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Les diegrammes suivants lllustrent le mOthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICtOCOfr MSOIUTWN TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No J) y. 1 (^ Ui 1 2.2 1^ 1 ■■ 40 1 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ r:JPPUEDjlVMGE ^S '653 Easl M;J (a) .Mined or quarried 'y* (h) Artificial brines j*» Concentration of weak brines j^ (1) Solar concentration jj'° (2) Wind concentration J"? (3) Freezing concentration. 107 Evajwraiion mcthorts of Siilt, paying duty 98 XV'II. Canadian Imfxirts of Salt, not paving dutv 99 Xyilj. Consumption of Salt in (anada, 1912-191'? 99 XIX. Data of Brecht's Salting Evaporator 126 APPENDICES. BIBLIOGR.APHY. Appendix I. Canada and United States: relereiires arranged ac- cording to Provinces and States 141 " II. World-wide references 144 " III. Authors: arranged alphabetica'Iv 146 Index ; 153 List of Mines Branch Publications ILLUSTRATIONS. Photographs. Sialine Spring C, Winnipegosis district, Manitoba Plant of .North American Chemical Co., Goracuse, New York U2 Gathering solar salt, Salina Salt Co.'s yard, near Syracuse, New York 112 Loading solar salt on to cars for shipment to plant, Inland Crystal Salt Co., Saltair, shore of Great Salt lake, near Salt Lake City, Ltah. . 112 Ploughing salt in harvesting pond. Inland Crv'stal Salt Co., Saltair, shore of Great Salt lake, near Salt Lake City, Utah 112 Loading solar salt at the Oliver Salt Co.'s plant, Mt. Eden, California 112 Showing one method of lifting salt from ponds, California Salt Co., Alvarado, California. . . 112 View of crystallizing pond, showing one field ready to harvest, Leslie Salt Co., San Mateo, California 112 Panoramic view, showing wlar salt fields after stacking salt. Long Beach Salt Co., Long Beach, California 112 Swenson triple effect evaporator in course of erection, Un'ted States 1 20 I Fig. 1. " 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. " 6. • 7. " 8. " <). " 10. " 11. " 12 " 13. " 14. " IS. " 16. " 17. • 18. " 19. " 20. « 21. ' 22. " 2.V " 24. " 25. No. 327. " 328. " 329. " 330. Pravnnts. Tagk Salt crTital f.-ifter D.in.i) 4 Flow sheet, Dominion Salt ("o.'» plant, Sarnia, Ont 38 Flow sheet. Western Salt Co.'s plant, Mooretown, Ont. . 30 Flow sheet, Canadian Siilt Co.'s plant, Windsor, Ont 40 Flow sliee^. Canadian Salt Co.'s plant, rhemical branch. Sandwich, Ont 42 Gibb elertroKiic cell 44 Sketch map. Saline Spring A 60 •^ " " B 62 " CandCC 64 " " " D 66 " " " " E 68 « » " "F 68 " " " " G 68 " • " « H 70 t» M U « I 'J2 u u u " T 72 " • " " M. ..'........//.....'.'.'..'..'. . 76 Lo^s of wells sunk by the Northern .Alberta Exploration Company, McMurray, .Alberta 84 Sketch map. La Saline lake, Athabaska river. Alberta 86 Flow sheet showing method of salt recovery 102 Swenson triple effect evaporator 121 Mantlus evaporator 1 22 Brecht evaporator 1 24 Pick triple effect evaporator 126 General assembly Sanborn double effect evaporator MS Maps. Saline Springs and Salt Areas in Dominion of Canada 1 Saline Springs in Maritime Provinces IS The Michigan-Ontario Salt Basin 21 Saline Springs in Northern Manitoba 49 THE SALT DEPOSITS OF CANADA AND THE SALT INDUSTRY. PART I. The S."lt Deposits of Canada. THE SALT DEPOSITS OF CANADA AND THE SALT INDUSTRY. INTRODUCTORY, f I Salt is not only in universal demand for domestic purposes, but is used very extensively in a number of manufacturing in- dustries. In Canada, the salt industry has, hitherto, been of very limited extent, the amount produced in 1914, being only 107,038 tons, whereas the United States, in 1913, produced 4,815,902 tons. The future possibilities, however, of a forward mo\e- ment in this industry are manifest when we glance at certain fiertinent facts. The most obvious is, the rapid inciease in the population of our inland cities, with a corresponding increase in the demand for domestic supplies of salt; and to this may be added the increasing commercial supplies needed lo keep pace with the industrial growth of the country. At the present time, the sea-board provinces may obtain a cheap supply of imported salt ; but the provinces far removed from the advantages of near- by ocean shipping must depend on local sources of supply. The only salt deposits in Canada being exploited at the pres- ent time are those located in Ontario; hence this province is at a great advantage economically. On the other hand, the western provinces being minus any salt industries, are obviously at a great disadvantage, since they have to pay high freight rates on the whole of their supply. But saline deposits are known to exist in northern Manitoba, and in the Mackenzie basin, All)erta; and as quickly as these districts are opened up by means of rail- ways, and systematic prospecting is carried on, other deposits will, no doubt, be exploited. This new industry will furnish a cheap supply to meet the western demand. It is manifest, therefore, that there are great possibilities of extending the salt industry in the western provinces. Co-extensive with the lapid increase in the population of Canada — due to immigration — has been the establishment of new manufacturing industries for the utilization of the natural re- sources of the country. The salt industry has, naturally, been influenced by this growth, and, as intimated above, plants have already been established in certain parts of the Dominion to utilize the large deposits of sodium chloride, as a base from which to produce other commercial chemicals. Past enterprise in this direction has only touched the fringe of the available resources. The chances of profitable exploitation and investment along this line of industry are worthy of serious consideration. A cknowledgments. The writer, takes this opportunity of formally expressing his gratitude to the officials cf 'he various industrial corporations with whom he came in contact while collecting data and informa- tion for this report, for the courteous treatment received, and for the generous assistance rendered. PART I. THE SALT DEPOSITS OF CANADA. CHAPTER I. SALT AND ITS ASSOCIATED MINERALS. HALITE: SODIIM CHLORIDE OR ROCK SALT :>^ Chemical Composition. Halite: Common salt or rock salt, is composed of chlorine and sodium in certain proportions, and is represented hv the formula NaCl. lOO'^; sodium chloride (NaCl.i = sodiui.. (Na) 60-6 ""f + chlorine (CI) 39 -4^^. Sodium chloride is very seldom found pure in nature, l>eing commonly mixed with small quantities of calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and, occasionally, with sodium sulphate, magnesium bromide, or iodide, and magnesium sulphate. Physical Properties. It has a hardness, according to Moh's scale of hardness, of 2-5, and a specific gravity of 2-1 to 2-6--p'ir, jrystals 2-135. Its lustre is vitreous. It is generally colourless, or white, sonic- times yellowish, reddish, bluish, or purplish.' When found in the crystalline form it is transparent to translucent. It is one of the minerals readily soluble in water, and imparts to the solution a decided— or what is commonly known as — a saline taste. ■Dana's Mineralogy, 6th Edition. 1006, p. 154. Crystallization. It crystallizes in the cubic system; the most characteristic form being the cube. These crj'stal forms are often distorted, or with hopper shaped faces. (See Fig. 1) . The cleavage is cubic and the fracture conchoidal. Fig. 1. Salt Crystal (after Dana.) Blow-pipe Analysis. A very characteristic re-action when fused on a platinum wire is the brilliant yellow colour (sodium flame) given to the blow-pipe flame. Occurrence. It is often found in the massive form; or in granular, com- pact aggregates, commonly known as rock salt. In nature, common salt occurs also in the form of brines, which are more or less saturated solutions of rock salt in water, also in the waters of the ocean. Beds of rock salt, and brines, are common in nearly every country in the world. The localities in which the mineral occurs are too numerous to mention in detail, the largest producing countries being the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, India, France, Spain. Japan, Itaiy, Hungary, Canada, Greece, and Algeria. The following table of the distribution of rock salt and brines is taken from many reliable sources, among which might JaKj be mentioned: Dana's Mineralogy-; Geiicie's Geologj-; Rock Salt, by Harris, and many others: — TABLE I. Distribution of Rock Salt and Brines. Geological Formation Localiries. Brine. Rock Salt. Recent Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Upper Middle Lower California (sea \vater);!Utah; Nevada: New L'tah; Arabia: South Am- Mexico; Kirghiz steppes: erican States (sea water); Arabia: Chili; Columbia, shores of Dead Sea; Al- feria; Mexico (sea water) ; 'ortugal (sea water). Armenia; State of Tarn- Louisiana; California; aulipas, Mexico; Java, Cordona, Spain; Wielic- East Indies. zka & Bochnia, Austria- Hungary; Siebenbiirgcn; Asia Minor; Armenia; Lungro, Italy; Roum- ania; Voltena, Italy; Kalusz, Galida; Tran- sylvania; Cau8£sus Mts.; Salt Range, India; (?) Persia. Westphalia; Algeria Kansas; Texas; State of Puebla, Mexico; State of Coahuila, Mexico. Worcester, England; Cheshire, England. Rodenburg on the Deis- ter; Bex, Switzerland; Cerro de Pasco-Peru. Nancy, France; Halle, Berchtesgarden, Hallein, Aussee, Tyrol; Cheshire, England: Antrim, Ire- land; Isle of Man. Wurtemburg; Thuringia, Ernsthall, btottenrheim; Canton of Aargau, Swif- zerland. I'^.-hoeningen, near Bruns- iwick, Salzderhelden. TABLE L— Continued. Geological Formation. Localities. Brine. Rock Salt. Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Russian salines. ^Stassfurt, Germany; Tex- as; Oklahoma ; Hanover ; iHeilbronn. jNova Scotia, New Bruns-iDurham and Bristol, jwick, Canada; Michipn; England; Kansas; Texas; Ohio; West Virginia; Virginia; Oklahoma. Texas; Pennsylvania; Ne-| braska, U.S.A. New York (Ordovician to ' Devonian) ; Alberta, Can- lada (?); \lanitobration of sea water, small quantities of carlwnate of lime (CaCOi) and of hydrous oxide of iron are deposited first; then 83 H2% of all its sulphate of lime (CaSOi); then 54- 17% of all its rock salt (NaCI), at the same time that 16- 18%,' the balance of its CaS()». was being prccipiute<1 ; then 8-5% of its salt (NaCI) withoai any admixture of CaSOi. The remainder of its NaCI — togetht. vith the more soluble salts of magnesia, pf>ta»h, bromine, and iodine, which compose the bitterns, — being finally crystallized in various combinations. The "bar" entrance to this bay, however, is permitting more sea water to enter all the time, thup furnishing new supplies of salts to be deposited, as well as diluting the waters of the bay. If, then, this influx were regulated in such a manner a*; to main- tain constantly tht water of the enclosed bay at such a density that the sotiium chloride would be deposited, and ti»e more sol- uble salts kept in solution, it can readily be imagined that a bed of salt would be formed, and keep on forming, as long as the bar and other factors remained the same. It can readily be seen, therefore, that in order to account for thick deposits of salt by this theory, the continuous connexion of the bay with the ocean is required, and the influx must remain constant. But if the bar changes, and if it is comiiosed of sand, it is very liable to do so, the salts deposited in the bay will vary according to whether the bar allows more or Icm water to enter. If more water is allowed to enter from the ocean, the density in the bay becomes less, and, if sufficient to keep the sodium chloride in solution — but not the calcium sulphate — beds of gypsum will be deposited. If, on the other hand, the entrance were closed sufficiently to allow only a very small amount of water to enter, or if the entrance were closed completely, the evaporation in the bay would cause all the more soluble salts to be deposited; and deposition would then cease. The constant changing in the height of the bar at the en- trance, then, would tend to give a . "dded deposit in the bay: consisting of layers of limestone, gypsum, salt, etc. This would account for the reversal of the natural order of deposition of the 'The total NaCI being to the total CaSO. - 27ll:I-5 thia amount i» relatively imall Almon all analyiei of rock nit show at lean tracei of CaS04. (Hubbard^ / 12 •alts from »ca water, found in many deposit*: as for examplr. where grvpsum is found restitiR on the t«>p of beds of salt. It can readily be seen therefore, that if after a \)»\ of salt had been deposited, the influx of water were increased, g^'psum would be deposited on the top of the salt. The fact that few, if any fossil r.-mains are found in the salt formations is accounted for by the fact that, as the waters bea)me more concentrated, the fish naturally seek the higher and less concentrated parts of the bay, and finally pass out altogether. Confirmation of this fact has liecn n-ned in one of the large basin-like arms of the Caspian Sea, where, at the present time, salt is l)eing constantly deposited, consequently, fewer fish are found in this bay than in other parts of the Caspian Sea. Another evaporation theory to account for thick deposits of salt was proposed by Walther>, who has taken strong ex- ceptions to the Bar Theory. This theory has been concisely sum- marized by Dr. Chas. \\' Cook in a recent publication of the Michigan Geological Sui>ey.« Cook, dealing with Walther's theory, says: — From his (Walther's) '.uiliei of the desert and the salt deposits then found, iie is led to believe thi.* too much emphasis has been placed upon labor- atory ex{x;riment without proper consideration of c'imatic factors. Man, being an inhabitant of the more humid regions, and almost entirely ignorant of the processes of the desert, has attempted to hypothesize conditions which would proDal Gcwu dcr WUltunnbUdung. pp. IMt'^!'- "Publication 15, Geol. Series 12, p. 37. Cook. 13 The chararterintic phcnomeiw included under the third heading are betiever"atlng tolu.iona in the laboratory heat i* applied from below, whrrrus in naf 'C t' heat ii applied to the rv.i|«iratini{ •uriare. Alio it ha* been found that cert .a compound* which In the l.tUiratory rr<|uir« for thtir formation lemprraturet far higher than that o( the water of any pondi, lake* or m-.iii, are proiution». The fact that depoait* of •odium chloride of grriU thick- neia and purity exint may be due to the action of travrllinif dune* which, advaniing upon the aalt lake or marsh, "luck up" by caiHllaniy the mother liquor, up>m the further evaporation of which, the talti thrrrin cimlained are dcfowifrd in a diurminated condition and therefore aubject to the play of the wind. Thii may carry the dune* on until a later rain re-iiiiuKilve* the *alt* from the dune* and concentrate* them in depremions betwtfn ilunei, giving riie to depoait* of mother liquor *alt« free from g>'p«um and Mxlium chlonile. Thu* we see that in desert regions there are other means of Itans- portal ion for the salts than running water. (3) Dome Theory of Hanii. In order to account for the peculiar salt deposits occurring in Louisiana and Texas, G. U. Harris, State Geologist of I^uis- iana, put forward the theory now known as the Dome Theory.' Harris, referring to the prominent topographical dome- like elevations known as the "Five Islands." or the "Salt Islands" of Louisiana says: — They are comparatively elevatc' remarkable, since they are of great depth relativ<; to their diameter. The absence of prom- inent elevation does not necessarily mean the al)sence of salt deposits, for, according to Harris: — Recent exploration has revealed man\- more of these salt-deposits, most of which do not form topographic islands, but are planed down by erosion to the level of the surrounding country. The Dome theory of Harris may be briefly stated as follows : — Meteoric waters entering the pervious layers to the north, gradually descend to greater and greater depths as they travel *The publicationii in which Harril de«cril>«f thii theory are: Geol. Surv.. Louisiana. Bul- elin No. ,. Rei»rt o( mo?. Economic Geology, .\o. t. \ ol. IV. Jan.-Feb.. 1«0V. pp. I2-J4. / / / 14 towards the Gulf of Mexico. These waters become heated, and take into solution many salts. Ascending through joints and hssures to higher levels, the temperature of this tte'-lhTch has become a saturated solution-is decreased with the precipita- t.on of the salts held in solution. Cr^^stallization of the^t results, and the power exerted by the growing cr>stals is sippcTed o cause suffic.ent pressure to form the dome structure cordon to hese deposits. Harris states that probably the salt in the meth£' "" '"'*'^ •" '""^ ''''''' '''' "^^'"-y evaporation (4) Natural Brines. m.nv^tt'"''-' ^?''' r ^''""'^ '" '"'"'>■ f'^"'-^ "f ^''^ ^-"^'d: and many thecnes have U-en put forward to account for their origin The most important theories may be classed as follows — a The leaching out of salt beds by meteoric waters. stratSd ntVr "' ™' " "'^ "^^^"^'^ ^i-n-inated through poroi:^ stfaTm:'''"^' ''' ^'''" ^"'"■''^^^" "^ ■'"'-^-'^ '" ^' The variations and combinations in^<.lv«i in these theories however, are so numerous, that it i, almost impossible to assign any definite origin to any one brine occurrence. I>pt. o< Ml iM^. Minw Branch 6* L^-iPyCA^ Pnsr mnfi Dfpl of Intrrinr k 15 CHAPTER m. SALT OCCURRENCES IX THE MARITIME PROVINCES AND QUEBEC. Nova Scotia. In the province of Nova Scotia no depositj of salt have, so far, been discovered; but numerous saline springs of a greater or less degree of salinity are known to occur. These springs, where noted, seem to have their origin from the beds of the Lower Carboniferous formation, and arc closely associated with the gypsum deposits which occur so extensively in this formation throughout the province. Numerous drill-holes have been put do'wn throughout the i)rovince, many of them passing completely through the Lower Carboniferous formation, but in none of them has rock salt been found. It is, therefore, probable that these springs obtain their salt from the leaching out of the smaller quantities of salt from the gypsum and limestone beds of the Lower Carboniferous formation by tlie surface waters, hence there is little probability of deposits of salt being found — except, perhaps, in small isolated patches — or of obtaining brines of any greater degree of salinity than those at present known. A*^ ts have been made from time to time to manufacture salt c nercial scale from these springs; but they have all been a^ ;d. At the present time there is no production of salt in t.ie province. The weakness of the brine, and the conse- quent high cost of production, have, so far, made it impossible to compete with the Ontario salt, or that imported from the United States, or Gre.-' Britain. A few of the places at which brines occur will be mentioned. But since none of these springs are being operated at the present time, very little official data could be obtained by visiting the different Ioca''*ies; and the following notes are, of necessity, from previc ^ published data on the subject. The locations of the more important springs are indicated on Map 328. 16 WHYCOCOMAGH. Brine springs have been noted half way between Baddeck and Whycocomagh, on the road running along the northwest shore of St Patrick's Channel. Mr. Chas. Robb' in referring to these spiings says that they .\ppear to issue from rocks lyinp towards the base of the Lower Car- boniferous formation, and are situated on the north side of the Little Narrows of Bras (I'Or Lake, between the shore and the road, about 12 miles south- west of Baddeck, on land belonging to James Watson, miller. Here several siiline springs of more or less strength occur in close proximity over an area of about 12 acres of flat marshy land. Much hydrated peroxide of iron is deposited in the water courses, the odour of sulphuretted h\drogen pervades theatmosphereinthe vicinity, and the vegetation is destroyed around all the springs. The strongest spring, from which about a gallon was taken for analysis, appeared to me to discharge from 100 to 200 gallons per minute. It was stated by evaf)orating in two common iron pots, each containing about three gallons, from two to three bushels of salt were made per dav. 1 was further informed that it had been proposeo many years ago to establish works for the manufacture of salt at this place, and that machinery had actually been ordered for that purpose, but I am not aware for what r'-ason the urn er- taking was abandoned. The sample taken by Mr. Robb from this locality was anal ysed by Mr. C. Hoffman, with the following results: — The filtered brine contained in 1,000 parts; — Sodiun. 19-9423 Potassium 0-1019 Calcium 1-6709 Magnesium 0-0403 Iron absent .■\lumina traces Chloiine 30-9S8S Sulphuric acid (SO.) 4-0162 Silica traces or: — Chloride of sodium 50-6881 " * potassium 0-1942 " " magnesium 0- 1593 Sulphate of calcium 5-6810 .Alumina traces Silica traces 56-7226 iG«ol. Survey. Can., Rept. of ProgreM, 1873-74, p. 180-18«. 17 ANTIGONISH. In the vicinity of the village of Antigonish and in the ad- jacent district numerous saline springs and ponds are found. Mr. Hugh Fletcher makes reference to these springs as follows' : — Salt springs and ponds are lound everywhere in the neighbourhixxl of the gypsum, as at Pomquet, and South Rivers, Brierly Brook, Addingtun Forks and other places. Salt was made many years ago fron; the salt pond near the town of Antigonish. In May, 1866, a company called the Nova Scotia Salt Works and Exploration Company, was incorporated under the manage- ment of .Mr. Josiah Deacon, to conduct borinK ofjerations to disco .-er the source of the brine.* The first boring was sink on Town Point, near the mouth of tho harbour, a six-inch bore-hole, lined with iron tubing, being driven through a considerable thickness of soil and day, then through a thick band of gypsum into sandstones, without finding any indication of brine; so that further operations in this locality were abandoned. Encouraged by indications of salt water on the surface where tne railway station now stands, a second Ixire-hole was put down here; and a nine-inch cast-iron pipe sunk through sixteen feet of gravel, full of weak surface brine. The auger then passed through red, blue and brown marl, with thin bands of fibrous gypsum; then through sevaral layers of magneslan sandstone, striking a bed of gypsum 141 feet from the surface. After penetrating 18 feet into the gypsum, there was a flow of pure, strong, limpid brine from a cleft, which flowed nearly to the surface, could only be lowered a few feet by pumping, and discharged a large volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. A steam engine was erected for pumping, and furnaces, tanks and evaporating pans of large dimensions, constructed for the production of salt. After the manufacture of a considerable quantity of salt, the strength of the brine became very much reduced. Another borehole was accordingly put through clays to a depth of 650 f et, but finding no indi- cations of brine, that of the other boring being too ucak for use, and wor; g capital exhausted, the work was abandoned. SPRING HILL, CIMHERL.AND CO. .■\ttempts have been made to manufacture salt at Spring Hill from a brine spring which recorded about 30° on the salino- meter; but operations were soon abandoned. 'C*ol. Survey of Canada. Vol. 2. p. li4P. "Gesner's Geology, p. 92; How's ^iine^aloBy of Nov" Scotia, p. 145; Trans. Nat. Sc.. Vol. IV, p. 74; Acadian (Oology, p. 350; Reixirt of Commissioner of Mines for 1874, p. 58. 18 SALT SPRINGS. PICTOf CO. Dr. Henrv How' mentions a spring occurring at Salt Springs, Piclou County, of which the following is an anahsis:- Carbonateoflim.- ^.775 grams r^r Imp. «al « " Iron "-l**' Silu-a 151 -ill •• " " " Sulphate of Lmif ',-',' . - ■• " Chloridi- of Manni'snim .,',:,,[ « '■ (■..l.iimi ■■'1 '."" . « » S^Kliiim 41.»Mm 4374-')lS Six.rific Kravity at 5.r F. = l(»46o-) SKliiim chloride |ht cent. .•>• '. WALTON, HANTS CO. A brine spring is also noted by Dr. How- as occurring at Walton, but The sodium chloride content is only 1 • 1 per cent. CHEVEKIK, HANTS CO. In tw<. boreholes drilled at Cheverie. strong brines were encountered at depths of 1,400 and l.^J^ '-^j/X'Sino' The brine was reported as having a strength of -6° by the sahno- meter. New Brunswick. As with Nova Scotia, so with New Brunswick, no beds of salt have, so far, been discovered. Several »«f '"-^' ^^-f-'' are known where brine springs have been observed. The^ springs have their origin in the rocks of Lo>v^r Carbomferousage^ SmaU quantities of salt were manufactured each V-r from the brine of these springs; but for the last ten years, operations ha e ceased The best known localities are at Sussex and Salt- sprS brook-both in Kings county; and on the Tob.que nver, Victoria county. — TT^In.. Nova Scotia Inst., of Nat. Sci.. Vol. 1. Pt. 3. PP- "-80. !Ho»s Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, p. fit- 19 SISSEX, KIM. S col N TY. Dr. L. W. Bailuy' in referring to the springs at this legality says : — As nearly as can Ix- ascertained, the first oinrations for the manufacture of salt nt-.ir Sussex were begun fiilK one hundred years ago, the quantity mnaufactmiil being, however, but small, ver>- variable in amount, and eni- ploved wl .,lly for local consumption. A similar d.stription would, to a l.irge extent, applv to more receut undertakiri«s in the same (lirectii>n. Thi •"'*<:■'" proprietor (Mr. <.eo. N. Hendriiksi commenced work in lHHi, smce which time, on an average, about ISO barrels of s,ilt (ht ye.ir h.ive bc^en made, each Iwrrel holding four bushels. During the \f.ir 1S'>7, 14(i barrels w.re m.ide, at a CO' of about S2 iht barrel. The salt is gold for SJ per barrel, and is es|K?ciallv esteemeil for table .in/, they turned out a little over twenty-one barrels [x-r week; but there is plenty of brine to run a much larger plaiit, while if, bv K.ring, a brine of greater strength were reached and more economical methods of conceniraiion were employed, the yield could, no tloubt, be verv largely increased. There would be no ditti- culty in selling a larger (luaniity. The strength of the brine at present is twenty per cem. SALINA, SALT SPRING CREKK, KlXfiS COINTY. About 30 liles south of Susse.K, brine springs were sampled by Mr. R. Chambers, in 1895. The brine sampletl was taken from a boring 330 feet in depth. The analysis was as follows^ :— Potassium chloride \')')t,.^ gr.niis |kt Imp. gal Sodium " 12v,*.()4,s Magnesium " 22 -.U.^ Sulphate of lime.. 2()S-212 '| |] |' " Sulphate of magnesia ll.,<.^(i 16().S-474 " " " No attempt has been made to manufacture salt from this brine. 'Geol. Surv.. Can., Vol. X. p. 12IM. '.Annual Kept. Geol. Sun-ey, Can., Vol. VII. p. 55R. 20 ToniQLE RlVtR, VICTORIA COINTY. Mention is made in a number of the earlier reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, of the existence of brine springs in the vicinity of the Tobique river, Victoria County. Quebec. In the province of Quebec there are a number of mineral springs which contain sodium chloride; but these are either too weak in this constituent, or else contain too much earthy chlorides to permit of their being employed for the manufacture of salt. I ^ ^roducti^ LEGEND PN>bMbfm boundmry at known •¥9 sr«m or Ssf"** E ^>o^A/« dttptA to Smyrna tn Or, If hot— ^mttrwting 5«/r/M OriHhol— pen^ir^itng Ss//y mhich do net enoouttter f^k Zs/t -^ Ortt/hol— encountertng only hnnem The horiton of Vie brmmw from those mmifa is not knomn The chor^ttor ot the rock encountered m mrfis seems to indicotm the sbsence of Silmm m this mre^ Dnff holes penetrmiing Me '^ Btrem Sandstone \ pen Sand lylnrihall Sandetone. NOTES Th,' hnnes from the Amw *re very h.gh/y saturated, but of f*te jo*rs hetr nut beef} used ss a source of %aft l¥here these brmes ore encountered at depth, there t.i * moHrHi increase m the percentA^ at br-omi^es end the bittern was formeHy used for thf m/inufsct*re of bromine The Marshg// Sandstone nesr the centre ^f the bas.n yields 4 strong brine which 'S the source of rrost of fhe sa/t 'n the 6*]finMn ysHey figures in red after dr:ll holes show d^th at which rock selt or brine wes first encountered m. r^orts of Gmtmausal Smn^^ of Canada DEPARTMENT OF MIN MINES BPtANCH Cu«iM« HAAMtk Pl«D.Oi«l«r*« l»IS ONTARIO-MICHIGAN SAI KHOWINa PHOBABLB LIMIT OF P8O0V(r it »r MINES NCH LCaCND \ I f^nimUm iawidmn attmrn, I I f iraJi K *!— »nt at ta lma d] Uft l^flho/9m ertcovnttrt/tg onty hnnmrn 7h0 horttpn at f*« br*nma ^ww tftm* m9ll% It net knomft Thm ehsr^ct^ of Drtlhhol9% pmnmtrmting thm NOTES 7hr hrtft^a from the Aktm srw rW> A'iA// sdturMtM^ iut oftsttvmn M imt beer used ss a source or %t/t ^^ere ihr^e bnnes *re encounter-, Mt ihpth. there IX » marked mcr^mse m the pertieftUge <• brom,dt s/fd the bittern m-di ^rmerfy uted fbr ihtt manufacture of kromtne The Marsha// Smndttone nmar Mr centre nf ihe h»s/n jnetd* « %tro»g brme m/tich la **# source of mott ^ the ao/t '/> the 6«|M«ir vs/Ztpi ^Jv/^M t0 rod oftor drilthotmm mo» dS^M ml mhtcM rock aoH or hrtne mms firtt oncounimrod. SALT BASIN PMOO0OTITS JJIBA f Ctnnia. *'i CHAPTER IV. SALT IN ()\1ARI(». Introduction. Ontario, at the present titiic, is tlir ciTitrc of the salt in- •'ustr>' of Canada. The salt (jl)t. lined in tiiis proviiu i- i.s rorovered liy the evajjoration of brine whirli h.is Icichid out rock salt from lieds which iKciir in the Saliii i formation in thf soirhwest- ern part of the Province bordering on Lake Huron; the St. (lair river; lake St. ("lair; and the Detroit river. . is impos- sible, with our present knowledge, to determine detin-'e l« >undar- ies of the salt luisin; but, as far as it now stamis pn.ved, t' irea underlain by salt in Ontario is approximately c<' itained within lines ioinin^' the towns of Inverhuion, Teesw iter, Hrussels, Seafo. .h, London, St. Thomas, on the west; ai..l ThamesvUle, Dresden, across lake St. Clair, through Elm<(tead to a point on the Detroit river l)etween .Xmherstburg and Saudwich. This approximate boundary of the salt basin has been shown on the accompanying map (Map No. 329;. The area enclosed within this bountlary in Canada is alx)ut 3,{KM) square miles. The salt beds are known to vary in thickness. In some wells they occur in thin beds interstrarified with dolomile and shale; the total combined thickness of all these In-ds varying from 1(X) to 200 feet. In other localities, as in the case of the Vjcds at Windsor, the salt beds are ol great thickness, one bed alone having a thickness of 200 feet. The average depth at which the salt is found is iti excess of over L0(X) feet, there being a gradual increase in depth of the beds as one goes farther south. The producti(m from a few wells li.is liitherto lx:en sufficient to supply the domestic demand, nd little exploration has been carried on by which the area underlain by salt can l>e deliniteiy outlined. There has, however, been a great deal of exploratory work in conne.xion with the development of petroleum and nat- ural gas fields. Where these boreholes extend bilow the salt 22 horizDii, they give evidence of either the presence, or the absence of salt. F"rom the records available, it would appear that within liie area mentioned, and outlined on the accompanying map, the salt beds are practically continuous; there are, however, some limited areas within these boundaries where — according to the records of drill holes that have penetrated ImjIow the Salina — there are no salt beds. The southeast boundary of the salt area is at present un- known, as no drill records are obtainable from the district along the north shore of Lake Erie l)etween St. Thomas and Chatham. Records from a hole at Orford, Kent county, show 171 feet of salt, at 1,510 feet below the collar of the hole; while another from Glencoe shows 104 feet of salt, at 1,290 feet below the surface. These records lead one to believe that possibh- the beds are dipping to the southeast and may be found by deeper drilling in the vicinity of Lake Krie. The southwestern boundary merely marks the dividing line between the area beneath which salt beds are encountered, and the area where brines of a more or less density were found, although no rock salt was obtained. The salt beds are supiM)se(l to extend under the Detroit river; Lake St. Clair, St. Clair river, and the southern part of Lake Huron, since rock salt has been found in the Salina for- mation in the State of Michigan, on the opposite side of the International Boundary. WELL RliCORDS. To give some idea of the depths at which salt occurs; the thickness of the beds; and other conditions, a number of logs are given of wells drilled in the salt basin. A table has been introwards the base Roek-salt 2nd bed Dolomite Rock-s,ilt 3rd l)ed Marls with dolotniteand anhvilrite R(xk siilt 4th bed. . r Dolomite and anhydrite Roc k-siilt 5th bed " Marls, soft, with anhydrite Rock-s;i!t 6th IhkI Marls, SI >ft, with dolomite and anhvdrite 1 !<}ikne.ss. Toiiii n,- p'h. Ft. In. I'l In. 7S q 7S •i J7.'< ,! ,v>7 r.u II (i.ii .'4.< Slit 121 (1 1)1)7 Mi 11 1027 11 n 1 1060 25 4 lO.'^S 4 6 in 10')2 ) ,U 10 1127 SO / 1207 " 15 ;^ 122.^ 1 12,^0 1.? 6 124.* f> 135 6 137') II () 1 3S.=i \Sl 1517 II "The drilling thus showed a total thickness of sail of I2i feet in a distance of 388 feet divided up into six beds, ranging from six feet to nearly thirty-five in thickness. Of these the first bed has intercalated with it layers of dolomite, and is stained by earth> matter. This bed would not be pure enough for mining. "The second and third beds which are separated by .i laver of less than seven feet arc very pure They measure ti>i;eilier over sixty feet, and represent practically one great mass of rock-salt. "The fourth bed, measuring from 1,207 to 1,223 feet is uneven in purity, oidy the upper two feet and the lower two feet nine inches of the core were saved. The foriiier was some- what impure, the lower was white salt with layers of dolo- mite. "The fifth bed measures thirteen .mil a half feet, and from what can be judged, frotn what was oi)tained of the core (five and a half feet) the salt is impure though white in portions. "The sixth bed is pure white and translucent and measures six feet." 24 CLINTON WELL. {Stapleton Salt Workr.) Drift Limestone * cherty, and dolomitic u " cherty Shale, limestone, gypsum, and marls. Rock salt (1st bed) Shale, gypsum, and salt Rock salt (2nd bed) Thickness. Total Depth 67 ft 67 ft. 413 " 480 • 204 " 684 • 176 " 860 " 36 " 806 " 255 " 1151 " 15 " 1166 " 48 " 1214 ' 25 " 1239 " 1239 ft. KINCARDINE WELL. (Ontario Peoples' Salt and Soda Co.) Drift Limestone Shale, red and blue. Limestone Shale, red and blue. Rock salt G I Thickness. Total Depth 91 ft. 91 ft 509 " 600 " 140 " 740 « 30 " 770 " 125 « 895 « 14 " 909 " 909 ft. In both these wells, distinct water courses were encountered — at 250 and 500 feet respectively; the water from which sup- plies the solvent for the salt beds beneath. PETROLIA WELL.' Ft. Drift 90 Shale 240 Cherty limestone 190 Dolomite 690 'Ontario Bureau of Minn. Vol. XX. Pt. I, p. 254. Dtal Ft. Formation. 90 330 Hamilton. 520 Corniferous 1210 25 Ft. Total Ft. Formation. Salt 65 1275" Dolomite 20 1295 Salt, with dolomite 140 1435 Dolomite 30 1465 Salt 90 1555 Salt, with dolomite 50 1605 > Salina. Salt 25 1630 Dole 10 1640 Salt. 138 1885 Dolomite lale 130 2015 Salt 90 2105 Dolomitic lime 275 2380 Niagara. Shale 150 2530 Clinton. Red shale 275 2805 Medina. Light shales 205 3010 Hudson River. Dark shales 165 3175 Utica. Limestone 772 3947 Trenton. SARNIA WELL. Thickness. Total Depth, ft. ft. Drift 122 J 22 Black shale 40 162 Limestone 80 242 Shales 185 427 Limestone 30 457 Shales 46 503 Limestone 987 1490 Gypsum (anhydrite?) 5 1495 Shales, and salt 15 1510 Salt 56 1566 Shales 18 1584 Salt 30 1614 1614 26 WINDSOR WELL. (Canadian Salt Works Well Xo. 4.y Thickness Total Depth. Drift Limestone Salt Limestone Break in record . Salt Limestone Salt Limestone Salt ft. ft. 133 133 922 1055 30 1085 25 1110 35 1145 75 1220 100 1320 70 1390 30 1420 252 1672 1672 Well ended in limestone. TABLE M. Table- Showing Thickness of Beds and Depth at which Salt was Encountered in Ontario Salt Basin. Locality. Salt struck at Thickness of depth of. salt. Feet In. Feet In. Bruce county, Kincardine: — Total depth, 1,007 feet Huron county, Goderich, Attrill's diamond drill — Total depth, 1,517 feet lOnt. Bureau of .Mines, Sixth Rept., p. 33. ■Geol. Siirv. Can.. Vol. XV. Pt. S.. p. 226. 993 13 997 30 11 1 ,060 25 4 1,092 34 10 1 ,027 7 15 5 1,230 13 6 1,379 6 27 TABLb, ii.—CciiliHufd Localitv. |Salt strut k at Thickness of depth of. salt. Feet In. Feet In. Huron county, Gfxlerich, Intcr-j national well — ! Total depth, 1,170 feet 1,054 V) 1 , 103 24 1.130 M Huron county, VVingham : — | Total dc-pth, 1 ,185 feet ^ 1 ,090 30 Huron county, Brussels: — Total depth, 1,244 feet no salt. j Huron county, Brussels, J mile southwest of above well : — • Total depth, 1 ,000 feet 970 , Huron county, Blyth; — i Total depth, 1,215 feet 1,125 90 Huron county, Clinton: — Total depth, 1,239 feet 1,151 15 : 1.214 25 Huron county, Seaforth : — Total depth, 1,135 feet 1 ,035 1 10 Huron county, Hensall : — Total depth, 1,206 feet. .... .1 1 ,090 116withshale Huron county, Exeter: — | Total depth, 1,251 feet 1 . 135 Middlesex county, London, Asylum well:— i Total depth, 2,250 feet ' 1 ,400 100 with shale Middlesex county, Glencoe: — Total depth, 1,510 feet 1,290 104 with shale Lambton county, Port Franks :— Total depth, 1,355 feet 1 , 245 1 10 with shale 28 TABLE U— Continued Salt struck at Thickness of Locality. depth of. salt. Flit 111. Feet In. Lambton county, Petrolia: — Total depth, 1,505 feet 1.180 105 with shale 1.365 140 with shale Lambton county, Courtright : — Total depth, 1,665 feet 1,630 22 Essex county, Windsor: — Total depth. Well No. 1, 1,167ft. 1,127 40 Essex county, Windsor : — Total depth, Well No. 4, 1,672 feet 1,055 30 1,110 75 i 1,320 70 1,420 252 GEOLOGY The beds from which the salt is obtained are of Silurian age and are found in the Salina formation. This formation within the salt area overlies the Guelph and is overlain by the Monroe formation. The Salina, where exposed at the surface, consists mainly of thin bedded dolomites, pale grey or yellowish coloured, and greenish calcareo-argillaceous shales with some reddish layers. On the east shore of Lake Huron this formation out- crops infrequently between Goderich and the mouth of the Saugeen river from which it turns east and south — Rounding the northern end of a wide syncline between Southampton and the head of Owen Sound and running thence southeasterly to the Grand river from which it takes an easterly coursu lO the Niagara.' ■It !• probable that some bedi belonging to the Monroe, which have not yet been alto- gether difierentiated from the Salina in Ontario are included within the area mentioned. The geology of Weetern Ontario ha* recently been revited by the officers of the Oological Survey but the revulta of the field work are not yet publilhed. The surface distribution of this for- mation and the other associated formations above and below have ail been re-mapped, and this work clears up many previously obscure points in the geolog>- of the Ontario peninsula. 29 The thickness of the Salina formation ranges from about 300 feet at Niagara Falls, to 508 feet at Kincardine, and 775 feet at Goderich. In the lower part of this formation are found extensive deposits of rock salt and gypsum, (anhydrite,): the salt from which beds furnish the brine wells at Kincardine, Wingham, Clinton, Goderich, Seaforth, Sarnia, Windsor, and Sandwich. ORIGIN OF THE ONTARIO SALT BEDS. Many theories have been put forward to account for the extensive beds of salt found in the Salina. By far the greater number of writers on the geology of this district are in favour of the 'Bar' theory of formation. Lane' writing on the origin of the salt in the Salina formation in Ontario and Michigan, goes so far as to locate the bar in Ohio. On the other hand, Grabau and Sherzer' favour VValther's theory, and consider these deposits to have been formed under desert conditions, in an arid climate, the salt being obtained from — The old sea-salt imprisoned in the Niagaran and earlier marine strata at the time of their formation under the sea. Cook' also favours this latter theory. The data available are insufficient to enable one to formulate a satisfactory theory with respect to the origin of brines which occur ia numerous drill-holes in Essex and Kent counties, or of similar brines found in horizons higher than the Salina which occur in wells located within the boundaries of the salt basin, some of which also penetrate the underlying Salina salt beds. These brines may represent mother liquors from which the rock salt of the Salina was deposited and imprisoned later in the material which was laid down upon the Salina, or they may owe their ori^^ i to the partial erosion of Salina salt deposits. In the former case, one would expect their composition to be similar to that of a bittern. At present no analyses of these brines are available. >G«il. Surv. Mich.. Vol. V. 1895. Part II. p. 27. ■Grol. and Biol. Surv., Mich., Pub. 2, Geol. Ser. 1. 1909, pp. 235-6. •Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv.. Pub. 15. Geol. Series 12, 1913. pp. 92-94. n I HISTORY OF THE SALT INDUSTRY IN ONTARIO. The (iiscovery of salt in Ontario dates back to the year 1866. In that yiar, when the oil exritenunt was at its height in western Ontario— due to oil having been discovcrefl to the stjuth— a company was fornieil at Goderich, organized by a Mr. Samuel Piatt, with the object of drilling for oil. This company, with a subscril)ed capital of SlO.OOd, a.niineiiced drilling on the north bank of the Mailland river, to the east of the bridge. The drill passed through a series of layers of greyish limestone of varying hardness, to a depth of 686 feet, without encountering any in- dications of oil; so the stockholde.-s decided to abandon the enterprise. Mr. Piatt, however, decided to continue ilrilling at his own expense, especially since the County Council had offered a bonus of 81,000, and the city a Ixinusof $500 providing drilling was continued to a depth of 1,000 feet. His efforts were amply rewarded, for, at a depth of 964 ' -ft from the collar of the hole, he encountered a solid l)ed of rock salt into which he bored for a distance of 60 feet, thus completing 1,000 feet, and securing the above mentioned bonuses. Upon encountering salt, the shareholders who previously had abandoned the work, desired to be allowed to pay up their assessment and were allowed to do so by Mr. Piatt. The capital of the compan>' was increased to 814,000, and was in- corporated as the Goderich Petroleum Company, and in Sep- tember, 1866, pumping of brine commenced. The product made from this brine was sold to George Rumball & Co., who marketed it. The record of the hole was carefully kept by Mr. Piatt, who furnished the information to Dr. T. Sterry Hunt' who worked out the record as follows:— 'See Rept. Progrew Geol. Surv. Can. 1866. pp. 268-260, I'l, ATK A. Plant of North American Chemical Co., (".odfriih, Ont. — ^^ J, V •- B. Settling tanks, Stapleton Salt Works, Clinton, Ont. 31 (.ODERICH WKLL (1860). Suifdcr Rnivfl I.itiicstiinc (l>liif, whiir and grey) Sntidstoiif . l.inicHiDm- (l)ltic, whitr and grey) SanilslDnu I.imrsiune il)lue, wliiir and grey) Sandstone (traces of nil) ' Chert (with calcspar) Magneiiian limestone (white ami yellowi-ih) Shales (bluish anil reildish with several Uil-. of white gypsum) Rotk !i.dl' (inliTslratitird wilh •«)fi lijueila). S.1I1 in l.iycr^of 1 foot or more in ihirknessi Hard liniestijiie Thickntsi. 25 ft. 3ii • S5 • 17,5 " M) " It, " '7 " '\2 " 75 " l()4 " 41 " 5 " Total Depth 2..'(! " liSd ' 6'),H " 725 " KIHI " >)()4 ' Tiilal dipth 1(KI5 " l(»l(l " 1010 ft. At the time the first salt was encountered Mr. Piatt fumi,-.helid re>idue. <><)(1|8 •165 • (W7 •720 100(NMI It is therefore a saturated brine, a wine-pint of it weiuhinK ■''i7S,? grains, and containing 2,274 grains of pure salt This brine is remarkable for its purity, the solid matters from its evajwration containing over W portion of the foreign matter is taken away in the prixess of manufacture, while no draining or other mixle of purification will tie needed wiih the (.oderich brine, to make from it salt surpassing the finest hitherto known. As soon as the well was in shape for pumping the brine, the Goderich Salt Co. (as it was then called) constructed two blocks of 52 kettles each: the kettles ranging in capacity frcm 'Rock salt formed .^0 ft. of ttiis thickncM. •Geol. Si TT. Can.. 1866, p. 269. 120 to 140 .aliens. Thus the total capacity of the plant was in the neiBiuxarh kxI of 100 barrels per (lay. The ft , .. uced found a ready n^arket. so that at the end of th' fi. ^ y^ " s operation the profit, were cons.deral-U., d s - °* :•.• , ^. ner cent. havinK l>een distributed amonK tl e ,; •:!, price then obtained for the salt was $1 25 '-n I ''' hL was won found to be cxpcnMve. hence it vour of the pan method of evaporation. " itendi- ' ♦♦•''» pioneer company gave great dends ' ihareh< ' per bai Th. was dis* Tb impeti: the va' scene < ml \ieni the (ollov ing bU ^ per day ore •^- > '■ ^r was the pioneer well) , toria," 100; "Huron. ,, so that by the next summer I from 'the bridge to the town was the ng operations. Al>oUt the year 1872. ,th the enumerated capacity m barrels . ition- "The (..Jderich- 200 bbls. (this 'Maitland" 100, "Prince." 100; "Vic- 100- "Dominion." 200; "Ont.r.o. ISO- ' lecumseh." 150; Hawley's." 200; "Inniskillen." 200; ••In;ernaSuar ^; and "Piatt's." 150 (Piatt hav.ng severed hi co'Sn with 'the original company and erected works wells, and in consequence a number of the plants at ^'^^^InTe ;r is;;.t:r e':::^ omy four of the c;oderich plants in o^^^n na,nely: "Platfs-m.^u.g 150 ^'^^^!^ "Tec':mseh"-.,wned by A. "o^^^/.l^t ,els Thllast 200 barrels; and the "I""-^^'""/'. "^ ^r h Syndicate mentioned Company -^^^trg'^t t t^orks in Canada. Tht fXwin^g desSti^f tli: planl taken from the County of Huron Atlas, is of mterest: Situated on the bank of the lake, about ^^'^^X^;^^^:/^^:^'^;^^'^ thtt :S ro'ira-X/ro? frwl:- ^;^o a whan owne. b>- Mr. ,<< M(l.w..n l.,l il;,- s.,|. rill SMi,li..,u , | |„.r.' » lu n ft;,- l.,kr U ralii l.ir^c v.-.vl, .,r,.|.M(l..| Miili ih.;^.li f,,„„ It,,., «..ik^ whi, II, i,M..tMr itt, n ilu- >;MMtrr |hirt ut ih.- i,...|.miIi -,iIi. ftii.l, ii , , lii.l .miiIii in ( hi. .,■.. .iri'l \|.l. «.inl..(> »m..- l«iiiK' -liiit utf from tin- r.i.i.iii iii.irkcis l,v ih.- |.r,.,|ii, !„■ S.1,,,11, .,,1.1 ( linti.n »rll- ||„. »,|l ,,| ihrs,. «„rLH i lnl.rii..ii..„.,l i, ..s,; 1,-0 f.-,t .lr.|,, h0 ffft, afr.r «l„. I. ..|...„i IINI k', i ..I li„„M.„,e lorm.ili..,. w.„ .•„■■,,„. a. rr.l Ixlorr r.M..liiiu tli. «.,„i.| I.i\>t .1 ....lii,-,,,,!. r.K k. ihr ilil. kmv, ,f w|,i,l, i, .11 |.rc^-m imilclc-riiiiil..|. (. ,,nri.ri,-.| »ii|, ,|„. ' I,,.. rn.ili,.n,il" ,,rr |,,„r |Mri., of .-ilxMit 110 X .to fiTi, .inci ••inlilc.-ti in. lus ,!,-,p: Imt ,.rilv ilirn- „( tlir«' .irc m of»>r.ili()n. .\Umt Iw.ntv rcir.ls <.l wixmI .ir.- u^.l .-.idi iwcnt\- liiiir hours, and a forre of thirty imii .in i;nipli,\Ml. The tsalt industry in Canada, was, frcitn the very first, riu-t hv dctcriniiitd opiKwition and cotniwtition from the siilt manu- facturers of the State «)f New York; who, up to that time, had rontn.llod the whole of the Canadian market. .Mi reductions on (he part of the American manufai turers, were met \>y the ( anaiiian pnxlucers, and in time, the superior q.i.ility of tlie Canadian profhict secured the whole of the Can.idi.m trade. Since the year 1^76. s.ilt h.is been eiu ounten <| in other wells Ix.th north and south of C.oderirh. so tli.U now the .ire.i iin.ler which sidt is to l,r found is i)nttv ucll .lehne.i iS'e M.ui .No .S27). In the ye.ir 187S, tlie f,rst shipment of C.ui.irliaii s.Ut— coii-istit;i,' of J(MI L.trrtl- was made to \Viniii|)i-K'. vi.i Duliith. IVinbina, KinersfHi . and \>\ lH)atsdiiwn the Red ri\er. Since that time (1X7.H), the iti.htstry has h.id .i v.iried career. sh. There ;ire at the present time twelve i>lanls hciiiR operated ill the Ontario salt region for the production of salt. A short deseription of each of these plants is t;ivcn. THI. ONTARIO I'i:OPI.li's SALT AND SODA COMPANY. Locality: Kincardine, Unt. Transportation facilities: C.rand Trunk Railway, and wliarf on Lake Huron, from which shipments can be made by water. Plate II, A and H shows th.- sliii)pi>" facilities from this plant. This C.mpanv obtains its brnie . m a well W5 feet deep. The brine is pumped into two tai^ks 20 ft. X 20 ft. X 5 ft. deep, from which it passes through a heater -heated bye.vhaust ^.tearn from the enRitU' thence to an evaporating tank 100 feet lonK by 13 feet wite, line.l on the inside with stone tlass 2" thick, and lagged on the outsule with plank and sawdust. The brine is kept at the boilins; point by means of a series of P/ pii>es, which niii the full len^Mh of tlie tank, just alKive the convever, and which are supplied with live steam. A snull •^hallow pan 40 ft. X 26 ft., sup!)lied with 2" pii>es, utilizes the exhaust steam from the t.mk and in this a coarse orade of salt is made. Both pans are emj.tied every throe weeks, .and the pipes and sides of the pans frfe00 horse power. A (.ohlie- \i I'l.ATK II. A. ShippiMK «li..rf, Ontario IVoplc's Salt ami Soila Co., KiiKar.linc, Ont. B. Ontario I'cople's Salt and So.!.-, Co, plant, showing ;ailu-av facilities, Kincardine, Ont. I'LATK III. A. Packing shed, Ontario Pi-oplc's Salt ami Soda Co., Kincardine, Ont. H. Plant of Doniiniun Salt Co., S;irnia, Ont. 35 is employed to operate tli« ^onNeycr .^^ ^^ reason, was abandoned. OKEV, VOUNO AND SPAKUSO CO. O. ONTARIO. U.MITKO. Locality. Wingham Ont. conveyed in barrels, by 1,185 feet deep, with 30 feet "^ -»^; T'" "^^ , ,i and piped that from the works, and the ^2:,^ ^s ^"eTnlc 20 ft' X 30 ft. distance. At the ^"^^^V hll rim- is run by gravity into open X 7 ft. deep, from which the brmt s run y ^ pans. These pans are two m numb^^ 24 f t^ X , ^^^^^ ises. Work is carried on for six day. '" ^^^ ^^'^^j, resulting Tear Nearly all the product is consumed localU . STAPLETON SALT WORKS. {J. Ramford, operator.) Locality- The works are located on the road between Clinton and SS !:t:;n:about U miles east oj [^ejorm^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ rransportatior. FaaUtxes: The salt - ^^^f "^^^^ ^^,^,,^ the Grand Trunk Railway at Chnton. A view tanks is shown in Plate I B. 36 At this plant, one wfU, 1,300 feci deep, supplies the hrine which is evaporated by the open pan method. Two p.ins are employed, pl.ici'd end to end, the fireplaces havinR a common stack at the centre. The capacity of the works is 30 tons of fine salt per twenty-four hours. Twenty men are employed. The salt is marketed under the brand of "The Stapleton Salt Works." The drying bins are shown in Plate \'I .\. NORTH AMERICAN CHEMICAL CO. (/. Ransford, operator.) Locality: Goderich, (3ntario. (See Plate I A.) Transportation facilities: Grand Trunk, and Canadian Pacific railw.iys. There is one well at this plant, 1,200 feet deep, which passed through the first bed of salt. This well has l)een in operation since 1880. No water has to be forced down this well, which, in common with many others in the northern part of the salt basin, encounters a water fissure in the first few hundred feet, and this supplies sufficient water to form all the brine pumped. The brine is pimiped into two s«-ttlini; tanks. 16 ft. X 20 ft. X 5 ft., from which it tlows by gravity to the pan operated bv the open pan method. This pan is 100 feet long, and 30 feet wide. The capacity of the plant is 18 tons of fine and 2 tons of coarse salt every twenty-four hours, ten men l)eing employed. This salt is marketed all over Ontario, under the brand ot "Rices Pure Salt." WESTERN CANADA FT.OUR MILLS CO., LIMITED. Locality: Goderich, Ont. Transportation facilities: Siding from Grand Trunk Railway station to works; also wharfage on Lake Huri>n. The brine used at this Company's plant is obtained from a well 1,150 feet deep. Two open pans are in use, and are heated by exhaust steam from the flour mill. This steam passes through a steam chamlnT underneath the pans. The brine is heated I 37 iR'fore Itting run into the pans. Only owr;^' salt is made. This is shippt-d in bulk or in sacks by rail to Ontario points. Twunty-lour tons arv made in twenty-four hours; an average of six men btinn emplo\ed. i;.\i:ti:k s.xi.t to. Locality: I-^xet<-r, Ont. Tnuisportation facilities: Beside the tratks of the Grand Trunk railway. (Jne well, 1.225 feet -. The well of this Company is 1,300 feet deep, and the brine is treated by the open pan method, in one pan 100 ft, X 21 ft., benialh which are three fire places. Both wood and roal are usid for fuel. The works are kept running day and night seven in operation; but the pl.mt is only oixraied for alwut while weeks eacli >ear. The pan hiis to be cleaned every week, ilue to gypsum forming as a crustation. Only coarse salt is pro- duced, which is all consumed locally. The capacity is about 100 barrels per 24 hours. ELARTON SALT f O. Locality: Lot 6, Con. Ill, South Kgremont Road, Warwick. Transportation facilities: The salt is hauled to the Grand Trunk railway, at Kingscourt. The brine at this plant is obtained from a well 1,460 feet deep, and the salt is 130 feet thick, with partings of shale. The open 38 pan niethcxl is in use. The pan is 60 feet long by 20 feet wide, and wwxl fuel is used. The plant is in operation only seven weeks each year; the product being disposed of locally. THE DOMINION SALT CO.MPANY LIMITKD. Locality: Sarnia, f)nt. Transportation facilities: The works are connected with tiie Gruml Trunk railway by a siding ; water shipment is also i'-vailable, as the works arc situated on the shore of the St. Clair river. See I'late III B. This company has three wells from which it obtains its brine, the deepest of which is 2,115 feet. The following tlow- shecft (Fig. 2) shows the operations as carried on at this plant. Brine from Wflls Storage tanks (ZOO « 20 • »'-2 > 2 vacuum pans ( tO diam Ait salt if.nel Elevators Drv.ng btns I Brine Z ^ramers (150'' I? ' tTipticd 0> rakers flevator Drying bins 1 Brine Coarse" - I 2) Coarse* sail Pa'-k'Mg Hous^ Salt If ins I Packing room J Commo^ salt Dair> plant I S^lpped in bulH' ^,1 '^'^ Elevator Screens f ^~7\, Oair> Table Sjrkfd and shipped Fig. 2. Flow sheet, Doniinion S.ilt Cwmpiiiy's planU^j^nia. Ont. The plant uses e.xhaust . vam during the day, and live steam at night, obtained from the Cleveland Saniia Lumber Company. River water is pumped down tlie wells to dissc )lve the salt. The plant, when running full caiwcity, can iroduce 1,200 barrels per day. .\n average of thirty-five n, ' s em- ployed. 39 ! Tin; \\i;sti;rn' salt comi'anv. /.('iulily: CourtriKlit, Out. Transportation Jaiili'.iis: i'rrc Mar(|m-tti' r;iil\v,i\ , aii'I w.m r .^liipmcnt from wharf l)e>si(ic conipaiiy's property. This Company operates one well of a depth of 1,700 feet. The open pan mcthocl is used in one plant. A second plant has been rerentiy erected, in which \aciiuin pans and j;rainers are employed, .ind this plant is r.ow in ojteration. In the open pan plant the pan is 100 ft. X 20 ft. wide. Coal is used as fuel. The p.ins an- r.iked out l)y hand every iiour, and, after iding drained, the salt is loaded ii;to bins, and from these it is elevated to the top floor, where it goes through a revolvinR drum. The ticnv-sheet of this plant is shown in Fin. .?. Brine Stcra^t tanks Op»n pan ('CO » 20) Bins I'orainin^ I Elevator r'ers«y revolving dryer (8'x30) (Dried by pajs.ng hot am. which has bef n heated by stcair pipes, through dryer m wnich the salt is placed) i ^ Elevator 3 screens A 5 ,7iesh Packing bin Table salt ^ Overs, con^i^tinfi of coarse salt, and impur- ities, sold to local farmers as land salt IN" 2 salt) 30 mesh Packing bin 20mesh Packing bin Cheese salt Shipped as Dairy salt Fig. 3 How sheet, Western Salt Company's plant, Mo.yrctov.n, On!. The different grades are packed: the coarser in barrels and bags; the tabic salt in i, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 50 pound bags, and the dair\' and rlacse grades, in 50 and 200 pound bags, and also barrels. The Ci)mpany has a large trade witli the Canadian west. 40 Till-; J ,\\ Mil AN S \l I ( (). ( ir««(/.v<)r riiinli. Locdiity: Windsor, Out. iransjjortalwii fiuUitiis: 'I'lic works ari' sitii.iltd cl'i--c to tlif tr.uks of the C.in.ulian P.uitii- railway, iicr Windsor, loiiiux- ioii-i ,ir«' also in, tdf with tlif (irand Trunk, .md the MichiK.m (I'utr.il railw.iys. The ('oinp.iiiy has I'uilt ,i wh.irf on tlie Detroit river, which •'n,dilf^ ^hipnu•nts of all its pnKhuts to Ik' inaili- h\ WrM to all lake |)oiiils. Enhdu'.t siiari'. Brim- ttom welK 1 2 sli'am irdineri i * Dt ying bins Barrelled and shipffd Settling lank'. I Li'ni> to pptt f.i.Sli < L. Vd' uu"' pan-. Drying bins 3rotar> dr>iTs (^0(1 bbls per d^v f.irh, ElevHtor Screen':. iwlsr w..irv v^f' Fig. 4. Fltiw ^ht■l■t, C.ina o., \Vinv natural gas.) Pl-ATK VI. A. Dr>ing l)ins, Stapleton Salt Works, ClinKm, Om. U. N'acuuni i>ans, Canadian Salt Co., Windsor, Ont. L Plate VII. 3 5 % A. Drying bin? Canadian Salt Co., Windsor, Ont. B. Packing room for coarse salt, Canadian Salt Co., Windsor, Ont. 1 Plate VIII. A. Automatic bagging machine and bag sewer, Canadian Salt Co., Windsor, Ont. B. Automatic bagging machines. Canadian Salt Co.. Windsor, Ont. 11 k 41 Th.. nuun l.„il,|i„.. ..„nt;.i;,ip, .h,- vacuum pans anr| ,!„. •n...-.pal mac-hnurv. uuaMir.s .,() > 40 fret, arc! is 7(. ,....» i„ "■.Kht. II... pa.kniK and su-raKc house nuasurts _'(.!. f,...t y l.O(M) .arnl> per .lav, u, ^^hieh all l.arreN are ma-k ; l.,.'i,l... -ve.a ...her 1,,., ii,„s. F,.ur ,.ew s.eel se.Hin, tanks h .. bU^ >V.een ere. U..1 , .0 feet Ion, x 15 feet wide. X « f... .1...,., With ,, Ixi.ti.ii., aiid ; sides. ;i lu- salt is weiKh...! an.l l,a«Ke,l by auton.ati.- wei«hi„,. .n„l 1-K..n. .nae.M.u-s. The salt is pa.ke.l in Im.s and 1,.;;^ i. A ;i.e.-.al l.r.uul „f .nv-.l-ui,,, -ah i. n„w l„ in, ,^u up i„ ,.!,•,: • iriral cirtoi.s. The ..utput „f the plant is l.JOO harr.is oer .IA\ SALT ( OMIVWV. Chemtail Bramh. Samluich, (hit. The ,.nly .^ompany whi.h at the pn'sent tin,., i. aetiv.lv .n(.aKe,l ,n the ,.rodu,tion of any of the .-h.^uieal pr.«lu,ts fnun s..hu.n^-hl..n,le .s the Chenu.-al Hran.h of the Canadian S ( <>., at Sa.tdw,.n. On.. S.nee the autumn of 101 1 .hi. ( on.n.a.v has been carrying on the manufactun- of both c.us.ic soda' an.l tne.r wells in that town. Here, the Company has a well e,,uip,M.d pl..n.. .mplos iuK tie electrolytic process for the decompesition of the brine into stnu tunes'. - ™"''"'' "^ *'^' ^"""^"'^ ''""'^'"^'^ ^"^ 42 3 brine wells. 3 settling tanks. Concrete-block building. Boilers. Electric power plant. Cell room. Vacuum room. Caustic pot ro. 25 »6) holding hvdrateJ lime Bleachin;^^ rov/^!er ((CaiOcO/i + CaCI^) Packed in'irci drsros 700 lbs capaci:^ Ca''i'^de I ."jodllTll^rnetlll:") Connir.o.,' wtli ll_,OtDform Cau'.'ic ioda (in «cak solution) 2V;cr;i.r pan evaporators (double effect) l. -salt Ti:rju^h separators — Storage *tanl»s Finishing pcrts Molten ctLiStic. ,s poured mto iron drums and allowed lu solidif>. i ig 5. II. w shi-ci, Canailiitn S.ilt Company, Chernical Branch, Sandwich, Ontario. NolE- : (1) Brim- is treated by the a.ldition of sal.. :i»h (Na.COi) dissolvci in ''"J »,''■-• in uitifT f. . !imin.itc the lime. Carrie.: .in in lix concrete tanks of 50 ton« cu. i ; W) "'Oo l",|ent..''6celliarran»«linrow8; (i) T n. si- chamlxr. are Imcl Ibroughout wi.ti lead, and the piiH'S in the bottom cover(!d with cement. Shipping facilities are good, as the C. P. R. has a siding directly to the plant, and, as the plant is situated >n the bank of the Detroit river, both water and rail transportation are con- venient. Sec Plates IX and X, A and B. I'lair .i( Canadian Silt Co., (Che I'l Xtl IS. Co., (Cheniii.il Branch) Siiulwkh, Ont. MiaoCOfY RESOIUTION TKT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2| ^ APPLIED IfVHGE 1653 Cost Main st-ee( fj^frfVi "'" '<'"' '■'609 US* i'"^) 482 - 0300 - Phon, (7;o) 288- 5989 -Fo< Plati- X. n^l ^ i»i, ;» ^ ---"^^Ijagrtf^n ijfl A. Ukaching iliaiiilnTs IniililinR (in course of ronsiriiilionj, Canadian Salt Co., t'lifMiiiai Hrancli, Sanilwich, (*nt. B. Bleaching chambers building (in operation), Canadian Salt Co.. Chemical liranch, Sandwich, Unt. 43 Flow sheet (Fig. 5), illu>tratcs the system .idopted at this plant for the production of caustic soda and blcacliitiK powder. The power plant consists of: — 1 — 550 K\V. generator, Canadian Westinghuuse, (2,500 Amps.). 1—600 KW. generator. Generators run by 27" X 42" direct conneci-d, (".oldie and McCiiUoch engine, operated at a speed of 100 r.p.ni. Boiler plant of 1,200 Ii.P. (Tubular horizontal boilers). Hydrating plant — Harris hydrator. The brine coming from the wells— whiih are from 1, ')()() to 1,800 feet in depth — derives its salt from beds whicli vary from 2 to 14 feet in thickness. The brine is pinnped ttom -.f iu' solution in the cell. Tlie cathode is made in several diltcreiii ways. It essenti.illv consists of a metal jacket i)iaie(l around the diaphragm wiili a number of inner points or projections facinjj ancl imtiedded in the diaphragm. The catlKnle nia>' he either perforateee figs. ,■» .md 4 in drawing. This enaijles the pHnlucts of electrohsis to he forced into the cathode chamber, aixl thus out of the spliere of electrolytic action. The an(Kle is made up of a nunii)er of carbon rtxls arranged in annular form ami projecting through the dome (11), which rests upon an ainuilar recess in the ring (4). The positive ( + ) wires lead to these anexles, while the negative ( — ) wires lead from the cell jacket, to which the cathode is connected, by a series of suitable connexions (12) extending through the cathode compartment. There is a gas outlet in the dome. The advantages claimed by Mr. A. E. (Jibb, the inventor, for his cell, are as follows': — The advanlases of my invention result iwrti( iil.irly fri>ni the c.ithoile having pniiits or projections entering the cliaphranni. Al>(> fioni the use ot olTtake ch.inncls for ilie i)roclncts in connection with lliesc eriilKiMi'l points or projections. The ailjustablc cuji enables me to adjust the tlow lo giw the best eliiciency, and this will, of course, vaiy to some eMeni durii.i; the I'fi- of the cell. Uy embedding the point or projections of the c.iihode in the diaphragm, I produce electrolytic .iction at separ.ited points and places while allowing the products lo p.iss immediately into .in iii.icii\e region. Uy usiiij; this peculiar diaphragm and jacket cuhode wiih embedded pi'inis, I c.in maintain substantially the s.ime inrmeabiliiy for an indetinii<' iK-ii'>il. With an ordinary diaphragm its tillering action will cause ils [«Tnie.d)ilii\ to grad- ll.dly decrease owing lo clogging, but I tiiid that my di,iphrai;ni liuiMs up In some extent oi the inner side while it di.-iniegniies to somi' exieiii on the outer side owing lo the gas evolved at the [K.ints or projections. This doubh' action goes on substantially, continuously and keeps the pirmeabiliu ap- pnj.ximalely constant. This is of gre.il importance as it enabli-s tlu' oixTilion to lie carried on with little attention and conseiiuently one (j|>erator ciu .iiieiid to a very large numl>er of cells. This improved cathode also prevents the destructive effect of the small [icrcemage of hypo-chloritt which is pre^mi iu the final lifiunr "i ordin- ary cells. The- intimate cor.taci Ix-tween the li'iuor coming from ihe anorle compartment and the cathode iv)ints insures a complete acti(j!i of the n.ibceirt hydrogen at such |)oints, thus elTectively destroying all hypo-chlorite. The weak solution of caustic srwla thus prfxluced in these cells is concentrated in two vacuum pan eva[)orators, operated 'Exlructa from Pdent Si>eciticatioii — Pat. No. 110604. Canada. 46 double cltcct. Thf siAiiUnn is taken fmrn these to storage tanks -after heinn passed thnjusjh separators -to eliminate the salt. The final concentration is carried on in the finishing pots, and tlie pure caustic soda is run from the final pot into iron drums ^700 lbs. capacity), and allowed to solidify. The finishiPK pots have a capacitv f 18 tons each. They are made of last iron, 10 feet in diameter, and 6 f(?et deep. The settmg is built of fire brick. The chlorine gas, previously referred to as bemg generated in the cells, is piped to the bleaching chaml)er building, where it is allowed to circulate through eight bleaching chambers. These chaiiibers are 20 ft. wide and 100 ft. long, and are Imcd on sides and roof with chemical lead. On the bottom are laid 2" cooling pipes, firmly secured by a covering of cement, over which is laid a laver of asphalt. This arrangement thoroughly protects the pipes from the gas. C^n top of the asphalt is laid a layer of hydrated lime 3" thick. The chlorine gas circulatmg through the chambers reacts with this lime, forming bleachmg powder which, when readv. is drawn off through openmgs m the bottom of each chamber. The shipping floor is situated beneath the chambers. The bleaching powder is packed in drums of 700 pounds capacity. The cooling pipes are connected with an ammonia refriger- ating plant. The percentage of bleach in the chloride of lime pro- duce• carts to the drying ami pa( kinK bins. Tlie final products are shijiped in ordinary b-i^s and barrels. In connexion with the Alkali industry, the following item taken from "The Iron Trade Review," is df interest. CANADIAN ALKALI CO., SANDWICH.' The province of Ontario has granteil a iharU-r to the Canadian .Mk.ili Co. ltd., for [he cstnblishniont of a plant at Sindwich, Onl., and as soon >l^ pr.ulic.ihli', work will l>e started on a site in close pruxiniity to the l.md ot the proposed new plant of the I'nited States Steel Corpnr.ilion. The C.in- adian .Mkali Co. Ltd., is to have a caj.ital sKxk of SJ,U > Cii. ( I, i-. Mk. n, •< Ca. S<), .I-' 250 •; Ti>lal w.lids (Irii-ilat 1S(I"C. .lirni Kxpl 257 • S|)ec.gravity al IS -5 "I", liy lijilr" meter I • l)ni' iiii|MTi.il ijallon, nicasiircil .il 15 Na. CI I 2- n, ... . CI, Ca. ST). I I 3 Locality of occurrence of abi 1. Western Canada I'loiir .Mil 2. American Clieiiiiial Co.'s w 3. Stapleton Silt Works, Clin 4. Ontario IVii|)Ie's S,ilt and i 5. Sparling ( O., \\ innli.iiii, ()i 6. Western S;dt Co., M<")rilo 7. Dominion S.ih Co., Sarnia. S. Dominion S,ilt Co., Sarni.i Ottawa, NovomlxT lOth, 1911. TMll I III BRINES. Report of analyses, of eight lutnples collected by Mr. L. H. Cole, at the u idermpntioned tocalities. l.lKKt p.irl.i li\ wtinlii, r.irii lin 1 .« 7 ( .1 CI ')(. .'VO "•• ^ 1 J nil 711 Id! 7 is |lU-7(.» 111.' ' I'll, 1 'M ■2M • i.r> 17'. • .";7 ■515 • Ii7^ IJ7 •n't 2 i,M 2M5(i I'Mii .' (.1 1 2-7Mt ,i I'.il I (|i)M 1 sill I'll 1.'.' I't luS K.I -."'I l^«-7+.' |(.1'W7 |5,s.5f,. 15.> ."II ;mi lSO>'\'t ifix ■ 7 >.< 27.' 'iM Jf.5 (KII J7(»J7.s .'(.5 1.'". .'5J 'JSI U ll\ |«>lluiii .il I iiTul.iii.iii..n . I.IKKI |..irl - l.\ »iiv;''l i-.int.iin: N.i, (I . (it. (It . Mk. I Ii « .1. S<»i rul.il <«>li(l-. (Irieilal ISdC. i|itr( I Kxjit S(*'c-.gr.ivity;il 15 5 ('. I.y liycln.- meter JUS'.*) 1 J(.S ■ rk>, ( linn.n, ( Irn.iri.. i.ik. n JuK (uli, l''li. 4. 5. 6. /. 8. 3-1'. -(KV -02; '47 ..244 Om.irin I'i.i|ilr's S,ill .in. I s.,.|,i < ,,., Kin. .ir.liiii-, Out., I.iki^ii Jul) Sili, I'M 1 Sparling Ci,., Wingliani, (Int., tiikt-ii July 7ili, I'Ml. Wfsicrn Siilt Ci.., .M.Hiri uiwn, ( li.i. t.ikrn JuK- 14ili, I'MI. Doniinii.n Sill Co , Sirnia, ..M will. i.ik. n Jiilv I2ili, I'M I. n.iniini.in Sill Ci>., Sirni.i, lu w will, l.ikin July 12lli, 1'>11. 3-215 J ()S3 •012 -IXK> (MS 3 149 (Mtawa, NijM-mU'r 10th, 1911. (Sii;n..lj 1-. (, \V.\lr I>ftit. of Min<')>. Minr« llrani-h MAP SHO\VIN(i LOCATION OK SALIXE SPRINGS NORTHERN MANITOBA Scale. 12) Miles to 1 Inch /i/»jr»m«i/' I>tpt. of fnUrtor mil I>flit of Mtm-i*. Mine* Bronrh Base^map Dtpt. of InUrior 330 ■19 CHAPTER V. SALT IN MANITOBA. INTROm CTION. Beds of rock salt have not, as yet, been discovered in ilie Province of Manitoba, but numerous brine springs are known, and from these, in past years, salt has been recovered by evap- oration. When first these springs became known, the area in which they occurred seemed to be limited to the district lying to the west of Lake Winnipegosis, and this still remains the only district in which natural flowing springs occur. Of late years, however, in drilling operations in the vicinity of the city of Winnipeg and the district to the west as far as the bounilary line between Saskatchewan and Manitoba, brines have been en- countered in numerous holes and wells. Further drilling will most likely demonstrate a considerably larger area under which brine waters may be found. The source of the salts found in "ese brines is at the present time, not definitely known. According to Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, who visited the Winnipegosis springs in 1889, the salt is ob- tained by the leaching of numerous salt crystals which occur in the porous dolomites of the district. He states' :— The presence of brine springs is a well marked feature of the L)evoKi.in area west of Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba; but while the most copious supply of brine flows fron^the Devonian rocks chiefly marlcing the base o the Upper Devonian, salt is not absent from the beds of Silurian age, and many sUbs of this rock were found showing beautiful moul.ls of typical Tr^stals of chloride of sodium. A few small springs ot clear salty water were found flowing f.-om the Silurian area on the west side of Winnipegosis. Care- ful search was made everywhere for indications of the presence of beds of pure salt, but none were found, and instead impressions of Kilt crystals were common in all the more porous dolomites. It is possible therefore, tha he salt occurs entirely in more or less isolated crystals scattered throughout he rock, but in some cases these are so numerous that at least a third of the whole mass has been salt. According to this theory, salt crystals are found in rocks of late Silurian or eariy Devonian age; and, judging from the ■Annual Report, Vol. V. Pt. I. p. 2I9E. Gcol. Survey of Canada. 50 amount of flow from the springs of the district, and their scdine content, the crystals of salt would have to form a considerable portion of the doloniitir beds of the district. A second possible theory come from residual, original, sea water. This theory has been put for>^ard by se^■eral to account for some of the brines found m the formations above the Salina in Michigan. It is conceivai)le that, a sudden change in the character of deposition in a closed-in basin, from a coarse to fine material, might readily imprison any residual sea water held in the voids of the coarser material already laid down. In this case, the brines would have more or less the composition of a bittern; unless the change occurred very early in the stage of deix)sition. A third theory, and one that seems most probable, is that the brines derive their salts from the leaching out by meteoric waters of a salt bed laid down in either Devonian or Silurian age. Immediately to the west of the district in which the flow- ing saline springs occur. Porcupine mountain, having an approxi- mate catchment area of 1.200 square miles, rises to an average elevation of 1.500 feet above the country directly to the east of It. The underground drainage from this t...rea would be suffi- cient to furnish a constant source of fresh water to supply the necessary soi ent required for dissolving the rock salt. The high calcium sulphate content in all of the brines analvzed would lead one to believe that the source of the salt is intimatelj- associated with gypsum. The data available, however, at the present time, are not sufficient to give preference to any special one of the three theories above stated. Dr. R. C. Wallace, of the Department of Geology. Lniversity of Manitoba, is. during the present summer. (1914) making an extensive examination of the district for the Geo- logical Survey, with a view to ascertaining the probable origin of these sahne springs as well as the origin of the gvpsum deposits of the district in the vicinity of Lake St. Martin. His report, which will be published next winter as a bulletin of the Geo- logical Sur%ey of Canada, will deal fully with the geology of the district. 51 EARLY HISTORY. For a complete record of the early history of the discovery of salt and its manufacture from the brine springs of Manitoba, an extensive search would have to Ik; maosition, ami as the wells become ex- hausted from time to time, a fresh excavation is made where a new spring is observed to issue. No doubt boring, or deeper wells, would prevent these changes, and not only secure a larger flow of brine, but insure its permanency. The wells at present are twentv-fivc in numlx-r; but some of them appear to have been lately abandoned, and others have long since ceased to yield brine. Thev are situated 400 yards from the lake shore, and were first worked 40 years since by James Monkman. This enterprising individual, struggled for many years against the importation of English salt, which was sold in the settlements at a cheaper rate than he could afford to manulacture salt on Lake \\inni- pegosis. He has made siilt at Swan river and Duck river. The nianu. '.ctuie ITnow carried on with profit for the Hudson Bay Company, at Swan river, and at VVinnipegosis lake by Monkman's sons. At the \Vorks" "lere are two small log houses and three evaporating furnaces. The kett,J^ of Engli.sh construction, are well made rectangular vessels of iron, five leet long, two feet broad and one foot deep. Ihey are laid upon two rough stone walls, about twenty inches apart, which form tht furnace: At one extremity is a low chimney. The whole construction is of the rudest description; and at the close of the season the kettles are re- moved, turned over, and the furnace permitted to go to rum, to be rebuilt the following spring. iR^rt oil A»»lniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition, by H. V. Hind. 4to., Toronto, 1859, pp. 94-95. i Thi- prfK'c^ri of iiiakins m\i is an fi Hows: VV'hcn a spring is founil, a wili, fivo Icit broiul and five left deip, is exiavateil, ami near i' an evaporatinR furnace ererted. The brine from ihe well is ladled into the kettles, and the Kilt we seen that the processes employed in the manu- facture of siilt are of the rudest description, so that without any outlay beyond a few days' labour, the quantity might be largely increased. I spoke to John Monkman, who now makes salt here, of pumps and solar evan>ration. Of a pump he knew absolutclv nothing. He had heard that sLch an apparatus had been contrived, but had never seen one. He readily comprehended the advantage to be derived from pumping the water into shallow troughs, dug in the retentive clay near the springs, and strengthening the brine by solar evaporation." Mr. T. \V. Spencer, who, during the summer of 1874, made a brief exploratory trip into the region where these brine springs occui , found that the manufacture of salt was still being carried on, in a small way, at the springs at the south end of Lake W^r-nipegosis: presumably the same springs where the Monkmans carried on operations. He gives the following de- scription of the operations as carried on at the time of his visit' : — The salt springs at the south end of Lake VVinnipegosis have been worki d for a long time. At these springs the saline waters percolate through the drift, which in this region covers but thinly the Devonian limestones, and destroys vegetation for some distance around. The mamifacture of the salt is con- ducted in a rude manner. Pits are dug four or five feet deep, and into them the waters infiltrate. Beside these temporary furnaces are erected, on which are placed evaporating pans made of iron plate one-eighth of an inch thick and five or six feet long, by about three feet wide and eight or ten inches deep. Beside the pans, are trays on which the salt is raked. No pumps are used, the water being lifted directly from the pits by means of pails. The operation is conducted entirely in the ojien air. The manufactured salt is put mto birch- bark boxes, or "mococks," holding about 100 pounds each, and is then ready for market. During the season Mr. McKay the only person engaged in the business, made about .SOO bushels, or less than half the quantity which had been manufactured in some pre\ious ye:..s. 'Report of Progrcsi for 1874-75, Geol. Sur., Can., p. 69. 53 Mr. Spencer ma«K- the following aii.ilysis of a sample of the salt which he brought from the works:— Sodium chloride 05- 123 jx-r cent. Magnesium chloride ()(M) Calcium sulphate ^ *"" Sodium sulphate '^ -^'^"^ Moisture n()44 Residue ^^ " 100000 The residue, he found to consist of silicia, dumina, iron and iimc. The salt had a light brown tint, and was very coarse grained. From tne time of Mr. Spencer's visit in 1874, the manu- facture of salt from these springs seems to ha\e gradually waned, so that when they were visited in 1889 by Mr. J . B. Tyrrell -then of the Geological Surve> — there was no salt being manufactured, save, perhaps, for a sm dl production made from time to time by wandering Indian families for their own use. This falling off, and final abandonment of all operations is readily un(lerstoeen drilled, in Manitoba. These, encountered saline waters, which have been made use of in the manufacture of salt. For convenient: reference in this report, the localities where these waters have been found have been divided, tentatively, into three districts. Tiiis division is in no way based on geological or chemical considerations, and there is not the slightest reason to believe that any such division along these lines could be made I S4 at the present time, hcnct- the division is purely for convenience of reference, as the flowinR sprinK^, with few ixceptions, occupy a distinct district, while the wells encounterini; saline waters have naturally groujHHl themselves locally. THK VV'NNirE<;«>SIS DISTRICT. In this district tl.- saline waters all appear in the form of flowing springs. The area in which these springs occur, is ap- proximately confined to the west shore of LaWe VVinnipegcjsis, and the district l)etween Lake VVinnipegosis and Porcupine and Duck mountains on the west. The southern lx>undary is Dauphin lake; and the northern boundary the northern shore of Dawson bay. In this area, as outlined, numerous saline springs are known to rise to the surface through the till which covers the district in question. The topography of the district is that of a low lying country, at an average elevation of only a few feet above the level of the water of Lake Winnipegosis. To the west the prominent ridge of the Manitoba escarpment rises to a height of from 1,000 to 1,500 feet above the surrounding country. The whole area is, with the exception of small portions of the southern part, covered with a growth of small pine, spruce and poplar, which increase in size farther to the north. The saline springs throu^, out this district are very numerous, and many small saline areas can be noticed where the brine oozes up through the r.-.-rlying drift. Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, who visited a number of these springs during the summer of 1869, gives the following list of some of the principal places where saline springs have been observed': — i. "Salt Creek, west of Lake Dauphin. 2. Banks of Mossy River. 3. Salt Point, south end Lake Winnipegosis. 4. Monkman's Salt Springs, Red Deer Pemnsula, Saline Spring I. 5. Pine Creek. Saline Springs H and I. 6. Pelican Bay, mouth of Pelican Creek. 7. Pelican Bay, west side. Gaol. Survey of Canada, Vol. V. Pt. 1. p. ll^E. 55 1 f 8. Mouth of Bell Rivi-r. Saline SprinR A. 9. Salt Point. 10. Salt I'oint Piniusula, wide s.ilt area near its base. Saline Spring B. . 11. Salt I'oint Peninsula, north side of its base. Salmc Springs (■ and fC 12. Mouth of Steep Rock River. 13. Lower Red Ueer River, many places. S.Uine Springs E, F .ind (•. 14. Banks of Shoal River. 15. Moath of Swan River." The writer visited the more important of these salmc areas daring the fall of 1913. The springs then visite s an open patch in the ice opp<«ite the mouth of Mossy river and aln.ut one- half mile from shore. Thi • is suppos«l to ]h.- due to a saline spring rising in the iKHtom of the lake at this point. 56 (3). Salt Point, south end Lake Winnipegosis, Saline springH have been notictti in a marshy di»trict at this (Mfint. (6). Pelican Hay, mouth of Pelican Creek. At this locality. Mr. Tyrn-II iitiiid .inuntr>', This hill, situaletl a third of a mile back iront the >.liore of IVIican bay, junt east of the mouth of F'elic.u) creek, extends as a rid|{e in a direction N. 75° K. 'I '!■ siimple taken analyzed as foll(»ws': - In lu(K» nts. by weight. Hypothetical Combination. Potas-sium 1 • 296 Chloride of I'otaRsium. 2-473 Sdine. Haiium and strontium were absent. These springs ire situate*!, X. lat. 52° 38' 30"; VV. long. 100° 21'. The flow ln'ni them was 25 gallons jier minute when the sample was taken on the 2l8t of July, 1889.' (7). Pelican Bay, west side. :\l this li ality Mr. Tyrrell (ii scril)es the spring as follows': — "A (piarter of a mile back from the shore, among woods of small spruce, is a considerable tract of arid land covered with a crust of salt, from which "he alnic-i dry channel of a small saline brook descends to the lake." ■F G. Wnil , Atialvm. *See Tyrrell on Northern Manitoba, Geo!. Surv. Can., '.o!. \". Pt. !E; also Hoffman & Wail. \ol. V, Pt. 2. p. 2«R 'Geol. Surv. (an.. Vol. V. Pt. 1, p. 6>E. S7 m. Salt Point. i In th«' \iiinity "f Salt I'oint nevcTal salim- itprinK* «>cc-ur. Whfn iinntioniiiK this a» u np«riul lixalitv , hr prohaldy was rt'ffrrinK t<> .i ^iliiic aws».n bay, and whUli ho ilfmrilKil an (oIIkw*:' r»o mil. ^ .inrtfr» iinrih ..( ihc nioiiih oi \U\\ river in a Iwrr fl.it,. .vcrwhii ha »ma\\ bnn.k fl(.«n int.. ill.- lak.-, iH'hin.l « hi. h ar"sf>ni<- ri.|(t<* i)( impure Kinil. Thi' ir.fk, wlirii i\.' 111,11 ■! dm tin- l«i "1 .\iik(u»e, If*^'', ».i» liowini! «ixlv K.illmiit a iiiiiiut.' .iivl ilu' water wan \rry skiliiir, cmi' iiiiinij aUiut iiix-<"\-ntlii i.f a (Mmn.l <•( n ,.in,.in -all to the Kalli.n, *hi.h woiil.l iji\e .1 filial .li-«harK< l>v the liniok of al>..iii ihirly-M-ven li>ii» ..( ».ill every iw.ntv- Ui'iT houni. The ^(iiitimer .if I."***'* wa» a imrliiularlv .lr\ .m.- ami iluniiK .irilinarv »eaw.m>, with an average .im.Hiiii nf rainfall, the l.riiie wmil.l d'lulil- I,.., Ih- «>me»hat w.aker, liut un the uiher haml the ijuaniiiy ..f lirinc iliii- ch.irKe.1 an.l proUilily .if viU al»o w.iiilil \k iit as foliows': It con' lined in 1,(»()() parts by weisht: — llypothftiial lomhinntion. I'otassiiiin ()-0f)7 Chloride of I'ot.issiimi tl.^S StKlium 32-415 Chhmdeof Sfxliiini .'<'^ id! Chlorine ,iO 118 F. G. Wait, aialyJ Specific gravity, at l.S-.S° C., l-W..?. Total dissolved .solid matter, by direct exiKriti.ent, dried at 180° C., 88-946. It contained traces of liihiun-, but neither barium nor strontium. Bron\ine and iodine were not sousht fir. Location: N. lat. 52° 47' 40"; W. lonj;. KHI' 51'. The writer, last sum.uer, made st-arch for this brook, liut was unable to locate it atiywherc near the locality above given. In the neinhlM)urhood of saline spring B (see sketch map Fig. ■i;r £ d ir. ti c P ^ J? (Q s t-^ S &A ul ' gradual slope of from 5° to 10° towards the mouth of the Bell river. Continuing in a westerly direction, the trail leads over a ridge of fossiliferous limestone with a rise of from 25 to 30 feet. This ridge has a bearing of ti. irth- east and southwest. 'The followinc mctlKyl was cmploywi in calcalatins tin- conventional comtiiiiations from tin- analyses: The Potaiwium is united to chloriJc- iona: tlie sulphate ions are joineii to calcrju, sodium, and maRnesium in the order named; the bromide and iodide ions are united to niai;- nesium and sodium; and the refidual hasir ions are unitiil to chloride ions. In order to make the calculations balance, one has to either add or subtract a certain amount of chlorine -which is either liking or in excess in tlie analyses — in order to satisfy the br—:. U may be that what appears to be a deficiency in chlorine is in reality tlie eMuiyaleut of the carbonic acid radical, which was not determined in the analysis. Some of the hrnies submitted to Dr. Donald were distinctly alkaline in reaction. , 'Dr. Donald states in his returns:— "In addition to the determinations for which h«urM are given, search has been made for lithium, b.irium and strontium. We liave not been able to detect the presence of any of these elements. It is to be noted, however, tliat when search is made ior these, it is usual to work up a much larger voluir.e of sol'ition tlian was at our disposal. It may he tliat one or more of the three would be found in some of the samples it a larger quantity of material were available." 62 one-fourth of a rTZ^^^TC:::^": "'"'T ^ ""'"^ "^- out of the tin,bt.r one coZ.t. .u ^ '"'''•■'' ^"'^^^- <^""i">K the salt flats. (LrsS ^P K^' 7] '^"' ^^■''^•' ''''""^^' forms two small steaniswM " '"■^'■""''' ^"^'" ^^ese land and flowltoS:::;'^!!;"'^^ '' ''" ^'"'' '' ''^ --^^- on thl?k:s; trrai^"jTthf ^^^^- r ^'^^ ^^^'-^^ --^-^ ^a/iwe Spring B. Approximate location.— Section 7^ t u- ,. 24.westofthePnncip:rMeriSJ°^"^'''' -'■^' '^^"^^ Specific Gravity.-(taken in field) B, 1 • 040 B 1 04n Degreeyf salinity (by sa.ino^etir T,]!;,::!^- U^; Flow per minute.-yi gallons (imperial). Approximate areas.— Salt fl;,f iin 25 acres. ^^ acres-meadow land .^ nalyses. Conventional combinations S_. ^^(^rammes per litre. K 0-352 0-231 ?'o44V-ri n^.'-, '®'* 7"y'''«'it Na... 22-191 21-620 19. slovrV-^''^ "-^^^ ^'^^^ Ca ,.424 1-443 1-25^ ^f " ^J-^^^ 54-020 50-408 ^•- - ■ Nil Nil t?'^;--'', J' Donald, analyst. tF. U U.., ,^,„, ,^ ^, ^^^^ ^^ _ ^.^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^ p. & c 1 J? a iZ \ , . ,.i w - Jt^ g--- r555f<*^ w^mi ^HMj I FWy Salt flats, Saline Spring A, Winnijx'gosis ciist A, Winnif/egosis district, Manitoba. J. ii '••^" I'Bitipitfr^-* -°^E;^=*^a& Skv^JS. ■«i^ii Salt flats, Siiline Spring B, Winnipegosis distriii, Maniluba. mni^s^' •j«ai««5 :##^' iiiipciiiisis district, Manitoba. Plate XII. i w u [ Plate XIII. A. Typical saline spring, Saline Spring B, \Vinni|K-gosis district, Manitoba. B. Typical saline pond. Saline Spring B, \Vinnipeg0si5 district, MnnitoKi. tfsm '\ -;»; T» -^™ ""r:r:.::,'::'z';:\:?"ir*- ■■';;: material, also found in the ' ,.it„m .,f ,1, '' »" »• ^ -■ «. - 3-26 CO.'* , 0-41 18-10 SO3** -^S-W) M -80 Fe^O,... '-^^ 0-52 AUO,. 5 •43 1-63 CaO 00" 1-87 MgO -^^-^^ 38-61 *H:quivalent CaCO, ^'^^ ^"^'^ **Fr,uivalc.„t CaSO, . . ... 80-90 72-27 Equivalent CaSO,-2Ho(), "*'^^' "'^^ ***I.osson Kiiition other 'than CT),, ^'^^ ^'^^ Dr. J. r. Donald, r lalysl. 0/ the character of .hif.prins area. '■"™ " '""' '"" Saline Spring C. Approximate location.---Section 17-Township 24-Range 44 west of the Principal Meridia.i. ^ Temperature-Atmosphere 60° F. Brine 44° F. 64 Specific Gravity (taken in fuld): -104(). Degrees of salinity il)y salinonietcr in fuld): - 2f»°. Flow per minute. 455 gallons limpcrial). Approximate areas. Salt Hats 16 acres- iiuadow 2 acres. land Analyses. Conventional Combiimtions Grammes per litre. C • Tyrrrlfii K 0-113 1-296 Na. . 20-406 20-054 Ca.. 1-200 1-231 Mg 0-304 0-315 P>&A1 0-110 SO4 2-993 3-025 Si 0004 CaSO^ CI 34-240 32-732 Fe & A! KCI 0-216 NaCt 51-675 CaCl; MgCU 1180 MgBr: . . 0-(U7 Na2S()4 0167 . 4-080 0110 Tyrr,'tr,\ 2-473 51 -005 1-176 4-185 Br 0-041 Si 0004 I Nil MgSO, 0-089 This spring (See Fig. 9) consists of one main spring rising througli a cone formed hy itself at the top of the hill. It has a diameter of about 2 feet, and at the time of visiting had a strong and constant flow. Bubbles of gas were constanlK- rising to the surface. This was found to be non-inflaninial)le and a sample was taken, and analyzed as sample Cj, as follows:— Carbon dioxide 0-8 per cent. Oxygen J7.7 « P-thylene Carbon monoxide Methane Hydrogen Nitrogen 81 -5 per cent. (by difference). Analyst, Dr. F. E. Carter, Fuel Testing Division, Mines Branch, Ottawa. •Dr. J. T. Donald, analyrt. tF. G. Wait, analyst. (See Geol. Surv. of Canada. Vol. V. Pt. 2. p. 2S-29E. 6.S A nunilK-r of stniicirrular mounds apfnir on thv natural slofR. of the hill at this ,KMnt. These have prohal.lv Uen huiit up l.y springs issuing at .lilT.Tent points. A s.xmple of the material from one of these inoun.is was taken an ards to the east. There was no definite spring at this place, but the ground at the top of the slope was .oggv and half-way dow-n the slope the water from this marshv area was sufficient to form a small stream which flowed \\ gallons per minute. I he salmity. as measured, was 26° on the salinometer. See sketch map, Fig. 9. .^k 66 Saline Sfyrius; D. Approximate location.- St-rt ion 11 — Township 25 Range 44 west of I'riiK ipal Meridian. Temperature. Atniotiphert- ftl° F. Rrine CO" F. fexpowd ((I -(irfaic)'. Specific Gravity.— (taktn in fier- ville, on the steep bank of Pine creek; and the over-flow from the spring flows directly into the creek. See Fig. IS. Mr. Tyrrell, in his explorations in this district, examined a brine spring at the mouth of Pine creek, near Camperv-ille. This spring most likely is from the same source as Springs H Or tJ I •^ -S ^ § ^ •u J j2 > Ti ^ • !* w '« ..^ -^ 1 f 1 1 E il o Ij-s il 8l ^:ii.fi 2-S il I il \a -=.?5^^ I'E* s S W 9 <9 ^ 13 a-a llfi 3 I, n t^ nt I E >. B II. o'C E J 5 III 2.|J( ?l.i s Si o Z ■f T <»£S. F .ST - « e c c a o lurip. of Atmoaph Tump, of Brine Six^cific Gravitir'. . . Pegri-e of Salinity. K Na C"a M«.. ,. Featid Al. SO* Si n Br I KCl NaCl CaCl, MgCl, MsBrc ... NaiSOi... CaSO, Fe and Al. Si TABLE No. .v. WINNIPEGOSIS DISTRICT— SALINE SPRINGS. Data taken in Field at Time Samples were taken A, A, H, 68° 44° 1040 25° C 44° 1-040 26° U 1 1 • H 1 J Ttnip. of Atmosphere-. . Ttnip. of Brine >l)ec;fic Gravity Degree of Salinity 65° 52° l-0,?5 26° 65° 54° 1-030 25° 6S° 62° 1-030 26° or 60° 1-020 12' ,S7° 52" 1-OtO 21° 76° 42° 1-035 24 54° 42* 1025 15° 51° 42° 1-015 10° 47° 45° 1-020 15° Analyses. K Na C"a Vg FeandAl 093 20-710 1-325 0-316 0-006 3-085 0-004 34-240 0-108 Nil. 0-136 18-529 1-159 0-301 0005 2-749 0-004 30-460 0-056 Nil. 0-352 22-19! 1-424 0351 Traces 3-229 0-002 35-620 0-107 Ni.I 0-231 21-629 1-443 0-345 0-003 3-243 0009 35-280 0-080 Nil. 0-113 20-406 1-200 304 0-110 2-993 004 34-240 0-041 Nil. 0009 10-223 0-600 0-195 0-009 1-646 le^sio Traces Nil. OK 18-716 1-134 0-343 0-1)04 2-600 29^080 0-015 Nil. 0-006 19-413 1-185 0-329 005 2-678 29-600 0-022 Nil. 0-071 12-107 0-355 0-212 0006 2 123 18*240 0-018 Nil. 0-003 8-863 0-718 0-240 0006 1-732 14-800 0027 Nil. 0045 15-181 0-976 0-504 0-004 SO, 2-695 Si CI 20-650 Br 0-015 I . Nit. Conventional Combinations. KCl i 0-181 .\aCl 1 52-675 CaCl, i 0-110 MgCl, 1-188 MgBr. I 0-124 Na.SO, I .... CaSO, 4-370 Feami.Al : 0-006 Si I 0-004 0-259 0-672 0-441 C-216 0017 0-U21 0-011 0-135 1 0-006 1 47-127 .56-440 .54-020 51-765 25-750 47 -(KM 49-377 30-707 22-533 0.19 0-224 0-258 0-142 0-191 1-160 1-226 1-318 i-iso 0-772 I -.ISO 1-261 0-827 0-934 0-064 0-123 .... 0-092 0-047 0-167 Traces 0-305 0-C17 0-025 0-021 n-ios 0-031 0-013 3-894 4-572 4-593 4-080 2-040 3-683 3-794 2-907 2-441 0-005 Traces 0-003 O-IIO 0-009 0-004 0-005 0-006 0-006 0004 002 0-009 0-004 ■ ■ ■ i 0-086 38-183 i-987 0-017 0-522 3-318 0-004 I It is interesting to note, on comparison of the few analyses of springs by Mr. Tyrrell with the analyses of the same springs sampled by the writer, that in all cases the amount of potassium in the later samples is considerably less, while there appears to be a small increase in the amount of sodium present. The rainfall 25 years ago was a little less than lasi year. WESTBOLRNE DISTRICT. The region included, tentatively, in this report, covers the area lying to the west of Portage la Prairie and the western boundary of Manitoba and south of the town of Dauphin. In this district several saline areas occur, and a numlx-r of drill holes have encountered saline waters. The vicinity around the south end of Lake Manitoba is very marshy, and the water in the swampy land is, in some cases, distinctly saline to the taste. At Gladstone, Man., saline waters are encounteretl in wells at a depth of from 160 to 170 feet. The waters from two of these wells were sampled and analysed. Well K (on the farm of Tom Smith). On this farm, situated one mile to the north of the town of Gladstone, a well has been sunk to the depth of !6() feet, and has Iwen abandoned on account of saline water l)eing en- countered. It was hoped to obtain a good supply of drinking water. The water obtained is quite saline to the taste. When the water is first pumped it contains considerable air which however, rapidly pas.scs off when allowed to stand. The tem- perature of the brine was 4.S° F. A sample was taken of this water which analysed as follows: — Analysis Conventional Comlnnativn. Grammes per Hire K Trace KCl Trace Na 7-535 NaCl 19-147 Ca 1-102 Mg 0-602 Fe&Al 0-001 SO« 2-659 CI 12-390 Br 0-015 1 0-011 Anahst, Dr. J. T. Donald. CaCl, MgCl, 2-367 MgBr, 0-017 Mgl, 0012 CaSOi 3-747 NajSO, 0-021 Fe & Al 0-001 74 Well L (on the farm of James McBride). This farm, on the east side of the road IJ miles to the north of the town of Cilaflstone, has an abandoned well 165 feet deep, the water in which is distinctly saline. The water in the well rises to within 6 feet of the surface, and is covered with a scum. The water when sampled and placed in a bottle had a decidedly turbid appearance, which disappeared, however, on being allowed to stand. The sample analysed as follows: — A nalysis Conventional Combination. Grammes per litre Trai Na 11-216 Ca 1-}51 Mr 1036 Fc i\- Al 0-011 SO4 2-910 n 19-800 Br 0-107 1 0-028 Analyst. Dr. J. T. Donald. KCl Trace N'aCl 28-528 I'aCI,. 0-66.? Mk'CU 4-026 MgBrj 0-123 CaS()4 4- 122 Na.SO, Mgl2 0-031 Fe & Al 0-011 It is remarkable to note the high bromine and iixline contents in both these wells, hence the waters should be classed as mineral waters rather than brine. They bear a striking resemblance to well known mineral springs, and it is possible that this district may turn out to be a potential mineral water area analogous to the Caledonia Springs district in Ontario. Westbotirnv Saline Spring (M) Approximate location.— Section 10- Township 10— Range 14 west ol the Principal Meridian. Temperature. .Atmosphere 82" F. Brine 52°. Flow per minute.~36j gallons (imperial). I'LATK XVI. A. Saline I'onrl M, Wc'stliourni' cli-trirt, Wust bourne, M.inilol); B. Gcnoral view of I.a Saliru- tlais, lf mileage 23 west of Portage la I'rairie, a saline spring comes to the surface. (See Plate XVI A.)- For several sfjuarc miles to the north of this spring, the prairie is only sparsely covered with grass. Many patches are altogether bare, and the red salt plant and the characteristic surface deposits of alkali are found. Locally this district is known as the Salt Hals. The White Mud ri\er occupies a depression varying in width, in the surrounding plain and it is in one of the wider portions of this depression that the saline spring finds its way to the surface. The spring, rising in marshy ground, consists of a pcxil about 50 feet Umg b\ 20 feel wide, in which the brine is < onstantly bubbling U[). Surrounding this jkm)! several smaller springs rise in the marshy flat. A small channel, about 200 feel in length, carries the over- flow into the river. (Sec Fig. 17). As w'ill be seen fnjm the analysis given above, the brine from this spring is too weak in sodium chloride to be operatetl cummerciall>- in the production of salt. About 40 years ago the Indians and l(»cal s<.-ttlers of the district manufactured salt for farm use- and home consumption from this spring, but the ad\ent of the railway, and the easier shipping facilities from the east caused operations to be sus- pended. 76 Near th« water tank of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at \\.stl..)urne station, a will sunk to ,i depth ui 90 feet, was al..in- duned (.n account of alkaline water U-ing encountin-.!. Gmernment Well, Strpaiva, Man. {0). Approximate Location.— Section 33 Township 15 -Rangi 14 west (A lijf rrincip.il Meritiian. A nalysis. K 0016 Na 71. .^70 Ca 4.096 ^^K 1188 *->>ridc and calcium suii^haie, contained the highest sfxlium chloride (common s,.lt) content of any spring examined in Manitoba. The total solid content was 190-896 grammes in a litre. It is interesting to note the presence of iodine and bromine in this sample. WINNIPEG DISTRICT. A syndicate of Winnipeg men have drilled 7 wells in i he distrkt within a radius of 20 miles of the city of Winnipeg and in «i\e of them they tncountered water of a more or less 'ii^WT^ CO 3 '>0 ? <0 C ^ c I, 4> "< *K ^ OB to r I 1 MICIOCOfY RfSOlUTION TiST CHART (ANSI end ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ ^jgPLIED IIVMGE -^^^ 1*53 Eost Horn Slriet ^^ r7''frf'l*.'; "" 'o"- ''SOS us* ^^ ("6) 288-5989 - Fo. 77 degree of salinity. It was noted by the drillers, that whenever a certain kind of coarse white sandstone was drilled into, water was encountered. Mr. E. F. Hutchings, one of the principal movers in this drilling syndicate, furnished me with the follow- ing logs of two holes drilled by them. Log of Well {8 miles northeast of Winnipeg on farm of Mr. E. F. Hutchings). Material encountered. Feet. Probable Age. Sand and gravel 14 Blue clay 14 ^^^'^ pa" 2 Post glacial.' Sand-gravel and boulders 90 Hard limestone rock 15 Water seam honeycomb S Free limestone 60 Flinty limestone 40 Blue limestone 20 Grey limestone 30 Water seam cracks 5 Ordovician ? ' Limestone Soft limestone 30 Flinty limestone 20 Brown limestone 15 Blue (hard) limestone 30 Grey (hard) limestone 30 Broken (hard) limestone 10 Flinty mixed with shale 16 * Blue shale 20 Mottled shale 10. White clay ? a shale 8 . Soapstone ? or blue clay 2 . Shale 9 Salt rock ? (salt water in sandstone) 28 . . Ordovician Sandstone ? 523 feet. 78 Log of Well (drilled by syndicate at Elmwood). Probable Age. . Post Glacial Material encountered. Feel. Blue clay SS\ Hard pan and gravel 15J ' Brown limestone. 90 White limestone 85 Brown limestone 202 Ordovician Limestone. Shale 8 White sandstone (salt water) . . 22 Blue shale 20 Black shale 5 Ordovician Sandstone. Blue shale 45 White sandstone (salt water) .20 Red sandstone and quartz .... 1 Granite 2 Archaean. 570 feet The water from the well drilled by this syndicate in Elm- wood, Winnipeg, is being employed by the Winnipeg Mineral Springs Sanitarium for mineral water baths, as a cure for numer- ous muscular diseases. The water after being charged witii CO2 and bottled, is being put on the market in the west as a table mineral water. A sample of the water, as it flowed from the well, waB taken by the writer, and analysed with the following results : — Conventional Combination. KCl 0011 NaCl 28-785 CaCl, MgClj 0-491 MgBrj 0-013 CaSOi 2-094 Na»S04 0-731 Fe&Al 0003 Si K 0-006 Na 11-554 Ca 0-616 Mg 0-126 Fe&Al 0-003 SO4 1-972 CI 17-720 Br 0011 I Nil Analyst, Dr. J. T. Donald. 79 In making the statement that at the present time there is small hope that common salt could be manufactured com- mercially from any of these springs (with the possible exception of the N'eepawa well O) there are several points which hive to be taken into consideration, and which modify this statement to some extent. (1) Most c»f the springs are in the north country, and at present are inaccessible to transportation, and for manv years to come will be too far from available markets to be successfully operated. (2) In all cases, with the one exception above stated, the brines are all too weak XaCl to be evaporated economically. The cost of fuel to operate evaporators on such weak brines would be prohibitive. (3) The quantity of brine available is not, at the present, sufficient, and the supply is not constant. This might b^ remedied by boreholes in the vicinity of the springs, and thus both increasing as well as regulating the supply, but the brine thus obtained might, in consequence of tiie extra drain, be greatly weakened. (4) In several of the brines the impurities are high. This might possibly be an advanti.^'e if present in sufficient quantity to recover as by-products. In this line it is interesting to note that bromine and iodine are present in several of the samples taken. (5) The question arises whether there are any means by which these weak brines could be concentrated. There certainly is this possibility, and if a constant and sufficient supply of brine were assured, solar evaporation might possibly afford a sufficient concentration, so that the final evaporation could Ije carried on economically by one or other of the artificial heat methods descnbed in the chapter on technology. If this method were employed, the cost of lumber would be a serious item to take mto account. A possible combination of the solar method in summer, and the freezing or congelation method by winter, might well b- "oerated. I Jer to give an idea as to whether the climatic con- ditions are suitable to these natural methods of concentration the following tables— kindly furnished by Prof. Stupart of the 80 ts S > O z X >< I (J (*5C^ ot^*** sO O^ '-I t^ ^O O vf r- t^ •o cc O^ t^ ^ ^ NO ^ ^ "O o ^ 3rO 6 00 3 ^ f*5 ^H Os »/> t^ "?7 O —« «*5 ^ »'> ^ »^ 00 00 * ©■ &• a* O' 1* > i I o 00 o 00 I- 6 6 6 6 6 6 s s 6 6 6 6 o o <»> r^ tr, o r^ •r o O O ^ s "* C -" >, o o o 3 o o o o J 3 3 1 XI u. O >n I 8 I 6 g g § o f^ 3 ^^ -^ r^ 8 8 ? f o o c <» c s; -& 8 i3 s; "V o o O I" (N § S 2 - - O^ C C^ O C* ^ 2; '— ' "^ ^' O C^ O^ C^ 0< c2 Year. Jan. 1903. 1904.. 1905 1906, 1907.. 000 1910 1911. 1912. 1913. 000 1903 1904. 19Cv. 1906. Norec i 90 1912. 191.1. 12-0 Note. — Averages given Dauphin, Man. Year. 1903. 1904. I90S 1W6. 1910 191 1 1912 1913 1903 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907 1910. 1911. 1912 191,1 Jan. I I'eh. Mar. April M.,y Jii Inly .AuR Spi 4 6.' Kiiin full. I '»7 am 2 06 R. I 3I() 1 52 000 (JO 000 tcIh kep 9-0 3-53 000 ! 00 ()'<<) 4-69 000 I 010 i 2 00 (K) 000 0-5,1 I 00 t of 8ni>> ill I'X) t 60 20 00 6- 17 2'(W \.\ '),) s.» 1-60 2-0.1 2-36 6 01 21') 4-11 SnineJiiU. 00 120 no 30 10 2-0 20 no 1 26 1-14 2 'W 6-7'» 3-lH 2 .14 2 OS Note. — Averages given almve hn\ ■ lieen ili-rivi ni loo !li"r! a pfnod >.:> !k- i:;:^t»rjihv (\\. N(.v. \Ux. Year. l-'»2 H6 1 .10 00 I - ."iH 3 OS 2-85 000 10.? 1 l.« 0-70 0-00 i 0-00 0-00 2-45 1-65 1 1 00 (i-<»5 .50 1 i 0-00 t MO 0-12 j 000 00 10.07 7 0-0 20 0-0 0-0 31S 30 0-0 0-0 20 90 11-0 00 00 6-0 00 80 0-0 1 1 S 60 M ■ , ! 1 ^ .'' > S ! 1 ■!(. 1'/ 'V/ II l7,h.^ T' .'■'""' "™P<-"'""" «■>.! rail. at„l .„„«.(all at the r..cor,l,„, .u,i„„. „, Swa„ Riv„ anj Daapl.m Mar O^mg to the Ontario salt .listrict tK-in, ,.tuatcd rlrm- to I nnes, the producers from this distri.-t .ire enil.l^l , i the.r product in the western market at a f^SyW p L " "^" Ontario district, durine Seotemhr-r loi j r V • -""^"'K-m- .a.,en, p;Si;ce °*' '" """*« '""-■-"■llv with tho TABLE X. Salt. Bags or boxes (Third class freight I C L ) Sacks or barrels (Fourth cliss freisht L.C I ) Common, fine, fx-r bbl ' f "ominon, coarse, per bbl ^ ^^ Common, fine in 50 lb. jutesacksi each " '? txtra coarse, per bbl ""^ Factory filled in 50 lb. duck bags, each ' H Table, 100-3-lb. bags, per bbl... '^^ Table, 60-5-lb. bags, per bbl.. ^ *^ Shaker per case of 2 doz... ^■'*^ Purity « « 1-75 Regal « « 1-70 Rock, in 200 lb. bags, per lb '-'^ Rock, crushed in 200 lb. bags, per lb. .' ,' . J} CAR LOTS F.O.B. 82 FORT WILLIAM OR PORT ARTHUR. CAR 30,000 LBS. MINIMUM Common fine, per bb! 110 Common coarse, per bbl 1 ■ 20 Common fine, 50 lb. jute sacks, per sack 26 Extra coarse, per bbl 1 • 25 F"actory filled, SO lb. duck sacks, per sack 34 Table 100 3 lb. bags, per bbl 2-50 Table 60 5 lb. per bbl 2 .45 Rock, in 200 lb. bags, per ton 12 . 00 Rock crushed, in 200 lb. bags, per ton 10.00 83 CHAPTER VI. SALT OCCURRENCES IN SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. In the prairie provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, numerous saline springs are known to occur. Up to the present time, however, these have not been economically important, owing to their inaccessibility to ready markets. Moreover,' very little is known about them, and so far no definite attempt has been made to prospect for rock salt in place. Since the springs occur over such a wide area, it is possible that stronger brines, and more favourably situated localises may yet be found, and there is always the possibility of finding beds of the mineral in place, near the surface. The Mackenzie basin, in which all the springs at present known occur, is lacking at the present time in railway transportation. As soon as this deficiency is remedied, it is altogether likely that this district will become a salt producer, and furnish this necessary article of consumption to the prairie provinces. In order to give an idea of some of these saline areas some of the more important localities are here described. Northern Albirta Exploration Company. The Northern Alberta Exploration Co. have, since 1907, been carrying on drilling operations for oil in the vicinity of McMurray, Alberta. Two wells have been sunk in both of which they claim to have encountered rock salt or salt-bearing formation. The first hole has been drilled to a depth of 1,475 feet, while th second reached a depth of 1,406 feet. The holes are 155 feet apart, and, according to the logs of the wells, show the same formations in each hole. The accompanying sketch (Fig. 18) of the logs of the wells was kindly furnished by Mr. O. S. Finnic, Inspecting Engineer, Department of the Interior. 84 WCLL N9I -155ft W£LLMtM Fig. 18. Logs of wells sunk by Northern Alberta Exploration Co., McMurray, Alberta. Note, — The dotted lines shown on inside of wells indicate the amount of casing used. This casing is still in place, where it will remain for the purpose of preserving the wells. 85 LA SALINE. At La Saline, 26 miles north of Ft. McMurray numerous saline springs have from time to time been noted by the several explorers of the distiict. Mr. Sydney C. Ells, of the Mines Branch, while examining the tar sands of the district during last summer (1913) made the following notes on the occurrence of these saline springs: — The occurrence of saline springs has long been recognized in many parts of the Athabaska-Mackenzie basin. Throughout this area Devonian sediments have a wide distribution, and probably constitute the origin from which, for the most part, the Springs derive their mineral matter. Logs of wells drillfd through the Devonian near McMurray' record the presence of very considerable beds of salt, while other wells' north of McMurray and on both banks of the Athabaska discharge quantities of saline water. Within a radius of seventy-five miles of Mc^furray, saline springs have been recog- nized on the Wabiskaw, Firebag, Christina, and other streams. The water from these springs is usually clear and bright. The most important spring recognized in the McMurray district, occurs at Saline, 26 miles north of McMurray. See Fig. No. 19. At this point the eastern bank of the Athabaska valley swings away from the present shore line, the intervening area being now occupied by a typical clay flat several hundred acres in extent. In this flat the lake, known as La Saline, occurs. A trail 250 yards long leads fron- the .■\thabaska and meets the lake near its southern extremity. At periods of high water, the lake itself is of considerable extent. During the driest seasons, however, only occasional large and shallow ponds remain (Plate XVIIA). At such times it is possible to cut a considerable tonnage of marsh hay, particularly toward the north end of the flat (Plate XVIB). Along the eastern edje of the lake the ground rises rapidly in a series of narrow terraces to an elevation of quite 200 feet. Russell brook, a small fresh water stream, rises in the muskeg some two miles to the east and enters the flat near the southeastern corner. Along the creek sections of rubbly Devonian lime- stone are exposed and are overlaid by from 30 to 125 feet of bituminous sand. In places the limestones* show traces of bitumen on the surface and along ]omt planes, evidently due to seepage from the overlying bituminous sands. _ At the mouth of Russell brook, and on the south side, a number of small spnnra, of which four or five are at present active and of which the largest IS probably 8 or 10 feet in diameter, rise through the limestone and overflow down the escarpment (Plate XVIIB). The waters, in depositing their mineral matter, have formed a cone several feet in thickness and of considerable extent. Samples of the salts thus deposited, were taken at a number of points and gave the following results: — ■DriUed bv Northern Albertt Exploration Co., Ltd., at mouth of Hone Creek, 1 mile •outh of McMurmy. t .J '°r^ °° the eaatem bank of the Athabaska river by Fort McKay OU and Aiphalt Co.. Ltd.. at Saline, by A. Von Hammemein, on the western bank one half mUe north of McKay. and by Athabaika OU« Ltd.. *6 miles north of McMurray on the eastern bank. •In the writer's opinion these cannot be classed as bituminous limestones. S6 58 "♦Volatile 3-34 NaCl 1-78 SiOi 0-8S •CO, 38-32 "SO, 4-37 Fe,Oi 0-28 A1,0, CaO 50-29 MgO 0-48 •Equivalent: CaCO, 87-09 •• " CaSO, 7-43 CaS04.2H,0 9 ***Loss on ignition other than CO,. 40 60 62 18-00 19-10 107 Trace* 0-21 1-53 4-70 0-00 42-98 46-40 08 0-06 33-ii 32^83 0-28 0-08 10-68 0-99 73-07 78-88 92-41 98-90 Dr. J. T. Donald, analyst. "A sample of the water itself taken by Mr. R. G. McCon- nelU was examined by Mr. F. G. Wait with the following re- sults: — Analysis. Pota-ssium 0-868 Sodium 23-937 Calcium 1-574 Magnesium 0-496 Sulphuric Acid (SO,) 4- 70 ' Chlorine 38-4i! Grammes per litre. Hypothetical Combination. Chloride of Potassium 1 • 655 " " Sodium 60-883 " " Magnesium 1-049 Sulphate of Lime S-352 " " Magnesia 1 • 155 "There was not enough of the water at the disposal of the operator to admit of his examining it for any of the more rarely occurring constituents." SALT RIVER, SLAVE RIVER DISTRICT, MACKENZIE BASIN. One of the most strongly saline and perhaps the most noted of the saline spring areas in the Mackenzie basin is that occurring on the bank of Salt river which flows into Slave river about half way between Athabaska and Great Slave lakes. Referring to this stre .n and these springs. Sir J. Rich- ardson writes' : — The Salt river flows in from the westward, a short distance below the portages. We ascended it for twenty-two miles, including its windings, but not above half that distance in a straight line, for the purpose of visiting the salt_ sprinjs from whence it derives its taste and name. Seven or eight copious saline springs issue from the base of a long even ridge about 600 feet high, and spreading their waters over an extensive clayey plain, deposit a 'G«ol. Surv. of Canada. Vol. VI. pp. ;9-80R. •Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. II, p. 14R. ■':)■:. Pl-ATK XVII. A. \iew of La Saline Huts, Alberta, looking north. H. \ic-.v of I)e\<.ni,m tsiarpiiiem, near soul heast roriu-r of I.a Saline, Alberta, showiriy iiicriistaiions of various .skills. 87 considerable quantity of very pure common salt in large cubical crystals. The mother water, flowing into the Salt river, gives it a very bitter taste, which it retains until near its junction with the Slave river when the addition of some fresh water streams renders it only slightly brackish. A few latches of greyish compact gypsum were exposed on the side of the ridge from whence the springs issue.' Sir J. Richardson visited these springs in the summer of 1820. Captain Back who accompanied him on that expedition again visited these springs in 1833. He notes' three springs, "varying in diameter from four to twelve feet, and producing hillocks of salt, from fourteen to thirt;- inches in height. The streams were dry, but the surface of the clayev soil was covereGeol. Surv. Can.. Voi. IV. pp. 62-63D. »G»1. Surv. Can.. Vol. XV.. p. 153A. «8 It is from these springs that the supply of salt for the Mackenzie BiLsin has been obtained by the Hudson Ray Co. for many years. It is a pity that among all the numerous descriptions of these springs there does not appear to have been any analyses made of the brines. Nothing can l)e said as to the future pos- sibilities of this area as a producing district. At the present time transpor* tion facilities are too difficult and expensive to allow of an/ salt being brought down to Edmonton, and ex- cept for the small quantity employed for use locally by the Hudson Bay Co. there has been no salt produced from this area. T.VR ISI.XND, PEACE RIVER. Mr. McConnell speaks of the occurrence o' a saline spring at this place as follows": — "A saline spring, emitting natural gas and carrying up small quantities of Var, occurs on the boulder bench at the upper end of Tar island, about thirty miles below the Smoky River forks A second spring is noted to occur on an island opposite the mouth of White Mud river, but this was not seen." RED EARTH CREEK. Mr. McConnel! noted' and examined a saline spring about 2 miles above the mouth of Red Earth (Clay?) creek. Here a copious saline spring bubbles up about 100 feet from the west bank of the river and feeds a considerable stream. Large quantities of hydrog" i gas escape at the same place and taint the air for half a mile around. An analysis of the water is here given' : — Analysis. Hypothetical Combustion. Grammes per litre. Pota.ssium • 036 Chloride of potassium . . . • 069 Sodium 4-783 " "sodium 12-165 Calcium 0-947 Sulphate of lime 3-220 Magnesium 0-122 « " magnesia.. .. 0-618 Sulphuric acid (SOi) 2-759 Chlorine 7-394 Specific Gravity at 15-5° C, 1-012. 'Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. V. Pt. 1. p. 49D. 'Geol. Survey of Canada. Vol. V. Pt. t, p. J6D. Krfol. Surv. Can.. Vol. VI. p. 80R. 89 SALT OCCLRRENCES ON LINE OK 5th MERIDLAN. Mention is made by Mr. A. W. Ponton. U.L.S., of enrounitr. ing siilme creeks crossing the .urvey line of the 5th Meridian. He says : — ' 107 thTr T ^"'"{-''u •""' '«^"'.>-fivf ffct «i,|,., in section 1. U.LIIZ', 107. which .how, a ,l,«ht rurri-nt: it is al«, si.lln,-. This river join. C^ river and i, no -iouhi tW Slinking creek shown an, of .he li, C U.nh the Mit, water ro..r«-, referred to have ch..nncls „, regular a. ar S '. ,n-. , and their «,urce, are no ,t..ubt ...It .,.ring, .i.u.ued we,t of .!»■ meridTan. ' Another saline creek is report.d to cross the 5th meridian near the point wnere the Wabiskaw river crosses this meridian. NAH.ANNI BUTTE-LI.AKI) KI\ KR. A salt spring is reported to occur in this district by Sir J Richardson. He did not ascend the Liard river himself but was mformed by Mr. Mcl'herson that 75 miles from its mouth there is a high hill, called " Xohhanni Butte," on the summit of which IS ' salt rpring. Mr. McConneu, in August, 1887. visited this locality, but was unable to locate the spring mentioned He states that'; — RJ.t,^ i"'' "^""u^- "■''1' '».^»'" fi'teen feet in diameter, is reported by Sir I ^nnn^^^V" '^" T^-T'^ °' '^''- ^'^''herson, a, existing orthe op of the mountain, but this I did not succeed in finding. A neighbouring mountain ?o°The^!';±r'f'' *''"'= P?"^*"-"" •',• '"^^P »ide which is^pWny ma ked due to the deposits of a mineral spring of some kind, and may be the one referred GREAT BEAR RIVER (MACKENZIE BaSIN). NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ^^iwimiivmim Near the mouth of the Great Bear river, a river flowing from the lake of the same name and emptying into the Mackenzie river at Ft. Norman, there is reported" to he a small stream flowmg in from the southward near the sources of which the Indians procure an excellent common salt, which is deposited from the springs by natural evaporation. Numerous other springs ha\e beeen noted from time to time in the countrj- tributary to the Mackenzie and among these there may be noted the following:— Firebag river.— On north bank 14 miles from mouth and also on sou th bank 11 miles from mouth. ■Gwl. Survey of C«n.. \o!. I'l, p. 20R. 90 Christina titer. — 14 mile* from mouth on wutthcaitt bank. In the prairie country lying between Manitoba and Britiah Columbia and the \Vinnipe{(-Kdmonton line of the ('anait end of Bitter lake, one of the most saline lakes of the district, a sprini} of fresh water was found bubbling up on the beuch, and the same thing was nolitcd at leveral other places. As a rule, however, s.iline l.ikes (Kcur more fre<|uently in the low-lying areas, and fresh water Kikes on the higher ground. About 18 miles to the east of VVetaskiwin, a town on the Calgary to Edmonton branch of the Canadian Pacific railway, the writer \i.sited a lake called Bittern lake, which was decidedly saline to the taste. There are several other lakes in this di.-itrict which are also saline. 'G«ol. Surv. Can ' ■>! 1. l»»S. Pt. C. p. 15C. 91 CHAPTKR VII. SALT IN BRITISH (OLUMBIA. Within the h«t few years, the occurrence of salt in British Columbia was in the form of a numlwr of iline or mineral springs, the waters of which are more or less saline. In August. 1911. how. •er.reiHjrts came in of the discovery of a strong saline spring 45 miles from Prince Rufxjrt. situated on the bank, of the Skeena river, at Kwinitsii, on the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway. That year, the l,K:ati0 f ^^00 00 Q sO — I m © r 00 ^ -^ ^-^« O l- 1>. ■^ o t i/}*^fO ^ r*3 If) "O *N "^ ■« ^-1 ^N O '^ fO >0 1/3 li^ CN f 0 « iO (S P •^ 0^ C- PM — O QO t>. © 00"f -H 00 r^ "T 00 SvO^ — C 00 OTf fSr ^« (s] r>j .-« ^H I/) u". I'- r*; ^ t - rvj o l/^P*!"^!/^*/;!-^©!^ ioOt--Nac-C(M©^^ 00C^^C^cOX'O"^ - »-iOC — ^1 0^ CnI OC t-» 0©©'Ow~-'-^-fO'^s .avr-'*:r-.r*^-txc©t lCvocr-.-ircu^'-t-^»Mc 3C -t ic i^ © © ir: o 5^ ^ 1^ r^ C '? > lo fN^u-, >00©-tu-, 0-*f*^*-"f^© se t^ © r^ -f fM © '*'- r**, l^ lO r^O ^- "^ t'- '-■r*-t>/'^©-t--tu^oci''^©f^ 1 ^ ■-foCNCr^i^r-OC^f^OX^©"^ t-^^^xoof^f^-^'+'t-O'rjr^cc orv)©©x»r.-+©\ooo\CiOfs— 1 t^ Os I, C^ ^ ^ ly, w ^ ^ P*5 -tXf^f^,-rr!CNX©(N^r^©(N f^ o\ OCt^rOXXt— t-i^Xr^CNOO'O Tt"CvO a X n c c3 .5 « 3 • 5 = .a U.7- c s a S < o •a < , 2 (/5 95 95.053 tons, valued at $459,582, in 1912, showing a continued increase in production. The average number of men employed during the year was reported as 251, and the amount paid in wages, $178,386. The value of the packages used during the year was $262,479, and stock of salt in manufacturers' hands at the close of the year was reported as 4,066 tons. Detailed statistics of the production during the past six years showing the total sales of salt; the value of the sales, exclusive of packages; the value of the packages used; stock m manufacturers' hands at the end of each vear; number of men employed, and wages paid, are given in fable XII; while the total annual production since 1886 is given in Table XIII. T.ABLEXII. detailed Statistics of Production 1908-1913 I "" r ;-=-^- 1908- 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. '■ u_3. Vahfett It (exclusUnf ^^ ^^ li:^;ir:]i^ "^i:^ I^^TT^ packages) S 378,789 415,219 409, 624i44.?, 004 459 S82 491 280 sfiT 1r^.c..rJ '"''''' ''''''' 1-3.446|,98;789 22,1 J,^<^^ hands at end of i „ year. Tons. 5,6.M 2,67] 2,474 1,422 3 256 4 066 Men employed N„. 207 185 20S '225 ^31 ^"5? ^"8^^ P^'<1 S 95,575 96,116 112,909 123.040 155,648 178,386 T.ABLE XIII. Annual Production, 1886-1913 Calendar Year. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. Tons. \'alue. Calendar Year.! Tons. 62,359 60,173 .59,070 32,832 43,754 45,021 45,486 62,324 57,199 52,376 43,960 51,348 57,142 59.3.39 S 227,195 1900 (,i 0S5 166,394 1901. . . S^Uik i 185,460 1902. . 64*4.56 129,547 1903... 62'4'S' 198,857 1904.... 69'477 161. 1'9 1905 :; 67 ,'340 162,041 1906.. 76 720 195,926 1907. ... 72*697 170,687 1908... 79*975 160,4.S5 1909... 84*037 169,693 1910 84*092 225,7.30 1911 I 9i's82 248,639 1912 95*053 J54^0J913. : 1001791 Valu s 279,458 262,328 202,581 297,517 321,778 320,858 329,130 .342,315 378,708 415,219 409,624 443,004 459,582 491 , 280 96 Until the last three years, the salt industry as carried on in western Ontario, consisted essentially in the production of table, dairy, and coarse salt, also a small quantity of land salt. In 1911, however, the Canadian Salt Company, at their Sandwich branch, installed a plant for the manufacture of caustic soda and bleaching powder. This plant commenced operations during the last week of 1911, and has operated ever since. In order to show the great opportunity for plants of this kind in Canada, the imports of some of the soda products during the calendar years 1911, 1912, and 1913, are shown in Table XIV. TABLE XIV. Imports of Soda Products into Canada. 1911. 1912. 1913. Lbs. Lbs. imi)orted. | Value, imported. Value. ■ imported, i Value. Lbs. Soda, ash or | j barilla. 144,682,937,375,132 52,167,811 Soda bichro- mate 327,307 19,193 584,424 Caustic soda in f)ackages, 25 bs. or more. .13,708,922 253,612 14,544,545 Sal soda 10,202,422] 64,107 9,996,562 Sulphateof soda 13,782,241! 88,761 19,243,823 421, 959;66, 323, 869 492,115 33, 744 1 674,456 33,767 2;3,579iij,896,076 286,432 64,020 8,688,607 .53,649 97,768 25,902,190 133,030 800,805 ! 896, 070 i 998,993 In order to encourage the manufacture of these products in Canada, the present government has placed a duty on imports as follows: — British Interme- General Preferential di?te Tariflf. Tariff. Tariff. 208a. Chloride of lime, and hypochlorite of lime : — (1) When in packages of not less than twenty-five pounds weight each per one hundred pounds 10 cents 15 cents 15 cents (2) When in packages of less than twenty-five pounds weight each 17i p.c. 25 p.c. 25 p. c. 97 209a. Caustic Soda: (\) When in packuRosof not lessthaii twenty-five ix)unils weight each, . . . per txiiind 15 cents (2) VVhen in packages of li>s than twenty-five i)Oiin(ls weight each ... 17} p. c. .VIO cents ,?-!() cents 25 p.c. 25 p.c. This duty came into effect on April 7, 1914. It is li()|)ed tliat by imposing this duty, the Canadian manufactiinrs m.iy be enabled to gain liie whole of the Canadian trade. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. Comparatively small quantities of salt are now e.xported from Canada, the exports in 1913 l)eing 460,900 jwiinds, valued at $3,047. The imports of salt, on the other hand, are ciuite con- siderable, and in total value greatly exceed the domestic produc- tion. For the calendar year, 1913, the imports of salt subject to duty, included: salt in bulk dutiable at 5 cents per 100 pounds, 22,787 tons, valued at 573,115; >0 121 321 243 1901 . . 216.271,603 339,887 .. 238,648,737 385,629 1885 . 171,571,209 255,719 1902 1886 . 180,205,949 255,359 1903 , 232,708,675 361,185 1887 . 203,042,332 285,455 1904 .. 198,634,047 338,082 1888 . 184,166,986 220.975 1905 .. 196,907,500 340,954 1889 . 180,847,800 253,009 1906 .. 203,080,000 352,214 1890 . 158,490,075 252,291 1907 (9 nios.). . .. 139,459,900 240,841 1891 . 195,491,410 321,239 1908 .. 200,944,800 350,878 1892 . 201,831,217 314,995 1909 .. 232,237,700 376,961 1893 . 191,595,530 281,462 1910 ,. 232,559,900 382,210 1894 . 196,668,730 328,300 1911 ,. .. 205,784,700 330,251 189S . 201,691,248 332,711 1912 .. 212,552,200 332,554 1896 . 205,005,100 338,888 1913« .. 218,852,300 362,755 _ 'Salt imported from the United Kingdom, or any British possession, or imported for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries. TABLE XVIII. Consumption of Salt in Canada in 1912 and 1913. 1912. 1913. Pounds. Value. Canadian salt production 190 , 106 , 000 Less exports 289,150 Imports of salt paying duty. Imports of salt free cfduty. 189,816,850 60,134.500 219,278.900 469,230,250 Pounds. Value. 459,582 201,582,000' 3,7231 460,900 S 491,280 3,047 455,859:201,121,1001 488,133 133,869t 63,015,000 147,775 352,0811225,877,200 417,508 941,809:490,013,300 1,053,416 too The Inlldwing is a list of ojxrators: TluM ,m„. un Sa t Co., I iJ U.mlsor, On., hf(.,n.i(li.inSilt („. (bandwich l.ranch) U iM.ls.,r, (Jni ll.e U.stcrn S, t Co., .,,1 .\I.«.ri-f,.w„. ()„,. poM„n.on Salt I o., I.i.l Sarnia, Omi. » artiT and Kiddfrniaslcr Sirni i Onl The Klarton S..lt Works, Co., LiU [[ }\yu' Park (orner, ParkhillSalt Co I- .rLhMI (» , fcxelcr S,ilt Works (o . , KxrttT ()nt VVesti-rn Canada Klour Mills C(,., Ltd ■■.;:::; (',;Klcrich, Ont North Amt-riran Clu-niK-al Co. (J. Hansford) . ( ■..Hlrrirl,, Ont. StapletonSdi Work.s (Jno. Kan»f,.rd) ClinlonOnt Grey, ^- has advanced by leaps and bounds. The following diagram (Fig. 20), shows at a glance, the principal methods employed at the present time for the production of commercial salt. These diflfercnt methods will now be described under their different headings. e -1 u "2 E r*"2 <9 01 c IS 3 I. J T'- — ris- s^- "S >c c ..■^s c °- •n ?^« 1 0) c oft 1 iS5 u o E Oct M c « £ ^ S^ IT) (J5 ^■^^^ c 9 ' w (0 — ►C V < 1 / (0 5 "8 <7 f Q-O E / 42, q7 < y a. c -v 1 cil «9/ -OOj — ►t^ oO / tl / 2; r-^ u: u c 0) c - c 1 . ^ ^i. ^t ^ 9a/j(f^ Q- "(5 >fe9M §^ \, 3 i u \ 1« z L ► —I to ^1 \ ° \ ^ C i22 C/5 3 tf} Q- 1) (0 U z > r 1 i& ■p • R JS CO S to t: ? __ (0 1 1 c_ 0) ■s E 15' E E c g "f u. lOJ RECOXtRV OF SALT. Commercial salt is obtained from two sources in nature: (1) natural brines, (2) rock salt. natural Brines. Natural brines may be divided into two classes: (1) water, (2) brine springs. sea SEA WATER. Sea water has been, from the earliest times, one of the com- monest sources of salt for domestic use. Of late years, however, owing partly to the discovery of beds of rock salt and saturated brine springs, and to improved methods of artificial evajx)ratian, the recovery of salt from sea water has gradually decreased, and, now manufacture is practically limited to the seaboard and salt lakes, where the climate is dry and warm for long seasons in the year. In the recovery of salt from sea water, solar evaporation is almost exclusively relied upon. Inland lakes and seas — such as the Great Salt lake, Utah" and the Dead sea, Pa'^stine, also furnish a source for the pro- duction of domestic salt by means of solar evaporation. BRINE SPRINGS. Brine springs in many countries have been — until the last 50 years — one of the chief se evajKjrated. Where the salt ImiIs arc sutticicntly near the surface to ftuilile the salt to f)c recovered directly, the common practice is to either quarry it or mine it by the pillar and chari l)er meth(xl. In th«. former case it is taken from an open quarr>', possibly with very little stripping. MiniiiK is nenerally carried on from a shaft sunk to tap the deposits. Galleries are run, and chamlK-rs mined out on each side of the gallery, leaving pillars at regular intervals. The salt from lx)th quarry and mine is generally crushed in cast iron rolls, after which it is serened. The coarse lumps are sold as lump salt while the malarial passing through the screens is fed into buhr mills. The ground salt from these buhr mills is passed through pneumatic separators, which take out the dust, and separ itc the market sa't into the different grades. When the salt is Uk) impure to handle in this manner, it is dis- solved in large tanks, and the saturated brine is evaporated by one of the several methods hereinafter described. .\RTII K I.\I. HRINKS. Where the lieds of rock salt are at too great a depth to be worked economically by mining methinls, the common practice is to recover the salt by putting a drill hole down to the beds and dissolving the sidt by means of water, afterwards pumping the saturated brine to the surface and evaporating it. The drilling of the wells is accomplished by the ordinary churn drill, common to oil drilling practice: the diameter of the holes at the collar being l)etween 8" and 10". h is customary to carry the hole several feet through the salt bed, and to blast or torpedo the bottom in order to form a collecting chamber for the brine, when formed. The hole is then cased, in order to ensure that the brine will not escape through some of the over- lying porous strata. ThtTf art- several nicthodit cinpluviil in thr luiinpitiK of thi' brine. In the nortlH-rn part of the Ontario s.»It fuld. wJicrc- utul. r- Kn.iind watiTs form tho !«)ivi'nt for the salt, the in<«t commnti practice is to pump the brine ihroiinh the casing of the hole, by means of a pUiniuT i>iimp after the Cornish pump pattern, with walking lu-am. In the southern i)art of this field, where water has to be lorc»-d down the liole, the common method ad- opted is toCiLse the hole down tothe topf)f th. salt strata, and then to put down an inner pipiriR, almost to the bottom of the hole. The ras«- pi|K- has a diameter of from 6" to S", anil the inner pipe from X' to 4". The joint iK-tween caw pijK- and the hole i.«t made tight by a heavy rubl>er washer. Fresh pure w.iter is then force stallize first and will continue to separate out until the proportion above stated is reached. iJ^ri\u%,°^^u^c^"'^' ^'' '* '" "«^ °f 23-6 per cent, its Hydrate, "*V,!'''r'»"j*"","''s' appear and continue to be deposited until the point of equihbnum has been attaim-,i." The whole mass will then solidify as above stated. "This minimum temperature, with its definite, corresponding concentration ot salt and water, is known as the eutectic point and at that point the solution and the solid will have the same composition." Above this eutectic point, one may have either salt or water crystallizing out, according as to which substance is present in the solution in excess of the eutectic ratio, i.e., 23-6 NaCl to 76-4 HjO. Thus in the freezing of sea water, or a weaic brinu, the separation of nearly pure ice is seen; because the water is largely in excess of the eutectic proportions, and the remaining solution is correspondingly stronger in NaCl. In the northern part of Europe this method has attained some degree of success. The weak brine, contained in large reservoirs, is submitted to successive partial congelations and the ice is removed as fast as it forms. The resultant mother liquor containing a higher percenUge of sodium chloride is again submitted to the freezing process until finally a saturated 'See Diitii of Geochemistry. paiK iS7. los solutif)!! is obtained which can then be treated l)y one of the methods of artificial evaiwration, and commercial salt prepared. In districts where the atmosphere is dry, and a constant temper- ature below freezinp; is maintained ff)r any length of time, this method should prove a cheap means of producing a saturated brine suitable for the preparation of salt on an economically commercial scale. EVAPORATION METHODS. A great number of different methods ha\-e been u.sed at various times for the recovery of salt from brines, each one being adapted to suit local conditions. These rlilifcrent processes can be conveniently divided into two groups, according to the heat employed atid the mode of application: (1) Natural Evapora- tion (2) Artificial Heat Evaporation. Natural or Solar Evaporation The recovery of salt from sea water and weak brines has, in nearly all cases, been made by the solar method: employing the agency of the heat of the sun and wind. Owing to the writer not being able to vi.sit any of these plants in ojjeration, the fol- lowing description, taken from Mr. G. P Merrill's book on Non-metallic Minerals, i.s given: — "In the preparation uf salt from sea water, solar exaporation alone is rehed upon nearly altogether. This method, like the next to be mentioned, depends for it.s efficiency upon the fact already noted— that sea water holds m solution besides salt various other ingredients, which, owing to their varying degrees of solubility, are deposited at different stages of concentration. In Barnstable County, Massachusetts, it was as follows: A scries of wooden vats or tanks, with nearly vertical sides and about a foot in depth, is made from planks. These are set upon posts at different levels above the ground, and so arranged that the brine can be drawn from one to the other by means of pipes. Into the first and highest of these tanks known as the "long water room," the water is pumped directly from the bay or artificial pond bv means of windmills, and there allowed to stand for a period of about ten days, or until all the .sediment it may carry is deposited. Thence it is run through pipes to the second tank, or "short water room," where it remains exposed to evaporation for two or three days longer, when it is drawn off into the third vat, or "pickle mom," where it stands until concentration has gone so far that the lime is deposited and a thin pellicle of salt begins to form on the surface. It is then run into the fourth and last vat, where the final evapor- ation takes place and the salt itself cr>'stallizes out. Care must be exercised. however, leM tin- e\ .ration proceed i.k, far, in which ,ase sulphate of s.«la (Olaiihers sih; ami ,,i her injuriouN siilisiaiues will al^n he deiHjsiled, and the quality ot the M)diiiiii i hloride thereby greatly deterinraied. As to the capabilities of works constructed as above, it mav be s,iid that during a dry sc-ason vats covering an area of ,i(tOOs<|uare feet wouM e\aiy>rate abou, 3J,MK) gallons of water, thus prodiiciuK sotiu- 1(M( bushels of s.iii and 4()()poundsof (.lauber ssalt. The moist clim.iie of the Ailaniic Si.iies how- ever, necessitates the rooting ol the v.its in such a manner that thev c.m be protected or ex|)o>ed .is desired, thereby gre.itlv increasing the cost of the plant. Sundry parts ol the Pacific coast, on the other hanf;, are r<-i|uir.'d over the v.its which are therefore ni.ide nmch l.irger. (Jne of the priiuipal establi-hn in Alameda ( ounty may be described as follow-: The work- .ire Miu.itc alow m.irsh, naturally covered by high tides. This h.is been diviiled, bv nie.uis of piles driven into the mud and b\ e.irth embankments, into a series of seven vats or reservoirs, all but the last of which are upon the n.itural surface of the ground— that is, without w.wden or other artificial bottoms. The entire area inclosed in the seven vats is about 600 acres, necessit.iting some 15 rniles ol levees. The season of manufarture lasts from Mav to Oiober \t the beginning of the spring tides, which ri.se some 12 to 1,< inches .ibovc the marsh leve, the fifteen gates of reservoir No. 1, comprising some 300 acres are opened and the waters of the bay allowed to How in. In this great ariifici.il salt Like the water is allowed to stand until all the mud ami filth haw become precipii.ited, which usually requires some two weeks. Then i.v means of pumps driven by windmills, the water is driven from reservoir to reservoir .is concentration continues, till finallv the salt crystallizes out in No. 7 and the bittern IS piimijed back into the bay. The annual product of the works above descriljed is about 2,000 tons. en's iiii.ited on A somewhat sitr-' of salt from inland h . following account of i.. Talmage : — --ocess is pursued in the manufacture he Great Salt Lake, Ltah. The -od here employed is by Dr. J. E. The Inland Salt Company's gardens are situated near Garfield He.ich the most popul.ir pleasure resort on the lake. In the nieth(Kl emploved the water is punijx-d from the lake into pon^ short time all the ^o^^^^ moved. A similar operation is repeated when the vats are to '^ Te: imp^'ments have been made in these salt yards and thevtve remained alntost the same as -i.inally des.gned many years ago. One important improvement, however, has been ffected'in this system, by means of wh. -h tl- -ap- - power has been increased by nearly one-thtru Dr. Englehardt goes on to describe this improvement as to'lo> s : Solar Salt "Aprons." "Within the last 15 >e-s^ ^^e Onondaga^r saU manu^^^ adopted a plan by whi.h some o ^'>^ri''X '"'^I^d^a''to their *^rks, according to a considerable extent, namely . hey ^j-^e •'U<^ea ^"^ 20 to UK) feet \^ide to the space at their disiK,s.tl. v^V '^■:g'3 ^^1^"^ deep Wherever practicable bv 200 to 2.000 feet long and abcm f '"iJ'^^^^j^P^j „f rc«,fs) thus making ti.ey are crecte.l over the J^P^^~"!f /^",^f, '"faprons, as they are called, the latter practically store rooms. \'^'=^ H^„*„XXscribed. on pilesor posts. are built.in'^a similar manner to he vats proM^^^^^^^^ ,.,odcn At certain distances front each other are two sci^so , ^^._^^ plugs. The surface of 'l>e^^*'^S^;;',t,''^«rds these holes. One set of holes water on them will run rather slo*ly ^"M^f ('"^^"her a small quantity communicates with the deep room. ^.^"""^ '^^^^^^^^one half inch in height ■ of brine is allowed to run.into these v^^^|™'„fd^^.''';Ln it is discharged into and it often becomes entirely sa'""!^'J'^°"u.,a\Vcsh portion of brine to te the deep room below, and its P>^^^.'^»f^"!;\^ver the deep rooms or cisterns evaporated. In^^«'"'^^^P!f/tlL/s are^aln in^rt Jand those drawn 5^L" oJh^%''hX.Xuth ^^ rlfn 4ter runs off. Ubid. p. 43-44. >; y. -c 3 u Z i •A Panoramic view, showing solar salt ficlils after stackinK salt, Pi. ATI XX \. eking salt, Long Beach Salt Co., Long Beach, California. Photo by W. C. PkaUn, U. S. Ctological Sumy. 113 !^rHS=™H^?«^lpS;^;r-::f ;ra; •? .■•. ••luare consist, of xiy. *i ""''"■ *■''• ^'"-'l with 2 7(M '■. ' " '"'"' '■'""•'•' The amount of ulr ,,,~) . ■ "«; oi tdi- aprons •eaion, evaoorai^on r.,n ?"" '" keeping the old r^Ut ^ ^^'^ »'ih calcium ainmst ennVdy Ce wh'l.'* """"y '"^^Jed thereby i^T ^""' "*•*»"" "• warm water from a pickte;:."^'''^^"''"" of wl er'^'" ''V, " ""^Y «a.e crystal. andchlffl)'e'o°S'rai^„'= "^'"'"r ^^^'^ to ren^ovra'^i'lT/'* ^"'''"'f The name "solar salf •<> ^ produced by solar eva^at on rs^'v """'"'^ 'PP''"' '" ^'^ where wooden vats are^^XvJ in'^'^''"".^'''^ '''^"' ^^ ' salt" the name given to That T , "''"^ '""'°" '° "^^y water in shallow^pits on t ' ia'tre ' ''? ":f'"^^''''" «^ -^ The methods employe^ at t "'^"^^ described, expenditure, on account'ofthl ZT" •"'"^^•"^ ^ '-«« '-tial qu.red in the construction ofthT^LrT'^ -"V""^^ ^^- also very precarious owing to the r. i t''" '"'*"'*'"y '' '« pendent on climatic conditU: o if tT """" "'^°^"''- ''- one the salt harvest is pracSlv a f. l '"""T: ^■'""'" ''' « ^^^t w.th the large amount of capS ne jf "T" ^^'' ^"«' ^°«^"^«^r the vats and covers, has gXa IvT J V'"' "^ '" '"'"f^*^^ *" and .ess employed, knd ir vaporatl "^ '"'^'"" ^" ''^ '- of where the climatic conditions aTcH T """ °"'^ '"^^'^^ "^" built many years ago are sH ?„ "^''^'' '^^ ^^'•^'•e the vats Plates XVIII^to XXV T'"'"'"'^''^ '^°"^'^'«"- kindness of Mr. W.C.pL'jI:S;'^^3--/-;«h^ by the form a splendid series. i!!ustra dn. .if ;?'''i"l*'^^' ^"'^•'•'>' ^"^ solar evaporation. "^tratrng all the different phases of 114 ArtiflcU' Hc^» Evaporation. From the earliest times - means of artificial heat .^>!t( contained. The cai " «» ' < ' improvements have l.t . i 1 industry has made rai' cheap evaporation. £• .jjoi heat is employed, fall > tur whether the heat is ap' ii«u ^\\ • ". pan or kettle process, o (ir^ctly culating through pipess .. |. "V - I 1' If ll'Ml was recoveretl from hrincs by o vessels in which brine was ^ were naturally crude, but n>ade, and in late years the in the line of machinery for methods in which artificial to two groups, according' to ". as ' •' aM! of the open iin of Bteani cir- Direct Fire I r tion. Kettle Process. One A the earliest incthcMls employed in the salt industry consisted i'-i evaporating tin brine in large hemi- spherical kettles, over an open wood fire. .An improvement was shortly made in this metliod by setting the kettle in an arch of ma:.onry. Later, two kettles were employetl, then four, using the same fire, and finally, the kettles were placed in long rows, ab iiigh as 30 or 40 in each row; with one common tire box, and a common stack for several rows. The s;ilt formed was removed by hand, and placed in baskets to drain. The method was, at best, very wasteful of fuel, since in order to heat the kettles furthest away from the fire box, heavy fires had to be made, and this caused an excessive heat under the nearest kettles. Naturally, on account of this difference in heat under the different kettles, a uniform grade of salt could not be obtained. Due, tlicrefore, to thest% and several other drawl Mcks, the kettle nu thod of eviiporation was gradually replaced by the English open pan method. Pan Process. As first adopted in Canada — upon rejection of the kettle method, the pan emplo>x'd consisted of a long shallow pan placed upon two walls, with a fire-place at one end and a ehininey at the other. These pans were made of i" boiler plate, and were from 40 to SO feet long, 12 to 20 feet wide, and 10 to 12 inches deep. One fire grate was used, and the 115 piTKiucu of combustion piiHacd undtT ttn- |»an, and eing made in each pan: fine salt in the comjiart- ment nearer the fire grate, and coarse salt in the compartment farther from the fire, where evaporation is much slower. An arrangement by which an even grade of salt is made throughout the pan is, to divide the space underneath the pan into three chambers, and to allow the furnace gases to pass through the two outside ones, and return to the stack by the middle flue. The stack in this case is located beside the fire grate. This system has. in the case of a "block" of four jians, the advantage that all the fire boxes are situated on either side of one passage wa\ , and can be attended to much more easily than if two were at either end. The pans are made of }" l)oiIer plate rivetted together. The length varies from 90 to 120 feet, and the wiilth from 18 to 24 feet, with a depth of 12 to 14 inches. The salt is removed as fast as it is formed by means of long scrapers. Between the two pans a walk, 6 to 8 feet wide, is placed, from which the man operates the rake. The sides of the pan are generally sloping, and bolted to the drainage boards (6 fef»t wide). The s.ik can then be raked directly from the pans on to the boards, and left there till thoroughly drained, before being removed in two wheeled c^irts to the drying bins. It is necessaiy that the salt be removed at frequent intervals, so that it will not cake on the bottom of the pan, and thus retard the conduction of ihe heit through the pan to the brine, or injure the quality of the product If the brine is not agitated frequently by the removal of the salt by these rakes, there is a tendency for a film of crystallized Silt to form on the surface of the brin«> as a scum, and thus prevent the escape of the steam of evapor.uion. The op«'n pan method is employed in a number of the ( anadian plants. 116 Steam Evaporation. The fact that the preparation of salt by the open pan system was extravagant in fuel, and that the product obtained varied considerably, led to the adoption of other methods which utilized either exhaust or live steam. The Steam Jacket. The earliest use of steam in the salt industry was in steam jackets surrounding the kettles or pans of the kettle and open pan processes. A second bottom was placed uuac the kettle or pan, through which steam, either live or exhaust, was allowed to circulate. This produced a constant temperature m the evaporator, and thus an even product was obtained. The grainer system and the vacuum pan, however, produce the same results, and are much more economical; so that in nearly all the best plants, these processes are employed. GRAINER SYSTEM. Grainers consist, in general, of shallow vats of various shapes, near the bottom of which a series of steam pipes are placed, through which steam is allowed to circulate, and heat the brine. These vats are generally rectangular in shape, with a depth of from 18 to 24 inches, a width of from 8 to 16 feet, and a length of from 60 to 120 feet. They may be built either of wood, lined with tile for protection, cement, or steel." The pipes are arranged after the manner of ordinary heating coils, so that the steam entering at one end passes through the whole series of coils before leaving the grainer. The pipes are generally 2" diameter. In best pracrice the salt is removed from the grainers by some continuous, operatiug for; a of mechanical rake. The two types most commonly used are the endless chain raker, irw variation in the miner type that is quite common is the shaped grainer. In thia conveyer. 117 and the reciprocating raker. In the former siyk- of rake the lugs on the chain drag along the bottom of the grainer, carrying the salt with it, and deposit it on the inclined draining Iward at the end. This rake has the disadvantage of having the chain expfjsed to the corrosive action of the air while returning to the front of the grainer and the rust so formed is liable to discolour the salt. In the reciprocating rake, a rigid frame is operated back and forth on angle ledges on the sides of the grainer, the lugs on which frame are so fastened that on the back stroke they trail over the top of the salt and only push the salt along the bottom and up the incline on the forward stroke. The reciprocating motion is obtained by means of a hydraulic cylinder placed at the end of the grainer. The salt is thus shoved gradu- ally up the draining board, from the top of which it falls into a trough, through which a conveyer runs, and carries it to the drying bins. These grainers may use either live or exhaust steam. The temperature can be regulated at will, so that the grainer can be made to produce whatever grade of salt is required. Vacuum "^'in Evaporation. The application of the vacuum pan process to th(> manu- facture of salt is a comparatively new dep.. ture. Although vacuum pans have been employed for many years in the sugar and other similar industries, it was not until the year 1887 that the first vacuum pan for the manufacture of salt was pLced in operation. This pan was erected by Mr. Joseph Duncan at Silver Springs, N.Y. From that time their use has extended with gradual improvements, to all the more modern plants on the American continent. The principle upon which the vacuum pan process is based is, that, when the pressure on the surface of the brine is decreased, the boiling point of the brine is correspondingly lowered. The brine can then be evaporated with a great saving in the amount of heat required. The heating medium employed in evaporation of the vacuum type, is steam, either live or exhaust. No vacuum evaporators have been, so far, designed to successfully operate by direct heat. a«B 118 Vacuum evaporators may be operated in series as double effect, triple effect, quadruple effect, etc. When the pans are employed in this manner, the steam formed by the evapora- tion of the brine in the first pan is conducted to the heating chamber in the second pan, in which a greater vacuum is carried. Likewise, the steam generated from the brine in the second pan is led to the steam chamber in the third pan, where a still greater vacuum is maintained. Similarly, each pan is heated by the steam produced in the preceding pan, for as many pans as are operated in series. The steam from the last pan is carried to a condenser. The vacuum in each pan is created. by the condensation of the steam in each succeeding steam chamber, the vacuum in the last pan being produced by a vacuum pump. The construction of the several types of evaporators em- ployed in the salt industry varies only in a few minor details. They consist essentially of four parts, naniel>' : — (1) the evaporating and condensing chambers, (2) the heating element, (3) the coned bottom, (4) salt filter, or barometric leg. EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING CHAMBERS. The main body of the evaporator may be built of steel, cast iron, or copper, generally circular in cross section, and either cone, or dome-shaped at the top. The height of this chamber varies with the diameter, and is made sufficiently high to prevent the escape of any of the brine by entrainment, or foaming. In order to prevent a loss of heat by radiation, the evaporation chamber is covered completely (as well as all other parts of the evaporator) with a heavy coating of asbestos packing. The condensing chamlier is of the usual type, furnished with a vacuum pump.' THE HEATING ELEMENT. Two methods of applying heat to evaporate the brine are employed. In the first, a steam chamber is placed between 'When working in double or multiple effect, the heating element or iteaiii chett of the succeeding unit ii the condensing chamber for the preceding evaporator. 119 the evaporating chamber and the coned bottom, in which a scries of copper tubes, varying from two to four inches in diameter, are fcistened vertically in the top and bottom plates of the chamber. These tubes are open at either end, and thus permit free circulation of the brine between the cone-shaped bottom, and the evaporating chamber. The steam is passed into this chamber, and circulates in and out around the tubes, thus heating the brine circulating within them. The condensed steam is drawn off by suitable means from the bottom of the steam chest. The second method employed in heating the brine is to have the steam pass through a series of coils, or tubes, around which the brine has free circulation. In this method of heating, special means have to be adopted to properly dispose of the condensed steam, and the coils of pipe have to be so arranged as not to impede the salt, as it is formed, from descending into the cone- shaped bottom. One of the great difficulties encountered in the application of vacuum pans to salt manufacture is the scale which deposits upon the heating surface.' This has to be removed at frequent intervals, or else the evaporative capacity of the pan will be greatly reduced. In order to facilitate the removal of this scale, the heating element should be either removable from the pan, or else easily accessible. THE CONE-SHAPED BOTTOM. The bottom of the pan is sharply coned, so that the salt crystals, as formed, may readily fall to the bottom, clear of the heating tubes, and can then be drawn off from time to time. The pipe for the entry of the brine is generally attached to this cone. THE SALT FILTER, OR BAROMETRIC LEG. In order that the operation may be continuous, there must be some means of removing the crystals of salt as fast as they are formed. This is accomplished in two ways, (1) by a salt filter, (2) by a barometric leg. In using a salt filter, the salt is drawn 'This scale is. in most cases, composed of calcium sulpliat*:, which is present m the oritiinal brine, and in the best practice this is lamely removed before the brine enters the evaporators. 120 off into a filter or chamber, connected with the cone Iwttom. The coii.icctiriR valve is closed when the filter is filled, and the salt ii removed without stopping the operation of the evajwrator. Somofimes two pipes lead from the cone to two filters, so that, when one filter is being emptied, the valve to the second is opened and allowed to fill. This prevents any possibility of clogging of the salt crystals in the bottom of tiie cone. In the barometric leg the salt falls continuously down, and is removed from the bottom by a closed elevator. This method is very efficient, when working on a large scale. The salt made in vacuum pan evaporators is mostly of a very fine grain, and, consequently, hcis not entirely succeeded in replacing the grainer, the latter being able to produce varying grades of salt, according to the amount of heal supplied. In order to give a general idea of the construction and operation of vacuum evaporators, several well-known types are herein described. The Swenson Evaporator. The Swenson evaporator is manufactured by the Swenson Evaporator Company, of Chicago, III., U.S.A. By referring to Fig. 21, which gives the plan and elevation of a triple effect Swenson evaporator, the general details of the construction and erection can be readily seen. Plate No. XXVI shows a recent installation in the United States of one of these evaporators. Construction. The evaporator consists of four essential parts; (1) the evaporating dome; (2) the steam chest; (3) the cone-shaped bottom, and (4) the barometric leg. The evaporating chamber is dome shaped and of sufficient height to prevent loss by entrain- ment. The steam chest is fitted at the top and bottom with tube plates, into which are expanded a number of 2J" copper tubes. The downtake is in the centre of the steam chest, and is of sufficient size to prevent the clogging of the salt crystals as they are formed. The brine circulates up through the copper I'l.ATi; XW I. SvMiison irii'c clTiri tvapi.r.ilor in coiirsi- of irtcliim, I iiilcd Slates. i i 121 tubes and down the central downtake. The salt crystals, as formed, drop into the quieter part of the cone-shaped l)Ottom, and drop right down the barometric leg into the boot of an en- closed elevator, which drops them into the drying bin. ^-^.!^^ J - !^ Fig. 21. Swenson triple effect evaporator. Operation. The operation of an evaporator of this type is continuous, and similar to the general description already given. Suitable means are provided for the removal of the enclosed gas in the 122 steam chest as well as the condensed steam. The evapor.itors can \x operated either as single or multiple effect. The Mantius Crystallizing Evaporator. The Mantius crystallizing evaporator is manufactured and sold by the Zaremba Company, Buffalo, N.Y. Construction. These evaporators consist of two parts: (1) an evaporator body, in which the evaporation occurs; (2) a salt filter under- neath, by means of which the precipitated crystals are separated from the concentrated liquor, washed clean, and removed from the system. The shell of the evaporator body is built of heavy cast iron or steel. Its lower portion, below the heating surface, consists of a cone into which the salt is precipitated and fun- nelled into the salt filter below. Mounted within the shell immediately above the cone is the cylindrical steam chest, fitted at top and bottom with disked heads of steel, into which 2" charcoal iron tubes are expanded. These tubes are slightly inclined from the vertical, to facilitate the circulation and pre- vent possi"? loss of liquor. Copper tubes may be substituted if preferred. The downtake is an annular opening, widest at the bottom, extending entirely around the steam chest. Circulation of liquor is upward through the tubes; outwards toward top of downtake ; downward between steam chest and exterior shell ; then inward to lower end of tubes. This action produces a ready separation of the salt crystals from the boiling liquor, throwing them into a zone of quiet in the conical bottom, and thence into the salt filter. The filter consists of a cylinf^rical cast iron chamber, fitted with a filter screen, supported about eighteen inches above the bottom. At the front, and immediately above the screen, is a swinging door through which the separated salt is removed '"he conditions inside can be observed through the sight glass. ' .sh I'iy. 22. M.imius ICv,i|Mir.iinr. 12? water !» introduced through perforated pipes mounted under the top cover of the filter. An a^ljcst on- packed plug cock is pi.i(c'stals drop to the bottom of the cones and pass through the plug cock at tip of cone and into the salt filter. A liquor line connects the bottom outlet of the filter to the liquor inlet of the second effect, which, being under a higher vacuum, draws the liquor through the filter, and into the litiuor inlet by suction. The suspended crystals are left behind on the filter screen, where they are allowed to accumulate until the salt filter is filled (determined by sight glass). The connexion between the evaporator and the filter is now shut off by closing the plug cock between them; and after drawing off the excess brine, the contents of the filter are washed and dried by com- pressed air. The connexion to the second effect is then closed, ■ the discharge door of the filter is opened, and the thoroughly washed crystals are removed in an approximatcb- dry condition. After the filter has been emptied, its door is closed, and the contained air removed, by replacing it with steam. The con- 124 ilfriHiition of tliU steam will siiuii prcKluct- suiTu At-nt varuuni to pull the mixiuri- of brine and salt follectt-d in inv conu down into tliu filti r whtn lln plug cotk is ojKiied. The brine level in the evaporator is again brought to standanl height, and the filter placed in circuit by opening the connexion to tht- next effect. When the amount of salt precipitated is comparatively large, two filters arc attached to one evaporator IxKly, 'hus making it possible always to have one filter connected to the evaporator, inasmuch as the filters arc used alternately. By either arrangement, the salt is dried and removed without interfering with the work of the evaporator above. The method of operation in the second effect is the same as that descril>ed in the case of the first effect, except that the brine from the salt filter is drawn off by the suction of a pump. The brine discharged from this pump is returned to the Hccond effect to be recirculated. These evaporators are built as single, double, triple, and quadruple effects; and are generally connected in such a manner that any one of the InxJies can Ik; put out of service without interfiling with the others. A novel feature in these evaporators is that they are all equipped with internal separators, which makes impossible the carrying over of liquor by en trainmen t — due to carelessness in operation. The steam pressure used, varies all the way from atmos- pheric to 60 {K>unds, or more, depending on circumstances. Ordinarily, direct acting pumps are furnished, their exhaust being delivered to the evaporator. It is claimed that salt, containing as low as 6 per cent moisture, can be discharged from these evap- orators. The Brecht Salting Evaporator. The Brecht salting evaporator is manufactured by the Brecht Company, St. Louis, Mo., U. S. A., It can be operated in either single, or multiple effect, as required. It consists essentially of three parts: (l,) the evaporator shell, (2,) the heating chamber, and (3,) the salt filter. See Fig. 23. I'lK- 2.i. Hrcrlil KvaiM.r.itcir. wiih m1i filur atl.ulud. 125 The Evaporator Shell. This is made generally of steel, and is cylindrical in shape, with domed top, and cone shaped bottom. Suitable observation holes and water gauge are attached to the cylindrical body, and an air tight man hole is placed near the top. The Heating Chamber. The heating chamber is one of the essential features of this evaporator. It consists of a steam drum in which a number of steel or copper tubes are placed vertically. These tubes allow the brine in the evaporating chamber to circulate freely to the cone shaped bottom, and to return again to the upper part of the evaporator. The drum is cylindrical in shape, and fits within the steel shell, where it is suspended on lugs attached to the side. The steam from which the heat is obtained enters the top of the drum, and by means of a series of baffle plates so arranged that the directicn of the steam travel is at right angles to the tubes, all the tubes are heated equally. The steam is thus constantly in circulation until it condenses and is drawn off by suitable means from the bottom of the drum. The tubes are made of either steel or copper, as required, and are 4" diameter, thus preventing any chance of clogging, as the salt cry&tals form. The Salt Filter. The salt filter is so constructed that the crj'stals of salt may be removed at any time without interfering with the process of evaporation. Connexions are provided on the filter so that steam or air may be introduced into the salt for the purpose of washing out the liquor, and drying the salt. The salt filters ire built of cast iron, and the filtering medium is composed of perforated brass sheets, and fine brass wire cloth. Fig. 23 gives an idea of the appearance of a single effect evaporator of this type. The following table, taken from the Brecht catalogue, gives a few of the measurements, etc., of one of these cva[M)ratnf s : 126 II 0. - tat No. 1 ,S 74 10 15 20 I 3 S 71 1(1 15 20 I 3 5 7J to 15 20 I'ricts incluile sliMiii trai coniplfte \ riinis cm cost of 5 r TAItl 1. MX. Brecht's Standard Evaporator ■■">?/'•'■./.■... .SU-.l .SHrll. Stfd lubes. No. TyiH'. t ai).l( II y <.;.iii,,iis Sic. Ill II. 1'. S|>.KO S<|il.:ro V'l. ll0() 2,0(10 28 .S4 110 210 2S0 420 16 19 7i 2« .V) 45 45 9 ft. 6 ill. 10 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. bin. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. .< , 7.S0 r50 ,770 M\Hi 240 140 I5,4(K) 237 3J0 400 575 625 920 920 1,800 00 2, .175. 00 2,700.00 3,400 00 3,7(iO.(KI 5,200.00 5,700.00 Double Klfot. ileel Shell. Slal Tubes. I .1 5 7J 10 IS 20 S s s s s s s 100 2(K) - 4(H) - 650 - 800 - 1,2'K) - 1 , 700 - 750 1.000 I , StH) 2,(KX) 14 42 70 105 UO 21(1 2S0 3« 46 54 68 72 102 102 9 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 7,000 380 8.f«H) 533 10,940 640 14,.5(K) 925 17,S(X) 1,000 2 4,, 800 1 ,480 29,30(1 1,480 2,. 185. 00 3,285 f)0 3,870 00 5,085 00 5,800.00 7,740 00 8,640 (H) Triple Effed. Sted Shell. Steel Tubes. t 3 5 n 10 15 20 S s s s s s s 100 200 - 300 4(J0 - 500 6,50 - 750 800 - l.tXVI I , 200 - 1 . 500 1.700 - 2,000 10 61 30 73 50 85 75 106 1(H) 112 1.50 ir,fl 200 160 ''"'"'llln'Ti'n "■'"', --"r't'Iete wi,!, all p.i„,„... c.mHen^r. steam iiap, ijiid all pi|Ks .inil littiiiKs l,. ,.,.iki. il,e plant roniplffc within its. If. ••■i mc pi.ini coi,l ol 5 per cent. 9 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 10 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 6 in. .Su// hilter. f'ri.e on Standard Filter tinn Diameter inside 2"?"'" I •nijth on the straight 2 ft 4 C ubic measurement fur export 27 ft 10,2.50 650 2,970.00 13,(HH) 900 4.185 00 16,000 1,070 5,20O.(H) 22,800 1,700 6,255.00 25, 7(H) 1,850 7,470.00 36,4(H.« 2,400 9,990 00 .53, KW 2,400 , 11, 655. (H) 127 The Pick Evaporator. A type of vacuum evaporator which has been employed in European practice, is illustrated and described under the n.ime of Pick's triple effect evaporator, in \'ol. 18 B of the International Library of Technology— Sect. 3, p. 8 (See Fig. 24) . The following description is taken from that work: — "III I his appar-itus is followed the principle of keeping each element under less pressure tha in tK preceding one, and evaporating its contents by means of steam taken ;rom the preceding element. The brine enters at g, and at rs IS a vertical coil of pipes, which, in the first element, is supplied with steam through ( , and is sufficiently long to condense the steam so that it flows as water frf;m the opposite end 8. The heat from the steam coil evaporates the bnne, ac , and the steam passes through the pipe f into a similar vertical coil at b', where it condenses and boils the brine in a'c', which stands under less pressure than in ac; the steam from a'c', in turn, evaporates the brine in a c', which is under still lower pressure. The salt as it separated collectt in the funnels c, c', c", and can be brought into the filter chambers, d, d', d" when desired, by turning the valves at i, i', i". Each filter chamber has a filter in the bottom portion from which a pipe h returns to the upper part of the element, so that the mother liouor may be returned if desired. The salt may then be washed by means of the rose x, and the wash water run off by the tap y. The salt can he withdrawn through an opening in the side of the filter chamber." The Sanborn Evaporator. The Sanborn evaporator is manufactured by the Sanborn Evaporator Company, New York city, N. Y., U. S. A. Fig. 25 shows the general assembly of a double effect evajjorator of this type. Construction. The general construction of these evaporators is very similar to those already described, and consists of evaporating shell, heating clement, cone shapetl bottom, and salt filter. The essential difference in this make of evafwrator is in the heating element. The steam by which the brine is heated circulates inside the tubes, with the brine outside the suine; instead of tl.e brine within the tubes. The heating surface is composed of tubes 2' diameter outside, No. 16 Stubb's Wire Gauge, of seamless drawn copjX'r (or other metal, as requited l, having their lower, or open end, rigidly expanded to the full 128 thickness (2}') of the main tube sheet. The upper end of each tube is seamlessly closed, and projects entirely free into the brine compartment of the evaporating chamber. The tubes, as usually supplied, have four feet of exposed tube above the upper face of the main tube sheet. The inner tubes, whose function is the continuous removal of all air and non-condensible gases immediately upon their separation, are of |" brass tube, iron pipe size, and extend to the extreme top of each heating tube. The lower extremity of each inner tube is c-onnected to the secondary tube sheet by either a reverse brass I irhing, or a special shaping of the tube itself. The assembly rf these inner tubes in the apparatus is ex- tremely simple : the tube being entered from below, with the tube sheet in position, until the bushing or expanded portion of the tube reaches the counterbored lower face of the secondary tube sheet, and is then screwed solid with a brace carrying a screw- driver or socket wrench attachment. All the inner tubes open into a shallow compartment beneath the secondary tul)e sheet, and the eliminated air and gases are immediately delivered into the steam chamber of the next effect. The condensation formed on the heating surface is released as soon as formed, falling from the mouth of each open, vertical heating tube, on to the secondary tube sheet, from where it is withdrawn by suiuble means. The main tube consists of a cone shaped, cast iron sheet, 2 J" thick; while the secondary tube sheet is of the same cone shape, but only IJ" thick, and is also made of cast iron. The salt filter is furnished with a quick detachable strainer, which can be withdrawn in an instant, if necessary; although, in general operation, this strainer remains constantly in position. Operation. The steam is delivered into the steam chamber or calandria, which it completely and uniformly fills, and ascends, by the natural tendency of heat to rise, into the open end of each heating tube, equally. The natural circulation of the steam in a vertical direction, inside of each tube, is materially facilitated by the a X I S 3 iZ le I ■m J 129 immediate condensation in each tube, and further aMistcd by the upward cum-nt induced by the continuous withdrawal of the air and non-condensible gases from the highest points. In this type of evaporator the brine is all outside of the heating tubes, and no downtake is used. The sharp-coned botto-n permits the crysullized salt as formed — under the in- fluence of its own weiiihtand in the presence of the violent agi- tation of the boiling brine — to all drop to the lowest part of the cone, thence to fall directly into the salt filters, whence it is removed as needed. PREPARATION OF SALT FOR THE MARKET. All salt, whether riianufacturt-d in the vacuum or open pan, is gf .crally allowed to age or season for at least two weeks before being shipped < ither in bulk or l.irrels. This sea.soning gives time for the salt to tjecome thonm^jhly drained and free from excess brine. The stork house in which the slock is stored is generally on the floor underneath the level on which the grainers are situated. The salt is then wheeled in carts alf)ng trestles over this stock house, and then dumped on the floor below. The crude salt is shippetl in bulk, being placed in cars or boat by any suitahl(> means. When packed in barrels the packing is carried on by hand on thf floor of the stock house. Each barrel contains 280 pninds net. These barrels are generally manufactured on the premises. In the case of table and dairy salt, a further treatment is carried on ' >re the salt is placed on the market The crude salt is pasM:*! through long, cylindrical, rotating driers, in which .i current of h..t air is blown tiirough in the opposite direction to that in which the salt is moving, i.e., in a direction opposite to the incline of the drier. After l)oii\g thoroughly dried, it is p<'issed through a series of screens of various sizes, and then aufomatically bagged and sold as Dair\ , Table, and Cheese salt. Each com- pany has a .s|)ecial tnide name under which it markets its product. MICROCOfY RISOIUTION TBT CH*«T (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 21 ^ XPPyEDjMjRF^ ■^B (• '6) 482- 0,!00 -Phone SSS ("6) 288-5989 - Fo, 130 SPECIAL rSES OF SALT. Besides the ordinary uses to which salt is put, such as domestic purposes, fish packing, meat curing, etc., there are several other uses which might be mentioned, such as its use in the metallurgical industry for a flux, and in certain chemical manufactories. As these uses are rather an important feature of the salt industry, they are dealt with briefly in a separate chapter. 131 CHAPTER X. THE ALLIED INDUSTRIES. Until recent years, the only use made of the extensive deposits of salt in Canada has been to produce commercial sodium chloride in the form of table, dairy, packing and other grades of salt. The rapid growth and commercial progress made by the Dominion during the last few years, however, has greatly accelerated the demand for industrial products. This demand has, in most cases, caused an increase in the importation of the material required. Among the materials —the demand for which has been most noticeable— are those chemicals produced by the industries that use sodium chloride, either directly or indirectly, as one of the principal raw materials. The increasing demand of the Canadian trade for these chemicals— as evidenced by the increase in imports as shown in Chapter VIII, page 96 — has naturally evoked the question whether they cannot be manufactured in Canada. This question is partially answered by the fact that one company is already successfully producing caustic soda and bleaching powder from sodium chloride in the form of brine.. But there are several other chemicals in the manufacture of which sodium chloride is utilized; and there is no reason why use should not be made of the extensive salt deposits of western Ontario in the establishment of these in- dustries. In view of the rapidly increasing market there should be no difficulty in the disposal of the products of such under- takings. In order that some idea may be obtained of their possibilities, a brief resume is here given of several of the more imporUnt pro- cesses for the manufacture of these chemicals. SODIUM C.'\RBO.\ATE. Soda Ash. Although sodium carbonate is often found in extensive deposits in nature, it is generally very impure. Owinu' to the cost of dissohing, evaporating, and purifying, it rarely pays 132 to or-rate a deposit of this nature, except at actual points of con-umption, as commercial sodium carbonate can more readily be prepared artificially from sodium chloride. In the artificial preparation of sodium carbonate there are two processes of importance which use sodium chloride as a raw material.' These two processes are (1) the Solvay, or ammonia- soda process, and (2) the electrolytic process. (1) The Solvay Process. The re-action of ammonium bicarbonate on sodium chloride, with the separation of part of the sodium as sodium bicarbonate, was known to the chemists during the early part of the nine- teenth century. A number of patents have been taken out in many countries, based on this re-action, and attempts were made to commercialize the different processes, with only in- different success. About 1861, Ernest Solvay, a Belgian, com- menced work along this line, and after a number of years of experimenting succeeded in overcoming the mechanical diffi- culties, and placed the process on a commercial basis. His inventions, although in a greatly modified form, are now em- ployed in the process as carried on under his name in many of the large soda works, both in Europe and America. The re-action upon which his process is based may be stated in the following equation: — NaCl+NH4HCO, = NaHCO,-l-NH4Cl. The raw materials required for this process are limestone, sodium chloride (either as brine as it comes from the wells or rock salt dissolved), ammonia (either in the form of an ammonium hydrate solution or ammonium sulphate), and fuel. In brief, the essential operations in mis process are, to manufacture carbon dioxide from limestone; to pass this gas into the ammoniacal brine, which has previously been prepared by saturating the brine with ammonia gas; the separation of sodium bicarbonate which forms as a precipitate from the nhi U Btanc proce- for the manufacture of loda <^ .•^^^''^f^^'t^'^^lt^ aT£"k^x^«n.'^t'-!.r«?fi^Str^^^^^ Blanc proceM. 133 solution; and the calcining of this precipitate to form sodium carbonate, or soda ash. The carbon dioxide formed from the calcining of the bicarbonate is employed again, as is also the ammonia, which is recovered from the solution — where it is in the form 01 ammonium chloride. The re-actions which take place may be stated by the following equations: — Limestone is burned to form COj. CaCOs = CaO+C02 The CO2 is passed into the ammoniacal brine, where it re-acts with the ammonia to form ammonium bicarbonate, which immediately re-acts with the sodium chloride to form sodium bicarbonate. 2NaCl-f2NH,+2C02-f-2HiO = 2NaHCO,-f2NH4a. The sodium bicarbonate is calcined to produce soda ash. 2NaHCO, = H,0-|-C02-fNa,C03. The carbon dioxide thus recovered is again used in the pro- cess. To recover the ammonia from the ammonium chloride ca'cium hydroxide is added, Ca(OH),-H2NH4Cl = 2NH,-f CaCU-|-2H,0. The calcium chloride thus produced is generally run to waste. When considering the erection of an ammonia-soda factory, it is well to locate where the salt is cheap and where sufficient quantities of pure limestone can be obtained. (2) Electrolytic Process for Preparation of Soda Ash. An electrolytic process for the manufacture of sodium carbonate crystals from the electrolysis of brine has been per- fected and operated commercially, on a small scale, in England. This process known as the "Hargreave and Bird ijrocess," con- sists of a diaphragm cell in which the walls of the cell are the diaphragm and the cathode. The diaphragm is impervious to the salt solution, but permits the sodium ion to pass. As the sodium ions are set free, they are converted into soda crystals by the blowing in of steam and carbon dioxide. l.U Siodium carbonate, or soda ash, is used for many different purposes, the principal ones being, in the manv'actuie of glass; in the making of certain kinds of soap; and in the purification of oils, etc. SODIUM SLLPHATE. (Salt Cake.) Like sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate occurs naturally, in large deposits, in the United States and other countries. The artificially manufactured substance, however, is so cheap that it seldom pays to use these natural deposits. Artificial sodium sulphate is generally known as salt cake, and the commonest process for producing it is from the action of sulphuric acid on sodium chloride. The salt for this process is preferably rock salt or the coarsest salt produced from evapora- tion. The proces.-. may be carried on in two ways (1) sulphuric acid as such, may be added, directly to the sodium chloride, or (2) sulphur dioxide, oxygen, and steam may be added to the sodium chloride. By the first method, the acid sodium sulphate is formed, and this re-acts again with salt to form sodium sulphate according to the following re-actior<: — NaCl+H2S04 = NaHS04+HCl. NaCl + NaHS04= Na,S04+HCl. This process is the one which has, until recent years, been most employed in the manufacture of salt cake. The second method, known as the Hargreave process, has found favour lately in England and Europe, and large quantities are now being made by this method. The re-action may be stated as foUov >; — 4NaCl-f-2S02-f2H20-|-02 = 2NajS04+4HCl. Sodium sulphate finds its principal use as one of the raw materials in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by the Le Blanc process. It finds a smaller use in the manufacture of glass, and for certain dyes. When crystallized, it is used medi- cinally under the name of Glaubers salts. l.?5 HVI)R(KHLORIC ACID. The production of hydrochloric acid from sodium chloride is accomplished during the process just described for the making of salt cakes. The acid esc? ping from the pans or roasters of the salt cake manufacture is condensed in suitable condensing apparatus. Many types of condensing apparatus are employed, all more or less satisfactory. SOfMUM HYDR.^TE. (Caustic Soda). I'ntil the last 50 years, the manufacture of caustic soda was not extensive. The most common process in preparing caustic soda was the one in which advantage was taken of the re-action of sodium carbonate and slaked lime. The re-action is expressed by the following equation: — Na,CO, -I- Ca(OH), = 2NaOH +raCO, (Soda ash) (Slaked lime) (Caustic stxla) This process at first entailed the production of soda ash. Of late years, however, caustic soda has been prepared by the direct decomposition of sodium chloride in an electrol>tic cell ; producing chlorine gas and metallic sodium, which latter at once unites with water to form caustic soda. The caustic thus produced is weak, owing to its dilution with the water present in the cells, and this requires that it be concentrated. The re-action which takes place in the cell is: — 2NaCl = Nas-fCl8 Na,+2H,0 = 2NaOH-|-H,. There are two methods employed in the electrolytic produc- tion of caustic soda. The first one is th-" in which a fused elec- trolyte is employed, while the second .jrociss makes use of a solution of salt in water, as the electrolyte. The first process presents great difficulty, as there is the question of keeping the electrolyte fused; but the caustic so produced requires very little fuel for evaporation. There are, however, several processes inv . nng the use of the fused elec- trolyte, which are being operat successfully. 136 The wet process, or the one in which sodium chloride in solution is used as the electrolyte, is the most extensively em- ployed on this continent. The great difficulty with this method is that, unless these materials are at once passed into an inactive region, the tendency of the materials formed at the electrodes is to reunite and form compounds that are objectionable, and which interfere with the electrolytic action. Several methods are employed to keep the products of the electrodes separate. The most i;nporiaiit of these are: (1) by diaphragms, (2) by density difference, and (3) by mercury cathode. Diaphragm Cell. In the cell of this type the liquor around the anode is com- pletely separated from that around the cathode by means of a diaphragm. This diaphragm must be composed of some material that will resist the action of the solutions in the cell, and at the same time not offer any great resistance to the passage of the current. This is the type of cell employed by the Canadian Salt Company at their chemical branch, Sandwich, Ont. Difference in Density of Original Solution and Products. By this method the difference in the specific gravity of the original solution and the product formed at the electrodes is Uken advantage of. The process, as applied to the production of caustic soda and chlorine, consists in placing the cathode in the bottom of the cell with the anode at the top. This arrange- ment allows the chlorine to be liberated without having much of the solution to traverse, and the caustic soda, being heavier than the salt solution, remains in the bottom of the cell, and is drawn off from time to time. Mercury Cathode. In this method a mercury cathode is employed. The sodium is separated from the chlorine in the cell in the form of amalgam with the mercury, and can be removed and afterwards 137 converted into the hydrate form. This method causes little wear and tear on the cells; but it requires a large quantity of mercury to be constantly in use for each ton of caustic produced. Chlorine. In the process just described for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide by the electrolysis of salt, chlorine is produced as one of the products of decomposition. This chlorine may be utilized in several different ways; but its principal use is in the preparation of bleaching powder bypassing the gas over slaked lime. Bleaching Powder. When dry chlorine gas is passed over a thin layer of slaked lime, a compound is formed which has the power to readily give up its chlorine, when acted upon by an acid. In brief, the process generally employed consists of passing the chlorine gas through a series of large leaden-lined chambers, in which slaked lime is spread on the fioor to a depth of about two inches. The floor is made of cement and asphalt, in which are buried the pipes for the cooling process. The prepared bleach is drawn from the chambers by means of openings in the floors. Generally, a number of these chambers are operateH in series, thus doing away with the necessity of stirring the lime, and the consequent escape of chlorine gas during the turning operation. Bleaching powder or chloride of lime, is used extensively in the bleaching of vegeUble fibres, and also as a disinfectant. APPENDICES Bibliography APPENDIX I. CANADA AND UNITED STATES: AR- RANGED ACCORDING TO PROVINCES AND STATES. " II. WORLD-WIDE REFERENCES. " in, AUTHORS: ARRANGED ALPHABETI- CALLY. 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX I. CANADA AND INITKD STATKS: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO PROVINCES AND STATES. CANADA. 0««lofie«l Survey, General Indei, 18aS-19M. Geological Survey of Canada. 1885-1906, pp. 818-820. fjeologiial Survey of Canada, 1863-1884, pp. 392-393. Ingalls, E. D., Rep {,eol. Surv. of Canada, Vol. I, (N.S.) 1886, Pt. 5. on aaU. • ith, J. S.. Hiitory and Statisticg of the Trade and Manufacture of Canadian Swlt, («ol. Surv. of Canada, Rep. of ProgrciiB, 1874-75. New Bntiuwick. ^^}l'y< ^.- ^-^ The Miner.^: Reiourcesof .he Province of New Brungwick. Rep. C^eol. Surv. of Ca..ada, Vol. X, 1897, Pt. .M. Ontario. Bureau of Mines, General Index, 1891-1907, p. 363. Brummell, H. P. H., Rem. on the Natural flasand Petroleum in Ontario, Rep. Geol. burv. of Canada, Vol. V, 1890-91, Pt. y. Hunt. T. S.. Geology of Petroleum and Salt, f^t' Surv. of Canada. Rep. of Progress, 1865-66. Hunt, T. S., On the Ckxierich Salt Reei of Progress, 1866-69. Ool. Surv. of Canada, Rep. Hunt, T. S., The Goderic ^ Silt Rt t,ion, Geol. Surv. of Canada, Rep. of Progress, 1876-77. ' Hunt.T. S., r.. He Godencr Wu Region, Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Engineers, \ ol V. NoTa Scotia. Fletcher, Hugh, on the Geological Surveys and Explorations in counties of Guysborough, Antigomsh, I'ictou, Colchester and Halifax. Nova Scotia; Rep. Geol. Survey of Canada, 1886, Pt. P. Saikatcbewan. McConnell, R. G., On the Cypress Hills, Wood Mountain and Adjacent Country; Rep. of Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1885, Pt. C. pp. 15 and 22. 142 Manitoba. Hoffman. G. C. Analyses of Brines from Manitoba; Rep. Geol. Surv. of Canada. Vol. VU890-1891. United States. Trans American Institute Mining Engineers; Vol. 36-40. 1905-1909. p. 134. Trans. American Institute Mining Engineers; Vols. 1-35. 1871-1904. Virginia. Eckel E. C. Salt and Gypsum Depc^its of South Western Virginia: BuU. U. S. Geol. Surv.. Ko. 213. 1903, pp. 406-416. Stose G W . Geology of the Salt and Gypsum deposits of Southwestern stcse.y. VY., wcu^j^ /-„„i c,.„, Nn S.10. 1912. "Virginia"; ^uU.'^ S. G7oirSur"v- No. 530, 1912. Utah. Barboer P. E.. The Utah Solar Salt Industry; Eng. & Min. Journ., July 8th, 1911, pp. 444-449. Fckel E C The Salt Industry in Utah and California; Bull. U. S. Geoi: SuJv., No. 225, 1904. pp. 488-495. West Virginia. Grimsby, G. P., Salt in West Virginia; West Virginia Geol. Surv., Vol. IV, Pt. 2, 1909, pp. 286-354. Texas. Cummins, W. F., Salt inNcrth,.^ern Texas; Second Annual Report Texas Geol. Surv., 1891, pp. 444-449. Richardson, G. B., Salt Gypsum of Petroleum i„ Trans-Texas; Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 260, 1905, pp. 573-585. Ohio. Bownocker, J. A., Salt Deposits and the Salt Industry in Ohio; Bull. Ohio Geol. Surv., No. 8. Vol. 9, 1906. Root W J , The Manufacture of Salt Bromine; Report Ohio Geol. Surv.. Vol. Vi, 1888, pp. 653-670. Oklahoma. Gould C N , The Oklahoma Salt Plains; Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. 17, 1899-1900, pp. 181-184. Snider L. C, The Gypsum and Salt of Ok.ahoma; Bull. II, Oklahoma Geol. Surv., July 1913. Gould. C. N., Salt; Bull. Oklahoma Geol. Surv., No. 6, 1910, p. 71. 143 New Mexico. Louisumt. ^^"i^'2,J^- ^9^^J^^^- ''«,'>"K''?. geological occurrences, and economic miportance '"Jtate of Louisiana; Bull. Louisiana C^>]. Surv. No. Harris, G. D., The Geological Occurrence of Rock Salt in Louisiana anil bast lexas; Economic (jeol. Vol. IV, No. 1, IQ09, pp. 12-34. "''^l889^;«^j' ^Kc^'i?? "' Louisiana; Mineral Resources T. S. for I8»/, i»»s, pp. 554-565. ^"'l9,^l'899, ?^46t.474" ''""'^'^"^' ^rans. Am. Inst. Min. Kng., Vol. ''""''^if ■n^;:.^;/'V^''^1 i5'^"'l ^" \'-'"^^ ""•' "-^ i^'^P'' Jepherson salt Deposit; Eng. & Min. Journ., Nov. 14, 1896. '"''^"june^a^nd; 19T/''^"48' '''''"'' ^" '^'"^'' '^^"""'''""'■^'■^ ^^oTi\. '■"'fctlSix m. AUTHORS. Ainiworth, Samuel. Kansas. The Rock Salt Mining Ind-^Ury in Kansas; Eng. and Min. Journ., Sept. 4, 1909, pp. 454-456. Bailey, Gilbert. California. The Saline Deposits of Cali,o-ia; Bull. California State Mining Bureau, No. 24, 1902, pp. 105-138. BaUey, L. W. New Brunswick.^ The Mineral Resourc^ of the Province of New Bruns- wick; Rep. Geol. Surv. Can.. Vol. A, l»v/. rt. ivi. Barbour, P. E. Utah The Utah Solar Salt Industry; Eng. and Min. Journ., July 8, 1911. pp. 74-75. Bownocker, J. A., Ohio Salt Deposits and the Salt Industry in Ohio; Bull. Ohio Geol. Surv.. No. 8. Vol. 9, 1906. Breger, C. L. pp. 555-569. Brumell, H. P. H. Ontario. Report on the Natural Gas and Petro^um in Ontario; Rep. Geol. Surv. of Canada. Vol. V, 18W-yi, rt. y. Buschmaim, J. Ottaker von, Da, Salz. dessen Vorkommen und Verwertun^ in Sa^tlichen staaen der Erde, Leipzeg, 1909, Vol. I, p. 768, Vol. U, p. suo. 147 Chatard, T. M. Chfeiniul Trade Journal The Cheshire Salt Industry-; Sept. 30, 1911. Cominins, W. F. ""'"surv^'l'sQ". pri44'^9"" '"^'"'^ '"" ''"" '*^P'- "^'""^ ^'- Carton, N. H. Davies, D. C. A Treatise on Earthy Minerals and Mining; Chaps. IV, V, pp. 61-101. Dolbear, C. E. ^^'' Feb!^st,'^m3^p.'2|9.^''^ '''"^''' °"^'"' *^"«- ^"'^ ^""- •'""'"• Eckel, E. C. California, Itah. The Salt Industry in Ctah and California; Bull. V. S. Crt>ol. Surv., No. 225, 1904, pp. 488-495. . ■ > • Virginia Salt and Gypsum Deposits of Southwesicrn \irginia; Bull. L. S. Gtol. Surv., No. 213, 1903, pp. 406-416. Englehardt, F. E. New York. Hu. Manufacture of Salt in the State of New V.,rk; Hull N. V . State Museum, No. 11, 1893, pp. .?8-69. Fletcher, Hugh, Nova Scotia. On Geological Surveys and K.xpl.,rations in Coumies MLV'Ji'r"''"!?'. ■)""?""'"''• ''■''""• '""'Chester, and Halifax, Nova Scotia; Kept. (,eol. hur\-., Canada, 18; 6, Pt. P. FUegel, G. Zethstein Salt in the lower boiti>m ..n Rhine; (iluckauf, Jan. 20, I, Frasch, Hermann. An Improved Method fo- Mining Salt; Min. World, Feb. 15, 1908. 148 Grimiby, G. P. West Virginia. Salt in West Virginia; Wet Virginia r.tol. Surv.. Vol. IV. Pt. 2, 1909, pp. 286-354. Gould, C. N. Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Salt Plain.; Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.. Vol. XVII, 1899-1900. pp. 181-184. Oklahoma. Salt Bull. Oklahoma OeJ. Surv.. No. 6, 1910. p. 71. Hthn, F. F. The Form of Salt Deposit.; Econ. Geol.. Vol. VII, No. 2. Feb. Mar.. 1912. pp. 120-125. P Harris, G. D. No. 7. 1908. pp. 259. Louisiana. The Geological Occurrences of R<^ Salt i" Louisiana and East Texas: Econ. Geol.. Vol. IV. No. I. 1909. pp. U M. Haywood, A. A. Salt- Its History and Manufactures and Occurrence; March. 1906. pp. 99-116, Vol. II. Hilgard, E. W. Louisiana. The Salines of Louisiana; Mineral Resources U. S. for 1882- 1883. pp. 554-565. Hoffman, G. C. Manitoba. Analyses of brines from Manitoba; Rep. Geol. Surv. of Canada, Vol. V, 1890-91. How, Dr. Henry, Nova Scotia. On some Brine Spri>?gs of No^^ Scotia; Proc. and.Trans. of the N. S. Inst, of Nat. Sci., Vol. I, Pt. 3, p. /S. Hubbard, L. L. Michigan. The Origin of Salt Gypsum, and Petroleum; Geol. Surv. Mich., Pt. 2, 1895. pp. 9-24. Hunt, T. S. Ontario. Geology of Petroleun, and Salt; Geol. Surv. of Canada. Rep. of Prog.. 1865-66. Ontario. On the Goderich Salt Reg.on; Geol. Surv. of Canada. Rep of Progress. 1866-69. 149 Ontario. On the Goderich Salt Region: Trans, Am. Inst. MinipK Kngi- neers, \ol. v . * ••■'»• InCtU, E. D. Canada, On Salt; Rep. Geol. Surv. Canacla, \oI. I. N. S., 1886, I'l. S. Kegel, H. Undergromid^ Working in Potash Salt Mines of Gnat Depth; Gluckauf, Kindle, E. M. New York Salt Resources of the Watkins Glen District, N. Y.; Bull U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 260, 1905, pp. 567-572. Kirk, M. Z. Kansas. Kansas Salt; Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1898, pp. 66-97. '^"^8%2Z^''"°''**' °' ^''' ^""*'''*' ^^""'^^ °f J^ansas, 1898, pp. Lue, A. C. Michigan. Report for year 1901 ; Geol. Surv. of Michigan. Lomas, John. Alkali trade, A Manual, 2nd Ed., p. 376. London Engineer. New Salt Works in Cheshire, June 10, 1910. New Salt Works in Cheshire, Oct. 27, 1911. LuMs, A. F. ''°" xlx,- imX^'l^lvit'''"''- ^^""^- ^"'- '-'• ^'"- E"« ■ Vol. Louisiana. The Avery Island Salt Mines and the ' ,eph Jep.ierson Salt Deposits; Eng. and Mining Journ.. Nov. 14, ^ * Jepiierson McConn• If B •• » B, til) imder .. c. brine ] :::;;: ^ •• i^. Ka» ^ >• „ U, bnnc .. E 88 61 62 63 K C". H I J 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 ., (well) K, brine ;| k " 74 II . II ,, M •. Salt pomt bnne i: Salts, La Saline " sprmg at Salt Springs ?2 springs at Salina fj Stecprock river brine Ji Swan river brine ,5 water, La Saline JJ Well K ?* .. L II VVhycocomagh brine i? Antigomsh: saline springs at. . . ,? Appendices: See Bibliography *' Artificial heat evaporation I,. Athabaslta Oils, Ltd.— saline water struck by at Attnll, Henry: test boring at Goderich . 22 Bailey, Dr. L W .quoted re salt springs near Sus>tx to Bar theor\- of origin of salt in ™ Barometnc leg i lo Bay salt: explanation of term. ■■■............'..'.'.'..','. 1 1 ^ " rAO. HiblU«rap>'y: ( anaiU awl Cnitnl Siafew ^ „ VVorUI wide reJerence* . j^^ „ AuthoTK V, ■_/ ■ 1. 10 Hi* hof: i.rii|">Mn«Wr ii( Bar thwiry origin nl Mit ^ Him-rn LiWc: vi»it«l l>y author , |J7 HleachitiK powder . manulail urc and u«e ol ^j BonaiKirle valley. B.t — «line »|wmg» ^2A Breiht witing evaporauir ,^ 103 Brim- niiringx cine 01 nnei» C-iiiwIl I ha».— Note* on »alinc H|iringi< o' Sail river ^ cr.".dianAikLli(o.. Sandwich; contemplate,! o,«-rati»n, of Salt Co.. Siindwiih ., , • .-■ chemical branch. Sondwuh: de^Tiplion " onlv CO. producing chemical pr.«iuct« fron, mKimm ■ chlcM-ide ■ ■ Sandwich: demription of salt plant " „ Windsor . ■ , ' ' , dem-ription of plant " Sidi'Work*. log of well No. 4 ( a'"er "l)r K. K.— analysis i)f i;a» from lalt spring I artir and Kidderniaster, Sarnia salt works Cauatir san , C.L k Dr. (has. \V.-\Valther's theory sum.narixed ( ,«,k' .minion of orixin of siitt in Sdina forn.atmn ■■■■■■ Cypress liilW; s.dine lakes a? 47 100 41 41 4« 100 40 26 7 64 100 19 18 92 137 90 32 119 12 29 90 DawMin, < I )eacon, Dead si- Diiminii M.— saline lakes in Chilcotin vallev, B.C' springs. Maiden creek, OS J.wiah: siiil ofK-rations at Antigonish . I, Palestine: source for pnKluction of siil, Donald, Duncan m silt block, < lodcrich Salt Co.— description of work Dr. y: T.-a^iialysisof salt brines by 61. 62,.6.VM.^65,^66.^6 Joseph: first to .,|x-rati v.i uum [wn 68, 92 92 17 103 32 .;8 100 60. 70, 86 117 m Etartim Salt Co.— dearriixion erf wiirka .,, " ." Hyilf Park ("(rt-iifr, (>ni. h crtritlvtir priN'ru riir |)ri-paMii.,n rirg, in N W.T Klmw.««l |,« of well drilUd l.s ^ymli.atf Kngleharde, Hr. K. K.-*,|.,r .vjiN^rtliim dewriU.I Kvaporation mrthiKla Kxrtrr Salt Co » H (Irwriptlon of works nfth nirridiun: iwit ncrurrencn HreUig river: nail nprinKn UN) lU 8J 7« 110 KM nil) «7 89 Kletcher. HuKh: •|u..l.il re Antigoni.h wlini- ii,>rinit» V? How «htti : ( anadian Salt Co.'. pUni. Windior, Ont 40 ,. •.' . •', .. rheniit a! branch. Sindwich 42 Dominion Salt t o.'» plant, Sarnia tl method of salt recoverv . i.ii 102 K5 — recovery . P^ « u- ^y^V"! 'j*'' t >'« plant, Mooretown J.ort McKay ()il and A.phult Co.-«.line water .truck by h'Hwd nmainii: few if any found in «.dt foniiationii ij ^ret•Iln|{ or congelation concentration ,,,: Oibb electrolytic cell ,, {jladstcne, Nlan.—saline watern in weils -, (daubers «lis: See Solium sulphate , ii tuxlerich Petroleum Co. . ',„ Salt Co. 30 31 . well, log, analysis, ?tc ,, iKifMmann, Dr.— exp-riments by... ,7} (.overnment well, Neepawa -i , .,f ...r.:- _» _■ 1: ,:<;..■, 10 29 (jrabau: opinion of origin of salt in Salina formation l.raduation method of concentration of brine ifi* l»rainer system } V? Great Bear river salt spiings ..'..[...'.'.' "g . Salt lake, Ut.ih, source for production of salt loi Orey, ^ oung a-id Sparling Co. of Onl.-desc ,, 'ion of plant . .'.. "5 " " 1. , Winj ' .m i(")o Hal'tc: See Salt H Hargreave and Bird process for manufacture of sodium carbonate 1 U u ■; ,, Foc^jformanufacturcof .sodium sulphate tu utZr' • , TPT"/!'".'' "' •'""«' '•'^"'"y origin of salt. ... . n Hawlcy s salt biwfe, Goderich 1', Hendricks C.co. N.-mU manufacture at Sussex, N.B. jo H nd, Prof. H. V.-Mlt springs of Manitoba visited by. . it History of salt industry of Ontario Si Hoffman, C.— analysis of VVhycKomagh brine. .'.'/.'.'. ,* How, Dr. Henry: spring at Salt Springs, N.S jg !,.»„,. » » Walton, N.S 10 Hudson Bay C o.— nianuf.icturp of salt in Manitoba for 5? « n salt manufacture at Nanaimo 92 > . supply of salt from Salt river springs. '. gg Iv Hunt, Dr. T. Sterry analysis Goderich well ^J. record of Goderich well recoruoi wuuc..^.. -^ ^" summary- of diamond drill bore by H.Attrill 23 Huron salt block, Goderich • • ■ y^ Hatchings, E. F.— log of well on farm of j^j HydrochI >ric acid ^ 32 Inniskillen salt block, Goderich. jj International salt block, Godench j Introductory 55 Iodine -. 79 , in Manitoba bnnes Kainite : Kettle process of artificial heat evaporation. Kieserite ; ,■■,■••■,■.' Kwinitsa, B.C.— saline sprmg and rock salt at 7 114 7 91 La Saline: saline springs at ........... • ■. ••• ■ Lane; opinion of origin of salt m Sahna formation. Le Blanc process for manufacture of soda. salt cake. Liard river: salt spring on Nohhanni butte 56 57 58 Lithium ' ' Logs of wells: Clinton Elmwood Goderich Kincardine McMurray, Alberta Petrolia Sarnia Windsor, Ont Winnipeg 85 29 132 134 89 59 24 78 31 24 84 24 25 26 77 M McBride, James: well on farm of ■ • . • ■ McConnelt, R. G.— Notes on sahne springs of Salt river. „ saline lakes. Cypress hills „ spring, Liard river.. . _ ' „ Red Earth creek " » » Tar island McKay, Mr.— manufacture of salt in Manitoba McMurray: drilling operations at McPherson, Mr.— salt spring on Liard river Mackenzie River basin: salt springs Maiden creek, B.C.— saline springs Maitland salt block, Goderich. . . Manitoba: saline springs described „ salt in ■,•,'■ „ theories of origin of salt bnnes Mantius crystallizing evaporator Men employed in salt industry • • . • Merrill, G. P.— solar evaporation described Mineral water springs .83, 74 87 90 89 88 88 52 83 89 86,89 92 32 53 49 49 122 95 108 74 Moberly, FH.— operations at Kwinitsa. . Monkman, James: early manufacture of salt in Mossy nver: sahne springs PACE Manitoba 51, 72 ' SS N 8Q Q2 Nahanni Butte: salt spring on Nanaimo: salt spring Neepawa: government well at. New Brunswick: brine springs in...... . ., '.^ XT . ," . G? production of salt in North Amencan Chemical Co 18 100 K!^/Vfe-?!ii''°[?f'o;cJ^!!^ Northwest territories: salt occurrences m Nova bcolia: no production of salt in „ Salt Works and Exploration Co 83 15 17 Ochsenius, Dr. C- O n^?f^f„'"'Lr''>'^'?P°!''"'°" ^^^"^- reconstructed by in Ontario: boundaries of salt district iV „ centreof salt industry of Canada... ,, " only salt deposits in Canada being exploited. '.'. t People's Salt and Soda Co ,J^ . . . , , 100 description of plant 34 log of well 24 32 salt block, Goderich" . salt in twelve plants in operation . '.'. |1 ParicEiirsI!t'cr''"^''^^'^^P°"''"": 114 » " description of works. .'. '99 Pelican bay: analysis of saline water from ri. Pick evaporator. . . 'o plaJt'^"^L;r^!i^^ °^'-"'°"' ^' '^-i-^ch. . . ::::;::;::::: 'II ' .' ' .' 32 Prince salt block, Goderich. Quebec: mineral springs unfit for manufacture of salt. 20 Ransford, J.-operator: North American Chemical Co 36 Roj IT «k 1 " .. =taP'eton salt works ic Ked Earth creek: saline spring So Ked salt plant near Westbourne. ... 2° Richardson, Sir J.-notes on saline springs of Salt river Sfi " « saline spring, Liard river ['/'[ §9 o . . ;u, " . " •. N'anaimo n-. Kobb, Chas.— quoted re Whycoconiagh brine ' : springs. 16 VI Rock salt: see Salt. '"*<'" „ associated with salt ' „ commercial salt obtained from Jj" miningof... , .; in Rumball and Co., Geo.— first salt marketed by •>" S Salina formation, Ontario: salt beds in 28 „ thickness of t^ Salina, Salt Spring creek: brine springs at ]z Saline Spring A, Manitoba: particulars of ?" ' r' " " 63 " r'r " " 65 » V, • " " 66 " P' " " 67 " P' " " 67 ' t' " " 68 " X' " " .... 69 " ,• " " 70 n nit 1 •* y4 „ well K „ » .. n hL " " 74 „ SpringM » n -, Saline springs of Manitoba ^Y Salt beds of Ontario: extent and thickness ^i „ „ « geolog>- ^° „ , origin ■'' „ „ of rock salt common j , blow pipe analysis , , . „ brines in N.S. associated with gypsum It „ „ of Manitoba: history ^^ „ „ „ origin *' „ cake: see Sodium sulphate „ chemical composition . ■? „ commercial: two sources in nature i";? „ creek, saline springs *' , crystal forms of . , „ dome theory of origin " „ evaporation: theory of origin '" „ exports and imports . ' „ filter or barometric leg '»^ „ first shipment to Winnipeg ■?•? „ well, Goderich: purity of ^' „ industry of Ontario, history -J" , „ improvement in plant ^■i „ , men employed „ „ met bv keen opposition ■'•J „ „ possibilities in western provinces l wages paid. • ■ ■ ,.„ „ manufacture: evaporation methods »"° , „ list of operators }"V , „ technology ■■•. '"' „ „ in Manitoba, conditions affecting '^ „ natural brines: theory of origin J* , occurrences in British Columbia J* _ in Nova Scotia '^ Vll Salt: ocrurroncesinSaskalrhewan All,,.ri-i ,n,l V ,1, '"^•■'^ .. origin: ihoories of , '"''"' •■^K'^na, an.l .\„rthw,si icrrii, ,i,.. s.i .. other s,ilts aswxialcd wit h "> .. physical profx'rties f) •< point: fviline springs. i .. preparation of for niarkit ^<>- ^ .. production: statistics, !-"> .. nK-k: no beds of known In M.iiiiiol,a ''■'' " s|Mrial uses of 4'> ., volcanic theorv of „rlj,^in I'll ^a I nv,;r, M.u-kenzie basin: si.line springs '' Salt SpnnRs, N.S.-^dt spring at ><(> jNinhorn exaporator. . . IX Siiskatchewan: salt .xc.irrenccs in '-'" ><-ale: dithcully from formation of ■"<' Sea wat..,^ "■::"'''''>' "^ «'"' <""» ; ' >'' St-aforth Syndicate. ... ^ KM Seaforih: works establishid ai '-' stev;;?'^;;' :SJ!:" ■' ^"-" ^^^'-^^ '—--"■: :::::::::: % Skoetia river: r,x:k salt^ound on '^'> ^aV^-^l'^it^-n,:^'''"-.:-''- -''<>" f-''" '-f ■■ • ■ : ■■■■'■■■■- 7.' „ - - imports ''() ^X)^lUnl carbonate ')6 , r . , purposes for which used ' " chloride: see Silt. lU liydnite: methods of manufacture sulphate 1.!5 Solar concentration. . . , I.U .. "aporation: different phases iliustriied ""• '"**• '""' "" .: s.iit''.:prons"'':"'''''''"''''f'"^'-""''-^-'-:-^:::: ..:^^ '^ sin'-' P'^.""^^"- P'-'^Paration of soda ash " ^ S,K.n. er, T. W .-account of s..lt manf. in Manitolu ''^ springhiii, ^s.~^:t' ''•'"■•"^" '"-"- ::::::::::::::: II Stapleton siilt works 17 t description of plant 1"*^ <:,.■". ^ , " '"K of well -^5 Statistics of C anadian salt production ^■» Meam evaporation. ... auphin, .Man.. ™ I» o\j viii PAGE Table Vm. Mean temperature at ^wa. r|ver,^^1an . ; ; ; ; ; ^ ' X. Salt" prices. Winnipeg and Ft. William or Port Arthur... 81 " XI. Production of salt in foreign countries. ^? XII Detailed statistics of production 1908-1913 ^a ' XIII. .Annual production 1886-1913........ , I XIV. Importsof soda products into Canada ^^ " XV. Exports of salt • qo „ XVI. Imports: salt paying duty. ^ " ^11; Con^mptioi; J^ia'^^in 1912 and 19,3: r. ^ " XIX. Brccht's standard evaporator. ._.. Talmagc, Dr. I. li.— solar evaporation described ^^ Tar island, Peace river: saline spring jj,j Technology of salt manufacture ^2 Tecumseh salt block, Goderich 20 Tobique river, N.B., brine springs at .^^ ■■ ^g Tyrrell, J. B.— origin of siilt brines of ManitoDa. ...__. __ ■ _ ■ „ salt springs of Manitoba visited by . .53, 54, 5/ , 58, 5). 03, 0^^ ^ 117 Vacuum pan evaporation 32 Victoria salt block, Goderich . g Volcanic theory of origin of salt ^ 95 Wages paid in salt industry. . . •.■■,• -4 ■ 1; -a' \q ' 62 64 67 69. 72, 86 wTaft F G — ana yss of salt brines by. .47, 5/, 58, 59, 0/, <«• o*- "j'' '''• " WalUce, Dr. R. C.^xamination of salfne springs and gypsum deposits in ^^ Manitoba ^ ' l'. ' V ' I ' ■. 12 Walther: theory to account for thick deposits jg Walton, N.S.— brine spring at. 73 Well K, Manit>..ja: particulars of -^ „ L „ - 76 „ O „ - .. 22 Well records ■ : 73 Westbourne district : saline springs ol ^^ saline spring M :■■■:''■'' c ' iJ ' ',{,1 ^6 Western Canada Flour Mills Co.-descnpt.on of salt works 30 salt operators 'rr „ Salt Co.: description of works ^^ ^ „ Mooretown pj Whiteford, D.— operations at Kwinitsa jg Wh\cocomagh : brine springs at jq^ Wind concentration 26 Windsor, Ont.— well log .■••.•■ .■ 75 Winnipeg district : wells drilled in yg „ Mineral Springs Sanitarium _ j^ Winnipegosis district: saline springs of Z 122 Zaremba Co.— manufacturers of Mantius evaporator CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. LOUIS Coderre, Minister; R. W. Brock, Deputy Minister. MINES BRANCH EucftNE Haanel, Ph. D., Director. REPORTS AND MAPS published by the MINES BRANCH REPORTS. 1. Mining Conditions in the Klondike, Yukon. Report on— by Eugene Haanel, Ph. D., 1902. U- Great Landslide at Frank, Alta. Report on— by R. G. McConn ' B.A., and R. W. Brock, M.A., 1903. t3. Investigation of the different electro-thermic processes for ihe smplting of iron ores, and the making of steel, in operation in Europe. Re- port of Special Commission — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1904. t4. Rapport de la Commission nommce pour etudier les divers procWes ilectro-thermiques pour la reduction ties minerals de fer et la fab- rication dc I'acier employes en Europe — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. (French Edition), 1905. 5. On the location an.! examination of magnetic ore deposits by magneto- metric measurements — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1904. V. Limestones and the Lime Industry of .Manitoba. Preliminary Report on— by J. VV. Wells, M.A., igO-S. t8. Clays and Shales of Manitoba: iheir Industrial Value. Preliminary Report on— by J. \V. Wells, M..^., 1905. +9. Hydraulic Cemencs (Raw .Materials) in Manitoba: Manufacture and Uses of. Preliminary Report on— by J. W. Wells, .M.A., 1905. tPublications marked thus t are out of print. t^l^ i! tlO Mica: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Uses— by Fritz Cirkel, .M.E., 1905. (Sec No. 118.) tU. Asbestos: Its Occurrence, Fxploiiation, and L'ses — by Fritr Cirkel, M.E., 1905. (See No. 69.) tl2. Zinc Resources of British Columbia, and the Conditions affecting their Exploitation. Report of the Commission appointed to investigate — by VV. R. Ingalls, M.E., 1905. tl6. 'Experiments made at Sault Ste. Marie, under Government auspices, in the smelting of Canadian iron ores by the electro-thermic pro- cess. Final Report on— by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907. tl7. Mines of the Silver-Cobalt Ores of the Cobalt district: Their Present and Prospective Output. Report on— by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907. tl8. Graphite: Its Properties, Occurrence, Refining, and Uses— by Fritz Cirkel, M.E., 1907. tl9. Peat and Lignite: Their Manufacture and Uses in Europe — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., 1908. t20. Iron Ore Deposits of Nova Scotia. Report on (Part 1)— by J. E. Woodman, D.Sc. t21. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1907-8. 22. Iron Ore Deposits of Thunder Bay and Rainy River districts. Report on— by F. Hille, M.E. t23. Iron Ore Deposits along the Ottawa (Quebec side), and Gatineau rivers. Report on— by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. 24. General Report on the Mining and Metallurgical Industries of Canada, 1907-8. 25. The Tungsten Ores of Canada. Report on— by T. L. Walker, Ph.D. 26. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1906. Annual Report on— by John McLeish, B.A. 26a. French Translation: The Mineral Production of Canada, 1906. Annua' Report on — by John McLeish, B.A. •A few copies of the Preliminary Report 1006, are still available. 1 Publications marked thus t are out of print. :. I Hi ri. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1907. Preliminary Report on-by John McLeish, B.A. ' t27a. The Mineral Production of Canada. 1908. Preliminary Report on- by John McLeish, B.A. t28. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1908. t28a. Frencli translation- Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1908. 29. Chrome Iron Ore Deposits of the Eastern Townships. -Monograph on- by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Supplementary Section: Experiments with Chromite at McGill University— by J. B. Porter, E..\I., D.Sc. 30. Investigation of the Peat Bogs and Peat Fuel Industry of Canada, 1908. Bulletin No. 1— by Erik Nystrom, M.E., anil A. Anrep, Peat Expt-rt. 32. Investigation of Electric Shaft Furnace, Sweden. Report on— by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. 47. Iron Ore Deposits of Vancouver and Texada Islands. Report on— by Einar Lindeman, M.E. t.S5. Report on the Bituminous, or Oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; also on the Oil-shale industry of Scotland— by R W Ells LL.D. 56. French translation: Bituminous or Oil-shaies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: also on the Oil-shale Industry of Scotland. Report on-by R. W. Ells, LL.D. 58. The Mineral Production of Canada, 1907 and 1908. Annual Report on — by John McLeish, B.A. Note.— rA< following parts were separately prinUd and issued in advance oj the Annual Report for 1907-8: — t31. Production of Cement in Canada, 1908. 42. Production of Iron and Steel in Canada during the Calendar Years 1907 and 1908. 43. Production of Chromite in Canada during the Calendar Yeart 1907 and igo,'. 1 Publications marked tlius t are uut of print 44. Production of Asbestos in Canada during the Calendar Years 1007 and 1908. t45. Pr.«luclion of Coal, Coke, and Peat in Canada during the Calendar Years 1907 an>i 1908. 46. Production of Natural Gas and Petroleum in Canada during the Calendar Years 1907 and 1908. 59. t62. Chemical .Analyses of Special Economic Importance made in the Labora- tories of the Department of Mines, 1906-7-8. Report on— by F. G. Wait, M.A., F.C.S. (With Appendix on the Commercial Methods and Apparatus for the Analyses of Oil Shales— by H. A. Leverin, Ch. E.) Schedule of Charges for Chemical Analyses and Assays. Mineral Protluction of Canada, 1909. John McLeish, B.A. Preliminary Report on— by 63. Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1909. 67. Iron Ore Deposits of the Bristol Mine, Pontiac county, Quebec. Bulletin No. 2— by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. t68. Recent Advance in the Construction of Electric Furnaces for the Pro- duction of Pig Iron, Steel, and Zinc. Bulletin No. 3— by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. 69 Chrysotile-Asbestos: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, Milling, and Uses. Reports on— by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Second Edition, enlarged.) t71. Investigation of the Peat Bogs r.nd Peat Industry of Canada, 1909-10; to which is appended Mr. Alf. Larson's Paper on Dr. M. Ekenberg's Wet-Carbonizing Process; from Teknisk Tidskrift, No. 12, December 26, 1908— translation by Mr. A. v. Anrep, Jr.; also a translation of Lieut. Ekelund's Pan\phlet entitled 'A Solution of the Peat Problem', 1909, describing the Ekelund Process (or the Manufacture of Peat Powder, by Harold A. Leverin, Ch. E. Bulletin No. 4— by A. v Anrep (Second Edition, enlarged.) 81. French Translation: Chrysotile-AslKstos: Its Occurrence, Exploita- tion, Milling, and Uses. Report on— by Fritz Cirkel. M.E. 82. Magnetic Concentration Experiments. Mackenzie, B.Sc. Bulletin No. 5— by Geo. C. tPublicationa marked thua t are out of print. 83. An investigatiun of the Cualiof C.macU with reference to their Kconoinic Qualities as comluneii at McGill L'niversity under the aulliority ol the Dominion flovcrnment. ig» and Peat Imluttry ..r Cinail.i. I'XWIO, it> which i* appcndcil .Mr, Alf. I,arw)n'ii l>a(>er on Dr. i;keiil>urg'»VVi't ('arlK>niy T. A. Mail ran, H.Sc. 224. Summary Report of the Mines Hranch, 1912. 226. French tranalation: Chrome Iron Ore Deposits of thi- K.i«itrn Town- ships. Monograph on — by Fritz ("irki'l, M K. (Supplementary Section: Experiments with Chromitc at Mi(;ill rniviTMt) -by Professor J. B. Porter. E.M.. D.Sc.) 227. Sections of the Sydney Coal Field— by J. G. S. Hudson. t22'i. Summary Report of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Resources of Canada, 1912— by F. 0. Clapp, A.M. Sec. No 224.) 230. Economic Minerals and the Mining Industries of Canada. 231. French translation: Economic Minerals and the Mining Industries of Canada. 2iS. French translation: Gypsum Deposits of the Maritime Provinces of Canada— including the Magdalen Islands. Report on— by W. F. Jennison, M.K. 245. Gypsum in Canada: Its Occurrence, Exploitation, and Technology. Report on— by L. H. Cole, B.Sc. 254. Calabogie Iron-Bearing District. Report on— by E. Lindeman, M.E. 259. Preparation of Metallic Cobalt by Reduction of the Oxide. Report on —by Professor H. T. Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D. 262. The Mineral Production of Canada during the Calendar Vear 1912. Annual Report on— by John Mcl.eish, B.A. Note. — The following parts urn- separately printed and issued in advance of the Annual Report for 1912. 238. General Summary of the Mineral PriKliiciion of Canada, during the Calendar Year 1912. Bulli-iin on— by John McLeish, B.A. t247. Pro'< Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. (Ac- companying report No. 30.) Survey of Ncwington Peat Bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall townships, Stormont county, Ontario— by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. (Accompanying report No. 30.) Survey of Perth Peat Bog, Drummond township, Lanark county, Ontario— by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. fAccompanyine report No. 30.) Sur^'ey of Victoria Road Peat Bog, Bexley and Cardcn townships. Victoria county, Ontario— by Erik Nystrom and A. v. Anrep. (Accompan> ing report No. 30.) Magnetometric Survey of Iron Crown claim at NimpkiHi (Klaanch) river, Vancouver island. B.C.- by E. Lindcman. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report .\o. 47.) Magnetometric Survey of Western Steel Iron claim, at Sechart. Van- couver Island, B.C.— by E. Lindeman. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch (Accompanying report No. 47.) Iron Ore Occurrences, Ottawa and Pontiac counties. Quebec. 1908— by J. White and Fritz Cirkel. (Accompanying report .No. 23.) Iron Ore Occurrences, Argenteuil county. Quebec, 1908— by Fritz Cirkel. (Accompanying report .No. 23.) Out of print. The Productive Chrome Iron Ore District of Quebec- by Fritz Cirkel. (Accompanying report No. 29.) Note — 1. Maps marked thus • are to be found c.ily in reports. »'aP» marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can be procured separately by applicants. .:i~ii.. iiencc XIV t60. t61. tft4. t6S. t66. t70. t72. t73. 74. 75. t76. t77. t78. t94. t9S. t96. t97. Magnctomclric Survev of the Bristol Mine, I'ontiac county, Quebec— by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 67.) Topographical Map of Bristol Mine, Ponliac county, Quebec— by E. I-indem^n. Srale 200 feet to 1 inch. (.VcompanyinK report No. 67.) Index Map of Nova Scotia: Gypsum — by VV. F. Jennison. \ (Accom- panying IndexMapof New Brunswick: Gypsum— by W.F.Jennisson . report No. 84) Map of Magdalen Islands: Gypsum — by \V. F. Jennison. ' Magnetomctric Survey of Northeast .Arm Iron Range, Lake Timagami, Nipis.-ing district, Ontario — by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet = l inch. (Accompanying report No. 63.) (.Accompanying report No 71) Out of |)ri.nt. Brunner Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. v. Anrep Komoka Peat Bog, Ontario— b" A. v. Anrep. Brockville Peat Bog, Ontario - by A. v. Anrep. Rondeau Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. v. .Anrep. Alfred Peat Bog, Ontario — by A. v. Anrep. Alfred Peat Bog, Ontario: Main Ditch profile — by A. V. Anrep. Map of Asbestos Region, Province of Quebec. 1910— by Fritz Cirkel. Scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 69.) Map showing Cobalt, Gowganda, Shiningtree, and Porcupine districts — by L. H. Cole. (.Accompanying Summary report, 1910.) General Map of Canada, showing Coal Fields. (Accompanying report No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.) General Map of Coal Fields of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Accompanying report No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter. General Map showing Coal Fields in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. (Accompanying re- . . No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.) NoTK.-I. Maps marked thus * are to be found only m reports. 2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can be procured separately by applicants. XV t98. General Map of ("o.il Kielils in British Coluinbiu. (Accompanying report No. 83 — by Dr. J. H. Porter.) t99. General Map of Coal Field in Yukon Territor. . (Accompanying report No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.) tl06. Geological Map of Austin Brotik Iron Bearing district, Baihurst town* ship, Gloucester county, N.J. — by E. I.iiidenian. Scale 100 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 105.) tl07. Magnetomctric Su-vcy, Vertical Intensity: Austin Brook Iron Bear- ing District — by E. Lindeman. Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. (Accom- panying report No. 105.) tlOS. In county, Ontario — by E. I.imle- man,19ll. Scale 200 feet to I inch. (Accompanying reimrt No. 184.) 1204. Index Map, Magnetic occurrences along the Central Ontario Railway — by E. I.imleman, 1911. (Acconifianying report No. 184.) t205. Magnetometric Map, Moose Mountain ironlwaring district, Sudbury district, Ontario: Deposits Nof. 1, 2, .?, -1, i, 6, and 7 — by E. Linde- man, 1911. (.XcconipanyinK report No. M)i.) r205a. Geological Map, Mtxwe Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury district, Ontario. Deposits Nos 1, 2, i, 4, 5, 6, and 7- by E. l.inde- man. (Accompanying report No. 303.) t206. Magnetometric Survi.,' of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury district, Ontario: Northern part of Deposit No. 2 — by E. I-indeman, 1912. Scale 20()feci to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.) 1207. Magnetometric Survey of Moose .Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury district, Ontario: Deposits Nos. S, 9, and 9a — by E. Lindenian, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (.Accompanying report No. 303.) flOS. Magnetometric Survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury district, Ontario: Deposit No. 10 — by E. !-indeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.) t208a. Magnetometric Survey, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- bury district, Ontario: Eastern portion of De[K)sit .Mo. II — by E. Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (.Accompanying rejiort No. 303.) t208b. Magnetometric Survey, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- bury district, Ontario: Western portion of Deposit No. 11 — by E. I.indeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to I inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.) t208c. General Geological Map, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- bury district, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1912. 5xrale, 800 feet to 1 inch. Accompanying report No. 303. : t210. Location of Copper Smelters in Canada — by A. VV. G. Wilson. Scale 197-3 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanymg report No. 209.) Note. — 1. Maps marked thus ♦ are to t>e found only in reports. 2. Maps marlced itius t tiave been printed independently of report!, hence can tie procured separately by applicants. ta»^ i n t21S. Province of Alberta: Showing proprrtle* from which umpln of coel were taken for gai producer tettt, Kue! Testing Division, Ottawa. (Accompanying Summary Report 1912.) t220. Mining Diitricti, Yukon. Scale 35 mile* to 1 inch— by T. A. MacLean. (Accompanying lepor: No. 222.) t221. Dawwn Mining District, Yukon. Scale 2 miles to 1 inch — by T. A. MacLran. (Accompanying report No. 222.) •228. Index Map of the Sydney Coal Field, Cape Breton, N.S. (Accompany ing report No. 227.) 1232. Mineral Map of Canada. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 230 ) t23<>. Index Mapof Canada, showing gypsum occurrences. (Accompanying report No. 245.) t240. Map showing lower Cirboniferous formation in which gypsum occur!). Scale KM) miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 245.) t241. Map showinK relation of gypsum deposits in Northern Ontario to railway lines. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (.Accompanying report No. 245.) t242. Map, Grand River gypsum deposits, Ontario. Scale 4 miles to 1 inch. (.Accompa.iying report No. 245.) t243. Plan of Manitoba Gypsum Co.'s properties. (Accompanying report No. 245.) 1244. Map <)howing relation of gypsum deposits in British Columbia to railway lines and market. Scales 35 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 245. «l t249. Magmiometric Survey, Caldwell and Campbell mines, Calabojiie dis- trict, Renfrew county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.) t250. Magnetometric Survey, Black Bay or Williams mine, Calabogie ■ district, Renfrew county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Acompanying report No. 254.) NoTK.— 1. Maps marked thua * are to be found only in reporta. 2. Maps marked thua t love l>een printed independently ot reporta, hence can be procured iepumtely by appUcaoU. XXI t251. Magnetonietric Survey, Bluff Point iron riiine, Calabogie iliiirirt, Kenfrcw county, Ontario- by K. Limleman, I'MI. Si-ale 2(K) fr-ri to 1 Inch. (Accompanying report No. 2S4.) Ui2- Magnetomctric Survey, Culhane minr, CulaboKtc diatrict, Krnfrrw county, Ontario— by li. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.) t253. Magnetomctric Survey, Martel or Wilton iron mine, Calabogie dis- trict, Ri-nfrew county, Ontario^ -liy K. l.imlrman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254). t261. Magnetometrlc Survey, Northeast Arm iron range, Lot 339 E T. W. Lake Timaqami, Nipiwing disirici, Ontario — by E. Nyttrom, 1903. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. t268. Map of Peat Bogs Investigated in Quobcc— by A. v. Anrep, 1912. t269. Large Tea Field Peat Bog, Quebec " " t270. Small Tea Field Peat Bog, yuclwc t271. Lanorie Peat Bog, Quebec ■ " t272. St. Hyacitithe Peat Bog, Quebec • " t273 Kiviire du Loup Peat Bog " " t274. Cacouna Peat Bog " " t275. Le Pare Peat Bog, Quebec t276. St. Denis Peat Bog, Quebec t277. Rivi^e Quelle Peat Bog, Quebec t278. Moose Mountain Peat Bog, Quebec • • t284. Maj) of northern portion of Alberta, showing position of outcrop* of bituminous sand. Scale I2J iiiilcH to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 281.) t293. Map of Dominion of Canada, showing the occurrences of oil, ga«, and tar sands. Scale 197 miles to I inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) NovE. — 1. Mapa marked thui * are to be found only in reporta. 2. Mapa marked tliu* t kave been printed inJependently o< reporti, hence can be prociHed wpaiately by applicant!. nil tW4. Reconnalwwnce Map <>( part of Albtrt and WVitmorland conntlw, New Bruii»wick. Scale 1 mile l1.) t29S. Sketch plan of C.a'pc oil (iclde, Quebec, ihowing location of wellt. Scale 2 milc» to I inch. (Accompanying report No. 201.) t296. Map ihowing gaaarid oil (if Ida and pi()e-linc!i in Southweatern Ontario. Scale 4 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) t297. Geological Map of Alberta, Sankatclcw.in and Manitoba. Scale 3.S milct to 1 inch. (Accompanying rcpoit No. 2'n.) t298. Map, Geology of the forty-ninth parallel, 0.9864 mile* to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) t302. Map showing location of main gas line, Bow Island-Calgary. Scale 121 milea to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) t3U. Magnetometric Map, McPher«on mine, Barachoia, Tape Breton county, Nova Scotia. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. t.M2. Magnetometric Map, iron ore depo-it^ at Upper Glencoe, Invernew county. Nova Scotui. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. t313. Magnetometric Map, i'on ore depoiits at tirand Mir.i, Cape Breton county. Nova Scotia. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. Addrm all communications to — Director Minks Bkancb, Department of Mines, Sussex Strkkt, Ottawa. Note.— I. Maw marked thus • are to he found only in reporu. 2. Mapa marked thus t have been printed Independently of report!, hence can he procured separately by applicants.