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Un des symboles suivsiits apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi 6 partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 W .J* GEOLOC E YOR] PR0FE6 GEOLOOIOAL AND NATURAL HISTOBT SUEVET OF CANADA ALFRED R 0. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R8., Dibictob. RE PORT OF EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS 'I IN PORTIONS OF YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES, NEW BRUNSWICK. 1884. By L. "W. bailey, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS.C, rROFBBSOR OF NATUKAL HISTORY IN THE DNIVER8ITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL: DAWSON BEOTHEKS, 1884. yi«^ To Alfr: Sib ;— 1 in central of the pas Accomp investigati gical map portions o bury coun present re ties to wl confined. In addi Wallace B: greater pj effected, I in the Croi office in dr the Manag over the lii In additi in New Bi superficial gutions fori Frederic 1 To Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., LL.D., F.RS., Director of the Geologicnl Survey of Canada. Sir ; — I beg to submit herewith a report of geological investigations in central New Brunswick, made by myself and others up to the close of the past season. Accompanying the report is a map embodying the results of these investigations and constituting quarter sheet No. 1 N. W. of the geolo- gical map of New Brunswick now in process of construction. Lai-ge portions of the area represented, more particularly in Queen's and Sun- bury counties, have been fully described in previous rejwrts. The ])resent report relates to those portions of York and Cai-Ieton coun- ties to which the investigations of the years 1881-83 have been confined. In addition to the aid afforded by my successive assistants, Mr. Wallace Broad in 1879 and Mr. Wm. Mclnnes in 1883, by whom the greater part of the topographical work and map-making has been effected, I would here express my obligations to membei-s of the staff in the Crown Lands Department in Fredericton for the use of their office in draughting as well as for copies of plans and surveys, and to the Manager of the New Brunswick Railway Company for free passes over the lines of that company granted to myself and assistants. In addition to the work on the rock formations, the investigations in New Brunswick during the past season included a study of its superficial geology by Mr. E. Chalmers. The results of these investi- gations form the subject of a separate report. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, L. W. BAILEY. Fredericton, N. B., March 25th, 1884. POI The regio described at portion of C equal Hectio section extc and the oth more remai report on i\ in the presc less extensi" T. Jackson Prof. C. H. tiou with tl R. W. Ells, the Eeporti made by m; lying to th< tial examin in the coun 1881 and li both sides ( these latte requested t sary data f follow are and supple: RE 1 O RT or EXPI/)RATI0N8 AND SURVEYS nr PORTIONS OF YORK AND CARLETON CX)UNTIES, NEW BRUNSWICK. mi Region ± lit du.xcribed. The region to which this report more particularly relates may be liescribed as embracing the northern half of York and the southern j>ortion of Carleton county ; being divided obliquely into two nearly equal sections by the valley of the St. John River, from which one section extends in a westerly direction to the United States boundary and the other eastwardly to the valley of the Nashwauk River more remarkable physical features of the region are described in the report on the surface geology by Mr. Chalmers, and are further noticed in the present report. Its geology has been the subject of more or less extensive examination by various observers, including Di-. Chas. ga^o^J investi- T. Jackson (1837), Dr. A. Gesner (1842), Prof. James Robb (1849), Prof. C. H. Hitchcock (1862), Prof. H. Y. Hind (1865), and in connec- tion with the Dominion Geological Survey by Mr. Chas. Robb and Mr. R. W. Ells. The reports of the last two gentlemen are contained in the Reports of Progress 1866-69 and 1874-75. In 1879 a survey was made by myself and Mr. Wallace Bi-oad of that portion of the country lying to the westward of the St. John River, and simultaneously a par- tial examination of the district along the eastei-n side of the same river, in the county of Carleton, was made by Mr. G. F. Matthew. In 1880, 1881 and 1882 the survey and work of exploration was continued on both sides of the river by Mr. Broad. No report, however, on any of these latter investigations had been made when, in 1883, I was requested to resume the direction of the work and to obtain the neces- sary data for the completion of the map. The observations which follow are the results of the past season's work, as both comprehending and supplementary to those which have preceded it. In the prepara- ■ Ha YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES. tion of the map tho larger part of the topographical tiata waw obtninod and tho Hubsequent reductions etl'octod hy Mr. Broad and his .succes^ivo awHistants, to one of wliom, Mr. W. Mclnnos, my own assistant during tho past summer, tho final completion of the woi-k is due. For tho geological boundaries and determinations, as well as for the views of structure or origin hereinafter expressed, 1 am alone responsible. G. Carboniferous. A considerable portion of tho area included in the map to which this report lelates is occupied by rocks of Carboniferous age, but as these have been for tho most part described in previous reports, it will not bo necessary to dwell at length upon them here. As in other parts of the province they present two raai-ked subdivisions. These arc strongly contrasted, alike in color, composition and agi'icultural capa- city. There are also many evidences of their unconformability. The upper division embraces the Coal Measures and Millstone-grit. Upper Division. j(. covers extensive areas in York and Sunbuiy counties, and is readily recognizable by its generally grey color and coai-se texture. The latter feature increases towards the base of the formation, where the Ijcds are usually a very coarse conglomerate, largely consisting of white quartz pebbles. Beds of massive sandstone, of grey and purple colours, ai'c often found higher in the series. These are admirabl}- adapted for architectural pui'])oscs. Thin seams of coal are not nncommon, but no beds of workable thickness are known to occur. The country occu- pied by these rocks is flat and undulating. To tho southward, in tho direction of the centre of the Carboniferous basin, it becomes low, but in the opposite direction is more hilly, and along its northern edge often presents long and high mural escarpments. In general its agri- caltural capabilities, owing to the sandy character of the soil, or where clayey, to imperfect drainage, are of low grade, but where tho grey are replaced by red or purjjiish red beds, there is usually a consider- able improvement in this respect, while tho occurrence of numerous streams and rivers gives rise to extensive intervales, on some of which are the most productive soils in the province. Lower Division. In contrast with the coal measures, wherever the Lower Carbonife- rous rocks occtu', there are soils of great fertility. This is evidently the result of the highly calcareons nature of the beds anil the conse- quent facility with which the latter crumble and disintegrate. Their color is verj* generally red, varying fi-om a deep brick red on tho one hand to a brownish red or chocolate brown on the other ; and in tex- ture they range from coarse conglomerates to line marls and shales» At several points, (more particularly referred to in the sequel), they include small beds of limestone. .] NEW BRUNSWICK. 7o At tho Hummit of tho Lower Carboniferous and directly bonoath the igneoui rookj. Millstone grit tiioro aro found at several points bods of volcanic or >emi-volcanie origin, such as basalt or anamcMite, amygdaloid, folsite, (laystono porphyry, &c., tho details <•(' which are given in earlier reports. Their position is thus the same as that of similar boils on tho other or southern side of tho great central Carboniferous basin. It is lo iheir association with beds of this character that tho bright red color of the accompanying sandstone and shales is due. In general the attitude of the coal measures and millstone grit is Attitude. not far from horizontal. A remarkable exception, however, occurs in ii limited patch of siu-h locks to be found on the eastern side of the St. John Iliver, in tho jiarish of Hright, where they have a dip of nearly 0(P. Tho Lower Carboniferoiis beds aro alsn often inclined at low angles, but with more numerous exceptions, these being apparently connected with the greater inecjuality of the sui-faceon which they rest. The BU])posed unconformability between the Lower Carboniferous i^nconfonnity. and coal measui-es is evidenced not only by local ditl'erences of attituec Junction, and again at O'Donnell's crossing, south of the latter. Thence it extend along the Pokomoonshine Brook to Kirkland post ottice, in South Kichmond, and finally ci-osses Bull's Creek, a tributary of Eel lliver, and the northern lH)undary of York county, in Monument set- Uichmond. tlement. Through this district the conglomerates which mark the base of the Silurian system are exj)osed but at few points. They may, however, be seen near O'Donnell's crossing, where they repose uncon- formably upon a pale quartz-porphyry, trom which their included pebbles have been in part derived ; and again on Bull Creek where they are similarly filled with fragments derived from the underl^'ing rocks. It is further noticeable that in approaching the frontier to the south- west, these basjil beds of the Silurian successively overlap ditterentt'iconformity 1 . 1 /^ 1 ffi • 1 1 • 1 1 . unci ()Vorlu|i. members ot the Cambro-bilurian system and hide them ti-oin view. Thus the unconformity of the two systems is strongly marked, as these ai-e also in strong contrast in their lithological charactei-s and in the conditions of their origin. Limestone. The banded gi-ey and dark grey calcareous slates which succeed the basal conglomerates last noticed, are readily traceable through south- western Carleton, having a nearly uniform southwesterly trend and a general dip to the northwest, though with many local irregulaiities. They contain also, as on the St. John River and in the Beccaguimic region, occasional beds of limestone. One of these, at Joys Corner, near Lake Asphaltes, was formerly worked for lime, but owing to its unfavorable position has been abandoned. It abounds with crinoid stems and small brachiopods, showing chiefly on weathered surfaces, but which are too imperfect for identification. Buflf weathering sand- stones resembling certain beds which on the Beccaguimic are highly fossiliferous, also occur, but were not fuund to contain any organic iiomatite. remains. Farther north, and forming a portion of the same system, are the red hematite slates of Jacksontown. These are mostly, how- ever, beyond the limits of the map, and as they have been fully described in earlier reports, will not be further noticed here. f^-^-^^-tr jw m 10 o yORF AND CARLETON COUNTIES. D. Cambro-Silurian. The rocks now to be doscribeti an Cambro-Silurian are a part of those whicli in earlier I'cports have been variously doscribod as Cambrian (Gesner and J. Eobb), Mica-schist formation (Hitchcock), Quebec Earlier invosti- group (Logan and Hind), Lower Silurian (Bailey and Ells), or simply Ka lODB. ^^^ non-calcareous slates, gneisses, etc., (Chus. Eobb). They lie on either side of, or as outliers on, the great central granite axis of York county, and with the latter extend to the noi'thcast, where they are believed to be ccmtinuous with the similar beds described and mapped by Mr. Ells in the counties of Northumberland and fTloucostor. It is but right, however, to state that in referring them to the horizon tirst above named, this is done in the absence of any positive proof of their true position. Within the region examined they have as yet yielded no fossils, and the only evidence of age is that furnished by llie uncon- formable overlap of the Silurian rocks, as described in previous pages, and the fact that they have su]>plied material for the formation of the conglomerates at its base. The}- are thus at least as old as the Cambro- Supposcd age. Silurian, to which they arc hero provisionally referred. Amid strata, however, of such diverse chai'actei-, which include at many points rocks of igneous or semi-igneous origin, which are not only in contact with, but are penetrated by great masses of intrusive granite, and which are themselves, over large areas, of a highly crystalline character, the writer would hesitate to assert that there may not also occur rocks Pro-Cambrian of Cambrian Or even of Pre-Cambrian age. On the contrary, among the descriptions which follow, references will in several instances be made to cases in which irregular masses of tincgi-ained rock, which are more or less crystalline and of obscure stratitie-ation, are associated with the usually schistose strata of the region iu such a way as to indi- cate that they may possibly be protruding i're-Cambrian bosses. As these, however, invariably partake more or less of an igneous character, it is always a question and one usually not easily answered, whether they are not rathei- to be regai-ded simply as eruptive masses Igneous rock?, contemporaneous with or even later in origin than the beds which they accompany. The facts that in several instances they exhibit, through long distances, a close parallelism with the general trend of the latter, that in some cases the sedimentary and volcanic sediments are inter- boddcd, and that the former are of such a character as are usually found accompanying i-ocks of igneous derivation, have led the writer to regard them, at least provisionally, as members of one system. It may be added that in all these features they not only resemble the formations described by Mr. Fills towards the Bale Chaleur, but those also which boi-der the northern edge of the granite in Charlotte county, and whicli have been similarly mapped as Cambro-Silurian. BAIIEV.] NEW BRUNSWICK. 11 O It will be evident that in the discussion of tliis system of highly crystalline rocks and their relations to the granite, one is necessarily brought face to face with all the vexed and ditficult (luostions of local and regional metainorphisni, including the origin of the granite itself and its possible intluenco. Without entering at length into the discus- Q„e,tJo„j, ^f sion of these questions, it is proposed to give here simply a summary-"^'"'""'''''*" of the facts observed, with such conclusions as they may seem to fairly warrant. The district occupied by the northern belt of Cambro-Silurian strata is of variable breadth and in ogular outlines, due on the one hand to the overlapping of C'arlxjniferous strata along its lino of junction with the Silurian, and on the other to the sinuous, ill-dctincd and often vein-like character of the granitic axis which bounds it on the south. Of these,, ,, , ,. " Northern belt. lines of contact the tirst has been alreatly described, and details of the second are given in the sequel. It will be enough to state here that the width of the belt as exhibited along the St. John river, between the mouth of the Sheogomoc and AV^oodstock, is about tifteen miles; this is slightly increased along the lines of railway on either side of the tirst named stream, but near the western frontier, owing to a northward bend of the granite in connection with the trend of the Silurian, is reduced to about one ([uarter of that amount. On the west side of the main river it includes about < o half of the ])arisho8 of Canterbury and North Lake in York county, and the southern half its umits. of the parish of Woodstock, while eastward of the river it occupies the larger part of the parish of Southampton in the tirst, and much of that of Brighton in the occond of the counties named. In this direction it is continuous with a belt of similar rocks extending across the valley of the Nashwaak, the limit of our exploration, but is known to i'e-aj> pear upon the Miramichi and its tributaries, as well as upon the north- oast coast, where it has been examined anil described by Mr. Ells. The second or southern bolt is less extensive and at the same time soujj,om belt more variable in contour than the northern, for while one of its bor- d'rs, corresponding to that of the granite, is tolerably uniform, the other is rendered irregular by the encroachment of the Carboniferous strata which bound it upon the south and mark the northern edge of the great central coal-tiold of the province. On the west of the St. John this belt occupies the greater portion of the parishes of Prince William and Kingsclear and on the eastern side portions of the parishes of Queonsbury and Biight. The jiverage breadth is about twenty miles, but along the Keswick valley and the line of the New Bruns- wick railway this is reduced, by the overlaj)ping of Carboniferous sediments, until it hardly exceeds four or five. In tho upper part of the same valley the area occupied by those rocks becomes, through :? ■/ i 12 o YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES. I If I 1 the partial disappearance of the granite, continuous with that of the Limits. thii-d or central belt of schistose strata, extending through the Caver- hill and Haynesville settlements, and with the latter is prolonged in an easterly direction to the Nashwaak River, upon which it includes the entire interval between Stanley Bridge and the mouth of the Napa- daugon. Topography. The several districts above referred to are very generally of a hilly and broken character, exceeding in this respect even the granite areas with which they are associated. This is especially true of the northern belt, which along much of its extent is marked by the occurrence of prominent ridges, such as Pokowogamis Ridge, Oak Mountain, CaiTol Ridge, Sheogomoc Ridge and Dorrington Hill on the western, and Maple Ridge, Howland Ridge, &c., on the eastern side of the St. John River, their average elevation being about 600 feet; while in the case of the southern belt a similar feature is seen in such prominences as Magaguadavic, Blaney and Magundy Ridges and the Keswick Ridge, In each district, however, there are large areas \srhich, while far from being low, are comparatively flat, as along either ofthe lines of railway leading north to Woodstock, and near the western frontier in Monu- Soils. ment settlement. As usual the character of the soils and the general agricultural features of the region are primarily dependent upon the nature and durability of the underlying rocks, which by their hai-dness determine a more stony, and by the comparative absence of lime a much less productive soil than such as characterizes the Silurian region ; but their effects are greatly modified, whether favorably or unfavorably, by the distribution of the drift. As already intimated, and as further suggested by its topogi'aphy, the rocks in the Cambro-Silurian area are highly disturbed as well as greatly altered. The strata are everywhere tilted at high angles, with innumerable folds and contortions, and with repeated indications of faulting. In addition to the main axis of granite, they are invaded by several smaller masses of the same rock, as well as by syenite, felsite, diorite, &c., which help still further to obscure their geological rela- Plioationa tions. Indeed no finer illustrations of arched and crumpled strata are to be found in the province, and probably not in Acadia, than are afforded by the almost continuous section of these rocks exposed along the St. John River valley, between Woodstock and Frcdericton, while along the lines of contact with the granite on the same section equally fine opportunities are afforded for the study of the supposed connection Qranito intru- of the latter with the metamorphism of the associated strata. Innu- merable veins of granite are seen to penetrate the adjacent schists, while detached blocks of the latter, of every shape and size, may also be seen actually imbedded in the granitic mass. In view of these General feoloirioal uutures. BAILEV.] NEW BUUNSWICK. 13 a facts, in connection with the further circumstance that the country occupied by the Cambro-Silurian rocks is still only partially cleared and largely covered with drift, it is very ditficult, if not impossible, to reach satisfactory conclusions cither as to their succession or thick- ness, but the following ascending arrangement is that which seems best to accord with the facts observed : — Supposoil succession. Probahlb Suctbssiox of CAMnRO-SiLURiAN Strata. Coarse to fine grey gneiss and dark-groy mica schist; chloritic, hornblendic and folspathic schists, with heavy masses of diorito and folsito. Grey, dark-grey and purplish-grey (or lilac) micaceous sandstones and slates, with thin bods of limestone and lielts of grit and conglomorato ; grey fol8j)athic slates and (iuartzites ; intrusive and interbetldod dioritos. Dark-grey to black pyritous and graphitic slates. Highly felspathic schistose rocks, often gritty with particles of white quaitz and angular pieces of felsite, in part a coarse conglomerate. Grey, green and purple amygdaloid, vesicular sandstone and slate, in heavy beds. Grey and pale-grey, pink and reddish felsite. Grey felspathic sandstones or quartzites and slates, often chloritic. The highly crystalline gncissic and micaceous strata which, from their position, are believed to be the oldest representatives of the Cam- bro-Silurian system, are most clearly cxhibiteil on the northern side of the granite, in the parish of Canterbury, where they occupy a broadly m'cT'schiKi Id crescontic area, having its greatest width, of about six miles, along ti,o ' ""''^'■""'■>' main line of the New Brunswick railway, and from this narrowing westwardly to the frontier at North Lake, and eastwardly to the St. John Eiver about Sullivan's Creek. Through the length of this area all the more prominent members may be continuously traced. Near the granite the rock is usually a tine-grained, imperfect gneiss, of a grey color, comuKmly very much coi-rugated and mingled with granitic or quartzose veins in the most complicated manner. At some points, however, as at the head of North Lake, the rock is coarser, and ^ , .. is in pai't a true granitoid gneiss, of the ordiruiry composition, weath- ering with a rough uneven surface, while other portions arc comjiosed of agranular admixture of felspar, mica, hornblende and chlorite, with but little quartz. With the gneisses occur well developed mica-schists, which are highly cleavablo ami lustrous. They also contain numerous veins of quartz, and occasionally hold minute garnets or imperfectly developed crystals of staurolito. The rock most commonly met with, however, throughout the district, and sometimes in close proximity to sandatones. !^' J il > ^ , '7 r ' - Mi 14 YORK AND OARLETON COUNTIES. the granite, is a fine, tender, highly micaceous or gneissic sandstone, sometimes grey but commonly possessing a pui"plish gi'cy or lilac tint, distributed in clouds or bands, and not unfrequently characterizing the whole mass of the rock. With these sandstones are found at some points considerable bands of hornblendic and felspathic rocks, the H' iblondic former including a very coarse dark-green diorite, together with beds rocks/"'"'"''''''' ^^^"''"'^'''^"*'''^ ^"*^ aetinolite schist, while the latter are usually grey, white-weathering and quartzose, with small crystals of felspar. Eocks of this character are well-exposed along the road leading from Sulli- van's Creek, on the St. John River, to Canterbury station, and especi- ally at and about the eminence known as Dorrington Hill. Hero also are the best exposures of the calcareous beds, which seem to form a well-marked member of the group, and which are traceable at inter- LimestoncB of vals throughout its entire length. Where exposed on the i-ailway south of Canterbury station they are of inconsiderable thickness and quite impure from admixture of sandy and micaceous material, but at a point about one and a half miles south of Dorrington Hill, they arc much purer, and of sufficient extent to induce their removal for calci- nation. They may here be clearly seen to form a part of the micace- ous series, alternating with dark-grey micaceous sandstones, which arc sometimes chloritic and contain sheafs of hornblende, or with bods of true hornblende schist ; all the strata being much disturbed and the dip irregular, though usually to the northwest TO — 80 °. Conglomerates. Another sct of beds seen in the vicinity of Dorrington Hill, and forming an exception to the usually fine-grained texture of the (^am- bro-Siluriun rocks, is that of a series of somewhat coarse conglomerates and grits, exposed in and along the valley of Four-mile Creek, a small stream skirting the above-named eminence on its northern side and thence flowing to its junction with Eel River. These conglomerates are intimately connected with the micaceous sandstones, containing beds and layers indistinguishable fi'om the latter, and are themselves highly micaceous, but at the same time contain numerous well rounded pebbles of grey felspathic quartzite, from one to twelve inches in length, together with others which would seem to have been derived from beds of gneiss, diorite and mica-schist. They thus at first sight suggest the idea of their being a series newer than, and derived from the Cam- bro-Silurian, but of this we could obtain no confirmation from the study of their stratigraphical relations, while their alternation with, and apparent graduation into, the sandstones, seem rather to indicate that both are of contemporaneous origin, the highly micaceous character of both, with the nature of the pebbles referred to, either resulting from a common derivation from some unknown Pre-Cambrian source, or else being the effect of a common altex'ation, in connection with the grani- BAILEV.] IILEV.] NEW BRUNSWICK. 15 a tic intrusion, of beds of coarse and tine material. Similar conf^lomer- ates and grits, with similar associations, may also be seen just west of Deadwater Brook, along the more northei-ly of the roads leading wes- Deadwator terly from Canterbury to Skiff Lake ; where pebbles in the conglcrao-'^"*"''" rates, owing to their superior hardness, project in rough knobs over the weathered surface of the rock often as much as an inch or moie. These beds are intersti-atified with grey and lilac micaceous sandstones, but both are irregular in dij), with sharp local curves and corrugations. They may also be seen, though less conspicuously, on the west side of the First Kcl Eiver Lake, south of Monument settlement, and on the St. .Tohn Kiver north of Sullivan's Creek. Another well-developed belt of rocks traversing the parish of Can- terbur}' bears some i-escmblance to that last described in the fact that it is likewise composed of somewhat coarse material and has a dis-, . ^ Igneous rocks. tinctly crystalline aspect, but differs in being much more fels])athic and gneissoid, with evidences of at least n partially igneous origin. At its eastern extremity this belt approaches and appears to become continuous with the rocks of Four-mile J]rook, forming somewhat pro- minent hills overlooking the Canterbury and Eel Eiver road near Grant's mill, and apparently forms an anticlinal, flanked on either side by dark colored argillitcs, which are more less chloritic; but further west the two belts diverge until along the line of the railway they are sejiarated by a considerable interval, occupied chiefly by argillitcs. At each of these localities the bulk of the rock is a highly felspathic and schistose or gneissic grit, containing in addition to glassy particles of quartz, others of white or green felspar and often chlorite; but at Grant's mills the beds are further pcculiai- in holding light-grey fels- pathic seams, from one to two inches in breadth, whicli branch and bifurcate iricgularly after the manner of injected veins. In the hills near the railway, (at the 70th mile post,) they are equally remarkable as exhibiting upon their weathered surfaces, in addition to fine wavy lines w^hich are aj^parently of fluxion origin rather than the result of sedimentation, innumerable closely-aggregated nodules, or what appear to be such, Avhich often possess a distinctly concentric structure, and are probably concretionaiy. Still further west, bods which conform both in character and position to these form the eminence known as Pokowogamis Ridge, and were finally seen crossing the roatl along the west side of i)el River Lake. In addition to the features noted, the partially igneous origin of these rocks is, at each point of their occurrence, inilicated by their association with well-marked amygdaloidal beds, of grey, green and purple colors, which ai'e usually found flanking the felspathic and gneissoid beds. The re-appearance of rocks of this latter character, r 16 a YORK AND CARLBTON COUNTIES. licnton and Uiik Mountniii with similar associations, still further north, in two or more belt* traverf 80 °-flO "). By fill- the most considerable, however, as well as the most remarkable belt of such rocks is one appearing along the line of railway two or three miles north of Benton, and forming the promi- nence of Oak Mountain, from which in a westerly direction it extends along the northern side of Eel Hiver to Monument settlement in South Eichmond, and in an easterly one to and beyond the St. John River at Woodstock. As seen on the eastern slope c Oak Mountain and along the railway track, where the belt of these rocks has a total brcailth of about a mile-and-a-quarter, the bulk of the latter, as at the localities already described, is evidently sedimentary, showing distinct linos of deposition and having the aspect of an altei-ed or gneissoid Feispiithic iindS''^*) ^^ ^"^^^^ ^^ including some layers of slate, but here these appear- ances are in general much less marked and the evidences of alteration more extreme. Many of the beds are massive, without evident sti'ati- fication, conspicuously porphyritic, and contain distinctly formed crys- tals of hornblende and sometimes of augitc, together with chlorite and epidoto. It seems, moreover, impossible to doubt that these peculiari- ties are intimately connected, either as accompaniments or as a conse- quence of their association with the great mass of presumably intru- sive syenite with which on their southern side they are in contact, into which they seem to graduate and which accompanies them throughout their length. This graduation is the more remarkable as it is in singu- lar contrast with what is seen along the lines of contact with the granite, where the transition is usually quite abrupt. The bulk of the strata composing Oak Mountain are similar to those exposed in the railway sections at its base, including, besides felspathic grits and slates, beds of compact and amygdaloidal diorite and imper- fect syenite. In addition, however, to these beds, there are also some, not elsewhere seen in connection with this formation, in the form of deep red and highly ferruginous slates, containing betls of red slaty Hematites. hematite. These rocks, which occur on the northwest slope of the iiUKitif rook.i. Oak Mountain. BAIIEY.] mountain, unlike mar possibly that they described where the} few, nothii determine* Beyond th of the broo l;ir rock, C( bods of w overlapped the base of West of both it and and artiti( Boulders, 1 chiefly of bi'ight-gie( cpidote, ar jiarticularl wogamis s similar bee but chiefly are alike c( also their directly ov distance tc Bull Creek are abundt Eastwar are equall;y near Debe( Silurian ro ing felspat which are by a Siluri rocks ; an( leading in' are less cli come pror River the^ BAILEY.] NEW BRUNSWICK. Ho mountain, overlooking the valley of PokomoonHhine Brook, are not unlike many of the iron-bearing bcls of the Silurian, and they may possibly be nn outlier of thsft formation, but it seems more probable that they are Cambro-Silurian and the equivalents of the similar bods described by Mr. E!1b and others in Gloucester county. The point where they occur being in a dense foi-est and the exposures thei'efore few, nothing definite either as to their thickness or relations could be (ietormined. Their dip, whei-e observed, was N. 20 W. > 80°. Beyond these beds, but at a much lower level, there are, in the valley of the brook last referred to, ledges of very hanl greenish-grey vesicu-^ j. 'iir rock, containing dark-brown prismatic crystals of augite, as well as sy-'toms- lieds of white weathering felspathic quartzito ; these being in turn overlapped by the ribbanded calcareous slates which here represent the base of the Siluiian system. West of Oak Mountain this belt of rock becomes less conspicuous, both it and the as.sociated syenite sinking out of view beneath che low and artificially flooded area along the upper course of Kel Rivcr« Boulders, however, which are evidently derived from it, and consist tliiefly of extremely coarse and highly crystalline amygdaloid, ofp.ikowagamis bright-gicen, red and pui-ple colors, and contain much chlorite and epidotc, aio thickly scattered over the country to the south, more particularly along the Dinnen I'oad, where the latter traverses Poko- So. li ohmond. wogamis settlement. Near Kirkland post-office in South Richmond similar beds are seen in situ, consisting in part of nmygdaloidal dioritcs, but chiefly of a coarse agglomerate, in which both pebbles and paste are alike composed of chlorite, epidote and vesicular diorite. Here also their relations to the Silurian are well exhibited, they being directly overlaid by the ribbanded calcareous slates, while only a short distance to the westward are the coarse calcareous conglomerates of ''^JJ^""* "^ Bull Creek, thi'ough which fragments derived from these araygdaloids are abundantly distributed. Eastward of Oak Mountain the relations of the two systems of rocks are equally clear. Their unconformable contact at O'Donnell's crossing near Debec, has already been described. Here the supposed Cambro- Silurian rocks consist of flinty felsites and of very hard white-weather- ing felspathic quartzitcs, together with bods of amygdaloid, both of which are similar to those of Pokomoonshine Brook, and are covered by a Silurian conglomerate containing fragments derived fi'om these rocks ; and further east similar felsites outcrop on the branch i-ailway leading into Woodstock ; but in approaching the last named town these are loss clearly seen, while beds more like thoseof Oak Mountain again Woodstock, come prominently into view. Along the west bank of the St. John llivor they are exj^sed at intervals all the way from Bull's Ci'cek, « 18 o YORK AND CABLETON COUNTIES. south of Woodstoc'c, whoi-o they meet and pasH into red and gioy syenite, to within four miles of Victoria corner, north of the saiiio ModuxiiiikcuK. place. Akmg portions of this shore, as at the mouth of the Meduxnii- kcag, arc slates of a greenish or reddish color, which may be a contin- uation of tlie hematite beds of Oak Mountain, and there are also grey slates and sandstones, but the prevailing rock is a quartzose felspathic grit, generally containing hornblende or augite mingled with particles of green felspar. It is very obscurely stratified and at times marlystema. Eastwai-d of the river the country is to a large extent uncleared. Members of the lower crystalline division (gneiss, -i. truvorsod with numorou.H white (luartz vt'iii-*, aiitl havo u gi-iiorul Miiithorly dip (S. -40 H. < (!()"^ ) ; whiio in Spriii^^tioid similar hodrt, u>;uiii rest upon granite _^ . . , and dip iiortliorly (X. 70 K. < 80 ° ). Tho synclinal structure thus' indicated is, howi!ver, lieltor soon along tlio ri»ads Usailiii'^ south from Jlaync-villo to IMovvilown and Zealand. In llayncsville proper iho nticaccouH and gnoissic ntrata, which are oilon mottled or tillod with (lull hlack specks, prohalily representing incipient stauiolite crystals, (lip, as in Caverhill, southerly from the granilo ol the Nacawicac ; but on the other side of the helt, on a|)pr(»aching tho granites of Zea- synclinal, land, similar strata are again mot with, witli a somewhat irregular hut generally northward dip, the intervening aiea heing occupied hy hluish grey slates ami sandstones, exhiliiting a similar ai-rangement. Those latter rocks, which tend to hreak up into angular blocks, are in this respect as also in colour and texture indistinguishaltle from thcjso of the Woodstock I)ranch railway, as well as from those of Ihe .outhorn Cambro-Silurian belt to bo noxtilescribed in Prince William a.ul Bright. Moth their position and their graduation into the micaceous strata below indicate that they are portions of a single formation, of which tho lower members have been altered in connection with their proximity to the granite upon which they re>t. It is noticeable that among these strata there are no representatives of the felspathic gneisses, schists, fol- sitcs or amygdaloids which are so conspicuous in the northern belt, a fact which gives some further support to tho view that these lattor are Pre-Cambrian rocks protruding through the Cambro-Silurian slates. The southern Cambro-Silurian i»olt, referred to above, is a very o.xten- pouthorn sivo one, embracing, as it does, most if not all of tho Pro-('arb()niler()Us5.j'""|^el[r' ' rocks between the granite and tho ('oal basin. Owing to the irregular course of the granite on the one hand and the still more irrogidar distribution of the overlapping Carboniferous strata upon tho other, tho belt is of somewhat variable breadth and outline, but may bo (lo.scribod as extending continuously from tho Maine frontier, south <>f Distribution. Vanceboro, through tho parish of Prince William to tho St. John Ilivor ; and oastwai-d of tho lattor, through portions of (iuoensbury and Bright, to tho valley of the Koswick; beyond which it is again seen in the valleys of the Nashwaak and ATlramichi, though out"v niicaceous character in each, with the development of the wamo crystalline minerals, jis both are abundantly invaded by granitic and syenitic intrusions. Granites, Syenites and Intruded Kocks. Those rocks re(iuire some further notice if only on account of the extent of the arciis which they occupy and the important influence which they ai'O believed to have exerted upon the associated fornui- tions. In addition to tho granites and syenites the rocks to be ilcscribed in this pla(<^ include felsites ami felspar porphyiies, dioritos and dolerito or diabase. Granite. — Tho extent to which this rock is represented in central,, and western New Urunswick constitutes one of the most marktnl fea- tuies in tho geology of the latter, and, with somewhat varying out- linos, has been represented in all the jmblished geological maps of tho ])rovince. The limits which have been assigned in tho preceding jiages , as well as ui)on the accompanying map have been very carei'ully determined, and are probably as nearly accurate as the facts of the case will jH'iinit, ^hc i-xact outlines being often ditticult to recognize, fii-st fi'om the extent to which the granite itself penetrates the surrounding formations, and secondly from the great iccuraulations of boulilors and other diift material which cover its surface and obscure the lines of contact. The great numbei- and large size of these liouldei-s isfjuite remarkable, and it would probably be no exaggeration to say that over large areas, as around ^IcAdarn junction, they are so thickly strewed Hmicler us completely to conceal tho subjacent rock and to determine a region nearly or quite destitute of soil. Where, however, the loose material is less abundant and the soil not farther impoverished by forest tiros, it is I'cgarded by many with much favor, as being especially adaj)ted for the growth of cereals and for grazing. Many interesting facts relating to tho surface geology of the region will be found in the repoi-t of Mr. ( Chalmers. Another circumstance tending to make ilifflcult the correct delinea- tion of the granitic aieas is tho very irregular distributiiit again from what is seen at many points along their lii.es of contact. Among the best places wherein the latter may be observed may he mentioned the mouth of the Sheogomoc River and the hills about the head of I^orth Lake. At each of these localitios, but especially at the former, not only is the granite seen extending in the form of veins, in all directions into the overlying rocks, but \\ ithin the granite itself occur large numbers of what are evidently detached masses of the lat- ter in cubical and other blocks. In looking at these exposures (me can hardly resist the impression that the granite has been in some way The granites injected into an overlying and partially shattei'cd schistose rock, ami that the alteration of the latter htis been the ett'cct ot such intrusion. That such a]>pcarances are capable of other explanation is of course admitted, but that the granite enclosing the masses referred to is not of the nature of simple veins and possibly of much later origin than the penetratetl rock, is indicated by its entire identity with the main mass of the granite, while the true segregated veins with which both are intersected are readily recognizable by their much coarser charat- Contaot-veins . intrusive. BAILEY.] NEW BRUNSWICK. 25 o ter. It may bo ai^ain added that in all the points ref'ciTcd to the L^ranitcs of York whow the closest possible resemblance to those of Charlotte county, as seen about the towns of St. Stejjhen, Milltown and Bai-in;^. (See Report of 1871). In addition to the main belts of granite, limited isolated areas of such (Jmnito rock occur at various points along their borders, as east of McAdam, between the Sheogomoc and Sullivan's Creek and again in the settle- ment of Zealand, their position and limits being indicated upon the geological map. From the number ajid relations of these areas it may fairly be inferred that at some depth ber'^'th the surface they are con- tinuous with each other, and the apjiare. '.'ontraHts which the schist- ose rocks exhibit, both in the amount ot their alteration and in the distance from granite outcrops at which they are ibund, are ])robably connected with the same fact. On the other hand the singular abrupt- ness with wliich wide belts of granite terminate without apparent reference to the strike of the overl^'ing sediments, as illustrated in the last of the localities above named, is ef^ually noticeable, and may bo regarded as a further indication of their j)robably intrusive origin. Syenite. — This rock, although much less abundant than the granite, is of very frequent occurrence in the region under consideration, and covers some largo areas. Of these the most noticeable, both for its extent and relations to the surrounding rocks, is that traversirtg the'^:^'^';^^'^^^^!.^ southern part of Carleton county, from Eel River about Benton to the St. John River at Bull Creek below \\ oodstock, having a length of nine and arhalf and an average breadth of about one and a-(juarter miles; while a second and smaller one but of which the exact limits could not be ascertained, occurs on the eastern side of the river along the course of Gibson's millstream. "While in general a true syenite or hornblendic granite, of grey or reddish colour and coarsely crystalline texture, the rock sometimes contains, especially about Benton, a good deal of jiale green epidote in crystalline grains, and sometimes chloride, while it is not unfrofiueiitly associated with or ])enetrated by dykes of dai'k-grecn diorite, a circumstance uowIkm'c noticed in connection with the grani-dmduiition tic region. A more interesting feature, as contrasted with the latter, in^'roek"*" is the very gradual passage exhibited by these syenitic rocks into the felspathie, gritty and amygdaloidal beds with which they are associ- ated, and which renders it well nigh impossible to draw a line of divi- sion between them, while in tho case of the granites the transition is in almost every instance abrupt. It would almost seem as though the syenites, in the instances referred to, were only more intensely altered conditions of the associated rocks ; but that they are in some instances at least intrusive is shown by the irregular way in which they are often found cutting the slaty rocks, or are enclosed in irregular masses 26 o YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES. Ago. between the partially opened beds. It is noticeable further, as bear- ing upon the time of those intrusions, that lai-ge sycnitio d^'kew or veins are found j)enetrating even Silurian strata, (as well exhibited on the shore of the St. John Rivera few miles above Ilartland), while true granites have not been observed apart from connection with the sup- posed Cambro-Silurian system. At Bull's Creek, south of Woodstock, the sycnitcsand accompanying beds contain small veins and scattered grains of copper pyrites. Felsite. — The position of the more considerable areas of this rock have been i-cferi-ed to in jirevious ]iages, where also their features and probable origin have been considered. In addition to the true crys- talline felsites and quartz-porphyries which occur in connection with the Cambro-Silurian system, felsitic rocks of less crystalline character and which pass into claystones, but which are still porphyritic, occur in connection with the Lower Carboniferous rocks at various points. Some of these, as about Harvey station and Cranberry Lake in York county, have been described in former repo.'ts, and similai- beds occur about the sources of the Xortheast and Southeast Branches f)f the Bec- caguimic River in Carleton. They are of red. puri)le and lilac colours, and both in chui-actcr and position resemble those met with at the summit of the same formation in (Queen's county. Veins of pure red crystalline orthoclase are also founil, as at the Pokiok, intersecting the red granites. Diorite. — Dykes of this Tock are met with everywhere over the region examined, (except in the granitic areas), and in connection with all the Prc-Carboniforous rocks. It is especially abundant and forms large masses, which arc jjartly interstratitied, in connection with the Cambro-Silurian ciystalline belt of Cantei-bury. It varies greatly in texture and, as at the localities last mentioned, is sometimes exti-einely coarse, M'ith large and prominent crystals of hornblende, while the associated beds are also highly crystalline; but elsewhei'e it is generally fine and even grained, and its presence has exerted no perceptible influence, except perhaps as regards attitude, upon the beds in which it occurs. It is commonly pyritous and rusty-weath- Doleriie, Basalt, Anamesite and Diabase. — Rocks belonging to one or other of these species are common in the rocks of the Lower Carboni- ferous formation, especially along the horizon between the latter and the Millstone-grit. They ai'c dark, heavy and compact rocks, usually fine-grained and breaking either with a broad conchoidal fractui-o or into sharp angular blocks, and occur both as dykes, beds and dome- like masses, exhibiting at times a distinctly columnar structure ; but coarser varieties are also found, some of which are abundantly amyg- »•> -] NEW BRUNSWICK. 21 Q (laloidal. In the latter the minerals chlorite, ilclessite and red heu- landite are not unfrequentl}- met with, a.s well as pseudomorjjhs of quartz and calcite. Economic Minerals. 1 ? ! - The following are rocfe or minerals which are or may liccome of economic importance in the disti-ict to which this repoi-t relates. Iron. — In addition to the well-known beds of this mineral which traverse the rcijion north of Woodstock and which have l)eeri fully described in previous j'cports, reference has been made in preceding pages to the occuri-ence of sf)mewhat similar deposits on the northwest side of Oak Mountain near JJenton. They occur in the middle of woods and are but imperfectly exposed, but seem to include beds of some thickness following the general ti-end of the ("ambi'o-Silurian rocks with which they are found. Antimony. — The occurrence of this metal at I'rince William has been noticed in jirevious I'cpoi'ts anil full descriptions have been given of its distribution, luode of occurrence and associations. The etlorts for its removal ilui'ing the last few years, although involving considerable outlay, have been of an indetei'ininate and intei'i'upted (diaracter, while the low ])rice of the metal in the market and litigation arising from rival claims have still fui'ther temled to check vigoi'ous and s^-s- tematic woi-king. At the timoof our visit (Octobei' 1883) about eighty men were employed at the Brunswick mines, the only one then in operation, at wages varying from $1.30 to $1.50 per day, but not long alter this the greater numl)er of these were discharged and the work suspended. Ihiring the tive months from May to October of the last year about twenty-nine tons of ore wei'c sent off, chieHy to ]\Iedtoi'il, Mass., where the metal is largely em])loved in the manufacture of all kinds of I'ubber goods. The original capital stock of this com])any was $100,0(10 which was subsequently increased to $,500,000, while the value of the jilant, including a conq)ressoi-. steel boiler, hoisting engine, steam pumps, kv., is about $10,000. The freight from the luines to Prince William station on the New Brunswick I'aihvay, si.xteen miles, is $3 per ton, to II.Mvcy station $2, or to Meilford, Mass., $(). The smelting an' luction of the ore, together with the manufac- ture of Jiabbit-metal, at one time cariMcd on at these mines, has been for some time disc(jntinued, and the somewhat expensive works erected lor that purpose have been abandoned. It is .said that .> • hing like $•400,000 have been expended b^- the various companies nis neigh- bourhood since operations Hrst commenced. To the facts given in ])revious rej)orts relating to the geology of the mines, it may l)e here added that the rock i-ecentlv removed from the \ V t ? * < ! i ■''Wf^ 28 a YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES. Hhiifts of the Brunswick company is the pcculiur dark lilac-grey and micacootis sandstone referred to in preceding pages as generally exhib- ited by the Canibro-Silurian system where the latter ai)proaches the gi-anite, and may indicate that the latter will be found at no great depth. The nearest exposures of this rock at the surface are near the school-house and corner in the Pokifik settlement, about three miles northwest from the mine, the intervening tract showing only the micaceous sandstones and granitoid dykes, in the former of which antimony has been found at a number of ])oints. As tending still further to show the wide distribution of this metal Avithin the region examined, it may be mentioned that small pieces of antimony were found by Mr. IJroad on the northern side of the granite, in a rock-cutting along the road from Canterbury station to the St. John River, al^out three miles east of the former. Copper. — Small (luantities of the sulphide of this metal, in the form of cop])er pyrites anil sometimes associated with galeinte or lead sul- phide, have been observeil at several points over the region examined, but chiefly in connection with the intrusive rocks of the jjurish of Woodstock. At Bull's ("reek, a few miles below tiie latter town, the syenites, which here intersect the Cambro-Silurian slates and sand- stones, arc so far chai'ged with this mineral as to have led, some years ago, to the opening of a mine at this point, but although considerable quantities of ore were removed was not found to be sufficiently abun- dant to make further operatiotis advisable. Gold. — Xo actual deposits of this precious metal have been met witii by us, though special attention was given to its possible occurrence. Some facts, however, may be stateil which seem to favor the belief that a pai't at least of the region examined will yet prove to be auri- ferous. The most impoi'tant of these is the close resemblance, both in ciuiracter and probable age, which may be noticed between the dark slate-quartzitc series of Woodstock and Prince William on the one hand and the gold-bearing Atlantic coast-belt of Nova Scotia on the other. In each ca.se the bulk of tlie formations consists of thick- bedded argillites and (juartzites, usually of a dark color, containing little or no lime but often ferruginous, abounding with quartz veins and containmg metallic suljdiides, such as those of lead, copper and antimony. In each case they are highly disturbe \\:i;il survc found So fill smal have t if not dei'ivt so fill' Tin the pi ■] NEW BRUNSWICK. 29 O fossils, the woiicht of ovidonce is in favor of their C'aml)rinn or Oiimbro- Siim-iaM n^v. To these ireneral eonsiderations it may he added that if we iiiehide with the Camhro-Sihiriaii roeks of York tiie resernlilini; strata of northern Cliarlotte county, it is in connection with these rocks, and for the most ])art with these only, tliat any actual and well authenti- cal iliscoveries of tliis metal liave been maile. Some of these, as regards tjie r-enion ahoilt St. Ste])lien ai- the St. Croix Kiver, have l)een referred to in ]irevions reports. On the otlier hand numerous finds of o-old have been reported from diti'erent localities in connection witli tlie i^reat slate and qiiartzite hands on either side of the jfranito axis in York. The s^reater ])art of tliese \\;\yv heen upon the eastern side of the St. John river and especially upon its tributaries the Nasli- waak and Muniae, in rei^'ions which have been as yet only partially surveyed, but there is little doubt that the rocks in which they were found are of tlie same age and character as those now I'cferred to. So fai- the gold obtained ha- lieen deiiveil only from washings and in small ([uantities, lint careful and systematic search will ])robably have have the effect of disclosing the beds from which it has been ilei'ived, if not also a more abundant suj)ply. Specimens of ferruginous quartz, derived from veins in this series liave been submitted to aiudysis, but so far witli only negative results. Tin. — This is another metal of wliicii the existence in tliis ])art of the province is to i)e regarded as a possible or probable, rather than as a demonstrated fact. It is true that the occurrence of tin in con- nection with the granites of the I'okiok River was long ago reported by Dr. Gesner, and a specimen obtained l)y him is now in the collec- tion of the Gesner Museum in St. John ; but the pi'ecise locality from which this was obtained is not known, and no similar discoveries have since been made. The fait, howi^ver, that tinstone has been found near Waterville i:\ the State of .Maine, in connection with gneisses and mica-schists which appear to be identical with the ('ambro-Silin-ian rocks of York county, lends nmch ])robability to the fact of its occur- rence here as well. Limestones. — Two liorizons of calcareous beds have been I'cferrcd to in the course of this I'eport ; the one in connection with the highly crystalline schists and gneis.ses of Canterljury, the other with the Silu- rian calcareous slates of ("arleton county. The rocks of the former, j)artaking of the cliaracter of the associated beds, are also Inghly crj's- talline and in i)art a true marble, but in general ai'c tot) im|iure from disseminated micaceous and sandy material to be of much valiu' either for ornamental purposes or as a source of lime, Tlie [lurest as well as the thickest beds known are found a mile or so south of Dorrington .>• V""-' 30 o YORK AND CARLETON COUNTIES. Hill, on the road from Eel Eiver to Canterbury, and several quarries have lioen here o]»enetl, but the lime manufacture