,
it is proper at this time that a historical record should be perpetu-
ated of thorn; and a few extracts from a history of the family, writ-
ten by the deceased, will not be out of place.

'' His father, Colonel Alexander Ewmg, was of Irish parentage.

and born in Pennsylvania in 1 TO.'?. At the age of 1 6 years, actuated

[by the spirit of patriotism which filled the heart if every true

American, he repaired to Philadel])hia, where he enlisted in the

1 Continental army, and served during the Kevolutionai'y struggle.

"In l/«7, he was engaged in a trading exnedition in what was
then called the far North \'. est, and erected a trading po^t on Butfalo
jcreek, where now^ stands the city of Butfalo. A t'ew^ y^ ars later,
jhaving been very prosperous in that business, he purchased lamis on
Ithe Genesee flats, near a small village called Big Tree, and in the
jneighhothood of Geneseo, Livingston connty. In 18(2, he removed
^0 the River Raisin, in th<'. \State of Michigan, and settled where now
ptands the City of Monroe.
"In 1807, he moved to the State of Ohio, and settled in the town
1 Washington, now called Piqua, remaining there and at Troy un-

410 Pioneer Notes — Colonel Oeorge W. Eiving.

til 1822, when he made his final removal to this vicinity, where, on
the '27th day of January, 1827, he departed this life, and was buried
at a spot Bclectod by himself, near the northwest corner of Pearl
and Cass streets, in this city.

" The mother, Charlotte Griffith, was of Welch parentage, a lady
of great excellence and moral worth. She survived her husband
until the 1 3th day of March, 1843, when she departed this life at
Peru, Indiana. It has been written of her that slie had died as she
bad lived, in peace and with good will to all, and a firm believer in
the Christian religion. Her life had been a virtuous and well-spent
one, and she died without reproach, respected and esteemed by all
who knew her. The issue of this marriage was : Sophie C, relict
of Smallwood Noel, Esq. ; Charles W., formerly President Judge of
the 8th Judicial Circuit of the State of Indiana, born at the village
of Big Tree, above referred to ; William G., formerly Judge of the
Probate Court of Allen County, Indiana ; Alexander H., a success-
ful merchant of Cincinnati, Ohio, and George W., the subject of this
memoir, who was bom at Monroe, Michigan. Lavinia, deceased,
married to the Hon. George B. Walker, of Logansport, was born
at Piqua, Ohio. Louisa, widow of the late Dr. Charles E. Sturgis,
of this city, was born at Troy, Ohio.

" In the year 1827, the two brothers formed the well and widely
known firm of W. G. & G. W. Ewing. By their articles of co-part-
nership, all their estate, of every name and nature, became and con-
tinued to be the common property of the firm, until the 11th 'loyo'
July, 1854, when the co-partnership ceased by the deatli of William.
During all that time the brothers reposed in each other the utmost
confidence, and no settlement of account ever took place between
them. They had many side partnerships and branches — Fort Wayne
being the headquarters of all. William S. Edsall was a member of
the firm of Ewing, Edsall & Co., and he was succeeded by Richard
Chute, and the firm name was then changed to Ewing, Cliute &Co.

" At Logansport, Hon. George B. Walker was a partner. There,
the celebrated firms ot Ewing, Walker & Co., and Ewings i
Walker, had their business house, and at LaGro, Indiana, the firm
was Ewings & Barlow. At Westport, Missouri, a very extensive
business was transacted under the firni name of W. G. <fc G. W. Eff-
ing ; and many branches were located in Michigan, Iowa, Kansai
Minnesota and Wisconsin. In fact, their business extended over!
considerable portion of both Continents — their names being, inthii
country, familiar in every considerable town and hamlet betweci
the Alleghenies and the Kocky Mountains. Their employees wer«
numerous, and, with few exceptions, proved faithful and trust
worthy.

"At the death of William G. Ewing, George W. Ewing devoteJ
his whole energies in the work of winding up the immense businen
of the old partnerships ; and, with the assistance of his former coHj
fidential agents, Messrs. Miner & Lytle, succeeded, on the 10th «

Pioneer Notes — Colonel George W. Ewing. 411

itage, a lady
ler husband
this life at
i died as she
I believer in
id well-spent
Bemed by all
hie C, relict
lent Judge of
it the village
Judge ot the
H., a success-
subject of this
inia, deceased,
»ort, was bora
Les E. Sturgis,

3II and widely
Lcles of co-part-
L'came and con-

ath of William-

-ler the utmost

place between

B__Fort Wayne

as a member 0]

ded by Kichaii ]

,g, Clmte&Co.

.artner. There,

and Swings 4

ndiana, the hm

very extensive

Iowa, Kansas.
Extended oveM
tea being, in t""
hamlet betweffl
employees vfe«
^hful and trusii

Ewing devote^l
mmensebuBinea
■^his former COB
on the 10th ^

October. Ift65, in making a full, final, and complete settlement to
ihe satisfaction of the administrators (Hon. Hugh McCulloch and
Dr. Charles E. Sturgis), and the legatees of his brother's estate;
which settlement was confirmed at the March term, 1866, of the
Common Pleas Court of Allen County, Indiana, and the business
relating to the estate of William G. Ewing closed finally.

"Colonel Cieorge W. Ewing, the subject of this obituary, 00m-
raenced his business career by establishing a trading post among
the Shawanee Indians, at the place where now stands the village of
Wapaukonnetta, in Auglaize county, Ohio. Wo next find him at
the Miami treaty of 1S2G, where he laid the foundation of his future
prosperity, and at nearly all the subsequent treatit'S with the Indi-
ans in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois, he attended and took a
prominent position. In 1828, he married Miss Harriett Bouric, and
in 1830, with other citizens of Fort Wayne, removed to the junc-
tion of the Wabash and Eel rivers, and there founded the prosper-
ous and growing city of Logansport.

"In the year 1839, he removed with his familv to Peru, Indiana,
where he continued to reside until October, 1846, when he moved
to St. Louis, where, on January 24. 1H47, his wile departed this life.
He continued to reside at St. Louis until the death of his brother
and business partner, William G., when it became necessary that he
return to Fort Wayne, and take charge of the headquarters of the
lute firm.

"On the 27th of December, 1865, he was stricken down by an
i attack ot bilious pneumonia, from which he partially recovered,
iw'en heart disease intervened, and ho lingered along until the date
i before mentioned, having suffered intense agony of body and mind
|forfive months, when death put an end to his existence.

'So far as he could do so, he arranged his worldly affairs to his
Uatisfaction, and after many long and earnest consultations with the
iRt. Rev. Bishop Luers, he was baptised, and partook of the, Holy
ISaorament, and put his trust in the Dispenser of all good. From
jthat time he appeared to lose his usual sternness of manner, to be-
come entirely resigned and composed, and finally seemed to fall

sleep, and quietly passed away,

"At his particular request, made on his death-bed, he was buried
conformity with the rites of the Cjitholic Church — his body being

deposited in his own lot at the Lindenwood Cemetery, near Fort

"^ayne.
"Thus has passed away another of the early settlers of this coun-

/• There are but few remaining, and it is saddening to contem-
|late that, in a few years more, those noble men and women will all
jave gone to their final resting place."
B. D. Miner, Esq., who furnished the foregoing sketch, commenc-

ti his residence at Fort Wayne in 1835, and his business relations

^ith the Messrs. Ewing began in 1838, and terminated with the

Bath of Colonel George W. Ewing, in 1866. The intimate busi-

412

Oth£r Pioneers.

nc88 nnd hocial rolations that had existed hetweon tlio two, may h
mforred from tho subjoined provision contained in the will of Mr
Ewinu;:

'• In view of the lonpj and intimate relations existing bctwoon mv
tfelf and my worthy friend, liynini T). Miner, I will and heqiieatfc
to him the sum ot twenty-tive hundred dollars ()$"i.r)0(»,) in unim
proved real estate in Allen County, Indiana, to bo selected by him
self and his co executor hereinafter named, or such o*^ or person's*
may execute this my last will and testament. Anil iew of hii j

lont; and intimate connection with my general b ..ess, it isnivl
will and desire that he shall be my active executor, and give liii
personal attention to settling up and protecting ii:y estate, and ear
rying out tho provisions, meaning, and intention ol" this ray my bi
will and testament; and m consideration thereof I will and direct
tliat he shall leceive from my estate, in addition to what the Cour
shall allow him for his services as my executor, tho sum of tivoiiuD
dred dollars (§.'')()(>) per annum for the term of ten years, should k
continue so long my active executor,"

Another provision appointed Mr. Miner and William A. Ewinj
Esq., executors of the will. The first named having rosicfiieil ic
I HO!), his co-executor has now sole charge of the trust and e.xecutioi
of the will of Col. Ewing,

'The monument in Lhidenwood Cemetery, although the finest that
adorn-! that beautiful city of the dead, was scarce'" necessary !c
perpetuate Colonel EAving's memory with the pres' jenerationof
Fort Wayne, who will never forget one whoso <, interprisj

and liberality contributed so much to place the busiu j of thecityl
upon the solid foundations it now occupies.

It may lie jiroper here to add tli.at Mr. Miner, above referred to,
has, during many years. Iieen a ))ublic-8pirit('d citizen of Fort W.m
representing the County ot Allen, in IHCH and IBGii, in the Indiaiii|
House of Uepresentatives, and also holding other responsible officii'
and judiciary positions.

John 1*. Hedsjes is now one of three of the oldest inhabitants rtl
siding in the vicinity of Fort Wayne. In 181'i he was a ck'rk(^j
.John H. Piatt, Commissary (Jeneral lor furnishing supplies fortkl
Northwestern Army, and in th.at capacity visited the place in pwl
suance of an order of General Hill, to examine and report the rvl
tions in the Fort. His residence, however, in Fort W.ayne, ooul
menced directly after the conclusion of the treaty of Greenvillciil
1814. At this treaty his father. Samuel P. Hedges, and himselU'l
sued rations to the Indians, under the orders of the Commissionenr
and Indian Agents. At this date there were no white families rtl
siding near the Fort. Several single pei ":ons, however, nameljj
George and John E. Hunt, Peter Oliver, and Perry B. Kirchevii
were at the place — the two first named with a store of goods,

the two, mny he
the will of Mr

iiig botwoon my

11 and l)equeatli

J;i,f)00,) in unim

Bolectod by him

ofhf^r person? Si

u 'lew of hii

b ..CSS, it isniyj

itor, and givf liij j

Y estate, and car

thiw my my last

' will and (iirecll

what the Coun|

sum of fivcliuii

years, should he

illiam A. Ewinj,
•ving resijjned it I
ast and executioii

iph the finest tht
se'"' necessary tc I

generation oi
*, mterprisfl
8iu 3 of thocitjl

bove referred 10
n of Fort Wayntl
)'J, in the Indianil
'esponsible otiiciil

38t inliabitantsrti
e was a clerk if|

snpplios

for tlj|

the place in pu'l
id report theril
ort Wayne, ooiijI
■ of Greenvillo.isj
is, and himsoli.Ll
le Comniis8ioneii|
white families f^l
lowever, nainelj]
rry B. Kirchevii
,ore of goods, '

Pioneer Notes — Pliny Hoagland.

413

the last named a clerk in the employ of ]\[ajor Stickney, Indian
Agent. The old French traders had removed during the early part
of the war to Detroit. In iSlf), liouis Jjourie and family. Charles
and James Peltitr and their lamilies. returned to the fort. Colonel
William Suttenfield belonged to the first Kegiment United States
Intantry, under Colonel Ilunt, ami was a corj'oral in the company
of Major Whistler, commandant of the fort. The only survivors
i among those who were residents here in 1815, are Mrs. Suttenlield,
I Mi8, Griswold (formerly Mrs. Peltier), and Mr, Hedges.

Among the pioneers not hitherto mentioned, are the following :

John G. Mayer, born in Betzenstein. Bavaria, April 5, 1810 — ar-

irived in New York in 18.'?!). and in Fort Wayne in 184.>, and who

Iwill be remembered as the popular postmaster during tlie administra-

Itions of Pirrce and Buchanan; Madison Sweetser, who rem(»ved to

Fort Wayne in 18;)2, and has been among the most prominent of

Jtslmsiness men; General Hyacinth Lasst'llo, Avho.it is claimed,

cas the first white person born at the place in 1778; Allen llamil-

|toti. who established himself in business in Fort W^ayne in 182;», and

diose name and successful business career are yet clear in the rec-

t)llections of all the old citizens ; Henry Tilbury, who settled three

ailrs east of Fort AVayne, on the Ridge road, in Adams township,

|ii l^'2'S; Mrs. Emeline Griswold, who was burn at Detroit in IT'.tii,

uul romoved to Fort Wayne in 1 807, with her grand-parent s, Ba])tiste

lalooh and wife; J. and B. Trentman, Jacob .and ,1. M. Foclinger,

Meyer, George Meyer. H. Kierinan. Joim Orf H. Schwegman,

^r, C. Schmitz, Henry Baker. Jacob Fry, B. I'hillips, C. Morrell.

Xill, Louis Wolkie, S, Lau, A. Pint/,. Kev. Dr. Sihler, George

liller. E. Vodemark, C. I'iepenbrink. D. Wehmer, Charles and L.

laker, Ciiarles Muhler, Peter Keiser and many others.

PLTNY HOAGLAND.

iThcre are few now in active life who have been more ]>rominent-
jassoeiated with canal, railroad, city imi)n)vi'nH'nt, and the school
ll other important interests of North- Western Ohio, and North-
Vtern Indiana. I linn Mr. Ho.agland.

|(.'ominemung professional life as an engineer on the Sandy and
|aver canal, in the spring of 1835, he engaged, three years later,

'■'^), ill the same employment on the Ohio [lortion of the Wabash
[ll Krit' Canal.

lo continued in this service until the completion of the work in

'•'. wiien he was j)laci'(l in charg<' not only of the canal, but ot
Western Reserve and JMaumee roail, which position he retained

til he removed to Fort Wayne. During this service of seven

414

Pioneer Notes — PUny Moagland.

years, and embracing a period when the malarious diseases of the
country were often very malignant, he was unremitting in the dis
charge of his official trust, regularly visiting and inspecting every
portion of the works confided to his charge.

In the fall of 1845, he removed to Fort Wayne, where he yet re-
sides, and where, as before stated, he has taken a leading, though
undemonstrative and unostentatious part, in all the schemes that
have proved beneficial to the interests of the city and country.-
When the Ohio and Pennsylvania road had been partly constructed
between Pittsburg and Mansfield, that company were hesitating re
garding the route they would adopt when they formed their con
nection with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati road at Crest
line : — whether they would form a Chicago or Cincinnati alliance
and during the time they v, ere thus deliberating, Mr. Hoagland haf
pened to be at Wooster, wnere he met J. R. Strahan, William Ja
cobs, and others interested, to whom he urged the Chicago route ai
the one that would result most beneficially to the interests of the
corporation. He immediately wrote to Judge McCuUoch, stating
the condition of matters, and suggesting the adoption of prompt
measures by the citizens interested in the prosperity of Fort Wape
to rally in behalf of the Chicago route. His foresight and efforts
were finally appreciated, and the road moved westward from Crest
line, until it finally, after hard struggles and sacrifices, reacheJ
Chicago.

The concurrent legislation of Indiana, in 1S51, rendered necesM
ry to perfect the arrangements authorized by the Ohio enactmenti
of the previous year, was obtained chiefly through the efforts of Mr.
Hoagland ; and the corporation, then known as the Ohio and Indi
ana Railroad, connecting Crestline and Fort Wayne, was organized,
Mr. Hoagland, Judge Hanna and William Mitclaell becoming con
tractors for constructing the whole road from Crestline to Fort
Wayne, a distiance of 131 miles, except furnishing the iron. Th(
letting occurred on the 28th of January, 1852, and the contract wsi
completed en the Ist of November, 1854. In a history of the ei
terprise and its early trials, published under authority of the Con
pany, it is stated that " these contractors commenced and prosecui
ed their work w lib such commendable energy as to have it reaiijl
for passing trains over the whole road on the first of Novembei
1854." From the inception of the Ohio and Indiana, now a partd
the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, until the presetij
time, Mr. Hoagland has been, with the exception of a single ytvi
a director; and also, since 1866, has held the position of direcw
on the Hoard of the Grand Rapids Railroad Company.

In 1856, Mr. Hoagland was elected a member of the House
Representatives of the Indiana Legislature, and, in 1863, a mtm'
of the State Senate. Judge McCulloch, after his appointment s
the office of Comptroller of the Currency, resigned his position
President of the Fort Wayne branch of the Bank of the State
Indiana ; and Mr. Hoagland was elected his successor, and accept)

liseases of the
ling in the dis
jspecting every

here he yet re-

[leading, though

e schemes that

and country.-

tly constructed

e hesitating re

med their con-

ti road at Crest

innati alliance;

Hoagland hap-

an, William Ja

Chicago route as

interests of the

CuUoch, stating

ption of prompt

^ of Fort Wape

sight and efforts

ivard from Crest-

icrifices, reached j

rendered necessj
Ohio enactment! I
the efforts of Mr. I
e Ohio and Indi-
;e, was organized,
11 becoming cod
'restline to Fon
g the iron. Tbl
I the contract vsil
istory of the m
)rity of the Con
;ed and proseciiij
to have it mii
■St of Novembtij
,na, now a parti
until the presetl
of a single yf*!
isition of direcli^l
pany.

of the House (j
a 1862, a menil*
3 appointment;
id his position I
k of the Stale (
isor, and accept*!

T/v-^ ^^-M-^l-

J, Ji.l/U^^-

Pioneer Notes — Jesse L. Williams.

416

the appointment, resigned his seat in the State Senate, and held the
position until the organization of the Fort Wayne National Bank,
under the National Banking Law, when he declined the offer of the
Presidency of the Institution, but accepted the place of Vice-Presi-
dent — an oflioe which he continues to hold.

During his service in the City Council, commencing in 1865, the
system of sewerage, one of the best and most ample enjoyed by any
city in the country, was commenced at his instance, and prosecuted
to completion. Permanent street grades, and the Nicholson pave-
ment, also, commenced during his term. These public improvements
being secure, he declined a re-election. To his influence, as much
as to that of any other person connected officially with the system,
the public schools of Fort Wayne, including not only their manage-
ment, but their buildings, everywhere regarded as models, have been
placed in a condition by which they are recognized as holding a
front rank among the educational establishments in the State.

In the several oflScial trusts committed to him — and they have
been various, and began when he attained his majority, and continue
until the present date — the official places he has held have, in
every instance, sought him. He may have asked the vote of an
elector for a friend, but never for himself He has much faith in
old fashions, in the political and moral integrity of the olden time,
and in old friends. Unfortunately for the country, the proportion
of public men, now in service, of his stamp of character, is not as
I large as in other and better days.

^(yC-^'^^t^ 9

JESSE L. WILLIAMS.

[The subjoined sketch of the public services of this gentleman, is
gathered chiefly from the work of Charles B. Stuart, published in
Jl8?l, and entitled " Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engi-
neers of America." The scope of the operations of Mr. Williams
ed the bounds of local limits, and became national. In other
pages, the public are indebted to much that invest this work with
historical value, to an unpretending pamphlet of Mr. Williams, en-
ttled, " A Historical Sketch of the First Presbyterian Church of
fort Wayne,'' having originally been delivered before the congrega-
lion of that church in the form of a lecture. In connection with
pis brother, the late Micajah T. Williams, of Cincinnati, and one of
be original proprietors of Toledo, no two persons', as will be dis-
overed elsewhere in this work, were more closely identified with
be early public improvements undertaken by Ohio and Indiana.]

Jesse L. Williams, who, for a period of over forty years, has been
onnected with the rise and progress of public works in the States

41 G

Pioneer Notes — Jesse L. Williams.

of Ohio and Indinna, was born in Stokes County, in the State of
North Carolina, on ilie Gth of May, 1807. His parents, Jesse Wil-
liams and Sarah T. Williams, of whom he is the youngest son, were
members of the Society of Friends.

About the year 1814, his parents removed to Cincinnati, Ohio.
For some time after the close of the war of 1812, uncertainty at-
tended every business enterprise. This involved the father in pecu-
niary losses, which prevented him from securing for his young son
the most I'avorable opportunities for securing a liberal education.
In his early youth, the subject of this sketch was one of the pupils
of the Lancasterian Seminary at Cincinnati, and afterwards at other
places ot residence in villages, or on the farm, he had only the small
educational advantages ottered in such locations, for the portions of
time his other avocations would allow.

After he had chosen a profession, at the age of eighteen years,
his mind, one of th , most marked traits of which appears in it«
power of concentration on a single object, was zealously djvoted tn
an investigation of those branches of knowledge which seemed to
have the most direct relation to the profession of his choice. In the
course of his studies, his varied duties in engineering, location and
construction, enabled him to combine practice with theory. It
seems, indeed, th.at, trained up amidst ])ioneer society, he is, in a
great degree, like many others in the west, in every profession, self
made and self-educated. The few years which, under more favora-
ble circumstances, he might have passed in college, were eraployeiil
necessarily in tilling the soil. A vigorous constitutioi) thus acquir-
ed, with habits of industry, temperance and untiring energy, were]
the compensatory advantages ; and with these sustaining and giv-i
ing .ambition, he was doubtless encouraged in his early manhood to I
believe that success ".nd honorable distinction in his profession, were!
not beyond his reach.

Although he has often been heard to regret (he want of opporj
tunities and leisure in early life for the acquisition of higher attain
ments in general learning, yet, as tested by the demands of a lonsl
varied, and successful professional career, it would seem that thel
lack of early adv.antages has been m.ainly overcome. Ills acqiiire-l
ments, theoretical .'uitl ])raclical, under the guidance of a sound arnij
discriminating judgment, have been adequate to the faithful (ILh
charge of tlie difficult and complex duties of the various officiii|
stations in which he has been placed.

The year 1^25 was marked ])y an achievement in practical scienctj
and statesmanship which, for the times, was bold and far-reachini'l
in results. The completion of water communication between Labi
Erie and tide-water, placed tlie State of New York in a greatly ail
vanced position, .attracting the attention of the Union. Other Statwl
caught the spirit of internal improvement. Ohio accepted it aslifl
mission to extend the line of artificial water communicatiou frotl
the Lakes to the Oliio river.

Pioneer Nutea — Jesse L. Williams.

417

the State of
1, Jesse Wil-
est son, were

jinnati, Ohio,
I certainty at-
ather in pecn-
As young m
i-al education.
ot the pupils
v\rarcVs at othei
only the small
ihe portions of

jighteen years,
appears in lis
iisly djvoted to
lich seemed to
, choice. In tte
ig, location acd
iUi theory. «
iety, be is, ma
r proiession, seit- 1
^er more favora- .
were employed
[,ion thus acquit-
ng energy, were
taininc: and m
Lvly manhood t« I
profession, wen

P want of oppot
(of higher attara
Lands of a Ion?

a seem that tte
' e. His acqitin

e of asoundanJ
the faitldul dH

|e various oftcftl

, practical scienwl
I and tar-reaclwi
l„„ between LakJ
Ik in a greatly ^\
Ion. Other ^tat«l
laccepteditasli
limunicatiou t^l

It was imder tlie inspiration of the.se works of Internal improve-
ment, great for their day, tliat the subject of this memoir, then en
tlie farm in Indiana, Avas permitted, at the age of seventeen, to take
a subordinate place among the corps of engineers which, early in.
the year 18r2rl, liad been detailed iu charge of Samuel Forrer, Civil
Engineer, to make the first survey of the Miami and Erie Canal from
Cincinnati to the Maumee IJay. In this corps his position was that
of rodman, an ^ pay nine dollars per month. The line of the sur-
vey, fur the distance ot half its length, lay through an unbroken
wilderness. On one continuous section of forty miles, no white
wan was found.

Mr. Williams conlniucd to serve iu the corps of engineers, under
Mr. Forrer, in the final location and construction of the Miami and
Erie Canal, and had charge, as assistant, of the heavy and difficult
division next to Cincinnati, lie was present at the form.al breaking
of ground in Ohio by DeWitt Clinton, and with other youthful en-
gineers in the sei'vice of the State, it was his fortune to take the
hand of that great man, and to receive from him kind and encour-
aging counsel, prompting to perseverance, and expressive of ardent
iiopes that the young engineers in his presence might attain honor-
able distinction in their chosen profession, which was at that time
so intimately related to the growing enterprise of the country.

Owing to sickness of the principal engineer during the latter half
of 1827, his active duties were temporarily extended over the whole
work between Cincinnati and Dayton.

In the spring of 1828, the Chief Engineer of Ohio, David L. Bates,
appointed Mr. Williams to take charge of the final location of the
Canal from Licking Summit, near Newark, to Chillicothe, including
I the Columbus side-cut, and after the line Avas located and placed
under contract the construction between Circleville and a point
south of Chillicothe, was committed to his supervision. Among the
jworks on this division which required in their construction great
[care and skill, were the dam and aqueduct across the river Scioto.

In the Autumn of 1830, the Canal Commissioners of Ohio ap-
|pointed a Board of Engineers to examine and decide the very
responsible question of supplying with water the summit level of
lie Miami and Erie Canal, wliether by a system of artificial reser-
voirs, or by long feeders from distant streams. Mr. Williams, then
twenty-three years old, was appointed one of this Board. Keser-
yoirs wore recommended for the main supply, one of which (the
IiTcer County Keservoir) is still in advantageous use, covering fif-
ecn thousand acres, and is probably the largest artificial lake any-
^'here known,
l^arlyin 18;J2, Mr. Williams was invited by the Board of Com-
missioners of the Wabash and Eric Canal, to take charge, as Chief
(ngineer, of the location and construction of that important work,
|ien about to be commenced by the State of Indiana. The appoint-
pnt was accepted.

toi

418

Pioneer Notes — Jesse L. Williams.

The following letter from Governor Dinican ircArHnir, of Ohio.
addressed to Governor W. Noble, of Indiana, avus probably one of the
causes that led to the choice of Mr. "Willliams :

CiiiuJCOTiiE, February 25, 183"2.

8iu: Having been informed, tlirough Mr. llidgway,. of Colum-
bus, that the Board of Canal Commissioners of Indiana wish to em-
])loy a skillful engineer to conduct the construction of your canal,
I am induced to recommend to you Jesse L. Williams, Esq., who is
now resident engineer on this part of our canal, as a gentleman well
(jualitied for that important trust, lie has had much experience in the
business, having been constantly engaged in engineering since tiie
commencement of the canals in Ohio. For integrity, judgment,
and strict attention to business, he has not been surpassed by any
engineer who has been employed on our canals. As his business is
now drawing to a close in this State, 1 am informed that 5'our Canal
Board may procure the services of ]\Ir. Williams for a reasonable
compensation. 1 have the honor to be,

Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

DUKCAN xMcAUTHUK.
His Excellency.

Governor W. Nobij:.

In 183-1, Mr. Williams was appointed, w'ith William Gooding a<
associate engineer, to survey the Wliitc Water Valley, for the pur-
pose of determining the practicability of constructing a canal througli
that valley to Lawrenceburg on the Ohio. Their joint report wasi
made to the Legislature, and published among the documents 01
the session of l!S34-35. At this session, the Legislatiirc passed anj
act authorizing the making of surveys and estimates for canals anJl
railroads in almost every part of the State.

The several 'Surveys of new canals in Indiana, ordered by thoLej-l
islature in 1835, were placed under his general supervision, in addi'
tion to his charge of construction on the Wabash and Erie Canalj
and throughout th.at year his professional duties were exceediiiglj
diversified and laborious. Still, they were regarded by him as inj
tensely interesting. A single exploring party, engaged under liiil
directions, in ascertaining in advance of the surveyers, and fortlieirl
guidance, the relative heights of various summits, and of the watetj
courses for the supply of the canals, ran accurately a continuous 1
of levels six hundred miles in extent between e.arly spring and tli(j
succeeding autumn. More than five hundred miles of definite locJ
tion of canal lines were made by the different location parties, aM
estimates thereof were reported to the Legislature in Decerabe'l
1838, by the respective Engineers under whose especial charge tliwj
surveys were made, with the gener.al advice of Mr. Williams.

On the passage of a law authorizing a general system of intcrinl

Pioneer Azotes — Jease L. Williams.

419

was
iding

ap-

ry 25, 1B3-2.
ay,.of Colum-
la wish to em-
of vour caml,
3, I'^sq., ^vllO is
Tentlomun wdl
mevience in the
enng since ll)t'
i-ity, .iudsment,
u-passed by any
his business is
that your CaMl
or ft reiisonaolf

McAirniuK-

improvement, ajiproved January 27, 1830, ]\Ir. Wniiams
pointed Chief Engineer of all tlie canals of the State, inclut
Wabash and Erie Canal.

At tliis period, he had under his charge the several canal routes,
amounting to about eight hundred miles, portions of which, on
each work, were in progress of location and constructio||, In Sep-
tember, 1H37, the Chief Engineer of railroads and turn])ikes having
rcsi^riu'd, these works (also under like progress,) were, by action of
the State Uoard of Interniil Improvement, placed under the charge
of Mr. Williams as .State Engineer; his supervision then embraced
more than 1,.'!00 miles of authorized public works. Afterwards,
when tlie appointing power was changed, ho was elected by the
Legislature to the same position, and continued therein until 1841,
wlicn the prosecution of the public works, except the Wabash and
Erie Canal, was entirely suspended.

Perple.xiug duties, and great labors and responsibilities were nec-
essarily attached to the position which ho so long occupied, as State
Engineer of Indiana. The general ])rinciples of every survey and
location ; the plans of every important structure, and the letting of
all contracts, came, in their order, under his supervision.

In the course of the summer and autumn of 1838, no less than lo
imhlic lettings of contracts took jjlace by order of the Board of
Internal Improvements. These lettings, which were held in differ-
ent parts of Indiana, at intervals of about two weeks, embraced
portions of each work included in the general system of internal
improvements which had been adopted by the State. With such
thcilities for travelling as belonged to that period, a punctual attend-
ance at the numerous letlings, and the making of necessary prepara-
tions for those meetings of contractors, must have taxed the mental
and physical energies of one man in no small measure. It was com-
piited at the time by those who felt some interest in such matters,
tliat the journeyings of the State Engineer, performed mainly on
horseback, during the three months, amounted to at least three
thousand miles. These facts illustrate, in some measure, the difli-
I ciilties that were encountered and overcome by the pioneers in the
1 earlier improvements of the western country.

After March, 1840. Mr. Williams, in addition to his duties and
I responsibilities as State Engineer, became, by appointment of the
jLogislature, ex-ofUcio member of the Board of Internal Improvc-
jiiieut, and acting Commissioner of the Indiana division of the Wa-
Ibash and Erie Canal. In the discharge of the various duties of
Itheso stations, he acted for a period of about two years, having
joharge, also, of the selections, management and sales of the canal
llands.

It may be of historic interest to state that the grant of alternate
Bcctions of land by Act of Congress of March 3, 1827, to aid in the

iiiiihling of the W\abash and Erie Canal, was the initiation of the
pand Grant policy, which has since given a financial basis to so

4L>0

Pioneer Notes — JcsfiC L. Williams.

nimiy of tlio Icndiiii; puLlic woilvs of tlio oomitry. As Stale Eugi
neur, the public works in every jiart of the State Avero under iiis
general charge, from 1h;]0 to 181'i, ami his special supervision of
tlio Wabash and Erie Canal was continiiod during this period.

The prostration of State credit that followed the iinancial revul-
sion of 1810, cheeked the ])rogreB8 of works in tlio United States.
From lHl*>io 1H|7, the subject ot this memoir was occupied in
mercantile and niaiiufacturing pursuits at Fort Wayne, IJelbreloav
ing the capitol of the State ot Indiana, ho was oilered the Presi-
dency of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, then about to liu
completed ; the offices of I'resident and Chief Kngineer being unit-
ed in one.

Alter iive years' suspension, an arrangement was matured for llio
completion, to the Ohio river, of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and
through this, as a basis providing lor the adjustment of the Internal
Improvement debt of the State. In 1H17, the entire canal, with its
canals, passed into the iiands of a Board of Trustees, rcprcseuting
both tlie State and the holders of lier bonds. The law creating this
trust, and providing for the adjustment of the State debt, and tlio
completion of the canal, recpiired the appointment of " a Chief Eu
gineer of known and established character for experience and intcg
rity."' To this responsible position Mr. Williams was appointed, in
June, 1S47, at that date resuming the charge of this work, after iive
years' retirement. He yet occupies this position, with tlie sanction
of tlie Trustees and that of the Governor, thus makingliis' profess-
ional charge ot the Wabash and Erie Canal extend over a period of
thirty-four years, having, at the Bame time, official connection willi
important railroads during the last 17 years.

In February, 1854, ho was appointed Chief Engineer of the Fort
AVayne and Chicago Railroad, M'hich position was held up to the time
of the consolidation with the Ohio and Pennsylvania, and Ohio ami
Indiana Railroads, in 185G. From that date to 1871, fifteen years,
he has been a director of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago
Railroad.

In July, 1801, Mr. Williams w.is appointed by President Lincoln
a director of the Union Pacilic Railroad, on the part of the Gov-
ernment. The term being but one year under the law, he was re-
appointed each succeeding year until the work was completed, in
1869, receiving commissions from three successive Presidents.

As a member of the Standing Committee on Location and Con-
struction, the important engineering questions connected with tlio
location and plan of this work across the mountain ranges of tlic
Continent, came within his sphere of duty, and called into exerciso
the professional experience which forty years of public service ena-
bled him to wield. The engineers of the Com])any, themselves no
doubt competent, appear to have entertained a high respect for tlie
judgment of Mr. Williams. This was also the case with the Score
tary of the Interior, to wdiom he frequently reported, and who i

Pioneer Notes — Jcs.hc L. Willuonx.

421

lived for the

) Canal, and

the Internal

mal, ^vilU_ilj
rcprcseulint;
creating tliis
debt, anel the
" a Chief Ku-
ICC and intc^j;-
appointed, in
ork, after five
I the sanction
Y\\\%' profess-
or a period of
iincction willi

adopted his suggostionH, and presented them to Conf^rcss in his of-
tiiinl report.

The oflicial communications and jotters of ^\r. Williams, written
during this service, arc of dcv.'p interest as illustrating the character
of the country traversed by the route, and the formidable natural
obstacles which presented themselves, and oceui)y several pages of
Mr. Stuart's volume. The documents referred to, also bear evidence
that the recommendations of ]\lr. Wiirams were highly valued by
the Government.

On the IDth of January, 1 SCO, jVIr. Williams was appointed Re-
ceiver of the Grand l^ij)ids and Indiana Kailroad, by the United
States Court for the AVestern District of Michigan.

This work, three hundred and twenty-live miles long, is designed
to connect tho city of Fort Wayne, and the region farther south,
with Little Tr.averso J]ay and the Straits of M.'ickiiuiw. In tho dis-
tribution of the lands granted by Congress to tho State of Michi-
gan, this work was endowed with a v:ilua))!e land grant. Tho work
was commenced many years ago. A failure to negotiate its bonds,
the natural result, perhaps, of a ])remature beginning in a district of
country so little settled at that time, had caused very serious linan-
cial embarrassments, and a suspension of the construction, Avith
only twenty miles in running order. Other and rival interests were
watching the haltmgs of this work in expectation of draining a
transfer of the land grant for their beneiit.

Under the law of Michigan, a failure to complete twenty addi-
tional miles by July 1, 18(51), extending northward into the i)incrie8,
torfoitcd actually the land grant, valued at seven millions of dollars.
The stake was large, the work to be done remote from pottlemcnts,
and the time only some fifty d.ays after the yielding of the frost.

The court, for tho })rotection and benefit of all the interests in-
volved, had ordered the Receiver to borrow money by pledge of the
land, and build the road as required by law. Seldom has so large a
I'l'sponsibility been laid on any one ; for no provision was made for
a second effort to recover the l.ajul grant, if lost by a single day in
the time of completion. Much interest was felt along the line, and
with capitalists, who had already invested largely on tlic security of
the land grant and the road.

The following telegram, sent eight days before the time fi.Kcd by
jllie statute, announced the result of the effort:

'•'GuAND Rapids, Juno 22, 18G9.
To His Excdlcnctj, the Governor of Michiijan :
"Tho last rail of the twenty miles was laid last evening.

" J. L. WILLIAIMS;'

l>y further orders of the Court, ?dr. William^-', as lieceiver, was
nulhorizcd and directed to build, and put in good running order, the
tiitire remainder of the line between Fort Wayne and tlie iMuskc-

422

Pioneer A'otes — Jesse L. WilUama.

gon rivor, ji (TiHtancc^ of 200 niik'.s. Jn addition to the diiticH iiml
rcsnoiisibililicH ordinarily lu'longiiiu to u linancial triiKt like lliis, ho
Imd alno the j)r<)ri's.sioiial cliaru;(s as Dirt'cliiig JCiiifinccr, ol" tliii work.
Tlioso Hovcral dulios won; f'oniid so cxacitiiii:; as lo Icavo no tiinolor
tlio proper i)erfonnanco of ll'e racifio Kaihoud diilics; and inlJctd
\w\\ li^OJ), lie resigned liis position as Govoininent Director of tlmi
road.

After being relieved from duty under the Govcrnnient. he ilcvo
tod liis whole time and onerccii s to the eompletion of lhe'J((0 miks
of the Grand Uapids and Indiana llailroad north of Fori Wayne,
and opened it for traflic early in 0( tober, IS^O. One hundred nml
fixty miles of track was laid, besides closing tip a large part of lliu
gi'ading, delivery of cross ties, etc., from the middle of Apiiltothc
l.'Uh of September, 1.S7U, a rate of progress which has not pcrliaps
been ecjualled on any other woik. excejit on the I'acitic roads.

The professional life of ls\\\ Williams has been, in a remarkaliji;
degree, full of useful activity. It is honorably and inse|)arably idcn-
lified with many of the great public; enterprises which hav(; allectcil
important changes in the condition of the country. Commencin,'
at a time when the superior ailvantages for carrying on of iiilaiil
trade and commerco by means of canals were attracting universil
attention to their construction, he will probably close it long al'kr
this kind of im])rovemcnt has become secondary in importance (i;;;-
ccpt in pecidiar localities,) to another of still higher perfection— t!i(j
railroad. Indeed, it maybe eaid that, in tlie legion west of tin'
Allegheny mountains, ho has witnessed the oriijiii, Ihc (jrucl-i, //'•
inafvrHy, and the decline of /fie miKil ,'<iis!ein.

Turning his attention early to railroad construction, he has devoi'
ed the last twenty years of his ])rofes8ional labors, mainly in aiiiiiiL'
forward to successful completion some of the most prominent r.i:l
roads in the country.

ALFllKI) 1'. EDGERTON.

Mr. Edgerton was born at Plattsburg, Clinton county, New Yoii.
Janu.ary 11, 181:5. lie first appeared before the public as tlioedilor
of a newspt^per in IKV.I, and in the fall of that year removed to Nnf
York, where ho engaged in commercial pursuits. In the f))riii},' ci
1837, lie removed to Ohio, to take ch.arge. as n • ^

Hicks it Co,, and of the American Land Co:
a Land Office at Ilicksville, in what '
a part of Defiance county. At this
the lands of Hicks & Co , and of the A irican
Rold by him. He became purchaser of the Ian
to about 3T,00() acres, in 1S'>2. A larger m . ,1
occupying cultivated and valuable farm,s in iS'orth-Western Ohii
dorived their titlc.g IhrongU Mf Edgerfon than froiri any other snnr

.■iiuls oil

ahlishoJ

^u. nty, ml

'07. .lores Pi I

.d Co.iipauy ivcKj

. unsohl, ainouiukj

\]){'\' of jieopK", ii">'j

, like Uiis. ho
of Uu^ work.
1 no tiino. I'ov
; anil inOclii
•cctor ol" lli;ii

c\it, lu' (It'VO
thi'*2iH» miles
Vorl Wayiu',
hnii'lviMl mill
(ff psirt of till'
^f ApiUtollu'
[\s not pcvliaiw
lio voadB.
^ u romtivlinlil'
sci»ar;ibly 'uUi'-
;\i hiU'i! iiiVectiMl
Coiniuencliv^
jr on of inhii'l
[Ltin;^ universi;!
;c it lont;; alter
im\>ortancc («x-
perfoction— tli*i
ion west of lilt'
//ic (jruirlh, //ii

,i,,holr.\s(lcvot.

imaiuly in aiiVuu

prominent vasl

Lnty,NewAoii
l)lic, iisthccditol
fiemoved to ls^^<
lln iho Pi^rins^fil

;ililii-llt"l

nty,noM
^y^J acveso'ij

nsoia, umounliv.;
,r of peopl.M'"*!
lUi-Westcrn <
anv other sowfl

Mr.
Con
faik
ces (

rioneer Notes — Alfred P. Kihjerton.

423

except- directly through the Federal or State Govcrrimcnls, and no
Land Agent Las ever been more forbearing or liberal in arrange-
ments with ac'ual settlers, struggling to secure for themselves the
ownership of iho acres they cultivated.

In 1845, he was elected to the Senate of Ohio, from the territory
which then embraced the present Counties of Williams, Deliance,
Paulding, Van Wert, Mercer, Auglaize, Allen, Putnam, Henry, and
part of Fulton. Up to this time, althougli accustomed to express,
on proper occasions, decided political convictions, he had not been
active in caucusscs and conventions, aiid was only known to the
people of the district as a sagacious and upright business man. The
public <|uestions of that period involved complicated matters relat-
ing to finance, the State banking system, metulic or paper money,
the public debt, public credit, and kindred issues ; and regarding
these matters, the public mind was greatly stirred. IMulfeasance on
the part of the financial officers of the State, and an unlawful and
useless sacrifice of the public stocks, by hypothecation to, and col-
lusion with, banks and bankers, Avere among the charges upon which
the dominant or Whig ]>arty had been arraigned by the Democrats.
The recognized leader of the AVhig party, Avas the late Alfred Kel-
Icy, who had been identified with the public improvement and finan-
cial policy of the State, in various oflicial relations, since the origin
of the public debt, and the commencement of the canal system.
On the minority, or Democratic side, several Senators appeared as
champions of the cause of the minority. Mr. Ivelley had developed
his tinancial policy — had introduced bills to sanction it by legisla-
tion—had unmistakably beaten his ant;)gonists, and was master of
the field. Mr. Edgerton had been an attentive and patient observer
of p.i'^siiig events, but, except voting Avhen questions came up, had
taken no part in the debate. "When the conflict, however, was ap-
proaching a close, ho unexpectedly appeared in the arena, and, in
clear and logical speeches, electrified the body by the accurate
knowlcUj, he evinced of details regarding the finances of the State,
pointing out d.amaging discrepai.cies, which had been overlooked in
previous discussions, in the accounts and reports of various depart-
ments of the State Government ; and producing, altogether, an en-
tirely new bill of indictment against the Whig party, in their man-
agement of the fiscal business of the State. The battle which, on
the part of the Whigs, was supposed to have been fought and won,
was, it now became manifest, just commenced ; and Mr. Kelley soon
iound in Mr. Edgerton a foeman more worthy of his steel than he
cxpectod, or ever hoped to encounter, while the Democrats, from
that time forward, recogm7,ed iMr. Pklgerton as their leader.

In 18.")0, after the close of his brilliant career in the State Senate,
Mr. Edgerton was elected to the House of Kcprosentativcs of the
Congros' of the United States, and again elected in 185r). Why ho
failed as a candidate in 185(), is partly explained in the reminiscen-
ces of JJ}-, Mott, of Toledo, -which appear in succeeding pages.

424

Pioneer Notes — Alfred P. Juhjerton.

During ilic Thirty-Second Congross, lie was virtually Chairman
of the Committee on Claims, perlbrminp the ohief burclcn of the
labor of that committee, and during the Thirty-Third Congress was
its Chairman.

His duties at the head of this im|)ortant Committee were j)cr-
formed with diligence and fidelity. lie gave searching examination
to every claim entrusted to his Committee, and from his carefully-
])rcpared reports and logical conclusions, protecting alike the fede-
ral Treasury and extending even-handed justice io worthy claim
ants, no successful appeal Avas ever taken. This labor ailbrdcd him
less time to engage in the current debates, yet, when occasion oll'er-
ed, he would enter this field, and his opinions never failed to com-
mand the respect of the House

From 185o to 1H5(), he Avas transfer or finnncinl .agent of the
State of Ohio, in the city of New York, and kept his ofiice at CI
Be.aver street.

In 1857, he removed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, twenty-four miles
from his r^ sidence at Kicksville, but retained his citizenship in Ohio
until 1802.

In 1858, he was one of the Committee to investigate the de-
falcation in the Ohio State Treasury.

In 1850, in connection Avith Hugh McCulloch and Pliny Iloas-
land, he became lessee of the Indi.ana canals, from tho Ohio Stati'
line to Terre Il.aute, and assumed tho position of general manager,
and continued this position until 1SG8.

In January, 18G8, he was nominated as the Democratic candidate
for Lieutenant Governor of Imliana, with Thomas A. Hendricks for
Governor.

The Democratic ticket was defeat^'d by nine hundred and sixty-
one votes.

Outside of his positions in the Ohio Senate and in Congress, Mr,
E. Avas Senatorial Delegate to the JJaltimore Ccmvcntion in 1848,
from Ohio, and to the Chicago Convention, in 18G1, from the Stale
of Indiana. He h;is always ))ecn a Democrat; but since 18(58 liiiJ
not been in politics, jireierring, as he has always done, a busincsj,
and not a political lield of operations.

Mr. E. could never become a successful actor in tlic school of poli-
ticians, by Avhich the unAvorthy, through more craft and liargain,
often Avin their way to power. Ilenco, he has often rejected the sn;'-
geslions of friends to enter tho arena as a candidate for olUeial plac>.
and has inllexibly maintained what has been of more value to him j
than all else, an element of ciiaractor wliich he never placed mwr. j
the market — his own self respect.

ly Chairman
)arclcn of the
Coiigvess was

Lcc were jicr-
y examination
his carefully-
,ike the redo-
worthy claim
: alVordcd him
occasion offer-
failed to com-

agcnt of the
;ii8 office at CI

onty-four miles
izenship in Ohio

2stigate the dc-

1(1 riiny Ilea-

tho Ohio SlaU'

pncral manager,

)cratic candidate
v. Hendricks for

111

CHAPTER IX.

THK OHIO I'OKTION OF THE VALLEY.

Having conchulcd our notes regarding tlic Indiana portion of the
Maumee Valley, we now return to Northwestern Ohio, and arrange
the several Counties, as near as practicable, according to the dates
of their respective organizations. Tho first were formed during tho
same year, April, 1820; and wc commence with

WOOD COUNTY.

In important events that are incorporated in the history of tho
United States, AVood County I.as been the theatre of transactions
of high interest, the most prominent of which has already been des-
cribed in preceding pages. For a considerable period. Fort Meigs,
now Porrysburg, was the business mart of the lower portion of the
Maumee V^alley, and AVood County was the mother of many Coun-
ties, its jurisdiction extending west to the Indiana, and north to the
idred and sixty- H Michigan State lino. Tbe commission of Amos Sjiafford, " of j\Ii-

n congress, Mr.
,-(-ntion' in If^-i!^-
, from the Stale
t since 1808 haJ
[lone, a business,

Ihe school of poll-
l-aft and bargain,
1 rejected the si'^M
] for oiVunal plac?.
re value to hun
Kvr placed upor.]

ami, in Erie District, State of Ohio," as deputy postmaster, bears
date the 0th of June, 1810, and was signed Gideon Granger, Post-
master General. In the year 1810, the old post-oilice between tho
river Raisin and Lower Sandusky, and between the head of tbe
Maumee Bay and Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), Avas at Fort Meigs
j— Almon Gibbs being postmaster. Ilis compensatiou for that year,
laccordingto the official records of the Post Office Department,
I amounted to !^14.28. It may be proper hereto mention that both
Uides of the river, and then embracing an area ecjual to more than
[the present surface of both Wood and liiicas Counties, was known
[as Fort Meigs, and that the post-office of that name was located on
[the northern, or Maumee City bank of the river.
I Among the historical incidents omitted in a previous chapter, is
llhefact that, on the 7th of April, 1790, Brigadier-General Wilkin-
|fcnn despatched two messengers (Freeman and Gerard,) from Fort
^\ashiiigton to the Indians'on the Maumee; but they were captur-
i|^d, ;ind being taken for spies, were murdered near the rapids of tho
Ifiver, and the efTorts of the government resulted in but little sue-
^t'S5, ill so far as the dircpt desire for peace M'as concerned.

426

Wood Count i/~-lH\2~lb.

After the close of the war, several persons presented their claims
for property taken and destroyed by Indians in the summer and full
of 1812, and in 1813, a list of wliosc names, and some of the prop-
erty lost, are here appended :

James Carlin, "one dwelling house, or cahin, burned — estimated
value, $110.00 ; one blacksmith shop, $55.00 ;" and then is inchided
the loss of a colt, •' two years old, taken by Wyandot Indians," and
the valuation of $30.00 afhxed. Following these, in the schedule of
losses, occurs a barn and two out-houses; another dwelling house;
"a horse, taken from Oliver Armstrong," valued at $00,00; " wheat
of six acres in the barn burned; 4 tons of hay; clothing and bed-
clothing, burned or stolen, making a total charge against the gov-
ernment of §5'-25.

(Similar bills were tiled by William Carter; by George Blalock;
by James Slawson ; by Amos Spatford ; t^amuel II. Ewing; Jesse
Skinner, Daniel Hull, Thomas Dick, Samuel Ewii.g, William Pe^
tcrs, Ambrose Ilicox and Richard Sifford. The aggregate of these
claims exceeded four thousand dollars — a small amount compared
with the late "war claims."

In support of these claims, "a meeting of the inhabitants, wiw
resided at and near the Miami Eapids, prior to the late war (1812), |
met at the dwelling house of Amos Spalford, on the evening of No-
vember 8, 1815," and appointed a Committee to wait upon Genera!'
William Henry Harrison, on his way to Detroit, and request of hira
such information and certificates as the said General may have in |
his possession respecting the corn that was found standing in posj-
ession of the inhabitants on his arrival at this place, in the winter|
of 181:3; which corn was made use of by the army under his coni-i
maud. Said meeting appointed Amos Spafibrd and Ca]itain Duiikl
Hull a Committee to wait upon General Harrison. 1'he rcsideiitil
and claimants at this meeting were, Daniel Purdy, James Ca
Jesse Skinner, William Peters, Baptiste Mommeny, Amos Spalfonlj
Thomas ]\[cllrath, David Hull, Samuel H. Ewing, Samuel Ewirf
George Blalock, and William Carter — twelve in all.

On the 24th of Xovember, 1815, Amos Spafibrd was appointaj
agent and attorney for William and Samuel Charter, Daniel IMi
William I'e^ers, Samuel H. Ewing, Thomas Mcllrath, Chloe Hicdj
Samuel Ewing, WilHam Skinner, James Carlin, Stacey Stu(l(lani|
Jacob Wilkinson, and John Redoad. Said Spatford was empoffer;|
to visit Washington, and apjdy to the Congress of the United Ste]
for indemnity for the loss of their property.

Amos -patrord was also collector for many years, and, in 181j
made to me Treasury Department "a statement (^f the foes a' J
emoluments of the collector's otiice at the port of Miami, in J
year 1H14.'* In this statement he credits himself for amount ofif
ary $2.50 ; expenses for office rent, $10, and fuel and statimitl
S15.75. To this statement is a])pended the form of an afllAi]
duly signed, bnt followed by the explanatioi) that 'Uhere beiiijj

Perrydmyg — Fvemont — How Named. 42 T

ofticji' '■'.'Tiilly uuLliorizcd to ndininistor oafhs notirer than sixty or
.seventy iiiilrs, I liavo not becMi able to attend to that part of thc'
duly ii.s the law requires."'

Ucf^ardiii^ the origin of the name given to Perrysburg, and the
tdwii opposite Fremont, the following letter from the Commissioner,
ui' the (ieneral Land Ollice, possesses interest:

"■Washington City, April J;?, 1810.
"Dkar Friend:

"As you will have a town on the Miami of
i'liio, it will be well to think of the name it is to bear. The act
(Iocs not give a name. Who is to christen it? I wish yon would
Ihiiik on the subject, and let me have your wishes. For my part, I
will barely suggest to you that, if it would be named Perryville, or
IVrrytown — or in some other form, which may always remind us of"
the victory of Erie — it would be good policy. We ought to make
the beet pr(<fit we can of the blood of our countrymen, which ha«
Ir'ou .shed for the contirmation of our Independence.

"If it were left to me to name the town at Lower JSandusky, I
.-iiould name it in honor of the gallant youth, Col. Croghan, — and
would say it should be OroghanviUe.
*'I believe it is in your power to give the names.
"I am respectful! V vouis,

■■ " ^'JOSIAII MEIGS.
'■A. Si'Ai'roiiD, Esq."

Tlie fol]ov.'ing letter, written more than tifty years ago, by a high-
ly esteemed citizen, yet living, will convey some idea of the country
apd its prospects, as they then existed, and as they appeared to many
of the most far-sighted men of that time :

"Fort Mkic.s, Oth February, 1S2--2.
'^DearSiu:

"Feeling considerably interested in the measures proposed
ill Congress relative to this section of country, and not doubting
your willingness to attend to any representations that might be com-
miinicated, I take the liberty of addressing a few lines to you on
I ilio.^e subjects.

. 'I understand it is in contemplation to so alter the route of the
jgreat eastern mail to Detroit, that it ehali not pai-s this place, but
Ipi by Port Lawrence, nine mile.s below, on the ]Maumee river. Also,
|to establish aland oliiee at the river Ilaisin, in Michigan, for the
i^iile of buuls in this vicinity. Also, to remove the port of entry to
ll'ort Tiawrence. And, also, I ])resumc, from a motion of Mr, Sib.-
I'V, to open a road under the ])rovisions of the Brownstown treatv.
}iii( from Sandu.'^ky to Fori J/eigs, according to the tprms of said
^ivaty, but from iSandusky to I'ort Lawrence.
'J have been astonisheil at the fact th^.t one dplcgate f}'qp> Michi-

428 Pioneer Notes — Letter from Dr. Iloriitio Conant.

gau should bo ablo to have the brain, not only of a majority of Con-
jG;rcss, but even of a considerable part of the Ohio JU'prcsentatives;
but i'rom the success attending his motions, I am obliged to admit
the fact as true.

" Port Lawrence has no claims to notice by Congress, much less to
be honored by the proposed sacrifices. Tlio river IJaisin has no
claim, in any sluipe, superior to Fort Meigs; and in point of situa-
tion for a Land Otlice, or any other business, far inferior. It 'm
within little more than thirty miles of the huul ollice at Detroit.—
Fort !Meig8 is not within one hundred miles of any ollice, except
that at Detroit, and is seventy-five miles from that.

"Respecting Port Lawrence, there is not, nor has there been for
years, nor is tliere likely to be, more than tliree Engl'>h families, in-
cluding all within three miles of the place; and \\liatever public
business is done there, must be done by one man, who is already In-
dian agent and justice of the peace for Aliehigan. The distance pro-
posed to be saved by altering the route of the mail, ought not to
come in competition with the increased risk in crossing the Man-
nice river, which in that placs is very wide, and open to the unbro-
ken surges of Lake Erie. The same olijection "will lie witli increas-
ed weight, against opening a military road to cross the river tlieiT.
It might as well cross the mouth of the Iniy, or any other part of
Lake Erie.

"If there was any business done at the place, or was likely to bf,
I should not so much object to the Customs Collector's office being
removed there; but at iiresent I should esteem it ridiculous to en-
tertain the idea.

"I did not sujipose it entirely necessary to make all the abow
statements to you, sir; but it was dillicult to say less, and say iuiy-
thing. You must pardon the ajiparent hasto and carelessness with
which this is written, as I have just returned from a week's absence,
and the mail is on the point of being closed.

"' Yours, very I'cspectfulh',

IIOIIATIO CONANT.

" IIox. Ethan A. Browx,

" Senator in Conyress.'*

The first session of the Commissioners of Wood County was helil
in the upper story of Almon Cibhs' store, on the 1:2th of Apiil,
I'S'lO. — Samuel H. Ewing. Daniel Ilublx'll, and John Pra}', Com-
missioners — Daniel llubbell acting as ckrk of the Board. At this
session, William Pratt was api)ointed County Treasurer. At tin'
session of May .0, 1S20, Seneca Allen was aj)pointed Cierk to the
Commissioners, and David Hull entered into bond as Sheriff, Sam-
uel Vance and Poter C. Oliver signing their names to., his ofllcinl
liond. C. J. McCurdy, Esq., ])r(.'sentcd an order of the Court mak-
ing him an allowance of twenty dollars as compensation for his scr-

Conunt.

jority of Con-
prescntativos;
crf'd to lulmit

!, much less to
{aisin luis iiu
)oiut of situH-
iiforior. It i.;
at Detroit.-
' office, except

there been for
^h famiUcs, in-
liatevev public
is ah-eudy hi-
le distance pro-
, ought not to
sino the Man-
t to tlie unbvo-
ie with increas-
the river thcro.
V other part of

rioncer Notes— ] Vood Count)/ iti 1820-23. 429

I as

»3 likely to be,
3 onicc being
iculous to en-

i\ll the abow

ss, and say auv-

irelessness villi

week's absence,

COKANT.

Jdunty waslK'lJ
1-^th of Apvil.
ihn Pray, Coin-
lloarcl. Atllji^
iisurer. At the
Id Clerk to the
las Hheriff, Sam-
to. his oilin;il
jthe Court mak-
ttion for his ser-

vices as prosociitinp; attorney for Wood County. Tlionias 11. ^Ic-
Knigbt was allowed $23 iov services as Clerk of the Court at the
May term, iyr}(); and for ivceiving returns of poll-books, and certi-
Iviiig; election of County olliccrs, an tuhlitioual allowance of 8."j. —
JIunt & l'or.<ylh were allowed a bill fur stationery, amounting to
SlG.r>'.l, and Almon (Jibbs, for use of Court House for one year,
fi'oin May ;>, 1<S".M), the sum ol SIO. Seneca Allen, Auditor, was
allowed §1 for ])ublishing in the Columbus Gazette the rates of tax
on land for road purposes, (ieneral John E. Hunt was allowed
Sll.v'5 for services as lister of taxable ])roperly. and house appraiser.
David Hull was ajipointeil County CoUi'ctor. This session of thu
Commissioners was held at Maumee. The names of Samuel Vance
and Aurora Spalford a])pear as sureties on the oilicial bond of Wil-
liam Pratt, County Treasurer; and the uames of Thomas K. ilc-
Knight and Almon Gibl.s as sureties on t.ie oflicial bond of Seneca
Allen, who had l)oen chosen Auditor of Wood County by joint bal-
lot of the General As8eml)ly of Ohio.

At a meeting of the Commissioners held on the 1:3th of August,
IS'JO, a petition was presented from sundry citizens of ]")ama!:cus,
Henry County, pi-aying to be attached to the township ot Auglaize;
whieh was read and granted. At the session held December l"-.*tli,
1820, Daniel llubbcll, John E. Hunt, and John Pray appeared as
Conuiiissioners. The Commissioners, at their session held at Mau-
mee on the -ith of March, 1822, appointed Thomas W.Powell Au-
ditor of the County for the then ensuing year. June o, 1822, the
Commissioners appointed Walter Colton Treasurer of the County.

A special session of the Board was held in Perrysburg, March J<.>,
18'2;5, '"convened for the purpose of attending to the erection and
repairs of the public buildings of the county.'' At this session the
(!onimissioners were John Pray, Samuel Spafibrd and Hiram P.
Barlow. The Board examined Ihc county jail, " which had been
removed from the town of Maumee, and erected in the town of Per-
rysburg, agreeable to a certain contract entered into for that ])ur-
liose with Daniel llubbell.''

The Board ordered that so much of the township of Auglaize as
is contained in the unorganized county of Henry, be sot off and or-
Iganized into a township by the name of Damascus; that so much
of the township of AVayneslield as is included in the unorganized
jconnty of Hancock, bo set off and organized in^o a township by tlic
name (if Eindhiy, aud that the election lor township officers be liokl
|oii the lirst day of July, A. I). 182:5, at the house of Wilson N'ance,
jin the said township. And it was further ordered that so much of
jthe towiudiip of Waynestield as is included in the organiz'jd County
|('t' Wood, and lying and being on the south of the south channel of
[tlie Maumee river, from the west line of the County to the line be-
tween the original surveyed townshi}) in Nos. one and four in the
'nited States lieserve ; thence the north channel to the State line,
besotolf and organized into a to\vn;diip by the name of Perrysburg;

430 Pioneer Notes — Wood County in IS^o.

and that tlie election for township odlccrs bo hehl on tlie lOth iluv
of June, A. I). 1S23, at Ihe I'-^iise of tSunuiel .Spalfui'd, in said town-
ship.

The Board of Commissioners at their June session, lS2o, fixed
the rate of taxation of stock as follows: on liorses, mares, luiiic!,
and asses of three years old and njjwards, the sum of thirty cents
per head; on all neat cattle of tlreej-ears old and upward?, thesnin
of ten cents per liead, and on al! other property luatle suhjcet to
county levies the sum of one ha'.f of one per cent, on the appruisuil
value thereof.

James H. Slawson presented a ])etition to the Board asking tin.'
ap))ointnient of viewers to examine and lay out a County road com-
mencing at the river in front of tract No. 2H, of tlu; United Stutis
lieserve of twelve miles square at the foot of the rapids of the Mi-
ami of Lake Erie in said County; thence on a direct line as tlie na-
ture of the ground will admit, "to the saw-mill of Levering & Stew-
art, on Swan Creek.

The Board at their session of j\Iarch, \f<-2\, nuule a seltlemoiit
with Daniel Hubbell and Ciuy Nearijig iVu* erecting the Court
House at Perrysburg.

The County was named from the brave and chivalrous Colonel
Wood, a distinguished officer of engineers in the war of 1SI;2.

The lirst Court was the May term, 1820. Xo civil cases api)L'ar 0:1
record — the State of Ohio appearing as plaintilf tv*?. Thomas (uiinor,
George Jones and Lsaac liichardson, for resisting the sheriif, (Joo:'<:e
Patterson, for assault and battery, etc. The County was then in
the Third Judical Circuit, and George Tod, father of the late Gov-
ernor David Tod, M'as President Judge, and Horatio Conant, Sam-
uel Vanct and Peter G. Oliver were assovnaLc Judges. '• The follow-
ing named gentlemen, good and. legal citi/Ans of said County.'' com-
posed the grand jury : William IL Bostwlek (foreman), Aaron Gran-
ger, John T. Baldwin, Parri.s M. rium, Aurora S[)airord, Jeromiali
Johnston, William Pratt, Bichard Gunn, Collister Ilaskins, E|)!i-
raim H. Leming, Josephus Tilor, ])aniel Murray, John Ilollistci'.
Norman L. Freeman, and John J. Lov.'tt (15).

Pao{ii{ESs IN Taxahle WEAi/rn.— In 1826, tlio value of lamls,

including: houses, returned as a basis for taxation, amounted to. !?!0,7l^4 lH |

Value of town lots and buildin;^s 28,'2;!0 I

Value of_^persoual propert}' 31,953 (JO |

Total valuation it^.SS.SSOii'l

In ISaO-vidueof hinds ;?:5S,158 tf)|

town lots a7,33JnJ

pcrsonal.property ir),881i«[

Total valuation '. m:^''^^

J Vood County — Sta list ics.

481

IiilSlO— VJiliio of laiuls $i39i),073 00

town lots 210,214 00

" " persunal property 03,082 00

Total viiliuUioa $577,991) 00

In 1850-v:iluo of lands $890,730 00

value of town lots 107,00:} 00

" " valiu; of personal properly 190,844 00

Total viilimtion $1,195,183 00

111 18G0— value of hintls $2,353,143 GO'

town lots 253,100 00

personal property 800,170 00'

Total valuation !$3,40e,418 GO

III IbTO-valuc of lands $2,621,271 00'

town lots 800,25(5 00

" personal property 1,809,690 00

Total valuation $4,737,217 00

In 1873-value of lauds $5,675,274 00

town lots 515,047 00

" personal property 2,253,740 00

Total valuation $3,444,001 GO

lu^to'. * 10,704 01 1
"^88^1^'* I

;;;;;;;; ir,,88i'w

The following is a comparative statement of real and personal estate in the
piinciiial towns;

In I860— value of real and personal estate in Perrvsburg $171,363 00

In 1870-value of same ". ; 263,730 00

In 1872-value of same 859,732 00

111 18t!0— value of real and personal estate in Grand itapids... 33,503 00

In l8T0~value of same 83,210 00

!nl8T2-value of same 131,302 00

In 18()0— value of real and personal estate in Uowling Green 61,896 00

In 1870-value of same 154,090 00

In 1872— value of same 261,292 00

In 1870— value of real and personal estate in llaskins 27,586 00

In 1872-value of same 71,131 00

Population.— The folio ring exhibits the progress of Wood County in pop-
ulation; though the reader will bear in mind that, when organized, the Coun-
jty embraced the larger portion of the Ohio area in the Mauuiee Valley :

[in 1820 , 733

lnl830 1,102

I In 1840 5,357

In 1850 9,157

In 18110 17,886

1111870 24,596

432

1 Vood Co u n Uj — Stat id ies.

Tbo followiug census ruturiis mftrk the jiroijre.ss of lh(! lowiishipa iiml the
towns :

TOWNI AMD TOWHIUirt.

lilooni

CcntrcM/O

Howling Urei'n (a).

FifcdoMi

Henry

.lackson

I/ikc

LilKTly

MUUllt'town

Iliwkins

]\Iilt()n

Montgomery

I'erry ".

I'erry.sbiir;^

Perrysburi;

I'liiin (a) ■.

Portage

Troy

Washington

Webster

AVcston

18TD

l.'WJ

1108

i;5;{i

1)()U

i()8;j

!)71

OS.")

4r,i

y47

144

1120

r)r)i

Uli.')

oii;-,

12',>1

052

!.'4:!

14(i4

075

KWC)

ir,7r)

i;):;:j

vi\n

4100

28;l4

I8;jr)

14i)l

ino

i:!oo

KKli)

83;{

1057

S!)H

i;;2i

!^yD

W;i

071

1833

185»

ltJ60

18S0
(158

yr)7
:)'ji

71
l.Vi

2;!ii
"I'4i

17;:)

111.9
4!I2

4();i
ri.')!)

-,04
540

(a) Of Bowluig Green : 471 in Centre, and 435 in Plain.

And of Wood Connty, from 1S20, when its jurisdiction enibractd a
porticniof Northwestern Oliio, down to 1870, including the intermcdiali'
nial periods :

In all the vast region mentioned, the County 'of Wood,

In ]8'.30, had a population'of

In 1830, " " "

In 1840, " "

In 1850. " "

In 1800, " "

In 1870, " " ;

Iiir;,'(r
dccc'i!-

And the area between each jjcriod of the Federal census
continually ditninishing — some of the daughters of old Wood
^y now excelling her in population and wealth.

, 732

. 1,090

. 5,3^0

9,139

17,8S:J

24,553

lei lip;
CO nil-

pKiiuYSBUua IX lS3o. — In the lirst number of the Miami of tlic
Lake, Jessup AV. Scott, editor, issued December 11, 1833, the mar-
riage, at Lower Sandusky, on the JiJid of November, 1833, by 11. J.
Harmon, Esc[., of John C. Sjjink, of Perrysburg, to iliss (Jhristiiiiui
Smith, of the former place, is announced.

The death of Chloe, only child of J. S])a(rord, of rerrysburg,
aged two years, which occurred on i,tho Gth of December, lt)33, n
also published.

P&vrynhvrg in 1838.

433

vnsliips tinil tk

1850

"ir.-'i

3 ,!.)l

•: ■■^4t

4 n;i)

- 1 s

151) 540 -

I ciubrufal a large

... '?:«

.. 1,090

... r),3i">

. 9,139

. 17,8S!

'24,553

leral cousus beiuK
f old AVood coun-

Ithe Miami of iIh'
1, 1833, the imr-

ler, I833,by I. J'
Jiliss Chnstwii''

Id, of Perrysbuvg,
ocember, 1B33, is

The udvovtisi'iH ooiisist of S. Spink & Co., who announce now
in)o(h " clu'iipcr tlijin tiio clu'iiiH-.st,.''

William Marsliall issucn an iittHclinicnt from tlic Justice' Court
of llonitio Conant, Ks(|., a .histiiv of tlie Peace of WayneKiield
towiisliiit, Wood Ct)unty, Ohio, a^'ainst the goods, chattids, etc., of
Mit'liiii'l Ireland, an ahsi'nL debtor.

llollister t'^. Wendell have on hand Kusshi and Swede iron, En-
glish blistered steel, etc.
" (}. B. Al)ell & Co., advertise Hour and meal.

Win. Kowler it ('o. advertise dry j^^oods.

J. C. Sjjink and ,1. W. Scott insert their law cards.

The aniiounceinent is made that the Auditor's and Mayor's
otlici'S had been removed to the room up stairs, over Spink &
Cd.'s store, L(niisiana avenue, l)etweeii Front and Secoiul streets.

R. A. Forsyth t!t Co. date an advertisement at " Maumee V^illage,
r)cccml)er 11, 1833," in whicli they say that they \\i\.\\\ lately receiv-
t'll from New York a full HU}»j>ly of dry goods, groceries, hardware,
ciitk'rv, and all other articles usually found at the best country
storos,' which they offer the jnil)lic on favorai)le terms.

John llollister & Co. olfer at auction sak', at the city of Sandus-
ky, on the 1 1st of .January, 1.834, the schooner (luerriere, of fifty
tons.

John Hollister, H. A. Forsyth, and D. Wilkinson, advertise for
200 sound white oak knees, for which one dollar will be paid, deliv-
ered at David Wilkinson's.

Business at PEiiRYSiiriiU in 1838.— On the 18tli of August,
1838, H.T. Smith issued the first number of The Ohio Whir/,— a
joiiriKil thai succoetled .1. 11. McBride's Miami of the Lake.

In the HV/zV/aiipeai'san ;idvertisement of A, Smith, township clerk,
who announces tluit sealed jiroposals will be received at G. Beech's
stjiv, for grubbing, ditching, and turnpiking 1.50 rods on the Mc-
I'utcheonvdle or Columbus road, in the immediate vicinity of Per-
ryshurg. Also, the grading of the hill on the road, near Key's resi-
dence.

Lorin R. Austin, Henry Darling, and Addison Smith, school ex-
aminers, have an official notice

Leonard Blinn cautions the jniljlic iigainst the purchase of a note
of hand made payable to Daniel Fickle.

George Powers invites his debtors to call and settle.

J. Maiming Hall advertises merchandise. D. W. Christian in-
vites utt«ntion to his stock of cabinet ware, etc.; and Peck & Gris-
jwuld enumerate sundry leading articles of merchandise. Joseph
[Creps and Henry Zigler offer at a bargain that tract of land and
j tavern stand, situated four miles east of Perrysburg, on the San-
I dusky turnpike, containing eighty acres. T. Eudesill says that he
liiis just received, from the eastern cities, new goods, which he was
[tlien opening at the old stand of S. Spink, and recently occupied by

434

BmvUng Oreen in 1872.

Hall Si, Uudcsill. (Jcorgo Powers lulvertiscH dry goods, Imrchvure' mid
books.

Amoiifi; Mif Itiw curds iin' tlioso of J. IMirdy, (of Muiislicld,) iiml
W. V. Way, David Allen. Henry Bennett, John M. May, SainiulM.
Young, J. C. Spink, iind A. (Jollinberry, Iwiiac Stetson, and Horace
Sessions, of Deliuiice N. Dustin is tin; only physician who atlvw
tised.

David Creps advertise.s leather, T. C. Woodruff wants 25,000
bushels 1)1" ashes. Walter l'»uell nd'crs his services as a pii'nter, gla-
zier, etc. (J. 'W Wooilrutr was in the hardware trade. J. Ilollistcr
& Co. were dailv receiving [urge supplies of produce, which they
offered low Cnr cash.

The sl( atnboats (Jommodore 0. 11. Perry, f'ajtt David Wilkinson;
Anthony Wayne, Oajit. Amos Pratt ; and Pochester, are advertised
as making regular ti'ips Ixfween Perrysburg and liuH'alo; the Caro-
line, Captain C. Perry, between IVrrysburg, Manmee, Toledo, Man-
hattan and Cleveland ; and the Sun, (D. K. Bennett, master, between
Toledo, Mauniee and Perrysburg.

Sidney C. Sloane, County Auditor, under the direction of the
Commissioners of VVood County, offers at public sale several lots in
Perrysburg.

Bowling Green, tbe seat of justice, contains Congregational,
Methodist and Presbyterian churches; a well-conducted jmblif
school system ; a newspaper otlice, from which the Wood Couiitv
Svntinch M. P. lirewer, editor, is issued; one Lodge of Masons, one
private bank; three hotels; five dry goods, five grocery, two boot
atul shoe, two ])rovision, three drug, and two hardware stores; one
photograph gallery; two millinery establishments; two jewelers;
one ])laning mill and sash factory; two wagon and carriage, and
four blacksmith slio]is; one ashery; three livery stables; two meat
markets, and two bakeries.

The town is situated very near the geographical, as well as tlie
centre of population and wealth of Wood County. Its public htiiM- j
ings, including Court House and jail, are new and substantial stnif-
tures, the former l)uilt by private enterprise, without charge up 'ii l
the County Treasury, and they will compare favorably with tlie|
average of county bnildiiigs in Ohio.

BuSFNKss AT Perhysuurg 11^ 1H72. — In the foregoing tables. it |
appears that the population and taxable wealth of Perrysburg have
steadily incrensed. The town contains seven churches, viz: three]
Methodist Episcopil, one Presliylorian, one Catholic, one^ Baptii-t,
and one Lutheran; a Masonic Lodge (one of the most flourishing iij
the State) ; Good Templars and Sons of Temperance Lodges; we'l
conducted public schools, in elegant and substantial buildings, anii
an excellent parochial school, under the management of the Catlioj
lies ; one newspaper — the Perrysburg Jouvi^dl— James TimmoDJJ
editor; one bank; two hotels ; and of stores, seven dry goods; tffol

Perryshurg in 1872.

435

uvnlwarL' and

iu\8lii'l(l,) mill
ly, SiiimiL'lM.
u ami Uonue
n who iidvir-

wants 25,000

,. ,). UoUistcr
e, which thi'V

viil Wilkinson; •
, iirc aiivevtiscil
liilo ; the Civro-
[., ToU'tlo, Man-
master, between

iircction of the
e sevi-ral lots in

Coiigvegatioo;\l
nuluctcd pulilif
e Wooil County
^ of Masons, one
rocery, two l)Oot
jiiv stores; one
; two jewelers;

viul carnage,

and

al.les; two meat

as well iis tlie

Itspnhliclwil''-

substantial strue-

Lut charge upnii

l^-orably with tie |

j-poroinp; tables, it I
rerrysburgbave

lrche8,viz: lhm|
)lic, one,BaptiM,

,st flourishing iM
Ice Lodges; wel
lal buildings, f I
Lnt of the Catlio-
[James TimmonM
dry goods ;tv«

drug; two flour and feed ; two Imrdwaro ; one boot and shoe ; bIx-
teon urocory ; ono knittinj; machiiu- depot, and one liouse selling ag-
ricultural machinery and mi|»K'Jnt'iitH.

Otinanutactiirint''. there is ono hub and spoke; two of boxes ;
two of staves and iuwiinj^s; ono oi bowls; ono tannery ; one grist
mill; three saw nulls; ono shin<ijlo factory; two planing mills ; two
maiuifacturors of furniture; ono ot veneering; two of wagons, and
two of wuj^nns and carriages; ono ashery ; three blacksmitn shops;
two saddle and harness shops, two go.id meat markets, and one
cigar factory.

Til town also contains ono grain elevator, and two warehouses.
The Coiu't House — the ancient judicial sanctuary of Wood County
— was tlestroyed by Hro in the summer of |N71 ; but a new and
mire elegant building is now being erected on tlie grounds of the
former structure.

Captain David Wilkinson, born FoI)rnary, 1800, sailed up the
Maumee river, on his first visit to the valley, in May, 1815, as a hand
onboard tin; vschooui'r Blaiik Siuike, a vessel of about 25 tons bur-
den, coniinandrd l)y liis uncle, .lacob Wilkinson, and owned by his
father and said uncle. lie was then a boy, agi-tl about 15. The passen-
gers were immigrants, who I'inbarked at Cleveland, and their destina-
tion was for the valleys of thoriver.s Maiimee and Raisin; and among
those for Uie latter was the family of Mulhollen, who kept the noted
tavern at Vienna some years later; also, a Mr. Hunter and family,
Scott Kohb, and a Mr. Hopkins, who settled on land a little above
the present village of I'erry.sburg. The schooner landed her passen-
gers and cargo I'roni the bayou, at the ui)per end of town, there be-
ing rlicn no wharf or other artificial facilities lor commerce. It was
a wild forest when^ IVrrysburg now stands. David Hull and Thos.
MeElrath were there, trading with tin; Indians, aiul keejjiug taverns
in log iiouses on the hill-side, between Fort Meigs and the river. —
Halsey Leamming then lived in a log house near where Mrs. Ladd
now resides, — Thomas Leamming, hiij brother, residing witli him.
Jessi' Skinner and family lived on the Hats near the river, on the
tract immediately east of P] her Wilson's farm; Thomas IDicks, a
biichelor Irishman, on the same tract ; and Samuel Ewing on the
Key tract, near the river.

Port Meigs, at this time, was occupied by about 40 soldiers, under
the command of a Lieutenant; Almon Gibbs being quartermaster.
The government was then about abandoning the Fort, and Captain
Wilkinson took to Detroit, on his return, four heavy pieces of can-
non, and the remainder of the military stores.

The fishing business was tlusn an important interest, and regular-
ly carried on by the use of seines.

Tlie vessel luimed made two trips that season into the river from
Cleveland ; and on the second trij) came for a load of fish. Captain
Jacob Wilkinson made two trips with his vessel in the following

436 Pioneer Notes — Captain David] Wilkinson.

vear, 181G, and, abont the first of September of that year, built a
liouse between the Fort and tlie river, near David Hull's. This lo-
cation was afterwirds laid out into a town, and called "Orleans of
the North."

About the 1st of June, 1817, William and John Hollister arrived
with a stock of goods from Bulfaio, and smarted a store at Orleans.
Joshua Chappel, in April, 1817, and several families, came as pas-
sengers that year on the schooner Black Snake, then under com-
mand of Capt. David Wilkinson, which schooner continued its trips
until the close of the navigable season of 1818, but was commanded
that year by her part owner, Capt. Jacob Wilki wn.

In 1818 Capt. Daniel Hubbell bought a controling interest in the
schooner Pilot, l)uilt in Cleveland, and Capt. David Wilkinson took
command of her, and run her the seasons of 1818-19, betwi'en the
foot of the rapids and Buffalo. She took, as freight, from the towns
at the foot of the rapids, funs, fish and corn; and brought back pas-
sengers, merchandise, salt and lumber. David W. Hawley came
from Black Rock in 1817, and in the fall of that year built the first
frame house in Perryslnirg. This house was built on the side hill,
between tiie saw-mill and Front street. Thomas E. McKnight mov-
ed to Perrysburg in 1821, from Wooster, Ohio, and built a log liouse
and oHice on Front street. Between 1821 and 1825, a log house wa?
put up on the corner of the lot where Peak's drug store now stands;
one on the lot where Creps' store is, and one on the corner ^where
the Presbyterian Church stands.

In 1825, Samuel Sputtbrd built the"Spafford Exchange" hotel,
now known as tlie "Norton Exchange." In the same year. Judge
J. H. Jerome built the frame house now owned by Getz, and near
the Houston store. la 182G, the Court Houi^-e and jail were built.
William and John Hollister buiit a frame store in 1820, on the
ground now occupied by Dr. Peck's hardware store, and iu the
spring of 1827, removed their goods into it. Frank Hollister con-
tinued to tru-le in the old .store at Orleans. They also built a ware-
house and doc''' at the foot of Loui.^i'ana avenue, on the easterly siJf'
Their's ^vas the only store in Perrysburg, until the fallof 1833, 1
whea William Fowler established a store in the frame building near
the old Court House. The next store was opened by Shibnah SpiiiU
(brother of John C), in the sjjring of 18.'J4. Joseph Creps movec
into Perrysburg in the spring of 1833, and the same year built the I
brick tavern afterwards known as the Baird Hou.se.

In 18:28 a two-story Irame tavern was built on Front street, near-i
ly opposite the Ex 3haMge. by Wm. Bij^ger. In 1834, or 1835, Kel
logg & Wheeler l)uilt and opened a frame store building, on tliecor
ner of Front sUeet and Louisiana avenue, on the ground now occiij
pied by Hit cock'.-; store, which constituted the fourth store iuPerf
rysburg in 183.5. The next store was opened liy Gilbert Beach ainil
C. C. Bennett. In 1836, George Powers opened a store, and in ff^'i!
J&mes M. Hall and Tobias Rudisill appeared with a stock of goods.!

hinson.

,at year, built a
tluli's. This lo-
,led " Orleans of

Hollister arrived
store at Orleans,
ies, came as pas-
,hen under com-
Dii tinned its trips

was commanded
1.

ig interest in the
L Wilkinson took
-19, between tlie
t, from the towns
)rousht back pas-
ST. Hawlcy came
ear built the first

on the side liill,
. McKnight mov-

built a log house
5, a log house was
store now stands;
,he corner j^where

Exchange" hotel,
same year, Judge
)y Getz, and near
d jail wei-e built
i in 182C, m the
store, and in tht
nk Hollister con-
also built a ware-
in the easterly side,
1 the fall of' 1833,
ame building near j
by Shibnah Spink
jeph Creps moveill
me year built tlif|
se.

Front street, near-
.884, or 1835, Kel'
Kilding, on the cor I
ground now occii-
'ourth store in M
Gilbert Beach anj
L store, and in l^^'''
I a stock of goods.

//^V//fi^ ({y

r*»2

Pioneer Notes — Willard V. Way and Others. 437

Dr. George W. Wood cume in the spring of 1828, — the first phy-
sician who settled in Perrysbnrg. (Tiu' iirst kiwyers iippear in the
reminiscences of Hon. Thos. W. Powell.]

Ciipt. David Wilkinson [who communicates these notes to Willard
V. Way, Esq.,] continned his connection with different vessels in the
Maumee river trade, until 1828, when he remnvrd his family to Per-
rysbnrg. During tliis period, he had connnanded, suecessively, the
Black Snake, Pilot, Nancy Jane, President, Superior, (Juerriere, and
Eagle. The Eagle was a schooner of (iO tons, bnilt at Port Ijaw-
reiice [now Toledo,] in 1828. at a cost of *;5.0()(). (,'apt. Wilkinson
connnanded her until May, 1835 ; during which time 'she paid I'or
herself five times over, clear of all ex])enses.

Leaving the Eagle at this date (May, 18)55), Capt. Wilkinson was
placed in command of the new steamer " Commodore Perry." in
which position he continued untd the sj)ring of 18+. when he as-
sumed command of the steamer "Snperior." in which position he
continued until the close of the lake navigation of 1852, which
closed hir long and honorable marine servici' \\\w\\ th.e lakes.

Willard V. Way (to whom is due that the writer of this, and in
this place, acknowledge oljligations lor mnch of historical value em-
bodied in these i)ages,) was born at Springfield, Otsego county, New
York, August 2. 1807, and came to Perrysburg to reside on the 13th
April, 1831, having spent part of the previous year at Painesville,
Ohio. He commenced his law studies with Hun. H.J. Kedileld, in
LiRoy, New York, and finished his reading with Messrs. Matthew^s
& (Judge) Hitchcock, in Painesville, Ohio, and came from there to
Perrysburg at the time al)ove stated. Mr. Wav married Miss So-
phia" Hodge, of Buffalo, New York, May -^0, "1835. He has been
successful in business life, and now, at t'.ie age of 05, is in good
health, and among the most respected citizens of Perrysburg.

William Ewing. whose family have been hitherto mentioned, was
til ■ sen of Samuel H. and Sally P. Ewing, and was born near where
Clyde, Oliio, now stands, while the family were on the route remov-
!ni: from Monroe county, New York, to the Maumee x'ww, in May,
i'^l'.*. Of a familv of eleven cliildren, consisting of tw^o boys and
ii'iif jriris, Judge William Ewing, the subject of this notice, is one
' ■ t' " survivors. After the breaking out of tlu' war of 1812, the
;iiiiily left for Belli'fontaine, now Logan county, Ohio, and returned
aiier the close of the war.

Aaron S. Dresser emigrated to Poi uige titwnship. Wood County,
f'littheast quarter of section twenty-five, in June. 1824.. He entered
'upland at the Bucyrus office, in May. 1834. The names of those
"I'li in the township, who had prei'eded him, were Callister llas-
l\iii8, Joseph Cox, Jacob El)erly, and a few others, probably. A road
^^iis partly cut out to Peri^sburg, covered most of the year by
ftuter.

438

Early liistorg of Mercer County.

MERCER COUNTY.

Coeval with the formation of Wooil County, and under the same
legislative enactment, was that of Mercer ; thousjh, for judicial ]inr-
poses, it remained with Darke until 1824. The county was named
from General Hugh Mercer, a Virj2;inia olHcer, who fell at. Prince-
ton, during the colonial rebellion, Jan. 3, 1777. In historic interest,
the county, as originally formed, possesses mattf^r of rare value. St.
Clair's battle was fought on the line of this and Darke countv, in
1791, and the trace of Wayne is yet discernible tlnoiigli the countv,
leading from Fort Recovery to P\irt Adams. Simon (lirty, at one
time, lived on the right bank of the St. Mary's (now witliin Au-
glaize county), and between the river and canal. The ancient tort.
St. Mary's, built by Wayne, occupied the west bank of the river.

In the official report of General Wayne, ilated " Head-Quarters,
Greenville, 7th July, 1794," the following is extracted :

" It wonld also appear that the British and savages expected
to find the artillery that were lost on the 4th of November, 1791,
and hid by the Indians in the beds of old lallen timber, or log.?,
which they turned over and laid the cannon in, and then turned the
logs back into their former berth. It was in this artful inaimrrtliat
we found them deposited. The hostile Indians turned over a great
number of logs, during the assault, in si-arch of those cannon, and
other plunder, which they had probably hid in this manner, after
the action of the 4th November, 1791. I th<'r('ri)re have reason to
believe that the British and Indians de])endod much upon this artil-
lery to assist in the reduction of that ])ost; foi'tunate'ly, they scrv.vl
in its defence. The enclosed copies of the ('xamination of the Pot-
tawotomy and Shawanee prisoners, will demonstrate thhs fact;, that
the British have used every possible exertion to collect the sava,,'es
from the most distant nations, with the most solemn iromiscs of
advancing and co-operating with them against the legion, nor have
the Spaniards been idle upon this occasion.

*' It is therefore more than probable that the day is not far distant
when we shall meet this hi/dra in the vicinity of the Grand Glaizo
and Roche de Bout, without being able to discriminate between tlie
white and red savages. In the intrrim, I am in hourly expectiilion
of receiving more full and certain intelligeine of the number and
intention of the enemy."

The earliest settlement of Mercer County wa.s made at Fori Ee-
covery, in 1818, the first family being that of Mr. Snnison. luaboat
1822, Peter Studabaker came to the plice, marrie I a daugfi^er ni
Mr. Simison, and resided at the place until 18/54, when he removed
to Indiana. The next settlers appeared in about 1S28, und wt.v
composed of the families of David Anderson, Diiniel Freenniu, Oeo.
Arbaugh, William Monev, James Cummings, and William and .las'.
McDarne'ii. In 1833, the familes of John G. Hiake (tir.st Jiisticot'
the Peace Irx, Gibson township, which office he held twenty-ono cou-

The Slain of St. Claires Army,

439

secntivo years), Alexander Grant, George Painter, and Ht-nry Lipps,
also f-ettled in the inioliliorhuod.

The remains ol" the ctlicicrs who had l)ecn buried in their uniforms,
were disinterred and hurieil in the ccmetei'v in I8:j8.

It will he remembered that General Anthony Wayni . while in tlie
nccii]>aM(;y of Fort Ki'covei-y, in I7'.)-1, oileivd a re\v;iril lor the col-
lection of the renniins of the sokliers that had peri.shed during the
unfortunate canipai<,Mi of St. Clair. Hetweeii 500 and (iOi) .skulls
were collected, in the vicinity, and interred in a irrave witliin the
walls of 'he .stiickiule. l)iirin<j: the .summer of IS,')], n fivsliet cut a
in'W eliaiun 1, aiul I'xpo.sed .some of the ri'inain.s of thi.s sepullure.—
The f;u!t hecomini;- known to the citizen,'^, they assembled and ex-
Immed ;dl the remains that could be found, and placed the most of
tluni in thirtt"n l)lack walnut cotlins, and extended a general invi-
tation to the surviving soldiei's from this and oth'.r States, who had
participated in the campaigns <»f ilarnnir. St. Clair, and Wayne, to
join tlieni in the fuiu'rai ceremonie.- of a final interment in the cem-
etery, on the loth of September, 1851. In accordance with this in
vitiition, iieople from Virginia, Kentuckv ami Ohio, numljering at
least 5,00(1, assembled on the ground on the day na. m/d, and })artici-
patwl ill the funeral ceremonies. The principal addres.s on the oc-
casion was made iiy Judge Bell iinv Storer, of Cincinnati.

From the Western Sllindard (Ci-lina, Sept. IH. 1851.)

The lOth of Sepietnber, 1851, will long de remembered by those
who participated in paying the sad tribute to the memory of the
stain of St. Clair's army, recently discovered at Fort Recovery. The
morning was clear, bright, and warm, and, as the sun arose and cast
his beams over the plain, made sacired by the blood of that brave
band, every avenue leading to the village was crowde. i with human
beings; so that, by ten o'clock, the concourse numbered from 4,000
to 5,000 .soiils.

It may be proper at this time to state^ that, on the morning of
the 7th of July last, a human skull was discovered, partly covered,
in one of the streets of Fort R<'COvery, and adja'^Mit to the ground
upon which Inul been erected the fort bearing that name. Recent
heavy rains had washed off the earth. The discovery induced a
search, and the result was, that the skeletons of some sixty persons
«ero exhumed, in a good state of preservation. The citizens of Re-
covery held a meeting the next day, and resolved to re-inter the
bones, and appointed a committee to make suitable arrangements for
the occasion.

The fore part of the day was (occupied in placing the bones in the
coffins — thirteen having been ))ro>ided by the committee. rei)resent-
iiigeach State in exi.'-tence at the time the battle was fought. This
was very appropriate, inasmuch as it is believed that every State in
the Union was represented in that battle.

While the coHins were being Jilled. the peo[ile had an opportunity
to examine the bones, — many of which l)ore marks of the bullet and

440

The Slain of St. Clair's Army.

tomahawk. We handled a number th at had been perforated by a bullet,
and had also a gash — smoothly cut by the tomahawk ; and, in dif-
ferent parts, marks made by a sharp instrument were discernible,
said by old soldiers present to have been produced by the scalping
knife. We saw a number of relics that were found on and near the
battle-field, such as a sword, iron and lead balls, knives, ramrods,
etc. The sword was about three feet long, and had a heavy brass
guard around the hilt. The blade, on the edge and back, and the
guard, bore evident marks of a desperate conflict, being literally cut
in gaps and gashes.

The committee of arrangements appointed|officers of the day, and
a procession wes formed under the direction of Gen. James Watson
Riley, assisted by several aids. One hundred and four pall bearers,
selected from the diiferent^counties represented, headed the process-
ion in charge of the cofiin, and were followed by the soldiers pres-
ent, ladies and citizens, which formed a column a mile long, and
marched to the stand erected on the soath side of the village, in full
view of the battle ground, where an oration was pronounced by Hon,
Bellamy Storer, who was invited for the occasion.

The speaker's introductory referred to the scenes enacted on th'it
very ground, on the 4th of November, 1791 — contrasting the then
horrible wilderness with the present civilized, cultivated and flour-
ishing appearance of the country. He dwelt on the position of St.
Clair's army at the time of the attack ; the position of the enemy—
their advantages, and the fatal results of the conflict, — paying a
merited tribute to the brave, though unfortunate commander, and
his more unfortunate men. * * * * * ^^^

speaker made a beautiful allusion to the thirteen coffins. They did
not contain the bones of the people of Massachusetts, or Kentii.ckv,
or Pennsylvania, or Maryland, or the Carolinas, or any other par-
ticular section, but were the representatives of the whole uniox,
engaged in a common conflict in defence of the rights of the Amer-
ican Compact. Their names and locality are unknown. Hetivej's
register alone can record their deeds of valor and patriotism, and
show where or to whom they lielonged. They died a common and
martyr death for the Union we live to enjoy, and which it is our
duty to protect, and our highest honor to cling to and perpetuate
Under it, man may be independent of everything but his God. Not
so in the old world. There confusion and commc tion prevail; po-
litical and religious tyranny reign ; and the American mission is to
infuse the principles of LilxM'ty into the masses of Europe, by liv-
ing up to our privileges as Americans — every man being independ-
ent of everything but his God — preventing everything that lia- ii
tendency towards disunion, or Llie mitigation of a single stripe or
star on our national flag. Universal education, and the advance-
ment of science, are the sure foundations of our perpetuity. *

* * * Our limited space will not admit a more full

report of Judge Storer's speech. The Judge was followed by Geu.
Bell, President of the day, in a short, patriotic speech.

Mercer Co. — First Session of Commissioners. 441

. by a bullet,
and, in dif-
cliscernible,
he scalping
mcl near the
es, ramrods,
heavy brass
a,ck, and the
; literally cut

the day, and
imes Watson
• pall bearers,

the process-
soldiers pres-
Lile long, and
village, in full
meed by Hon.

lacted on that
iting the then
,ted and flour-
position of St.
f the enemy-
iot,— paying a
.mmander, and
I * * Thi*
,ns. They did
^ or Kentucky,
'any other p!>

,VII0LE UNION,

L of the Amek-
>wn. Heavea's
[patriotism, and
ii common and

[hich it is o«f
Ud pcrpetuati-.
t his God. Is^'t
hn prevail; po-
^n mission is to
Europe, by hv-
)eiug independ-
ling" that ha n
single stripe or
d the advantt'-

petuity. * I
tmitamorefull|

llovved by Geu.

ph.

Gen. Haines, from the committee on resolutions, reported a series
urging Congress to appropriate money to erect a monument at Fort
Recovery, and one at Greenville. Committees, composed of citizens
of the different counties represented, were appointed to solicit con-
tributions for the furtherance of that object. Messrs. Benjamin
Linzee, J. W. Riley, H. F. Junnemann, and two othirs, whose
names we did not learn, were appointed on the part of Mercer
County.

The procession was then re-formed in the order it came to the
stand, and moved to the burying ground nn the south side of the
village, and the coffins were deposited in * .io grave, divided off with
boards, each division or vault containing two coffins.

The last act being performed, the people left the cemetery, each
persuaded that he had performed a patriotic duty. It is true, we
could not revive or benefit those dry bones ; but their history is the
foundation of our history. St. Clair's defeat wa^^ an entermg wedge
to the attainment of the blessings we now enjoy. Let us remem-
ber those patriots with grateful hearts, and by doing honor to iheir
memoiy, " instil into the masses of the old world the principles of
liberty."

The first session of the County Commissioners was held at St.
Mary's, the original county seat, April 17, 1824. Commissioners,
Lucas Van Ansdall, Ansel Blossom and Thomas Scot^

At the June term of the same year, John P. Hedges was appoint-
ed Treasurer pro tem., and executed V^nds, and appointed Samuel
Hanson as deputy, who agreid to collect, for Jiov dollars, " all the
taxes of both Mercer and Van Wert counties."

The total valuation of the lots in Willshire was returned for tax-
ation this year at ^28.14; Shanesville, -^20.87— taxes, $10.42; Dub-
lin township, S48.0G; St. Mary's, §7(1.70. The valuation of the lots
in ISt. Mary's was uniformly one dollar, and the tax five mills on
each lot. The burden of the taxation fell upon Shanesville, by rea-
son, probably, of a bad system of valuation.

At the same term, .John Manning was appointed Treasurer pro
/«//., and was req\iired to execute bond in the sum of fiw hundred
dolhirs.

At the June session of 1825, Isaiah Dungan, Solomon CaiT, and
j Ansel Blossom appeared as Commissioners. A settlement was
made with John P. Hedges, Treasurer of Mercer county, lor the
Iperiod commencing at the June session, 1824, and ending .lune 0,
I iH'-i."), and the Auditor was "directed to issue an order in favor of
jthe said John P. Hedges for two dollars and ninety-one cents, being
jhis legal per centage on seventy-two dollars aiid seventy-five cents,
received nud paid over by W". B. Hedges, for John P. Hedges.''

An order was issued to W. B. Hedges, Auditor, for paper, and
Bne day's services, $2. The Commissioners drew $2.25 each lor
Itheir services during the session.

442 Mercer County — First lerm of Court.

An abstract of the list ot taxable property, within the comity of
Mercer, and the attached c(»unty of Van Wert, for the year 1S;W,
returned l)y A. R. IIunterjAssessor, showed eleven merchants having
an agjjjregate capital invested'in merchandise amounting to $'i,(;5:!,-
75. One of these returned a capital of two dollars and seveuty-
iive cents.

The first term ot Mercer Coimty Common Pleas was held at St.
Mary's, in February, IH'if). by Hon. Joseph H. Crane. President
Judge, and by Associate Judges .lames Wolcott. Thomas Scott and
Joseph Greer. Tlie chancery case of Samuel Dungan /'.•.•. Edmund
Gilbert was disposed of. The second term was held in April, 1H27,
and only one case was entered u])on the docket, and that an admin-
istration one. Two years subsequeut, in April, 18:^9, the third term
was held in the county. At this term, Hon. Georg'3 il Holt ap-
peared as President Judge, and Joseph Greer, John Manning, and
William B. Hedges, as Associates. The disposal of two chancery
cases cleared the docket. There is not to be fovmd a State ease
upon the calendar until severjil years after the organization of the
county — the very light docket exhibiting only business now coming
before the probate ct)urt, and at some terms a chancery case or
two.

Anthony Shane, Wm. B. Hedges, Colonel A. K. Hunter, John P,
Hedges (now a resident of h'ort Wayne), David Wprk, John \).
Ralston, Joel F. Moore, Abraham Shindeldecker, Wm. Frysinger,
Joseph Hinkle, Joseph Harp, Ruel Roeliuck, and John Rhotz (who
built the first fiouring mill in the township, on the St. Mary's), were
early residents of Dublin townsldp. Most of the foregoing are now
dead. Later, from ]83o to IH.'JH, Calvin W. Alexander, Dr. John
Barks (the first ])hysician), \\c\. Abraham F. Miller, Rev. Cornelius
B. Whitley, Rev. Wm. Henry H. Sanft (the three latter each black-
smiths an(l preachers, and yet living). Judge Hayes, Judge Greer,
Moses Collins, Jolin Chivington. and l<]li (^ompton settled in the
township and are properly classed among the pioneers.

John ilaneline, John George, Samuel Himter, Amos Stansberry.
Benj. Nickels, A. Bonnafield, ;iul William Carroll, were pioneersot
Centre township.

In Washington township in 18.39, Wm. Sprigg, John Betz, Knos |
Hillory, John Wickerman. Mr. Adair, James Q. Grimes, were resi-
dents.

In Recovei'y township, in 18J53, the following were residents:-]
John Simison, Willi.im Jam -s, John S. McDowell, Peter Studel*
ker, John Millef, David Freeman. David Anderson, Wm. Money.
James Bufford, Jeremiah Brookes, Richard Sco(t, Alexander Scoaj
John S. MiDowell, John G. Blake, and David Beardslee.

Justin and Wm. Hamilton, Richard ]*almer, Jeremiah Coyle (wli
laid out the town of Mendon), Isaac < 'oyle. an<l George Wills*|
were among the earliest citizens of Union township.

Mercer Courity — Pioneer Notes.

443

the county of
he year IS;^;5,
i-cbantB having

iuo- to SriJ'W.-
^ anil sevtJiity-

vas held at St,
rane. Presitlent
loinas Scott and
ran vs. Edrauiul
I in April, IH'i",
[ that an admin-
9, the third term
.(r<3 V'. Holt ap-
in Manninij;, ami
of two chancery
md a State case
ranization of the
ne88 now coming
chancery case or

Hunter, John P.

Work. John D.

W'm. Frysinger,

LTohnllhotz(who

' St. Mary's), were
toret?oingarenow

:xander, Dr. Jolm
n- Uev. Cornelius
^latter each black-
.es. Judge Greer,
U settled in tbe

neers.

Amos Stansherry,
were pioneers ot j

I John Betz,'l''.D<"|
Jrimes, were mi-

[were residents;-!
all Peter Studel*
U,Wm Money,
Alexander btou.

^.ardslee.

fvemiah Coyle ;H

George V^M
lip.

The first {jrist mill built in Mercer county, was erected by David
Anderson, on the Wabash river, in Recovery township, near the old
fort, in 1880. William McDowell <|uarried and dressed the stone.

The first settler of Union township was Isaiah Duncan, who'canie
into it about the year 1818, and settled near the present town of
Mendon. Justin Hamilton came about 18^0; and in 1S2'<.', Andrew
Coyle, and Thomas Parrott. and their families. The oldest white
person, now living, born in Union, is Andrew C'., son of Thom.as
Parrott. About 1S27, Peter Coyle and George Willnon became cit-
izens. In 1831, or 18.35*, Judge Justin Hamilton and Thomas Par-
rott laid out the town of Mendon. Among the pioneers of Union
township, were also Abel Wright, James Wright, Edward Upton,
Samuel Shepard. D. F. Parrott. now a resident of Celir.a, removed
to the township with his father, George Parrott, in 1830. John Van
Gundy erected the first mill.

A writer who published his communications in the Mercer Coun-
ty Standard, in April, 1871, states that " long before the locution of
the Mercer County Keservoir, some hardy adventurers bought and
settled within the prairie, now forming the Reservoir, among whom
were Thomas and Joseph Coate, Messrs. Mellinger, Large, Hugh
Miller and others, all on the South side. On the north side were
Messrs. Sunday, Crockett, Bradley, Judge Linzee, IloUiiigsworth,
Nichols, Gipson, Hull, Konipf, Pratt and the Rev. Asa Stearns, ail
good men — noble specimens of the frontier.

"In 1830, Mitchell, an engineer, ran the first line around the Res-
ervoir—Samuel Forrer, now living in Dayton, was the Commission-
er. [See thfir report to the Ci'neral Assembly, where they say the
bank could be constructed for -I^OOjOOO. ] Subsequently, in" 1837, it
was run again by Barney and Forrer, compassing a cireumfl'ivncc of
18,000 acres. In the same year all the timber outside the ]U'airie
was let for deadening, which was done by the cuntraetors of the
several locutions. When the west bank was let to (iiddings. Step-
son & Holtsbeckor, it was let from a point south of Celina a distance
of 120 rods, at 37 cents per cubic yurd, and was to be wharfed with
good white oak plank, tv/o inches thick; Henry L. Johnson, late
sheriff of Mercer county, sawed the lumber.

"Justin Hamilton, the member of the legislature from the county,
iiitroiluced a resolution in that body which was passed unanimously,
' That no water should be let into the Reservoir before the same
should be cleared of timber and the j)arties jiaid^ f(jr their land.'
This resolution was in force when we cut the bank.

"There was then an appropriation of $20,000 to pay us for our
lands, but it was squandered by the oilicers and bank speculators.

"AVhen the banks were finished and the water let in. it sut)nierged

all but an acre for Mr. Sunday, with 34 acres of wheat ; 1.') acres I'or

I Mrs. Crockett ; the whole of "Thomas Coate's ; 00 aeivs with several

[thousand rails for Judge Holt, of Dayton, who ovned a farm two

I miles ea^t of Celiua ; 19 acres for Judge Linzee ; nearly 40 acres for

444 Mercer County — The Reservoir Irouhles.

Abraliani Pratt, with all the rails thereto belonging, and the whole
of Mc'llinger'H except a few acres around the house, besides great
damages to others on the south side too numerous to enumerate
here.

" This outrage on the part of the oflRcers of the State was too much
to be borne by the gritty bloods of Mercer county. Wars have been
proclaimed on less j)rt'tenses. America declared her independence
and refused to pay a >small tax on her tea, which of itself was not
oi)pressive, but it was oppressive in principle, and the people would
not be taxed without the consent of their own Legislatures. Mercer
County followed the example, and declared that she would not be
imposed upon by me thieving birds of Ohio.

" On the J}d of May, 184.'?, a meeting was held in Celina, Samuel
Rueknian, County Oommissioufr, acting as president. It was re-
solved that Benjamin Linzee, Esiq., should go to Piqua, the head of
the Board of Public Works, and lay our grievances and an addresf
before them. Spencer and Kansom returned a sneering answer:
* Help yourselves if you can.' On the Tith of May, the nu-eting sent
Linzee back with the declaration that ii" they did not pay us for our
laiuls and let olf the watt'r, that we would cut the bank on the 15th.
The rei)ly came back : -The Picjua Guards will be with you and rout
you on that day " The muttering tJuinder around the Keservoir
was not only loud but deep — every person was excited. On the
morning of the loth, by 7 o'clock, more than one hundred people,
with shovels, .spades and wheell)arr.tws were on the spot, ready for
work. The ))la('e selected was the strongest one on the bank, in
the o\l beaver channel. Our object was not to damage tlie State;
and the dirt was wheeled back on the bank on each wide. Item-
ployed the men one day and a half before tlie cutting was completed:
it was dug ,«ix feet below the level of th water, and a flimsy breast-
work was made to bold the water back. When the tools were taken
out and all ready, Samuel Rueknian said ; ' Who will start the
water ':" ' I,' said John S. ' I,' said Henry L., and in .i moment \\k
meandering waters were hurling us down fifty yards below the buuk.
It was six vveeks before the water subsided.

" As soon as this was known at headquarters,'jvvarrants were issued
for the arrest of all who assisted in the work. Thirty-four of tlic
leaders, comprising all the county officers, judges, sheriff, clerk
auditor, treasurer, his deputy, recorder and surveyor, merchants iind
farmers were arrested and bound over to the next term of court. A
foolish idea, for the court assisted in the work. But the grand jnry
refused to find a bill of misdi'meanor, and"'so the matter rested. It
cost the State 817,000 to repair the damages.

"I think it proper to record the names of those who resisted the
opj)ressive movement, s of the State, in cutting tlH» west bank oftlk
Mercer County Reservoir: Judge Robert Linzee, J. S. Hor.stou.
Frank Linzee, clerk of the court; Joseph Carlin, sheriff; Fred. Schro-
der, auditor ; L. D. McMahon, recorder ; B.-Linzee,^deputy treasu-

es.

Mercer County — Its Pioneers.

445

id the whole
esides great
io enumerate

^ras too much
irs have been
iiicU'pemlence
golf was not
people would
ures. Mercer
would not be

lelina, Samuel
t. It was re-
la, the head of
nd an addrest
ering answer:
ii> meeting sent

pay ns t'oi' <'W''
ik on the 15th.
Lh you and rout

the lleservoir
Loited. On the
undred people,

spot, ready for

, the bank, in

iiage the State;

ih side. Item-

wati completed;

a tlimsy breast-
tools were taken
^ will start the
[n a moment thi-

below the bank.

lants were issued
liirty-four of tlk'
sheriff, clerkN
merchants mill
Ivm of court. A
It the grand jun
liatter rested, h

J who resisted tlie
Iwestbankoftk

. J. S. Houston.
lriff;Fred.Schro-

., deputy treasu-

rer; S. Ruckman, commisBioner ; IT. Trennry, R. Mowry, Porter
Pratt, Ellis Miller, M. D. Smith, Allen, a faveVn keeper, Eli Denni-
son, John Sunday and all hia family, the Crockett boys, Hritton and
son, Abm. Miller ami Dr. Beaucluimp, from Montezuma; Matthew
Frank, Gray, Ellis, Hugh Miller ami a hundred others who came
through curiosity or some other purpose, with Thomas aiul Jobe])h
Coats."

The some correspondent thus refers to the late Judge Robert
Linzee :

"He was from Athens, Ohio, wliere he had held thirty-two com-
missions from the Government. When Ohio was a territory, he was
appointed a marshal by Jefferson. He subsequently served as sher-
iff, judge, and four terms in the legislature of Ohio. He was over 77
years of age at his death, and was buried in full communion with
the Masonic order. Few men were endowed by nature with a nobler
principle. A mind decisive, iiulependent, intelligent and lionesl,
and with colloquial powers ecjual to the most fluent. It is said by
those who have seen Gen. Jackson, that his head and countenance
were similar to that illustrious personage."

And he also makes the following reference to other pioneers :

"Andrew Crockett, formerly from Athene, Ohio, had been a mem-
ber of the General Assembly; entered a large tract of land and set-
tled near Cclina, acted several terms as justice of the peace, and died
at a ripe old age, highly .respected by all who knew him. He was
one of those fortunate individuals who was associated through life
with an excellent companion whose benevolence and kindness of
heart predominated with every lady-like virtue.

"But there is no man to whom the friends of Celina is indebted
for their county seat more than to the late James Watson Riley, who
was the son of the famous sea captain, James Riley, who shipAvrecked
on the shores of Africa. Young Riley came with his father to assist
in sectionizing the counties of Northwestern Ohio,and ])art of Indi-
ana. He was a fast and accurate surveyor, a ready writer and calcu-
lator; his latitude and departure columns seldom needed correction;
his eye as an engineer was singularly adapted to close work. He was
the first Clerk of the Court of Mercer county, and early em-
barked with all his means in the civilization, settling and improving
Northwest Ohio.

"There are two respectable gentlemen now residing in Celina,
who were among the first settlers, that deserve on this occasion hon-
orable notice — they are Henry L. Johnson and Dr. Miller. Johnson
was employed to build and put in motion, the first steam mill, and
has made Mercer county his residence ever since, with the exception
of some three years. He served his second term as sheriff,
which office he filled with signal ability. Dr. Miller was then a
young man, and, I believe, the first schoolmBster, and when he had
completed his studies, he chose the honorable profession of a phy-
sician, and has attained in it an enviable proficiency.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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I.I

IIM 12.5

IM IIIII2.2

12.0

1.8

1.25 1.4

1.6

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►

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>/'

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

^.^v

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

446 Me-^cer Comity — First Cowrt at Celina.

"The county seat was removed to Celina, and the first Court was
held in 1840. Wm. L. Helfe ostein presided, with Linzee, Hays and
Parks, associates; Riley, clerk; Alex. Steadman, sherifi"; E. M,
Phel[)8, treasurer ; L. D. McMahon, auditor; E. A. McMahon, (sub-
sequertly a Jud^e of the Fort Wayne, Indiana, Circuit, and now a
resident of Rochester, Minnesota,) recorder ; J. S, Houston, county
surveyor, and Starbuck, State's attorney.

" Two lawyers, Smith and Welch, and a German doctor by the
name of Herrchell, were the first of their profession who settled in
Celina. Joseph Carlin was the first sherifi' elected by the people
after the establishment of the county seat. He is yet living, and
bus retirv^d to his farm, north of Celina. Trenary and Mowry, both
excellent men, n/w dead, were the first blacksmiths. Johnson, now
sherifi:, was the first carpenter.

" The Mercer County Advocate, Whig in politics, was the first
newspaper published in Celina. It was started August 4, 1848,
by L. G. Smith and J. S. Millard. The Western Standard, Demo-
cratic in politics, was started the same year by a joint stock compa-
ny, and has been continued ever since, although a little over a year
ago it dropped the name of " Western," and substituted " Mercer
County" instead, while the Advocate lived but little over a year.

" While this country was yet claimed by the Indians, years be-
fore the purchase of 1817, some hardy pioneers made Fort Recovery
their residing place ; some for the purpose of trading, others for an
easy mode of liie congenial to their disposition. Among these, as
most prominent, wao Samuel McDowell, Peter Studabaker, Daniel
Freeman, John Simison, and subsequently Stone, Money, Blake,
Beardslee, etc., all of whom have left numerous and honorable de-
scendants, prospering in the various avocations of life.

"Samuel McDowell enlisted in the service of the United States in
1791, and was ot Gen. Butler's regiment at the disasti'ous defeat of
St. Clair. When the retreat was sounded, all that could rushed pell
mell on the back track in shameful^confusion. McDowell was among
those who covered the retreat, and kept the enemy in check, A
horse came dashing by, which he caught, and seeing a yonth limp-
ing along, assisted him to mount, by which he soon gained the tront,
and thus saved his life. Many years afterwards, as McDowell was
traveling, and had registered his name* in the tavern in which he
was to tarry for the night, a stranger, who by accident saw it, and
that he was from Recovery, Ohio, entered into conversation with
him, and soon found he was the generous soldier who assisted him
to escape the savage massacre. The surprise was mutual. The stran-
ger took him to his house and made him a present of a splendid
suit of clothes, which Mc always wore on the anniversary of that
day, and the 4th of July. McDowell lived to be over eighty years
of age, and died near Recovery, a few years ago, highly respected

" Studabaker, Simison, Freeman, John G. James, and^McDoweU,
were good hunters and farmers, fine, jovial, generous, hospitable

Mercer Covnty — Pionem- Notes.

447

pstCourt was
;ee, Hays and
leriff; E. M.
jMahon, (sub-
it, and now a
,u8ton, county

lector by the
ivho settled ill
by the people
^et living, and
i Mo wry, both
Johnson, nuw

), was the first
LUgust 4, 1848,
andard, Demo-
It stock compa-
tie over a year
ituted " Mercer
! over a year,
dians, years be-
5 Fort Recovery
g, others for an
k.mong these, as
idabaker, Daniel
Money, Blake,
honorable de-

ife.

United States in

istrous defeat of
ould rushed pell
uwell was among
ly in check, A
y a yonth Ump-
gained the tront,
McDowell was
.rn in which he
lent saw it, and
:)nversation with i
rho assisted him
utual. The stran-
nt of a splendid
liversary of that
,ver eighty ytaw
lighly respected.
. Ind^McDowJ
lerous, hospitable

specimens of a backwoods life, scorning base actions, and holding in
the highest asteem a life of independence, truth and honor.

"Esquire Blake acted many years as a justice of the peace with
fine ability, generous to a fault, and benevolent in all his associa-
tions. Dr. 1 air, as a physician, was well thought of, and what would
have been his proficiency, had he but lived, and acted in a larger
field, cannot now be known.

" George Aabaugh settled near where Macedon now is, at an ear-
ly day ; cleared up a farm, raised a large and respectable family,
many of whom still reside in that neighborhood. He died at a very
advanced age, but a short time ago.

"Montezuma was laid out by William Beauchamp, who acted for
many years as a physician. Although not educated, he was a good,
useful citizen, and a very clever man, and did much good in his pro-
fession.

" Abram Miller entered a quarter section of land near the town,
and afterwards was the first merchant and dealer in furs, and also
the first postmaster. The first person whose axes resounded in the
forest, were George Fair, Thomas and Joseph Coates, John Ellis
Wyatt, and Black. Ab. Worthington and Hugh Miller were the
most expert in driving the sprightly buck through the forest.

" About 35 years ago, five brothers by the name of Frank, settled
in that neighborhood. Matthew and Dennis were the oldest. They
were from Germantown, Ohio, and an excellent race of people.

" St. Johns is a highly cultivated and beautiful place. Licen Sni-
der for many years kept the tavern there. Stelzer was the proprie-
tor of the town. Esquire Elking, Rineheart, Brown, and a host of
others, whom it will be impossible to name, composed this first
happy community, extending, as it does, with unvariable beauty far
west of St. Henry, a village of considerable note and enterprise. —
Henry Romer was the proprietor. In 1836, he laid off the town,
then a wildei'ness. As when the queen b"e settles, and is followed
by all the swarm, so when Romer left his fatherland, hundreds of
families nestled around him. Every tract of land was taken up and
settled upon. Beckman, Brown, and Suwalda are among the hon-
orable catalogue. Among the Americans was Grant, Franklin,
Richardson, Huit, Roberts, and Langdon l^ennett, Esq.

"The first settlement in the north part of the county was made
at Shanesville, near what is called Shane's Prairie. In the war of
1812, several friendly Indians had their lodges there. Among these
were Shane, Godfrey, Crescent, Labidee, Rushville and others, who
had Reservations assigned to them, at the sale of Northwestern
Ohio. tThese Indians were excellent men, noble and generous by
nature, and hospitable to all classes of people. Anthony Shane and
Louis Godfrey, especially, had the lofty impress of their nation, and
they did the United States good service during the war. Louis God-
frey was living, a few years ago, on his reservation in Indiana, and
Ihave not heard of his death. Anthony Shane died seme years ago.

448

Mercer County — Pioneer Notes.

Before his death, he gave to a little son of Ruel Roebuck, a tract of
good land on the St. Mary's river, because he was the first white
■ child born there. The balance of his land he sold to William B,
Hedges.

" A man by the name of Madore established the first trading post,
and had Hedges for his store assistant, who was then a young man.
In those days, all the goods and provisions consumed at Ft. Wayne,
Indiana, had to be taken across from Piqua, Ohio. Large quanti-
ties of flat boats were constructed at St. Mary's, the head of St.
Mary's river, and during the winter months hundreds of barrels of
Halt, flour, whiskey, meat, and boxes of goods accumulated, to be
transported down the river at the opening of navigation. This gave
life and vivacity to every trading post on the river, and many hands
were employed to carry on the work.

" Wm. B. Hedges, Jos. Hinkle, Madore, Graves, Grant, Robuck,
A. R. Hunter, Bevington, VanGundy, and David Work, were the
first settlers of Shiinesville and vicinity. Wm. B. Hedges died but
a few weeks ago, at quite an advanced age. He was County Com-
missioner, Surveyor, and for many years Justice of the Peace. Da-
vid Work was a tanner, and for many years did a heavy and suc-
cessful business. Hedges, Work, and Kobuck were great lovers of
fun. Fire huuting was a profitable sport, either for fish or deer. At
night, the deer would gather in the river to stamp and splash water
on themselves to keep off the mosquitoes and gnats, and when a
light came along, they would stand gazing at it until the hunter ap-
proached close enough to shoot them down. Newcomers, of course,
wanted fresh meat, and these adepts in the art of fire hunting by
torchlight, would agree to show them for a certain sum, to be paid
that night in Avhisky, how it was done. They would generally sup-
ply the tyros with an old worthless boat or canoe, where they could
be seated, while their instructors would have a pirogue large enough
to hold themselves and several deer. All ready — oflF they would
start, flambeau in hand. They were most always successful, as game
was plenty. When they wished to return home, they would kind'
ly tell the newcomers that where they were the river had a large
bayou and island, and for them to keep down the main stream, while
they would make a little excursion, and would soon fall in witli
them below. On, on, the newcomers would go, hearing nothing
of their comrades, and daylight generally found them some twenty
miles from home, and the next day they had the fun of footing it i
back. This was called " initiating" the new settlers in the art of |
fire hunting.

" Dr. Pulltoggle, as he was nicknamed, loved to be bell-feather |
on all public days and occasions, and to make the oration on the4tli |
of July. Col. Hedges disliked him, and on more than one occasion
outwitted him. On a certain 4th of July, he was chosen orator-« |
stand for the speaker was erected, and seats constructed for the aC'
commodation of the people. Hedges tied a string to a fresh cooi I

Mercer County — Eeirly Settlers.

449

)k, a tract of

first white

William B,

trading post,
, youag man.
it Ft. Wayne,
jarge quanti-
J head ol St.
of barrels of
lulated, to be
on. This gave
,d many hands

kant, Rohuck,

ork, were the

idges died but

County Com

he Peace. Da-

leavy and sue-

great lovers of

ash or deer. At

Dd splash water

ts, and when a

1 the hunter ap-

mers, of course,

fire hunting by

8UTO, to be paid

I generally sup-

^here they could

ue large enough

^off they would

jcessful, as game

ey would kind'

ver had a large

ain stream, while

,on fall in ^^
hearing nothing
■•m some twenty
Fun of footing it
srs in the art ot |

, be bell-feather
krationonthe4tb
Ihan one occaBion
Ichosen orator-"
TuctedfortheaC'
to a fresh coot

skin, and gave a boy a quarter to drag it across the speaker's stand,
and around on the seats. Tlie meeting was largely attended, and
the Declaration of Indcpcndt net; read, when the speaker arose with
all self-assurance to make a big display. Hedges then let loose 82
hounds, and they instinctively took the trail of the coon skin, and
such screams aud "getting up stairs you never did see!" Tlu' meet-
ing was dissolved, and the Avrath of the speaker had no bounds.

"lu an early day, Shane's Prairie was settled by hardy adventur-
ers, among whom is old man Ilanzcr, nearly one hundred years old,
and yet living. There .are still living, of the first settlers, Hinkle,
Ilanzer, Ilarner, Webb, and Heath ; and among the ladies, Mrs.
Hamilton, Mrs. Green, and Mrs, Bcvington; and, I believe, some of
the Coils, who at least deserve an honorable biography.

"Among those who first entered and settled on land, was Dcn-
iiiston, Sutton, Chivington, Brewster, Greer, Hays, Kobuck, Coil,
Heath, Tullis, Opdyke, Hitchner, Woods, and Richard Palmer. The
old fort constructed by Gen. Wayne, the ruins of which can yet be
seen in section 24, is on the land ov.'ned by Palmer. It was called
Fort Adams.

'•Those who first settled on the Twelve Mile Creek were, Kiser,
Hainline, Harner, Hamilton, Coil, Cook, Parrott, Wright, Murlin;
and where Mendon is, and vicinity, Pennabaker, Coils, Smith, Ku-
perds— a big generation, tlic old man still living, at ninety years of
age, and says he can drop a deer as nicely as ever, If they attempt
to cross his path. Justin Hamilton was a good surveyor, a very in-
telligent and well-read man. He was twice a Representative, As-
sociate Judge of the Court, and filled many minor offices with abil-
ity and credit. He lived to be near 70 years of age. The vacancy
by death of such men is not easily filled.

" Wm. Hamilton, still living, has been justice of the peace nearly
30 years. He is a correct, intelligent man, in whom confidence can
be placed. The Uptons, Wirts, Pattersons, jMurlins, Shepards,
Davises and Cook, are all good, reliable, honest, industrious, thriv-
ing farmers.

"Among the first settlers of Twelve Mile, was old man Kiser, a
great hunter, and a man of extraordinary memory. He loved the
forest, and if an Indian crossed his ]).ith, like Miller and Louis Wet-
zel, he was a dead shot. John Hainline was another of the early
Bottlers, and was a great genius in guns, clocks, watches, and fine-
I edged tools. William Bonifield was the proprietor of Neptune, and
kept a hotel there which was called the 'Half-way House.' His
wife wa^ an excellent Avoman, and well suited for a landlady, and
lier house a home for the traveler. She is still living. Benj. Nickel
pvas also a first settler, and kept a good hotel. His wife was an ex-
jcellent cook, had fine social qualities, and generous to all.
I "There is no man who deserves a higher recommendation, or to
jhe pointed out to the youth of this county for an example of perse-
jverance, frugality, honesty, generosity, and every accomplished vir-

450

Mercer County in 1872.

tue, than Stephen Ilowick, of Center township. In 1828, the Lords
and landholders of England held a meeting, in which Arthur
Wellsley (Lord Wellington,) was president. The great ohject of
that meeting was to send off" to America all the surplus youth, they
paying the expenses ot their transportation. This notice was pub-
lished throughout the kingdom. Stephen Ilowick, then a youth,
embraced the opportunity and came to America. The first money
he earned (S'28.00), was near Lancaster, Ohio. He then married a
first-rate lady of that vicinity, when he moved to St. Mary's, and
spent one summer in a brick-yard with Mr. Blue. He then had
money enough to buy lorty acres of land in Center township, when
he settled upon it, improved it, was industrious, saving and money-
making. Now he owns not less than 500 acres of land, a large
brick house to live iu, and a brick barn and stable walled in by a
brick fence, and a steam saw-mill."

Shanes ville was laid out by Anthony Shane, Juno 23, 1820 — be-
ing the oldest town in the County.

Fort Recovery was platted in 1836.

Mercer County has been well governed since its organization
down to the present time. It is out of debt, and its obligations
were never at a discount. Few counties in the State, and especially
those for so long a period sparsely settled, can make a more satis-
factory finanoial exhibit. The Court House, a fine structure, was
huilt in 1867, at a cost, including furniture, of $43,000.

Mercer County Officers, 1871-72.— Probate Judge, R. G,
Blake ; Kecorder, J. G. Perwessel ; Auditor, T. G. Touvelle ; Clerk,
J. W. DeFord ; Treasurer, G. W. llundabaugh ; Prosecuting Attor-
ney, Keepers Alberry ; Prosecuting Attorney elect, W. F. Miller;
Sheriff, Thornton Spriggs ; County Surveyor, Marcus Schuyler.

The valuations of property, for purposes of taxation, in the early
history of the county, have been given in preceding pages.
The valuation of 1871 is exhibited below :

Lands $2,834,8001

Towns and Villages 215,210 W I

Chattel property 1,095,330 f"

Total value ^ $4,lo5,24fl(

The population of the County, at different periods, wad as fo
lows:

In 1830 ],1D .

Iu 1840 8,2;;

In 1850 1M

Iu 18C0 \m

In 1870 m

Allen County — Its Formation.

451

j8, the Lords
bich Arthur
eat object of
s youth, they
Lice -was pub-
:hen a youth,
e first money
len married a
t. Mary's, and
He then had
ownship, when
ng and money-
i land, a large
walled in by a

its organization!
I itB obligations
.e, and especially
Ke a more satis-
ke structure,,^^'a9
OOO.

tc Judge, R. G;
Touvelle ; ^-^le^"!
roBOCUting Attor-
ct, W. :F. Miller;
CU8 Schuyler.

Auglaize County, erected in 1848, took off some of the most pop-
ulous and wealthy territory of Mercer, which will explain the ap-
parent diminution in population between the periods of 1840 and
1850.

The population of the several sub divisions of Mercer County, at
different periods, were officially reported as follows :

TOWNS AND T0WNBHIP8.

1870

1860

1850

Black Creek

1087

1801

1255

1599

246

8:J1

1100

i2a4

153
894

1557
859
779

1876
386
305
105

1118
89

1475
164

1148

913
1044
1153

iasi

"654

946

1U35

"6.38

1003

307

508

184S

"8i6

1228
"95*8

49()

Butler

220

Center

491

Neptune

Dublin

914

Mercer

Shane's Crossing

Franklin

357

Oibsnn

485

Granville

J)'ort Henry

564

Honewell

290

Jefferson

493

Celina

223

Liberty

182

Marion

1426

CUickasaw

Kopel ,

8t. John's

Recovery

59(}

Fort Recovery

Union

746

Mendon

Washington

456

Celina, the seat of justice of Mercer county, is a pleasantly-loca-
ted town, having good church and educational establishments, and a
grist-mill constantly propelling, by steam, when water power fails,
tour run of stone, and a saw-mill connected ; also, one water-mill,
operating three run of stone, and a saw-mill connected with it; two
steam planing-mills ; two manufactories of cabinet ware ; one of
shingles; one of staves and headings; one flax-mill, and one brew-
ery. A well-managed and responsible private bank is in operation,
and the several lines of dry goods, hardware, drugs, groceries, etc.,
are fully represented.

ALLEN COUNTY. ,

This County was formed April 1, 1820, from Indian territory, and
named in honor of a Colonel of that name in the war of 1812. It
was temporarily attached to Mercer for judicial purposes, and
hence it is deemed proper that its pioneer history follow that
County.

452

Allen County — Pioneer Notes.

The writer is chiefly in(lcl)ted, for the narration following this, to
an address made by T. PI Cunningham, Esq., before the Pioneer
Association, at Lima, September 22, 1871 :

" Fifty years ago, the territory which now constitutes the County
of Allen, was an almost unbroken wilderness ; I say almost, for on
the banks ot the Auglaize river, in the neighborhood of where once
stood the village of Hartford, a settlement was commenced by the
whites, about the year 1817. To the young, these fifty years appear
a long time; but there are men and women about me, who can look
back over a period longer than that, and realize how swiftly these
years have flown, freighted as they were with sorrows and hopes,
keen disappointments, and truest joys. Births and deaths alternated
with the days, and memory is crowded with shadowy forms who
lived and died in the long ago !

" Allen county is a portion of that division of the State, common-
ly known as Northwestern Ohio. This section was the last opened
for settlement by the whites. The Shawanee Indian Reservation
embraced a large part of the county, and the migration of the Indi-
ans did not occur until the month of August, 1832, although they
ceded their lands to the General Government some time before —
The whites, however, had begun to come in before the cession took
place, and the red man and the white for years occupied the coun-
try together, and illustrated the savage and civilized modes of life.

"A family named Russell, were the first whites who settled with-
in the bounds of the county. On the Auglaize, in 1817, they opened
the first farm, and there the first white child was born. That child,
who afterward became the wife of Charles C. Marshall, of Delphos,
was familiarly called by the neighbors " the Daughter of Allen
Coimty." She died during the present summer, in the fifty-fourth
year of her age.

" Samuel McClure, now living at the ago of seventy-eight years,
settled on Hog Creek, five miles northeast of where Lima now
stands, in the month of November, 1825 — forty-six years ago. He
has remained on the farm he then built a cabin upon, ever since.—
The nearest white neighbors he knew of, were two families named
Leeper and Kidd, living one mile below where Roundhead now
is, about twenty miles to the nearest known neighbor. On that farm,
in the year 1826, was born Moses McClnre, the first white child
born on the waters of Hog Creek. Mr. McClure's first neighbor
was Joseph Ward, a brother of Gen, John Ward. He helped cut
the road when McClure came, and afterwards brought his family.
and put them into McClure's cabin, while he built one for himself
on the tract where he afterwards erected what was known as
Ward's Mill. The next family was that of Joseph Walton ; they
came in March, 182G.

"Shawaneetown, an Indian village, was situated eight miles be-
low the McClure settlement, at the mouth of Hog Creek. A por-

Allen County — Pioneer Notes.

453

wing this, to
the Pioneer

3 the County
most, for on
f where once
■need by the
years appear
who can look
swiltly these
'8 and hopes,
ths alternated
y forms who

late, common-
he last opened
,n Reservation
jn of the Indi-
although they
time before -
le cession toolc
pied the coun-
L modes of life.
^o settled with-
", they opened
rn. That child,
lall, ofDelphos,
icrhter of Allen
the fifty-fourth

nty-cight years,
»ere Lima now
^ears ago. He
1, ever since.—
families named
loundhead now
r. On that farm,
irst white child
first neighbor
He helped cut
.ght his family,
one for himselt
was known as
h Walton ; they

eight miles be-
Creek. A por-

tion of the village was on the old Ezekiel Hoover farm, and a por-
tion on the Breese farm. Mr. McClure and his little neighborhood
soon became acquainted, and upon good terms, with their red neigh-
bors. He says Hai-aitch-lah, the war chief, had ho been civilized,
would have been a man of mark in any community. Quilna was the
great business man of the tribe here.

" Soon after the McClure settlement was commenced, they heard,
from the Indians at Shawancetown, that the United States Govern-
ment had erected a mill at Wapaukonneta. The settlers had no
road to the mill, but Quilna assisted them to open one. Ho survey-
ed the line of their road, without compass, designating it by his
own knowledge of the difterent points, and the Indian method of
reaching them.

" There are many of the children of the early settlers to whom
the name of Quilna is a household word. To his business qualities,
were added great kindness of heart, and a thorough regard for the
white people. No sacrifice of his personal ease was too much, it,
by any ettbrt, he could benefit his new neighbors. I think this com-
munity have been ungrateful. Some enduring memorial of him
should long ago have^been made. How much better, and more ap-
propriate, it would have been to have given his name to the new
township recently erected in our county, out of territory over which
his tired feet have so often trodden, in the bestowal of kindness and
benefactions upon the white strangers, who had come to displace
his tribe, and efface the hillocks which marked the places where his
forefathers slept. Why cannot we have Ottawa changed to Quilna
yet?

" In the month of Juno, 182G, Morgan Lippencott, Joseph Wood,
and Benjamin Dolph, while out hunting, found the McClure settle-
ment. To his great surprise, Mr. McClure learned that he had been
for months living within a few miles of another white settlement,
located on Sugar Creek. He learned from the himters there Avere
five families, Christopher Wood, Morgan Lippencott, Samuel Ja-
cobs, Joseph Wood, and Samuel Purdy. It is his belief that Chris-
topher Wood settled on Sugar Creek as early as ISii, on what is
known as the old Miller farm.

"In the spring of 18.31, John Hidenour, now living at the age of
eighty-nine years, with his family; Jacob Kidenour, then a young
married man, and David Ridenour, bachelor, removed from Perry
county, and settled one mile south of Lima, on the lands the fami-
lies of that name have occupied ever since.

" The State of Ohio conveyed to the people of Allen county a
quart section of land, upon which to erect a county town. The
title was vested in the Commissioners of the county, in trust for the
purpose expressed. It was not a gift, however, as many suppose.
T«o hundred dollars was paid for it out of the County Treasury,
while Thos. K. Jacobs was Treasurer."

454

Allen County — Lima.

The following preamble and joint resolution were adopted by the
General Assembly of Ohio, on the twenty-fourth day of January,
1832:

WnEREAS, In conformity with a Resolution of the General As-
sembly of the Slate of Ohio, passed February 12, 1829, a site was
selected for the scat of justice for the County of Allen, and the sec-
tion so selected, to wit: Section 31, Township 3, south of Ilanf;e7
east, was reserved, except the west half of tho northeast quarter
thereof, which had previously been sold ; and,

Whereas, In pursuance of an act passed the third day of March,
1831, entitled "An Act for establishing the seat of justice for Allen
County, and for other purposes,' a town director was appointed by
the Commissioners of said County, who proceeded, under the direc-
tions of said Commissioners, to lay out, by metes and ' bounds, one
hundred and fiixty acres within said section, and including the site
selected as aforesaid, returns whereof have been made to the Reg-
ister's office, in Piqua, and to the Governor of this 'State ; and on
which tract so surveyed and returned, the Commissioners of the
said county have caused a town to be laid out in conformity to the
provisions of the before-recited act ; and, as it is now essential to
the prosperity of the said town, and. of the county of Allen, that
the remainder of said Section be brought into market, now, there-
fore,

Resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That the
Register of the Land Office for the Piqua District, be, and he is
hereby required, after giving at least six weeks previous notice
thereof, published in the Piqua Gazette, Democratic Etiqnirer, Troy
Times, Bellefontaine Gazette, to proceed to offer at public sale, to
the highest bidder, at his office in the town of Piqua, all of said sec-
tion not already disposed of, and in such tracts not exceeding eighty
acres, as he shall deem most expedient; provided, that no part there-
of shall be sold at a less price than one dollar and twenty-five cents
per acre.

" In the summer of 1831, the town was surveyed'jby W. L. Hen-
derson, of Findlay, — the same gentleman who was recently promi-
nent in the survey and location of the Fremont and Indiana Kail-
road. Patrick G. Goode, at that time a distinguished citizen of the
State, who afterwards became a member of Congress, President
Judge of the Judicial Circuit, and a methodist minister, hnd the
honor of naming it. He borrowed the name from the Capital of
Peru, South America, and to his last day would not forgive the pub-
lic for their resolute abandonment of the Spanish pronunciation of
the name. It was pronounced Lcma, where ho took the name from,
but our people insisted upoa the long /, and L('ma it has been to this
day, and will continue to Ijo, vs^hen, the walls of a city shall stand

Allen County — Lima.

455

npon its foundations, and when the name of the good man who stood
its sponsor shall have been forgotten.

"In the month of August, 1831, a public sale of lots took place,
and during the following fall and winter, came John P. Mitchell,
Absolom Brown, John F. Ccle, Dr. William Cunningham, Abraham
Bowers, John Brewster, David Tracy, John Mark, and John Ba-
shore, with their families, except Brewster, who was a bachelor. —
John F. Cole, who is now almost alone amongst the new genera-
tion of men who have come around him, settled a mile below town,
on a portion of what is now the Faurot farm. Enos Terry, a broth-
er-in-law of Mr. Cole, settled upon an adjoining tract, still nearer
town.

"The children of these men and women, who made this venture
in the wilderness, — some of them in the dead of winter, — can form
no idea of the toil endured, the anxiety suffered, and the struggles
which accompanied the frontier lire of their fathers and mothers.
Nor can we, at this day, with our crowding upon each other in the
race of life, contemplate, without wonder, the sympathy they felt
for each other, and the constant mutual aid extended. I have heard
my own mother tell how John B. Mitchell once walked nine miles
to a horse-mill, and brought home on his back a bushel of corn meal,
and divided it amongst half a dozen families. This proves the good-
ness of human nature ; and I believe the sons and daughters of
tlnse persons would do the like if they were surrounded with the
same circumstances. I have heard John F. Cole describe his travels
through the woods with his ox team, making about five or six miles
a day, and at night turning out bis oxen to find their own supper,
while he, covered with mud, and frequently with no dry thread of
clothing, crept into his wagon and slept the night away. They had
no railroads then, you know ; I can recollect back to the time when
the country about Urbana was called ' the settlement,' whence sup-
plies were drawn ; and it required several strong yoke of oxen, and
many days of travel, to make the trip to and from 'the settlement.'

"In the month of August, 1832, the Shawanees took up their line
of march for the far west; away so far, it was thought, that many
generations would come and go before they would again be dis-
turbed. But one generation had not passed, before the advancing
tide of civilization swept against and over them, till, tired of the
struggle, the majority of what remains of this once powerful and
warlike tribe have quietly yielded to the surrounding influences, and
are learning and practicing the arts of civilized life.

"Dr. William McHenry came to Lima in the spring of 1834.—
There were then living in the villag(% John F. Mitchell, Col. James
Cunningham, Dr. William Cunningham, Gen. John Ward, Dr. Sam-
uel Black, Daniel D. Tompkins, Charles Baker, James Anderson
David Tracy, Hudson "Watt, Miles Cowan, Crane Valentine, John
Bashore, John Mark, Abraham Aldridge, Alexander Beatty. Wm.
Scott, Thurston Mosicr, David Keese, Daniel Musser, Sr., Martin

456

Allen County — Pioneer Notes.

Masser, Daniel MusHfr, Jr., Elislm Jolly, Abraham S. Niohnlas.Rov.
Goorj^o Sliolden, Eldur William Cliallo, Joliii .lackHon, Hamilton Da-
vison, AinoH Clutter, IlobiTt Terry, l'\ II. Hinkloy, antl Abraham
JJowcrH. Uov. John Aloxandrr, and i{ov. JamoH Fmley wero min-
isters ot the M. K, Church, upon the circuit at that time. Mr. Shel-
don preacliod to the ])rosbytcrians, and Elder Chattee to the IJap.
tists. Within ])r. Mcllenry's recollection of the person.s named, who
were, with one or two exce[)tions, heads of families then, there ro>
main in this vicinity but iMrs. liowors, Daniel JNIusser, Jr., Mrs. Mus-
Bor (then Mrs, Mitchell), Hudson Waft, and Mrs. Watt, Elisha Jolly
and i\Ir8. Jolly, Mrs. VV^ard and Airs. I'atrick (then Mrs. Tracy), and
jMrs. IJashoro. John F.Colo and Mrs. Colo arc still living, now
and for many years residents of the town; but at that timo they
were upon their farm below town.

" Tompkins is in Orc<Ton; Baker is in Marion; Watt, Jolly, and
JiloUenry remain in Lima; Valentino is in JMichigan. The wherea-
bouts, if alive, of M osier, lleese, I^icholas, Cowan, and Clutter, is
unknown. The remainder of the names on the list wilt be found cut
in mnrlilc, ' in me.moriam.''

" The first white citizen of Lima, Avas Absalom Brown, whose
daughtei', Marion Mitchell Brown, named aiter the present Mrs.
!Musser, was the first white child bom in the town, The second was
Katharine Bashore, now Mrs. John 1*. Adams. The first marriage
in the town was that of James Saxon and Miss Jones, a sister-in-
law of John Mark. They were married by the llev. Mr. Pryor, a
missionary of the ^l. E. Church.

" As late as the fall of 18:54, Daniel Musser killed two deer on the
present plaL of Lima — one about where King's warehouse stands,
and the othtM* about where the west Union IScliool house is.

"I am indebted to Mr. John Cunningham lor the result of tlio
census of Limix, actual count, completed yesterday, September 21,
187L The total number of families is 1013; the number of souls,
4,979, an increase of between three and four hundred since the cen-
sus was taken in 1870.

" The county was permanently organized in June, 1831. James
Daniels, John G. Wood, and Samuel Stewart, were the first Com-
missioners ; then, in December of the same year, Morgan Lippen-
cott. and John P. Mitchell succeeded Wood and Stewart. In 1833,
Gritliih John succeeded. Lipponcott. In 1835, James N.Coleman,
and James x\. Anderson came in. In 1834, Henry B. Thorn, John
Brand, and M. Leatherman. In 1838, John Shoo!er; ]839,J()hnM.
AVilson; 1841. Shadrack Montgomery, and Charles H. Williams;
\U-i, C. C. Marshall; 1813, Matthew Dobbins; 1814, Nicholas Zan-
gleiu; 181.5, Jacob B. llaller; 184(5, Samuel Walker; 1849, Samuel
Jiockhill, William Akermau, and Burgess Dickey. This was a re-
organization of the Board of Commissioners, after the erection of
the new county of Auglaize, most of which had been taken from
the territory of Allen. In 1«53, Christian Steman came in. lu 1854,

Allen Covnty — Pioneei' Notes.

457

■licholas, Uov.
Hamilton Da-
und Abniliaiu
ay wore miu-
no. M r. Shel-
. to tho liap.
18 immoil, who
.hen, there ro-
Jr., Mrs. Mu8-
Lt.El'iHha Jolly
ra. Tracy), and
ill living, now
tiat time they

Moses Patterson ; 1855, Horace Bixby ; 185C, Joseph Griffith ; 1857,
Cadwallader Jacobs; 1858, Freeman Jioll; 18A9, A. E. Iladscll;
1803, Samuel Ice ; 18G4, Johnzy Keith ; 1805, G. W. Goblo; 1809,
James MoBeth; 1870, Bernard Escho, the la/it three now constitut-
ing the Board of Commissioners of tho County."

The several Auditors of the county, from 18.'JI to 1870, inclusive,
were Wm. G. Woods, from 1831 to 1833; Samuel Black, from 1833
to 1838 ; II. D. V. Williams, from 1838 to 1844 ; John W. 'nionias,
from 1844 to 1840; J. II. Richardson, from 1810 to 1850; David
Dalzell, from 1850 to 1^54; Wm. Dowling, from 1854 to 1850 ; B.
Matheanv, from 1850 to 1858 ; O. W. Overmyer, from 1858 to 1802;
John P. Ilaller, from 180:i to 1800 ; Wm. Dowling, from 1800 to
1870; S. J. Brand, from 1870 to the present year, 1872.

The several Treasurers were Adam White, Dr. Wm. Cunningham,
Charles Baker, James Cunningham, Thomas K. Jacobs, Alexander
Beatty, William Armstrong, G. W. Fickol, Shelby Taylor, Miles
Vance, Emanuel Fisher, W. R. Partello, and F. J. Lye.

The Recorders were Nathan Daniels, John Ward, John Alexan-
der, John W. Thomas,' E, S. Linn, John B. Walmsley, John G. Ri-
denour, Hugh Dobbins, J. B. Ilaller, and A. R Krebs.

"The first Court of Common Pleas for Allen County, was hold in
a log cabin, the residence of James Daniels, near the crossing of
Hog Creek, at the east end of Market street, in May, 1833. Hon.
George B. Holt, of Dayton, was the President Judge, and Christo-
pher Wood, James Crozier, and William Watt were Associates. Jno.
Ward was clerk, and Henry Lippencott, Sheriff, Patrick G. Goode,
of Montgomery County, was special prosecuting attorney, appoint-
ed by the Court.

"Judge Holt was, in 1838, succeeded by Judge W. L. llelfenstein;
he, ill turn, in 1839, by Emery D. Potter. Judge Potter went to
Congress in 1842, and was succeeded on the bench by Myron II.
Tilden; and he was succeeded, in 1845, by Patrick G. Goode, .who
remained upon the bench until he was su))erseded, under the new
Constitution, in February, 1852, by Benjamin F. Metcalf. In 1854,
Judge Metcalf wda succeeded by William Lawrence, of Logan, but
in 1859, he again returned to the beiicli, in a new-formed district,
aud remained in office until his death, which occurred in 1805. —
Among the very many able men who have nourished in this section
I of Ohio, it is safe to say Judge Metcalf had no superior in intellect-
j iial qualities. He was succeeded by 0. W. Rose, of V^an Wert, who
remained upon the bench but a few months, when James Macken-
|zie, our townsman, was elected in the fall of 1805. * *

"Suffer me here to digress from my narrative of the judiciary, to
[piiy a passing tribute to tho memory<, of one who came into our
Imidst about a quarter of a century ago. He was known to almost
|iillofyou. I allude to Mathias H. Michola. To a brilliant imagi-
Jiwtioa was united uhtiring industry, and in his early manhood he
Igave as much promise of distinction as any one who ever came

458 Allen County — Its Honored Dead, J^tc.

amon]? us. He was a brilliant and successful lawyer, and went to
Congress at the age of twenty-seven. He served six years, in a most
exciting epoch, but he survived his Congressional career only about
three years.

"The Associate Justices of our old court, were, in addition to the
ones already named, Charles Levering, Joseph Hoover, John Jame-
son, John Elliot, George B. Shriner, Charles H. Adgate, and John
P. Fay.

" The Clerks of the Court were John Ward, John Alexander,
Kichard Metheany, Joseph H. Richardson. James Cunningham,
Shelby Taylor, John H. Meily, 0. E. Griffith, and Robert Mehaffey,
the present incumbent.

"The Sheriffs were Henry' Lippencott, John Keller, Alexander
Beatty, Charles H. Williams, Hiram Stott, Matthias Ridenour, Wil-
liam Tingle, Samuel Buckmaster, Samuel Collins, Isaac Bailey, and
J. A. Colbath.

" The Prosecuting Attorneys were, Loren Kennedy, AV. S. Rose,
W. L. Ross, George W. Andrews, Lester Bliss, M. H. Nichols. C. N.
Lamison, J. N. Gutridge, James Mackenzie, Isaiah Pi]lars,'and Jno.
F. Brotherton.

"The Probate Court, erected by the Constitution of 1851, has
been presided over by W. S. Rose, Michael Leatherman, Thomas M.
Robb, Charles M. Hughes, and L. M. Meily.

" Under the new Constitution, Allen County became entitled to a
separate representative in the General Assembly. Lester Bliss was
the first, and he was followed by Charles Crites, Charles Post, Cha«.
C. Marshall, Thomas K. Jacobs, John Monroe, R. E. Jones, and
William Armstrong. Michael Leatherman, and Gen. Blackburn
represented districts under the old Constitution. Col. James Cun-
ningham and Charles C. Marshall each served one term in ♦^^he
Senate.

" The amount of the grand duplicate of 1833, was $93,611. The
amount of the grand duplicate for 1871, is $9,583,830.

"In addition to Lima, thrifty towns. have sprung up in various
parts of the county. Section Ten (now Delphos) promised at one
time to be the commercial centre of the counties of Allen, Putnam,
and Van Wert. Spencerville, once known as Spencer, then Arcadia,
Lafayette, Westminster, Bluffton (once known as Shannon), Allen-
town, Elida, Gonier, West Newton, Rockport, Maysville, Beaver]
Dam, and Cairo. Hartford and Amherst, like the cities of the

plain, are known onlv in history.

« * « *'4i Id ■» <«

"In the winter of 1834-35, the United States Land Office was
removed from Wapaukonnetta to Lima, and with it came as receiver
Gen. William Blackburn. I have seen a great many men of fine
presence, but I do not recollect of ever having met a finer specimen
of l)hvsical power and manly bv.'anty than Blackburn was when I
first taw him. He was then in the full flash of middle life; to

Alien County — Public Officers in 1872. 459

consiclerably more than six feet in height, and weighed over three
hundred pounds. He was a military enthusiast, and the militia
musters of those days gave his enthusiasm full vent. He was, I be-
lieve, the first Major General commanding the ]2th Division Ohio
Militia. Gen. John Ward was a Brigadier commanding one of his
brigades. At Ward's death, he was succeeded by Gen, William Arm-
strong, who remained in command until the whole militia system
became obsolete. In the early days of this county, general muster
day was second only to the 4th of July, in the calendar of great
days. After the * troops' were dismissed, it was the * common law'
that all grievances and personal controversies arising during the
year, and which had been postponed to general muster, were to be
settled. Rings would be formed, the combatants stepped in, and the
result was generally that both parties were terribly whipped.

"Looking back over half a century, behold what has been accom-
plished! The immense forests our fathers and mothers found, hare
melted away, and now in their stead are ripening fields of corn. The
cabins they built are replaced with comfortable farm mansions.
The corduroy roads, over which they plodded their way back to the
older settlements, have been replaced by railroads ; and the iron
horse, in harness, pulls annually to the great markets a surplus of
products, greater in value, by far, than the grand duplicate of 1832.
I We have much, very much, for which to thank our Heavenly Fa-
rther; we have much, very much, to be proud of in our history ; but
the proudest of all, we should be, of our brave ancestry, who, amidst
poverty, and sickness, and privations, laid broad and deep the foun-
dation of our present prosperity.''

The following is a list of the officers of Allen county, in 1872 :

Probate Judge, L. M. Meily ; Prosecuting Attorney, E. A. Ballard;
[County Clerk, Robert Mehaffey ; Sheriff, James A. Colbath ; Audi-
jtor. S. J. Brand; Treasurer, F. J. Lye, Jr., Recorder, A. R. Krebs ;
jComniissioners, James McBeth, Bernard Esch, and Wm. Akerman;
ICoroner, G. Feiss ; Surveyor, D. D. Nicholas.

As Allen co. is justly entitled to the claim of having the best jail
building in Northwestern Ohio, if not in the State, and regarded as
p model structure for the purposes of a jail, a few words of descrip-
lion may not be out of place. The Fourth Annual Report of the
Board of State Charities (1871), makes the following reference
to it:

I "The building, embracing sheriff's residence and oflfice, in con-
nection with the prison, is constructed after the general idea sug-
ptt)d by the Board of State Charities, in its report published for
Ijbd. The Secretary is greatly indebted to T. J. Tolan, Esq., of
Pelphos, Ohio, who very kindly explained the plan, and who has,
pnce then, furnished a complete copy of the specificatious, etc."

I ^

460

Allen County — Population.

From the comprehensive description in the letter of Mr. Tolan,
above referred to, the following is extracted :

" I have given the principle of jail constrnction much attention,
and by inspecting some of the best, as well as some of the worst, I
had the material before me from which to profit. The great and
leading points in the construction of a jail, are: drainage, light,
ventilation, safety, cleanliness, and plenty of water, — 'all of which I
have endeavored to combine in my plan."

All the essential points enumerated above, the Secretary main-
tains, are embodied in the Allen county jail, — of which Mr. Tolan
was the architect and superintendent.

The progress in population of Allen County can only be approximattly as-
certained by the following table of the census returns, as the act erecting Au.
glaize County changed its boundaries :

In 1880 678

In 1840 9,019

In 1850 19,109

In 1860 19,185

In 1870

The following table embraces the population of the several towns and torn
ships for three decennial periods, excepting Delphos, which, as the enumera- 1
tion made at different years, was included, sometimes in Allen, and at times in [
Van Wert county, is given separately :

TOWNS AND TOWN8HIF8.

Amanda

Auglaize

Bath*

German*

Allentown....

Elida

Jackson

Lafayette

Marion

Monroe

Ottawa*

Limaf

Perry*

Richland

Blufflon

Sliawanee*

Spencer

Bpencerville.
Sugar Creek..

1870

1376
1690
1254
1462
90

583
1801

mi
2920
173!)
4662
4500
1235
2189

48:)
11 GO
1153

864
1016

1660

1178
1169
1315
1359

isto

607
1344
1508
1008

1682

2100

101H

1514

024

2883

•••»•«

2354

1289

928

1803

089

HiVo

71tl

981

ass

932

1175

756

*In 1857, Ottawa from Bath, German, Perry, and Shawanee,
fin 1850, the returns of Lima were included in Bath township,

Allen Co. — Delphos, Lima^ ^arly AttwneySj Etc. 461

: of Mr. Tolan,

much attention,

of the worst, I

The great and

drainage, light,

—all of which I

Secretary main-
vhich Mr. Tolan

The population of Delphos, in 1860, was included in the returns of

Viin Wert County, and then amounted to 874

In 1860 (also embraced in Van Wert returns) 425

In 1870 (Van Wert county section of Delphos) 640

In 1870 (Allen " " " ) 1,027

1,607

e approximatriy M-
the act erecting Au-

678
9,019

19,185
28,623

veral towns and town-
,ich, as the enumera-
yien, and at times u

Lima, the county seat, it will be observed by the foregoing figures,
has made fair progress in growth ; and its advance in wealth has
been proportionally greater than its progress in population. The
city has the advantage of three important railway outlets — the Pitts-
burg, Fort "Wayne and Chicago, the Dayton and Michigan, and the
Louisville and Lake Erie.

Among the early Attorneys who practiced at the Lima bar, not
iiitherto mentioned, were Judge Crane, Benjamin Stanton, Jacob S.
Conklin, Andrew Coffinberry, M. B. (" Bishop") Corwin, John A.
Corwin, Horace Sessions, John Walkup, Mr. Poland, Edson Goit,
and John H. Morrison. The resident Attorneys were, Lorcn Ken-
nedy, H. D. V. Williams, Abelard Guthrie, Lester Bliss, William S.
Bose, W. T. Curtis, H. Davidson, and M. B. Newman.

The old physicians, Dr. McHenry and Dr. Harper, are referred to
in the address of Mr. Cunningham.

Charles Baker, merchant, removed to Lima in 1832, and erected
the first frame building in the town.

Lima contains Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, German
Reformed, Catholic, Lutheran, Disciple, and Congregational church-
1850 ■ eg; two newspapers, — the Allen County Democrat, D. S. Fisher, edi-
tor, and the Allen County Gazette, C. Parmenter, editor; three
607 ■ liaiiks,— the First National, Farmers' Savings and Lima Deposit ;
1344 ■ four hotels; ten dry goods, fourteen grocery, three clothing, two
1508 ■ merchant tailor, four drug, two hardware, one book and stationery,
^^^ Hone fruit and confectionery, three jewelry, and four boot and shoe

1 Blstores; two foundries; two furniture manufactories; one hub and

1175 H^P^^^'^^j one board paper mill ; one establishment manufacturing
agricultural machinery ; two tanneries ; one flax, straw, and sack-
^091 H'^S manufactory ; two wood stirrup do ; one handle do ; one wood-
Men moulding do ; one stave do ; six wagon and buggy do ; two steam
jgrist mills ; one steam saw mill ; one sash and door factory ; two
928 H^l^ck kilns; three grain warehouses; three lumber yards, and four
pvery and two sale stables.

7W ■L ^" addition to the extensive manufactories above enumerated, the
355 H^)F. W. and C, and the D. and M. railway companies have exten-
g _^ive shops at Lima.

The city is lighted with gas. The two large public school edifices,
^y^xvcQ. ^^^ ^^® satisfactory school management, are objects of general pride

liownshlp. ^mong the citizens of the place.

I860

178
169
316
359

1682

2106
1514
2383
2354
1289
1802

'Vtiio

OS I
"932

■II

462

Allen County — Delphos.

Delphos is the second town in rank, as regards population and
wealth in Allen county. It already j)088es8e8 the advantages of
cheap canal transport, and of the facilities afforded by the Pitts-
burg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, with ^ good prospect ot
securing, within a few months, competing railway Tines.

The town, different portions of which were originally known as
Section Ten, Howard, and East and West Breidick — East Breidick
being first platted — was laid out directly after the opening of the
Miami and Erie Canal, in 1845. Subsequently, and as a result of
the budget of territorial compromises following the erection of An-
glaize county, the eastern eide of the canal came within the limits
of Allen county, the western side remaining with Van Wert. The
town, however, at this time, is under a common municipal govern-
ment, composed of the following named officers : Mayor, C. C. Mar-
shall; Recorder, S. D. Chambers; Marshal, S. Marshall; Treasurer,
Max Woerner ; Council, A. Shack, H. Bixbe, H. Lindemau, E. Fink,
H. Weible, J. W. Feely, S. F. Himmelright, and C. H. Whittier.

When it is considered that the town was located in the midst of a I
dense and wild forest, and that the communication, east and
was over roads upon which the timber had scarcely been cut out, i
imperfectly ditched, its growth, from 1845 to 1854, may be consid- 1
ered remarkable. Difficult and expensive as were the road and
way means of transportation, the town had, until 1854, secured a j
traHe reaching a distance of about twenty miles, northeast, east
southeast, and reaching a yet longer distance westward, crossing the|
State line into Indiana. The only rival encountered by Delphos, it
the latter direction, was Fort Wayne. True, population was sparse, I
and the surplus farm productions light; but in the aggregate itwMJ
of vast importance to the new town, and assisted materially in itil
growth. Farmers' wagons returned with freights belonging princif
pally to merchants established in less metropolitan towns. Thfl
event which occurred to arrest its growth, was the opening, in ISSJ
of the Ohio and Indiana Railroad, from Crestline to Fort Wayntl
This secured markets to Lima and other towns on the east, and toj
Middlepoint, Van Wert, Convov, and several new stations, on tliij
west, and left Delphos to rely, cluring several years, for its whole bur
siness, upon a restricted neighborhood, so slow in its agricnltur|!|
development, that it afforded only a limited trade. It is a"
also, that some of the proprietors of the town failed to extend ®l
couragement to various enterprises which would have enabled it BJ
sooner recover from its business paralysis. This charge, howevBj
was never applied to Messrs. Bredeick, Wrocklage, and their associj
ates, who steadfastly pursued a liberal policy. It is only within J
few years, and since encouragement to manufacturing, etc.,*ij
afforded, that regeneration, and a healthy business activity, \m
manifested themselves. All the citizens of the town have no»i(
well-grounded faith in its future. The most prominent and
cessful merchants, bankers, artizans, and others, now residents,!

Allen County — The Old Forests, Mo. 463

lopulation and
advantages of
by the riits-
od prospect oi
les.

lally known as
-East Breidick
opening of the
, as a result of
erection of An-
ithin the limit!
ran Wert. The
micipal govern-
ayor, C. C. Mar-
shall; Treasurer,
idemau,E.rink,
H. Whittier.
in the midst of i
[), east and vest,
been cut out, and
., may he coneid-
he road and high-
il 1854, secured a
ortheast, east and
yard, crossing the

redbyDelphoa.ui
ilation was sparse,
e aggregate it ^u
[ materially in i"
belonging pnnf
litan towns, m
opening, in lo^M
P to i'ort Waynt
\n the east, and J
f stations, on m
rs, for its whole hBl

in its agricu tuj
He It is f>^^m
fled to extend et|
have enabled it t»l
is charge, howevtiJ
,,and their _as80C!j
It ia only within
facturing, etc,««l
ness activity, hw

town have no«
,rominent and sof

nov^ residents, aij

controlling, in large degree, its destiny, commenced their business
life in Delphos, when it and themselves were struggling for exis-
tence. That their enterprise and foresight have been wisely directed,
and well rewarded, ample evidence exists in the figures reported by
the census-takers, and in the general thrift now everywhere mani-
fest.

The great forests, once so hated, because they formed a stumbling
block in the tedious struggles to reduce the soil to a condition for
tillage, have been converted into a source of wealth. Within a ra-
dius of five miles of Dtlphop, thirty-five saw mills are now con-
stantly employed in the manufacture of lumber, and a value, nearly
equaling the product of these mills, is annually exported in the form
of timber. Excepting in the manufacture of maple sugar, and for
local building and fencing purposes, no use, until recent years, had
been made of timber, and its destruction from the face of the earth
was the especial object of the pioneer farmers, and in this at that
time supposed good work, they had the sympathies of all others who
were interested in the development of the country. The gathering
of the ginseng crop once afforded employment to the families of the
early settlers, but the supply was scanty, and it soon became ex-
hausted. Some eighteen years ago, when the business of the town
was suffering from stagnation, Dr. J. W. Hunt, an enterprising drug-
gist, and now a citizen of Delphos, bethought himself that he might
aid the pioneers of the wilderness, and add to his own trade, by of-
fering to purchase the bark from the slippery elm trees, which were
abundant in all the adjacent swamps. For this new article of com-
merce, he offered remunerative prices, and the supply soon appeared
in quantities reaching hundreds of cords of cured bark ; and he has
since controlled the trade in Northwestern Ohio and adjacent re-
gions. The resources found in the lumber and timber, and in this
bark trade, trifling as the latter may appear, have contributed, and
are yet contributing, almost as much to the prosperity of the town
and country, as the average of the cultivated acres, including the
products of the orchard.

The general resources of the town, added to those already men-
I tioned, are here stated :

One newspaper and job office, from which is issued the Delphos
\Herald, D. H. Tolan, editor; four churches, — Presbyterian, Catho-
llic, Methodist, and Lutheran. A largely attended public school — a
hery flourishing private school, under the management, so far as fe-
Imale pupils are involved, of the sisters of the Catholic Church, and
[as regards male pupils, under a compromise arrangement between
pe Board of Education and the Catholic interests, a Normal school,
fn prosperous condition. The Catholic and public school buildings
are constructed after the best models, and no necessary expense was
withheld to render them adapted to the purposes to which they were
ievoted. The Normal school is held in one of the public halls.

In manufactures may bo mentioned the Delphos Union Stave

464

Allen County — Delphos in 1872.

Company ; the Ohio Wheel Company ; the Delphos Foundry and
Machine shops ; the Star Handle Manufactory ; one sash, door and
blind factory ; one Excelsior or wood moss establishment ; a large
flouring mill ; four wagon and carriage shops ; one tannery — among
the most extensive in Northwestern Ohio ; two woolen factories ; two
breweries; five blacksmith shops; one distillery; four millineiy
shops, and six establishments that manufacture boots and shoes.

The Delphos Stone and Stave Company, with a capital of $35,000,
is owned by Delphos capitalists, but the manufacturing executed in
Paulding county.

A more full exhibit of the magnitude of some of the above nam-
ed manufacturing establishments may be mentioned :

The Delphos Union Stave Company employs seventy-five hands,
and produces $150,000 annually of flour and sugar barrel staves,
headings and hoops. This establishment, in the use of its raw ma-
terial, has utilized a character of swamp timber (such as water elm,
etc.,) hitherto regarded by wild land owners and farmers as worse
than worthless. A thorough test has established the fact that no
timber is better adapted to the production of barrel staves, than this
once repudiated swamp elm. The Union Stave Company, employ-
ing constantly a large force of hands, is one of the most important
manufacturing enterprises of Delphos. The officers of the Compa-
ny are, G. W. Hall. President; J. Orstendorff, Vice President; J,
M. C. Marble, Treasurer, and J. W. Hunt, Secretary. To the sagaci-
ty and energy, primarily, of Messrs. Marble and Hunt, the Delphos
people are indebted for the founding of this valuable enterprise; and
they would not have been successful, had not Mr. Orstendorf, actin?
in conjunction with them, succeeded on a trip to Indiana, in secur-
ing the aid of a practical man, in the person of Mr. G. W. Hall,
now President of the Company, then in business at New Haven,
Allen county, Indiana. Mr. Hall, through the persuasion of Mr,
Orstendorf, withdrew from his business and partnership at New |
Haven, and, in the spring of 18G9, concentrated his useful energiea |
and skill in the work of building up the great enterprise at the "
of which he now stands.

The Ohio Wheel Company, whose headquarters have hitherto been I
at Toledo, ascertained that their interests would be promoted by a |
removal of their whole manufacturing facilitves to Delphos, and i
increase of their capital stock to $200,000, i-he principal part o'j
which has been subscribed and is owned by Delphos citizens. Thfif
commence with the employment of 150 hands, and it is estimatail
that their annual sales will reach, after fully in operation, half amjlj
lion of dollars. Their shipments are made to points on both
Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The officers of the Company are, Presij
dent, Henry Flickinger ; Secretary and Treasurer, W. P. Garrett;/
Superintendent, Edward Flickinger, and Assistant Superintendent
M. A. Ferguson. There are few manufacturing establishments, evei,
in Toledo, which excel the Ohio Wheel Company in the extent ol

Auglaize County — WapauJconnetta. 465

1 Foundry and

sash, door and
iment; a large
tvntiery— among
n factories ; two

four milUneiy
;s and shoes,
ipital of $35,000.
•ing executed in

' the ahove nam-

re'nty-five hands,
ar barrel staves,
je of its raw ma-
ich as water elm.
farmers as worse
the fact that no
A staves, than this
Company, employ-
le most important
ers of the Compa-
rice President ; J.
vry To the sagaci-
Hunt, the Delpbos
ble enterprise ; and
'Or8tendorf,actm?
Indiana, in secur-
»f Mr. G. W. Hall,
,s at New Haven,
persuasion ot Mr.
lartnership at Hw
his useful energiei
|terpriseatthehead

5 have hitherto kei I
I be promoted by a
toDelphos,andaii|
principal parU
Lhos citizens, inj
Ld it is estimaW
rperation,halfaini

Goints on both tb
ICompanyare,irwi
Ver, ^V. i*. Garre I
Lt Superintendei I
re8tablishment8,e«l
iy in the extent o|

its business, and tliere are none of greater importance to Delphos.
A contract for a brick building, four stories in height, 125x60 feet,
has been let, and the structure nearly completed. The primary
cause which resulted in the transfer of this important manufactory
from Toledo to Delphos, existed in the fact that Messrs. Ferguson &
Risk, who had been large lumber and carriage timber dealers, with
headquarters at St. Mary's, in August, 1870, received such substan-

tial encouragement from John M. C. Marble, T.

Wrocklage

& Co.,

and Phelan & Chambers, as induced them to remove to Delphos,
and engage in the rough dressing of wagon and carriage stock.
This Company was organized by the parties above-mentioned, and
engaged in business on a capital of $15,000. The Ohio Wheel Com-
pany at Toledo, desirous of securing the exclusive advantages of the
tacilities controlled by the Delphos Company, opened negotiations
which resulted in the transfer of their business location as above
stated.

Aside from the manufacturing establishments enumerated, the
town contains a National Bank, under the directory of P. Phelan,
K. Rnel, L. G. Ralbuck, F. J. Lye, jr., Joseph Boehmer, T. Wrocklage,
and J. M. C. Marble ; President, J. M. C. Marble; Cashier, Joseph
Boehmer, and Teller, 0. Yettinger. There is also a Savings Bank,
under the management of a Board of Trustees, embracing the
names of several of the most substantial men of Allen, Van Wert,
and Putnam counties, — the following gentlemen constituting the
Board : P. Phelan, Dr. Moses Lee, F. J. Lye, Jr., T. Wrocklage, R.
Reul, P. Walsh, Joseph Boehmer, F. H. Stallkamp, and John M.
C, Marble.

The town also contains seven dry goods, and ten family grocery
and provision stores ; three tine hotels ; six establishments manu-
facturing boots and shoes, and in the aggregate employing a large
force; two hardware stores; three clothing stores, manntacturing
goods; three drug stores, (including in their stocks, books, station-
ery and notions); two saddle and harness manufactories ; five milli-
nery establishments; one large flouring mill; two breweries; two
woollen factories; five blacksmith shops; one hoop skirt factory; one
tannery, the largest in Nortwestern Ohio ; the Delphos foundry and
machine shops, employing a capital of $20,000, — President, A. B.
Risk; Secretary, J. W. Hunt; Treasurer, H. J. Moening; one dis-
tillery, and one wood moss factory.

AUGLAIZE COUNTY.

Occupying close historical relations with the territory hitherto des-
iCiihcd, is the County of Auglaize, organized in the spring of 1848.

Wapaukonnetta was the residence of the noted Shawanee Cliie'",
[Captain James Logan. This chief was a nephew of Tocumseh,

>(>

4(36 Augtahe County-* -^Peath of Captam Logan>

sister of the latter being Logan's mother. When the troops of Win
cliestor occupied Defiance, Logan, on the 2ricl of November, 18U',
accompanied by Captain John and Bright-Horn, started a stcoiul
time in the direction of the Kapids, resolved to bring in a prisoner
or a scalp. Having proceeded down the north side of the Maumee,
about ten miles, they met with a British olhcer, the eldest son of
Colonel Elliott, and five Indians, among the latter an Ottivwa Chief,
and Winnemac, a Pottowatomie Chief. After a fruitless eifort to
impress upon the minds of Elliott and party that they were friend.s,
on their way to communicate to the British important information,
Logan gave them battle, the conflict opening by Logan's shooting
down Winnemac. At the same lire, Elliott fell ; by the second, the
young Ottawa chief lost his life; and another of the enemy was
mortally wounded about the conclusion of the combat; at which
time Logan himself, as he was stooping down, received a ball just
below the breast-bone; it ranged downwards, and lodged under the
skin on his back. In the meantime, Bright-Horn was also woiuuled,
by a ball which passed through his thigh. As soon as Logan was
siiot, he ordered a retreat; himself and Bright-Horn, wounded as
they were, jumped on the horses of the enemy and rode to Winches-
ter's camp, a distance of twenty miles, in five hours. Captain John,
after taking the scalp of the Ottawa Chief, also retreated in suiety,
and arrived at camp next morning.

Logan's wound proved mortal. He lived two days in agony, which
he bore with uncommon fortitude, and died with the utmost compo-
sure and resignation. "More lirmness and consummate bravery
has seldom appeared on the military theatre,'' said AVinchester, in
his letter to the commanding General. *' He was buried with all the
honors due to his rank, and with sorrow as sincerely and generally
displayed as I ever witnessed," said Major Hardin, in a letter to Gov-
ernor Shelby. His physiognomy was formed on the best model, and
exhibited the strongest marks of courage, intelligence, good humor,
and sincerity.

On his death-bed, Logan requested his friend. Major Hardin, son
of the Colonel, to see that the money due for his services was faith'
fully paid to his family. He also recjuisted that his family be imme-
diately removed to Kentucky, and his children educated and brouglit
up in the manner of the white people. He observed that he hail
killed a great chief; that the hostile Indians knew where his familjl
lived, and that when he was gone, a few brave fellows might creepj
up and destroy them.

Major Hardin, having promised to do everything in his power toj
have the wishes of his friend fulfilled, immediately obtained perniiif
sion from the General to proceed, with Logan's little corps of Indil
ans, to the village of Wapaukonnetta, where his family resided,-!
When they came near the village, the scalp of the Ottawa chief w;i||
tied to a pole, to be carried in triumph to the Council-house; \
Captain John, when they came in sight of the town, ordered tkj

troops of "Win
)venibev, 1812,
irted a stcoud

in a prisoner
f the Muumoe,
3 eldest son of
1 Ott<iwa Chief,
uitless elTortto
^ey were fi'ientl!=,
nt information,
agan's sliooting

the second, tk

the enemy was
mbat ; at wliicli
ivecl a hall just
adged muler ih
,'a3 also woniuled.
,n as Logan was
[orn, woumled us

rode to Winclies-
i-s. Captain John,
itreated in siiletv,

;s in agony, which
.he utmost compo-
summate bravery
liid Winchester.iu
airied with all tk
ely and genenillv
, in a letter to Gov-
Iho best model, ami
■nee, good humor,

Llajor Hardin, son I
Services was iai"'-
tis family be imiM-
Icated and hrougli
V-ved that he Iw'M
^ where his fumii;
plows might crcri'

icrin his power K' I

^obtained perw'=-

[ttle corps onf

family resiaetl.-

|e Ottawa chiet«l

Jouncil-house;-*

town, ordered ^

Auglaize Co,--- Col Johnson at Wajpmihmielia, 467

'ir ^ —■^■•ft ->.,^.■^.

rrnns of tlic party to be fired in quick succession, on account of the
death of Logan. A council of the chiefs was presently held, in
which, after consulting two or three days, they decided against send-
ing the family of their departed hero to Kentncky. They appeared,
however, to be fully sensible of tlie loss they had sustained, and
were sincerely grieved for his death.

Early in June, 1813, the mounted regiment of Colonel Richard
M. Johnson, having reached L'ort Meigs, that oflicer proceeded alone
up the Auglaize to the Indian village of Wapaukonnetta, to procure
some Shawanee Indians to act as guides and spies ; and after a few
days returned with thirteen Indians, among whom was the half-
breed, Anthony Shane, whose father was a Frenchman, and in whom
the largest confidence was placed by those who knew him in the
Northwestern army. Shane had been an active opponent of Wayne,
in 1794, but after the treaty of Greenville, had been a most faithlul
friend to the United States.

Colonel Johnson says that the place was " named after an Indian
Chief long since dead, but who survived years after my intercourse
commenced with the Shawanees. The chief was somewhat clnb-
foofed, and the word has reference, I think, to that circumstance,
although its full import I never could discover. For many years
prior to 18;i9, 1 had my headquarters at AVapaukonnetta. The busi-
ness of the agency of the Shawanese, Wyandotts, Senecas, and Del-
iiwiires, Avas transacted there."

In August, 1831, treaties were negotiated with the Senecas of
Lewiston, and the Shawanese of Wapaukonnetta, by James Gard-
ner and Colonel John Mcllvaine, Commissioners on the part of the
United States by the terms of which the Indians consented to give
np their lands, and remove west of the Mississippi. The Shawanese
bad at that time about 66,000 acres in what was then Allen County,
and, in conjunction with the Senecas, about 40.300 acres at Lewis-
ton. The Indians were removed to the Indian Territory, on Kansas
river, in September, 1832, D. M. Workman and David Robb being
tbe agents for their removal. The celebrated chief and warrior,
Black Hoof, died at Wapaukonnetta, shortly previous to the removal
of the tribe, at the age of 110 years.

Among the early and most respected citizens of Wapaukonnetta,
was llobert J. Skinner, who established the lirst Democratic paper
published in Dayton, — the first number of which was issued in De-
cember, 1816. This paper was continued by him until 1830, in
[which year he removed to Piqua, and established in that town the
I tirst democratic press. In 1832, having received the appointment from
ilVesident Jackson of Receiver of the United States Land Office, at
Wapaukonnetta, he removed to thai town, and continued a resident
[of the place until June, 1849 when, being on a visit, with part of his
t'iimily, at the house of a married daughter in Dayton, himself, wife,

iC)^ Auglaize County — JEarly Settlers and History.

tliiughter and son, composinjr all tlie visitors, were attuckod witli tlu'
cholera which prevailed in that city at tho time, and, during one
week, tlu^ four died of the disease. Mr. Skinner was a man of posi-
tive character, of great enterprise, and a most useful citizen. Ik'
represented Montgouiory county in tho General Assembly, at tlie
session of 1828-29, and tho largo territory, of which Allen county
then formed a part, in the session of 18IJ8-JJ9.

Among those at Wapaukonnetta who were residents ahout tlic
time Mr. Skinner became a citizen of the place, were Colonel Thos.
13. Van Home, Register of the United States Land Office, Peter
Ilammel (a French Indian trader), Captain John Elliott (who was
an officer at Hull's surrender, and who had been, during several
years. Government blacksmith at Wapaukonnetta), Jeremiah Ayrts
(who opened the first hotel in the town), Cummings &, Mathers, and
Samuel Case (the last three named being merchants), Henry JJ,
Thorn (who also kept a tavern), and James Elliott. These, except
a few itinerant traders, formed the population of tho town, directly
after the removal of the Indians, in 18.'{2-83.

A son of Judge Michael Dumbrott", bom in IBo"), cliristencil
Charles, is said to have been the first white child born in Wapaii
konnetta.

Hon. George W. Andrews says :

"Settlements were first made by white people within tho limit! I
now occupied by Auglaize county, in A. D. 1828, in St. Marvel
township. The Shawanee tribe of Indians Avere then the occupants.!
in their way, and claimants of the country. Soon after followed a j
few settlements, by the Quakers establishing a mission among
Indians at Wapaukonnetta, in Duchoucpiet township ; and then il
white settler here and there on the streams, throughout the territo-j
ry now composing the county, came in, and slowly clearing awavl
the forest, they opened small tracts of land, which they cultivateil|
undisturbed by the red men."

On the 8th of September, 1812, the army reached St. Mary's,
its march to relieve the besieged garrison at Fort Wayne. Then!
were at that time some block houses at St. Mary's, built for the s«
curity of provisions, and protection of the sick. The point had prtl
viously been known as Girty's town, named after the notorious >^
mon Girty.

About the time that Tupper's expedition to the Maumce KaM
was in execution, near the close of the year 1812, General Harris':j
(ante p. 148,) determined to send an expedition of horsemen again'
the Miamies, assembled in tho towns on the Mississiniwa river,]
branch of the Wabash. The command was entrusted to Lieutenai
Colonel Campbell. A deputatioa of chiefs from those Indians iii|
General Harrison* at St. Mary's, early in October, and suedf
peace. They agreed to abide by the decision of tho President, asj

Jlistorij.

ttackocl with ih:
and, durinjj; ouf
18 a man of posi-
jt'ul citizen, lU'
Assembly, at tlie
ch Allen county

lidents about tlie
M-e Colonel Thos,
iand Office, Peter
Elliott (wlio was
en, dnring several
, Jeremiah Aym
icrs & Mathers, ami
ihants), Henry \l
M. These, exceiil
the town, directly

n 1835, christened 1
,d born in Wapan- 1

c within the linnU
b28,in St. Marys
ithentheoccupanal
,on after IblloAveda
mission among ttel
vnship; and thcnJi
3U2hout the terntol
,wly clearing awa;|
ich they cultivateJ|

iched St. MaryX
ort Wayne. Thei

AnglaUe County — Eadij Ilistonj.

4(')9

in iho meantime to send in five cliiefs to bo hold as hostages. Tho
I'rcsident replied to tho communication of tho General on this sub-
ject, that, as tho disposition of tho several tribes would bo known
best hy himself, he must treat them as their conduct and tho publio
interest might, in his judgment, recjuire. Tho hostages were never
sent in, and Inrthor information of their intended hostility was ob-
tained.

At tho time of their jieace mission, they were alarmed by the sue-
ccKsriil movements which liad been made against other tribes, from
Fort Wayne, and by tho formidable expedition which was penetrat-
ing their country under General Hopkins, liut the failure of that
expedition was soon afterwards known to them, and they deter-
mined to continue hostile. To avert tho evils of their hostility was
the ohject of their expedition against Mississinewa. Said Harrison :

"Tho situation of this town, as regards one line of operations,
even if tho hostility of tho inhabitants was less equivocal, would
render a measure of this kind higlily proper ; but, from tho circum-
stance of General Hopkins' failure, it becomes indispensable. Ko-
lieved from the fears excited by tho invasion of their country, tho
Indians, from the upper part of tho Illinois river, and to the south
ot Lake Michigan, will direct all their efforts against Fort Wayne,
and the convoys which are to follow the loft wing of tho army. —
.Mississinewa will be their rendezvous, where they will receive pro-
visions and every assistance they may require for any hostile enter-
priso. From that place they can, by their runners, ascertain the
period at which every convoy may set out from St. Mary's, and with
certainty intercept it on its way to the Maumee rapids. But that
place heing broken np, and the provisions destroyed, there will be
nothing to subsist any body of Indians, nearer than the Potawati-
mie towns on the waters ot tho St. Joseph's of the Lake."

This detachment numbered about 600 mounted men, armed with
rities. They left Franklinton on the 25th of November, 181^, by
way of Dayton and Greenville, and reached tho Indian towns on
the Mississinewa, towards tho middle of December, suttering much
i'roin cold. In a rapid march upon the first village, eight warriors
[ were Icilled, and forty-two taken prisoners, consisting of men, wo-
men, and children. About a half hour before day,the morning follow-
ing this charge,the detachment was attacked by the Indians, and after
a sharp hut sliort encounter, with a loss of eight killed and forty-
[eiglit wounded, several of whom afterwards died, the enemy, des-
pairing of success, fled precipitately, with a heavy loss.

. Hon. Ct. W. Andrews, from whose essay on the agriculture of
jAnglaize county, quotation has already been made, says of the St.
|3Iary'8 and Auglaize rivers :

"The St. Mary's river, years agone, like the Auglaize, was thought
lo be a large aud permanent stream of water, upon which boats of

470

Auglaize County — Early Settlers.

considorablo capacity for lading would ascend for trading piirposcg,
but that was many years ago. Now, like the Auglaize, it has \wx-
manently but a small volume of water. It rises in the soutliern
parts of St. Mar 's and Washington townships, runs northwanlly
through St. Mary's, bending westward through Noble, nortliwc.st.
ward through Salem, and continues nearly in the same direction
until it reaches the Maumee at Fort Wayne."

Among the early settlers in the neighborhood of St. Mary's, was
W. H. If. Langly ; whose father, IJennett W. Langly, was a soldier
in the war of 1812, and previous to that time had performed fivo
years' service in the regular army. He was a soldier under WIuhI-
ler, and aided in the erection of Fort Dearborn, at Chicago.

Isaac Nichols came to St. Mary's in 1828. His son, Dr. Nichols,
is now a resident of Wapaukonnetta.

The following were also among the early settlers:

Henry Reickard, Christian Benner, Jolin Pickrell, Amos Comp-
ton, Joshua Warfield (sheriff), James W Kiley (Clerk Court Com-
mon Pleas), Stacey Taylor (former Associate Judge and member of
the General Assembly), William Armstrong (county Auditor), Dr.
Huxford, Dr. Murdock, John Elliott (Captain in the war of 1«12),
John Armstrong (Associate Judge, settled here in 1H17), H. M.
Helm, Samuel McKee, Gideon Mott, J. D. Blew, Dr. A. V. Med-
bery, Sabirt Scott (formerly a member of the Ohio Senate, and also
a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1850-.')l), Franklin
Linzee (Clerk of Court), Rev. Asa Stearns (whoso widow, Sophia
Stearns, at the ago of 91 years, is now living at St. Mary's, with Ler
son, Dr. R. W. Stearns), A. K. Stearns, Henry Updyke, Henry
Smith, who removed to Bremen in 1H20, and from thence to St,
Mary's township in about 1833, Cuthbert Vincent, Reeve Chapman,
Morgan Cleaveland, J. Hollingsworth, Wm. IloUingsworth, Eleanor
Armstrong, Wm. Lattimer, Kobert Bigger, David Woodruff, CIkih.
Watkins, il. R. Barrington, John Baker, Picket Doty, John HaAV-
thorn, K. J. Crozier, Joseph Catterlin, C. P. Dunbaugh, Caleb Ma-
jor (Justice of the Peace and County Commissioner), Elam Frost,
Robert Elliott, AVilliam Elliott, Samuel Scott, Isaac Helm, John ^).
Houston (County Surveyor), Samuel Johnson, Thomas Longwith,
Elias McAllister (the first hatter in St. Mary's), Charles Murray
(the first white Indian trader who settled upon the banks of the St.
Mary's, and at whose house, in 1817, the treaties were made willi
the sachems and chiefs of the Indian nations), Barney Murray, L.
D. McMahon, James Vincent, Malachi Vincent, Thomas S. Sturgeon,
James Gibson, and Andrew Collins.

S. R. Mott, who was a resident of St. Mary's in 1833, was admit-
ted to the bar in March, 1811. At that time, E. M. Phelps, William
M. Crane, and Oliver C, Rood, were the resident lawyers in practice.

William Sawyer, when 1.5 years of age, commenced, in Dayton,
work as a blacksmith's apprentice. This was in 1*810. After tk
close of his apprenticeship, he worked as a journeyman at Dayton,

Auglake County — St, Mar if 8 in 1872. 471

,1, Amos Comp-
rk Court Corn-
ami member of
ty Auditor), Dr,
le war of iHl'i),

Dr. A. V. Med-
, Senate, and also
50-51), Franklin
widow, Sophia
Mary's, with bur
Updyke, Henry
)m thence to St.
Keeve Chapman,
jrsworth, Eleanor
Woodrutt", Clia».
)oty, John Haw-
•nudi, Caleh Ma-
umO, Elam Frost,
ic Helm, John S.
aomas Longwith.
, Charles Murray
; banks of the bt.
-were made wl'i
arney Murray, !'•
lomasS. Sturgeon,

1833, was aclmit-
I Phelps, WiUiam
awycrs in practice
,nced,in Dayton,

WIG. After tlie
jyman at Dayton,]

an<l at tho Indian Agency, near Grand Rapids, Michigan, and in
ls;i{), removed to Miamishurg, I\lontgomcry county, and establJHhed
himself in business. During his residence in Montgomery county,
ho served five terms in tho House of Kopresentatives of tho Ohio
General Assembly — commencing in 1830 — tlio In^it year of which
(session of 18;{5-;{0,) he was chosen Speaker. In 183H, and again in
18K>, lie was a candidate for Congress, against Patrick 0. Goodo,
and defeated in both trials. In 1K13, lie removed to St. Mary's, and
in the year following, 1844. was elected to Congress, and re-elected
in 1H4(5,— his Congressional service running through tho term of Mr,
Polk's administration, and closing March 3, 1849. In 1850, he was
a member of tho Constitutional Convention. In October, 185.'), ho
was elected a member of tho House of Representatives, of tho Gen-
eral Assembly, from Auglaize county.

During tho year 1 S.').'>, ho was appointed by President Pierce Re-
ceiver of the Land Ofiico for the Otter Tail District, Minnesota, re-
appointed by President Buchanan, and removed by President Lin-
coln within twenty days after his inauguration, for political reasons,
alone.

In ISGO, ho was appointed by Gov. Hayes one of the Tl*uBtees of
the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, and during the last
six years has been acting Mayor and Justice of tho Peace at St.
Mary's.

The old block house at St. Mary's was demolished in 1833-34 by
a person who used tho material for fuel, exciting greatly tho indig-
nation of the inhabitants. Tho limbs of a large burr oak tree, stand-
ing ahout 180 yards distant from tho fort, and bearing heavy foliage,
was used by the Indians as a covert, from which they fired upon the
soldiers in the fort. After the discovery of tho uses being made of
it, the tree was trimmed of its limbs. It, however, survived many
years; but, finally, within the last two 'years, yielded to the pres-
sure of a storm, and fell to tho ground.

The St. Mary's of 1872 is a very flourishing town, having better
I business prospects than have been offered in any former period of
its history. Before these pages will have been issued from the press,
in addition to the transportation and manufacturing facilities afford-
ed by the canal and reservoir, it will be in convenient communica-
tion with some of tho leading railway lines of the country, through
jthe opening of the Louisville and Lake Erie road. The town is sit-
luated upon elevated ground, being 398 feet above the level of Lake
jiirie. Among its superior advantages is its water power, afforded
|l>y the Mercer County Reservoir. A large canal basin occupies a
ll'lace near the centre of the town.

In manufactures, St. Mary's has three grist mills; one woollen
Bactory; one flax mill; two planing mills; three saw mills; one
poundry; one distillery ; one hub and spoke factory; one carriag

472 Auglaize Co. — St. Mary^s in 1872— Mrst Court.

do; two cigar do; two brick yards; one tile factory; one lime
kiln; two tanneries ; one linseed oil mill; two furniture factories;
one i)hotograph gallery ; two bakeries; two sfove and tin shops;
two merchant tailor establishments ; three millinery do; four boot
and sboe shops ; two meat mai'kets, and two wagon shops. Also,
two hotels ; two pork packing houses ; two warehouses ; two livery
stables, and one nursery.

In stores, there are four dry goods ; seven grocery and provision ;
two drug ; one liquor ; one watch and jewelry ; two hardware ; oae
hat, cap and shoe, and one fish and wild game depot.

The churcncs are, Catholic, Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, and
German Lutheran. St. Mary's has also a first-class Uni(«n School,
having English, German, and classical departments.

Hon. Ph. V. Herzing, member of the Board of Public Works,
furnishes the following table ot some of the principal articles ship-
ped irom St. Mary's during the season of canal navigation of the
year 1871 :

Lumber and timber— feet 1,649,0(;6

Ilooppoles, staves, hubs, and spokes— pieces 1 ,908,51H

Grain and flour — pounds 19,063,582

Seeds, " 1,064,020

Linseed oil, " lor),431

Porlc and Lard, " 329,2^5

Railroad ties — pieces eoAls

Firewood —cords 4,207

Oil cake — pounds 1 ,061,591

Sundries, " 1,183,91(1

Tlie above exports do not include tlie large amount of articles sliippcJ
via the Dayton and 3Iicbigan railroad, during the close of canal naviga-
tion in the winter.

The first term of the Court of Common Pleas, in Auglaize
County, was held in May, 1848; Patrick G. Goode, President
Judge, and George W. Ilolbrook, David Simpson and John Mc
Lean, associates.

The first term of the Supreme Court was held in June, 1850, by
Judges Edward Avery, and Rufus P. Spalding.

At the election lield October JO, 1848, the following county offi-
cers were elected :

Auditor, Marmaduke Smith ; Treasurer, John J. Rickley ; Sheriff,
John Elliott ; Commissioners, S. M. Dreese, Shadrack Montgome-
ry, and Hugh T. Rinehart; Recorder, Simon Dresher; Prosecuting
Attorney, George W. Andrews ; Coroner, Amos S. Bennett; l^ur-
veyor, Dominicus Fleitz.

Mr. Andrews, in his essay from which quotations have already
been made, thus refers to Wapaukonnetta, the county seat :

"The first immigrant found an Indian village on the site wlierc

Auglaize County — Wajyanlaonnetta.

473

the town now standa. The council house of the Shawanese stood
about the centre of the present town — was a block building about
25 by o5 feet, and about eight feet story. It remained standing, in
pretty good preservation, until 1859, when a purchaser of the lot on
which it stood, thinking a valuable brick building would contribute
more to the interests of a community of white men, and es'pecially
to the interests of his own pocket, than the reminder of delibera-
tions of savages, tore it down. The writer of this essay, in the year
1856, tore down an Indian hut, which was standing on a lot of his,
that was tlie honored residence of a chief The building was con-
structed of round logs, not exceeding six inches in diameter, was
about ten feet by fourteen, and seven feet high. These were the last
remains of the Indian village, which derived its name from a chiof
of high standing — Waughpaughkonnetta. The word has been be-
refl of its surplus letters, retained as the name of the town, and
built on the identical site of the old Indian one, which is our county
seat, as above stated."

The original proprietors of Wapaukonnetta were Robert J. Skin-
ner, Thomas B. Van Home, Joseph Barnett, Jonathan K. Wilds,
and Peter Aughenb-iugh. The town was platted in 1833, and at the
first public sale eighty-four lots were purchased, ranging from S20
to S140 — the one bringing the latter figures being lot No. 36, corner
public square and Willipie street, and purchased by E. C. Case.
Peter Ilummel paid $120 for lot 13, Auglaize street, upon which
then stood the Indian trading post. The old Indian council house
occupied lot No. 3, Auglaize street, now used by Samuel Bitler and
J. H. Doering, for a hardware store and residence.

The town contains a public and a private school, — the latter under
ihe management of the Catholic Church ; — one Presbyterian, one
Catholic, one Methodist, and two German and one English Luthe-
riin Church — all the buildings being of brick, and attended regular-
ly by large congregations.

The newspapers of Wapaukonnetta are, the Auglaize County
Dmocrat, H. P. Kelly, editor and publisher ; and the Waupaukon-
nctta Counint, E. B. Walkup, editor and publisher.

In manufactures, it has a woollen mill, machine shop, spoke and
hub factory, a cooper establishment, employing an annual capital of
^100,000, and two large flouring mills — all these establishments be-
ing operated by steam ; two private banks ; two carriage factories,
iind three wagon shops ; three hotels, all good (the Burnett
House, by F. H. Kenthan, ranking among the best between Cincin-
nati and Toledo) ; six houses dealing in general merchandise, and
Iwo in hardware, two in boots and shoes, live in groceries and pro-
visions, two in clothing, and three in drugs and medicines, and four
millinery establishments. To these may be added four blacksmith
shops, eight shoe do ; one pump, two cigar, one half bushel, one
candy, and one tress hoop manufactory, and three livery stables.

474 Auglaize County — Taxahle J^asis, loivns, Etc.

The taxable basis of Auglaize county, in 1871, was as follows:

Vivluc of lands !$4,170,270

ViiliK! of town property 1,040,519 $5,310,705

Value of chftttel property 1,030,093

Miilfing a total of $6,852,888

In the town of St. Mary's, in 18'24, the total valuation of real and
personal estate, for taxation purposes, amounted to $76.70, and
in 1871, to $780,415.00. In Wapaukonnetta, the total valuation in
1871, amounted to $708,100.00.

Regarding other towns in Auglaize county, Mr. Andrews thus
refers to them :

"iVe?w Bremen — Is on the canal, contains 1,200 inhabitants, and
])ossc88es a good deal of wealth. This town, also, has good water
power, and has two flouring mills, a large and fine woollen factory,
an oil mill, and other minor estalalishraents — the machinery of all
of which is propelled by water. The town is very thriving, and the
people are enterprising. They are all Germans, and the village is
located in German township. It bids fair to be a large place.

" Minster — Is situated three miles south of New Bremen, on the
canal, in Jackson township, containing 1,000 inhabitants, all Ger-
mans ; is a neat, growing town, has a large flouring mill, woollen
manufactory, and two mills for cutting lumber — all propelled by
steam. There is, also, in the town, one of the largest and best ap-
pointed lager beer breweries in the State.

" New KmxviUe — This town is in Washington township, contains
about two hundred inhabitants, and is a growing place.

" Criderville is six miles north of Wapaukonnetta, on the D. and
M. railro.ad, in Duchouqtiet township, contains 250 inhabitants, and
is rapidly improving.

" St, Johns is on the Wapaukonnetta and Belle Centre turnpike,
six miles east of Wapaukonnetta, is one of the oldest toAvns in the
county, contain;) a larger number of inhabitants than Criderville, and
is quite a business place.

" Waynesfield, situated in Wayne township, is a growing town,
has a large steam flouring mill, and a mill for cutting lumber, con-
tains about 250 inhabitants, who are exhibiting a spirit of rntcqirise
unusual in towns of this size.

" New JInmpshire is in Goshen township, and is, as well as
Waynesfield, in tlu^ eastern portion of the county. This town con-
tains a flouring mill propelled by steam.

" Uninnopolis is in Union township, situated in a rich neighbor-
hood, but does not give evidence of much future growth.

" Kossuth is in Salem township, on the canal, and docs a good
trading business. It will not probably become a very largo town.'

iS, FJc.

Cvaivford Countii — Early Ilhtory.

475

as follows :

270

510 $5,210,790

1,036,093

ion of real and
to $76.70, and
\l valuation in

Andrews thus

inhabitants, and
as good water
roollen factory,
lachinery of all
hriving, and the
id the village is
rge place.
Bremen, on the
ibitants, all Ger-
ig mill, woollen
ill propelled by
rest and best ap-

)wnship, contains
ace.

La, on the D. and
inhabitants, and

Centre turnpike,
est towns in the
Criderville, und

a growing town,
ing lumber, con-
lint of rntcriirise

id is, as well a»
This town con-

a rich neighhor-
rowth.

nd does a good
very largo town. '

Tlic first fedenil census of the county was taken in 18r)0, and then
t'xhihitcdapopulfitionof 11,:};58; in 1800, of 17,187; and in 1870,
of 20,041. Tile free colored ]iopulaMon hud legularly diminished —
the returns of 1850 showing 87 ; 1800 reduced to Oi, and 1870 re-

duced to 01.

Tlio following is a table of the several census returns since the organization
of Auglaize County :

TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS.

Cliiy

Diidionquet

Criderville

Wapiuilvonnetta

Gorman (A)

New Bremen

Over Bremen

Ooslicn

Jackson (i)

Minster

Loi^un

Mdulton

Noble

I'uchetii

Sak'tn

KossuUi

St. Miiry'p

8t. Miiry'.-^

riiiou

^\'asllill^rt()ll

Wnyiie.^

(6) In 1859, Jackson from German

1870

109,1
395!)

107
2150
i:5i)

528

4'3;5

524

1502

8(i8

S)00

12.52

1159

1200

877

112

2420

i:!70

14()3

840

toil

1800

1091
2502

"900

1721

379

2110

407

1554

752

700

794

82G

12S0

G77

23 W

11.54

]4;{0

9S()

877

1850

840
1408

"504

2242

814

3:i«

"428
335
450
31)9

1008

470

1507
873

1008
0>i8
071

CRAWFORD COU.NTY

Was formed from old Indian territory, April 1, 1820. The cMin-
ty derives its name from Colonel William Crawford, whose luil'or-
tiiiiate exjiedition and fate have heen related in preceding pages.

The following extracts are from the recollections of John Moder-
wc'll, pnhlislied in the Bucyrns Journal, in 1808 :

"The difficulties and trials of the early settlers of Crawford coun-
!y, although not so great as those encountered by the earlier settlers
wi'st of the AlK'glienies, were yet such as would be considered l)y
'lieir descendants of the jn-esent day as almost insurmountable.
Nearly all the land, within the present limits of the county, was
H'>ver(d by a forest of heavy timber, which almost entirely prevent-
d the sun's rays from reacliing the ground. This, in cunncctiou

476

Crawford County — Early Ilktory.

with the formation of the country, and the nature of t])c soil, lu'c-
c'starily made very muddy roads, even with the httle travel then juiss-
ing over them. And mud, and the fever and ague, produced by
about the same causes, wore great drawbacks to the rapid improvu-
nient of the country. The distance from mills, and from settle-
ments, were also among the serious difficulties they had to contend
with. For several years, nearly all the flour used had to be brought
from the mills on Mohican creek, and its tributaries, in Eichland
county, thirty and forty miles distant. The practice then was, to
make a trip to the vicinity of one of these mills — purchase a small
quantity of wheat from some of the settlers there — place it upon
your ox wagon, or pack it on your horse, or upon your own back,
and, after being ground, return the flour in the same way — the vo]j-
age consuming a week to ten days.

'• Most of the pioneers were men of omall means. Their stock of
cash being generally exhausted upon paying the government pricu
for eighty, or, at most, one hundred and sixty acres of land, many
became discouraged at the hardships they had to encounter, and iv-
turned to their old homes. Multitudes of others would have done
so, ""ould they have raised the means. This, however, did not lust
long; most of them becoming entirely satisfied after a. few years'
residence — the improvement of the counti'y each year making it more
tolerable to live in, and giving increasing promise of its future pros-
per ity.

" The total change in the appearance of things, to one "who can
look back forty-live years, seems almost miraculous; and could one
of the residents here in IS'i.'i, after an absence of nearly half a cen-
tury, now return, he would find it difficult to recognize a single fa-
miliar landmark, or half a dozen familiar faces ; and one who has
faithfully put in a whole day on horseback, from here to JManstieid,
and now finds himself set down there by the cars in one hour, some-
times finds it difficult to realize that he is not in the situation of
the fellow who had either found a cart or lost a yoke of oxen ; and
one who has not a correct record of his age is inclined to think lie
has been hero a century instead of less than half a one.

"The first arrival of white settlers occurred in 181!). Of these, j
in addition to those who settled in the imnudiate vicinity of liucy- |
rus, we remember Resolved White, a descendant of the child horn in
the Mayflower ; Rudoli)h Morse, and David Cummins, in the pres-
ent limits of Auburn township; Jacob Snyder, near Leesville; Da-
vid Anderson, and Andrew Dixon and sons, in A'"ernon townsliip;
John Brown and his son Michael Brown, on the farm owned by tin
late Mr. Beltz, of Polk township; David lieid, and two men nanieil
Fletcher, a little south of that point In Sandusky township, tliea
were Westell Ridgely and J. 8. Griswell, near where the liucyrn;
and Leesville road crosses the Sandusky river. A little south wiij
I'eter Bebout; Samuel Kniseley, at Kniseley's springs, and his bro-
ther Josepli, and Julin B. French, just north of liiin. Near the

Crctwjovil County— JEarly History.

yr^

477

to one who can
and could oiio
loarly half a con-
rnize a single l:i-
'ud one wbo wd
lere to JManstiela,
n one hour, sonie-
the situation o
)ke of oxen ; uml
incd to think he
X one.
1810. Of tlicse,
vicinity of l^"cy-
f the chiUl Iw" '"
mins, in the pres-
.ar Leesville ; I'a-
-^ernon township;
arm owned by II"'
two men naiiiw
Y township, theiv

u'l-e the BucYVi'i

little south was

,n-s, and his bro-

»fluin. Near the

Bear Marsh, Isaac Matthews, William Ilandley, Nelson Tustason,
two families of Mclntyres, and John Davis.

'' Samuel Norton, the founder of Bucyrus, squatted on the quarter
section of land u^ion which the town was afterwards laid out, in the
same year, and erected his first cabin on the river bank, a short dis-
tance above the present railroad bridge. In this cabin was born his
daughter Sophronia, who was the first white child born on the town
plat, or probably within the present limits of the county. At this
time his only neighbors were David Beadle, and his sons Mishel and
David, Daniel McMichael, and Joseph Young. Of these, Daniel
McMichael settled on a quarter section two miles east of the river,
part of which is now owned by Joseph Albright, and afterwards
bought the eighty acres immediately north of town, on the pike; and
also the tract upon which John Heinlin's additions have been laid
out. Young settled on the farm now owned by John A. Gormly,
near Esquire Stewart's; Mishel Beadle en the farm now owned by
L. Converse and David Beadle, just southwest of town, at the Lud-
\\\g orehard, and John Ensley where widow Minich now lives.

"The lands in the county, except the "Wyandott Indian reserva-
tion, were brought into market, and offered for sale at Delaware,
Uliio, in the following yeai*.

"Bucyrus was laid out in 1833, by Samuel Norton, proprietor of
the laud, and Colonel James Kilbourne, late of AVorthington, Ohio,
well known at that time as a pioneer and surveyor. The lots were
soon after offered at public sale, and brought from ."() to 4.5 dollars
each. Norton was the first settler on the site of the town, and
moved in from Pennsylvania in 1819, and wintered in a small cabin
of poles, which stood on the banks of the Sandusky. The lots trans-
ferred at this sale were all on Sandusky Avenue and Walnut street,
and but few south of the ]niblic square. At this date, in addition
to Norton, there were living, in the new town, Lewis and Abel
Carey, Lewis Stejihenson, Kobert Moore, J. S. George, George P.
Sehultz, Samuel Roth, Harris Garton, Harry Smith, llussel Peels, E.
15. and Charles Merriman and a few others.

"The first frame building erected in the town, was about 15 by 1.5
feet, and stood on the ground now occupied by Mr. (}. John's prop-
erty, north of the railroad. The first brick, on the lot where Blair
& Pickering's brick buildings now stand.

"The first mill for grinding grain was erected by Abel Carey, on
the river just Avest of the north end of Main street. It was after-
wards removed to where McLain's mill now stands — subsequently
destroyed by fire, and the present mill erected in 184:4.

"The first school taught in the town, was in a log shanty, on the
river bank, near the north end of Spring street. Horace Ilowsc was
:iscliolar in this school, and is probably the only person now living
lure who attended it. The first building erected expressly for school
purposes was of round logs, and stood near the present Catholic
Church ; after this, a small one-story brick was built on the lot now

ilS Crawford CoiuiUj — Old and Present Officers,

rrr-T" - -"^ ~- ^ ■ iti

occupied by the frame scliool house, near the depot, and was used as
a school house, court room, town hall, and house Ibr religious wor-
ship. When used as a court room, the jury had to be accommoda
ted in shops, etc., in other parts of tlie town. Among the early
teachers, were Colonel Zalmon Rowse, Horace Pratt, Sallie Davis,
Doctor Ilorton, Mrs. Espy and daughters, Mr. White, and others.

" Crawford, though formed in 1820, was attached to Delaware
connty, and afterwards to Marion, until the session of the Legisla-
ture of 1835-20, when an act wasjjassed organizing the county, and
directing county commissioners to be elected, at the ensuing April
elections, who were to fix upon a temporary seat of justice. The
people in the southern part of the county were in favor of Eucynis
as the county seat, and those living in the western part insisteil
upon its being located in a town called Crawford, laid out by Josejili
Newell, on land now owned by Tliomas Hall, on Brokensword. Thos.
McClure, John Magers, and John Poe, the candidates in favor of
Bucyrus, were elected, and the county seat temporarily established,
by them, at Bucyrus. A few years later, this location became per-
manently fixed by a board of commissioners appointed by the leg-
islature for the purpose, consisting of Judge Williams, of Delaware,
]{odolphus Dickinson, of Lower Sandusky, and J. IS. Glassgo, of
Holmes county.

"The first court held in the county was presided over by Judge
Ebenezer Lane, of Norwalk, President Judge of the circuit, and
John Carey, E. B. Merriman, and John B. French, associate judges,
The court sat in Lewis Carey's front room, in the house now owned
by C. H. Schouert. Judge Lane was succeeded by Judge lliggins.
and he by Judge Bowen, of Marion. The associate judges named
above, were succeeded by Josiah Bobinson, Abel Carey, George I'oe,
Andrew Taylor, 11. W. Musgrove, James Stewart, and llobert Lee,

" Mr. Beardslee received the first appointment as clerk, but sliort-
]y afterward resigned, and was succeeded by Colonel Bowse, who
held the ofiice for a number of years, as, also, at the same time, that
of county recorder, and was succeeded, as clerk, by J. B. Larwill, D.
AV. Swigart, Alexander P. Widman, etc., and as recorder, by Jacob
llowenstein, and James Ilobiuson.

" The first sheriff was Hugh McCracken, succeeded by John Mil-
ler, John Moderwell, David Holm, John Shull, Samuel Andrews,
James L. Harper, John Caldwell, and James Clements.

"James Martin was the first county auditor, and he was succeedeil
by Charles Merriman, Edward Billips, John Caldwell, Jacob llow-
enstein, George Linn, Owen Williams, and John Pitman.

"I'he first county treasurer was John H. Morrison, succeeded l)j|
General S. Myers, Geo. Lauck, and Chas. lloticli."

Tlie officers of tlie county serving in 1873, are the followin:::|
Thomas Coughlin, clerk ; liobert Lee, probate judge; William 31 j
Scroggs, auditor; Job Franz, treasurer; James Worden, sheriff; \^
M. Bowyer, recorder; J. W. Coulter, prosecuting attorney; H. ^\

fflcers.

Crawford Couniij — Old taioycr^. 4ii0

ul was iised as
religious wor-
e acconimodii-
ong the early
D, Sallie Davis,
, and others.

I to DeUiware
of the Legislii-
the county, and
, ensuing April
3f justice. The
,vorof Bucyrus

II part insisted
d out by Joseph
vcnsword. Thos.
ates in favor of
irily estabUshcd,
ion became per-
ited by tlie H
tms, of Delaware.
J. S. Glassgo, ot

d over by Juilge
' the circuit, and
associate judge's.
house now owmd
' Judge lligSi"^;
,te iudgcs named
larey, George 1 oi',
, and llobert Loe,

8 clerk, but short-
\onel llowse, Avho
Le same time, that
V J. B. Larwill, 1 •
[ecordcr, by J^c'^^

Ided by John Mil;
Isamuel Andre\^^

lents. ,,]

dbewassucceodod

twell, Jacob How-

JL>itnum. , I

fison, succeodcil Dy

lire the following

Vorden, sheriff, f;

McDonald, surveyor; Phillip Moffat, coroner; Lewis Littler, James
Ilufty, and Charles Myers, cummissioiiers ; Jervise Jump, John
Atlaiii Kiiuk, and John AUoback, infirmary directors.

" The first post oflice was opened in Bucyrus, in 182:2, Lewis Ca-
rey being postmaster, succeeded by Henry 8t. John, John Fitrbes,
James McCracken, A. P. Widmau, and 11. T. Johnson ; and the in-
cumbent in 1872 being John Ilopley.

"The first lawyers who located here were John IL Morrison, Isaac
II. Allen, M. Fleck, and another named Stanberg, kno.vn as the
' linsey lawyer,' by reason of his making his iirj-t ai)pc{,rance in a
suit of blue linsey woolsey goods.

"Josiah Scott (late Chief Justice of the Ohio Snprcne Court,)
established himself at Bucyrus in 1S30; George Sweeney (formerly
member of Congress, and who came about the same diite with Mr.
Scott); Franklin Adams, who commenced practice in 1837, and S.
K. Harris, whose law practice at Bucyrus dates from 18-11).

" Of those from abroad, who formerly ])racticed in the Crawford
county courts, there were Andrew ColKnberry, May, Purdy, Stewart,
McLaughlin, and Bartley, of Mansfield; Bowen, Godman, tiiid Wat-
son, of Marion ; Boalt, of Norwalk, Judge Parish, of Columbus,
imd others.''
For a list of those in practice in 1872, see Appendix marked A.
"From 1819 to 1820, Mr. Ileaman, Jostph Lonas, 1). P. Dowling, "
Mr. Flake, Joseph Quaintance, Timothy Kirk, Joseph Newell. Mr.
Spitzer, Jacob King, James Martin, Mr. Glover, Jacol) Andrews, Fli
(Juaintance, Mr. Holmes, John McCulloch, and Daniel Snyder, were
among the settlers of Holmes township, within the period above
named.''

George Sweeney was among the early settlers. He was l)orii in
Adams county, Pennsylvania, and took up his residence in Biicyi'us,
October 21, 18)50, and was elected to Congress in 1838, and re-elected
ill 18-40. His death occurred several years ago.

iittorney

11. V.

The first oflicial report extant of the session of the Board of Com-
missioners of Crawford county (former records having been destroy* d
liy tire), opens as follows:

''^Proceedings of the Commissioners of Craivford Count ji, be(/nn and
Mil in the Unvn of Bucyrus, on the VI th and ISth days of Octo-
ber, A. D. 1831.
"Beit resolved, That James McCracken, Es(i., of Cniwlbrd coun-

tv, be and hereby is appointed a Commissioner (in the room of K.

W, Culiill, Esq., resigned), to lay out a certain State road, comnienc-

iiigat the town of Perrysburg, in Wood county; thence to Mc-

^'utchconville ; thence to Bucyrus, in Crawford county.
" Resolved, That an order be Issued to the Auditor, John Cald-

^vell, for seventy dollars and sixty-eight cents, for his services as

I Auditor.

_J^

480 Crawford County — liucyrus in 18^2.

" Resolved, That Z. Ronse be, Jiiul lie is hereby authorized to con-
tract for books for the Clerk's ami Kocorder's ollioes, to be paid out
of the County Treasury."

The county seat is an inland town of importance, and, as tlie fore-
going statistics show, has made rapid advances since the date of the
commencement of its growth, directly after the opening of the Ohio
and Indiana (now Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago) railway.
Another road of great importance, not only to Bucyrus, but to a
large district of the Mauinee valley, and especially to Toledo— the
Atlantic and Lake Erie — is nearly completed. The energy and pub-
lic spirit which originated and has pushed forward this importuiit
line, belong to Bucyrus, and chiefly to D. N. Swigart, President, who
has had the able co-operation of J. B. Gormly, the Secretary iind
Treasurer.

Bucyrus has two newspapers — the Bucyrus Forum, semi-weekly,
Tuesdays and Fridays, and weekly on Saturdays; established 1844;
J. R. Clymer, editor and proprietor. The Forutii is one of the lar-
gest and ablest journals in the Congressional district in which it is
published, and has a circulation equal to the most popular of its co-
temporaries. The Bucyrus Journal, J. Ilopley, editor and pub-
lisher, is also in prosperous condition.

The city contains eight churches: — Presbyterian, Gernuui Liitlic-
ran, English Lutheran, German Methodist, Baptist, German lu-
formed, Catholic and Methodist Episcopal ;.one ot the best-conduc-
ted public school systems, the Bucyrus people claim, in the State- 1
one of the buildings, containing thirty-six rooms exclusive of base
ment, and erected at a cost of $120,000 ; — two banks, the First Na-
tional, and the private bank of John Scott, Biddic & Co., boHil
solid institutions ; and four good hotels (the Sims House, by J. Gold-
smith, being first class) ; three ilouring mills; one saw do; one hull,
spoke and bent work factory; one woolen mill; one knitting ni.i
chine establishment, invented, and the first one erected in Bucyrus:!
one lamp-bracket factory; one agricultural machine works; one iroii|
foundry; one smut mill factory ; one brewery; two tanneries;
woolen hose factory ; three clothing stores that manufacture; on. |
tailor shop; six wagon and carriage do ; three blacksmitli do ; eigli:
boot and shoe do; and of other stores, six dry goods; one music;
five tin, stove and hardware ; three drug, and two groceries and pro-l
visions Also, three moat markets, two harness shops, and two liv"
ery stables.

It will also be noticed, by reference to the census table, on a pre;!
ceding page, that there are several populou.s towns in Crawtontj
county, aside from Bucyrus, the chit-f in business importaiicij btiDi|
Crestline and Gallon.

^2.

horized to con-
to be puid ""t

and, as the fore-
I the date of the
iiing of the Ohio
hicago) railway,
ucyrus, but to ;i

to Toledo— the
I energy and pub-
I this important
rt, President, whu
le Secretary ami

rmi, semi-weekly,
establislied 1844; |
i8 one of tlie hir-
•ict in which it is
- popular of its co-
editor and vnli-

,n, German Lutlu-
itist, German He-
t the best-contlue-
im, in the State- 1
exclusive of base
inks, the First N;i-
iiddle & Co.> ,
5lIouse,byJ.tT0W-
e saw do; oneluiK
. one knitting di-
rected inBucyni^:
ne works ; one iron

two tanneries; on

manufacture ; oiv.

bcksmith do ; eigli

goods; one music;

groceries and pw-

shops, and two liv I

sus table, on a g

towns in CrawH

a importance tooJ

Crawford County — Wealth and Population. 481

The following was the valuation of real and personal property
in Crawford county, in 1830:

Valuation of farms and buildings $89,610 00

Town lots aiid buildings 6,685 00

197,245 00
Personal property, $58,652 GO

Total $155,897 00

Valuation in 1871 was, of—

Liinds ."... $7,540,400 00

Town lots 1,975,860 00

Personal property 6,161,540 00

Total valuation in 1871 $14,677,800 00

" in 1830 155,897 00

Increase in 43 years $14,521,903 00

The following exhibits the progress of Crawford county in population :

In 18^0 4,791

In 1840 18,153

In 1850 18,177

In 1860 .' 23,881

In 1870 25,556

And the following table illustrates the progress of the several towns and
townships, — the llgures being those of the census returns :

T0WN8 AND TOWNSHIPS.

1870

1860

1850

Aubnrn

910
63
4184
8066
1347
1281

273

370
1573
4031
2379
1597

253
1140
4369
3533

665

56(5
1156

988

1490

1072

3731

2180

14J0

1339

221

406

1639

3290

1487

1788

177

1265

2911

1967

793

5G6

1098

1224

129

1524

951

Wayncsburg

Bucyrus

2315

Bucyrus

Chatfield

1351

Cranberry...

New Washington

1048

Dallas :.

Holmes

Jackson

408
1238
1711

Crestline

Liberty

1783

Annapolis

Lykins

1185

Polk-

1318

Gallon

Sandusky

822

Texas

545

Todd

678

Vernon

1276

DeKalb

Whetstone

1657

New Winchester

482 Wydndot County — Orf/anisation, d^d.

WYANDOT CQCTNTY

Was formed from Crawford, Marion, llardin, and Hancock, Feb-
rnary 55, 1815. A reference to former pages [see index] of this vol
unie will show that some of the most interesting events connected
with nortlnvestern history, occurred within the limits of Wyandot
county.

" Colonel John Bowman, in 1778, was meditating an expedition
against the Shawaneso villages, particnUirly Chillicothe (Oldtown,
(Ireeue county) ; and Kenton, accompanied by Alexander ilont-
goniery, and George Clark, undertook to explore the route, and tln'
vicinity and position of the town. Tiiis was cflectually done, and
all risk would have been avoided, if the three spies had not yielded
to the temptation of running off a drove of horses, which they
found enclosed in a pound. It was late at night, but the noise of
the operation alarmed the Indians in the adjacent village. Kenton
and liis companions were pursued, and although they reached the
northern bank of the Ohio river with the stolen animals, yet, before
its passage could be elfected, they were overtaken, Montgomery
killed, and Kenton made prisoner — Clark escaping.

" The Indians were greatly exasperated at their captive, denouncing
himasa'tief — a boss steal — a rascal!' and he received no indiii
gence at their hands, except that he was not struck dead with a tom-
ahawk. Arrived at Chillicothe^ he ran the gauntlet, after which a
council was held, and soon Kenton saw, from the manner of speak-
ers and auditors, that he was doomed to die. When the vote m
taken, those who were for his torture struck the war-club, wliicli j
was passed from hand to hand, violently on the ground — their num-
ber far exceeeding tho^e who simply passed the club to a neighbor,
in token of mercy.

" Then arose a debate upon the time and place of the tragedy, ami
it was resolved that lie be taken to Wapatomika (now Zane«fleld,Lo-|
gan county). Soon after his arrival at this place, Simon Girty caniij
to see him, and soon discovered that Kenton had been his compile-
ion and friend at Fort Pitt, in Dunmore's expedition. Girty tlirefj
himself into Kenton's arms, embraced and wept aloud over him-l
calling him his dear and esteemed friend. This hardened wretcli,"
who had been the cause of the death of hundreds, had some of tlit|
sparks of humanity remaining in him, and wept like a child at tk
tragical fate which hung over his friend.

" ' Well,' said he to Kenton, 'you are condemned to die, but I willj
use every means in my power to save your life.'

'' The result of all Girty's efforts was to obtain a reprieve until t
prisoner could be taken to Upper Sandusky, where the Indians werfl
soon to assemble and receive their annuities and presents from
British agents. As the Indians passed from Wapatomika to UpptJ
Sandusky, they reached a village on the head waters of the SciotJ
when Kenton, for the first time, beheld the celebrated Mingo c' "

Wyandot County — Kenton^ Oirty^ etc.

488

[lancock, lt4
;] of this vol
•nts cnnnected
t8 of Wyandot

an cxpecUlion

Dthe (OUUown,

exander Mont-
route, ftutl tk

ually done, and

\uvd not yielded

•ses, which they

jut the ivnse ot

•hey reached Uw
,en, Montgomery

'ptivc, denouncing

eceived no mdnl-
k dead with a torn-

tlet, after which a
manner of speaV-
hen the voters
,e war-chib, whicli
round-their mmv
|lub to a ne-.iihbor,

of the tragedy, ajl I
^nowZanestield.U
himonGirtycanii

H been his comi»

ition. Girtyttad

1 aloud over hm-

s hardened wMj

\ had some of tkl

hke a child at

lied to die, but Uil|

ha reprieve untiUk

I re the Indians ^ve

K presents from J
tapatomikatoIJpj

Liters of the bcj

Ibrated Mmg" c"^*'

Logan, who walked gruvcly up to the place wliore Kenton stood,
aud tlio following conversutiou ensued:

"* Well, young man, these young men seem very mad at you.'

"*Yes, sir, they certainly are.'

*" Well, don't be disheartened ; I am a great chief; you are to go
to Upper .Sandusky ; they speak of burning you tlK-re ; but I will
send two runners to-morrow, to speak good for you.'

"Kenton's spirits immediately rose at the address of the benevo-
lent chief, and he once more looked upon himself as providentially
rescued from the stake.

"On the following morning, two runners were dispatched to
Upper Sandusky, as the chief had promised, and, until their return,
Kenton was kindly treated, being permitted to spend much time
with Logan, who conversed with him freely, aud in the most friend-
ly manner. In the evening the two runners returned, and were
closeted with Logan. Kenton felt the most burning anxiety to
know what was the result of their mission, but Logan did not visit
him again until next morning. He then walked up to him, accom-
]mnied by Kenton's guards, and, giving him a piece of bread, told
him that he was instantly to be carried to Upper Sandusky; and,
without uttering another word, turned upon his heel and left him.

"At Upper Sandusky, Kenton was finally rescued from a death
of torture, by the interposition of Peter Druyer, a Canadian French-
man, who was a Captain in the British service, and acted as Indian
agent and interpreter.

"It was to this influential personage, probably, that Logan's mes-
sage had been conveyed. He offt-red the Indians one hundred dol-
lars in rum and tobacco, if they would allow him to take Kenton to
Detroit for examination by the British governor, promising to re-
turn him when they should require. A slight additional remunera-
tion, afterwards paid to the Ii)dians, compUted the ransom of Ken-
ton, who accompanied Captain Druyer to Detroit, and about a year
afterwards escaped and returned to Kentucky." — J. W. 7'aylur^s Jlis-
tory of Ohio.

"The Wyandot, or 7/^f<;-o?i tribe, as they were anciently called,"
says Ihnry Howe, " were the bravest of the race, and had among
their chiefs some men of high moral character. With a' I other
tribes but the Wyandot8,fligiit in battle, when meeting with unex-
pected resistance or obstacle, brought with it no disgrace ; but with
hem it was otherwise. Their yjuth were taught to consider any-
thing that had the appearance of an acknowledgment of the supe-
"iority of the enemy as disgraceful. In the battle of the Maumee
'lapids, of thirteen chiefs of that tribe, who were present, one only
liirvived, and he badly wounded. When General Wayne, prior to
le battle, sent for Captain Wells, and requested him to go to San-
tisky and take a prisoner, for the purpose of obtaining informa-
t>n, Wells — who had been bred with the Indians, and was perfectly

484 "Wyandot County and the Wyandots.

acquainted with their churnctor— nnsworctl tlmt ho could takcapris.
oner, but not from .Suntlusky.bocuuso Wyandots would not bo taian
alive.''

The Mothodists sustained a mission anion<( the Wyandots for
many years. Pievious to the establishment of the ML-tliodists, a
portion of the tribe had boon for a long wliilo under the religions
instruction of the Catholics. The first Protestant who prcachhl
among them, at Upper Sandusky, was John Stewart, a mulatto, mid
memlJer of the Methodist denomination, who came to the place of
his own accord, in 1810, and gained much inlluonce over them. His
efforts in their behalf paved the way for a reguljirly established mis-
sion a few years later, when the llev. James B. Fin ley formed a
school and established a church here. This was the first Indian
mission established by the Methodists in the Mississippi Vallev,
The mission church building was erected of blue lime-stone, about
the year 18i.'4, by the United States (lovernmont, having permission
from John C. Callioun, then Secretary of War, \.o apply $1,1333 to
tills object. The walls of the building, in a dilapidated condition,
only now remain. Connected with the mission was a school house,
and a farm of 1(50 acres of land.

The original inscriptions on the monuments mi the grave-yard,
attached to the mission, have been rendered illegible by thoughtless
hands, who have broken the stone and carried off the fragments as ,
relics. Among the monuments erected to the memory of historicai |
characters, was one to '* iMiLween-the-Logs," who was among the
first converts under the labors of John Stewart, and afterward be-
came the most celebrated preacher among the Wyandots, and who
died December, 182G, aged 50 years. Another to the memory of
Rev. John Stewart, above-mentioned, who died December 17, 1833,
aged 37 years.

The inscription on the stone at the head of another grave, reads a; I
follows: "Sum-mum-de-wat, murdered December 4, 1845, ag«HI! |
years. Buried in Wood county, Ohio."

"The remains of Sum-mum-de-wat," says Mr. Howe, "wore siili'j
sequently re-interred here. He was, at the time of his death, oiia|
hunting excursion with his family in Hancock county. In the even
ing, three white men, with axes, entered their camp, and were ho;
pitably entertained by their host. After having finished their sup]
pers, the Indian, agreeable to his custom, kneeled and prayed in liii
own language, and then laid down with his wife to sleep. In tliei
night, these miscreants, who had- been so kindly treated, rose cij
them in their sleep, and murdered Sum-mum-de-wat and his wiff',
with their axes, in the most brutal manner. They then robbed tlin
camp and made off, but were apprehended and allowed to break jail'l

In speaking of this case. Colonel Johnston says, " that, in aperioJI
of fifty- three years, since his intimate official relations with the Inf

Wtjandot Covntij — Pioneers^ d'C.

485

nld takoftprU-
ld not bo tukon

Wyanilots for
Mt'thodists. ft
;r the roligiou^
■ who preuchnl
:, a mulatto, luul
to tlic place of
over them. His

establishetl iiii>
jTinley rormctl u

the iirst Indian
ississippi ViiUey,
lime-stone, about
aving perniissioii

apply S1,:V33 t»
iclated condition,
18 a school house,

\ the grave-yard,
ble by Ihoughtltss
the fragments iis
mory of historical
) was among the
and afterward be- ,
yandots, and wbo 1
:o the memorv 01
ecembor 17, 18w

ther grave, reads aj
.r 4, 1845, aged 40 1

Howe, " were si*
of his death, on a
,unty. Intheeveiv
,mp, ami Avere IwM
finished their suH
land prayed in «=
5 to sleep. In ^''1
Ily treated, rose ci

^-wat and his ^^
hey then robbed tl
oWed to break jaU I
■8, "that,maver!*l
ations with tbeb

dians, he never knew of hut one instance in wliich a wliito man was
tried, convicted and executed lor tin- mur(U^r of an Indian. This
exception WW bronght atiout l)y hi.s own agency in the prosecution,
Fiintiiinod by the promptness of .John C. Calhoun, then Hecretary of
War, who manifested an interest in Miis afl'uir not often si^iown on
timilar occasions iu the ollicers of our govi-rnment.''

On tiu' bank of the river, about a milo above Upper Sandn.'sky, is
a huge sycamore, which measures arouii'i, a yard from its ba p, .37
ft'ot, and, at its base, over 40 feet. The soil, particularly the bottom
liinds in the neighborhood of Upper Sandusky, is among the most
fertile in Ohio.

Among the pioneers of the county, wns Peter IJowsher, who, with
his son Robert, commenced his residence in Pitt townsliip, then Craw-
ford county, on the 4th of June, 1821. The son first named is now
!i resident of Upper Sandusky, and two other sons, Anthony and
Solomon, are also residents of the county.

It is claimed, however, that the first white settler within the lim-
its of Wyandot county, was a soldier named McLisii, who came to
the county with General Harrison's army, and who, after the war,
kept a ferry at the crossing of the Tymochtee, on the road leading
from Upper to Lower Sandusky.

Michuel Brackley, of ]\IcCutchenville; Moses IT. Kirby, Indian
ajent, prior to the removal of the Wyandots; Guy C.Worth, who
removed to Little Sandusky in J8.'>;5; (Japtain S. M. Worth, John
A. Gormley, John Baker, Chester K. Mott, J. D. Sears, Robert Mc-
Kelley, Dr. James McConnell, Wm. Brayton, David Ayres, and
I'otcr B. Beidler, were also among the early Settlers.

Curtis Berry, Sr., removed to Crawford township, three miles
northeast of Carey, in 18"27. The place was on the old trail between
Upper Sandusky and Big Spring, at the head of Blanchard's fork.
His sons, Curtis, Jr., and John, are now residents of Upper San-
dusky.

George Harper (witli his father's, Samuel Harper's, family), in
March, 18;il, removed from Ross county, Ohio, to the township now
lulled Sycamore. The territory then belonged to the civil jurisdic-
tion of Delaware county, and was on the margin of the Wyandot
reservation. At the date mentioned, there were not half a dozen
familii'S within the present limits of Wyandot county — those fami-
lies heing established in what is now known as Pitt township.

Conrad Hare removed to Crawford township (near what is now
f^arey), in 18;33, and died in 1847. His widow yet resides on the old
homciitead, and his son, I. S. Hare, at Upper Sandusky,

C. T. Pierson removed to Tittin in 18;il, and in 1841 to Upper
i^andusky, and purchased of Silas Armstrong (Wyandot), a lease
running two years,— said lease embracing a tavern stand and other
improvements.

'S\

486

Wyandot County — Its Wealth, (£•<?.

John Carey removed to Tymochtce in the fall of 18313. During
several years he has been a resident of the town that bears his
name.

In the above partial Tst of the pioneers are included some of
those who have held, and others now holding, important ollicial
trusts at the hands of their fellow citizens.

The first tax duplicate of Wyandot county was made in 1846.
The sale of the Wyandot reserve, by the United States, in Septem-
ber and October oi" tliat year, exempted the lands, and Upper San-
dusky town lots, under the United States laws, from taxation by
State authority, until five years from the date of sale. Hence, the
farm lands, and town lots, made at this sale, were first entered upon
the tax-list of 1851.

The first duplicate, therefore, only exhibited, subject to taxation,
138,005 acres, valued at $310,954:. These taxab'e lands were from
the territory taken from the counties of Crawford, Marion, llardin,
and Hancock.

In 1853, the dnplicate shows 215,215 acres, subject to taxation,
valued at §1,408,585; and a value of town lots amounting to
$174,773.

In 1871, there were 254,921 acres vpon the duplicate, valued at
$5,752,135; and town lots valued at $87C,G70.

Tliere are some remnants of swamp lands yet belonging lo tlie
county, and not yet entered upon the tax-lists.

The following statement of the valuntion of lands, and town lot?, and per-
Bonal pro])erty, commencing Avith the organization of the county, and cl'jsini:
with the last record, will show the progress in taxable wealth :

In 1815— Real properly 1337,020 00

Personal property _ 130,7^5 00

$457,755 00

In 1871— Real property $!6.C)3R,805 00

Personal property 8,0-8,015 00

$9,717,420 00

In 1851, the value of town lots in Upper Sandus-
ky, amounledto ^ 94,900 00

Value of personal property 05,936 00

$\mm CO

In 1871, their value amounted to !|i5'v2,lC0 00

Personal property 458,258 00

$980,358 00

The folio wins: flsrnros exhibit the growth ia population of Wyandot County
from 1850 to I87i),' mclasivc : In 1850, 11,194; ia 1800, 15,59li; hi 1870, 18,-

Wyandot County — Wealthy Poimiationy &c. 48*7

83;i. During
hut bears his

luclecl some of
orlunt otlicial

made in 1845.
:os, in Septem-
id Upper San-
,m taxation by
le. Hence, tbe
5t entered upon

!ct to taxation,
mds were from
Marion, llarclin,

oct to taxation,
5 amounting to

licate, valued at

jelonging to the

town lots, !ind per-
^oviuty, and closui?
Ih:

20 00

15 00

$157,755

05 00
^i^it9,717,42O00

100 00
CO 00

553. And the following tftble will show the growth in population of the seve-
ral civil divisions of the county :

TOWNS AND TOWNPHirS.

C^*)-

Antrim
Crane.

Upper Sandusky.
Crawford

Carey

Ecln(i)

.laclison (c)

Kirby (c)

Marpeillos

Marseilles

Mifflin (c).

Nevada (i)

Pitt..

Richland((?)

Uidge

Salem (c)

Sycamore

Tymochtee

1870

1860

1061

887G

2564

1860

693

14'23

'571

8^5

0t)3

251

806

828

001

1271

584

1103

850

1631

1245
2877
1599
1626

1247
603

'693

'870

"957

1014

58;i

1070

937

1874

1850

757
1544

754
1306

'646
o95

'538

"576

"886
615
501
738
880

1818

(4) Exclusive of part of village of Nevada.

The finances of the county are in a satisfactory condition — the
people having been fortunate, since the organization of the county
(with the exception of a single instance, when a most worthy but
incompetent man held the auditor's office one term), in securing the
services of otlicers well (lualified to discharge their several trusts.

The following is a list of first officers of the county, who were
elected, the Associate Judges by the General Assembly, and the oth-
er county officers by the people, at the April election in 1855:

Associate Judges — Abel Reinrich, George W. Leith, and William
Brown; clerk, Guy C. Woith; prosecuting attorney, Chester K.
Mott; auditor, S. M. Worth; treasurer, Abner Jury; recorder,
John A. Morrison ; sheriflT, Loren A. Pea.^e ;"surveyor, Peter B. Beid-
ler; comuiissioner!?, Stephen Fowler, Ethan Terry, and William
Gi'itKth.

Osias Bowen, of Marion, was then President Judge of the Cir-
cuit, and the only surviving member of the bench at that time, is
(ieorge W. Leith', of Nevada. The first treasurer and the first re-
corder are dead.

The following is a list of those who hold the several county offi-
ces in 1872:

Probate judge, Peter B. Beidler ; ])rosecuting attorney, M. H.
Kirby; auditor, Jonathan Alaft'ett; treasurer, J. S. Hare; clork,Wm.
Ilitehoock; shoriif, Henry Myrrs ; coroner, Levi Shultz ; recor-

W -nndot County H '" ^^'ii neocK ; snorin, iienry Myrrs ; coroner, Jii'vi oiiuiiz; rouw-
559V; in 1870, \%- ■'1">', Adatn Stuts ; commissioners, Thomas McClain, Milton Morrell,

488

Wyandot County — Upper Sandusky.

and Wm. Beam; surveyor, John Agerter; infirmary directors, A,
H. Vanorsdoll, Tillman Balliefc, and Michael Depler.

The town now contains seven churches — one Catholic, one Pres-
byterian, one Methodist Episcopal, two Lutheran, one United Breth-
ren, and one Church of God ( or, " Winnebrenarian").

Two newspapers — the Wyandot Democratic Union, and the Wy-
andot County Repuhlican.

One National Bank, having a capital of $100,000, and a surplus
of $7,000, and three private banking establishments, employing an
aggregate capital of probably equal amount; one Masonic, and one
Odd Fellows lodge; five dry goods stores; one china and glassware
do; two jewelry do; eight grocery and provision do; three drug
do; five clothing do; four hardware do; three meat markets ; three
livery stables ; four millinery establishments; two sewing machine
rooms; one produce and packing house; two grain -warehouses;
two photograph rooms.

The Upper Sandusky Deposit Bank is one of the three private
establishments included above, and was established in November,
1869, — the owner and proprietor being J. H. Anderson, who, prior
to his location at Upper Sandusky, had established such business
relations at Marion and elsewhere, as gavo him a reputation among
financial circles, at home and abroad, that secured for his Upper
Sandusky banking house a public confidence which is continually
gathering strength.

An editorial in the Democratic Union, of February 22, 1872, thus
refers to this gentleman :

"He is a native of Marion, and commenced his business career
there as an attorney at law. In 18G1 he was appointed United
States consul to Hamburg, Germany, where he remained until 18C0,
and then, though the post was a pleasant one, — such as few willing-
ly relinquish, — he resigned: his large landed and other interests heri'
requiring his personal supervision. As consul, Mr. Anderson dis-
charged his duties in such an etficient manner as to win the merited
compliments of the department, and he acquired a vast knowledge
of men and things. Since returning to the United States, most of
his time has been spent here.

" As a business man, Mr. Anderson occupies a front rank among
his cotemporaries."

In manufactures, there are, one woollen ; three cabinet; two wag-
on and carriage, and two wagon sliops; three harness and saddlery
do; four tailor do ; ten boot and shoe; one foundry and machine
shop; two tanneries ; one distillery (consuming an nverage oVM
bushels of grain per day); one brewery; one tile manufactory;
four brick yards; two planing mills, manufacturing sash, door?,
blinds, and flooring, and three cooper shops. The P., Ft. W. and C
railway have also repairing shops at Upper Sandusky, which give
employment to an average of eight hands throughout the year.

•y directors, A.

lolic, one Pres-
s United Brctli-

I, and a Eui'iilus
3, employing an
asonic, and one
la and glassware
do; three drug
: markets ; three
sewing machine
iin warehouses;

he three private
?d in November,
,erson, who, prior
Bd such business
eputation among
?d for his Upper
>h is continually

ary 22, 1872, thus

s business career
ippointed United
iiained until 18G0,
ch as few willing-
)ther interests heri'
Ir. Anderson dis-
,0 win the merited
a vast knowledge
L'd States, most 01

front rank among

cabinet; two w"?'

•ness and saddler}

tidry and muchiiH'

mrnverage of Sim

tile manufactory;

turing sash, doors,

e P., Ft. W.andt.

-idusky, which giv

liout the year.

Seneca County — Early History^ d'c.

489

SENECA COUNTY

Was formed April 1, 1820, organized four years later, and nanied
from the Indian tribe'who had a reservation within its limits. The
county was settled principally from Maryland, Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania, and older sections of Ohio.

From an address made by Isaac I. Dumond, before the Seneca
County Pioneer Association, November, 1870, the following extracts
are gathered :

"My lather moved with his family to what was then called the
New Purchase, on the S.andusky river, in 1821, at which time I was
iu my twentletli year.

" We foiind the entire county a wilderness with no other than the
rude improvements made by the Indians.

''There was but one public road, known as a highway, in all the
region of country designated as the New Purchase, which w^as
opened in the fall of 1820, and ran on the east side of the Sandusky
river, north and south, then known, and still continuing, as the
Marion State Road.

•'My father settled in Pleasant township, Seneca county, where
tor a time we encountered many difficulties. During a part of the
year, the roads were almost impassable, by reason of the mud mixed
with the beech-root. During the summer, musquitoes and house-
flies gave us a degree of trouble that none can realize, except from
experience. The flies would gather on a horse, in such quantities,
that a single grab w'ould fill a man's hand. The massasaugar, or
prairie rattle snake, was another unpleasant enemy which appeared
in great numbers. I killed five in cutting a small piece of oats ; but
to my knowledge no one ever suffered from them.

" At that time, there w^ere few families living along the entire
route from Tymochtee (w^hich name signifies, in the Indian language,
'the stream around the plains') to Lower Sandusky.

"We had few mechanics, but the one most needful was the black-
smith, which we found in Leroy Cresey at Fort Ball.

"Dr. Brainard was the only physician in the neighborhood, and
Ms practice extended from Lower Sandusky, his place of residence,
to Tymochtee.

" Throughout the entire settlement, there was not a lawyer to be
found. The only minister we had was the Rev. James Montgom-
ery, of the M. E. Church.

"Jesse and George Olmsted had our only store between Dela-
ware and Lower Sandusky.

"There was considerable travel during the spring and early sum-
mer of 1821, till August, when the land sale occurred, by men in
search of land.

" Our greatest privation was want of mills. Our nearest mill was
at Cole Creek, about twenty-four miles distant, and without a direct
'oad leading to it. The difficulties in some cases were very trying.

490

Seneca County — Earhj llhtory^ c&c.

«if

For example, Mr. Barney and Daniel Rico arranged for a trip to
mill, each with a team of oxen and wagon. As they had to cross
the river, the grain was hauled there and unloaded, and ferried
across, then the wagon ferried over, and afterwards the team swam
over, when they could reload, hitch up, and proceed. This was in
April, 1821. After having their grain ground, and on their homeward
route, they were overtaken by a snow storm. The snow was damp,
and fell to a depth of a foot, rendering the roads almost impassahle,
and so weighed the bushes down over them, that they were com-
pelled to abandon their wagons, and, with much difficulty, succeeded
in reaching home with their teams.

'' Although the year 1821 was a trying one, it had secured to
many a sufficient amount of land to afford a home ; and, to encour-
age us, we had an abundant crop.

•' Many of the people had acted as ' squatters.' The Indians, wlio
had formerly lived on the west side of the river, had removed to
their reservation on the east side, and abandoned their old houses,
which were appropriated by the white settlers, and held until they
wished to go, or were displaced by a deed from Uncle 8ara, convey-
ing the same to another party. The settlement was weak in 1821,
and to raise a log cabin, the neighbors were often summoned from
places five or six miles distant.

" Of those Avho came previous to the land sale, some suffered from
sickness, and, becoming discouraged, left, and others died, bui im-
mediately after the land sale the population steadily increased, and,
in 1823, Mr. Kumley built a mill on Green creek, and soon after
Mr. More built a mill on Sandusky liver, in order to supply the in-
creased demand, which greatly diminished the inconvenience we had
all experienced.

"The early settlers were, in the majority, rough but generous,
whole-souled and kind tow^irds one another, and ever ready to lend
a helping hand to the needy.

" The use of intoxicating drinks was our greatest evil. Some
would get on sprees, and after taking much whiskey, would form
into a ring, and with bells, horns, tin pans, log chains, or any noisy
instruments, engage in a hideous dance, sing and give Indian war
whoops. Such a state of society was not the rule entirely, how-
ever, and was wholly displaced in a short time by the ingress of
more refined people who controlled the moral standard of the neigh-
borhood. That enemy to civilization, whiskey, Avas, as is always, a
hard one to entirely subdue, nevertheless. I remember when farm-
ers would trade a bushel of corn for five quarts of whiskey, and
this was as necessary for harvest as provisions.

" In the fall of 1824, the first general muster of the militia took
place at old Fort Seneca. The regiment numbered about 400 men,
under General Rumley, and Colonel J. B. Cooley, who gathered
from over the country, between Cole Creek and Tymochtee, many
having to camp out in order to roach the fort in time.

Seneca County — Early History^ dr.

491

for a trip to

had to cross
d, and ferried
le team swam
, This was in
iieir homeward
low was damp,
ost impassable,
loy were com-
ulty, succeeded

lad secured to
and, to encour-

he Indians, wlio
lad removed to
,heir old houses,
held until they
;le Sara, convey-
J weak in 1821,
summoned from

,me suffered Irom
rs died, bui im-
y increased, and,
, and soon after
.0 supply the iii-
ivenience we had

1 but gencrou;.
er ready to lend

lost evil. Some
key, would form
US, or any noisy
give Indian war
e entirely, how-
y the ingress ot
lard of the neigh-
13, as is always, a
raber when farm-
of whiskey, and

the militia took

d about 400 meu,

,.y, who gathered

Tymochtee, many

me.

" A considerable trade was carried on between the southern por-
tion of the State, after the close of the war of 1812, and Lower San-
dusky, and Sandusky City. Teams came loaded with flour, bacon,
and whiskey, and returned with fish, or merchants' goods, which
sold in Urbana, Springfield, and Dayton.

"The Indian tribes here at the time of the first settlement by the
whites, were the Senecas, Cayugas, Mohawks, and Oneidas. The
Senecas, the most numerous, andCayugas, occupied the lower part,
and the Oneidas and Mohawka the upper part or" the reservation,
which was nine miles north and south, and six miles east and west,
on the east side of Sandusky river. The land was held in joint
stock, and each had the privilege of making such improvements as
he wished.

"They numbered about 600, and were not bad in general charac-
ter, but friendly and kind when well treated, and not maddened by
whiskey, for which they had a strong passion. I have known them
to offer two or three dollars worth of goods for a quart of whis-
key, and, when intoxicated, would give any thing they possessed
for it.

"They depended upon hunting largely for subsistence, in which,
when children, they commenced by shooting fish and small game
with the bow.

"Most of the Indiana and cquaws cultivated each a small piece of
land, varying from a halt to two acres, which they formerly did with
a hoe; but seeing us use the plow, and the amount of labor saved
thereby, they concluded to abandon the custom of their fathers.
Seeing two Indians plowing on the opposite side of the river one
day. I crossed over, and discovered them going the wrong way over
tlie land, throwing the furrows in, and next time running inside of
it, and then another, Avhich they thought very well, until I turned
them the other way, and gave a little instruction, which they thank-
fully received. They raised a soft corn, which they pounded into
meal, and used to thicken soup.

"They had much idle time which they all liked — the children

spending it shooting, the old people smoking from the pipes made

in the heads of their tomahawks, with an adjustable handle for a

I stem. They smoked the sumac loaves dried and pounded, which

[gave a pleasant odor.

"The young Indians had a love for sports. Their chief summer

j game was ball— a game in w^hich ten or twelve to aside engaged,

tlie ground being marked off in a space of about sixty rods, the

centre of which was the starting point. Each player had a staff

some five feet long, with a bow made of rawhide on one end, with

jwhich to handle the ball, as no one was allowed to touch it with his

jliands. At the commencement the ball was taken to the centre, and

jlilaced between two of the staffs, each pulling towards his outpost,

phen the strife began to get it beyond the outpost by every one,

Ithe success in which counted one for the victor, when the ball was

v\\\

492

Seneca County — Its Indian Tribes.

taken to the centre again, and a new contest began. The squaws
and older Indians constituted the witnesses to these sports, and
added zest by their cheers.

"The favorite winter sport was running upon skates. They would
sprejvd a blanket on the ice, run and jump over it, each trying to
excel in the distance he made beyond.

"Another favorite sport was to throw upon the snow, to run at
the greatest possible distance, snoio snakes made of liickory wood,
about live feet long, one and a half inches wide, a half inch thick,
turned up at the point like a snake's head, and painted black.

"The Mohawks and Oneidas had some very well educated peo-
ple, and most of their tribes could read and write. They had reli-
gious services every Sabbath, in the form of the Church of England,
held by a minister of their own tribe. They were excellent sing-
ers, and attracted the whites often, which pleased them much.

" The Senecas and Cayugas were more inclined to adhere to the
customs of their forefathers. They held in reverence many gath-
erings. The green corn dance was prominent among them; bnt
that most worthy of note was the Great Dance, which took place
about mid-Avinter, and lasted three days, at the close of which they
burned their dogs.

'' Groat preparation was made for this festival. Provisions in
great abundance were collected to constitute a common store from
which all were fed. The two dogs were selected, often months in
advance, well fed and made fjit. They were as near alike as possi-
ble, and white, with yellow spots. A\'hen the time for the festival
arrived, the dogs were killed (but in what Avay I never learned),
washed clean as possible, trimmed with pink ribbons about the neck,
each leg and toe, and about the tail. Aftei' the hair over the entire
bodies was carefully smoothed, they were hung up by the neck to
the arm of a post similar to a sign post, Avhere they i-cmained
through the services.

"The dance was held at the council house, built of logs about 30
feet wide and seventy-tive feet long, with three holes in the roof to
allow the smoke to escape. At these places lires were kept burniD;'
during the season, over which were suspended brass kettles con-
taining provisions.

" At this time, strong as was their appetite for whibkey, none was
.allowed on the premises ; and any intoxicated person appeaiins;,
was sent oft' at once.

"All things being ready, their war dance began, which was par-
ticipated in by none but those lit for the service of warriors. Bhie
Jacket led the band. Each carried a war-club in his right hand.anJ
had tied to each leg a quantity of strung deer-hoofs, which rattled
at every step. The object was to assist in keeping time to the mU'
sic, which consisted of an Indian sing-song and the beating Avith ;i
stick on a dry skin stretched over a hominy block.

" When the music corarai need, Blue Jacket would step out an!

Seneca County — Indian Festivals^ c&c. 493

)ulil stop out anl

move around the fire, exerting himself to display some warrior's ex-
ploit. About the second round, others would fall in, and continue
till the ring round the fire was full, all moving with their faces to
the fire, till a change in the music, when they would turn their faces
out, and at a different change would trail in single file, all the while
keeping time to the music.

" While the Indians were thus engaged, the squaws formed an-
other ring around another fire, but moved very slow. They would
tip on their heels and toes alternately, and endeavor to move with
the music.

" At meal time all were seated with wooden bowls and ladles,
when thoy were served by those appointed, till all were satisiied.
Then all were quiet awaiting tho next scene. Soon a rumbling noise
at the door, in one end of tho house, would start the squaws and
children to the opposite end, anO the door flying open, an Indian
came in Avrapped in a bear or some animal skin, wearing a hideous
false face, and carrying a dry turtle shell filled with small stones,
which he would throw about. Tiiis, added to his low, growling
noise, and menacing way of head, made a frightful object. Almost
immediately after, the door at the other end would open, and a
similar character enter, and soon another drop from the roof, Avho,
striking his hands, proceeded to throw embers and live coals in ev-
ery direction, among the rushing crowd. After this performance,
these demons, as they were represented to be, contested in a foot-
race, and, at the end of the third day, they burnt their dogs.

"Although much mirth was indulged in, there was a sort of so-
lemnity maintained throughout the entire services.''

The following is a list of the enrolled membership of the Seneca
County Pioneer Association :

Mrs. Ann E. Seney, born in Pennsylvania, and moved to Tiffin
in 1831.

Mrs. Nancy Ellis, born in Fairfield coimty, moved to Eden town-
ship in 1820.

Mrs. Margaret Campbell, born in Maryland, and moved to Tiffin
in 1830.

Mrs. Sally Gary, born in Champaign county, and moved to Fort
Seneca in 1819.

Mrs. Elizabeth Snook, born in Champaign county, removed to
Fort Seneca in 1819.

Mrs. Sarah lluss, born in Virginia, moved to Tifiin in 1825.

Mrs. Elizabeth Kridler, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in
1831.

William Toll, born in Virginia, moved to Tifiin in 1824 ; died
March 19, 1871, in Toledo, and buried near Tifiin.

Benjamin Pittenger, born in Maryland, moved to Tiffin in IS^.j.

John Souder, born in Pcnnsvlvania, moved to Clinton township
iu 1826.

494

Seneca County — List of Pioneers.

Luther A. Hall, born in New York, moved to Tiffin in IS.'i.'J.

Morris P. Skinner, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Louden town-
ship in ISaS.

Nancy M. Stevens, born in Now York, moved to Tiftin in 1827,

Daniel Cunningham, born in Maryland in 1804, and moved to
Tiffin in 1884.

Samuel Kridler, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in 1823—
deceased.

Jacob Boucr, born in Maryland in 1809, moved to Seneca county
in 1826.

Michael Freer, born in New York, moved to Bloomfield town-
ship in IS.'U.

Christ. C. Park, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in 1830.

^Irs. Jane Dawalt, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in 1821

Mrs. 8. B. Baker, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Bloom town
ship in 1821.

David B. Kinpj. born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in 1830.

Mrs. Ann E. Park, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in IBJiO,

Polly Stewart, born in New York, moved to Eden township in
1821.

George L. Keating, born in Muskingum county, moved to Seneca
county in 182.5.

Jane Boyd, deceased, ])orn in Pennsylvania, moved to Bloom
township in 1822.

Lewis Baltzell, born in Maryland, moved to Tiffin in 1829.

Abel Rawson, born in Massachusetts, moved to Tiffin 1826, died
August 24, 1871.

William Lang, born in Bavaria, Germany, and moved to TifEii
in 1833.

Lorenzo Abbott, born in Massachusetts, moved to Seneca countv
in 1822.

James Doman, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Tiffin in 1828.

William Kaymond, born in New York, moved to Keed township
in 1823.

Rezin W. Shawhan, born in Virginia, moved to Tiffin in 1833.

Elijah Musgrove, born in Virginia, moved to Scipio township in
1824.

James McEwan, born in Pennsylvanin, moved to Clinton town
ship in 1823.

Henry Ebbert, born in Pennsylvania, moved to Clinton towusliip
in 1831.

E. G. Bo we, born in Delaware, Ohio, April 5, 1818, was brougiit
by his parents to TiHin in June, and was the first white inlant in the
county, his father, Erastus Bovve, being the first white settler in
Seneca county, in 18 1 7.

Mrs. Maria llawson, born in Arthur, Ohio, located in Fort Ball
in 1824.

Inman Iloby, born in Virginia, located in Seneca township 18.'5'i.

Seneca Covnfy — List of Pioneers.

495

1 in 1883.
Louden town-

'iflminl827.
and moved to

:iftm in 1823-

Seneca county

oomfield town-

riftin in 1830.
,0 Tiffin in 1824.
lo Bloom town-

riffin in 1830.
to Tiffin in 1830.
dtn townsbip in

moved to Seneca

lovcd to Bloom

n in 1829.
Tiffin 18-26, died

moved to TifBu

to Seneca county

tiffin in 18-.J8.
to Heed townsbip

Tiffin in 1833.
ipio township m

to Clinton town

Clinton towusliip

1818, was l)i'Ovigj>^
white iniant in tM
white settler in

atcd in Fort Ball

ja township 18^-

Levi Keller, born in Fairfield county, located in Tiffin in 1830.
James Chamberlain, born in Tennsylvania, located in (Seneca
county in 1S32.

A. B. McClelland, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca county
in 18.30.

ThomaB R. Ellis, born in New Jersey, located in Seneca county
in 1825.

Frederick and Elizabeth Kishlor, born in Pennsylvania, located in
Tiflin in 1830.^

Joseph Ileirne, born in Pennsylvania, located in Clinton town-
ship in IHX'H.

Samuel Ileirne, born in Pennsylvania, located in Clinton town-
ship in 18;:8.
John Free, born in Virginia, located in Seneca county in 1823.
Judge and Mrs. Elizabeth Ebbert, born in Pennsylvania, located
iuTithnin 1831.

Mrs. Maria Shawhan, born in ^Maryland, located in Seneca county
in 182 1.

Lyman White, born in New York, located in Seneca county in
183S.
Dr. Henry Kuhn, born in Maryland, located in Tiffin in 1827.
Joseph Richards, born in Pennsylvania, located in Clinton town-
ship in 1823; died, 1871.

Henry Davidson, born in Pickaway county, Ohio, located in Seneca
township in 1832.

Jacob M. Zahm, born in Bavaria, (Germany, located in Thompson
township in 18.32.

Miron Sexton, born in Connecticut, located in Clinton township
in 183'!.

Hugh Welch, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca county in
181).
Sylvester B. Clark, born in Virginia, located in Tiffin in 1833.
Mrs. Catharine F. Louder, born in Virginia, located in Seneca
county in 1 830.

Nathaniel L. Spielman, born in Maryland, located in Seneca coun-
ty in 1830.

John Willi.ams, born in Fairfield county, Ohio, located in Seneca
county in 1821.
Enos Cramer, born in Maryland, located in Seneca county in 1831.
DeWit C. Pittenger, born in Seneca county in 183G.
Mrs. Margaret Watson, born in Pennsylvania, located m Seneca
county in 1 1?30.

Mrs. Elizabeth r)or8ey, born in Penn.sylvania, located in Seneca
county in 1836.

Mrs. Hannah Ilerrin, born in Maryland, located in Seneca coimty
in 183.3.

Lewis Seew.ald, born in Bavaria, Germany, located in Seueca
''ounty in 1833.

496

Seneca County — Lid of Pioneers.

Jamos II. Sohn, born in PeniiRylvania, located in Seneca county
in 18S4,

I?obert Nichols, born in Virginia, located in Eden township in
1831.

Arthur Morrison, born in Jeflerson county, located in Clinton
township in l^.'U.

Mrs. Jano Dildino, born in Pennsylvania, located in Clinton town-
ship in 18!29.

James (Jriffin, born in Virginia, located in Eden township in 1H!^1,

1j. a. Myers, born in Perry county, located in Seneca township
in 18:51.

Hezekiah Searlcs, born in Fairfield county, located in Eden town-
hhip in 1^25.

Eliza A. Seurles, born in Pennsylvania, located in Eden township
in 18^5.

R. M. C. Martin, born in Perry county, located in Eden town-
ship in 18:m.

Mrs. Barbara, born in Seneca county in 1831.

Jacob Price, born in Virginia, located in Seneca county in 18-22

Mrs. Mary Price, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca countv
in 1^30.

Henry IT. SchocLs, born in Pennsylvania, located [in Senm
county in 18.'U).

Mrs. Margaret Schocks, born in Maryland, located in Seneca coun-
ty in 1830.

James S, Latham, born in Seneca county in 1828.

Richard and Elizabeth Jacque, born New York, located in Seneca
county in 18;J3.

John Wax, born in Perry county, located in Seneca county in
1835.

Sarah Wax, born in Franklin county, located in Seneca countv
in 18-^3.

Jacob llassler, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca county in 1
183i.

Ann llassler, born in Stark county, located in Seneca county in I
1834.

Mrs. E. J. Watson, born in Washington county, located in Se!i-|
cca county in 1845.

Eli Winters, born in Jefterson county, located in Seneca countv I
in 183G.

Henry Guiger, born in Baden, Germany, located in Seneca conc'
ty in 1835.

Thomas West, born in New York, located in Seneca county iuj
1822.

George McLaughlin, born in Pennsylvania, located in Scr.ccni
county in 1 ^i^i.

Joseph Miller, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca couutjl
in 1834.

Seneca Counhj — Pioneers, Etc,

407

Seneca county

en township in

ted in Clintoi\

in Clinton town-

awnship in IH^l.
Seneca townsliip

A in Ellen town-

u Eden township

\ in Eden town-

.ocated ',in Seneca
cd in Seneca coim-

, located in Seneca
Seneca county m
in Seneca county
n Seneca county in
Seneca county in |
ty, located in Sen-
in Seneca count; j
ted in Seneca couii'
1 Seneca county m
located in Scr.cca
d in Seneca coiiut)'

Archibi^d Stewart, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca
county in 18ri5.

Weltha C Stewart, born in Vermont, located in 'Seneca county
in 1H4(L

William Davia, born in Pennsylvania, located in Seneca county
in 18:i5.

"On the -Ith of October, 1829, Benajah Parker, a resident of what
is now Fort Seneca, in Pleasant township, was stabbed by an Indian
of the Seneca nation, named Peter Pork. It appears that the In-
dian, who had been drinking, called at Parker s house, .and asked
tor wiiiskey. Angry words ensued on its being refused, and while
Parker was attempting to force the Indian out of doors, the latter
drew a knife, and with a back-handed stroke, intlieted a dangerous
wound in the side of the former. Parker lingered for several
months and died.

" Peter Pork, as soon as he had committed the deed, fled to his
cabin, and prepared to defend himself. Having placed his toma-
hawk under his bed, and his knife in the wall at the head, he laid
down to sleep. lie was a stalwart Indian — the whole tribe stand-
ing in awe of him. The neighbors in the vicinity soon assembled
near his house, and while asleep, tht'y secured his tomakawk and
knife. He was then awakened — but not until after a severe contest
was he secured and ])laeed in confinement.

'"On the 28th of April, 1830, he was tried by the court of com-
mon pleas of this county, and f)und guilty of 'stabbing with intent
to kill.' He was sentenced to three years' confinement in the peni-
tentiary.'' — Butlcrjidd's Ilistonj of Seneca County.

Dr. Kuhn removed from Woodsborough, I^'rcdcrick, Maryland, in
August, 1827. He was the second physician in Tilliu, Dr. Stewart,
who had died the year previous, having preceded him. Of all his
old cotemporaries of the medical profession, he is the only survivor.
Among those who were residents of Titlin, when he removed to the
place, were'the following :

Josiah Hedges, proprietor of the town ; IJenjamiu Pittenger, and
John Pittenger, merchants ; Richard Sneath and George Park, tav-
ern keepers ; Jacob Reed, John Clalbraith, Samuel Kreidler, Thomas
fjoyd, George Saul, George Donaldson, Solomon Kuder, Wm. Toll,
David liishop, David Betz, Joseph Walker, John Walker, Jacob
il'laiu (postmaster), Joseph Biggs, William Hunter, and Henry
1 Cronise.

And at Fort Ball were the following :

Abel Ilawson (lawyer) ; Milton McNeal (merchant) ; Neil Mc-
[Oaffey (county clerk) ; Dr. Eli Dresbach; Jesse Spencer (proprietor

408

Seneca County — Pioneers^ Etc,

■

of Fort Ball); Elislui Smith (tavern keeper); David Smith (chair
maker), uiul Samuel Iloaj^Iaiul.

Tittiii was walleil in by a dense forest, and the principal street
(Wasiiini^ton) was encumbered by fallen timber, stumps, etc., to a
degree tiiat seriously obstructed travel. At tliu suggestion of l)r,
Kuiui, a portion of one day in each week was devoted to the jmr-
1>oso of " niggering" the logs, and the removal of tlie stumps iiinl
roots, so as to make a passage for teams and ])i' 'ans. 'J'luj iIih-
tor and Judge Pittonger undertook the worl opening Marku
street. Crossing the river in a canoe, the moiiKiit the bow struck
the opposite shore, tlie doctor seized his axe, and, rushing partly up
the bank, buried the blade in the trunk of a linn tree; and, turning
to Judge Pittenger, exclaimed :

'' 1 struck the first blow in the work of clearing the west end of
Market street ; and you will make a note of the fact."

There being no cleared ground suitable for the burial of the clciiil
the doctor devoted the larger portion of three weeks of his pcrHoiwI
time to the work of clearing the timber for a cemetery.

Among the early settlers in Tiflin, was Dr. Eli Drcsbach, a very
young man, who had gone there to practice medicine. Jle was bom
in Pennsylvania, but removed, when a small boy, with his parents,
to Pickaway county, Ohio.

M*.'^^ was a pupil of the late Dr. Luckey, of Ci' ville, and a gradu-
ate of the Ohio Medical College.

Like most of the pioneers of the northwe. liad, as the best

part of his outfit, good, industrious habits, with a full share of sell-
reliance. Unlike a vast number of the human family, he hud net
mistaken his vocation.

Nature had fitted him for the profession of medicine, by the en-
dowment of certain ([ualities deemed essential to success. He loved
his profession, aiid was proud of it. All his life he was a close stti-
dens, keeping abreast with the best men of his time. He was ;i
most uncompromising enemy of ([uackery, in all its phases, and un-
der all its disguises.

His professional popularity, among all classes, was truly wonder-
ful. It is a good thing to possess popular favor, — better still, the
merit to deserve it. Dr. Dresbach was fairly entitled to the honorj
of both.

Touching this subject, we may rightfully a[)propriate a line from
the " Deserted Village," and say, with the poet :

" A man he was to all his country dear."

The doctor was a man of fine presence, somewliat below the me-
dium height, of robust frame inclining to corpulency, nervo-san-
guine temperament, light blue eyes and fair complexion, a good
talker, a most agreeable companion, and a polished gentleman. Ili'|
was never married.

Seneca County — Pioneer f^^ Etc,

490

nCi Smith (chair

principal street

ituinps, etc., to a

ii<ror('stiou of Dr.

ruled to the pur-

the stunipd aiul

'ans. The ddc-

jpeninj^ Markii

b the bow struck

rusliinj? partly up

ivc ; and, tiirniii;;

; the west end of

' .1- "
vX.

)uriid of the ilcad
ks of his persoiiiil
elory.

i Brcshach, a yery
•inc. lie was Ijoni
, witli his parents,

-ville, and a gradu-

l.ad, as the best
. full share of sell-
aniily, he had net

■dicine, by the en-
success. He loved
he was a close stii-
time. He wiis ;i
its phases, and uii-

was trulv wonder-
,r,— better still, the
itled to the honors |

opriate a line from

tar.'

^hat below the nw-
pulencv, nervo-saii'
complexion, a gow
led gentleman.

llis widespread rcimtation for eminent skill, forced n])on him a
very large profetiKional biirfiness. iMiially, this constant strain of
mind and hoily, fen* niorw than a <|uartert)f a century, began to make
serious inroads u|)on iiis health. Other causes, doubtles, contrihuted
to the same end. Travel and a change of climate, it was hoped,
would prove beneficial ; kind, loving friends did all iu their ])ower,
but all without uvail. lie died April i\, l8.")o, ivt the ago of iifty
years.

Dr. Dresbnck was fond of a good story, and used to relate many
amusing incidents in his own life. We will give only one :

Two neighbors, Smith and Jones we will call them, lived on op-
posite sides of Wolf Creek, live or six miles from town. As Airs.
Smith was sullering a great deal one day, it Was so arranged that

if she

grew

blowing the h

worse during the night, a

orn, and th

signal

should be

given

iNIr. .lones would nuike all haste to
I'etch the doctor, lii'fore midnight the signal was given, with un
emiduvsis that soon aroused Jones. It was a terrible night for any

eV'tipon
midnight

one to be out:

-"All! bitter C'liill it wiis,

Tlie owl, for all his feathers, was acold."

An obstetric call could not bo put off till morning, by sending a
prescription ; so the doctor was soon in his saddle, and, two miles out
from town, taking Mrs. Levi Creecy behind him on his horse, he plung-
ed across the country, throucrii woods iind brush, and over lallen tim-
ber. Finally, after much ti i)ulation, the party drew up on the east
bank of Wolf Creek, and b> an to reconnoitre. Smith had agreed
to be iu waiting with a canoc take them across, as the water was too
high for fording. Suiith madi' ;ippeariuice that night, but his house
stood in the distance dark and sile;it. Mrs. Smith had evidently gQt
better, and the whule family were sound asleep. The party called and
shouted till they were tired, and, after resting awhile, repeated the
experiment. At last, heartily disgusted and half frozen, they went
back to their homes.

A few nights after this, the same mellow horn might have been
heard discoursing sweet music; but this time it had no charms for
Jones. Jones may have read the story of the shepherd boy, who
used to cry " wolf," till nobody would believe him. Tiie Smith fam-
ily were left in the lurch.

Rodolphus Dickinson settled in 182G ; Abel Rawson opened a law
otKce in Fort Ball in 182-1.

A. G. Pennington was a student of Mr. Rawson in 1841, and has
since continued practice in Tiffin — being now the senior member of
the Seneca county bar.

Judge Lang commenced his studies with the late Joshua Seney,
completed them with Oliver Cowdery, was admitted in 1842, and is
the second oldest lawyer in practice ; W. P. Noble is the third on the
list.

oOO

Seneca County — Pioneers, Etc.

The late Anson Burlingame, for many years a member of Con-
gress from Massachusetts, and subsequently United States Minister
to China, and finally accredited, by the Chinese Emperor, as Em-
bassador to represent his government at the various European
Courts, and to the government of the United States, passed about
eight years of his boyhood in Eden township, Seneca county, near
the town of Melmore. His father, Joel liurlingame, was a local
preacher of the M. E. Church, and removta to the place above-men-
tioned in 1823. Among his day and Sunday school mates, at tlie
little log school house in the neighborhood, was General William H.
Gibson, of Tiilin. His first teacher in the day school, Mrs. Electa
Hunter, isnow a regident of Green Springs. When his father re-
moved to Seneca -county, Anson was about five years of age. He was
regarded, in the neighborhood of his residence, as one of the most
promising and exemplary boys, and was a general favorite.

There are many of his kindred now residents of Seneca county.
His father was a natural frontiersman — removing to Seneca when
the county was sparsely settled — residing in a small log cabin — his
means never adequate to afford himself and family any other than a
meagre support, and finally pursued his westward course, drifting in
advance of the tide of civilization, until he reached the shores of the
Pacific ocean, where he died several years ago.

Joseph Burnside, in June, 1872, had occupied the farm in Clinton
township, about one mile southeast of Tiffin, for a period of fifty
consecutive years — having removed to it in June, 1822.

Messrs. Benjamin and John Pittenger, when they were engaged in
mercantile business, had their goods trucsported by Avagons from
Baltimore to Tiffin.

John Park (merchant in 1833,) established, in that early day, a
" one price store.'' Upon receipt of a certain invoice of goods, he
marked up a piece of calico at 37^- cento per yard, and sold a dress
to a woman at that price. The remaining portion of this particular
piece of goods remained upon the shelf some two years. One day a
lady called and inquired the price, and was informed that, as the
goods had been on the shelf so long a time, he would let her have
what she required for 30 cents per yard. Having made the sale at
this reduced price, he refunded to his first customer the difference
between the two rates.

Richard Jaque and wife, near Melrose, married in 1809, are yet
living together. In the war of 1812-15, he was a scout in the United
Statesvservice on the St. Lawrence river. He was born April 9, 1787,
in Columbia, New York, and settled in Seneca county, October, I'^it

The following are the census returns of Seneca county, for the
decennial periods from 1830 to 1870, inclusive:

In 1830 5,1M

In 1840 18,128

In 1850 27,104

In 1860 ; 30,8li8

In 1870 30,827

Seneca County — Present Resources.

501

lember of Con-
States Minister
tnperor, as Em-
rious European
33, passed about
ca county, near
,me, was a local
ilace above-men-
•ol mates, at the
aeral William H.
lool. Mrs. Electa
m hiS lather re-
1-8 of age. He was

one of the most
Favorite,
f Seneca county.

to Seneca when
lU log cabin— his

any other than a
course, drifting in
d the shores of the

le farm in Clinton
p a period of tifty

L822.

L'y Avere engaged in
by Avagons from

that early day, a

voice of goods, he
•d, and sold a dress
1 of this particular

years. One day a
ormed that, as the

ould let her have
_ made the sale at
)mer the difference

d in 1809, are yet
scout in the United
„ born April 9, 1787,
anty, October, IS'^'-i-
eca county, for the

.... 5,159

18,128

27,104

...30,808

...30,827

Tliis reduction in the population of the county, occurring during
the decennial period ending in June, 1870, is an evidence of the
thrift of the agricultural interests. Where a given section of land
was heretofore occupied by a half dozen families, one among the
most successful farmers has bought out his neighbors, and the hitter
have removed to the cheaper acres of the west. This process has
been going forward in other counties in the wealthiest agricultural
districts of the State, during the last twenty years. While the ten-
dency has been to depopulate, it has not diminished the wealth of
the country, but the importance of the towns ha? been augmented,
as the following figures will explain :

Tiffin— population in 1850 2,718

18(iO 8,903

1870 5,G48

The consolidated towns of Risdon and Rome, now known as Fostoria, had,

In 1850 677

In 1860 1,027

In 1870 1,733

While Tiflin and Fostoria have exhibited a growth so remarkable, other
towns have declined. This is particularly the case with Republic, which, in
1850, numbered 917 ; in 1860, declined to 636, and, in 1870, to 481.

Value of lands in Seneca county in 1871 $11,030,840 00

Value of chattel property 4,234,020 00

Total $15,864,860 00

In Timn—Value of real estate $ 1,286,514 00

Value of chattel property 751,323 00

Total % 2,037,837 00

lu Fostoria (Loudon township)— Real estate $ 429.216 00

Chattel 477,333 00

Total.. % U06,549 00

In Green Springs (Adams twp.)— Real estate $ 57,237 00

Chattel 234,624 00

Total ^ $291,801 00

lu Republic (Scipio twp)— Real estate... % 77,126 00

" " Chattel 173,031 00

Total % 250,157 00

In Attica (Venice twp.)— Real estate $ 62,420 00

" " Chattels 2(18,894 00

Total % 291,314 00

In New Riegel (Big Springs twp.)— Real estate % 32,240 00

" *^ ^ " Chattels 157,809 00

Total % 190,109 00

502

Seneca County — Present liesources.

la Melmore (Eden tTvp.)— Real estate $ 28,410 00

" Chattels 230,312 00

Total $ 3.~4,628 00

PUBLIC rnorEiiTY.

Value of court house f 30,000 oO

Value of jaiL 10,000 oO

Value of Infirmary 75,000 00

Total $ 115,000 00

The following is a list of county officers for 1S72 :

Wm. M. Johnson, probrte judge ; Isaac Hagey, auditor; William
Lang, treasurer; J. C. Miilhime, clerk of common pleas court;
Frank Baker, prosecuting attorney ; John Wesley, sheriff ; Wm. De
Witt, recorder ; P. H. Ryan, surveyor ; H. TJ. llakestraw, D. E. Ma-
jors, and S. M. Ogden, commissioners; U. P. Coonrod, Eden Tease,
G. W. Bachman, infirmary directors.

The public schools of Tiffin employ twenty teachers, who give
instruction to 070 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 09
per cent.

The three Catholic schools have in charge the education of about
500 pupils. The Ursuliue Convent, founded in 18G'2 by four nuns
of that order from Cleveland, is under tlie management of an able
corps of teachers, and possesses advantages for the accommodation
of 100 boarding pupils.

Heidelburg College employs six professors, and has an average
attendance of 175 students. It is the first organized, and, as yet,
only Collegiate Institution in northwestern Ohio, having been open-
ed November 11, 1850, by Rev. J. li., and Eev. II. Good, of the
German Reformed Church.

The city also contains eleven churches, including one Episcopa-
lian, one Piesbyterian, one Baptist, one German Catholic, one Irisii
Catholic, one Methodist, one Methodist Episcopal, two Rfformed,
one Lutheran, and one Albright.

The Citizens' Hospital and Orphan Asylum is an institution situ-
ated on a plat of forty acres, one mile from Tiilin, founded by llev.
J. L. Bihn, in 1868, and conducted by the sisters of !St. Francis.

In connection with the college is a Tiieological Seminary, open to
students of all denominations, who may desire to avail thenisulves
of its advantages. One hundred and live ministers have been edu-
cated at the institution, and the average attendance is about twenty-
five.

The business houses of Tiffin include ten dry goods; nine milli-
nery and fancy goods ; three clothing ; six boot and shoe; one li.it
and cap ; four jeweler; three book and stationery; five drug; live
hardware; twenty-two grocery ; three tobacco and cigar; four con-

$ 28,41ft on

; 230,312 00

."$~3r4,628 00

$ 30,000 OO

lO.OltO OO

■ 75,000 00

.. "JTlS.OOO 00

itor; William
pleas court;
eviff; Wm. De
raw, D. E. Ma-
d, Edeu Tease,

liers, -who give
.tendance of C9

nation of about
I by four nuns
icnt of an able
accommoclation

las an average
ed, and, as yet,
ving been opeu-
.1. Good, of the

one Episcopa-
tliolic, one Irish
two lleformed,

institution sini-
unded by llev.
St. Francis.

nninary, open to

ivail tbenisulvcs
have been edii-

is about twenty-

ods; nine niilh-

d shoe; one hat

; five drug ; liv«

cigar;

four cou-

{

{fAc<A/c

Seneca County — Charles W. Foster, of Fostoria. 503

fectionary ; four furniture ; three crockery ; throe saddlery ; four
photograph galleries ; seven produce dealers, and seven hotels and
boarding houses.

In manufacturing industries, there are three foundry and ma-
chine shops ; Tiffin Agricultural Works ; Ohio Stove Works ; Tiffin
Woollen Mills ; one churn and wooden ware factory ; one pump do ;
two bent wood do ; one paper board mill ; one handle factory ; two
planing mills, manufacturing sash, doors, blinds, etc.; three carriage
factories ; three wagon do; one flax and one wool carding mill ; one
foundry ; one tile factory ; one wood stirrup do ; one boiler do ; five
flouring mills ; three saw mills ; two stove factories ; two marble
do; three bakeries; three breweries; two distilleries ; two tanneries;
two asheries ; five cigar manufactories ; four lumber yards, and six
lime kilns.

The newspapers of Tiffin are well conducted, and consist of the
Advertiser, by J. M. Armstrong and J. M. Myers ; the Tribune, by
Lockcs & ]31ymer, and the Star, by White & Foster.

Next in importance to Tiffin is Fostoria, of which future city Mr.
Charles W. Foster being the founder, a brief personal sketch of him
is here introduced.

Mr. Foster was born in Rockfitld, Worcester county, Massachu-
setts, November 21, 1800; and, in aoout 1820, his father and family
removed to western New York, then u sparsely settled country. On
the 7th of June, lS:i7, at Cambridge, Washington county. New
York, he married Miss Laura Crocker; and, during the same year,
removed to Seneca county, Ohio, and from thence, in October, 1832,
to tli" place now known as Fostoria ; and, jointly with his father-in-
law, John Crocker, and his brotlier-in-law, lioswel' Crocker, entered
about 2,000 acres of unimproved land, in the town and neighbor-
hood. Immediately after the arrival of the party, the town of Rome,
ill Senecii county, adjoining the Hancock county line, was laid out,
ami in November a store of goods was opened. The rival town of
I'isdon, located, one-half in Seneca and one-half in Hancock county,
was phitted about the same time by John Gorsuch — the town being
named after the surveyor, David Kisdon.

In the last named town a store was established, about the same
time with the one of Mr. Foster and his associates ; but the latter
has continued, under a modiliciition of partnership, and commencing
forty years ago, with a capital of two thousand dollars, and sales of
goods the first year not exceeding three thousand dollars, and those
chielly a barter trade — furs and skins being the chief medium of ex-
ohanj^e — the house has now a paid up capital of ^^^TOjOOO, and last
year's sales reached 81 ;j0,000 ; tinil the outside business of the firm,
including the trade in wool, grain, pork, lumber, etc., amounted, in
cash, to over one million of dollars.

There are few instances of business success in the Maumec Val-

504 Seneca County — Charles W. Foster y of Fostoria.

ley that have been more marked, than that of Mr. Foster. With tlio
exception of R. W. Shawhan, of Tiftin, there is not one of his co-
temporaries who, in 1832, were engaged in merchandise, and now
pursuing the business. During this long period of business life, Mr.
Foster was never a party to a contested law-suit. lie has in some
instances been compelled to bring suit against parties removing out
of the country, or manifesting inditference to their obligations; but
his extensive business has been generally conducted amicably ami
satisfactorily to all with whom he has had dealings.

Among the first enterprises of public value that seemed a neces-
sity, was the erection of a saw and grist-mill — the mills of TitRn
being the nearest — and, in about 1834, Roswell Crocker, with the
aid of his father and brother-in-law, built a saw-mill, and in 1 836 a
grist-mill. These mills drew custom from distant settlements, and
proved highly beneficial to the new town and country.

The town of Ritlon, after the consolidation of the two places in
the year 1852, transferred its business activity to Rome, and the
point now known as Fostoria, where it will have a permanent and
prosperous abiding place. To Mr. Charles W. Foster, and to his
son, Hon Charles Foster, and to their enterprise and foresight — af.
fording substantial aid to every proposition which gave a reasonable
promise of advancing the moral and material growth of the place-
is this recently isolated inland town indebted for the rank it now
holds, and for the promise of continued growth. Starting the town
in the wilderness, with his courageous partners, and with an adjoin-
ing rival to contest the field, there are not many who would not, du-
ring some of these forty years that are past, have yielded a conflict
that now, when we look back, must liave appeared hopeless to one
of less energy and will.

Although having; passed a life of unusual activity, and achieved a
degree of success rarely attending, under the circumstances, human
effort, Mr. Foster now appears, at the age of seventy-three, in the very
prime of vigorous manhood.

The shipments made by G. Morgan <& Co., from March 1, to July
30, 1872, five months, were 3,100 barrels of eggs (220,000 dozen),
and 3,500 firkins of butter.

Foster, Olmsted & Co., bought, during the year ending July, 1872,
185,000 bushels of wheat ; 300,000 pounds of wool ; 175,000 bushels
of oats; 50,000 bushels of corn, and 5,000 dressed hogs. And other
parties shipped, during the same period, about 12,000 barrels of ilour;
2,000,000 feet of lumber ; 7,000 hogs, and 3,000 head of cattle and
horses.

Fostoria contains Presbyterian, Methodist, United Brethren, Lu-
theran and Catholic churches ; one newspaper — the Fostoria Review,
by Mr. Jones, editor and proprietor — one bank; four hotels (the
princijial being the Hayes House, W. W. Reed, proprietor) ; three
general merchandise stores, which last year made sales amounting to

Fostoria.

Sandusky County — Its Organization. 505

ter. With the
)ne of his co-
(lise, and now
Lsinesslife, Mr.
s has in some

removing out
)ligations; but

amicably and

;emed a neces-
mills of Tiffin
ocker, with the
, and in 1836 II
ettlements, and

3 two places m
Kome, and the
permanent and
ister, and to his
id foresight— af.
rave a reasonable
'h of the place-
he rank it now
tarting the town
I with an adjoin-
o would not, du-
ielded a conflict
hopeless to one

^, and achieved a
instances, human
three, in the very

ISIarch 1, to Julv
(220,000 dozen),

nding July, 18TJ.
• 175,000 bushels
iiogs. And other
)0 blirrels of Hour;
ead of cattle and

ted Brethren, L"-
i Fostoria /I'cfieM',
, four hotels (tlH'
'iroprietor) ; three
ales amounting to

$201,000 ; three provision, two jewelry, three hardware, three cloth-
ing, one drug, and two stove stores; three tin, three harness, four
millinery, two dress making, and two marble establishments ; two
furniture sales rooms ; two meat markets ; two i)hotograph galle-
ries, and one news depot. Also, two grist and three saw mills ; one
stave and barrel, and one tile factory; two planing mills; two foun-
dries; four carriage, and six blacksmith shops ; one tannery; one
ashery; tlve brickyards ; two boot and shoe shops and stores, and
ibnr shoe shops : two bakery and confectionery stores, and one grain
elevator.

SANDUSKY COUNTY

Was organized, according to the court record, in pursuance of an
act of the General Assembly of Ohio, February 12, 1820. George
Tod was President Judge of the Circuit, and Israel Harrington,
David Harrold, and Alexander Morrison, Associate Judges. James
Williams was appointed c\cvk pro tempore ; "whereupon," — so the
record reads — "the sheriff returned tlie vonre for the grand jurors,
and it appearing that the venire did not issue thirty days before the
return, the array being challenged, the panel was questioned ; where-
upon the sherift'was ordered to select a new jury from the by&tan-
ders, and the following persons being called, appeared, to wit: Joshua
Davis, Elisha W. Ilowland, Jonathan II. Jerome, William Morrison,
Josiah Kumery, Nicholas Whittinger, William Andrews, Kuel
liOomis, James Montgomery, Calel) llice, Eobert Harvey, Thomas
Webb, Elijah Brayton, Charles B. Fitch, and Reuben Bristol; where-
upon Charles B. Fitch was appointed foreman, and took the oath
prescribed by lav/; and hi2 fellow-jurors, after taking the same oath,
received a solemn charge from the court and retired.

"Upon application, David Baker was appointed Inspector of the
County of JSandusky, and entered into bonds according to law.

"Willis E. Brown produced his commission as Sheriff of the
County of iSandusky, and Avas sworn to execute the duties of his of-
fice in open court.

"Phillip B. Hopkins is appointed clerk pro tempore.^''

Election Notice and Poll Book of Election, August 1, 1815;
Notice is hereby given to the ((ualified electors of the township of
I'Ower Sandusky, to meet at the house of Israel Harrington on the
loth day of August, at 10 o'clock A. M., then and tiiere to elect
township officers, as the law directs. Said township to comprise all
Hiatpartof Huron county west of the 2-lth range of Connecticut
Reserve.

EliS.Barnum, ) ^^^^^^^^.^.
Caleb Palmer, V .
Charles Parker,) *'^'^"*'
Huron, August 1, 1815.

506

Sandiishy County — Early History.

In pursuance of the foregoing notification, the electors of Lower
Sandusky assembled and made choice of Israel Harrington, Esq., for
Chairman of said meeting. Elisha Harrington and Charles II. Fitch
were chosen judges of election. Ephraim Johnston and Isaac Lte
were appointed clerks.

At that election, the following officers were chosen:

Trustees, Israel Harrington, Kandall Jerome, and Jeremiah Eve-
rett; township clerk, Isaac Lee; overseers of th»j poor, Morris A.
Newman, and William Andrews ; fence viewers, Isaac Lee, and Wil-
liam Ford; appraisers, Charles B. Fitch, and Henry Bubrow; lister,
Charles B. Fitch ; supervisors, William Andrews, and Morris A,
Newman.

Israel Harrington, who died in 1841, was one of the early " inn-
keepers" at Lower Sandusky; — was a good citizen and neighbor, and
understood how to conduct a house of entertainment. Colonel
Kichard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, after the battle of the Thames,
in which conflict he received a painful wound, was a guest, during
several days, under the hospitable roof of Mr. Harrington.

Regarding the signification of the name of the county, John H,
James, in the American Pioneer, makes the statement following:

"I have a note of a conversation with William Walker, at Colum-
bus, in 1835-G, at which time he was principal chief of the AVyau-
dots, at Upper Sandusky, in which I asked the meaning of the word
Sandusky. He said it meant ' at the cold water,' and should be
sounded San-doos-toe. He said it 'carricnl with it the force of a
preposition.' The Upper Cold Water, and the Lower Cold Water,
then, were descriptive Indian names, given long before the presence
of the trader, Sowdowsky. In the vocabulary of Wyandot words,
given by John Johnston, formerly Indian agent in Ohio, as printed
in Archmologia Americana, vol. 1, p. 295, the word water is given,
^S"^, 7C7idnsfee, or, water within 2)ooW

The late Major B. F. Stickney, in a lecture delivered before the
Young Men's Association of Toledo, February ^8, 1845, said :

''The remains of extensive works of defence are now to be seen
near Lower Sandusky. The Wyandots have given me this account
of them: At a period of two centuries and a half since, or more,
all the Indians west of this point were at war with all the Indians
east. Two walled towns were built near each other, and each was
inhabited by those of Wy;indot origin. They assumed a neutral po-
sition, and all the Indians at war recognized that character. They
might be called two neutral cities. All of the west might enter (lie
western city, and all of the east the eastern. The inhabitants of |
one city might inform those of the other, that war parties .were i
there, or had been there ; but who they were, or whence they came,
or anything more, must not be mentioned. The war parties migliil
remain there in security, taking their own time for departure. At
the western town they suffered the warriors to burn their prisoner;
near it; but the eastern would not. An old Wyandot informed ffltj

Sanduslcy County — liarly Ilistm'y.

607

tors of Lower
gton, Es(i., for
iiarlea 11. Fitch
and Isaac Ltc

Jeremiali Eve-
poor, Morris A.
c Lee, and Wil-
Dnbrow ; lister,
and Morris A,

the early " inn-
:id neighbor, and
nment. Colonel
of the Thames,
a guest, durnig
nngton.

county, John 11.
ent following ••
Valker, at Colum-
lief of the AVyaii-
.aningofthewovd
■r,' and should be
1 it the force of ft
ower Cold Water,
jcfore the presence
f Wyandot words,
,1 Ohio, as printed
vd water

is given,

elivered before tk
^, 1845, said :
re now to be seen
>n me this account
lalf since, or move,
ith all the IndwK
thcr, and each wib
umed a neutral po-
,t character. il|;^
rost might enter til
The inhabitants o.
war parties .^veK
whence they cmw
war parties nug '
fur departure. A^
i,urn their prisoni^H
yandot informed iB^

tliiit he recollected seeing, wlien a boy, the remains of a cedar post,
or stake, at which tliey formerly burned prisoners.

"The French historians tell us that those neutral cities were in-
habited, and their neutral character respected, when they first came
here. At length a (luarrel arose between the two cities, and one des-
troyed the inhabitants of the other. 'JMiis put an end to neutrality."

Tecumseh's brother, " the Prophet," made a visit to the Wyan-
dots, at Lower Sandusky, as early as 180(! (says Peter Navarre), and
designated four of their best women as witches, whom he appointed
men to slay at midnight. This fearful deed would have been con-
summated, but for the timely interference of Pev. Joseph Badger,
missiouary to the Wyaudots.

In a mannscript memoranda of Rev. P. A. Sherrard, now in pos-
■ession of Mr Butterfield, of Bucyrus, the following account is given
of atrial at a term of the Sandusky Court of Common Pleas:

"When at Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), the Lst of May, 183-1,
I attended a term of the Court of Common Pleas of Sandusky
county. The first case called was one brought by a Seneca Li-
diiin, represented by his next friend, a fourth breed Indian, a local
.Mt'tliodist ])reacher named Montgomery. The suit was brought to
prove the identity and ownership of a pony horse, which Montgom-
ery, acting for the Seneca Indian, had replevied, having found the
horse in the possession of a white man, living three or four miles
wt'st of the Seneca reservation.

"The Indian's statement was, that he had raised the pony from a
icolt, and had been out; on a hunting excursion, near where his oppo-
\\\v\\{, the white man, lived, when his pony left him, and Avas making
[itsuay homeward, to the Seneca Reserve, when it was taken up by
defendant. The white man claimed that he had raised the beast,
land was its rightful owner. The plaintiff also asserted the same
Ichiiin.

"The Indian had five witnesses of his own tribe, the testimony of
|each being directly in favor of his claim. The first of these witness-
ts was 'Old George,' the chief, a tall, portly man, six feet and two
finches in height, and a well-proportioned figure, though over seventy
Vears of age. I frequently met his father, whose hair was once, it is
pid, as black and coarse as that of a horse' tail ; but when I first
net him, in 18Ji 4, his hair was iis white as a sheep's wool, and he
fas said to have passed his liundredth year.

"He was born at or near Cayuga Lake, in the State of New York,
|nd was generally known as Cayuga George, the chief. His testimo-
|y was expected to be corroborated by four other Indians. A ques-
lon snggested itself to the court (Judge Ebenezer Lane being Pres-
flent Jiulgo of the circuit,) and attorneys, as to the form of oath
fopor to i)e administered to the Indian witnesses. After some delib-
ration, Judge Lane, through an interpreter, put the question to the
iiief in the following words :

608

Sandushy County — Early ITUtory.

"'Do yon believe tliat tlie Grout Spirit will punish you, if you till
\\ lie about the horse ?'

"George ([uickly replied, and with great uninniiion in hiscqjuntt'ii-
ance, that he would not tell a lie lor any nnui'a horae.

'• The Judge then ordered the witnesses to hold up their right
hand, each, and put the test to them as follows :

"' You and each of you, do soU'innly promise to speak the truth,
as you believe that the Great Sjiirit will punish you, if you tell w Ik'
about the ownersiiip of the horse, now in dispute between tlie In-
dian and the white man ;' to which they gave their assent by u nod,
and the exclamation ' Ugh !'

" The Indians were then cpiestioned, one by one, commencins;
with George, the chief, as to what they knew concerning the pony,
or horse, in dispute; and their averment was, that the Seneca Indian
who claimed tlie horse raised him from a colt, and that lie was three
years old that spring. The four witnesses of the white claimant tcs-
tilled directly the reverse of this, and sworo that the white niiiii
had been the owner of the pony since it was a colt, had raised it,
and that it was four years old that spring.

" Here was a discre]iancy between the witnesses of the opjiosiii;;
parties as to the age of the colt ; and, in order to aid the jury in
reconciling the conilicting testimony, the judge ordered the slieritf|
to call three men, who claimed knowledge of such matters, to ascer-
tain the age of a horse by examination of his teeth.

"The slieritf selected three men who professed to be endowed with
this gift, and who, after a careful examination of the beast's nioiit'
testified that he was of the age sworn to by the Indian witnesses- 1
Contrary to the evidence, the jury brought in a verdict for thc\vliite|
man.

"And thus ended that lawsuit, showing the uncertainty of thtj
law. A number of white men raised lifteen dollars, and ])urchase(l
the horse, and delivered it to the Indian, who returned to his liunel
in the Reservation, consisting of forty thousand acres, situated oiif
the east side of the Sandusky river, live miles above Fremont."

And regarding the Seneca Indians, the same writer has the fol|
lowing:

" The Ohio fragment of the Seneca tribe was an olT-shoot from the]
old Senecas of New York. This swarm, or colony, from the
line, left it more than 200 years ago, and settled on the Sandiiskjl
river, around where Fremont now stands, and Avhere they resiilcl
from that time until they sold out their reservation to the Unitei!'
States, under the trenty made at Washington city in February, lf>31.
— James B. Gardner being the Commissioner of the General Cov|
ernment.

"In pursuance of this treaty, tlie Senecas removed to the NeshJ
river, west of the ^Mississippi, in the fall of 1831. Their roservatioii|
was sold by order of President Jackson, in the autumn of 18;)2.
. "At the time of the horse trial mentioned above, George,

Sandui^hj Count y-^Karhj History.

600

chief, ami his fatlu'r, wore both living, but both hail bcconioold, and
fiir lulvancoil in life. Goorgo was the only acting chief, ruler, or
lutul rflnn of the Seneca tribe, and was innrh rcspcctoil, not only by
his own race, but by all lb(^ whit(! settlers who knew him, or iiad
liny dealings with iiim. His word would be taken among the wiiite
pi'oph', by whom he was known, far beyond many of tlie white jxip-
uhition of tiuit country at that tinu". He would nt't sulfer any thiev-
ing person, male or female, of his t wii, or of any otlicr tribe, if ho
knew it, to live among his Iiulians. 'riu^ ])uni.siunent for tin ft, and
other crimes, was 'club law' — tlie oIK-nder beuig cubbed outsiile his
jurisdiction; and if the culi)rit returned ut a future period, death
liv ehibbing wouhl be his portion. MurdiT, in all cas-es, was jJuniBJi-
ai)le l)y death. It was a rare crime among the henecas, and only
occurred in drunken broils."

"While at [jower Sandusky, in May, IS-^>I," ]\rr. Sherrard conlin-
iios, " 1 often met Cieorge, the chief, and his wife. Slip fre(|Uently
visited Lower Sandusky, ilistant live miles from her residence, and
travelled upon her jiony, using a side-saddle. Tlio Seneca women
geiierally rode ui)on a man's saddle, and after the custom of men,
a leg on each side the body of the horse; but they had a neat way
of tucking their Indian blanket around tiioir legs, and they all wore
legjjins and moccasins.

'' One day George and his wife, on returning from Lower Sandusky,
culled at tlie house of Colonel Chambers, two miles above town,
where Mr. Sherrard boarded; and, after being seated, (ieorge took
out his pipe and tilled it with tobacco, and commenced smoking.
IIl- then made eiupiiry of Mrs. Chambers whether she '' had lost
haiikisli, like one on neck ;'' at the same time pointing to the one
she wore. She rejilied that she'had not missed any as yet.

''Me know you have," said CJeorge. "Me see many on line to dry;

'Mohawk S(puiw live 'mong us; she steal one like dat on neck; me

think she stole from line when dry. Next time nie come, me bring

him. Me no 'low Indian steal; me good man; me good in here;''

[at the same time jilacing his hand over his heart.

"Having linished this bit ofdiscourse.he and his wife left, forgetting
[the twist of tobacco from which he had tilled his pipe. Shortly after
he was gone, Mrs. Chambers noticed the forgotten tobacco, and re-
I marked that when ho came again, she would give it to him.

"'Yes,' said I, 'and tell him you are good woman — good in here.''"

In regard to the Lidian murder, reference to wliich is made by
iJiulge lliggins (pp. 2><2, 'IS'.l), ]\[r. Slieirard gives the following
laceount:

"About the year 18*J5, Coonstick, Stiel and Cracked-lloof, lettthe
Ireservation for the double purpose of a three years' hunting and
jtrappiiig excursion, and to seek a location kn- a new home for the
jtiibe ill the west. At the time of their starting, Comstock, the bro-
jtlierof the two lirst, was the principal chief of the tribe. On their
jretuni, in 18:38, richly laden with furs and liorsos, they found Seneca

510

Sandusky County -^--Eart]) Iliatory,

John, llicir fourth hrofhor, chief in phioe of Comstook, wlio lunl
died durin<^ tliclr absc^ndo. ConiHtock vvuh tlie fiivorilo of the twd,
and tlit-y iit onco chHr;i;ed Sont'ca John with ])roducin^ ills d^itli bv
witclicrafl. John denied the clmrge in a strain of eKxiuencc niivlv
e([ua!li'd. Said ho:

"* I k)ved my brother Comstock more than the green earth iRtnml
upon. I would give up myself, limb by limb, piecemeal by piow-
meal; — I would shed my blood, drop by drop, to restore him to li(V,'

•' But all his jjrotestations of innocence and alfecfion for his brotli-
er Comstock, were of no avail. His two other brothers pronouncul
him guilty, and declared their determination to become his exicii.
tioners. Jolm replied that he was willing to die, and only wished tn
live until next morning, to see tin; sun rise once more. This rc(i,u'^t
being granted, .John told them that he would sloep that night on
llard-llickory's ])orch, which fronted the east, where they would tiin!
him at sunrise. Lie ciioso that place because he did not wish to \k
killed in presence of his wife, and desired that the chief, Ihird'
Hickory, witness that ho died like a man.

"Coonstick and Steel retired for the night to an old cabin near
by. In the morning, in comjiany with Shane, another Indian, tluv |
proceeded to the house of Ilard-IIickory, — who was my informant, |
— who stated that a little after sunrise he heard their footstopd on
the porch, and he opened the door just wide enough to peep on;.
lie saw John asleep upon his blanket, and they standing near liia
At length one of them awoke him, and he immediately ro^e, tnuk of
a large handkerchief which was around his head, letting his unusu-
ally long hair fall upon his shoulders. This beiuir done, ho looWi

around upon the landscape, and upon the rising sun, to take a fare
well look of a scene ho was never again to behold; and then ac-
nounced to his brothers that he was ready to die.

" Shane and Coonstick caeh took him by the arm, and Stetl|
walked behind. In this way they led him about ten steps from
poich, when his brother. Steel, struck him with a tomahawk onttel
back of his head, and he fell to the ground, bleeding freely. h}-\
posing the blow sufficient to kill him, they dragged him underi
peach tree near by. h\ a short time he revived, however, the bl^'
having been broken by his great mass of hair. Knowing thai. I
was Steel who struck the blow, John, as he biv, tunu'd hia \\m
towards Coonstick, and said: ' Now, brot'' itlf< /• revengf'l

' e him; i

«}, ti he drew
I t next (lay ill
lot mijrc than twc

J e;ii ,
monies

This so operated on Coonstick, th;''
the proposition^ enraged Steel te
knife and cut John's throat from .
was buried with the usual Indian ci
feet from where he fell."

The judicial basis upon which the judgment of the Court fij
rendered in the foregoing case, is clearly stated in the comrau
tion of Judge David Higgins, already referred to.

?/•

stool<, Nvlio M
n,(5 of the two,
1,0; his A«it'i> ^•'

■oen ciirtAi 1 stmid
:emcal by pica-
itore him to lilc
ion t\)V bis \)Volli-
iierB \ir(>nounci'il
'.come his oxecii-
,id onW wished b>
ore. TUis nn"'-^'
.ep timt ui.iiht on

id not wish to W
b tlie chiei, ilurd-

an old cabin war
lolher Indian, tluv
vas my inlormam,
their footsteps 011 ]
enough to peep on;,
Btanding near m
aiately vos^'.tookon

, letting his um)^«;

Irr done, ho luoU

sun, to take a to"

aold; and thenar-

the arm, '^f'^^^l
, ten steps from
, a tomahawk on*
eeding tVeely. S«H
lagged him nncl
L however, the bb'

Knowing tlw> 1
:„. tnnvd \UiH

r reven?tl

.ehim;4
, he drew Ml
i t n.>Kt dayil
ot more than twoij

L of the Court ^\
[\ in the comwi'
to.

Sandushij County — £arly History. 511

Mr. Sherrard has alao the following? in regard to the religion of
lilt' Indians :

"■ere I would od'er anoLlier remark from an idea which liaH heeii
(liscussod in connoction \vitli this matter, — whieli is, thiit I hiive rea-
son to believe that tlio Seiieea, as well as the Osage Indians, nuiy
luivo been sun worshipiwrs. T reach this conclusion from the cir-
cumstance of the willingness of Seneca John to meet death on con-
dition that his brothers would let him live until morning, to see the
sun rise onco more.

'•The rojtly of (Jeorge, the cliit'f, to the missionaries, was, at all
times, that their own religion was good t3nough ; but what that re-
li^^ion consisted in, I have no account, further than that they had a
strong native belief in a (Ireat Spirit, that overlooked theallairsand
notions of numkind. The Senecas have also a custom handed down
IVoin their ancestors, and points to their Jewish origin as one of the
lost ten tribes. They have a yearly sacrilice; and for thiit purpose
liitten a white dog — for they utterly abhor and detest any other
color. At this sacrilice, the whole male portion of the tribe are con-
vened. This statement I obtained from Colonel Chambers, in \S'i\,
who was well acquainted with the mannera and customs of the
Sonecas.''

A writer in tlio Fremont 2hsscngcr,^h'. Morris E. Tyler, commu-
niciites to that sprightly journal the interesting reminiscences cjuoted
below:

"During the war of 1812, while D. P. Snow, who lived at Cold
Creek (now called Castalia), was absent from home, Captain Pump-
kin and a band of Indians captured the family of Mr. Snow. lie
instantly killed an infant. They marched the rest towards the San-
dusky bay. Mrs. Snow being unable to travel, was tomahawked and
scalped within a few rods of the house. The remainder of the fam-
ily, two souij and one daughter, they took to their canoes. They
then conveyed them to Detroit, which had been disgracefully sur-
sendered by the coward, Hull, where they sold thera to the British
government. Alter this brutality on the part of Pumpkin and his
baud, he killed some of his own people, when they in revenge killed
t!ii^ Indian nuirden'r, on the Stony Prairie, about one mile Ironi the

ily of J-'remont.

"The Indians were in the habit of watching for the United States
I mail, which came weekly from Columbus to the lorces in this part
ol' the State. The Indians knew the day, and awaited the arrival
of the mail carriers. About twenty of the redskins secreted them-
selves behhid logs, in an oak opening, about one mile and a half
jsouth of Fremont, up the river. On that day, General Harrison
iBenl Colonel Ball with twenty-seven dragoons to Fort Stephenson.
jOu tlieir way, they were attacked by the Indians, who were defeated
'v Colonel Ball's force, without the loss of a single man, and the mail
hvas saved from British inspection.

612

Sandusky County — Early History,

" The village and township of Ballville was named alter Colonel
Ball in honor of this achievement.

"James Whittaker, the first white man who settled here, wa^ap-
tared near Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg), by the Indians, about the
year 1778, while hnntingi He was compelled to rim the gauntlet,
and was adopted by the Wyandot tribe, and was considered one of
their people.

*' Elizabeth Fucks was the first white woman who settled in San-
dusky county. She was captured by the Indians v hen she was about,
eleven years old, at Cross Roads, Pennsylvani'i, about the year
1780, and was adopted by the Wyandot Indians as one of their
tribp. She was married to Jani's Whitt.-iker, at Detroit. They set-
tled here at a very early day. Mr. Whittaker was an Indian trader,
He died in 1800, at Upper Sandusky, after partaking with his part-
ner, Hugh Patterson, a glass of wine which, it is supposed, con-
tained poison, as he died very suddenly after taking it.

"At the close of the war, the following named settlers were
living: Jeremiah Everett (fatlier of Homer Everett), Israel Har-
rington, Morris A. Newman (father of the wife of Judge Knapp),
James Nugin. and David Gallagher, who was then comm.issary at
Fort Stephenson

" Judge Isaac Knapp carried the mail a portion of that year, from
Fort Stephenson to Fort Meigs (now Perrysburg). At that time,
there was no road, and he was guided by blazes or spots made on
the trees by hewing with a hatchet:. The route travelled was a dan-
gerous one. They started from Fremont, went down the river to
Muskalonge creek, thence west about one mile, where they crossed
the creek by fording ; thence to Portage river which they crossed,
where Elmore is now situated ; from there by a circuitous route to
Fort Meigs.

" In those days the mail carriers were men of courage and deter-
mination, as the Indians and wolves were opposed to the advance-
ment of our system of civilization.

" Fort Stephenson was built upon the ground now occupied by
Lewis Leppelman and Dr. W. B. Ames, for residences. The fort
Avas within the square formed by Arch, Garrison, High, and Cio-
ghan streets. The fort was built of pickets twelve feet high above I
the ground, and the line surrounded by a ditch nine leet wide and |
six feet deep. The earth from this ditch was thrown up against the
pickets. Within the fort were three rude structures, used by the
garrison for storehouses. It was built for a garrison of ^00. On
the west side of the fort, the ditch was situated on the north side of
High, and abor*^, the centre of Croghan street.

" Before the war of 1812, there was a large town built by the
Muncie Indians, which was called Muncie village. It was situated
several miles below Fremont, on the Sandusky river, on what is
known as the Neil lands, at a point where a rivulet enters the river,

Sandusky Covnty — First Preacher.

513

alter Colonel

here, wa^ap-
,an8, about tlie
1 the gavmtlet,
isidered one of

settled in San-
n she was about,
ibout the year
I as one of their
troit. They set-
.n Indian trailer,
g with his part-
r supposed, con-
;it.

ed settlers were
rett), Israel Hav-
; Judge Knapp),
n commissary at

3f that year, from
). At that time,
r spots made on
,velled was a tlan-
llown the river to
here they crossed
liich they crossed,
rcuitous route to

ourage and deter-
to the adviuice-

now occupied by
ilences. The fort
In, iligb, and Oro-
% leet higb above
ine teet wide awl
Iwn up against t If

Lres, used by tbe
(rison of 200. On
In the north side ol

lown built by tbe
It was situated 1
river, on what is
pt enters the river,

a few rods above a house now occupied by a man named Harrison.
This village was destroyed in the war of 1812.

"llev, Joseph Badger was the first man who preached the gospel
in Sandusky county. In the year 1800, the Missionary Societies of
the Eastern States desired to send missionaries to the Indians in the
northern part of Ohio. At their instance, he came liere and resided
among tlie Wyandots and other tribes of Indians. The same year
he returned to Blandlord, Massachusetts, and afterwards returned
to Ohio, and settled on the Westerr. Iteserve. Before the war of
1812, his labors Avere divided between the Western lleserve and the
country bordering on the Sandusky and Maumee rivers. In 1812,
he was appointed chaplain by Governor Meigs, was in Fort Meigs
Juring the siege ot 1813, and through the war was attached to Gen-
eral Harrison's command. He died in Wood county in 18-lG."

The following sketch of the first Court House at Lower Sandus-
ky, is from the pen of Homer Everett :

" The first Court House in Lower Sandusky, was erected between
tlie month of July and the last day of December, on the site near
the present residence of Hon. 11. V. Bucklaiid. The frame was then
put up and covered, but not finished. The whole surrounding was
then densely covered with thick oak trees. It was away out in the
woods. A year or two afterwards, this frame was moved on rollers
to the top of the hill, on the lots now occupied by Rev. H. Lang,
and constitutes his residence. From sometime about the year 1825
orlS'2G, to 1840, this building was called the Court House, when
our I'resent one was completed.

"The first one was built by subscription ; the location was warmly
contended for by the east and west sides, each making the best offer
it was able to perform. The subscription signed by the inhabitants
west ot '^i.e river, is dated Aurust 1, 18"2o, and is quite indicative of
the state of things in a monetary and pecuniary point of view. The
list embraces four columns, one for the amount of cash, one for tho
amount of labor, one for the amount of produce, and one for tho
amount of material subscribed. Out of the thirty-three signers,
I only fifteen subscribed money, and the total amount of cafh raised
was only S235. The remainder of the Si, 800, which was tho total
of the subscription, was signed material, labor, and produce.

"The building was first let to Cyrus Hulburt, Avho failed to fulfill
[liiscoutract, and afterwards let to Thomas L. Hawkins, for 62,-fOO,
the County Commissioners paying six hundred dollars in orders on
j the Treasury."

The act of March 12, 1820, established the county seat at Cro-
Igliansvi.iC ; but Commissioners appointed by thr General Assembly
jto review the location, in 1822, established it on the west side of tho
jriver, where it has since remained.

514

Sandushj County — Pioneers, d;c.

The fifty-ninth anniversary of Croghan's defence of Fort Stephen-
son was celebrated at Fremont, on Friday, August 2, 1872, by a
large concourse of old residents of the Mauraee Valley. ThewlVe-
mont Democratic Messcnge?', August 8, 1872, concludes a notice of
the celebration as follows :

" The victory of Croghan and his brave band of heroes, gave
prominence to this place ; to Ohio, a glorious page in history ; to
Croghan and his determined supporters, imijerishable honors, ami
lustre to the American arms,

" Well may our people honor and cherish, in grateful remem-
brance, the brave and heroic defenders of Fort Stephenson.''

Isaac Knapp located at Fort Stephenson in September, 1814.
None who were then citizena of the place, survive him.

The pickets of the Fort, and the two large block houses, situated
on the south line of the enclosure ; the sentry-box on the southeast
corner ; the magazine in the northwest cornei', and a large block
house projecting over the picket line, and designed to cover the
ditches, \vore then in good condition of preservation.

About ninety to one hundred men, under command of Captain
Gcst, garrisoned the post. The fort was evacuated in May or June,
1815. Lieutenants Thomas L. Hawkins, and Thomas E. Boswell,
alter the evacuation, remained at the fort, and made the place their
permanent home. Morris A. Newman, from Norwalk, was military
postmaster, and kept a small store. Israel Harrington was a tav-
ern-keeper; and Messrs. Disborough and Wilson, who, in 1818,
built a schooner for the luke trade, were also here. And so was
Jeremiah Everett, and Josiah Rumsey — the last named building
the schooner General Brown, in 181l>. There were, also, in 1814,
several French families — among them Thomas DeMa&que, Joseph
and Baptiste Momeny, and a Mr. LaPoint. There was also a Jlr,
Loomis, a Mr. Crossett, and Major Stoddard, an old man without a
family, and Moses Nichols, who afterwards erected a tannery,-
George Shannon had resided in the neighborhood of Fort Stephen'
son before the war, and married one of the daughters of the well- ,
known Whitakers, but fled after the war broke out, and returnel |
after Perry's victory.

Lysander Ball located in the neighborhood in 1818; and during |
the same year, Thomas Holconib, and Samuel HoUinshead, the lat
ter now of Port Clinton.

In early life, Isaac Knapp exhibited several instances!of the higher; I
order of moral courage, and which have few parallels. In additiuii
to his military service in the war of 1812, he served, after he liai'
many years p.issed the "military age'' of life, in the war with JIiil
ico, in 18-10-47; and in civil life was a member of the Ohio Lcp]
lature. Associate Judge, etc.

John S. Tyler was one of the pioneers of the county. Ilisdeatt.l
which occurred January 12, 1873, was noticed in the Fremout -l/i'|

wiycr

as follows :

ic.

If Fort Stephen-

i8t 2, 1872, by a

llley. The^Fre-

|dc8 a notice of

I of heroes, gave
in history; to
xble honors, and

grateful remem-

phenson.''

September, 1814.

him.
houses, situated

on the southeast
1(1 a large block
led to cover tlie
on.

mand of Captain
1 in May or Juno,
omas E, Boswell,
de the place their
walk, was military
ngton was a tav-
Dn, who, in 181!^.
ere. And so was
t named building
vere, also, in 181-1,
DeMasque, Josepli
e was also a 51r.
old man without a
cted a tannery-
l of Fort Stepiien- j
htcrs of the well-
out, and returuel

1818; and cluriiij|
jlUnshead, the to

mcesiof the highest
llels. In additiunj
lived, after he liaij
he war with Mii f
i' the Ohio Lcgisj

Dunty. Ilisdeatli.
the Fremont MtA

oC^/^^

^C^C^C^u

Sandusky County — Dr. L. Q. Raw son. 515

" Mr. Tyler was born in Cayuga county, New York, on the 25th
day of December. 1803. He came to this city with his father's fam-
ily from Detroit, Michigan, in 1810, and at time of his father's death
liad been a resident of this city for fifty- seven years. He was en-
gaged in mercantile business in Fremont and Elmore for a number
of years. He was highly esteemed by all our people as a good citi-
zen, neighbor and friend. His family were all present at his bed-
side. His remains, on Tuesday afternoon, were followed by a num-
ber of our early settlers, and a large number of mourning friends,
to their final resting place in Oakwood cemetery."

DR. L. Q. RAWSOif.

Thr»e brothers, each distinguished in his sphere of life, have left
their impress upon the early history of northwestern Ohio. The
late Abel Kawson, Esq., of Tiftin, hitherto mentioned, was one of
the oldest and most prominent members of the northwestern Ohio
bar. Previous to his removal to Ohio, in 1824, he was admitted as
a lawyer in his native State, Massachusetts ; and at the August term
of the Supreme Court, in 1835, to the Ohio bar, and established him-
self in practice at Fort Ball, then a rival of Tiffin, but now forming
a part of that city.

Mr. Rawson closed his long and useful life on the 24tli of Au-
gust, 1871.

Dr. L. Q. Rawson, a younger brother of the above mentioned,
was born September 1-1, 1804. The place of his birth, although
within the established boundaries of a State,wa8 in a place so barren
and inhospitable, that it was not embraced Avithin any civil jurisdic-
tion. The locality was known as " Irvin's grant," and was situated
between the towns of Warwick and Wendall, in Franklin Co., Mass.,
aud was so rough, rocky, and worthless, that neither of the adjacent
towns would consent to extend over it the protection of municipal
I law. Hence, the doctor facetiously remarks, Avhen approached touch-
ing the place of his birth, that he " was not born anywhere." The
locality has since, howevei', achieved the dignity of a lawful birth,
[and organized as a town called Irvin.

When the doctor was yet a boy, three or four years old, his father
land family removed to New Salem, now Orange, Franklin county,
jMassachusetts, wliere he remained until he bade adieu to his friends
land native State, in March, 1824, and came to Ohio. He passed
JBome time in the counties of Geauga, Summit, aud Muskingum,
Ipursuing medical studies, until July, 182G, when, having received a
^license from the Ohio Medical Society, he engaged in the practice
of his profession, at Tyamochtee, then Crawford county, and in De-
cember, 1837, removed to his present residence, Fremont, Ohio.

ie attended medical lectures, and received the degree of M. D.

516 Sandusky County — Dr. L. Q. Mawson.

from the Ohio Medical College, and tlio University of Pennsylva-
nia, and continued in active practice until 1855.

On the 8th of July, 1829, the doctor married Miss Sopliia Beau-
grand, daughter of John 1>. Beaugraud, one of the early Indian tra-
ders at Maumeo City, and who was engaged in business at that
place on the occurrence of the war of 181 .i.

When ho commenced practice in Lower Sandusky, in 1827, the
two physicians in the place were Drs. Brainard and Hastings. He
has survived many years his professional cotemporaries, and is now.
at the age of 68, in full health and vigor. The general limit to his
practice was west to the Portage river, from the source of that
stream to its entrance into the bay at Port Clinton ; on the east,
Clyde, and on the south to Fort Seneca. None of the intervening
streams, crossed by these several routes, were thci bridged, except
the river at Lower Sandusky. The inhabitants were generally poor;
and even those in comparativ(>ly comfortable circumstances, and dis-
posed to pay, had little money, and offered produce in liquidation of
their physicians' bills.

In 1834, the cholera scourge prevailed at Lower Sandusky. The
people generally, at that time, regarded the disease as contagious, and
the mass of them locked their doors, and refused to leave their
houses, or admit visitors, Drs. liawsonand Brown, Mr. Birchard, ami
Judge Ilulbert, discharged the several offices of physician, nurse, and
imdertaker. The population of the town then amounted to about
three hundred, and the per cent, of deaths was large. This was the
first year of the visitation of the cholera, and on no occasion of its
subsequent appearance at Lower Sandusky, has the disease beeu
attended with results so fatal.

From 1830 to 1851, he was clerk of the court — his professional
business, however, rendering it necessary that the principal charge
of the office be confided to a deputy.

The Louisville and Lake Erie Kailway, with which the name of
Dr. Rawson is so closely identified, was incorporated April 25, 1853
— Charles W. Foster, L. Q. Kawson, Sardis Birchard, James JuS'
tice, and John R. Pease, being the corporators. The Company was j
organized on a capital of §200,000.

The purpose was, " the construction of a railroad from the town
of Fremont, in the county of Sandusky, through the counties ot j
Sandusky and Seneca, to the town of Rome, in said county of Sen-
eca; thence through the counties of Seneca and Hancock, to tlie j
town of Findlay, in said county of Hancock; thence through thi
counties of Hancock, Allen, Auglaize, Mercer, and Darke, to tlie|
west line of the State of Ohio, in said county of Darke."

In 1855, he made an effort to withdraw from professional bu«
ness, and engage in railroad enterprises; and, co-operating withxMrl
C. VV. Foster, of Fostoria, was among the original projectors of thtj
Lake Erie and Louisville railroad, and, to their united energies andl
labors, the country interested in that important work is unquestionr

)Son.

of Pcnnsylva-

53 Sopliia Beau-
3;iily Indian tra-
)usiness at that

[sky, in 1827, the
Hastings. He
jiries, and is now,
leral limit to his
source of that
3n ; on the east,
the intervening
bridged, except
e generally poor:
nstances, and dis-
e in liquidation of

• Sandusky. The
as contagious, and
cd to leave their
Mr. Birchard, and
^'sician, nurse, and
lounted to about
•ge. This was the
no occasion of its
the disease beeu

— his professional
! principal charge

diich the name of
.ted April 25, 1853
jhard, James Jui'
rhe Company was |

ad from the town
h the counties of
lid county of Sen- j
I Hancock, to the
icnce through tlu*
ind Darke, to tlie
Darke."

professional hiisii
:)perating with Jlr, I
1 projectors of tbc
tiited energies anil
rork is unquestioD'

/<-« I

{^7

Sandusky County- -Sardis Birchard.

517

ably indebted for the progress it hns made, and for the prospects of
its early completion. ISince his elFort to relievo himself of medical
practice, he has devoted his energies to the work of enlisting capi-
tal and local aid in behalf of this road. At the lirst organization of
the company, in 185:3, ho was elected Director and President, and
hns maintained, uninterruptedly, these relations down to the present
time — having, in fact, the general management of all the interests
of the road.

Dr. Bass IJawson, the third brother, removed to Findlay in Sep-
tember, 1829, and has continued uninterruptedly and successfully
the practice of liis profession in that place, lie is one of the oldest
and most honored citizens of that city.

SARDIS BIRCHARD.

Sardis Birchard, of Fremont, Sandusky county, was born in Wil-
mington, Windham county, Vermont, .lanuary 1.3, 1801. lie lost
both his parents, while yet a child, llis f itlicr, Koger Birchard,
flied in 1805; and his mother, Drusilla Austin Birchard, in 1813.
Both of his grandfathers wore revolutionary soldiers. His grandfa-
ther, Elias Birchard, died of disease contracted in the service near
the close of the war. His grandfather, Captain Daniel Austin, serv-
ed as an officer under AVashington throughout the war, and survived
many years. The Birchards were among the first settlers of Nor-
wicli, Connecticut.

When his mother died, five children survived her, of whom tho
subject of this sketch, Sardis, was the youngest. He was placed in
charge of his sister, Sophia, who had married Rutherford Hayes;
became one of their family, and lived with them at Dummerston,
Vermont, until 11S17, when he accompanied them in their emigra-
tion to Ohio.

Ill Vermont, young I>irchard acquired the rudiments of an Eng-
lisli education, by .in irregular attendance at such schools as were in
existence at that day in the country towns of Vermont; became au
expert iiunter and horseman for a boy of his ago, and g.ained some
Icnowledge of business in the store of his brother-in-law, Mr. Hayes.

In Oliio, he worked with his brother-in-law in building, farming,
ibiving, and taking care of stock, and employing all his spare hours
in bunting. He was able, with his rifle, to supply his own and other
limilies with turkeys and venison.

In 182-2, his brother-in law, Mr. Hayes, died, leaving a widow and
three young children, and a large unsettled business. Mr. B , who
was barely twenty-one years old, at once assumed the duties of tho
head of the family, and ai)plied himself diligently to the manage-
ment of the unsettled aflairs of his brother-in-law's estate, and to
the care of his household.

luberiting from his father what was then considered a huudsomo

518 Sandushy County — Sardis Birchard.

■mm

start for a joung man, with a jovial and iVieiully disposition, loud
ot wild sports and wild company, with no ono to look un to as enti-
tled to control or advise him, liis future might well l)e regarded
with apprehension, lie was then a slender, delicate, handsome
youth, with engaging and popular manners, and a favorite among
the young people of the new country. Warmly attached to his sis-
ter and her children, he devoted himself to them and their interests,
and was the main stay of the family.

While yet a boy, he was hired to help drive hogs to feed the first
settlers at Fort Ball, now Tiflin, in 181T. 'I'he men in charge were
hard drinkers, and, soon after leaving Delaware, the whole IjusinesH
depended on Birchard. It was in the bitterly coM weather of early
winter; the reads and streams were impassal)le; but with an energy
and spirit whicl: delighted his employers, he pushed through to liie
Tymochtee, whe.-e he was met by a party of settlers at Fort Kail,
to whom he saleiy delivered the drove of hogs. This was ilr.
Birchard's first visit to the Sandusky region.

lie lirst visited his future home, Fremont, then Lower Sandusky,
in September, 18:34. His companion was Benjamin Powers, for
many years past a respi-ctablo citizen and successful merch.ant and
banker of Delaware, Ohio. The young men traveled in a one-horse
spring wagon, and their tutfit consisted of a little extra clothing,
and a jug of fine brandy. The then universal custom of the coun-
try for friends and ac(iuain;ances, on meeting, to drink together,
made the brandy a by no mei ns insignificant i)art of their supplies.

At Fort Ball they met Eras; us Bowe, and other friends, formerly
of Delaware, and had a jolly meeting, in which the brandy was not
altogether neglected. At Lowe.- Sandusky, they stopped at Lea-
son's tavern, a log house on tlu. east side of Front street, where
Shomos' block now stands. The pekets were still standing around
Fort Stephenson, and the ditch was .^iiite perfect The village then
contained perhajis two hundred inhabitants. There was another
tavern known as the Harrington tavtrn, and kept by Annie Wil-
liams, standing where Lejipelman's store now is.

The young men made the acquaintance of (Jeorge Olmsted, Elisli!)
W. Howland, and others. They left foi Portland, now Sandusky
City, crossing the river at the " Old Ford," between what are now
Garrison and Croghan streets, in Fremont. After his return home,
Mr. Birchard, with Stephen U. Beimett as a partner, bought ami
drove to Jialtimore, in the fir^t cold wcathei of the winter of 18-1-
2.5, a large drove of fat hogs. There were tAV» incidents of this trip
which are well remembered.

The young men had to swim their hogs r.cro.ss the Ohio river, at
Wheelincc, and came near losinij them all bv the swilt current ot W
river. By great exei tions, and at considerable risk to themselve.s,
they got all but four or five safely across. In the meantime, they
were overtaken on the road by a tall, fine looking gentleman on
horseback, who had also a carriage drawn by four horses, and two

)'(

SanJtusly County — Sardis Bivdhanl,

519

sposition, fond
: un to as enti-
ill 1)0 reganliid
;ato, liaiulsomc
lavorilo among
chcd to Ills sis-
, their interosls,

to feed the iirst
. in charge were
1 whole i)U8ineR8
weather of early
t with an euorjiy
I through to llie
rs at Fort Kail,
This was Mr,

jower Sandusky,
\\\\\ rowers, i'ur
ul merchant and
led in a one-horso
e extra clothing.
item of the coun-
I drink together,
of their supijlies.
riends, lormcily
brandy was not
stopped at Lea-
ont street, where
standing around
The village then
icro was another
,t by Annie ^Yll•

Olmsted, Elislia
now Sandusky
on what are now
his return home,
.•tncr, bought ami
vo winter of l!t'-|-
;idents ot this trip

tlie Ohio river, M
., ilt current oi tbo
gk to themselves,
10 meantime, lliey
ing gentleman oi'
horses, and two

other saddle-liorscH with attendants. The gentleman helped ^[r.
Birchardget theliogs out of the way, chatted witii liim about the state
of the market, and tlu> prospects of the weather, and advised him as
to the best way to dispose of liis hogs at Baltimore. 'I'his gentle-
man turned out to be General Jackson, on his way to Washington,
niter the i'residt nlial election of lS"il, iu which Jio was the highest,
but not finally th J successfid candidate.

In tlio sumtnor of 1825, while mowing in the hay-field, ho was seri-
ously injured in health by over-exorlion. From the ( llects of this, he
never entirely recovered, but h:is remiiined in impaired health over
since. In the winter of ]S2.'j-t2G, ho was conllned to his bed with
an attack called consum|)tion, and it was supposed ho would not live
till spring. lie however talked hopefully of his condition, and
spoke of a horseback trip to Vermont. One day, while yet confined
to his bed, he heard two men, who were at work finishing the room
below him, talking of his case. One of them said :

''It is strange how Birchard is deceived. He thinks of making a
long journey, soon; but the only journey he'll ever make, is when
he leaves this house, feet foremost, for the graveyard."'

But the cheerful disposition of Mr. 15., aided by the elasticity of
his constitution, carried him tlirough. In May he set out on liorse-
hack, making short day's journeys at first, and reached \'ermoi)t,
where he remained until the approach of winter, when he travel! jd
south to Georgia, and remained until the 8))ring of 18;2().

This year ho made \\\a first purchase of goods, as a retail dry
i;oo(ls merchant. He Avent to New York without money and with-
out actpLaintances. Passing about the* streets, he fell into conver-
sation with a voung merchant, a strancrer to him, named William P.
Dixon, standing at the store door of Amos J'almer & Co., on the
corner of Pearl street and Maiden Lane. Ho told the New Yorker
his ])lans and his condition ; when the latter told him ho would soil
him all the goods he wanted in his line, and would recon.mond him
toothers. Jlis stock was made \\\> and shipped to Cleveland, he
accompanying the goods. His intention was to sell to laborers on
the Ohio Canal, which w\as then being built from Cleveland south-
wardly. After passing down the canal into the Tuscarawas valley,
he became dissatisfied with that trade, and sold part of his goods iu
hidk to another trader, and took the rest to Fort Ball (now Titlin),
on the west side ot tSandusky river.

Here he remained, trading successfully with the new settlers,
until December, 18:27, when he removed to Lower Sandusky — hav-
ing decided to go Avith Dr. L. (>. K.awson, who preceded him a 'iMW
•lays. Ho was first in LoAver Sandusky in business alone, in a store
on the corner of Front and Croghan streets, Avhere Betts' block now
is; the store being a new one, and erected and owned by Kichard
Sear^, who had m.ade a fortune trading with the Indians, and who
had left fir BuftUlo that year, in the spring. Three other stores
^vcrc, one very large one, by George Olmsted, on Front street, east

520 Sandushj County — Sanlls Birchard.

side, between Garrison ami Croghan, whore irenhor now is — a frame
two-story building. George was the earliest mci chant in the place,
who canio with his brother, Jesse, from New Yoik city in 1S17, and
established one ot the largest stores in the State.

Their iirst store was on Front street, west side, north end of
town, where Gasdorf 's ])acking honso now is. IJoals came up the
river, nearly to this store. Jesse S. had a store on the west side of
Front street, directly o)iposite to liirchard'a. Esbon Ilusted's store
was in a large I'ramo building, on the soiithea.st corner of Front and
State streets, where the Birchard block now stands,

Dry goods, groceries, hardware, crockery, salt, drugs, and school,
and a few other books, stationery, whiskey, brandy, rum, wines, etc.,
were among the staple goods.

There were two distilleries — one owned by Ezra Williams, just at
the foot of the hill, south of the piko, east of Thompson's; and
the other owned by Sanford .Main, at the Tyler spring. The mer-
chants generally sold their goods for corn, and sold the corn for
whiskey, which they shippetl to Buffalo and New York. For cloth-
ing, broadcloths, Kentucky jeans, and linsey woolsey goods were
generally in use. The Indians bought fine blue cloth, Mackinaw
blankets, beads, and powder and lead.

Mr. Birchard received the Indian trade to a large extent, by refu-
sing to sell them licpior. llo was in trade three or four years, and
having accumulated ten thousand dollars, considered himself rich
enough to retire. About 18.".!, however, he formed his first part
nership with Ilodolphus Dickinson, and Esbon Ilusted — ^Ir. B. fur-
nishing the capital. The firm name was II. Dickin.«on & Co.; an I
they soon had in operation one of the largest retail stores north ol
Columbus, and west of Cleveland, their yearly sales amounting to
fifty thousand dollars.

Sales were largely on credit. lie bought the first vessel with
Richard Sears, ( ach owning an equal interest. The vessel was
named '' John Uichards," a schooner worth tlu n four thousand dol-
lars, and about one hundred tons burden.

The first shijiment of wheat, out of Lower k^'andusky, according
to the best of Mr. B.'s recollection, was made on this schooner; ai!'
this shipment was probably the first sent eastward from any lake!
port west ot Cleveland. The wheat from the ridges of Soneu
county was then much sought after for starch manufacture. Wheat |
was tlien worth about fifty cents a bu.'^hel.

The Indians, with whom Mr. Biichard traded chiefly. Avcrc tliel
Senecas. They drew an annuity from the State of New York, payj
able at Albany, amounting to $1,700; and among Mr. B.'s custoraj
ers, whom he trusted, during the year, were Tall Chief, Hard-IIic!;
ory, Seneca John, Curley-Eye, Good-IIuntcr, and others; and bij
fore the annuity Avas paid, he would get authority to draw l^tj
money, signed by the chiefs, and go to Albany after it. This tl

did three times, and once had trouble in obtaining it-

-the agent re

ow 19— a fvamc
nt in tbc pbco
Ay in A^1T,«"''

5, north end of
a came up ^"i"
the west siile ol
n llu«tecV8 sloro
icr of Front awl

rugs, a"^^ school,
,rvTm, wines, etc.,

tWiUiams.justat
rhompson'R; and
pving. Themer.
JoUl the corn or
York. Forclolh-
nl^ev £?ooa9 were

...c extent, by rdu-
^r four year^ ^^
acred hini8clt iich
mca bin yrst pav .

[listed— ^Ir- !'• '"'
Linson & Co,- an
tail stores noitU )
sjvlcs amountwg w

L first vesseUviAl
t The vessel ^^a |
■four thousiuul (lol-

,.anausl;y, aceorto?!
I this schooner , a
T\v\nlfrom any lai^M

lianufaiturc. N^ "^' I

led c-hictiy-;vcrc H

Qof Kcw Yovk.pa
VI Mr. B.'s custo.
fehief, Hard-lh .
(andothors- ana I
thority to dra. tU

k:t!u.eagciiy

Sandushj Count ij—Sardis BircJiard.

521

sing to pay money, and oflerincf barter. Tliis was in Silas Wrij];lit'8
time. The agent belonged to the Albany Hogency, and Mr. 15.
called upon Comptroller Wiight, to ask him to interpose in hiu
favor; but the Com])troller treated his application rather coolly. —
Horace Mcacham, a friend of K.'s, and a forwarding merchant at
Albany, went Avith him to the Comptroller again. Wright was
quite a diff'erent man ; and soon alter Mr. li.'s return home, hia
friend Afeacham forwarded him the cash.

Besides the Seneca tribe, Mr. B. trailed somewhat with the Wy-
andots, and Oltawas. Among the Wyandots were a iew Dehi-
wares. The Senecas owned a reservation, containing perhaps forty
thousand acres, east of the Sandusky river, on the lino of Sandusky
and Seneca counties. Their principal settlement Avas near Green
Springs. They had a mill near where Stoner's mill now stands. Their
Council House was near the same place.

Mr. B. attended several of iheir dances in the daytime, and at
night. He was present at the ceremony of burning the while dogs.
The Indians danced in the Council House, in the centre of whicli
was a fire, over which was boiling a pot of corn and meat. Their
musicians had in their hands bandies of deer hoof.-', which they rat-
tled and pounded on a skin stretched over a lioop. Mr. B., Kodol-
phus Dickinson, Judge Justice, Mr. Fifield, and others, joined in tho
Indian dance. Mr, B. was the guest, at night, of Hard-Hickory —
They called him Ansequago, and told him that it meant "the man
who owns most of the land" — the signilicanco of which ]\Ir. B. could
not understand, as, at that time, lie was not the owner of much land.
The Wyandots, and a few Delawares, were at Upper Sandusky,
where they had twelve miles square. The Otiawas — '' 'Tawas" —
were on the Maumee, near the mouth of that river, and occasionally
visited Lower Sandusky, in small squads.

He remembers well the death of Seneoa John, mentioned in
Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio (p. 4o{)), and also by Judge Hig-
gina, in this volume (\x 28',!), * * * * Seneca

John was a tall, noble looking man, said lo look very much like
Henry Clay. He was always a ])lcasant, chterful man, and almost
always wore a smHe. He was called the most eloquent 8])eakcr of
liis tribe. If there was anger, or ill-feeling in the council, ho could
always restore harmony. lie Avas particularly admired by the
siinaws, and fond of buying gifts for them. Ho traded much with
Mr. B., and on the evening before the jnorning of his death, w as at
Mr. B.'s store. The whole tribe i-eemed to bo in town. Steel and
Coonstick, half brothers of Seneca John, were jealous of his power.
Mr. B. knew all tho parties, and remembers avcU, when, on the last
evening of his life, and above rel'crred lo, he bade Mr. B. goodbye.
They stood together on the pljitform, in front of Mr. B.'s store, as
the Indians went ott" south on their horses. He looked at them, as
they moveii off, with such madness in his face that it attracted Mr.
B.'s attention, Avho Avondered at his letting them all go off witltout

522

Sandushy County — Sardis Birchard.

him. Then he turned to Mr. B., and inquired the amount of his in-
debtedness. They went back together into the store, and passed
behind the counter to the de.^k. Tlio account was tigured up, and
tlie amount stated to John. Saying something about paying it, he
bade Mr. B. good-bye, and went oti"— making no reference to his
trouble.

Ilard-IIickory lived about a mile below Green Springs, in a cabin
yet standing, and Seneca John, the night before his execution, slept
under Hard- Hickory's porch. Steel and Coonstlck, at sunrise, called
and waked him. John told them to kill him '(uick. They toma-
hawked him. Mr. B. obtained this statement ..-om Hard-Hickory,
who came into tuwn that day, or the next, with Tall Chief, and told
about it.

Tall Chief could not talk English well. Mr. B.'s clerk, Obed
Dickinson, could talk better Indian than himself, and he asked Obed
to inquire of Tall Chief if he was willing that Steel and Coonstick
should be arrested ? Tall Chief thought it was a great crime, and
he was understood to say " yes;" but when they were arrested. Tall
Chief did all he could to defend them. Tall Chief was a man of
great dignity of manner and character.

Mr. B. found the Indians, in their business transactions, generally
very honest. They would not steal as much as the same number of
Avhites, with the same opportunities. He has had his store room full
of Indians, sleeping all night on the floor, with no watch or guard,
and sleeping in a cot near by them.

Tall Chief always settled the debts of the Indians who died— -be-
lieving that '• they couldn't enter the good hunting grounds of the
spirit-land, until their debts were p;iid." He settled the bills of
Seneca John, after the death of the latter.

The Indians paid for goods mostly in deerskins, finely drcseed,
and in coon, muskrat, and sometimes in mink, ottci", and bear skins.
'J"he In(dar i drcs-ed skins much better thr.n white men.

in 1835, Esbon Ilusted died, and his place in Mr. Birchard's fnm
was taken bv Georce Grant, who h.id been a clerk in the establish-
mciit, since the formation of the firm. In 1811, Mr. Grant died,
and the firm was dissolved; the business being settled by Mr.
Birchard.

Iiodolphus Dickinson was an educated man, being a college grad-
u.ate, and having a good knowledge of the law, which profession he
studied unde." the l.ate Judge Gustavus Swan, in Columbus. Had
he given rUcntion to hnv practice, he would have been sue fill;
but h<>. was active in the politics of his time, — thrice elected . iiiem-
ber of the Board of Public Works, and twice electdl to Congress.
rnd died v bile a membe'* of the House of Kepresentative uf the
Uniteii Sta.o-', in lo4i). Mr. Grant was a man of great business capac-
ity and energy, who died young, aged only .'53. He was atall, t^lciidcr
mar, of fine address, and full of life and ambition.

Un the first of January, 1851, Mr. B,, in partnership with Lucius

Sandushj County — Sardis Birchard. 523

Vint of Ilia in-
e, and passed
Tured up, and
' paying it, be
[erence to his

ngs, in a cabin
xecution, slept
, sunrise, called
They toma-
Hard-llickory,
Chief, and told

?."s cleric, Obed
ho asked Obed
and Coonstick
rreat crime, and
ro arrested. Tall
f was a man ol'

ctions, generally

same number ot

,s store room full

Avatch or C"art^,

IS who died—be-
(Tiounds of tbe
tied the bills ot

s, finely dresEcd,
■, and bear skins,

men.
Birchard's firm
in the establish-

Mr, Grant died,
settled by Mr.

icr f. college grad-
luch profession he
CnUim'ous

Had

been sue

fill

Ice elected . m em-
oted to Congre*
Lrcsentative uf the
Lat business capaC"
LvasatalkHlciukr

rship with Lucius

B. Otis, established the first banking house in Fremont, under the
name of Birchard & Otis. On the rer'.oval of Judge Otis to Chi-
cago, in 1856, Mr. B. formed a partnership with Anson II. Miller,
and Dr. James W. Wilson, under the name of Birchard, Miller &
Co. In 1863, the First National Jank of Fremont was organized,
and the banking house of Birchard, Miller & Co. was merged into
it. It was the second National Bank organized in Ohio, and the
fifth organized in the United States. Mr. Bircliard was elected
President of the Bank, on its organization, and yet holds tlie posi-
tion.

There were two lawyers !n practice in Lower Sandusky, when
Mr. Birchard came thtre to reside — Harvey J. Harmon, and llodol-
phus Dickinson. They were opposite in politics — Harmon support-
ing Jackson, and Dickinson supporting Adams. Harmon was hon-
est and able, but indifferent to business, and fond of talking politics.
He cultivated the island; but his fences were often down, and hogs
and cattle gathered his crops. Mr. Birchard used to, in jest, tell
him that he never got but one basket of corn from the island, and
that, as ho passed the corner tavern, some one engaged him in a po-
litical debate, and the liogs ate up his corn.

No churches were in Lower Sandusky in 182T. Religious meet-
ings were held in an old log school house, thivt stood nearly where
the new high school building now is, on Croghan street. Court was
held in the sime building, until the frame court house was finished,
where Kev. H. Lang now lives. The preachers were. Rev. Mr.
Harrington, a i'resbyterian, who took up preaching in his old age.
lie generally put in two hours' time on each sermon. Rev. ]\lr.
Montgomery, a Methodist missionary, lived with the Seneca Indi-
iins, near Fort Seneca. These men preached oidy occasionally. —
llcv. Mr. Bigelow, and other Methodists, also visitfd the town.
Samuel Treat, John Jiell, Thomas Gallagher, and Thomas L. Haw-
Kins, and their wives, all Methodists, were the only church members,
now recollected by Mr. Birchard, as living in Fremont, in 18,'27.
Judge Jacob Nyce always led the singiJg. in the I'resbyterian melt-
ings, but was not a church member.

Among the farmers living near Lower Saudu jky, were Mr. Moore,
father of James and John, who owned the mill property near Balls-
ville; Mr. Ch.amberlain, a short distance p.bove Moore; Mrs. Tindall
and sons, Daniel, William, John, and Mdward; Mr. Tatterso:', and
his sons, Danlbrth, and Julius.

Mr. ii. attended the sales of United Stales lands at Delaware,
about 18:20, by Piatt Brush, Register of the Land Oilice. The sale
included all of the lands from Delaware county north to the State
line, except the Indian reservations. The lands were sold at i)ublic
auction, the minimum price being fixed aL ^\:Zh per acre. The sale
continued two or three weeks, and large crowds of people attended.
On certain tracts, there was a brisk competition in the bidding, and
some land sold as high as $10 per acre.

■9

524 Sand'itshj County — Sardis Bircliard.

[The foregoing is chiefly gathered from notes embracing some of
the recollections of Mr. Birchard, as communicated in a conversa-
tion with a friend, and not designed, originally, for publication.
What follows, in conclusion, only embraces facts now generally
known; but, unless placed upon record, would parish with this gen-
eration.]

During a period now embracing netuly half a century, Mr. Bir-
cliard has been active and conspicuous, where good words and
works were required, in the promotion of every important scheme,
designed to advance the welfare of the toAvn and county of his resi-
dence.

It has already been stated, that he was connected with the first
enterprise that opened river and lake commerce, between Fremont
and Bitftalo. Appropriations, by the State, for the construction of the
Western Reserve and Ma'TiUee road, had in Viim an early, untiring,
and efficient friend; and, through his efforto m circulating petitions
over the State (throughoiit which he had a large business acquain-
tance), to influence public opinion, and thus secure favorable legis-
lative action, the work was doubtless completed many years earlier
than it would otherwise have been.

The next and most important work that enlisted his efforts, was
the enterprise of constructing the Toledo, Norwalk and CleveLind
railroad ; and when the scheme was struggling for existence, against
the efforts of those friendly to the rival route, now known as the
Northern Division, which had among its friends the late Judge
Lane, of Sandusky City, and others of commanding infl-'^nce. Tlio
chances were in favor of the Ncithern route; but Mr. ijirchard, in
co-operation with C. L. Boalt, of Norwalk, commenced the enlist-
ment and organization of forces in behalf of the Southern route. A
public meeting— the first one held — of those along tlie contempla-
ted line friendly to this route, was appointed at Bellevue. At lln'
time named, the " mass meeting,*' it was discovered, was composed,
in great i)art, of the citizens wJiich Mr. Birchard had persuaded to
go along with him from Fremont.

At one time, during the progress of the struggle, Mr. Boalt iiml
Mr. I5ircliard pledged every dollar of tiieir privuto fortunes, for the
purpose of raising funds to prosecute the enterprise; and witlioii:
such pledges and extraordinary personal oflbrts, and the encounter
of such lazards, it is probable that the con'^truclion of the cou'lioni
line of the Lake Shore road, would have been postponed many
years. iMr. Boalt was made tlie first President of the road, upon
the organization of the Company; and, heartily co-ojierating wiih
him, IVlr. Birchard, throiigh his influence with leading capitalists in
New York, was successful in obtaining the necessary means to push
forward the work.

lie was an active and infliienti.al member of the Whig party while
it existed, and did not abandon his interest in politics .after its de-
mise; but was an earnest supporter of Mr. Liucolu and the war.

ird.

)racing some of
in a conversa-

for publictation.
now gt'iierally

1 with this gen-

entury, Mr. Bir-

ood words and

lortant scheme,

unty of his resi-

with the first
tweeii Fremont
)nstruction of the
I early, untiring,
ulating petitions
)nsine8S acquain-
I'avorable legis-
any years earlier

1 his efforts, was
k and Cleveland
existence, against
hv known as the
Is the late Judge
g intl'"^nce. The
'. Mr. ijirchard, in
lenced the enlist-
Duthorn route. A
;» tlie contempia-
iellevue. At the
d, was composed,
had persuaded to

lo, Mr. Boalt iiml
J fortunes, for the
•ise ; ard without
id the cncoi'nter
n of the contheni
postponed many
)f the road, upon
•o-opcrating wiili
ing capitalists in
iry means to pusli

Whig party whilo
ilics after its de-
in and the war.

<^^^

pi'on;
This
vahu

impr

Sandusky County — Rodol'plius Dickinson.

525

He was a purchaser at the first sale of government bonds, to carry
on the war for the Union, made in Ohio in 18G2.

Mr. Birchard is hospitable, warm lieartcd, and fiiendly. In addi-
tion to contributions to religious and benevolent objects, his private
charities are large. His latist and most important benoiaction,
affecting the public interests of Fremont, was made within the
present year, in the donation by him, to said city, of a tract ot
•jrroiind, to be devoted to the uscs of the public as a park. The
Toledo Morning Uommercial, in an elaborate notice of this donation,
thus described the ground :

'•The land is highly favorable in its topography, while the loca-
tion could not be more eligible. It is timbered by the large trees
common to the native forest of that section, while it lies at the very
door of the part of the city on the hill. Improvements are already
surrounding it, and in a few years it will be entirely encompassed
by the population whose it is to be."

For many years past, he has been a member of the Presbyterian
chmch; and while Irce from bigotry, and tolerant of the views and
conduct of others, is ahvays found ready to support the cause of
religion and morality. He never married; but almost always has a
liou-je well filled with young relatives and friends — his chiet enjoy-
ment being in contributing to the happiness of those around him.

Mr. B. has a decided taste ior works of art, and derives great
enjoyment from the fine collection of paintings which now adorn
Ins residence.

RODOLPHUS DICKIXSCN

Was born at Whately, Massachusetts, December 28, 1797, and was
a graduate of Williams College, in that State, lieaching Colum-
bus, Ohio, early in lite, he taught school, and studied laAV with the
late Gustavus Swan, of that city ; and after his admission to the bar,
commenced practice at Tiflin, and was appointed, at the first term
of the court of common pleas, held in Seneca county, in 182-f, pros-
ecuting attorney. Kesigning this oftice (and the late Abel Rawson
having been appointed his successor), Mr. Dickinson removed to
Lower Sandusky in May, 1826; and, in 1827, Avas married to Miss
Margaret BeaugranJ, daughter of John B. Beaugrand, one ot the
oldest settlers of Lower Sandusky, and at an early day partner of
General John E. Hunt, at Maumee City.

Connected with the inception and prosecution of the schemes of
early public works, in which northwestern Ohio, particularly, was
then 80 deeply interested, th i late Mr. Dickinson occupied higher
prominence than any of his cotemporaries, or official colleagues.
This is true especially of those works, of so great importance and
value in their day, — the Wabash and Erie Canal, and the Western
lieserve and Maumee road. lli.i official relations to these public.
iinproYcnieuts, as a member of the Board of Public Works, com-

526 Sand ashy County — General BucMand.

menced in 1836, and closed in 1845, and embraced the whole period
from the first letting to the final completion of the contracts; and
the prosecution of Avork inchuled an era of financial embarrass-
ment the most severe tha State of Ohio, in all its history, ever en-
countered. His influence with his colleagues, with the Board of
Fund Commissioners, and with the Ohio Legislature, w.as gener-
ally potential ; and during a series of years when the credit of the
State was so prostrated, that its bonds sold as low as fifty cents cm
the dollar (the jiroceeds of sales being realized in paper of suspend-
ed banks depreciated ten or twelve per cent.), his prudent counsels
contributed largely in saving the prosecution of the works men-
tioned, from indefinite suspension.

In 1846, Mr. Dickinson was elected to Congress, re-elected in
1848, and died soon after the commencement of his second term of
service, at Washington City, on the 20th of March, 1849.

RALril p. AUCKLAND.

"Our recent civil war,'' says Mr. liarnes, in his Fortieth Congress
of the United States, "the Avar of 1812, and that of the American
llevolution, are all associated with the history of the subject of this
sketch, and his immediate ancestors. His grand fatlier was a cai)taiii
of artillery in the Revolutionary War, from East ITaitford, Con-
necticut, lie was taken prisoner by the British, and died in the
Jersey prison-ship, near ISew York. His father wont from Massa-
chusetts to Portage county, Ohio, as a surveyor, in 1811. He en-
listed as a volunteer in Hull's army, was surrendered at Detroit, and
died at liaveuna, Ohio, a few months after his return home, from
disease contracted in the service.

"llalph Pomeroy Buckland was born in Leydcn, Massachusetts.
January 20, 1812. His father, a short time before his death, had
conveyed his family to the West, and settled them in the Avilderness
of Ohio. His premature death left them in dependent circumstan-
ces. Kalph Avas dependent upon the exertions of his mother, and
the kindness of friends for support, until he was old enough to earn
a living by his own labor. He had the advan ;age of attending tlic
common schools of the country during the Avi'iter, and attended tli^
academy at Tahuadge during the summer of 1830. In the folloiv
ing autumn, he went down the Mississi}ipi river, stopping a f'w
months at Natchez, where he found employment as a clerk. In the
spring of 1831, he was sent by his employers to New Orleans, in
cliarge of two llat-boais, loaded Avith flour. He remained at Nuiv
Orleans, as clerk of the cotton house of Harris, Wright & Co., until
the summer of 1834, Avhen he returned to Ohio, spent a year a!
Kenyon College, studied law Avith Gregory Powers, at Middlebury.
and Whittlesey & Newton, at Canfickl, and was admitted to the bar j
at the March term of the Supreme Court, on the Circuit, held at

ynd.

le whole period
contracts; and
cial emiaarrass-
istory, ever en-
1 the Board of
,ure, was gener-
lie credit of tlie
as iifty cents on
aper of Buspend-
irudent counsels
the works men-

!S8, re-elected in
J second term of
, 18-19.

Fortieth Congress
of the American
he subject of tliis
thor was a captani
,st Ilaitford, Con-
I, und died iu tk
,voiit from Massa-
in 1811. He en-
;ed at Detroit, and
eturu home, from

en, Massachusetts.
ire his death, kd
1 in the wilderness
ndent circumstaiv
)f his mother, aud
old enough to earn
•e of attending tic
r, and attended tlw
;0. In the foUoiv-
,-er, stopping a if
H3 a clerk. In the
Kew Orleans, in
remained at New
^Vright & Co., until
io, spent a year at
era, at Middlebmy.l
vdmitted to tlie bar
,he Circuit, held at

^^T" ^--f^^^^^t^

(•

III

/Sandusky County — General JJucMand.

527

Gallipolis in 1837. Six iiKintlis of his law study, iiltliough Wliittlo-
gey & Newton were liis preceptors, were in tlie Jaw ollice of the late
George B. Way, at Toledo. This embraced the ])eriod from Janu-
iiry to June, inclusive, of I80O. During this time, ^Mr. Way was
oilitor of the Toledo JUude, and, in his absence, young Jiuckland
was tlie ad inlcrim editor. In (he sumnu;r of 18;J?, he commonced
the ])ractice of his profession at Fremont, where he now resides.

"In January, 1838, he was iiuirried to Miss Charlotte Bough ton,
of C'anfield, Ohio. In 18-18, he Avas a delegate to the Whig National
Convention, at Philadelphia, that nominated Taylor and Fillmore.
In 1855, he was elected to the State Senate, and re-elected in 1857,
serving four years.

"In October, 18G1, he began to organize the seventy-second legi-
ment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which, in throe months, was fully
equipped, and ready for the field. Soon after entering upon active
service, Colonel Bncklaad was assigned to the command of the
Fourth Brigade of Sherman's Division. On the 7th of March,
IMi'i, he moved up the Tennessee river, and, on the 17th, encamped
at Pittsburgh Landing — the left of his brigade resting at Shiloh
churcii. On the 3d of April, he made a reconnoissance Avith his
Irigade four miles to the Iront, and on the 4th ho participated in a
fikirmish with some of the enemy's advanced forces. On the morn-
ing of the Gth, Colonel Buckland's brigade was in line full one hour
belore the hard fighting began. lie advanced his lines about two
huiulred yards on the left, and about four hundred yards on the
right, and met the enemy. The fighting was desperate for two
hours. During this time, the Colonel was riding along the line, en-
couraging his men by word and example, the rebels being rei)eat-
(dly driven b'ick. Colonel Buckland's brigade maintained its ground
until ordered back by General Sherman. He was heavily engaged
during the second day, and was continually in the saddle.

"On one occasion, being ordered to advance his brigade, under a
very severe fire of artillery and musketry from the enemy, one of
his color-bearers hesitated to move. Colonel Buckland rode to
tlie front, seized the colors, and planted them at the desired point.
:llis brigade instantly advanced, with cheers. General Lew. Wal-
lace remarked, on Tuesday morning, while riding over the grour'd
U'hich the brigade had occupied, that, 'judging from tlie dead bodies,
{here seems to have been the best and the hardest lighting.'

"He continued in command of the brigade during the march
Ion Cori ith, until about the middle of May, when h(5 was succeeded
Iby General J. W. Denver. At Memphis, Tennessee, he was assigned
Itothe command of a brigade in General Lauman's division, and
jformod part of the Tallahatchie expedition.

"As soon as the news reached General Grunt, that General Van
Jorn had taken Holly Springs, General Buckland was sent with his
Ngade to retake the place. This having been accomplished, he was
[sent to drive Forrest from his camp at Dresden, AVest Tennessee.

>28 Sandushy County — General Bacldand.

"On the 20th of Marcli, lie joined CJcneml Sherman's corps, in
front of Vicksbnrfi;, and puriicipated in tlu; series of battles wliicii
occurred in the movement to tiie rear of that phieo. During the
siege, ho was always active and vi;,M!ant, and at times much cxposeil.
On tlie 2"Jd of May, he led his bri<,Mde down the {graveyard roml,
marchinjr on foot to support tht; a.^sault on the enemy's works, ex-
posed to a murderous lire of artillery and niu.sketr}'. Although
General Bu(!kland was constantly exposed until all his re(^imeiit.s
were in jjosition, and his men shot down around him in great num-
bers, he escajied unhurt.

"He remained with his command, in the rear of Vicksbiirg, after
the surrender, until the 1st of October, when his right arm was
broken by the falling of his horse. IW this injury, he was incapaci-
tated ibr active field service, but continued to command his brigatle.
except for a short time, until, on the 2!!tli of January, 18Gt, he was
assigned to the command ot the District of Memphis, where his
administrative abilities were exemplified, and his integrity of char-
acter was clearly manifested.

'•At the time of the Forrest raid into the city, Gen. 0. C. Wash-
burne commanded that department, with his liead(iuarters at Mem-
])his. General Huckland had command of the troojis in the city,
Most of the troops had been sent in pursuit of Forrest, under com-
mand of General A. J. Smith. Forrest eluded Smith near Oxford,
Mississippi, made a rapid march to ^Memphis, Ciiptured the cavalry
patrol, rushed over the infantry pickets, and was in Memphis before
daylight, took possession of General Washburne's headciuarters, cap-
turing his staff otlicers, clerks, and guards— the General escaping to
the fort below the city. When General Buckland was awakened by
the sentinel at the door, the rebels were in possession of a considera-
ble part of the city, and on all sides of General Buckland's head-
quarters. General Buckland rallied about 150 men, quartered near
him, caused a small alarm gun to be rapidly fired, and instantly at-
tacked the rebels at General Washburne's headquarters, althoiigli
they out-numberod him four to one. General Buckland very soon
concentrated all his forces, which were stationed in different parts of
the city, and followed up his attack so rapidly, and with such spirit,
that in less than an hour he had driven every rebel out of the city,
and attacked General Forrest's main force just outside; and after ii
sharp tight of about one hour, General Forrest was in full retreat,
having entirely failed in the object of his attack on Memphis. But
for General Buckland, Forrest would have held the city, and cap'
tured immense stores of government property.

"General Buckland remained in command of the post of Mem-
phis until December 24, 1864, when he resigned his commission.
Without having sought or expected political favor, he had been nonti-
nated for lie|)resentative in the Thirty-Ninth Congress, while stili
serving in the army; and without going home to farther his intoF
ests, he had be^'u elected by the people of the Ninth District of

Tl,k

livn'H corps, in
battles wluch
During Uio
nuch exposed.
•iivcyftril roml,
y'a works, ex-
,ry. Although

his rc{:;inaeuts

ill grout luim-

ricksburg, after
right iirm wua
lewas incapiu'.i-
and his hrigiule.
ry, 180 i, he Avus
iphis, where his
itegrity of char-

}en. C. C. ^lf^'
iiartors ut Mem-
,opa in the city.
„.est, under conv
,ivth near Oxford,
Lured the cavalry
^ Memphis betorc
head(iuavters.cap-
eneralescapnigto
'was awakened by
,on of a considerij-
' Buckland's heud-

,n, quartered Ileal

-and instantly a •

Luirters, althougli

tckland very soon

u different parts

c\ with such spivK,
L out of tAre CUV,

Uside; and after I
as in fnll retrea
,n Memplns. Bm
the city, and cai>

the post of Menvl
ed his commission.
i,hehadhcennovn;

longress, while ^
|o farther his int^ 1

■ l^inth DiBtnctoJ

Sandusky County — General JjucUand, 529

Oliio. In obedience to tll^ir wishi's, lie left the military for tlie civil
service of the country. During tlie Thirty-Nintli Cougresp, he
siivcd on the Conitiiittco on Bunking and Currency, and on the
Militia. In ISOO, he was reelected, and served throughout the For-
tii'tli Congress."

After the close of his Congressional service, General Buckland
rei-utned his law practice — a field of labor in which, before the war,
he had attained distinction.

Although, when in j)raetice before the war, and since his retire-
ment Ironi military and congressional service, he has never wanted
lor the best class of clients, he has found leisure to cultivate his nat-
ural taste fiU' the beautiful in nature and art. Thiriy-one years ago,
in the spring of 1841, he was the first who transplanted, in front of
his then residence, corner of Main and Croghan streets, the strip-
linu; maples, now large and vigorous, that adorn, and afford grateful
shade during summer heats, Vo those whose business or pleasure
calls them to that locality; and, through his persuasion, and, to a
considerable degree, by meima of his own liberal contributions, the
same adornments were initiated, the same spr'ng, on the outer mar-
gins of the sidewalks fronting the Court House sciuare, and the
Episcopal church. These evidences of refined culture will long en-
dure, as testimonies of his foresight and good taste. In every pub-
lic enterprise and ])lan of benevolence, General Buckland manifests
a lively interest, and his material as well as moral aid is cheerfully
given.

In March, 1870, he received the appointment, at the hands of
(lovernor Hayes, as one of the Board of Managers of the Ohio Sol-
diers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, located at Xenia; and, at the
first meeting of the board following his appointment, he was elected
President, which position he yet holds. The beneficent results,
already realized from the establishment of this institution, are large-
ly due, and justly awarded, to General Buckland, who has spared no
persunal sacrifice or care to secure the patriotic and benign purposes
that dictated the founding of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Or-
phans' Home.

The following is a list of the Sandusky county oflicers, in 1872:

Clerk, J. 11. Gephart; prosecuting attorney, A. B. Pullman; au-

Iditor, George W. Gurst; treasurer, J. B. Elderkin ; probate judoe,

John L. Green, jr. ; sheriff, A. Young; coroner, William Harsster;

recorder. W. W. Stine; survej'or, Jeremiah Evans; commissioners,

Henry Roiling, David Fuller, and Martin liongabaugh.

The census returns of Sandusky cmiuty indicate a verv satisfactory pro-
|gres3, as lollows: In 1820, 852 ; in 1830, 3,851 ; in 1840, 10,183 ; in 1850, 14,-
|1;0d; in 18o0, 21,429 ; in 1870, 35,503.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

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i.^ «}

23 W«T MAIN STRRET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

•i^

Sv5

Sandushy Oo7lnij/— Statistics, Mc.

The population of Fremont, Clyde, and of the several townships, were
cially reported as follows :

TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS.

1870

I860

1850

Ballville

1731
5455
3660

1350

98.5

927

. 1461

1570

1274

1290

2282

1418

2094

2188

3510

2527

701

1478

881

943

1198

1251

1264

1062

1992

1516

1619

1556

Fremont

1464

Green Creek

1289

Clvae

Tackson

^ladison

1092
889

jiice

486

Riley

682

Sandusky (a)

1040

Scott

792

Townsend

968

Washington

1499

Woodville

1237

York

1811

(a) Exclusive of city of Fremont.

The total amount of taxes collected in Sandusky county, in 1822,
amounted to $154.60. There is no record of the valuation.

The fi^llowing was the valuation of Sandusky county in 1871 :

In the county : —

Real property $8,452,600 00

Personal property 3,943,344 00 ,

Total $12,396,004 00 1

And the following was the valuation of property in Fremont :

Real property ., f 1,072,860 00 1

Personal property 768,028 00

Total 11,840,888 00]

In Clyde, the following was the valuation :
Real Property $ 820,570M|

Personal Property.
Total.

169,892 001
$ 490,462 col

The city of Fremont is at the head of navigation of Sanduskvl
river, has the advantage of two railway lines — the Lake Shore aiiJl
Michigan Southern, and the Lake Erie and Louisville — and, also, of|
the Western Reserve and Maumee McAdamized road.

The city contains nine churches, — one Presbyterian, one Episco-j
pal, one Methodist, two Catholic, one Evangelical, one German Be-I
formed, one German Lutheran, and one colored church.

The county affords substantial support to four newspapers— tli«l
Fremont Messenger, hj J. S. Van Valkenburg; the Fremont Jonri

tc.

wnships, were

1850

OUawa County — J^a?'ty jiuiorpt

531

,27

fOl

178

381

943

198

.251

L264

1062

1992

1516

1619

1556
1464

1289

1092
389
486
682

1040

793

968

1499

1237

1811

sky county, in 1822,
B valuation.

1871;

nal, by A. H. Balsley; the Fremont Courier (German), by Willmer
& Knerr, and tlie Clyde Independent^ by E. E. White.

In the city of Fremont, there are, also, two carriage and wagon,
and five wagon shops; one foundry and machine shop, and one foun-
dry; four flouring mills; one furniture factory; one hub and spoke
do ; three lime kilns, and one manufactory of lime and Freer stone ;
one do of steam boilers; three planing mills, manufacturing sash,
doors, etc. ; four saw mills ; one cotton and woollen factory ; two
tanneries ; one ashery ; two breweries ; one extensive pork packing
house; three cooper shops; three cigar manufacturing establish-
ments; one carding mill; three pump factories; eight boot and shoe,
six blacksmith, and four tailor shops, and four bakeries.

Among the business houses are two banks — the First National,
iind a private bank ; seven hotels, one of which is a new and expen-
sive structure ; eight dry goods, thirty grocery and provision, three
clothing, three furniture, four harness and saddlery, one butter and
^ame, four jewelry, four boot and shoe, two crockery, four drug,
three hardware, and one wholesale wine and liquor store ; six meat
markets; four photograph galleries; twelve millinery and dress-ma-
Iving establishments, and four livery stables.

18,452,660 00
'.v.- 3,943,344 00

...^125)6,004 00!

Fremont ; ,^ ,

$1,072,860 M
■".". 768,028 00

..... iijio^soo

% 320,570 col
-;; 169,892 00

$T90,462W|

Hgation of Sanduslcy
-fhe Lake Shore a j
hui8ville-and,al80,ol

fd road. .

Ibyterian, one YM
Ileal, one German he|
Id church. ,

Ifour newspapeis--
'r- the Fremont Jo«f

OTTAWA COUNTY

Was erected at the legislative session of 1839-40, being formed of
territory taken from the counties of Sandusky and Erie.

Homer Everett, of Fremont, iu his reminiscences, has the follow-
ing touching the tribe which suggested the name for the county ;

"'Ottawa' is an Indian word signifying trader, and was the name

of a tribe of natives who had their home on the banks of the Mau-

raee river, and whose hunting ground embraced this county, and

other adjacent territory. The language of the Ottawas was worthy

lof notice. When a young man, I was clerk in the mercantile house

jOf the late Judge Jesse S. Olmstead, at Lower Sandusky, now Fre-

Imont. The business of the house consisted, in a large degree, of

[ndian trade. This trade was principally with the Wyandots, of

[Upper Sandusky, the Senecas, who resided on a reservation, partly

ill Seneca and partly in Sandusky counties, and the Ottawas of

iManraee."

Historical matter, referring to pioneers and early events, is given

Isevvhere.

The first session of the commissioners was held at Port Clinton
13th April, 1840. Present, Ezekiel Kloe, and William Gill — James
''inghani, clerk. Bonds were filed by the following county offi-
C'Ts: James Kingham, auditor; Cyrus Moore, treasurer; William
p. Craighill, appraiser; EW. Foglesong, assessor; Henry J. Miller,
heriff. '

i: i

S32

Lucas Couniy — Early Ilisto'i'y,

The first term of court commenced at Port Clinton April 5, 1840,
by Associate Judges Samuels Hollinshead, Roger Kirke, and Samuel
and Gilbreath Stewart ; and clerk, Stanton H. Brown. The princi-
pal business transacted at this term, was the naturalization of for-
eigners. The early lawyp'-s in attendance, during several of the first
terms, were John L. Green, R. P. Buckland, W. F. Sloan, Spink &
Hosmer, Charles L, Boalt, Joseph M. Root, George Reber, William
W. Ainer, Parish & Saddler, J. H. Magruder, Lucas S. Beecher,
Pitt Cooke, and Homer Everett.

Among the pioneers of Ottawa county, were the follov/ing :

Harvey J, Miller, who removed from his native town, Putnam,
Ohio, when a boy, to Huron county, and in 1832 purchased land in
Sandusky (now Ottawa) county. He was engaged, during several
seasons of navigation, in the marine service on Lake Erie. He con-
tinues his residence in Ottawa county.

Portage township, in 1828, when Mr. Miller first visited it, inclu-
ded in its organizition the present townships of Bas, Erie, Salem,
and Carroll. In Salem township, there were a few inhabitants estab-
lished in the neighborhood of Hartford.

Joseph Momeuy (whose name has heretofore been mentioned as
one of the early settlers of Lower Sandusky,) was at Winchester's
defeat, on the river Raisin, and, after that disaster, brought the two
families of Beaugrand on the ice to the mouth of Huron river-
passing the mouths of the Maumee, and Portage rivers, and Port-
land (now known as Sandusky City), There were then block hou-
ses at Port Clinton, aad Sandusky City. Mr. Momeny rendered
valuable service as a scout during the M'ar — was bearer of dispatches
from General Harrison, during the siege of Fort Meigs, to Gallipo-
lis, and was active at the defense of Fort Stephenson ; and after
peace was concluded, settled at Lower Sandusky, where he died in
January, 1843, at the age of G2 years.

Judge A. Kraemer, who settled in Toledo in 1835, and after]
Manhattan was platted, erected the first frame house in that town,
was also one of the first selLlers at Ou'k Harbor, where he yet resides,

The county has three newspapers : The Ottawa County News, R, I
Stanberry, editor: Elmore Weekly Courier, J. E. Crofoot, editress, |
and the Exponent, Oak Harbor, W. E. Freer, editor.

In population, the county had, in 1840, 2,248 ; in 1850, 3,308; in I
1860, 7,016; in 1870, 13.364; and the town of Elmore had, in 187
a population of 1131 ; Genoa, 558, and Port Clinton, 543.

LUCAS COUNTY.

The organization of this county was made amid the stems of tliel
disputed jurisdiction between the Federal Government and the Statel
of Ohio — the former holding in trust the interests of the territory ofl

Michigan.

The stirring events attending its introduction into tlie|

Lucas County — Early History.

533

n April 5, 1840,
rke, and Samuel
rn. The princi-
alization of for-
>veral of the first

' Sloan, SP\"V'^
J Reber, WiUiam
icas S. Beecher,

follovang:
e town, Putnam,
purcliased land m
'd, during several
,keErie. He con-
it visited it, inclu-
■ Bas, Erie, Salem,

inhabitants estab-

been mentioned as
as at Winchesters
,r, brought the two
1 of Huron river-
e rivers, and Port-
ere then block hou-

Momeny rendered
bearer of dispatcbes
, Meigs, to Galhp •
mhenson ; and atter

%'here he died m

in 1835, and after 1
I house in that town,
Lhere he yet resides.

^a County iVe?w,«',
E. Crofoot, editress.

.';inl850,3,308>
[Elmore had, in 18'
linton, 543.

nid the storms of M
Ument and the bta
Ls of the tern tory
fntroduction into m

family of Ohi'^ counties, are sketched in the chapter relating to the
boundery controversy. It was named after the champion of Ohio's
interest in that conflict, the then Governor, Robert Lucas.

Excepting only Fort Wayne, there is no present organized county
in the Maumee Valley invested with points surpassing in historical
prominence than those embraced within the limits of Lucas county.

On the score of antiquity, the fact may be recalled, that, near the
present site of Maumee City, the French, in 1680 (twenty-one years
before the founding of Detroit by De Cadillac), erected a stockade,
and this settlement by the white race, places Lucas county next, or
equal, in interest to Allen county, Indiana. The British Fort Mi-
ami, near Maumee City, which General Wayne, in his brilliant expe-
dition in August, 1794, discovered, had, as he states, in his corres-
pondence with the British commandant, Major Campbell [pp. 92
and 93], been then only recently erected, under orders from the
Canadian Governor, Simcoe. It was one of the important seats of
the British power in the northwest, at an early period, and the head-
quarters, often, of the renegade Girty, and the residence, also, of
those notorious enemies of the Americans, during the Indian wai*s
in the northwest, Colonel McKee, and Captain Elliott.

Soon after the victory of General Wayne, and the evacuation of
Fort Miami by the British, many French and Americans settled at
the foot of the rapids. In October, 1807, James Carlin (government
blacksmith,) and family, removed from the river Raisin to Maumee
City; and his son, Squire Carlin, now a resident of Hancock county,
states, that when his ifather's family reached the place, now known
as Maumee City, the following were residents of the neighborhood :
Three families of Ewing (the Christian names of two being Wil-
liam, but the first name of the third not by him recollected) ; Wil-
liam and Andrew Race, and a Mr. Carter — making a total of six
American families. David Hull, a single man, and a nephew of the
General who surrendered the American army at Detroit, also resided
at Maumee as a trader and tavern-keeper — his sister keeping house
for him.

In addition to the American families above named, Mr. Carlin says
there was a settlement of French, among whom were J. B. Beau-
grand, Mr. LaPoint, Mr. Momeny, and Mr. Peltier. All these were
traders, and employed a considerable force of young men to visit the
Indian camps, and barter for furs and skins. In numbers, the French
population were in excess of the American.

Near the mouth of the river, opposite Manhnttan. about 1806 or
1808, a French settlement, near the village of the Ottawa Indians,
was established. Conspicuous among these French adventurers, was
Peter Navarre, a grandson of Robert de Navarre, an officer in the
military service of France, who came to the country in 1745. The
Ottawa village, Navarre asserts, had been in existence since the days
of the Pontiac conspiracy ; and the head chief of the nation was a
descendant of Pontiac. At this time, also, the widow of Poutiar,

534 Lucas County — Navarre^ Manor ^ Etc.

Kan-tuck-ee-gun, and his son, Otussa, dwelt at. the mouth of the
river. The old woman was held in high reverence — always the first
one applied to by the nations for advice, and the first to sign all
treaties. Otussa was a man of excellent sense, free from the vices
of his tribe; and, with none ot the ferocity, inherited all the brave-
ry of his father. Mesh-ke-ma, a cousin of Otussa, was a chief on
the opposite side of the river, and was the linest orator of the nation,
and the foremost speaker at all treaties. Ka-ne-wa-ba was another
noted chief. A-be-e-wa, another chief, was quite young at the timt
of his death, which was produced by poison, in 1810. Navarre's
recollections of him (says H. L. Hosmer, now of Montana, who
communicates these notes,) seem to indicate that he was the most
talented man in tlie nation. There wore 8,000 of the Ottawas, at
this time, living upon the lower Mauniee, and subsisting principally
by hunting and fishing.

The last hundred of these eight thousand, who left their old
homes in 1837, to go west of the Mississippi, were nothing but va-
grants and drunkards — made so by contact with the whites.

The intelligence that war was declared in 1812, was first commu-
nicated to the white settlers at the foot of the rapids, and at Mon-
clova (these places then being the only white settlements between
Lower Sandusky and Frenchtown, or Monroe), by Peter Manor, of |
Providence.

Peter Navarre, hitherto mentioned, joined Hull's army on the
Maumee, went to Detroit, and then returned to Raisin, where he
enlisted in Colonel Anderson's regiment. He was at Raisin when
th© British Captain, Elliott, accompanied by a Frenchman and a
Wyandot, came with a flag to inform Colonel Brush, and the troops
at Raisin, that they were included in the terms of surrender of I
Hull. Navarre and his four brothers, acknowledged themselves as [
prisoners, and were permitted to depart on parole.

"Peter Manor says," (we quote from II. L. Hosmer,) "that thr
first intimation of Hull's surrender was given to the French settlers I
at the foot of the rapids^ by a party of 60 or 70 Delawares, who
arrived there in advance of the main body of the army, on their |
march to Fort Wayne. Manor says that he, with some of his neigh-
bors, was standing in front of Beaugrand's store, at Maumee, when |
the Indians came out of the woods — that they drew him up in line,
and each put his gun to his shoulder and aimed, as if to fire at the I
little group of settlers. Beaugrand came out and waved a white
handkerchief. They dropped their muskets, and approached the
store on a run, and remained a few minutes. Au hour after their
departure, about 100 British soldiers, and as many Pottawotoniies
and Wyandots, came up. Their first inquiry was for guides. Manor, |
from prudential motives, was seized with sudden and severe lame-
ness; but it would not do. The officer in command pressed him I
into service as a guide, and lame as he seemed, he was compelled m
conduct this company to the head of the rapids. Here his lame-|

f, Etc.

the mouth of the
le — always the iirst
le first to sign all
ree from the vices
irited all the brave-
isa, was a chief on
)rator of the nation,
wa-ba was another
young at the time
n 1810. Navarre's
v of Montana, who
t he was the most
of the Ottawas, at
bsisting principally

who left their old
ire nothing but va-

the whites.
2, was first commu-
■apids, and at Mon-
settlements between
by Peter Manor, of I

[lull's army on tlie
to Raisin, where he ]
vas at Kaisin when
. Frenchman and a
rush, and the troops
rms of surrender of |
dsed themselves as

Ilosmer,) " that the
the French settlers
r 70 Delawares, who
the army, on their]
.h some of his neigh-
e, at Maumee, when
Irew him up in line,
, as if to fire fit the
and waved a white
and approached the
A.U hour after their
lany Pottawotouiios
s fur guides. Manor,
?n and severe lame-
nmand pressed him
le was compelled to
ds. Here his lame-

Lucas County — Peter Navarre.

535

ness so increased, that his persecutors dismissed him, and he set out
on his return home. At the foot of Presque Isle Hill, he met Colo-
nel Elliott, the otHcer in command of the detachment, and the re-
mainder of the troops and Indians composing it. Elliott examined
him closely, and on learning that he had been employed as a guide,
permitted him to go on his way. lie proceeded to Beaugrand's.
Finding that the country was getting too hot for him, and sympa-
thising with the American cause, he left the rapids to join his fam-
ily, which had previously removed to the dwelling of Eobert Na-
varre, at the mouth of the river. At Swan Creek, he came suddenly
upon two British vessels. The officer in command, not satisfied
with his account of himself, took him prisoner, and confined him
under hatches. He remained there until Beaugrand could be in-
formed of his condition ; and upon his representation that Manor
was a tory, he was released."

Peter Navarre and his four brothers, and Peter Manor, and Joseph
Borueau, rendered valuable aid to the United States, as scouts during
the war of 1812 ; and had General Winchester listened to their saga-
cious and timely suggestions, the disaster at the river Raisin would
not, probably, have occurred,

"Navarre and his brothers were employed as scoutSj by Harrison,
as soon as Fort Meigs was completed. When the Indians first made
their appearance, Navarre discovered them crossing the river at
the foot of the island. On reporting this tc. Harrison, he gave him
three letters — one to Lower Sandusdy, one to Upper Sandusky, and
a third to Governor Meigs, at Urbana. Navarre departed, and at
the close of the fifth day, handed the message to Governor Meigs."

Peter Navarre, who i.^' yet living near the Maumee Bay, was born
at Detroit in 1786, being now 87 years of age. An editorial in the
Toledo Blade, of May, 1872, gives the following, in addition to what
has been hitherto sketched, upon the authority of this venerable
patriot :

"At the battle of the Thames, on the 1st of October, Navarre
was under Johnson, in the immediate vicinity of Tecumseh, of
whose death he speaks as follows :

'"He was standing behind a large tree that had blown down, en-
couraging his warriors, and was killed by a ball that passed diago-
nally through his chest. After death he was shot several times, but
otherwise his body was not mutilated in the least, being buried in
his regimentals, as the old chief desired, by myself and a compan-
ion, at the command of General Harrison. All statements that he
was scalped or skinned are absolutely false.'"

"While at Maiden, General Proctor, of the British army, offered
the Indians $1,000 for the scalp of Navarre, and was informed that
it he wanted it he must secure it himself, as in times of peace they
had taught him all their knowledge of woodcraft, and now it was
almost impossible to capture him.

536 Lucas County — Recollections of Major Stichney.

"Mr. Navarre receives a pension of $8 per month by a late act of
Congress, and resides at Big Ditch, with his wife and furaily, about
six miles east of Toledo."

The early history of Toledo is very fully embodied in the recol-
lections of'the late Major B. P. Stickuey, and of J. W. Scott, Rich-
ard Mott, Willard J. Daniels, and others, which will soon follow.

Says Major Stick ney :

"By act of Congress, in 1816-17, the reservation of twelve miles
square, was ordered to be surveyed and sold in February, 1817. The
centre of this reserve was the Big Island, at the foot of the nipidaof
the Maumee, and extended down the river far enough to include the
mouth of Swan Creek. A company of Cincinnati men purchased
at the sale two tracts, making about 400 acres, at the mouth of
Swan Creek — laid out a few town lots and called it Port Lawrence.
They offered a part of their lots for sale ».t auction in September,
1817, at the Indian treaty at Fort Meigs. I was the ptrchaser of a
greater number of lots than any other person. I then conceived
that this property was to constitute a part of the future commer-
cial city.

" The company had purchased these lands of the United States
upon the conditions of paying one. fourth in hand, and the remain-
der in three equal annual payments, and had sold on the same terms.
After the first payment, in consequence of the revulsion of money
affairs, they found themselves unable to pay the other instalments.
they h?.ving agreed to pay for the Port Lawrence tract seventy-six
dollars and six cents per acre. Congress passed a law for their re-
lief, known as the 'Relief law,' by which they were allowed to relin-
quish a part to the United States, and to apply the amount to the
quarter payment upon the three instalments upon the part they
chose to retain. Under this provision, the Port Lawrence tract was
entirely relinquished. All the lots that had been sold, were surren-
dered to the United States. I prosecuted the company on their con-
tract with me, and obtained a compromise. Before the surrender, I
had made brick to build a dwelling on the lots I had purchased.
These I now removed on a large tract adjoining, which I had pur-
chased some years before, and built a house there, and commencefi
making a farm, determined to live by farming until the canal should
be made.

" The University of Michigan at this time owned some floating
sections granted them by the United States for University purposes.
They had the right to locate on certain lands within the territory of
Michigan, belonging to the United States. The Pori; Lawrence
tract was considered as being within the territory, but not exactly
of the description called for. However, they located upon these two
tracts, and their title was subsequently confirmed by act of Con-
gress. I

r Stichney.

Lucas County — Hecollectlons of J. W. Scott. 537

I by a late act of
id family, about

ied in the recol-
. W. Scott, Rich-
II soon follow.

n of twelve miles
)ruary, 1817. The
otof thenipidsof
igh to include the
i men purchased
, at the mouth of
it Port Lawrence,
on in September,
;he ptrchaserof a
I then conceived
le future comraer-

the United States
d, and the remain-
I on the same terms,
evulsion of money
other instalments,
e tract seventy-six
a law for their re-
re allowed to rehn-
,he amount to the
ion the part they
Lawrence tract was
1 sold, were surren-
npany on their con-
ore the surrender, I
1 had purchased,
. which I had pur-
re, and commeucert
til the canal should

ivned some floating
Jniversity purposes,
thin the territory ot
'he Fori Lawrence
rv, hut not exactly
ated upon these two
ned by act of Con-

"The Cincinnati company was deemed to he dead. Three of the
gentlemen who belonged to it, — Micajah T. Williams, William Oli-
ver, and Martin Baum, — entered into a negotiation with the Uni-
versity, by which they became the owners of this important piece
of ground.

"In 1832, seeing no prospect that Ikum and Oliver would make
any advances in improvement on their grounds, I closed with an
offer made to me by Captain Samuel Allen, of Lockport, New York,
by which improvements were to be commenced upon my land. —
Allen was a shrewd, far-seeing man, and had discovered the impor-
tance of the location some years before this time. A contract was
entered into between us, by the terms of which Allen was to receive
half the ground, upon the performance of certain covenants. This
was in October, 1832, and the contract run until the following Jan-
uary. Allen failed to perform his part of the contract, but came
on in January, accompanied by Otis Hathaway, whom he desired
might be taken into partnership, and a new contract made. This
was done, and a town plat laid out, and called Vistula; but, owing
to pi cuniary difficulties, all action under this contract was suspen-
ded in a short time. Allen bought Hathaway's interest, and a new
contract between us was entered into, by the terms of which Ave
were to commence building wharves, warehouses, and dwelling-
houses in the town, expend considerable sums in making roads lead-
ing to and from it, and perform other acts^ involving, in all, an ex-
penditure of 130,000. One half of this expenditure was to be made
in six months.

"From some cause, Captain Allen failed to comply with the con-
tract, and returned to Lockport; but after a few months came back,
accompanied by Edward Bissell, with whom I entered into a con-
tract similar to the one I had made with Allen.

"Bissell set about the work of improvement in earnest, and built
wharves, and houses, advanced money for making roads, and, in
many respects, did more than his contract required. Vistula advan-
ced rapidly, and soon acquired considerable reputation.

"In the meantime, Martin Baum died, and William Oliver, and
Alicajah T. Williams were the surviving proprietors of the adjoining
ftround, where a town plat had been laid out in 1817. In 1833, Port
Lawrence and Vistula were united under the name of Toledo."

REMINISCENCES OF JESUP "\V. SCOTT.

The general reader, as well as those especially interested in Toledo
history, will appreciate the following from the pen of this eminent
citizen :

On this first day of January, 1844, 1 commence to write matters
which, I suppose, will be interesting to be known in the future, rela-

588 Lucas County — Recollections of J. W. Scott.

tive to the commencement of a city on tlie estuary of the Manmee
river. The reader will get my views and observations just us they
came up in my memory wliile writing.

In 1K28, while residing in Cohmibia, Soutli Carolina, my thoughts
were directed to future seats of commerce to grow up in the great
central plain of North America. My conclusion was, that the great
city of the nation, and, probably, of the world, would grow up in
that plain ; and that, on the harbor at the west end of Lake Erie,
would grow up a great mart, possibly the largest, probably the sec-
ond largest, and, certainly, not below the third in rank. The period
for the consummation of the superiority of central, over Atlantic
cities, was thought to be either the year 1900, or about 100 years
from that time — say, 1928 — and, for the supremacy of some central
city over any other of the world, by the year 200U of our era. The
largest commercial points in what was then called " the West,''^ were
Cincinnati (numbering some 8,000), Pittsburg, Louisville and St.
Louis — all smaller than Cincinnati. The idea of an interior mart
becoming larger than New York, or New Orleans, was deemed, by
persons to whom I stated these opinions, nothing short of the most
absurd that could be suggested; and I found no man disposed to
give it the least hospitality. Allowing the rate of progress which
our population had made to be continued 100 years, the truth of my
opinion seemed perfectly demonstrable, and I thought I did make a
complete demonstration of it. But I did not satisfy another mind,
or make a single convert, for many years.

In the fall of 18.30, 1 removed to Ohio, and, during the year 1832,
I published, in a small monthly sheet printed at Norwalk, at my
expense, called "The Ohio and Michigan Register and Emigrants'
Guide," an article in which I undertook to prove that Cincinnati, or
some other city of the great valley, would, in A. D. 1900, be larger
than New York, and, by the year A. D. 2000, be larger than any
other city of the world.

About 1838, or 1839,1 published in the Hesperian magazine, a
monthly published in Columbus and Cincinnati, by Gallagher &
Curry, a series of papers on internal improvements and interior
cities, in which I amplified on my previous article. Previous to this
time, to wit: in June, 1832, 1 visited the country at the mouth of
the Mauraee. My residence was then, temporarily, at Florence,
then in Huron, now in Erie county, Ohio. Although I had for years
held in high estimation some indefinite good place for a city on the
harbor formed by the entrance of the Maumee into the lake, I had
not taken the trouble to visit it, until I read in the National Intel-
ligeyicer, an article from the pen of Major Benjamin F. Stickney, in
which it was stated that " the plan of a town — indeed of a city-
had been laid out by some enterprising gentlemen from the State of
New York," and setting forth the advantages of its position. This
called up the desire to see the site of a city that might one day be
great ; and I accordingly mounted my horse, and, passing through

[V. Scott.

of tho Maumeo
ions just as they

ina, my thoughts
r up in the great
as, that the great
juld grow up ill
ad of Tiake Erie,
probably the sec-
ank. The period
•al, over Atlantic
about 100 years
y of Bomo central
J of our era. The
. " the West,"" were
Louisville and St.
■ an interior mart
,s, was deemed, by
short of the most
man disposed to
of progress which
irs, the truth of my
)Ught I did make a
Asfy another mind,

ring the year 1832,
Norwalk, at my
er and Emigrants
that Cinciimati, or
D. 1900, be larger

36 larger than any

iperian magazine, a
ti, by Gallagher &
ments and interior
e. Previous to this
y at the mouth of
arily, at Florence,
)Ugh I had for years
,ce for a city on the

nto the lake, I had
the National Jntei-
,min F. Stickney, m
-indeed of a city-
en from the State ol
its position. This
might one day he
a, passing through

Lucas Coimty — RecoUectiom of J. W. Scott. 539

Milan, then one of the largest places in Northern Ohio, Lower San-
dusky (now Fremont, and then a jjlace of some promise, and some
300 or 400 people), and thence along tho thirty-one miles of road
through the swamp to Perrysburg, thence crossing, by ford, the
Maumee, above the old town of the same name, I, with some diffi-
culty, found my way along the Monroe turnpike, and thence from
tSecvion JO, T. 3, U. S. 1{., \>y a rude path through tho openings and
woods to the mouth ot Swan Creek, and thence down along tho
river bank, mostly through the forest, to the new town of Vistula ;
and below to the residence of Major Stickney.

A few board shanties had been put up on Summit street, near La-
grange, and some men were at work grading down what is now the
foot of Lagrange street, preparing a wharf for the landing of vessels.
At the gate of the brick house now standing — but soon to go the
way of all others of the olden time — I overtook Major Stickney
and Samuel Allen (known as Captain Allen), the Major's associatx?
in laying out the new town. The Major received my address in his
own courteous, grave manner, and Mr. Allen in that prompt bu.^i-
ncss style, and with an i>ir that might have become one of the solid
men of Boston, aoonstomed to shake State street by his stately
tread. I told them my errand was to see where tho mighty city site
of the Maumee should be, and to write about it — perhaps to make
some purchase, if I should be satisfied that this was the right spot.
Mr. Allen kept, as a boarding house, temporarily, the residence of
the Major for the accommodation of the persons coming to settle or
purchase in the new plat, or in the neighborhood. There I domi-
ciled myself for a few days to look about.

Mrs. Allen, a Quaker lady, exhibited remarkable talent and tact
ill pleasing those of her guests who might forward the growth of
the city in embryo. In appearance and address, she was no less re-
markable than her husband. He was rather short, thick set, straight,
and with a quick, firm movement, like one born to load. No one
could be better fitted to lead a forlorn hope in battle, or in city
building. His benevolence was high, his organ of hope large, and
Ills caution small, with a back head of sufficient capacity for ample
motive power.

Major Stickney, as having had more to do with this city and re-
gion, and as a character not less marked, I design to describe more
fully hereafter.

Feiiruary 18, 1857. — The foregoing, written in Toledo over thir-
teen years ago, and with the intention of regular continuation, has
just been looked over ; and I now, near Castleton, New York, resume
the narrative.

When these note.3 were commenced, Toledo was a city, to be sure'
on paper, and by act of incorporation ; but according to an estimate
OiU'efiilly made, the entire population out of the city, on which its
commerce depended, did not exceed 200 families of farmers. There

640 Lucas County — Ttecollections of J. W. Scott.

wore probably living, within the limits, about 2,000 people — many
of them holding on with a view to the business that was expected
to How in on the completion of the Wabash and Erie, and the
Miami and Erie Canals, then being constructed. Nov/ the popula-
tion is not less than 12,000, with abundance of business for a good
support to all who are willing to work. I now resume the narra-
tive.

On my way to the new "Vistula," I passed through Perrysburg
and Mautnee — small, but, as it seemed to me, beautifully situated
hamlets, at the head of navigation on the Maiimee river, and each
claiming to be the best position for the chief town. The principal
men were fur traders, or, as they were more generally designated,
Indian traders; and their expectation of future greatness was (|uite
limited. The commerce, by lake, of these places, was carried on by
two schooners, named "Eagle" and " Guerriere,'' of about GO tons
burthen, and commanded by two brothers named David and James
Wilkinson, — hardy, bluff, and Btrong-miiidod men, whose position
as fri.Mids or enemies no one could long doubt. The principal owner
was John Hollister, of Perrysburg, from Pittsfield, Massachusetts,
an Indian trader and man of mark, one of nature's noblemen, whose
influence was felt in the councils of the State, and in the commer-
cial struggle for the supremacy between the towns at the foot of the
rapids, and the new city below.

The Indian trade, in furs and the fisheries, with corn growing on
the bottom lands, constituted the business on which these hamlets
relied for support; and, with few exceptions, the inhabitants failed
to anticipate any considerable change from that condition. There
was one man, however, then living in Perrysburg, familiarly known
as Judge Rice — Ambrose Rice — who, in native sagacity and fore-
sight, seemed to me, and stems now to me, to have been before any
man I have ever known. I afterwards became intimate with him;
and, though I have had familiar intercourse with several men who
have the position, in public estimation, among the greatest men of
our country, I have not known one with so penetrating a judgment,
or so clear an intellect. Nor, in moral truthfulness, and stern integ-
rity, was he less distinguished. His position was that of County
Surveyor, and agent to select lands for purchasers. Uis usual hab-
its were secluded, and he spent very little time in conversation. Ex-
cept on business, he conversed with very few persons, and the com-
munity looked upon him as very odd, especially as he usually avoid-
ed the society of ladies — being a confirmed bachelor.

The few days at Major Stickney's were spent in looking about and I
coming to an opinion as to the relative advantages of a city site of
the places eight miles above, and the present position of Toledo.
What is now partially built over, and laid out into streets, — being I
nearly all in a wild state, — seemed a wide extent of land admitting!
room for a choice of location for several towns. The two tracts,
Nos. 1 and 2, of the 13 miles square reservation, which embraced

7, Scott.

people— many
it waa expected
lid Krie, and the
fov; the popula-
iuess for a good
esumo the narra-

Miph Perrysburg
uitifully situated
a river, and each
1. The principal
erally designated,
reatness was (juite
waa carried on by
of about 00 tons
David and James
m, whose position
he principal owner
;ld, Massachusetts,
•s noblemen, whose
d in the commer-
8 at the foot of the

i' corn growing on
ich these hamlets
inhabitants failed
condition. There
;, familiarly known
sagacity and fore-
,ve been before any
ntimate with him;
1 several men ^vho
he greatest men ol
trating a judgment,
>ess, and stern integ-
ms that of Coun y
[•8. His usual hab-
conversation. Ex-
sons, and the com-
as he usually avoia-

lelor. ,

n looking about ami

rres of a citv site ot

position of Toledo.

into streets,-being

X of land admitting

As. The two tractS'

on, which embraced

Lucas CoUiiiy — liecoUections of J. W, Scott. 541

the mouth of Swan Crook, had been selected ns the best point, and
purchased at the sale of the reserve lands in 1817, by Major William
Oliver and associates. Hut, as the adjoining lands, for several years
after, were still in possession of the Indians, who were then the sole
tenants of all the northwest quarter of Ohio, except a few reserva-
tions; and, as the collapse of the credit currency of the country
occurred soon after, this effort to start a city at the west end of Luke
Erie, proved abortive.

After being taken up the river as far as Delaware ihits (where she
got aground), by the little steamer "i*ioneer,'' which had been char-
tered by Stickney and Allen to run between Sandusky City and their
"Vistula;" and turning over in my mind the advantages relatively
to each other, of the up-river and down-river claimants, I decided
that the down-river had the preponderance of advantages, and that
the best position for the centre of the down-river town, was just
below the entrance of Swan Creek into the river. At this point,
there was then a log warehouse, and rude wharf, nearly rotten. Be-
lieving in the high destiny of the future city, wherever it should be,
and having brought my mind to a satisfactory state as to its precise
location, I became anxious to have an interest in it. My means
were quite limited, so that it was necessary to make the most of my
opportunity to buy in the right place.

The only possible chance that I found, was a very wild and rude
piece of ground, then possessed by Dr. Sutphen, being the S. W. fr.
^of sec. 30, T. 9 S. 11. 7 E., embracing with it a small piece of sec.
35. Of this, I bargained for seventy acres, at $12 per acre. I also
wrote to Major Oliver, who resided in Cincinna.ti, offering to become
part owner of his tracts, and to become agent for their management.
When my letter reached the Major, there was an applicant with him,
having the same object in view. Dr. D. 0. Corastock, who bought
one-fourth of tracts 1 and 2, and, with his brother, S. B. Comstock,
became agent of what was called the Port Lawrence Company —
owning river tracts 1 and 2.

At the time I bought the seventy acres, I could have bought the
whole fractional quf>rter of eighty-six acres, by giving $15 per acre
for what remai. ed; but, as I thought the part bought was worth
more by the acre than what was left, I declined to buy. Having, us
I thought, got a fair chance to participate in the advantages of the
future rapid growth of a great city. I embarked with my horse on
the steamer " Pioneer,'' for Sandusky City, elated with high hopes
of future profit from my purchase. On the steamer I fell in with a
man who had just come from the west shore of Lake Michigan,
where he had pre-empted, or rather bought the pre-emption of an
SO-acre lot at the mouth of the Milwaukee river. This was the first
time I had heard the name. I think the land had cost him $0 per
acre; and, as he could hardly spare so much money as it had cost,
he offered to let me in as joint purchaser, I think, but am not cer-
tain, at the cost price. 1 declined, telling him that he would do

^42 Lucas County — Mecollections of J. W. Scott.

a:i;

better to make the new town of Vistula the theatre of speculation,
as 't mi^ht, and probably woi.ld, become a considerable city Wore
settlements to any extent would reach as far west as Milwaukee.

On my return to Florence, I told my wife, and one or two other
persons, that the seventy acres I had bought would, in twenty years,
be worth $20,000. They laughed at my sanguine calculation, and
they would have been still more merry, if they had been told the
real extent of my hopes. In 1852, the twenty years had passed.
Toledo then possessed a population of over five thousand, and the
seventy acies, if I had owned it all, in one piece, would probably
have been marketable at something near, but not much over, twenty
thousand dollars. I had, however, in 1835, about three years after
the purchase, sold an undivided half of the tract for six thousand
dollars, to Edward Bissell, then the largest owner of property in
what was then the united village of Toledo — Vistula and Port Law-
rence having yielded their separate existence, and become one.

In 1835, comrrienced that memorable speculation in wild Ian ;,?,
and wild cities, which culminated in 1836. The whole Maumee
valley was tilled with eastern foi tune-hunters. Congress and State
lands were raced-for entry, and the shores of the river from Fort
Wayne to the Maumee Bay, were alive with city-builders. From
the foot of the rai)ids to the bay, land Avas all considered necessary
for three-story brick blocks; and, after the canal was located on the
north side, all the shore from Waterville to Manhattan was held as
city property. Jackson's specie circular soon b'-ought their airy
fabric into ruin, which vvas completed by the failure of the United
States Bank of Pennsylvania, in 1830.

Under the auspices of Bissell and his associates, Toledo had been
pushed forward to be a considerable place — numbering, at one time,
probably, over fifteen hundred inhabitants. Most of the buiidinffs
of any note, had been erected by the speculative owners, and when
money ceased to flow west for investment, and men, from devoting
themselves to speculation, turned their attention to earning tlieir
daily bread, Toledo was a young city in the wilderness, with high
expectations, but with nothing, or next to nothing, to live upon.
The great body of lands ^vnich surrounded it, had been entered for
speculation; so that, up to the time of the canal being completed
to Toledo, in 1843, there were not over 200 families out of the city,
which resorted to it as their principal place of trade. These fami-
lies, too, were but little advanced in farming operations; and nianv
of them too deeply in debt to have much means to buy even neces-
saries. This estimate of the number of families out of Toledo, who
could be relied upon to do their business wirh its citizens, was niadf
by me in 1844, when I was editor of the Toledo BJitde. At thut
time, those best informed as to the advantages of the jjlace to hi-
come a large commercial town, anticipated a more rapid growth
than has been realized. Tlie canal, though a noble channel for com-
merce, passes through a country with ricli and great agricultural

r. Scott

Lucm County — Hecollections of J. W. Scott. 54,1

of speculation,
ble city taefore
Milwaukee,
e or two other
in twenty yearg,
calculation, and
, been told the
ars had passed,
ousand, and the
would probably
uch over, twenty
hree years after
or six thousand
r of property in
ia and Port Law-
ecome one.
jn in wild Ian :s,

whole Maumee
ngress and State

river from Fort
-builders. From
sidered necessary
vas located on tht;
ittan was held as
f-ought their airv
're of theUnited

L Toledo had been
'ring, at one time,

of the buildings
owners, and when
U, from devoting
1 to earning then'
flerncss, with high
)ing, to live upon,
k been entered for
n being completed
les out of the citv.

ade. Tliese fann-
lations; and manv

buy even neces-

)nt of Toledo, who

citizens, was mado
, made. At th;it
,f the place to Ih^-
lore rapid growth
lie channel for coni-
great agricultural

capabilities, but out of the tract of the best class of migrating farm-
ers. It has for this and other reasons, had very partial develop-
ment.

In 1844, Toledo was little more than the dead carcass of specula-
tion. Ita previous existence had been abnormal, but its condition
was worse than negative. It had acquired a widespread and almost
universally-believed character for insalubrity. It would, in its first
settlement, have been noted, to some extent, for the severity of its
malarial fevers, if it had been settled by industrious and moral peo-
ple, having the means to provide comfortable habitations, and lieal-
thy food. A large portion of its first inhabitants, though intelli-
gent enough, were not possessed of the means or habits to preserve
health, in a new and rich soil. Much sickness and distress, there-
fore, were suffered. When, therefore, after the canal began to give
it a business worth naming, its reputation for sickliness had become
such as to divert from it, to other western cities, most of the enter-
prising business men, who flocked thither from the old States and
Europe. Its rivals — and almost all the towns on Lake Erie consid-
ered themselves such — were very industrious in giving, and keeping
alive, the bad name which it had, in its speculutive existence, to
some extent, deserved. Other causes conspired to turn the tide of
population from the wooded region about Toledo to the ])riiiries be-
yond Michigan. The most powerful of these was the interest which
existed in Buffalo and Oswego, through which, up to 1853, nearly
all the immigration flowed, to carry passengers and freight as far as
possible, in their steamers and other vessels. Concurring in this,
was the interest exerted by speculators in prairie lands, to give to
emigrating families in Europe, and especially in Germany, such in-
formation of the advantages of the country west of Lake Michigan,
as turned the tide almost entirely through that channel. This tide
and its reaction built up, in a very short time, the considerable cities
of Milwaukee and Chicago. The position of the latter has always
Beeraed to me one of very great commercial power, second, perhaps,
to none other of the great plain.

Toledo, Decemiier 24, 1861. — A wide interval from the last date
for a journal. My impression, on first studying attentively the mer-
its of the commanding commercial points of the great North Amer-
iciin plain, were in favor of St. Louis and Cincinnati, as the chief
rivals for the great city. Afterwards, I became convinced that the
lake borders were to give the great emporium to the country, and
Chicago seemed to promise best. I now believe Toledo better loca-
ted to become the central city of the Continent tiuin any other. In
giving the preference to ChicMgo, I did not sufficiently v<ilue the
power, for commercial purposes, of the countries lying eastward of
l)oth, and more accessible to Tolodo. Balancing the commercial and
other iiidustnal power, domestic and fortign, east and west, north
and south, of the two cities, it will be found that Toledo is more
central. Its harbor and site are also much better than those of Chi-

lli

f- '

544 Lucds County — Recollections of Michard Mott.

cago. My views, on this special subject, may be found in the De-
cember number of 1801, of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, in an ar-
ticle written by me. For a general view of the causes which go to
build up cities in modern times, I would, also, refer to an article in
the same magazine, published in the November number for 1854.

Toledo, Ai'RIL, 1871. — Another interval of ten years has passed,
and given abundant proofs of correctness of my early, and, gener-
ally thought, wild calculations of the superior power of the interior
of our continent for the growth of cities. Having lived beyond the
ordinary limit allotted to man, and witnessed a wonderful advance
in all that goes to give power to man, and to encourage a feeling of
the wisdom of unity of thought and action among individuals and
nations, I now look forward with interest and ardent hope that all
peoples will see their welfare in the common effort to maintain
peaceful and untrammelled commercial and social relations with
each other, increasing the productiveness of lands, and building up
more beautiful houses in country and city, and, in process of time,
making one great central city, which shall be as the heart and brain
of the united family of man, and a common home for the best of
all nations, with equal rights protected by equal laws.

REMINISCENCES OF RICHARD MOTT.

The reader is under obligations to Mr. Mott for the charming
style employed by him, in communicating his reminiscences of
Toledo. He gives sketches of nearly all the old citizens, — remem-
bering many friends, and dexterously omitting any reference to his
own manifold good works. His genial, charitable disposition is also
manifest in the omission to refer to the foibles of some, against
whom, in their life-time, and even since, the world delighted to ren-
der verdicts, unterapered with charity. Could Mr. Mott have his
own way, the good that men do would undoubtedly live after them
in perennial bloom; while the evil, only, "would be interred witli
their bones."

With characteristic modesty, as before stated, it will be noted that I
he scarcely refers to himself, and even such skeleton touches as lie
affords, were fairly coaxed from him. The following brief note em-
bodies all that he vouchsafes relating to himself and family :

"Port Washington, Queens Co., N. Y., j
"8thMo., 25, 1872. j

"My Dear Friend:

•' I am in due receipt of thine of the 21st. I should have rej
plied to it sooner, but was away from home yesterday.

"In response to the inquiries as to my birth, marriage, etc., Ihavej
to say :

nard MotL

)und in the De-
^igazine, in an ar-
ises which go to
b to an article in
pmber for 1854.

years has passed,

early, and, gener-

er of the interior

lived beyond tiie

onderful advance

urage a feeling of

g individuals and

ent hope that all

ftbit to maintain

ial relations with

3, and building up

n process of time,

the heart and brain

ne for the best of

aws.

)TT.

for the charming
is reminiscences of
I citizens,, — remem-
my reft-rence to his
le disposition is also
es of some, against
Id delighted to ren-
Mr. Mott have
idly live after them
1 be interred with

t will 1)6 noted that I
eton touches as lie |
zing brief note em-
and family :

NS Co., N. Y.,
1872.

I should have rt-|
rday.
larriage, etc., I have!

m
e.\
si(

lire

Ian

tl)(

Jin

jlioi
latt
jbrii
It

I r

|l)an

lost

beir

Por

vhe

^ide

hid

Lucas Co. — Recollections of Hichard Mott. 545

" I was born at Mamaroneck, Westchester county, New York, July
21,1804, — removed, in 1815, with my parents, to the city of New
York, and was married November \%, 1828, to Elizabeth M. Smith,
daughter of Captain Elihn Smith, formerly of New Bedford, Mas-
sachusetts. She died in August, 1855. We were both Quakers, and
both of Quaker descent. The branch of the Mott family to which
I belong, were among the early converts, in America, of George Fox,
and we have ever since, through each generation, adhered to the
faith, and ever expect to, — at least I hope so.

"Thy friend,

"PJCHAED MOTT.
"To H. S. Knapp."

In his reminiscences, while liberally commending others, he would
not indicate the monuments of his own enterprise; the multitude
of his unostentatious charities ; and also omits mention that the
city of Toledo has often called him into her public councils, and
greatly profited by his services. And, furthermore, this witness,
almost in derogation of public opinion, and to the damage of pub-
lic wealth, — which consists, in good part, of the honorable record
made by those who have held public trusts, — he omits the sketch
which he should have made of his four years' Congressional service,
extending from 1857 to 1861.

With this very brief explanation, rendered necessary by the omis-
sions of Mr. Mott, his recollections oif Toledo are subjoined :

My personal knowledge of the Maumee country dates from the

1st of March, 1836. I arrived there after a three days' ride by stage

from Columbus. The Black Swamp was frozen hard, and we had

an easy ride through that then dreaded • region. Willard V. Way,

tlien, as now, a resident of Perrysburg, was the only other passenger

in the stage, our three days' association making us pretty well ac-

Iquaiuted, by the time he got out at SpalTord's, where we changed

|liorse8,and I came on alone to Toledo, reaching the *' Toledo House"

jlate in the afternoon. The Toledo House was a double, two story,

[brick building, standing on the corner of Perry and Summit streets.

|ll was afterwards added to, and re-named the Indiana House.

The road from Maumee wound along through the woods, near the

Ibank of the river, and not far from the present river road. The for-

1st extended to the south bank of Swan Creek — no improvement

oeing on that side, nearer than George Knaggs' farm, after leaving

^ort Miami. At Swan Creek, a road had been cut, commencing

khere Henry Brand's brewery now is, and descending along the

of the bank to about opposite Superior streat, where was a

bridge— carried off by a freshet a few weeks later. For some years

jifterwards, the creek Avas crossed by a scow ferry-boat, large enough

11
i

546 Lucas Co. — Recollections of Hichard Mott.

to carry a single team. This forry was kept by Harrison Crane,
father of Charles A. Crane, of East Toledo.

At Columbus, I had left Stephen B.Comstock,an(l Andrew Palmer,
who wee successluUy lobbying for a charter for a railroad from
Toledo to Sandusky. William Wilson, then of Sylvania, was also
there on some similar business. He had been one of the earlier set-
tlers on the river, owning the farm adjoining Major Stickney's, to-
wards Manhattan. At Marion we met Joseph R. Williams, Wiilard
J. Daniels, George McKay, and Cyrus King, from Toledo, on iheirl
way to Columbus, to aid in procuring the railroad charter— all!
young and active men, and having full faith in Toledo. Willifltiis |
and King aro not living; Daniels now res'des at Lockport, New
York. He was then, and still is, largely interested in Toledo rea
estate. McKay left Toledo during the following year, and has never]
returned.

Adjoining the Toledo House, was the store of W. J. Daniels A I
Co., in which, at the time, Koswell Cheney, Jr., and Daniel McBaiiil
were clerks. Cheney remained in Toledo, and died in 1845.

Over the store, reached by outside stairs, was a large room occu-
pied by Emery D. Potter (since Judge), as a law3'er's office. This!
office was much resorted to by the judge's friends, who wished tol
write or transact business, all of whom were heartily welcomed bjj
him — pens, ink, and paper, and a seat at his long table, thrown icj
It was, in fact, the most attracting loafing place in town. Occasioii'l
ally, in the evenings, a debating society met there. Besides Jnilgej
Potter, Peter Palmer (now living in Lockport), Daniel McBain, CaltJ
F. Abbott, and Josiah G. Murfeo, were prominent in this organizal
tion. Joshua R. Giddings, and Benjamin F. Wade, came in tbe|
spring, and took part in some real estate purchases. Wade did
stay long, but Giddings remained a long time, and took an active!
part con amore in the debating society. Later in the spring, Edwar(l|
Wade also came, and opened a law office in company with Elchani
Cook. The early settlers will recollect Cook as a lawyer of niiicli|
promise, cut short by his untimely death, a few years later.

Nearly opposite W. J. Daniels & Co., on part of the lot where
Ketcham, Bor.d <& Co. now are, was another frame store standi^
alone, over the door of which was the sign of A. Palmer & Co. Tbi
old building remained till 1859, when it was pulled down to matl
room for the block belonging to V. H. Ketcham.

Daniels & Goettel (Munson H. Daniels and Henry Goettel,) ^vtij
doing a large business in a wooden building, on the corner of Pen
and Swan streets. During the year, they put up two three-i
brick stores, on the corner of Monroe and Summit streets, and, li
the fall of 183G, moved into the corner one. These stores wef
burned Octotier 16, 1860, and are replaced by the present Ixnkl
Block, erected in the spring of 1861. A row of buildings stoudoJ
thf northwest side of St. Clair street, built by Colman L Keeler,Jfl
where is now the American House, but extending further Bouth,aiir

(iMott.

Lucas Co. — JRecollections of Hicliard Mott. 547

Harrison Crane,

d Andrew Palmer,
r u railroad from
Sylvania, was also
; of the earlier set-
[ior Stickncy's, to-
Williams, Willard
n Toledo, on ;heir
ilroad charter-all
Toledo. WilliPtns
at Lockport, Kew
jted in Toledo real
year, and has never

of W. J. Daniels 4 1
and Daniel McBainj
lied in 1845.
a large room occu-
awyer'3 office. This
-nds, who wished to
eartily welcomed by
,11 ff table, thrown ui,
in town. Occasion'
nere Besides l\n\
Daniel McBain.CaUl

ent in this organiza-
^ Wade, came in the
lases. Wade did not!
V and took an active!
in the spring, Edwd
mpany with RichiiJ
'as a lawyer of niuct
w years later,
[part of the lot ^v liere
'frame store stanM
. Palmer & Co. if]
lulled down to masj

■ Uenry Goettel,)je«
ju the corner ot n^
fut up two three-sto
immit streets, anti, J
10. These stores »eit
)y the present 1^*1
if buildings stoudl
Colman I. KeeHJ]
iing further soutb.ai'

across the alley that runs between the new Police Station and Kel-
sey & King's Pork house. The usually travelled road into the Port
Lawrence end of the town was through this alley, and under the
wooden arch-way of Keeler's row. This road continued nearly to
the present site of the African church, then more towards the north,
passed over the rear of Austin Scott's property, corner of Monroe
and Michigan streets ; thence crossing Monroe street, it passed over
the ground where J. H. Whitaker's house is — then along in front of
.Judge Potter's residence, and in the sumo direction over the rear of
Calvin Barker's and Horace Ht)lcomb's grounds, and just clearing
the corner of Dr. White's house, on Madison street, continued in a
direct line to the present road in front of Judge Fitch's mansion.

On the river, in rear of the store of A. Palmer & Co., was a log
warehouse, an old looking building, said to have been standing when
Colman I. Keeler landed there in 1817. Keeler settled in that year
on the farm now occupied by his widow, on the road above men-
tioned. This log building was taken down in 183G, by Judge John
Baldwin, who put on its site the warehouse occupied, after his death,
in 1837, by Carpenter & Myers, and then by V. H. Ketcham, who
now owns the ground— the building having been taken down to
make room for Ketch am's block.

The Oliver warehouse, built by Joseph Prentice, was then stand-
ing on the west side of Monroe street, where Roff & Co. now are,
dnd occupied by A. Palmer & Co. Further down, under the bank
of the river, on the site of M. I. Wilcox' brick store, was another
warehouse, belonging to William P. and W. J. Daniels. The bank,
which was there upwards of thirty feet high, had been dug away to
fill in for the dock foundation for this warehouse, which was only
reachable from the land side, by a road commencing at Jefferson
street, and cut sideways down the bank.

An attempt had been made towards street making on Monroe
street, but it was not used, the travel continaing on the old track
out Perry street, and through the alley, under the arch of Keeler's
row.

A brick store of two stories, belonging to John Baldwin, fronted
Summit street adjoining W. J. Daniels. This stood till within a
few years since.

The ground in front of the Toledo House was about at the pres-
ent grade of Summit street, at that corner. It was some four or
tive feet at the lower intersection of Monroe street. Here was a
runway for the water from the low ground, along Mud creek. This
run-wav was crossed on Summit street by a little log bridge, — the
logs well covered with earth. Beyond this, at the east, wag a bluft',
some twenty feet above the present grade, and a road-way had been
cut partly sidewalks to reach the top of the bluff. Here was a frame
building, then occupied, but afterwards fitted up, and known as
the National Hotel, and where Lyman T. Thayer began his success-
ful career at hotel -keeping. The present Deuel block (Fred. Eaton

548 Lucas Co. — Jiecollectionsof Ilichard Mott.

& Co.'s upper storo), is on the same spot. It was then a command-
ing position havintj a full view of the river, — there being nothini;
to obstruct in either direction up or clown. From this the road
wound along near the edge of the bank, among stumps and bushcH,
and without regard to map lines of streets, to the post office, a two-
story brick building, about 150 I'cet east of Adams street. This
had been put tip by Edward Bissell, for the purpose it was tlipii
used, to be about midway between the settled portions of the previ-
ously rival villages of Port Lawrence and Vistula, when they coii-
clnded to bury the hatchet of strite, and unite under the name of
Toledo.

This post office building was an isolated and Fomewhat desolate
looking affair, standing entirely alone. The nearest dwelling was a
log house, directly in the present line of Summit street, at the cor-
ner of Oak, surrounded by a worm rail fence, enclosing about half
an acre for a garden spot. This log house was occupied by William
Andrews and family, consisting of his wife, several sons and daugh-
ters. Among the former was Samuel Andrews, of the Blade, — then
a boy perhaps a dozen years old. The road passed between the en-
closure and the river, over the lot where the Toledo mill stands,
towads the corner of Cherry and Summit streets. From this to
Elm street, the line of Summit street was clearly defined. The
stumps had been mostly grubbed out, and several buildings |
were erected on both sides.

A frame building, occupied as two dwellings, stood on the west I
corner of Cherry street, where Wittstein's drug store is. What is
now Dr. Bergen's dwelling, adjoining, was nearly finished. The]
frame on the corner was afterwards moved on the lot where B. I
link and Co.'s furniture store stands, and was long occupied by the I
Toledo Blade, till it Avas removed to its present location. Cherry |
street was then the southwesterly border of the Vistula division.
The entire space to the tavern building, above Jefferson street, wajj
open and wild, except the post office building, and Mr. Andrews' f
log house.

On the south side of Summit street, on the corner of Vine street,
was a frame building, occupied by William Tillman as a paint shopl
below, and dwelling above. This was the next year fitted up, hvi
Edward Bissell, for a dwelling, and where he resided for several!
years. It still stands, in the same place. Nearly opposite, RicharJj
Greenwood had a small frame dwelling — still standing. The three!
old stores, on the northwest side of Summit street, fronting tliel
head of Vine street, were in course of erection. A brick outsidel
was put on them in 1 85"-i, in which they still stand. When Toledol
was made a city, in 1837, one of the offices in the second story ofl
this block, was used for the City Council room, till changed to thej
present location. Scott & Richardson (Samuel B. Scott and Wor-j
den N. Richardson, both deceased), had a store a little below, to-j
wards Walnut street.

rd Moit.

8 then a command-
ere being notlun;,'
ora this the road
,tunips and bushes,
e post office, a two-
tlams street. This
rpose it was thon
irtions of the previ-
la, when they con-
under the name of

eoraewhat desolato
rest dwelling was a
t street, at the cor-
nclosing about half
)ccupied by William
sral sons and daugli-
of the /^/arfe,— then
sed between the en-
Toledo mill stands,
jets. From this to
early defined. The
d several buildings

stood on the west
T Store is. What is
early finished. The|
he lot where B. Mci-
)n'' occupied by the
nt° location. Cherry
\\Q Vistula division,
Jerterson street, was
5, and Mr. Andrews '

orner of Vine street,
Iman as a paint shop
t year fitted up,hv
3 resided for severa
rlv opposite. Richard I
standing. The three

street, fronting thel
fcn A brick outside
tand. When Toledo

the second story oil
, till changed to the
1 B. Scott and Wor-
•e a little below, to-

Lucm Co — Recollections of Richard Mott. 540

A row of stores, belonging to Edward Bissoll, stood on the cor-
ner of Locust street, where George Webber's block is. In the sec-
ond story of this row, Ilezekiah D. Mason had his office. Judge
Mason was regarded as an old resident, having come in 1H;}4.

This row Avas burned in the fall of 1H38, the most sickly season
ever known in Toledo. The city had two fiio engines, built at Wa-
terford, New York; and, as the weather had been very dry, one of
the engines (No. 1,) had to be run down the bank of the river for a
supply of water, forcing it up to the other (No. 2), that was thus
(.aabled to throw one little stream. The few men who worked the
machine, at the river, were soon tired out, and the stream stopped.
They sent for fresh hands to help work at the brakes, but it was
next to impossible to find any men who were well enough ; the
almost invariable excuse of every bystander applied to, being, that
he was just out from a fit of the ague, and was not able to work.
The well men being fagged out, the stores were destroyed. All
that could bo done, was to save the near buildings.

About halfway between Locust and Lagrange sts., was the Mansion
House ; Wm. Wilmington's residence occu[)ies the spot. It was a story
and a half frame, having a long front, an<i in the rear a barn-liko
addition, used for a dining-room below, with a double row of lodg-
ing rooms above. It was then kept by James Bourne, but soon
after was taken by Daniel Segur, who continued in it till the follow-
ing autumn, when the "American Hotel," on the corner of P2lm st.,
Imilt by Joseph R. Williams, being completed, Segur moved into
the latter, which was then considered as something notable in the
tavern line — and so it was, and kept well, too.

On the southeast corner of Summit and Lagrange streets, was a
two-story frame store, belonging to and occupied by Dr. Jacob
Clark, the sign over the door being Clark & Bennett. Thhs corner
was then regarded as about the centre of business, and perhaps the
best stand in the place, till 1843, Avhen, by the opening of the canal,
business was mainly drawn towards the Port Lawrence end of the
town. This old store was afterwards occupied by Ketcham & Snell,
and it was here that Joseph K. Secor oramenced business life as a
store boy. It was subsequently taken by Elijah S. Hanks, who re-
jmainedtill it was burned, in 18 tl, or 1815.

Lagrange street was graded from Summit street fprctty steeply),
I so that teams could pass to the dock. Here, on the w^est side of the
street, was the worehouso of Peckham & Co., still standing, now
owned by P. II. Birckhead. Peckham & Co. did the largest for-
warding business of the place, mo,st of the steamboats coming in the
river stopping at their wharf. The members of the firm were Bun-
nell H. Peckham, and John Berdan (.Judge). Mr. Berdan was the
first mayor of Toledo, elected in the spring of 18-i7, by one vote
over Andrew Palmer, and re-elected in IS.'JS, without organized
[Opposition. He died in 1841. Ills sons, Peter and John, of the
f-ii-k'iown firm of Secor, Berdan & Co., were then round-jacketed

550 lAicas Co. — Hecollections of Richard Mott.

boys. Peckham died in 18G0, at Milwaukee, where he had lived for
several years.

In the spriii'^ of 1830, two other warehouses were put up near tlie
foot of Lagrange st root, on the oast side. The lower one was occu-
pied by Bissell & (lardner (Frederick Bis«ell and Josi'ph B. Gard-
ner). Mr. Bissell continued in business in Toledo till his death, in
Juno, 1870. Gardner was afterwards postmaster, succeeding Judge
Potter, in 1839. lie removed to Buifalo, and died many years ago.

The other warehouse was kept first by Poag & Morse, then Poag
& Tifus, and tifterwards by Robert W. Titus,— the latter still living
in Toledo. John Poag went to New York about 1840, and after u
lew years became one of the firm of Kent, Poag & Co., — grow
wealthy, invested largely in Toledo real estate, which lias turned
out very advantageously. He returned to Toledo, and died in 1868.

The same warehouse (the second story,) was taken by Titus &
Co., from New York, in the spring of 18J8 (Avery and Walter
Titus), for a dry goods and groceries jobbing establishment. They
did a good business ; but, trying to carry a load of debt, growing
out of their New York business in 1837, provod too great a burden,
and, after the death of Avery Titus, in 1841, the firm was obliged
to suspend. Walter is still living in New York, These warehou-
ses still remain, and are parts of the Novelty Works establishment.

Among the permanent boarders at the Toledo House, in the
spring of 1836, were Wiilard J. Daniels, and William P. Daniels,
with his wife and two little children — son and daughter, the former,
Charles, now of Lloyd, Daniels & Dennison, and Helen, now Mrs.
0. J. Lloyd. Lyman Wheeler was also there — then unmarried. Ho
had recently bought the lot on the corner of Monroe and St. Clair
streets, where the Wheeler Opera House now stands, — at that time
a very uninviting spot; the swale from Mud creek crossing this lot,
as well as the opposite corner where the Collins block is, and con-
tinuing thence along through the whole of the block to the Myers'
corner, where it crossed Monroe street.

Wheeler had great faith in the advancement of Toledo, especially
of the Port Lawrence end of the town. Caleb F. Abbott was also
there, — a graduate just from Cambridge college, seeking his fortune
in the west, as Ohio was then considered to be. Ealph P. Buckland
(now General Buckland of Fremont), came soon afterwards, on the
Bame errand, and rem.ained till in the summer. James M. Comstock
came about the latter part of March, 1836. His brother, Stephen
B. Comstock, had been here since I83'J and was a very old settler
by that time. Stephen was in fact one of the pioneers, and became
interested, with Oliver ik, Williams, in tracts 1 and Ji, which com-
prised what was known as Port Lawrence, and he was for some
years the agent for the Port Lawrence Company, in selling lots and
inducing settlements. He was also postmaster. The latter posi-
tion he resigned in 1837, being a Whig, to mako way for Judge
Potter. Stephen died in 185o.

'Mott.

Lucas Co. — Recollections of Richard Mott.

r)61

he had lived for

! put lip near tlie
er one waa occu-
Joseph B. Gard-
till his death, in
icceeding .Judge
many years ago.
klorse, then I'oag
latter still living
1840, and after ii
xg & Co.,— grow
rliich has turned
and died in 1868.
taken by Titus &
,ery and Walter
.blishment. They
of debt, growing
oo great a burden,
firm was obliged

These warehou-
irks establishment.
3do House, in the
Villiara P. Daniels,
lighter, the former,

Helen, now Mrs.
en unmarried. Ho
[iroe and St. Clair
.nds,— at that time
ik crossing this lot,

block is, and con-
ock to the Myers'

Toledo, especially
'. Abbott was also
seeking his lortune
Ralph P. Buckland
afterwards, on the
ames M. Comstock
s brother, Stephen
a very old settler
>neers, and became
and 2, which com-
I he was for some
, in selling lots an(l
The latter posi-
ko way for Judge

Until the spring of 1837, there were no sidewalks any where in
the place; not even one of a single plank. Men wore heavy boots.
and, in mnddy weather, tucked their pantaloons in«ido. and waded
boldly through the soft soil. It was quite an undertaking to get
irom either end of the town to the post ottico— then cal ed - Middle-
Town." It was useless to attempt wearing India rubber shoes; the
adhesive character of the mud made a power of suction that would
draw off rubbers almost at the first step. It was regarded as a
grand improvement, when, by private subscription, a sidewalk of
two planks in width was laid on the northwest lino of Summit street,
from the Toledo House, corner of Perry street, to the American,
at the corner of Elm street.

The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad was in course of construction,
I from Toledo to Adrian, under a charter from the territorial hgislii-
jture of Michigan. The original plan for the road was to put down
j wooden rails, of oak studding four inches square, and draw the cars
by horses. Even this would have been a great relief and wonderful
improvement over the nearly impassable roads through the cotton-
[wood swamp that stretched from Sylvania to Palmyra.

The work on the road had been driven forward with much ener-
[gy, and was well forward, cr nsidering how little means the projec-
tors had to carry it on. By the time the grading was done, the
stockholders became possessed of more enlarged ideas, and deter-
mined to iron the road, and use locomotive power. To be sure, the
Company had no money to buy the iron; and railro.ad bonds, and
Iprefpired slock, and the various devices by which in these days such
Iwork is got through with, were then unknown. However, by giv-
ling a liberal bonus in stock, with the obligations ('f the Riiilroad
ICompany, endorsed by some of the directors, and other parties in-
Iterested individually, the iron was obtained. But mch iron ! How
jthe railroad men of today would laugh at the thin straps, f of an
jinch thick, then spiked down on the old railroads. Yet, it was as
ftreat an improvement over the projected wooden rail, as the H and
[rrail over the almost hoop iron then used. In the same way, two
|itlle locomotives were pu'chased, and, early in J 837, a couple of
old-fashioned, four-wheeled short cars, and some half a dozen freight
brs of the same size, were runn'ng on the road There was but
little practical knowledge of the management of railroads, this being
jibe first road in operation west of Utica, New York. How this
road was got into operation, and kept up, without money or credit,
pan never be fully exp'aincd, and perhaps not entirely understood,
Iven by the parties whose energy and pluck— with possibly some
little assurance. — carried it along through years of difficulty and em-
prrassment.* Very few of the;C men are now living. Among some

'J hn R. OKborn, Esq., furnishes the f.-llowinj; note : " At Pnlinym, a railroad had been
Injccied, to run as far as Jncksonburf, through the villBpo ol'Tecumseh. The same road
iMch in subsequent years was completed a branch of the Michigan Southern and Northern
Miaiia Railroad, and Is now known ns the Jackson Branch.

"This road, in connection with the Erie qnd JSalanjnzoo Bead, was projected and undcrta-

552

Liicaa Co. — Itecollections of Richard Mott,

of tho conductors on the trains, were Stephen B. Comstook, Robert
Jeffrey, Frederick BisHcU, Charles A. King, and Munson II. DaniclH.

Until tho autun^n of 1838, almost tho entiro freighting over tho
road was carryinj^ provisions, as well as goods, into Michigan, prin-
cipally flour and pork to feed tho people, and corn and oats for hor-
ses and hogs. Michigan did not raise enough for its population,
owing to the rapid increase of innnigralion, and was obliged to
import from Ohio. But, in 1838, this immigration had fallen oft,
and then the road began to be used to bring out tho wheat crop,
which from that time was greatly increased each year. Flour and
wheat wore then teamed from Jackson, Marshall, Battle Creek, Con-
stantine, and intermediate places, to Adrian, to be Li'ought thenco
by rail to navigable waters, at Toledo. This was coniinued till tlio
construction of Michigan State railroads cut off much oi tho busi-
ness that had hitherto sought market outlet by this way.

The construction and continuance of the Erie and Kalamazoo
railroad exercised great influence in settling the supremacy of To-
ledo as the business place at tho west end of Lake Erie, over its
several rival towns. Tho first railroad ofKce was in a little framo
building, 14x20 feet, put up by Willard J. Daniels for a barber
shop, on the ground next east of Ketcham, Bond & Co.'s present

ken by tho owners of the main Road, with tho asBlstanco of citizens of Tociimaoh, Clinton,
and other placoB along tho route,

"On the !»th of AuKiiot, 18-'i8, the rood wns ready to be opened as far as Tccunseh. At tho
invitation of Mr. Edward BIbbcU, tlicn the inanOKcrof tho Erie and Kalamazco Kallron(l,n
largo number of citizens, Buffldcnt to fill ono car, took their i)laccs for the celcl)ratlon of the
event. Sylvania, BlisBlleld, and Palmyra, each furuitthed additional recruits. At Tecamceli,
the town was alive with excitement at tho auspicious cventt Among the Toledoans of tho
period, who participated in the celebration, were Judge Mason, Daniel McBain, C. F. Abbrii,
J. Baron Davis, Judge Myers, George B. Way, J. R.[OBbom, J. Avery Tltue, Andrew Palmi,
G. Weed, and many others. AtTecumseh, the large crowd, greeted by the welcome of <in;
people, made their rallying point at tho hotel of General Joscpli W. Brown, who so shortly
belore had marched his troops upon the banks of tho Maumee river, in dellance of the preten-
sions of Ohio. IIo prepared for his guests a repast of such generous magnitude, that he I
was not long in winning their grateful recognttione, and, we may add, pardon for any previous |
unpleasantness he had occasioned to Governor Lucas and the Buckeyes,

"The usual after-dinner speeches and toasts followed, tho noticea'V' ono of which wa9»|
very eloquent and interesting spe ich of Judge Mason, who had prejjarcd statistics and diitati
show the productiveness of the country, and the capital lying hidden within extensive and f r-
tile districts, which were now brought into proximity witli tlie lake, and were to pourlhiir |
uncounted riches into the lap of our aspiring city. Among other things, he i)articularly dwe
upon tho enterprise which had projected such roads in tlie State of Michigan, and how fiir in I
advance the people were here, than in otlicr parts, especially of Ohio, wlicre scarcely a railroml |
had yet been constructed. He stated, also, in his speech, that tho Erie and Kalamazoo Pail-
road was the first enterprise in America, west of Utica. This enterprise, however, proved lo I
be in advance of the times. The road was just comi)leted to Jacksonburg, ond the short dis
tance to Tecumseh was not even ironed with tho clieup strap rail of those days, and in a lew I
yeors it was abandoned. Afterwards, in tho yonr 1857, it was taken hold of by tlio Michi)!:iii|
Southern and Kortheru Indiana Railroad Company, and completed in tho most substaiitiil I
ond thorough manner; and has become ono of tlic principal avenues of trade to the city- 1
fulfilling, at this late period, tho prophecies of Judge Mason, and the expectations of thaj
originators."

I Molt,

Lucas Co. — Recollections of liichard Mott. 553

'omstook, Itoben
Linson II. DanielH.
lighting over the

Michigan, prin-

1 and oats for hor-
)r its population,
i was obliged to
:)n had fallen oft,
, the wheat crop,

year. Flour iind
Battle Creek, Con-
)o Li-ought thciico
I condnued till tho
much ol tho busi^

\i8 way.

ie and Kalamazoo
supremacy of To-
:.ake Erie, over its
18 in a little frame
mielB for a barber
Qd & Co.'b present

sens of TociimHoh, Cllulou,

B far fts TccunBch. At tho
ami Kalamazco Kftilrond.a
!H for the celebration of the
,al rucruitH. At Tecam^eli,
1011'' the Toleiloaiw of tho
inie'lMcBaln,C.F.Al)brn,
very Titus, Andrew PaltUT,
■ted by the welcome oftiic
W . Brown, who so shortly
;r, in dellaiicc of the prctcii-
encroua magnitude, that ho
add, pardon for any previous

koyc*.

Icea ^! one of which wasa
(.pared statistics and data to I
leii within extensive and f"-
lalce, and were to pour thi'.r I
thinKS, he particularly dwell

of MichiKan, and how far in
hio. where scarcely a railron

10 Erie and Kalamazoo Bail-
^terpriec, however, proved 10
;ksoiiburg, and the short diH

of those days, and in a l«
:en hold of by the MicWsM
■ted in the most HiibstantiH
.■nues of trade to the city- 1
and the expectations of IM I

store. A small platform readied from the rear of tho offico to tho
track, without any roof, and as much unprotected from tho wiather
as are at this day all the stations on tho Hudson River Itaihoud, in-
cluding Albany.

For the first year, tho track terminated at Monroe street, at tho
licad of Water street, crossing the bloek from about tho corner of
John Mullmny's store to tho rear of Itoft" & Co.'s. During 18;j7,
tho track was extended along what is now Water street, to tlie foot
of Lagiango street, over tho water tho whole way, piles being driv-
en to support it, — tho line varying from 50 to 'JOO feet from tho then
line of shore. Water street was not filled in till 184;}.

In 1842, the Toledo House was enlarged by the addition of ano-
ther story, with great, awkward, wooden columns put up in front,
but considered very grand, and its name ehanged to that of tho
"Indiana House,'' and was for some years, under its new name, kept
by liobert N. Lawton, who had previously had charge of the Amer«
ican. The completion of tho Erie and Wabash, and the Miami
canals, had drawn much of the travel and business towards tho
mouth of Swan creek, making the Indiana House tlio better loca-
tion. Much of the travel bL'tween Now York, and Cincinnati, and
St. Louis, was by lake from Buftalo, and thence by canal packet
bout from Toledo. The " packet dock," still retaining tho name in
front of the present St. Charles Hotel, was then a very lively busi-
ness spot. Packet lines started from this dock on both canals, gen-
erally crowded with passengers, there being no competing lines of
railroad on either side. The packets bad for agent at Toledo, Wil-
liam J. Finlay, who there began his business career.

The opposite bank of Swan creek terminated in high bluff, not far
from the artesian well on Ottawa street. No improvement had then
been made on that side, the trees extending to the edge of the bank.
Possibly some of the ladies of Toledo who, when children, attended
Miss Alice Jenks' school, may remember a May-day ])ic-nic, given
to the scholars on the Ist of May, 1841. It was held in the woods,
out of sight and hearing of the town, in a secluded spot, a few rods
beyond the present Oliver House.

A small fi'ame house was standing on the point near the site of
the Wabash Railroad Car Shops. This belonged to John I'aldwin,
nnd was the only dwelling on the .shore between Swan creek and
John and George Knaggs.

What is now known as the '' jMiddle-Ground,"' was a wild rico
swamp, commencing about op])OKite the foot of Monroe street. Tho
lower end was under water during the fore part of the season, till
the long grass began to show itself, becoming quite thick by autumn.
It became shoaler till near tho Cleveland r;dlroad bridge, where
there was land barely above water, and a little further south were
two fishing stations, used in the sjiring and autumn. But wiiat soil
there was above water, was too low and wet for any attempt at
cultivation. Even then it was foreseen, by some of the residents of

554 Idicas Co. — Recollections of Richard Mott.

Toledo, that this middle-ground would prove to be the right placo
for railroad purposes; but even the sanguine expectations ot that
day of wild speculation, did not anticipate the present business im-
poitance of the location. Even later, when it was brought before
the managers of the Michigan Southern Kailroad, there was strong
opposition to the plan before its adoption. It was feared that the
expense would be too great, and it was confidently urged that the
whole could never be wanted.

In 1837, Andrew Palmer & Co. put up a warehouse, some 120
feet northeast from Monroe street, and carried on forwarding busi-
ness ill it for some years, the firm being a part of the time Palmer,
Bush & Co. This warehouse passed into other hands, and was
burned in 1853. Andrew Palmer left Toledo in 1845, for Wiscon-
sin, where he is still living. Peter Palmer is in Lockport, and the
other partner, William H. Bush, returned to New York.

Two other and larger warehouses were put up in 1838. each of
them having three stories. One in the rear of B. Meilink's furni-
ture store, — this was burned in 1840, The other, th( n belonging to
Hczekiah D. Mason, is known as the Godard warehouse, and now
belonging to Young & Backus.

In 1840, the old red warehouse was built at the corner of Monroe
and Water street, originally 40 feet front, but another 40 feet were
added in 1842, — the whole still standing. The Daniels warehouse,
at the foot of ^'eftlrson street, dates from 1843.

The four stores on the southeast corner of Summit and Monroe
streets, are the oldest substantial brick structures on either of the
two streets. They were begun in 1842, and finished during the
next year. The bluft'at this place was 20 feet high, and had to be
dug awiiy to make room for the block. It is said there was a small
military post [Fort Industry] on this bluff, — a block house, — proba-
bly iis far back as the lime when the British government held pos-
session on the river, which they did as late as 17 6. Soon after the
digging was commenced, two skeletons M'ere found, Avhich, from
remnants of shoes and buttons, were supposed to have been soldiers
belonging to the little garrison.

In the spring of 1814, the corner store was opened by A. Ralston
& Co. (Alex. Ralston and and Solomon Linsley), as a drug store.
Kalston did not remain long, when tlie firm became S. Linsley &
Co., which firm was succeeded by West & Van Stone, the present
occupants, — the stand having been used in one line, for the same
business, during the same pt-riod. Where Smith ifc Simmons now
are, was leased by Charles O'Hara for a wholesale grocery. After-
wards, it was taken by V. H, Ketcham & Co. for their busme&s,
which was continued thfre for some years by their successors, Secor
& Berdan. The Poag block on the corner of Madison street, was
put up in 1849; and the Deuel block about the same time.

As early as 18:52, attention was turned towards the place where
the Wftbash and Krie Caual and the Miami Canal, would probably

\Iott

lAicas Co. — Recollections of Hichavd Mott. 555

le right plaov^
at ions ot that
t busineps im-
rought bffore
re was strong
sared that the
urged that the

)UBe> some 120
rwarding busi-
e time Palmer,
ands, and was
tr>, for Wiscon-
jkport, and the
ork.

1 1838, each of
Meiliiik's furni-
( n belonging to
house, and now

)rner of Monroe
er 40 feet were
niels warehouse,

lit and Monroe
jn either of the
ihed during the
, and had to ho
jere was a small
: house, — proba-
ament held pos-
8oon alter the
nd, which, from
ivo been soldiers

jd by A. Ealston
as a Orug store,
ue S. Linslcy &
one, the present
no, for the same
fc Simmons now
grocery. Atttr-
T their busmess,
successors, Secor
dison street, was
ae time.

tlio place where
would probably

enter Lake Erie, or the Maumee river. Not long afterwards, some
of the more enterprising men of Buffalo, who were engaged in the
forwarding business on the Erie canal, and owning large vessel and
steamboat interests on the Like, looking to the further extension of
their business, became interested near the mouth of the river, where
is now Manhattan. Among these parties who had planned to make
Manhattan the business point, was Isaac S. Smith, of the then firm
of Smith & Macy, of Buifalo. He had never seen the proposed
location, till, in the year 1834, he came up to look at the prospects
generally, and then, for the first time, visited the rival sites, from
Maumee to Manhattan. He was not long in perceiving the gener-
ally superior advantages of Vistula and Port Lawrence, and advised
his associates to look to these places as the more advisable for their
purposes. Under his advice, Smith & Macy, and Pratt & Taylor,
agreed to join in the purchase of property ihere. Henry W. Hicks,
of New York, also, was joined with them equally in the project. —
Smith, acting for the others, sought out Edward Bissell, whose saga-
city at once grasped the advantages of having such parties for coad-
jutors. They arranged for a purchase from Oliver & Williams of a
large interest in the Port Lawrence tracts, also, and then it was
agreed to unite the two opposition villages of Vistula and Port
Lawrence, as one town, under the name of Toledo. From this
time the growth of the place Avas encouraging. It was then all a
forest, from near Locust street to Jtfierson street— the original set-
tlements having been on and near Lagrange street, in Vistula, and
about the mouth of Swan Creek, in Port Lawrence. These woods
'.vera cut away, opening the space between the two places. The
next year, 1835, the forest was cut on the low ground, back of Port
Lawrence, and along the sides of Mud creek. This low ground was
apparently a . swamp, difficult to reclaim ; and it remained much
in that condition till 1840, when a partially successful attempt was
made to drain it by a sewer along the line of Oak street, where is
the present enlarged sewer.

Mr. Ilicks had active capital, and it was used freely in buildings,
and various improvements, and in giving a start generally. The
project of the railroad to Adrian, received a new impetus, and was
pushed ahead rapidly. The steamboats on the lakes, owned and
controlled by the two Buifalo firms— Smith & Macy, and Pratt &
Taylor— commenced to stop on the way to Detroit, that being as
far as they were regularly run. Ai\ occasional trip, however, would
be made to Green Bay and Chicago— once, pc^li.ips, by each boat
(luring the season. ThesG boats, on their returns from the *' Upper
Lakes,"' — as Lakes Huron and Michigan were called, — wore always
decked out with evergreens, tied to flag-staff, mast liead, and boM'-
sprit, as an indication of the far oft" regions they had visited.

Notwithstanding the adhesinn of these firms to Toledo, there was
i>tiU a strong Buft'alo interest, backed by capital, that favored Mau'
hattan, and considerable improvement was made thgre, in building,

556 Lucas Co. — Mecolleciions of Richard Molt.

wharfing, etc. This influence was kept up for some years for Man-
hattan, and did not fully die out till 1844, or 1845. One of the
Toledo forwarders (M. L. Collins,) wa3 given the use of a large
■warehouse in Manhattan, rent free, — this was in 1843, — and several
canal boats were sent up from the Erie canal, to form a line for him
to run there. These boats made one trip from Manhattan to Lafay-
ette and back. Their second trip was from Manhattan and back to
Toledo. They then went by river to Manhattan, for the third start.
After that, Mr. Collins quit his free-rent warehouse, and returned to
Toledo, with his entire line.

It was not till June, 1836, after the boundary-line dispute between
Ohio and Michigan had been settled by Congress in favor of the for-
mer, by which it acquired the strip of land including Toledo and
Manhattan, that Ohio went energetically at work with her canals
— the Indiana portion being then nearly finished. Then came
the struggle for its terminus on the river. Maumee City and Per-
rysburg, being settlements counting over twenty years' existence,
liad confidently claimed the terminus as the proper and natural one,
being at the head of navigation. Manhattan urged, in favor of its
location, nearness to the lake, and consequently more ready acces-
isibility for sailing ves.sels, which would not be liable to the tedious
•delays from head winds in the narrow channel of the river, to tho
towns above it. At this time, most of the freight was carried in
sailing vessels of GO to 120 tons, and tugs were unknown and un-
thought of; so that it would often take as much or more time for
sailing vessels, with head winds, or none at all, to get from or to the
mouth of tl)e river to the foot of the rapids, as for the voyage to
Buffalo. Toledo held that her better harbor, deeper water, — near-
ness enough to the lake to be reached by sailing craft, even with
head wind, at any time?, — placed her ahead of Manhattan, as did tho
rock bar near Maumee, and tho general shoaling of the river, in
that direction, place her ahead of the latter place, and of Perrys-
burg.

Another town was started, in the early part of 183G, intented to
obviate the rock bar difficulty. This was Marengo, located some
three miles below l\Iaumee and Perrysburg, and below the bar. A
steam saw mill was built— streets laid out — on paper chiefly — and
some houses and stores put up, and a claim boldly made for the
l)lace as combining all the advantages of the other villages. Con-
siderable property changed owners hero, on a sort of lottery ven-
ture. Many residents of Mauni' e and Toledo, are at this day hardly
aware that such a place as Marengo ever existed on the river; and
except by a few of the older ones, its once location could not bo
found, — there being now no sign of town or village, where its site
was.

As an offset to Marengo, Stephen B. Conistock, although largely
interested in the Port Lawrence portion of Toledo, immediately
made a paper oil: on river tracts Iri and 1:3, near tlie mouth of Del-

Mott.

years for Man-
>. One of the
use of a large
3, — and several
XI a line for him
lattan to Lafay-
;an and back to
• the third start,
and returned to

dispute between
favor of the for-
ing Toledo and
wiih her canals
d. Then came
. City and Per-
years' existence,
and natural one,
I, in favor of its
ore ready acces-
e to the tedious
the river, to the
t was carried in
nknown and un-
r more time for
;et from or to the
r the voyage to
)cr water,— near-
craft, even with
hattan, as did tho
t of the river, in
\, and of Perrys-

183G, intented to
iq;o, located some
clow the bar. A
iper chiefly— and
lly made for the
3r villages. Con-
it of lottery ven-
at this day hardly
m the river; and
ion could not bo
T(.^ where its site

, although largely

^ledo, immediately

Ll'.e mouth of Del-

Lucas Co. — liecollections of Richard Mott. 557

aware creek, and some three miles up the river from Toledo, having
all the public squares, market places, railroad depots etc., so easily
made on maps. Drawing from the same line of history, the name
of Austerlitz was bestowed upon the paper town. Strange as it
may seem, there Avas a readiness to invest even in Austerlitz lots, then
covered by a dense forest, and as bare now of any city indications
as is Marengo.

On the south bank of the river, Isaac Street had a town under
way. Here too was a saw mill in operation, bossed by Frederick
Prentice, — a store, a tavern, and several dwellings, so that the place
had the appearance of quite a flourishing new settlement. Friend
Street called his town Oregon. He favored the bringing of the
canal in on the bayou, near the Michigan Southern Railroad round-
house, and having this bayou for the canal basin, and then making
a cut from it to the river about where Mitchell & Rowland's saw
mill now is. Street was patient and persevering, and held to the
faith that his town would be a success, till about 1840. There re-
main as few signs of its location as at either Marengo or Austerlitz. .
Its site is now occupied by the Prentice nursery.

Many people were drawn into these wild projects, who should have
have been sagacious enough to have kept clear of them. There seemed
to prevail an epidemic for buying town lots, that attacked many at
the sight of a handsomely lithographed map, that was, incurably,
proof against every remedy other than inevitable experience.

One of tho objections operating strongly against Manhattan, was
the fact that the channel of the river ran along near the opposite
bank. So, to obviate this objection some of the believers in the
theory that great cities, like New York, grew up near the entrance
of rivers, made a map of Lucas City, supposed to have stood
where the Manhattan Iron Works now are, — the said map being
the only existence it ever knew. Yet, here, too, many lots were
sold, the purchasers doubtless indulging in the Micawber-like hope
that something might turn up from them.

In the struggle between the rival towns, it became necessary for
Toledo and Manhattan to make a common cause, to prevent the
stopping of the canal at Maumec. Some of the present citizens of
Toledo had originally cast their fortunes at Maumee, — among them,
General John E. Hunt, Jesup W. Scott, Samuel M. Young, Morri-
son R. Waito, and others. It is easy to understand how powerful
were the influences which men of so much ability and energy could
bring to bear in favor of their own location. Notwithstanding this
formidable array for ending the canal at the foot of the rapids, the
down-river parties prevailed, ending in a sort of triple compromise,
locking the water in at all three of the places — Maumee, Toledo,
!ind Manhattan, and bringing it to the two latter, on what was
called the high level, that they could have the advantage of the wa-
ter power for milling and manufacturing purposes. By this plan,
the nominal terminus of the canal was at Manhattan, locking into the

558 Lucas Co. — Recollections of Richard Matt.

river by side cuts at Maumee City, and at Toledo. The Toledo men
were rather satisfied at this arrangement,believing that the superiority
of their location would eventually absorb the whole business, and
their faith in this respect has been fully justified, by the working
result.

It was believed by many at the time, that monpy was used by the
down-river parties, in this matter, — that " ring," perhaps, bringing
to bear more potent arguments than the up-river "ring" produced;
but this may be placed in the category of the many charges of Brit-
ish gold as having been used by successful political parties, often
made after election, by the defeated.

[From memoranda relating to former political parties, and con-
flicts, the following are selected :]

It was during Mr. Edgerton's 2d term in congress, that the Kansas-
- Nebraska bill, — rescinding the Missouri Compromise, was passed, he,
with several other sagacious democratic members, uniting in determin-
ed opposition to the measure. They foresaw the probably disastrous
effect it could not but have on their party. The party, nevertheless,
adopting it as a party measure, Edgerton was not re-nominated in '54.
He, however, would not permit his name to be used as a candidate be-
fore a mass convention, called at Defiance in Sept., 18.54, by the free-
sellers and opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, although urged
to do so; but, like Potter, remained faithful to his political organi-
zation. The Defiance mass convention, in 1854, put in nomination
Richard Mott, of Toledo, who, greatly to his own surprise, as well
as that of the convention, was elected. This convention had been
called for the purpose of uniting whatever free soil strength there
might be found to exist in the northwestern part of the btate, and
with little or no expectation of overcoming the previously great dem-
ocratic majority in the district. The Toledo Blade, then owned and
edited by Joseph R. Williams, was greatly instrumental in bringing
about the revolution that gave the republicans the ascendancy iu
the district, which is still maintained. The plan ot spreading repub-
lican or free soil speeches made in Congress, was also actively kept
up under the frank of the member who, in this way, flooded the
district with the fullest information on the subject of slavery, and
thus aided in keeping unimpaired the republican ascendancy. As
has been said, the Blade, under the management of its able editor,
was an early and earnest advocate of free soil principles, and an effi-
cient opponent to the slave power, as then known and felt. Wil-
liams' fearless course soon gained for the paper its character as a
leading exponent of radically liberal principles, and it became a
power in the northwest.

Edgerton's refusal to bolt, in 1854, and his adherence to his party,
were mainly the causes that procured for him the nomination iu
1856. The republican ideas had, however, by that time become

d Mott.

The Toledo men
at the superiority
olo business, and
, by the working

• was used by the
perhaps, bringing
'ring" produced;
y charges of Brit-
ical parties, often

parties, and con-

5, that the Kansas-
se, was passed, he,
niting in determin-
robably disastrous
arty, nevertheless,
;-nominated in '54.
as a candidate be-
, 1854, by the free-
il, although urged
s political organi-
put in nomination
1 surprise, as well
ivention had been
loil strength there
, of the btate, and
iviously great dera-
te, then owned and
mental in bringing
the ascendancy in
A spreading repub-
also actively kept
8 way, flooded the
3ct of slavery, and
1 ascendancy. As
of its able editor,
nciples, and an effi-
irn and felt. Wil-
its character as a
3, and it became a

erence to his party,

the nomination in

that time become

Lucas County — Willard J. Daniels.

559

much more prevalent, and even he who had so resolutely opposed,
throughout, the repeal of the Missouri Cdmpriniise, popular and
able as he was, could not succeed as the randidate of the party
which had repealed it. From that period, the district has rightly
been counted upon as sure for the republicans, and of the most rad-
ical stripe.

In 1858, James M. Ashley was nominated and elected, and re-elec-
ted for each term, till 1808, and the loss of his election that ytar
was owing to other than causes indicating a falling oflF in the repub-
lican strength, as was shown by the result of the election in 1870.

At the earlier city elections in Toledo, party lines were not much
regarded, till, in 1840, the whgs called a convention as such, and
put up Myron II. Tilden as candidate for Mayor. Immediatfjopposi-
tioi waft made to the movement, and another convention was
called to select a candidate, without reference to politics, which nom-
inated James M. Whitney, also a Whig, as the citizens' candidate,
the democrats voting for him en masse, and some Whigs ; but Til-
den was elected by four votes. From that time, the city officers have
been generally selected as party candidates, with fluctuating success,
the Whigs generally holdmg the ascendancy, till 1845. From that
time, the democrats, with occasional defeats, were most of the time
in power, till IfsOl. Th'o republican success since then, in the city,
is much indebted to the German population, a large portion of
whom seem to have attached themselves to the party as upholding
advanced and radical views, in sympathy with their own.

WILLARU J. DANIELS.

The subject of this sketch was born in Addison County, Ver-
mont, iu May, 1813, and first visited Toledo in the autumn of 1832,
When he came to the place, he was in his 19th year. He entered
into the mercantile business with his brother, the late Munson H.
Daniels, in a store on the corner of Summit and Lagrange streets.
In the following year (1833), he purchased of S. B. Coir.stock, agent
of the Port Lawrence company, the east 26^ feet of Lot No. 10, in
the Port Lawrence Division, for which he paid twenty-five dollars
in goods— this being the first real estate purchase he ever made. On
this lot he erected a store. At the same time he purchased Lot 19
for fifty dollars ; also, GO feet on Summit, and 100 feet in the rear of
dock front on the river (the former being the lot recently occupied
by Bionson & Mestinger, lor their tobacco store) for seventy five
dollars; also, about the same time. Lot 44, corner of Monroe and
St. Clair streets, for fifty dollars, and many other lots, in the Port
Lawrence Division, at proportionate rates. His aim, in real estate
purchases, was to get as near the mouth of Swan creek as possible.
In 1836, in company witli his brother, R. C. Daniels, they erected a

500

Lucas County — Willard J. Daniels.

three-story brick store on lot twelve, corner of Snmmit and Monroe
streets — the ground now being occupied by Lenk's block.

Willard J. and Munson H. Daniels erected the lirst wooden store,
adjoining the Toledo House. They paid $25 for the lot, No. 10 oC
20 feet front, which would now sell readily for 820,500.

At the meeting of the V^istula and Port Lawrence interests, here-
tofore referred to, called lor the purpose of consolidating the inter
ests of the two towns, the question of a name for the places thus to
be united, was a subject of debate. Several names were proposed,
when finally Mr. Daniels suggested that of "Toledo," — having de-
rived some knowledge from historical reading of this old capital of
Spain. There then being no city or town having this name upon
this continent, was one of the strongest reasons for its adoption;
and here it may be proper to insert the folloM'ing from Appleton's
CyclopcTdia, Vol. XV.:

" Toledo was the ancient capital of Spain. It stands upon a rocky
height, upon three sides of which the river flows in a deep and nar-
row channel, crossed by two stone bridges about one hundred feet
in height, one of which was built by the Moors. The surrounding
country is undulating, and generally barren, and the heat in summer
is very great. The appearance of the city is remarkably pictur-
esque. The cathedral, founded in 1258, stands in the centre of the
town, and is one of the finest in Spain. It is of the purest Gothic
style, 404 feet long, and 204 feet wide, with a spire 324 feet high.
The palace of the Archbishop (who is the Primate of Spain,) adjoins
the cathedral, and contains a library very rich in ancient manu-
scripts. The Alcazar, or royal palace, is in a very dilapidated state.
The principal manufactures are woollen and silk goods, oil, leather,
and the sword blades for which the town is so famous. The swords
of Toledo attained great celebrity in the time of the Moors. Ac-
cording to tradition, Toledo was founded by Jewish colonists, in the
sixth century B. C, and called Toledom, 'mother of people.' It was
taken by the Romans in 192 B. C, and some portion of the walls,
and an ampitheatre, erected by them, still remain. It was taken by
the Goths in A. D. 407, and made the capital of Spain in 567. The
Moors captured it in 711, and under them it made great advances.
Allbnse VI., of Castile, and Leon, wrested it from the Moors, after
a terrible siege, in 1085, when it was again made the capital of the
Christian kings, and, at one time, had a population of 200,000. It
afterward suffered many sieges, which, together with the removal of
the Court to Madrid, have been the chief causes of its decline."

In the summer of 1834, Mr. Daniels erected a warehouse on the
100 feet dock purchase above mentioned, and in 1835-30, erected
the Palmyra Mills, near Adrian, Michigan. In 1836, during the
Presidential contest between Van Buren and Harrison, Mr. Daniels
and Judge Potter were joint proprietors of the Toledo Blade, and
their money saved the paper from suspension, and continued it for
several months, in the local interests of the place. Subsequently the

iels.

mit and Monroe
block.

st wooden store,
lie lot, No. 10 ol'
500.

;e interests, hero-
dating the inter
he places thns to
i were proposed,
Jo," — having do-
lis old capital of

this name upon
for its adoption ;

trom Appleton's

inds upon a rocky
1 a deep and nar-
>ne hundred feet
rhe surrounding
e heat in summer
markably pictur-
the centre of the
he purest Gothic
re 324 feet high.
of Spain,) adjoins
in ancient maiiu-

dilapidated state.
^oods, oil, leather,
ous. The swords

the Moors. Ac-
3li colonists, in the
)f people.' It was
■tion of the walls,
It was taken by
pain in 567. The
e great advances.
1 the Moors, after

the capital of the
on of 200,000. It
'ith the removal of
of its decline."
warehouse on the
1 1835-36, erected
L 1836, during the
•rison, Mr. Daniels
Toledo Blade, m^
\ continued it for
, Subsequently the

^^^^^^^^^//^^z-t^

Lucas County — Frederick Prentice.

561

ostablishtnent passed into tho hands of Fairbanks & Willard, two
young printers from Detroit. Fairbanks has been, during many
years, one of the editors and proprietors of the Cleveland Herald.

The llrst school house in Toledo was built in 18;54, at the expense
of Willard J. Daniels, Stephen B. Comstock, and Stephen Bartlett.
It yet stands on tho ground near the African church. Tho first
school teacher was Mrs. Muuson H. Daniels. Iler maiden name was
Harriett Wright, and she was a niece of Silas Wright, of New York.
The first Court of Lucas county was held in this school building.

In January, 1838, Mr. Daniels married Miss Caroline Walbridge,
of Toledo, who died in the fall of 1849; and in December, 1855,
(having, in the meantime, in the fall of 1853, removed to Lockport,
New York,) married, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Miss Isadore E.
Hopkins.

As a member of the City Council, a director of tho Erie & Kala-
mazoo Railroad, and in all the public schemes that affected the in-
terests of Toledo, Mr. Daniels has taken a prominent part. He yet
holds large real estate interests in Toledo, and in Lockport, New
York, the city of his present residence. Although, at the age of
fifty-nine, his mental and bodily vigor exhibit no signs of decay, and
he appears as ready to engage in private or public enterprise as
when he commenced his business career in Toledo forty years ago.

FREDERICK PRENTICE.

\ t^%'

Joseph Prentice and family removed f/om Brooklyn, New York, to
Ashtabula, Ashtabula county, Ohio, probably in 1814, and remained
hfere a short time ; and from thence to the mouth of Swan Creek —
making the trip from Ashtabula to the Maumee with sledges on the
ice; stopping at nights at Indian towns, as there were then few
white settlements on the shore, between the two points.

Soon after his arrival, Mr. Prentice connected himself with the
Cincinnati Company, composed of Major Oliver, Micajah T. Wil-
Hams, and others, the original proprietors of the old "upper town,"
and took charge of their building arrangements. He erected tho
first warehouse [described elsewhere in the reminiscenceis of Richard
MottJ, also the tlrst frame dwelling house in Toledo. His residence
I was first in the warehouse, and then into the dwelling above men-
tioned. The latter building was only a few rods from the former,
and the ground is now occupied by the block embracing the num-
bers 33, 35, 37, and 39 Summit street. It was at his suggestion that
the town at the mouth of Swan Creek was named Port Lawrence, in
honor of the gallant naval oflScer who bore that name; and here it
may not be out of place to mention that Swan Creek, according to
jthe statement of Mr. Prentice, was so named by the Indians, in con-
Isequence of the numerous swan that, every spring and autumn,
I reveled upon its bosom.

562

Lucas County- -Frederick Prentice.

Thr precise date at which Mr. Prentice reached Toledo cannot, by
le.Mon of H deHtru(;ti()n by tire ui' certain maiiiiscripts, be given ; but
i' wa« a brief period subaequent to the war of 1812.

Ii was in the first frame house erected in Toledo, above referred
to, that Fie<i»ri( k Prentice, on the fjth of Deceml»er, 1822, was born;
tituig the first white child born in Puit Lawrence, now Toledo.

In his Settlement with the company, Mr. .Joseph Prentice selected
ihe HDUthuer^t pnitioD of the tract on the eat side of the river, to
which he r* moT<d with his family in about lti25, and where they
rt'Sidtd until his death, which occurred Mkj 6th, 1845, at the age of
64y ara; that day being also the anniversary of his birth. Mrs,
Eeanor Prentice, his widow, remembered by the old society of the
lower portion of the valley as a most estimable and exemplary lady,
survived her husband about ten years.

Ttiere is not, probably, in the Maumee Valley, a gentleman whose
business experience has been attended with fluctuations so marked,
and yet so generally successful, as that which has characterized the
business career of Frederick Prentice. During his boyhood, there
were no schools nearer than the river Raisin, or Fort Wayne ; and
oonsequently his means of education, other than the instruction im-
parted by his mother, were very limited. At the age of thirteen
years, his father became physically infirm, by reason of a sprain iu
the back, caused by a fall ; and this misfortune imposed upon Frede-
rick, mere boy that he was, almost the entire support of the family;
but the rough life he had led made him more of a man, and better
fitted for the responsibilities he had assumed, than many others j
whose years alone indicated manhood. As pork was $G0 per barrel,
flour from 126 to $30, calico from 60 to 75 cents per yard, and labor
only 60 to 75 cents per day, for able-bodied men, the self-impused
task of supporting his parents and himself by days' work, seemed |
greater than even nis stout heart could bear.

Having been, from infancy, associated with Indians — an Indian |
woman having been his nurse — he had acquired even a better knowl-
edge of their language than of the Englisn. He therefore addressed!
himself to the business of interpreter for Indian agents and traders,!
and also to hunting and fishing ; and from these several occupatiouil
he derived sufiicient means to maintain his family in comfortablel
circumstances — receiving, however, the efficient aid, as Mr. Prentioel
says, of one of the best mothers, house-keepers, and cooks, that everj
blessed a son.

As good a hunting ground as the country then afibrded, was on i
around the place now within the city plat of Toledo, where he statesliej
has killed many a ueer, wild turkey, and other game. The neighbor-[
hood where now stands the Oliver House, appeared especially to be a
favorite haunt for deer. In these pursuits, and attending scbool]
winters, he continued, until he had attained the age of 18 yean
when he engaged in the business of supplying the Toledo marked
and river steamboats, with wood, and also hewn ship timber for tM

mtice.

Toledo cannot, by

ipts, be given ; bat

12.

•do, above referred

»er, 18'22, was born;

, now Toledo.

h Prentice selected

de of the river, to

J6, and where they

1845, at the age of
of his birth. Mrs.
} old society of the
nd exemplary lady,

a gentleman whose
nations so marked,
IS characterized the

his boyhood, there

Fort Wayne ; and
, the instruction im-
the age of thirteen
sason of a sprain in
imposed upon Frede-
pport of the family;
f a man, and better
, than many others
t was $60 per barrel,
;8 per yard, and labor I
en, the self-imposed

days' work, seemed

Indians— an Indian |
even a better knowl-
le therefore addressed
n agents and traders,
se several occupationi
amily in comfortablel
t aid, as Mr. Prentioel
1, and cooks, that ever]

n afforded, was on I
edo, where he states hej
jame. The neighbor!
iared especially to be a
and attending schooB
the age of 18 ^m
y the Toledo markey
m ship timber for tbj

Qy O-f^T^^^P^Ly

&, 5/^^^77^

Lucas County — Gen. John E. Hunt.

563

New York and other markets. He also made extensive purchases
of wild land, taking the timber off, and then selling, in limited
tracts, to actual settlers, — a policy that proved not only advantageous
to purchasers, but hastened the development of the region on the
southeast side of the river, embracing a district of six or seven miles
eastward and southward, within which limit more than one-half the
land was, originally, or is now, held by him ; and many, on that side
the river now in opulent worldly circumstances, acknowledge their
indebtedness to Mr. Prentice for his forbearance, and monetary aid,
at a time when his friendship was of the highest value to them.

Like most business men, who have been engaged in enterprises of
considerable magnitude, Mr. Prentice, at one time of life (1857), met
with financial reverses, which made it necessary that he compromise
with his creditors ; and although the disaster was caused chiefly by
endorsements, after he recuperated, some five or six years later, he
notified his old creditors that, although there had been a legal set-
tlement of their claims, he felt under moral obligations to abandon
the terms of compromise, and pay the full value of all their claims,
with ten per cent, interest on deferred payments. His action in this
matter, as well as a similar one on the part of Mr. William H. Ray-
mond (now in California), afford instances of commercial honor
that will constitute a bright page in the business history of Toledo.
Although, within the last few years, Mr. Prentice has been highly
favored by fortune ; and although other commercial cities of greater
present importance, offer larger and richer bounties for his enter-
prise ; and although, from his ample means, he could find excite-
ment and interest in travel, and bojourn in the gay capitals of the
world; — he yet prefers Toledo, his native place — his old home —
spnctified by early struggles, and rendered dear beyond all other con-
siderations, by the presence of old friends, who were witnesses of
the rugged pathway he travelled in early life.

Amoug his late purchases is a delightful home, formerly the prop-
erty of the late Truman H. Hoag, situated within 200 feet of the
site of the old homestead of Major B. F. Stickney. In this delight-
ful mansion, the best now in Toledo, Mr. Prentice will probably
spend the remainder of his days.

JOHN ELLIOTT HUNT.

The father of the subject of this sketch was the late Colonel Thom-
.as Hunt, of the First Regiment United States Infantry. He was a
volunteer, and took part in the battle of Lexington, and also ren-
dered service at the battle of Bunker Hill, where he was wounded.
Subsequentlv, under General Anthony Wayne, at the storming of
the British fort at Stony Point, on the Hudson, he received a bayo-
jnet wound in the calf of his leg, and was promoted for good conduct
|oa that occasion; and, in 1793, he received his commission from

564

Lucas County — Gen. John E. Hunt.

President Washington, as Major, and afterwards, from President Jef-
ferson, as Lieut. Colonel and Colonel of the same regiment. St. Clair
maintained that, if lie had had this well-disciplined and gallant First
Eegiment in his army, at the critical moment, his disastrous surren-
der would not have occurred.

Colonel Hunt was in command of Fort Defiance eighteen months
after the battle of the Fallen Timbers. In 179G, he was ordered to
the command of Fort Wayne, which post he held until 1798, when
he was transferred to Detroit to succeed Colonel Hamtramck, after
the death of the latter officer. In June, 1803, he was ordered with his
regiment from Detroit to St. Louis. His regiment landed at Fort
Industry [now Toledo], and passed a night here, on its route to St.
Louis. Fifteen miles from the latter place he built the cantonment
on the bank of the Missouri, where, after three years, he died. Him-
self and wife, Eunice, are buried there, at a place called Bellefontaine.

General John E. Hunt is the oldest native citizen in the Maumee
Valley — having been born within the enclosure of Fort Wayne,
April 11, 1798. His earlier years were chiefly spent with a senior
brother, Henry Hunt, a merchant of Detroit. He was there at the
time of Hull's surrender, and a witness of that humiliating specta-
cle. Though only fourteen years of age, no one, whether soldier or
citizen, felt more deeply the insult to our country, involved in the
imbecile conduct of Hull.

He was married at the house of Governor Lewis Cass, Detroit, the
29th of May, 1822, to Miss Sophia Spencer, daughter of Dr. Spencer,
of Connecticut.

General Hunt has several hundred manuscript pages embodying
his personal reminiscences of the Northwest, which contain histori-
cal matter of much interest, and which should be, at a future time,
published. From these reminiscences, the following is extracted:

"Jack Brandy (a Shawanee Indian), while conveying Winchester,
as his prisoner, to Proctor's camp, captured Whittmore Knaggs, the
old Pottamatomie agent, and father of George and James Knaggs,
Some time before the war, Knaggs had caused Jack to be flogged j
for some ofience, and ascertaining who had taken him, supposed, as
a matter of course, that he would be slain. Jack re-assured him j
with promises of safety. Before they arrived at the camp, they were
met by a band of Pottawatomies, who, with upraised tomahawks,
rushed towards Knaggs. Jack stepped between them and his pris-
oner — told them they must kill him before they killed Knaggs, aud j
thus savtd him from massacre.

" This same Jack Brandy, a few days before the massac-o of Eai- J
sin, in conversation with Harry Hunt, of Detroit, told him, that, iff
occasion ever offered, he would be kind to the Yankees, and bring
any that might fall into his hands safely to Detroit. This promise
he 80 far fulfilled, as to dra^ from the buildings at the river Kaisin
massacre, a large KentuoVian, named John Green, who had been I
wounded in the engagement. Wrapping him carefully in his bianj

Imcos County — Gen. John E. Hunt.

565

ket, he laid him in his carryall, and started on a trot for Detroit. —
The next morning, Hunt saw Jack drive up in front of the town,
and with one or two friends went to see him.

"'Well, Jack,' he enquired, * have you brought us some venison,
to-day ?'

'"Yes, Harry Hunt,' replied the Indian, throwing the blanket off
his captive ; ' good Yankee venison. I told you Jack Brandy can-
not lie.'

*'' Mr. Hunt purchased the liberty of Green, took him to his house,
and afterwards restored him to his friends, who, supposing he was
slain, enlisted under Harrison to avenge his death.

" Some time before the close of the war, Harry Hunt bought a
fine horse, which was stolen soon after, by a band of Pottawatomies.
On entering his store, a day or two afterwards. Hunt encountered
Jack Brandy, who, observing the seriousness of his countenance,
enquired as to the cause. On being informed, Jack replied : ' may
be me get him again,' and mounted his pony, and started in pursuit.
He soon struck the trail of the Pottawatomies, and came up with
them two days afterwards, and camped with them, and told them he
had a special mission to the Indians near Chicago, which had an
important bearing upon the war. This pleased his entertainers, and
they told him about the fine horse they had got. Jack, upon the
plea of urgent business, bantered them for a trade, promising, if, on
trial, the horse proved to be good, to pay the difference between him
and his pony. At daylight, the horse, with saddle and bridle, was
brought up for Jack to prove. He bestrode him, rode a short dis-
tance in the direction of Chicago, struck into the woods, and that
was the last his Indian friends saw of him. The next day he rode
into Detroit at top of speed, and surrendering the horse to his own-
er, repeated, most emphatically:

"'There, Harry Hunt, I tell you once more, Jack Brandy can-
not lie !'

"The horse was afterwards sold to General Proctor for one hun-
dred guineas, and on this beast this representative of the ' chivalry'
of Great Britain made his escape at the Thames.

" Ottuso, the grand nephew of Pontiac, captured Captain Baker,
of the 17th Infantry, at the battle of the river Raisin. On his return
to Detroit with his prisoner, accompanied by his son, Wa-se-on-o-
qiiet, he encamped the first night at Huron river. He ordered the
boy to make a fire. The young man asked why the 'Yankee dog'
could not do it?

'"My son,' answered Otussa, 'such language is wrong. This pris-
oner is a chief among his own people. We must treat him as we
would wish to be treated, under like circumstances.'

" Ottuso obeyed this golden rule, aud took the best care of his pris-
oner. Baker was sent to Quebec, but exchanged in time to join Har-
rison's army, and take part in the battle of the Thames.

"The day after the return of the army from the Thames to De-

566

LiLcas County — Om. John E. Hunt.

troit, a band of Indians, with a white flag, was seen to emerge from
the wilderness in the rear of the town. Harrison ordered Captain
Baker to treat with them. He approached them, and recognized in
their leader his old captor and friend, Ottuso. The meeting between
them was highly affecting. Baker did not fail to repay, four- fold,
the favors which had been bestowed upon him by the noble Indian."

General Hunt first engaged in the mercantile business at Maumee
City, in 1816 ; during the year 1817 treaties were made at the foot of
the rapids. His business partner was the late Robert A. Forsyth.
It would suprrise many, if they would meet them, to discover the
number of those who are now wealthy farmers, bankers, etc., who
cheerfully acknowledge that they were indebted to General Hunt
for stocks of goods on credit, which gave them their first start in
business life, at a time when they had no money, and could procure
credit from no other quarter. His mercantile life embraced a period
altogether of twenty years.

No one was more prominent than General Hunt in efforts to has-
ten the development of the Maumee Valley. Every scheme of im-
portance, having this object in view, oould not fail to have his pow-
erful support, A banking and internal improvement project, origi-
nated with him in 1833, which, at the time, evinced a correct idea
of the future commercial value of some point on the lower Maumee.
This was a proposition to obtain, from the Territorial Legislature of
Michigan, a charter authorizing a company to construct a railroad
from Adrian to Toledo — conferring, also, upon the company bank-
ing powers. The General enlisted in his enterprise, Mr. E. C. Win-
ters, then a school teacher at Maumee City, but afterwards a resi-
dent of Adrian, whom he persuaded to visit Detroit, and use his
efforts to obtain from the Legislature a charter. Mr. Winters was
successful in his mission, and this, really, was the origin of the Erie
and Kalamazoo railroad. The Kalamazoo bank also derived its au-
thority from this charter. It was the design of General Hunt to
tap this road at a bend four miles east of Sylvania, by a branch lead-
ing into Maumee City, under the conviction that the branch would
ultimately constitute part of the main line.

In 1836, having received the Democratic nomination, he was elect-
ed to the State Senate over Patrick G. Goode, his Whig opponent,
in a District that gave, at the preceding election, a whig majority of
1,600. His majority in this contest was 180. In 1839, he was re-
elected by a yet larger majority.

In 1849, a Democratic Convention for the Senatorial District com-
posed of the counties of Lucas, Wood, Henry, Ottawa, and San-
dusky, was called, to be held at Woodville, for the purpose of nomi-
nating a candidate for the Convention, to frame a new Constitution
for Ohio. General Hunt had no wish or desire to be a candidate.
On the other hand, he had freely expressed to his friends his pref-
erence for the nomination of the late D. O. Morton, of Toledo.
Upon the assembling of the Convention at Woodville, General Hunt

nt.

to emerge from
rdered Captain
d recognized in
leeting between
repay, four fold,
e noble Indian."
aess at Maumee
ide at the foot of
lert A. Forsyth.
to discover the
ankers, etc., who
) General Hunt
jir first start in
id could procure
mbraoed a period

in efforts to has-
ry scheme of im-
to have his pow-
mt project, origi-
ed a correct idea
he lower Maumee.
rial Legislature of
istruct a railroad
e company bank-
36, Mr. E. 'C. Win-
ifterwards a resi-
troit, and use his
Mr. Winters was
origin of the Erie
Iso derived its au-
General Hunt to
, by a branch lead-
the branch would

ation, he was elect-
8 Whig opponent,
a whig majority of
a 1839, he was re-

;orial District corn-
Ottawa, and San-
puri)08e of nomi-
I new Constitution
to be a candidate.
8 friends his pref-
Morton, of Toledo,
ville, General Hunt

Lucas County — Gen. John E. Hunt.

56*7

was made chairman. The candidates presented to the Convention,
were D. 0. Morton, of Lucas; W. V. Way, of Wood, and Samuel
Holliushead, of Ottawa. An obstinate contest, continuing through
several hours, between the friends of these gentlemen, failed to make
a choice. The convention and the candidates became impatient, and
anxious to conclude the business they were assembled to perform.
la this temper, pervading all, L K. Seaman, of Sandusky, without
consultation, or prompting, took the floor, and moved that General
John E. Hunt be nominated by acclamation. The chairman prompt-
ly declared the motion out of order, and that it could not be enter-
tained — alleging, among other reasons, that the rules adopted by the
convention for its government, prescribed that the vote for candi-
dates should be by counties, and by ballot. Mr. Seaman appeared
to falter for an instant, but General Brown, of Toledo, came to his
aid— seconded his motion, and insisted that it was competent for
the convention to rescind or suspend its own rules; — and that, there-
fore, as a Mass Convention, the chairman being temporarily deposed,
he would himself put the question, " Shall General John E. Hunt
be declared, by this convention, the nominee of the Democratic
party, of this District, for a seat in the Constitutional Convention?
Those in favor of this motion say aye." And the shout of " aye"
was unanimous — ^joined in by delegates and the late candidates alike
—the only protestant being the Presid. nt of the Conv<'ntion, thus
summarily deposed, and so unexpectedly, but flatteringly, nomina-
ted. The defeated aspirants severally pledged themselves to the sup-
port of the nominee — and one of them, Mr. Hollinshead. wt nt so
far, in the moment of his enthusiasm, as to say that his county of
Ottawa would more than double its usual Democratic majority, and
would give Hunt 150. Extravagant as this pledge then appeared,
Ottawa did give the General over 200, and it occurred from thi^ fact
that an influential farmer, named Hartshorn, then a resident of
Ottawa county, but regarding whose existnce, or place of residence,
General Hunt had no knowledge for a long period of tinif, hi
ppned to identify thi^ name of General John E. Hunt as the one to
whom he was indebted for having saved his lift dunng a pis.ssiire
through the Black Swamp, thirty <»dd yt^ars previous. ,;n(l In* at onri-
aftively took the field, and was chiefly inatru'nental in pr"tluciii<r
the result in Ot'»wa county, above stated. The opportunity and
method thus sought to disclia g- an old obligation, was as honora-
ble to Mr. Hartshorn, as it was gratifying to the feelingti of G-neral
Hunt.

H's first Senatorial District embraced nearly one-sixth the iiren of
the State, and the amount of local legislation dema- ded by this
sparsely settled region, was very large, but faithfully attended to.
During his service, vital measures relating to the canals, and other
improvements of valu<'to the Northw st, were before the legislature.
It was on the motiofi of General Hunt, before the c ntracts for the
cunal construction were let, that a resolution was ad pttd instruct*

568

Luoas County — Morrison R. Waite.

ing the Board of Public Works to make the Wabash and Erie canal,
from its intersection with the Miami Extension canal, to its junc-
tion with the Maumee bay, sixty feet in width and six feet deep,—
thus greatly facilitating navigation, and securing the vuluable water
power since enjoyed by Maumee City and Toledo. In 1835-37,
General Hunt, as a member of the Ohio Senate, successfully exerted
his influence to procure an appropriation of $1,500,000 for the ex-
tension of the Miami Canal to the Maumee Bay; and had not this
appropriation been made at that session, the probabilities are that
the work would have been postponed indefinitely, as the financial
revulsion that occurred a year or two later, would have defeated any
proposition to undertake new enterprises. The appropriation of
$30,000 for the Western Eeserve and Maumee road, which was the
first bridge over the Black Swamp, also received his efficient aid.

In 1848, General Hunt was elected Treasurer of Lucas county,
and in 1850 re-elected. Before the close of his second term, he was
appointed by President Pierce postmaster at Toledo, and re-appoint-
ed by President Buchanan. To all his public trusts he was ever
faithful, and commanded the full confidence of the people, of all
parties

One of the sources of the remarkable power exercised by General
Hunt over the minds of cultivated as well as rude men, existed in
his excellent social qualities. Although born and reared in a wilder-
ness country, and his business dealings being chiefly with Indians,
and semi-civilized white men, he has ever illustrated, in his transac-
tions with mankind, the fact that he was, by birth, habit and instinct,
a GENTLEMAN, in the highest definition of the word, and qualified,
by his manners, to adorn any position in the most cultivated diplo-
matic and social circles. His physical vigor is remarkable. Time
makes no visible ini'oad upon his features; and between the produc-
tions of the faithful artist who took his likeness thirty years ago, and
the one who executed his work on yesterday, it would puzzle his old
friends to detect the difference between the two.

MORRISON R. WAITE.

This gentleman was born at Lyme, Connecticut, November 29,
1816, and graduated at Yale College, in 1837. He studied law with
his father, Hon. Henry M. Waite, who had been elected Judge of
the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut, in 1833, and subse-
quently became Chief Justice of that Court.

The subject of this sketch removed to Maumee City, Ohio, in
October, 1838, and resumed law studies in the office of Samuel M.
Young, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in October, 1839. Pre-
vious to his admission, he had formed a law partnership with his
preceptor, Mr. Young, which continued until the first of January,
1854. He had removed to Toledo, however, in the summer of 1850.

^aite.

sh and Erie canal,

cjanal, to its junc-

six feet deep, —

the vuluable water

3do. In 1835-37,

LiccessfuUy exerted

00,000 for the ex-

and had not this

babilities are that

y, as the financial

have defeated any

e appropriation of

»ad, which was the

lis eflBcient aid.

■ of Lucas county,

jcond term, he was

sdo, and re-appoint-

trusts he was ever

f the people, of all

:ercised by General
de men, existed in
[ reared in a wilder-
liefly with Indians,
ited, in his transac-
I, habit and instinct,
ivord. and qualified,
3t cultivated diplo-
remarkable. Time
)etween the produc-
hirty years ago, and
vould puzzle his old

icut, November 29,
le studied law with
n elected Judge of
in 1833, and subse-

imee City, Ohio, in
)flice of Samuel M.
ctober, 1839. Pre-
artnership with his
le first of January,
he summer of 1850.

])

lot
Ico

Idicas County — Morrison JR. Waitc.

569

In 1858, the existing partnership with liis brother, Richard Waite,
was formed.

On the 2lBfc of September, 1840, he was married to Miss Amelia
0. Warner, of Lyme, Connecticut.

Mr. Waite was elected as a Whig to the General Assembly
of Ohio in the fall of 1849, in a legislative district then opposed
to him in politics. This Avas the only political office ever held by
him; — law, rather than politics, having always been his chosen
field.

In November, 1871, he was appointed one of the counsel of the
United States before the Tribunal of Arbitration, at Geneva, Swit-
zerland, convened to adjust the claims of the United States against
Great Britain, known as the Alabama claims— an appointment that
reflected credit upon the administration that tendered it, unsought,
and this selection was generally regarded by the bar and people of
the Maumee Valley as a just recognition of the forensic and moral
worth of one of their most eminent and cherished citizens.

If it may be granted that any of the profession were " to the
manner born," as a lawyer, it may as justly be said of Mr. Waite, as
of any of his cotemporaries, that he was thus created. His early
predilections for the law were perhaps inherited from his father,
who was one of the most distinguished jurists of Connecticut.

On the 5th of November, 1872, Mr. Waite landed at New York,
on his return home from his mission. A committee, in anticipation
of his arrival, had been sent forward to meet him in New York, and
escort him to his home. The party reached Toledo on Saturday,
November 9, and the reception ceremonies were published in the
Toledo Blade, of that date, and are here copied:

"This morning, under a clear, beautiful sky, our city presented an
appearance similar to that of a holiday, and flags and decorations
streamed from many of the buildings on Summit street. The eleven
o'clock train from the east, as if to tone down the enthusiasm of
the people, kept the reception waiting some twenty minutes, but the
ilelay was not a serious one. As was anticipated, the train bore the
Hon. M. R. Waite and wife, with the escorting committee appointed
to meet them in New York. Mr. Waite was at once conducted to
an open carriage, in which he was placed with his honor. Mayor
•Jones, Mr. Samuel M. Young, his former law partner in business,
and Jesup W. Scott. Several other carriages were filled with the
committees of escort and reception, the committee appointed by the
IJoard of Trade, and the remainder of the party from New York,
They were preceded by the Walbridge Zouaves, and Toledo Cadets,
'leaded by Milverstedt's band, and on reaching the Boody House,
the columns of military faced inward, and presented arms as Mr.
^Vaite's carriage passed between the lines.

''Mr, Waite was at once escorted to the St. Clair street balcony,
of the Boody House, from which the party looked down on a vast
concourse of people, who had assembled in the streets below. The

570 Lucas County — Morrison R. Watte.

assembly was thon called to order by General Lee, who announced
the order of exercises, and requented the quiet attention of the audi-
ence, ' except when they felt like shouting, when they were to
shout I'

"Mayor Jones then presented hiraself, and spoke as follows:

" ' Mr. Waitb : In the name and on behalf of all the citizens of
Toledo, I extend to you a cordial welcome home.

"'A little less than a year ago, when it was announced that you,
sir, a citizen of our city, had been selected as one of three distin-
guished counsel to present our long disputed claim against Great
Britain for arbitrament before one of the most learned and august
tribunals the world had ever seen, we naturally felr, a just pridi- in
so distinguished an honor. If, sir, we were proud of the selection,
with how much greater satisfaction do we hail the achievementH
which you and your illustrious associates have won in that great
trial for the honor and glory of our country, and the cause of human
peace everywhere.

" 'The proceedings of that great tribunal have attracted the atten-
tion of the whole civilized world, and ccmstitute an epoch in history;
and we believe that it will exercise a potent influence for good in all
coming time, in substituting reason against force, peace against war,
This conflict, in which you have borno so distinguished a part, will
become one of the landmarks of our Christian civilization, and we
may safely leave the verdict to the impartial judgment of mankind.

*' ' Our city is justly proud of the intellectual achievements, which
you, as one of her sons, have gained in that great contest, and again,
in her behalf, I bid you welcome back among your old friends and
neiiihbors. Thrice welcome home I'

" As soon as the applause which greeted Mr. Waite, as he stepped
forward, had subsided, he replied briefly to the Mayor's address of
welc"mi\ The following is a synopsis :

"He thanked th' m for th«ir kind r ci^ption. A little less than a
year ago, th y had bidd n him God spci d on the mission he had
thtn undertak n. More than onoe, since that t,im<'. he had askid
himst'lf, * will the friends I hft, be my friends when I return ?' This
demonstration convinced him that his fri< nds Wrre still here, and ihat
they had by no means forg itten him.

*' It was not expected that he w aild enter into any d tailed state-
ment of he proceedings at Geneva. The Tribunal thert* assembled had
rendered an honest judgm nt, which had been reach d after a piitient
and careful examination of the facts, by men willing and anxi usto
do right. In time. Great Britain herself wuld acknowl dge iiB
justice. It was not surprising rhat she should now manifest im|)a-
tience. 8he had be' n charged with u neglect of her intern ilional
obligations, and upon the trial it had been found that the ch.irge
was true.

'* He believed that a great ste[) had been taken towards the set-
tlement of national disputes by arbitration ; a long stride towards

'aite.

), who announced
sntion of the audi-
len they were to

e as follows:

ill the citizens of

lounced that you,
le of three distin-
lim against Great
arned and august
Ir. a just pride in
1 of the selection,
the achievements
won in that great
the cause of human

ittracted the atten-
n epoch in history;
■nee for good in all
peace against war.
lished a part, will
ivilization, and we
;ment of mankind,
jhievements, which
contest, and again,
ir old friends and

''aite. as he stepped
Mayur's address of

L little less than a
le mission he had
;,im'', he had askid
en I return ?' This
e still here, and that

any d tailed state-
iher*- itssembled had
irch d after a patient
ling and anxi us to
Id acknowldge its
ow manifest impa-
if her intern I lional
id that the chi.rge

n towards the set-
ong stride towards

■■?

ifi

AjU^/ue^^-^Mu

'mAo

/c, \3^^>-u%AAA7

Liicas County — Dr. Ilm'atio Conant. 5Y1

(

-vC^AAA^

the era of universal peace. We might not live to see the day when
there would be no more war, but he thought wu might witness the
time when, before resorting to the power of the sword, nations
would at least attempt to settle their disputes by peaceful arbitra-
tion. Great Britain was the iirst to consent to be tried by such a
Tribunal, upon a charge of neglect in the performance of her duties
as one of the family of nations, and the United States the first to
seek redress in this way for such a wrong. The world would give
them each full credit for the example wnich they, in the midst of
their power, had thus put forth for the imitation of others.

" After giving expression to the satisfaction he felt in being once
more with his ueighbors and friends, and again thanking them for
the eordial reception given him, Mr. Waite withdrew inside the
hotel, where a lengthy season of hnnd-shaking closed the proceed-
ings."

Mr. Waite is now in the prime of life, and of useful activity ; and
it may be reasonably assumed that higher honors than even those he
has yet attained, await him in tiie line of his profession.

DR. HORATIO CONANT, OF MAUMEB CITY,

Was born at Mansfield, Connecticut, the 25th of November, 1785.
He received the degree of A. B., in V- 10, at Middlebury College, and
in 1813 the degree of M. A. He was ngaged two and a half years,
tutor in the College. He studied a tomy at Malone, New York,
I with Dr. Waterhouse. In 1815, he vi *'d Detr.iit, and spent the
I winter with his brother, a merchant; and, in 1810, with Almon
[Gibbs, opened a stock of goods on the north side of the river, oppo-
site Fort Meigs. At this period, the country on both sides of the
I river was known as Fort Meigs. Continuing mercantile business
about one year, he comnienced the practice of medicine; and, al-
though at different periods he held several official positions, such as
Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; postmaster, collector of the
port, justice of the peace for nearly half a century, and the office of
county clerk after the organization of Lucas county, he made his
profession his chief business. His professional visits extended up
the Maumee river to Defiance, embraced all the country below;
north to the river Raisin, and east and south to the Portage river,
land Blanchard's fork ; and on one occasion as high up the Maumee as
iFort Wayne. In one instance, in making a horseback trip to Defi-
lauce, he swam no less than eight streams. At Defiance he left his
|llor8e and purchased a oanoe, in which he floated down to his home.
When he first came to Maumee City, in 1816, there was one phy-
[sioian in practice, a Dr. Barton, who only remained about one year.
In December, 1817, he married Mrs. Eliza Forsyth, widow of Cap-
fain Forsyth. In 1828, Mr&. Conant died, and, in 1S32, Dr. C. again
Imarried Mrs. Eunice Upton, who is yet his wife. The doctor now,

5*72

Lucas County — Jesup W. Scott.

at the age of 87 years, is probably the oldest citizen of Lucas county;
and of all his professional cotemporaries, in practice in 1816-17,
whether in Ohio, Indiana, or Michigan, and then known to him, not
one is now living. His life has been one of remarkable activity, and
although in the discharge of professional duties, in the early settle-
ment of the country, when streams were without bridges, and tlie
roads in bad condition, he encountered ma .y exposures and perils,
his general health is yet good. He has witnessed the transformation
of the country from a rude wilderness, to a state of high cultivation,
and important commercial marts grow up in places where, when he
first visited them, were only the abodes of Indians, wild beasts and
fowls.

Former pages atibrd evidence that Dr. Conant was among the
most public-spirited citizens, who aided in planting white settle-
ments and civilization in this then wilderness country. As he is
the oldest physician, he is also the oldest living merchant in the
valley.

J^SUP W. SCOTT.

Jesup Wakeman Scott was born on a farm in Ridgefield, Con-
necticut, February 25, 1799 ; — nearly all his ancestors being of the
New Haven Colony stock, and embracing the Wakemans, Smiths,
Banks, Benedicks, Bradleys, Lobdells, Jesups, etc. His advantages
for education were poor up to the age of ^5, when he commencet
teaching and study; and, at the age of 20, he had gone through
preparatory studies for entry to the junior class of Union College
Schenectady, New York. Afterwards, while teaching in Richmonc
Academy, Augusta, Georgia, he studied Greek and law, and, at the
age of 23, was admitted to the bar of that State. In 1822, he acten-
ded Judge Gould's Litchfield school, and heard a course of law
lectures.

In 1823, he opened a law office at Chesterville, South Carolina,
and in 1824 married his cousin, Susan Wakeman, of Southport, Con-
necticut. In 1825, he removed to Lexington, South Carolina, where
he became a law partner of John Belton O'Neall, a distinguished
advocate, and Speaker of the lower House of the Legislature of
South Carolina, and afterwards, up to 18G2, Chief Justice of the
State. In December, 18:^5, Mr. Scott reported the great debate
in the House of Representatives, between Judge Smith and his
friends, advocating resolutions in favor of State rights, and the up-
holders of Calhoun, in support of national views of Constitutiona
powers. For a short time, Mr. Scott performed some editoria
labor for the Columbia lelescope, then the organ of Colonel Wil-
liam C. Prestoii, and President Thomas Cooper, representing the
State Rights party. But his sympathies were with Calhoun and his
doctrines, and he could not serve the other part}'. His friends then

yoott.

sen of Lucas county;
practice in 1816-17,
n known to him, not
arkable activity, and
, in the early settle-
out bridges, and the
xposures and perils,
d the transformation
e of high cultivation,
aces where, when he
ians, wild beasts and

lant was among the
(anting white settle-
is country. As he is
ing merchant in the

m in Ridgefield, Con-
mccstors being of the
\e Wakemans, Smiths,
, etc. His advantages

when he commenced
he had gone through
ass of Union College,

teaching in Richmond
ik and law, and, at the
ate. In 1822, he a'.ten-
card a course of law

rville, South Carolina,
lan, of Southport, Con-
South Carolina, where
Neall, a distinguished
of the Legislature of |
1, Chief Justice of the
ted the great debate
Judge Smith and his j
ite rights, and the up-
iews of Constitutional I
armed some editorial |
rgan of Colonel Wil-
oper, representing the I
( with Calhoun and his
wt}'. His friends then

MrJ^at

!a
tac

LiLcas County — Jesiip W. Scott.

573

procured for him the position of Deputy Treasurer ot the State,
which he held for several years, keeping his law office in the State
House.

In 1828, O'Neall having been made Judge, and nullification cli-
ents not liking to support a northern union lawyer, Mr. Scott, with
habits and disposition better fitted for study and reflection than for
the performance of duties usually devolving on the practical law-
yer, closed his office, and accepted an appointment as teacher in the
State FemaleCoUege, in Columbia; and when in the pleasant perform-
ance of the duties of this post, his mind, at intervals, was active in
the study of the natural positions for future cities, to grow up in the
then almost unpeopled interior of our country. While pursuing this
field of investigation, he addressed a letter, dated "Columbia, So. Ca.,
10th July, 1828," now nearly half a century ago, to Genrfrs;) John E.
Hunt, then postmaster at Maumee, in which he said :

" I wish to obtain all the information in my power respecting
your section of country, with a view of making it my future resi-
dence."

His only means of knowledge of the country, were the imperfect
maps in use at that time. On this subject he became somewhat
enthusiastic, believing that he foresaw, beyond others, the prospect
for future great cities, in positions then nearly or quite unknown.
Transportation by water, being then the only cheap way, he expected
the Ohio and Mississippi valleys to dominate the great commerce of
the interior, at Cincinnati and St. Louis, or Alton. The Erie and
Welland canals, afterwards, opened up lake navigation, and were
aided by canals in Ohio and Illinois, — thus changing the current of
trade from the rivers to the lakes, and demonstrating that the lake bor-
ders would achieve supremacy, instead of the river borders in city
growth. Then he believed in and wrote favoring the great positions
made by the extensions of lakes Erie and Michigan inland, and so
commanding large territories. From the head of lake Erie, naviga-
ble canals reached to the Ohio river at Cincinnati and Evansville,
embracing a distance, on both lines, of nearly seven hundred miles.
From the head of Lake Michigan, a canal connected its navigation
with that of the Mississippi, through the Illinois river. These chan-
nels were expected to concentrate a great part of the commerce
southwestward and northwestward of the lake termini, in Toledo
and Chicago ; but soon it was discovered that railroads might come
in Buocessful competition with these water channels ; and it was the
sudden concentration of these, in Chicago, radiating thence over the
fertile prairies, that sent Chicago ahead, beyond all precedent ; and
a like concentration at Toledo, surrounded, on its land side, by
[ acres, when reclaimed, more fertile, gave promise of a like marvel-
ous growth to this city.

In the light of these facts and experiences, and after maturely

1 studying the progress of cities, the world over, and the direction

and concentration of city growth towards and in a narrow climatic

Lucas County — Jesup W. Scott.

zone, Mr. Scott put forth the results of his studies and convictions
in a pamphlet designed to prove that the greatest city of the futare
would grow up on our continent, in its interior; and, probably,
where Toledo, or Chicago now forms its nucleus. This great re-
sult, he claimed, would come within 100 years.

Mr. S. removed with his family to Perrysburg in May, 1 833 ; and
in December of that year, he, with Henry Darling, established, in
that place, a weekly newspaper, the first in northwestern Ohio, en-
titl d, '^ Miami of the Lake.''^ It wus intended to represent all that
new part of the State ; but a cbange of proprietorship and editors
occurred in 1885, and it became local in the interests of Perrys-
burg. and changed its name. In his first number, issued December
11, 1833, referring ti) the Maumee Valley, Mr. Scott said:

" Of this section we shall endeavor to make our journal a faithful
and impartial representative organ ; — in effecting which, it will be-
come our duty to disabuse the public mind at the east, if our sheet
shall have the fortune to circulate there, of the numberless false im-
pressions in regard to this section, with which it is imbued. This
we shall endeavor to do, by giving, as far as we are able, a faithful
picture of the country, neither brightened by the false glare of un-
deserved praise, nor darkened by the sombre hues of causeless
reproach; of which, we regret to say, the supposed interests ot
rival points of trade have occasioned it to receive an unwonted
share."

From 1832 to the present time. Mr. S. has, first in his own paper,
the Emigrant's Guide, and, afterwards, in the Hesperian^ Hunt's
Merchants' Magazine, and in the Toledo Blade, of which, for several j
years, he was editor and proprietor, and in DeBow's Review, writ-
ten extensively on the subject of the internal and exterior commerce j
of our country, and the prospective growth of its cities. Of the |
chief of these cities he early forecasted, with now-recognized accu-
racy, their rapid growth and relative importance. Finally, their j
future so loomed up, in his imagination, that he confidently anticipa-
ted the time when, in less than a century, the greatest city of the |
world would be in the interior of our country.

In June, 1832, Mr. Scott purchased seventy acres, in what is now,
and is likely to remain for years, the centre of Toledo. This, with |
other purchases, based on his faith in the growth of the city, so in-
creased in value as to make his pecuniary condition suflBciently fa-j
vorable, to allow time for investigation in his favorite department of j
knowledge of which the law of growth of modern cities, forecastingj
their future, has been the favorite. But his greediness for knowl-
edge has led him into other fields, in which he has revelled without exl
ploring any with exhaustive thoroughness. He has now, in his 75thj
year, completed papers for a permanent gift of one hundred and sixtjl
acres of land, well situated for great future value, intended to givel
educational advantages not offered by our public schools, and d«j
signed to enable students of both sexes to earn an independent snp-'
port.

It.

Lucas County — Jeswp W. Scott.

675

and convictions
city of the future
'•, and, probably,
J. This great re-

a May, 1833-, and
jg, established, in
(vestern Ohio, en-
represent all that
)r8hip and editors
terests of Perrys-
, issued December
ottsaid:

r journal a iaithlul
which, it will be-
e east, if our sheet
umberless false im-
t is imbued. This
are able, a faitWul
e false glare of un-
5 hues of causeless
pposed interests ot
rceive an unwonted

Bt in his own paper,

i Hesperian, Hunls

of which, for several ]

Bow's iiewew. writ-

1 exterior commerce

f its cities. Ottbel

ow-recognized accu-

anoe. Finally, their

confidently anticipa-

greatest city of the

-,re8, in what is now,
[Toledo. This, with
Ihof the city, so in- 1
lition sufficiently &•
Ivorite department ot
W cities, forecasting

feediness for knowl-
L revelled without ex-

fhas now, in his 75th
\e hundred and BixtJ
ue, intended to give
plic schools, and de-
Ian independent sup-

This bequest, one of the most generous ever made by any resi-
dent of an Ohio city, is thus explained in the Toledo Morning Com-
mercial, of October 24, 1872 :

"A TOLEDO UNIVEBSITY— MUNIFICENT DONATIONS FOR AN IMPOR-
TANT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION — SOMETUING FOB TOLEDO'S
FUTURE.

" It has for some days been known to us, that our worthy fellow
citizen, Jesup W. Scott, Esq., *vas maturing the plan of a movement
which promised much for Toledo and the cause of education ; but
we thought best to defer mi^ntion of it until it should assume defi-
nite and complete shape. This was reached yesterday afternoon, and
we take the earliest opportunity to present the facts to the readers
of the Commercial. The plan is for the establishment of an insti-
tution of learning, to be known as 'The Toledo University of Arts
and Trades,' and to embrace the objects more particularly set forth
in Mr. Scott's deed of trust.

" The Trustees of the corporation met on the 23d of October in
the Boody housd, His Honor, Mayor Jones, in the chjiir, where they
organized, by the choice of Hon. Richard Mott as President, and
Colonel D. F. DeWolf, Superintendent of Public Schools, as Sec-
retary.

"Jesup W. Scott, Esq., being present, then delivered to the Board
of Trustees the deed of trust of 160 acres of land, described there-
in, and located about three miles from the post office, together with
a plat of the same, which were formally accepted and adopted by
the Board on the conditions therein set forth.

" A committee was appointed to draft by-laws and plan of work,
and to call a meeting of the Board when ready to report."

The following is a copy of Mr. Scott's deed of trust :

Enow all men by these presents: That we, Jesup W. Scott and Susan Scott,
in consideration of one dollar paid to us by the grantees hereinafter named, and
of other considerations hereinafter expressed, do hereby convey to William H.
Scolt, Franlc J. ticott, Maurice A. Scott, William H. Raymond;, Chas. W. Hill,
Richard Mott, Sarah R. L. Williams, and Albert E. Macomber, Trustees of the
'"Toledo University of Arts and Trades," and, by virtue of their ofBces, the
Superintendent of Public Schools of Toledo, the Mayor of Toledo, and the
Governor of the State of Ohio and their successors, forever, the following des-
cribed land, to wit : The west half of the southeast quarter (W ^ S E ^) and
the east half of ihe southwest quarter (E ^ S W j) of section four (4) in town-
ship three (3), in the United States Reserve of twelve miles square, at the foot
of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, with the privileges and the appurten-
ances of the same.

To have and to hold, to the aforesaid grantees, as trustees, and their succes-
Bore forever ; we hereby covenanting that the title so conveyed is unincumber-

I ed, and that we will warrant and defend the same against all claims whatsoever.
This conveyance is made to the said Trustees in trust, for the following ob-

I iects and purposes, and subject to the following conditions, to wit : To estab-
lish an institution for the prom- ition of the Arts and Trades ar^d the related
Sciences, by means of lectures and oral instruction ; of models tmd representa-
tive works of art ; of cabinets of minerals ; of museums instructive of the

5Y6

Lucas County — Jesup W. Scott.

mechanic arts ; and of whatsoever else ra'ay serve to furnish artists and artisans
with the best facilities for a high culture in their respective occupations, in
addition to what are furnished by the public schools of the city. Also, to
furnish instruction in the use of phonographic characters, and to aid their in-
troduction into more general use, by . writmg and printing ; and, also, to en-
courage health-giving, invigorating recreations. All the advantages of the
institution shall be free of cost to all pupils who have not the means to pay,
and all others are to pay such tuition and other fees and charges as the Trustees
may require, and be open alike to pupils of both sexes.

All the income from lessees of the lands herein conveyed, shall, after paying
necessary charges and improvements, be expended by said Trustees to accom-
plish the objects herein stated. The Trustees shall plat and sub-divide the land
hereby conv'eyed according to the annexed map, which shall be a part of this
deed, and they shall dedicate the streets and open grounds to public uses not
inconsistent with the uses of the trust, and shall lease, as opportunity offers, the
lots thereon upon the terms following, to wit : For an annual rental of not less
than four (4) per centum, nor more than six (6) per centum upon the fairly
appraised value of the lots so leased ; payable quarter-yearly. Said leases shall
be for a term of five (5) years, renewable at the option of the lessee for an in-
definite number of years, Trom time to time, at the end of each five years, on
the basis of the appraised value at the commencement of each term of five (5)
years.

The Board of Trustees shall prescribe the plans of all buildings to be erected
upon the leased lots, and shall require that all dwelling houses be located not
less than twenty (30) feet from the streets. The central plat five hundred (500)
feet in diameter, is designed for the erection of buildings for the use of the
University, to be built in sections, as funds may be acquired for that purpose,
the front of which shall not be nearer than twenty (20) feet to the avenue.

The said Board of Trustees shall have power to fill by vote of a majority of
its members (not less than five remaining), all vacancies by death or ©therAvise.
If it shall be reduced below five, the Governor of Ohio is authorized to make
appointments to fill up to that number.

In the division of the blocks into lots, each lot in the rectangular blocks
should be, as far as practicable, twenty (20) feet wide, and those of the irregu-
lar blocks as near that size as may well be made.

In Witness W?iereof, The said Jesup W. Scott and Susan Scott, have here-
unto set their hands and r:!als, this twenty-first day of October, in the year one
thousand eight hundred and seventy-two (1872).

Jesup W. Scott [seal].
Susan Scott [seal].

[Here follow the witnessing of the signatures, and the ordinary acknowl-
edgment.]

The Commercial concludes its account as follows:

"It will be noticed with what propriety the memories of distin-
guished scientists, artists and educators are thus associated with tlie I
institution which is designed to supply more ready facilities for the
objects which they promoted at so much disadvantage. This is the
more fitting, since, but for the success attained through their great
labor and self-denial, such an institution could not have the promise
of the appreciation requisite for its success. May the merits of itsj
graduates be found worthy of like recognition by future genera-
tions, j

"The site of this institution is near the junction of the Air Line,
Old Line, and Detroit Branch of the Lake Shore and Michiganj

ott.

3h artists and artisans
sctive occupations, in
f the city. Also, to
, and to aid their in-
ng ; and, also, to en-
lie advantages of the
at the means to pay,
harges as the Trustees

ed, shall, after paying
i Trustees to accom-
nd sub-divide the land
hall be a part of this
mds to public uses not
opportunity offers, the
iiual rental of not less
itum upon the fairly
arly. Said leases shall
f the lessee for an in-
of each five years, on
[ each term of five (5)

buildings to be erected
liouses be located not
plat five hundred (500)
5s for the use of the
ired for that purpose,
eet to the avenue.

vote of a majority of
by death or otherwise,
is authorized to make

the rectangular blocks
ad those of the irregu-

usan Scott, have here-
)ctobcr, in the year one

3UP W. ScOTT [seal].
jAN SOOTT [SEAl].

the ordinary ackncwl-

ows:

memories of distill-
s associated with the
idy facilities for the
vantage. This is the
through their great
Qothave the promise
ay the merits of its
in by future genera-
ion of the Air Line,
Shore and Michigan

Liicas Conntu — Francis L. Nichoh.

r>ll

Southern llailway, wliere large iniprovemeuts are being made, and
still more important and extensive ones are in progress. With tlie
improvements there contemi)liited, an early deniund for leases of
University lots may be expected."

From the infancy of Toledo, when it was engaged in a doubtful
struggle lor commercial su])renuicy, with rivals long since disap-
jiciired from the arena of strife, Mr. Scott has been conspicuous and
Kolf-sacrilicing in every wisely-directed elfortto advance the interests
of his chosen city.

It may Avith entire truth be stated, in concluding this notice, that
i\o pen has hitherto been employed with anything approaching tho
vigor and eflect in furthering the material interests of Toledo and
the Maumee Valley, as the one in the hands of Mr. Scott. His logic
in support of his favorite theories regarding the future of the inte-
rior city of this continent, attracted the attention of sound thinkers
not only in this country, but in Europe ; and not only Toledo, but Chi-
cago, Detroit, and other Lake cities, have gathered strength, popula-
tion and Avealth from his labors. His life has been one of uninter-
rupted activity and usefulness ; and years after he shall have passed
away, his comi)rehensive, statesman-like mind, and the valuable ser-
vi(;os he has rendered the country, will be more fully appreciated
than they are to-day, by a posterity who shall rejoice in the realiza-
tion of his Siigacious predictions.

FRANCIS L. NICHOLS

Was born in Herkimer co., N. Y., July 11, 1805 ; in January, 1830,
at Fairfield, same co., was married to Miss Jeannette, daughter of
Amza Bushnell, a pioneer of that country, and a brother of whom
was among the first settlers of the North Western Territory at Ma-
rietta, in 1787. Judge Nichols removed to the Maumee Valley in
January, 18oG, and engaged in mercantile business at Manhattan,
tlien a flourishing village, with flattering prospects of rapid growth.

Manhattan, Washington, Oregon and part of Adams, were at that
time included in the township of Port Ijawrence. Judge Nichols
was elected and served as one of the Trustees of Port Lawrence, and,
after its separate organization, of Manhattan township.

At the session of tiie Ohio Legislature, 18-11-4"^, Mr. Nichols was
elected one of the Associate Judges of Lucas county, Avhich position,
being poorly paid he resigned Ai)ril, 1844, in order to accept the more
lucrative ollice of Clerk of tho Court of Common Pleas, and of the
ISuiireme Court of said county.

His seven years' official service In these oflices,tlien fdled by the old
Judges, closed with the expiration of the first Constitution of Ohio,
and since the present organic law came in force, was re-elected in
1854, by the people, Clerk for the constitutional term of three years.

Judge Nichols then retired to his little farm — a delightful situa-
tion upon the banks of the Maumee river, which he cultivated

5T8

t'ulton and Henry Counties.

combining tlie beautiful with tlie useful, in his operations, until the
revolt of the Southern States occurred ; and then, although past
military age, he enlisted as a private soldier, offering his services to
the country without regard to personal hopes of promotion or prolit,
If he did not meet the foe, and acquire the soldier's laurels in the
field, it was because they did not approach and offer battle ; and it
ho failed to advance and meet the enemy, it was for the reason tliat
he was not ordered to do so. The friends of Judge Nichols are not
ashamed of his military record, as the motives that dictated his
engaging in the service were not to make money or secure tinsel Ibr
his shoulders, but to contribute, so far as he was able, to restore
peace, union, and equal and exact justice to all men, of whatover
persuasion, color, religion or politics.

In real estate operations, in which he has been engaged during the
past several years, Judge Nichols has been success! ul, and lived to
see his "little farm" embraced within the corporate limits of the
city of Toledo; and few families in the city enjoy a higher degree of
happiness and tranquility than do Mr. and Mrs. Nichols at their
pleasant home.

[Consulting the convenience of printers, and for the purpose ot
facilitating the issue of this work, it is determined liere to pass to
the other Ohio Counties of the Valley, and to reserve for conclud-
ing pages the remainder of the matter relating to Lucas County.]

FULTON COUNTY.

This county, possessing a soil equal in fertility to any in North-
western Ohio, was organized in 1849. It has no points of ancient
historical interest. Its progress in population and wealth, has been
very satisfactory.

The following are the census figures : In lb50, population 7,781 :
in 1860, 14,043 ; in 1870, 17,789.

Wauseon, the county seat, in 18G0, contained a population of 378,
atid, in 1870, a population of 1,474.

Delta, in 1870, had a population of 753; and Archbald, of 373.

Wauseon has a first class newspaper, the North-Western Ke-
PUBLICAN, published by Messrs. A. B. Smith & Co.

HENRY COUNTY

Was formed April J, 1820, and named from Patrick Henry, the cele-
brated Virginia orator in the revolutionary era. "The notorious I
Simon Girty," says Henry Howe, "once resided five miles above

Henry County — Girty^ Kenton, die.

570

rations, until the
n, although past
g his services to
(motion or profit.
•'s laurels in the
'er battle ; and it
r the reason tliat
;e N ichols are not
that dictated liis
ir secure tinsel lor
8 able, to restore
men, of whatever

n^aged during tlie
isiul, and lived to
rate limits of the
a higher degree of
I. Nichols at their

for the purpose of
ed here to pass to
iserve for concluJ-
o Lucas County.]

to any in North-
points of ancient
d wealth, has been

), population 7,781 :

population of 378,

Archbald, of 373.
)rth-Western Re-
Co,

Napoleon, at ft place called 'Ciirty's Point.' His cabin was on the
hank of the Maumee, a few rods west of the residence of the late
Elijah (!unn. All traces of liis habitation have been obliterated by
eiiUure, aiid a line farm now surrounds the spot."

The following, from the brave aiul accoifiplished mind of the late
William Hubbard, may be here appropriately introduced:

AT GIRTV'S ISLAND,
nv WM. nunnAKO.

It was once asked: 'Who ever thought of blaming Hercules?'
it is (|uil,e as ])ertinent to inquire: 'Who ever thought of praising
Simon (lirty *:" So far as he knows, the writer of this was the tlrst
to venture a word in his behalf. Crirty had been taken i)risoner by
the Lidians in early youth, and became attached at once to the red
men, and to the wild life they led. That he sliould abide with them,
and light for them, is not to be wondered at. We hear much of hia
cruelty; but he was rivalled, at least, if not surpassed, in barbarism
l)y his Christian foes. He was neitlier better nor worse than the
average tighter of that day on either side. Kenton, for instance, was
a fugitive from justice, a stealer of Indian horses, and withal a pretty
rough sort of person. The Wetzels were murderers, with malice
prejiense, and nothing better. Even Colonel Crawford, on his last
fatal march, bore the black Hag into the Indian country, and pro-
claimed his purpose to spare neither age nor sex. Girty was not so
merciless as he has been represented, by those to whom his name
was a word of terror. He rescued Kenton from the stake, and it is
believed that he tried to save the life of Crawford, though he might
well have been excused for any strenuous eifort in that behalf.

' Girty's Island' is seven miles above Napoleon, and comprises,
as we are informed, about forty acres. The soil is remarkably pro-
lific, and an extremely dense growth of vegetation is the result.
Girty's cabin was on the left bank of the river; and it is said that
when he was apprehensive of a surprise, he would retire to the
island, as the tiger to his jungle, with a senije of almost absolute
security from his pursuers:

A dense, wild mass of wood and vine,

And flowers and fruits in season,
And strong-armed oaiis, lliis isle of tliine

Was called so tor good reason.
The hounded deer its covert sought,

In life's last faint endeavor ;
And here the wild fowl's nest was wrought,

Where hunter found it never.

ick Henry, the cele-
"The notorious!
d five miles above]

Thy heart was like this isle of thine,

Uncultured, unattended ;
"Where wholesome fruit and poisonous vine,

Grew up and strangely blended ;—

•5S0

Henry Count tj — Pioncevf^, <fr.

"Whore rcdipo never was denied

To liny m.llerinfr neeker,
And Huecor waiteil Cor the siilo

That needed it— th(> wealier.

Men named Ihce Outlaw, Hene<!;nde,

Wlio seemed to liavc tbrf;;otten
Assassin Wet/el's lilnody tiude —

Tlie Night of (Inudenlmttcn —
Tlie l)arl)iiioiis vaunt of C'luwIord'H men,

Tiie Huns oC ohi time slniminir! —
All this must liuve IbrL^otlen lieen,

While thee so flerceiy blaminj,'.

No Kuight in the cliivftlric age,

Espoused cause more deserving,
Or l)()re in tent or battle's rage

A fealty more unswerving;
No feeble racie by Alight opjjrest.

E'er had more gallant warder
Than thee, wild Warrior of tiie West,

Orim Chieftain of the border.

Thy death, heroic as thy life,

Made whole its perfect seeming.
To i)erish in the fateful strife —

Thy cause lost jiast redeeming.
The world thenceforth could oiler thee

No further deeds of daring.
And life would but a burden be

Too onerous for beaiing.

Oil, great-souled Chief! — so long malign'd

By bold calumniators,
The world shall not be always blind,

Nor all men be thy haters.
If ever on the field of blood,

Man's valor merits glory,
Then Girty's name and Girty's fame

Shall shine in song and story.

Nai'OLeon, Ohio, August, 1871.

The following were resklenis in Napoleon in 1837: Judge Alex- 1
ander Craig, James (1. Haley, General Henry Leonard, James Magill,
John Powell, Hazell Strong, George Stout, and John Glass.

There were three small frame liouses, the other- ' -mt ^j,, „(
logs. Tiio first house erected in the place, v\aH • ' by II

feet, and was ollered to the public by Av^ ■> A < cru.

On the tistial road, on the north side. wet Iaiui:a'|

City and Fort Wayne, thirty-tive years a alter i .ng , .o fornurl
place the first house the traveller would mei't W(\.id be at Water-
ville, six miles above Maumee City, "where he wo M (ind five or six
dwellings. Passing up seven or eight miles fartin r, he would reiicli
the tavern of Mr. Tiehean, a half-breed Indian. The next house,
eighteen miles above, would be in a group of three or lour, standin;;
at Providence ; thence he would reach the hospitable house of Samii' '

Jlenry County — Napoleon Itusiness. 581

837: Jiulge Alex-
nurd, James Miigill,
John Glass.

. . 1 i.i.r lit. ,|(

by 11
oru.
wet vlannue
.ng 1.0 foriiur[
ro 1 1 Id be lit Water-
Mi fiiul five or six
liir, he would reach
The next house,!
•oe or fuiir, standingj
ble house of Sanni"

Vance, cccupyiiig the site of a fjirin \vlii(Oi was found hy Wuyno's
iirniy in a high state of cultivation, in J794; and \vlii(;h was then
known as I'rairie (hi Mas(|ue, and IU)W as Damascus, This j)oint
would bring the traveller twenty-seven miU'H above Alaumee City.
The next house, about two miles above i>anui8cu8, was a tavern and
tniding j)ost, owtu'd by John Patrick'. Three miles above this, the
traveller would reach Napoleon, where he would discover the settlers
iibovo enumerated.

It had been the design to devoto several pages to the pioneers of
Henry county, — their reminiscences, etc., — much of value on this
subject having been furnished by Hon. James G. Haley, in an address
delivered at Napoleon, Afarch, 18(51); but these already over-crowded
piiges will not now admit tlie ox<'cution of the design.

The development of the material resources of the counly has been
rapid during the last several years. In 1S'J:{, the tax valuation of
Uenry county, amounted to *^()8 ; in 1871, to *;],905,U73.

The population of the county in 1830, was 202; in 1840, 2,503;
in 1850, 3,434; in 1800, 8,901 ; in 1870, 14,028.

Napoleon, the county seat, was platted in 1832, and the first dwel-
ling, a log cabin, erected on the plat that year. Its advance in pop-
ulation and wealth, during the last ten years, has been highly grati-
lying to the real estate owners of the town. In 1850, the population
of the township of Napoleon amounted to SCO; in 18G0, the popu-
lation of the town, to 918, and in 1870. to 2,018.

Some of the leading interests of Nai)uleon,and Avhich will afford a
2;eneral idea of its present moral and business condition, are here given :

Five church buildings: Presl)yterian, Methodist, Catholic, Episco-
pal, and German Lutheran. The Swedenborgians have also a church
orj^unization. There are two well-conducted newspapers, — The
y<)rlh- [Vest, by L. Orwig &> Co., and the Napoleon Sif/nal, by P. U.
Ainger; two banks— the First National, organized February, 1872,
and that of Slufiield & Norton (William Hhenield, and J. D. Nor-
ton), a private institution, and the oldest, established in 18CG. The
senior member of this firm is a pioneer of the Northwest, and,
when in practice, a successful lawyer, and one of the best business
men on the river, having held responsit)le olUcial positions, near
thirty years ago; and Mr. Norton had achieved an established repu-
tiitioii in commercial circles in Cleveland, before his removal to
Napoleon. The institution is upon solid basis, and commands the '
confidence and deposits of the public. A suit of oflices, including
burglar and fire-proof vaults and safes, in Vocke's block. Perry
street, were completed in the spring of 1872, and are equal in ele-
giuico to some of the most attractive in the largest cities.

In manufactures, there are, in Napoleon, a shingle factory, planing
mill, gtave factory, asliery, 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, handle factory,

unery, woollen mill, 'J, foundry and machiiio shops, 4 wagon, and

■uv!'iage do, 7 blacksmith do, 3 tailor do, 3 boot and shoe ilo, 4

I'peater do, .^ luwnoss do, 1 brewery, and 1 distillery.

582

Williams and Defiance Counties.

Also, 4 hotels, 4 dry goods stores, 6 family grocery do, 3 hardware
do, and 2 drug do. Wauseon has also an immediate pro3pect for
one or more new railway lines.

WILLIAMS COUNTY

Was formed Ai)ril 1, 1820. and organized in April, 1824. It was
named from Daniel Williams, one of the three captors of Major
Andre, in the war of the revolntion. The erection of Defiance
county, in 184.5, detaclied from old Williams the porion of terri-
tory embodying its lirst settlement, and which is invested with the
early historical matter that gave it value and interest. When the
county seat was removed from Defiance to Bryan, in 1840, there was
not an inhabited dwelling on the i)lace now occupied by this flour-
ishing town. A native forest, of immense trees, bearing evidence of
the natural wealth of the soil, covered the ground. Tiie first Court
House and offices were built of logs.

The first Federal census was taken when the county embraced tlie
present territory of Williams, Defiance, Paulding, and ])art of Henry.
It then contained, in 1820, a population of 387 ; in 1830, 4,46.5 ; in
1840, 8,018 ; in 1850 (liaving meantime lost the townships included
within Defiance county), 10,033; and in 1870, 20,991.

In 1839, the real and personal valuation for tax purposes, amount-
ed to $30,532, and the taxes to §3,520. Number of acres on the
duplicate, 861, and their value, $8,258.

The following are tlie present valuations of lands, Bryan city lots,
and chattels in Williams county, as obtained from the Auditor's
books, by Robert N. Patterson, Esq., and affords gratifying evidence
of the progress of the county:

Total number of acres of hind in county, outside LJry ;ui 205,702

Total value of laud in county, outside Bryau f 4,673,800 00

chattels " " " 1,587,038 0(1

" lots and parcels of land in Bryan 478,685 00

chattels in Bryau a97,04(i 00

Total value in county $7,030,509 00

The lawyers taxed in 1839, were, Horace Sessions, Curtis Bates,
Amos Evans, and William Semans ; and the physicians, .Tonus Colin',
C. W. Crawford, James M. Gillespie, Oney Rice, Jr., and Nathan (I.
Sales.

The first session of the County Commissioners of old Willinnis,
was held at Defiance, December 0, 1824 — the Commissioners being
Benjamin Leavell, Cyrus Hunter, and Charles Gunnj and their
clerk, John Evans.

At this session, authority was granted for opening a road "' on
the nortli side of the Maumee river, commencing at the east line of
Henry county,, and running from thence on the best and most eligi-

Williams and Defiance Counties.

583

f do, 3 hardware
[vte pro3]:)ect for

il, 18-^4. It was
;aptors of Major
tion of Defiance
por ion of terri-
ivested with the
n-est. WHeu the
n 1840, there wa.s
ed by this ilour-
jariug evidence of
The first Court

iiity embraced the
md ])art of Henry.
11 1830,4,465; in
)wn8hips inchided

991.

purposes, amoiuil-
r of acres on the

Is, Brvan city lots,

am the Auditor's

ratifying evidence

205,702

. *4,(i73,800 00

'" . 1,587,038 0(1

478,685 00

297,040 00

!j;~,03G,5G9 01)

ons, Curtis Bates.
iians, Jonas Colhy,
r., and Nathan (i.

, of old WilliHuis,
umissioners being
Gunn; and their

cning a road " on

at the east line ot

est and most eligi-

ble ground opposite Defiance, Williams county, and to cross the
river opposite Jefterson street, in said town of Defiance."

The name of Auglaize township was changed to that of Defiance.

The County Auditor at this time was S. S. Smith ; Assessor,
8arauel Vance, and Sheriftj William Preston.

The first Court of Common Pleas was held at Defiance, April 5,
1824, by Associate Judges Pierce Evans, Robert Shirley, and John
Perkins.

John Evans was also appointed clerk pro tern,, and gave the nec-
essary bond. He was also appointed by trie Court Recorder for the
County of Williams.

The Court fixed the following as the rates of ferriage across the
Maumee and Auglaize rivers : For a footman, 6^ cents ; man and
horse, 18f cents; loaded wagon and team, $1; four-wheeled car-
riage and team, 75 cents; loaded cart and team, 50 cents; empty
cart and team, sled or sleigh and team, 37^ cents ; horse, mare, mule,
or ass, one year old or upwards, 6;^^ centp ; neat cattle, per head, 4
cents ; hogs and sheep, per head, 3 cents.

The Court granted a license to Benjamin Leavell to keep a ferry
across the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, at Defiance, upon his pay-
ing into the County Treasury the sum of one dollar and fifty cents,
for the term of one year.

At the May term, 1824, the Court granted Benjamin Leavell a
license to vend merchandise at his residence in the town of Defiance
for the term of one year, upon his paying into the County Treasury
ten dollars.

At the May term, 1825, Rodolphus Dickinson was appointed by
the Court Prosecuting Attorney.

Among the old settlers within the present limits of Williams
county, are Philetus S. Gleason, who removed from Tompkins
county. New York, to Springfield township, in 1835, where he
opened a small farm, upon which he resided two years. He is now
engaged in buoiness in Bryan.

In the same year, John Kintigh removed from Westmoreland
county, Pennsylvania, to Tifiin township, then Williams county.
His brother-in-law, Isaac Evans, now of Bryan, accompanied him.

Also, in 1835, Henry Miller, removed with his family from Rich-
land county, to Jefferson township, where he opened a farm, and
continued upon it until a few years prior to his death, which occur-
red in 1863.

i/ohn Miller, a brother of the above named, also from Richland,
commenced opening a farm in Brady township, during the same
year. He is now a resident of Pulaski township.

Messrs. Hood, Thompson, and Joseph Bates were settlers in 1834.
Mr. Thompson resides on the farm in Jefferson township, that he
first opened,

Collin and David Thorp settled in the county in 1836.

M. B. Plummer, now of Bryan, wiio removed to the county in

584

Williams Count f/ — Po^yulation, dc.

October, 1841, and settled near the village of Pulaski, says that
Isaac Perkins (of Edgerton), is the oldest resident now of Williams,
having been in the county about 55 years. Mr. Plummer also says
that there are few persons living in the county who inhabited it .i'J
yeai'S ago. lie still finds, however, Albert' Opdyke, George W.
Myers, Isaac Perkins. Jacob Youso, Jacob Over, John Kaufman,
William Yates, P. W. Snow, John and Jefterson Miller, Turner
Thompson, Samuel Beerbower, John and Hiram Opdyke, Elijaii
Perkips, Jabez Jones, senior and junior, John B. Jones, Andrew
Smith, Stephen Dougbten, A. J. Tressler, William AVyatt, James
Oliver, and George Buchler.

The following were the officers of Williams county in 18T3 :

Lewis E. Brewster, Clerk of Court; P. Smith, Prosecuting Attor-
ney; Simeon Gillis, Auditor; Melvin M. Boothman, Treasurer ; H.
L. Walker, Sheriff; Robert D. Dole, IJecorder ; James Paul, Sur-
veyor ; 11. S. Kirk, Coroner ; Eli Booth, D. Farnham, and F. W.
Stocking, Commissioners.

Bryan, the seat of justice of Williams county, is, in several
respects, one of the most desirable inland towns in the Valley for
residence. Among its chief advantages, is the abur^dant supply of
pure water, readily and cheaply obtained from Artesian Wells, which
have been discovered from analysis of eminent chemists, to contain
properties of medicinal value.

The town was surveyed and jdattcd by Miller Arrowsnaith, in
July, 1840, — it having become an incorporated village, by an act of
the Legislature, passed March 7, 1849.

Pulaski township, in which Bryan is located, contained, in 1840,
a population of ^79; in 1850,760; in 1800, 2,258, and in 1870,
5,831. The relations of population, business, and wealth existin}^
between Pulaski township and Bryan, are so intimately associated,
that it is deemed proper to combine the census returns.

Bryan contains four church edifices — Presbyterian, Baptist, Methoillst, nnd
German Lutlioran — and seven congregalions. In addition to well-conducted
schools, the Normal Academy, under the management of C. W. Mykranlz, is
in very successful operation.

Two banking institutions— one National, and one organized under Stale
laws — are prosecuting a safe and sound business.

Two newspapers arc well su.^tained — the Bryan Democrat, by Robert N.
Patterson, and the Bryan Press, by P. C. Hayes.

In manufacturing, the city contains a hub and spoke factory ; foundry am!
machine shop ; stove factory ; two grist mills ; three saw do ; sash and blind
factory; Ifax mill; shingle and handle factory; three ccMjper shops; thrci'
wagon and carriage do; pump and cistern factorj"^ ; brewery, ashery, tannery;
two cigar manufactories ; three cabinet and four blacksmith shops.

The city has also three hotels ; six dry goods, live grocery and provisions,
four clothmg, four boot and shoe, and three drug and medicine stores; three
harness shops; five meat markets; seven millinery shops, and two livery
stables.

In 1872, the amount paid at Bryan for timber, amounted to $40,000, and for
flax straw, #20,000.

O. T, Letcher & Co., in 1871-72, paid for domestic produce, |14'i,000. Other
firms pfljd out an aggregate equaling this amQimt, This firm of 0. T, Letcher

&(?.

Defiance County — Early History.

585

laski, says that
ow of Williams,
[iimer also says
inliabited it :i'2
^ke, George W.
John Kaufman,
Miller, Turner
Opdyke, Elijaii
Jones, Andrew
I Wyatt, James

ty in 1872 :
o'secuting Attor-
i, Treasurer ; H.
ames Paul, Sur-
ham, and F. W.

y, is, in several
. the Valley for
ir,dant supply of
sian Wells, which
3mi8ts, to contain

Arrow smith, in
age, by an act oi'

ntaincd, in 1840,
iilS.and in 18T0,
Avealth oxistinf;
lately associated,
urns.

ilist, Methodist, iiiul
n to well-coiuUiclL'il
C. W. Mykraiitz, is

:iini7.'?(l under State

ocrat, hy Robert N.

ctory ; foundry and
do; siish and bliiul
;ooper shops; three
ry, ashery, tannery;
th shops.

ery and provisions,
dicine stores; three
ops, and two livery

1 10 $40,000, and for

ICC, $145,000. Other
irm of O.T.Letcher

& Co., which controls chiefly the produce trade of the Bryan market, was es-
tablished in 1800, wlien the wiiole payments (or domestic produce would
scarcely exceed $75,000. IJy business slvill and fair dealini^, tliey liave obtain-
ed full confidence of farmers and conunercial men, and tiieir business is in-
creasing with the rapidly advancing wealth of the country. The senior mem-
ber of the firm, Mr. William Letcher, is a pioneer of the Maumee Valley, and
first established himself in business at Fort Wayne, in 1841.

One dry goods firm (Ashtcm & Co.,) made sales, in 1871-72, of goods
iiinounting to $100,000, and disbursed an e(|ual amount for produce — a sum
eiiuivalent to the entire business of the town in 185G, when the house com-
menced business. Its first year's sales, including produce transactions, did not
cvceed $25,000. This fact illustrates the vigorous growth of the town.

One of the best agricultural townships in the county, is that of Brady, em-
bracing the town of West Unity. Tin; population of Brady, including West
Unity, w^as, ia 1840, 351 ; in 1850, 1,138 ; in 1800, 1,83(5; and'iu 1870, 2,218.

Madiscm township, which includes Pioneer, hud a population in 1850, of 227;
in 1860, 960, and in 1870, 1,865.

Edgerton, a new town on the Air Line road, in St. Joseph township, had a
population in 1870, of 690.

Strykcr, in Springfield township, on the Air Line railway, returned, in 1870,
ft population ot G71.

DEFIANCE COUNTY.

In matter of historical interest, connected with the early settle-
ment of the West, the site of the old Fort Defiance, or Fort Win-
chester, as sometimes known, — as the reader will have discovered in
preceding pages, — was the scene of stirring and important events.
Like Fort Wayne, it was a favorite point with the savages. Rev.
0. M. Spencer, who, during his boyhood, in 1793, was a prisoner
among the Indians, and spent most of his captivity at Defiance, says
that " from this station I had a fine view of the large village more
than a mile south, on the east side of the Auglaize, of Blue Jacket's
town, and of the Maumee river for several miles below, and of the
exteusive prairie covered with corn, directly opposite, and forming
together a very handsome landscape." On his expedition against
the Indians on the Maumee, two years later, General Wayne, also, in
a communication to the War Department (which will soon follow),
refers to " the extensive and highly cultivated fields and gardens, as
showing the work of many hands."

The late Chief Richardvillo, often asserted to Judge Borden and
others, of Fort Wayne, that Pontiac was born at Fort Defiance, —
one of his parents being a Miami, and the other belonging to the
Ottawa tribe of Indians.

According to Heckewelder, " the Miami of the Lake, at the junc-
tion of the Auglaize with that river," was the place of abode and
refuge, in 1781, for a remnant of the Moravian Christian Indians,
after the massacre on the Muskingum.

Prom manuscript prepared by Mr. Holgate, of Defiance, and designed as a
contribution to tUo Maumeo Valley Historical Society, the following is ex-
tracted regarding the captivity of John BrickcU, of Pittsburg, who, during
his boyhood, in February, 1791, was captured near his horno, and, after a
painful and tedious march, reached Dcfianca in May, 1791, and w«s adopted by

58fi Defiance County — Captivity of Brichell.

Whing-wy-pooshies, or "Big Cat," a Delaware Indian, in whose family be lived
until Jnne, 1795; when his captors surrendered themselves and their white
prisoners to the commandant at Fort Defiance. During his residence amoni;
the Indians, two very important military events occurred— the defeat of St.
Clair, in IIOI, and the victory of Wayne, in 1794; and it was probably one of
the results of the latter event, added to the neglect of the British to supply
them with food and clothing, that the Indians sought terms with the Ameri-
cans. During his residence of five yeai-s among the Indians, young Brickell
had become so deeply attached to them and their customs, that he hesitated to
accept the proposition to leave Ihem, and to return to his own family, Mr.
Brickell stales thai when intelligence of the approach of St. Clair's army reached
the Indians at Defiance, the w(nnen, children, and such valuables as could be
transported, were (ronveyed down the river, while the able-bodied men went
to resist the white invader.

In reference to Wayne's campaign, Mr. Brickell says: "In the mouth of
June, 1794, two Indian men, boy mid myself, startecl on a candle-light hunt-
ing expedition up the Blanc;hard. We had been out about two months, and
returned to the towns in August, and found them entirely evacuated, but gave
ourselves no uneasiuess, as we suppo.sed the Indians had gone to the foot of the
Maumee rapids to receive their presents from the British, as tht.v were in tiie
habit of doing. Wo encamped on the lowest island, in the middle of a corn
field. Next morning an Indian runner came down the river and gave the
alarm whoop, which is a kind of yell they used for no other purpose. The
Indians answered, and one went over to the runner, and immediately returniujr,
told us the white men were upon us, and we must run for our lives. We scat-
tered like a flock of partridges, leaving our breakfast cooking on the fire. The
Kentucky riflemen saw our smoke, anil came to it, and just missed me as I
passed them in my flight through the corn. They took the whole of our two
month's work — breakfast, jerk, skins and all. Wayne was then only four
miles from'us, and the vanguard pressed us close. The bo;'- and myself pursued
the trail of the Indians till we overtook them. Two or three days after we
arrived at the rapids, Wayne's spies came boldly into our camp and fired upon
the Indians. Their names were Miller, McCleUan, May, AVelLs, Mahaffy, and
one other whose name I forget. Miller received a wound in the shoulder;
May was chased to the smooth rock in the bed of the river, where his horse
fell, and he was taken prisoner; but the others made their escape. May was^
taken to camp, and identified as an old prisoner who had made his escape, and
on the next day (the one preceding the battle) he was tied to a tree and his
body riddled by fifty bullets. On the day of the battle, I was about six miles
below with the squaws, and went out hunting. The day being windy, I heard
nothing of the battle, but met some Indians on the retreat, one of whom told
mc they were beaten. Many Delav ares were killed or wounded — among the
former the one who took May. He was much missed, being their only gun-
smith. Our crops and every means of support being cut off, we had to winter
at the mouth of Swan creek, where Toledo now stands. We were entire!)
dependent on the British, and they did not half supply us, and thi Indians
became exasperated at their Jconcluct. It was concluded to send a flag to
Fort Defiance, in order to make a treaty with the Americans ; and reaching
that place, we found the Americans ready to treat, and an exchange of pris-
oners was agreed upon. Nine whites were exchanged for nine Indians. I was
left, there being no Indian to give for me. Patton, Johnston and Mrs. Baker
were three of th nne ; the names of the others I have forgotten.

" On the openit of spring we all went up to Defiance, and arriving on the
shore opposite, saluted the fort with a round of rifles, and they shot a cannon
thirteen times. We then encamped on the spot. On the same day, Whing-wy-
poo-shies told me I must go over to the fort. The children hung round mc
crying, and asked me if I was going to leave them ? I told them I did not
know. When we got over to the fort, and were seated with the officers,
Whinwy-poo-sUics addressed me in about these words : ' My son, these arc

ichell.

Defiance County — Indian Captives.

587

liose family he lived
/es and their white
lis residence umonj;
l—the defeat of St.
Aras probably one of
e British to supply
US with the Amevl-
ans, young Brickell
that he hesitated to
s own family. Mr.
. Clair's army reached
■aluables as could he
ile-l)0(lied men went

"In the mouth of
. a caudle-light hunt-
ut two months, and
evacuated, but gave
one to the foot of the
as tht.v were in the
:he mi'ddle of a com
B river and gave the
other purpose. The
umediately returning,
r our lives. We scut-
dug on the fire. The
I iiist missed me as I
he whole of our two
was then only four
[>" and myself pursued
"three days after we
1- camp and fired upon
Wells, Mahaffy, and
und in the shoulder;
iver, where his hor.se
■ir escape. May was
made his escape, and
ed to a tree and his
I was about six miles
being windy, I heard
It, one of whom told
wounded— among the
being their only gun-
ofl, we had to winter
Is. We were entirely
us, and th2 Indians
ed to send a flag to
ericans ; and reaching
an exchange of pns-
r nine Indians. I was
iston and Mrs. Baker
forgotten.

and arriving on the
,d they shot a cannon
same day, Whing-wy-
dreu hung round me
told them I did not
ted with the oflicers,
' My son, these arc

men the same color with yourself, and some of your own kin may be here, or
they may l>o a great way olT. You have lived a long time with us ; I now call
upon you to say if I have not been a fattier to you-^if I have not used you as
a father would a son T I replied : * You have used me as well as a father
could use a son.' He replied : ' I am glad you .say so ; you have lived long
with me ; you have hunted for me ; but our treaty says you must be free. If
you choose to go with the people of your own itulor, i have no right to say a
word ; but if you choose to stay with me, your people have no right to .speak.
Now reflect oil it and take your choice, and tell us as soon as you make up
your mind.' I was silent a few nunutes, during which time it seemed as if I
thought of almost everything — of the children I had just left, crying — of the
Indians I was attached tc, anil I tliought of my people, whicii I remembered,
and this latter thought predominated, iiiid 1 suid: ' I will go with my kin.'
The old man then said: '1 hav(^ raised you; I have learned you to hunt.
You are a good hunter; you have l)ecn better to me than my own s<ms. I am
now getting old, and cannot hunt. 1 thouglit you would be a support to my
age; I leaned upon you as on a stall ; bui now it is broken ; you are g<ting to
leave me and I luive no right to .say a word ; liut I am ruined.' He then sank
hack, in tears, to his seal 1 liearldy Joined him in his tears— parted with him,
and have never seen or heard ot him since."

After his return from captivity, Mr. Hri(;kell settled at Columbus, Oldo, and
became one of its most esteemed citizens and honored (Uiristians.

Rev. O. M. Spencer, already (jiioted iVoru, tluis describes, in his
narrative, the site upon wliicli Fort Jleiiance was, two years after-
wards, erected.

On this high ground, extending IVom the Muumee a ipiarter of a mile up the
.Vuglaize, about two hundred yards in width, was tin open sjiace, on the west
and south of which were oak woods, with ha/.el undergrowth. Within this
opening, a linv hundred yards above the jioint, on the stceji high bank of the
Auglaize, were five or si\ cabins and log houses, inhabited principally by
Indian traders. The most northerly, u hewed log house, divided below into
three apartments, was occupieil as u warehouse, store, and dwelling, by George
Ironside, the most wealthy ami intluential of the traders on the point. Next
tohisweni the houses of PirauU [Pero|,a French baker, and McKcnzie, a
Scot, who, in addition to merchandizing, followed the occupation of silver-
smith, exchanging with the Indians his brooches, ear-drops, and other silver
ornaments, at an immense profit, for skins and f lu's. Still fart'.'.er up were sev-
eral other fannlies of French and English. Fronting the house of Ironside,
;md about filly yards from the bank, was a small stockade, enclosing two heweil
log houses, one of which was occupied by .lames Girty (brother of Simon),
the other, occasionally, by McKee and Elliott, llritish Indian agents, living at
Detroit.

Brief extracts from the following copy of tlie letter of General
Wayne to the Secretary of War, have been made in preceding pages ;
bat it8_historical and local value, and the high estimate given tlic
place as a military point, authorizes its full insertion here :

IIk.\diju.vuteks, Guand Glaize, )
14th August, 1791. \

Sill: I have the honor to inform you that the army under my command
took possession of this very important post on the morning of the 8th instant
—the enemy, on the preceding evening, having abandonedall their settlements,
towns and villages, with such apparent marks of surprise and precipitation, as
to amount to a positive proof, that our approach w^as not discovered by them,
until the arrival of a Mr. Newman, of tlie Quartermaster General's Depart-
ment, who deserted from the army near the St. Mary's, and gave them every
information in his power, as to our force, the object of our destination, stale

588 Defiance County — Oen. Wayne^s Dispatch.

of provisions, number and size of the artillery, etc., etc., circumstances and
facts that he had but too good an opportunity of knowing, from acting as a
field (Quartermaster on the march, and at the moment of his desertion. Hence,
I have good grounds to conclude, that the defection of this villain prevented
the enemy from receiving a fatal blow at this place, when least expected.

1 had made .such demonstrations, for a length of time previously to taking
up our line of march, as to induce the savages to expect our advance by the
route of the Miami villages, to the left, or towards Roche do Bout, by the right ;
which feints appear to have produced the desired ell'ect, by drawing tlie alteiw
tion of the enemy to those points, and gave an opening for the army to ap-
proach undiscovered by a devious route, t. e., in a central direction, and wliicli
would be impracticable for an army, except in a dry season, such as then pre-
sented.

Thus, sir, we have gained possession of the grand emporium of the hostile
Indians of the West, without loss of blood. The very extensive and highly
cultivated fields and gardens, show the work of many hands. The marglus ol
those beautiful rivers, the Aliamies of the Lake, and Au Glaize, appear like
one continued village for a numl)er of miles, both above and 1 low this place,
nor have I ever before beheld such immense fields of corn, in any part of
America, from Canada to Florida.

We are now employed in completing a strong stockade fort, with four good
block houses, by way of bastions, at the C(nifluence of the Au Glai/e and tlio
Miamies, which I h:ive called Defiance. Another fort was also erected on the
bank of the St. Mary's, twenty-four miles advanced of Kecovery, which was
named Adams, and endowed with provision and a proper garrison.

Everj'thing is now prepared for a proper move to-morrow morning, towards
Roche de B()Ut, or foot of the rapids, where tlie British have a regular fortifi-
cation, well supplied with artillerj', and strongly garrisoned, in the vicinity of
which the fate of the campaign will probably be decided; as, from the best
and most recent intelligence, the enemy are there collected in force, and joined
by the militia of Detroit, etc., etc., possessed of ground very unfavorable for
cavalry to act in. Yet, notwithstanding this unfavorable intelligence, and
unpleasant circumstances of ground, I do not despair of success, from the
spirit and ardor of the troops, from the generals down to the privates, both of
the legion and mounted volunteers.

Yet, I have thousrht proper to offer the enemy a last overture of peace ; and
as they have everything that is dear and interesting now at stake, 1 have rea-
son to expect that they will listen to the i)roi)osition mentioned in the enclosed
copy of an address, despatched yesterday by a special flag, who I sent under
circumstances that will ensure his safe return, and which may eventually spare
the effusion of much human blood.

But, should war be their choice, thnt blood be upon their own heads. Amer-
ica shall no longer be insulted with iinpunitj'. To an all-powerful and jusl
God I therefore commit myself and gallant arinj', and have the honor to be,
with every consideration of respect and esteem,

Your most obedient and very humble servant,

ANTHONY WAYNE.

A resident of Monroe, Michigan, has recently communicated to
the newspaper press the following :

Among the many interesting documents bearing on early history, and events
of a past generation, which have been brought to life recently, is the original
record of " General Orders," issued by General Winchosler during the mareli
from Kentucky to the River Raisin, fronj early in Soplember, 1812, to January
20, 1813,— and which was no doubt left iicdiind when tiie army nstreated, It
was found, and for numy j'cars remained in the family of Colonel John Ander.
son. It is a weather-scained volume, bearing uiimistakablo signs of frequent
\)&tl\(i^ nyitj) l\\o ejepieiite, Tlio pfvp<?r b yellow wiiU age, but tho writing \i

\patch.

circumstances and
, from acting lis a
desertion. Hence,
villain prevented
iast cxpecteil.
reviousiy to taking
ur advance by the
Bout, by the right;
drawing the alteu-
)r the army to ap-
.irection, and which
1, such as then pre-

rium of the hostile
tensive and highly
ds. The margins ot
Glaize, appear like
idl lovv this place,
corn, in any part of

tort, with four good
I Au Glaize and the
3 also erected on the
lecovery, which was
garrison.

ow morning, towards
mve a regular fortifi-
led, in the vicinity of
d ; as, from the best
d 'in force, and joined
very unfavorable lor
ble intelligence, and
of success, from tlio
the privates, both ot

/erturc of peace ; and
at stake, 1 have rea-
soned in the enclosed
.r who I sent undi'r
may eventually spare

^>ir own heads. Amcr-
[dl-powcrful and just
iive the honor to be,

rilONY WAYNE,
communicated to

ly history, and events
cently, is the origu'id
ter (luring the marcli
uber, 1812, to January
armv retreated, It

Colonel John Ander.
bio signs of frequent
'c, but Uio writing U

Defiance County — Gen . Winchester'' s Orders. /) 8

pcrfcctily legible, the ink in most places being as black and brilliant as though
written yesterday. Through the courtesy of Mr. Anderson Wing, the present
])ossessor, I am enabled to make a few extracts. The army left Kentucky in
August, 1812, Most of the men were clothed in their linen hunting shirts, and
very few provided with woollen clothing — as a consc(iuence sutfering severely
with cold before their supplies reached them. General Harrison joined the
army on October iJd, as will be seen by the following order :

GKNBRAL ORDEBB.

Camp at Defiance, /
October 3, lbl2. S

I have the honor of announcing to this army the arrival of General Harri-
son, who is duly authorized l)y tile executive of the Federal Govermnent to
take command of the Northwestern Army. This oflicer is enjoying the im-
jjlieit conlidence of the States from whose citizens this army is and will be
collected, and possessing, himself, great military skill and reputalu)n, the Gen-
eral is confident in the belief that his presence m the army, in the character of
its chief, will be bailed with unusual approbation.

J. WINCHESTER,
Brigadier General U. S. Army.

The narrative of the march of the army through Ohio, is very interesting,
and contains many details of the hardships and' privations of the little army,
tiuongh woods and streams, snow, ice and mud, the sleds and baggage vans
often being drawn by the men. Occasional desertions took place, and these
otfensts were severely punished. One young man, Frederick Jacoby, was sen-
tenced to be shot for sleeping upon his post while on sentry. An order was
issued by J. Winchester, Brigadier General, dated at Camp Defiance, on the
9th of October, 1812, instructing the officer of the day in all necessary prepa
rations for the execution of Jacoby, which were duly made, and the army
drawn up to witness the first scene of this kind. The young man was placed
at the distance of about twenty paces from the platoon of men constituting
the firing party. They were waiting in painful suspense the order to fire,
when a reprieve from the General was received, and the fortunate young man
released. The effect was not lost upon the command, and no further cases of
a similar kind ever were known.

The weather began to be very cold (November 1), and the suimlies which
were ordered from Philadelphia had not made their appearance. The General
endeavored to appease the clamors of the soldiers by issuing the following
order :

FOUT WlNOriESTER, )

November 1, 1812. (
geneuai, ouueus.

With great pleasure the General announces to the army the prospect of au
early supply of winter clothing, amongst which are the following articles,
shipped from Philadelphia on the 9lh of September lust: 10,000 pairs of shoes,
5,000 blankets, 5,000 round jackets, ,3,000 pairs of pantaloons, woollen cloth to
be made up, besides the under clothing for Cohmcl Wells' regiment, 100 watch
coats, 5,000 blankets, and 10,000 yards of flannel, 10,000 pairs shoes, Ic.OOO
l)airs wool socks, 10,000 of wool hose.

This bountifid supply evinces the constant att(!ntion of the government to
the comforts of its arniics, although the immense distance this wing hath been
detached into the wilderness, has prevented it:* receiving those ccmiforts in
due season, owing to causes not within the control of human foresight, yet a
few days and the General consoles himself with the idea of seeing those whom
he has the honor to command dad in warm woollen (apable of resisting the
northern blasts of Canada, cither from the bellows of Boreas, or the muzzles
of British cannon. J. WINCHESTER, Buio. Gen.,

(,'omman(litig Left Wing N. W. Army.

590 Defiance County — Gen. WinclLester\'i Orders.

Some of tlie iiuniHhmenls inflicted were of a very ridirnlons nature, and
(.•aiculated to hurt the prid«, especially, of the prisoucVs. As an iiistan(;(!:

Camp Winciikstku, |
28tli Ootoher, 1812, i
spE(;iAi, onnicns.

* * * * * * * * * *

James Givins, private in Captain ("mghan's Company, charged with sillini;
down near his post, apparently asleep, with his gun out of his hands, last niijlii,
October 25, 1813, found guilly, and sentenced to recu'ive ten eohs on liin btiiv
postei'm; well laid on, with a paddle four inches wide and one-half an indi
thick, bored fnll of holes.

Thomas Clark, ('handed with altering his uniform without leave, senteiicfil
to a repiimand on parade.

J. WINCHESTER, Buio. GKN'r,.

The records close at a dale when they begin to be the most interesting, Jiist
before the arrivnl of the army iit the Hiver Raisin, the last entry being as fol-
lows:

Cami' Miami Rapids, /
lUiLi/s ItoAi), Jan., 181:!. \

CENEKAI, ORDEllS.

As ordered yesterday, the line of march shall be kept well closed, every ofli-
cer in his proper place, and no nou-commissioneil ofUcer or private sutferod to
straggle from the lines except from urgent necessity, and then with leave to
return to his place. Perfect silence is enjoined during the march, being in tin
immediate neighborhood of tiie enemy.

J. WINCHESTER, Bine Gen.,
Commanding Ijclt Wing N. W. Arnij.

The Defiance Democrat,, of May, 18G(), in a notice of " Our Old
Apple Trees," has the following :

Defiance has been famed for the possession of a monstrous apple tree. Stran-
gers have seldom failed to visit it, to measure its proportions, and speculate
npon its age and origin. It stands on the narrow^ bottom, on the north side of
Maumee, and nearly opposite the old fort. It has never failed, in the knowl-
edge of present settlers, in producing a crop of very cixcellent apples. One
large branch, however, has of late years been broken olf by the storms, and
which has nuich marred its proportions. The remainder is yet healthy ami
prospering.

Before the town was laid out, then; were many trees C(iually thrifty, and not
less in size, in this vicinity. Their origin is variously conjectured. The most
probable is, that they were planted by French missionaries and traders, during
the French dominion on the lakes, arid cared for afterwards by the Indian^,
trappers and traders.

Thomas Warren, of this vicinitj', who came here about fifty years ago, in-
forms us that these apple trees stood in a row, al)ont fifteen feet from the edge
of the bank, and extended from the point up to the bridge, and that they were
then in excellent bearing condition. These trees are now all gone, as well a?
the ground they stood on. The ccmtinual Avearing away of the bank, from
ice, freshets, and frosts, has amounted, in that time, to about twentj'-flve feet

On the Maumec bank, extending from where the canal now empties, up lO
the residence of T. J. Cole, was another row of similar trees — the most ol
these standing on the Wasson property. These, also, are all gone, except one
in the rear ot Mr. Cole's house. These died from various causes — cattle, culti-
vation, and malicious, or mischievous boys.

Chance trees stood also over most of the present town plat, but not of ?o
large a growth — probably volunteers. Some of the smaller ones were taken

Orders.

Defiance Conniij — Old Ap2>le Trees.

501

•ulons naUirc, ami
9 an inslan(;(! ;

fVlNCIIKSTKU, \
ctobor, 1H12. S

« *

invficd with sillini';
lis luuulH, last niiilu,
n colis oJi ''•*■' ft'"''
(1 oiuvlialf an iiK h

ut. Ipavo, sentencca

ER, Bhio. Gkn'i-

ost inlercHting, .inst
t entry beini; as lol-

Miami lUi'ins, i
loM>, .T«"-, l^^l'^- ^

rcUclosca, evcrj'offi-
31- private s\itreve(l to
I then with leave to
c march, heingmllu'

R, IJiuc. Gkn.,
Yin.i? N. VV. Army.

,ti,.c of " Our 01.1

•\i9 apple tree. Strati-

Irtioiis, and spccuhK'

on the. north side (U

tailed, in the knmvl-
<ccllent apples. One

V t)v the storms, ami
|.i- i's yet healthy and

[not

iniectnreu. jiu>^ n^."^'
lea and traders, during

Jards by the Indian'^,

III fifty years ago, in-
ten feet from the edge
|.rc, and that they were
I'w all gone, as well a?
Lay ot the bank, trom
Ibont twenty-five ieei.
ll now empties, up ^o
lar trees— the rAOSt ol
Ic all gone, except one
Lcausea-cattle.culti-

In plat, but not of so
lller ones were taken

liually thrifty, and not
blioctnred. The most

lip and removed by the early settlers. Samnel Kepler, another early settler,
stiirled his orchard with trees of this kind. On the small bottom, on the north
si(l(! of the Maumee, opposite Defiance, were quite a number of trees extend-
ing up as far as the county bridge; some of these were on the towing path,
and others in the way, so that they were cut down., or died. Tiie old tree s<>
liimous, is, perhaps one of tliis row. Standing furiher in from tiie bank, and,
being private property, it has been saved from the general dcstrurtion.

At the so-called " Orchard Hollow," eight miles up tin; Maumee, was also
(|iiite a number of these old trees, and probably were of like origin and age,
'hii'V were on the highland, on the south side, and immediately opposite ilie
(lid Indian Delaware town, on the bottom, now the property of Chaa. Speaker,
ll is remarked by Parkman, in his Jesuit and Pioneer Ilistory, that the mis-
sionaries and traders always fixed their stations on high grounds, overlooking
liie Indian towns ; and the selection of the high grounds at Defiance, and at
Orchard Hollow, was in accordance with this general rule. None of these
trees are yet in existence, at the last named place. The fruit of all these trees
was better than that of the present so-called natural trees — grew larger, and
had more agreeable taste. The stocks of the trees were more like those of the
forest, higher to the branches, longer in the limb than the grafted trees of the
present day' — which, as compared with the Indian trees, are mere overgrown
shrubs. The few trees of large growth at Ottawa, Charloe, and Fort Brown,
were probably planted by the Indians themselves.

In early days, the Indians, before the whites obtained property in the land,
guarded carefully these old trees. The fruit they claimed for themselves, and
distributed to the remotest sections of their tribes a share. Probably a.s80cia-
tions of historic interest, of days of larger populaticm and greater jrower, or
(it kindly regard for the French missionaries, by whom they were introduced,
nave an extraordinary value to these old trees, in the estimation of these un-
tutored sons of the forest.

No trees of similar age are known to have existed on the Maumee, below
Defiance. It was upon the upper waters of the river, that the Indians had
their chosen seats, and here those who, from benevolence or trade sought their
acquaintance, must come.

After the extinguishment of the Indian title, the United States lands at De-
tiance were surveyed by Capt. James lliley, whose name had become noted for
having suirercd shipwreck and captivity on the deserts of Africa.

The following were the boundaries of the three school districts as laid ofi'
June 5, 182G, by John Evans, Arthur Burrows, and John Perkins, Township
Trustees : District No. 1, to intdude the town of Defiance, ;ind all the settlers
within one mile of Defiance district. No. 2, all the settlers on the Auglaize,
from Rol)crt Shirley's to Isaac Carey's, and all the settlers between the Au-
jllaize and Maumee rivers, embraced within one mile of Defiance. No. 3, to
include all the settlers on Bean creek, and all the settlers on the north side of
the Maumee, above the mouth of Bean creek, in said township.

District No. 1 contained eleven,M)istriel No. 2 thirteen, and District No. 3
tifteen householders.

It is much to be regretted that these rapidly accumulating pages
require the omission of many notes relating to the pioneer history
of Defiance, and the counties -wliich follow. Two or three delight-
ful days were passed, during the summer of 1.S72, under the hospita-
ble roof of Samuel Kepler, who was then in good liealth, but who
died December 10, of pneumonia, at the age of 79 years, nine
months, and seven days. Mr. Kepler came to the Maumee Valley
in 1821, and entered a tract of land east of Defiance. On the 2d of
December, 1827, he married Miss Rachel, daughter of Robert
McKinnis, of Hancock county, Ohio — being the first white couple

592 Defiance County — Early Irihahitants.

married in tbat county — the ceremony being solemnized by Wilson
Vance, Esq. Mr. McKiunis resided on the Blanchard, six miles
below Findlay.

Mr. and Mrs. Kepler had lived together happily for near halt a
century, and raised a family of six daughters and two sons.

Thomas Warren, of Defiance Bays: "My brotber-in-law, Montgoincrv
Evaus, established iiimselt in business, as au Indian trader, i'lirnier, and reiil
estate dealer, lu Defiance, in 181H, or 1819, and occupied one of Winchester's
block houses as a residence, during a period of about two years. He had hteii
a soldier in the war of 1812, haviiig enlisted in Chlllicothe, in a company nl
rangcjrs.

" With a young adventurer named Parmcnas Wasson, 1 first visited Defimin'
in 1822. On our route hither from Delaware county, whidi led througii Sun-
dusky, Tymochtee, and Fort Findlay, I passed through the Indian village thtn
known as Ottawa Town, where we found many Indians as-semblcd, and, us I
they were intoxicated, we pressed forward, and reached a crossing at Powell's
creek, where we remained over night. Returning after a brief visit to tlie coiiii- 1
try, we passed through Ocanoxa's village (now Ch&rloe), Forts Brown, Jen-
nings, Amanda, Wapaukonnetta, and St. Mary's."

Joshua Hilton, with his family, consisting of his wife and eight children, |
—seven sons and one daughter, — removed to the Maumee river, December ;;,
1828. Mr. Hilton had purchased his land the spring previous, and planted ;i
crop of corn. The cabin be erected was tlie second known to luive been occu-
pied by white settlers, between Fort Wayne and Defiance — the fir.st havinL'
been built by Mr, Rogers, five miles below Fort Wayne. Brice Hilton, oi
Brunorsburg, at the age of 65 years, is the only member of the original family
now in the Valley — the only sister, Mrs. Philbrick, residing near Cleveland,
and his only surviving brother, Horace Hilton, being a citizen of Kansas.

During the fall and winter of 1833-23, the following named families becnme
occupants of lands between Defiance and Fort Wayne : Thomas Driver, Mrs.
Hill (widow) and family, Benjamin Mullican, Thomas Warren, Peter Lunibr,
Samuel Hughes, William Gordon, Oliver Crane, Samud Reynolds, Samud
Gordon, Henry Hughes, Dennison Hughes, and Mr. Quick, (the last named a
bachelor and Indian trader).

During the following year (1823-34), Richard Banks, William Banks, Thomas
Banks, Frederick W. Sperger, James Shirley, Gad Bellair, Gen. Hoiatio \\
Curtis, Mr. Snook, and his sons, John, AVillsou, W. N. and Peter, and two fami-
lies named Champion, removed to the Valley.

Moses Heatley removed from Miami county, Ohio, cutting, a considerablf
portion of the distance, his own road-way for the passage of his ox team, draw-
ing his family, bed, and goods, in the fall of 1824, and settled on Blodgetl'sl
Island, Auglaize river, three nules above Defiance. His family consisted of his
wife and two children— only one of whom, J. B. Heatley, now survives, ki
having been a resident of Defiance and vicinity 48 years.

Dr. Jonas Colby, a graduate of Dartmoulli College, N. H., removed to Defi-
ance in 18;j3, and is the oldest physician in practice on the Maumee river. Tlie|
incidents of his early adventures in swinuning over the swollen streams of tlii
country, to reach his patients, Avould form a chapter of courage and peril that
his professional coleniporaries of later years have not been under the uecessilv
of encountering. His co-practitioners in early days, were Drs. Conant an'
White, of Maumee City, Dr. Peck, of Perrysljurg, and Dr. Thompson, of Furl
Wayne.

Edwin Phelps, William A. and S. R. Brown, James S. Greer, Wm. TraversfJ
John and David Taylor, Dr. John Paul, Hugh J. and David W. Marcellus, Drj
George W. Crawford, Elijah Shipley, William and John B. Semans, Rev. Sim-
ford C. Parkes, E. F. Liudenberger, C. L. Noble, Rev. Wm. B, Stowe, (wL«t(
organized the first Presbyterian Church in Defiance) Rev. E. R. Tucker, CurtB'''

Hants,

3mni/.ccl by 'Wilson
ianchard, six miles

Uy for near halt a
i two sons.

r-in-law, Moutsomcry
•ader, rainier, and riiil
d one of Wincbpslurs
/o yciirH. He l»ad l)ecii
othc, in a company m

1 first visited Dcfisune
rhich led tliroiij,Mi San-

the Indian village then
ians ttSHeniblcd, imd, jf I
il a crossing at lowtlls
a brief visit to the coim- 1
loc). Forts Brown, Jen-

ifo and eigbt clilUlroii,
mce river, December o,
orcvious, and planted ;i
lown to have been occ\i-
"fiance— the first havuiL'
avne Brice Hilton, ol
ler of the original family
•esiding near Cleveluml,
I citizen of Kansas,
r named families became
P. • Thomas Driver, mi.
I Warren, Peter Lumbiir I
,miul Reynolds, Samuel
iuick, (the last named aj

William Banks, Tbomw

■"Bellair, Gen. Horatio >.
and Peter, and two lami-

^, cutting, a consideraWel
a.'c of his ox team, draw
lul settled on Blodpetu
is family consisted of his
catley, now aurvivcs.he

"vrs ' I

N. II., removed toDeti

atheMaumceriver. 11

he swollen streams of 11

„f courage and peril m

been under the neccssil

3, were Drs. Couant a"J

d Dr. Thompson, ot Dor

S. Greer, Wm. Tmvei^
David W. Marcellus, D
linB. Semans, Rev. ban
3V. Wm. B. Stowe, (w
Rev. E. R. Tucker, Cutti

Willianu and Defiance Counties.

iO:^

Bates, (lawyer and Slate Senator,) Orlando and Alvaro Evans, (now of California,)
Albert G. Evans, Allen Hraucher, S. A. Sanford, Wm. Wall, E. V. Case,
Uliarles V. Royce, Benjamin Brubaker, James Cbenev, N. M. Laiidls, Wm. D.
Haymaker, Geo. B, Way, S. H. Greenlee, John H. Riser, Jehu P. Downs, C.
('. Waterbouse, Addison Goodyear, Sylvester Medberry, G. W. B. Evans, and
William Carter, in addition to others heretofore and liereafter mentioned,
we.o also early residents of Defiance. Among its early and enterprising busi-
ness men, was Sidney S. Spraguo.

Ulualdo Evans, son of Judge Pierce Evans, occupies the old homestead, en
the opposite side of the river, below Defiance.

Lost Creek, since changed to Farmer, was among the first townships settled
by whites— the first Iniiabitant,, Nathan Farmer, having removed to the town-
sliip in 1833. Miller Arrowsmith, in a communication which appeared in the
Defiance Democrat^ in 1871, gives bis rccolleclions as follows :

My first visit to the township was in the fall of 18.'>4. At this time, Nathan
Farmer and John Heckman lived m\ Section 1, and Keelin Leonard had raised
II cabin on Section 2, on lands afterwards owned and occupied by Collin Tharp.

.V hunter had lived on the east side of Section !», and Findlay had lived

in a but on Lost Creek, in Section 3:3. But few entries of land had been
made in the township.

The ne.xt year a nuniber of emigrants bought and moved on their land, of
whom were Oney Rice, sr., Dr. Oney Rice, Jr., John Rice, Jacob Conker , Widow
Hopkins, W. G. Pierce, Randall Lord,an(i Lyman Luugdon. These were from
St. Lawrence county. New York; Levinus Bronson and William Powell, who
were from near Cleveland, Ohio; Isaac and William Wartenbc, David Corn-
stock, James Crane, Nathan Smith and William Mann, who were from Mus-
kingum county, Ohio; Thomas Dew, from Hocking county; Elijah Lloyd and
Daiius Allen, whose homes in the east are not now recollected. I think that
Isaac, Elisba and Collin Tbarp came this year from Allen county, Ohio.

About this time the township was organized and named Lost Creek. At the
first election, there was not an ollicer in the township authorized to administer
an oath. The people met and selected the Election Board, and one of their
number swore a Clerk, who in turn qualified the other members of the Board.
Many of the citizens had not gained a residence, but they extended, by com-
mon consent, the elective franchise to all the male population over twenty-one
years, and from their number elected their oflicers. Dr. Nice was afterwards
elected a Justice of the Peace, and continued to fill this ofiiee for many years,
administering justice in its mildest form.

A good story is told of his administration in these early times. The first
settlers were not rich ; their lands were to be cleared, fenced and cultivated,
before they could realize returns from their labor. The Defiance merchants
sold goods and groceries on credit, adding heavy profits. The settlers made
debts from necessity, which in most cases became due before their farms were
yielding a profit to meet their payments for goods. The result was that the
merchants sent their accounts to the Justice for collection, and one amongst
tbera was up m himself. He notified the parties, who confessed judgment and
entered bail for stay of proceedings, not forgetting to give bail on the docket
for the amount claimed from the Justice.

The first marriage might have been noticed in a newspaper published then
j in Perry sburg:

" Married, <peptember 10, 1834, by Jesse Ilaller, Esq., of Defiance township,
Iveelln Leonard, to Elizabeth Ice, all of Lost Creek township."

The first death in the township, was that of the hunter in Section 9. The
Icoflin was made by Obadiah Webb, who lived on the east bank of Bean creek,
opposite to the farm now ownied by Lyman Langdon. The coflin was lashed
to a pole, and carried by Abraham Webb and William Kibble, on their shoul-
|(iers, to the hunter's camp, a distance of nearly thirteen miles on a direct line,

ill

594 Defiance County — Miller Avrowamith.

and their route wns throiigh tlio woods without a path to guido tlinn. Tiicy
crossed Ilean (MTcii at (iusi<, and witli a pocitet conipasH to guide tlioni, and a
Jdcitory barii tondi to lijflit their way, tlicy set tuit willi liioir burden on tlieir
ionely route, and readied tlie liuf al'3 o'ciock in tlio morning. He was buried
on tlio nortliwest quarter of Section 10

Exceptions were talten to tlie nanie of tlie towislup, and it was cliangcd to
tiiat of Farmer. Tins was cluinged at tlie instnn(;e Of the citizens, because
tlicy tliou^lit it moH! ai^propriiitc, and it was also designed to perpetuate tlie
name of tlie first settler.

t)f the voters at the first election, Elisha Tharp is the only one now living
in the township. Home of tliem have removed to other localities.

Our place of voting was near the centre of Section — , where a log cabin
had been built for this purpose, and was also us«l for a school house. Some
vears ago, a graveyard was located at this place, and many of the pioneers
have been gathered, one by one, to this jihice of burial, where their names arc
recorded on neat nuirble monuments."

MILLER ARROWSMITH.

7Ir. Ari'owsmith was born in Champaign county, Ohio, March 14,
1808, and was married in the same county July 1, 1832, to Miss
Celinda Caraway, also a native of tlic tamo county. Mrs. A. died
at Defiance, August 10, 1847.

The first \isit of Mr. Arrowsmith to the Matimce Valley, was in
Jtme, 18.33. He then bought land near Defiance, on which he set-
tled in October following. Judge John Perkins whs tl)en County
Surveyor, and, from age, and being engaged in other pursuits, he did not
wish to perforin the work of the otlice, and appointed Mr. Arrowsmitii
deputy County Surveyor, the duties of which ofKce he discharged with
accuracy and fidelity, during a period of fifteen years. He is one of
the oldest surveyors in North Western Ohio.

The General Assembly of Ohio, at its session of 1845-46, elected
Mr. Arrowsmith a member of the State Board of Equalization ; and
♦he proved one of the most efficient members of that body. From
1848 to 1852, he was Auditor of Defiance county; and Postmaster
at Arrowsmith's, dating a period of about lifteen years. Excepting
minor offices, those enumerated fill the measure of his public life.
Mr. Arrowsmith might have continued in office, and filled ii
larger space iu the public eye, but his tastes and inclinations led
him, in 1852, to engage in agriculture, and in this favorite pursuit,
on his well cultivated acres, and among books and friends, in Farmer
township, he is spending the evening of his days. He is now sixty-
five years of age, and in full possession of physical and mental
vigor. The pioneers of the Valley are ever specially welcomed under
hid hospitable roof.

THE LATE HORACE SE.SSIONS.

This gentloman, whose moral, social, and professional qtialities
were widt ly known and highly valued, tliroughout the Maumee Val-
ley, was born in Painesville, Ohio, April IG, 1812, and removed to

mith.

;ul(1() tliPtn. They
guide tliem, niitl a
ir biinlcn on their
g. Ho was buried

it was clinngcd to
(' citizenH, because
I to pei-petuute tlie

ily one now living
;iilitieH.

wbcre a log cabin
iiool house. Some
my of llie jiioncers
re their uaiiu's are

, Ohio, March 14,

1, 183-2, lo Miss

ty. Mrs. A. died

ec Valley, was in
on which he set-
wjis then County
)nrsiiit8, hediclnot
d Mr. Arrowsmitii
le discharged witii
iirs. IIo is one of

r 1845-46, elected
Squulizution ; and
hat body. From
; and Postmaster
years. Excepting
)t' his public life.
ice, and tilled ii
1 inclinations led
I favorite pursuit,
riends, in Farmer
He is now sixty-
sioal and mental
V welcomed under

'^i^-ti^d-'-^'p^i^c^oCt^

essional qualities
the Maumee Val-
, and removed to

■f.

'2.

f<^JL

/y ^ ^ <!>x^;2.^^

b
1)
/

a:
tl
fi
al
ci
w
ol

('(
tb

c'c
fa

t;l
sfi

m
to'

10
Hi

tic
to
til
ot.
\k
Si'
ud
th

ilC

Defiance County — Horace Semions.

595

Defiance in 1833. He was married to Miss Lucia C. Candee, Jan-
uary 3, 1854, at Watertown, New York, and died at Adrian, Mich:
gan, June G, 18(58. Mr. S. left no children living, — two having diec
in infancy, and one daughter at the age of live or six years, Afte^
Ills decease, his widow returned to her former home, at Watertown,
New York ; but within the last two years removed to Painesville,
where she now resides.

A meeting of the bar, held at the Court House, Defiance, on the
I5ih of June, 1808, at which William C Ilolgate, — who, during a
period of more than a quarter of a century, was his intimate asso-
ciate and friend, — was made chairman, and Edwin Phelps secretary,
will convey an idea of the esteem in which Mr. Sessions was held
by his professional brethren. Upon accepting the position tendered
him, Mr. Ilolgate addressed the meeting as follows :
Brethren of the Bar :

Horace Sessions is gone ! Tlie Allwiso Bciug, who rule, md governs tho
affairs of men, has taken him to himself. Ileclieil at Adrian, Michigan, on
the 6th inst., where he had stopped oif to visit a friend, as he was returning
from th" Hepubllcau Katiouai Convention, at Chicago, whicli he hod been
attending as a delegate. I was present at his deatli, and with other friends and
citizens of our town, accompanied his r;;inains to rainesville, in this State,
wliere, on the 9th, they were interred, in a beautiful cemetery, near the tomb
of a loved little daugli'ter, and of a father, a mother, and other relatives.

Oiu- relations with him, and his wurtli. require something more than the
usual resolutions of respect and sympath3\

Bein.g the first lawyer that ever settled and stayed here, he may truly be call-
ed the father of the Defiance liar, lie was also a pioneer of our valley, and
the son of a noble patriet of our country, mid pioneer of our State. In 1794,
under Anthony Wayne, his father was in tlie great battle that first seciu'cd the
white man possession of, and title to, the lands we occupj'', and he helped to
c'onstruct the fort which gives our town its name. In 18J0, he settled on a
farm near Painesville, and there, on the IGth day of April, 1812, Horace Ses-
sions was born. He was a vigorous, stout boy, r.elightiug in agricultural pur-
suits, and ;n watching the habits and caring for tlie animals reared upon the
farm. But, at the age of twelve years a great misfortune befel him. He was
taken down \\ith a severe illness, resulting in a fever sore that racked his cou-
sfitullon, shattered his nervous sj'stem, producing untold pain, and crippling
him througli his whole life. His father, dying In 1827, left him a poor, crip-
pled boy, and a widowed mother and sisters in destitute circumstances. Find-
ing that he would be unable to procure a living liy the manual labor incUlent
to farm work, he reluctantly relinquished his favorite calling, and cast about
to see what he could do to make a living for himself and his destitute relatives.
He chose our profession.

H"ing admitted to the bar, at the age of twenty-one, he first went down the
Ohi, .,ud Mississippi, as fur as Vicksburg. without finding a satisfactory loca-
tion, when, returnimr, he came to the Maumee Valluy, and, arriving at our
town in 1833, he began the first practice of his profession. Defiance, at that
time, was the county seat of Williams county, and to It was attached several
otli3r counties for judicial purposes. Though the field was enii.ely open, there
lit'iug no other lawyer here, profes.-iionui DUi-iness was very liiniteil. Hut Horace
Sessions was poor, he had a mihision to fe.lfiU, and he would not be idle. In
iitlditiou to his professional duties, he wrot(> in the county ollices, and taught in
till' di.->triet school.

1 see several present here, who, like myself, have had .v life-long business
acquaintance with him ; mine, perhaps, has been the longest, and of the most

596

Defiance County — Horace SesHons.

intimate character. Thirty-three years a<»o, accompanying my fatlier from the
State of New York, on a tour of exploration to tlio Wabash, with an eye to a
settlement at Fort Wayne, we spent a week or more, as we were passing, at
Defiance. During that week, I first became acquainted with Horace Sessions,
and I have often since thou' 'it that acquaintance fi.\ed my destiny in the choice
of a future home, and biought me, a year later, to come here to live. At the
time, he was occupying a room in the second story cf (he brick building on
lot 58, of tlie original i)lat of Defiance, wliich building was the Court House,
and, 1 may add, the school house, and also ''the meeting house" of the village.
In the same room was kei>t the ofiiees of the county. He Invited me to occupy
tlic room with him, and continue the study of the law, which I had before
lK;:,un. His bed was in the same room, and this we occupied together. From
tliat time to the time of his decease, whilst a generation of men have passed
from earth, we continuously occupied an oftlee together.

From the time he came here, each sununer he would go to the home of his
aged mother, consoling and comforting her with his presence, and giving that
material aid that relieved the wants of herself and family. And glad was I,
the other day, whilst assislinir at Painesville in the performance of the last
duties to the deceased on earth, to hear an aged and eminent statesman of that
place say : "Mr. Sessions has been very generous with his father's family ; he
has ever most bountifully provided for them."

And here let me sa}', his generosity was not confined to his relatives alone.
In all his dealings, he was liberal. Every charitable enterprise and good cause
he helped on. He was industrious, temperate, a id frugal in all his habits. lie
cut his own wood at his ofllce for years. He built his fires at his house. He
sousrht property only to make himself independent, and to do good ; and iu
this God bountifully blessed him. as He will ever bless any man of like indus-
trj', temperance, carefulness, frugality, and honesty of purpose.

As a huvyer, to understand, digest, "and bring to a successful issue delicate,
intricate and complicated business matters, Horace Sessions had few or no su-
perioi's ; and I believe that no party, selecting him as their counsellor, ever had
occision to regret their choice.

He was warm in his friendships, social in disposition, hospitable, unostenta-
tious and mihl in his manners. He was viniformly the same unruflled Horace;
Sessions, yesterday, to daj% and to-morrow. Though unobtrusive and mild,
within him was a heart, he has said to me, that never had a sensation of lear:
which statement his truthfulness leaves me no reasons to doulit. It is apart of
the history of that conn try, that his father "was the bravest man that ever
lived on Grand Hiver." Truly can we say, as we look back on the battle of
life he has fought, Horace Sessions w.as a brave son of that brave man.

To him the summons came suddenly. His sickness was brief and severe.
Loving hearts and willing hands did all that could be done to stay the dread
approach of the destroyer. Confident that the trying hour had come, he calni-
ly approached the grave, " lik<' one whc wraps the drapery of his couch about
him, and lies down to pleasant dreams."

On motion, a committee of five, consisting of William Carter, Edwin Pheliia,
Hamilton Davison, William D. Hill, and Henry Newbegin, were appointed to
draft resolutions expressive of the feelings of the members of this bar, which
committee, through their chairman, Hon. William Carter, reported the fol-
lowing:

Whereas, By a dispensation cf an all-wise Providence, our Inte associate
and brother, Horace Sessions, has been removed from our midst by death, it is,
by the Bar of Defiance county, as expressive of the great loss they have sus-
tained,

Resolved, That, in the death of Horace Sessions, the Bar of Defiance county
has lost one of its oldest, ablest, most nseful and worthy memliers, and this
community one of its most worthy citizens.

■ father from the
witli ail ej;e to a
were passing, at
[lorace Sessions,
tiny in the choice
to live. At the
briclc building on
ae Court House,
e" of the village,
ted me to occupy
eh I had before
together. From
mcu have passed

the home of his
and giving that
A.nd glad was I,
nance of the last
statesman of that
ther's family ; he

3 relatives alone,
■^e and good cause
ill his habits. lie
t his house. He
do good ; and iu
lan of like indus-

ISC.

ul issue delicate,
lad few or no su-
uusellor, ever had

(itable, unostenta-
unrufrted Horace;
trusive and mild,
sensation of tear:
l)t. It is a part of
st man that ever

on the battle of
rave man.

brief and severe.
to stay the dread
ad come, he calm-
if his couch about

ter, Edwin Pheliis,

iverc appointed to

if this bar, which

reported the fol-

our late associate
idst by death, it is,
loss they have sus-

)f Defiance county
meml)er8, and this

Defiance County — Wm. C. Tlohjate.

59^

Resolved, That we pincerely deplore the loss of our departed hrother and
associate, and shall revere his memory as one whose professional life was with-
out blemish, and worthy of imitation.

Resolved, Thnt our heartfelt sympathies are extended to the widow and rela-
tives of the deceased.

Resoleeu, That these resolutions, together with the proceedings of this meet-
ing, be published in the Definnce papers, witli a request that the same be cop-
ied in the several jupers published in the Maumee Valley, and at Painesviile,
Oliio.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished by the Secretary to
the widow of the deceased.

On motion, the resolutions were received, am' lanimously adopted.

It was also resolved tliat the proceedings oi liiis meeting be presented by
the chairman to tlie Honorable Julge of the Court of Common Pleas of Deli-
nnee county, at its next session, with the request tliat tlie same be entered upon
the journal of said court.

WILLIAM C. IIOLGATE, Chairman.

E. Phklps, Secretary.

It may be added that intelligence of the death of no member of
the old bar of the Maumee Valley, produced a feeling of more gen-
eral and profound sorrow among his professional brethren, than
that occasioned by the loss of Mr. Sessions.

WILLIAM (J. HOLGATK.

Curtis Holgate, residing at the time in Utica, New York, accom-
panied by his son, the subjec< of this sketch, William C. Ilolgate,
made a visit to the Maumee . alley ia the spring and summer of
18;)5. On this trip he visited ^lanhatt.an, Toledo, Perrysburg, Mau-
mee City. Napoleon iind Delianco. Ohio, and Fort Wayne and Hun-
tington, Indiana, The journey was made on horseback from Mau-
mee City— (the horses being procured of Dr. Conant) — and pur-
chases of land made as follows :

June 8, 183,1, of Isaac Hull, 80 acres in sees. 23 and U, T. 4, U. 4, on north
side of the Jlaumee, opposite Defiance, on wiiich was situated the
town plat of VVilliamstown ; and which purchase included tlie unsold

lots of this town and five in Defiance, ^SjoOO

Jiuie 10, of Ignatius Byrnes, 95 G)-100 acres, on tlie south side of the
Maumee, in Indiana, near the Ohio State line HOO ■

June 2,'5, of Judge Jlenjamin lieavell, an undivided part of 305 23-100
acres, which embraced the town ])lat of Napoleon, and luuls adja-
cent — (H(n"ati() G. Pliiilips, of Dajton. and p]ln!illiKn Cory, of New
Carlisle, CL;rk couniy, Oliio, owning tlie remaining two-tliirds of said
property) 2,500

June 25, of same, 117 05-100 acres, on the west side of tlie Auglai//',
south and adjacent to Deliance, in sections 25 and 2(i, iind now be-
ing a part of the town 2,500

June 25, of same, one undivided half of 180 98-100 acres of sections 33
and 24, and adjacent to the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, and which
included the original town plat of Deliance — all which was deeded,
exeep*^ the lots then disposed of— Horatio G. Phillips ovvning the other
undivided half 7,500

598

Defiance County — Wm. C. Ilohjate.

October 17, 1835, of nr .Inlni Evanp, part of Hip po itlieast qr., N. W.
qr., sec 26, T. 4 N., It. (1 E, W) uens. wliieh in now within the cor-
porate limits of D('llanc(', and on wbich is siliiated tlie Hub and Spolic
factory, etc 2,731)

Total |l8,'-3}

Previous to this, about tlic year 1S;)2, Mr. Ilolgale purchaseil sev-
eral town lota in Fort Wavno, iind located al)>ut one tiiousauil acres
of land near the same place, in Indiana; and near the time of mak-
ing the above dtscribcd purchases, at Uctiancc, he invested some
S7,()0() in property at Manhattan. His Napoleon interest was sold
and deeded to Horatio G. I'hillips, in July, 1S.')9. He moved his
family to Defiance, consisting ot his wife, Eliza, daughter,
Juliet, and two small children, Frances M. and A. Hopkins Holgate,
and began boarding with Lyman Langdon, on Saturd.iy, October
T, 18.'J7. On Monday, 2. th of November, of the same year, he mov-
ed into a liouse on lot 101, old plat of Detiance. Mr. Uolgate died
on the ir)th of January, IblO.

Willi'am C. Holgate was living at Di fiance at, the time of the
arrival of his father; — having established himself there the year
alter the trip of 18.']r> was made, arriving on Monday, :2d of May,
1S3G — and has uninterruptedly made that town his home to the pres-
ent time. Tie was born at ]?urlington, ^'e^mont, November 'Z'\
1814; graduated at Hamilton Colle^^e, New York, in the summer ot
1834; and the same College conferred upon him the degree of
A. M., in 1841. He commenced the study of law in the ofHcc of
Willard Crafts, Esq., in Utica, immediately alter leaving College,
and continued a student in his office up to the date of leaving ior
Defiance, in April, 18.'>(). At the latter place, ho entered the law
office of Horace Sessions, Esq., continued his studies, and was admit-
ted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Ohio in the summer of
1838. George T.Hickcox, Clerk of the Court, dying about this time,
he was appointed to succeed him, Avhich position he resigned in the
spring of 1839, Avhen he received the appointnienf of prosecutiii!!;
attorney for the county of Williams, and began as such his first
practice of the law.

Mr. Holgate drafted the bill erecting the county of Defiance, in
January, 184.'), and, through his persistent efforts, and in iiace of ;i
well-organized and jjowerful opposition, the bill became a law, on
the 4th day of March of the same year. He was active in the
organization of the first agricultural society for the county, in 18-fS,
and in getting uji its first annual fair, in October, ls5l. For the
projection and construction of roads, affording encouragement to
manufacturing and kindred enterprises, ami the care of all public
interests aftecting the town and county, he was ever vigilantly engaj:^'-
ed. He sufiered much from the bilious derangements incident to
the climate in the first settlement of the country, being prostrated
upon beds of sickness more than half of the time.

ate.

Defiance Covniy — Wm. 0. HolcjaU.

590

fir., N. W.
liii till! cor-
b ami Spoke

In th(

1851-5?, the buf

J eel

2,731)

i|l8.':3')

le ])urcl»!i8CMl sev-
lie tlinusiiuil acres
iho time of mak-
he invoste<l some
interest was sold
. lie moved his
Eliza, (laughter,
Hopkins llol^'ate,
^aturd'.iy, October
anio year, he mov-
Mr.liolgatc dieil

[, the time of the
If there the year
)naay, ^d of May,
i home to the pres-
nt, November 2:],
, in the summer of
lim tlie degree of
sv iu the office of
leaving College,
ate of leaving lor
e entered the law
iL'S, and was admit-
» in the summer of
ig about this time,
he resigned in tlu'
.'nt of proseeutiiiii
111 as such his first

ily of Detiance, ill
I, and in lace of u

became a law, on
was active in the
he couiity, in 1848,
or, 1H51. For the

encouragement to
I care of all public
or vigilantly engaj^-
cments incident to
y, being prostrated

iness prospects of Defiance seemt
likely to bo lost, on account of the projection and construction of
railroads passing lier on all sides, threatening to destroy her exist-
ing trade, and luturo business prospects. Foreseeing the danger,
Mr. Iloigate's efforts, during these years, wire unremitting in the
work of securing for Defiance a railroad, that the town nrght bo
spared the destruction lliar menaced it. I'ndiably it wa-i on account
of enfeebled physical condition, resulting from over-work and the
illness referred to, that his system broke down in I800, and he rianlc
in a state of congestion almost apoplectic. Unable to read or write
for the greater part of the succeeding tweh'o years or more, ho was
compelled to give up the law practice, which he has never resumed.
Though now comfortable, and capable of transacting much busi-
ness, Mr. llolgate has never entirely recovered from tlio congestive
utt.ack mentioned.

In March, 1804, when the two sections of land thit had boon
granted to the town some fourteen years previously for the Defi-
ance Female Seminary, had been forfeited for want of payment,
and a bill was on its passage requiring the Auditor to sell the same,
Mr. llolgate, volunteering his services, made a visit to Columbus
and secured the passage of an act authorizing the lands still to be
deeded on payment. The amount dtdiiKiui'nt Mr. llolgate arl-
vanced from his own j)rivate funds, Mr. Sessions sharing the
advancement with him, and so secured ami saved to the town these
1,280 acres and their growing avails.

In all important schemes devibed to promote the best interests of the
town and county of his residence, M". llolgate has been ever diligent
.ind prominent. On the 5th of January, 1851, he was married to
Miss Mary Hillrick, who died June (5, i8()5, leaving two children,
W. Curtis llolgate, .aged 18, November 29, 1872, and Fanny Maud
llolgate, .ag.'d "iG, October 2, 1872.

Aocordini!; to the recollections of Frederick F. Stevens, who was a resident
of Putnam county, iu 182"), and removed to Detiauce in 1820, the following
persons were tlieli rciiidents on the Auglaize below the moutli of the Blan-
ch;ird: Mr. Frazee, Thomas and Silas McClisli, William Bishop, Mr. Kava-
nangli, Christupher Sroufe, Al)el Crossley, Koljcrt Foster, Isaac Oarey (oppo-
site the present town of Junction), Elias and Nathan Shirley, Abram and Jolin
Hudson, John Oliver, James Hudson, and R(d)erf, Shirley, senior and junior,
who were living upon u farm [lart of which is now within the corporation of
Defiance.

Defiance county w,as cr(!cted ^larch 4, 18f."), and its territory was composed
of fight original townships, taken from Williams, three from Henry, and a
half township from Paulding. W. C llolgate, Esq., prep -red tlie following
exhihit ot tlie population of this territory from the cnsus returns of 1840:
From Williams countv : Dcfianee, !>44 ; Delaware, 201 ; F.irmcr, (now Farmer
and Mark) 281; Hieksvilie, (57; T=iin. 222; Wasliiiigton, !)^; Millbrd, 17.5.
From Henry county. Adam.s, 188; Richland and Higldand, (the Littir then
imorganized) 542. From Paulding county: The north half of Auglaize, 100.
Total population of tlie territory in 1840, which tormed th" new county, and
which had not been materially increased at the time of its formation iu 1845,
2,218.

600

JJefia 11 ce Co u n ty — Stat, id ics.

TIio first federal census of Defiance county was returned in IH.jO,
wlion it exhibited a i)0[)ulation of (),!)(J(» ; in JhCiO, 11,hS(>, and in
1810, 1 ,-»,'; I ».

Tho twelve towndiips returned, tos orally, in I«iO, the following;
enumerations of iiihahitantH : Adams, l,r.':.M;; Defiance, .'5,01;"); Del
aware, 1,100; Farmer, l.lHl; llicksville, 1,;*n7 ; lii<;]dand, 5M0;
Mark (in I8f)l, taken frem Farmer). r){)5 : Milford, \J)i)ct; Noble,
807; liichland, 1,104; Tiflin, l,()(S(>; Washini^ton. 1,010.

The county has erected n Court House, one of tho best, as regards
style of architecture, interior arranj^ements. and cost considired, in
the State,

Tho value of the public ])ro])erty of the county, is estimated at
$205,000, free of incumbrance, except a debt of 8r),O0O, on account
of new Court House. The County Infirmary pays an annual sur-
phis into tho Treat^ury exceeding §1,0U0. Tliere is probably no
county in Ohio that, from its organization, has been under more ju-
dicious financial management. The taxal)le valuation of tho county
in 184;'), was S484,U()4 • in 1871, 64.702,707.

Tlie first ofHeers of tlie eounty, alter tlie O'^.miziilioa of Williums,
and wliose oflii-es were tlieii locMteil at tlie tlien county Kent, at Deliunee, liavr
been lieretolore stated. Tliose now in olliee aro tin; tollowin^f : ProbiUc
.Ju(l,i:!;c, J. .1. Greene; Clerk, Elwin Phelps; Proseeutin^j; Attorney, Silas T. Siit-
pheii; yiieritr,.!. 15. Hootniaii; Coroner, .I(jliii II. Kiser: Auditor, John II. (!oiiidc;
Treasurer, Asa Tol)ereu ; Iteeonler, Lewis Neiil ; Surveyor, I). H. Eniflisli ;
Connnissioners, Win. ]{. Me.xwell, Adam Willieini and Iss'uie Carver.

Tlie town was laid out in November, 18ri'2, by Benjamin Lcavell,
of Piqua, and Horatio G. l^hillips, of Dayton, and acknowledged
by Charles (Junn, .J. P., April 18, IS2:{. and recorded tho 28th of
the same month in the records of VVood county, by Thomas K,
McKnight, Recorder. Tiie county seat ol" Williams was established
at Defiance, on condition of a donation by tho proprietors of one
third of their lots, and erecting a jail, in 182.5. lionjamin Leavell,
in 1835, sohl his whole interest in the town and vicinity of Defiance,
to Curtis Holgate. in tho winter of 18:50-40, tiie action of the
commissioners removed the c;)unty seat to Bryan.

The several towns, during tho three decadts. exhibited the fol-
lowing census results :

Defiance, population in 1850, 800; in 1800, 93^; in 1 870. 2,750.

Brunersburg, in 1850, KiO; in 1800. 194; in 1870. 185.

Evansport.in 1850, 105; in 1800, 218; in 1870, 191.

It will bo discovered that Biunersburg and Evansport have retro-
graded, while tho population of Defiance exhibits residts that must
be most gratifying to those interested in its progress. Of the five
largest cities of Ohio, Toledo made tho greatest advance during the
last decade ; and of the eight lesser, Defiance is first— exceeding,
indeed, in ratio of growth, any city in Ohio.

The late Secretary of State, (ieneral Sherwood, in his analysis of
the per cent, of increase made by eight of the smaller cities, during
obt period between 1800 and 1870, gives the following results: De-

Defiance — The County and Town

601

turned in IR50,
1 1 ,bbU, and ill

I, tlio fbllowino;
20, ;J,Gir); Del-
[li^'hland, 1)40;
1.5;').-); Noble,
010.

best, as rcgaivls
, coiisidi red, in

is cstitnatcd at
JOO, on account
an annual sur-
is y^robably no
under more ju-
n of the county

o:i o( WlUiiims,
at Doliunce, liivvi'
lowinji; : Probuti!
)rncy,'8ilaH T. Sut-
r, Jolm II. Conklc;
,r, I). H. English;
[; Oarver.

enjainin Leavell,
I aoknowledgod
led tbc 5i8th of
by Thomas K.
s was established
prietors of one
enjamin Ijeavell,
inity of Defiance,
le action oi the

xhibited the iol-

in 18TO,i},7r)0.
). 18.").
191.

isport have retro-
results that must
ii!<3. or the live
ivance durinf; the
iirst— exceeding,

in his analysis of
,ller cities, during
i'ing results : De-

fiance, 105; Younpjstown, Wl\ Akron, 1S4; Canton, 114; Spring
field, HO; Portsmouth, 67; Steubcnville, (55, and Newark, io.

Commercially, Detianco is most favorably situated, being at tho
ooniluenco of two important rivers, wiiich bear upon their surface
largo values of timber, and also possessing the advantage of two
canals, -which guarantee, during stasons of navigation, not only
cheap freights, but also alTord most valuable water power. Added
to these are tho Toledo, Wabash & Western IJailway, which has a
ropair shop at Defiance, and the Jialtimore, Pittsburg & Chicago
Kailway Company arc now constructing their trunk line through
the town. The appearances and j)robabilities indicate that the fed-
eral census of ISHO will exhibit a per cent, of growth, as compared
with the returns of 1870, fully ccpial to that of the decade to which
Gen. Sherwood calls attention in his report.

The value of exports of ship timber from Defiance, it is claimed,
exceeds that of any town in Ohio.

In the town there are eight ohureboa— 3 Jlethodist, 1 Catholic, I Pr('8l)yto.
rian, 2 Lutlioran, 1 Baptist, and 1 Universalist ; two newspapers — the Defiauce
Ikmocrat, by J. J. Greene, and the Defiance Express, by F. Brooks ; one pub-
lic and three private schools.

The banking facilities have grown from a small and modest beginning,
some ten years since, to their present magnitude and usefulness. The business
WHS first instituted by Ahira Gobi) and Virgil Squire, under the linn name of
Cobb & Sfiuire. Mr. Cobb, being a heavy capitalist, and extensive business
man, of Cleveland, liis time was necessarily given to that city, while the bank
ing business, at Defiance, was conducted by Mr. Squire, who, from his long ex-
perience of 30 years in active mercantile life, was eminently fitted to judge of
the wants and nc(!ds of business men, and in whose hand.'^ the bank speedily
i^ssumed growing and enlarged (•a])al)ilities, — so much so, that, in the course of
a few years, it demanded an extended l)asis, and was, .January 1, 1872, re -or-
ganized under the National fianking act, liy Mr. S(iuire and li'is son Edward,
who, during the year previous, had, by experience and observation, become
thoroughly qualified for the discharge of their several duties. The new bank
was chartered as the "Defiance National fJank," Avith a paid up capital of
>iUK),000 — the father and son being chosen, the one President, and the other
eashier, with a Hoard of Directors composed of some of th(! most i)rosper-
ous luisiness men of th'." town, aslbllows: Henry Kahlo, Virgil Squire, .fames
A. Orcutt, .Joshua P. Otley, William fjuuster, John Crowe, and Edward Squire,
.bulging from results thus far, a highly remunerative and exceedingly prosper-
ous career can safely l)e i)redicted for this bank.

Among the important industries of the town, is the Defiance ISIanufaeturing
t'onipany, which organized and connnenced Itiisincss on a small f).isis, .January
1,1870, and, in the "year ending 1871. the sales had reached, including those
made by their newly-established branch at IiOgans])ort, Indiana, ij}! 150,000, and
had giveu employment to liiO men. About the close of .January, 1872, a tire
destroyed the shops and machincrj', involving heavy lo.«s; but tiie Company,
undismayed l)y the disaster, have re-built, and are again in operation with in-
creased facilities, and arc now enabled to produce daily, of sjjokes, l.'JjOUO ; of
lumber wagon hubs, 100 set ; and of b(mt work, a proportionate amount — con-
stituting it the most extensive manufacturing establishment of its character in
the Maumee Valley. The business is managed by Henry Kahlo, President ; E. P.
Hooker, Secretary, and .John Crowe, Superintendent.

In other industries, the town has also two grist, one saw, one planing,
and one Avoollen mill ; one stave faetory ; one stove foundry ; three
furnitiure factories; one carriage, and two carriage and wagon shops ; six black-

■usn

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

't IIIM
- illllM

"' ti3_6

I.I

2.2

I ZO

1.8

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

Q.,

1.25 1.4

1.6

^ . 6" —

►

^\^

.^^

■"<?."

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80

(716) 872-4503

C^'

602

Paulding County — Statistics, <&c.

smith do; one machine do; two harness do; one mirble do; ttn boot nnd
shoe do, and three nlillinery do. Four hotels ; three livery stables ; five dry
goods, three clothing, one ascrirultural machine, three drug, and three family
grocery stores ; thirty two family groceries and saloons; five meat markets;
one n'^WB depot ; three jewelers ; two cabinet bjIrs rooms ; three tobacconists ;
three brick yards ; one brewery ; two insurance agencies, representing fifteen
companies.

The town of the county next in importance to Defiance, is Hicksville — these
two being the principal points iu the county which will be upon the line of the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, no-v being constructed. A» Hicksville, also, the
Fort Wayne and Detroit road will cross the B, and O. road. As regards
health, no town in the M lunee Valley excseds Hicksville. Its 'supply of pure
water, from Artesian Wells, is abundant for all uses.

PAULDING COUNTY,

Formed April 1, 1820, was named irom John Paulding, a native of
Peeksville, N. Y., and one of the three militia men who captured
Major Andre, in the war of the revolution, and who died in 1818.
The county was organized in 1839.

The population of the county in 1830, was 161; in 1810, 1,034;
in 1850, 1,766 ; in 1860, 4,945, and in 1870, 8,544.

The returns of the census of 1870, exhibited the following as the
census of the several townships :

Auglaize, 788; Benton, 404; Blue Creek, 163; Brown, 1,140;
Carryall, 1,087; Crane, l,68tJ; Antwerp, 717; Emerald. 717; Bar-
rison, 304; Jackson, 5o6; Latty, 294; Paulding, 448 : Washington,
957,

General Horatio N. Curtis is an old resident of the county. In a com-
munication to the Antwer[i Gazette, he states that he made his second visit to
the county on the 10th of March, 1825. " At this time, Defiance was quite a
small village, containing one swull store, one tavern, and some five or six fami-
lies. Isaac Hull kept a s'^re on the north side of the Maumce, opposite Defi-
ance, and liad an extensi"e trade with the Indians.

" Among the first settlers of what is now Delaware township, in Defiance
county, were Montgomery Evans, William Snook, Thomas Warren, and Sam-
uel and Dennison flu.iibes, who settled there in 1823-24. Soon after, Gavin W.
Hamilton and Jacob Platter moved in. The first death that occurred, was
Andrew, son of Jacob Platter.

" The two first justices of the peace, were Oliver Crane and Montgomery Evans.
The next township organized was Crane, which extended south and west from I
Delaware township to the State line. The township derives its name from
Oliver Crane. Among the first Fettiers of what is now Crane township, were
Oliver Crane, William Gordon, Epbraim Seely and Samuel Reynolds, who
settled in 1833-24. damuel Gordon and Dennison Hughes moved to the town- 1
flnp in the early part of 1825. The first justices of the peace elected were
Tliomas P. Quick and H. N Curtis. Tiie first marriage in what is now Crane,!
was solemnized by Oliver Crane, who joined in holy wedlock a Mr. Young tol
Miss Sherry. I

" About this time, Brown township was organized. This township woh iipj
the Auglaize, south of Defiance. The first settlers there were Shadrack Hiul-j
son, Isaac Carey, John Kingery and Christopher Sronfe. The township tookl
its namo from a small fort or stockade that was built by a part of General Harj
rison's army during the second war with Great Britain. It occupied the poiull

5c.

do; ttQ boot flnd
y stables ; five dry
r, and three family
Sve meat marketB;
three tobacconists;
repreasnting fittecn

is Hicksville— these

upon the line of the

Hicksville, also, the

road. As regards

Its 'supply of pure

Paulding (Jounty — Early Settlers.

603

tiding, a native of
len who captured
vho died in 1818.

1; in 1840,1,034;

be following as the

63; Brown, 1,U0;
merald,717; Har-

, 448 : Washington,

county. In a com-
ide bis second visit to
Defiance was quite a
I some five or six fami-
laumce, opposite Defi-

township, in Defiance ]
nu8 Warren, and Sam-
Soon after, Gavin W. ,
ith that occurred, was j

ind Montgomery Evans,
eel south and west from

derives its name from
^ Crane township, were
Samuel Reynold?, who
hes moved to tlie town-
the peace elected were
e in what is now Crane,

edlock a Mr. Young to

This township wna up
ere were Shadrack Ilm-
to The township took
,v a part of General Hat-
It occupied the poinl

at the junction of the Big and Little Auglaize river.?. A part of the pickets or
prtllisades were still standing, and seen by the writer m passing down the
Auglaize river in the spring of 1825. This was called Fort Brown, and was, i
think so marked upon the early maps of the country.

"The next township organized was Carryall, which took its name from a
large rock in the middle of the Maumee river. It was so called by the French
on account of its resembling a vehicle of that name. This stone is abcuit one
mile above the village of Antwerp. Carryall township lies west of Crane.
Among the first pettkrs were William Banks, Reason V. Spurrier, David
Applegate and Thomas Runyan, who settled there in"1827-28. The first mar-
riage that took place was that of Phillip Murphey to Miss Nancy Runyan, and
was solemnized by IT. N. Curtis, then justice of the peace, in" October, 18;3l>.
The three townships last named are now within tlie limiis of Paulding county.

" The first Associate Judges were Nathan Eaton, John Hudson and Gilman
C. Mudgett, who met in the fall of 1839, and appointed H. N. Curtis, Clerk jaro
Um.y and Andrew J. Smilh, Sheriff". The first Court was held in the spring of
1840, Hon. Emery D. Potter presiding, in the then fiourishing village of New
Rochester, at that time containing some twenty families, and tlie most suitable
place in all the county to hold a Court. (There is now scarcely a mark of all
Its former greatness remaining.) From there the Court and county business
were removed to Charloe, in 1841 — the county seat, meantime, having been
established at that point, and continuing there until removed to its present loca-
tion. The bounty on wolf scalps in the early settling of the county, together
with the large quantities of furs and peltries taken liy the trappers and hunters,
formed quite a revenue, and arsslsted much in paying taxes, and in procuring
the common necessaries of life.

" This county, in early time, was one of the favorite hunting grounds of the
Indians, and they yielded their right of dominion to the ' chemocoman,' or
white man, with reluctance. It vras noted for the abundance and fine quality
of the furs and peltries taken within its limits.

" I recollect, while acting as Clerk of the Court, to have had candidates for
marriage frequently pay me my fees in raccoon skins for granting the marriage
license. One case I well recollect, of having been called upon to marry a
couple ; and having done so, the gentleman informed me that he had nothing
to pay me for my services. I told him, all right ; but in the fall they gathered
and sent me a fine lot of hickory nuts as compensation for my services.

" The first trading house in the county was opened by Thomas P. Quick in
1896, for the purpose of obtaining furs and peltries from the Indians. The first
citizen's store in the county was opened in the fall of 1829, by the writer. The
tirst white man that settled in the county was John Driver, a silversmith, who
made broaches and ear-rings tor the Indians."

Among the early settlers at Charloe, were John Taylor, (now of Perrysvilie,)
.John W. Aj'ers, George H. Phillips and A. II. Palmer ; and at the Junction,
Capt. Dana Columbia, Dr. Henry Marcellus, and Capt. Thomas Lough.

General Curtis was well acquainted with the Indian, Occanoxa, with whom
lie frequently had business transactions. He was chief of a band numbering
about six hundred, his town occupying the present site of Charloe. He was a
large, powerfully-built Indian, but advancing years had made inroads upon his
constitution. Ho was naturally ugly, audVhen intoxicated, malicious. On
one occasion, visiting the store of General Curtis for the purpose of trading,
j and being under the infiuence of liquor, he was describing, in a ferocious man-
ner, his ancient feats in scalp-taking. This fighting of his old battles against
white women and children over again, upon his own premises, was not agree-
able to the General, and in a moment of excitement he advanced npon the
[Indian and knocked him to the ground.

William and John Moss, brothers, and native.? of England, visited Paulding

I county in 1834, and established themselves as residents the year follo-ving.

The patent for the land entered at the Piquo Land Office, for the N. E. Qr. of

604

Van Wert County — Populatioro^ dc.

Sec. 26. T. 8 N., R. 3 E., (now Jackson towaship,) bears date May 11, 1835;
and tbat for the land of his brother John being on Sec. 24 adjoining, bears the
same date. These brothers were probably the first white settlers in that Section
of Paulding county, excepting, possibly, one family on the Little Au^iaue,
named Earl.

VAN WERT.

This county was formed April 1, 1820 ; and, like Williams and
Pauldino;, named from one of the captors of the unfortunate Andre-
Isaac Van Wert. The county, at the time of its formation, liad few
white inhabitants, and until J 836 was attached to Mercer county for
civil purposes.

The first Court was held at Willshirc. October 3, ]837, by Associ-
ate Judges Joshua Watkins, Benjamin Griffin, and Oliver Stacey.

The first session of the Commissioners was a special one, also con-
vened at Willshire, on the 29th of April, 183G.

At the time of its organization, Van Wert consisted of twelve
townships, only four of which, namely: Pleasant Ridge, Willshire
and Jennings, were organized.

"Davis Johnson settled in Harrison Township, 5 miles north of the town of
Willshirc, in April, 1836. At that time, in Willshire, were the following fami-
lies : James Majors, Sr., and William Majors, Jr., (the latter having no family,)
and the following sons of the former, part of whom had families: David,
llobert, Jonathan, George, James, Jr.. and William, Jr. ; Charles Mount, (mer-
chant,) Henry Reichard, (merchant ) Wm. Case, (the first Co. Treasurer,) Daniel
Cross, (blacksmith,) Thorn, Harper, and Wm. Purdy. At this date there was not
an inhabitant north of him to the Maumec River. ' Willson, (first surveyor.) and
Ansel Blossom, then the oldest settler resident of the town, who came to Willshire
in 1819. On tlie St. Mary's, ten miles above Willshire, were the families of John,
Jacob, and Peter Bolenbancher, and Solomon Harzack. At the Presidential elec-
ion of 1836, there were 15 votes polled in tlie township of Willshirc, which then
embraced all Van Wert county, and Black Creek tov/nship, Mercer county. At
the election, held October, 18;J7, a ticket was formed, regardless of party
interests, on the morning of the election, and received the unanimous vote of
the electors.

"The first public sale of lots in the town of Van Wert was made on the 17th
of June, 1837.

Mr. Johnson continued on his first homestead, which he yet owns, though
having at several elections been chosen to the oflUce of County Surveyor, until
18"i4, when he removed to Van W^ert, where he continues to reside."

William -Tohns removed to Harrison township in October, 1837, and in 1839
to Pleasant township, until his death, which occurred December 4, 1871. In
the first years of his residence he was connected with the Indian trade— bujine
chicfiy for the Hollisters, of Perrysburg.

Jacob Goodwin removed to the present township of York, in December,
1834. " Peter and John K. Harter came to the neighborhood about the same
date. Washington Mark, John Rich, and Benjamin Griffin, had preceded him
a few months, and were then the only inhabitants of Jennings Prairie. The
only survivors of those named above are Peter Harter and myself. Mr. Hnrter
is one of the most advanced in years among the early pioneers ot Van Wert
county."

Joseph Gleasou removed to Pleasant township. Van Wert county, in August,
1837, and in December, 1839, to the town of Van Wert, where he yet resides.
" In 1837 there were only two families in Van Wert — those belonging to Daniel

(&G.

Van Wert County — Population, <&c.

605

ite May 11, 1835;
djoining, bears the
ers in thai Section
c Little Au^iaize,

io Williams and
rtunate Andre—
rmation, had few
fiercer county for

1837, by Associ-
Oliver Stacey.
cial one, also con-

nsisted of twelve
Ridge, AVillshire

lorth of the town of
; the following fami-
!r having no family,)
ad families: David,
[Charles Mount, (raer-
lo. Treasurer,) Daniel
jis date there was not
I, (tirst surveyor.) and
vliocametoWillshire
I the families of John,
the Presidential elec-
JVillshire, which then
), Mercer county. At
, regardless of party
le unanimous vote of

was made on the 17th

he yet owns, though
ounty Surveyor, until
I to reside."
ler, 1837, and in 1839
)ecember 4, 1871. In

Indian trade— buying

York, in December,
rhood about the same
fin, liad preceded him
ennings Prairie. The
d myself. Mr. Barter
)ioncers ol Van Wert

crt county, in August,
where he yet resides,
se belonging to Darnel

Cook and John F. Dodds, with whom c:ime William Parent. The families of
James G., John, Adam, Thomas, Robert, and Hugh Gilliland, William, John,
and James Young, Hill, John Poole, William Priddy, John Mark, Peter Wills,
David King, and Oliver Stsmey, were living east of town, on or near " the
Ridge ;" and on Jennings Prairie resided WHshington Mark, Benjamin Griffin,
Jolin K. and Peter Harter, Jacob Goodwin and John Case. West, on the
Ridge, were the families of James and Samuel Maddox, William Miller, George
Baney, and William Bronson.

There were no residents in the north part of the county. On a trip to Defi-
ance as late as 1840 or 1841, he found no settlement between Van Wert and the
mouth of the Little Auglaize.

Dr. P. John llines, tlie first physician, and yet living, removed to the town
in 1838. The Gillilands, the Hills, and John Mark, came in the year 1835.
The first named family and Peter Wills cut 20 miles of the track for the road
known as the Bucyrus and Fort Wayne road, commencing about 4 miles west
of Van Wert. The road followed the Indian trail.

Elias Evers removed to the township now known as Union, in October, 1839.

The following were the inhabitants of the town of Van Wert in 1812 :

J. Ilf. Barr, S. Engleright, Wm. Parent, Joseph Gleason, Samuel Clark, E. R.
Wells, Thomas 11. Mott, William Thorn, Daniel Cook, David Fisher, Thomas
R. Kear, John W. Lown, (who removed to Van Wert in June, 1840,) Isaac
Doherty, Robert Gilliland, Dr. P. John Hines, David Richey, Jacob Thorn,
John Roach, George McManama, Thomas Thorn, Samuel Parent, James
Graves, William Caton, William and Jacob Stripe, Joshua and Isaiah Shaffer,
George Cress, William Fronefield and Reuben Frisbie.

The nearest water mills were at Fort Wayne and Piqua ; though there was a
horse mill at which corn and buckwheat were ground on Jennings Prairie, and
another in Union township, Mercer county. Little wheat was then raised.
The "arm-strong," or hand-mill — the stones being " nigger heads," and turned
by hand — would, by dint of hard labor, turn out a peck of corn meal during
the day, and found a place beside a hand-loom in nearly every household.

Population of Van Wert county in 1830, 49; in 1840, 1,577; in
1850, 4,793; in 1860, 10,238 ; in 1870, 15,823.

In 1871, the tax valuation of real and personal property amounted
to $5,065,623.

The first officers elected were, Clerk, Ansel Blossom ; Recorder,
same; Sheriff, Wra. Major; Kecorder, Charles Mount; Commission-
ers, Jesse Atkinson, Joshua Goodwin, and William Priddy; Assessor,
John Kuth.

The following are the county officers in 1872-73 : A. W. Baker,
Probate Judge; Julius A. Gleason, Auditor; George W. Day, Clerk,
James L. Price, Prosecuting Attorney ; John Seaman, Treasurer ;
Abraham B. Gleason, Sheriff"; P. C. Conn, Recorder: James W.
Rimer, Surveyor; A. N. Krout, Coroner; Samuel Miller, Abijah
Goodwin, and' Abraham Balyeat, Commissioners.

The town of Van Wert was laid out on the 30tli of March, 1835.
George Marsh, James Watson Riley, and Peter Aughinbaugh being
the original proprietors. The last addition, by Judge Wm. L. Hel-
fenstein, was made on the 29th of August, 1840.

Population of the town in 1850, 268 ; in 1860, 1,015 ; in 1870, 2,-
625. Valuation of real and personal estate, in 1871, $866,991.

The St. Louis and Toledo Railway will cross the P. F. W. and C.
R. W. at Van Wert, passing through Kalida to Ottawa.

606 Putnam County — Early Inhabitants.

An error having occurred in stating the population of Delphos,
pnge 401, it is here re-stated : In 1850, 374 ; in I860, 425 ; in 1870,
1,667. The taxable basis in the Van Wert portion of Delphos
amounting to about one-third the part included in Allen county,
was, in 1872, ^142,089.

Wilishire is the oldest town in the county, having been founded in
1822 by Capt. Riley, who was prominently identified with the early
history of North Western Ohio, and who made the first survey of
United States lands in the Maumee Valley. In 1872, Wilishire "hiwl
a population of 208.

In Van Wert there are nine churches — 1 Presbyterian ; 1 M. E. ; 1 English
and one German Lutheran ; 1 Baptist ; 1 Disciple ; 1 Catiiolic ; 1 Evangehcal
Protestant ; and one African M. E. A new public Bcbool building, at a cost ex-
ceeding $40,000, has been erected within the last two years, which the State
Superintendent of Schools pronounces the best, consiiiering its cost, erected
within the last ten years.

Fully six hundred thousand dollars are invested in the following named
manufacturing industries: 5 stave factories ; 1 foundry; 2 steam tlour mills;
3 planing mills; 1 saw-mill ; 4 brick yards; 1 hub and spoke factory ; 1 woolen
mill; 3 cabinet factories; 3 wagon and 2 carriage factories; 3 hanicss shops;
2 marble shops ; 1 lumber yard, selling pine dressed lumber ; 1 broom-handle
factory ; 1 tile fav^tory ; 7 shoe and 3 tailor shops ; 1 ashery ; 1 brewerj- ; 1 tlax
mill ; 1 cheese factory and 2 cooper shops. Eighteen steam engines are work-
ing within and directly outside (he corporation.

The banking business is in the hands of the First National and the Van Wert
County Bank.

The Van Wert Bulletin, .T. II. Foster, editor, and Van Wert Times, W. H. Cly-
mer, editor, are issued irom establishments well supplied with material for exe-
cuting superior job printing. There are also 4 hotels ; six general merchandise
stores ; 13 grocery and provision stores ; 8 produce warehouses ; 4 drug stores ; 2
clothing stores ; 7 boot and shoe stores ; 1 dress-makerand 3 milliners ; 2 jewelry
stores; 3 hardware stores; 2 tin and stove stores; 3 livery and sale stables;
sewing machine depots ; 1 fancy furnishing store ; 2 tobacco and cigar stores.

PUTNAM.

This county, formed April 1, 1820, was named from Gen. Israel
Putnam, an officer of historical fame connected with the American
Revolution. Until 1834 it Avas attached to Williams county for
judicial purposes.

Frederick F. Stevens, who originally settled in Putnam county, but removed
to Defiance in 1826, says: " On the Blanchard, in 1885, one mile above its mouth,
resided John Ridenour, and at the junction of that stream with the Auglaize,
Andrew Craig, who claimed to have been the first white settler in Putnam
county. Excepting these two, there were no white families on the Bla ichard
below Findlay. Henry Wing had previously settled near the mouth of Bianchard,
but abandoned his place, and removed to Defiance. Sebastian Sroufe was on
the Auglaize, one mile above Blanchard's Fork, and Wm. Bowen \\ miles
above Myers' Mill, or ' Kilkannon's ripple ;' and yet above these, on the
Auglaize, Elias Wallace, James J. Martin, Daniel Sullivan, David Murphey,
(who also claimed to have been the first white settler in Putnam county;) Kufus
Carey, (8+ miles below Fort Jennings,) and a Mr. Harris, then the only inhabi-
tant at Fort Jennings. Yet above the Fort were Mr. Hill, Joseph Sutton, Wni.

Ms.

Putnam County — Early Inhahitants. 607

If!

;ion of Delphos,
0, 425 ; in 1870,
tion of Pelphos
n Allen county,

been founded in
(1 with the early
le first survey of
r2, Willshire hiwl

1 M. E. ; 1 English
olic; 1 Evangelical
lilding, at a cost ex-
,ia, which the State
ing its cost, erected

e following named
5 steam tlour mills ;
:e factory ; 1 woolen
s ; 2 harness shops ;
er ; 1 broom-handle
,' ; 1 brewery ; 1 flax
m engines are work-

al and the Van Werl

'xi Times, ^N. H. Cly-
rith material for exe-
general merchandise
ases ; 4 drug stores ; 3
J milliners; 2 jewelry
y and sale sUibles; G
10 and cigar stores.

from Gen. Israel
kvitli the American
illiams county for

I county, but removed
mile above its mouth,
m with the Auglaize,
ite settler in Putnam
illcs on the Bla ichanl
le mouth of Blanchard,
)astian Sroufe was on
Nm. Bowen 1^ miles

above tliese, on the
ivan, David Murphey,
iitnam county;) Kufus

then the onlv inbabi-
1, Joseph Sutton, Wni.

Cochran, Josiab Closson, John Welch, Daniel and Wm. Sunderland, Thos. and
Wm. Berryniun, and Samuel Washburn.

John Lang made a publication in the Delphos Herald, containing the
following statement :

" The Indians remained in this neighborhood, their last encampment being
at Sulphur Springs, nntil the year isS'i, and below Fort Jennings as late aa
1839. Settlements were made at Fort Jennings in 1834, when Von der Embz,
,lohn Wellman, and others, settled there, and were soon after joined by Henry
Jo.'-eph Boehmer. Disher, Peters, Raabe, liader aijd Shroeder, ' E(iuatted ' on
Jennings as early as 1882."

Judge George Skinner, who removed to Kalida in 18-19, and is yet a resident
in that neighborhood, says : " David Murphey was the first white settler in this
county— residing in a bouse he had built of poles at the mouth of Blanchard.
The first house built was by two men and one woman, a mile above the moutli
of Blanchard. The first county Court was held in the house of Christian
Sarber, half a mile south of Kalida— Wm. L. Helfenstein presiding as Judge,
and the family table serving as Judge's and Clerk's desk, bar table, etc., and the
Judge making use of the bed for a seat. The jury held their private consulta-
tions in the woods. John Sarber, Christian Sarber, and Ezra Hicks, members
of the first grand jury, are yet living.

" The third order issued by the Auditor read as follows :

'" To the Treasurer of Putnam county, Ohio : Pay William Treat three dol-
lars and eighty cents for services as pack liorse in running the Napoleon road.'

" On the Court record of 1836, 1 find this entry : ' The Court appoint James
Tay?or Clerk pro tern., in place of Daniel W. Gray, rpsigned.' William ('Com-
modore') Phillips obtained a renewal ot his tavern license. Marriage licenses
were granted to David Stoufer and Elizabeth Nicewarner, John Armstrong and
Elizabeth Strain, Christian Lugibill and Catharine Stoufer.

" Jennings creek took its name from Col. Jennings, who led a body of men
there from Fort Recovery and built a stockade at the junction of that stream
with the Auglaize. C(il. Jennings died and was buried here. Ottawa river
was named from the Indian tribe who had their hunting grounds along its course.
The name of Hog Creek had its origin in the fact that, during the war of 1812,
some white men living near Piqua undertook to drive a lot of hogs to tlie mili-
' y garrisons on the Maumee ; and having reached this stream, which they
found much swollen, and becoming alarmed at the hostile movements of the
Indians, they undertook to force their stock across, some of which reached the
opposite shore, another portion perished in the waters ; but the most remained
upon the first bunk, and all were left to their fate by the owners, who made a
rapid retreat homewards. The surviving hogs multiplied and replenished the
wilderness. Hence the name of ' Hog Creek,' or ' Swinonia,' as Count Cof-
finberry, under a poetic inspiration, de&ignated it.

" Sugar Creek derived its name from the maple orchards which supplied the
Indians at Charloe with their sugar ; Plum Creek, from the annual wealth of
wild plums that its rich bottoms srupjilied, ' without money and without price ;
and Cranberry, from the numerous marshes that bore that fruit in its vicinity.
Riley and Deer Creeks were named by the Government Surveyor, Capt. James
Riley; and Blanchard, by an Indian trader, who was the first white settler
upon its margin.

"The first store in the county was established by an Indian trader on Sec-
lion 16, Liberty township. Thu first general muster was held at Ottawa, in
1839. at which all the able-bodied ' sovereigns' of the county were gathered, with
plenty of ' corn dodgers,' music and whiskey."

Among the veterans at Gilhoa, on the Blanchard, were Andrew, Thomas R.
and William McClure, John P. Flemming, Otho and John Crawfis, Elisha and
Isaac Stout, Nathaniel M. Creighton, J()8e|)h Hiokei-son, Matthew Chambers,
Abraham Hardin, Samuel and Jesse Hall, Wm. B. Thrao, Colonel Milton C.
Ewing, Stauberry Sutton, Dr. Hiram Alford and Dr. H. Luce.

603

Putnam County — Pioneers, (&c.

At Croghan Post Office, which place was afterwards Shannon, and now Bluflf.
ton, Allen county, were the families of Daniel W. Goble, Mr Viers, John
Anistutz, John Carnahan, John McIIeury, Jolin Stciner, Josiah and Budd
Gasl^ill, and Hugh Lee.

At Pendleton were Joseph Patterson, Dr. 11. Day, Mr. Kilheffbr and Mr, Hamil-
ton; at Columbus Grovo, Capt. Fred. Fruchey,,Iohn Bogartand Mr. Turner; at
Ottawa and vicinity, Dr. C. T. Pomeroy, Wm. and Jonathan Y. Sackett, Wm.
Henderson, George Agner, Moses Sutton, John Race, James Clarlc, Christian
Huber, Wm. Galhreath, James F. Adgate, Dr. C. M. Godfrey, Michael Row,
Samuel Runj-an, John and-Di.vid Cox and Wm. Williams; at Glandorf, Rev.
John W. Horstman, Henry Ridenour and Ferdinand Breidilte, who settled i;i
1833, and in the same year, in the neighborhood, John F. Kable, the first Ger-
man naturalized in Putnam counly. At au early date, also, were Gasper and
Wm. Schierloh, Henry Umverfert, B. H. Kemper, Lewis Baker, and Messrs.
Bookhold, Oskamp and Mohrman.

On the Blanchard, below Glandorf, were W. Leemaster, Henry Wing, Jolm
Snyder, Nutter Powell, John P. Simons, Solomon Carbaugh, Joel Wilcox, Dil-
man Swifzer, John Ridenour, Wm. Bell and Mr. Shank.

At Kalida and neighborhood the following were among th j early residents ;
Winchton and Orville Risley, Francis H Gillett, Dr. Moses Lee, James Wells,
George J. Wichterman, James H. Vail, Jacob Bean, Robert McCreary, Robert
and Isaac McCracken, Hugh and Willie Crawford, Sheldon Guthrie, Clark
H. and Levi Rice, Col. J. White, Capt. Thomas Coulter, George Skinner,
Alonzo A. Skinner, James Thatcher, J. S. Spencer, Wm. Monroe,^James and
Andrew J. Taylor, David Ayers, Wm. Phillips, Richard Lee, Jesse Higlit, Ezra
Hicks, Adam Sarber, John Parrish, Joseph Nichols, Hugh Hughes, Evan R.
Davis, Henry Moneyamith, John Ayeni, James Rodgers, and several families
named Guy.

On and near Hog Creek, above Kulida, were Benjamin Clevinger, and his
sons, Joseph, George, Jacob, Eli, James, Samuel and John; Col. John Kuhns,
Jenkins Hughes, John GufTey, James Nicholas, Mr. Rhoades and John Gander.

Below Kalida, and on Hog Creek and the Auglaize, were James Hill, Rufus
Carey, Wm. H. Harris, Elias Wallen, Wm. Bowen, David Murphey, Daniel and
Jackson Sullivan, Thomas Carder, Obed Martin, Rev. P. B. Holden, Rev. John
Tussing, Henry Pence, Wm. and Daniel Thatcher, Samuel and Peter Myers,
Ellison Ladd and Mr, Rhoades. Thr early inhabitants in the neighborhood of
the junction of Bog Creek with the Auglaize, by reason of the eccentricities of
some of them, were generally known as the " Auglaize rangers."

la Greensburg township the first white inhabitant was Henry Wing, who re-
moved to it in 1825. At Ihe first election held April, 1835, Wm. Bell, Abraham
Crow and Joshua Powell were elected Trustees ; Frederic Brower, Clerk ;
Nutter Powell, Treasurer ; and Frederic Brower, Justice of the Peace. At Ibis
election eight votes were cast. F. Brower is the oldest resident now living in
the township, having settled there in 1883.

Liberty township was settled in 1835 — Alexander Montooth being the first
white male inhabitant. Then came, a lew months later, C. Hofstaeter ; Nicho-
las McConuel ; Samuel, James and John Irvin ; Mr. Krebs and Oliver C. Pome-
roy. In the succeeding years came L. Hull ; Jacob Sigler ; Henry Knop ;
George Hagle ; Robert Lowry ; James Woodell ; George Bell ;
and James McKinnis. Pete Arm, one of the head of the Tawa tribe of
Indians, opened a small stock of goods on Section IG— he being thefirst merchant.

The township was organized in the spring of 1837 — Nicholas McConnel,
Hugh S. Ramsay and John E. McConnel being among the qualified electors,
and voting. A. T. Prentiss, who furnishes these notes, opened a
school in the township, in the winter of 1839-40. The first church was the As-
sociate Presbyterian, of Poplar Ridge, organized by Rev. Samuel Willson—
Nicholas McConnel and James Strain being ruling elders. The first settled
minister was Rev. Samuel McLane, who took charge of the church in 1843, and
remained until 1848, the period of his death. The first church building, and

n, and now Bluff.
Mr Viere, John
oaiuh and Budd

"eraiidMr.HamU-
d Mr. Turner ; at

Y. Sackett, Wm.

Clark, Christian
}v, Michael Row,
at Glandorf, Bev.
ce, who settled in
ihle, the first Ger-

were Gasper and
laker, and Messrs.

^enry Wing, John
, Joel Wilcox, Dil-

J J early residents:
Lee, James Wells,

McCreary, Robert
on Guthrie, Clarl;
, George Skinner,
ionroe,"'James and
, Jesse Higlit, Ezra

Hughes, Evan R.
id several families

Clevinger, and his
, Col. John Kuhns,
s and John Gander.
>. James Hill, Rufus
urphey, Daniel and
Holden, Rev. John
1 and Peter Myers,
he neighborhood of
the eccentricities ot
gers."

lenry Wing, who re-
Wm. Bell, Abraham
!ric Brower, Clerk;
• the Peace. At this
3ident now living in

ooth being the first
i. Hofstaeter ; Nicho-
and Oliver C. Pome-
igler; Henry Knop;
11 ; George Bell ;
the Tawa tribe ot
eg the first merchant.
Nicholas McConnel,
he qualified electors,
e notes, opened a
3t church was the As-
v. Samuel WilUon—
18. The first settled
e church in 1843, and
church building, and

Putnam County — Pionaera — Clark II. Mice. GOO

the first established cemetery wcrn upon the landfi of James McKinnia. The
town of Metliiry was laid out in 1^45, by S. Modary, Dr. Win. Trevilt, J. W.
Walters and J. M. Palmer ; Leipsic, in 1852., by Jobii W. Pecklnpaugh. Before
the opening of the Dayton and Michigan road, the average prices current for
produce at Leipsic were, for wheat, per buuhel, 87@50c. ; corn, 15@20c. ; oats,
I2®30c. ; flour, per hundredths., iU(r/i|2 ; pork, per lb., 3(a)8c. ; honey, 8&
10c. ; butter, 4@6c. ; eggs, S@Oc. per do/., and other articles of farm products,
except fruit!!, in proportion."

Among the first lawyers in Putnam county, were F. H. Gillett, W. L. Birge,
A. A. Bkinacr, John Morris, E. T. Mott, and, later, B. F. Metcalf and James
Mackenzie.

The old physicians were Drs. Moses Lee, P. L. Cole and Andrew McCIure, ol
Kalida ; Drs. Alford and Luce, of Gilboa ; Drs. Godfrey and Pomero/, of
Ottawa ; Drs. Cooper and Dewues, of Franconia and Dr. Day, of Pendleton.

Wm. Galbreath aided in the erection of Fort Moigs — was present during the
two seiges— and witnessed, from the pallisades of the Fort, (May 5, 1813,) the
disaster which occurred to the forces of Col. Dudley ; and three days afterwards
was with a force which crossed the river to bury the dead ; but the bodies were
80 advanced in decomposition, that it was impossible to execute their mission.
The wolves, eagles and buzzards held t'lieir hideous feasts during several days
and nights. Mr. Galbreatli removed to Putniim county in 1834.

Oliver Talbert, one of the old residents of the county, was at the surrender of
Hull at Detroit, in 1812.

The author of this work was formerly a citizen of Putnam county, and at one
time Representative in the General Assembly of Ohio ; and, it may not be im-
proper to state, c riginated the proposition to reduce the valuation of the State
Canal Lands, and secure their sales, iu restricted quantities, to actual settlers.

George Skinner made Kalida his residence in Aoril, 1839. During this period
he has served as Associate) Judge, had charge of the settlement of numerous
estates, and probably made surveys of more acres of land in the county than
any other person now living, and has discharged these several duties satisfactorily
to the public and to all parties in interest.

Dr. C. M. Godfrey, born in Adams county, Pennsylvania, June 17, 1816, es-
tablished himself in Ottawa, Putnam county, in 1837 — studied medicine in the
office of Dr. Pomeroy, and commenced the practice of his profession in 1840.
Directly after he became a resident, Dr. Godfrey took a leading part in every
proposition made to hasten the development of the resources of the county . He
was elected County Treasurer in 1842, and re-rlected in 1844; Presidential
elector on the Cass and Butler ticket in 1848; appointed Trustee of the
new Lunatic Asylums in the State in 1854, and re-appointed in 1855, and was
elected a member of the Ohio Senate in 1861. Dr. Godfrey is a good specimen
of the race of self-made men who were so largely instrumental in giving a high
character to the business and social life of the places of his residence.

CLARK H. RICE.

The name of this honored citizen, as one of the old residents of
Putnam county, has been elsewhere mentioned. Mr. Rice was born
November 19, 1804, in Essex county, New York, near Lake Cham-
plain; and in 1812, with his parents, removed to Richlnnd county,
Ohio. He was married December 6, lb32, near Perrysville, Ashland
county, Ohio, to Miss Catharine Mowers, who still survives him.

Mr. Rice removed to Kalida in June, 1839^ and engaged in mer-
cantile business, in which he continued during a period exceeding
twenty years. From here he removed to Ottawa in November, 1868,
and established the banking house of C. II. Rice & Co., and

610 PiUrimn Count t/ — Pioneers — Clarh IF. Jiioe.

remained in this business until the time of his donth, which occurred
Sentember 27, 1870.

It may with entire truth be stated that no man lias lived in the
Maumee Valley who left a more honorable business record than Mr.
Rice; and although successful in worldly accumulations, his kindred
and friends honor the stainless name he left, and esteem it a legacy
of higher value than his wealth, considerable as that was. With him,
hia word and his bond vcie convertible terms, and both would com-
mand unlimited credit wherever he was known.

It will net be deemed Improper or uncalled for here, inaamueb fts a professed
" history" of the pivrt Ohio Holdiers bore in tlie late (rivd war, has failed to ren.
der Justice to the military record, among others, made by Brig. (Jen. A. V. Rice,
son of the above, to brietly recapitulate tiie part the latter acted in that contlict.
Gen. Rice wag born at Perrysville, then Richland county, Ohio, in 1838-gradu-
uted in the class of 1800, at Union College, Schenectady, New York ; — was a law
Btudent until the war between the States happened ; when, to aid in the preser-
vation of the Federal Union, he offered Ids services as a private soldier, with
old school-mates and acquaintances, under the three month's call of President
Lincoln. April 21), 18(jl, he was elected Second Lieutenant of Company E.,
21st Reg., Olun Infantry ; May 16, elected CJaptain, and served as such in the
campaign of Western Virginia under Qen. J. D. Cox, until the muster out of
his regiment, in August, 1861.

During the month of September, 1861, he recruited a Co. for the 3 year's
service, and was mustered in as Capt. Co. A., 57th Ohio Infantry, which Regi-
ment he largely assisted to recruit and organize. On the 8th ot February, 1802,
he was appointed Lt. Col. by Gov. Tod, at the instance of his friends, and on
the unanimous recommendation of the Officers of hia Regiment. He accom-
panied his command to Paducah, Ky., when it was made a part of what is
proudly spoken of as " Sherman's Division."

At the ever memorable battle of Shiloh, Miss., April 6th and 7th, 1802, lie
commanded his Regt., as Lieut. Col., which was in the thickest of the fight,
losing one-third of its men, — he being wounded l)y concussion of a shell above
him, and knocked off his horse during the engagement.

In the advance and siege on Corinth, Miss., he took an active part in all the
battles, and commanded his Regiment in such a manner as to elicit the encomi-
ums of his superior officers. He was constantly with and followed the fortimes
of Sherman's Army, during the summer and fall of 1862 ; and at Chickasaw
Bayou, Miss., in Sherman's effort to reduce Vicksburg, assumed command ol
his Regiment, during the different engagements there from Dec. 27, 1802, to
.Tan. 2, 1863. On the last day, under instructions from Sherman, he com-
manded the rear guard of the evacuating army. He was with his Regiment
at the battle of Arkansas Post, Ark., Jan. 10th and 11th, 1863, and within 70
sters of the enemy's works, imdcr orders to charge the same at the time of the
surrender. He worked on the "Canal" at Vicksburg from Jan. 21st to Feb.
12th, 1863. In March he commanded the 1st Brig, of the 1st Div. 15th A. C.
in the " Black Bayou Expedition " — an eifort of Gen. Sherman to reach a point
on the Yazoo river above Haine's Bluff, and thus invest Vicksburg. In this
expedition his Brigade, by its prompt and energetic movements, relieved one
gun-boat under Porter, and a part of the 2nd Brigade, which were surrounded
by the enemy and in a most perilous condition.

On the 30th of April, he took his command to Snyder's Bluff, on the Yazoo
river, and assisted in making the diversion against that point, which enabled
Gen. Grant to capture Grand Gulf, Miss. By rapid marches his command
circled round Vicksburg, by the way of Richmond, La., and Grand Gulf, Miss.,
and reached Baker's Creek, Miss., in time to engage in the battle of Champion
Hills, May 16, 1863. He led his command in the engagement at Big Black

-r-r

I. ItiGe.

Hancock' County — Organization.

Gil

which occurred

as lived in the
•ocord than Mr.
)ii8, his kindred
,eein it a legacy
^as. With him,
oth would com-

lUch as a profcsacrt
', hii9 failed to ren-
(Jen. A. V. Rice,
;ed in tlmt conflict,
lio, in 1886-gradu-
York ; — was a law

aid in the preser-
iviite soldier, with
8 call of President
t of Company E.,
vcd as suck in the

the muster out of

;o. for the 3 years
mtrv, which Kepi-

1 ot February, 18tJ2,

Uis friends, and on

ment. He acconi-

a part of what is

land 7th, 1802. he
ickest of the tight,
ion of a shell above

ctive part in all the
to elicit the encomi-
allowed the fortunes
; and at Chickasaw
lumed command ol
n Dec. 27, 18(52, to
Sherman, he com-
with his Regiment
863, and within 70
le at the time of the
tti Jan. 2l8t to Feh.
IstDiv. 15th A. C.
nan to reach a point
Vicksburg. In this
iments, relieved one
ch were surrounded

Bluff, on the Yazoo
oint, which enabled
Tches bis command
d Grand Gulf, Miss.,
battle of Champion
cment at Big Black

river, May 17th, and pushing on to Vickshurg, was in the first assault on that

tlace after its investment on the 10th of May, 1863. On the 22nd of May he led
is command in the terrible charge of the enemy's works at VIcksburg, in
which he was severely wounded, his right leg broken by a shot below the knee,
and a minnie ball received in bis thigh. These wounds kept him out of active
service till January, 1804.

For his actions' in the va'iiouscanipiii<;n8 about Vicksburg, Gen. Sherman
reconmicndcd him for p<-om<>tion us lirigiuliur General. In the meantime. May
16. 1801, be was appointed Colonel ot bis Regiment.

lie was ngitin with Hiiorniiin on his most notable campaign of 1864 against
Atlanta, taking part in the ditlercnt battles of Sugar Vallev, Rcsaca, Dallas,
New Hope, Rig Shanty and Little Kenesaw, from the rttb of May till the 27ih
cf June, 1804, when, at the assault on Little Kenesaw, he received three
wounds almost simultaneously— the first resulting in amputation of the right
leg above the knee ; the second badly shattering his left foot, and the third
raking his head suflicii'Ht to bleed him freely.

For his action at Resaca, Georgia, May 14, 18G4, he again received an
impromptu recommendation from the general officers for promotion to Briga-
dier General for " gallant conduct on the field, imder their personal observa-
tion ;" but the appointment was not made till May, 1805.

His terrible wounds at Little Kenesaw kept him out of the service till April,
ISO), when he again joined his army at Newburn, North Carolina. He passed,
with his command, in the great review at Washington May 24, 1865, and in
June took them to Louisville, Ky., where he was jissigned tf> the command of
the 8rd Brigade of the 2nd Division of the 15th A. C.,— which he took to Little
Rock, Arkansas, June 24, 1865. The same was mustered out, August, 1805.

Gen. Rice was honorably discharged, January 15th, 1860, havmg given his
best energies, and nearly 5 years of the best part of his life, together with a part
of his physical being, to the service of his country. He was married to the
eldest daughter of the late Judge Metcalf, Lima, Ohio, October, 1806, and now
lives in his old county of Putnam, at Ottawa, and succeeds his honored father
us the head of a prosperous banking institution.

The population of Putnam county, in 1830, was 230 ; in 1840, 5,189 ; in 1850
7,221 ; in 1860, 12,808 ; and in 1870, 17,081. In 1852, the tax valuation of real
and personal property amounted to $1,109,954 ; in 1882 to $3,115,499; and in
1872, to $5,386,908.

Notes regarding the progress and prospects of the several towns are very
reluctantly omitted.

HANCOCK,

With many of the other counties heretofore named, was formed by
the legislative enactment of April 1, 1820, and named from John
Hancock, first President of the Revohitionary Congress. Th« organi-
zation of the county was made in April, 1828— the only voting place
being Findlay, and seventy-two being the whole number of votes cast.
A very clear view of the early history of the county is embodied in
former pages.

"From Urbana the army, on the 16th of June, 1812, moved, on its march
towards the foot of the Maumee Rapids, as far as King's Creek, and from this
point opened a road as far as the Sciota, where thev built two block-houses,
which they called Fort McArthur, in honor of the officer whose regiment had
opened the road. To this Fort the whole army came on the 19th, and on the
21st Colonel Finley was ordered to open the road as far as Blanchard's fork,
whither the army, excepting a guard left at Fort McArthur, again followed on

612

Hancock County — Pioneers^ (&c.

the 22nd. Here, amid rain and mud, another block-house was erected, which
was called Port Necessity. From this point the army soon after moved to
Blanchard's forlc, where Colonel Finley had built a blockhouse, which wag
callbd in honor of that officer." — Amencan State papers.

Squire Carlin says of the condition of the old fort, in 1826 : " The pickets
next the river were in a good condition of preservation ; but travellers who
had camped in the fort had chopped off the tops of many of those enclosing
the other three sides, for firewood. Within the enclosure was a block-house
yet standing, and two small houses which had probably been used for barracks.
The pickets inclosed about one acre ot ground."

Regarding the siege of the fort, during the war, the reader is referred to the
letter of Major Oliver, pp. 159-160.

Joseph Gordon was *he first mail-carrier — concluding his twenty year's ser-
vice about 1840. In an editorial notice of Mr. Gordon, published in the
Findlay Courier, January 23, 1847, Wm. Mungen said :

" Few, indeed, have constitutions sufficiently strong to endure such labor, for
such a length of time. To think of carrying a weekly mail, ninety miles
through a wilderness, under the scorching rays of a summer's sun — through the
chilling winds and rains of winter — and that, too, for a mere pittance, is
enough to make a person shudder. It is to such men as Mr. G. , to our hardy
pioneers, who were ready to encounter all kinds of toil and privation, that
Ohio owes her present stale of prosperity and advancement. For such men we
cannot but cherish sentiments of respect :

" Joseph Gordon was bom in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, on the 29th
day of January, A. D. 1784. In the year 1801, when but 17 years old, he com-
menced carrying the mail, on horseback, from Russellsville, Kentucky, via
Bowling Green, to Glasgow, a distance of eighty-five miles, once in two weeks,
for which he received twelve dollars per month. In 1808 he took a contract
to carry the mail from Shelbyville, Ky., to Nashville, Tennessee. In conse-
quence of the route being changed, he carried this mail only two months.
From that time till October, 1804, he carried it from Shelbyville to Russells-
ville, Ky. In October, 1804, he commenced carrying the mail, on horseback,
from Wheeling, Virginia, to George Beymer'sin this State, semi- weekly, a dis-
tance of fifty miles, with a led horse and a heavy mail on each. In 1805 and
1806, until the stages commenced running, he carried it from Wheeling, Va,,
through St. Clairsville, Zanesville, and New Lancaster, to Chilicothe. In
February, 1823, he commenced carrying the mail from Bcllefontaine, Logan
county, to Perrysburg, Wood county, a distance of eighty-one miles through a
wilderness, there being but one family residing in Hardin county, and but one
Post Office on the route, and that at this place. Now there are eleven Post
Offices on the route, which produce about three thousand two hundred dollars
per annum. Mr. Gordon was the only contractor on this route from Febnmiy
7th, 1823, to December 31st, 1839. Since 1839 he has carried the mail semi-
weekly from Bcllefontaine to this place, a distance of fifty -five miles."

Mr. Mungen also contributes the following :

" For a long time what goods were purchased and brought here came via the
Maumee, Auglaize and Blanchard, to Findlay, from Perrysburg, the head
of navigation on the Maumee. The furs and such articles of sale and com-
merce as the new country furnished went there by the same route. The ves-
sels used in the transportation of these articles Vfero pirogues, or the bodies of
large trees hollowed out by the axe and by fire.

" Sometime about 1834, Michael Price, William Taylor, John McKinnis, his
father, Robert McKinnis, and one or two others not now remembered, who hud
baen on a trading trip to Perrysburg, were returning with goods, &c., and hav-
ing got up into Blanchard a few miles above its mouth, and landed, discovered
a large bear running past them. They gave chase, overtook or intercepted >t,
attacKed and killed it with the poles they used to propel their pirogues, after a

JC.

Hancoch County — Pioneers, &c.

613

was erected, which
oon after moved to
li-house, which wag

[826: "The pickets
but travellers who

jr of those enclosing
was a block-house

;n used for barracks.

ler is referred to the

is twenty year's ser-
1, published in the

idure such labor, for
J mail, ninety miles
r's sun — through the
a mere pittance, is
[r. G., to our hardy
and privation, that
t. For such men we

flvania, on the 29th
.7 years old, he com-
?ille, Kentucky, via
!, once in two weeks,
! he took a contract
ennessee. In conse-
1 only two months.
Ibyville to Eussells-
mail, on horseback,
5, semi-weekly, a dis-
I each. In 1805 and
"rom Wheeling, Va,,
, to Chilicothe. lu
Jcllefontaine, Logan
y-one miles through a
county, and but one
lere are eleven Post
two hundred dollars
route from February
rried the mail semi-
'-five miles."

ht here came via the
errysburg, the head
ea of sale and com-
me route. The ves-
mes, or the bodies of

, John McKinnis, his
smembered, who hud

foods, &c., and hav-
landed, discovered
5ok or intercepted »t,
heir pirogues, after a

serious and dangerous combat. TJiey had no gun in the fight, their guns being
in the boats when bruno made bis appearance."

The same gentleman furnishes the following list of early settlers :

"In 1818, came Wilson Vance; and in 1822, John P. Ilambleton and Robert Mc-
Kinnis and his sons Charles, Phillip, James and John, and son-in-law, Jacob
Poe ; and on Blanchard, below Findlay, in 1837, were John Fishel, and his
sons, Michael and John, and son-in-law, John Magee ; and prior to 1830, Geo.
Shaw, Wm. Downing, John, Richard and Lewis Duke; from 1830 to 1835,
Wm. and John Moflit, Wm. Birckhead, Thomos Hobbs, Daniel Cusack, Isaac
Corner, John Povenmire, John Byall, .James Jones, John Fletcher, .John Lytle
and George Chase ; from 1835 to 1840, James Jones, Absolom Hall, John Price,
Thos. Cook, Solomon Lee, Rich'd and Wm. Watson, .Johnson and Robt. Bonham,
Wm. Fountain, Robert L., Isaac and John Stroter, Rev. Geo. Van Eman, Wm.
Ebright, Van Burson, Thos. Cook, Moses Predmorc, Nathan Frankes, Thomas
and John Jones, John Smeltzer, B. McClish, Enos I^addox and A. C. Worden.

"At Findlay and neighborhood, from 1825 to 1830, were William Taylor,
James B. Thontas, David Egbert, Squire Ciirlin, Ebenezer Wilson and Ab'm.
Huff; and, during the period from 1830 to 1835, there appeared Wm. Burns,
Chas. Thomas, Wm. Gillespie, Wm. Marvin, Aldlen Wisely, Leonard Baumgart-
ner, Jacob Baker, John Moore, John Graham, Wm. Roller, Cornelius Poulson,
John Shoemaker, Moses McAnelly, John Huff, Aaron Swihart, George Uollen-
bach, Wm. S. Birkhead, John Bermnan, Charles Thomas, John Burman, John
Franks, Valentine Earns, Peter Wyant, John Edington — and, (dates being
mostly uncertain,) Josiah Elder, George Fahl. Godfrey Wolford, Jacob Shaffer,
John Lafferty, John Rose, Nathaniel Miller, .J acob Shoemaker, Michael Misa-
more, Peter and Joseph George, (1827,) Elisha Brown, Joseph Twining, Chas.
Van Home, Andrew Morehart, Uriah Egbert, Daniel Alspach, Stephen Lee.
John Beach, Aquilla Gilbert, (1828,) Mordecai Hammond, John and Henry Or-
wick, Henry Treace, Robert Russel, John Vanatta, John D. and Henry Bishop,
Lower Walters, JoJm Scothorn, Elijah Woodruff, Joshua Hartmun, Robert
Crawford, A Keel, G. W. McClelland, Wm. Cameron, Wm. W. Hughes,
Henry Oman, Nathaniel Stout, Simon Crist, Isaac Smith and Moces Elza.
And again, between 1830 and 1835, came Samuel Huntington, John Kemphir,
John Stump and John Fenstermaker ; and, between the years 183 > and 1840,
the following named persons became residents : Robert Sherrard, James, John
and Amos Cooper ; James Barr, Alfred and Isaac N. Davis ; John and Joseph
Radabaugb ; Robert Barnhill, Emanuel L^ngbrake, Adam li^ramer, John Berg-
man, John Schoonover, Henry Kainps, Charles Henderson, Archibald Wilson,
H. B. Thomas, Siias Leonard, Christopher and James Wiseman, Peter Glothart,
Mordecai Haddox, Elihu Dennison, Frederick Dudduit, Ab'-aham W. Beales,
Abraham Schoonover, Joshua Smitli, Geo, Van Eman, Jos. ^^h Johnson, Daniel
Fairchild, Joseph Lash, Grafton Baker, John P. Ebersole, Wm. Fox, Jacob
Hissong, Samuel Heller, Thomas Ivelley, Caleb Roller, Francis Renfern, Sr.,
Paul Matthias, Thomas Watkins, James McConnel, and Samuel Morehead.
And also at an early date came C. W. O'Neal, John Morrison, James M.
and Charles Cofflnberry. M. C. Whitely, Dr. Bass liawson, John Mungen, Abel F.
Parker, Parlee Carlin, Robert Bovard, John Reed. Jacob Ewing, John Fair-
child, Phineas Mapes, George Downing, Christian Barnes, (and his sons, .John,
Abney, Jacob, Elijah and Gamaliel,) Jacob Rosenberg, Benj. Huber, Dr. Jacob
Carr, Judge M. C. Whitely, Jacob Crumley and others."

Drake 'Taylor, with part of his family, (including bis two sons, Stephen and
Henry D.,) removed to the farm 2 miles below Gilead, (now Grand Rapids,)
in Noveml)er. 1828. The families then at the head of the liapids were Edward
and Robert Howard and William Pratt ; and between these and Mr. Taylor's
place were Joseph Keith and a Mr. Laugbrey. On the north side, at Provi-
dence, resided Peter Manor, the only inhabitant on that side between Water-
villo and Prairie du Masque, where Samuel Vance, Mr. Scribner, (father of
Edward Scribner, new of Napoleon,) inid Mr. liucklin, resided. There was a

614

Hancoch County — Pioneers, (&c.

settler opposite Damascus, on the south side, named Delong, and below him,
on the same side, were Jacob Brown and Amos Pratt, who lived about two
miles above Grand Rapids. Returning to tlie north side, and above Mr. Patrick,
resided the families of Elijah Gunn, senior and junior ; and above them, at the
place now called Florida, lived Jesse Bowen and Mr. Hunter. Opposite, at
Snaketown, were the families of Messrs. Mayhew and Hunter.

From the place above mentioned, Mr. Taylor and part of his family removed
to the twrelve mile reservation above Waterville, (being the first white settlers
on that reservation.) Henry D. Taylor is now a resident of Hancock county.

Wilson Vance, before mentioned, may be regarded as one of the fatlicrs of
Findlay. He first came to the place as representative, under a power of attor-
ney, of the one-fifth interest of his brother, Joseph Vance, subsequently Gover-
nor of Ohio. The family of Wilson Vance made the seventh household of
Hancock county. As an honest man, and prominent leader in all good works, his
memory is held in high esteem by the old citizens of Findlay and of North
Western Ohio.

John Eckles, with his wife and three sons, settled in Cass township, Han-
cock county, — removing from Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania — landing
at the place above named on the 17th of April, 1836. Mr. Eckles and his three
sons, namely : Charles J., James M., and Cyrus L., are yet living — all at Find-
lay^ except James M. who is a resident of Fort Wayne.

Robert Hurd, who came to the county in 18159 or 1810, laid out the town ot
Arlington, in 1841.

Dr. Osterlin, representative in 1871-73 in the Ohio House of Representatives,
settled in Findlay in 1834, and John Adams about the same time.

The first white settler in the county of Hancock Wiis a single man by the
name of Tharp, who was at Findlay during the war, and remained un'il after
its close, with several of the garrison, and engaged in the Indian trade. A
family whose head was Benjamin Ci<x, settled in 1818.

The first term of the Court of Common Pleas was held November, 1829—
Ebenezer Lane, President, and Abraham Huff, Robert McKlnnis and Ebenc-
zer Wilson, Associate Judges. Only one case appears upon the docket.

The record of the first session of the Commissioners bears date March 2,
1829. At this time John Long, Charles McKinnis and John P. Hambleton
appear to have been the acting Commissioners, and the following persons
filling other county ofllces : Assessor — Don Alonzo Hamblin, (whose bill for the
assessment of the county for 1829 amounted to nineteen dollars and seventy,
five cents ;) Auditor — William Hackney ; Surveyor — William Taylor.

At the session of June 5, 1831, the Commissioners sold to tlie Reverend Peter
Monfort Lots Nos. 105 and 14.^ in the village of Findlay for forty-three dollars
and twenty-five cents. Tho taxable valuation of these lots ft>r 1872 amount,
with improvements, to $1658.

Edson Goit removed to Findlay and opened a law oflUce in August, 1832.
He was the first lawyer who settled in that place. The second was John H.
Morrison, who came to Findlay about the year 1834, having removed from
Bucyrus, where he had served as Prosecutina: Attorney and Treasurer of Craw-
ford county. The third was Chas. W. O'jifeal, who is yet in practice, and
about the fourth Attorney was the late Jude Hall.

Edwin F. Jones, now of Chillicothe, Illinois, communicated to the Findlay
Jeffemonian, in 1872, some reminiscences of Hancock county, from which the
following is extracted :

Mr. Jones visited the county in May, 1827 — was a guest at the house of Wm
Hackney, and afterwards of John P. Hambleton. In company with Mr. and
Mrs. Hambleton they made a visii to " the fort," H miles below — crossing Lye
and Eagle Creeks on trees and tops fallen from either side. He was introduced
to Wilson Vance, " the head centre, and a gentleman in deed and truth, and
chief agent of the town proprietors." In the town Mr. Jones also met John C,
Wickham, (school teacher,) Joseph and Wm. De Witt and Sijuire Carlia,

Hancock County — Resources^ t&o.

615

d out the town of

"Sometime in 1828, Wm. Taylor made his appearance there, and gave Mr.
Riley the job of building him a house, 16 or 18 by 32 feet, Mr. Riley furnishing
tiie materials and fiDisbing it off in different compartments for about $380.
Sometime after, Mr. Taylor moved on, with his amiable wife, Margaret. Mrs.
Taylor was a native of Bedford county, Pa. They were a great accession to
Findlay, and would have been an honor to Washington Cil}'. Mr. Taylor
brought on about $800 worth of dry goorls and groceries, which he put up in
one end of his house. In the fall ot 183S. Mr. Joshua Powell and wife 'and
sons, Eli and Nutter, and one daughter, settled on a donation lot, and built a
iiewed log house back in the brush. They were an honest and industrious
family. Sometime after Mr. Powell bought land up the River and left his
house. In October of that year, we had a j^reat accession to Findlay in the ar-
rival among us of Dr. Bass Rawson, one ot God's noblemen, and his kind lady
and little daughter Hattie. They took up their abode in Mr. Powell's house.

" In 1829 or 1830, we were wvored with another accession of Robert L.
Strolher, with his mother and sister, Malinda Strother, afterwards wife of
Joseph C. Shannon."

At an early day the facilities for intercommunication were of a limited char-
acter. There was but one really passable road— leading from Bellefontaine
to Perrysburg, perhaps better known as " Hull's trace," having been the route
he pursued in his march to Detroit. By-paths, blazed through the woods, were
about the only things to be relied upon. Of course there was little home mar-
ket for any thing. There was scarcely ever a surplus raised, and those who
had wheat to sell would haul it to Maumee or Sandusky City and there sell it
for from 40 to 60 cents per bushel ; hogs were driven to Detroit and sold
there.

In 1839 the railway fever broke out and took shape in the form of an appro-
priation of $100,000 by the County to the Bellefontaine & Perrysburg railway
company, but the enterprise vanished into air — and but few people are aware
that such an entei prise was ever contemplated.

The first real impetus its growth received was by the building of the branch
load between Findlay and Cai'cy, in 1850-51. By means of it Findlay became
a desirable market and reached out for trade in every direction. Subsequently
the Lake Erie & Louisville road was completed from Fremont to Findlay, giv-
ing competition in freights, and materially benefitting the town.

The Fremont and Indiana railroad was put in running arder from Fremont
to Findlay in 1861, but owing to the embarrassments of the company, the road
was not completed further until 1872.

This road was sold in 1861, and a new company organized under the name
of the Fremont, Lima and Union railroad company. In 1865 the Fremont,
Lima and Union and the Lake Erie and Pacific railroad companies Avere con-
solidated under the name of the Lake Erie and Louisville R. R. company.

The census returns for the several decades from 1830 to 1870, inclusive, exhi-
bit the following results :

Population ot Hancock county in 18 jO, 813; in 1840, 9,986; in 1850, 16,751 ;
in 1860, 22,886 ; in 1870, 23,847.

The original proprietors of the land upon which Findlay was built, were
EInathan Cory, of Clark county, Joseph Vance, (subsequently Governor of
Ohio,) of Champaign county, Maj. Wm. Oliver, of Cincinnati, and Wm. Neil
and John Mcllvaine of Franklin county; but the three last named disposed of
their interest, and on the 26th of Septeml)er, 1839, the town was platted and
recorded by Joseph Vance and EInathan Cory.

In 1826 the post-oflice paid to Wilson Vance, postmaster, a commission for
bis services, amounting to $3,18, or 79i cents per ((iiarter. The office now
pays the postmaster a commission of nearly $2,000 per annum.

The population of the town in 1850 amounted to 1,256 ; in 1860, to 3,467 ; in
1870, to 3,315.

The assessed valuation of real and personal property in 1871, amounted to
$1,035,539.

616 Lucas County — Its History Resumed.

It would have been gratifying could more space have been devoted
to the pioneer men and times, and present resources of Hancock
county; but historical matter of much value, and not hitherto pub-
lished, regarding its earlier history, are embraced in preceding pages.

LUCAS COUNTY.

Resuming and continuing now, from the interruption explained
on page 578, the concluding sheets of this volume will be devoted
chiefly to Lucas county — commencing with the reliable contribu-
tion of Sanford L. Collins, whose official and other trusts were
ever executed with fidelity to public and personal interests, as all
the old citizens of Lucas county will gladly bear witness.

H. 8. Kna7p, Esq. — My Dkab Sib : As per request, I send recollections of
the early settlement of Toledo. My residence there was from December, 1831,
to February. 1813, in th^ employ of Lewis Godard, Esq., of Detroit, whose
interest, under his instructions, both in merchandise and real estate, I closed
out, in February, 1833, then returned to Detroit, During this time, however, I
had, in connection with Mr, Godard, purchased lands at Ten Mile Creek, aller-
ward Trema'nville, to which place 1 came from Detroit in July followina;,
erected a store, went to New York for goods, returned in Octobir, and com
menced improvements iu laud clearing, selling goods, &c., at which place 1
have since resided.

The resident heads of families, .January 1, 1832, embraced within
the limits of what was then Port Lawrence township, comprising
what is now the city, Washington township, Manhattan, Oregon,
and a part of Adams township, were as follows : In the city limits, north side
ot the river. Major B. F. Stickney, William Wilson, Wm. Riley, (brother of
Capt. James Riley, tfce old sea navigator,) Hiram Bartlett, Dr. J. V. D.
Sutphen, Michael T. Whitney, James M, Whitney, Harman Crane, (father of
C. A. Crane, Esq.,) Noak A. Whitney, Sen,, and Peter Bertbolf.

In what is now Washington to'wnship, were Major Coleman I. Keeler,
Deacon Samuel J. Keeler, (father of Salmon Keeler, Esq.,) Charles G. Keeler,
Noah A. Whitney, Jr., Milton D. Whitney, Eli Hubbard, Cyrus Fisher, John
Phillips, P. J. Phillips, John and Joseph Hoop, Capt. A. Evans, W. R. Merrltt,
Charles Evans, Peter, David and Wm. Lewis, Caleb Horton, Samuel Horton,
widow Holmes, Wm, Sibley, Andrew Jacobs, Christian Roop, Philip and
Abel Mattoon, Dr. Wordon, Wm. Wilkinson, Moody Mills, John Leybourn,
Peter Corno and Alexander Bernard.

In what was afterwards Manhattan, were Tibbies Baldwin, Francis Loveway,
Joseph Trombley, N. Guoir, and Peter, Robert, Alexander and James Navarre.

In Oregon were Joseph Prentice, (father of Frederick Prentice, Esq.,) Ebene-
zer Ward, Robert Gardner, Mr. Whitmore and Mr. Crane.

In what is now Adams, were Ezra Goodsell and Oliver P. Stevens.

The winter of 1831-32 was employed by Capt. Hiram Brown and Capt, John
and Tibbies Baldwin in establishing a fishery on a large scale — using a seine
near the place now covered by the T. T. and Eastern Railway, that swept the
river from shore to shore.

The commencement of Toledo, starting out with two names. Port Lawrence
and Vistula, may, I think, fairly be dated January 1, 1832, at which time Capt.
Samuel Allen and Otis Hathaway came on from Lockport, N, Y., to commence
improvements in accordance with a contract made with Major Stickney in
September or October previous. Mr. Lewis Godard, of Detroit, above men-
tioned, and also a former Lockport man, (and the father of A, Godard, Esq., of

Liicas County — Early History of Toledo. 617

! been devoted

of Hancock

hitherto pnb-

eceding pages.

ion explained
ill be devoted
able contribu-
trusts were
nterests, as all
less.

d recollections o(
I December, 1831,
f Detroit, whose
1 estate, I closed
i time, however, I
Mile Creek, alter-
1 July followinij,
ictobi r, and com
at which place 1

embraced within
ship, comprising
nhattan, Oregon,
' limits, north side
liley, (brother of
;tt, Dr. J. V. D.
Crane, (father of
olf.

oleman I. Keeler,
)harles G. Keeler,
yrus Fisher, John
ns, W. R. Merritt,
, Samuel Horton,
loop, Philip and
1, John Leybourn,

Francis Love way,
id James Navarre,
tice, Esq.,) Ebene-

Stevens.

m and Capt, John
lie — using a seine
ly, that swept the

es. Port Lawrence
t which time Capt.
. Y., to commence
Major Stickney in
etroit, above men-
L, Godard, Esq., of

your city,) came down and made a farther contract with Major Stickney for
some three acres of ground, lo be selected after the same should have been
platted, under which agreement Mr. Godard was to send here a stock of goods,
which goods were sent in the month of December, 1831, under my charge, I
being then in his (Mr, Qodard's) employ, and were put up in an old deserted
block-bouse, which Philo Bennett, also from Lockport, had put in condition
for their reception, having come down from Detroit for that purpose, and who
became a settler here, purchasing the tract on the opposite side of the river,
next below the Yondota plat.

This block-house into which the goods were placed, was built by William
Wilson, Esq., (afterwards Jud^e Wilson.) at the time that the town of Port
Lawrence was first originated by the Cincinnati Company, in 1816— ond had
been so long deserted that it was perfectly surrounded with an undergrowth of
timber of considerable size.

Why I say that the commencement of Toledo may fairly be dated on the 1st
of January, 1832, is, that the contractors, with Major Stickney, were then on
the ground to commence the performance of their contract. Mr. Godard, on
his part, had sent the stock of goods, which were then opened and for sale.
These demonstrations on the paft of Messrs Allen, Hathaway & Godard, in the
way of town building, as well as their presence, were made the occasion of a
grand ball to be holden in the old log warehouse then standing at the mouth
of Swan Creek, occupying a portion of ground now in use by the Messrs Roff,
lor their hardware store. This building, together with the old block house,
now occupied for the store, were about all tliat existed of the improvements of
the Cincinnati Company in their attempt to build up a town here in 1816.

The old log warehouse, at this time, notwithstanding its antiquity, was really
a building or great convenience. While a portion served for what was then
considered a comfortable dwelling, occupied by Capt. John Baldwin, the upper
part afforded the room for the grand ball upon the occasion before referred to,
and which was participated in b^' the citizens generally (old as well as young)
of old Port Lawrence township, as well as with fair representations from
Maumee, Perrysburg, Bay Settlement and Monroe ; and as, upon all occasions
of this kind in the then new settlement of the country, the best of feeling was
manifested, especially among the residents of old Port Lawrence, who seemed
to think that a new order of things was about to be inaugurated ; that improve-
ments they had so long and so anxiously waited for were now about to be com-
menced.

The Vistula part of the city was then laid off and plaited, and the clearing of
the plat of brush and timber commenced; also, the putting in of a long line of
docking in front of the property at the foot of Lagrange street, extending down
toward Elm street some 40 rods or thereabouts. This line of docking was built
upon the ice, and notwithstanding its great weight, it being some nine feet
high, it did not break through until the ice began to give way in the spring ;
and of course, while kept up by the ice, presented a very formidable appear-
ance ; so much so, that it attracted the attention of our enterprizing neighbors
of Perrysburg, wlio came down upon the ice with a large party to pay their
respects to the new proprietors and witness the new mode of building docks
without piling. After examining carefully, they said it looked very well, but
thought it would disappear with the ice in the spring, and perhaps the same
might be the case with many of the new inhabitants m the coming months of
.lulv and August, with fevers and agues, which they most assuredly would have.

'fhe spring came, and contrary to tlie predictions of our Perrysburg neigh-
bors, the dock did not disappear, but became greatly displaced ; and so with
the new settlers, they did not disappear, but had any amount of shaking.

After the opening of navigation that year, an attempt was made on the part
of the proprietors, in connection with Mr. Godard, to make an arrangement
with some one of the boats then running in the regular line from Buffalo to
Detroit, to come in here on her up trip, thereby having one boat a week. In

618 iMcas County — Ea/rly History of Toledo.

'■**•«»»!? -|F

thisj however, they did not succeed, but made an arrangement with the steamer
"Pioneer" to run between here and Sandusky, meeting the regular boats at
Sandusky, and bringing passengers and immigrants destined far the Maumee V^-
ley and Southern Michigan, direct to Vistula. To aid in this matter, Two
Stickney was sent as the agent of the proprietors to Buffalo, to change the tide
of immigration or immigrant travel, so far as it was possible, to this route, by
giving the necessary assurance that a boat would be m readiness at Sandusky
to take them to Vistula. Under this arrangement, the steamer " Pioneer " per-
formed a lew trips, and then abandoned it, as not paying. During this tinaj,
however, the fine schooner " Eagle," with its gallant Captain, David Wilkinson,
made her regular trips from Perrysburg to Buffalo. Also the regular weekly
trips of the steamer " General Gratiot," Captain Arthur Edwards, from Detroit
to Maumee, touching at Vistula, and affording a communication wita Bufialo
by way of Detroit.

Durmg that spring and summer, (1832) there came, as settlers, Capt. Samuel
Allen anU family, Otis Hathaway, (did not bring his family,) Munson H. Daniels,
Daniel Washburn, C. Q. Sbaw and family, Oliver Stevens and family, James
Maddox, Stephen B. Comstock, Philander Wales, Dr. Fassett, (who, with
Stevens, Wales and Maddocks, and other families, settled on the opposite side of
the river,) and Richard Greenwood, I think, came in that year. Oliver Spaul-
ding and Daniel O. Comstock, came in the fall.

Among the improvements that were made that year, and the most important
in the way of building, was the erection of a store under instructions from Mr.
Qodard, on the S. E. corner of Summit and Lagrange streets, being on the
property embraced in the purchase by him of Major Stickney, before referred to,
which purchase covered the whole front on Summit from Lagrange to Elm
streets, running to the river, covering the line of docking mentioned. On
the front, on the north-westerly side of Summit, from Lagrange to Elm, except
two lots, the consideration was the payment of i|300, and the sending down
of the stock of goods, put up in the old block-l^usc heretofore mentioned;
during the summer, and while the store was being erected, Mr. Godard formed
a cd-partnership with Elkanah Briggs, from tlie vicinity ot Albany, N. Y., Mr.
Briggs purchasing the undivided one-half of that portion of the real estate
already referred to, above Cedar street, including the store, which was after-
wards completed and supplied with goods by the purchases of Mr. Godard, and
sent here for Briggs & Godard. In October, Mr. Briggs came here with his
family, occupying lor a dwelling the upper part of the store, which had been
fitted up for that purpose. On the arrival of the goods for Briggs & Godard,
the remaining stock in the old block house was sold to Capt. John Baldwin,
who fitted up a small unoccupied building, into which they were put, together
with purchases from other sources, making a very respectable store. (This
building stood on Summit street, between Perr^' and Monroe, and was known
in after years as the old Saux' grocery ;) so that in the fall of 1832 both the
upper and lower town, (the old town of Port Lawrence having been revived
under the agency of Stephen B. Comstock) could each boast of a store of some
credit, especially that of Briggs & Godard, both in its building as well as in its
stock. Mr. Godard's interest in the store nnd real estate of Briggs & Godard,
was sold to Briggs in January, 1833, he (Briggs) selling to Edward Bissell, I
think, in thefalTof 1833; this store was thenoccupied by Flagg & Bissell, then
by M. L. Collins & Co., then by Clark & Bennett, then by Dr. Jacob Clark, then
by Ketcliam & Snell, and finally burned while being occupied by Elijah S.
rianks, in 1845 or 1840.

During the year 1832, notwithstanding the importance of tlie two rival towns,
(Vistula and Port Lawrence,) they were yet without any mail facilities, their
post-office nearly three miles distant, at Ten Mile Creek, on the line of the old
United States Turnpike, (so called.) Cyrus Fisher, Esq., P. M., resided in a
block-house of some considerable size, kept as a tavern and store, standing en
the ground now occupied by Mr. Sharer's old tavem bouse, the mail being car-

'edo.

Lucas County — Em^ly History of Toledo, 610

irith the steamer

egular boats at

he Maumee Yal-

is matter, Two

change the tide

;o this route, by

;ss at Sandusky

"Pioneer" per-

uring this tim:,

)aviil Wilkinson,

regular weekly

rds, from Detroit

on witQ Bufialo

rs, Capt. Samuel
mson H. Daniels,
id family, James
sett, (who, with
le opposite side of
r. Oliver Spaul-

2 most important
•uctions from Mr.
Bts, being on the
before referred to,
Laerange to Elm
mentioned. On
ge to Elm, except
ae sending down
:ofore mentioned;
r. Godard formed
Ibany, N. Y., Mr.
[)f the real estate
which was after-
t Mr. Godard, and
me here with his
, which had been
BriggB & Godard,
it. John Baldwin,
were put, together
able store. "(This
, and was known
of 1832 both the
ving been revived
of a store of some
ig as well as in its
Briggs & Godard,
EdWard Bisf^ell, I
igg & Bissell, then
Jacob Clark, then
ipied by Elijah S.

le two rival towns,
lail facilities, their
Ihe line of the old
'. M,, resided in a
store, standing en
the mail being car-

ried through for the supply of the offices along the line, from Fremont to
Detroit, on horseback, some three times a week, I think. The name of this
post-offlce was the same as that of the township, Port Lawrence. Mr. Fisher,
the then P. M.. leaving the neighborhood, Mr. Calvin Tremain, a very worth}'
man from Vermont, settling there with a small store of goods, was appointed P.
M. in the place of Mr. Fisher.

Mr. John P. Converse, the Mail Contractor, on the route from Fremont to
Detroit, changed the horseback mail to a daily line of conches. This was ut
that time a very great convenience, affording an opportunity by public convey-
ance of reaching Detroit, or East to Buffalo, during the winter months.

About this time the question of petitioning for a post office was talked about,
and of course each locality wanted not only the office on account of the name,
hut the P. M. also. The lower town wanted the name of Vistula, and the
upper. Port Lawrence. A meeting of the citizens of both towns was called,
and a strong effort made to agree upon some one for P. M., also, the name of
the office, and to at once petition for its establishment.

Among the reasons for prompt action in this matter, aside from the long dis-
tance we were compelled to travel for mail accommodations, were, that some-
times when one was commissioned to bring in the mail tor all the neighbor-
hood, and happening not to be supplied with the ready money necessary,
(which unfortunate circumstance would sometimes occur, in spite of us,) the
P. M., although a worthy man, but not sufficiently appreciating the efforts that
were being made in building up, not only one, but two towns, would decline
parting with the mail until the money was forthcoming, so that, in some instan-
ces, the second journey would have to be performed for the same mail.

Some time during the winter of 1833-3, (I have forgotten the precise date,) a
post-office was established, taking the name of the Ten Mile Creek office, (Pott
Lawrence,) and giving to that effice the name of Tremainville, simply adding
the ville to the name of its then P. M., (Tremain.) Stephen B. Coms'ock had
the appointment of P. M. at the Port Lawrence office. The post-offlce depart-
ment also established a new mail route from Tremainville to Toledo, or Port
Lawrence. Major B. F. Stickney had the contract for carrying the mail upon
this route, supplying the Port Lawrence office with its mail from the Tremain-
ville oflBce three times a week for the net proceeds of the Port Lawrence office,
provided the same did not exceed #15 per quarter. Under this arrangement
Tremainville became the distributing office for Port Lawrence and Vistula,
instead of their delivery office as theretofore.

This state of things, however, did not last always. During the fall and
winter of 1834-5, the Manhattanites, a most enterprizing people, opened up a
new road in the direction of Monroe, intei-secting the old Turnpike near the
State line, while Vistula and Port Lawrence, anxious to improve their mail
facilities, had opened a road along the bank of the river to Fort Miami, thereby
making a very passable road from the old Turnpike at Fort Miami, by way of
Port Lawrence, Vistula and Manhattan, intersecting the old Turnpike at the
State line, as before stated.

The mail upon the old Turnpike ro\ito was then changed to this new route,
and the writer, who was then P. M. at Tremainville, was advised of that chance
March 3, 1835, and also that thereafter the post-offlce at Tremainville would be
supplied with ita mail from the Port Lawrence office, and instructed to give to
Major Stickney for such mail service the same compensation allowed in the
supplying of the Port Ijawrence office, to wit : the net proceeds of the Tremain-
ville office, provided the same did not exceed the sum of fifteen dollars per
quarter !

The office was continued until the cliange in the rates of postage, and then
abandoned.

Yours, as of old.

Sanfobd L. Collins.

620 Toledo — Something of its Past and Present.

Sandford L. Oollins, Esq., who contributes the foregoing valuable historical
letter, had two brothere, early residents ot Toledo : John W. Collins, now
li'/ing near Trcmainvillc, and the late Morgan L, Collins, one of the oldest,
most active and useful business men of Toledo, whose spotless name will long
be remembered, and who died in the spring ot 1865. The two last mentioned
brothers cams to the Valley in 1834. Few names are more prominent in the
early history of the Lower Valley, or command higher respect, than those of
the Messrs. Collins.

TOLEDO— SOMETHING OF ITS PAST AND PfiESENT.

The spirited frontispiece, by 0. J. Hopkins, of the landing of the
old Continental First Regiment of Infantry, at Fort Industry (now
Toledo), will attract the attention of the reader. Its gallant com-
mander, Colonel Thomas Hunt, received his " baptism of fire" in the
first battle of the Kevolution, and continued in active service
throughout that conflict. The First Continental was a favorite reg-
iment with Washington and the country. On its route from Detroit
to St. Louis, in June, 1803, a night was passed in the vicinity of the
fort, under tents. This old Fort stood near the edge of the bluff, about
30 feet above the river. Richard Mott's block occupies, probably, the
central portion of the old post, erected under the orders of Gen.
Wayne, in 1794, and the place where the treaty between the Comrais-
sioneirs of the United States and several tribes of Indians was made,
July 4, 1805 — [ante, p. 227J. Some, whose knowledge of the place
is limited to a period of thirty or forty years, may be disposed to
question the fidelity of certain points in the representation conveyed
by the engraving; but those persons will remember that even with-
in their time, every prominent landmark in existence when they
had their first view of its physical features, has also forever disap-
peared.

The early history of Tohdo has been partly given in preceding
pages. The city is already the recognized commercial capital, not
only of the Maumee Valley, but of large, highly productive and
populous districts in Ohio and adjacent and distant States ; and yet
it may safely be assumed that the 'village' has scarcely entered upon
the period of its commercial growth.

Its infSftt struggle for commercial position, is very fully and sat-
isfactorily given in the reminiscences of Major B. F. Sfcickney, and
Messrs. Scott, Prentice, Mott, Daniels, and others ; but the original
design of giving full statistics of its present and prospective com-
merce, railways, manufactures, bauks, etc., has been defeated by rea-
son that it would extend this work beyond all reasonable limits. A
general and imperfect view, therefore, of the present business of
Toledo, is all that can be given.

Its progress may, in some degree, be measured by the valuations,
at different periods, for taxation purposes, as given below :

Toledo — Soinetliing of its Past and Present. 621

v.l'

PRESENT.

Value of real and personal property in 1837 $ 249,008 00

In 1840, valuation of real property (exclusive of chattels) 225,331 00

In 1850, valuation of real and personal property 895,403 00

In 1872, valuation of real and personal property 16,518,850 00

And in 1873, the Board of Equalization have established the

value atabout 18,000,000 00

In 1836, Sanford L. Collins, Esq., then Treasurer of Lucas, the
limits of which embraced nearly the present territory of Fulton coun-
ty, paid into the State Treasury, on his annual settlement with the
State, $940 05 8, (nine hundred and forty dollars five cents and
eight mills,) as the proportion due from Lucas county to the State.
In 1872-73. Mr. Kountz, Treasurer of the county thus shorn of
a large portion of its territory, paid the State $61,737 34, (sixty-one
thousand seven hundred and thirty-seven dollars and thirty-four
cents, as the proportion due from the county to the State.

There are many persons in Toledo to-day who are in possession of
more wealth than the entire valuation of the city in 1837; and there
are several whose resources exceed the whole taxable wealth of 1850.
Yet, it must be stated that the mass of the population of the city
are real estate owners, and that society presents few extremes of
overshadowing wealth and penury. A large per cent, of laboring
men in Toledo, are owners of the property on which they reside.

Its advance in population is indicated by the census returns which follow :

In 1840 1,234

In 1^50 8,829

In 1800 18,7«8

In 1870 31,584

Hon. Isaac R. Sherwood, late Secretary of State, in his annual re-
port made to the Governor of Ohio, in 1871, makes an analysis of
the per cent, of increase in population, durin^ the decennial period
between 1860 and 1870, of the five principal cities of Ohio, resulting
as follows: Toledo, 136 per cent.; Cleveland, 112; Columbus, 66 ;
Dayton, 51 ; Cincinnati, 35.

Mayor Jones, the able chief magistrate, who permits nothing of
importance to the interests of Toledo to escape his attention, thus
refers, in his annual message to the City Council of April,. 1872, to
the commercial Importance of the city :

" The imports of the city dui'ing the year 1871, amounted to
$201,826,917; the exports to 213,547,610, making a total value of
$415,375,527, an excess over the year previous of $34,390,395, not-
withstanding that values have been lower than for many years pre-
vious.

"The receipts of grain during the year amounts to 35,000,000
bushels, an increase of 12,000,000 over the receipts of any previous
year.

" The grain traffic of this city is exceeded by no other receiving
or ehippingport in the United States (from first hands), except
Chicago. While most of the wheat from that and other lake cities,
is of the kind denominated Spring, ours is entirely Winter Wheat."

622 Toledo — Something of its Past and Present.

Mr. Wales, Secretary of the Board of Trade, furnishes, in his last
report, the following table of imports and exports, from 1858 to
1S72, inclusive:

Imports. Exports.

1858 $ 81,700,085 00 | 85,4fi0,08l 00

18G0 40,727,754 00 52,248,027 00

1864 81,180,306 00 05,905,758 00

1885 158,967,000 00 177,547,071 00

1866 161,052,597 00 181,829.400 00

1867 167,786,626 00 185,145,096 00

1868 179,452,650 00 197,814,241 00

1869 182,800,700 00 108,723,432 00

1871 201,820,917 00 218,547,610 00

1872 204,700,000 00 218,672,000 00

The depth of water at the mouth of the harbor has been such as
to exclude from the port vessels of the largest class. Inadequate
appropriations for the improvement of the channel have been here-
tofore made; but during the session of Congress which terminated
March 4, 1873, the liberal appropriation of $100,000 was made for
enlarged prosecution of the work, and a precedent thus established
which will doubtless secure in future such aid from Congress as the
interests of the rapidly growing commerce of Toledo may require,
and enable vessels of the heaviest tonnage that navigate the lakes to
enter and clear the port without obstruction.

Railways. — High in importance to the business interests of the
city, and the one that has contributed more largely than all other
lines now in opei-atiou to place it in its present commercial position,
is the

TOLEDO, WABASH AND WESTERN RAILWAY.

In the year 1852, two companies were organized, having in view
the construction of a great through line of railroad, from the city
ot Toledo, Ohio, to the city of St. Loais, Missouri, and through
auxiliary lines, open a direct route to the extensive producing
regions of central Indiana and Illinois, and the more prominent
towns and cities upon the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.

The corporations thus created, were the Toledo and Illinois Rail-
road Company, in the State of Ohio, and the Lake Erie, Wabash
and St. Louis Railway Company, in the State of Indiana, both ot
which were merged into one, by consolidation, at a subsequent
period. Through the zealous efforts of the persons having the con-
trol of the Indiana organization, and who at the time substantially
represented the interests of the entire undertaking, the Hon. A.
Boody, of New York, was induced to assume the control and direc-
tion of the enterprise, provide the means, and undertake the con-
struction and equipment of the entire road.

"^resent

Toledo — lt8 Railway System,

623

nshes, in bis last
.a, from 1858 to

Exports.

I 85,400,081 00
53,243,«27 00
05,905,758 00
177,547,071 00
I 181,329.490 00

I 185,145,090 00

197,814,341 00
1«8,723,433 00
313,547,010 00
218,672,000 00

' has been sucb as
class. Inadequate
j1 bave been bere-
wbicb terminated
000 was made for
nt thus established
m Congress as the
olcdo nmy reciuire,
avigate the lakes to

dss interests of the
ely than all other
Dinmercial position,

lILWATf.

;ed, having in view
road, from the city
jsouri, and throiigli
xtensive producing
le more prominent
uri rivers.

do and Illinois Rail-
Lake Erie, Wabash
of Indiana, both ol
3n, at a subsequent
ons having the con-
5 time substantially
;aking, the Hon. A.
e control and direc-
undertake the con-

Upon the conclusion of this arrangement with Mr. Boody — which
occurred in March, 1853, — that gentleman, with that practical skill
and business energy which has uniformly characterized all his busi-
ness operations, proceeded to the immediate organization of the
means and appliances required for the etticient an J successful prose-
cution of this large and somewhat difficult work. The preliminary
surveys and location of the route through the States of Ohio and
Indiana, were so far advanced, that, early in the month of May,
1853, the entire line, in both States, was placed under contract, in
suitable divisions, and to responsible and experienced contractors,
and the whole was supplied with ample forces of laborers and ma-
chinery, and all the departments of the work was placed under vig-
orous and effective management. The grading and general con-
struction work continued to be prosecuted during the ensuing year,
with all possible energy, and, notwithstanding the serious difKcul-
ties encountered by reason of climatic and local hindrances, and
especially from the general financial depression existing throughout
the country, the first division of the road, from Toledo to Fort
Wayne, — a distance of 94 miles, — was opened for business in July,
1855, and the remaining division, to the State of Illinois, in the
month of December, 185G. In each and all departments, the work
was planned and executed as a first-class road, and in adaptation to
the vast and varied tratiic expected co be transported over it. Its
equipment and machinery was procured from the most celebrated
manufacturers in the country, and having reference to the highest
standard of quality and efficiency. The extensive additions more
recently made to the rolling stock and equipment, and indeed the
improvements made upon the line generally, indicate an adherence
to a like standard of thoroughness and completeness, so that in all
its appointments, it rank^ among the first of our American Rail-
ways.

tJpon the completion of this great work through Ohio and Indi-
ana, and with a purpose of fully accomplishing the cardinal objects
of its projectors, this company has acquired, by perpetual lease or
consolidation, the control of important lines of continuous and con-
necting railways, leading to the cities of St. Louis, Hannibal, Quincy,
Keokuk, Pekin, and Bloomington, thus securing, under one united
management, about 1,000 miles of railway, passing through a coun-
try ot unsurpassed fertility, and reaching all the most thriving and
prosperous towns in Central Illinois, and upon the Mississippi river.

The advantages to the somewhat remote and inaccessible regions
of the Maumee Valley, incident to the building of this railway, are
witnessed in the immediate influx of population, doubling and
quadrupling its towns, as well as the contiguous country, and espe-
ciailv in the marked development and improvement of its agricul-
tural and other resources.

To the city of Toledo, this line of railway has brought corrtspond-
ing, and possibly still greater advantages.

624

Toledo — Its Mailway System.

Tho establishment of its principal terminus at Toledo, and the
avoidance of consolidation, and other distracting alliances, has mea-
surably centralized in tl at city the vast grain traffic of the most exten-
sive and productive regions of the west, rendering it one of the mont
important grain markets in the world. Moreover, the localizing of
its larger manufacturing and repairing shops at Toledo, is conferring
benefits which must continue to tell with marked and signiticaut
effect upon its growth in population, us well as its advancement in
material prosperity.

The total movement of grain upon the railway of this company,
for the year 1871 (reducing flour to bushels), was 18,05.3,282 bushels.

The movement of gram in the year 1872, reached *il,320,23G
bushels, showing a large annual increase, and which is destined to
expand in greater proportions with each returning year.

The officers of this road, elected for 1872-73, are, Azariah Boody,
New York, President; J. N. Drummond, Assist. President, Toledo;
A.Anderson, Vice President, do; William B. Corneau, Secretary
and Treasurer, do ; Union National Bank, Transfer Agent, New
York. And among tho oflicers of the line, whose offices are at
Toledo, are George H. Burrows, Superintendent; John U. Parsons,
General Ticket' Agent; John B. Carson, General Freight Agent;
John E. Carpenter, Paymaster; W. S. Lincoln, Engineer Ohio and
Indiana Division ; J. I. Nessle, Supply Agent ; David Hoit, Master
Car Repairer ; G. A. Beach, Superintendent Telegraph Line, East-
ern Division, and W. L. Malcolm, General Passenger Agent.

LAKE SHORK AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN.

The old Erie and Kalamazoo road, one of the first railway enter-
prises undertaken in the West, formed the nucleus which resulted in
the construction, at intervals, of tho various links which were finally
consolidated under the name of the Lake Shore and Michigan South-
ern Railway, extending to Chicago, a distance of 243 miles; branches
penetrating the State of Michigan, — one near the southern, two near
the central, and one towards the western portions of the State. The
Air Line passes through the extreme Northwestern counties of Ohio
and Northern Indiana, and the Toledo Division runs along the Eouth
shore of Lake Erie

The Erie and Kalamazoo Railway was the first built, and operated west-
ward of Buffalo, and was projected in the winter of 1832-1833 by Dr. Daniel
O. Comstock, older brother of Stephen B. and James M. Comstock.ln correspon-
dence with J. W. Scott. Its charter was obtained by the efforts of Addison J.
Comstock of Adrian, then a member of the Territorial Legislature of Michigan.
It was allowed to pass, on the supposition that it was a merely fanciful pro-
ject — out of which could come no barm, but would please the Comstocks of
Toledo.

Dr. Comstock was the purchaser, in 1833, of one quarter interest from the
Port Lawrence company, of river tracts one and two, for $4,500, with an en-
gagement to act as agent. He was a man of much ability, and good foresight,
ais this purchase and the entry at $1,35 per acre of river tracts 13 and 13, clearly

Ibledo — It8 liailway Systetn.

«2r)

proved. But, he soon died of conaumptlon, Icaviiip bis properly to brolbers
and sisttTH— inukinj? them indt-pcnduiit, if not rich. Tlic Couistrcks were
ninnng the principul promuters uf the construction uf the Erie and Kiiliimazuo
liiillrond.

This rond lins a ropnir shop nonrly finished, nnd contemplate the
building of car whops duiinj^ iho 8ea» )n. ut iho '• jtniction," hiuI thfse
impiovi'men^s. \\\ i>n com) litid uid in oporatiun, will ulT >rd, it is
expect* d. employment to at leiist tweI\o hniidred hands. The viil-
ue of this reinfoicfmont to the manufacturing powor of the citVi
can Bcarct'ly bo nver-eBtimateJ.

DAYTON' AND MICHIGAN

Crosses the State of Ohio, and connocts Toledo nnd Cincinnati, and
ig the shortest railway route between Lake Erie and the Ohio river,
ftnd aflbrds the cheapest avinno for much of the traffic of Ohio, as
well as of that of States south of thiit river, seeking the /seahoard.
This road delivered ut Toledo, in 1871, about two and a half mil-
lions bushels of grain, besides large quantities of cotton, live stock,
tobacco, hard-wood lumber, staves, and other commodities; and car-
viis honee to southern markets a large amount of lumber, salt, etc.

FLINT AND rF.IlE MARQUETTK

Exteud-s from Toledo by a very direct route, througii the Saginaw
Valley, and during that period of the year when navigation is closed,
ii. is the only outlet for tlie immense products of the pine and ealt
regions of Michigan. The opening of this road has greatly in-
creased the importance of Toledo, as a lumber and salt market.

TOLEDO, TIFFIN AND EASTERN,

At the hour of the issue of this volume, is quite completed, li
passes through a very rich section of Ohio, to Mansfield, where it
has important connections. This road connects Avith the Pennsyl-
vania Cenf.ral, and forms a direct line to Philadelphia. It will secure
to Toledo a large and valuable traffic, and prove a powerful compet-
itor for eastward-bound freights. The first locomotive passed over
the road March 10, 1873.

COLLMlUiS AND TOLEDO

Is designed more especially as a coal road, to connect with the Hock-
ing Valley Railroad at Columbus, and thus furnish an outlet for the
•oal of the Hocking Valley.

ATLANTIC AND LAKE ERIE

Is a road now building, designed to run entirely across the State,
having its southern terminus at Pomeroy, on the Ohio river. It is
in a forward state of completion, and passes through some of the
most extensive mineral fields in the State. The Company building
this road, have acquired very extensive dock lines in this city, for the
purpose of handling coal and iron ore — this road furnishing the
best means for distributing Lake Superior ore among the iron manu-
facturers in the southern part of the State.
39

626

Toledo — It% Railway System.

TOLEDO, ANN ARBOR AKD NORTHERN

Is intended to cross the State of Michigan, running in a northwest-
erly direction, to Frankfort, on Lake Micliigan. It is nearly com-
pleted to the centre of the State.

CANADA SOUTHERN.

This ruad is designed to run from this city to the Detroit riv(M',
and, crossing that stream near its month, terminate at Fort Erie,
near Buffalo. The Canada portion of the road, 225 miles in length,
is ironed and equipped. The line from Toledo to the Detroit ri^er
is graded, and the entire line to Fort Erie will doubtless be com-
pleted during the present season. At Fort Erie the road will cross
the Niagara river, over a new International Suspension Bridge, where
it will make connections with the Erie Railway, Now York Central,
tiie Midland and the Lake Shore (Ontario) rond. The opening oi'
thianew route will afford another outlet to the east, for the immense
amount of produce maiketed at Toledo, and will be a cpmpt titer of
the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway; and it possesses
connections which will enable this city to retain, during the winter,
a large New England trade, which, each year, has gone to other
markets, because of the difficulty of shipping to the New England
States. It is also expected that a connection will be made with the
Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, with the Canada Southern; and
should such be the case, shipments of grain and other produce will
be made to points in Canada, with as much facility in winter as du-
ring the summer season. Such a connection also enables Toledo
shippers to supply northern New Englaud with ?*s produce through-
out the entire year.

TOLEDO AND SOUTHWESTERN

Is designed to run from Toledo through Maumee City, Grand Kapids,
Van VVert, Willshire, in Ohio, and thence on nearly an air line to
Indi- napolis. This road will alford the shortest route from Indian-
apolis to the east, and, as compared with the present eastern outlet
from Indianapolis, will lessen the distance to Buffalo upwards of
tifty miles.

These several lines may be thus enumerated : 1. Toledo, Wabash
and Western. 2. Lake fchore Line to Buffalo. 3. Michigan South-
ern (old lire) to Chicago. 4. Air Line to Chicago. 5. Dayton and
Michigan to Cincinnati, fi. Toledo and Detroit. 7. Flint and Pere
Marquette. 8. Toledo, Tiffin and Eastern, fl. Columbus and
Toledo. 10. Atlantic and Lake Erie. 11. Toledo, Ann Arbor and
Noithern. 12. Canada Southern. 1.3. Toledo and Southwestern.
These routes combine a total distance of nearly 3,000 miles, and
penetrate regions of great wealth, in agriculturai, lumber, and coal
productions.

Such of the ancient rivals of Toledo as live to utter any voice
now manifest pride in her prosperity. The prediction of
Judge Mason, made nearly forty years ago, that Toledo had an in-

' in n northwesl-
t is nearly com-

he Detroit river,
ite at Fort Erie,
5 miles in length,
the Detroit ri^er
oubtless be com-
e road will cross
non Bridge, where
c'W York Central,
The oponing of
h, for the immense
be a compititor of
; and it 'possesses
luring the winter,
iiis gone to other
he New England
be made with the
da Southern; and
)ther produce will
y in winter as du-
so enables Toledo
s produce through-

ty, Grand Kapidfc.
rly an air lino to
'oute from Indian-
i'ut eastern outlet
Jutlido upwards cf

_. Toledo, Wabash

5. Michigan South-

I. 5. Dayton and

r. Flint and Pero

,. Columbus and

0. Ann Arbor and

and Southwestern.

y 3,000 miles, and

, lumber, and coal

to utter any voice
'he prediction of
Toledo bad an in-

Toledo — Officers and Membei'S Board of Trade, 627

terest iu the thrift of Manhattan, becauso ultimately the former
would extend her boundaries ho as to embrace the latter, is even
now upon tho eve of fulfilment. But Marengo, Austeilitz,
etc., fretted their brief hour, and are nn1y known ass having speedily
I'ound their Waterloo. The harbor of Toledo is claimed by business
men, not only of thoMaumee Valley, but by those hundreds of miles
distant from it. From the time when the writer of this took the
11] et federal census of Toledo, and when the population of tho vil-
lage amounted to onlv \'<i.'H, uj) to this date, when ih*? city con-
taii'is, proliably, 4o.00(). he has i-ver fi-lt a deep int'^rest in its
pi'ospeiiiy.

The Board of Trade of Toledo btiiigcomiiosed largely of represen-
tative business men of the city, it is deemed proper here to make a
record of its officers and members:

Offickrs.— President, .Tohn Sinclair; Ist ViiHi Prcsidfiit. A. "W. Colton; 2d
Vice Pre>ldent, E. C. IJodmau; Sixrotary. Chark's T. Wales; Treasurer.
Carlos UoltDii.

Directors— T. «. Casov. S. C. Jloynoids, 11. E. Banc;s, V. Ilarailton, II. ,T.
Hayes, W. II Bellman,'.!. B. Curson.

Bejcreme Comnnt/ee—GoorgQ Woodbury, F. W. Anderson, C. A. King, W. R.
Uicliards, .1. K. Strong.

Inspection Committee — E. C. t^mitli, N. M. Howard, .1. Tliorner, R. W. Bakei-,
£. Williams.

Floor Committee— ^o\m Stevens, II. S. Yonnjr, E, A. Curti-;.
The following is a list of the members:

Auchard, C.
Anderson. F. W.
Amtin, M. II.
Avcrj% Ed.
Anderson, A.
Andrews, A. Jr.
Andrews, F. B.

1? rooks, Sam'l.
Maunigardner, L. S.
Hirclthead, P. il.
llerdan, P. F.
i^uck, C. H.
Mucknian, Wni. il.
Uoos, G. W.
Hackns. A. E.
Backus, AV. W.
Brown, Matthew.
Bodman, E. C.
Braisted, E. E.
Bushare, Milo.
Baker, C. H.
Brown, E. F.
Bowman, J. H.
Baldy, J. B.
Bellman. W. II.
Brand, Ilenrv.

Boody, Azariidi.
Btirdiek. L.
Brown, II. G.
Brainurd, W. S.
Bana;9, II. E.
Bildwin, D. C.
Ballard, E. M.
Blinn, Doau
Baldwin, S.
Brown, Andrew.
Baker, B. W.
Braun, V.
Brown, Stillnuiii.
Brown, i). A.
Brown, W. <).
Brown, T. P.
Bert^ep, 8. IT.
Bauer, Eiuil.

Curtis, C. F.
Coy, C. IL
Collins. T. J.
Curtly E. A.
Ci-lton, A. VV.
Croninger, C A.
Crowell. .1.
Coon, W. M.

Cnibbs, P.
Carrintrton, M. D.
Casey,' T. B.
Carson, J. B.
Cummings.Johii.
Castle, J"^, A.
Curtis, .1. C.
Cook, T. M.
Casement, J. S.
Coiu'lright, T.

Dodge, F. B.
Dovllle, E.
Davis, O. W.
Daniel, H.
Dickinson, R. C.
Dennis, J. A.
Drummond, J. K.
Dixon, X.
Dickinson, J. S.
Di.x, W. B. .Ir.
Dyer, W. II.
Dick, Sturgis T.

Emerson, Goo.
Eddy, C. H.
Enright. Jno.

G2S . Toledo — Officers of the City Government.

Finlay. W. J.
FUkc, n. F.
Fisk, J. B.
Fisk, W. C.
Fallis. J. R
Fnsl.r, F. E.
Flower, G. VV.
\ 11 Her, J. \V.
Fi.cb, teiuieon

Grlffln, C. r.
Oolilsniiili, E.
G< rbt-r, C.
Griffltli, \V. W.
Godard, A.
Goode, B. W.
G;)^llne. \V. A.
Gassiiway, George

Ilnltnran.R.
lliimiliou, V.
Hnihawav, I. N.
Howard, N.M.
lliiycs, II. J.
Ihibbard, Franklin.
Ilamillon, \\. W.
Ilurd, Frank, H.
llainin, I'. T.
I'art, G. W.
Hand, A J.
Uazzard, Sani'l. P.

JonoR, Lucien.
Jones, Jno. Fuul.

Kraus, William.
Kt'tcliam, .1. B.
Keen, D. M.
Ki;!ly, VV. I.
Kii:g, C A.
Kii'iiiiicr J.
Kelley, W. li.
Koiini!^. J. L.
Kf'iclinm, V. H.
King, F. J.
l\.ci.-«».y, A. L.
Keck.T. L
Kels. y, J. W.

Luce, C. L.

Linton, S. S.
Littlefield. \V.
Litthfieid, M. R.
Lenderson, E. W.
Landuiuu, J.

macnmbcr, A. E.
McCiine, lioLt.
Mesbiiigtr, C. R.
l^lilinine, George
Meibsner, George
Monroe, J. B.
Morse, J. G.
^IcMaken, E. V.
McMillan, W. A.
McLaughlin, A. S.
Miller, David.

Norton,.!. S.
Neal,J.M. S.

Odbon, W. II.

Philipps, Ilenry
Parnielce, W. E. Jr.
Pomeroy, Geo. E. .Tr.
Phillips, P. A.
Peter, William.
Pomeroy, II. B.
Plait, H. P.

Reed, Alex.
Kolland, G. II.
Richards, W. R.
•Reynolds. S. C.
Royce, C. il.
Rouse, B. W.
Reynolds, Chas. L.
Roemer, J.
Raymond, George

Swigart, J. R.
fit. John, Williiiiii
Slack, T. A.
Sinclair, John.
Southard, T.

Smith, D. B.
Simmons, W. XL
Smith, E. C.
Stevens, Jolin
Stevens, John II.
Scribner, Charles.
Shoemaker, F. B.
Swayne, Wa^er.
Siephan, Andrew.
Secor, J. K.
Shears, Sam'l.
Si owe, W. L.
Mnnig, J. R.
Stcbbins, Geo.
Scott, W. C.
Segur. D.
Sweet, B. G.

Tafe, Jno, W.
Tate. J. S.
Tutu, D. M.
Thorner, Joseph
Tryon, W. W.

Walbridn-e, 11. S.
Waite. M. R. ■
Wuerfel, G. A.
Wittsteiu, Gus.
Williamn, E.
Wales. C. T.
AVhitaker, W. II.
Waikiiis, George
Walbiidge, H. D.
Woodbury. Geo.
AVilliams, E. R.
Woodward, II. I).
Wilcox, M. I.
Walker, W. T.
Whitney, B. H.
Walterhouse, J. W.
Wilde, L L.
Wiltbank, W. B.
Waite, H, S.

Young, H. S.
Young, S. M.
Young, C. L.

CITY G0VERN3IENT OP TOLEDO— 1873.

Mayor, AVilliiim W. .Tones; ('ily Solicitor, Frank II. Ilurd; Members ot'tlit-
t.'ouucii, VVm. St. John, J. E. BaiLy, Luther Whitney, Geo. Stetter, T. M.
Cook, R. II. Bell, J. W. Toullerlon, Geo, Meissner, Daniel Segur, R. .L Gib-
bon.s, J. McD. R.e, I. K. Seaman,.!. L. Sirarton, .loseph KiniDger, Michael
Geelan, VVm. H. Dyer. Piesidunt, Luther Whitney; President, jiro tem.y T.
M. Cook ; City Clerk, T. M. Merrill.

mt.

K B.
3,W. H.

:. c.

John
John H.
, Chitrles.
*er, F. B.
, Wa^L-r.
, Anurew.
.K.
Sam'l.
5V. L.
J. iT.
3, Geo.
7. C.
3.
B.Q.

ao. W.
. S.
I. M.

r, Joseph
W. AY.

il-re, TI. S.
M. R ■
i\, G. A..
iu, Gust,
nw, E.
C. T.

ttr, VV. II.
18, George
dgc, H. D.
mry. Geo.
118, E. R.
,vard, 11. D.
s, M. I.
r, W. T.
ey, B. H.
rhouse, J. W.
, I. L.
ink, W. B.
, H. S.

r, H. S.

, S. M.

r, C. L.

i3.

; Mcnilit'is of the
;o. Stetter, T. M.
i^cgur, K. J. Gil'-
Ciiiinger, Michael

out, pro tern., T.

loledo — Banlcs and Banhe

vs.

G29

MONETARY-BANKS AND BANKERS.

Toledo conunenced its business life at a period when the finances of the
country were in a disturbed condition, j^rowing out of ihe elfi'rt of the United
States Bank to obtain from Congress a re-cliurter. During the " Hush limes"
of 1835 and 18JJ0, paper money ruled all values, and everyl)ody was ricli iu
" rags and lamp black," and " water" or " coiner" lots. There then existed, on
beautifully engraved maps, one continuous city from the mouth to the foot of
the rapids of the Maumee river. A spiiit, adverse to making money by the
old methods, was rife throughout the land. The few who held tolbrmer ways
of accumulation, were regard' d by the multitude iis "old fogies," and "bel-Ind
the age." It was a common occurrence of that period for a man w'io had
made fortunate investments, though owning but a few hundreds tlie day be-
fore, to be considered worth as n.any thousands the day after; but like all
mania of this type, the decline of these brilliant prospects was generally as
rapid as its rise.

There were very few manufacturing or mechanical establishments. They
were not in demand; and if they had been, there were none to opera'e them.
Farmers had mostly deserted their fields; mechanics their shops; physicians
and lawyers, to a ctnisiderable extent, their oflices ; and even many clergymen
their pulpits, — all classes and conditions of people becoming seized wiiii tiie
fever of speculation, and of gathering speedy wealth by means of their wits.
Every one was rich. lie indeed was a thriftless man, who, in these times,
was not qualified to assess his real estate at a value greater than ^50,000.
Old ideas of obtaining competen-y and wealth infields of legitimate industry,
were banished; and old-fashioned toil was at a discount.

The specie circular, issued from the Treasury i)eparlment, under Jickson's
administration, was tollowed by the general bank suspensicm under Van Bu-
ren, in Maj', 1837. Coiti disappeared as a circulating medium. The cxigm-
cies of the'tiiiies created a substitute in the form of a fractional currency then
issued by almost every business man, and known as " shin plasters, * reading
something as follows :

! " Toledo, July 4, 1838. |

1 "Good for Tweutj-.Five Cents, when presented in sums amounting to j

['• Five Dollars, at my store in Toledo. JOHN DOE." \

I I

Thus, every one who chose became his own banker. And this fractional cur-
rency was generally redeemed, cither in goods, at enormous profits, or in Mich-
igan bank notes, the intrinsic value of which could not lie estimated by the
amount promised to be paid, but proximately ascertained, l)y the scales pa pi r
manufacturers resort to, in the purchase of their stock. 8uch was the circula-
ting medium, not only in Toledo and the Miumee Valley, but throughout the
west and south, which soon followed ttie general baiik susieuNicm of May,
1837 — the currency' l>y which all values, for the time, were measured.
Mr. Mott, in his valuable reminiscences, thus graphically sketches this period :
" Hardly was the digging begun on the Ohio portion of the canal, when the
financial break-down «)f 1837 came, involving banks and individuals in the
general ruin. It is diflElcult to make the present generation comprehend the
depth and extent of the di'jaster. Heal estate became worthless — worse than
worthless; — it would bring nothing; yet, taxes w^'re necissnrily apscsscd upon
it, which were difficult, if not impossible, of p lyment. Lots and lands were
offered for sale tor taxf'R; but very small was the amount sold. Tliis wis
especially the case in 1838. 1839, and 1840. The publicati'm of the extraordi-
nary delinquent and forfeited lists, occupied severd full sheets of sipplc-
ments of the Toledo Ulade. It mattered little what the amount of debt
one owed ;— were it ever so small, the debtor was powerless — pay he
could not. It was vain to offer anything but money; yet, money was not to
be had ; and as for credit, it had no existence. The people hud become demen-

030

Toledo — Banks and JJanhers.

ted by the mania of speculation. The looked-for rist* in tlio value of town
lots and town sites, was to have made every one rich without hiUor. Tiie ristj
did not come, l)ut the fall did; and the tumble was beyond getting up Irom.
The only rise that followed, was in the prices of provisions and oilier necessit-
riea of life. Tlic army of speculators had become ccinsumer^, without adding
anytliinc: to the common stock. Theconscciuentl.v limited production was inatf-
equate to our support. Flour doubled in price iii the next year. Only those
who owed nothinif, or those who had nothing, escaped the eifects of the insane
ilelusion. It was a hitler experience, but it taught practical lessons in political
economy suJliciently impressive to have lasted the lifetime of every scholar,
smarting under their infliction.

" In few places were the effects of the crash felt as severely as in the Mau-
inee Valley. The contractors, who had taken jobs on the canal, could not go
on with their work for want of money. The State was out of funds, and short
of credit, and could not pay according to contract. It was feared that the
work would be stopped — and, if 8topi)ed, its resumption might be indefinite.
.Much anxiety was felt on the subject, and various plans suggested to pniveni
such misfortune.

" Subsequent to tlic crash of 1837, the State of Michigan enacted a general
banking law, with the forlorn hope of remedying the financial trouble, ami
numberless banks had been started uuder its provisions— all of them by par-
ties who wanted to borrow, and not one of them with any actual capital.—
Tlicse concerns soon became known as the wild-cat banks. Michigan luomy
was in poor repute in Ohio, and not generally received.

" In order to prevent the suspension ot the canal work, arrangements were
niade for loaning tliis wild-cat money to contractors and for the business men
of the town to receive it trom the workmen in payment for goods and provi-
sions. The remedy was a desperate one, but it did keep the work in many
cases from suspension. These bank notes were worthless ; but it was supposed
or hoped they might possibly have some value. Their '■robin's alive' charac-
ter gave them a very quick circulation ; and thus this villainous trasii was
made serviceabL', keepitig along the contracts on the canal for several months,
till the State was able to pay oi¥ the contractors. It was under such circuni
stances that the work, esi)ecially in the sections about Toledo, Maumee anct
Manhattan, was carried to completion. The wildcat system of course soon
exploded, loading the communiiy with piles of broken bank notes, nearly as
valueless as so many pieces of blank paper. A very few of the iaslitulions
struggled along for a few years, but eventually had to succiT^nb, tor in 1843 the
Supreme Court of Michigan considerately stepped in and decided the law to
bo unc(mstitutional — thus saving all furllicr troulde, and squelching all suits
and proceedings that had been commenced in the vague hope of realizing some-
thing from their so-called assets.

"Some of the then residents of Toledo may recollect a handsome grey horse,
owned in the city, called " wildcat." He was bought by one of the old citi-
zens who is still living, lor $2,300 of these bank notes, instead of $70 iu par
money, which was the price asked lor him.

"Banks were at Monroe and Adrian — but of small capitals and lees means.
Tho business men were sometimes obliged to resort to Detroit and Cleveland,
and even as far as BufTalo, for money facilities. Think of these distances, with the
slow modes ot travel then at command. In 1818 Prentiss, Uow & Co., estab-
lished a branch office in Toledo, first opening in the second story office of the
building then standing where JIarkschoeffel & Bro , near corner JMouroe and
Summit Streets, uow conduct business. This was followed in 1815 by two
branches of the Stjite Bank of Ohio — the Bank of Toledo and the Commercial
Bank— Chas. U. Miller, cashier «)f the former, and Matthew Johnson of the
la ter. Miller was not successful at banking, and quit it iu 1818. llo then cs-
ttiblishcd the Toledo Jiepublican, a Democratic free soil sheet, conducted with
c )n8Merable ability, in which ho was associated with Josiah Kiley, who con-
tinued iha paper some years alter Miller left it. The Bank, uf ter long struggles.

Toledo — Banks and Bankers.

C3l

was taken hold of by strong parties, and fell in charge of Siimucl M. Young,
President, and Paul Jones, Cashier, under whose maniigement it is now known
as the Toledo National Bank. The Commercial Bank was still more nnsuc-
eessful.and was woundup In 1"51. Its Cashier, Mr. Johnson, was United
States Marshal for the Federal District of Northern Ohio under Mr. Buchanan.
He died in Cleveland in 1802."

Reluming, finally, and for the purpose of completing the record, to the
l)eriod of intoxication resulting from tlie flood of irredeemable bank issues and
its demoralizing effects upon morals and busines?, when the agricultural pro-
ducti(ms of the country had become suspended to a degree that even bread-
stuffs were imported from Europe, instead of being sent there, it may
lie mentioned as an honorable point in Toledo liistorv that no worthless
banking establishment, so common at that day, in the West and South, and
organized for plunder, found welcome or hospitality within its limits.
Here the old wnys of Inisiness integrity strugirled manfully agnin t the temjv
tations of the time. A nice sense of commercial honor, which has in nil in-
stances been the guide of men wliohave adjusted permanently the foundations
(if great ciiies, was the rule of the early business men of the place, and has
been adhered to by their successirs.

One or two banks, it is true, have existed, whose assets have passed into the
liands of receivers, but noteholders were secured.

Having given this general sketch, it may be stated that, in 1873-73, the bank-
ing faciliiies of the city are in the hands of five National Banks, whose agi^re-

gate capital, exclusive of surplus, is, $1,800,000 00

.Vnd private and Savings' BanKs, and Loan Associations, whose

capital and deposits iiiay be stated at $2,425,000 00

Making a total of f 4,2B),000 00

The history and condition of some of the more prominent of these institu-
tions are here briefly sketched :

FIRST NATIONAL BANK OK TOLKDO.

In 1851, a private bank, known a? Poag & Ketcham, and in the follow inj;
year, under the name of V. II. Kelcham & Co., was in operation, and continu-
ed until 1800, when the style of the firm became Ketcham. Berdan & Co. This
latter organizaticm, in 18U3, was dissolved, and the First N itional Bink of To-
ledo estalilished upon its capital — being one of the earliest National B inks or-
cr vnized in Oliio. Its capital now amounts to $')00,030, and its surplus to
:B100,01)0. Its president, commencing as one of the first merchants, is a'nong
the oldest now in banking business in Toledo. Since the organization of this
bank, very few changes have been mule in its management. lis oftlC3rs now
are, V. H. Ketcham, President; M. bearing, Vice Pre-iident; 8. S. Hubbard,
Cashier; Joseph Spen'-er. Teller ; V. H. Kotcham, M. Neiring, Geo. Spencer,
Charles F. Curtis, T. B. Casey, M. B )os and S. S. Hubbard, Directors.

T0L.ED3 NATIONAL BANK.

This institution, referred to by Mr. Mott as " having passed into the hands
of strong parties," is now under the management of Samuel M. Youncr, Presi-
dent; Paul Jones, Cashier; H. C. Ilahn, Teller, and S. M. Young, Morrison
11. Waite, P. II. Birckhoad, Haricc S. Walbridgc, Directors. Its capital
amounts to $300,000.

TUB SECOND NATIONAL BANK OF TOLKDO

Is controlled by those among the most sulratan'ial business men of the city.
The followinc named gentlemen compose its ofHcers and Board of Directors :
George W. Davis. President; Joseph K. Secor, Vice President, Charles F.
Adams, Cashier ; Nelson Todd, Jr., Teller ; G. W. Davis, J. K. Becor, D. Cogh-
lin, J. A. Moore, Robert Cummmgs, Matthew Brown, Warren Colburn, F. J
Kin^ and P. F. Berdan, Directors.

632

Toledo — Banhs and Bankers.

NORTHERN NATIONAL HANK.

The following representative business men control this inbtitutution : E. C.
Bodman, President; O. 8. Bond, Vice President; F. B. Shoemnker, Cashier;
L. C. De Wolf, Teller ; and E. C. Bodmiin, M. Shoemaker, P. B. Hhoemaker.
O. 8. Bond, J. H. Whitaker and^W. V. Way, Directors.

merchant's NATIONAL BANK.

Authorized capital, !5l,000,000 ; paid up capital, $500,000. This institution,
also, is in the hands of strong financial parlies, consisting of W. W. Griffith,
President; N M. Howard, Vice President ; Chas. C. Doohttle, Cashier ; Monroe
C. Warn, Teller, and W. W. Griffith, J. H. Whitaker, John Cummings. J. R,
Baldy, Wag'T Swayne, A. P. Miller, C. R. Messinger, N. M. Howard, Fred'k.
Eaton, W. W. BoUos and B. Meilink, Directors.

PRIVATE BANKS.

In addition to the five National Banks above mentioned, Toledo h?s at this
time four Private Banks, doing business under the following names :

THE CITY BANK.

This is one of the oldest private banks in Toledo — the firm being composed
of Wm. Kraus and Wm. H. Smith, both having large experience in banking
and of the highest financial credit.

C. H. COY & CO.

This firm is composed of Cyrus H. Coy and Warren Waite, who have also
been engaged in banking for several years, and command the confidence in n
high degree of their patrons.

THE BANK FOR THE PEOPLE.

H. S. Walbridge, one of the most active and influential citizens of Toledo,
is the proprietor of this bank, assisted by E. H. Van Hocsen as Cashier. The
credit of the bank stands very high, and it is regarded as one of the most
reliable moneyed institutions in the city.

KEELER, nOLCOMB Ss CO.

This firm is composed of Salmon N. Keeler, Horace Holcomh, and Elijah N
Norton, They bring to their business experience, combined with ample capi-
tal, and the credit of the bank ranks with the first.

SAVINGS INSTITUTIONS.

The Toledo Savings Institution is the oldest incorporated savings bank
in Toledo. It was incorporated in May, 1868, by Hon. Richard Mott, Hon.
James C. Hall, Joseph K. Secor, Frank J. Scott, Israel Hall, James M. Corn-
stock, Ignatius Wernert, Bernard Meilink, John T. Maher, John F. Witker
and Albert E. Macomber. Among these gentleme i the public will recognize
some of the oldest and most substantial business men of Toledo. The charter
was obtained because "it was believed that such an institution would add
largely to the capital of the city, and would be a powerful incentive to habits
of indu-itry and economy among our large laboring population." The
object was " to encourage the industrious and prudent, and to in-
duce those who have not hitherto been such, to lessen their unnecessary
expenses and to save and lay by something for a period of life when they will
be less able to earn a support." The present Board of Trustees are Hon.
Richard Mott, Hon. Guiilo Marx, John P. Freeman, Horace S. Walbridge,
Edward Malone, David R. Locke and Albert E. Macomber. The officers are,
H >n. Richard Mott, President, E-Jward Malone, Vice President, Albert E.
Macomber, Treasurer, and Wm. H. Reed, Cashier. This inslltuilon has a
capital of |100,0O0. and its deposits, according to the last published state-
ment, were upwards of |S0O,UOO. It is managed in the most cautious

1^'

Tohilo — Labor and Loan Aanociations.

633

itututioii : E. C.

mnker. Cashier ;

B. Shoemaker.

This institution,
W. W. Griffith,
Cashier ; Monroe
Dummings. J. R.
Howard, Freil'l<.

oledo h?s at thi«
names :

I being composed
ence in bankin.ir

Le, who have also
! confidence in a

tizens of Tolrdo,
as Cashier. The
one of the most

nb, and Elijah >'
with ample capi-

ted savings bank

chard Mott, Hon.

James M. C«)m-

John F. Witker

lie will recognize

edo. The charter

ution would add

icenlive to habits

)opulation." The

nt, and to in-

their unnecessarj'

fe when they will

'rusfoes are Hon.

ICO 8. Walbridge,

The officers are,

isident, Albert E.

institution has a

published state-

je most cautious

and conservative manner; its business is confined c.xcluHlvely to the receipt
»nd investment of savings deposit.", upon which it pays interest at the rate of
six per cent, per annum, compounded semi-annuully. No conunercial oi'
;,^eneral banking business is transacted. As regards its general rules and
routine of business, it coincides with the oldest and most reliable institutions
of the same class in New York and New England. All depositors are re-
quired to subscribe to the by-laws ot the institution, and to give notice of the
withdrawal of deposits, in case of financial excitement. The Institution dis-
counts no commercial paper and accepts no personal securities. Its deposits
are held as tni8t fund'*, and carefully invested in mortgages upon real estate
in Toledo ; bonds of the city of Toledo, and United Slates Government bon(1i=^.
The admirable custom of making an annual exliibit of its afitiirs for the benefit
of the public is adopted. In making loans upon real estate preference is given
to those who deposit with it, and who desire to build houses or purchase free-
hold property or remove incumbrance therefrom. About two hundred
thousand dollars has for several years been loaned and re-loaned upon real
estate security, and by this means some hundreds of families have been aided
in securing homes, 'the conservative management of the Institution, together
with the character of its Trustees, have secured for it the fullest confidence of
the large class of depositors for whose benefit it was established.

THE NORTH WESTERN SAVINGS DEPOSITORY

Was incorporated in 1839 with a capital of $100,000. Its Directors are,
Horace 8. Walbridge, Hon. M.*R. Waite, Hon. Richard Mott, Heman D.
Walbridge,* David Smith, A. E, Macomber and ValentineBraun. The officers
Hre, Horace S, Walbridge, President, Hon. M. R. Waite, Vice President, and
E, H. Van Hoj-sen, Treasurer. It receives deposits from mechanics, clerks,
laborers, servants and others, and pays therefor interest at the rate of six per
cent, per annum, compounded semi-annually. Its business is managed with
great care, and C"'mmHnd8 the fullest confidence of the public. Its Directors
are among the most solid business men of the city.

THE merchant's AND CLERK'S SAVINGS INSTITUTION.

Capital, $150,000; President, Matthew Shoemaker; Vice President, Chns.
L. Luce; Treasurer, Oliver 8. Bond; Directors, Matthew Shoemaker, ('has.
I/. Luce, Oliver S. Bond, N. M. Hownrd, James Secor, Fred'k Eaton, E. H.
Wright, L. 31. Skidmore and John H. Whitaker. Tnis institution has recently
fitted up and removed into an elegant banking room in the building of O. S.
Bond, 78 Summit street. Though youngest of its class, it is under control of
some of the most substantial business men of Toledo.

BUILDING LOAN ASSOCIATIONS.

THE GERMAN LABORER'S SWINOS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION

Was organized in 18 9. The present officers am, Fred. Gr.idolph, President,
}i\. Boos, Vice President, and John P. Scliuck, Secretary and Treasurer; and
Jacob Landman, M. Boos, William Kiau<, John A. Spiyer, F. Gradolph,
Charles Villliauer, Ignatius Wernert, Andrew Spross and George Stetti-r,
Director*. These gentlemen are prominent in business circles and possess the
confidence of their German fellow citiz;n'». This is a co-operative associa-
tion for the benefit of its members. It also receives deposits, upon which
io'erest is psiid.

The following Building Loan Associations were also organized for the mutual
l)en< fit of all the members. All payments upon shares are loaned to members
for building purposes. No deposits are received.

The Toledo Savings and Building Loan Association ; Edwin Morgm, Presi-
dent.

Tiie Mechanic's Savings and Building Loan Association ; Wm. C. Earl,
President.

634

Toledo — Insurance Companies.

The Muluiil Savings and Building Loan Association ; D.
dent.

Tlio P\irnier'8 and Mcolianic's Savings and Building Loan
MoMalinn, Si-crttiry and Treasmrr.

Tlic Liibonr's 8;ivings and Building Loan Association ; \Vm.
dent; O. S Bond, St'ciotary and Trcasnivr.

The liquitablu Savings iind Building Loan Association ; A.
dent.

The Provident Savings and Building Loan Association.

Inilustrial Savings and Building Loan As-socialiou ; Alex. Reed, Pivsideiit,
O. S. Bond, Secretary and Treasurer.

A. Pease, Presi-

Associafon ; A

, W. Jones, Presi

Saxauer, Preai-

IXSUUANCE COMPANIES.

Life, Fire and Marine Insurance. — The amount paid annually on premiutrifi
through Lilo Insurance CompanicH represented in Toh do nmouiat to $155,0(H).

The Guardian Mutual of New York is the only foreign Company having a
niumbt.r of she Board of Dirtcloi's a resident of Tolcd<»;— and this fad gives it
the charat'tcr ol a home Company, as western interests are managed, to ii large
extent, by this Directory. The Bomd is composed of gentlemen wlio, on tlio
score of litnmcial ability and character, possess a nati(mal reoutation.

The Executive ofHc'ers consist of VVallon H. Peckham, President; Wm. T.
Hooker, Vice President; Lucius IM-Vdam. Secretivry and Actuary; Henry C.
Clench, Asnstant Secretary, and \V. E. Vermilye, Medical Examiner. The
Branch Olfli-e in Toledo is in charge of Chas. P. Griflin, Esq., manager for the
area embracing Western and Central Ohio, Southern Michisran and Northfrii
Indiana, wlih^B. F. Griflin. General Travelling Agent ; D. A. Curtis, Cashier,
and Dr Geo. W, Bowen, Medical Eximiner.

The Toledo Branch oftice is in Nos. 30 and 31, Chamber of Commerce build-
ing, eml)iaoiug one of the tinest suite of romns in that splendid block. This
branch has been under its present management about four years, and the grns?
receipts of the business within the territorial limit above named, amounted for
the year ending July, 1812, to over !J10U,00(). This Company is purely mutual-
does its business on the all cash plan — makes dividends at the end of one year,
which dividends may be used to reduce second payment, or to increase policy.
All its policies are nonfoileiting alter two payments, except the Tontine Sav-
ings Policies, wliich are a specially. The assets of the Company are now ovor
$J,' 00,iiOO. The home companies are :

Home Insurance Company; George W. Davis, President.

Mutual Insurance Company of Toledo; C. A. King, l*resident.

Germmia Insurance Company of Toledo; John F. Witker, President.

Fire and Marine Insurance Company of Toledo; V. II. K Mcliam, President.

Toledo Mutual Lite Insurance Compuny; S. H. Bergen, President.

Toledo Branch, Missouri Valley Life-insurance Company; "Wm. Baker,
President.

MANUFACTURES AND OTHER INDUSTRIES.

The first of tbc.se are destined to becnnio one of the chief sources of the wealth
of Toledo. Several railway lines, which will soon be opened, will secure the
deliviry of coal at as cheap rates as are furnished manufacturers at any of the
lake port or interior cities; and no city on the chain of lakes will
have better facilities for transportation, to any part of the world, of manufac-
tured goods.

The Lake Shore nnd Michigan Southern railway, after their contemplated
improvements are made, will give emploj'ment to from 1,U00 to 1,500 men ; and
a wagon shop soon to be ervcted, will employ from (iOO to 1,000.

"T^

D. A. Pouse, Presi-
in Associtit'on ; A
'^111. W. Joues, Prtsi
V. SaxuiKjr, Preai-

'X. Rl'oiK Pivsideiii,

inimllyon j)rc-miumf
nmoiint 1o ^155,00U.

Company liuving a
ind lliis fuel gives it

managed, to a large
itlenien wlio, on tlie
con I 111 ion.

PiX'sidunl ; Wni. T.
ActUiiry ; Henry C.
r;iil Examiner. Tbc
Isq., niiinflgor for the
liisran and Northf^rii
I. A. Curtis, Casliier,

of Commerce build-
ilendid block. This
r years, and the gross
)amed, amounted for
ly is purely mutual—
, the end of one year,
or to increase policy,
['pt the Tontine Sav-
)mpany are now ovrr

■nt.

ssident.

^er, President.

K .'tcham. President.

, President.

ipauy; Wm. Baker,

ITRIES.

sources of the wealth
ened, will secure the
cturers at any of thp
:hain of lakes will
) world, of manufac-

their contemplated
00 to 1,500 men ; and
1,000.

Toledo — Manufactures and other Industries. 635

Some of the prominent estnblisliments, enu'agcd in these important interests,
;ire mentioned below :

ArtixU. — Eight photograph gallcrie.-j — the principal of which is ninniiged by
Nor'h ic Oswald, (Jliamiier ot COinniene Ituildiiig. Tiiis lirm, and Mr. ShoxJl',
i)t Fort Wayne, produced tlie best photouTaphs. from wliich the lllhograiihs
ilial embellish this work, were t.ikcn. VV. II. Maclien, Gradolph Block, has
produced works of art that have ( hallcnged the admiration of competent critics
ill home and altroad. The Tt»l<'do Coinmncial, in June, iHTii, had the following
iiotioe of Mr. Machen's work :

]\Ir. W. II. Machen, a well known artist of this city, has just completed for
I). W. II. Howard, Esq., of Fulton County, two very tine companion painiinijs,
which will l)e more readily understood from a brief historical statement.

In 18 W Mr. Edward Howard, with bis family (including Mr. D. W. H. IIow-
:ird,) settled on a tract of land at the bead ol the rapids and on the south bank
of the Maumee River, near to the site of the present village ot (;lrand Rapids,
(late Gilead) at which time tiie country was almost entirely new. One ol the
paintings represents the log-house and surroundings of the'pioneer family, willi
iliu rapids in fnmt and an almost unbroken lorest on each side and iu rear,
Tlirce islands app»;ar in the river, of which one has since been washed away by
the water. On the bank opposite to the cabin appear several Indian wigwam.s,
with two or tiiree ludi ins about — the hour being too early for many of those
late-risers to be out. Furlher up thi- stream and at the water's edge stand sev-
Mi\\ deer, held at bay by the appearance of the elder Howard and I'amily on
tlio opposite shore ; while still furlher up, appear two wolves, having evident
designs on the deer, who subsv(|uently take fright at their known enemy and
cross the stream above the log-house. IN' ear the cabin was a piece ot clear
^'round, which subsequently was washed away by the water. It is a truli'
primitive scene, and one well calculated to enlist ihc love and attachment of
one whose childhood is associated with it.

The second painting presents the hame localilj' as seen at this time, with all
the changes which half a century has wrought. The dense forests have melted
luvay ; Iiulians, deer and wolves have disappeared ; the log cabin has been sup-
planl^ed by a sione dwelling; improvement is seen on every hand, including a
dam acro-s the river, a canal on the north side, cultivated lands on botii sides,
and the towns of Grand Rapids and Providence in the distance. The contrast
isgrijat, but can best be appreciated by one who, like Mr. Howard, the present
owner of the original 'clearing,' has Irom the tir.st been identitied in life and
interest with it.

It was eminently fitting that local paintings like these should be executed by
II home artist, and we are glad that one so fully qualitied for the work was
;i.l hand, in which view all who examine the<e works wi 1 lully agree. The
chiet diliiculty in the case grew out of the first view for which Mr. Machen was
dependent upon the verbal desciiption furnished by Mr. Howard's recolleciion ;
but the picture shows all the naturalness of a copy from nature. Both are ex-
cellent in design and admirable in execution.

Bi-sides tlieso. Mr. Machen has painted two scones on Mr. Howard's homc-
slead farm in Fulton county, eight miles from Wauseon, which are very at-
tractive in view and most successfully painted.

We much admire Mr, Howard's taste and judgment iu thus directing his at-
tentioi: to the collection of pictures of home Id'o, instead ot gathering views
iVom foreign and unknoivn localiiifs, chittiy valued because they arc far-
li;t(hed and strange. We cherish likenesses of friends and acquaintances more
th;in those of strangers, on account of our pei-sonal relations to and knowledge
of them. Why should not the same principle apply to localities ? Few people
buy photograi)hs of strangers, merely because they aie handsome or odd; no
niiire should they seek unknown landscapes having no stronger bold on their
interest and afteclion, especially while so many home scenes, constituting parts
of our very selves, are at band.

:gL

636 Toledo — Manufactures and other Industries.

O. J. ITopkiiiH, the (Icsigner of tlio frontispiece for IIiIh volume, is nii artist of
nire merit ami clevcniiss. His produetions iire published in (he illustratpd
papers of the Atlantic and other eilies, and his reputation as a carricaturist h!i»
a vigorous growlli.

Aruixtrofig ITenter ManvJueUiriiig Co>iipan>/. — This eHtiibllslmicnt was in-
corpiiraied in Jannfiiyof the present year, r.nd has erected a building <'ront.
ing 'S'\ on Summit, l^JJJ n fjocust, and an L of 50 teet. occupied as a foundry.
The Company already, within the first six months of it-' exidleuce, atford tni-
ployment to a force of 50 men.

Ales. — Finlay & Klemm manul'acture a quality of ale thai has ncldeved »
market in the principal cities in Ohio and the West— their goods being shipped
nciarly to the eustern base of the Rocky Mountains. They produced in 1872,
15,000 bbls; and the enlargement of their facilities now in progress, will pro-
bably enable them to double this amount during the current year. They em-
ploy an average of 30 hands.

Bathing liooms. — Three public bathing rooms, principal of which is 170
Summit street, Taylor & Freer, proprietors, having fourteen elegantly lUted
ror)ras. Attached to this establishment is the most extensive laundry in
Ohio.

Beer. — The value of Inger beer manufactured at live esttblishments iu 1871
\\:\t islimaled at $3U1,6J0, and the probable amount for the current year is
^108 800. Employment is given to about 155 hands.

Of last year's business, the establishment of Grisser & Brand made sales
ainouniing to $90,000. Tue firm, during the first year, niMde sales scarcoiv
reaching $10,(>0>). This year they will amount fully to $150,000, and their
esiablishment, tn(mgh the yi ungest, furnis-hes the largest local supply.

The Toledo Brewing Company, established by the well known Peter Lenk,
was re-organized during 1871 under the following management: President,
Peter Lenk; Vice President and Superintendent, Fred. Lang; Secretary and
Treasurer, Geo Sietter; Directors, Peter Lenk, F. Lang, Geo. Stelter, J. hn
Oroenwold and Fred. Grndi>l|.h. This is a powerful organization, andinvnlves
the consolidation with the Eagle Brewery, owned by F. Cang & Co. It will here,
alter, by retson of its great resources, rank as one of the most extensive brew,
cries in Ohio. The quality ol this Ijcer is said to compare favor ibly with thai
manufactured at Chicago, Cincinnati or Milwaukee. Shipments are made to
New York City, and West to the neighborhood ot Chicago.

The brewery of A. Stephan & Co., also occupies a prominent position.

B'l'iaM Tahlts — 0. D. Benjamin employs twelve hands in the manufactnre
of Bilh'Td Tables, and sells work amounting to an annual value of $l'5O,000.
He also deals in Bdliard materials, ten. pin balls, &c., and has an improved Bil-
liard cushion that is superseding others hitherto in use. The quality of his
work is such as to authorize the c 'ndusion that t'.ie sceptre, ^o long held by
Phelar^, has accompanied tlie star of empire westward, and is now helil by
Benjamin of Toledo, who has also recently established a house at Cleveland for
the manufacture of his tables and improved cushions, Tvventy years ago there
was no establishment nuinufuctur'ng billiardd in Cincinnati, or iu any city in
Ohio.

Carvfr and Gildej'.— J ixmes Breretou & Son, 243 Summit street, conduct the
only house in this line of goods, and manufactiuc window cornices, mantle,
square, oval, walnut, gilt and rosewood frames.

Cigars.— The books of the United States Assessor show that 2,88!>,100 cigar?
were manufactured last year by twenty-nine establishment?, ot which 2,72.-,229
were sr'ld ; and that to prof'uce (his amount 65 hands were employed.

The principal establNhraeiit, as exhibited by the same authority, and einploy-
ing the largest force and c ipit il, is that of Clark Scripure & Co., since becoma
Dyer, Scripture & Bdssett, corner of Monroe street and Market Space, who employ

lustries.

lumc, is nil artist ot'
I in the illuHtrato(i
' 11 carricntiirist jtiii-.

ibllslitiicnt w»8 in-
i a buililiii); •'ront.
ipied us a tounciry.
xidteuce, utFord tiii-

liat lias nchiovoii a
joods being sbippod
yf produced in 1872,
progress, will pro-
at year. They em-

id of which is 170
een elegantly filled
:tcnsive lauiulry in

iblishments iu 1871
the current year is

Brand made sales
iTi'ule sales scarcelv
$150,000, and their

)cal supply,
inown Peter Lcnk,
igenient : President,
ang ; Secretary and
, (ieo. btelter, J. lin
iziition, and in VI lives
g&Co. It will here,
lost extensive brew.

favor ibly with that
pnicuts are made to
>.
iiineut position.

5 in the manufacture
1 value of $150,000.
ias an improved Bil-
The quiiliiy of hi!*
Ire, so l(jug held by
^nd is now held by
[)use at Cleveland for
enty years ago there
iti, or iu any city in

t street, conduct the
)w curuiccs, uiantle,

that 3,S8!),1CG cigar?
f?, ot whicli 2,73.-,229
e employed,
ilhorlty, and etnploy-
I & Co., since becomt;
Let Space, who employ

Toledo — Manufactures and other Industries. 037

twentv.uix hands, and in 1870 mnnnfnrtured 830,200 cignrs, or nearly onr-ihird
tlic whole amount produced by the 29 factories Air. yeripturo cuniiiU'nci-d n
small business In February, l9C8, in L'-nk's Block, with one opeiailvc, and
maiiufacturinp 8,0DO or 10,()00 per nionih. During the current year, at the rale
of the June and July returns, the present flnn will approximate a uilllion and
a quarter Iwtore tlic close ot thp vear. Their nrinclpal brands are the *' Board
of Trade," •'Overland," "Guaniiaii, * and " Little Minnie."

f('n/rc'i"n''7iVa— VVImlesnle.— Four eKtablishnients, viz : F. Gr.-idilph & Bro.,
Wuris & Co., Ciaig, Fleming & Co., nnd S. K. Fox, manulacture randies, and
produce an > nnual value amount iiig to $55,' 00.

Doors Sa8?i, BHnds, Mcul''ingi*, do. — Fourteen ostabliahinents aro engaged in
these and kindred luuuulaetuie, and pmduce an annual value of $830,<iOO.

7^/o?<r.— Five gristmills, n-mdv: The To^do (Fallis & Llmon,) Armndn,
fW. H. & W. B. lieynolds, Mich., and H. C Hcynold-s Toledo,) Piilicd's,
Browii'8 nnd the Alanhattan, and four at Maiimce City, and one at I'errysbiirg
—eleven in all— are engnged mostly on custom work, i.nd cmp'oy an active forcu
of 117 hands, nnd huve a capacity fur turning out nearly half a million bbls.
of flour— equivalent to a consumption of two and a ha'lf riiillious bushels of
wheat.

n tels, tfc<j— Toledo contains 18 hotels and 85 bonnliu? houses, nnd three
hotels conducted upon the European plan: Conway's, i;Ol Suninul street;
Van Buren's, Summit stred, and Congress Hull, Ad:un3 street.

Jce. — The Elevator Ice Works, on the east side of the river, put up last win-
ter 2;J,000 tons. This establishment, owned by Mr. Thomas, is the largest we>t
(f Boston, and east of Chicago, Tiiree lesser establishmenis, it is estimated,
secured in their houses during last winter 1.5,000 tons.

I'on. — The Novelty Iron Works, corner of Water and Lagrange streets, es-
tablished by a joint stock company in 1854), of which Messrs, Russell & Tliayer,
the present owners, were then prominent atockh(ddei's, may be considered the
pioneer enterprise in the iron manufacture of T«)ledo. Duiing the flr>t year
the works produced a value of -t 33,700 and employed 30 liiinds. They last year
made sales amounting to over ^-SjOOO, and gave em|)loym'-nt to an average of
about 50 hands. Tliese works handled la><t year over one thousand tons of
iron, and, notwithstanding a daniage by fire, which occurred in September,
1872. the amount will be considerably increased t!us year.

The senior member of this firm. Air. Russell, commenced manuficturing in
Auburn, N. Y., in 1835. In 1 8)5-56, as one of a joint stock company, he was
engaged in the estaldishment of the first rolling mill for the manulacture of
railroad iron in Cleveland. The multiplicaiion of these works has since be-
oome one of tlie chief sources of the industrial wealth of that oily. Since 1859,
the date ot his residence in Toledo, he has been active in etforts to establish,
on solid foundations, this important eli'ment of the iireuent and future wealth
of Toledo. As the Cleveland Rolling Mill was, to a lirge extent, the nucleus of
the now powerful iron manufacturing intenst in that growing ciiy, so the
Novelty Works in Toledo may be regarded as the origin of the same substan-
tial source of wealth in the city in which they are established ; and what Peter
llayden has accomplished for Columbus, iMessrs. Russell & Thayer may succeed
iu working out fi)r Toledo.

Lime, Land Plaster, rf-c. — Newman &■ Ford produce annually of these
materials a value umountiug to $91,r>00, and employ 40 hands.

Lumber, — Statistics place Toledo at the head of the list ot hard wood lum-
Ixr markets in the world. In iheyear l'<72, acc(;rding to the report ot Mr.
Wales, then was received by railioad, lake and canal at Toledo, Jb9,0(J9,7l(J
feet, and manufactured at Toledo 22,350,000 feet, making a total of -ill, 319,-
710 feet, much of which was hard wood timber and lumber, and principally ex-
ported to Europe. Reiering to the Board of Trade report, it also appears that A.

,"■'1 ''11

C38 loledo — Jdaiuifacfurcs and other Industries,

Andrews. Jr., A; Co.. control to a lnr(rord'groctlin» nny othf r onp (Inn tbls Im-
portant interest. Tho biislneL^s success ol liiis peniluninn has been so note-
worthy ns (o dcyprve brlol" mention. Henchinft 'I olcdo seven years upo, youDR
luid lilcncUcsa. with lean tlinn one imndred doilurs in casb, Ids sn'^aclons mind
I'ully grasprd tlio advanta'.;e3 and importance of tliis irndo. and tlic roault is
in tbo atjovo stiUement, and will stand as an illustration oi the powtr
of integrity and sagacity in aclilevin;.^ business sllcccs^.

Opera //o'/m.— Amoni; tlio valuablo public bulldinp eipclcd h\ TdU-il i
wiiUiii tlie last two yearn, none, perbiips, was more imperatively deinnndcd \<)
tlic pulilic tafltc and more biijbly apiirceiuted l)y tiie ciiizi-ns, tlian tbo OpciM
House constructed Ity llie hi ira of the late Mr. L. Wiieeler, prominent Miiinii;,'
llicni, and elllcient in tlio prHseculion of tliu work, beinir Mr. Loiiii Wacliuii-
lieimer. It is au iinpos n;j; stone atructure. situa'ed on iliu corner of Mournu
and St. Clair streets. Tlie lirst llnor is dividid into u bankiii^if nflleo inid
stores, all of which arc Inrge and conveniently arranged, adapted lor ciiiier tiiu
retail or jobbing trade. All the space altove'ilie first lloor i8 oceiipied for llio
opera house. The entire l)uihliiijf wcs constructed almost widiout re;rard to
cost, and the theatre, therefore, Vj, one of the ino.si perl'e(;t, as well as one ol the
most beautiful in the country. Caiefiil attention whs f;ivi;n to all the details
of the block, and it is one ol the must impi.rtjml, as well as the must exponsivf
building improvements in Toledo.

Mouldings. — Osborn. Chaso & Bwayne iire propricior.-? of an e^lablisluneiv
manulaetiiring black walnut luouldinifs tiiat give employment to about Kill
hands, and turn out a yearly value reaching !jil30,000.

Oil. — Tho establishment of Barney & Taylor, just ei-eeled. prodoces, dr.ily,
1,4(J0 g lions of linseed oil, and ;jO,00() lb*, of oil cake, li is probably the larjjisi
establishment west of Pittsburg.

Puwx>i*.— The Toledo Puntp Company employ an average! ol 2."i Imm'.s during
the year, and the value of sales amount to !*yj,()Ot>.

Rent Estate Agencies. — With the rapid advance of Toledo in population and
wealth, the real estate agencies have assumed importance. Twenty-two olllccs
w(!ro devoted to the business during the year 1812 ; and all these ale controlled
by men of higli character and influence. One wliose operations have been at-
tended with success so marlied, and whose field has been almost co-extensive
with tli(! country, is that of Henry J. liatTcnsperger, Escj. An evidence of hi?
jippreciation abroad as well as at home, is furnished in the Chicago LanO
Owner for June, 18T1 — a publication whicli is accepted authority with regaid
to real estate matters tliroughout the country. L'ndi r the bead oi' " (Jur Lead-
ing Men " — Henry J. Raffensperger, Esq ,"— Mr. Wing, the editor, makes thi.-
statement :

" Once in a decade the financial world is astmiishcd by the flashing athwart
their horizim of a rocket of brilliant capabilities, who carries Wall street by
storm, runs the stocks up and down at his august jileasure, and acciimulatis
millions, while other men are at work zealously for llie thousands. His wcrd
or look IS the decree ol fate in the gold room or on the Bourse. He becomes ii
king in his sphere, and dictates terms right and lell. ills great success is won-
dered at, scoffed at perhaps, j'ct admiretl even by his enemies.

"Between such men and Henry J. lia ffensperger, Esq., the subjecit of thi.«.
sketch, and the accompaning portrait, th'ie may lie drawn a parallel. Th''
real estate world has lately been convulseil l»y his brilliant opernthms, and the
success which has attended his schemes.

"In 1801, Mr. Rairenspcrger went to Toledo, Ohio, and engaged in the real
estate business in that rnpidlv growing city. He went to workwith on energy
and perseverance that coulci riot fail at length oi meeting their reward. For
eighteen months he worked silently', learning the value of properly in different
parts ot the city, stirdying the direction in wliich the city would naturally grow,

Toledo — Mannfactni'CH iind othet' Industries. G39

<i| 2."> iiiiiu's timing

nnd where investments would he most profifable, nnd in rurions ways Inying
broad auil deep the loundalion of u 1 irjte bustneim. From the very tlr.st day
ilmt he was Itnown as a rial estate brol<er, he wiis popular in thiU rnpacily.
Iliii iudoiniiable perseverciice and strict attention to bui^intb!), made those who
wished either to buy or sell, Icol perlucl confldtuce in hi« nmniiL'i'monl of their
nfl'iiirs, and tliey never had reason to regret ihut onntldenco. Ills prnial man-
neri made hira hosts of tHeniln, unci his sterling integrity in every btisincbs trans-
action retained them.

" From a small boginninir, Mr. UilFcnspc ririT conntiuitly increased, but he felt
ambitious to do someihin;,' on u largtu' scale ihiui anytliinu; he lind yet (nj^agcd
in. Accordinjfly, in the full of 1H7U, he announced a grand auction sale of the
lots in 'r. F. Brown's suldivibion, of Toledo. Tliis property was located nt
^jome di-stancc fiom the cily. It was laid out in lots, and a horse milroad built
to the place, ami put in operation. Hhe property was then adveitised exteu-
•iiveiv, in every legitimate way. When the dny came it proved tliat Mr. Haf-
f.nspcrjjer had not miscahuhited, or anticipated too much. The $2,000 in-
vested in advertising had been well expended — the aide w:is a success biyond
nil preceilent. From far and near buyers llocUcd to the spot, llie enihiisinsm
was unbound'.d, and lots to the number of lour hundrtd and sixty live were
Kold. ♦

"The success attending this sale, led to other great auctions of city lots a few
weeks alter, and in distant cities, aud attcndi'd with the same resld;s. Over
linli a million ot dolhnv worth of property was sold during a two days' *ale in
'lolt^do. Tlie skill disphiyed iu managing iliesu Isirge and important sale- won
the encomiums of the press in all quarters.

" Toledo is certainly very much indebted to him for what he has done in
iu£r her advantages known to outsiders, and in intluencing numy p'rsoiis tj
make their home there. W c are pleased to l;e able to add tliat the picu
results to lilrn-sclf, of his lidmrs, have been satisfactory, and that he has acquuod
u handsome amount of properly during the lew years of his rcbidtnce in
Toledo."

Mr. HafTensperger's later achievements were made at Columbrs, Ohio, Vticii,
N. Y., Olathe, Kansas, — and tor llie year l^il:i, if morally possiblo to meet the
demands
Denver.

upon him, his operations will extend tr<un A'ew York city to

Saws. — Two establishments miinufacture. employing !i force of twenty-live
luiflus, and turning out a yearly value of !li!4l),O0iJ.

Soap and Candle Worka. — Two establishments are engaged in the mmufac-
tuie of soap and caudles, and employ ten hands. Annual value of sales.
iii;',8,r)00.

The establishinent of John lIofTman, eomiuPHcing on a small scale in 1840.
now employs »\x liands, and produces an annual value ot !>!"J8,1.')0. His factory
and office are now located on the corner of Fifteenth and Lucas streets. The
ciipacity of this house is equal to the production of A."it),(!0O jier anniun.
Tlie establishment, since its removal fnmi its old ([Uartera liu Monroe stri.'et, to
its present location, has added largely to its business facilities.

Steam Engines, Iron and Brasft Castings.—ln these lines of manufacture,
there are lour establishments, which employ an aggregate lorco of 800 hands,
;uid, in manufacture and repairs, turn out annually a value of !S'120,000.

Tobacco. — During the year Uj70 tour establisiiments reported that they had
manufactured of chewing tobacco, l,0'i6,721 Il)s., and of smoking, 1,070,80:5
lbs., making a total of 8,00(5,537 lbs. The increase since that year has been very
larL'e.

Within the last twenty years, Toledo fine cut tobacco has occupied a high
place in the markets of the country, and it yet maintains that rank.

To no one is the city as much imiebted lor the establishment of the reputa-
tion its fine cut tobacco has attained, as to Mr. C. Bronson, the pioneer iu the

!:■;

I' !

640 Toledo — Manufactures and other Industries.

business, who comnipnced his manufacture about 1851. His capital originally
amounted to only a few thousand dollars; but by starting out with the pur-
chase of the best stock in market, and tlie employment of tiie best skill iu its
manufacture, his trade within a few years increased to an immense amount,
and he retired from the business January 1, 186i!, and Charles K. Messin^er is
now hi'i successor, producing the same brands that secured the popularity
for the Brotison tobacco. Mr. Messinger's tobacco now flnds a ready market
in all the principal ciiits in the country. Within the last year his increasing
))usines3 has required tiie erection of a new and splendid block, consisting of
live floors, corner of Bummit and Linn, and exiending from the former to
Water stnet.

The Toledo Tobacco Works of Wltkcr, Halsted & Co., established .Tanuan*,
18GtJ, have contributed much in adding to the success of Toled.» brand-', and in
superseding manufacturers of other cities in markets where the best quality of
Hue cut chewing tobacco is iu special demand. As between chewing and
smoking tobacco, they produce a larger ptr cent, of the former than any house
in the trade. Their goods tind their way to the principal cities in the* Union,
and HU e-timate of the increase of their bu-iuess may be formed, when it is
Slated that notwithstanding the iaterrupti<ni caused by the destructive llie of
last year, their sales will be double that of the year prtfcerting. During the
first year ol the organization of the firm, they employed 25 hands, and now
give employment to an average force of 7.5. Since the flre mentioned they
have temporarily occupied buildings on 8t, Ciair street, near Swan Creek
bridge, but wih soon erect a large brick, as near fire proof as post-ible, on
Ottawa street, opposite the Dayton and Michigan freight depot.

Wtttfs.— The last twenty-five years have demonstratated that the islands at
the head of Lake Erie are botier adapted to the production of grapes for
wines, than the countries adjoining the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers. The ii>te Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, w^as the first to in-
rroduce the culture of the Catawba in the Mississippi Valley, and to manufacture
brands of still and sparkling Avincs that achieved a high reputation throughout
the country. Of late years, however, it has been acceriained that the wines
produced on the islands at the head of Lake Eiie, in Ohio, are much
superior to those from the vineyards iu the neighborhood of Cincinnati, from
which Mr. Longwoith derived his supplies, tor the manufacture of his once
celebrated brands. One establishment, (iiCnk & Co's.,) near Toledo, has entirelj
overshadowed the pioneer work of Mr. Longwortli— producing, the last year,
200,000 gallons from grapes grown on the islands. Tuis firm of Lenk & Co.,
have hitherto only produced still wines, but arrangements have been perfected
by which, in future, they will manufacture both still and sparkling, at their
establishment near Treniainville, adjoining the city limits of Toledo. Several
of their casks are the largest in the United Slates— holding 8,300 gallons, and
each valued at .^1,000. It has also been demonstrated thai the Catawba grape
has never attained any degree of perfection except on the islands named — a
fact that requires no more conclusive evidence for its establishment than the
simple statement that the great houses of Bogen & Son and M. Work
& Sons, Cincinnati, and the American Wine Co., St. Louis, purchase the
grap'js, from wh ch their best brands are made, from the island vineyards. Al
the Cincinnati Exposition of lb73, E. T. Mortimer, jjroprietor of the Bayview
vineyard, Pui-in-Bay, received the first prizes of two silver medals for the best
brands ol wines manufactured from Catawba and Delaware grapes.

Added to those enumerated, there are two manufacturers ol awnings ; fifteen
bakers ; two of baking powders; three of barrels, staves and headings ; six ot
bent works; three of bird cages; one of bitters; one of blaeking; twenty-
eight blacksmith shops ; six blank book manufacturers and three book
binders; four boat builders; three boiler makers; six box manufacturers; six
brick yards; two bridge builders; nine builders and contractors; four cabinet

dusii'ies.

Toledo— Mercantile Business.

641

b capital originally
out witii the pur-
the best skill iu its
I iinmenae am«)unt,
les li. Mesainner Is
ired the popularity
ids a ready market
year his increasing
block, consisting ol'
from the lormer to

"stablished Januan'.
jlt'd.* brand-, and in
•e the best quality «if
twcen chewing and
•mer than any house
cities in the Uuioti,
! formed, when it is
3 de-*truclive ll'C of
icrtii.g. During the
25 hands, and now
are mentioned they
;, near Swan CrceU
roof as possible, oii
lepot.

3 tliat the islands at.
otion of grapes for

and Mississippi
was the first to in-
, and to manufacture
■putation throughout
lined that the winei«
in Ohio, are much
of Cincinnati, from
utacture of his once
r Toledo, has entirely
ucing, the last year,
^rm of Lenk & Co.,
have been perfectid

sparkling, at their
of Toledo. Several
g 8,800 gallons, and
ii the Catawba grape
c islands named — »
ablishment than thr-
Son and M. Work
Louis, purchase the
and vineyards. At
I'tor of the Rayview
r medals for the hcsl
re grapes.

ol awnings ; liltpon
md headings ; six ol
f blacking; twenty-
rs and tliree boijk

manufacturers ; six
actors ; four cabinet

manufacturers; one railroad car ■wheel manufactory ; six carpet weavers; five
carriage shops, in addition to the Toledo Wheel Company ; four children's
carriage shops; three chair factories; one cotfee and spice factory; two ol
cornices ; one distillery ; forty-nine dress-makers ; seven furniture manufac-
tories ; one of iron raiiings"; two of lime ; one map publisher, (John B. Mars-
ton ;) nine machine shops ; one; perfumery manufactory ; one pocket book
manufactory; two plow manufactories ; one ot pumps and tubing; one of
rakes; seven of sn'^h, doors and blinds; thirty of shoes; one sorghum mill;
one manufacturer of spring bed bottoins ; four of steam engines; two of trunks ;
tliree of vinegar ; fourteen of wagons ; one of wooden ware and c .le ot
yeast.
In ship building, IIutc is employed an average force of 235 hands.

COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS OF MERCANTILE BUSINESS.

Almost simultaneous with the opening of business in Toledo, merchants
offered their goods at wholesale, as well as at retail. There then being no arti-
ficial means of transportation — no canals, railways, McAdamized, plank, or
even graded and turnpike roads, by which interior towns could be reached, it
may be inferred that " the wliolcmle department" was confined to narrow lim-
its, and supplied only a few river and lake sliore places, ajid others which could
only be, with much difficulty and expense, reached when the surface was made
solid by the action of winter temperature.

The stocks of thosic o.d meicliants embraced all lines of goods. A. stranger
in Toledo, seeking the purchase of a pair of boots, would be referred to estal)-
llsliments where he would also probably find dry goods, saddlery, groceries,
crockery, hardware, notions, cigars, patent medicines, liquors, peltries, ready-
made clothing, tobacco, Indian goods, etc., etc. lie would discover a "gen-
eral assortment." The contents of any of these old stores, however, would
not invoice as much as any average retail dealer now engaged in a single line
of goods in Toledo.

The first store was oi)en('d l)y Lewis Godard, in the Vistula division, in
^331. The ^;rst wholesale firm, of considerable prominence, was established
by Titus & v;o., in 18J57, in the building then standing upon tiie ground now
occupied by the Novelty Iron works, on Water street. It was then a ware
house, — the lower story being used by Poag & Morse, for their commission iind
forwarding business, and Titus &, Co. fjccupying the second floor for their
wholesale trade, — their princi[)al clerk being the late Gideon W. Weed. Titus
& Co. also conducted a retail branch house on the corner of Locust and Sum-
mit streets.

In the year 1839, V. II. Kelchain opened a wiiolfsale establishment, having
conducted, during the previous tliree years, a retail business, most of the time,
in partnership with Levi Snell— the firm name being Keteham & Snell. The
last named gentleman (Mr. Snell), in 1835, had opened a merchant tailoring
establishment, and continued this business until 1836, when he entered
the partnership just mentioned. From 1830, Mr. Keteham remained iu the
jobbing and retail trade, liaving, in 1843, taken his clerk, Joseph K. Secor, as a
partner, and. iiv 1854, transtcrred the stock and business of the firm of Ketch -
am & Co., to Secor, Berdan & Co.

The next house of considerable dimensions, and devoted exclusively to the
wholesale of groceries, was tiiat of Charles O'llara, in Mott's block, estab-
lished in 1843.

During this year, also, D. Swift & Co. (the junior partner being T. U.
Hough), opened a large establishment in the same block, embracing diversified
lines ot goods— the business name being successively changed to T. H. Hough,
T. H. Hough «& Co., Hough & Hall, and finally to T. H. Hough & Co. (the

642

Toledo — Mercan tile Business.

junior member of the last mentioned firm having been Mr. W. H. Buckman).
Mr. Hough died in Connecticut, in October, 1872.

Alexander Ralston «& Co. started the drug business in the spring of 1844, in
Mott'o block, corner of Monroe and Summit streets, doing considerable job-
bing. Ralston sold out to his partner. S. Liusley, and continued the same line
till his death, in 1853, when the firm became Charles West & Co., now West
& Truax

Kraus & Roemer were the first clothing jobbers, or that followed that busi-
ness exclusively.

In 1853, Church, Hayes & Co. opened a large stock of general merchandise,
which they offered at wholesale exclusivelj'.

The present house of Whitaker«fc Phillips was established in 1844, under
the name ot Kirkland & Whitaker. Since the decease of Mr. Hough, Mr.
Whilaker holds tiie rank ot the senior wholesale merchant in Toledo.

The firm ot Bell & Deveau, which commenced business under the auspices
of New York parties, October 1, 1847, was "an event" in the business history
of Toledo. Its trade was strictly confined to jobbing, and sales the first year
ran up to $55,000 — a sum total then regarded as immense. The lines embrac-
ed dry goods, notions, groceries, crockery, leather, nails, glass, etc. Their pur-
chases were made in October, for the winter and spring trade, and designed to
be sufficient in amount to mci.'t the demands of their customers until the open-
inw of the following navigation season, transportation being then only b}' water.

In 185;?, the firm was changed to Bell, Deveau & Co. (the Co. being W. S.
D Ilubbell). In 18)t5, Mr. Bolles became a partner, and the firm name was
Bolles, Bell «& Hubbell. In 1858, the stock was divided— Bell, Holcomb &
Co. retaming the grot^eries, and Mr. Bolles retiring with the dry goods. In
1861, the grocery firm was Bell «fe Holcomb, and, in 1K64, the la e firm of Bell
& Emerson was formed. Mr. Bell retired from business in 1813.

It was not until the spring of 1861, that Secor, Berdan & Co., the last of the
jobbers who had been carrying a variety of stocks, separated their goods, and
thenceforward confined their business to the wholesale of one line— and from
this date the wholesale and retail trade assumed the form of distinct classifi-
cation and branches. Near this date (1861), the trade of Toledo had attained
something like metropolitan proportions, as well as arrangements; and, in his
report of 1873, Mr. Wales, Secretary of the Board of Trade, estimated the
business of the jobbing and commission houses, for the 3'ear 1871, at $7G,-
406,199.0P.

Taking a retrospect of the trade of Toledo, which commenced at a period
when a vitiated and inflated paper currency offered peculiar bounties to all
schemes of reckless adventure, it may be truthfully stated that no town or
city in the west can exhibit a fairer record, as regards general solvency, and
honest commercial dealing. And it may be j)roper to add, that the most sub-
stantial men in Toledo, now retired, or in active business, made their accumu-
lations here.

A view of the general business, in the summer of 1836, may be partly

Fathered from the advertisements which appeared in the Toledo Blade, dated
une 29, 1836 — that date closing the 3jth No., 1st Vol., of the paper.

Those who then "uvertised merchandise, were Daniels & Goettel, W. J. Dan-
iels & Co., and J. Baldwin «fe Co.

Peckham «& Co. are the only forwarders who advertise.

Mosher & Scoville, one door west of the Mansion House, advertise drugs,
medicines, and groceries.

Dr. John W. Gilbert & Co. adver«'se botanic medicines.

Among the early merchants, also, were Dr. Jacob Clark, who ojiencd a store
In 1835; A. Kraemer, corner Summit and Elm, opposite the old American; and,
about 1837, Ezra S. and William Dodd.

The mercantile business in Toledo, wholesale and retail, is now, as it has
been heretofore, as a rule, in the hands of men who have promptly met their

Toledo — Mercantile Business.

643

, 11. Buckman).

ring: of 1844, in
insiderable job-
id tbe same line
Co., now "West

>wcd that busi-

al mercbandisc,

I in 1844, under
Mr. llougb, Mr.
Toledo.

der the auspices
business history
lies the first year
'he lines embrac-
, etc. Their pur-
5, and designed to
■rs until the open-
en only by water.
Co. being W. S.
i; firm name was
Bell, Holcomb &
e dry goods. In
e la e firm of Bell

^0.7 the last of the
I their goods, and
[ic line— and from
)f distinct clnssifi-
ledo had attained
lU-nts; and, in his
ade, estimated the
■ear 1871,at$7G,-

cnced at a period
:ir bounties to all
I that no town or
eral solvency, and
that the most sub-
adc their accumu-

50, may be partly
oledo Blade, dated
he paper.
Roettel.W.J. r>an-

e, advertise drugs.

wh<i opened a store
id American; and,

\, is now, as it has
Womptly met their

obligations. This maintenance of faith, and scrupulous regard for just claims,
on the part of merchants, bankers, manufacturers, etc., is a matter of just pride
to all interested in the present and future of Toledo.
A few of the prominent houses are here briefly mentioned :

Agricultural Machinex, Implements, do. — Three establishments deal in these
lines ot goods, and make annual sales amounting to $160,000. The oldest and
largest house now engaged in the trade is conducted by P. T. Clarke & Sons.

Books.— The first book store in Toledo was established by the late Decius
Wadsworth, in 1844 ; and the character of his stock at that earlv day reached
a high standard, creditable alike to him and to the tastes of the Toledo public.
The four establishments now engaged in the trade average stocks that will
compare favorably with those of any city. These stores make annual sales
amounting to $80,000. During Mr. "^adsworth's time, when he controlled the
whole trade, his annual sales did not average $8,000.

Boots and JSJioes.— Four wholesale houses in 1870 reported sales amounting
to $1,387,431. Add to this about 35 percent, for the current year, and it will
afford an approximation of the true amount. Of the sales in 1870, one-third
were from the house of R. & J. Curamings & Co. Their present year's busi-
ness will probably reach fully a million and a half. The house was establisl ed
in 1858 — the firm then being O. S. Bond «Sc Co., and its wholesale business at
that time not reaching the amount of many retail dealers now in the trade.
The rapid growth of This house, from comparatively small beginnings, is an
evidence of the advances now making in all the jobbing branches in Toledo.
The house of Fuller, Childs & Co., of which Dr. S. S. Stambaugh is the " Co.," is
also one of importance in the trade, as are also those of Burgert & Hart, and
Wright, Taylor & Croninger.

In the retail trade in boots and shoes, of the twenty-nine establishments
engaged in it, the oldest and most prominent house, and controlling a trade
peculiar to itself, is owned by Wachter Bros., whose business places are 149
Summit street, (where a boot and shoe store has existed over 20 years, and
now the ninth year in the hands of its present occupants,) and 230 St. Clair
street, the latter branch having been recently opened. The peculiarity of
their relation to the trade exists in the reputation they have achieved for
handling fine goods — having obtained from Edwin C Burt, the New York
manufacturer, who received the prizes at the " Exposition Universelle," Paris,
1867, of the silver medal for his Avork, the agency for the exclusive sale of his
goods in Toledo. This circumstance alone secures to Wachter Bros, not only
the choicest home trade, but commands orders from those who appreciate the
style and quality of Burt's goods, from a distance. The sales at their two
establishments during the past year reached nearly $80,000.

Carpetings, House Furnishing Ooods, tfcc. — A sketch of the histoiy of the
old firm, established in 1813, under the name of D. Swift & Co., and closing
with the name of T. H. Hough & Co., in consequence of the decease of the
senior partner in October, 187;;^, has already been given. After the death ot
Mr. Hough, the junior and surviving partner of the firm, Mr. Buckman, opened
negotiations .with Hon. A. P. Edgorton, at Fort Wayne, which resulted finally
in the re-organization of the present house, known as W. 11. Buckman «fe Co.
Under the auspices of a name so potential in business circles in all the centres
of trade in this country as that of Mr. Edgerton, and sustained by liini, the new
house of W. H. Buckman & Co. is destined probably, for years to come, to ex-
ercise a controlling influence in the sales of the above lines of goods.

Clothing. — In addition to the wholesale establishment mentioned, there are
fifteen houses engaged in sales of ready made clothing ; and most of these
manufacture. Wm. Mabley, 153 Summt street, is probably the most ex-
tensive dealer, being one of four brothers who have heavy stocks at Chica™,
Cleveland, Detroit, Pontiac, Flint, Jackson and Battle Creek, and whose sales

044

Toledo — Mercantile Business.

reach about 11,500,000 annuftlly. The Toledo house last year reached about
190,000, aud the curicnt year will exceed $150,000. Their business being upon
such an enlarged basis, they have unusual advantages in purchases, resulting
in benefit to their customers.

Dry Ooods — Retail — Twenty-one stores are engaged in this trade, whose ag-
greguie salts amount to $835,000

Drug Stores. — In addition to (he two wholesale, there are twenty-nine retail
establiishnunis engaged iu the sale of drugs and medicines. As will be noticed
by a statement ol Mr. Molt, the one now conducted by Thomas Vanstone, suc-
cessor to West & Van>«tone, is the oldest established house in the trade.

Furs, Wool, Hides, Pelts, Plastering Hair, &c. — Four firms are engaged in these
lines of trade, some of tliem including leather, and in IS'iO Iheir aggregate
sales were reported at $912,105. Samuel Brooks, who di«d Jaiiuary 24, 1873,
established the first house in the trade in 1849. His successors are his son,
Chas. L. Hroolis and Wm. H. Lewis, who continue the business under the firm
name of Bioolis & Lewis. The receipts of hides in 1872 exceeded those of any
jjrevious year, amounting to 8,171.795 lbs., and of wool to about 3,000,000 lbs.

Groceries. — 107 houses are engaged in the sale of family groceries, and their
annual sales estimated at $l,30li,000.

Jewelers. — Ut the eight jewelry establishments in Toledo, most carry large
stocks.

The oldest and most prominent, however, is owned by II. T. Cook & Co.,
the senior member of which firm is also among the oldest business men in
Toledo. The stock of this firm is one of the largest and most varied that can
be found in any jewelry establishment in the State, and carries a larger value iu
goods than the aggregate of all the other jewelry establishments in Toledo.

Liquors^ Winis, <f c.~Elevcn establishments were engaged in this trade in
187o, and acco. Cling to the returns made to the U. S. Assessor's office, rectified
4 578 bbls. Alcohol ami Spirits of Wine, although generalh ctmsidcred the
same, are materially different. Alcohol is whiskey, distilled to its highest grade
of proof, and is imploded in the mechanic arts, as the basis of essi'nces and
medical linctures. and as a solvent in various manufacturing operations. Neu-
tral or C<)logne Spiris, is the bame arliclt in point of strength, Init divested, in
its manufacture, ni all empyreumatic odor and taste. It forms the basis of do-
mestic brandies, gins, &c.

In the businiss ot reciitying, the firm of R. Brand & Co., 30 Monroe St., oc-
cupy the trout rank, as well as having precedence in age. The house was es-
tablished in 1849. Of the 4,5.8 bbls. of Spirits rectified, m 1870, l,tJG2
weie produced by them. The Board of Trade report also exhibits their annual
sales in excess ot all others engaged in the trade. This firm were the first to
introduce and encourage the use of native wines, in this quarter of Ohio — and
may, thereft)re, be considered among the pi(uieers, in the native wine trade.

For certain medical purjioses, however, imported wines have been discovered
to be indispensible; and hence, in 18G7, Hon. G. Marx, senior member of the
firm, visiietl Spain, France, Germany and Hungary, and perlected arrange-
ments tor direct iniportalious Irom the best vine-growing districts in those
countries ; aud yet ccmtinue, as the custom uouse books show, larger importers
than any house in Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, or in any city west of the
Atlantic coast. They receive direct consignments Irom Barcelona, Valencia,
Malaga, Cadiz, Xeres de la Frontera (in Spain,) Cettes, and Nimes and Bordeaux
in France.

Thio was also the first Toledo jobbing house that engaged in the Lake Supe-
rior trade, to which region thev last year shipped goods amounting to
$35,010.

In this line of goods, M. & C. O'Brien & Co., L. A. Fontaine & Co., M. H.
Austin & Co., Foster V. Wilder, Melchers & Lohmann, M. Boos & Son, and
several others, are also extensive wholesale dealers.

Toledo — Some of its Business Men in 1873. 645

dc, whose ag-

38t carry large

S'lddlery Hardware, Trimmings, &e. — Three firms arc engaged in tbis im-
portant branch of the wbolesale trade— the sales in 1873 amounting to $33r»,-
857 ; and the business is increasing.

Sewing Machines. — Twelve of these inventions are reprtseutcd in the city,
and making annual sales reaching fully $500,000.

Teas. — The conclusion is not irrational that the great depot of the China tea
trade will tind its centre in some of the interior cities of this continent. The
opening of railway lines to the Pacific, and from that coast direct steam com-
munication with China and Japan, will end controversy. Toledo, in addition
to severivl wholesale grocery establishments, dealing in teas, has two houses
almost exclusively devoted to this lindc.

Messrs. Ogle Brothers, Campbell Block, corner of St. Clair and Jefl'erson
streets, lire engaged extensively in jobbing and retailing teas and coffees, and
make shipments of theii' goods to many of the prominent lake and canal port.«,
as well as to cities and towns along the railway Hues that lead from Toledo.

In addition to those above mentioned, there are the following : three china,
glass and queeusware stores ; four wholesale and twenty-one retail dry goods
stores; six wholesale fancy goods stores; twenty-five flom- and feed stores;
six jobbers in foreign fruits: in miMi and wouien's furnishing goods, there
are twenty-three dealers and twelve in household furniture; four in general
merchandise; seven in glass; six in hair goods; four in baled hay; eleven in
hide.% pelts and wool; two in hops; four in lath and shingles; five (whole-
sale) in leather and findings; twenty-three in lumber; four in wholesale, and
thirty-one in retail millinery goods ; seven in musical instruments; .seven in
jiaints, oils and glass, and two in wood and willow ware.

The following is a list of some of the prominent and representative
men in Toledo, in 1873, with the character of business annexed to
their several names, which list comprehends those who, at this time,
chiefly control the Commission, Banking, Manufacturing, and other
leading interests in the city. It is a matter of regret that time was
not afforded to make' the list more comnlete.

S. ANDREWS. .Tr . Lumlicr.

AMERIC.\N PAKM JOURNAL.-Moiillily
— LOCKK & .TilNE3, Piil)lislior3,WM. 11.
BcsBET, I'Mitor.

(^LARIv AI'cmRD. Rpnl Estate Awiit ;
Ofllc(',2Auderson'8 Block, ovtr 131 Sum-
mit strcc

A, T HABBITT & CO. Wholesale Dealers in
Hats and Caps, and MenV Furnishing
Goods, lid B'd lis Sum'iiit street.

II. E. HANtJS.of the drmof W. T. Wai.keii
& Co.. Comtnission Merchants, 11(1, lis
and lin Water street.

L. S. HAUMGARDNEK &CO.. ImportorK
and VVholesnle dealer!) in Notion."!. Ho-
siery and Kancy Goods, \ii and Mft
Summit ^^t^eet.

A. W. BARLuW & CO . Wholesale and
Retail « rockery, China and Glassware,
71 and 73 summit street.

r. n. BIRCKHEAI). Dealer in Staves and
Ileadi' gs. Water street, foot of La^'ian^e
Businu H (!Hial)liHi>ed in \HT<i.

BISSKLL,. GLKXSON & CO . Attornevs at
Law, and Re-l Entate Agents. l.VJ Sum-
mit street — EdWAUn Bisseli.. Ai.riiKii
W. Gi.icAsoNjJoHN H. Doyi.e.Wkci.ey
S. TiiURsTiN, InwiN I, Mti.lard, and
RiciiABu M. McKee

BLACK & irOFMAN, ManufacMirers of
Ladies an.l Children's Underwear and
Sui's; and .lobhara of llo.tiery, Fancy
(ioods anil Notions, ^4 and 80 Summit
9 reet.

C. E. B LIVEN. Gener.il Ajxont Howard
Insurance Company, of New York. —
Offlce. Kinsr's Blocic, Hater street.

E. C. BODMAN, President Northern Na-
tional Bank.

BOND & ALLERDICE. Dealers in Hides,
W.-ol, Pelts. &c , Kil and 1(13 Wiiter st.
Thomas E. Bosn. .Ioskimc Allerdhe.

BOWES & H -WELL, Dealers in Hides.
Pelts. Furs, and I'lasterin;.,' Hair, aiti
and ^4^ Water street.

BUAU.V & lOLTUN, (Jeiicral In.siiranec
A'.'ents, 33 Minnie str^ et .

CHARLES (». BRIGIIAM, Chief Operator
Wkbt-bn Union T i.i'.<iR>rii. Superin-
tendent City FireAlann Tele;;rai-h, and
Airent Western As-'d PlVi-B. Room,
4 ("liiimliir of C'-inmeree.

ED. F. BUmVNE .t CO , Produce Ooinmls-
sion Merch.ants. 74 Water stroo .

BRONSON TOBAC('(» WORKS; (Has. R.
Mkssinokr. I roprietor. Manufacturer
of Fine Out Chowintr and Smoking;
Tobacco, 27:2 and i74 .Summit street.

646 lokdo—Some of its Business Men in 1873.

BKOOKS & LBWI8, Dealers in HiilcH,
Wool, Sheepskins, Purs, &c., 113 and
114 Snperior street, Marltot Space.

T. P. BROWN, Real Estate Dealer, nnd
ceneral Fire Insurance Ajjcnt, 52 Sum-
rait street.

BROWN & DODGE, Insurance Agents, l.M
Summit street— E. O. BnowN, P. B.

DODOE.

BROWN &FAUNCE, Wholesale nnd Retail
Booksellers and Stationers, 115 Summit
street.

MATTHEW BROWN, ilrm of Brown &
SiNCLAin, Commission Merchants, 112
Water street

BURNAP & LeBARON, Importers and
Wholesale Dealers in Crockery, Chi.na
and Flint Glawsware, Lamps, Carlion
Oil, Table Cuttlery. and Siiver-Plated
Ware, !I6 Saramit and 51 Water streets.
Sam'l L. Burnap, DeLoss C. LeBaron.
Lucius Lilley. Special

JAMES H. CAMPBELL, Dealer in Kcal
EstAtc, Campbell's Block.

CARRINGTON & CASEY, Commission
Merchants, Water street

JOHN B. CARSON, General Freight Agent
T, W. &W. Railway.

(illESNEY & CARSON, 8.'! Summit (^trei't,
Dealorw in Crockery, Glass and China,
GuB Pixturci'.&c.

r. T. CLARKE & SONS, Wholesale and
Ketail Dealers in Farm Mnchinery.
Seeds, Hardware, and Enf^iish ana
American Garden Tools, Contractors'
Supplies. &c., 2.'M) and 252 Summit St —
P. T. Clarke. Sylvauia, A.H. & W. R.
Clarke, Toledo .

J COPLAND & SON, Lumber De.tlers and
Manufacturers, cor. Oak & Water sts.

AW COLTOV, Conimissiou Merchant,
foot of Jefferson street .

T. M COOK. Real Estate Agent and
Dealer. Resi'U-nce. Cook's Block. Of-
fice, l.'ia Summit street,

A. W. COLTON, Commission Merchant,
foot of Jefferson street.

J. CRO A ELL & CO., Fish Dealers, Water
street.

CYRUS H. COY. Arm of Banking House
of C. H. Coy & Co., Chamber of Com-
me CO Huilding, 110 Summit street.

CRAY * ROOD. Wholesale Carriage and
Saddlery Hardware, ;« & 34 Summit st.

R. & J. CUMMIN(;S, Wholesale Boota,
Shoex and Rubbers, 130 and Vifl Summit
street. — Robert & John Cummings,
nnd J. H. AiNawoiirn.

DAILY AND WEEliLY EXPRESS, estab-
lish'd January Isf, 18.'>3 — Julius
VoRDTRiEDE, Editor; Joseph Bender,
Publisher.

GEO. W DAVIS, Prea't Second Not! Bank

F. EATON, (• stablii-lied in 1857.> Whole-sale
and Retail Dry Goods, Carpets, Ac.
Summit si reel.

OKORGR EMERSOV, of the firm of Emer-
son & Co., Wholesale Grocers, 144, 1-14
and 14(1 Summit street.

FIN LAY & KLEMM. Brewer.-! of Ale and
Porter, and De.ilers in Malt and Hops,
Comer <if Elm and Water street.

B. H. FITCH. Attorney at law. and Dc.i'er

in Roal Estnte, Cornot of Summit and
Jcffersim streets.
L.A. FONTAINE & C0.,Aeent9 for 'Lenk

Wine Company's " Native Wines ; also,
Importers and Wholesale Dealers in
Foreign Wines and Liquors, 176 Sum-
mit street.

FULLER, CHILDS & CO , Manufacturers
and Wholesale Dealers in Boots "And
Shoes. 100 Summit street.— J. W. Ful-
ler. T. W. Childs, 8. 8. Stakbauor.

C. OBRBER & CO., Wholesale Hardware,
128 Summit, and 83 Water street.

GERMAN LABORERS' LOAN AND SAV-
iNOB Association receives deposits, on
which It pays six per cent, interest —
Fkrd. Gradolph, Pros. J. P. Schucg,
Sec. and Treas.

BENJ. W. GOODE.flrm of Crabbsi, Gv.oue
<fc Co., Grain Commission Merchants, 1
Board of Trade.

F. GRADOLPH & BRO., Wholesale and
Retail Confectioners, nnd Dealers In
Fruits, Wines and Cigars, 86 Summit

liREAT WESTERN DESPATCH COM-
PANY & South Sucre Freioht Line,
2.3 Madison street —I. C. Morse, Ag't .

CHARLES. P. GRIFFIN, Real Estate anil
Insurance, 30 and 31 Chamber of Com-
merce.

W. W. GRIFFITH, President Merchants'
National Bank.

GURLKY, COLLINS & CO., Dealers in
Hides, and Manufacturers of Rongh
Leather, 131 and 133 Water street.

ISAAC N. HATHAWAY & SON, Commis-
sion Merchants, comer Jefferson and

H . J. HAYES & CO , Pioduce Commission
Merchant", 82 Water street.— H. J.
Hayes. Jo'^eph Kininger.

HERRM AN BROTH P:RS,Wh.jlesale Dealers
in Milinery, Silks and Straw Goods, 72
Summit street.

HITCHCOCK & WALBRIDGE, Manufac-
turers Sash, Dooret, Blinds and Mould-

N. M. HOWARD, of fli-mof N M. Howard
& Co., Commission Merchants, Water
street.

F. HUBBARD A CO., Leather, Findings,
Hides and Wool, 66 Summit street.

WM. M. JOHNSON, Boots and Shoes, 203
Summit street.

KEELER & LYMAN, Planing Mill ; Dealers
in Dressed Lumber. Wati*r street.—
Treo. Kebler, H. C. Lyman.

KELLEY BROS.. Real pstate Dealers, No.
II Chamber of Cimimerce.— Jahes
Kkli.ey. Dr SVm. I. Kelley.

KELSKY, LAWTON & CO.. Wholesale
Dealers in Lumber, Shingles and Lath,
St. Clair St

V. II. KE rCHAM, Pres'r First Nat 1 Bank.

J. B. KETCH AM, of firm of Ketoham,
Bond & Co . Wholesale Grocers, 36 ana
;J8 Summit Street.

C. A. KING & CO., Commission Mer-
chants, and proprietors of King's Warc-
h )use and Elevotors.

-J. KININGER, of llrm of H J. Hates
& Co., Commission Merchants, Water

KRAUS & SMITH, Bankers, Chamber of

Commerce Building.
LENK WINE COMPANY, Manufacturers

of Still and Sparkling Native Wines.

Oixcetm-g ;— CAttj^t^KHK, Louia.WiAcn-

=;t3.

Toledo — Some of its Business Men m 1873. 647

tlve Wines ; also,
>B8lo Dealers in
Iquors, 176 Sum-

, Manufacturern
rs in Boots -And
Bet.-.T. W, Fui.-
. S. Stambauoh.
Usalc Hardware,
iter street.
.OAN AND SAV-
jives deposits, on

cent, interest —

8. J. P. SCHUCK,
if CtlATlBSl, Gv.OUE

sluu Merchants, 1

,, Wholesale and

and Dealers in

igars, 85 Summit

38PATCH COM-
iB Freight Lini!,
. C. MonsB, Ajj'l .
, Real Estate and
jhamber of Com-

sident Merchants"

CO., Dealers in
turers of Rough
iVater street.

& SON, Commis-
ler Jefferson and

sduce CommiKSion
r street. — 11. J.

>IOKR.

Wholesale Dealers
id Straw Goods, ti

RIDGE, Manufao-
llinds and Mould-

of N M. Howard
Merchants, Water

Leather, Findings,
lummit street,
lots uud ShocH, 203

mine; Mill; Dealers
. Wati'r street.—
D. Lyman.
Istate Dealers, No .
( immerce . — James
I. Kelley.
; CO.. Wholesale
Shingles and Lath,

't First Nat 1 Bank,
firm of Ketoham.
lale Grocers, 36 and

Commission Mcr-
)rB of King's Ware-

i of H J. Hates
Merchants, Water

iliers. Chamber of

siY, Manufacturers
ng Native Wines.
EHK, Louis WTach-

KNHEIMEn, F. GrADOLPH, I'ETER LkkX

and William Weiss.

LOCKE'S NATIONAL MONTHLY MAGA-
ZINE. Locke & Jones, I'u'jtisher.^ ;
D. R. LocKB, and Wm. H. Bubbby,
Editors.

H. P. L. MACIIEN, JR.. Raal Estate
Agent and Dealer Room 'J Gradolph
Blick, comer Summit and Jefferson
streets.

WM.MABLEY, Wholesale and Retail Dealer
In Readv-Made Clothing, Gentlemen's
Furnishing Goods, Ilata and Cups, i5:i
Summit street.

MAOOMBER. MOORE & McDONNELL,
Real Estate, 48 Summit street.

ARNOLD McMAIIAN, Dealer in Real
Estate, East Side.

MARKSCHEFPEL & BRO., Wiioiesalo
Grocers, Importers and Commission
Merchants, and Wholesale ealera in
Liquors, Wines and Whiskies, 41 Sum-
mit street, and 2!l .'.ind 31 Monri)e street,

J. B. MAR8TON, Civil Engineer and 8ur-
vejir, Publisher of City and County
Maps. Establifihed lb5H. Rooms 1
and 2 Campbell's Block, corner St. Clair
and Jefferson streets.

n. MEILINK & (.'()., Manufacturers, and
Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Fur-
niture and Upholstery. Sales-room and
Offl' e, 204 Summit street

MILMINE & BO DM AN, Forwarding and
Commission Merchants, Water street.
—-Geo. Milminb. E. C. Bodman.

JAMES B. MONROE, General Agent Day-
ton and Michigan Railway, Ottawa St.

E. T. MORTfMI'Tlf Kn.nmit j^tr ot. Man-
uiMctuiui G." iac il'iy-viGW Dranci of
Na'ive Wines. Vineyard and Manu-
factory Putin-Bay Ii^land.

RICHARD MOTT, Toledo. Ohio.

L. E. MULFORO, Prescription Druggist,
189 Summit street, corner Madison.

J. I. NESSLE, General Purchasing Agent
T.,W. & W Railway.

NEWMAN & FORD, Manufacturers of
Genoa White Lime Dealers in Land
Plaslxjr, Calcined Plaster, Cement, Ac.
Warehouse and Ollice, foot of Wash-
ington street, i n Swau Creek.

F. L. NICHOLS, Real Esta e ; Office, Boody

HouBe.

NORTH ifc O'^WALD. Practical Portrait
an ; Landscape I'h' itographic Arti-ts.
All kin-s of Pictures' known to the
Prof Bsion, e.Kecuted in a sa isfactory
manner on in the latest styles, btudios,
.'i2 and 38 «'harabet of Commerce .

OGLE BROS., Proprietors Tolcd Tea Store,
46Jeffe,son and 17ti Si (lair scrcei.

PADDOCK BftOS , Wholesale and Retail
l>ealers in Hats. Caps. I''ur8 and Straw
Goods. Retail Store, 12,S Summit; and
Whoi sale 80 Summit street.

J. R P iGE & CO., V holesale Dealers in
Window and Plate (ilass. Paints, Oils,
&r., &c., 88, 90 and •t2 St Clair street.

WILLIAM P TBR, Tolelo. ' 'hio,

HENRY P: ILIPI'S Who'eaale and Retail
Dealer in Hardware in all its branc es,
,54 and 56 Summit, and 7 and !) Water !<t.

C. B. PHILLIPS, of WiiTTAKER, I'm i-iis
& Co , Wholrsale Hardware, 102 Sum-
mit ana .5!t Water street.

M. W. PLAIN, firm of P/.ain, William?

& Co., Wholo»alo Drugs and Liquors,
141 and 141 St. Clair street.

POE & BREED, Manufacture! 8 and Dealers
in Wood and Willow Ware, cordage,
Brushes. Fancy Ba-kets, Children's
Cabs. Carts, &c., 62 Summit, and 15
Water street.— J. Newton Pob, Wil-
liam Brebo

GEO. E. POMEROY & RON, Real Estate
A'.'entB and Money Brokere, 168 Sum-
mit street.

PROUTY & ARBUCKLE, Agricultural
Machinery and Implements, 7!) and 81
Monroe street.

H.J. RAFFENSPERGER, Dealer in neal
Estate. Selling large tracts at Public
Auction a specialty. Office, No. 1,
Myers' Block, c.t Summit and Monroe.

RAYMER & SEAGRAVE, Bankers and
Real Estate Dealers, andiNegotiators of
Loans on real estate securities. Office,
First Nat 1 Bank Building, Summit St.

GEO. RAYMOND, with E. C. SMiTn & Co.,
Commission Merchants, Water street.

REED & HUBER8, Wholesale and Retail
Druggists, 01 Summit, cor. Jcfierson st.

OTTO REIDE.MEISTER, JustiCB of the
Peace, Notary Pubhc and loBurancc
Asrent, 6 Lenk'8 Block.

REYNOLDS BROS Commission Merchants
(ind prnpriutors Armada Flouring Mills.

R. F. RUSSELL, llrm of Russell &
Thaykr, Founders, and Proprietors of
Novelty Iron Wo.'ks.

H. W. SAUB & CO., Manufacturers of Pino
Lumber and Lath; also. Dealers in
Ha d-wood Lumber, 22 Krie street.
Mill ntWenona, Mich. Y^ards at Toledo,
Duiluiu, Aiuouy, auil N- v.' York

C. H. SAWYER & CO, Dealers in Lime,
Cement I'laster, and Sewer Pipe, 16
'VVntcr street

S. C SCIIE-Ck. Agent for Anthraci'e
Coal Association, andDealerii. all kii:dB
of Coal; on Water St., between Walnut
and I.ocuat, and on \\ ater, cor Adams

BtrCSt

.TOSE.'il S ^HOLL, Prescription Druggist.

WM. H. SCHROEDER, Furnishing Under-
taker, Solo Agent for I. < . Shules &
Co , and American I urial Case Co.
Office. 210 Summit street

FRANK J. SCOT"' Real Estate, 11 Cham-
ber of Commerce,

W. H. SCOTT, Reil Estate, 134 First Na-
tional Bank Building

SCRIPTURE, BAS^ETT & CO , Cigar
Manufact rers, corner Market Space
and .\ionroe street.

SECOR, BERDAN & CO., Wholesale
Gocers, 116 and 118 Summit street

SilAW .V BALDWIN, .lobbers of Notions
AVhite i.oods &c.,'Oand 92Suiiimit St.

W. W. SHERWOOD, CALVIN BARKER,
& Wm SjH.»NfENBACH, Wholesaeand
Retail Dealers in Millinery and Ladies'
Furnishing Good-, 109 Summit t'treet

WILLIAM SIE(iE SO & o , Dealers in
Real Estate; on Commission ai^d other-
wise, 217 t^t. i;iair St., Boody House.

JOHN SINCL ait. llrm of Brown <fc SiK-
01 AIR, 112 ^^ ater st ect.

L. M. SKIDMORE .t CO..ilardw od Lum-
ber and of the firm or Parsons, Skit-
jiouB &, Co., Toledo Hames Manufac-
turing Co.

648 Toledo — Some of its Business Men in 1873.

SMITH BRIDOW COMPANY. BridOT Bull-
dere. R. W Smitu, Pres't. J J. 8wi-
GAHT, Trcas,, J. A. Hauilton, Sec'y,
J). HoWELi . Bner. Office, Chamber of
Commerce B'.iildliif;.

DENISOM B. SMlMH.OcnoralCommisBioii
Merchant for the purchase of Grain,
Flour, Provisions, Ac.

.TONA SMII'U & CO., Brass Founders and
Machinists, and Dealers in Metnia Ma-
chinery and To.Mb, 81 & 83 St Clair st.

SMITH. KEI.LEY & » O.. Wholesale Deal-
ers and Manufacturers of Lumber, i.ath
and Shingles, I.afavette street.

DAVID SMITH, W. H. SMITH. Manufac-
turers nf Dimension Timber of all
kinds. Water street

SMITH & MMMONs.Wholesalc Dealer.^ in
Leather and Findings, llidoa. Oils and
Cu'rier's Tools. 70 Summit street— O.C.
Smith, Wm. II. Simmonh.

ALE.VANDER P STKWAUT, Wholesale
and Retail Dealer iu American, British,
French a'ld Oerman Dry Goods, Vil
Summit street.

A. R srONE A CO.,Auctlonei>ra and Com •

mission Merchants, Ifl!) Summit street.
— W. (;. ALKXAN7)Eit. Auctio'"eer.

ST. JOHN & Bl'CK. Wholisiilc Denlcrs
in I'^ntili and salt Fish; Water, foot of
Cherry litreet.— Wsi. St. John, Ply.mp-
TON Buck

JOHN & NORTON. Real Estate Deal-
ers, corner Sinumit and Cherry streets.
W.it. St John, John G Nokton.

SUNDAY MORNING SUN, John A. Lant,
Editor.

B. O SWEET & CO. .Wholesale and RetaU

Dealers in all kinds of Coal. Iron, iSc,
corner Moi.rce and Water streets.

AU(;U TL'SB TAB KR, Agricultural Imple-
ments, Machinery and Seeds, MO, \\l
ami 1 14 Superi r street.

L. T. THAYEK. of the Arm of RussEl.i.
& TiiAYiSU. Founders and Proprietors
of the Novelty Iron Works. Water &l.

THE INDEX, F. E. Arbot. EHitor.

THORN l!ROl"HERS& CO., Chair Mann
f.icturers, Krie street.

TOLEDO BLADE— Daily, W<'(!kly and Tri-
weekly. LncitE it joNES, I'iihlishers;
D R. Locke, Editor iu Chief, K. A.
IIlGGiNs. Asso"iati! Editor

TOLEDO CHKMICAL WORKS; B F.
HoLLiSTKR, I'residi'nt, H.C.RicnAi'.ns,
Vice Preeiilout ; H C Si'hh.v, Siipeiiii-
tcnident, |j. E. Basfett, Secretary and
Treasurer.

TOLEDO MORVINCJ COMMERCIAL. -
Ci,ARic Waggoner. Editor in-Chief .
Toledo Commkhciai. Co., I'lihlislmrs.
17") and 17T Summit street. Also issue
Tri-weeklvnnd Weelvlv.

TOLEDO DEMOCRAT: "A. J. Behout,
Manager; E. S. Dodd, I.'iaao Ragev
Eoitors; V. J. Zahs, Supl. Printing
Department.

ST.

TOLEDO, SUNDAY JOURNAL, P. H.
Matesov, Publisher.

THEPANIER & COOPER. Wholesale and
Retail Dealer-' in Foreign and Domestic
Dry Goods, Notions, &c., 101 Summit

UNION*^ MANUFACTURING CO., (R. S.
JANNKV,Prea t, and L P.Ltttle, Sec'y)
Manufacturers of Churns, Wa8h-l)oards,
Boys' Carts, and Waijons, and Kitchen
Wooden ware .

M, O. WAGGONER, Real Estate Agent,
bu.VH, sells, rents ami i)ays taxes; also,
sells Jerome Kidder's Jalvanlr Bntter-
ies Olllce, )(> Mailison street, Fiulay's
Biiildiuir.

H. S. WALBRIDGE, Banker, 160 Summit

WILLIAM T. WALKER, of firm of W. T.
Walkeh & Co., Commlss on Merch-
ants, 1 1(1, 1 IS and lao Water street.

J. W. WALTEIHIOUSE, Wholesale and Re-
tail Denier in Pine Lumber. Shingles
and Latli ; Water street, belwecu Adams
ami Oak.

WEKD SEWING MArillXR CO., Ware
hous.! Ti'i SiHn'iiitstre<'t. Retail Depan-
inent, Boody House. A. E. Dickikson,
Alaiiager

J H. WHITAKER. firm of W^hitakpir,
J'uiLi.irs & Co., Hardware Dealers, Wi
Summit street.

WHITAKER & FRENCH, W'ho'esnle
C .rriage and Sudulery Hardware, KM
Summit street.

WHITE & BR \ND, General Agent* and
Dealers in Decker Bros. ' and W. Knahe
it Co's Pianos, atnl Burdctt Organs;
Mu>ic Piililishers. and Dealers in Amer-
ican and FoieiL'ii Music, and Musical
Merchandise of every description. 173
Siuninit street.

WILCOX BROTHERS, Ship Chandlers-
Wholesale— III anil (10 Water street.

WILLIAMS & liOAKE, Mannfiictur r- <d'
Cli.ihv, W.\ to 1.').') Water street. — Harry
Williams. .Ia-mes H. Boake.

WORTS & CO., Wholesale Bakers and
Confectioner-, Z(\a St. Clnir street —
Oeouoe Wor.rs.ALUKUT Kiuic, IIenuv

W . BlIlELOW.

WRIGHT, TAYLOR & CO . Manufacturers
and Wholesale Dealers in Boots and
Shoes, 84 and 80 Summit street.

WY^MAN. GR -Gf; & CO., Dealers in Hard
and Soft Coal, Lime Cement, Piaster,
and Fire Brick and Clay, 48 Water St.

YOUNG & BACKUS, Commission Mer
chants, and owners of Wabash and
Miami Canal Grain Elevators, Water
ptreet.

CIIAS L. Y'OUNG, of "Sears & Hol-
land LtT.MiiEi'. Co.," Manufacturers and
Wholesale Dealers in Pine Lumber,
Superior street at Swan Creek.

SAMUivL M. YOUNG, President Toledo
National Bank.

OTHEll PIONEERS OF THE MA.UMEE VALLEY.

Noah A. Wliifney, who died in Miuch, 1875J. nt the age of 74 j'cars, belonged
to a family well Iciiown and highly respected by the earl}' settlers of Toledo.
His father, Noah Ashley Whitney, sen., (whose family then consisted of his
wife, four sons and two daughters,) in 1824 entered at. the Uniled States Land
Ofllcc, the E. hidf of S. W. Qr. of Sec. 2G, now within Toledo, and at the

8Y3.

Additional Pioneers of the Maumee Valley. 649

UIINAL, 1'. II,

{. Wholenalo and
;,'ii and Domentic
Ac, 101 Summit

INO CO., (R. S.
F.Ltttle, Sec'y)
rnBjWash-boartlH,
una, and Kltulicn

111 Entftto Afient,

pays taxes; also,

Jalvanic Untter-

u ftruct, Fiulay'f*

nkor, ItiO Summit

of (Irmot \V. T.
innilss on Mercli-
iVater street.
kVliolewile and Ke-
l,uinbL'r, Shintrliss
t, between A(lam»

INR CO., Wan-
•I'l.Rftiiil l)i(;;an-

\. E UlLKlKSON,
II of WllITAKKR,

Iwaro Dealers, 102

>JCII, Who'esale
ry Hardware, 104

nonil Agpnt" and
iB.'anil W. Kniibr
Burdctt OrijanH;
1 Di'alors in Amor-
ucic, and Muj'iciil
' description. 17'i

Ship Chandlers—
Water street.
Maniifactur r- of

cr street. — llAnnv

BOAKIi.

•sale Bakeri^ and
It. Clair ptreot.—

BUT KlllK, IlENnv

;0 . Manufacturers
lers in Boots and
mit street.
., Uealcrs in Hard

Cement, Plaster,
lay, 4,s Water St.
CommissioD M er
of Wabash and

Elevators, Water

"Seaiis & IIoi.-
jMannfacturers and
ill IMne Lumber,
,van Creel? .

President Toledo

LEY.

years, belonged
tiers of Toledo,
consisted of his
ed States Land
edo, and at the

junction of Adams .street with Collinfijwood Avenue. The names of the four
sons were Noah A., Thomas P., Milton I)., and Augustus H., of whom the
second only now remains; and the daughters were Mary Ann and Harriett,
the latter l)einff the wife of Sanford L Collins, Esq., and now living. In 1825,
Noah A Whitney, Jr., entered a quarter section of land, now within the city
limits, upon which he continued to reside tuitil the day of his death. In an
obituary notice the Toledo Commercial said :

" Mr. Whitney had been a member of the Methodist, church for 40 years, and
probably more than any other one contributed, in labor and money, toward
the support of religious advantages. Mrs. Whitney was the first class-leader
within the present bounds of Toledo, under the ministration of Elder Baugh-
iiian, the pioneer Methodist preacher of this region, whose circuit included
Fremont (then Lower Sandusky) and the entire country to Detroit, four weeks
Ix'ing re{|uired for his round. The deceased was among the oldest, if not the
very oldest resident church member in Toledo, as he was the oldest continuous
housekeeper in th" same, all his lirst neighbors having preceded him to their
last home. Mrs. Whitney died in 18.>7, leaving no children."

Mavor Brigh' m immigrated vith his family from Oneida county, New York,
to Toledo, in May, 1835. ilc : ibored dilligently, and expended freely of time
and money in organizing and establishing the Congregational church of
Toledo, which now forms so important a part of the religious element of the
city. Mr. Brigham, durii ' his long residence in Toledo, has been not only
active in sustaining the interests of religion, but has held several public posi-
tions in the township and city governments, the duties of all of which have ever
lieen discharged faithfully.

Elijah Dorld removed to Toledo in 18;]5, and to Waterville in 1837. Was
elected Sheriff of Lucas county in 1851 and re-elected in 1853.

Capt. W. E. Standart, now of the firm of B. G. Sweet & Co., Toledo, was one
of the lirst messengers who took charge of the c-press matter, after the line
was established, between Butlalo and Detroit, Liiu treasure, involving values
forwarded between New York and Dctroil, T7. ;> encased in a small hand
trunk.

William Andrews removed with his family to^oledo in May, 1835. He Avas
a good man, esteemed by all the old citizens, and died about 18 years ago.
His son, Samuel Andrews, now of the Blade office, is among his survivors.

Alexander Wales removed to Vistula in June, 1833, and erected the first
tVauie house in that division. He is now a resident of Wood county, adjoining
the corporation of Toledo. Ilis son is Mr. C. T. Wales, Secretary of the Toledo
Board of Trade.

Thomas Howard, from Yates county, N. Y., landed at Fort Meigs in the
spring of 18.J3. He and part of the I'amillcs made the trip i'rom Buffalo in a
;iU t')h schooner, commanded by Capt. Almon Ueed— the teams and live stock
being driven over land by another part of his fainily, which struck the Maumee
at a point now known as East Toledo. From here they proceeded up the river
lo F(irt Meigs, experiencing .some difficulty in urging their live stock through
llie Indian camps, which at that time lined the banks of the Maumee, and
siHifliiig danger afar off, the horses and cattle manifested greater fear of these
lords of the forest than did their owners. The branches of tin; emigrating families,
some taking the water, and others the overland route, and whicli came to the
Maum(;e V'allev at that time, consisted of his three sons, Edward, Uobert A.,
and Itichard M. W. Howard, and their several families. Subsequently th'-se
households, and also a daughter, Mrs. Sidney Howard Davison, (now a resident
of _.a Salle Co., Ill, and aged 77 years,) removed to the head of the rapids of
the Maumee (Gilead.) Thomas Howard, bom November 15, 1758, died at the
head of the rapids. May 25, 1825.

Uobert A. Howard, who was born Nov. 10, 179S, survived many years all
his brothers. He resided at the head ot the rapids about ten years, and re-

650 Additional Pioneers of the Maumce Valley.

moved to York township, Lucas county, (now Pike lowusliip, Fulton county,)
where he died on the 20th of November, 1872, at the aj^e of 74 years. In' a
mention of liis death, the Toledo Commercial of Dec. 4, 1872, said :

•' He remained at the liead of tlic rapids until 18;J.'i, when, having disposorl oi
the farm which he liad made so valuable by the labor of his early manhood, lie
removed to the place on which ho died, and which was then in York township,
Lucas county. He immediately took high rank among the early settlers ol
that part of i\w. country, and was very soon made a Justice ot the Peace, whicli
otHce he held lor many' years, and used it as u means of etTecting a scttlemcni
of diflEerences between his neighbors, rathcir than as a means of litigation, ilr
was a just man, and his advice, oltener than his docket, was made llu! basis
of the (icyustment of controversies brought before him.

" After the county of Fulton was established he was employed by the Conuiii.s
sioners to transcribe the records in the Uecorder's ofllces ot tiie old counties, fnr
use of the new. He was also elected Ilccorder of Fulton coimty, and in the
performance of all his duties, proved himself a faithful and conscientious offlccr."
This couple had e.\i)eriencp that fully instructed them in all the Joys and
hardships of pioneer life.

Mrs. Howard, whose maideu name was Priscilla Ntilson, preceded her bus
liaud the previous May to her final rest, after having lived with him happily
during a period of aboiit half a century. Mrs. Howard is represented by tiiosr
who had best opportunities ot understanding her ciiaracter, as one of the best
of wiv(!8, mothers and neighbors among the pioneers of North Western Ohio
This pioneer couple, so long partners in marital life, had raised a family of
nine children, (all born in the V^alley,) to sustain them in their declining yciirn.
These children all attained maturity, and si.\ of them yet survive— their severiil
names and residences being A. A. Howard, of Mason, Midi., Col. N. M. How-
ard, now a prominent and successful business man of Toledo, having resided
with his family in the city during the last twenty years, Wm. II. Howard, ot
Illinois, Edwin \. Howard, of Hillsdale, Mich., (who was recently appointed
by President Grant to tne Indian agency in Dakota territory,) James W. How-
ard, (who resides upon the old homestead in Fulton county,) and the surviving
daughter, Mrs. Aurelia Augusta, wife of John H. Keid, Esq., of Bowlin;;
Green. ♦

Hon. D. W. II. Howard, member of the present State Senate, and resident
of Fulton county, and his sister, Anjanette, wife of Hon. Geo. Laskey, of Grand
Uapids, Wood county, are the son and daughter of Edward Howard, (wlio
was born in the year 1787, and died in 1841,) and whose wife is yet living
with her daughter, Mrs. Laskey, near the spot where they settled half a century
since, at the head of the Rapids.

Wm. Howard, oldest sou of Thomas Howard, and father of Mrs. Charlollc
P. Pr tt, of the head of the r.apids. and James Montgomery Howard, of La
Salle Co., 111., came to the Maumee Valley in about 188i», iu a small keel boat
named "the Maumee Pilot," built upon Seneca lake and brought through the
Erie canal, and towed across lake Erie from Baflalo to Perrysburg by Capt.
David Wilkinson's schooner, "Eagle."

Peter H. Shaw removed to the Valley in 18)3. With Daniel H. Ilubbell,
(the latter at one time Associate Judge of Wood county,) in 1^24, he made
four miles of the mud turnpike between Perrysburg and l'"'remont, new known
as the Western Reserve and Maumee road. iMr. Shaw was engaged by Col.
Moore, U. S. Chief Engineer, in the original survey of the Wabash & Erie
Canal, from Defiance to Mamriec City, in 1827, when it was c uitemplated iu
view of the unsettled condition of the boundary question between Ohio and
Michigan, to terminate the Canal at the font of Ihe Rapids. Valuable matter
in the form (if a journal, k' pt by Mr. Shaw, commencing with his fii*st settle-
ment in the country, and extending through a period of many years, was des-
troyed. Iu January, 18155, Mr. Shaw removed his family to Toledo, and en-
gaged in the manufacture of brick. The brick in the wa.ls of the house of Maj.

Valley.

Additional Pioncnrfi of the Maumce Valletj. 051

lip, Fiillon county,)
of 74 yeurH. In" a
2, said :

, having disposed ot
< curly manliood, lie
1 ill Vorli township,
the early BcttliTs oi
ot the Peace, wiiicli
L'ctiriR a Hcttiomcni
s of litijration. ilr
ivas made tlio basis

)ycd by the Conuiiis
tlic olil counties, fnr
county, and in tlic
onscientious olUocr."
n all tlio joys and

1, preceded her bus
d with him happily
repreaentcd by tiiosc
, as one of the best
orlh Western Ohio
I raised a family of
heir declining years,
nrvive— their several
1., Col. N. M, How-
)ledo, having resided
Vm. II. Howard, ot
18 recently appointed
ry,) James W. IIow-
y,) and the surviving
1, Esq., of Bowlin,"

Senate, and resident
eo. Laskey, of Grand
ward Howard, (who
46 wite is yet liviui,'
settled half a century

jr of iMrs. Charlntic
iiery Howard, of L:t
iu a small keel boat
brought through the
Perrysburg by Capt.

Daniel H. Ilubbell,
',) in lb24, he made
'remont, new known
was engaged by Col.

the Wabash & Erie
was c mtemplated iu
n between Ohio and
Is. Valuable matter
; with his first settlf-
iiany years, was des-
y to Toledo, and en-
• of the house ot Maj.

Coleman I. Kceler, and yet standing on tlu; old territorial road, (now street,)
and being the second brick bouse erected in Toledo, were made by him. He
cleared fully one hundred acres of land now within Ihc city limits of its timber,
the wood beitig principally used for Ids brick kilns. This business of manu-
facturing brick he continued until 1850, when he removed to his farm in Adams
township, about two and a ((uarter miles distant from the Court House, where
he yet resides.

Capt. B. G. Swe(!l, now of Toledo, and of the firm of 8weel ii, Standart, coal
dealers, &c., is one among the old mivigators of the lakes. He commenced as
,1 sailor <m board the schooner " Hannah," fitted out at Dunkirk in the spring
of 1823, and first comnuinded the scho(mer " Antoinette," built at Black river
in about 1868. He couunandcd the "North Star," which ran eight years a>»
iin excursion steamer to the bead of Lake Superior, (.'apt. Sweet was the first
(OMUuander of .i side-wheel steamer — " The Northerner" — that passed through
the Sault St. Marie canal. He (piit the marine service at the close of naviga-
tion in 1868, and resigned liis idacc as Captain of the proi)eller " S. I).
Caldwell."

James B. Steedman, from Louisville, Ky., removed to Ihc Maumee Valley
Oct. 22, 1837, and became a contractor on Sec. 75, W. & K. Canal, !{ miles
fthovc Napoleon, and look iu partnership his brother-in-law, Elijah Dodd. He
was elected a member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1841, and re-
elected in 181'.J ; elected a member of the Board of Public Works in 1851, and
re-elected for the full term in 1852 ; in 1857, Printer to the House of Bepresen-
Ifttivcs at Wasld'iglon. In the late civil war he commanded the 14th Rcgt. O.
V. I., in the thre(! months' service, and Scptend)er 25, 1861, the regiment
was rc-«rgani/,ed for the three year's service, and he was again commissioned
as Colonel ; July 17, 1862, was confiruKid by th«! Senate as Brig. Gen., and in
March, 1804, confirmed as full Maj. Gen. "in the army of the United States,
with rank of the same grade in the regular service. In tlui Ami}', uo officer
in the volunteer service, and few West Point graduates, won bight r honors. In
1867, he was tendertjd the appoiptment of the Mexican Mission, which he
declined; Inr accepted the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue at
New Orleans.

John R. Bond, born on the Vermont side of Luke Champlain, began
business life in Toledo in 1830, as a clerk for Scott & Richardson, in the first
hardware, fir and stove store established in the place — said store being located
on lot .355, Vistula Division, near the corner of Summit and Cherry streets. In
the following vear the eslablishmenf was removed to the "Arcade store," lot
347, Vistula.' "He was a clerk for Titus & Co., from 1841 to 1842, and then re-
turned to bis first employers, and continued with them until 184ii, when he
purchased the store, and continued in business himself during a period of three
years. Mr. Bond commanded a regiment during the late civil war, and has
filled many civil positions; and lias never failed iu the faithful di.scharge of
every trust confided to him.

Henry D. Kingsbury commenced bis residence in the Maumee Valley in
1835. He was, during many years, proprietor of the Kingsbury House, Summit
street — served several terms as Slierifi" of Lucas county, and after the commence-
ment of the 'ate civil war, entered the three mouths service, and was made Cap-
tain and Quartermaster. Under the three years call, he commanded a regi-
ment, and now is connected with the police force of Toledo.

Matthias Boos began business in Toledo in 1837, and is yet prominent in
trade.

David JoJinston came in 1835, and afterward took charge of the Ohio
House, corner of Walnut and Summit streets. He is yet in business.

The business notices in the first number of the Manhattan AfJvertii>e7\ issued
July 13, 1831), were signed by the following named persons : Piatt Card, Two
Stickney, R. S, Tylor, Dr. Calvin Smith, S. Johnson, Wm. Martin, Chas. Sill &

652 Additional Pioneers of the Maumee Valley.

Co., D. Chaso, Chase, Hill & Co.. J. P. Thompson, Adolphus Kractncr, F. L
Nichols, Foote, Swilt & Co., and 8. Cornwall.

In ftcUlllion to those who lulvertised, there were R. F. Sniead, editor of the
Manhattan AdrertiMor, one of tho most sprightly journals in the West; a
lawyer named WhetUr. and a physician of tlie same name; David Mooney;
Henry D. Ward ; Mr. Warner; Wilhird Smith ; A. Williams, now lOU Adiims
street; E. C. Ilnrt ; Oeo. Humphrey; Guy and Jol'I Carpenter; James Kirk;
Fred. Osgood ; Uisliop Davis, and others, whose names cannot now bo recHlled.
Of the old residents. Gen. D. and Dr. James Ti. Chase, Joseph Jacobs, Jonnthnii
Lundy, George Abt and George Angel, are all that remain.

Gen. Daniel Chase flrF '-'ted the Valley in 1834. His ndlitary record in
the Me.vlcau war, in wL wcni a Major's commission, was a very honor-

able ' ne. Advancing yi .lid not penult liim to take so active a part in the
late civil war.

Timothy Coghlin, with his two sons and one danghter, removed to Toledo
in October, 18i30, and engaged in tho employ of the Erie and Kalamazoo mil-
road, and remained in the service of the Company until 181 V Meantime he
had rented a farm in Washington, adjoining Port Lawrence township, wliicii
he cuUivattd, and upon Avhich he resided until his death, in September,
1843. Mr. Coghlin was respeoled by all the old citizens for his straight-forward
integrity.

The business career of Dennis Coghlin commenced in Toledo directly after
his father's death, and has continued siuc(\ During a |)eriod of si.x years, he
was Director of Die Lnca.*) county Infirmary, for several years a member of the
City Council, and, under the administration of Mr. Buchanan, Collector of
Customs at Toledo.

Patrick Martin and wife, one sou aud three dangiiters. removed to Washinj,'
ton township, in 18:34, and purchased " the south half N. E. Qr. of Sec. 13, Tp.
2, in Twelve Mile Reserve, Miami Rapids, c ntaining 80 acres"— said land
being now in Adams Tov ship, i nd occupit d by Geo. Wiliiiims. Edward, a
promising ancl useful y in'iu, was among the earliest California emigrants,
and died <m tlie Pacific oi the 33d of June, 1850. Mrs. Dennis Coghlin

is the only survivor of ^.^ urtin's family who ciiinc with her parents to tin
country. Mr. Martin died June 8, 1859.

Henry G. Neubert, an old soldier, who had served in the armies under tiic
First Napoleon, and after his exile and death, in llie British service, became
an early resident ot Toledo, and was engaged in the construction of the Wabasli
& Erie Canal, during which employment, by the lall of a tree, he lost his
right arm. He died of cholera in 1853. His desv:endants are Mrs. Guido Miir.v,
and Capt. Henry G. Neubert.

Thomas Carr removed to Toledo in October, 183G. He was a contractor on
the Wabasli & Erie Canal.

Wni. J. Finlay came to Toledo from Lockport, N. Y., with Col. McKenster,
(afterwards proprietor of the old American House.) in 1843. He can scarcely _
be cla.ssed among the pioneers; but his success in life has been one so remark-
able, that a deiiarture in his case from the general rule, appears justitiabic.
Under Col. McKenster, Mr. Finbiy occupied subordinate positions; but soon
his rare intelligence and natural business tact manifested themselves, and at-
tracted notice, and in 184G, upon the resignation of Capt. George Dutch Davis,
he was placed in cliarge of the Toledo otlice of the Canal Packet Co., where he
continued until tlie withdrawal of the lines, which occurred on the opening of
the Toledo & Wabash railroad, and then closed the oflice. From such begin-
nings, he has continued until he has reached opulence and erected monuments
of his enterprise, the most conspicuous of which is the Chamber ot (kimmerci'
building, wliich will endure in after years as one of the prominent fea-
tures of the bus.aess history of these times. The first and only official plaw
Mr. Finlay over held, was derived from Gen. Jas. B. Steedman, when the Int-

Additional Pio7ieers of the Mavmee Valley. (iHS

1U9 Kracmcr, F. L.

3 WHS !i coatractor on

icr was member ot the Ohio Board of Public Works, and this was tlie oflice of
Inspector of canal boats, at a salary of ftWo per annum ; allhouKli, during the
(liolera season of IS.IS, when llio collector, weigh-niaster. and insj)ector
vucuted their offices, and sought more healthy localities, Mr. Finla\ remained
I it his post, and discharged the duties of liis own and tlieir ofllces.
Thoniaa Southard commenced his residence in Toledo al)()Ut the 1st of May,

I mi.

Hobert N. Lawton began hotel liie in Toledo us proprietor of the American,
jciinier Summit and Kim streets, in IHW. In 18H1. he became proprietor of tho
ludiana House, corner of tSummit and I'erry. He died at lndiana|)olis, June
ly, 18r»(;, and his remains were returned to Toledo for interment. His widow, Mrs.
Susan A. Lawton, and daughter of the late Sylvester (!oruwall, of Manhattan,
is yet a resident of Toledo. Mr. Lawton was a thorough gentleman, and u
[popular hotel proprietor.

John P. Freeman commenced his buslncsa career in Toledo in 18)15.

Thomas R. McKnight was one among the oldest citizens of Perrysburg. IL^
I was a soldier under Harrison, and at the siege of Fort Meigs, in 18i;j. In 1H19
I lie returned to Perrysburg, and in 1820 removed his family there.

Wm. Crook emigrated from England, and removed to Toledo in the fall of
|l8;il, and in 18:13 to Periysburg, where he died in February, 1871.

Jacob Keller removed to the Maumeo Valley in 18!}3, and died on the farm
I ol Peter H. Shaw, in Adams township, April 23, 1873.

J. G. Cass removed to Waynesti Jd (now Adams) township. May, 1822.

James S. Herrick removed to Muuniee City in 1823. He left five sons at the
I lime of his death, namely : William, Elisha, Morris, Calviu and Willson.

David Hedges removed to tho Wolf Rapids farm, south side of the Maumee,
luear the Missionary S alion, in 1831, wht.e he resided several years, and th u
remov d to Vienna, Mich., where he died in 1801. He was the father of Mrs.
I Henry S. Commager.

Jolm Wolf emigrated from Syracuse, N. Y., to Waterville, in 1834, and died
|in lb«4.

Dh \ Smith and Lydia M. Webb were marited at Selina, New York, Jan.
I !l, \%'6 moved to HutVulo in August of the same year, and on the 38th ot May,
isy"), c menced tl cir residence in Waterville. In 1830, Mr. Smith was elected
Justice I., ihe Peace. In 1838, he was appointed Postmaster, and in 1845, re-
appointed. Mr. Smith removed to Maumee City, having been appoin ed Col-
I lector o! Canal tolls, and died of cholera, August 17, 1854.

Judge James \Vv Icott died at his residence in Maumee City, January 5, 1873.

iVt St. Louis, March 8, 1821, he married JVIiss Mary, daughter of (Japt. Wm.

Wells, a sketch of whose remarkable life appears in other pages. Judge Wol-

I ootl's tirsl setllemeiit in the Valley was at Fort Wayne, and in 1820 removed to

Uiiumee City, where he continued to reside until his death.

John Pray, a man prominent in tac cary settlement of the Maumee Valley,
and one of the first Commissioners of Wood county, died at his residence iu
Waterville iu 1873.

Gabriel Crane, with a vounger brother, Josiah L., born in Orange county,
Xew York, Marcli 30, 1800, travelled to Ohio on foot— leaving their native
place December, 1831. On New Year's day, 1833, they walked forty miles,
each carrying with him a knapsack weighing'between thirty and forty pounds ;
arrived at Dayton, after several stoppages near Worthingtou, Franklinton, and
in Ross county, March, 1822. At Dayton they remained about four years, and
ia December, 1820, removed to Perrysburg. In 1835, Gabriel Crane removed
to bis present residence iu Oregon township, and built the first frame house be-
tween Perrysburg and the mouth of the river. Part of his place is i ow
within the corporate limits of Toledo. Josiah L.Crane died at Perrysburg in Mav,
1853.

654

Toledo — General Charles W. Hill.

Gen. Charles W. Hill removed to Toledo in April, 1836, and was employnd
at first in commercial and mercantile business. Soon after, he was appointed
City Clerk, and, borrowing books of D. O. Morton, Esq., read law until June 3,
18a9, when he was admitted to the Bar. On the 1st of October, 1839, he
became a partner of M. H. Tilden, and from ti)at time (except from June 18,
1861, to July 12, 1865, when he was in the military service,) he was a hard-
working and successful lawyer Brief reference is made to his professional
career on pp. 289--i90 ot this volume. But it is proper that notice be taken ot
his unrequited services in another sphere of usefulness. Reference is here
made to tht public schools. Starling out, with three great cardinal principles,
he has adhered to them with a persistency, certainly not pecuniarily proiitaljle
to himself aough fruitful of good results to the city and vicinity : 1st. That
lie would not live in a community that could not thoroughly educate his chil-
dren in the public schools ; 2nd. That he would ask nothing for his own chil-
dren that he would not provide for all other youth in the city ; 3rd. That the
incumbent of a public office, voluntarily accepted, though without emolument,
and however onerous, is I. ound to perform all the duties of his position, re-
gardless of his private interests. He began at the foundation, when efficient
public schools, " so far West," were scarcely heard of, by drafting and securing
the passage of a bill which became the school law ot Toledo, March 9, 1849,
and which, with only a few financial improvements and a change in the mode
of electing Directors, (all prepared by him,) has remained in force to this day.
From that law, and the vigilant and intelligent use of its powers, Toledo has
reared her school system,— renowned in the land, and justly the admiration and
pride of the city. A large per cent, of the most enterprising business men, and
uselul families of Toledo, have been drawn to, and retained in the city, by the
efficiency and faithful administration of her public school system. Gen. Hill
was nominated for Director at the first election under this law, but declined
because his then law partner feared that devotion to organizing and building
up public schools would interfere with professional business. Gen. H. how-
ever, was elected to the Board of Education in May, 1851, and has been re-
elected by the people from term to term ever since". In May, 1855, he was
elected President of the Board, and has been elected to and held that office
every year since, except the year beginning in May, 1804, when he declined the
Presidency.

The pubho schools have been the object of his special solicitude, and
he devotes to them his time and talent at the expense of his personal welfare.
If a client, in arrears for fees, would happen to meet him with an offer of pay-
ment, at a moment when busily employed in the investigation of some matter
relating to the public schools, "the General vvould probably politely dismiss his
visitor with a request that he call a', some more convenient season, when he
would have time to look over the account and receipt for the money.

Gen. H. was frequently a member of the city Council, and served in that body
eleven years.

We get no account of his feeding high at the public crib but once. He
became broken down by hard work and too much service "on the stump"
in the Taylor and Fillmore campaign ; and "spoils" were awarded to him in
the shape of the Collcctoi-ship of Customs at Toledo, in 1850. For a long series
of y.ars no returns had been made from this district, and so the pay of Collec-
tor was a little might in the fog. The General, entering upon his new dutieiJ
with his usual directness, dug up several thousand dollars of duties previously
collected, but not reported. These were secured by the Government. Detailed
reports of the commercial business of the district were regularly made, and, for
the first time, the district acquired .some standing at Washington, and duties
were collected during his first season to the amount of over $80,000. After
nearly three years' service as a revenue officer, involving a considerable part
of his time with accounts rendered every month, Pierce's administration re-
quired the accounts to be restated for quarterly periods, and then his accounts
were settled, ruling out every thing for stationery, lights, fuel, and the expenses

mil.

Captain Samuel Allen and other Pioneers 655

J6, and was employed
fter, he was appointed
, read law until June 3,
, of October, 1839, he
(except from June 18,
rvice,) be was a hard-
ide to his professional
that notice be taken ot
;s. Reference is here
eat cardinal principles,
t pecuniarily profitable
md vicinity : 1st. That
ighly educate his chil-
hing for his own cLil-
be city ; 3rd. That the
^b without emolument,
;ie3 of bis position, re-
adation, when eflBcient
»y drafting and securing
roledo, March 9, 1849,

I a change in the mode
ed in force to this day.
ts powers, Toledo has
stly the admiration and
ising business men, and
ined in the city, by the
ool system. Gen. Hill

this law, but declined
pganizing and building
siness. Gen. H. how-
1851, and has been re-
in May, 1855, he was
;o and held that office
1, when he declined the

pecial solicitude, and
bis personal welfare.

II with an offer of pay-
gation of some matter

ly politely dismiss his
nient season, when he
)r the money,
ind served in that body

lie crib but once. He
vice "on the stump"
^re awarded to him in
350. For a long series
I so the pay of Collet-

upon his new dutie>

rs of duties previously

Government. Detailed

gulnrly made, and, for

■ashington, and duties

over $80,000. After
ig a considerable part
ce's administration re-

and then his accounts

fuel, and the expenses

of moving the office from Maumee, merely because not properU estimated for
under unknown rates. His whole pay as Collector was found io have been
fixed by an old law at $3'25.46 per year ! So much he received and no more,
but his successor, Mr. Riley, was, by a new law, immediately placed on a par
with the Collector of Detroit, as to salary ;ind fees, it having become known,
under Hill's administration of the office, that the Maumee Valley had a com-
merce worthy the attention of the Government, and its Collector duties to per-
form worthy of a respectable compensation. But that Comrress bad not dis-
covered the retroactive rule of salarie?, and Hill was all the feaner for having,
once in his life, " fed at the public crib."

The late Capt. Samuel Allen, who wns prominently connected with the early
efforts to build up Toledo, has already been referred to in remi.nisceuces of
several pioneers. His amiable widow survived her husband many years, and
died in Toledo, at the residence of her son-in-law. Judge Thomas Dunlap,
within the last eighteen months. Her mind, endowed with rare natural gifts,
had been highly cultivated, and her womanly graces commanded the highest
respect.

Added to what has hitherto been stated of Captain Allen and his family, the
fallowing memoranda were gathered from Mrs. A. a few months prior to her
death :

When Capt. Allen, and a portion of his family, visited the "Valley in October,
1831, they found the principal Ottawa Indian village located on the Manhat-
tan side of the river, near its mouth, where government made its pswments to
the tribe ; and their hunting grounds were on the oppcisite side. Mrs. Allen,
August 1, 1871, communicating her recollections through Mrs, Judge Dunlap,
said : " I remember well the beautiful road leading from Vistula to this Indian
village. It was winding, and shaded by magnitcent trees. We frequently
rode thither with Major Stickney in his one-horse wagon; and as we passed
through the village, the little Indians would rnn out calling him "father!
father I" which would please him amazingly. What is now chiefly the track of
Summit street, formed then a most charming ride t .rough a delightful forest.
Ttie banks of the river were bold, high bluffs, and the graceful little fawns and
flocks of wild turkeys often crossed our path as we were riding, and disappeared
in the woods. I had two fawns for my especial playmates — each having a bell
attached to their necks, and were daily companions in my rambles through the
woods.

" The Vistula division of the town was surveyed by Seneca Allen. The streets
bear the names originally given them — myself naming La Grange in memory of
tiie home, in France, of Lafayette. Major Stickney gave Summit street its
name ; and Capt. Allen suggested the names of all the others.

" During the autumn ot 1831 the family returned to Lockport, and in the
winter following Capt. Allen re-appeared with a force of hands and erected the
lirst wharf in the new town, at the foot of Lagrange street. After the opening
of Lake navigation in the spring of 1832, our whole family removed to Vistula.
At Buffalo my husband chartered a steamboat, the " Pioneer," and freighted
her with the iamily, servants, wojcmen, goods and provisions; and on the last
ilay of May, 1833, passengers and goods were landed at Vistula,

"The Indians were uniformly kind and hospitable. Their title was extin-
guished by treaty made on the part of the United States by the Territorial Gov-
ernor of Michigan, in 1833. The Canadian French were also courteous and
obliging, and many of their suggestions regarding the diseases then peculiar to
the country, and means to avoid them, were ascertained to be valuable.
Venison, wild gc'- turkeys, ducks, &c., were abundant. In the summer and
autumn of 1833, the feeble colony, as well as the French and Indians, suffered
much from sickness. The first weeping willow transplanted on this soil, was
brought from Columbus by myself, and the slip had been used on the route as
11 riding whip."

The willow tree rcfered to by Mrs. Allen, which sprang from the branch
placed in the ground by her own hands iu 1833, attained a large growth, and,

G56 J)}'s. Jacoh Clarh, Oscar White and others.

liavlne lived forty years, Avas destroyed by a storm, in 1872, tbe same year that
lier own deatli occurred. It occupied corner of Lagrange and Superior streets.
Tlie remains of (Japt. Allen and wife now rest in Forest cemetery. 3Ir. and
Mrs. Judge Dunlap, who passed their youthful and maturer days here, and
their children, who were born in Toledo, are tbe only descendants of tbe family
so prominent in the early bistory of the place.

Samuel I. Keeler removed wltb bis family from Onondaga county, New
York, to tbe place now owned by Mr. Macben, Adams street, in ItJBO. Mr.
Keeler, with Dr. Conant, and a clergyman, from the river Raisin, organized the
first Presbyterian cbuicb in Toledo, in .lune, iSiiS. Among tbe members
were Mr. Keeler, bis wife and one daujjbKr. The first church meeting was
beld at Mr. Keeler's house, -wbicb remanied the only place for public worship
during a period of four years, and was then removed to a school bouse, where
now stands the present African church, between Monroe and Washington
streets. They were not at first enabled to procure wine for sacramental uses,
but Mr. K. obtained some raisins from Slonroe, and, witb these and sugar, an
article was produced that was made to subserve tbe purpose. Mr. Keeler died
in 1868, at the age of 84 years.

Dr. Jacob Clark is the only survivor of that beroic and self-sacrificing class,
'.be old time physicians of Toledo. lie established himself in Vistula in 1834,
and at once engaged in not only professional, but in mercantile business — con-
tinuing in the latter, however, only during a period of five years. lie was
elected State Senator in 1841. from tbe district then composed of tbe counties
of Lucas, Henry, Williams, Putnam, Paulding. Van Wert and Allen. With
tbe exception of tbe interruption made in tbe discharge of Senatorial duties,
and occasional visits to old Eastern friends, the doctor has now been engaged
in active medical practice during a term of thirty-eight years.

Among the old pbysicians deserving mention, and who were cotemporaries
of Dr. Clark, were I)rs. Fassett, Bowman, Sutpben, Mosher, Perkins, Acklty,
Boslwick, Brush, McLain and Smitb. Dr. Clark, although honored by all who
bave known him, did not occupy a bigber place in bis profession, or in public
esteem, than several of those named.

Dr. Oscar White, a veteran in medical ))racticc in tbe Maumee Valley, but
for several years engaged in real estate operations in Toledo, contributes the
following. If he bad employed his ready and sharp pointed pen in tbe business
of writing out bis personal experience, it would have formed an interesting
feature of this work :

" 1 came on to this river in August, 1828, and settled at ilauinee, then ibe
principal place of business in Wood county. In 183:1, 1 vaccinated tbe Ottawa
tribe of Indians for the Government, then numbering about 80O. The first
corn I bought (in 18i2!)) to feed my horse, I paid I'iiV cents per bushel for.
Tbe horse 1 |>ald $31 for, and be was a pretty good horse. I practiced medi-
cine and went to Findla}', and nearly to Defiance, and nearly to Adrian, in
Michigan, to see patients.

" There were tew people here in 1828, but the '-.en and women who were
bere, bad distinct individual characters; were independent and out spoken, and
knew bow to take care of themselves in a frontier life. In autumn, the country
was beautiful beyond any wbicb I have ever beheld, and abounded in cran-
berries, venison, and wild honey."

Wm. II. Raymond, in 1830, was a clerk in tbe store of V. II. Ketcbam, cor-
ner of Elm and Summit streets. lie continued a clerk, and in olber avoca-
tions until 1864, wnen his business operations in Toledo, baving proved un-
fortunate, be compromised with bis creditors, and removed to tbe Pacific coast,
where, fortune favoring him, be retur::ed and paid his creditors in full, princi-
pal and interest. No one among tbe pioneers, on the score of sterling moral
worth, was better eniitlcd to tbe rare good fortune that has in later years fallen
to bis lot.

otliers.

Other Pioneers of the Valley.

G5^

tbc same year that
id Superior streets,
lenietery. Mr. and
rer days liere, and
idants of the family

idaga county, New
reet, in 1«30. :Mr.
aisin, organized the
[long the members
uirch meeting was
for public worship
chool house, where
e and Washington
r sacramental uses,
these and sugar, an
?, Mr. Kceler died

elf-sacrificing class,
in Vistula in 1834,
r.tile business — con-
ve years. lie was
•icd of the counties
and Allen. With
f Senatorial duties,
now been engaged
,rs.

were cotemporaries
r, Perkins, Ackley,
honored by all who
essioD, or in public

tumee Valley, but
do, contributes the

pen in the business
mcd an interesting

^Mauniec, then the
'cinated the Ottawa

ut 80l>. The first
its per bushel for.

I practiced medi-
euiiy to Adrian, in

women who were
nd out spoken, and
itumn, the country
abounded in crati-

II. Ketcbam, cor-
id in other avoca-
laving proved un-
o the Pacific coast,
lors in full, princi-

of sterling moral
n later years fallen

Thomas Daniels came to Toledo in 1837, and in 1838 engaged as clerk and
apothecary student in the office of Dr. Cliarles McLean, and subsequently a
•Aledical student in the office of one who was a hero in his profession, the
late Dr. Calvin Smith, whom he attended in his last hours, during the Cholera
visitation in 1852. In 1846, Mr. Daniels engaged in the Drug business on his
own account, in which he yet continues, corner of Summit and Cherry street.

T. 0. Evarts commenced his residence in Toledo as a clerk in the Toledo
post-office, in 1835. Under the administration of Mr. Polk he was postmaster ;
and his service in the office embraced altogether a period of eighteen years, and
afforded general satisfiiction to the public. His adventures in the mountain
district oi Montana several years ago, where the snows and winter blasts held
him captive during a period of thirty odd days, are graphically sketched in
Scribner's Monthly, for November, 1871.

Cornelius G. Shaw removed to Toledo in IMav, 1832— having resided the pre-
vious winter in Brest, Michigan. Himself and party landed at the mouth of
the river, and walked up to Vistula. The Indians, at their town just below
Manhattan, were, on the day they landed, in council, to consider the propopi
tion to sell their lands to ihe United States. He was deputy under Muu^
son H. Daniels, the first Stip;ir*'of Lucas county, and, from 1836 to 1840, served
as Sheriff of the county. Mr. Shaw died in August, 1850, while en route for
California.

Daniel Seaman removed with his family from New Jersey to Erie township,
Sandusky (now Ottawa) county, June 13, 1832, and subsequently to Woodville,
where he died, March 25, 1854. Ira K. Seaman, now a member of the City
(Jouncil and resident of East Toledo, is among the survivors of eleven children.

Cyrus Coy removed to Gilead, at the head of the Kapids, in the winter of
1835. He stopped a while at the old stone tavern, on the river bank, then
owned by Edward Howard, and afterwards moved into a house with Robert
A. Howard, where he continued until spring. His eldest son, Cyrus H. Coy,
then 15 years of age, was clerk in the store of P. B. Brown during the winter
uf 1836 ; afterwards, in 1844, was in the Co. Auditor's office under Urial Spen-
cer, and in 1846 made the first general index to Lucas county records of deeds ;
in 1854 was elected Co. Treasurer, and in 1856 Co. Auditor. He commencecl
\m present business of banking in 1865.

John A. Vromau removed to Sylvania in Ju le, 1S;{7. He is now a resident
of Missouri.

Elisha Gnnn settled at Waterville in 1818, and died iu 1843. Of his chil-
dren, three sons survive, namely : Dexter, Carver and Osiiian ; and two daugh-
ters : Mrs. Abagail Bennett, of Illinois, and Mrs. Malinda, widow^ of the late John
ICnaggs, of Port Miami, whose daughter is the wife of Dr. W. W. Jones, Mayor
of Toledo, and in whose family she resides.

The late Richard T. Cooke, one of the most eminent of the early lawyers iu
ihe Maumee Valley, and who is referred to by Mr. Mott, never married. He
had three sisters, Tlicda, Delia and Chloe; and two l)rothers, Calvin and Wil-
liam. Calvin came to Toledo to settle Richard's estate; and on his homeward
return to New England was thrown from a stage coach and killed.

Phillip I. Phillips left Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1823, and entered 100
acres in Sec. 22, T. 9, scuth, li. 7 E., and returned to New York in August oi'
September, 1823, and in the spring of 1828 brought with him his wife and
nephew, Col. Chas. B. Phillips, then a boy aged eight years. During many
years Mr. Phillips was proprietor of the tavern at Tremainville. The nephew
is now a member of the firm of Whitakcr & Phillips. Mr. Phillips, in com-
pany with a Mr. Allen, on his first visit to inspect the countr", came from
Buffalo to Portland, (now known as Sandusky City) on the old teamboat Su-
perior — the lake passage occupying three days, which was th< n regarded as
the average rate of speed. From Portland to the Maumee they traveled the
distance on foot, on the beach of the lake — taking their first meal after leavinsr

('.58

Othet' Pioneers of the VaHei/.

Portland, on the second day, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, at the house of Mrs.
Slate, on the shore opposite West Sister Island. When he came with his
family the year following, he cut a joadway for his team on an Indian trail,
nearly the whole distance between Lower Sandusky and Perrysburg— only
four miles of the Western Reserve and Maumee Road, between those points
liaving then been cut out.

Col. L, B. Lathrop, born in Royalton, Vermont, immigrated to Richfield
township, Lucas county, in 1834, and in 1848 removed to Sylvania. lie served
as a member of the Ohio Legislature, and held other official positions, and died
of paralysis at his residence in Sylvania, on Friday, May 9, ISTJl. The survi-
vors of "his family are his wife and sons Lorenzo, Luther 0., James J., and
iMiles, and daughters Mrs. Mary Atin Wilson and Mrs. Helen Roberts.

Alonzo Rogers removed to the Maumee Valley in 1835. During a term of 18
years, he was an active co-worker with Gen. C. W. Hill, as a niembcr of the
Toledo Board of Education, and prominent in every moral and uselul enter-
prise designed to advance the interests of niJinkind. Ho died Tuesday, Alay
13,1873.

.John Poag — (the boy " lost in the woods," — see Knapp's Plistory of Ashland
county,) was one of the most sagacious men who operated in real estate
in Toledo. Whatever may have been his irregularities, during his later life,
it may be said of him that he contributed largely, by his foresight, in placing
the indestructible foundations upon which now rest the city of Toledo.
Several successful business men, in prosperous condition, are indebted to. j\Ir.
Poag for the good fortune that has attended their efforts. He was one of the
most noble-hearted men, and faithful to friendship, that lived in Toledo.

Col. S. H. Steedman became a resident of the Valley in 1837 ; — was a con-
tractor on the Wabash and Erie Canal, and served creditably as commander of
a regiment during the late civil war.

Joseph Ogle removed to Fort Ball, June, 1834, having emigrated from Fre-
derick, Md., and preceded Dr. Eli Dresbacli, Henry C. Brish, Hon. Fred'k W.
(}reen, John Parks, and seviral other old Marylanders. ^Ir. Ogle was the lirsl
permanent white settler on the Fort Ball side of the river. His widow, at the
age of 85 years, yet resides upon the old homestead.

Wm II. Merrett, born in Brunswick Co., Va., came with his parents tn
Columbus Ohio, and at the age of 18 years, became an inhabitant of Maumee
City. He was the first colored man empanelled on a Grand Jury, in the gtate
of Ohio, at the May Term of Lucas County Common Pleas, 187(), and is now
a leading man among his race.

The following additional names, with dales of arrival annexed, are copied,

chiefly, from the records of the Pioneer Association of the Maumee Valley :

R. A. Forsyth, 1816, (dead ;) Isaac Hull, 1814, (dead ;) Henry Bennett, Sep
tember t>, 18 53; Geo. A. Carpenter, Ocmljer 22, 1840, (dead ;) S. L. Collins,
December 23, 1831 ; John W. Colliuj, Oclo;>er 30, 1834 ; N. D. Blinn, Feb
ruary 23, 1825, (d ad ;) J. Austin Scott, May 24, 1833 ; James Myers, April 17,
1836. (died July 18, 18154 ;) Mavor Brij-ham, May 25, 1835 ; C. K. Bennett, No
vember 15, 1835; John R. Bond, October 13, ISS'i; Samuel B, Scott, July
1835, (dead ;) Horace Thacher, August 15, 1833 ; Chauncey D. Woodruff, April
2, 1835; John Bates, Aprd 10, 1832, aiied March 4, 1866;) James M. Comstock,
March 20, 1836; S. A, Raymond, August 37, 1839 ; E. J. Woodruff, June 18.
1836; Amasa Bishop, October 1, 18M; C. V. Jennison, May, 1818; M. L. Col
lins, January, 1834, (dead ;) Henry Reed, scn'r., October, 1883, (died July 26,
1864;) Oliver Stevens, October, 1832 ; Wm. Prentice, June 10, 1818; Henrv
Wood, June 10, 1832; Denison B. Smith, June 10, 1836; P. I. Phillips, Janu-
arv, 1825; Edwin Fuller, October 21, 1839 ; Frederick Bisaell, August, 1835,
(died June 6, 1870 ;) Alex. H. Newcomb, October, 1835 ; S. B, Scott, June
1837 ; Luther Whitmore, Auril, 1825 ; Joseph Jones, 1835 ; M. L. Leezen, 1839

Other Pioneevfi of the Valley.

050

le house of Mrs.
came with his
an Indian trail,
orrysburg— only
ecn those poinls

ted to KichtieUl
ania. He served
)8itions, and died
i7;5. The survi-
, James J., and
Uoberts.

ring a term of 18
I member of the
md useiul enter-
>d Tuesday, May

istory of Ashland
ed in real estate
ng his later life,
;sight, in placing

city of Toledo.

indebted to Mr.
:e was one of the
in Toledo.
337 ;_ was a con-

as commander of

rated from Fre-
, Hon. Fred'k W.
Ogle was the first
lis widow, at the

h his parents to

)itant of Maumee

fury, in the gtatc

1870, and is no\v

exed, are copied,
lumee Valley :
nry Bennett, Sep
•) S. L. Collins,
' 1). Blinn, Feb
Myers, April 17,
. K. Bennett, No
el B. Scott, July
. WoodrnfT, April
nes M. Comstock,
oodruff. Jime 18,
1818; M. L. Col
,8, (died July 36,

10, 1818 ; Henry
. Phillips, Janu-

11, August, 1835,
B. Scott, June
L. Leezen, ISS'J

A. A. Belknap, 1834 : Eber Wilson, June 18, 1823 ; Charles A. Crane, 1830;
Asher Cook, May 5, 1835 ; Geo. Powers, June, 183i"»; Andrew Bloomfield, May
5, lf"33; Gilbert Beach, May, 1835 ; Samuel M. Young, at Maumee June 10,
1835; Jeremiah C. Crane, June 4, 1837; John U. Pease, November 15, 1835.
(dead ;) Price Hilton, Uefianro, December 3, 1823; Galusha Chase, Perrysburg,
June 2G, 1830; Abraham Hartman, October, 1835; Thomas Southard, May,
1833; Chas. T. Wales, June, 1832 ; Thomas Corlett, August, 1834; Jesup W.
Scott, June, 1832; B. H. Bush, IMay, 1834; P. C. Lewis, 1830; John Fitch,
;83(); John Van Fleet, 182!); Daniel Newton, 1840; Jerome B. Smith, 1833;
Peter H. Shaw, September 10, 1823; John Conlard, 1837, (dead ;) Martin War-
ner, 1830; Wm. Pratt, June, 1818 ; Sylvester Brown, 1831; Elijah Herrick,
May 5, 1832 ; John P. Hour, 1831 ; Geo. Spencer, 1836 ; Andrew Printup, lfc34 ; A.
P. Reed, 1834 ; W. R. Hull, 1833 ; C. Herrick, May 5, 1823 ; Wm. O. Ensign, 1837 ;
E. Connelly, 1836 ; Don. A. Pease, 1835 ; Noah A. Whitney, 1834 ; Pliny Lathrop,
1834 ; L. C. Lock, February, 1835 ; Rol)ert A. Howard, March 25, 1823, (died Nov.
26, 1873 ;) N. Montgomery Howard, (born at head of the Rapids, of the Maumee,
.fan. 21,1828;) John J. IM'anor, (born at Providence, Sept. 25, 1827;) 0. M. Dorr,
Aug. 1837, (died April 1870 :) Hiram Walbridge, summer, 1833, (dead ;) Horace S.
Walbridge, summer, 1833 ; Henum D. AValbridge, summer, 1833 ;
Kbenezer Walbridge, April, 1836, (dead ;) Valentine H. Ketcham,
July, 1836; P. F. Berdan, April, 1836; J. K, Sccor, October, 1840;
('hades B-tllard, July, 1837; Horace Herlzler; James Smith, Septenibei, 1834;
Shibuah Spink, April, 1833 ; Capt. David Wilkinson, 1818; James Curtis, 1834,
(dead ;) Joshua Chappell, 1823, (dead ;) Wm. Houston, May, 1836, (de^id ;) S.
15. Thornton, July, 1837; David Creps, May 22, 1833; Mars Nearing, October,
1834; J. J. Smith, September 15, 1835; E. D. Peck, June, 1834 ; Julius Blinn,
18:;4; Isaac Van Tassel, December, 1839; E. S. Hanks, November, 1835 ; John
A. Robertson, June 3, 1836; Wm. Crook, sen'r., August, 1831; L. Perrin,
March 19. 1838; Wm. Flynn, June 23, 1833; James Douipace, Jul,-, 1834;
Henry Seabart, October 8,1833; Wm. II Bennett, September, 1835 E. W.
Norton, February, 1835; Jerome Myers, September, 1837, (tlead;) H. V. Smith,
April, 1838; Thos. I. Webb, September 15, 1828; W. H. Jones, December,
1833; Geo. N. Parsons, May, 1837; Carlos Colton, March, 1834; Richard
Bamford, October 10, 18:-f8, (dead ;) Harrison L. Holloway, May 26. 1834 ; lienry
P. Beruthizel, April, 1831 ; Wm. Taylor, ^^y 35, 1835; Harvey Kellogg, May,
1837; Horace Thatcher, August 15, 1833 ; Thos. Plerson, June, 1839 ; Abner
Brown, June, 1833; J. S. P. Whitney, June 15, 1834; James Pear.son, Septem-
ber 22, 1839; Solomon Johnson, 1836 ; Phillip G. Loopc, 1830; L. L. More-
house, May, 1837 ; B. F. Pratt, March, 1824; John Fay, October, 1833; S. H.
Wolfineer, April, .',834; D. ]{. Stebblus, September, 1835; W. B. Gunn, Sep-
temberri830; Joseph Mitchell, May, 1830; George Allen, May, 1834; George
VVeddell, May, 1837; D. Lindsny, 1834; C. C. Baird, 1835: Gc".). S. McKnight,
January, 1830; F. Osgood, 1836, (died, July 26, 18(;7 ;) Daniel Burns, 1«37 ;
Edwin Phelps, 1834; W. J. Daniels, 1832; A. Stephan, August 11, 1836;
Ale.x. W. Brownlee, Maumee City, 1835, (died 1873 ;) Wm. Herrick, Swanton, 1833,
(died 1869 ;) Edmund R. Dyer, at Waterviilc, 1836, (died in Toledo, IbOj ;) Luke
Draper, Vistula, 1834, (dead;) Daniel Segur, 1^35; Patrick Quigley, at Man
hattan, 1837; Jonathan Lundy, at Manhattan, 1836 ; Dennison Steele, at Mau
inee City, August, 1833, (deid;) Col. John Fa.«kin, July, 1848. Charles 1,
Scott, at Toledo, 1839 ; Mrs. Parker, Ilicksville, Defiance county, 1835.

APPENDIX A.

HAK UK MICAS ( ODNTV— I,A WYKKS IN hUACTlCK IS 1872 AND lUi'i.

I). K. Austin, 133 ProbateJiul^o'sofliie.

W. Baker, No. 2 Hartford Block.

Clement Carpenter, No. 7 Hartford
Block.

C. S. Curtis, No. 11 Lenk's Block.

Thomas Dunlap, 10 Chamber of Com-
m6rc6

A. W. Eckert, Room 3, Myers' Block.

Clayton W . Everett, Attorucy, To-
ledo, Ohio.

J. & E. H. Fitch, corner Summit and
Jeflerson streets.

Joseph D. Ford, Prosecutlnu- Attor-
ney, Lucas Couuty, No. ;{ Hartford
Block.

C. F. France, Nos. 3 und T) Hartford
Block.

J. T. Greer, 55 Adams street. Trinity
Block.

G. Harmon, 14 Druiumond's Block.

George R. Haynes, 4 King iV- Col-
burne's Block.

A. 8. Hill, 8 Drummond's Blocii.

C. W. Hill, 8 Drummond's Block.

H. E. Howe, No. 8 Lenk's Block.

Frank H. Hurd, Oand.ll Drummond's
Block.

Kent, Newton & Pugsley, 4 Drum-
mond's Block.

Desault B. Kirk, 1 Anderson's Block.
John F. Kumler, 1 Mver's Block.
Ira E. Lee, 158 Summit Street.
R. C. Lemmon, 3 Anderson's Block.
Macomber, Moore & McDonnell, 4S

Summit street.
McVey & Houghttm, 8 Hartford Block.
Clarence Morns, 7, iJartford Block.
J. R. Osborn, 13 Drummond's Block.
E. D. Potter, Jr., 7 Drummond's Block
Charles Pratt, 34 and 85 Cb amber ot

Commerce.
J. F. Price, 4 King's Block.
J. M. Ritchie, 3 Lenk's Block.

B. W. Rouse, 6 Drummond's Block.

C. IL Scribuer, 9 and 11 Drummond's
Block.

Harvey Scribner, 9 and 11 Drum-
mond's Block.

Wager Swayne, 12 Drummond's Block.

Charles C. Starr, 30 Chamber of
Commerce.

M. R. Waite, 37 Chamber of Com
merce.

Richard Waite, 37 Chamljer of Com-
merce.

Chas. O. Wilson, 34 and 25 Chamber
ot Commerce.

G. B. Wright. No. 1 Aiidorsim Block.

I'.AU OK MKUtKli COUNTY -r.AWVKJlS IN IM1A( TICK l.\ 1872 AXO 1873.

Iveepers Albery,
J. H. Day,
T. J. Godfrey,
F. C. LeBlond,

James G. Loughridge,
William F. Miller, "
Hiram Murllii.

UAH OK ArOI.AIZE COUNTY — TAWYKRS TN I'KACTICR IN 1873 ANT) 1873.

George W. Andrews, Wapaiikounetta,
Laytou & Layton, "

F. C. Layton, "

W. V. M. Layton, "

R. D. Marshall,

S. R. Mott, Sr., St. Mary's.

L. C. Sawver, "

F. C. & "C. J. Van Auda, Wau-

paukonnetta.
John Walkup. Waupaukouuelta.

Jjar of 1S7l'-7;^.

061

KAR OF CRAWFORD COtNTY — I-A\VYEH8 IN PRACTR'R IN 1872 AND 1878.

Frank'n Adams, Bucyrup. i E. B. Finley. Mader's block, Biicyrus.

Thos. Beer, No. 5 Quimbv blcicU, up Stephen R. Harris,

stairs.

James Clements, Bucyni
J. W. Coulter, Cialion.

James Marsliman, Galiou.
Josiah Scott, Buc3'rns.
Jacob Scroggs, "

ANo l!i7;l.

erson's Block,
jr's Block,
t Street,
rson's Block.
McDonnell, 4S

Hartford Block,
rtford Block,
nond's Block,
mmond's Block.
25 Cbamber ot

lock.
Block.

lond's Block.
11 Drummoud'-i

Hid 11 Druni-

mmond's Block.
> Chamber ot

imber of Com

amber of Com

nd 25 Chamber

iinliTHoii Block.

I'.,\K (IF KOUT WAVNK— l.AWYEUS fX I'llACTICr'; IN \%Vi AND 187b.

James W. Borden.
Robert Brackenridgo.
Jeff. C. Bowser.
R. C. Bell.

Joseph Brackonridgc.
S. H. BloomhuM'.
n. H. Colerick.
\l. Colerick.
VV. G. Colerick.
Wm. W. (Larson.
Homer C. Flartni.in.

John W. Hayden.
Charles M. Ilcrtig.
John Morris.
F. P. Randall.
H O'Rourke.
Samuel E. Sindaii
Stephen F. Smart.
M. V. B. Spencer.
W. H. Wither.".
Allen Zollars.

HAR OK AI,LEN COUNTY- LAW VKHS IN PnACTICK IN 1872 AND 187.>.

John F. Brotherton, Lima.

E. A. Ballard,

Calvin S. Brice, "

Jobn Collett,

T. E. Cunningham,

Chas. M. Hughes,

John r>. Foyo, Att'y and Heal Kstiile

Agent, Lima.
James Irvine, Limn.
C. N. Lamison, ''
L. M. Meilv,
T. M. Robi),
J. K. liichie,

I.AWYK.US IN PUAlTIfE IN HKI.PIIOS IN 1872 AND 1«7;

B. J. Brotherton, Deljilios.
E. Harlshorn,

John King, Delphop.
C. C. Marshall "

2 AND 1873.

\2 AND 187;J.

Hary'a.

u Anda, Wau-

paukouuetta.

n\V. OF VAN WEIJT KiCNTV — I,A WVKKS IN I'HACTICK IN 1872 AST) 1873.

Isaac A. Alexander, Bank Block, Van sts., \&n Wert.

Wert. i James L. Price, McCurdy's Block,

W. J. Beers. Arcade Block, Van Wert. I Van Wert.

James M. Barr, •' " ■' I G. M. Salt/gaher, Main stiTPt, Van

C. P. Edson, cor. :^^ain and JclTcrson ! Wert,

liAIi (t|. WOOD COtlXTV -I,AWY1:KS in JMIAlTUIi IN 1873 AND 1875

Philan S. Abbott, Bowling Grcdi.
Edson Goit, "

James R. Tyler, Pcrrysburg.

662

Bar 1872-73.

BAR OF KTJLTON COtTNTT— LA^VYERfl IN PRACTirE IN 1872 AND 1873.

Amos Hill, Wanscon. I Wm. W. Tonvrllo, WanRPnti.

Wrn. C. Kolley, " I

nAR OF rtT,M»Y rorNT\- l.AAVVFR'. IN PHV(Tirp IN 1873 AND IR7o

J. M. n.iaft.
Binolnir M. Hamie.

James G. Haley.
Roniainc Tyler.

n\n OF nANCoCK county -i.awykrs in phactk f, in 1872 and 1873.

Wm. H. Anderson.
Aaron Blackfonl.
Ezra Brown.
Henry Brown.
C. G. Brand.
J. P. Burket.
.1. A. Bope.

; E. T. Dunn.

' Wm. Mimgon.
C. W. O'Neal.
31. D. Shaffer
A. B. ShHffer
M. C. "riiitele-;

bar of .SANDUSKY COUNTY— LAWYERS IN TRACTICE IN 1872 AND 1873.

Ralph p. Bnckland, Fremont.
Homer Everett, Bnckland's new

Block, cor. Front and State streets".
J. L. Green & Son, Tyler's Block, <'nr.

Crojrhan and Front streets.

John P. Lemmon, Clyde, Lcmmon's
Block, and at Sandusky, opposite
Post Office.

A. B. Put man, Odd Fellows Bloek,
Front street.

UAR OF IlEU'IANCK COUNTY— LAWYERS IN TRACTICE IN 1872 ANP 1873.

Win. Carter. . | W. D. Hill.

HAH OK WYANDOT COCSTY — LAWYERS IN J'RACTICi; IN 187'2 AND 187.3.

Curtis Berry.
John Berry.
H. A. Hoyt.
Chester R. jMotl.

R. McKelly.
John D. Sears.
Allen Smallev.

BAR OF I'UTNA.M COUNTY— I.AWY'ERS IN PRACTICI£ IN 1872 AND 1873.

D. I. Brown.

Josiah Gallup.

J L'H. Long, Exchange iiank Block.

Swan »fc Moore, E.xchangc Bank
Block.

Bar of 1872-78.

603

HAIl OF PENROA COr.'NTY— LAWTEUS IN IMtAf TICE IN 1872 AKD 1873.

Frank Baker, Tiffin.

A. H. Byers,

<4eo. W. Biiclinian, TilTln.

Cpton F. Cianicr.

Win. II. Gibson,

L. A. Hall,

J. K. Hiuldlf,

.1. V. .Inncs, Main strcol, Fostorln.

Wm. ^Am<r TliHn.

Harrison Kobic, "

Warren P. Noble, Tifflu.

R. n. Pennington,

J. H. PiitenttiT, '•

Geo. E. Seney, '*

APPENDIX H.

^'llows Blo'-k,

AND 1873.

TABLE OF ALTITUDES.

The readers of tlii.s volume arc under oliligations to Jesse J,. Williams, Esq .
of Fort Wayne, for tbt following accurate table of altitudes, of points in the
district of country in Ohio and Indiuua drained by the Wabash and Mai:mee
rivers, including also a few prominent points outside this boundaiy— the mea-
surement being in feet above the level of Lake Erie :

JSIaumee river, at head of Rapids fl2

at Defiance 80

" at line between Ohio and Indiana 135

Low water, Miiuniee river at Fort Wayne 168

Humniit level, Wabash and Erie canal, (water surface) '. - 103

Court house square in Fort Wayne 11)8

Marsh 4 miles south-west of Fort Wayne, the summit l)ctwecn Maumee ami

Wabash rivers '. 101

I^ailroad track at Fort Wayne depot, P F. W. & Chicago railroad 211

{.lOW water. Little St. Josijph River of Maumee at Edgeilon, on Michigan

Southern Air Line railroad. 234

Railroad track at Bryan, Williams county, Ohio, on the Michigan South-
ern Railroad 108

Railroad track at Adrian, on Michigan Southern railroad 247

at O.sseo, '• " " r)4(»

" " at Hillsdale, " " '• 520

at Joncsville, " " " 535

" " 1 mile west of Joncsville— the summit between Lakes

Erie and Michigan, on this road 5fi0

Railroad track at White Pigeon, on this road 250

Air Line railroad track, 3 miles east of Kendallvillc- -summit between

Lakes Eric and Michigan, on this road 445

Wolf Lake, in south-west part of Noble county, Indiana 324

Summit between the Maumee and Big St. Joseph rivers, near the same

point ': 370

Reservoir at Rome City, (m Grand Rapids i!c Indiana railroad *367

Track of Fort Wayne, Jackson «& Saginaw railroad, at north line, Allen

county 870

* Built by Stato of Indinna, in 193S, to aid in pupplyipg proposed Canal from Fort Wayne to
Lake Michigan.

(i64

lyihle of ^l Hit ndes.

Track at Auburn, on this road 208

" at North Line of Indiana, on tliis road 500

" at Angola, Steuben couuty, Indiana, on tliis road 4T8

" at highest point l)etween i^'ort Wayne and Jackson, on this road, 10

miles north of Indiana line }^\J

Surface of liead branch St. Josepli river, (of Maumce) 5 iniies north of

Indiana line _ 42:1

Low water, St. Mary's river at railroad bridge, on the Cincinnati, Rich-
mond & Fort Wayne railroad IHtt

Kailroad station at Decatur, Adams county, Indiana 28;i

Summit between St. Marys and Wabash rivers, on C. R. & F. W. railroad. 2!)t

Low water, Wabash river, at bridge, on this railroad 24h

Summit between Wabash and Salamania rivers... 881

Low water, SalamrtUia river at Portland, Jay couuty 330

Summit between Salamania and Missisinewa rivers, on said road 47!l

Low water, Missisinewa river at Ridgcville, Randolph county 390

Summit on this railroad line between Missisinewa and White; rivers 521

Low water, White river at Winchester 47!>

Railroad track at Winchester, crossing IJellefontaine railroad 514

Simimit between White river and Green's Fork— a branch of White

Water - 614

Summit between (freen's Fork and Nolan's Fork of White Water, on C.

R. «fc F. W. railroad, two-tiurds of a mile south of Randolph county

line tfi^«

fiow water of East Fork White Water, at Richmond 311

Railroad track at iiassenger depot in Richmond 390

Railroad track at Van Wert, Ohio 190

" " at Delphos, at crossing Miami and Erie Canal 188

at depot at Lima, Ohio 263

Hog Creek Marsh, source of Auglaize river 350

Summit between waters of Lake Erie and Ohio river, 3 or 3 nnles south of

Crestline, on the Cleveland & Columbus railroad 608

Summit between Lake Erie and Ohio river, on route of Mianu & Erie

(Janal, Shelby county, Ohio 387

Summit between Lake Erie and Ohio river, at sources of Sandusky and

Scioto rivers, Crawford county, Ohio 354

Railroad depot at Columbia City, Whitley county, Indiana 2C!i

" " at Warsaw, Kosciusko county, Indiana 249

at Bluilton, Wells county, Indiana 258

Court.house S(|uare in Huntington, Indiana, on W. and E. Canal 167

Low water of AVabash river, 3 miles west, at forks of the Wabash 126

" " of Wabash at mouth of Salamania river 93

" " " " Missisinewa river 53

" " of the Missisinewa river at Marion 220

Court-house Sifuare in Peru 7.">

Low water, Wabash river at mouth of Eel river. 6

Railroad depot at Logansport 27

" " at Kokomo 261

Union " at Indianapolis 140

Railroad " at Muncic 381

The highest rldj^es in this vicinity, near the hend hranchcB of the Littlo St. Joocph, (of
Maumee,") and of the Kalamazoo, i« the most elevated land in the Southern half of Michigan.
But the iate surveys on the Grand Rapids 4& Indiana railroad show that the ridves in the
Northern portion of the Peninfu'.a of Michiijan, near the sourcc^s of the Manistee, Shoboysan
and Boyne rivers, rise to about 1,200 feet above Lake Erie.

The highest point in Indiana is the tnble land, about ten miles southeast of Winchester
Randolph county, at the sources of the White River, White Water and Big Miami rivers beincr
probably about 680 or TOO feet above Lake Erie. The general controlius descent of the Statu
is in a sbuth-westorn direction to the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Wabash

Ihe Preshijtei'ian Mmlou — Ihl'l*.

(iGf.

Tlie Ibllowing pointy arc brldw Lake Krio (in feet:).

Kiiilroiul depot iit Torre Ilniitc, (east side of City^ 7H

l.ow water, Olilo river at New Albany, (lielow Palls) 307

Surface of Missisnippi river at niuutli of lilinoin river 108

Atlantic Ocean S68

api4^:nuix c

rilK l•ltl•:^*IIVTKUtAN MIHHION ON TIIK MAUMKK.

'i'o lli(.' honored Mrs. Van Tassel, now of Mauniee City, the writer of this*
is indebted for the most interesting aceount he has discovered, furnished in
ihe letters wiiich follow, of tlie old I'rcshyterian Maumee Mission. It is proper
here to add that Mrs. Van Tassel was the dau^^hter of liev. Joseph Badger, Ge-
neral Harrison's Ciiaplain during the sicife of Fort Meigs, in 181;{.

Maumee City, Dec. ;}0, 187J.

Mit. Knai'I',— SiH; I will endeavor to answer your questions to the best of my
It rolleetion, though not precisely as to time in the order proposed.

Mr. Isaac Van Tassel was born in Durhiini, New York, April 7, 1701, and
iiime to Ashtabula, O., in 1821. In the summer ot 182'3 he was appointed to
the Maumee Mi8si(m, by the Western Missionary 8 )ciety. of Pittsburg, Pa., as
iissistant and teacher, and was tlie first member of the Mission family on the
'ground. Rev. Samuel Tate, of ISIcrcer, Pa., was ai)pointed Superintendent
pro tern., remained six months, and was succeeded by Rev. LudovicuB Rob-
liins. Mr. U. remained about two years, and was dismissed at his own
request, on account of failing health. Mr. Van Tassel taught the scliool and
pursued his theological studies, sijendin',' one winter with llcv. O. H. Cowles,
D.D, of Austinburg, (). In 18'2(> Mr. Van Tassel was licensed and ordained
liy the Huron Presbytery ; he remained a member of that Presbytery until the
>lau.mee Presbytery was formed, of which he remained a mend)er until \\U
death, March 2, 184i>. He died smldenl}', having been thrown fronj his hors<'
and instantly kilhul, on his way from <}ilead, (now Grand Rapids,) to our
liome in Plain. He was appointed Superintendent of the Maumee Mission in
1826, at which time the Missi<m was transfered to the A. H. C F. M. He
served in that capacity until the Mission was abandoned, in consefiiience of tlic
removal of the Indians, in 18:54.

I was born in Blaudford^ Mass., Jan. U), 1794. My maiden name waa Lucia
Miidger. My father, Rev. Joseph Batigcr, was then pastor of the Congrega-
tional Church in that town. In 1800 he was apj)ointed by the Connecticut,
Missionary Society, Missionary to New Connecticut, (now Western Reserve)
in the Ohio Territory, and in 1803 removed his family to Austinburg, Ashta-
liula, Co., (). I was married in Ashtabula, O., to Rev. Isaac Van Tassel, Sep.
17, 1823. We went immediately to Pittsburg, where we, with others, were
organized into a Mission family. We landed at Maumee, Oct. 27, 1823.

Mr. Van Tassel repaired immediately to the site of the mission-house; found
the body of a lu^wn log cabin erected, 16 x 61), and went to work to prepare it
for the reception of the family, consisting, then, of V,i m(!ml)ers and some hired
help. As there were no inhabitants mar, his only bed was a board, and his
rovering, his overcoat. November fi, tiie remainder of the family arrived, and
the men all went to the station, to work on the house. As there were no boats
coming into the Maumee river, we were obliged to cross the Lake in small
schooners, chartered for the purpose. November 26, the family met at the
nussion-house, to commence oui labors among the poor Ottawas. Our Mission
family consisted of Rev. Samuel Tate, wife and son ; Rev. Alvan Coe and wife ;
Isaac Van Tassel and wife; Lcander Sacket (farmer) and wife; John Mc-

666

The Prexhyteriiin Mission — 18-2-2.

Pherrin, fcariu'iitcr;) H(mi)?ht, (hlackHniilli ;) Miss Siiltinii Strvcns und Miss
Hannali Rigps.

Oiir school conMnenccd llic wliitiT following,', with iil)()iil, halt' a dozen
Hcholars, and increased tiniciiflcr linie till we iininhcrcd T)(\ ; hut they i)ro!)al)lv
woiihi not avenij^e over ;iO, uh tiicy were very iinstciidy in their altendiinee.

Mrs. Backet (Jomnienced the Hciiool, and tiin;.'iit a few weeks; it was suhm
f|ueiitly tauj,'ht liy dill'erent inenihers ol' the liia.iiv. 1 liin>;iit one year; tiic le
niaiuder ot my time was devoted, (when not eonlined hy Hiekness,) to domestii
avocations, and the study '^f the Indian lan^uaji:e, in wliicii I liad made con
siderahlc proficiency. It, would have heen far more a;:recal»le to my wishes to
spend my time in studyiuf^ the lan^jjnage, and inslriictin^; adidt n.Jivc ienuiles,
than otherwise. Uiil this was not the plan of our mission; our inslrnctions
were, to collect all the nativcchildren wecould into the school and teach them
pjiijlish. These Inid to ho fcil and clothed ; conse(iuently little would he done
to elevate the adult natives. They were not, however, entirely ncfjlected
Mr. Robhins and Mr. Van Tassel visited them in their villages, and preached
to them through an intcri)reter, and Ihey were urged to adopt habits of indu.-
try, and a better style of living, which they did in .some instances. But the
good which the missionaries had hoped to accomplish was often frustrated
through the opposititm of the Indian traders, who made eveiy ellbrt to keep
iheni intoxicated as much aspossiljle. To civilize ami Christianize the Indians
would be, to deprive them of their unrighteous gains. It has been said thai
the Maumec Mission was a failure: — If the hopeful conversion of about thirtv
souls, and the triumphant deaths of at least nine of these, who were known to
the missionaries to have died trusting in the Saviour, besides much seed ^-own,
the result of which can only be known in the light of eternity, was not worth
Hie few thousands expended there, then might the mission be called a failure
The Indians were at lirst shy and distrustful ; they could not believe that while
peoi)lc intended them any good. As they became acquainted, however, thc\
were very friendly, and never gave us any trouble by stealing or cimimiting
any dei)redation. They wvyq always grateful for any favors bestowed on them
by the missionaries. A mother once came to the station to beg a water-melon
for her sick son; she gratefully received it, and the next lime she called
brought us a (puintity of nicely dried whortleberries, for which she refused any
comi)ensation ; other similar incidents are within my recollection. In the
fall of 1826, a young Indian came to the station, Baying that his friends had all
gone for their winter's hunt, and left him behind, because he was sick and
could not travel; Ire appeared nearly gone with consumption; he begged tn
lie taken in and permitted to sleep by the lire in the children's room, and to
cat what they might leave. While his strength lasted, he was anxious to make
himself useful, and would cheerfully otl'er to do any little chores which he felt
able to do; but he was soon eonlined to his beil. lie gladly received instruc-
tion throngh the interpreter, and some of the larger boys, who had hopefully
become pious, often prayed with him. We never carried him a dish of tood or
a cup of cold water without receiving his emphatic " icavanu\ wauanee,"
(tl:auk you, thank you.) He died apparently happy, trusting in the Saviour.
There are many reminiscences of the mission, interesting to me, which might
not seem so to others. If you think the above satisfactory and wish me to
continue, I will answer any questions you may propnsc.

V"ur« Llcia li. Van Tahski,.

Mai;.mee City, Jan. 17, 187;J.

lus.'- arm was situated nine miles above Fori

telO' .licad, (Grand Kapids.) It included the east

quarter section lying on the Maumec river at the

.. The large island opposite, and extending down to the

length and half a mile in width, also belonged to the

mission farm. "The semon on the main land was dinsely covered with large

H. S. Kn^
Meigs, and tL
half section
mouth of Tonlugany en
lower rapids, H miles

.oUi. '
south-v

2he J^reabyterian Misaion — 182i'.

667

tfvnis anrl Miss

iimhor, ami pari of the island. On the iipixr end was nimiit 40 acres withont
iiinl»er, which was inunodiiitcly cultivated. A two story t'nunti lioiiso, still
.landing, was liuilt on the bunk, liclow tin; mouth of the creek, on the west
lide of the road, and a lar^e orciiiird, rai.Mcd from the seed by the missionaries,
nas 8Ct out on the side hill south of the house; all the mission buildings
except the framed house have been removed. The i)resent owners and occu-
pants of the lurm are two i)rothers, (leorge and Thonjas Vunl. The location
of the mission was |»rol)ably as healthy as any on the jManmee river. At that
lime the family sullered much from sickness, incident to the elinmte, and other
diseases which followed; and, in four years, nearly all of the original mem
ljer<i had left. The labour afterward was mostly performed by hired help.
The missionaries likewise sullered the second year for want of proper food.
Our iirst year's supply was exhau-sttid. We were informed that, there was
flour for us at Erie, Pennsylvania; but navigation had closed, and there was
no road through which a team could pass within thirty miles. Nothing but
corn could be procured, and that, for want of a mill to grind it, had, for some
weeks, to be eaten whole. No vegetables could be obtained, no potatoes, not
' ven for seed. We were told thai " potatoes would not grow on Maunice,"
but the third spring a ves.sel came into the river laden with potatoes ; Mr. Van
Tassel went down and bought 40 bushels, and \\^' never afterwards wanted
for potatoes

Some time in Novend)er, 182:1, all the fenude members of the family being
sick, a young woman, living a few miles down the river, was engaged to assist
a few weeks, and Samuel Holmes, a half Indian boy, 8 years old, was sent
flown with a horse for her; he told her he chose to walk back, and would
leave the horse lor her to ride, \\\w\\ she was ready. The girl came, but the
boy had not come home; it was thought he might have loitered on the way to
(gather hickory nuts, as they were very plenty." >!ight came and he did not
make his appearance ; the family becamt; alarmed and sent around to the
Indian camps, but no one had seen him. A message was sent to his father,
who lived below the mouth of the river, who came and brought an Indian
with him. They searched through the woods, and visited every Indian camp
tlM.'y could find, but could hear nothing of him. All ho;:e was relinquished of
fimling him, when a report came that some Indians had found a child in the
woods and brought it to Findlay. His father and companion started imuicdi-
nlely for that place, and about twenty miles from the station, met Samuel
walking slowly, supporting himself with a slick in each hand. When asked
where he was going, he said he was going home to the station, that he had
iKien lost in the woods a long time, and had lived on nuts; but for two days
had been in a swamp, wliere he could find none, and he was almost
■starved. Twenty-one days, he had subsisted on nuts. Thei-e seemed a special
providence in his being found on that day, as he must have perished soon with
cold and hunger. The children were generally docile and affectionate to their
teachei-s and each other, though from different tribes. Disturbances seldom
occurred among them, and they learned as fast as children in general.

Yours respectfully,

LrciA B. Van Ta.^sei..

\an Tasski,.

, Jan. 17, 187;i.

Academy of Our Lady of the Sacrsd Heart.

jNKA^Xt Foil A>'A."V 'IVIU, 1>I>.

This lastitJtion, witli its Ueli;;lilfnl locntiou, and modorii iiuinovuiiu'iUH, is under llir
direction of an Order of Teachurs wlio liavo become widely popular from tlifir success in the
iuitructioD of youuR ladies in many of ilie llrsi-class inijtitulions tlirouKliout tlie Union,

It is easy of access, situated five miles nortii of Fort'Wayne, boin^ only twenty minuies
ride from ttiat city on ttie Jaclison and Sagiiiaw R. U., and two miles east of Wullon Station
on tbe Grand Kapida Kail way.

The Scholastic Tear Commencing the First Monday in September,

Is divided into two sessions of five months each. Tlio course of Sliu'y is thomuirli ami
t'xtensive, embracing, besides the elementary branches. Botnnv. Asironomv, Clieuiistis.
the higher mathematics, Belles-J ottres, &r. NO EXTKA CHAUGE FOIt KUENCII, ii hi •
luu the language spoken in the ' icinity. Particulnr aitenliou paid to Music,

The Discipline is mild, batC'>udncted with such viifilance and energy as to secure pcrrtci
order and rejiularity. The youny ladies are keptwitiiiu a lineof ditv more by a sense of
honor and justice than by fear of punishment. They become the children of the house, ilir
Sisters watcbiuj^ over their interests with the solicitude of a mother.

TJie Table of Honor, weekly notes, monthly tickets, semi-annuiil p.xaminations, and bul
letins, are some of the means made use of to excite in llio minds of tlic pupils ino Une nf
study, and to reward the dill^'ent.

Pupils are received at all times, their session commeneiny wiili date of elIti•allC(^ l';i>-
ments required half-yearly in advance. Non-Catholics received, mid only re'|iiired to af>si-i
with decorum at the public religious exercises.

TKKMS i'KR SKSSTON-
Hoard iiuil luitiou, ....... ^»i5

Wimhind «""' Ifeddhiif, ....... lO

.Husle, »«

..Vodern J^nnyHn(/es,'enr/i, ' . .... I"

Latin, ........ lO

Draivliiff and Paintinu in ilntrr fulorx, . . . 10

I'aintintj in Oil, .30

Hoard in f'nc(ition,\tii'o nioiitli.i, ..... 30

Artljicial Flovccr l.,rsaotts, . J'i

Artificial Jb'ruit and hvatlni' Hoc/., .../'■;

REfiUiiATiON 'for Wakdbobk— Four towels, four napkins, f;)ni- eli:iiiL;eB of linen, en
firpssing jjown, two pairs of shoes, one pair of rubbers, lal)K' fer\ Ic > an<lii>itel set .

f3'~For further particulars Addres^.'^

Box, 1618.

.SISTKk .SI'1M':RI()K,

Fort Wayne, Iml

aSO. J. E. MAYER k F. VOIROL,

4 i3r 'Mm "^^KF 1B[ XLji 3EI WL

Opposttr First and Fort Wayiio Xational Banks. FOUT WAYNE, IND.

-:o:

We keep the only accurate time in this cily, for all Kailroada running out of Fort Wayne
'•Sun" time can be had fnmi our ship Ciironometer. Transit obskrvationp taken every
noon and night. Those who have Fine Watches and'aio anxious to know and s»cc how ac-
curately they run, can do so by calling at our Store. It will altord us t eaaure to set and rcsrn-
hite all Watches accurately and gratuitously.

d Heart.

iiii'iili', is under llif
1 ihi'ii- succusg in the
Hout tlie Union.
Diily twiMity miniiles
ist of Wullon Slatidii

in September,

idy is tlioniimli and
trmiomv, Oliciiiistrv
OH FKliNCU, itlii.

rtllHiC,

y as to secure perfect
s' moro hy a souse (if
Ireu of 111!' lioiisi.', tlio

iuniiimtion?, iiiid bill
tlic pupils luu love (if

tc of entrance. Taj-
iily ri''iuirod to assiM

fio

. 'iR

•JO

:io

. I'i

t'i

aiiL;e» of linoii, en

dloilot spt .

'.RIOK,

n-t Wayne, InH

SVAYNE, IND.

I out of Fort Waynr
vATioN? takeu every
mow and sec how ar-
isuro to set and rosn-