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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 2ZX 26X »X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy fllniMl twrm hm b««n r«produ(;«d thanks to th« ganarotity of : U aibliotMqiM d« la Vill* d« Montrial L'axamplaira filmA fut raproduit griea A la Q^nAroaltA da: La BiUiotMqtM di la Vill* d« MontrM Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality posslbia consldaHng tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract spaciflcations. Laa Imagaa suh/antaa ont it* raproduitas avac la plus grMnd soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira film*, at an conformity avac las condltiona u contrat da filmaga. Original copias in printad papar covars ara f ilmad baglnning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad impras- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. 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Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrsta tha mathod: Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmte A das taux da reduction diff Aronts. Lorsqua la documant aai trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un aaui clichA, il aat f limA A partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gauclia A droita, at da hiaut an baa, an pranant ia nombra d'imagaa nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la methods. jj ' " t : " 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■ . .-'V -,.- n.;f ; ' :^^T • CONFIVENtlAL. eOLCyNIAL DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION. : o: PEECIS OF INFOKMATION CONOERXINQ TUB I'liOVIN'OB OF QtTEBEO, • :o:- Prepared for the Iktellioekcb Branch of the Quabter Master Oknerai/s Department, Horse Guards, Wa» Office, 1876, BY Lt.-Colonel T. Bland Strange^ R. A., Tfispector of Artillery for the Dominion, QUEBEC. PRIXTSS AT THE OUKNXRY SCHOOL PBSSfl. i. *^. .. ^■■-^' (I ''^"hmi ■•;ig?s3»-> iH'A^. ♦> »'>'n -k.. « •■.• t} y{'' '.•ia^ . T .tf*-^* X V- ^ !•' i ' f CONTENTS. / Soolion A. — Geography ; — Physical, Administrative, Strategic. " B. — Harboars, roadsteads, and hmding places . 0. — Communications, (a) Eoads and Tracks, (6) Bailways, (c) Kivers and Canals, [ci] Telegraphs. D. — ^Towns and Settlements. E. — Forts, Arsenals, Stores, Barracks and means of sheltering Troths. F. — Dockyards and Naval Establishments. v'jr. — Climate as affecting productions and health. H. — Trade, Agriculture, Productions, etc. I. — Inhabitants : — character, pursuits, and languages. » K. — History. - L. — ^Internal Administration. M. — Finance. N. — ^Money, Weights and Measures. O.— Army. P.—Navy. Q. — ^Books of reference. a ii u IC « (t K CI tt tt V -•' '. '.■-- •■----.;■■ - ' ;*>■-■ '"■■■"J" .,-■■'»:■■"?' y- - . jr**' T^iynyir^- ^.-fV 'iSr^^f T-^r^ '*^P'' '"^i'^Hf- *i ■',■■■• >• i-»T-J -- -^^-r- ~ , ■• - y •v. ■■A •■" * v- ' -.T)^ - ■ •;•■ i ' ^' ,' -f-^^. • ■ - '. -' * i • 1- ^ - - • ;■ •s. - • • ... ( > -" •»•-«'>. % - -i'>-*_ -X. ;j > • . vV COLONIAL DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION. ;o: For I>'txlligenok Branch Quarter Mastxs General's Department, Horsb Guards, War Office. :o:- Section A. GEOGRAPHY. PHYSICAL GEOGBAPHY, As my inspectiops have been officially restricted, (until the cuiTent year,) to the Province of Quebec, I will limit myself thereto in my report : — Its area is about the same as that of Franco, 210,020 square miles, a great part of it is, however, still cover- ed with forest, trending north wai*d as far as the limit of growth. The cultivated portion, 11,025,786 acres jache' official along the St. Lawrence, is seldom moro than 100 miles Oeusus, vsii. in breadth. Owing to the severity of the climate the north bank of the St. Lawrence, Dolow the Saguenay, is almost incapable of cultivation . The population of the Province is (from the census of 1871) 1,191,516. It ; ^ ' lies between latitude 53 <^ north and 45*=* south, and ' longitude 79 ® and 55 ® J bounded on the east by the Atlantic, on the north by the solitudes of Baffin's Bay ^ ; t - t '}■''■■ Ji mmmmmm^m "^mm . ^■ i V ., ,-tfci.v- ■■ ■■^ •■>£-.' \i ^-y<.:, •,'-%• f:j'y^' J- IJivcr, ami arbitrary which tho lirust into 10 St. Law- ' from tho S., to the of tho St. )ijs, not to ," for it is it expands formed by River Ot. ■V,- tt * , 3 E L o y, 4C. Both tho north orn and southern Laurentidos aro com- ►osed of Hodimontary rocks in altered condition, thofie f tho north presenting a more crystalino character. ?hev aro also tho most ancient, being of the Azoic era, rhile tliojo of tho south are palujozoic. " Tho strata of both ranges aro voiy much corrugated. J^""- o\iav.v n tho southern mountains tho axes of tho folds run Notre "^me arallel with tho range, and tho hills and valleys for MountaiuB. 10 most part coincide with these bearings. Some ot ho axes havo been traced ronsidorablo distances, and ho\igh parallel wi^h one another, do not appear to f:.,««M Xrn laintain straight linos, but assume as they proceed, iineflu, uth-wcst, their course becomes nearly south as they Innd of tho ^^^^ *^® province, amid the Green Mountains. In one tl,e Shick *^"* ^^ other of the range, i-ocks of all tho divisions of Age of Rook?, to 4000 feet i© palaeozoic period, from the lower Silurian to tho Indeed tho 'fti't>oniforous, appear to bo involved in tho folds, and extremely ^^'"^S^^ ^'^ some places there is a want of conformity be- he St Law- ^^^on the Lower and Upper Silurian, and between .the Laurentiun ^©^onian and Carboniferous, there is no want of paral- backbono of ^^^^^ ^" ^^^® ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^*^*^^ throughout the whole, lich extend Jawing that the fcrcos which produced them conMnued ho St Law-W^P®'"^*'^"^ ^^ ^^^® ^^™® directions, during nearly tho hole of tho paleeozoic period." " In the Canadian part of the range, it is tho inferior posits of this period that present the highest peaks. > these deposits, appear to belong tho Shick Shock ■SSOOmilesBountains, which, in ascending tho St. Lawi'onco to- 20 miles o urn inland, th of Mont- ) 100 miles irmente is N. E,an(] or to Is Quebec, are the highest that are displayed to view th© south side. 1^' i! valley oi nay and. Stj to the Artie The whole of tho Gaspe peninsula may be considered [block of table land of^bout 1500 feet in height, in lich the river courses are deep and narrow excava- .'•' .-./- ,,-?S. '•*- . *'■; ■<■ ■->■■ , ■^ \ Heights of Mountains. . I .4 Lakes ot Notre-Dame Mountains. '« '■■ j^ tions. t^pon this the Shick Shock mountains are a co spicuons range of highlands, extending about 05 mii from the oast side of the 8t. Anne des Sfont^ to tl Matanne. They stand on a breadth of from 2 to 6 mile at a distance of about 12 miles from the St. Lawi'enc and rise into points, attaining heights of between 30! and 4000 feet. But though the highest land they not form strictly the watershed of the peninsula; f the St. Anne des Mcnts, the Chatte,-and the Matanc taking their sources on lower land to the south, gorges through them so deep, that their channels, wh. they cross the range, are not more than between 5 and 600 feet above the St. Lawrence. The watei-s one branch of the Maianne have their source on lo ground on the north bide of the range, and l!ow soi through a profound gap to join the main stream, t" crossing the range twice in their course to the gr Rivbr." " In the same part of the geological series are Bonans Moiuritain in Bucktand and White Mountain! Coleraino. each about 25 miles from the Chaudiore opposite sides and about 40 miles from its mouth, as v aH Ham an. ';;iir->-:,^^l. ■."^~ "^ .. areas and approximate heights above the sea, are: Height. Area. Meniphi*amagog V56 ^ot, 37 sq. miles. Heights and Aylmer ^ 796 " 9 « ^^''' St. LVancis ..890 " 12 " Mcgantic " 17 " Tomiscouata 467 " 24 •' Matapedia 480 " 12 " Tiie hills, exclusive of the summits of the highest •idgo, seldom exceed from lOOO to 1500 feet, ana the ountry connected with the Canadian part of the xange, resenting a rolling rather than^a rugged mountainous urface, is for the most part, particularly what is called he Eastern Townships, capable of tillage or pasture and s in general found to constitute a useful agricultural ea." " The northern range, belonging, as has already been tated, to the azoic period, is composed in Canada, of wo series of rocks, which has been termed, the Huron- ^ ,n and the Lauren tian, the former overlying the latter, he Lauren tia"» folds which have been investigated, pear to ho i courses wholly independent of the oronian, the chief part of them bein^ north or a few egrces removed from li. The plications appears to be arp and mimerous ; and as the bearing of their axes ould bts transverse to the general bearing of the range, hile supposed equivalent rock-masses belonging to it ' •e novertheloijs found towards both extreme? of the * evince, as well as in intermediate parts, it seems pro- ble that the outcrops of the strata will exhibit a very eply serrated or zigzag ai-rangement in their geogra- ical distrioiition, and that the bearmgs of the moun- ins and valleys will conform to them . The general jjgjgijt of fevation of the Laurentides may be given- at about Laurentwes. 00. ; • • ": . " The surface which the range presents is of a mam- ■' illated character, it hills being worn by glacial action to round backed forms in general thickly clothed with od, the prevailing trees on the summits, being ever- eens in some part chiefly pine, and in others wpruce, lile hardwood sometimes abounds on the lower eleva- ns and in the valleys. The valleys are in general not ^ 2 _ s \ - r«. ,. 1 -•-^f- -« y«" ^ ;:*,■ -■' J,^. s^ •i*'' ..i^ "•:''*; :- f ■ If . very wide, and many are worn into deep pits holdii^g ponds and lakes : some streams indeed are nothing more from their sources to their mouths than a chain of I such quiet expansions, united by short discharging channels. The prodigious number of these sheets of] water, great and small bespangling. the whole area, is one of its most remarkable features, and when looked; upon as displayed on a map, they appear so scattered at random over the surfaeo as to contradict almost any supposed law of distribution. Some of the clusters however that have been examined in connection with j their geology are most beautifully explained by the pe- culiar geographical distribution of the strata which] rfestflts fi'om their very corrugated condition, combined] with the unequal wear occasioned by the hardness and! roughness of some parts, and the softness of others, in! the sequence of the metamorphosed deposits. In thej Laiu'cntides district, a straight line can scarcely be followed in any direction for a great distance without the occurrence of one of these expansions; and it frel quefitly happens that it will present a considerable arej 0ven Where discharging by a very slender outlet. The profusion in Which the lakes exists, with, in some in4 etancetionly a'shprtinterval of land bejtween ihem,tbougM they may belong to different river system, aifords >vitl| the aid of birch bark canoes, a ready means of paswini from one navigable stream to another, in whatever pan an explorer may be ; and thus if he is well acquainteif with the country, he can reach almost any position h^ may wish to attain without any very great doviatioij from a direct route. Although a large number of thJ rivers of the Canadian portion of the Lauren tides is still unknown, or ohly partially explored, upwards of a thoil «and of these lakes are represented on the publishel maps of the country. It is only a few of them, hQwevej that are sufficiently large to deserve special mentioi The best known are : Feet. Square mil^ St. John 300 360 Grand Lac 700 ' 560 Temiscasmang 6l2 '*• 126 " From the opposing* flanks of the Laurentians Canada and the Appelanchian mountains in the U. 'v f * IX ' ^^ oxtonds a vast intormoJinto plain the limit ofwhicli westward is the Rocky mountains. There are few ex- ceptions to the general level, the most remarkable being the stop which produces the world renowned Falls of Niagara. In Eastern Canada, 6 or ^7 isolated trap moun- tains break the general level which here commences, they vary in height, from 600 to iSOO feet, and are all vis- ible from the Hill near Montreal which is one Of them. " The ores of iron, of economic importance in Canada, Logan, are the magnetic oxyd, the anhydrous peroxyd, andthe iron,' ^°^'* b/drous peroxyd, the carbonate of iron has not been observed in any considerable quantity; and the sulphuret, which is not used as an ore of iron, but is valuable for other purposes. The most abundent ore of iron in the province is pro- bably the magnetic oxyd, or magnetite ; which receives its name from the. fact that it is attracted by the magnet. 'It Ib sometimes endowed with polarity, and then cons- titutes the native magnejt or lodestone. This ore has a specific gi'avity of a little over 5 times hat of water, is iron black in color; and gives a black )owder. It is hard, brittle, and with a shining moi*e or loss metalic luster. When pure, it consiste! of 72.4 parts •f iron, and 2*1. di parts of oxygon ; but it often contains brcign matters, eithor mechanically mingled or chemi- jcally combined, which reduce it more or loss to the per- entage of the ore. The magnetic pxyd sometimes oc- urs in masses mnde up of coarse grains; at other times he ore is fine grained and almost compact; more rare- it occurs in regular octahedral crystals. This ore is lund only in crystalline or metamorphic rocks, and [he deposits of it in Canada occur in the Laurentian tries, or in the crystalline rocks of the eastern palceozoic lasin." There are large beds of the magnetic iron sand the Moisie Uiver, and a company has been started fbr Imelting it into ingots of steel bv the addition of powd- red charcoal, but the mechan ical difficulties of applying blast have Jiot, I believe, been altogether overcome. >g iron ore in cousidsrable quantities is spread along ic north chore of the St. Lawrence bet \vecn Montreal - Quebec ; many of these deposits have long been :now»i The St. Maurice forges were established in ST, but have of late been almost abandoned owing to • ..s; . /^--'^ *«•• ■■%--■• V- imm wmm 'fm t •>•< ,:*^i f;^ ■•' 1 Tacbe' Logan. Chap. XXVII. Copper. , 'i li: 8 ...ic growing fecarcity of ore and cliarcoai in the immedi- ate vicinity. The Bog ore iron when washed is from 40 to 50 per cent of metal. The Hadnor forges have been celeorated for cast iron wheels for railway care, the tires being chilled on the same principle as the Fallisier projectiles. Quebec, therefore, possesses in the crystalline ores of her Laurcntian rocks, and in the iron I slates of the Eastern Townships, inexhaustablo supplies | of rich ores which may compare with those of Sweden. \ It is from these magnetic and red hematite ores, reduced j by charcoal, that the finest iron of the world is manu- factured. "It cannot be doubted that skilled labor and capital! will one day make the iron mines of this Province great] sources of wealth," though the absence of coal will pre- vent the production of the cheap and inferior qualities! of cast iron. Government statistics for the year 18Y1 show the production of iron ore from the undermention-| ed localities to have been as follows: ... ,, , Ottawa West 1500 tons. I St Maurice '. HOT " Trois-Eiviores '.10957 " Champlain South 1800 « " North 6142 " Yamaska 27342 " Charlcbois , 2053 « " The ores of copper observed in Canada are coppGil pyrites, the variegated sulphuret or erubescite, and thcj vitreous sulphuret or copper-glance, besides native cop-j l)er, and small portions of the blue and green carbon-j ates, and more rarely of the red oxyd. In the rocks ol of the Laui'entian series, copper is frequently met witl in the form of yellow sulphuret. The distribution oi copper" through the rocks of the Quebec group is ver}j general, and seems to indicate that this metal was aij most everywhere present in the waters from whiclj these strata were deposited. The copper generally ocj curs in the form of one of the sulphuretted ores, buf more rarely in the native state, or as red oxyd, or greei or blue carbonate. The sulphurets are generally founc in the beds in grains, plates and lenticular masses, somcj -y- *:- ,:w^--f^' ■ .■<-. i' . s. ■ :>^-,.- '^^-'- • ■■■ .9 -"" ..-■**•■,•-. ^^ timoH oficonBidprableBizo. Occasionally, as in a portion of the Acton mine, ''*<3 variegated and vitreous sulphur- ets from the cement of a conglomerate rock, enclosing masses and gi'ains of chert and of limestone. ^he ores of copp6r are fl8t eoWiincd^Ol'Uhyj^fltne divi- ' : sion of the i-ocks of the Quebec group. .Sometimes, as at Acton and Upton, they arejn the dolomites, or, as in Ascot, in a chloritic limostono, while in many other lo^ calities they are found in micaceous or chloritic slates, or in steatite. Ores of copper ai*e also disseminated in small portions through the slaty iron ores of Bromeand Sutton; and small stains and flakes of the green cai*- bonate are found among the slates and sandstones of the Quebec grotip, at Sillery and^St. Nicholnsvv^Eed .: oxyd • of copper occurs in cinnabar red stains upon blackish shales, at Acton. ... Native copper ha&been found in thin plates, imbedded in a gi'eenish layer running with the stratification, in the midst of a mass of red slates, near St. Henri, in the bed of the Etchemin Eiver. Masses of nativ6 ^copper found in the i*uins of the red slates from Point Levis, and in the di ift in the Chaudidre valley, have probably " ad a simihtr Source. Small portions of native copper ave also been met with in a bedof amygdaloidal diorite, at St. Flavien." Government statistics for 1 8*71 show the "^produce of [Copper for the undermentioned localities as follows ; - ' Brome 4900 tons. TaoUe.' Shefford..: 300 " Arthabaska 40 " Sherbrooke ..*.4836 " Megantic 1250 '' . i " The only ore' of lead mot with in Canada is the'sul- Logan, huret or galena. Small quantities of galena have £^JJJ *^^^ Ben found, in the black calcareous shales of the citj' of uebec, in veins with white caleite and purple fluoi*spar. n various other parts of the Quebec group, galena has een met with, sometimes disseminated in the dolom- * tes, and at others forming small layei-s or detached , ^. asses, generally granular in texture, and associated , -'■*"•■■ '•■'-"-■'".-;■ r ; . ■ * . i • ■. "-^v "' '.-■'"-■'- ^ ' ' ' :' **.-s , . :■ . '*" - * ■ ,. v. - -^ •*■ •:-% 1 Logan, Chap. XVII. SUver. Merour/. Logan, Chap. xvii. Gold. Tacbe. Platinum* ' * ' '-^m .-»F4-« -Ih-^T- 10 with the OTcs of copper &B at Acton, Upton and Ascot So far i& yet examined, these ores contain but little silver. More highly argentiferous galena has, liowever, been found in small quantities in quartz veins, as at the rapids of St. Francis, on tiie Ghaudidre, and at Moulton Hill, neai'Lennoxville; in both cases with mispickel. Galena occurs in workable quantities in voins which traverse the Gasp^ limestones at Cape Gasp4 and Indian Cove." "The copper ores of the Eastern Townships frequent- ly copatain small portions of silver. It is well known &at IJxe native .sulphuret of lead is almost never firee f^gm silver, which is sometipies present in so large a quantity as to eo|istitute a silvw ore. A vein wnich occurs at the rapids of the Ohaudidre, in St. Francis, Beauce^ contains, in a ganj^ue of quartz, argentiferous galena, blende, mispickel, besides cubic and magnetic pyrites, with minute gi*ains of native gold.. The native gold of the Kastern Townships is always alloyed with a certain portion of silver." ■ :*' Jhe native gold obtained from the gravel of the Eiyiere du Loup is often found to be covered with a white coating of mercurial amalgam, and globules of running mercmy are said to have been met with in washing the aui*iferous sand of this region." "The existence of gold in the sands of the Chaudierc valley was first made known by Genl. Baddeley, E. E., in 1835. Of late years repeated examinations have shown that the precious metal is not confined to that region, but exists in the superficial deposits of a wide region on the sonth side of liie St. Lawrence, emending fh)m the St. Francis to the Etchemin rivers, and from the first line of hills on the north west to the province line on the south-east. The source of the gold ajppears to be the crystalline schists of the !f^otre l>ame range ; iind the materials derived from their disintegration, not only constitute the superficial material among the hiUs of tnis range, but are spread over a considerable area toj the south of them." xhe following wo the products for Quebec-^Compton 3Q1 oz. j Beauce 3110 oz. " Grains of native platinum have been found in small quantities among the native gold of the Eividre dul {;> J--.\-~'^ -J^f ,1^! L"; ^>;' ■X ',S-.^- ,.■•"'•. ■ \ '^ ■ II [Loup, and also, it is said, in othor localities in tho same (region." " Under this head may be noticed the ordinary cnbio Isulphuret of iron, and the magnetic pyrites or pyiv Irhotino. Cubic pyrites is often found in tne Laorentiati (gneiss and limestones, bat seldom in fineljr crystallised Ivarieties. Iron p}n*ites is occasionally found lining 3sures in the lower Silurian limestoties, and . replacing fossils, in the Utica formation . In the Quebec group * Kt forms concretionary masses, often several incnds in [diameter, among the schists near Gape Bouge and on the Island of Orleans. In the Eastern Townships, iron [pyrites is sometimes associated with the Ores of copper, ^H in Garth by ; where a groat bed which occurs in serp- iiitine, is in some parts mingled with copper pyrites-, md in others is nearly pure sulphuret of iron." A Sawdqst sulphuric acid factory has been established at Levis, Gunpowder, Quebec, mainly supplied with sulphuret of iron from the Eastei-n Townships. This acid factory might be de- relopod into a manufacture of sawdust gunpowder, vhich might be useful on emergency, iu the event of communication oast and west being cut off. The pro- liess of manufacture is er eedingly simple, incKpensiVe id free from danger. 1 . - r -p ■ ' ADMINISTRATIVB GBOGRAPHY. QUEBEC. The Province of Quebec, formerly Lower or Eastern Campbell. Canada, comprises the central portion of the Dominion ^f Canada, from the Ottawa Biver to the Gulf of ^t. Xawrence. The city of Quobec is the Capital and joat of Legislature. " The Province is dividod into ^0 judicial disti'icts, and these ave sgain subdividdd bto 6$ counties. To assist the memory these may be (lasted thus : — Counties on the Ottawa ; those on the Forth Bank of the St. Lawrence; those on the South mk, and those lying inland between the latter and the Jnited States, usually called tho Easteiai Toymships.^ -\ :%• •^ \-/ .• I 1 f- ■ V Id Counties on the Ottawa, :<:. Ckmntles. Chief Plaoos. Ponttac. Portage du Fort. Ottawa. Aylmer, Hull, Tw.Mountoln.,jiS:g2;2rir Vaudreull, Vaudreull. BoulangeB, CoteauLanding. Counties. Chief Places. JacquoH- ( Island Curtler, < of HoohologA, c Mont'al ' C Islands \ Laval, I Jesus A ( Bizarre, Lachlne Montreal. St. Vincent { de Paul. Cowitiei on the Northern Bank of the St. Lawrence, It I If ' Terrebonne, L'Assomptlon, Montcalm, JoUettfe, Berthlev, Masklnonge ( Terrebonne. < 9t. Jerome. i Bte. Theresc. L'Assomptlon. Rawdon. Industry. Berthler. J Rivlere-du- ( Loup. St. Maurice. Champlaln, Portneuf, Suebeo, [ontmorency, Charlevoix. Chlooutlml, Soguenay, i Three Rlvem. Batlscan, St. Anne. Portneuf. auebec, hateauRloher,] St. Irene. Chlooutlml. Tadousac • "Counties on the South Bank of the St. Lawrence, Huntingdon, Chateauguay, Naplervllle, Bt. Johns. Beauharnols, Lapralrle, Chambly, Vercheres, Richelieu, St. Hyaclnthe, RouvlUe, Iberville, Bagot, Misslsquol, Brome, Bheflbrd, Drummond, Arthabaska, Megantlo, Huntingdon. I Ste. Martine. Chateauguay. Bt. Reml. Sherrington. St. Johns. Beauharnols. I Lapralrle. I Coughnawoga. I Chambly. Longueuil. Vercheres. SoreL St. Ours. St. Hyaclnthe. St. Marie. • St. Atlianose. St. Libolre. Yamoska, Nlcolet, Lotblnlerc, Levis, Dorchester, Bellechasse, Montmagny, L'Islet, Kamouraska) Temiscouata, Rlmouskl, Gaspe, Bonaventure, Eastern TownsUjps. ( Bedford. ( Phllipsburg. Knowlton. Waterloo. Drummondvllle . Stt Christophe. Inverness. Beauoe, Wolfe, Richmond, Compton, Stanstead, Yamaska. La Ualo. B^coRcour, Nlcolet, Lotbiniero. Bt. Crolz. Point LevlSj St. Anselme, St. Michel. St. Thomas. L'Islet. Kamouraska. Trois Pistoles. Rlmouskl. Perce. New Carlisle. \ St. Francois. \ La Beauoe. Wolfestown. \ Richmond. ( Sherbrooke. Compton. I Stanstead. I Coaticook." -Nft- ■*: -_:.^^ V/^' Chief Places. X 18 STRATEGIC GEOGIJAPnY. DEFENCE. . Lawrence, BeforcT decidinij on what aro tho strategic points of lost iiuportnncQ and tho moasuros that should bo idoptod for defonco, it is noeossary to consider what ag- gressive operations an enemy would probably under- iko, and tho natural base and lines of his operations, oi^ rel I as our own facilities for concentration. The frontier of tho Province of Quebec is c^tiguous Frontier. , the territory of the U. S. for a distance of about 450 lilcs, that is to say, 167 miles of imaginary boundary llong the 45th parallel of latitude southward of Mont- l^eal and Quebec, running ft*om St. Begis, on tho pastern end of Lake St. Francis (an expansion of the Jt, Lawrence) to the Connecticut Kivor, in the Town- ► of Hereford, abutting on the State of New Hamp- Ihire, thence in an irregular lino the boundary of the Itato of Maine, follows the high ground which forms "le watershed between tho Kennebec Bivoi' in the U. S. d the Ciiaudiore, a tributary of the St. Lawrence, gunning N. E, . in accordance with tlia disastrous Treaty, 1843L Irbiti'ation of tho Ash burton treaty, 1842, which )ring8 the TeiTitory of the State of Maine to within 25 liles of the St. Lawrence, opposite Biviere-du-Loup. f^nfortunately, at this point, the Intercolonial Bailway intercolonial, within an easy ride for a squadron of troopers, who )uld in a single night destroy the important railroad )ridges of this section, and intercept the land transport ||>f troops or supplies from Halifax. From this point le frontier line runs south-east until it meets Dominion ritory in New Brunswick. The disadvantage of laving a wedge of foreign territory thrust into our own not altogether so great as might at first sight be an- ^ipated, the character of the country being for the lost part rugged, covered with forest, and thinly popu-- ited ; there are no natural commercial lines, nor any Railroads running through it to tho north, the wator- ' |hed north of the St. John's river being close to the St, jawrence, prevents the formation of any long or navig- " 3 ti'ibutariea to the St, Lawrence; there is, there* 4 ~ ' ' ■■' ■ V j.f ^.'\:. ;;^.':. -.v> ■: i'f ■ •', i,-» • » u fore, 110 natiiml channel for intorcommunication or ^ - ' commorco from tho northern an/uflo of the State of ^ Maine into Canada. Ah military line!* of operation al- ways follow natural channelp. no invasion of Canada has ever boon attempted from this point, tho nearowt to Arnold, 1775. it being that of General Ai-nold, of the United States, in ITTS, and he followed tho line of the Konnebec and ChaudiOre Rivers. On the other hand, in case of of- fensive operations from Canada, in the direction of the Penobscot valley, or to seize the triple R. li. terminus of Woodstock, Richmond and Ilouton, leadinj:^ to St. ' Johns, N". E., our reentering frontier would form an advantageous base of operations, backed by Quebec and the St. Lawrence, and the Intercolonial Railway. Though the long line (450 miles) of frontier is appar- ently attackable at all points, the defence of tho country, even with its much smaller population, than that of the contiguous States, would with proper forethought and organizatiQn be by no means so difficult or impos- sible a task as some would have us to suppose, for tho following reasons : — « , aENERiJi CONSIDERATIONS IN FAVOH OF iiUCCESSFUL DEFENCE. Vital points I Although owing to the length and character of Frontier it is quite impossible and not desirable to pro- tect it throughout its whole length. An enemy must capture and establish himself in some vital points be- fore he could obtain any decided military advantage. There are only a few such points. If they were put into and maintained in a proper state of defence, witn a small body of regular troops, as the neuclus of a gar- rison to be furnished by the local Militia, such positions could be held during the five months, in which alone, . it is possible for an enemy to cairry on operations on the large scale necessary to capture them. Interior lines. 2. The Province is a long strip of communications, its main artery, the St. Lawrence, being the fosse of a natural fortress, open during the summer season (winter operations may be deemed impractible in*this climate) to the guii boats pfGrreat Britain, and to them V cl p« re A^^ \ JCESSrUL V-"- ^v: 15 lorial, alone as long as tho important fortress of Quebec is kept in tt dofensivo condition. In consequence of tho chavactor of tho original seignoriai settlement of the Beirnc Province, there are numerous lines of roads running '■**^*' parallel to tho St. Lawrence, forming the front and - rear of the concertsions or seignorial grants of land. The Grand Trunk Kailway and others on the South Shore are being supplementoa by Railways on the North Shore, with their usual telegraphic lines, the whole form a series of communications, which have always enabled Canadian troops to act upon, what are practically in- terior lines, and so concentrate readily upon important sti'ategic points, as was proved in the late JFenian raids. 3. Tho rear of tho Province is, of course, perfectly Ren' »"<*!«« secure, while its left flank is equally so, and rests on ® " "* England's great base of operations as long as she re- tains command of the sea, and Quebec of the waters of tho St. Lawrence. Unfortunately, the right flank and light centre (Montreal), the objective point where at- tack would inevitably be made is utterly defenceless, ' ut would cease to be so were the recommendations of ir "VV. Jervois carried out. Jervois 4. The severity of the climate would render the climate, hostile occupation of Canadian territory an impractic- able operation, which has been only once attempted, " I 1T75, and ended in disaster to the invading army. LeMolne, 1776. ho greul: depth of Know prevents deployment off the ealet) tracks and the advantage of numbers is lost. 5 The contiguocis states though populous are entirely ^' ^- Troops. enuded of regular troops, while the State Militia and Vol- ntcers have no connection with the regular forces and re destitute of discipline. The Republican institutions of ■ e country prevent its being a permanent military wer, while both parties for political purposes are hostile • o the maintenance of genuine military organisation. The )eople of the U. S. have apparently learnt nothing rem four years of disaster, bloodshed and the accumu- ation of van enormous debt. At the clOfciO of the late "■ - , 400,000 veterans were thanklessly disbanded. Velve ye^ei-)jave passed, and It would now be irapossi- • _ le. to colWct the soldiers who have settled in civil life. ,.; .< ^^ be \ery small bod}- of reguku; troojis are scattered over ', ■■'■/" . - v- -y .y -vJ^r,,^. •*•••■ ;' Armament. 16 a vast oxtont of territory, raofltly In tlio west and south. J Tiio officers educated ut Went Foiiit are oxcelleiitl leaders, but tliere are no kindly ties Lotwoon ttkem andl their men, who are mostly foroif^nors, The strictl discipline of West Point never goes beyond the gates oil that institution, not tliiough the fault of the .officerHj themselves, who are powerless against the traditions otj a Eopublican Government, which dislikes discipline,] even in its armies. 6. The armaments of the States are in an unsatisfac- tory condition, from the fact that the ordnance is noti an artillery, but a civil department, which gives con- tracts to civil firms for cast-iron cannon ; cast-iron not! being a reliable matei'ial for rifled gtins, while thelled-l 'man smooth bores are inoft'ectivo and too cumberousj for oflfonsive operations. Nor does it appear from latcj reports that the army have much confidence m the] email arms issued to them. *7 The cultivated classes of the United States are fi'iendlyj in feeling towards Great Britain, and the Canadian pyv;t= .-•*> K 17 f OBJECTIVIJ. Ind strategical cftpital of Canada, to which tho Vormont Central and a net work of other railroadu converge. PerhanH no bettor proof of tho abHolute certainty of [ontroal aH an objective, and no more complete idea of ^ho inevitable lincH of the United HtatOH military oper- ation, can be gained than by a study of tho 25 routes idvertised to the Centennial Exhibition of 1870, (here- Picawl* rith appended.) A glance at the map before the construction of rail- rays show that the mountainous re^ifions of the Ad- mdacs, &c., the Catskiils on the West, the White [ountains and the rugged temtory of Maine on tho Sast, restricted cpmmunications to the channels of the ludson, Lake Champlain and the Kicholieu Yallev,. md will explain why history has so often, and will ^gain, j'epeat itself hero as elsewhere. The war-path f the Iroquois and Mohawks was followed by the re- diatory expeditions of the French Canadian voyageur ^oldiorSj and then again by British, Colonial, and Tnited States invasions of Canada, down to the last itile effort of a Fenian mob. The tide of war has ever jfnd always rolled along the' channels that nature and have made it share with commerce and travel, ^he lately projected Caughnawaga Cftnal may even ret be constructed to admit United States gun boats the Hudson from the sea, and so complete the com- Lunications of Lake Champlain from New York to the ft- Lawrence, for the enemy who having seized the ictoria Bridge and established batteries on the south i>ank of the Eiver could bombai'd the Town, resistance rould be futile. The wealthy commercial classes of [ontroal would have to pay a very heavy contribution )wards the subjugation of their country, Canada would l»e cut in two .by the capture of Montreal, which is the jervoia, lead of the sea navigation of the St. Lawrence, and tho ")CU8 of all f ommunications by laud and water between Tppor apd Lower Canada and the Maritime Provinces, Uie defence of the country would bo severed, Ontario * Seing cut off from Quebec and the Maritime Provinces well as from any aid from Great Britain. An eno- ly holding Montreal with its net work of coijimunica- ^ions converging upon'it from his basis of supply, could )asily maintain himself in the natural fortress Island ►n which tho city is built, and contain any force coni- -^. '^i•i?<; :^,,- i-/,'. " . ■ * , •"•?:>' MhiA« Ktruiige. ing from Ontario, while they proceeded to lay siege to Quebec. The St. Lawrence itself with its tributary of the Bichelv9u and the i-oads and railroads following the line of country in a north eastern direction would become fresh lines of communication and supf^y. The fall of Quebec would lose us the key of the St. Lawrence, and close the only door by which British suc- cour could come to Canada, or a hostile fleet of gun- boats enter itsjnland waters, unless, indeed, reciprocity compels us to enlarge the Caughnawaga Canal, &c. In any case, unpleasant as the truth may appear, Que- bec remains the. only one possible stronghold, upon which our Militia, rolled up by an invading force from the West, could retreat, and wait for that help which neve^ would be denied from the old country. Success- ful initiative in war is everything. Both nations are forbidden by treaty to build gunboats on the lakes ; but gunboats can, and have with the first note of war, passed up the St. Lawrence by the Lachine CJanal, (now being still further enlarged) and on to the lakes. The Beauharnois Canal ^ on the South Shore, would be rendered useless at the commencement of hostilities by the United States. But the necessities of commerce, with us sti'ongor than any consideration of national de- fence, point to the probable enlargement of the old canal on the North Shore, from the Codar Eapids to Coteau landing. The defenceless emporiums of com- merce on the lakes, would then be at the morcy of Great Biitain as long as Quebec was held an open port for British gunboats of light draught, or steamers con- verted into such, which could navigate not only the St. Lawrence, but the Ottawa waters, by the protected in- land route to Kingston and Lake Ontario, by the Eidcau Canal. For Ontario, trusting in the loyal strength ^f her militia, to bo indifferent to the defence of Lower Canada, and especially of Montreal, resembles a warrior with a good helmet being indifferent about a cuirass for his breast, as long as his head was protected; or the much maligned ostrich, who on the approach of an enemy, stuck his beak in the sand and left his body exposed, believing it invisible. Halifax; admirably selected as a base for aggressive mari- time operations against the seaboard of the United States, is useless as a base of opei'ations for. ^. ■ ta re ■»-.-r- ■\w. ^ ->... /., >■> 1 '■sJ'^T^-^r mm "***2CS "^l ,( ••-, ..r- , out ."? i* the defence of Canada, from which it is cut oiT by the State of Maine " If both Quebec and Montreal were Jervoia. put in a proper state of defence, an enemy would hfi obliged, in aiming at the severance of communication betveen Ontario and Quebec, the Maritime Provinces and Great Britain, to carry on two extensive expedi- tions simultaneously, eacli involving the necessity of a protracted seige, and considering the short period, during which military operations on a large scale can be carried on in this country, there would be every pro- bability of successful resistance." Unfoi-tunately the repeal in 1872 of the pct of Confederation entitled the Canada Defence Act, renders the successful defence of Canada a difficult problem.- 'ihe Act provided for the guaranteed loan of £1,000,000 sterling, for the buildmg of forts round Montreal, as well as the free gift by the Imperial Government of an armament for such forts as might be built at Montreal, also a free gift armament for the Quebec and Levis forts. All of which were declined by the Dominion Government, in favor of a transfer of the guaranteed loan of £1,000,000 to the Qmada Pacific Kailway. vl. • y • % ■^ STRATEGIC POINTS. Iior nss td; ^h )fb IX, iri- tor. ^ After Montreal and Quebec, perhaps the most impor- St. Johnn. tant point is St. Johns, P. of Q., the site of the old ,• ' redoubt, commands the Kailway Bridge of the Vermont Central, the junctions from Bouses Point, V\raterloo and the Passumpsic ; the Eichelieu river and the Toads running north and south, but the advance L "• gaard of observation would be at Fort Isle-aux-igie-aux-Noix Noix, close to Bouses Point and St. Albans raili-oad junction. " To prevent the enemy froia passing vessels Jenrois. down the Eichelieu river from Lake Ghamplain, for the transport of troops, stores and material for the attack ^ - on Montreal, obstructions (torpedoes,) should be placed ;.i '. in the river on either side of and flanked by the Fort at Isle aux-Noix. This work and its garrison would no ; doubt, being in ar advanced and isolated position, be liable to be captured at an early period, but it is coii-- : sidered that-the delay it would cause an enemy, would more than compene«te for the loss that would tbereby ■gms'Y^ iiiifMrilrftwi K-samm W»B^«WP« MMM^vniiaapaRH yy f -^ ■ *^ " ' * A, • \ 20 , , b« occasioned." The garrison in rctreatinfif might do- sti-oy the Canal Lock in tho Bicholieu Eivor; Col. Sorei. Jorvois also considers Sorcl, at the mouth of the Biche- liea, an im])ortant point. Advanced bodies of Militia at Lennoxvillo and BichmondBnilway junction, after keep- ing the enemy in chock, might retire upon Quebec, de- stroying the i-ailway bridges behind them. -^ " It is fiu'ther necessary to provide against attack upon Montreal by a force advancing from tne westward, sup- Ejsing it to have crossed the St. Lawrence, between ake Ontario and Lake St. Louis. This may best bo effected by tho construction of works covering the rail- way bridge near Vaudreuii, at the junction of the Ot- tawa River with the St. Lawrence. Such works would also act as a " tdte du pont," from under cover of which troops might operate westwaixl ; they would, more- over, be on the flank of any force of the enemy ad- Me Perrot. vancing against Ottawa, In connection with the d^- fensive position at Vaudreuii, temporary works should be constructed on Isle Perrot, which, if some of the spans of the railway bridge between it and the main land were i-emoved, would form a second line of de^ fence ; again, by removing some of the spans of the bridge between Isle Perrot and Montreal Island, a third line might be taken up at St. Annes," ' Between Vaudreuii and the works immediately cov- ering Montreal, Lake St. Louis and the Lachine Kapids, would be a sufficient defence ; gunboats could be brought into the Lake by the Lachine Canal, which is being widened. Any vessels of war that w^ere brought into Lake St. Louis would also be of assistance in the de- fence of the left flank of the works at Vaudreuii ; and •'-■'■ if the St. Ann's Lock and the passage near it, between St. Louis and the Lake of the Two Mountains, were made sufficiently largo to take such vessels through, they could also aid in the defence of the right flank of those works. They could, moreoyer, operate in the channel on the north side of Montreal Island, or pro- ceed up the Ottawa and down the Bideau Canal into Lake Ontario, For the protection of communications by the Lachine Bailway and Canal, works should be constnicted at caughnawa«a Caughnawaga, on the right bank of the St. Lawrence, •1^-, ^. '^■ :^ - ■V-^-.'- rB^-. \. %\ ?? ^«"»*«iS*«S5» f ; :..l~ , '&'.-:l p r.-',- r. 21 ,;>*■•• . •■/ J •>.; 1 .■ 'C \ : •■»*? ! i • J _ „ i ? n-i..r ■. >^\ ' ■■\ii.: <>*v'f -iv-'^ noiiriy opposite tho junction of the Lachine Caiial with Lake St. XxmiB, and near the terminus of tho Bailway from Platsburg. These works would also afford the ipeans of throwing a force across the river to act upou the left flank of tho enemy operating against Montreal, hhptild circumstances be favourable for such a move- ment, they could also guard the entrance to the Beauhar* nois Canal. The Island of St. H^eh's, upon which rifled guns St. Helen's, should be mounted, would form a keep to an intrenched camp, covering Montreal . On this Island is also the main dmot for tools, stores, guns, arms and munitions of war for Montreal and the neighbotirhood, it is unfbt*- tunately without protection since tho barracks formerly occuipied by a detachment from the Quebec Gunnery School were burnt. Many thousand stands of rifles, as well as a considerable amouiit of powder in the mi^^a- sine are at the mercy of a handfiil of raiders, who (even if armed only with revolvers) could carry off the arms and blow up the magazine before the militia of Montreal could bo assembled and transported across the river. Taking up a few rails on the Victoria Bridge, would Srevent immediate pursuit and might lead to serious isaster if done surreptitiously. m0 ■Ji^'Sr. 1- ;.. V'XfiT IfABITIME ATTAOK.' 0*^ Tf/t-ns?,'* iJ^n ^lT^5i \ Gi*eat Britain having bO long had command of the sea, maritime attack upon her territory has not been much considered. But the police of the ocean, as car^ ried out by the swarms of cruiser^ in the days of NeU son, or the swift wooden steainers of a later date, must be considered fit'om a, very different point of view, wheii - the British fleet consists of iron-clads, the available) number of which, for cis-Atiahtic service, might be counted on the Angers. Su^ch complications might arise 4s woi;ild necessitate th6 concentration of our fleot in Eastern rather thaii Western waters^— while ati*» enemy's vessels that would not dare to meet ours oH' the high seas, might take shelt^ in fiioAdly Americati' points, befoi'e the declstration of hostilities, and seifse an opportunity to attack our undefended coasts and com- r. ■>^'.y -."^ ■ '* C'. ■*;.!- ••-+. / •iV' A' 22 ■■f^: ' ■ "*..' ,v morcial shipping, bombai-ding Quebec from a Bafc point behind Indian Coye, or running past it. There is no armament or ,toi*pedos to stop an ii-on-clad, and even a wooden vessel, (privateer with riilod gups), night laiu East to Montreal and burn or lay it-.under contriuution, efpre a British iron- clad could ascend the St. Law- , rence, by which time the privateer's crew could bl<«iv • im. their comparatively valueless vessel, and escape to the U. S. witn their plunder. But to those who were not so venturesome, there wo Aid be plenty of oppor- tuniliy to harass and plulider our fishing station^ and small ports on the Gulf. Or if the U.. States were hostile,, the St. Lawrence being now open to th«n, they might run past Fort Henry, at Kingston, or destroy it by an expedition from Sacket's Harbour, and run down to the Crulf, levying contributions on the way. The irritation due to losses, if caused even indirectly through Imperial connexion, would perhaps not be altogether allayed by the consideration of the fact that the colony had taken i^p steps in her own defence. ...^ ■;'./.' J 5 OFFENCE, I biten the best defence i^ offenco, but Canada.doos not contain within herself the elements necessary to the initiative in war, though her localized militia system and the character of the wuntiy, which is a riband of land and water communications, would facilitate the ^ concentration and launching of an offensive force, which might surprise even 40,000,000 of unarmed people, whaf have hithertorelied upon their ever successful diplon^a- cy. Parliamentary Governments are not however suited to a decisive initiative, and when the expenses would have to be shared by the Imperial and Dominion'^*^ Governments, divided control would be a natural resuK^ v rendering initiative perilous if not impossible. Great Britain's natural base of operations, (the sea), gives the advantage of enabling her to shift her secondary bases - almost at will. A combined military and naval force, i^ therefore, started from Canada at the first declai^tion of hostilities, might by seizing Bouses Point, start with extemporized gunboats down the Bichelieii, the Canal, -pC; .9^- -1;'" %^ r 23 •i i ■^ ,.•<•" ■." .^■ir^ i.*"-. Lako Champlain and the Hudson, bombarding Barling> ton, Albany, and other emporiums of pommerco, but ne- i;locting any attempt at Keeping open their lines of vvi*^.', > . .jw}''''V^-, v^V o^' '. .« • -■ ■ ./ i;^^: •^-fW i.-.},.-'--- •:•: -! ,-■ '* i ■ ( • . ' "K ,i'T,-*i> /^ v'' • », ^' • r BOOKS OF REFERENCE MosB or Bjbfsbbnos. FvhL TmJt, Ao. RKXABiOk Appleton. Railway and Steam Naviga- tion Oulde, publlahed in New York, £49 and 651 Broadway, and 18 Little Britain, London. Containing tables of the Railways of 100 Railway maps. Souf'ietta. 1 ' ' f A Topographical description of Lower (Canada, with re- marks upon Upper Oa- nada, and on the relative connection of both provin- ces with the United States of America, by Col. Bou- chette, Surveyor Qeheral of Lower Canada, publish- ed in London in 1816. An old but excellent work, with maps, in the Libranr of the Liter- ary and HtstoriCbi Sooiety ofQ>ne- bee. ' ■ . ' .'.''"'•'.■.•' ■h j'\ '■"'■.'•. ■ '■, • Bayfield. Admiralty Charts. * Campbell. ■ Mo-^ern Geography and At- las, authorized by the Council of Public Instruc- tion, P. of Q., published by James Campbell A Son, Toronto, 1876. A small work for the u^e of Schools, but correct and up to date. • jervois. Confidential Report on the Defence of Canadn, by Lt. Col. Jervois, R. E., Direc- tor ol Fortifications, War Ofllce, 1865, London, print- ed by Eyre A Spottiswoode. Answers to questions from the Exec- utive Council of Canada. James. Frontier of Canada East. ■;■-'» Zincographed ai the. Topographical Department of the waif Office, Southampton; scale 1 inch to a Statute mile. Kingsford. Map of Railway systems of Eastern Province of Ca- nada. , , V- Published by authority of Minister of Public Works, Ottawa, 187tt. Logan. a. Geological Hurvey of Ca- nada, Dawson, Bros., Mon- treal, 1881. A verv complete work with Geologi- cal Atlas, with plans and sections in Library of the Literary and His- terical Society, Quebec. Ordnance Sur- vey. Maps of Ordnance Survey, Canada East. 1 Scale, 2,6lO or 25.844 inches to a mile. ,.4j ■ /- " ■-= . .■">;'■ '^ ■■■•': .;- ''■.'•;,•■'', >~ '-■f'*^: ^ *■■' ■ .\l^,A'.'.Lt J. . V *. . ,.r>Vi., *-..' - •.;+■.- ■■-:x'v«5fir'. '■-i^'-S< .^•; ■-• ^■pm r? vt ON SECTION " a;* Ili;^»;«. FTJI.LTITL..AC. BXXABKS. rioard, F. Vermont Central Railway Agency, Map, 88 8t James St., Montreal. Twenty-five routes to and ftom Can- ada to the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia. Btrange. Artillery Retrospect of the last great swar, I87(V with its lessons for Cana- dians, published by Daw- son A Co., Quebec, 1874, and Mitchell de Oa, Charing Cross, London. A Famphleti "Strange and Le- inoine. Historical notes on the De- Pamphlet, fence of Quebec, 1776.— Papers of the Literanr and Historical Society of Que- bec, 187fi. Snow A Bradlee. Topographical map of White Mountains, in relief. Pub- lished by G. K. Snow A Bradlee, Boston. •tftmmam Relief Map— Horizontal scale 1 in 400.000; vertical scale 1 in 188,838.8. Relief maps of other portions of the United States, executed in Uke mannet^ may also be obtained. Toche. • Carte de la^ Province de Quebec dresse au Depart- ment des Terros do 1^ Couronne, 1870. Good maps, but mountain ranges in- complete. Toche. Wa3k