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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est film* A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessalre. Les diagrammes sulvants illustrent la mithode. rata ) elure, 293», [IJ. 3 22X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 \*: ., r-4f ^^ m / THE BRITISH EMPIRE 1 ' 1 *;* ' ■i. IN 1826; :^^.i .'"'.' ' '^;•^' 'E ..:... '"' '-i \'i';- «*-.. '4. ■'v''.-i- 1 SEIMO A POPULAR GRAMMAR :^ w i .!**.. .01^.. l^titi^tf ^tog^^pM IN TBE ."ii. '.V I FOUR QUARTERS OF THE WQRLD. • ■•» '1 \ With Seven Maps and One Hundred Views* ) By the Rev. J; GOLDSMITH, Author of the '' Grammar of General Geography,* ..> ■-'».■■: <^y .: t " Biographical Class-Book,^* 8fc, fife. *». ''>"' iXi\4--. ^^'u:k ^■,i-:-' •yf'-; Pi:i f'''i'' LONDON:'^'''"' PUBLISHED BY G. B. WHITTAKER, ■ . -• 3''^»^!^ "''' ave-maria-lane; .(1^^ ^ r <^' riiHD MAY BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLERS. Prtc«5«. 6d in red vicrroKiA* B.C. fiiblitfudJiiff.i.ia*o fyRfKUtipsJt C^Biide CourtBr I- fyUfkiBifsrJt a Aide CcfunBri4pe Street Lcmdon. . ■ 5 62 - If. WORKS BY THE SAME EDITOR, WHICH MAY BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1. An EASY GRAMMAR of GEOGRAPHY, con. tuiniiig the Elements of Geography and Problems on the Use of the Globes, with 1200 Questions and Exercises; esteemed the most practical Work of this kind extant, with Maps and Views. By the Rev. J. Goldsmith, Ss. 6d. 2. POPULAR ILLUSTRATIONS of Gi:OGRA- PHY, for the Use of Schools and Young Persons, con- taining all the interesting and amusing Features of Geo graphical Knowledge. By the Rev. J. Goldsmith, with Sixty Engravings and Maps. 15s. 3. The GEOGRAPHICAL and ASTRONOMICAL COPY-BOOK, Part I. Consisting of Seventeen Outline Maps of the Quarters and principal Countries in the World, including ancient Maps, with the Solar System and fixed Stars, printed on Superfine Drawing Paper, for the purpose of being filled up by Junior Classes of Students in Geography. 3s. 6d. 4. . ■ Part II, consisting of the Lines of Latitude and Longitude, from the same set of Maps, denijgned to be filled up by the Senior Classes of Students of Geography, oc by those who have previously filled up Pafl I. 3s. 6d. 5. A GEOGRAPHICAL and ASTRONOMICAL ATLAS, corresponding in size with the Demy Copy- Books, forming the most perfect, as well as ihe cheapest. Atlas extant. By the Rev. J. Goldsmxth. 6s. plain, and 8s. coloured. j , r .. 6. The BIOGRAPHICAL CLASS-BOOK; or 450 Lives of the most Eminent Men of all Nations, from Homer to Arthur Young, designed as Reading. Lesson for Schools, for every Day in the Year, on the plan o. Blair's admirable Class-Book. By the Rev. J. Gold MfiTH. 12mo« 7f, witid 150 portraits. > II J ■■f ■*■ ^mt'h- % ^: t ', PREFACE. 50 m n This little volume is expressly designed to •erve as a. Second Part, or Continuation of the same Author's Grammar of General Geography, in which it was impossible to enlarge on British Topics, to the extent which their importance de- manded. It possesses, perhaps, superior claims even to that work; for no svstcm of British Edu- cation can be considered as complete, or useful, which does not include, as one of its leading branches, a minute and accurate knowledge of the Geography and interests of the student's native country. ^ Nor should British Geography be learnt, o^ taught, as a subject of remote or abstract curio* sity. It is connected with every species of em- ployment ; it affords gratification in the closet; and it promotes the gains of the counting-house. A 2 . 23280b ...v-«.--i»;i'*,-t»;i';.ti,j;- v.:, -Vgj., j-Mj^SiiT. ■. ..s^ >-*....-. ■: v.. y»; , ■ r n\^-r>-^ ■^- PREFACE. It iSi indeed; essential to the interests and pur- suit of every British Subject, whether he belongs to the Privileged Orders, the Law, the Church, the Medical Profession, or the Military, Naval, Trading, or Agricultural classes. Yet, extraordinary as it may seem, no School- book, adapted to the practical purposes of edu« cation, has hitherto existed, which contained an accurate and comprehensive view of the British Empire in all its relations The Authorities to which the Author is bound to acknowledge his obligations are. Capper's Topographical Dictionary; Pinkerton*s, and Guthrie's Systems of Geography; AikiK's England Delineated; Adolphus's View of the British Empire; the County Reports; and the valuable Reports published by Committees of Parliament. To render his Book inviting to the eye ot the Student, and to excite particular local feel- ings, the Author has embellished his work with numerous Views of considerable places, and re- markable objects. It would be superfluous to enlarge on the utility of these, as reliefs to the .'■:,■ f': r*' ^ PREFACE. O dryness of stati^ical detail s, and as means of fixing the remembrance of the objectE. He recommends it to all Students to make careful and repeated copies of the maps, as the only means of becoming acquainted with the countries they represent, and of being able to reason upon the geographical relations of the several places. In educating young ladies, he confesses he is a friend to the good old fashion of working samplers of the British Islands; or of the counties or districts of the United Kingdom in which they respectively re- side. But the filling-in of his Geographical Copy-Books is, perhaps, the best and soundest means of teaching Geography ever contrived. The Interrogative System, first introduced by the same Author into his Grammar of General Geography, has also been applied to this work, and he doubts not but in all schools this fea- ture will serve as a strong recommendation. Aiiswers to the questions are generally fur- nished by the paragraphs indicated; but to obviate every difficulty to the Tutor references to the answers are printed in the important VI PREFACE, volume called The Tutofs Key, which affords solutions to the Questions in twenty-four impor- tant elementary Works. As some errors in his authorities and in print- ing, and some temporary fluctuations in numbers and quantities, may require correction and al- teration, the Author earnestly invites communi- cations from Tutors, and others, for the purpose of conferring every possible perfection on suc- cessive editions of the work. The PRESENT Edition has undergone con- siderable alterations and corrections, and is also very much enlarged, from many valuable sources. <, In analogy with his General Geography, to which he provided a volume of popular illustra- tions, he has provided this Grammar with three elegant volumes on the Natural arfd Artificial Wonders of Great Britain and Ireland, accom. panied with attractive engravings; and he ex- pects that it will enjoy a permanent and exten- sive popularity. . » i h*A ' . . *...^ .,■!■.■■ I CONTENTS. General Observations . . . Page 1 British Constitution and Ooternment • • - 6 Population, National IVealth, Commercd, \, Public Raource$ 25 Means of Defence and Offence - • • 36 Religion, Learning, and Literature qfthe United Kingdom 48 Climate, Natural Phenomena, Fate of the Country^ 4<'' ^ Division and Description of the Brilink lUands • 19 Public Buildings in London^ that merit Notice - - 114 The Scilly Islands • , • - . • 125 Wales m . ' - . - - 126 Scotland '.-•••> 134 Ireland • . • , . . 140 Detached Islands adjacent to Great Britain • • 145 Hetigoland - • • > • 140 Britith Dominions in North America - • 150 The West Indies - • - • - 158 St. Helena • .... - 166 The Cape of Good Hope • - • -107 The East Indies . • • ■ • I69 New South Wales ■ • • • '179 Coast of4fi'ica - - - • - 181 Gibraltar - • > • -181 Malta • • • • • • 18^ Royal Succession • • - • 189 Document illustrative nf the Constitution qf England • 19I Sir Richard Phillips's Golden Rules - . - 205 Agricultural Population of England - • -829 Increase of Population . . . • 2S0 Pauperism and Pauper Taxation ... 235 Population of Ireland . - - - - 237 Trade of the United Kingdom ... 240 Navigation of the United Kingdom • - • 856 Excise Revenue of Great Britain • . * 25Q Stamp Duties i«| Great Britain 3 • - S60 Redemption of Land-TaXf 4;c. . - - 262 Assessed Taxes - - • > • • 263 Revenue of Post Office, ^c. ... - 264 Latitude and Longitude of Remarkable Places - - 266 Population ■ • - . . - - 268 Statistical Tables - - • • - 2t.i Circuits of England and Wales « - . 2S7 Diocesan Jurisdiction qf England and Wales • • i88 Income of Families of Great Britain - - . Hbg Collection and Payments out of the Income of Ct, Britain •^go Statementof the Revenue of Great Britain • ••291 Heights of Hills and Mountains in England and Wales • *292 Etymologies of Common Names of Placm - - 2yo Huestiotisfor the Exercise of the Pupil - • 291 •"■iir'p"-"""*^*** DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE MAPS. ! 1. British Islands Title S. England and Wales 56 3 Scotland 134 4. Irelaiid 140 5. British America 150 6 Westlndies 158 T. Eastlndiey 168 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES. f ^ Map of the British Islands, to face - Title ■ ' Eoglaod and Wales 56 Newcastle* &c. Kendal, &c. Sheffield, &c. Lancaster, &c. Chester, &c« Lincoln, &c. Birmingham, Sec. Shrewsbury, &c. Hereford, &c. Cheltenham, &c. Blenheim House, &c. Norwich Cathedral, &c. Bury St. Edmund's, &c. Bedford, &c. Canterbury, &c. Brighthelmstone, &c; St. Paul's Cathedral, &c. 72 76 78 80 82 86 9:> 92 94 96 96 99 100 104 106 108 110 Ul East India House, Sec, . p. 112 City Mansion House, &c. - 112 War Office, &c. - - ll4 Somerset House, Strand, &c. 114 Westminster Hall, &c. - 114 The New CustomHouse,&c. 114 Southampton, &c. -116 Stonehenge, &c. - 118 Bristol, and its Fort,&c. . 120 Plymouth, &c. - J3« Caernarvon, &c. 128 Map of Scotland - 134 Edinburgh, &c. . 138 Map of Ireland - 140 - 150 Quebec, ftc. - 152 Map at the West Indies ■ 158 Cape Town, &c. 182 Map of the East Indies . 168 Calcutta, &c • - 170 • ^1 • t ■til m 's m ) \ GEOGRAPHY 56 34 40 50 153 168 OP THE ES. . \Vi - 114 .114 - 114 c. 114 . Il6 - 118 . ISO - 132 128 -134 . 138 . 140 - 150 - 15« - 158 ' 182 I l68 - 17a BRITISH EMPIRE. CHAPTER I. General Observations* r 1. The British En^pire consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, and other smaller islands; of extensive colonies in North Ame- rica, in the West-Indies, in Africa, and in the East'Indies ; and of the fortresses of Gibraltar and Malta, in the Mediterranean. Oh8,\, — By the law and usage of European nations, many newly discovered islands in the South Seas form also part of the British empire 1 as the Society Islands ; the Sandwich Islands, the Friendly Islands, King George's Islands, Phillips's Island, Holt's Island, the Aukland Islands, the Carolines, Queen Charlotte's Island, &c. 2. The Republic of the Ionian isles is under the immediate protection of Great Britain, and the Prince Regent has nominated a Governor, and assigned a con- •titution for the guidance of the people. 2. Pv means of its powerful and unequalled navy, the British Government is enabled to eB< tend its authority over all seas; and Britan- nia is justly said to be Mistress of the Ocean, and Queen of the Isles. Obs, — This, however, is merely honorary and poetical, for the tea if the common property ^f att nations, aa4 «*v\ ;ar: s BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. •4 •.■*:•.* ; ;VMVfr they all enjoy equal rights upon it, except in respect to suciri portions as are in the immediate vicinity of their respective shores. 3. The political influence of Britain prepon- derates tlierefore in all maritime countries ; and her extensive commerce and political connex- ions are so intimately blended with their welfare, that they all are, mora or less, dependant upon her : she enjoys, in consequence, considerable authority in every part of the globe. 06s.-— The navy of Gieat-Britain exceeds 1000 ships of war, of which above 200 are of the line, or above 60 ^uns, while all the navies in the world are not much above half the number, and do not contain, all together, 100 sail of (he line, bhe has« besides, about 18,0(X) mer- chant ships. , 4. Throughout the eighteenth century to the present time, the territories and the popula- tion depending upon the government of Bri- tain have extended into the four quarters of the vrorld, and they now equal or exceed any of the four great monarchies of antiquity. 5. The British Islands are situate in the north-west part of Europe, and are separated from the Continent by the British Channel and German Ocean, stretching into the Atlantic, and commanding, by their central position, aU the European coasts and seas. 6. The British Islands lie in the North Tem- perate Zone, between the latitudes of 50 and 59 degrees, London being in 5 1 1 degrees, Edinburgh in 56 degi^es, and Dublin in 53( degrees of north latitude. '* '-^ - Oftf.— The 'student is aware that the latitude of Miy ^lacc ii its dliCance fcom tim £%ttalo<| thai U i« 90 d»> ing ( Engh Scotli andlj and qj «nd sl 11. other contini which ■■# .^K.' i. W^ ['ena- 59 IS oi 9»y OBSERVATIONS. 3 Sre.es from the Equator to the North Pole ; that each egree is 69{ miles; and that the Temperate Zoue is 43 degrees wide, extending from 23| degrees from the Equator within 23| degrees of the Poles. 7. The island of Great Britaiu includes the three distinct divisions and ancient kingdoms of England, Wales, and Scotland, now united under one government ; it is about 550 miles long, and from 120 to 300 broad. Obstr—The monarch of Great-Biitain has in actual pos- session, 19 ancient kingdoms and principalities. £n<;< land formerly contained seven, Scotland three. Ireland five, Wales three, and the Isle of Man one. 8. Great Britain contains 65 millions of acres of land, of which there are 42 in England, 5 in ^ales, and 18 in Scotland; but of these nearly 20 millions are still uncultivated* 9. Ireland is in its greatest length about 280 miles, and in its greatest breadth about 200; containing nearly 20 millions of acres, two- thirds of which are in cultivation. 16. The population of both islands, accord- ing to the returns of 1821, is 11 J millions for England, J million for Wales, 2 millions for Scotland, and 7 millions for Ireland ; England and Ireland having one inhabitant to every three and quarter acres, Wales one to every six acres, and Scotland one to every nine acres, ^9 11. The British islands are much warmer than other countries in the same latitudes on either continent, owing to the vicinity of the ocean ; which equalizes the temperature; and from the A 2 M\ ,1*?- ■^,,-. 'm :H/- v •••/. f 4 imiTISII GBOGRAPHY same cause they are constantly watered by tb« clouds, covered with perpetual verdure, and jendered the garden of the world. Obs. — Of the climate of England, Charles the Second remarked that this was attended with oite advantage over every other country in Europe : for herehec6uldfO iibroad more days in the year, and more hours in the day, with pleasure, and without either trouble or in* convenience. 12. The present population of the British islands is composed of descendants of the Bri- • tons or Welsh, the Irish, the Picts, the Romans, the SaxonsJ the Danes, the Normans ; and the various nations which, through a series of ages, have settled in these islands, as a secure asyluigJL • 13. The soil of Britain amply rewards the toils of the husbandman, yielding abundance of grain, fruit, vegetables, wool, cheese, butter, and all other necessaries of life ; neither is the science of agriculture any where practised with superior skill and success. 14. The peculiar sources of the transcendant wealth of Britain are, however, her extensive manufactures of woollens, cottons, linen, cut- lery, and hardware; and her extensive com- merce, which is five times greater than that of any other nation, ancient or modern. ^ ^ 15. Essential to successful commerce are-— public liberty, which secures property, and confers independence on industry ; — position, ilvhich affords convenient markets; — political independence, which arises from an insular si^ tuation; — and a superior navy: — fouradvaftr Hkge* posiwsed by Britain in an eminent deiireew t rf i^* m- %■ «>*•■■. spirit and proJ'berty OBSERVATIONS, which d is the source of publi? consists in the peo- ple being their d\ty in all "^^•""VnotbeinR governed ty the faprice of^o^^J-^^l^^l^^^^^^ dom , the latter, a steers. J^^eJ^^^^^^^^^ xI7^\'^l!*' ?"?*^'*\*^ *^"d ^o their duty, the English must remai* a free, and consequently a prosperous, pec^e. 19. Thus bl«»rfsed with a temperate, health- ful, and inv^orating climate ; with a fruitful soil; with a numerous, industrious^ and intel- ligent population ; and with a constitution se- : curing property and personal liberty ; it is not ^ to be wondered, that the British empire has long been the envy of the world, and that every Briton has reason to be proud of his name and country! CHAPTER II. Of the General Government, or political Constitution of the Empire. 20. The British Constitution, or Government, 18 composed of the King, in whom the execu- tive power is vested ; of the House of Lords, which consists of Peers and Bishops ; and of THE House of Commons, the members of which are, or ought to be, elected to represent * From the Saxon Cyning, > V s--^'--*'* / t i^ s \ a u 1- s, af of at V I m- aovmiNMEiiT. 7 the people, eitlier by the freeholders of the different counties; or by the freemen and house- holders of cities and suiiicient boroughs. Obs. — Judge Blackstone, in his admirable Commenta- ries, observes, that *^ the Constitutional Government of this rsland is so admirably tempered and compounded, tbat nothing can endanger or hurt it, but destroying the equilibrium of power between one branch of the legis- lature and the rest; for if ever it should happen that the independence of any one of the three should be lost, or that it should becomesnbservientto the views of either of the other two, there would soon be an end of our con- stitution.'* 21. The King is the organ of the Law, the head of the Church, the director of the public Forces, the fountain of Honour, and the medium of communication with Foreign Nations. Obs. — The crown of England, by common laWandan cient custom, is hereditary; but this by no means estab- lishes the doctrine of Divine right, or indefea^able claim to the throne, for consistently with the constitution, and agreeably to president, the succession may be limited, or even changed by act of parliament ; and it is to this circumstance that the present reigning family owe their accession to the Regal Dignity. 22. At his coronation the King pledges him- self by oath to the following engagements : — ** To govern according to the statutes of parliament, and the laws and customs of the realm. '* To cause law and justice, in mercy, to be executed t'n all his judgments. *' To maintain, to the utmost of his power, the laws of God, the true profession of the gospel, and the protestant reformed religion established by law." 23. The King is regarded by law as incapable of doing any wrong, the responsibility of un- just or illegal measures resting solely on bis -•;-^ 8 BRITISH OEOGRAPHT* Ministers. He summons Parliament to meet, and'^ can adjourn, prorogue, or dissolve it at plea- .sure. He can refuse his assent to any proposed iiw. He nominates his Privy Council, and the great officers of state. He has also the power of pardoning offenders. Obs, — If the kinj^'s prerogative alone were considered, his authority would appear to exceed the bounds of a limited monarchy ; but having scarcely any revenue without the grant of his people by their representatives, he is in a state of real dependance. He has the prero- gative of commanding armies, and equipping fleets | but without the concurrence of parliament he cannot maintain them. He can bestow places and employment); ; but without parliament he cannot pay the salaries. He can declare war; but without parliament it is lmpossi« ble for him to carry it on. The King is invested with the exclusive right of assembling parliaments; yet, by aw, he must assemble one at least once in three years, and necessity will compel him to assemble it much of* 4tner. He is the head of the church ; but he can nel« Iher alter the established religion, nor call individuals to account for their religious opinions. He cannot even profess the religion which the legislature has particularly forbidden; and the prince who shall profess it, is de- clared incapable of inheriting, possessing, or enjoying the crown. The King is the first magistrate ; but he can make no change in the maxims and forms consecrated by law or custom : he cannot even influence, in any case whatever, the decision of causes between subjeqt and ^ Euli^ect. He cannot create any new office, inconsistent with the constitution, or prejudicial to the subject ; and although crimes are prosecuted in his name, he cannot refuse to lend it to any persons who have complaints to prefer. The King hcis the privilege of coining money; but he cannot alter the standard. He has the power of pardoning offenders ; but he cannot exempt them from •laking a compensation to the parties 'injured. It is even established by law, that, in case of murder, the widow shall have a righf to prosecute the murderer | COVERNMFNT, 9 and in sucb case, the Kinfc'i pardon cannot have anj effect. Even with the military power he i« not abBolntey since it is declared in the BillLif Rights, that a standing army, without the consent of Oarliainent is arainvl »afr The King himself cannot be arraigned before judges | but if any abuse of power is committed, or' in general any thing done contrary to the public weal, a prose- cution can We instituted by parliament against those who have been either the instruments, or the advisers of the measure, and the King's pardon would be of no avail to the delinquents. These great restraints on prerogative, added to the independence of the Judges, established by his present majesty, and the uncontrolled freedom of speech in parliament, secured by the Bill of Rights, may safely be affirmed to aflbrd every guarantee which a judi- cious jealousy ean require. 24. The King has his appropriate revenue, called ** The Civil List," from which the offi- cers of his household, the great officers of state, and the judges and officers engaged in the ad- ministration of justice are paid. The sum al- lowed for the civil list by parliament is above a million per annum, but the personal income of the crown is supposed to be equal to nearly two millions. 06s.— -The King's motto is Dieu et mon Droit; that ts, " God and my Right " In his arms, the lions were first used by Henry II. from his mother's eschutcheon. The flower-de-luce was adopted by Edward III. when he claimed the crown of France. The harp is Irish. The thistle Scottish. The white rose was borne by the house of York ; and the red by the houiie of Lancaster. Round the garter is the motto Honi soit qui malypense — *-**£vil be to him that thinketh evil of it." 25. The constitution of the parliament was established in 1215. In the Great Charter granted by King John, he promised ** to sum« mon all archbishops, bishops, lords, and great 10 BRITISH GEOORAPHT. ■I ourons personally ; and all others tenants in chief, by the sheriffs and bailiffs, within forty days, to Hssess aids and scutages when necessary.",*.., Obs. — The earliest eoris^in^ writs for summoning knlf^hts, citizens, and burgesses to parliament, are of the 49th of Henry III, or in 1'266. 26. The Parliament is assembled by the King's writ, and the interval between its sessions must not exceed three years. The constituent parts of a parliament are the King, and the three estates of the realm ; of the latter, the Lords spiritual and temporal, sit in one house, and vote in one body ; while the Commons debate and vote in a separate house. 0&«.-^Originally the lords and commons assembled in one hall; but for many centuries* past, they have^ev accustomed to sit in separate apartments. v^ 27. The Lords spiritual consist of two arcth bishops, 24 bishops of England and Wales, and four elected bishops from Ireland. The Lords temporal, of dukes» marquissei, iarls, viscounts, and barons, all of whom in England sit by their own right, and the rest by election; namely, the 16 peers who represent the nobility of Scotland, and the 28 peers who represent the nobility of Ireland. Tim ljumber of peers is about 400. - - Obs, -Besides these, the judges of Sngland sit by Tirtne of the King's writ of assistance ; the masters of chancery, by virtue of their office; and his majesty's attorney and •olicitor-general, and counsel learned in the law, attend on requisite occasions to give advice ; none, hovrever, but pceri in parliament, can vote on any question. c^ ^- \tf ,^ ::...: '^T-^,.-i ■^^,!t. :*:^f>«i^._ ■ ■'■^'•f* " >* « « GOVERNMENT. 11 20. The Peers have many privileges : they are the hereditary counsellors of the king; they are free from arrest, unless for treason, felony, or breach of the peace ; they can only be tried by a jury of peers, except in misdemeanors, as libel, riots, perjury, and conspiracies, in which cases they are tried like a commoner, by a jury; and, in their absence from parliament, they can vote by proxy. Obs. — The bouse of lords is also the bii^hest court of judicature In the kingdom, and in all cases of error ao appeal may be made to this from the judgment of iofe- li. The House of Commons consists of 658 knights and burgesses. The knights are repre sentatives of counties; the citizens and bur* gesses of cities and boroughs. England elect* 513; Scotland 45; and Ireland 100. 30. The Commons are elected in consequence of writs from the King addressed to sheritfs and bailiffs ; the knights of shires by a majority o{^ those who possess freeholds of forty shillings per annum ; and the citizens and burgesses, by the freemen or householders of cities or be- roughs.^ f^/^ Obi. I,— In the election of county members, every ,oter must have a freehold of the clear yearly value of forty shillings. The qualifications of electors for cities, boroughs, and cinque ports, vary according to the pecu- liar circumstanccsof each place, existing at the time when it began to return members to parliament. | or established by custom from time immemorial ; oi l-y the decisions of the House of Commons, or its committees, sitting under the statute called the Grenville Act. In some cities, freeholders only have the right of vocirg} io tome places ,.-,^_.. V n :it ;i « s 12 / BRITISH OBOGRAPHV. the right ii reserred in the corporation ; i n othem to the burgage-ten:int-i{ in some the populacy, in a limited «lpae, are the electors; in others nothing more is required than residence. The whole representation ik in the highest degree irregular and defective, and requirei com- plete alteration. f. When a member ii once duly chosen, he cannot relinquish his seat, or be discharged fr«m it but by ope- ration of law. 31. The members of the House of Commons have also great privileges : as freedom of speech during debate; exemption from arrest during the sessions, for forty days after prorogation, and for forty days before the next meeting* , 32. The special privilege, or exclusive fight of the House of Commons, is the initiative, or right of propounding all money-bills, a point of the highest consequence to the liberties of the country. They enjoy also the right, as forming the grand inquest of the realm, to impeach or accuse wicked ministers, partial judges, and other oHicers of the Crown, i^ 33. When a member introduces a new law, or act of parliament, he moves for leave to bring in a bill. If approved, it is read a first time, and, after a convenient interval, a second time. It is then referred to a committee, when amendments are made, and blanks filled up. The chairman ^reports upon it to the House, which reconsiders the whole. It is then en- grossed, read a third time, and voted. 34. After it has passed in that House, it is carried to the other Houue for its concurrence ; ind it there undergoes the same forms. If re- •i^. I'.a.'^Ce .f„ OOVrilI*MENT, 13 'fccted, no farther nofice is taken. If any amenn cnents be made, they are sent to the House o^ 'Commons for its concurrence ; and to adjust the "llow:4 hr* 4ween members deputeid from each body, 35. The royal assent to bills confirms them r«s laws, and this is given sometimes by commis- sion ; but when the King passes bills in person, he appears in his royal robes, crowned, and sit- ting on his throne in the House of Peers. Being seated, he sends for the House of Commons, when the Speaker, attended by the House, car- ries with him any money-bill or bills ; other bills remaining with the lords. Obs, — If the Kiag assents to a public bill, his appra> bation is signified by a declarallon that le Roy le veut-^ «* The King wills it." If toa private bill, Soil fait coming it est desire — ** Let that which is required be effected. It he reftise, he says, Le Roy s* en avisera. — ** The Kinf will advise upon it." The assent of his Majesty to ^ j ■i^' ...^., ; *W' 14 BRITISH GECSRAPHY. ! . n : :• their jurisdiction is only to enquire, not to punish, and the persons committed by them are >'ntitled to their Habeas Corpus. ^\v" '? 37. The Cabinet Council is a committee of the privy council, and usually consists of the eleven following officers of state ; — The lord chancellor ; The lord president; The lord privy seal; The chancellor of the exchequer ; The first lord of the treasury, or prime mi- nister; The secretary for foreign ai[lairs ; .^ h*4 The secretary for the home department ; The secretary for the war department ; The first lord of the admiralty ; .^^ ; The treasurer of the navy; and The president of the board of controul for India affairs. ^ 38. The Ministers in the two houses of par* liament introduce all business which originates with the crown, produce the accounts of the public expenditure, and the sums requisite for the supply. To^them also is confided the dis- bursement of all public monies, for the due em- ployment of which they are held responsible. 39. The great officers of the crown are nine in number: 1. The lord high steward of England, (tern* porary ;) ,. ...^. 2. The lord high chancellor ; 3. The lord hiivli treasurer, (held in commis* * ^ .-.'-■-■\ t GOVERNMENT. ' 15 . / 4. The lord president of the privy council ; 6. The lord privy seal ; 6. The lord high chamberlain ; 7. The k»rd high, constable ; (temporary ;) 8. The Virl marshal ; (an office exercised by the Duke of Norfolk, or his depuiy ;) 9. The lord high admiral, now held in com- mission. Y stouu .'i'- H. jwlge Obs, — The lord high steward was anciently viceroy, but it is now a mere ceremonial office, at a coronalioa, and on the trial of impeachments. The office of chancellor is to keep the great seal, and according to equity ; to him belongs also the appointment of all the justices of peace in the kingdom, and he is the guardian of infants, idiots, and lunatics. The lord treasurer has charge and governmeitt of the whole revenue, an office held by five commissioners. The salary of the first lord of the treasury is 4,000/.} of the other lords 1 ,600{. each. The lord president proposes business at the council- table, and reports the same to the king The lord privy seal passes charters, grants, &c. The lord chamberlain robes the king, and keeps the palace and parliament. The earl marshal superintends the college of arms. The lord high admiral has the management of all ma- ritime affairs, an office now held by seven commissioners. The salary of the first lord is 4,000/. and a house in the admiralty ; of the others 1,000/., and the four senior have a house each, 40. The King confers ranks and titles accord- ing to his pleasure. At present there belong to the English Peerage, 28 Dukes, (6 of the blood royal ;) 17 Marquises ; 100 Earls ; 18 Vii- counts; and 97 Barons, besides minors and catholics. Scotland has about 70 i*eer^ i^* '-- -,t' .-■-...H,^. ,;.«', :-»,,'»; '"-l-ST.-- 'T I J ■■.*-, * 5 p « ■ t^ ^B ri V • ; 16 BRITISH OEOGBAPHT. presented, by 16. Ireland about 150> repre* sented by 28. 41. The other ranks are Baronets and Knights,. Of the former there are about 500 ^glish ba-- ronets, 200 Scottish knights-baronetsipnd about 100 Irish baronets, which honours confer here- ditary titles. The Knights are 25 of the Garter^ about 400 of the Bath, which have lately been divided into three classes, 13 of the Thistle, 15 of St. Patrick, and more than 60 living Knights Bachelors. Us- Obs. — Stf, now used in knights and baronets, come» from the Gothic or Frank Sihor, Sieur^ or Lord, and was anciently used to peers only. -'fe W^f ; In 1815, his Royal Highness the Prince Hegent was pleased to make a considerable alteration in the knighthood of the Bath, ordaining,' ffittdthe most honour- able military order of this fraternity shall, from that time, consist of three classes, differing in their ranks and degrees of dignity. The fiist class of the said ori^r now consists of Knights Grand Crosses, instead of Knights Companions, with similar privileges; the number of whom is not to exceed 72, of which 12 may be chosen from British sub- jects in civil and diplomatic employments. The military part of this class, in addition to the badge of the order, have a wreath of laurel, encircling an escrol, inscriked with the motto " Ich Dien." None beneath the dig- nity of major-general, or rear-admiral, are eligible ta Ihe military part of this class. All the Princes of tbe^ B(ood Royal, holding commissions as general-officers io the array, or flag-officers in the navy, are added to tli^ number of knights of this class. ^^ The second class is composed of Knights Commanders^ who take precedence of all Knights Bachelors, with, the Kaine rights and privileges as the latter- Upon tke* ami iosruui oil of this class, the number was rescrictid tf>- ■•», ^rr. -■ T^.-r-'j '"^v " #- v* GOVERNMENT* 17 repre * nights*. Ish ba— about here- jarter, y been histle, living , coine» iDd was I- int was in the lonour- »m that * ranks sists of anions, not to sh sub* lilitarj order, ;crihed le di|;. ' ible t<^ of tho :ers \a to the- inders,. with Dnth» 180^ pxclutive of 10 foreign officers holding Brfiish com* laissiousi but, in the event of signal distinction, or of future wars, the number may be increased. None are eligible to this class below the rank of lieutenant-colonel, or po»t-captain.The Knights-Commanders are not permitted to bear sdi||prter8, but may encircle their arms with the red ribbonljpd badge, appropriate to the second class i nor can any one be appointed to the first class, that has not previously passed through this. The third class of the most honourable military order of the Bath, is composed of officers holding com- missions in his Majesty *s service by sea or land, whc are styled Companions of the said Order. This class ranks below Knights- Bachelors, but takes precedence of all Esquires. In order to an officer's being nominated of this class, he must have received a medal, or badge of honour, or most have been especially mentioned in dis- patches published in the London Gazette, as having dis- tinguished himself in action against his Majesty's ene- mies. They are to w^ar the badge assigned tothethirA class, pendant by a ij|i^||^j^ red ribbon to the button- hole. '^42. The second ciDU^ in the kingdom, (the high-court of Parliament having pre-enjinence,) is that of Chancery. Its intention is to miti- gate the rigours of the law; to take cogni- zance of every thing connected with minors, idiots, and insane persons, and to administer lustice in cases of fraud, breach of trust, or other wrong. The lord high-chancellor, or, in his absence, the vice-chancellor, or the master of the rolls, sits as judge, and determine accord- ing to piecedents and to equity, i^^ yil^\ j^l^ 0A5.— The Master of the Rolls is the chief of the twelve masters in chancery, and the keeper of all records, ittdgments, sentences, and decrees given in chancery. He assists the lord-chancellor nhen present, and is his deputy when absent. A Vice-Chancellor has al o been B 3 " *. '■*? V if BRinSH GEOGRAPHY. it ^1 lately appointed, who has precerfence next to the master uf (he rolls, and has power to hear and determine all causes, matters, and thln«:s deppiuiin«; in the com t. His decrees, however, as well as those of the roaster of the rolls, are subject to the revision of the lord^|kinceIIor. 43. The Kind's Bench being tlSsiipreine court of common iaw, is next in point of power and Iionour. Its jurisdiction extends to the whole kingdom, and in it are determined, ac- cording to law, all matters which respect the king's peace. It is likewise a court of appeal from inferior courts, and here also, by a fiction of law, the subject can issue for debt, and'aa habeas corpus is granted to relieve persons wrongfully imprisoned. The judges are the lord, chief-justice, and three j?W2««e justices, r / / >MC The court of Common Pleas h the proper ' court for real actions, that is, actions which / concern the right of freeholders' real property / between subject and subject, founded on the cominoi^jind the statute law. Writs of habeas corpus Ire also granted by this court. The judges of this court are likewise four; the first of which is called the lord-chief-justice of the common pleas ; the rest, puisne judges, ?« 45. The court of Exchequer t^kes cogni- aance of all causes relating to the public reve- nue, and is empowered to judge both a^ording to law and equity. It consists of four acting ji^ges, called the lord-chief-baron, and three >|c^^ barons. ^U:"?^^ ' -"•'--.• ()' f %0. The twelve judges of the three eourts V ^o on circuit through the kingdom twice a year> to administer justice; but local courtf .n the ubeas The e first the ogni- reve- rding cting thre /{/m 50. Every hundred has its H^jgh ^POnstable, and every parish its Constable, tvhose duty it is to attend the High Constable, to keep the peace, to detain offenders till they can be brought before a justice of the peace ; and to execute the warrant of a magistrate or bench of justices, with authority, in case of opposition, to claim assistance, under penalty. Obs. — Besides the above, every Parish contains the following officers; Overseers of the Poor, elected from amonji; the substantial housekeepers yearly, under the in- spection of two neighbouring justices, whose duty it is to raise money in the parish, by collecting from its inhabit ants, in proportion to the rent of the houses they live io, for the relief of their own poor, who are not able to work | and to provide work for such as are able, and cannot get employment ; which duties they ought always to perform with grea,t tendernesss and humanity. There are also Church'ttirdens for the calling of vestries, &c. and Sur^ veyors of the Highvoay^ appointed to keep the roads through it in repair, except the turnpike roads. There are generally two of each in every parish, appointed ont of the substantial inhabitants, with the approbation of two neighbouring justices of the peace. 51. Every City, and many Boroughs, have an independent Corporation, under which tliey are governed by charter from the king, with a jurisdiction within themselves, to judge in all civil and criminal matters; an appeal lying to the courts at Westminster, in civil causes, and capital ones being referred to the judges at tb* assises. ^.^kr,;-^ , if i_ -^ * r , .'I m d{ a a sd tl i\\ tii ■'>.;■- ..'iil GOVERNMENT. 21 m 52. The government of cities and boroughs differs according to their charters. Cities have a Mayor, Aldermen, and burgesses, who form a Corporation, and hold courts. Boroughs have some a mayor, some two bailiffs, who, during their mayoralty, or magistracy, act as local jus- tices of the peace. Some cities are also coun- ties, choosing their own sheriffs. ' Obs. — Formerly, and properly, the people in all Cities and Boroughs chose the members of the corporation, and such are cS*''. * *. V GOVERNMENT, 23 dence | and as Grand Juries only hear the evidence of the prosecutor, they ought to be vigilantly on their gtardi against trilling, vexatious, and malicious prosecutions. 58. The Petit Jury of twelve make oath that " they shall well and truly try, and true deliverance make, between the king and the i/f pnsoner at the hqr^ according to thg^ f vidence/Y C/ > Alter they have fully heard tlie evidencej.Jiie prisoner's defence, and the mw from the ju^ge, the twelve must decide each for himself, and th whole must he unanimous in acquitting, or ir condemning, the prisoner. / vv „ 69, The jury must be impartial and indepen' ^ dent, or they are liable to be challenged or ob- jected to. They should also round their verdict onMetr ou^ra judgment, deducing it from cljar and positiv.e evidence: no other duty being so sacred, and no other trust so greilt, a^ that re* posed in the integrity and indij^ndence of a , juryman. ■*?':t:.^i/ ]}d. ff' \:C1 ''S'^"'' '*'-;*v^''>'""^' 06s.— The duties %f juryi|^ have been fiiTly ex- plained, in A popular manner, in Sir%. Phillips's late vfork on the Powen and Duties of «/ttrie5.~o8ee also the jippendix for his Oolden Rules, , .. 60. All capital crimes are comprised by the laws of England under the heads of treason and felony. The first consists in plotting, conspir- ing, or rising in arms against the sovereign, or counterfeiting the coin. Under the head o« filonies are included murder, robbery, forgery, maiming or stabbing, house-breaking, &c. These are punished by hanging: and murderers art executed within 24 hours affer sentence. ■■:'':" ■' . : /ft '^ " ;*'•*: 4J*M7 24 BRirrsn oROORAPnr. tl '.( X ' 1 1 -- \ »•< 61. Persons guilty of robbery onl}, ire usu- ally transported to New Holland, for a term of years, or for fife. The punishment of perjury IS by fine and imprisonment. Petty larcenies, or small thefts, are punished by whipping and imprisonment. Publishing false libels, using false weights and measures, forestalling the markets, or breaking the pet^e, are punished by fine or imprisonment, and sometimes Ly both. j Ohn, I. — Forpery, which of late ycai'«, and in thii country alone, is punished with the satie decree of be- V(*rity as murder, has f^reatly increased, perhapi on.thii v'ery account. It appears that the number of persons proiei'uted for forgery, or having in their possession | forged Rank of En^nd notes, from the 1st of January to the 10th of April, 1818, amounted to the almost in» credible number of 129. 4, — The fines, penalties, ^i«d imprisonmenti. Inci- dent to the game laws, so hostile to the human spirit of our constitution, are productive of endless vexations. In the spring of 1818, the numbers imprisoned under the operation of these odious laws, during the preceding twelve months, amounting to 1,200. All parties concur in the necessity of an immediate revision. 3. — As the English people are free, and it is their duty to preserve their liberties from generation to geue* ration; they are authorized and justified by the consti- tution, either individually or collectively, to petition the throne, and the two houses of the legisllature, against all oppressions and grievances, and to propose the adop-^ tion of any new law, or (he amendment of any old one«^ 4.' -Besides the security afibrded to liberty by trial by jury, and the plan of representation to the House of Commons, every Englishman possesses the inherent rig^ of speaking, writing, printing,and publishing the truth dii all subjects of public interest; and in regard to the pu^ 1)c conduct of public men, a right which always checki abases of power, and which cannot, therefore, be to^ ■Sjch respected bj juries. ■»■■ ■■-i ^. 36 irc usif- term of crjury cenies, ng and g false arkets, fiQe or In thii e of be- • on. this persons issession i January most in» k; inci. spirit of ons. Iq nder the recediof^ !8 concur is their to geue* i const!* petition . against e adop« ►Id one.* trial by [ouse of nt rigiit truth i hepa^ check! bet«i» CHAPTER III. Of the Population^ National Wealthy Commerce, and Public Resources. 62. The population of the British Islands, notwithstanding the emigrations, appears to be considerably on the increase, and is at this time above 21 millions, which is higher than that of any country in Europe, France exceed. Of these millions, Loudon and its environpM contain one million and a quarter, Yorkshire a million and a fifth, Lancashire above 1 million, Wales three quarters^ Scotland above two, and Ireland about seven. 06s.— By the returns made to Parliament, in 1821, the population v^as as under : England 11,260,56S Wales 717,135 Scotland • 2,092,014 Ireland 6,836,940 Army, Navy, Marines and Seamen • • 810,000 Grand Total • 21,226,626 Omissions would raise the numbers 21 millions and a half. 63. There are in Great Britain 2,429,630 houses inhabited ;' 24,678 building ; and 82,364 unoccupied i /i,/ j /: / ' / u ¥ 30 bUlTlSH QBOOmAPBT. Ml : : K^, Obi.— Tht number of liousea in eack kingdom by the returni of 1821, as under : Inhabited, f Families. England Wales,*. Scotland Totals 1,951,973 136,183 841,474 2,246,717 146,706 447.760 2,941,283 2,429,632 64. The families employed in agriculture are 978,656, and those in trade, manufacture, and handicraft, 1,350,739; other families, 612,488. Ofrs.— l^or the three kingdoms thus : England • • 773732 1,118,295 454,690 Wales • • • • 74,225 41,680 30,801 Scotland • • 130,6911 190,264 126,997 65. The number of soldiers in the British army was, in 1821, at least 100,000 ; of seamen in the royal navy 15,000 ; and of seamen in mf reliant vessels 150,000, n 66. The number of the poor, or of those who, being unable to provide subsistence for them- selves, require maintenance of the public, is at present full two millions; to support whom, more than eight millions are collected annually, uuder the name of poor's rates. Obs. — It appears from the Repoi-t of the Select Com- mittee, in the spring of 1815, that the average sum raised by assessments, for the use of the poor, in the three years ending in 1750, was only 730,135/. but the aver«, age^of 1819 and 1820, was 7,430.627/. In 18gl, it wai kali a million less, owing to provisions being 26 #* cenl. cheaper. :P '•v POPULATtON, Ac. ftC. 27 ure are 'e, and 2,488, 00 01 •.- 1 British seamen nen ia e who, them- ', is at whom, aually^ r .^ -'■'■' t Com- 1 raised i three B aver- it wai P'cenl. The average amount of money expended in pariiih law-x (its, in the cruel system of removals, 6ic» i» e.sti- mated at one 25th. The poor were increased dnring the late wars from two causes; 1, the dimunishcd value of money, which disabled persons of small capital from holding farms ; and 2, from a wicked spirit of monopoly in those who could commanil capital, and of avarice in landlord! which led to the consolidation of farms. 67. The cities and towns of the largest popu- lation, are London, which, in 1821, contained 1,225,604 resident inhabitants, besides 50,000 visitors and seamen. « ^ , . Dublin 180,000 Glasgow .«. 147,013 Edinburgh 138,235 Manchester 133,785 Liverpool 118,072 Birmingham • • • • 106,722 Bristol •• Leeds • • Cork . . . . Limerick Plymouth Norwich 1 1 • • • • • • • 68. Those of the second magnitude 60 to 20,000, inhabitants are Portsmouth and? Portsca J Nottingham ••••.. Bath Newcastle Hull Dnndee Leicester • Paisley Ashton under Line Preston »« 46)640 40,415 36,811 35,181 31,125 30,157 30,135 26,428 Ji5,060 |4,674 Brighton Chatham and Ro. 7 Chester J Exeter Bolton(Great)«««« Blackburn Shrewsbury Oldham Coventry Greenock York . ^ «• ••..«. C 2 87.770 83,796 67,000 66,0U0 61,212 60,28« from 24,430 24,06S 23,479 22,037 21,947 21,695 21,662 21,241 22.088 20,787 '^i M -Hi.:. \ ;. I 28 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. 69. Those of the thu'd degree between 20 and 12,000, are • ••• • • • • • Chester Wolverhampton Dudley Yarmouth Macclesfield* •• Wigan Derby Wenlock Sedgley«*>< Ipswich* ••• Worcester Woolwiclj • Oxford • • Carlisle > • • • Sunderland Colchester Warrington • Cheltenham • Southampton Winchester « • • • « • • 19,949 18,380 18,V11 18,040 17,746 17,716 17,423 17,265 17,195 17,1S6 17,023 17,000 16,364 15,476 14,725 14'010 13,570 13,396 13,353 13,353 Huddersfield Bradford ••• Canterbury • Halifax Maidstone • Frome Lynn Ripon • » Bilstou 13,284 13,064 12,746 12,628 12,508 12,411 12,253 12,131 12,000 WALES. Merther-Tidoil • 17 410 SCOTLAND. Perth • • 19,065 Machar • • .. 18.312 Mouklan • • 14,348 Dunfermline • • .. 13,681 Kilmarnock • • • • .. 12,769 Inverness .• 12,264 70. The cultivated land of England and Wales is supposed to produce in grain, grass^ meat, vegetables, and other products, about 4/. per acre, or 180 miUions per annnm ; the land of Scotland about 20 millions, and that of Ireland about 50 millions. The rental of the whole is about 15s, an acre, or 60 millions per annum, and the value is about 1200 millions. r /'r! O&s.— During the late war the rental was 25^ or more, and the estimated value aboye 2000 millioaf . 71. The three millions of hj|«ises in the V^ted Kingdom are worth 150/. each on the average* or 450 millions, and produce a rental of 15/. y^ .,v*,.. s 20 and • 13,284 • 13,064 • 12,745 • 12,628 • 12,608 • 12,411 ' 12,253 • 12,131 • 12,000 • 17 410 X > 19,065 > 18 312 14,348 13,681 12,769 12,264 Wales meat, il. per and of reland lole is nnum. 254 or ont. ^erage» >f 16/. * ?t: POPULATION, &C. &C. 2t^ each, or 45 millions. The furniture in the houses, at 100/. each, is worth 300 millions. 72. The cattle and farming stock, taken at 4/, an acre on the cultivated land, is worth 24o millions, and the national stock of merchandize and manufactured articles, deposited in a million shops and warehoyMTes, is at least 250 millions. /V' ' ^^ ^ 73. The 20,000 merchant-vessels employed in the foreign and coasting trade, at i,500/. each, are worth 30 millions, and produce an income to their proprietors of 3 millions per annum. 74. The gold, silver, and jewels, have been estimated at 50 millions, and the cloathing and miscellaneous articles at another 50 millions. /' ' 75. The stock, therefore, of the United King- dom at a time, when gold is worth 5/. and silver 6s. per ounce, wheat 5/. per quarter, and the wages of a day-labourer Ws, per week, is as under; though at present this falls short of the estimated value. Land 1,200 millioil Houses ^. . . 430 millions Furniture 300 millions F« ;.,^..;.f .... 50 miilious 76. Besides the allfiave in private property, the government has its\iavy of about 750 great c 3 ^ \ '/■• ■ ■ i 1 ^!f i I SO BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. ships, many of which are now lying in ordinmy^ 4t Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c. worth 20,000/. eacli, or 15 millions ; the stores worth 25 mil- lions ; the military appurtenances worth 30 mil- lions ; and the public buildings, land, &c. worth 30 millions more, making a total of the ne- cessary stock of government, of about 100 millions. 77. The stock of British subjects, making an integral part of the wealth of the nation, in the colonies and in foreign countries, may be esti- mated — In North America, ii(.../ '•• 40 millions In the West-Indies at « lOO millions Ifi South America at r . , . 20 millions In Africa at ^ 10 millions In the East Indies at 50 millions In other countries at . 20 millions 140 millions . 78. The effective British population of these dependencies may be taken as follows : V ^ North America 1-^miIlioo ||' ^n the West Indies 1 million * In the East Indies 2 millions In other places 1 million Total of remote British or national '\ population, exclusive of black ( -i .ii.^-, and native subjects, which is five r Oamiuions times greater. j ' • 79. The grand total then of thr population of the British Empire is about 26 millions of English, Irish, and Scotish subjects, scattered over the world; and of its wealth about 2810 millions, taken at the value of currency in 1823. POPULATION, &€. T-i; 7" r^: '7- ■'■■ .. ,• ^- 34 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. army and ordnance, two millions for civil list, Ac, and five millions for interest of exchequer bills and sinking-fund, over and above the interest of the public debt, amounting to 81 millions. 90. The ways and means for raising the above iupplies are by duties of customs and excise ; by assessments on lands, houses, windows, ser- vants, horses, and carriages; by stamp and legacy duties, and by licences of various kinds. 91. The late wars against France cost, over and above the regular expenditure, 1,100 mil- lions, pr half the amount of the public stock in 1793, of which 640 millions was raised in war taxes, and 460 millions added to the debt. This vast expence of the government during the war, raised the price of all commodities, which lEilling when^ the expenditure ceased, produced great domestic misery. Expenditure during the late Wars, Total money raised in Great Britain by loans and taxes, during the 23 years m war that elapsed, between the begin- T ning of 1793 and that of 1816, about Deduct for the amount of our peace esta- blishment and charges unconnected with the war, about ,. . Remainder, constituting the charge of , the war i 01^ the total sum of 1,100,000,000/. ex- pended during the war, the amount •dded to the permanent debt was £1,564,000,000 464,000,000 £1,100,000,000 « 46Q,OOOi)00 .)J1.^,J-L>.^ 1 list, Ac, |uer bills nteresl of ons. he above I excise; OW8, ser- imp and us kinds. f)st, over 100 mil- lie stock raised in he debt, uring the s, which roduced 4,000,000 1,000,000 ),000,000 .^..*. *■, >,< « POPULATION, &C, &C, •2. The debt amounted, At tbe peace of Ryswick - - in 1097 to - ofUtrect - - - . 1712 of Aix la Cbapelle • 1748 of Palis .... 1763 ofVersuilJea - . - 1783 of Amiens - • . 1802 of Paris .... 1815 nearly To which, adding the debt of Ireland, some- what more than - - 35 £21,500,000 54,000,000 78,000,000 134,000,000 238,000,000 452,000,000 700,000,000 100,000,000 Total present debt about • • 800,000,000 These sums, consequently, represent the total of our debt at each period, without the perplexing distinctions of funded and unfunded, redeemed and unredeemed. 93. This vast financial system is managed by the Bank of England, which receives the amount of all the taxes, pays the interest of the national debt, and keeps accounts with the trea- surers of the navy, army, ordnance, and other public officers, who draw on the Bank accord- ing to their several wants. 94. For the facility of making its payments, the Bank, a century ago, issued promissory notes of 100/. each; these have successively fallen in amount to 50/. 20/. 10/. 5/. 2/. and 1/. and their increase having depreciated the value of money, gold and silver have risen in price, and totally disappeared, leaving no other cur- rency than bank-paper. 95. The amount of bank notes in circulation, in 1822, was about 19 millions, being 12 mil- lions less than in 1814, but nearly an equal amount of specie has been sent into circulation; while of country banker's notes there are about 12 millioBi. * ? I I 1 36 BRITISH GEOGBAPIIY. not more th&n 20 or 30 millions of paper, the ralue of money has been proportionally depre- ciated, and the value of all commodities, as es- timated in money, perniciously increased. 96. The commerce of the British empire in 1819, notwithstanding the stagnation, was car- ried on in 22,640 ships belonging to the British islands and colonies, the burthens of which were 2,414,484 tons; and the o.rews consisted of 160,557 men and boys. These vessels cover the ocean, and convey cargoes of manufactures, and of native, colonial, and foreign produce, to the ports df all nations. Obs, — The first Impulse given to British trade arose from the law, called the Navigation Act; by ivhich it is provided, that no merchandize shall be imported into England, nor conveyed from one British port to another, but in English ships, of which the ma^^er and two-thirdf of the crew must be English subjects, except in ships of which the cargo is the produce of the country* 97. The colonies of Britain in the East and West Indies give her the monopoly of the rare productions of those countries, and enable her to export them to all other countries, in con- junction with the staple con^modities of h^ own soil, and the produce of her manufactures. 98. England exports to all countries woollen cloths, hardware, trinkets and toys, cutlery, cottons, muslins and cidicoes, silk goods, cheese, eoak, porter, flannels, carpets, furniture, paper, glas^s leather, lace, stockings, hats, iron, tin, bricks, pottery, watches, books, prints, and mueical and mathematical instruments. 99* Scotland exports little natural produce, \ f ■If ■■• POPULATION, &C« &C. 37 but manufactures cottons^ silks, linens, and some woollens. Wales manufactures less, but exports largely its natural production of coals^ iron, copper, and cheese. 100. Ireland exports linens, corn, salted pro- visions, butter, and tallow; and manufactures cottons and woollens in common with England and Scotland, although in an inferior degree. She excels both countries, however, in her pop- lins and tabbinets, for which Dublin has been long famous. 101. The leading principle of British com- merce is to import none but raw materials, and export none but manufactures, reserv- ing at home the value of the labour. Thus we import a pound of raw cotton at half-a« crown, and export it in muslin at five guineas : thereby drawing to ourselves the value of the labour and the wealth of the world. 102. In 1700, the value of the imports into Great Britain was 5 millions, and the exports 6 millions : in 1775, it was 14 millions, and 18 millions; in 1800, it was 31 millions, and 43 millions ; in 1810, it was 60 millions, and 65 millions; and, in 1813, 29 millions, and 43 mil- lions; in 1816, 1817, and still more in 1818, it began to increase, chiefly owing to our inter- course with the Spanish independent colonies of South America Obs, — Id truth, there is less difference in the actual quantity of the imports and exports than appears by the figures. Money, or nominal yalue, was four timet greater in 1700 than in 1810, and it was nearly twice as great in 181 S as it was in 1800, so that although the nn^ r% ■fi- I J I f 1 \ 38 BRITIbH QBOORAPHY* Bifnal amonoti are greater, the quantity differ! •nly In kalf or a quarter ratio. »** For detailM relative to commerce, the young reki- der ii referred to Mortimer^s Dictionary of Commerce^ JAorriiorCs Book-keeping ^ aod Joyce* s Arithmetic, CHAPTER IV. Of the Means of Defence and Offence* 103. As the British empire can be invaded only from the sea, it is evidently secure against other najtions, as long as its navy is master of the ocean. Hence the attention which for many ages has been paid to our fleets; hencf the importance of maintaining its superiority ; and hence the national consequence of victo« ries at sea, Mrhenever the dominion of that ele« ment is contested by other nations. 104. At the termination of the late war, the royal navy, or the ships and vess^els manned and fitted for fighting, amounted to 1000 sail. Those which carry above 60 cannon are called ships of the line ; and of these the British navy contains iibove 200, of which upwards of 130 were in actual service during the late contest. A latge portion of our men-of-war, are now laid up in ordinary, at Portsmouth, Plymouth, Chat- ham, Sheerness, &c. 105. JFir«f-rate ships are those which Jiave from ino to 120 guns, and from 850 to 875 men. Second-r?iie ships have from 90 to 98 guns, "vmd from 700 to 750 men. ence» invaded against aster of cli for ; hence riority ; ' victot hat ele« irar, the led and sail. 1 called jh navy of 130 contest, owlaid I, Chat- h Jiave to 875 i guns. MEANS OF MtENCE, &«• 77kir are drawn by ballot, in their respective counties^ to serve for five years, or during the war; and every man from 18 to 45 is liable to serve. The local militia are also generally called out for a few weeks in every^ar, to learn their exer- cise, in time of war.«^ Obs, — The governroent of En|i:lahd, acting in confor- mity to the laws, and respecting the rights of the com* mons and of juries, apprehends nothing from teaching the mass of the people the ase of arms | and« on the 9thtr baod, the people feel less jealousy than formerly, d3 1 ] ! ■I ■5 42 BRITISH GBOQRAPHY. or' perhapi than they ongbt, of a standinii: array, he. cause the rights of the commons, of juries, and th« pre^s, are go well understood, even by the army itself, that no apprehension exists that the sword can ever he drawn by English soldiers against those civil liberties which are the basis of the prosperity, glory, and perma- nence of the empire. 116. The administration of the army is di- rected by a Commander-in-chief, assisted by the Secretary-at-war, the Secretary- of-state for the war-department, the Master-general of the ordnance, the Ad jutant-general, and the Quar- ter-master-general. The superior ranks of offi- cers inUhe British armv are Field-marshals: Generals, Lieutenant-generals, and Major-ge- nerals. 116. What Greenwich Hospital effects for the navy, Chelsea Hospital effects for the array. Here is a comfortable asylum for many thou- sands of aged and decrepi h is go- inces of under four are spiritual ers. ition of itions of >ounded Some olics, in iowevcr. rere pains r of that ion, some ave been th respect , of alle* r, renun- I, and ab' t keeping g princM time wt RIILIOION, tEARNlHOy &,C. 47 hope to see all the penal \uyfh against religions faith re- pealed; L27. In Scotland there are no clerical digni* taries, but all the clergy are called Ministers, and have equal rank and power. They meet, however, for purposes of Church government, in a general assembly, in synods, and in presby- teries. Nearly synonimous to the English church- warden and overseer of the poor, arc the Scot- ish ruliijg elder and deacon. Obs, — In Scotland, members of the Church of Eng- land are deemed Dissenters, and they number and rank in Scotland something like the Presbyterians themselvei Id England. 128. When popery was abolished, and the reformed religion introduced, the discussions on religious topics naturally led to conscientious differences of opinion on certain passages of the Sacred Scriptures, and hence the origin of the various religious sects, all of whom, on spiritual points, art, or ought to be, respected by the Church of England, and by each other. Obs» — The right of the Church to dissent from the pre- vious establishment of Popery, was the same as the right of others to dissent at any time from the Church, and from each other. Hence, in points of theology and di- vine worship, all Christians are bound to respect and tolerate each other, and to pity, rather than reproach, what each supposes to be the heresy of his brother. In this respect, the established Church of England can ne- ver be too much commended for its tolerant and liberal spirit; at the same time, it must be acknowledged, that violent men have sometime-^ discredited the clericil and Christian character, by yielding to their passions, and becoming the instruments of obloquy and persecution. 129. The principal dissenter>s in the British Islands are called Presbyterians. Baptists, Qua» #• A. 48 BIllTISH GEOORAPIIY. kers or Friends, Independents, Calvinists, Uni- tarians, and Swedenborgians ; besides the Me- thodists, a very numerous and zealous body. Oft*.-- A Protestant dissenter raay be admitted to the very ^ reat and important office of a legislator, or mem- ber of parliament; but, by the Corporation Act, passed in tlie 13th year of Charles II, no person can legally be elected to any office relating to the government of any city or corporation, unless, within a twelvemonth before, he has received the sacrament of the Lord's Su| per, ac- cording to the rites of the Church of England, nor unless he taices the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. And by the Test ^Act, passed in the SSih year of the same reign, all officers, civil and military, are publicly to take the said oaths, and make the declaration against transub- •tantiation, within six months after their admission ; and, within the same time, to take the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, according to the usage of the Church of England, in some public church, immediately after di- vine service and sermon, and to deliver into court a certificate, signed by the minister and churchwarden, and likewise to prove the same by two credible wil< nesses, upon forfeiture of 500/. and disability to hold the office. An indemnity act, however, is generally passed, to prevent the levying of the penalties annexed. Dissenters are required to register their places of worship in the office of the bishop of the diocese, and when they have done this, such place of worship, though only a room in a dwelling-house, is placed under the protection of the law, and no person can interrupt the religious services performed in it with impunity. Disseniing Ministers, except those of the Particular Bap* iists, are, in general, wholly supported by the voluntary contributions of their congregations. They may perform any clerical function, except that of marriage, which, by an act of parliament, is limited to parish-churches and the established clergy only. Their baptisms are registered in a book, in the public library of Dissenters, in Red'Crost Street, London; and by ao act of parliament, these regis* RELIGION, LEARNING, &C. 49 ters are held valid In law. They are not intitled to a iteeplc and bells for their places of worship ; and Jews, Quakers, and all denouiinations of Dissenters, must, ai well as the members of the established church, pay their church-rates and serve parish-offices, or forfeit the pe- anlty. As a body, the dissenters are not more respcr^ible in point of numbers, than of virtue and talents. Among them have appeared many who have been eminently cou- ipicuoug for both piety and learning; and those of the pre- sent time by no means seem to discredit their predecessors. 130. It 's computed that more than one-third of the population, uoder one or other of these denominations, are seceders from the Church, and that their preachers and teachers, though scantily provided for, number not less than five thousand. In the Church itself has lately ex- isted a class of Calvinistic Preachers, who are rigid disciplinarians, and draw together large congregations. Obs* — As this is not a theological work, nothing is ex- plained in regard to tenets $ but, of the whole body of religious teachers, it may be said, that they keep alive a spirit of piety, and encourage moral and religious ha- bits ; and that differences of opinion have, on the reli- gious feelings of society, the effect of stimulants on the body natural. The student who desires to become ac- quainted with the tenets of all sects, and to peruse the sacred writings with advantage, should possess himself of Dr, Robinson's Theological Dictionary, h- 131. Of late years the value of education has been more justly appreciated than formerly, and, at this time, it is as extraordinary to meet with a grown person who cannot read and write, is, a thousand years ago, it was to meet with one who could even read. This happy change B 60 lllilTISH QKOORAPHY im I is to be ascribed to the llefornicfl Religion, to the Art of Print iiijc;, to the iiiiivorAal and liberal Ciitublishmcnt of Schools, and to the Lancaiitrian and Bollian mode of instruction. OAs.^Ati it h F.diicntlon tlint formH nnd fiishionR man fnr the Hocinl State, lo the tnHk of cducntliiK the young li the inoitt iHefiil, important, and respectable, in Rociety. Next to gratitude to pan*ntii, the best atFections are al- ivayt due to those who direct and enlighten the mind, and who thereby raise the human Rperiei above savagei nnd beauts of the tleld. He mutt have a bad heart who doei not retain, through life, a grateful remembrance, and never-failing reipecC, for the teduloui and anxious preceptbra of hii youth. 182. Formerly the Universities were the only schools. Oxford is llie most ancient in Europe, beini^ prior to the time of Alfred, who built three of its colleges a thousand years ago. It now contains twenty colleges and five halls, itructures as splendid as palaces, and maintains about 1,000 Heads, Professors, Tutors, Officers, Fellows, and Students, besides accommodating as many iudepcndcut Scholars. Ohs, — The Colleges and Halls at Oxford are— >Uiift tBRSlTT, BALIOL, MfiRfON, EXBTCR, OrIBL, [QuUBN^I« Nf.w, LiNcoLv, All Souls, Magdalen, BRASBNiroti^ Corpus Christi, CiiRitT Church, Trinity, St^ John\ Jrsus, Wadham, PEMBRoas, Worcester and Hertford Colleges ; St. Mart Hall, Maodalen Hall, New Inn Hall, St. Alban Hall, and St. Komund HALL.--TMi<* chaclmos and Hilary terms are each kept by six weeki residence, and l\aster and Tiiuity terms hy three weeks each. — A residence of three weeks in each terra is suffl* cient for Bgchelors of Arts keepings term for a Master^s degree < and for Students in Civil Law, who have kept twelve terms, and have baeo eiamiaed for their degree. nELIGIOify LGARNlNOy &C. 61 ion, to liberal Htttrian ionii man lit* young I Hoclety. R arc rI- lie mind, e savaf;ei cart who [tibrance, i anxloui the only Europe, ho built igo. It e halls, aintains 3thcers, odaling re— Umi« kSBNNOtl^ k JOHN^S, EmTFORO New Inn kix.— rMi- ix weeki ee weeks is suffl« Ma8ter*9 lave kepi r degree. —Sixteen termft nre required for the degree of Bachelor •f jirhf from nti c^fceot the fcon^ of ICngMnh, Srulch, and lrif«h l*(M'rSf and the cUicHt iion§ of Baronets and KiiiKhtH, when mntrieulfitrd rr duch, and not on the foundation of Iny College I nil tiurh persons nre allowed to be can- didate! for that degree after having completed three years. — Fi'om the time of admission to a Bachelor's degree, twelve terms are computed, before the Bachelor can be tdmltted lo the degree of Master of Aits, — For the degree •f Bachelor in Civil Lnw^ without proceeding through Jirts^ Iwenty-elght terms are necessary. — For the degree of Doctor in Civil Law ^ five years are to he coinputed from the time at which the Bachelor's degree was conferred. — For a BttchelorU in Civil Law three years are required, to be calculated from the regency ; and for a Doctor's four years more, to be calculated from the time at which the Bachelor's was taken. — For the degree of Bachelor in Medicinet after the same manner, one year from the regency, and for n Doctor^s three years more.—- For the degree of Bachelor in Divinity seven years, accord inj; to a similar computation, and four years more for a Doctor's. 133. The University of Cambridge consists of thirteen colleges and four halls, as magnifi- cent as those of Oxford, and supporting 13,300 Heads, Professors, Officers, Fellows, and Stu- dents. Ohs, — The Colleges and Halls at Cambridge are — Trinity, St. John's, Emmanuel, Jksus, Queen's, Tri- nity Hall, Caiui, Christ, Pembroke Hall, Clarb Hall, 8t. Peter's, Kino's, Magdalen, Sidney, Bene't, Catherine Hall, and Downing College. — A Bachelor of Arts y at Cambridge, must reside the greater part of twelve several terms, the first and last excepted. — A Master of Arts must be B. A. of three years' standing. — K Bachelor of Divinity must be M. A. of seven years' standing.— A Bachelor of Divinity (ten year man.) These are tolerated by the statutes (12th Eli^.) which allow persons who are admitted at any college, being twenty B 2 52 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. f )l 1 1 u K ■ m i ' ju ^' B i H 1 Hj t- '" -^H 1 bB I four years uf af^e and upwards, to take the degree of B. I), at the end of ten years. Durinji; the last two \rar8 they must reside the greater part (»f three several terms.— A Doctor of Divinity must be a Bachelor of Di- vinity of five, or a Master of Arts of twelve years* itand- Uig.— A Bachelor of Laws must be of six years* standing complete, and must keep the greater part of nine several terms. — A Doctor 0f Laws must be of tiye years' standing from the degree of B. C. L. or a Master of Arts of seven years' standing. — A Bachelor of Physic must keep ihe greater part of nine several terms, and may be admitted any time in his sixth year. — A Doctor of Physic is bound to the same regulations as D. C. L. — A Licentiate in Me dfcine is required to be M. A. or M. B. of two years standi nsi. No exercise, but examination by the Profes- sor and another Doctor of the faculty. — A Bachelor of Mmic must enter his name at some college, and compose and perform a solemn piece of Music, as an exercise prior to his degree. — A Doctor of Music is geuerallj Mus. B. and bis exercise is tJie same. 134. In Scotland are the justly celebrated Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, old and new Aberdeen, and St. Andrew's ; in Ireland, the respected University of Dublin : all princely establishments, abounding in learned men, and the ablest professors in every branch of know- ledge. 135. At nearly all these Universities are granted the Degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and of Bachelor and Doctor in Divinity, Law, Physic, and Music, after certain periods of residence, and undergoing certain examina- tions. Obs, — It is greatly to be regretted that these differenf honorary degrees, which ought to be conferred only as the rewards of real merit, are often stf easily to be ob- iMoedy for a ini«ll sum of money. Even at Ediuburgh^ degree of last two !e several lor of Di- irs* icaDd- * standing ne several i' standing Is of seven keep ihe e admitted c is bound ite in Me wo years he Profes- iachelor of d compose 1 exercise i generally lebrated old and Ireland, princely aen, and f know- ties are faster of )ivinity, periods ^xamiua- ? difFerenf d only as to be ob- diuburgh^ RELIGIOX, LRARNINO, &C. 53 the reputation of vrhich stands so high for mediral nd- TantaK'^s, there are p ;j?',»>ns who subsist by preparing fj>r unqunlifled students the theses neressary lo the obtaining of the degree of M. 13. Row much such abuses must in- jure Ihe cause of literature and science is obvious. 180. Spread over the Empire are nivniy en- dowed schools for teaching the learned lan- guages; and happily, at this time, there are every where independent schools or acadenii<;s, in which are taaght the languages, and the use- ful and liberal arts and sciences, disseminating through the nation a body of knowledge, such as never before existed in this or any other country. 137. Nor are the poor in general deprived of the blessing of education, CHARITY-SCHOOLS being to be met with in every town and popu- lous parish, at which a million of children are constantly receiving such an education as qua- lifies them for fnture advancement in life, it they are good, obedient, and industrious. Sun- day and other schools, either wholly or nearly gratuitous, have of late years been also insti- tuted on a large scale. Obs. i. — The provision for Parochial Schoolmasters is Inadequate to their subsistence, and discreditable to the liberalitv of the national character. The lowest assist- ant in the work of Education ought to be able to earn at least twice the income of a mechanic; yet how many there are, on public foundations, who are paid not half that pittance ! 8. — For the purpose of teaching the arts of reading, writing, and arithmetic, at an easy expence to the whole population, schools have lately been established on plans recommended by Dr. Bell and Mr* Lancaster, lo these fid i>4 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. the senior pupils teach the juniors, in a regulaily as- crndiiig series, so that one snufrintrnding; master or mistress can conduct a school 2< ^^ children. 8iich schools ciinnot be too much promoted, ai the means of preventing vice and crimes. 138. Such being the means of acquiring know- ledge, it is not astonishing that the British Empire excels in every department of litera- ture ; that our poets, our philosophers, our his- torians, our moralists, our divines^ our phy- sicians, our orators, and our painters are the ablest in the world. Oba. — Law alone, amonf; liberal studies, scerosto have too frequently degenerated into a quibbling and tricking science, and lawyers to have become the sharks and pests of society, instead of being its protectors and guardians. Some independent check against the chica- nery and yillany of the members of this profession, at *east in regard to civil suits, appears to be a desideratum rn the English coustitution. Arbitration is a refuge against the sophistry of the profession ; but, in arbitra- trations, it is the extremity of folly to refer any dispute *o a lawyer, wlio, by education and habit, quibbles oimself out of all principles of equity, justice, and hu- manity. 139* Among poets, Britain boasts of Shakes- peare, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Thomson, Young, Goldsmith, Cow per, and Wolcot. 140. Among philosophers, we have had Bacon, Newton, Boyle, Locke, Berkeley, Priestley, Hartley, and Reid. 141. Among historians, we have had Bucha- nan, Camden, Clarendon, Hume, Robertson, Gibbon, and Belsham;and, among moralists, Addison, Richardson, Fielding, Hutcheson, and Sterne. Jiter or Such eans of ^now- British litera- ir Jiis- phy- re the to have ricking kg and >rs and chica* lion, al eratura refuge irbitra- dlspute uibbles ind hu- hakes- oung, tacon, jstley, . ucha« rtson, ilists, , and RELIGION, LEAUNINO, kc. 142. In divinity f we can boast of Tillotson, Middleton, Watts, Kennicott, Home, Watson Palcy, Blair, Horsley,and Porteus; and, among physicians, of Harvey, Sydenham, Riead, Brown, Cnilcn, Hunter, and Jenner. 143. Among English orators, may be named Piilteney, the two Pitts, Fox, Buike, ShLridtin, G rattan, Wilberforce, Erskini*, Whitbreai, and pntnilly. 144. Among painters, the Englit^h School boasts of a Reynolds, a Barry, aGamsbor agh, a Wright, a Wilson, a Opie, aNorthcote, . 'Vest, a Lawrence, a Westall, and a Wi^'ti j ; amon^ sculptors, of Gibbons and Flaxman ; a^ d, among musicians, of Purcell, Arne, Storace, and Shield. 145. The English Language is a com- pound of the Celtic, Saxon, French, and Latin, and is spoken by the well-educated in every part of the British Islands. In Wales, however, aniong the common people, the original Celtic IS still generally spoken ; as is the Erse or Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland, and another dia- lect of the same language among the common Irish. ^ •** For other particulars on this and home collateral •ubjects, the student is referred to Blair* s Universal Pre" ceptoTf a work which deserves to be introduced into every Seminary of British Education, and which hai jiretly acquired the title of the ** Sun of School Books,** #• . .. f""' S6 » '■*)<•'* ^ jfn,- :y „ ,/i- *■-*, ftf**'* CHAPTER VI. 1:4 O/* ^Ae Climate^ Natural Phenomena^ Face of the Country, and National Character 146. The British Islands are in the Temperate Zone, and, owing to their being surrounded by the sea, which equalizes the temperature quicker than land, they are less exposed to periodical extremes of heat and cold, than other countries in the same latitudes. A 06s.— iForexampl", Great Britain is in the latitude of Hud8on*s Bcay and Knmtscbatka, and of the southern shores of the Baltic, yet how diflferent the climate ! Nor is it more southward than Newfoundland and Canada, which are nearly uninhabitable from cold, and are co- Tered with five or six feet of snow from November till Mfirch ; whereas in Britain, snow does not average 20 days per annum, nor severe frost more than 25 days. 147. The British islands are, however, re- markable for their nioistness, and for the varia- bleness of their atmosphere. An average of 30 inche» of raia falls annually, and often in 24 hours the heat of the four seasons is, experi- enced. The westerly winds are to the eastern as 5 to 2> and the southern to the northern as » to 2. .. ,^.-,1^...^ - -. - Obs. — The westerly and southerly winds bring clouds from the Atlantic, and these are precipitated by'the action of the conducting points of ores, trees, and leavei $ hence, iu the western counties, 36 inches of rain fall annually, and a dry week is seldom known io Cornwall, Lanca- shire, and in the south-western parts of Ireland, while •nly 34 inchc* fwmk the ea&t«ra counties ~ m^ Face iracter* ^mperate anded by e quicker eriodical countries latitude of le southt^ro nate! Nor d Canada^ nd are co- j^ember till iverage 20 days. ;ver, r©. [le varia- ige of 30 BR in 24 k experi- i eastern thern as ng clouds the action HI I hence, an Dually, 1, Lanca- ad, while -f t- ■■i,X' 4, ff *> r s: I .g; 5 ml IS I ai "l^. MOUNTAIN'S, kc. 67 The direction of the winds, on an Average of ten years, as (alcen from tlie register kept by the Royal Society, is as follows: — South-west 112 days t North-east 58 ; Nortb- wesit 50; West 53$ South-east 32$ East 26 1 South 18; North 12. » ■ 148. The annual average height of the ther mometer in Great Britain is 40*^. — In July and August, the hottest months, it is 62*^; and in December and January, the coldest months, it is 18*^. In the hot months it has. been at 95^ ; and in the cold ones at 40^. below the Freezing Point. Obs, — The average between the Tropics, is 80®, and it often ascends to 110<>, while in the Frigid Zone the mer- cury sometimes becomes solid, or falls to 72® below the Freezing Point 1 ,,, , .• i 149. In the substance of the soil, a remark- able division takes place, the eastern side, of England having extensive chalky districts, which are bounded by a line running nearly north and south, from the western side of Sussex to4he east side of Yorkshire. To the west of that line is found free-stone, schistus, granite, slate, iron- stone, coals^ and other valuable minerals, but no chalk.' /: •- ' . m^im^i^y, 150. The mountains' of the British Islands I I. are inconsiderable : the principal are in l^cot- ^ land and Wales ; Bennevis, in Scotland, being 4,400 feet high, and Snowdon, in Wales, 3,600 feet. In England, Skiddaw is^3,600 feet, Sad- dleback 3,100, Cheviot 2,700, Inglcborough 2,500 feet, and the Wrekin 1,400 feet.— See ApprndiXn r»-i « ,'..«', -iirfif -'&.J<&i'. W{ .m 68 ' BRITISH OEOGRAPHT. 151. The principal ridges of hills are tne Cheviot, in Northumberland ; the Wolds, in Yorkshire ; the Peak, in Derbyshire ; the Mal- vern, in Worcestershire ; and the Mendip^ in Somersetshire. 1 52. The great promontories of the sea-coast are Flamborough Head, in Yorkshire; tlte North and South Forelands, and the Cliffs of Dover, in Kent; Beachey Head, and Seaford Cliffs, in Sussex ; the Isle of Wight ; the Li- zard, and the Land's End. 153. The principal LAKES in England and Wales are Derwent water and UUswater, in Cum- berland ; Windermere and Coniston, in West- moreland; Whittlesea, in Huntingdonshire, and Lincolnshire ; and Bala, in Merionethshire. 154. In Scotland, the lakes or lochs are Tay, Lomond, and Ness ; and in Ireland are the great loughs of Erne, Neagh, Killarney, and Corrib, 155. The principal rivers in England are the Thames, which rises in Gloucestershire, and runs by London, into the sea, between Kent and Essex ; the Severn, which rises in North Wales, and runs by Shrewsbury, Worcester, Glouces- ter, and Bristol, into the sea ; and the Humber, into which run the large rivers of the Trent and the Ouse. 156. The other rivers are the Medway in Kent ; the Dee, in Cheshire ; the Mersey, be tween Cheshire and Lancashire; the Wye, in Herefordshire; theTowey, in Carmarthenshire; CANALS) &C. 59 the Exe, in Devonshire ; the Southampton River ; the Nen, in Northamptonshire ; the Soar, in Leicestershire; the Avons, near Bath and in Warwickshire ; and the Tyne, the Tees, and the Tweed, in Northumberland. 157. In Scotland, are the Forth, the Tay, the Spey, the Dee, and the Clyde. In Ireland, the magnificent Shannon, the Bann, the Boyne, and the Liffy. 158. For purposes of inlaod eommunication, the United Kingdom, has of late years been co- vered with canals ; and rivers have chiefly been used for feeding them with water. We may now therefore make a voyage from London into al- most every county of England, without going on sliore. . .. „ vj >.. ■•r-5.^;, 159. The CANALS in Great Britain, above 30 miles long, are*— , , ,m v TheAshby 60 miles The Basingstoke 37 ^ ^ The Brecon 33 The Chesterfield 45 The EUesmere.. .....•• 57 The Grand Junction , 90 The Forth and Clyde 35 The Grand Trunk 140 The Gloucester 31 The Kennet and Avon 60 TheLancaster 76 The Leominster •»••• 45 ^4 The Liverpool and Leed s 130 ;;j The Rochdale t • •• 38 ■> ■ . ' ,1 J >niii£ii..> >MSii(i(lr- I ~i. -■■ ''< . ■ r 60 BRITISH GBOORAPHY. TheUnion 43 TheWorceater 32 160. In Ireland, are the canals of Newry, and of Lisburn ; tlie Royal Canal, and the Grand Canal, intended to join the bay of Dublin to the Shannon. Oftf. — Nearly fifty other canali exist, of less extent, in the Untied Kingdom i and among others, of great busi- ness, but of short lengths, may be named the Dulce of Bridgewater*8, near Manchester, the Birmingham, the Coventry, &c. Other canals and similar woriis are plan- ning in every part of the Empire. 161^ Next to canals, as general internal im- provements, may be named Roads and Enclo^ sures. The roads of England are in better con- dition than any in Europe, and are kept in re- pair by means of tolls collected on them. In like manner, nearly the whole country, being enclosed with live-fences, is warmer, and more like a garden, compared with other countries. 162. In useful minerals, the British Islands are rich. Cornwall produces tin and copper; the largest tin mine being at Polgooth, and stream tin* works at St. Austlemoor. The cop- per-mines double in value the tin-mines, and the principal copper-mine is that of Dolcooth. 16^ Wales has numerous mines of lead, sil- ver, iron, &c, particularly one of copper at Pary's mountain, in Anglesea, once containing the largest beds of coppfep in the world. 164. Shropshire abounds in iron-stone, and immense iron-worfes ; Staffordshire in coal-pits ; Derbyshire has inexhaustible lead-mines; Che- ANT1QCITI£S, ItC. 01 thire hai invaluable salt-mines at Nanptwicb, Middlewich, and Northwicb. 165. Yorksbire abounds in lead, coals, and iron-stone. Cumberland affords lead, biack-lead, and coals. Lancashire produces the fine canal coal. Durham has mines of lead and iron, Northumberland has iron-works ; and at New- castle are the largest coal-works in the world. Obs. — Three millions of tons of coals are every year shipped from the Tyne and Weari but, at that rate, it is computed the district will not be ezhauste(| in 300 years. 166. The mineral waters of England are highly curious, and very beneficial in the cure of many diseases. The hot springs of Bath and Bristol the waters of Cheltenham, Scarbo* roiijrh, Tunbridge, Harrowgate, Keddleston, Malvern, Buxton, and Matlock, are deservedly celebrated, and much resorted to. 167. The remains of antiquity scattered over the British Islands, arc| those of the aboriginal inhabitants, or of the various invaders and re- sident conquerors, and are easily distinguished by their peculiar aspect and architecture. Obs. — English antiquities are, 1. Those belonfiring to the ancient Celtic, or British inhabitants t 2. Those of the Belgic Colonies : 3. Those of the Romans : 4. Those of the Saxons : 5. Those of the Danes : 6. Those of the Normans: 7. Those of the Baronial or Feudal System | 8. Those of the Catholic Religion. 168. The Britons have left at Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, a circle of immense stones; and a similar circle at A bury, near Marlborough, with Silbury Hill, and other adjoining vorka. ..f-.-,!^. > -^;. -Li^i.j 62 BRITISH QI06&APHV. The whole island, too, is covered with their barrows, or graves, and there are several other circles of stones like Stonehenge ; but on an in- ferior scale. 109. Roman straight roads still exist in many parts of England, where the camps of that people are often discernable. Roman or Mosaic pavements, baths, &c. are also discovered in many places. * * . 170. Saxon remains are to be found in many old cathedrals and castles. But Norman re- mains afe most numerous in the castles destroy- ed in the wars between Charles I. and the Par- liament; and the catholic remains in the ruins of abbeys and monasteries dilapidated at the Reformation by Henry VIII. Obs. — The Gothic architecture, of which such noble and wonderful specimens exist in our principal cathedrals, 18 said to be of English or Anglo-Norman invention, and affords a series of antiquities, 400, 500, and 600 years old, which are so many miracles of human art. — The fol- lowing are the Periods at which the most remarkable buildings were erected. /"^ FIRST PERIODS — jinglO'Saxon or Norman Architecture^ before the Year IIOO. St. Sepulchre, Cambridge •«*«> Henry I. Abbey Church, Malmsbury. Colchester Castle. Stewkley Church. St. John's Church, Deviaei. './ ' St. Peter's, Northampton W. the Conqnei'oi. Waltham Abbey.,...; , about.... lOW- Iledingham Onstl* ;i,:i»ft!i. ANCIINT ARCHITECTURE. 03 their other i an in- n many if that Mosaic !red in n many nan re- lestroy- he Par- le ruins at the ch noble thedrals, ion, and 00 yeari -The fol- narkable ie Year Henry I. nqaeroi* Caitle Acre Priory , 1085. Blnham Priory, ante 1100. Christ Church, Hampshire W. Rufus. St. Jameses Tower, Bury W. the Conqueror. Barfreston Church, Kent St. John*s, Chester. Wenlock Priory (Chapter-hou^e) 1080. Lindiafarn Monastery. Walsingham Priory « ..• 1001. St. Peter's in the East, Oxford. Ludlow Castle. Kenil worth Castle, (oldest part) Henry I. Conisborough Castle. Castle Rising. Norwich Castle, Rochester Castle. Warwick Castle, Casar^s Tower. ' * * •ECOND PERIOD :— Examples from WOO to 1250. St. Botolph Priory, Colchester Priory Church, Dunstable ••.. 8i, Nicholas Church, Abingdon ....•• St. Sepulchre's, Northampton •« • . . . Temple Church, London Castle Acre Priory College Gateway, Bristol Dean's Cloisters, Windsor Binham Priory (West end) ..about.. St. John's Church, Chester Wenlock Priory ........ Build was Abbey Croyland Abbey Priory of Tynemouth • • • . Bishop Canning^s Church • . . Chapter-House, Oxford.. .... Kirkstal Abbey Glastonbnry Abbey ..«.••.. Middleham Castle F 2 ^ '! • •• I 1 103-1 lia 1131-1195. 1135-1190. 1110-1180. 1172-1185. 1148. 1140-1148. 1240. 1220. 1160-1200^ 1200-1250. 1135-1160. 1113-1150. 1110-1210. ]160.12$0. 1240. 1153-1190. 1180. I190 1240w j*ii*..i!S,i . i 4i BRfTISA OBOORAPHT. VniRD PERIOD :— Examples from 1^50 to 1400. Dunstable IS7S. fit. Sepulchre, Cambridge IS13. Little Mapleitead 1250-1S80. Wliite Croii, Hereford 1347. Geddington Cross, Waltham Cross, Northairp- ton Cross . 1290. St. Nicholas Chapel, Lynn about. . • . 1400. Abbey Gatehouse, Bury 13S7. Croyfand Abbey 1346. Boston Church 1309-1359. Ludlow Castle 1270.1300, Stolcesay Castle 1291. Warwick^ Castle « 1300. Bolton Castle about. . . .1380. Caernarvon Castle. about. . . . 1300. Redcliffe Church about. . . . 1360. FOORTB period: — Examples from MOO to \60(y. King's College Chapel, Cambridge 1440.1540. Henry the Seventh*! Chapel 1502-1560. Moreton Hall 1559. Eton College 1441.1510. Wi ndsor Castle 1490. Holland House 1607 St. George's Chapel, Windsor 1460.1520. School's Tower, Oxford 1613. Croyland Abbey, (the nave) ' 1417.1427. Crosby Hall .' . .about 1 160. 171. Originally, these Islands were covered with forests, the trees of which fell successively upon each other, and produced those subterra- neous appearances in bogs and morasses which often excite so much surprize. Those forests were inhabited by bears, wolves, wild boars, NATIONAL OHARA«TER, dlO. 05 S. 3. •0.1S80. 7. ». X). 27. 16. [)9-l.S59. 10-1300, 91. OO. 80. 00. !60. lovered Issively »terra- which Iforestft boars, slags, wild bulls, and other inhabitants of un- cultivated countries. Obi, — England hat now few or no rapncioui nnimalii, the breed of wolves, so noxious in many other countries, having been destroyed above a thousand years. 172. In the progress of ages, the face of the country has been improved by the arts of man, and ferocious wild animals exchanged for do- mestic and reclaimed animals, as horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, &c. &c. of which the British Islands now boast of the most valuable breeds in the world. 173. The forests, whose trees and shrubs pro- duced only acorns, crabs, and wild berries, have been converted, toe, into orchards of fruit-trees, and into corn-fields and gardens, by seeds and plants imported from foreign countries. 174.* The people, it is supposed, came origi- nally from Belgium, or Germany, and have since been augmented by settlers from all parts of the world. They may now be characterised gene- rally by their early habits of life, their employ- ments, and their education. 175. The introduction of commerce, the gra dual depreciation of the value of money, the increase of taxes, and of the consequent influ- ence of the government, have, it is to be feared, lowered the national character, and all sound principles have of late years given way to th« attainment of the means of enjoying luxury. 176. The influx of large fortunes from India, and the colonies, and th« ostentation and et- f3 ^ m BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. j?eiisive parade of acquiring and spending them» have created an emulation exceedingly perni- cious to private happiness, and to the morals of the higher classes, whose example, spreading through all ranks, has produced that dissipa^ tion and laxity of principle which too fatally mark the decay of empires. Ohs. — The iDcrensing and dangproiis ascendency of the vrnal and ambitious profession of the law, has also served greatly to increase the modern contempt of principles | t(;e members of that profession, by education and habit, bein*: in the practice of laughing at all principles, by constantly selling fhemselves to either party for lucre. Ilapp'l'!^, there are a few honourable exceptions, and happily also the pow-er of the profession is much checked by the contronl »f Juries I— See the Golden Rules for Juries, in the Appendix, 177. Still there is in no country more private virtue than in England. Nine of every ten families are patterns of (domestic and social happiness. The English, too, are* famous for their sympathy towards distress, for their in- dustry, ingenuity, perseverence, and courage; but, above all, for their love of public liberty, on the preservation of which depends their su- periority over nations of slaves, as the Turks, the Moors, the Russians, &c. 178. There are very marked distinctions be- tween the English, Welsh, Scotch, and Irish. The Englishman is fond of good living; ge- nerous to a fault ; unsuspecting in his transac- tions; and great in his views; but luxurious, therefore sordid, and often loose in his princi- ples of virtue and religion. NATIONAL CHARACTER, &C. 67 ig them» \f perni- morals • ) reading dissipa^ i fatally icy of the J so served rinciplcsi ind habit, eiples, by for lucre, lions, and h checked Rules for e private irery ten social ous for Itheir in- : on rage ; liberty, their su- Turks, [ions be- d Irish, jing ; ge- itransac- ixuriou§. Is princi- 179. The Welchman is a sincere and im- moveable friend ; passionate, but not vindic- tive; lab'^rious and persevering; hospitable and generous ; but fond of good living, and of the parade of ancestry; narrow in his views^ and unfriendly to change and improvement. 180. The Scotchman is generally penu- rious; full of national self-love; aiming too frequently at fortune, without regard to means ; but industrious, brave, persevering, and through parsimony, temperate. Among British subjects, the Scotch are like the obsequious Swiss of the continental nations, and sometimes possess the amiable traits of the Swiss character. 181. The Irishman is a creature of most ge- nerous feelings ; full of sympathy, and without suspicion; but addicted to gluttony; vain; un^ steady in his pursuits; and loose in his princi- ples of virtue ; yet devoted at all times to public liberty. Obs, — Dr. CoLQUHouN, in his late estimate of the Bri- tish Empire, gives the foUowiog character of the EngVisl^ Scotch, and Irish. ** In England, says he, much ignorance prevaits, which tends greatly to the corruption of morals; while at tht same time the mass of the people are tractable, and pos. 8es<« a great share of good-nature. '* In Scotland^ a character totally different is exhibited. Strongly attached to the duties of religion, and almost uni* versally taught to read, by meaniof the national parochial schools, the mass of the labouring people are moral and parsimonious, and generally industrious, although, at the same time, not exempted from blemishes. The duties im- perative on the established clergy to attend miantely (at least in the rural parishes) ^^tbe progrMiof tba ehildces 68 BRITISH OBOGRAPIIY. in a kDowfedge of religious and moral duties, have tend* ed much to elevate the common people in Scotland above those in almost efery country in Europe. ** fre/and unhappily, although blessed with a land pro- ducing plenty, exhibits a state of morals in common life which is truly lamentable. In spite of a numerous clergy of the church, to which a vast proportion of the people are attached, and from whom they are supposed to receive religious ini'truction, it appears to produce little or no moral effect. Constitutionally good-temper* ed, although subject to paroxysms of rage and fury, which are often productive of great excesses, they are never- theless susceptible of good impressions, and under more favourable circumstances might be rescued from the de- plorable ignorance, and the influence of those ill regu- lated pa^ions which render these valuable and interest- ing people less useful, less comfortable, and less happy than under a better system might be attainable. The country is fruitful beyond any other proportion of the British Islands ; and yet the majontj c\ ♦he people ar miserable." Doubtless these several characters arise out of the early habits, education, and political condition, of the several people. The Scotch are poor, and hence thrifty ; they travel to acquire wealth, and hence are sometimes un- principled ; though many Scotchmen, of liberal educa- tion and competent fortune, might be exhibited as exam- ples of the perfect human character. In each couniry Is also to be found every variety; yet, after an intercourse with many individuals of each, the above is the impres- sion, or something like the impression, under which we should be led to designate them in the closet. It is but fair to add, however, that a spirit of liberty has lately developed itself in Scotland. ^derful, nearly a million of chaldrons being exported every year from the district of Nevvcasflleii It produces also many rich ores; ha»^, manufac- tures of glass, iron, pottrry, ropes, &C- ; and breeds large quantities of sheep and other cattle, it returns eight members to parliament; two for ( L '^^^^ Yorkshire^ most nor- \k parts of i,000 acres, 2^000 inlia- nilc. :t idea of the divided Kng- eacli county, nearest Ihou- : the units are n the east six wards, ick . is the iNewcastle, nSjBtlford, am, North it Hills. Its [weed, and w^derful, exported [castii It manufdc- «&c, ; and Ither cattle, int, two for Newcastle, Durham. SS3 i^:ja.^" Carlisle. 4 V J :^. a t' *' 'xf-,.-f. ' * T'll L \ •n fii ' . r-«si •If .'/ *««?' ,P (2 /v^' 'W M ■-^•: ■:;.■^■.■:;£a 0. •jfr.. ■^iwvvn i%. ■«t-iX>V ■J ;v . ; .i**.*i^i»«i:. N0RTHCMBE11LAM9. . 73 the county, and two fof $suth of iti three bo* / ' 7 roughs. 194. Kewcastle, tW principal town of Northumberland, is situated on the north side of the Tyne, 276 miles from Loudon. It contains ive parishes, 4,371 houses, and 35,181 inhabit* ants. It is famous for its trade in coals, and for hs glass, iron, soap, and earthenware manu- factories. 195. Berwick is siiuated'on the north oi Scotch side of the Tweed, and is regularly fortified. It was taken from the Scotch by lyjward I. 196. Durham, called the bishoprick; con- sists of nearly two parts of one hundred of the kingdom, or of 1,061 sq. miles of which half are ** arable, and contains, 207,673 inhabitants, being >;: 195 to a square mile. . . ,. ;i.\ . 197. Durham is divided into four wards, and contains one city, nine market-towns, and 113 parishes. Its city is Durham, and its market- towns are Darlington, Stocl^ton, Sunderland^ Hartlepool, Bishop's Aucklamd, Barnard Cas- tle, Sedgefield, Wolsingham, and South Shields, t 198. Its rivers are the Tees, Wear, and Tyne. I ts commerce is in coals. In other respects, this coui|ty is chiefly remarkable for tlie wealth and influence of its bishop. t ,. 199. The city of Durham, the capital of this county, contains 1,175 houses, and about 0,822 inhabitants. It is situated on seven kilU^ 74 BRITISH QEOeRAPIIY. surrounded by others more lofty. Its cathe- dral 18 one of the oldest dvd largest in the kingdom. Around it is grown the fine Dur- ham mustard. The county and city send two members each to parliament. ^ 200. Sunderland is a considerable town, situated on the Wear, where it runs into the German sea. It has been greatly enriched by its coal-trade, and by its salt pans. Obs, — The county of Durbam is one of the most raoun- tainoui in the kingdom; and the hills are generally co- vered with verdure to the top, and many of them con- tain lea^ and iron ores, limestone, freestone, and marble. The east and north-east parts of the county are particu- larly rich in coal-mines, lying in horizontal strata from three to six feet thick, and extending many miles. Fire- stone and grindstones, exported to most parts of the globe, are also found here. The principal manufactures are the coarser production! of the loom, iron-works, ropes, glass, and copperas. . 2. This county, however, is chiefly remarkable for the wealth ahd influence of the bishop. It is the only county palatine remaining in the hands of a subject. The bishop*! revenue is estimated at about 20,000/. per acnnm. 201. Cumberland comprfses three parts of one hundred of all England, or 1,478 sq. miJes, of which half are cultivated, a*id half, are mountains and moors. It contains 156,124 inhabitants, or 105 to a square mile ; and is ^mous for its lakes. Tt is divided into five wards, and 90 parishes; and contains the city of Car- lisle, the borough of Cockermouth, and the catlie- in the ; Dur- id two town, to the led by St raoun- rally co- lero ron- I marble, particu- rata from s. Fi re- ts of the lufacturei tn-works, able for IS the only subject, poo/, per parts oi' miles, half are |l56,124 and is |e wards, ot Car- land the 76 market-towns of Whitehaven, Penrith, Kes- wick, Workington, Wigton, Ireby, Brampton, Egremont, Kirkoswald, and Ravenglass. >^ 202. The mountains of Cumberiend are among the highest in England, and include the lofty Skiddaw. Its lakes are famous for their romantic beauty. Its rivers are the Eden and the Derwent ; and its lead and coal-mines, and other mineral produc* is, are very extensive and valuable. This coi^iity also produces large quantities of stock. It sends six members to parliament; two for knights of the shire, two citizens for Carlisle, and two burgesses for Cockermouth, 1 203 The city of Carlisle, the capital of Cumberland, is 305 miles from London. It was built before the Roman invasion, and is fortified with a wall and castle. It contains two parishes, 2,058 houses, and 15,476 inhabitants, who are employed in manufactures of cotton, linen, worsted, kather, felt, and iron. Obs. 1.— Perhaps the greatest antiquity in Britain is the Picts* wall in this county, eighty miles long. It was begun by the Emperor Adrian, in the year 121, as a bar- rier against the incursions of the northern Britons. 2. The civil divisions of the counties bearing the name of wards, arose from their having been bound U keep watch and ward against the Scotish irruptions* ■f ♦ • • 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. ,V4 V :^.* z ^ .<$> 1.0 I.I ■10 IM 12.2 us 1^ IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ^ %^^\*»^ <^ 5^%:^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 »■■!- vc 76 / BRITISH jGEOOnAPnY. 204. Westmobeland contains 1} part in one hundred of all England, or 763 sq. miles, whkl^, half are cultivated, and half in barren mountains and moors. It contains 51,359 in- habitants, or about 66 to a square mile, and abounds with slate and limestone. 205. Westmoreland is divided into four wards, containing 85 townships, 20 parishes, and three towns, the chief of which are Appleby, the county town, and the market-towns of Kendal, Kirkby Lonsdale, Brough, Burton, Ambleside, and Orton. Four members, being two knights of the ghire, ^nd two burgesses for Appleby, are the representatives of this county in parliament. \ 206. This county, like Cumberland, IsJBT- mous for its lofty mountains ; its romantic wa- ters and charming scenery. Lakes Winander- mere and Ullswater a^e the most extensive in England. Its rivers are the Ken, the Eden, and the Lune. It is famous for its fine slate, large quantities of which are imported. It supplies the London-market with much excel- lent buttei, Geese and hams are also among the exports of the county. '^^'^^^ :tM^ 207. Kendal, the county-town of West- moreland, is 260 zniles from London, and is sometimes called Kirby in Kendal. It contains 1,978 houses, generally well-built, and 8,984 inhabitants, half of whom are engaged in the cotton, coarse woollen, and hosiery manufac* tones. '.1 •-._■ .A ■■. i'» part in jq. miles, a barren 1,359 in- oile, and iir wards, ind three le county [, Kirkby ide, and [its of the , are the inient. \ d, isJHT- antic wa- ^inander- ^ensive in le Eden, ne slate, ted. It h excel- yoi% from the Sorth >^;^T ^ :■: ■^- it, ./■'- ) ■/1>^,., t .1 ^A ^iS^im^^-^^^iir^^ri^ ■.i)-\ H .-.A^-k: ->■ : i 1 «■ ■'' ■ ' ».,■'►]••' » ...■ ;.:-i •■^vs : . ^'■■\\^ j' m\\ 4a^vv\ ,.Anv^ ( ' TOHKfiHIRB. 77 208. YonKSHiRB is the largest county in England, containing 12 of 100 parts of the whele kingdom, or 5,961 square miles. Its po- pulation, by the late retrrn, is above one mil- lion(l,175,251), orl95to a square mile. :209. The city of York, the capital of Yorkshire^ is 200 miles from London, and pleasantly situated on the Ouse» It contains 2B parishes, 2,690 houses, 20,787 inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament. Be- sides being adorned with 21 parish-churches, it is famous for its immense and beautiful cathe- dral, built •in the reign of Richard I. and es- teemed one of the wonders of England. I ,, ^Oftff.— Tbe chief magsitrate of To9k it styled the tord Mayor, as io the city of Londoo i and Its repreientatl?et have a right to sit in the House of Commons, on the priTy- cooncillors* bench, next to the memben for London. York Is the see of an Archbishop. 210. Yorkshire^ is divided into three Ridings, the North, East; and West. The North is nearly an eveii 'l^hird of the county,, and one- third of it is barren moorlands. The East Riding consists of one-fourth of the couuty, and two-thirds of it are wolds feeding sheep. The West Riding is double the size of the East, and three-fourths of it are in high cultivation. "211. The whole county is divided into 30 hundreds, or wapentakes, and 563 parishes, •ontaining the city of York, the vast towns of Sheffield, Leeds, and borough of Hull, and the considerable towns of Halifax. Waktfitld, O 3 ^ ■"•>'■ "V-fTf"' ■■<.»••' ■}^-if.i$-. i-"':., 78 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. Bradford, Barnsley, Hiiddersfield, and Don- caster. -; - 212. Yorkshire also contains the bofouglis of Richmond, Scarborough, Northallerton, Mai- ton, ThiTsk, Beverley, Hedon, Rippon, Ponte- fract, Boronghbride, Aldborough, and Knares- borough, besides 34 market-towns, and many manufacturing villages equal to towns. The boroughs send two members each to parliament, besides two for the city of York, and two for the county, in all 30. - -- - ' ;" - - -^ » 213. Yorkshire is famous for the enterprising and industrious character of its inhabitaiits, and hence it excels in all those manufactures which arise out of its natural products of coals, culm, metals, and wool. These are afterwards conveyed to every part of the kingc^crni, by means of canals, which intersect the p^nufae- turing districts. ]^ ...^i. 214. Yorkshire contains the very eonaider* able elevations of tngleborough aiod Wherhside, and from their districts descend the tJi^e, Swale, Wharfe, Air, and Ribble. The o^er rivers are the Ouse, the Derwent, the Don, dieCalder, and the grand Estuary of the Hummer. ^ « ■ ^ - 215. Sheffibld, 160 miles from London^ situated at the junction of the Don and Sheaf» contains nearly 10|0^5 houses, above 62, 105 in- habitants, and, next to Birmingham, is the most considerable manufactory of hardware and cu^ Icry in the world. It has three churches oil hill, whicii hj^ve a commanding e|| not fepresen^ed in parlmaent. ' I* ^T^'X-Ahs. \ vv Dott- Lgbs of , Mai- P0tlt€- [nares- l many The iament> two for Sheffield. rpnsmg bitaiits^ factures >f coals, ^rwards lopif by hf on$ideT' erhside. Swale, rivers Calder, iLondon^ Sheaf, 105 m- the most andcu^ Ihes on -x.k. Leeds. ■>i'. ?'^ HntL .i^l:^.*. — ..„i&:^'.-."' .-,«r''"""*' "■'*•* ' B:^vr,i,v4. ■^f:U }' 4:j' '■. v;^V^Wil'.f'1iV '■t'p.^^ y': * I 'I --•I, ■:J^1 ;> . 1 ; " r.^V? . ■■;* .- r ^ ;^;?-- -i^. J ,, , m^ o :*?.','' ■ v.", ■ *-• , ^'l■ ■■'if }X^W k-.."** !tMirj«C~''S.S!K^Ki5">. v:«5t-\'3iar. I' MAt- *J \VJ:> fi *j *!" ' ;|:-^,Mr ;f.. > fc w- - ;^ ..,-.',:'rN '4|-K ♦<■ YORKSHIRB. 79 216. Leeds, 192 miles from LoDdon, stands on the north-side of the Aire, and contains in the town alone 18,698 houses, and 83,796 in- habitants. It is the focus of the woollen ma- nufactory, and has two extensive halls for the accomndodation of the clothiers' &ctors and merchants. The vicinity of LeeAs is very po- pulous, and is filled with extensive manuracto- ries worked by machinery, j^ 217. Hull, called also Kingston^upon-Hull, is a great sea- port on the Humber, 170 miles from London, containing 4,600 houses, and 31>425 inhabitants. It is of a triangular form, and defended by ancient fortifications. From position, it commands the export of /the? York- shire maqpiactures, possesses an extensive trade with Oermany and the Baltic* j Obif |,r-Tiork is a .irfll<4 town, Ui walft aqt all «n- tire« btffiif repaired every year if iliere it,Qccaiiu>|i; 8. The city of York U ix ourtioooi« ^ S. Yorkshire, frpm the ancifMit consequence of its capi« tHl,and from its situation towards Scotland, has beendis. Unwished by many important transactions in English history* 4. poncaster is allowed te be the most beautiful town on thf Qprth road f it is celebrated for its horse-races, to which the Mobility come from all parts of the kingdom. It is a most desirable Residence for persons of ifnd^pen- dent fortune. '' " '«.«' 318. Lancashire, so long famous for its cotll met ttaQufiMtures/ contains ^lliaifti ill \- 80 BRITISH GBOGRAPHT. lOOof all England, or l,B3i sq. miles, of which one-third are ki tillage, one third in pasturage, and the other third in w^od and mbprlands. Its population consists of 1,074)000 inhabitants, or 586 to a square mile, and the chief natural pro- ductions are coals, culm, and black cattle. 219. The rivers of Lancashire are the Mer- sey, Ribble, Irwell, and Lune. Its mountains, called Blackstone Edge, separate it from York- shire, and by precipitating the clouds, are the cause of the moisture of this county. Jn the south it is flat, but in the north hilly and romantic. 220. Lancashire is divided into six hun4reds, and 62 parishes, and contains six boroughs ; Lancaster, Clitheroe, Preston, Wigan, Liverpool, Newton; and 21 market-towns: among which ;ire Manchester, Bolton, Rochdale, Warring- to*!, Prescot, Bury, and Haslingen, eminent for their vast population and industry. 221. Lancaster, the county*town, »tand» on the Lune, which is navigable, and renders it a place of foreign trade. It is 239 miles from Londoi^ and contains 1800 houses, and 10,144 inhabitants. The Castle is of Roman foundation, and on its top is John of Gaur«t's chair, famous for its fine prospect. Its manu factures are coarse linens, cottons, woollens, and curious cabinet-wares. 222. The manufacturing district of Lanca- shire lies between Oldham, Wigan, and Prei- cott, where are prepared every; species of cot- ton, woollen, and linen goods, equal to the con- vhich r, rage, s. Its ts, or 1 pro- • Mer- itains, York- re the south lantic. 4reds, mghs; frpool» which eirring- Binent standi enders miles s, and Oman auFft's manu liens, •? i LANCiMlfllRB. 81 v.*^-^ sumption of all Europe. Canals diverge in every direction, and afford water-conveyance to Liverpool, Hull, London, and Bristol. 223. Manchester, the centre and mart of the cotton trade, is 186 miles from London, and stands at the <;onfluence of the Irk and Irwelt, and at the termination of several canals. It contains 25,191 houses, and above 186,942 in- habitants, including the adjunct of Salford, 80,000 of whom are employed in the cotton, silk, and linen manufactories of the place, aided by the most wonderful machinery. Obgi — The folio IV i Jig accoudt of one poand weight of manufactured cotton strikingly evinces the importance of that trade : — The wool, came from the East Indies to London i from London it went to Manchester, where it was manufactufed into yam i from Mdnchester it was sent to Paisley, where it was wove { it was then sent to AyresMre, where it was tamboured ) it earoe hack to Paisley/ and was there veined i afterwards it was sent to Dumbarton, where it was bond-sewed, and again brought to Paisley, where it was sent to Renfrew, to be bleached, and was returned to Pahley-, whence it went to Glasgow and was finished, and from Glasgow wai sent per coach to liondon. The time taken to bring this article to market, was three years from the time it was packed in India, till it arrived in cloth at the merchant*! warehouse in London, when it mast have been conveyed 5000 miles by sea, and 920 b^ land, and contributed to support no lest than 150 people, by which the valve had been increased 8000 per cen t.-^if oalA/y Miigatime, 224. Liverpool, distant 203 miles from London^ one of the most thriving ports in the world, contains 20,339 houses, 118,972 inhabit- ants, and send^ two members to parliament. It exporls the manufaclurc4i of Lancuire. and r- ^2 BRITISH OEOORAPHY. rivals the metropolis itself in its African. Ame- rican, and West Indian trade. The spint of its merchants is proved also in the magnificence of the town, it being one of the most elegant places in Europe, while its port has been im- proved by every aid of art, parltcularly in res- pect to docks, Obs, I. — Near Wigan, in this county, iifcuind a speciei of coal, which, when polished, looks like black marble, and is manufactured into candlesticks, snuff-boxes, and other toys. The rivers, and lakes, and sea-coasts abound in fish, ^nd the husbandmen use the muscles for manure. Many uncommon birds are observed on the coasts, par- ticularly the sea-crow, distinguished by its blue body and by Its feeding on muscles. 2. At Ancliff, about two miles from Wigan, is the burn- ing well, the water of which is cold, yet so strong a. va- pour of sulphur issues out with it, that on the applica- tion of fire, the top of the water is covered with a flame, and emits so fierce a heat that meat may be boiled over it. 3. There is an eminent Literary and Philosophical So- ciety at Manchester, -which has published several vo- lumes of most interesting memoirs. 225. Cheshire, called the Vale-Royal of England, a name which its aspect, situation, and soil truly deserve, is, in regard to all Eng- land, two parts of a hundred, and contains nearly 1,052 square miles and 275,500 in- habitants, or 281 to a square mile. ;?i! :»« • i «♦*:<* Obs, — Chfiihire is not in the Northern Circuit, but, as a county palatine, has Its own jndge, called the Chief Justice of Chester. It approximates to Lancashire, from which it is separated only by the Mersey i it is therefore proper to describe it in this place. 326. Itf rivers are the Dee, tha Mersey, and u^. ^\ Ame- t of itf jnce of ilegant en im- in rcs- i specie! marble, ixes, and g abound manure. Mta, par- body and the burn- ong a va- . applica- li a flame, ed over it. jhical So- 'veral vo- :oyal of lituation, ill Eng- I contains ►,500 in- lit, but, a» Ithc Chief incashire, ley » it it r»ey, and / 1' Chester Derby. Nottingham, /'.■'■'■we :^; iiii ■ :^' jK'~.^ «!-• ■;'.'. •»-■'; < . o V , .) " Ji*^ M^ -•*5 if*. ^ •& .«i!;,'.fi ,'5/"'* 4^* Mi^f s^.: % ■'^»i •=^-*ftw •ijS^^&^iv^i'fei^^^ .4,^ . . ^...-^ v.- j„ ..n.-^n-.. 1 ^^'■■n' .fflt.-^iPL'j^^^v .v>r)i\ wa^' CHBSHIIIE. 83 the Weever. Except near Delamere Forest, and in the south, it is a continued meadow. It contains the city of Chester, and 12 market- towns, among which are Stockport, Knutsford, Northwich, Macclesfield, Congleton, Middle- wich, and Namptwich. 227. Cheshire is famous for its salt-works at the towns which end in wich, the Saxon for salt. At Namptwich it is dug in a solid state, from vast pits or mines, and at the other places is pumped up from salt-springs. Cheshire also produces vast quantities of cheese, owing to the richness and extent of its pastures, and breeds and fattens cattle and sheep to a very large amount. 228. The city of Chester is 181 miles from London, and contains about 4,076 houses, and 19,949 inhabitants. It is not th^ seat of any manufactory, but is the elegant and agreeable residence of families of small fortune, who en- joy the fine walks on its walls, and its pictu- resque vicinity. The houses have a singular and agreeable walk, through their first^floors, for foot-passengers. OhsA. — In making butter, it is (he commdn practice to churn the whole milk, instead of setting up the milk for the cream (o rise, and churning it alone, as is the prac<^' tice in most other parts of the kingdom. m>; .5^-. j * 2. Many natural productions have been discovered m the tops of hills and mountains in this county, which lirnish evidence of a considerable deluge having some- fime takeo place. •^Vv. c 84 BRITUAl OBOOEAPHT. ':,,:/ THE MIDLAND CIRCUIT. \^ Including Derby ^ ^attinffham^ Lincoln^ Rutland^ Leicesteff J^Torthampton^ and Warwick^ 229. Derbyshire, famous for its minerali, consists of two parts of 100 in all England, and contains 1,026 sq. miles with 213,333 in- habitants, being 207 to every square mile. 230. It is divided into six hundreds, com- prising 136 parishes, and containing the county- town, Derby, and ten market-towns, among which are Alfreton, Ashborn, Bakewell, Ches- terfield, Dronfield, and Wirksworth. It pro- duces mineral springs at Buxton, Matlock, and Keddlestone, which are celebrated places of resort, both on account of pleasure and health. ,231. Derby, the county-town, is 126 miles from London, and contains 3,516 houses, and nearly 17,423 inhabitants. It possesses some highly curious silk-mills, and considerable ma* nufactories of cotton and hosiery. The finest porcelain is likewise made here, and elegant ornaipents are formed out of the spar and pe- trifactions of the Peak. 232. The principal rivers of Derbyshire are the Derwent, the Dove, and the Trent; it is also remi^rkable for the mountains of the Peak, and for the caverns and natural curiosities to be found in them. They produce also valuable miBeralt« bs lead, iroo-stooc, together with ala^ NOTTIKOHAimHIRE. 8A oaster, inarble spars, Szc, Two mcimlbers sit in parliament for the shire, and two for the town of Derby..,;. ,,_.._, _..,.; .y"'^/'\\\\.-_ , ^-^..---^^ Obs, — Derbyshire is famous for its naidrnl wonders in tlie mountains of the Peak, near which are situated the beautiful Water-places of Buxton iipd Matlock. The principal of these wonders are called PooU*s Hole, an extensive subterraneous cavern; Elden Hole, afatliom- less chasm in the rocks; Mam Torr, or the Shiveriji^ Mountain, so called from the decopiposed state, whicl^ is continually falling ; Peak Hole, a tremendoas but mag;- nificent series of caverns, which run half a mile from the entrance ; and Rutland Cavern, which resembles a lofty cathedral, adorned with beautiful chrystallizations. A remarkable spring, called Tideswell, deserves notice, which rises and falls at uncertain intervals, with a gur- gling noise, two thirds of the perpendicular height of the well, a phenomenon never yet accounted for. ' ■ — " ■ I •_•' '^<-,'" ■ . 293. Nottinghamshire, chiefly celebrat- ed for its manufactures, consists of one part amd a half, or of 837 square miles, and contains nearly 186,873 inhabitants, or 223 to a square mile. Robin Hood's Forest of Sher- wood, now enclosed, anciently covered it. 234. Thejprincipal rivers of this county are the noUe Trent, the Erewash, the Soar, and the Idle. It is divided into six hundreds, and contains, besides its fine county-towns, sev^n other market-towns, viz. Newark, Mansfield* East Retford, Worksop, Bingham, Southwell, and OUerton. It sends to parliament eight mem- bers, two for the county, and two each for Not<> tinghaffl« Retford» and Newitrk. H 86 BRITISH OEOGRAPHY« 236. Nottingham, the county-town, i.sl24 miles from London, and contains 7)613 houses, and 40,415 inhabitants, of whom 15,000 are engaged in the hosiery, lace, and cotton manu- factories. It is finely situated on a rising ground, on the northern bank of the Trent. The castle, on a commanding hill, is famous for many events in history, but is now in a state of neglect. Ofts.— Nottingham was a residence of the Britons be- fore the arrival of the Romans. Nottinghamshire con* tains an uncommon number of seats belonging to the first nobility. Happily situated between the mountainoui country of Derb} shire and (he flats of Lincolnshire, it possesses such a temperature of soil and climate, as to render it one of the most fertile and agreeable in £ng-i • land. The general dryness of this county brings it nearly equal, with respect to seed -time and harvest, ivith the more southern counties ; it is attributed to the opposite effects of the east and west winds. ' ' '.i -J.r.y}- J fyJH'- i,'. ''iir 236. Lincolnshire is a large and flat coun- ty, being 5i parts of 100 of all England, and containing upwards of 2,748 squ. miles, with 283,058 inhabitants, orl03to a squate mile. 237. It is divided into three districts : Lind- sey to the north, Kesteveu to the south-west, and Holland, adjoining the Wash: which are again subdivided into 30 hundreds and 630 parishes, containing the city of Lincoln, the ports of Boston, Gainsborough, and Grimsby also the towns of Stamford, Grantham, Spald- ing, Louth, Market-Raisin, Deeping, and Calf* ton , is 124 houses, )00 are 1 niaiiu-> I rising ; Trent, famous ow in a Lineoln* ritons be- shire con* to the first »uniainoui Inshire, it late, as to ►le in Eng- ;« it nearly , \viib the le opposite lat COUII- ind, and [les, with mile. s : Lind- ith-west, ?hich arc and 630 join, the rrimsby I, Spald- ind Cais" Leicester, Northampton, -m-» j'Stii i?^ ^%^',\ H 41^. .«j;i«i » ■''■■C'l. L'^' t dE^r isHL ^^:^:s.^yB^_ .«i -.•';;v.-i^W' ■■;;-;.•* 1;.-', ■ .^.'jkOlf^.- - ^; ij^iSfVy, •!..]*:■ ■'^Sfcft^ *■ ■ - ♦ %; Vi.fv ?/li- *"->^ -l^j;-,*.^* r :>;-"'^^*P W'. VV.^,.,'.fi "»■>': .♦it." ,'V, ,. . j-v£x**>. •••■----as?! .^fn. < -at. i 'J •v-.-a^ i:' ^•■y'' :^Sir iA-'-xV^V-- ^XwA UNCOLNSHIRS «;*:.•.■• .-v,''V^ v>' """**, . > tj. 87 the Huiii- Welland. sea; and fens and flocks of produces its cattlt 238. The rivers of Lincolnshire are her, the Trent, the Witham, and the The Wash is a shallow inlet of the Holland, adjoining, is a district of marshes, in which are innumerable geese. It is a grazing county, but also considerable crops of grain, and are of a superior size. ■>-.-.. v Obs. — It merits Dotice and reprobation, that among other barbarous practices towards animals, which disgrace human nature, the geese of this countjf are plucked of their quills alive — a process not unlike that of tearing the nails from the fingers or toes. In abhorrence of such means of procuring the usual instrument of writing, this paragraph is written with a metal pen, which is found cheaper, pleasanter, and far less troublesome in repairing than goose-quills. 239. The city of Lincoln is 129 miles from London, and contains 2,145 houses, and 10,367 inhabitants. It sends two members to parlia- ment. It stands on the only hill in the county, and is chiefly remarkable for its noble cathedral, in which, among the curiosities, is a great bell weighing 97 cwt. and capable of holding eight nogsneacis. ^i^^u^-^.^ ^.,;f>-,| A/^.^s >v;«i ii-w-^^v^ f.«« Ob$, 1.— This city is so full of the rUins of monasterfet and religious houses, that the very barns, stables, out- bouses, and even some of the hog-styes, are built with arched windows and d6ors. In the reign of Henry VIII* there were carried from the cathedra] 8,621 ounces of pure gold, 4,285 ounces of silver, and Hn amazing quantity of diamonds and all other precious stones. 2. — Boston and Gainsborough are Hoorisbiog ports la Ihis county, and the former is remarkable for its lefty H a . ^ s& BRITISH GEOGRAPHY* lower of 289 feet. Other pnrti, as (himsbrf and Lonth^ are cho»kcd, owing to the retiring of the sea. Stamford is a busy and elegant towl\ on the great north road. SpaU ding resembles a Dutch town, and has a great market for wool, hemp and flax. 3.— At Woolstrope, near Grantham, was born Sir Isaac Newton, a most able geometrician, whose philosophical system ofattraction, universal gravitation, and counteract- ing projectile force prevailed for upwards of a century, and is even yet taught in many public establishmeats. yj ."<' in '240. Rutland is the smallest county England, bein^ only the 250th part of the whole, or cohtainiiig but 149 sq. miles, with 18,487 in- habitants, making 124 to a square mile. It is a rich grazing county, and contains but two small niaiket-towns, Oakham and Uppingham ; neither ceturns any members to parlitmentj but^>vo 9'^ r^tui;9e4 fQ| the county. v^ |*.if, y lij'ti 1 241. Leicestershire is one part and a half of all England, and contains 804 square miles, with 174,571 inhabitants, or 216 to a square mile. It is divided into six hundreds, in which are 196 parishes^ including the towns of Leicester, Loughborough, Hinckley, Melton, Ashbyj Harborough and Lutterworth, / s^.v, f O^s.—rOf late years this and the neighbouring cotunties have been advantageously intersected and connected by canals, wbici^ convey cootls and heavy merchandise through the various midland counties, at a cheap rate, connecting the great rivers of tl^e Trent, Severn, Mersey, and Thames, and uaitinc the Geroi^R im4 Irish nomBi. l.£H;i-,9lBRSHIRE. f» LamtK \amford I. SpeLl' rket for lir liaac iophicnl intcract- centary, unty in ewnole, ),487 in- Itisa wo small ; neither t two are rt and a square tie to a lundreds, le towns Melton, .S'* ig counties in«Gted by ;rchandi«c kheap rate, [n, Mersey, iKcaBt* $42. Leicestershire is watered hy the Soar and the Wreek, and connected with all partb of the kingdom by canals; it is famous both as a breeding and grazing county, and for Bakeweirt improved breeds of sheep, and other cattle. 243. Leicester is 88 miles from London, and contains 6,627 houses and 30,125 inhabit- ants, 15,000 of whom are engaged in the ma- nufacture of worsted and cotton hosiery. Being in the centre of the kingdom, it has been cele- brated by historical events, and contains many ruins of great antiquity, particularly St. Mary's Abbey, lying to the north. It, sends two mem- bers to parliament. » • ui ^ Obs. 1. — The trade of Leicester was long nearly sta- tionary, owing to tlie want of that spirit of improte ment whicli lias so mud* advanced other trading placet | but of late years a favourable change has taken place in Ibis respect. ^ 2.— The rich kind of cheese, called Stilton, oy its being first known at an inn in that town, it made in Leicestershire =,v^^3 ;i r ■ ' ■-: i 5 244. Northamptonshire is two parts of a hundred of all England, containing 1,017 sq. miles, and 163,483 inhabitants, being 138 to a square mile. It is watered by the Nen and its branches, and is a fine agricultural county ; abounding in com, cattle, sheep, and timber. Its chief defect is a scarcity of fuel. 245. Northamptonshire is divided into 19 hundreds, containing 336 parishes, and the city of Peterborough, and towns of Northampton, / f- 9U ( . f MIITISH OBOCfAArHf. \t Brackley, Higham-Ferrarsi Daventry, Kettering^ Oundie, Towcester, and Williogborough. 246. Northampton, 65 miles from Londoi^ is built on a rising ground on tbe north of the Nen, and contains 2,086 houses, and 10,793 in- habitants, 2^000 of whom used to be employed lu the manufacture of shoes. It is. a clean and elegant town, with a spacious market-place ; and sends two members to parliament. ; Oftf.l.-— Thf conpty of Northampton lying dbHqoely nrrosithie m.iddle of Enf^land, is in contict witli more mrrtfa^dtnij^ ooet than any other in the iLingdom. It iofipM nine other counties. S. la tlito CfRinty wa» fought tbe decisive battle of Naseby, June 14, 1645, in which King Charleses army was completely defeated. 247. WAitwiCRSHiRB forms two of 100 parts of Epglani^ a34 contains 002 aq. miles, and 27^dS^ inhabitants, or 300 to a square mile. It IS a rich and beautiful district, celebrated not only for its manufkctures and agriculture, but also as the native county of Shakspeare. 248. It is watered by thje Avcm md, Tame, and intersected by numerous canals. It is di- vidl^ into four hundreds and 193 paridies>oon- tainn^fllke fiimoua cities of Covei»try and War- wiek» i|mjh<^ great and opuUnt town of Bir- minghan^Ppes the smaller towns of Stratford, Alherstone^ ^oleshill, Rugby» and Nuneaton. 249. Birmingham^ the metropolis of tht .y^ '%?i-m ,. '■^^'"' *-• ' j.v.i.i.,.'*li'w: viii..rf>^i-,./4^^ - 4,'^Leimington is iL favourite and flourishing watering* place, which nrom a small village has grown iato a con^ •iderable town. '■■' '"^Mv,*^- ,;gn,' I \r. n THE OXFORD CIRCUIT.^^ j . ^ Cmiiaihing Salopy Stafford^ Worcester f He" rejbrdf Monmouth^ Gloucester 9 Oxon^ and Berks* ; 251, ShsOSPSHIRB eontauis 21 parts of 1(M) of all England, or 1.134 »q. miles, with 206,266 mhabitantSi or 153 to « iquate miU. It it pro- ^-, \) 93 BRITISH GBOORAPHY. 'i*---, lific in minerals, and famous for jts coal-piti and iron-works, particularly in th^ district cal- led Colebrooke Dale. It has of late excelled in China also. r ./ 252. Shropshire is advantageously watered' by the Severn and also by the Camlet, the Teine, and the Clunn. It is divided into 16 hundreds, and 229 parishes, containing Shrews- biiry, Bridgenorth, Ludlow, Bishop's Castle^^ VVenlock, and Wellington. - « . ;* :^i '253. Shrewsbury, the capital of Shrop- shire, is 155 miles from London, and contains 4,100 nouses, and 21,695 inhabitants, one-third of whom are engaged in the flannel trade. It is beautifully situated on a peninsula of the Se veru, is a place of ^rcat antiquity, and h^sa. fine ancient castle. This town is noted for its! excellent brawn, and the muse of Shenstone has done honor to its cakes. It is represented in parliament by two members. ., ; V : _^' F ' Obs, — Colebrook Dale, in Shropshire, is the centre' of the most extensive iron-works in the kiDgdom. Cole- brook Dale is described by Mr. Young ** Ai a winding glen, between two immense hills, which brenk inte va- rious forms, being all tb4ckly covered, and forming most beautiful gtreeti« of hanging woods. Jhe oiDise of the forges, milLs,/&c. with all their vast ^ machinery . |^ tjia flames bursting from the furnaces, with the l)urniit^ of coal« and the smoke of the lime-kilns, are 'all together horribly sublime." A bridge, entirely mad« of, cast- iron, which hat been lately thrown across the Severn, gives these sceoek a still nearer resemblance to the ideas iu romance ':'r// ,;-,■» I Ju? j-/' ■ 'l r.r -i i ':..': c^iji it^jjio-v \v coa].pitt net cal- excelled watered let, the into 15 Shrews- Castle, Shrbp-i' contains •ne-third ade. It f the Se id has a d for its. tone has lilted in lie centre* n. Cole, k wiodiitg t ifite va* ning most Be of the '<*jri tjta, irnidg of together of, cait- J Severn, be ideas ^^^.^;rrff!* Shrewthury. Litchfield, Worcester, < ^> .1 .. \' ^-'t.'i • ^u • »l l» \ "■*(?.* ; !»■'■■ ".; ■•«'■ .i^-s-.. •y ■^'■:b- ■.f!\'*V;f:f!t-Vii, ■".':'^*« ,t.5,;-;^^::'i'<^1;^'R «->•<*■ ■''iv''»% Tf^'' '■% ,>r ''■> -vM. .«'« .<■',■■' J '0^^.,^^ 254. Stapfordshirb is three par|s of iOO of all £Dgland» containing 1,148 square miles, and 341»824 inhabitants, or 298 to a square mile. It presents e?ery variety of spil, and its moorlands abound in Bunecals, the food of manufactories: while its clays we admirably adapted to pottery of the finest kinds, made near Newcastle* in which this Aonitty is un^ rivalled* ..f»,r*> ^i%u'-^Rt,^f%w p-? fi<_> ,%\u^'i% *?dt hn^ 255. a 18 watered^ by the Trent, wbA con- nected with distant parts of the kingdom by canals* It is divided into five hundredsi, con- taining 181 parishes {the city x^ Litchfield, the boroughs of Stafford, Tamworth, and New- castle, send each two members to parliament, and the county two; in all ten. Wolverhamp- ton, Walsal, aud Wednesbury, are large manu- facturing towns, as in Bursl^m. 256. XiTCHFii^LD, 119 miles from London, isasipall cit^, cpntaiiiing only 1,151 houses, and 6,075 ii|)iiabitanta( b¥t is larger than Staf* ford, the county-town, which contains but 890 houses, and 5,736 inhabitants. It is chiefly noted as the birth-place of Johnson and Gar- ick, and as the burial-place of Lady M, W* lontagu^ iKtfm^:,»iJ.^Hs:?fT£%sitti h^,^ ^^nm^ ■ i\')t\d^if MC}' ^imkl\ m^' 257. WoRCBSTERSHrRE contains a part and half of all England, or 721 sq. miles, half of which arc arable. Its population is 184,424, or 257 to a square mile. It is a very ^ ** '» 94 BRITISH OEOOIIAPHT. county, particularly the vale of Evesham ; and at Worcester are valuable manufactoriei of China-ware. Worcestershire returns nine mem- bers to parliament, two for the county, two each for Worcester, Droitwich, and Evesham, and one ifbr Bewdley. ' i- i *^ r>a< ; . vi . > 258. The 'principal rivers of Worcestershire are the magnificent Severn, the Tame, the Avon, and the Stour. On its western side it is bounded b^ the fine range of the Malvern Hills. It is divided into five hundreds, and 152 parishes, and Wntains the beautiful city of Worcester, and the towns of Bewdley, Droitwich, Eve- sham, Kidderminster, Stourbridge, Dudley, and Bromsgrove. ■ ■■<'•.•■.-'•' "'■■■' '■ '^' -y tJi^^^,, t'^-^^v^'^^ 259. The city of Worcester is 111 miles from London, and contains 3,140 houses, and 17,023 inhabitants, many of whom are em- ployed in manufacturing china and carpets, which they carry to the highest perfection. It is an elegant city, beautifully situated on the Severn. .•-•..*'> , .f^ . ';4 . V'. (. 260. Herefordshire, famous for its or chards and its hop-plantations, contains nearly two parts of one hundred of all England, or 860 sq. miles, of which two-thirds aire arable. Its population 103,231, or 120 to a square mile. It is one of the most fertile and picturesque counties in the kingdom, yielding in abundance every species of agricultural produce, oarticv- ^am; and stories of line mem- two each ham, and lestershire the Avon, B bounded Us. It is I parishes, Vorcester, ich, Eve- idley, and 111 miles >use8, and 1 are em- carpets, ction. It ed on the (..»,( jT its or ns nearly gland, or ire arable, uare mile, cturesque bundance oartictt- Hereford. Gloucester^ Olouoetter, from the West, \y •# ■??< lAr--* :u »*«"' «Mi*m' ; w^ ••^•f^» ..-'•■■•• ■•■■ - - -• ' ■■^^^i* :^,v #^ .-.;->— ^yif; .■.&.•.. ,- >nV-, :^f. t*t ' w v.VirV < . t s ■ I HfeftBVOBL IIRB. 96 ■»i. *,* . .}iK,.-,M.J^^f^ -,•»:■, -ar-fi*"'' larljf apples for cyder, and hops. It excells, all o» in its breet) of cows and, oxen, 261. Its rivers are the Wye, the Lug, the Mynow, and the Arrow. It is divided into 11 hundreds, and 221 parishes, containing the city of Hereford, and the towns of Leominster, Led- bury, and Ross, the last of which has been long famous for a benevolent character, who for^ merly resided there, and who proved how much good might be effected with 400 L a-year. He- refordshire returns eight members to parlia- ment, two for the county, and two each for Hereford, Leominster, andWeobley* ^ 262. The city of Hereford is 136 miles from London, and contains 1,838 houses, and 9,090 inhabitants. It is a place of great antiquity, clean and elegant, but not the seat of any parti- cular manufacture. 263. Monmouthshire is one part in 100 of all England, containing 498 sq. miles, two- thirds of which are pasture, and 71,833 inha- bitants, which is 144 to a square mile. It is a fertile and beautiful county, watered by the Usk and Wye, and contains the towns of Monmouth, Chepstow, Abergavenny, and Pontipool. It produces corn and wool, and breeds large herds of black cattle. It sends three members to par- liament. :Um.n^f.i^^t-} -H'J^tK, c*; ■ ifi^'t, 264. Gloucestershire, a rich agricultu- ral district, contains 2;| parts of 100 ofall Eng- land, or 1,256 sq. miles, of which two-thurds ar^ f \.vtf' 9n BRITISH OEOORAlPnr. pMture, and 336^843 inhabitants, being 242 to a square mile. It is a fine co*«^ty, and the tract near Stroud, called the Bottoms, is re- markably beautiful. 265. It is watered and divided by the Severn, the Wye, and part of the Thames. It is divided into 27 hundreds, containing 280 parishes, and includes the city of Gloucester, and the towns of Cheltenham, famous for its Spa, Tewkes- bury, Stroud, Cirencester, Painswick, and Min- chinhampton. 266. The city of Gloucester is 106 miles from London, and contains 1,794 houses and 9,744 inhabitants, a third of whom areVengaged in pin-making, wool-sorting, ■'.>'' ■ And a half ; sq* miles, population .It is pro- the London as the seat 3, which is embers, the Tame, ih, and the dreds, and ^ ' fc- ^ -'T^ ■ " ■" 5 ■ -iSt^^- -s.^h.-Ur.-*-'^^.. / Cheltenham, Oxford, from the North, Oxford f from the East, \ •' >•?•* , 'ikWi . k\i- Ai. y\'^»v > 4 iS?^* If 4. ■nm ...S:,- "^Jfcjillt^t' v?>vrr' c: :V v». .-it:. .u\ lU T*' .ii;ii;.;r tn l^-i^. tl I?'- ,iVt •■>5J^-v ■«(«),.. ^-i* ■ '^: ' "'•W "'■ •^:'*T*^^'*'^-^>Wr ^. ;^ H. OXFOmiMBHIR& / 97 207 parisbeS) in which are contained the aneient university of Oxford and Woodstock, adjoinin| Blenheim ; Banbury^ Witney, and Henley. 2d9« The city of Oxford, which returns two members to parliament, is 65 miles from Lon- don, and contains 2,510 houses, and 16,364 inhabitants. It is, perhaps, the most superb city in Europe, containing 20 magnificent col- leges and five halls, equal to royal palaces ; be- sides the Theatre, the Bodleian Library, the Radcliffe Library, the Clarendon Printing Of* iice, the Schools, the Observatory, and some fine churches and bridges. *<» .ifti/iV/ M^rn'r Oba, — The superb stnrcture o ^ Blenheim House, In this county, was built by the British Parliament, at Wood- stock, for John Duke of Marlborough, to celebrate \.\n succesiiful resistance ta the encroachments of Louis the 14(h. "O ■4 A •/fjjkiUm 270. Berkshire contains apart and a half of 100 in all England, or 756 sq. miles, two- thirds of which are arable, and 131,977 inha- bitauts, being 174 to a square mile. It is a rich and picturesque county, full of park§, as well as woods, and distinguished as containing the Royal Forest of Windsor, and the residence of the Kings of England. It returns nine members to parliament. 271. The rivers of Berltshire are th^^Th^^i^Ps, the Kennet, the Lambourn, ancl the Lod^^iiV It is divided into 20 hundreds, and 140 parishes, and contains Reading, the county-town^ Abing- X 98 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY, don, Wallinfi;ford, Windsor, Wantage, Newbury, and Hungerford. 272. Reading, the county-town of Berk- shire, is 37 miles from London, and contains 2,585 houses and 12,867 inhabitants, part of whom are engaged in the flour and corn-trade, and others in the manufacturing of sacking, blankets, and pins. It returns two members to parliament. 273. Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, is 22 miles from London, and contains 948 houses and^ 5,698 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its Castle, which, since the Norman Conquest, has been the residence of the Kings and Queens of England. This Castle stands on an eminence, and is an extensive and splendid building, filled with paintings and objects of interest and cu- riosity. The town is represented by two mem- bers. ' Obs, — ^Two natural curiosities, if properly so called, are celebrated in this county. The river Lanbourn, ivhich, contrary to the ph(»nomcna of all rivers, is at its jrreatept height in summer, but in winter is nearly not altogether dry. The other curiosity is less pro perly termed natural, as it is certainly the work of bu< man bands, but by whom performed or directed cannot be determined, although it leems clearly to be referred to the era of the Saxons. It is the rude figure of a white hpne, occupying nearly an acre of land, in the side of a Men hill, near Ashbury | the hill and adjacent vale are thence termed White Horse Hill, mnd the Vale of White -•">■*:• Neivbury, of Berk- d containi s, part of !orn-trade, f sacking, lembers to irkshire, is 48 houses ted for its iquest, has Queens of eminence, Iding, filled ^st and cu- two mem- iPfliLi m DP ^r^m, ■!, DO m^ ''-fi \,(la h ^^ r Blenheim House, ly so called, r Lanbourn, rivers, is at er is nearly is less pro work of hu- ected canoot je referred to |e of a white the side of a icent vale are ale of White ^'xy^''-'' Reading, ^(jfflpj MJiBoP'"- • • ' • • IpsTniflLjLJ! * * 1*1 — 'Al ^^=*J Windsor. *.A--:.'^i>;t'i':- ^*.v<.,.r 1 * »., < y * -J- ■ ■ ■> • . ♦ ' ,' \V' ■■■< » ,.,,:.&■ 15;,.?;- ■ 'y --».-■ ;,!ct^>'' 'r^^/^'i^^ -^*V ^^tVj- /'"^ ,^. ^ _.-.^*s>?!«iJ;j^*SV^ ^fth.. w .Vlti^--.*- ttam '|-^-4)^^5t;^, Norwich Cathedral, Norwichf from the South, ">lt* **^"- i»»^^^ YarmotttA. % t .1 f: Hr< 1, ■' ■"yi»-.*-*^rll» t yfei''?,.-- ;f»?.,. r..-'^-»r ,><"»- T ;^ •..i;''''--Vr 11 ^' : 'j^'W-^-'"* -.••"■■ ■?<■' I':. "n«.- •■.*.■ ..., ■^ ■ ■''"f- ■•;,-'V&'v'- ; ii»i"-"^. ■■,'■'■..:'*• -^i^i^iV ■■'. ? I 'J 99 ■ ^ ') &■-: <|S? ■«•' .... • ^.3 •' ' .-' ^■<.'* n. ■'vr'^ }•' '" :#- -.*?-". -.,, li„ matv^:' fk'!^^\'^ THE NORFOLK CIRCUIT, I ;*....! 1.? Including ^orfolk^ Suffolk^ Cambridge^ Huntingdon^ nedjhrd, and Buckingham, 274. Norfolk, long famous for its turnip husbandry , is a maritime county, containing more than three parts ia 100 of all England, or 2,092 sq. miles, of which three-fourths are arable. Its population is 344,368, or 164 to a square mile. 275. The riters of Norfolk are the great Ouse, the Nen, the Little Ouse, and the Yare. It is a flat, but a rich agricultural county. 276. Norfolk is divided into 33 hundreds, and 660 parishes, containing the city of Norwich, tli*^ boroughs of Lynn Regis, Castle Rising, Thet- ford, and Yarmouth ; besides 28 market-towns. 277. Norwich, the capital of Norfolk, is 109 miles from London, and contains 41 pa- rishes, and nearly 50,288 inhabitants, of whom a third are engaged in tire manufacture of wors- ' ted stuffs and shawls. It is a large ancient city ; and sends two members to parliament. '^' 278. Yarmouth, which sends two members to parliament, is a famous sea-port of Norfolk, is 124 miles from London, and contains 18,040 inhabitants. Its beautiful qua^ renders it a de- sirable watering-place, and it carries on a great , coasting trade, as well as a considerable foreign commerce with the Baltic, Germany, and HoU "4 -A' > .;s^. 100 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. Ob$. — Yarmouth exports immense quantities of rorn and malt. The inhabitants employ 150 vessels in the herrin<; fishery, and between 40 and 50 sail ii? the ex> portation. Fifty thousand barrets of herrings, which %ome magnify to 40,000 lasts, contaioing 40,000,000 of her. rings, are generally taken and cured here in a year. These herrings are chiefly exported by the merchants of Yarmouth, and the rest by those of Loudon, to Spain, Portugal, and Italy, which with the crapes, camlets, Pod other Norwich stuffs, occasion much business, and employ a great number of hands and shipping. ^^ 279. Suffolk Js a maritinK; county, con- taining about three of 100 parts of all England, or 1,512 square miles, two-thirds of which are in pasturage. Its population is 270,542, %r170 to a square mile. It is divided into 21 hun- dreds, containing 575 parishes, and seven bo- roughs, Ipswich the county town. Aid borough, Dunwich, Eye, Orford, Sudbury, and Bury St. Edmund's, besides 20 market-towns, as Beccle.s, Bungay Lowestoff, Stowmarket, &c, 280. The rivers of Suffolk are the Stour, the Wavency, the Ltttle Ouse, the Deben, and the Orwell. It is a level, rich, agricultural county, but exposed on its coast to inroads of the sea; and like Norfolk it ig famous for its barleys. Obs. — On the whole, this county is one of the most tbriTing, with respect to agriculture, and its farmers are opul«nt and skilful. The culture of turnips prevails here almost as much as in Norfolk. They have a very excellent breed of draught>horses, middle-sized, re- markably short nia^e, and capable of vast exertions. These are found in the highest perfection in the maritime district from Orford to LowestoflT. The cuwi kave long V -■■■■ ■ i-^. !8 of corn ;l9 in the in the ex- vhich "»ome DO of her- in a year, •rchants of to Spain, unlets, pnd ind employ Bury St, Edmunds, nty, con- England, which are 42, %rl79 ) 21 hun- seven bo- d borough, i Bury St. IS Beccles, Stour, the and the al county, [)f the sea; rleys. of the most farmers are ips prevails have a very ;-Bized, re- it exertions. ;he maritime 1 have tonf Cambridge. King's College, Cambridi 23Z8m \>. frJr*t f'''^«^-- CAMBRIDOEIHIBE. 101 sten celebrated for the abundance of their milk, which, in proportion to their litey and the quantity of food which they consume, exceed tlie produce of any other race in the kingdom. They are all of the horniest or po ied kind. The sheep, of which lArge flocks are kept, are chiefly of the Norfolk breed, but they have, withia some years past^ been in rarious places changed for the South Down. The turkies of this county are reckoned to come next to those of Norfolk, in supplying the Lon- don markets. »'..•.•'» 281. Cambridgeshirb is an inland county, containing nearly two parts in 100 of all Eng- land, or 858 square miles, and of which one- third is fen or marsh-land, covering all the nor- thern part of the county. The population is 121,909, being 140 to a square mile. 282. The rivers of Cambridgeshire are the Nen, the Ouse, and the Cam. Of the cultivated parts half are arable ; and the fens, by draining, afford crops of barley, as well as the richest pasturage. '^:-h-i.Uri itf ,.t.jji?'?i^ ^i- d-^^-^'^'f-'^ 283. This county is divided into 15 hundreds, containing 164 parishes, the city of Ely, and eight market-towns, among which are Cam- bridge, Newmarket,, famous for its racc-course, and the little port of Wisbech. I 284. Cambridge, the county-town, is 51 miles from London ; and contains 14 parishes, nearly 2,682 houses, and 14,142 inhabitants. It is a place of great antiquity, but is chiefly re- markable as the seat of one of the principal universities in Europe. Both it and the town •re represented by two members each, - I / Id \.-i'ialr_,i.;fei'fa-k: 102 B^fllTISll GEOGRArilV. r 285. The University of Cambridge consists orthirteen splendid colleges, and four halls, be- sides the senate-house and libraries. King's College aod Trinity College are the most mag- nificent ; Downing College is the most modern ; and St. Feter's th^ inost ancient. Q&«. — The pripcipal local di^iti notions of the county are the celebrated races of Newmarket, the resort of the gay, the dissipated, the thoughtless, and^ the profli- gate, yet supported on liberal principles, by royal do- nations, and the subscriptions of the if^>bility ; and the no less celebrated fair of Stourbridge, held in a corn-field half-a-|nile square, where commerce and industry pour forth their accumulated stores, while idlenesss and re- velry collect alio their votaries, in promiscuous asso- ciation. '•' r'\ *-' ' ■ ■• ■.-'■.■■... .< '.tl ■r-i'^^i,,! 206. Huntingdonshire, next to Rutland and Middlesex, is the smallest county in Eng- land^ being only the 130th of the whole, and containing but 340 sq. miles, the greater part of which is arable. Its inhabitants amount to 48,771, or 141 to a square mile. It sends four members to parliament. '^ '?^ ; ? 287. This county is divided into four hun- dreds, containing 78 parishes, the borough of Huntingdon, and five market-tow ns, St. Ives, Kimbolton, St.Neot's, Ramsey, and Yaxley. Its north-eastern district is fenny. 288. Bedfordshire i^ an inland county ; and consists of nearly one part of 100 of all England, containing 463 squ. miles, and about 83,716 inhabitants, or 180 to a so^are mile. • ■'*i!S<\. Tj ■.'^.- .:■.: '^ „ti(»iV_ I. f onsisls Us, be- it mag- lodern ; e county resort of le proUi- royal do- ( and the corn-field istry pour « and re- IOU8 asso- Rutland [ in Eng- lole, and ater part ount to nds four tour hun- rough of St. Ives, ixley. Its county ; lOO of all Ind about mile. fiEDFORDSIllRB. 108 2B9. This county is divided into nine hun- . dreds, containing 124 parishes, and 10 market- towns, among which are Bedford, Riggieswad«, Dunstable, Leighton-Buzzard, and Woburn. It is a rich and pleasant county, abounding with corn and cattle; but is divided by a high ridge of elevated and barren chalk-hills, and has sandy districts. It produces woad, a plant used by - dyers. Its manufactures are bone-lace, and hats, with other articles made of straw. It sends four members to parliament. . >• - 290. Bedford, which returns two members^ is 50 mile^ from London, and contains 5,406 in- habitants, being one of the smallest county- towns in England. It is, however, a neat place, ; pleasantly situated on the Ouse, and carries on » trade with London, chiefly in corn and flour. It has several charitable institutions, one of which is a county hospital, lately built. / m 291. Buckinghamshire is nearly two parts of 100 of all England, containing 520,000 acres, or 740 square miles, and of which two- thirds are in arable cultivation. Its population is 134,068, or 190 to a square mile, 292. The rivers of this county are the Thames to the south, the Ouse and the Colne on the louth-east. The Chiltern Hills are prominent objects in the south, and the rich vale of Ayles- bury runs through its centre. A great part of this fine vale is devoted to the grazing of cattU 104 BRITISH OEOQRAPIIY, ■nd feeding of 8li<^q>i which is a source of much opulence to the landholders. 203. The county is divided into eight hun- dreds, containing 185 parishes, and the bo- roughs of Aylesbury, Buckingham^ Amershani, Wendover, Wycombe, and Great MarJow ; be^ sides ninemarket-towns» anion^ which areOlRey, Stoney Stratford, and Newport Pagnell. h abounds with woods, and is famous for its beeches. It returns 14 members to parliament. 04*. — The Tillage of Eton, opposite to Windsor, was tendered a seminary of learning in 1440, by Henry VI. That prince originally endowed jt for a provost, 10 prieiri, »\x clerks, six choristers, 25 poor grammar- icholars, with a master to teach them, and V5 poor old men. It is now in a flourishing state, supporting proT«sC, rice-provost, and 70 scholars, with various offi. cenand assistants; and besides the king's scholars, there are seldom le;»s than SOO nobleiocn's and gentlemen*i inns, who board with the masters, and receive their edo* cation at this seminary. THE HOME CIRCUIT Contains EsseXf Hertfordshire^ Kentf Sus" seXf and Surry* < 294. Essex is a maritime county, containing four of 100 parts of all England, or 1,532 sq. miles, of which two-thirds are pasturage. Its population amounts to 289,424, making 189 to a square mile. It sends eight members to ptrliament. ^ : >: • f much lit hiui- the t»o- crshani, cOlHev, lell. it for it8 liament. dsor, was lenry VI. •ovost, 10 grammar- i poor old |)porting arioMs offi- ilari, there entlemen*! their eda- ent^ Sus" ontaining 1,532 sq. rage. Its king 189 emberi to Bedford, Colchester. North Vieiv of London, 4 -5 \ "■yTfT-TK- i,t # I *♦ ,::>.^.r-^' ■■_ y .i-ji«.(>j'-^'>''' . :^-'.,-"* 'tA*^* ,«!»>- E»8BX. 106 295. This county is divided into nineteen hundreds, containing 403 parishes, the bo- roughs of Colchester, Harwich, and Maiden, and 21 market-towns, among which are Cheiins- ford, the county-town, Coggleshall, Rumford, Bramtree. :. ■•;,^.. _-_...i.,lj M..ij^'-i;^^:^^^.K:-. 296. Essex IS a rich agricultiirat county, serv- ing the metropolis with large quantities of grain and other provisions. Its northern parts are elevated and picturesque, but on the south it is marshy and unhealthy. Its rivers are the Thames, the Stour, the Coin, the Chelmner, aud the Blackwater. , a .. , -r „i,i. ^ :&i.^tm'. 29^. Colchester, the largest town in Essex, is 51 niiles firom London, and contains 14,016 inhabitants. It is a very ancient place, and stood a memorable siege in the civil wars. It has a port for coasting-trade*. .-r»t 1. j*^ ? .^t^>. ^v.v: % , • Obs. — SAStx has furnished copious subjects of inquiry and discussion to the antiquaries. Besides those of Ro- man origin, which are numerous, the principal ciirin- sities of the county are a petrifying spring at Beacon Hill, and Harwich; and thecustom of Dunmow, which rewards nuptial attachment preserved inviolate in act, word, and thought, for a year and a day, with a flitch of bacon. -•*'>■>.■-'-;•■■■; V- *'^ ' '^ ^ ,. ■ ^ . yrt'V:- '■:> 298. HertfoEDSHIRE is one part of 100 of all England, containing about 528 sq. miles, of which three parts are arable, and 129,714 inhabitants, being 249 to a square mile. Itf rivers are the Lea, the Rib, and the Coin. 299. Hertfordshire is divided into eight kuii* ,5fia im BRITISH GEOGRAPHY, dreds, and 170 parishes, containing the boroughs of Hertford and St. Alban% and the market- towns of Ware, Barnet, Royston, Hitchin, Hod- desdon, Watford, and 11 others. It is a rich and pleasant agricultural county, and its wheats are celebrated for the brightness of their colour. It sends six members to parliament. i^r': 300. Kent, famous for hops, apples, corn, an^ grass, contains nearly three parts of 100 of all England, or 1,537 sq. miles, e^ which one* half is arable. Its population is 42i . or 280 to a square mile. 301. Kent is watered by the Thames, the Medway, the Stour, and the Rother. In man^ re&pects, it is one of the finest and most fertile cRstricts of the island. The southern parts are marshy, but in the middle it is elevated and picturesque. 302. This county is divided into five lathes, containing 63 hundreds and 413 parishes, the cities of 'Canterbury and Rochester, the bo* roughs of Maidstone and Queensborough, the cinque-ports of Dover, Sandwich, Romney, and Hythe. It has also 22 other market-towns, among which are Woolwich, Gravesend, Folk- stone, and Tunbridge. It sends to parliament 18 members. Obs, — Chatham is distinguished for its royal dock yards aod its nayal arsenal. iVoolwiCh and Greenwich- are also remarkable { the former for the rojal deck* e boroughs be market- shin, Hod- a rich anci wheats are colour. It ■■>': pies, corn, rts of 100 which one* . t or 280 lames, the . In man^ kiost fertile n parts are evated and five lathes, Irishes, the ir, the bo- trough, the )mney, and ket-towns, send. Folk- parliament royal dock Greenwich- royal dock- Can #cr A w?'y. j 'gate. ^i ■■ .tfHtr"*...,-'^. -•*■ ■'-P* '": ■Jut? -: -^^ . ■-"■ ^^r'*^ •Sii, ■^vr^' - i ■■? ti-,.).4"i»t', .vvH^ t ' ,li ,.;i^..,..;, ''V'-' ''-V'Ut. ; r- ^f a* i ■ " Aj'tts^'iV'.- -■, " ■'if .•■>ir,. .■'!'.•'! ' ■'■ '^'^'ifS" f '^vi- , rmtv- J'> ^^W„ I'lV ■ ,i\ ■--■'■ a"-t-''^ -'!."<.■■■" ""■" • ■••:»;• *>i ,-,i:,- ■'- ,,.:.j., '-cS '«. 'H-*^-.. KENT. 107 yard, and the milfUiry academy; the latter for tho ipleodid hoipital, which oatiunal miinifleence has eitab- lished for the retreat of disabled seameok Kent is said to have been the first place in Britain which received the Christian religion. 803. I>ovE]E^j^ a famous sea-port of Kent, is 71 miles ^om London, and contained io 1821 10,327 inhabitants. It stands in a bottom, be* tween those celebrated white cliffs, which gave the name of Albion to Britain ; and its castle is said to have been in part built by Csesar. It is the nearest port to France, and the most noted thoroughfare to the Continent. 304. Canterbury is the capital of Kent, 55 miles from London, and the metropolitan see of all £ngiand. It contains 16 parishes, and 12,745 inhabitants, and is one of the most an- vient cities in Britain. Its cathedral, once fa- mous for the rich shrine of Thomas k Beckettj is still highly interesting^ , , . , v ^ v > ; ' '!* ■... -. ■>- 305. Sussex consists of three piirts of 10 of all England, containing 1,463 squ. miles, third of which is in pasturage, a third arabl and a third in wood, downs and waste. Its p* pulation is 232,927, or 159 to a square mile. ^ 306. Sussex is divided into six rapes and 37 parishes, containing the city of Chichester, tl boroughs of Lewes, Horsham, Arundel, Branr her, East Grinstead, Midhurst, Shoreham, an< Steyning, besides the cinque-ports of Hastings > -■; I _',' I ;■ ■ '362 inhabitants. 'It is a place of great antiquity, and the cathedral contains some inte- resting ancient paintings. 308. The rivers of Sussex are the Arun, Adur, Ouse, Rother, Rye, and Cockmere. Its aspect is various, Pevensey Level lying on the east, high barren downs extending from thence to Bi^ghton, and a rich level coast extending thence to Chichester. It abounds with woods, and, like Kent, excels in respect to its oaks. 309. Brighthelmstone, or Brighton, a large fishing-town and very fashionable bath- mg-place, in Sussex, is 51 miles from Londop. It contains 4,659 houses, and 24,4^29 inhabi- tants, besides accommodating many thousand visitors. It was, a century ago^ only a poor fishing-town, but now it abounds in elegant streets ?nd splendid mansions; and has long been tl|| i^esidence of George the Fourth, who has built a superb palace in the oriental style. Ob8.-^The most remarkable event in English history took place on the coast of Sussex, in 1066, when William the Norman Bastard obtained a victory over Kin^ Harold, by which he ensured the crown to hims^f and his posterity* He is supposed to have landed with hii fleet at or near Pevensey, and after burning his ships, to himt^f ami ided with hit ling his ships, id marched to was founded itene for tht Brighton^ from the West. Brighton^ from the N* E* v Chichister, SUIIRV. 109 810. Surry consists of a part and a half or 100 of all England, containing 758 sq. mileik of which two thirds are. in pasturage, and 3{)8,f>o8 inhabitants, or 528 to a square mile. 311. Its vicinity to London renders this a rich and interesting county. Its rivers are the Thames, the Mole, and the Wey. Jt is sepa- rated in the middle by a pieturest^e chain of chalk hills or downs. 312. Surry is divided into 13 hundreds, con- taining 140 parishes, the boroughs of South- wark, Guildford, Reigate, Bletchingly, Hasle* mere, and Gatton, each of which tends two members to parliament ; and eight other market- towns, among which are Croydon, Kingston, Dorking, and Epsom, famous for its race- course. ^ . Obs. — Between Egham and Staines, is the famoui Runny mead, a meadow on the Thames, Where England^s ancient barons, clad in anns, And stern with conquest, from their tyrant liing. Then rendered tame, did challen|;e and secure The charter of her freedom. akeicside. This great event of King John's signing Magna Charta, totk place in 1S10. ■■'. THE METROPOLITAN COUNTY. Od».— As the supreme conrti of judicature sit daring the four terms at Westminnter, in Middlesex | and as there are eight sessions of tjie peace in London, held at JuaUce Hall, in the Old Bailey, and as many tor the eminty at Hicks's Hall, Middlesex* it is not the object id K ■'-,«■ ■■ ^idlhir-'. ? I;..'' -w;'»r'9 . no BRITISH GEOQRAPIIY. ttny tonr or circuit of justice, but is itself the focus or centre of both law and equity. In the arrangement of the counties it comes therefore by itself. 313. Middlesex, next to Rutland, is the smallest of the English counties, though from its containing the metropolis, it is the most considerable in population, opulence, and poli- tical importance. It is in size but a 200th part of England, containing only 2B2 sq. miles. 314. The population of Middlesex, including so much of the Metropolis as stands on the north side of the Thames, is 1,144)531 of whom 250,000 inhabit the populous villages situated around the metropolis, which, with the nume- rous villas that cover the country, render this county a sort of terrestrial paradise. 315. Middlesex is divided into eight hundreds, and 250 parishes, of which 132 are within the cities of London and Westminster. The suburbs of the metropolis, in Middlesex and Surry contain 50 other parishes. 31^ Tb<^ county of Middlesex contains, be- sides London, the considerable towns of Brent- ford, Uxbridge, and HoMnslow, and the larj^e villages of Hampstead, Highgate, Twickenham, Hammersmith, Cbtlsea, Fulham, Kensington, Chiswick, Tottenham, Edmonton, Hendon, Kackney, &c. It sends eight members to par- liament. ;n7. London, the metropolis of the British euipire, stands on a rising ground, in north laL iil"^ 32', on the north bank of the Thames, which llic focuB or ingenient of id, is the )ugli iVoin the most and poli- r a 200th sq. miles. , including ids on the ;iof whom es situated the nume- render this t hundreds, within the 'he suburbs and Surry Si\ Paul's Cathedral, i S-aiK-^i^tf^SrEr fflifXStSat-i '9*^^"^!^ ilMi'fdiiiM;-^-/^^ East View of London, and Thames, i «'■• sK.vf'^t -rXTTTT blackfriars hiidge. fcliiH III Westniiustvi' Jit idee. { »»* • \{ .. w? , ■ iff I ...waMnv,_ Ih: . ^y-^'^ ;:;;- #^,',; ;- V».H«. r'.':.'f.'rT!-_'J.' ^■'iW^t- 'i..ii^'imm < I. [, r w ■i. •-:%?^J;'^i^fW|, ■■■■■'*-.■»# - • t-'j-jV 'f Wr ; JN^-i^' ■■_'■, . a-V'r. .'-.-x-Jcz.- —ir:/. . .' J ;.■-~^=?^■ .■.-.-. . .•...:,-^;r.a.-.:S^. ,- ' ..* .* ^'^'*^""r-'- '."■ '■ ' ■..JlMB!S'"S>!in the cen- lagniiicent ses, called ; one-fifth oother fifth 1 Westniin- me and the I the other rey. ediately ad ig and four ouses, and seven to a >a In the west, n in the south, in London [pside, the JLland-pItce, irley-strcet, ll-Mall. TO miles from ['8Park,nortn ilendidarchi- [ea for prWate St with in the East India Home. ' Tower of London. 1 v»-ir-. t':.--^^ & C(^tt».. ■'.:'. A or. if 'iW .:^rV^; -•^rv?]))':.-;;.;^. ?!*• .m ^Ni , «■ ?M t. .to' a ■/W*^ ■ t \ Mr t'l? U v ♦ i »- i " 1 , . ■ •1 t, .!■ : .Ki, • t« ■".•;5-5.>-^- »•. . ■r-v ,v A ji^ -• .11 ^i • '.' .f«^- *.- A- .r • >^i'" S!'it^ :—V.'/ .•' — ■•. ■- .t ■.< IW l'.''* Vl- fci •^t^m »:-»• -m^ *:'f' \rj^- i<_. The Mansion House, V .-■ \'k} ■ '•. i '■. • > ■■■^-k ; i :■■.';'' • 1 r?;r^ x«^^ .v.5^ Gniidhall War Office. Si.%. ■,t- Admiralty. ■f. •i'l «,*'C.' " ..".;. .1 ;, ■ t?' t, ^ .•■ •'. i' ■M f?, »■' i" ,« !;. 1 .• ♦> -r,:?^ H?iiy^^'jS^< •• #■•':: ,^^r '^i^^ <,-.., i>, ■! *■••:.<«(',- i^. ft V«r- «'^'^-^ ^» t.-^ ^J-4=..'. . *.: -v. i■i'^ iSiS* ^'^ ;.;:,; ;;^'?^'- ;:v?'^ ft . .^» «;M!>'" >•„"*■ -;. -■■,■.■ ■*»;,»?■ •.■",• .. ■ .■..•T:-i - ■^v-J'"/ ;.'' --^is £. yd .hf. "!-i "^)S _.-^. >-. ' ,,•■».■'■'■•. Irs' •' ' 1 si-' ■^. a "■■■•. t ''•■iP'Xi'.: a' % '^'r. •Wt Vn W^ -^ X ' - : -^ -V J *'■ -nfc J-' ■- .~ ■t\ ."— J-,-- ■ ■:i .^*' "SlJlpl^lSliTi': i Drury Lane Tfieatre, Covent Garden Theatre^ lilt Theatre. / / nil.' » . • ..*»^a4/».- -<<*■• LONDON. 113 whole world. The whole It white, aind many of th« erection! resemble palaces for their taste and costliness. Many hundred of houses were pulled down to create the requisite openings, and the completion of the plan has involved immense property. We are of opinion that such splendour ought not to be indulged till the superfluous wealth of a country has been so directed to render 't>ttagei comfortable I \et such a street is a source of public gratification, and tends to exalt a people in their f wn estimation and that of foreigners. 326. The most splendid squares are Grosve- nor-square, Portinan-square, Cavendish-square, Berkeicy-square, St. James's-square, Tavistock- iquare, and Russel-square. 327. There are in London 146 churches, as many chapels of ease ; and at least 500 meeting- houses and chapels of dissenters. Of the churches, the cathedrals of St. Paul's and West- minster are among the wonders of the Empire. 328. The other public buildings in London, worthy of particular notice, are, Somerset- house, the Tower of London, the two Houses of Parlia- ment, Westminster-hall, Whitehall, the groupe of oilices of government from the Admiralty to the freasury, Carlton Palace, the Bank, the Royal Exchange, the India- house, and the Theatret. k8 114 7%€ foikming Pvwuq BuiLOiNfis in London merit I9otit«^ from thdr Fdmo and Magnitude, and Engravings of them have boon annextd in this Work, St. Paul's, next to St. Peter's at Rome, is the largest and most superb Cathedral in Europe. Westminitxr-Abbkt is celebrated for its antiquity, and the illustrious ashes it contains. Westminstbr-Hali. is interesting to Britons, as the focus of the chief Courts of Law. The Admiraltt is the mansion where all the interests of the British Navy are directed. The War-Ofvice is connected with the Army. The House or Lords, connected to the left with the House or Commons, both Tery ancient structures. The East-India-House, in which are conducted the affairs of the British Empire in the East-Indies. Somerset-House, the seat of many Public Offices and interesting Establishments, as the Stamp-Office, Exche- quer-Office, Royal Society, Royal Academy, &c. The City Mansiov-Houie, the residence of the Lord Mayor of London. GuiLDHAtT> is the building where the public city busi- ness is transacted, and where great public entertainments are given. The RoTAL Exchange ii a place of resort for Mer- chants and Brokers connected with the trade of London. The Towca or London is curiom from its antiquity, and as the DepAt of Arms and of Government Reliques. Drurt-Lane and Co vent Garden Theatres, the largest and finesi Establishments of the kind in the world. The Custom-House, a splendid building of vast extent. The two General Views represent London as seen from Greenwich-hill on the East, and from Hampstead-hill on THE North. Blackfri ari-Bridoe «- New Strand-Bridge — New SODTHWARK IrON- BRIDGE — WESTMINSTER- BRIDGE. Four of tho«c magnificent Bridges, of which there are fix in number, the others being the ancient and decay- ing London-Bridge, and the New Iron Bridge fi^m Vauxhall to MiLBANK, Called, like all Che Bridget aftef their icitc-<»TAVZH ALL- Bridge. Soif enet Honse, Strand, House of Lords* f Westmmsier Hall. Westminster Abbey. "■■7"' ■y-'v-irv-V;' v":-~-'"jT;,-»r^? LONDON* 115 990. The port of London Is the greatest in th« world, and the river and the extensive and won- derful docks connected with it, are constantly filled with the ships of all nations, just arrived from, or about to sail to, all parts of the world. Obs, 1. — The imports into the port of London, from foreign ports, lately exceeded in value 40 millions per annum, and what is imported coastwise exceed in value ■even millions. 2. — The supply of a million of inhabitants with provi. sions, necessarily creates a vast traffic, chiefly in grain and flour. The average consumption of bread rather ex- reeds a quartern loaf per week per individual. Nearly 20,000 sacks of flour are consumed every week in Lon- don. — The annual consumption of cattle in London, is 100,000, weighing 800 lb. each ; of sheep, 70,000 weighing 80 lb. each ; of fish, (!0,000 tons ; of coals, 850,000 chal- drons. The vegetables and fruit are in proportion. 3. — In return for the food of the body afforded by the idjacent counties, London supplier the whole empire with cod for the mind. There are 240,000 newspapers printed every week ; and besides the newspapers, nearly 80,000 monthly publications are sold every month. 4. — London h ihe focus of the elegant arts. Painting and ScuLPTCRE triumph in its various exhibitions, parti- cularly in the annual one of the Royal Academy, where above 1000 original subjects are displayed every year. Music flourishes at the Italian Opera, at the Theatres, and in various splendid concerts and occasional perform* ances. 330. The inland communication between London and the counties, is one of the most wonderful of its features. Twenty mail-coaches leave London every night, and 300 other coaches depart every 24 hours with passengers and par- cels. One hundred waggons arrive and return every twenty-four hours. Oos. — This does not includ* at leaat SIX) posUchaises f. t iia BRITISH GKOORAPIir. and private carnages, which come and go eteiyday; nor the conveyance, by canah, for heavy goods, 331. 1200 Hackney-coaches and chariots €onstantly ply for fares, and at least four times that number of private carriaj^cs are kept in and near London, besides ten times the number of open carriages and vehicles each drawn by a single horse. , WESTERN CIRCUIT, Including Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset^ shire, Somersetshire, and Devonshire, 332. Hampshire, including the Isle of Wight, is a maritime county, containing four parts in 100 of all England, or 1,628 sq. miles, of vi'hich three sevenths are in pasturage, two- sevenths in tillaj^e, and two-sevenths in woods and downs ; 192,000 acres lying in the New Forest. 333. Hampshire is a fertile and interesting district, containing the extensive dock-yards of Portsmouth ; the town and port of Southami> ton, and the ancient city of Winchester, be- sides tho beautiful Isle of Wight, separated from the main land by an arm of the sea, from five to ten miles over. 334. It is divided into 39 hundreds, and 25S parishes, containing the city of Winchester and the eleven boroughs of Portsmouth, South- day; iriots times 11 and jer of by a rrset" sle of y four miles, , two- woods : New esting ards of hamp- r, be- arated I, from Qd 25S Chester South- Southampton, Portsmouth and Isle of Wight, Salisbury, I i I rp», H*l-. T'l V\.. i,\ki^ •),■ '.^W, ^^ -«••: '.' S.'.^' Vfc :«, . -•t- -'^;<:'..J^ -\ •■ >* >- ' n '<. ^ f' ■tn- ',> .':o- I » ''"N. SA ..^. kxlfi *■ t., • f- -, '■^.'iC •^u ;--sc>>."vf.5 ,-,^': H ^J .S^sJU'm i^.;*}^ |aniptOD, Fetenfii port, Y 335. 1 282,203 are the Itchin. 339. (ion, an port, ai place; ] estuary, flnmedia the rend packets. from Loi wa§ a Bri royal res and his i great ani royal ren 337.1 IS the navy, an the wor towns n mouth, sea, con taining contigu( G,00O, Oht.—t HAMniHlRV. U7 anipton, Lymington^ Christchurch, Andorer, Fetersfield, Stockbridge, Whitchurch, New- port, Yarmouth, and Newton. 335. The populatioii of Hampshire Is about 282,203, being 173 to a square mile Its rivers are the Avon, TefFe, Stour, Wye, Loddon, and Itchin. It sends 24 members to parliament. 336. Southampton is 77 miles from Lon- don, and contains 13,353 inhabitants. It is a port, and was formerly a fashionable bathing- place ; being finely situated at the head of an estuary, called Southampton River, and in the immediate vicinity of the New Forest. It is the rendezvous of the Isle of Wight and Jersey packets. Obi, — Winchester, the capital of Hants, is 62 mile, from London, and contains about 7700 inhabitants. It was a British town, and has, at different periods, been a royal residence. The castle was built by King Arthur, and his round table is still shewn. The cathedral is of great antiquity and lingular beauty, containing many royal remaini. 337. Portsmouth, a regularly fortified town, IS the chief dep6t of the invincible British navy, and its dock-yard is one of the wonders of the world. It is 72 miles from London. Three towns may be said to be united in one. Ports- mouth, at the extremity of the island of Port- sea, containing 12000 inhabitants ; Port sea, con- taining 33,000 inhabitants ; and Gosport, on a contiguous point of the main land, containing 6,000* making a total of 61,832, ^ Oi«.— The beautiful Isle of Wight, lomewhat retea- ^ It t I 1 118 BRITISH OEOGRAfn^. blinj; a bird with expanded wingi, meaiures from north tt south about 13 miles, from east to west twenty-one. It ii nearly divided into two parts, by the river Medina, which rises near the south coast, and runs into the sea on the north near Cowes : a ridge of hills also traverses the JslaBd from east to west; to the north of which the land k chiefly meadow and pasture, to the south chiefly ara* ble; the hills themselves aflbrding pasture far a great tumber of sheep. The south coast is bounded with Keep rocks of chalk and freestone, and on the wtst are Ihe rocks called the Needles. The air is healthy, and the Inhabitants are, io general, long lived : the soil is fertile, and the corn produced in one year is laid to be equal to the consumption of eight | consequently, considerable 4uaotitie3 are exported, as are tobacco-pipe-clay, and a fine white sand, used in the manufacture of glass. This isle has a governor and lieutenant-governor appoint* ffd by the crown. Henry Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, was, by Henry YI., crowned King of Wight, but this tew and extraordinary title died with him. Carisbrook fastle, formerly the prison of Charles I., now only a ruin, always calls tr mind the sufleringii of degraded royalty. 338. Wiltshire, famous for its cheese, consists of nearly two parts and a half of 100 of all England, containing 1,379 sq. miles, of which one-half is open downs or sheep-walks, tailed Salisbury Plain, and Marlborough Downs. The great products of the Downs, or south and East parts of Wiltshire, are corn and sheep. Of the latter it is computed that the whole summer stock, including lambs, amounts to near 500,000. a39. Wiltshire is divided into 28 huudredi, edf, Stonehenge, Weymouth Bath. %. ^. ^1%. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 ■ 50 l'*^* -... 1^ 1^ 1^ u& IIIIIM IL25 i 1.4 1.6 "^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN ST «EET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716)872-4503 # ■1>^ \\ ^> 6^ <^ >» >> / ■^ % s' K^ -V; ,^i. :\ y;^' K'-iiA glildt- ^.»^,-i U'-»fiV' AO': J^, ^ia'ifc*-;*?' '"«r^' ■w*l .i€ ■ !• 'V>.. 'x4'- ,>.>■, ^;«,i. ■ '■j^.j(i?\-\;»-:..,j«i,i'!ijrrv.V'- »S)t,V »4#. ■^feSft»»- ■^&«M- Al v.U '-a*.s^«»-" WILTSHIllE. 119 and 304 panshes, containing 222,1^7 inhabit- ants, or 161 to a square mile. 340. It contains the city of Salisbury, and 15 boroughs, Bedwin, Calne, Chippenham^ Cricklade, Devizes, Downton, Heytesbury, Hindon, Ludgershall, Malmsbury, Marlbo- rough, Old Sarum, Westbury, Wilton, and Wootton-Bassett. It sends 34 members to par- liament. ' i Mvr . 341. Wiltshire contains also the market-towns of Trowbridge, Warminster, Amesbury, Brad- ford, and others. Its rivers are the Kennetf, the Thames, the Bourn, the Avon, and the Nadder. 342. Salisbury, the capital of Wilts, is 80 miles from London, and contains 8763 inhabit- ants. It is chiefly remarkable for its splendid cathedral, one of the largest in England, with a most lofty spire, 410 feet high. " 343. Stonehenge, the wonderful remains of a temple of the Druids, the benevolent priests of the ancient Britons, consists of four ranges of enormous stones, from 15 to 20 feet high, each weighing from 30 to 40 tons, and some of them actually laid across others, and let in with a mortice. Obs. — A more splendid temple of the same nature existed a few years ago at A bury, near Marlborough; Dear which Silbury Hill, on the Bath road, the tomb of a British king almost yiedin magnitude with the pyns- mids of Egypt. 344. Dorsetshire equals two parts of 100 ')f all £ngland, containing 1»005 sq. milts. " i f^) BlilTISlI OK()GRAPH\. i f ' * and 144,400 inhabitants. It is divided iui, 34 hundreds, and 248. parishes, containing the boroughs of Dorchester, Weymouth, Pool,! Lynn, Bridport, Corfe Castle, Shaftesbury, Wareham, and Melcombe Regis, besides 19 j other market-townsv It sends 20 members tr| the house of commons. 346. Weymouth, a celebrated bathing, place in this county, 12B miles from Lo.idoii, contains 6,6*22 resident inhabitants, and inl ^the bathing season as many more. It is a towol of great antiquity, and jt acquired receDtl celebrity as a favourite summer resort of tfae| royal family. Obs, — At Hermitage, a village about leven miles toad of Slierborne, in this rr unty, is a chasm in the eartbJ whence a larj^e plot of ground, with treei and hedge),! was removed entire to the distance of forty rods, byai| earthquake, which happened the 13th of January, 1585. I :•"■ i r 346. Somersetshire forms about three ol 100 parts of all England, and contains DearlJ i6l2 square miles, aad 355,314 inhabitants, if is a fertile and beautiful county, and watered by the Parrat, Axe, and Avon. 347. It is divided into 42 hundreds, and 48^ parishes, containing the unrivalled city of Batbj tfae city of Wells, part of Bristol, the borougW of Bridgewatcr, Ilchester, Mil borne-port. Mine Aead, Taunton, and 22 other market-towns. H sends 18 members to the parliament house. dcd iiii, ontaining Lth, Pool, ifteabury,| :sides 13 embers t( I bathing- ii Loadon, , and inl is a tOMTol ed receotl ort of tbel n niilei lontl in the eaitliJ k and hedge)] kr rod8, by ai| iuary,1585. Bnstolp and its Port, Bristol ut three ofl Rint oearht bitatits. Ij od watered d8, and 48^ ity of Batb le borougM port, Mine -towns. 11 houACi Exeter*. / MS' ■:i^S "J »«■ »;,■ « , '1/ f**"-.'::' , ^1^^ .1 r-tf»* , ' i-'-H ..,.^. '/* .1! \ » ♦.■ -»«,•: ■:i^l|H '■■■'' --U ■ 87,' exec wea 01 fnm That flint incrc tiesi the fOMBRSBTSHIllR. 121 348. The Mendip Hilb abound in coal, lead, calamine, and copper. The vale of Taunton is celebrated for its fertility, and the country round Bath is the most picturesque in £ngland. 348. Bath, a city famous for its hot springs, since the time of the Britons, 19 105 miles from London. It contains nearly 36,811 resident itihahitants/ and generally 5000 visitors, who drii^ the waters, and bathe in them, for bilious and rheumatic complaints. It ig beaptifully built of stone, in the best style of architi^cture, and is, perhaps, the most elegant city in the world. Obs, 1. — There it a general hospital at Bath, for the re« coptioD of patients, from all parts of the kiDgdom, whose cases require the ose of the Bath waters. 2.— Bath is a ioiot see with Weixs, which city is snail, but contains a richly-decorated cathedral. At Taunton, Frome, Shepton*Mallet, ftc. are manufactories of woollen cloths. 850. Bristol is 117 miles from London, partly in Gloucestershire and partly in Somer- tetshire^ abd as vessels of 1000 tons can navigate the Avon to Bristol-bridge, it is one of the finest ports in £ngland» Its population is about 87,779 ; but, including the various suburbs, it exceeds lOO^OOO. It is a fine, ancient, and wealthy city. Ob$, — ^The manufactarei of this city, and its vicinity, furnish it with leveral important ^ydci of ezporfatlon. That of glass-making, in its variou^rtidet of crowa, flint, and bottle-glass, is very considerablo, and on the increase. Ireland and America take off great quanti- ties of thesegoods, especially bottiei, of which nearly half the number are leat out filled with beer, cyder, perrj^ >-^ ■ 'K 'i'r'- " ■' '^ \ , 122 BltlTISH GKOeRAPIIT. ant] Bristol water. Hard whUesoap, of the best quality, is made here in large quantities, much of which is sent to London, as well as to the colonies abroad. Hats, leather, sadlery, shoes, white lead, gunpowder, and earthenware, are all considerable articles of domestic and foreign traffic. The city likewise possesses worki for smelting lead, and making lead shot, iron-foundriei^ rolling and slitting mills, and tin works, all of which fur« nlsh very valuable commodities for exportation. ? :■:■ 351. Devonshire is the largest county in England, next to Yorkshire, comprising nearly live parts in 100 of all England, or 2,574 sq. miles, with a population of 439,040, or 170 to a square mile. 352 Devonshire is divided into 33 hundreds, and 454 parishes ; it contains the city of Exeter, and the ten boroughs of Ashburton, Barnstable, Beeralston, Dartmouth, Honiton, Plymouth, Plympton, Okehampton, Tavistock, and Tot ness. This county sends, in all, 26 representa* fives to parliament. 353. Devonshire contains also 25 other mar* ket-towns ; among which are Axminster, Bidde- ford, Collumpton, Crediton, Ilfracombe, South- molton, Sidmouth, Tiverton, and Topsham. Its rivers are the Exe, the Dart, the Taw, the Tamer, the Torridge, and the Teign. 354. Th2 air of the south of Devonshire is considered as mild as that of the south ol France. Myrtles flourish in most parts of De- vonshire through the winter, in the open air. !t, however, contains extensive tracts of barren i V] inality, I is sent Hata, er, aud omestie s work! undrieiy ich fur. Plymouth, unty in ; neaily >74 sq. 170 to ndreds, Exeter, nstable, ^mouth, id Tot resenta* ler mar- Bidde- South- opskauu aw, the vonshir€ south ol s of De* )pen air. f barren Sts MichaeFt Mount, La JTaUtttp in Malta ^^■: < I •K.^ ^■^ Vx ^k !*• .\\\v..'iv(>tri v^J-V^Ti ;•«>•■ T-V .»S-.i. ■isr" i' -5iW' .* ^J i■■^■i■ - ■..l(W*«V-"'i .V,UV« ^ uU >^•'^. 1 ^ ■•■J- ,*ii..-.-a^K*i.''v'3a4'.4<^ \ DEVONSHIRE, 128 / beaths, at Dartmoor and Exmoor; and th« mountains so precipitate the clouds, that few days pass without rain. > 355. \ Besides its capabilities as an agricultu- ral county, Devonshire has been famous for its manufactures of broad-cloths, serges, and other superior woollen goods. Cyder is the common beverage, just as malt-liquor is in other parts of the kingdom. 356. Exeter, the capital of Devonshire, is 168 miles from London, and contains 23,479 inhabitants, the half of whom are engaged in trade. It is a place of great antiquity, and so agreeable a residence, that many private fami- hes spend their fortunes in it. The cathedral is one of the most ancient and splendid in the kingdom. 857. Plymouth is superior to Portsmouth as a resort of, and receptacle for, Britain's wooden walls. It is 215 miles from London, and contains, altogether, about 61,212 inhabit- aats. It is situated at the mouth of the Tamar and Plym, which form together what is called thi Sound : the mouth of the Tamar being called Hamoaze, and that of the Plym, Catwater. A Breakwater, or mass of rocks, has been lately formed, at an immense expense, for the purpose of affording a safe anchorage to the shipping lying within it Oht» — Next to these places, Tiverton, Tavistock, Baro- fiUple, aod Dartmouth raok next in population. Torbay is a similar harbour, where the royal navy rides in secnrity. Ilr'racombe is another convenient harbour in the Bristol cbaaael. \n BAITItfl OEO(3liAPI1T. : y 3'>0. Cornwall, the most \rest«rl;y port of liliigliinci, stretching like a peninsula into the Atlantic, consists of two parts of 100 of aU England, and contains 1327 sq. miles, one-third ui* which remains uncultivated. 359. Cornwall is divided into nine hundreds and 161 parishes, containing 257,447 inhabit- ants, the sixth of whom are engaged in the business of the valuable copper and tin mines, for which this county is so fomous, and in the pilchard-fishery, on which the mass of the peo> pie live. 360. St. Michael's Mount, in Comw«ll, is a singular island in Mount'n Bay, on the top of which is a church, with a good ring of bells. A t low water there is a dry passage to the main land. Here the Phcenecians are supposed to have dealt with the Britons for tin. 361. The principal towns are Falmouth, a considerable port, Truro and Launceston, at the latter of which the assizes are held ; but Cornwall is politically remarkable for its 27 rotten boroughs, which return 42 members to parliament, many of which consist only of a few wretched hovels, and are as devoid of io* dependent voice as of property. 362. As Cornwall is exposed to all winds, its climate is damp and unse^^Jed. It contains but few trees, objects so necessary to the beailtj and vegetation of a country ; its fields, being divided by stone-wails, are therefore dreary. The wealth of the inhabitaott i», hN1>^ kc* V2b tained and augmented by its inexhaustible mines and fisheries. Obs. — The first-born son of the Kiiip of En/^laiid is, in his own right, Duke of Cornwall, and has a revenue from the produce of the mines, and the power of dppointini; certain officers. 2. — The miners are, in many respects, a distinct hndv from the other inhabitants of the county, having a court aud a parliament of their own. THE SCILLY ISLANDS. 803. As adjuncts of Cornwall may be named the Scilly Islands, which lie in a dangerous groupe, at 30 miles distance from the Land's End. Only five or six of them are inhabited. The principal are St. Mary, St. Agnes, Tresco, and St. Martin, containing altogether about 2600 inhabitants. (^s, — The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ihips entering the channel. One of the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when Admiral Sii Clondesly Shovel, with three men-of-war, perished, with all their crews. ■V OTHER SMALL ISLANDS. Besides the above, and the islands described io the eleventh chapter of this work, there are the Islands of LuNDY, Caloy, Barny, and Holmes Islands in the Bristol Channel; Holy Island; on the coast of Northumberland ; Sbep- pey, in Kent ; and Canvey, in Essex. l3 I 196 CHAPTER VIII. WALES. 364. This district of the Island contains 12 counties, and is always considered distinctlj from England : because, till the reign of Ed- ward I. it existed as an independent principa* lity, and still has its own circuits, and preserves, in many counties, the language of the aboriginal Britons. 365. It possesses, in its hills and mountains^ natural characters very different from England; to these the ancient Britons retired, and there maintained their independence against the Ro- man, Saxon, Danish, and Norman invaders, till it was subdued by Edward I. whose eldest sob was the first English Prince of Wales. 366. Wales is divided into iVbrM and South Wales, each division containing six counties. It is 150 miles long, and from 60 to 80 broad. Its area is 7,425 square miles, of which one- third consists of desert mountains. 367. Tlie population of Wales is about 717,198, or 96 to a square mile. Its 12 counties are di- vided into 751 parishes, containing 58 market- towns ; among which the most considerable are, Caermarthen, Swansea, Brecknock, Haverford- west, Cardigan, Caernarvon, Bangor, Holywr f^^^ ?» ;'^- -^■- ^*i^^l5Ei\\ ■tjf>i|-V^, r NV .••'I T 4t .' ( ,>*^;'- • ..Jit's ,■■• V 'A-AA'V .->.^;-,,,, iW .,.Svm>- ^ ■-•■'- -■ ' A' \: v-:»sv» r CAGRNARVONSllllli;. 129 the anofent mona» and tho refuse of the Druids, the benevolent priests of the ancient Britons. The principal town is Beaumaris ; and at its western point is Holyhead, the famous rendez- vous of the Irish packets. Parys Mountain, in Anglesea, contains th« largest copper-mine it? the World* Obi, — Some monmnentf of tne Druids and the Romans are icattered about the island. The air is reckoned healthy, the soil fertile, and tbe.waters abound with fish. It returns two mcinbera to parliameot, one for the shire, and one for Ueaiimatris. 374. Cai^RNARVONSHIRS contains 544 sq. miles, of which a third are barron and moun- tainous, and 57,598 inhabitants. Snowdon, and its adjoining mountains, are in this county. Caernarvon, Bangor, Conway, and Pwllheli are the chief towns. It contains copper and lead mines. * '^ 375. Caernarvon, the capital of North Wales, is 235 miles from Lond*-. ^ w // mpo- inde- h, in ;eded ion of king- <*• ■ t f . V f^ ' »v » '■i llE;' ■'-^ifiti^''*^-' "^: politics much g\ tion of Obs,—] portance or LancasI inhabitani national s| nity are, Scotland, verty of into our ai to its repu 389. Scoteh ei reign of provided are educ; rents. T of the Sc impart a and patri 390. T that of E The civilj are, how* fifteen ins b;y a maj< certain te 391. S fortunes versities, nights in "^^:.;r;-' ^'^^ SCOTLAND. 135 political asceiidaacy of the Scotch is, therefore, much greater than the real arithmetical propor- tion of their population. Obs, — In truth, Scotland is not of equal political im- portance with the single counties, either of Yorkshire or Lancashire, each of which numbers nearly a million of inhabitants, and either of which adds more to the annual national stock than this kingdom. Glasgow and its vici- nity are, in a public sense, the only productive parts of Scotland. It cannot, however, be denied, that the po- verty of this part of the empire drives numerous recruits into our army, who, when fighting in a just cause, add to its reputation by their characteristic bravery. 389. In forming their moral character, the Scoteh enjoy the advantage of a law, made in the reign of William III. by which every parish is provided with a schoolmaster, and all children are educated at an easy expense to their pa- rents. This gives correctness to the character of the Scotch, and it is hoped will, in due time, impart a love of liberty, togetlier with generous and patriotic feelings and sentiments. 390. The law in Scotland differs greatly from that of England, both in substance and form. The civil, or Roman law, is its basis. Juries are, however, introduced ; but they consist of fifteen instead of twelve, and, sometimes, decide by a majority, so that their decisions are not a certain test of truth. 391. Scotch literature, owing to the scanty fortunes of the professors at the Scotch Uni- versities, and to the habits produced by long nights in northern regions, has evinced much M 2 J % im BUniSH GEOGRAPHY. activity in the production of books. Public patronage has consequently produced, from this country, the deservedly admired works of Ro- bertson, Blair, Hume, Beattie, Smith, Reid, Stuart, Millar, Scott, Sinclair, Mackintosh, and many others. Obs, — The names of Drummond. Ramsey, Blair, Arm- strong, Burns, Graham, and also Walter. Scott, are ho- nourable to Scotch f^enius. Thomson, a greater than all, can scarcely be said to have been a Scotchman, hav ing been born at Ednam, close to the English frontier and passed the prime of his life in London, where he wrote, and published his immortal Seasons. The Scotch are, however, more remarkable for plodding industry than for genius; few brilliant or useful discoveries can be traced to them. It is to be suspected that the political corruption of the Scotch character is owing more to the poverty of their nobles, and the want of an opulent mid- lie class, as in England, than to any defect of virtue in the mass of the people ; Thomson was a poet of liberty { so was Hums ; and no man merits higher praise than Fletcher of S.'iltoui. 392. The general aspect of Scotland is moun- tainous and sterile. A large extent, including Argyle, Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness-shires, and the western parts of Perth and Inverness- shires, are denominated the Highlands, from their mountainous character. Here reside a people calkd Highlanders, remarkable for their bravery, their lively music, and their pristine manners. 393. Scotland has three magnificent rivers: the Forth, which runs by EdinbuFg»h ; the Clyde, whicli runs by Glasgow ; and tlifi Tay, SCOTiLAND. 187 (vbicli runs by Perth. Its smaller rivers tre the Tweed, the Nith, the Eden, the Don, the Dee, and the Spey. 394. The lakes of Scotland are considerable : as Lake, or Loch Lomond, Tay, Ketterin, Men- teith, Ness, Loil, and Leven. Among the moun- tains of Scotland, Ben Wewis is 3,700 feet; Ben Lomond, 3,200 feet ; Cairngorm, and Ben Lawres, 4,000 feet ; and Ben Nevis, 4,350 feet, above the level of the sea. 395. Scotland is divided, as to its surface, into High-land and Low land ; and, by its water*, into Northern, Middle., and Southern. The Nor* thern, to the north of Murray Frith and Loch Limbe; the Middle from thence to the rivers Forth and Clyde ; and the Southern from thence to England. 396. The Northern Division includes ihe five counties of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cromarthy, and Inverness. 397. The Middle Division includes 14 counties, among which are Argyle, Moray, Bamif, Aberdeen, Mearns, Angus, Perth, Fife, Sterling, and Dumbarton. 398. The Southern Division includes 13 counties, among which are West, Mid, and East Lothian ; Berwick, Renfrew, Ayr, Wigton, Lanark, Dumfries, Kirkudbright, and Rox- burgh. 399. The most populous counties are Lanark (which includes Glasgow), containing 244)387 S M d rX ].^ BRITISn OIOORAFHT. Perth, 139,000; AberdeeD, 161,141 ; tnd Mid- Lothian (which includes Edinburgh), 191,511. Obs. — The Orknpyi and Shetland make a thirty-third Scotch county, containing each 23,000 inhabitants, and will be noticed with other islands. 400. The counties of the largest superficies are Perthshire, Argyleshire, Invernesshire, and Ross-shire. But Cromarthy, Selkirk, Kinross, Nairn, and Peebles, are so inconsiderable, that they do not average 7,000 inhabitants each. 401. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, stands on the south of the estuary of the Forth, at a short distance from the port of Leith. It contains, including that port, about 138,235 in- habitants. The houses in the old city are 13 or 14 stories high, each inhabited by a family. The new town equals the best parts of Bath and London. It is 394 miles from London, in lat. 56 north, and long. 3 west. 402. Glasgow, with its suburbs, contains 147,043 inhabitants, and has for many years been one of the most flourishing ports in Great Britain. It is a rival of Liverpool, and its neigh- bourhood assimilates in population and industry to the vicinity of Manchester. 403. Aberdeen, celebrated for its University, 44,796: Dundee, for its linen trade, 30^675 in- habitants. Greenock, the port of Glasgow, con* tains 22,088; Leith, the port of Edinburgh, 26,000 ; and Paisley, 28,000. Edinburgh, Edinburgh, J* Glasgow, ■*i ■■t; 404. above 1 ( Jovan • ' Perth •• Dunforra Kilinarnc 405. vantage! canal w Another and the Murray, 406. ] linens, h oats, sto pets. Il three mi 407. [ similar U to be fot listing ol cidental other roc traordina niowntair Ben Lorn SCOTLAND 404. Otht r (owns in Sootltod^ above 10.000 inhabitants, are \:v) containing ( /ovan • • • • ' Perth Dunferraline Kilmarnock •19,170 . 19,0G8 •13,081 .12.769 IiiV(*rMess 12,204 And Falkirk 11,530 Dumfries ll,G52 Moiitruse 10,338 405. Glasgow and Edinburgh enjoy the ad- vantages of water communication, by the grt* at canal which joins the Fortli and the Clyde. Another canal has been cut through Cautire, and the Caledonian Canal from Loch Eil to Murray, joins the German and Atlantic Oceans. 406. In its foreign trade, Scotland exports linens, lead, iron, muslins, lawns, cotton goods, oats, stockings, paper, candles, glass, and car- pets. Its exports have been estimated at nearly three millions, and is ships are nearly 3,000. 407. The natural curiosities of Scotland are similar to those of Derbyshire, and such as arc to be found in ail 'mountainous countries, con- sisting of caves and caverns, formed by the ac- cidental disposition of masses of basaltic and other rocks. It has also some waterfalls of ex- traordinary height, many beautiful lakes, and r.ioimtains of grc:;t ckvatioOy as Ben Nevis and Ben Lomond« 140 CHAPTER X. IRELAJ^D. 408. Ireland is a sister island to Great Bri taiu, and an important member of the British Empire. It was known to the Greeks 200 years before Christ, under the name of Juverna^ and iras noticed by Caesar in his Commentaries, un- der the name of Hibernia. Ohs, — The Irish historians refer their origin to a co- lony of Milesians, and contend that Ireland enjoyed great prosperity, and a high degree of cifilization, many centuries before the birth of Christ. 409. In the reign of Henry II. Ireland was invaded by the English, and the country round Dublin subjected to the English government. The whole island was subjugated in the reign of James I. and since that period it has been one of the brightest jewels in the British crown, but treated too much like a conquered country. 410. Ireland is 235 miles long, and from 100 to 180 miles broad, containing near twenty mil- lions of acres, of which two-thirds are in cul- tivation, and between 6 and 7 millions of in- habitants, or 230 to a square mile. 411. As it is more westeriy than Great Bri- tain, it first receives the clouds from the At- lantic, and as all those whose electricity is the ,; euiest disturbed, fall m Ireland, this country 100 mil- cul- if in* Bii- At- the ntry t I I ^ a Tt--!-. ;v 7' / /• o f ./•; .11 ^v : Sep 0)^1 a b'« u ^ 1- ^ ■ 5 6 o d »» , ■'F*': f is subject A conseqi i«, a luxij oF heads < Europe w 412. Tl from the s land. Th rope, and the Liffy, Neagh, an long, and pictiiresqu 413. Th raised succ fell upon man, these large traci marshes, al prostrate 1 abundance OA*.— The water contaii the bark of i '>een found d been made to 414. Irel provinces o "Munster. ' counties, in /;,}.— Other parts of the coast of Antrim have similar pillars, and they are found inland In the same county, Lnkc Neagh is remarkable for its power of rapidly pc. trifying wood. On the opposite coasts of Scotland, be- saltic pillars also exhibit themselves in caves and pro- montories. 424. Although by the Union, in 1800, Ireland lost its independent legislature, and her revenues and taxes have since been consolidated with those of Great Britain, yet she still has indepen- dent courts of law, and her internal policy is regulated by a viceroy in the lord- lieutenant, who keeps a court at the castle in Dublin. 425. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is tlic se- cond city of the empire, containing a bout 186,270 inhabitants, and being ten miles in circumfer- ence. In is finely situated at the bottom of| a bay, and intersected by the Liffey. It con- tains the cathedral of St. Patrick, 20 churches, and many fine buildings and houses, besides the Viceroy's palace. 426. Cork is a sea-port of the first rate, having a fine harbour, in a convenient situation, for its provision-trade, and for the victualling of I '^ i m of con- ches, es llie JJvlnin. Dublin, Waterford, ^'■■*^- ^^* *» , , - — — Cork, Cork and Harbour. Limericks Londonderry. ^t^^. 3 -.' m liiifast. DouglaSy Isle of Man. outward popiiluli ele^'ant 427. G;;,04.i i Shaniior and grai sesses a largely i 428. : above 3 the linei of Irela: containi bitants ; tensive Obs.—i coiKitry, rank higi: tion of t know moi estina; wo Plowden. Deta\ \ THI 429. from til LIMKRICK. 14ft ontward-hound sliips from Great Britain. IH populalion is about t>4,500, and it contains somev ele<^ant buildings. 427. The city of Limerick includes nearly O:>,04'3 inhabitants, and is finely situated on the Shnnnon, carrying on a great trade in provisions and grain. Galway, on the same coast, pos- sesses about 24,700 inhabitants, and trades largely with the West Indies. 428. Belfast, in the north-east, contains above 35,000 inhabitants, and is the focus of the linen and other manufactories of the north of Ireland. To thesoutheast areWATERFORD, containing 26,467, and Wexford, 10,000 inha- bitants ; both tine ports, and carrying on ex- tensive trades. Oba. — On the whole, Ireland is a fine and improving coiKitry, inhabited by a spirited people, Tvho deserve to rank, high In the records of humanity, and in the estima- tion of the British Government. Persons who wish to know more of Ireland, should consult the full and inter- cstin^? work of Mr, Wakefield, and the History of JIfr. Plowden, CHAPTER XI. Detached Islands adjacent to Great Britain. THE ANGLO-NORMAN ISLANDS. 429. At the distance of from 70 to 90 mile* from the English shore, and approaching the N 146 BRITISH GEOORAPIIV. < coast of France, lie the Norman Isles, being tile last remains of the ancient Norman territory of the kings of England. Those islands are four, viz. Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark. 430. Th THE ORKNEY and SHETLAND ISLES. 440. The Orkneys lie north of Scotland, and the chief of them is called Mainland. They are few in number, and contain about 23,000 inhabitants. The chief town of Mainland is Kirkwall, which returns a member to the Bri- tish House of Commons. 441. Farther north are the Shetland Islands, almost out of the reach of humanity. They consist of one large island, called Shetland, or Mainland; of Yell; of Unst; and 70 or 80 mere rocks, 40 of which are inhabited by 23,000 in- habitants. Lerwick is the largest village. No trees g getatio ceeding 442. 3nly on about ! shores. Danes p6t for vegetati goats. <;&*.— 1 mittecl to ferent pos Shot lam Kirkwa Aherdec lldinbui York.. Dublin Liverpo( G.'il way Yarmou Cambrid Cork..., Oxford , London. Portsmoi Land's E Jersey ,. There ar between th twelve deg mouth. ENOLISH SETTLEMI NTS. 110 trees grow there, and there is scarcely any ve- getation. The sheep, however, which are ex- ceedingly small, yield the finest wool. HELIGOLAND. 442. This small island, or rock, accessihle 3nly on one side, lies off the mouth of the Elhe, ahout 20 miles from the German and Danish shores. It was taken by the English from the Danes during the late war, and serves as a de- p6t for merchandize. It has neither trees not vegetation, and feeds only a few sheep and goats. Obs. — The following Latitudes and Longitudes com- mitted to memory, will cnaltle the student to compare dif- ferent positions in the British islands. Lai. /.on. Shetland Islands 61 Kirkwall, in the Orkneys. 58 Aberdeen 57 Edinburgh 56 York 54 Dublin 53* Liverpool 53| Gal way 53 \ Yarmouth 52^ Cambridge 52 Cork 52 Oxford ....5I| London 51 J Portsmouth » 50| Land's End 50 Jersey , 49 There are, consequently, twelve degrees of latitude between the Shetland and the Norman Islands ; and twelve degrees of longitude between Galway and Yar« mouth. N 3 2 w. d w. 3 w. 1 w. e^w. 3 w. XO w. He. Pie. 8|w. Hw. p 1 w. 2 w. I r/' 1 1 ■*#M 150 CHAPTER XII. British Dominions in North America* i 443. Till the unhappy disputes, followed by a war from 1774 to 1782, which ended in the establishment of the independent empire of the United States, they were an integral and im portant part of the British Empire. As Nova Scotia, the Canadas, and their vicinity> niade no part of the hostile confederacy, they still conti- nue under the British governmeift. 444. The immense territories of North Amer- ica, still connected with Great Britain, exteixl east and west from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, to the great Lakes ; and from latitude 45 to the North Pole, including tracts of country J equal in size to all Europe. 'I 445. These tracts are divided into Newfound- laud, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and Upper Canada, all of them habitable by Euro- peans, and more or less cultivated. There are, besides, the desert and inhospitable regions of Labrador, New South Wales, and the other countries surrounding Hudson's Bay. Ob$* 1. — According to the law of nations amonj^ mo- dern discoverers, Britain may perhaps claim territory in all countries to the west of Canada, as far as the North Pacifir: Ocea^. The few nati\e^ might in due time be civilia(e49 ^pd reclaimed from a precarioMii, savage life to certain an4 comfortable subsistence. >, -. ! 2.-7-ln truth, all the natives scattered over the immense western territories, do not equal 20,000, and such is their «,iP!*»<** id by n the if the d im Nova deno Donti- Vmer- xteivl Nova ide 45 luntry ound- iv and E arc- re are, ons of other )ng mo. itory in e North time be e life to mmense I is their ft .(»>J *^- Vc. %iit'-M^^-'-:S>fk'>mif: ■'e^:..4Mj^t,- * . f KNOtlSH SETTLEMENTS, 151 wretched condition, without agriculture or arts, that th« , often pass whole days without food. /.* <<- ;,. 446. The division of the British dominions from the United States, is by a line passih<^ through the middle of the great Lakes, so that all their southern shores are American, and their northern British. The grand river, St. Lawrence, however, is wholly British, and Lake Michegan is wholly American. Oba, — These I^kes w^re the scenes of severe contests during the late nnhappy war in 1813, and conjiiderable fleets were then equipped on them, both by the English and Americans, CANADA. 447. This immense country was originally colonized by France, but conquered by Gene- ral Wolfe, in 1759. Since then, it has been possessed by England ; yet the majority of its inhabitants still speak the French language, cherish French customs, and profess the Roman Catholic religion. 448. Canada is 1500 miles long, and from 200 to 300 broad, being twice the size of Great Britain. It is divided into two provinces, called Upper Canada, which includes all to the west of Montreal, and Lower Canada, or the country from Montreal to the sea. 449. The population of both provinces is about 250,000 Europeans and their descend- ants, and 30,000 savage or reclaimed Indians* # H ij .--.--.i >.*i4^r*ijA4*«J-,iJt-. -^jj.-:-i'Csutsi\ ' 152 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. Their chief cities are Quebec, Montreal, York, Kingston, Three Rivers, and Soreile. 450. The houses are built chiefly of timber. The winters are exceedingly severe, the snow lying foi many months on the ground, and the St. Lawrence being closed with ice, although the centre of the country is in the latitude of Devonshire, 451. The exports from the Canadas are furs and skins iu great abundance ; also grain, hemp, fish, and potash. The trade on the lakes, or inland seas, is very considerable. Obs. — It is a singular feature of a country to possess a river navigable for nearly 1080 miles, and also such lakes as Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, the smallest of which is 150 miles long, and the largest 500, consisting uf tresb water, navigable for the largest ships. 452. The lakes are great natural curiosities. Lake Superior is 15,000 miles in circumfer- ence; Champlain covers 500,000; and Ontario 2,390,000 acres. The Falls of Niagara may be considered as one of the greatest wonders of nature. Obs, — In order to have a tolerable idea of this stupen- dous cataract, it will be necessary to conceive that part of the country in which lake Erie is situated, to be ele- vated above that which contains lake Ontario, about 300 feet, the slope which separates the upper from the lower country is generally very steep, and, in many places, almost perpendicular, it is formed by horizontal strata of ttone. From the great length of time, and the quantity •f water, and the distance which it falls, the solid stone is worn away for about seven miles up towards lake Erie, and a chasm is formed which no person can ap- proach viithout terror. Down this chasm the water furs Quebec, Halifax* Bfidgt TawHt Bmrhadoet, f'f.r-'^ KM'j^rf-. 1*^ •mfc^^ '•■>** -'^ ■» S ,'.A\ •^ '.^ v'.t • ^~,r 'i^K^^ '-■I i<*> f ■ ?. '^, ^; ?.t4.. ;"-'-j^"*i%« '■# •=;•*■• ••t ' /*»-y .rft^",;'^**''';'^-* V-J?>»-.- ;^' ;% :::m-^^ *'■**.: ■.^'^ '■"*,'' 1-, ■ %.■ ■ Jf'tv i ?S(' 4 \ ^t-- ..^., >.J •*yi. V^ ■iji; ■*■ fe '* :Xi\ •■?* ?.^^;^-. ^^. ■V^ll;^ \ ^i'v;V*. '\'yiV: f a bow, from the Bahamas to the coast of South America, and are nearly 150 in number, but not more than 25 of the largest are inha- bited by Europeans: Their average longitude Js 62 degrees west ; the latitude varies between 11 and 19 degrees. Obs, 1. — They are called Windward or Leeward Islands, according to the station whence they are coniidercd. fa o3 162 nniTISII GlilOGRAPHT* The witidt in those tropical seas constantfy follow the roiirse of the Siin, or blow frotn cast to west, and Ihesf? are called the Trade fVinils^ because .«lii|)8 In sailing to« Kard:i the West-Indies from FiUropc, shape their course l(» the southwa'-d till they meet with them. Of course, in tailing from tue West-Indies, they arc obliged to sail northward, till they get out of the tropical winds, and meet with the variable winds of the temperate zone. ^. — The bow of the Caribbee Islands includes, from ntirth to eoutU : Barbp*!?!, Sf. Lncia, St. Christopher's, Sf. Vincent, i'orto Rico, St. Thomas, Tortola, St. John's, Anguilla, St. Mart in,' Barbadoes, The (Jrenadincs, Grenada, Tobajo, Trinidad, ]^Iargaretta, and Cura^oa. Nevis, Antigua, Deseade, Gnadaloupe, St. Bartholomew, Mariegalante, St. Cruz, Dominico, St. Kuslatia, Martinico, 470. The Caribbee West-India islands are above 3,500 miles distant from Great Britain, and the voyage to them is usually performed in about five or six weeks. Except the Spanish islands of Porto Rico and Margaretta, the whole, by the fortune of war, lately fell into the hands of Great Britain ; but many have been since returned to their former owners. 479. According to the peace of Paris, the British Caribbee Islands may be described as Barbadoes, Tobago, Trinidad, Grenada, St, Vin- cent's, Dominica, Antigua, Montserrat, St.Kitt's, Nevis, and Tortola. 480. The French had Martinico, Guadaloupc, and St. Lucia. The Dutch, St. Martin, St. Eus- t.i?Iaj and Curajoa. The Swedes, St. BartholO' mew ; the Danes, St. Thomas ; and by recent treaties, t' ^ distribution is nearly re^ored, ^^ ENGLISH fiETTtCMENTl^. WS ' 401,Thc object of the Europeans in colonizing these islands, has been to cultivate in them cer- tain articles of luxury, or necessity, which could . not be produced in the climate of the temperate zone. They Ihercfora furnish all Europe with sugar, rum, coffee, cotton, some tobacco, and various fruits, condiments, and spices. 482. The British West-India Islands, includ- ing Jamaica, export annually 200,000 hogsheads of sugar, each weighing I3cwt. ; 100,000 pundheons of rum, each containing 110 gallons; 25 millions of pounds of cotton; and 28 millions of pounds of coffee. 483. Besides those four staple articles, these islands export to Europe nearly its whole con- sumption of ginger, molasses, cocoa, indigo, uimento, and arrow-root, also mahogany, and other curious woods, 484. The plantations are cultivated by about half a million of negro-slaves, who still labour under the whips of their task-masters. Of whites there are about 65,000 ; and of Creoles, mulattos, or mixed breeds, about 30^000, in the several islands, Jamaica included. Obs, — Till the glorious abolition of the disgraceful African slave-trade, nearly 80,000 negjroes per annum were brough't from Africa to the West-Indies, of which half were carried to the British Islands, in 120 ships. These poor wretches were bought on the African coast, at about 12/. each, and sold in the West-Indies for about 50;. 485. The conveyance of this vast produce from the West-Indies to the British islands in 104 BRITISH GEOGRAPIIV. Europe, gives employment to about 700 vessels, ttveraging 300 tons, of which 350 sail from Lou- don, and 140 from Liverpool. The conquered islands lately employed about 150 ships. Obs. — Thfse particulars relating to the West-Indies are chiefly derived from Sir William Young's West-India Cummon- Place Book. 4B6. Barb A DOES, ihe oldest British settle- ment in the West-Indies, having been settled about 1640, is 21 miles long, and 14 broad, and contains 80,000 inhabitants, of whom three- fourths are negro-slaves. It is the mo^t easterly of the^ islands, and its chief port and capital, called Bridgetown, are, in consequence, much frequented. 487. Antigua is 20 miles long, and 18 miles broad, and contains 40,000 inhabitants, of whom nine in 10 arc slaves. 488. St. Kitt's is 20 miles long, and nine broad, and contains 28,000 inhabitants^ of whom 13 to one are slaves. 4B9. Trinidad, a rich island, lately belong* ing to the Spaniards, is 90 m^^es long, and 60 broad, containing 26,000 inhabitants^ of whom 20,odo are negro-slaves. 400. Tobago, a fertile island, is 32 miles long, and nine broad, and contains 18,000 in- habitants, of whom six-sevenths are negroes. 491. Dominica, a 'mountainous island, is 28 miles long, and 13 broad, containing 27,000 inhabitants, of whom 21,000 are negro-slaves. 492. Grenada, a productive island, is 28 miles long, and 15 broad, containing 22,000 in- habitants, or 10 slaves to one free person. ENGLtsn SETTLEMESTTS. 105 493. St. Vincent's, a beautiful and f.Ttile island, is 24 miles long, and 18 broad, conlain- ing 19,000 inhabitants, c>f whom seven-eijzhllis are slaves. Montserrat, Nevis, and Tor- tola, averaj^e but 50 square i liles, >vith a po- pulation of 12,000 each. 494. The French islands of Martinico ?i',d Guadaloupe, which are the largest of the Carib- bees, abound in population, and are highly productive. The Dutch islands are free ports, and cari*y on a great trade with all parts of the West-Indies. The Danish and Swedish islan^U are of small importance. CONTINENT OF SOUTH AMERICA. 495, These settlements lie to the south-east of the West-India islands, between the rivers Orouooko and Amazons, near the sea-coast, and on the banks of some small streams, after which they are called. They run about 350 miles along the coast, and in some places extend 100 miles into the country. Obs. — They are properly Dutcn colonies, but having fallen into the hands of the English, in consequence of the conquest of the United Provinces by the French, they seem likely to remain, to a certain degree at least, at- tached to the British empire. 496. They consist of four provinces, called Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Esequibo, and yield abundance of sugar, cotton, cocoa, coffee, spices, and other tropical productions. The white inhabitants are about 25,000, and the 166 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. •laves 100,000. By a late convention with the King of Holland, the Netherlands still enjoy a limited communication with these settlements. Obs, I . — One system of agriculture prevails in these ifilands. On each side of the rivers and creeks are situated the plantations* containing from 500 to 2,000 acres each, in number about 550 in the whole colony. In the forests are found many kinds of good and durable timber. The soil is as fertile and luxuriant as any in the world. Whenever, from a continual course of culti- vation for many years, a piece of land becomes Impo- ▼erishcd, for manure is not known here, it is laid under water for a certain length of time, and thereby regains its fertility. The rivers abound in fish, and at certain seasons of the year there are fine turtle. The woods aflford plenty of deer, hares, buffaloes, and wild hogs. There are tigers, alligators, scorpions, tarantulas, ser- pents, from 25 to 50 feet long, monkeys and parrots, i| all their varieties ; the sloth, and also the torporific eel, the touch of which, by means of a bare band, or liny conductor, has the effect of a strong electrical shock. 2. — Of the future importance of these possessions it is impossible to speak with certainty, but if the coloniza- tion were vigorously pursued, it must be immense, ag the number of acres already In cultivation is stated at 1 ,500,000, and the qaantity which might be so, exceeds calcttlalioo. ST. HELENA. 497. In the tniddle of the ocean, in S. lat. 16.. and W. long. 5, rises the small island of St. Helena, which serves as a place of refreshment to ships* crews in the voyage from India. It h very mountainous, and deemed the most beau- tiful and romantic place in the world, to those who land after a long voyage. KNOLISIl SETTLEMENTS. 107 th the ObH, — Alroiit three hundred English families reside in jhis island. They cult'vale the productions of the tro- pics, nnd of Lurope, and enjoy a pretty good climate. Tlicrft is but one landing-place, on the eastern side, (MJIed Chapel Valley Bay, which is defended by a battery, level with the water. Here, too, is the torn ,111(1 fort, in which latter the governor resides, in a good style ; and when ships stop, he keeps an hospitable table. It is 21 miles in circumference, and very high in the water, standing quite alone, 1,200 miles from Africa, and 1,800 from South America. Here is detained Na- poleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the Frencb, who threw himself on the generosity of the English nation. Thii singular man has lately transmitted to Europe many bitter complaints of his treatment at Longwood, th-; [> lace as- signed for his residence. THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 498. This important settlement consists of the entire southern extremity of Africa, and lies between 32 and 34 degrees of south latitude, in the finest part of the temperate zone. It is 550 miles long, and 230 broad^ and contains nearly 30,000 white inhabitants. 499. It was settled, and carefully nurtured I by the Dutch, but may now be considered a permanent part of the British empire. As a commercial and naval statron^ it is unequalled in the whole world; and, in point of climate and soil, is more like that of England than any |of our other colonies. 500. Its capital is Cape Town, which cour jtains about 10,000 inhabitants; adjoining Is Table Bay, a safe harbour for shipping, and be- hind it is Table Mountain. To the north, lies IG^ BBITISH OGOORAPIIT. i/ the tine harbour of Saldanua Bay ; and to the south, False Bay. The continued tempests near the most extended promontory, formerly obtained for it the name of the Stormy Cape. Obs. — The first recorded passage round this Gape vrai by Vasco di Gamma, in 1492, hi his attempt to sail in this direc'.ion to the East-Indies. It is, however, laid down in maps before this time, and is supposed to have beeo often doubled by the Phoenicians and Carthagenians; 501. The Cape of Good Hope was settled by the Dutch in 1660, but taken by the English in 1795, restored at the peace of Amiens, re-taken in 1806, and now destined to be retained as part of the British Empire, being essential to its colonies, and by its position commanding the entire commerce of the East. Obs, — By the capture of the Cape of Good-Hope and 0f Ceylon, the British language is now heard at tlM IMithern estremities of the faur g^eat continents orquar* ltr& of the globe. Three of these have submitted to the power of its arms, and the spirit of commerce, and of j adventurous industry, has divided the attention of its enterprizing subjects to the fourth on the small island •^ Staaten, at the extreme point of South America, where ft kind of settlement has been formed for carrying oo the •outhern whale-fishery. Of these extreme points, tbi Cape of Good Hope cannot be considered as the least | impoi'tant, either with regard to its geographical sitaa* ti»n so favourable to a speedy intercourse with every! part of the civilized world, to its intrinsic value in the fupply of articles of general consumption, or as a port where the fleets of the Cast-India Company may refresh^ Assemble in time of war for convdy, re-establish tbej health of their sickly troops, orseasoa, i n> the mild te»| perature of Southern Africa, their recruits from EHrapei] — J-F ' /I* •1* C 11 1 » iMI P M ^_ 7«» ijo S R M rry R E I J". -ona \ jj W/" i^. .\ E »l! '*•. '^•WcK* '. '"1. ^■.idfffii'f/i/lf)ud 'OUT \^ Kloruipo ^•^ Auru-o-V "^ * "^^ M nira .MTSOM.*WtC' o^"V,* D/itam If fiipatam '5' V Laca.4iTA "^-^^ Trca Ma/if ^r^miid ri i n if 1.MadB< juetar ♦ tfrrude tLOSr vaxn. ^^JTiUa. dou Madoue ^^^SSTlf MaldiTii ^^z^'' l^l lNDOSl^AN jI Archipelago -^ 1^^ CoUotrtaruious I N lyQ. I A T^ JouadoiL/lioL /lo Longittide ;|6 East frota 8 Scale tt Statute IMilea I — f— 5 — t — r—i^ OCEAN o Greenmch fl & fO it \-i 'ViHif Xoa^Struia 1 ^ t.'l 1 ■^ i 1G9 THE EAST INDIES. 502. In these fine, productive, and populous regions, at the distance of 5,000 railed by laud, ;iiul 12,000 by sea, the Engli&h have establL&hcd their dominion or influence over countries thrice as large as the British Islands, and containing an aggregate popuktion of, at least, 45 millions of native inhabitants. 503. Tiicse eastern dominions have been cre- ated, first, by the establishment of factories for trade on the coasts and rivers of Hindoastan ; secondly, by quarrels of the residents of those factories with the native princes, which ended in the subjugation of the latter ; and, lastly, by the successive decline of the iiifiuence and colo- nies of the Portuguese, Dutch, and French, in India. 504. No European nation now has any power in India, besides the English. Many native princes have become our tributaries, dependants, or allies ; and a considerable portion of the vast country, called Hindoostan, lying between the Ganges, th'^. Indus, and Cape Comorin, acknow- ledge the sovereignty of Britain. Obs.-^Jt is dist'iDguished in the map by a shade. 505. Of this vast territory, 1,400 miles long, and from 1,000 to 3,000 broad, more than a third is British, covered with the population of many nations, religions, and languages. But, besides this continental empire, several of the vast islands of the east^ern seas acknowledge the au- 170 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. thority or influence of Britain, and some of these are larger than the island of Great Bri- tain itself. 606. The five 'nominal powers which govern continental India, are — the British ; the Poonah Mahrattas, in the north-west centre ; the Berar Mdhrattas, in the south-west centre; the Nizam of the Deccan, to the south ; and the Sieks, to the west. Some of these, however, have lately consented to receive garrisons, under the name of subsidiary troops • and we have lately en- gaged in a war to punish the Pindarees, &c. 507. The countries immediately subject to British governors contain nearly 300,000 square miles, and about 40 millions of inhabitants. The whole is under the direction of the East-India Company, subject, in political affairs, to a board of controul, consisting of ministers appointed by the Crown. 508. The English East- India Company began to trade with India in the reign of Queen EUza- beth, and for 150 years were contented with the factories at the chief ports. In 1757, Lord Clive gained the battle of Plassey : and, in 1705, obtained possession of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa. Since that period, other accessions have added to, and confirmed, the vast ascendancy of Britain in India. 509. The English dominions on the Ganges consist of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Benares, and are at least 60p miles long, and 300 broad. The government is vested in the Gover- Calcutta. »,aJB-* .^.. ■::^^^v nor-gen reside a the styl 510. verned practice thing th spirituo four chi priests ; or farme labourei Obs.—l nature, ai No impro doos, and tions appc ries have, them : am will escap ftitions. domestic of all the duces nati foster any 511. vinces a the Burr in the pr cutta; ai city, 46( 512. ( (lia, lies sea, ill i; if ■ EA8T INDIES* 171 nor-general of India, and a council of four, who reside at Calcutta, where the Governor lives in the style of a sovereign prince. 510. The Hindoos are, in British India, go- Yerned by their own laws, and their religious practices are respected. They never eat any thing that has had life, nor drink fermented or spirituous liquors. They are also divided into four chief casts, or classes : — the Brahmins, or priests ; the Cheterees, or soldiers ; — the Bices, or farmers and merchants ; and the Sooders, or labourers. Obs. — The division into casts seems to degrade human nature, and to destroy all its etnuiation and energies. No improvement, therefore, takes place among the Hin- doos, and the ascendancy of their priests and supcrsti- tions appears to be on the increase. Christian missiona* ries have, however, had considerable success among them : and, in a few generations, it is to be hoped, they will escape from the thraldom of their degrading super- ftitions. It must be admitted, however, that in their domestic characters the Hindoos exhibit fine examples of all the social virtues ; and that if their religion pro- duces national and political degradation, it does not foster any pernicious vice or individual turpitude. 511. The chief towns in these British pro- vinces are — Calcutta, the capital ; Dacca, on the Burrumpooter, to the east ; Hoogley ; Patna, in the province of Bahar, 400 miles from Cal- cutta ; and Benares, a considerable and ancient city, 460 miles from Calcutta. 512. Calcutta, the capital of British In- dia, lies on the Ganges, 100 miles from the sea, in 22^ deg. of north lat. and 88i of east 172 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. lon<;itude. Its population is upwards of half a million, consisting of !!indoos. Moors, and English. The English district is possessed of very magnificent buildings, and is protected by Fort William. !t has also a splendid college. 513. These countries are the most prolific in the world, and produce abundance of rice, su- gar, opium, silk, hemp, and cotton, besides spices and precious stones. Their manufactures consist of muslins, calicoes, and shawls, made by native weavers, of finer quality than can be produced in any other country. 514. The revenues collected by the British government exceed 10 millions per annum, and with them is maintained a considerable military establishment, consisting of from 30,000 to 40,000 well-disciplined native regiments, called Sepoys, with European officers, besides about 10,000 British troops. 515. The government of Ma DRAS is the next great portion of the British Empirie in India, and consists of a fine city and strong fortress, the foundations of which were laid by the Eng- lish about the year 1640; with an adjoining ter- ritory, and extensive domains, ^^tely conquered from Tippoo Saib. The city stands on a flat open shore ; it consists of two parts, occupied by Europeam> and Hindoos. Its immediate ter- ritory is 108 miles long, and about 47 broad ; though, in fact, the whole kingdom of the Car- natic may be said to be under its control, as well as the I ^sore. EAST INDIES. 173 516. Seriiigapatani, the late capital of the Mysore, and large portions of the later Tippoo's dominions, extending even to the opposite sea, are also under the government of Madras, which has lately vied in extent and power with Bengal. 517. Dependant also on Madras are 350 miles of coast to the northward, called the four Sir- tars, partly in Orissa, partly in Golconda, and bounded internally by mountains and forests. Ohs. 1. — The French have now but one settlement on the coast of Coromandel, the city of Pondicherry, which they are not allowed to fortify, 2. — In the denominations of power in India, SuUap is esteemed synonymous with Emperor; Rajah with King; and Nabob with Viceroy, 518. All these countries are inhabited by na- tive Hindoos, who are swarthy in point of co- lour, but have long hair, European features, and elegant figures. They are peaceable, industri- ous, highly ingenious, and possessed of such tender feelings, that they have hospitals for dis- eased or wounded animals. The Hindoos be- lieve in one supreme God, Brahm, but personify and worship his attributes under the represen- tation of inferior deities, such as Brahma, the creative attribute ; Vishna, the preservative ; and Siva, the destructive. 519. Bombay, on the north-western coast of Hindoostan, is a separate English government, and a considerable city. It stands on an island P3 • 171 BRITISH crOGRAPlIY. seven miles in length, which contains also a dock-yard and a very strong fortress. The po- pulation of its territory exceeds 200,000, who carry on an extensive commerce with Persia and the Red Sea. Obs. — In the same inlet in which stands Bombay, lie also the small islands of Snisette and Rlephanta, fatiioui^ for their subferranroiistemple-iand carvina^s on the rock , dowbtloss of great antiquity, notwithstanding the absurd reasonings and dogmatical assertions of Pinkerton, whose prejudices on this subject are to the last degree triOiii;', puerile, and jejune. The numerous imperfections an I drflcienciesof Mr. Pinkerton's Geography do by no mean jti.uify the over-weening conceit which characterise every part of that desultory performance. 520. The other English governments in Iiidiii are numerous and considerable, and either in- clude whole islands, or settlements and forts on them. The most respectable of this description is that of Ceylon ; the others are — Bencoolen, in Sumatra ; Prince of Wales's Island, &:c, 521. Ceylon, &c. is as large in extent as Ireland, situated near the equatDr, to the south- east of the Coromandel cof#t. ' It is famous for its productions of cii^amQn, and all kinds of spices ; and also for its peiUrl lisheries. As an island, and therefore capable of receiving the protection of the British navy, it is deservedly the most esteemed of all our Asiatic possessions. 522. Ceylon has many towns, as Candi, the capital of its native king ; Col umbo, the colonial apital, occupied by 50,000 inhabitants; and S'-i FAST r;i>: Trinconial^e, with one of the finest harbours in the world. Besides its spices, it abounds in all the productions of tlie East; precious stones, gold, copper, andiron; its forests are also tilled with elephants, and the finest birds. 523, Among the numerous curiosities of Cey- .on, must be named its pearl fisliery, which takes place in the vicinity of the shoals, called Adam's Bridge; and every spring gives employment to numerous divers, while it attracts to the spot merchants from all parts of India. Besides its pearls, Ceylon produces rubie3, sapphires, to* passes, emeralds, and other precious stones. Ohs. — The hiii^hest mountain of Ceylon is called A(l<'jm*s Peak, and the Cingalese shew tiic print ofa foot on it» ummit, made by BooiJtay or Brahma^ the secondar-y deity of India, when ho ascended into heaven, after he Had established his religion among the Hindoos. 524. The bread-fruit-tree is a native of Cey- .on, and serves often as a substitute for rice. Il produces also the lofty tallipot, on which grow .eaves large enough to cover 15 men, and of each of these a tent can be formed. Among its ani- mals are numerous elephants, wild boars, mon- Keys, large serpents, alligators, and a small spe- cies of tiger. The climate is healthy, and the vegetable soil deep and luxurious. 03*. I. — All the European domestic poultry are na lives of Ceylon. Among the variety of birds is the ho- ney-bird, which points where the bees have deposited their combs. This idand is prolific m plants and fruitf of all kind, but it is said the ' " all European plants degenerate and yield but ferent produce. The language most generally spok .., ..ih by Europeans 176 BRITISH CrOORAPIlY, and Asiatirs, is the Portuguese of India, abase, rorriipt dialect, differing much from that spoken in Europe. The dominions of the King of Candy hare lately fallen into the hands of the British, but the spirit of insurrection among the natives is not wholly subdued. 2. — One cannot but express a hope that a true sense of policy will induce the British government to abandon its cumberous and expensive continental dominions in In- dia, and restrict its territorial acquisitions in this part of the world to islands only. Its empire would thus last ks long as its ascendancy at sea, and this may be main- tained for ageg. Ceylon, the Cape, and the Spice Islands, tflford enough of the productsof the East to supply all Europe, and would effeci every profitable purpose of rnstern colonization ; but the provinces of the Gan^i's involve every kind of responsibility and hazard, uilh- out any desirable or corresponding advantage. It is, flowevcr, only lately that this reasoning could be Justi- fied by the possession of preferable territories. 3. — The same reasoning applies to the British domi- r.ioHS in the two Canadas, all the colonial objects of which mi^ht be effected by the possession of Newfound- .and, and the other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Candidas, like the provinces of the Ganges, afford fruitful source<« of ruinous and useless wars. 4. — It may be proper to inform the young reader in ^is place, that the prime purpose of foreign colonixa- $on is the growth or ucnuiremcnt of such necessaries or luxuries as the home territories of a state do not pro- ilwce. The next, but secondary object, is to supply fo- reign markets with such commodities. The true policy )5, therefore, to etfcct these two-fold requisites by means •f the safest possessions, and not to weaken the state, by grasping at foreign territory beyond what is required for tiie legitimate balance and necessities of commerce. 525. Bencoolen is an English settlement the south-west coast of the large island of matra, four degrees to the south of the equa- or, the joroug! niriit is wiiich a lo Euro 520. NANG, grees no depende China s Here th< sueccess and also 527. French c islands, ( situated about 50 pulation 180,000. 528. n producti nutmegs, beautiful rivers an land and cattle, as is uncomi EAST INDIES. 177 or, the chief defence of wljich is Fort Marl- DuroiJi^h. The principal object of this scftle- nunl is its trade with the natives for pepper, of wiiic-h article one solitary cargo is annually beiit lo Europe, worth 15,000/. 52(J. Prince of Wales's Island, or Pk-' NANG, lies close to the coast of Malacca, sixde-' grees north of the equator, and serves as an in-' dependent port for English ships passing »o China and through the Straits of Malacca.! Here the East-India Company have established - succcessful plantations of cloves and nutmegs;^ and also an arsenal for their shipping. 527. The Mauritius, taken from tiie French during the late war, consist of two large islands, called the Isles of France and Bourbon, situated in lat. 20 south, and long. 60 east, about 500 miles east of Madagascar. The po- pulation of these islands amounts, in all, to 180,000. : ^ 528. The country is mountainous, and the productions are sugar, cotton, coffee, indigo, nutmegs, cloves, and iron. Coral and the most beautiful shells are gathered on the shores, the rivers are well stocked with fish, the coast with land and sea-tortoises, the countrv with horned- cattle, as well as hogs and goats. The climate is uncommonly fine, wholesome, and temperate ; 178 BRiTfsii cronuAriiv. disease is scarcely known ; and the inliahitanls are remarkable ibr politeness und hospitality. • 520. The SpiCE Islands, situated in the Indian Archipelago, under the equator, in long. 125 east, are famous for the production of cloves and nutmegs, which, in the hands of Ihc Dutch, gave that people a monopoly of the com- merce of spices. In 1810 r 1811 they were captured by the English, and are destined to form a permanent part of our empire. 530. The chief of these Islands are Baiuia, Ternate, Amboyna, Batchian, Tidore, Makiyn, Gilolo, Bouro, and Ceram. Gilolo is the largest, but Banda and Amboyna are the most produc- tive in nutmegs and cloves. They also contain gold-dust, and yield sugar and other tropical productions. 531. The common language of all these islands is the Malay, and the religion of the natives is Pagan, Mahometan, or Braminical, No vestige of public liberty is known, and the people are as superstitious in their homage to their sultans and kings, as in their religious worship. Obs. 1. — The Dutch endeavoured to restrain theciilti- nation and growth of spices, for the purpose of enhanc- ing their price; and accordingly destroyed all the trees except in the islands in which they could secure the mo- nopoly. ITie English will perhaps maintain a more li- beral policy. The whole quantity of nutmegs which the NEW SOUTH V;\LES. 17D itanti in the 1 long, ion of of the ecom- ^ were ncd to Oiitdi allowed to be exported was under 200,0001b. and of clove§ nhoin doiihU* that weight. 2.— Be^^ides the Spice Islands, the Enf^linh captured from (he Dutch the importaitt settlement of l3ATAViA,and the coiiHe(|uent soveiei^iit)' to Java, un island G50 milet long and 100 broad, which has been lately restored. The capital, which is exceedingly unhealthy, has been long deemed the grave of Luropcann ; as a colony it pro* (liicei pepper, and other spices ; but is chiefly valuable from its situation as a depdt of the trade of the Eaiteri. Airhipelago. CHAPTER XV. the cidli- • cnhano the trees e the TOO' more li- which the I NEW SOUTH WALES. 532. An English settlement on the eastern coast of New Holland, in iat ;i4 south» and lung. 151 east, is the place of transportation for convicts, who formerly were sent to America. The coast was first described and named by C'd))tain Cook, and, in 1787, a settlement wai formed for the above purpose at Botany fiay. 533. As Botany Bay did not answer the ex- pectations of the settlers. Port Jackson was after- wards preferred, and here, on one of the finest harbours, is built the populous English town of Syclney, inhabited by free settlers, free convicts, and convicts under sentence. It has a handsome church, fort, and dock-yard, and has become very flourishing. 534. Norfolk Island is another settlement of convicts, in the same seas, chiefly for the pur- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) %^ & 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^ Ki 1 2.2 ^ lis IIIIIM U 111116 V ^ 02 /a Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m\ :1>^ f\ V "^ V \ Z^7 m tO BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. pose of cultivating flax and grain for the use of Port Jackson. These are, as yet, the only set- tlements of the English in that quarter, but all the islands of the South Seas are now much frequented by English ships in their trade with the coasts of America. Obs. 1. — The continent of New Holland approaches to the size of Europe, being 2,730 miles in length, and ],96()in breadth. The climate is, upon the whole, sin. g ilarly salubrious ; ice is seldom seen, and snow has never yet appeared since the establishment of thecoluny. The woods and fields present a boundless variety of the choicest productions of nature, which gratify the senses with their fragrance and magnificence ; while the branches of the trees display a brilliant assemblage of the feathered race, whose plumage, glittering io the sun, dazzles the eye of the delighted beho^r with itb loveliness and lustre. Port Jackson is o^e of the noblest harbours in the world, extending 14 miles in length, with numerouH creeks and coves. This colony may be considered, in some respects, as one of the grandest acquisitioc* of the British crown. What in the lapse of centuries will be tb^ destination of this portion of the globe, man would conjecture iu vain ; but it is impossible to resist the idea that it will, in time, be cultivated, built on, and peopled by a countless race of industrious and intelligent beings, who will speak the English language, adopt and value the beautiful institutes of the British constitution, and be enlightened and nourished by the holy doctrines and sa> lutary precepts of the Christian religion, under a gOt ▼ernment founded on the basis of civil and religious li* berty. 3.^ In ISII, the land in cultivation was 6,887 acres o wheat, 3,oOO of maize, 635 of barley, 93 of oats, 100 c peas and beans, 301 of potatoes, 13 of turnips, 546 9f orchard and garden, and 35 of flax, hemp, and hops. The stock consisted of !000 horses, 9000 cows and oxea, 1(4,000 sheep, 3000 goats, 20,000 pigs : about the sam* { He the number of inhabitants was 10,500. 181 use of ily sel- but all ' much le with >roachei rth, and o4c, sin. now bas B colony, Ly of the le senses branches Gathered zzles the ness and rbours in lumerou* iered, in bs of the will be would the idea >eopled beings, ^aluethe and be and sa* T a go* gious li> acres o 100 c 546 •/ id hops, id ozeA, hesam* COAST OF AFRICA. 535. Sierra Leone is an English settle, ment, to the south of Rio-Grande, originally cstublished by private individuals for the bene- volent and liiudable intent of civilizing and con- verting the Blacks. Its success has not equalled its praise-worthy objects. 536. For the vile purpose of stealing and selling the unhappy natives to the slave-ships trading to the West Indies, the English formerly established numerous forts and factories along the coast, from Cape Verd to Congo. That trade is happily destroyed, never, it is hopcti, to be revived ; this coast holds out, therefore, fewer advantages to avarice than formerly; but a considerable trade is still carried on ingums^ ivory, and gold-dust. Obs, — The French had various settlements on the Sene- gal, which are now in possession of the English. The Dutch and Portuguese also have factories on these coasts, but none of considerable note. The Emperor Napoleon abolished the slave-trade in 1815} and other continental powers seem likely to follow his eicample. GIBRALTAR. 537. This bare, but important Rock, which, in consequence of its position in the sea, its per • puidicular height on the land side, and its nu- merous fortifications, has been deemed impreg- nable, is situated in the south of Spain, at the 9 ■'y. 182 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY, entrance of the Mediterranean, and within vien of the coast of Africa. 538. It produces nothing except a few gar- den vegetables^ but has a town containing 16,000 inh-abitants, and a garrison of 4000 British troops, under a military governor. As it affords secure anchorage for a large fleet, its position is highly important to the trade of Great Bri- tain, in whose hands it is become the key of the Mediterranean. Ohs, — From Gibraltir are annually exported 800,000 pieces of nankeen, and the exports on an average of years amount to 200,000^. There bein^ no custom-house, nor any revenue-officer, smuggling is carried on to an incalculable extent. MALTA. 539. In the bosom of the Mediterranean, and at the entrance of the Levant, 'which it com- mands, lies Malta, a small island, in possession of Great Britain, celebrated for the strength of its fortifications, and for its harbour of La Va- lette, one of the finest in Europe. 540. Malta is 20 miles lonof, and 12 broad, and contains, at least, 60,000 inhabitants. About two-thirds of it is fertile in cotton, olives, oranges, almonds, and vines; under British pro- tection, it serves as the emporium of the com- merce of Turkey, Greece, and Egypt Obs. — Malta, though an important position, wai, how- ever, not worth the expense, risk, and miseries of the lale protracted and uoivers^ war; because, if it had "i,r."-' vieH gar- ;,000 ritish Fords ;ition Bri- )fthe 00,000 a^e of house, D to an n, and com- ession gthof a Va- Ibroad, »itants. olives, Ish pro- le com- If, how- of the If it had Cape '1 own. Gibraltar, .' i r. 4Ht»w- j^'-^ .■ ■ ^ I ■'■ "• '■ ' ' ' ;• , t-s^ir ••43-(! io^tZ it -i GENERAL RESULTS. 18S bern restored to the Knights, it would have been equally useful as a depdt of commerce i and, had its independ- ence been infringed by French influence, the command of the sea woiA.d, at aiiy time, have rendered it an object of easy conquest to Great Britain. Due weight allowed to such considerations, would have saved the world ten or twelve years of distress and misery, and the lives of ■any millions of our fellow-creatures. CHAPTER XVL General Results* 544. It appears, from the preceding state- ments, that the British Empire extends over every 15 degrees of longitude, from 100 west, in North America, to 170 east, at Norfolk Island ; consequently, with the exception of only five hours, the time varies through every hour of the day and night in the British domi* nions. , ;> 0&5.—- The new settlements, forming on the nortb-west coast of America, will soon remove even the eiception of five hours. 545. It appears, that the British territories extend in latitude over every five degrees, from the Shetland isles, in 61 degrees north latitude, to the Cape of Good Hope and Port Jackson in 33 degrees of south latitude ; consequently, the four seasons of the year are experienced pn the same day in the various parts of the British Empire. 546. It appears, that the territory of the // 184 nrtitiKn cjr.onuAPHY. whole British Empire equiils, in Bqiiare inilei, ^ie great f mpires of antiquity ; and that the united population of its territories, and of the dependencies subject to British influeace, is far greater than that of either of the four great empires of the ancient world ; or the modern empire over which Napoleon lately presided. Obs, — This is no advantage to an empire, wbicli ii often weak in proportion ai it \n extensive, and (generally fMli to pieces soon after it has arrived at its utmost limit. 547. It appears, that the Colonies of the English are to be found in the cold and desert regions of Hudson's Bay, in the sultry Gulf of Guinea, and in the Eastern Archipelago; con- lequently, that British subjects may seek their fortunes under their oivn government and law« in the coldess and hottest habitable parts of the globe. d48. It appears, that, owing to the universal diffusion of the British Empire, all the natural products of the earth, and all the industry and ingenuity of the whole human rate, contribute to the wealth* luxury, and gratification of the inhabitants of Britain. 549. It appears, that Great l&i'itain, during the late wars, possessed a monopoly of the va- luable produce of the East and of the West Indies; that her ships of war sailed trium- phantly and victoriously in every sea ; and that, consequently^ she possessed an undisputed com- mtod of the commerce of the world, which she r GENERAL RESULTS. 18ft itill shares in a degree sui)crior to any otlirr nation. &oO. It appear 8 1 that the commerce of Great Britain, augmented by that law which prohibits any imports in foreign ships, except of theii native produce, is many-fold greater than that of the Carthaginians, Venetians, and Dutch ; while it possesses, as its peculiar basis, an unri- valled natural territory, and an agricultural system, not inferior to its commercial system in public value. 551. It appears, tlmt by the universal influ- ence of a great naval power, the government of Great Britain is enabled to increase or diminish the prosperity and welfare of all nations of the world ; and that the improvement and happi- ;iess of the whole human race depend con« derably on the benevolence and wisdom of her councils. 552. It appears^ that the greatness, power, and importance of the English nation, is owing tp the influence of public liberty, and of indi- vidual independence to the national character, secured by a House of Commons, which is, or ought to be independent, and to honest juries of the people, who respectively secure property and lijerty to themselves and others. 553. It appears, that as the Hoy se of Commons has a preponderating influence in the councils of the government, and as the Members of that House are elected by the Freeholders and House- holders of the British Islands^ so every elector 8 3 io8 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. .\ has it in his power to contribute to the happi- ness of the human race, by j;iving his vote for upri|c;ht and independent candidates. 654. It appears, that the religious, moral, and political condition of a large portion of mankind, is subject to thb influence of British Solicy ; and that it is in the power of Britons, y their example and precept, to disseminate among all nations the light of the Gospel, to teach the purest morals, and support systems of government founded on the same basis of civil and religious liberty as their own. 655. It appears, that the ascendancy of Great Britain is, in a great measure, owihg to the intelligence of her people ; and that this is chiefly produced by the liberty of the press, a privilege which ought to be guarded as well against licentiousness as the arts of corruption, it being in danger of being destroyed by the former, and rendered mischievous or wholly useless by the latter. ' Obs. — The pnblic ought constantly to be on itt guard again!>t anonyrnoiis writings, the sources of ivhich are often polluted by corruption, or by the basest motives. The efforts of patriotism are constantly destroyed by wilful misrepresentations of anonymous hired agenti. The truth on every subject is vitiated and polluted in anonymous reviews, which consist of pretended criti- cisms, written for sinister, corrupt, and base purposes i . and in newspapers, which are the servile agents of poli- tical parties, and, as such, distort and colour almost 'every fact. On these accounts, nothing is more diffi- riHt than to arrive at contemporary truth, thrdugh the agency of the press | and young readers caoDOt be too GKNERAL RltlSULTft. 187 sfron^ly, nnr too offen, warned q^ainft yielding their iidi^einent to the reason i nf;(i of rev i ewers, newspaper- writers, and nnonymoii? anthors in general, except whrl they treat on subjects which involve no pecuniary into rests, orno objects of party-feeliug or personal ambitiou 55(5. It appear Sy that political power, civil liberty, and extended commerce, are not the only grounds of Britain's pre-eminence in the gcale of nations, and that she is as much indebted to arts as to arms; that her philosophers, poets, and men of letters, vie with those of the classic ages of antiquity ; and that her works of art, her paintings, sculpture, and architecture, intli- cate the highest perfection of human genius in her people. 557. it appears, in tine, that at this time the British Empire, with an exception in some few cases, possesses more territory, more wealth, greater variety of produce, greater population, superior religion, as much liberty, greater secu- rity, more commerce, superior agriculture, and greater revenues, than were ever possessed by any other nation^ ancient or modern. « Conclusion. 558. May Britons derive wisdom from the fall of other nations — may they study how to preserve whatever is essential to their prosperity arl happiness — may they cherish their civil and religious liberties — may they enjoy fully and freely, the liberty of the press, with independ- ence in their legislature, and honesty in their juries — may they use their power to do good. fin •hi 188 BRITISH OEOGRAPHT. find not to oppress — may they repect justice in all their transactions with other nations, — and THEN, and THEN ONLY, may they hope to receive protection from the all-wise Dispenser of human affairs ! ■'r'K: ROYAL SUCCESSION. mi I > ■AXON PRIIfCEI. !•■ ( .*%. Bettsn to reign. 8(K) Egbert. 8S8 Ethel wuir. 857 Ethelbald. ' 860 Ethel hart. 866 Ethel red. 871 Alfred the Great. 901 Edward the Elder. 925 Athelstan. Began to rrign. 941 Edmund. 946 Edred. 955 Edwy. 959 Edgar. 075 Edward the Martyr. 978 Ethelred II. 1016 Edmund II. or Iron- side. DANISH PRINCES. 1017 Canute, King of Den- 1035 Harold. mark. 1039 Hardicanute. 8A]eON PRINCES. 1041 Edward the Confessor. 1065 Harold. NORMANS. 1066 William I. Duke of Normandy. SONS OF THE CONQUEROR. ' ! 087 William II. 1100 Henry I. ' ' *'* GRANDSON OP THE CONQUEl^>|i. ,^ ..' 1135 Stephen. - ' 1154 Henry II. (Plantugenet) grandson of Henry I. 1189 Richard I. i .^„„ ^- „^„^^ ., 1199 John \ ■®"" **^ ^*°'y "• 1216 Henry III. son of John. ' m2 Edward I. son of Henry III. 807 Edward II. jon of Edward I. ]327 Edward ill. son of Edward iT. " i377 Richard II. grandson of Edward III. ROUSE OF LANCASTER. 1399 Henry IV. soh to John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III. 1413 Henry V. sbh to Heni-y IV. \MH Henry VI. som to Hehry V. ^ t ■ '- *»■ ■ w ff 100 BRITISH GEOGRAPHY. Began to Rtign. HOUSE OF YORK. k461 Edward IV. descended from Edward III. by Lio* net, his tiiird son. 1483 Edward V. son of Edward IV. 1483 Richard III. brother to Edward IV. HOUSE OF TUDOR. 1485 Henrv VII. 1509 HenrV VIII. son of Henry VII. 1547 Edward VI. son of Henry VIII. 1558 EUzabeth ] daughters of Henry VIII. HOUSE OF STUART. 1603 James I. great-^rundson of Henry VII. 1625 Charles I. son of James I, 1648 Commonwealth, and followed by the Protectorate of Cromwell. 1660 Charles II. 7 ^ c m 1 t 1685 James II. j ^«°^ ^^ ^^'^'^^' '' 1668$ William III. 7 nephew and son-in-law of James 11. \ and Mary, 5 daughter of James II. 1709 Anne, daughter of James II. HOUSE OF OUELPH. 1714 George I. great-grandson of James I. 1727 George II. son of George I. 1760 George III. grandson of George II. 1820 George IV. son of George III. ROYAL FAMILY OB' GREAT BRITAIN. Gifld do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and li- berties; and thaet no declarations, judgments, doings, or proceedings, to tht; prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example. To which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the Prince of Orange, as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. I. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Higlmess the Prince of Orange will perfect the deli- verance so far advanced by him, and wiM still preierve them from the violation of their rights, which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their re- ligion, rights, and liberties: < 11. The said lords 8piritua1 and temporal, and com- moiis, assembled at Westminster, do resolve, That Wil- liam and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange, are, and be declared. King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them the said Prince and Princess, daring their lives, and the life of the survivor of th6m .* That the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in, and executed by the said Prince of Orange, in the names df the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives: and after their decease, the said crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of Ihe body of the gaid Prinoesff and for de&ult of tnoh BILL OF RIOIITS. 199 and M9ue to the PrincpRs Anoe of Denmark, and the heirs of ber body ; and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said Prince of Orange : Anrl the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, do pray the said Prince and Princess to accept the same accordin(|;ly. III. And that the oaths jiereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths of allegiance and su- premacy might be required by law, instead of them ; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated. I, A. B, do sincerely promise and swear, that I will be faitliful, and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Qiieen Mary. — So help me, God.'* I, A. B. do swear, That I do from my heart abhor, detest, and abjure, as impious and heretical, that damna- able doctrine and position— that Princes excommuni- cated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or murdered by their sub- jects, or any other whatsoever: And I do declare, that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate, hath, or ought to have, any jurisdiction, power, supe- riority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spi- ritual, within this realm. — So help me, God. IV. Upon which their said majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto be- longing, according to the resolution and desire of the said lords and commons contained in the said declaration. V. And thereupon their majesties were pleased, that the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, be- ing the two houses of parliament, should continue to sit, and, with their majesties' royal concurrence, make effec- tual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws, and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same, for the future, might not be in danger again of being subverted | to which the said lords spiritual and temporal, and com- mons, did agree, and proceed to act accordingly. VI. Now, in pursuance of the premises, the said lordt spiritual and temporal, and commons, in parliament as- sembled, for the ratifying, confirming, and establishing the said declaration, and the articles, clauses, matteitp 200 APPENDIX. and the things therein contained, by the force of a law made in due form by authority of parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted, that all and singu. lar the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in (lie ttaid declaration, are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and Bo shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed, and taken to be, and that all and every the particulars afore- said shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed, as they are expressed in the said declaration. And all officers and ministers wiiatsoever shall serve their ma jesties and their successors according to the same, in ali times to come. VII. And the said lords spiritual nnd temporal, and commons, seriously considering how it bath pleased Al- mighty God, in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation, to provide and preserve their said majesties* royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly, and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge, nnd declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said majesties did become, were, are, and of right ought to b^, by the laws of this realm, our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of Eng- land, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown, and dignity of the said realms, with all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions, and authorities to the same belonging and appeptaining, are most fully, rightfully, and entirely in- vested and incorporated, united and annexed. yill. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm, by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquil- lity, and safety of thib nation doth, under God, wholly consiiit and depend, the said lords spiritual and temporal, BILL OF BIGHTS. 201 nnd commoDi, do beseech their majesties, that it may Im enacted, cstablixhed, and declared, that the crown gitd regal govermnent of the said kingdoms and domi- nions, with all and singular the premises thereunto he- longing and appertaining, shall be and continue to their laid majeities, and the survivor of them, during their lives, and the life of the survivor of them. And that the entire, perfect, and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in, and executed by his majesty, ip the names of both their majesties, during their joint lives ; and after their deceases the said crown and pre- mises shall be and re^nain to the heirs of the body of her majesty I and for default of such issue, to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark, and the heirs of her body 9 and for default uf such issue, to the heirs of the body of his said majesty. And thereunto the said lords, spiritual and temporal, and commons, do, in the name of all the people aforesaid, most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities, for ever ; and do faithfully promise, that they will stand to, maintain, and defend their said majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein] speci- fied and contained, to the utmost of their powers, with their lives and estates, against all persons whomsoever, that shall attempt any thing to the contrary. IX. And whereas it hath been found, by experience, that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfere of %^\b protesiant kingdom, to be governed by a popit^h prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist; the said lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, do further pray that it may be enacted, that t([\ and every periion and persons that is, are, or shall be reconciled to, pr jhall bold communication with the see or church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, sh^il be excluded, and be for ever in- CcipableHo inherit, possess, or enjoy the crown and go- vtrnment of this realm, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, or any part of the same; or to have, use, or exercise, any legal power, authority, or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases, the people of these realms shall be, and W2 APPr^NDIX. itri^ li(*r<*l)v Jilmolvrd of tlirlr ullfKlaiioei and (lie* laid rrowii iiikI Kovrniiiinit mIiuII I'roiii tliiir (u (line (Ifirnid to, iiikI \u* (*i^joy«*(l by miicIi prrioii or prrioni, brliig |irolcNtiiii(i, iiH mIiouWI have liiiierUed niid ci\joyrd (li« MHiiir, III riiM* lilt* MUiiir' p«rHoii or prriniu lo rrcoiicllrd, holdliii roininiiiiioii, or profctMiliig, or marrying m afore> iuM, wrr« nutiirully dead. X. And thut t*vt*ry king ajuI queen of (liU renlin, wU nt any (line liereafter iliali roine (o and luceeed In (hf Imperial crown of (lili kingdom, ihall on (he Ant day of the meeting of the Hrit parliament next after hU or her coming (o (he crown. Nl((lng on hU or her throne In tliA home of peeri, In (he preiience of the lordii and commoni therein ainembled, or at hli or her coronation, before inch perMon or perMoim who iihall admlnlNter the corona- tion oath to him or her, at the time of hii or her taking the name oath (which ithall (Iriit happen,) make, nub- vcribe, and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned In the itatute, made In the thirtieth year of the reign of K\\\g Cilmricti the Second, Intituled, ** An Act for the more ff* fectiial prcHerving the kiiigN perkon and government, by disabling pnpiiitii from Nilllng In either home of pailia* ment." Hut if It hIiuII happen, that nuch king or quern, upon hiM or her nuccchsIoii to the crown of thin realm, ■hall he under the age of twelve yean, then every lurh king or queen Hhnll make, itubicribe, and audibly repeat the laid declaration at hiH or her coronation, or the tint day of the meeting of (he flnt parliament us aforciaid, which tihall flnt happen, after inch king or queen ihtll have attained the said age of twelve yean. XI. All which their miyestles are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted, and establUhed by authority of this present parliament, and shall stand, re* main, and be the law of (his realm for e^ert and (he lame are by their naid mi^jesties, by and with (he advice and c<»nMent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commouH, in parliament uHscmbled, and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted, and established accord- iDfcly. Xlf. And be it further declared and enacted, by (he authority arorMaid, that ftrom imd after thli present sci* Till-: ATI' Of fti:TT1iJMi:NT. 203 «ii»ii of iiiiiIImiiicuC, no (lls|MMiia(iiMi liy nnn ufmit nt* of or 10 iiiiy utiihili*, or liiiy |M«r( IIut'oC, Mimll Im* m1Io«»#'iI, out Ihut llii' NriiiK* hlinll lir liclil volil tin ^ of iiti rff'rct, (*X('i*|it 11 itiN|iriiHtilioii lir iillowfil of ill Miirh Mr/iMi(i*, aiuj CNrrpt ill siicli niHf« iH nIiiiII lie Mpnlnlly iirovidiMl for liy one or more hill or liilU to lit* iiuitN<*il (lurfiii;; lliia |irei<*iit i»<'N4ioii of |IMllkfllMCIlf. Xlll. IVovldtMl tliiit no rlifirts!<)onif,* or on any other pr«(enfe whatsoever; he will iirvor exact bail beyond the means of the parties ; he will himself inspect all places of tetuporary or perma- nent confinement | and he will carefully prevent viola- lions of humanity iu the various subaltern agents of his jurisdiction. 10. A public*8piri(ed magistrate will always be easy of access on special occasions which demand his inter- poiiitioh, and he will be punctual in his attendance at those known periods which be sets apart for theadminis* tration of Justice* 11. In hearing charges brought before him, a magis- trate should remember the dependence of the parties on his patient attentions his examinations should be public, but in mosi cases Che witnesses ought not to be heard in each othcr^s presence | he should be jealous of the intlu> ence of rewards and penalties on the evidence of the in- formers; he should warily guard himself against the iTia« lignant feelings or sinister designs of accusers; and be- fore he commits or convicts, he should be thoroughly sfitisfied that the act charged wns pprpetra»*»d with a cri- minal intention, and contrary to the true ti^ent of some statute, law, or ordinance of the realm. 12. In all adjudications relative to the poor, an up- right magistrate should be the poor man's friend, and the guardian of the destitute and helpless, against the sordid calculations of avarice* and the overbearing spirit of wealth, accurately discriminating between the imposi- tions of idleness and vice, and the claims of industry and virtue. 13. He ought to be sensible that the letter of the laws is the rule of conduct for subjects as well as magistrates, and that no roan is amenable to magisterial authority who has not oflfended against the ordinary and obvious interpretation of some law, and who has not been con- victed, on the oaths of creditable witnesses, either by the recorded adjudication of a justice of the peace, or by the solemn verdict of a jury of his country. 14. In committing to prison the magistrate should carefully distinguish whether the object is correction •fttr conviction, or simple detention before trial, an* • 8 208 APPENDIX* •hoiild direct his wiirrant accordingly; oa roao being !{• able to be srnt to a correctional prison, or itihject to a rorrectional discipline, except as a punishment after a recorded conviction ; and simple detention ought to take place in the sheriflf's gaol only, because the sheriflT ii aa honourable officer, bound by the ancient lawi of the land to perform the important duty of making returns to all sessions of gaol delivery. 15. In imposing penalties, where the itatute has given a discretion to the magistrate, he ought to be governed in his decision as well by the means of the parties, as by the repetition or turpitude' of the offence ; because a mulct implies but a portion of an offender's means, and it is with a view to various shades of culpability that the law has empowered the magistrate to exercise ao equitable discretion. 16. In assigning punishments, it should be considered that the penalties of the law always contemplate extremf cases of tu^^p tude, generally leaving it to the magistrate to mitigate and apportion the punishment according to the circumstances of every' o^ence^ in doing which, it should be remembered, that the scripture enjoins us *Mo forgive our brother seventy times seven times;** that the penalties of the law ought never to be passionate or vin- dictive, but to be simply cautionary for first or trivial oiTences, gently corrective for second offencet, and ei- emplary and severe only when applied Co Incorrigible culprits, or to very heinous crimen. 17. Every justice of the peace who is anxious to pie* serve the honour of the laws, will never discourage ap« peals against his own convictions, or in any way ob- struct or influence the decision of such appeals ; and, as often as the letter or spirit of the law appears to him to have borne with undue severity on individuals, or fami* lies, he will benevolently ascertain the extenuating cir- cumstances of the case, and bring them in due form be fore the bench in sessions, or before the grand jury at the assizes, in order that the suffering party may, through their recommendation to the proper authority, obtaio the royal pwirdon. 18. A discreet magistrate will, on all occasiont, af old DUTIES OF SHERIFFS. 209 miitng \n decisionfi that 'involve his personal interests, his family connections, his friendships, or his known or latent enmities. In all such cases, he ought magnani- mously to retire from the bench at sessions, or to call one or more of the neighbouring magistrates into his juris- diction. He should remember, that his character will be in a state of hazard whenever his predelictions as a private man, a politician, or a theologian, interfere with the independence of his judgments as a magistrate. 19. A paternal magistrate will do more good in his neighbourhood by his advice and example, than by the force of authority and coercion. He should lend his countenance to the virtuous, and his protection to the unfortunate J but, above all, he should set a good exam- ple in his own conduct, and exact it from all in authority beneath him ; because he can never punish with eflVct aijy vices which he practises himself, or tolerates in his H»ents ; and their combined example will prpve more powerful than all the instruments of judicial terror. 20. A justice of the peace, holding a commission from a constitutional King of England, and his authority under the mild laws of England, will always feel that his power is conferred for the purpose of increasing the happiness of all who are subject to his cognizance, and within his jurisdiction; that he is the guardian of the pnblic morals, a conservator of the peace, and protec- tor of the public and personal rights of the people ; and t!iat it much depends on the wisdom and prudence of justices of the peace, whether the social compact which hinds the people into one nation under one ruler and one code of laws, serve as a curse or a blessing. THE DUTIES OF SHERIFFS. BY THE SAME. Anciently all Sheriffs were elected annually by that portion of the people in whos.e behalf they were to ff^rve the office. For five centuries they have been re- turned by the crown j but, bv the conatitulion, they still S «r« popul^ Olfficers, appointed to execute (be laws in the fiame of the sovereign, with due retipect to the privi- leKPs of the people. The f^eneral duties of the shpriiTs office ;ire six-fold :— 1. As executor of all writs and legal prdceds. 2. As keeper of the priKons. t 3. As summoner of jurytnen. 4. As guardian of courts of law. [5. As executioner of all summary punishments 6. As presiding officer at the return of all representa- fives to the Wittenagemote, or Parliament. To perform these important functions usefully, effec> tively, and honourably, there are requisite, in the per- son of the sherifT, 1. Public spirit, and independence of mind and for- tune. 2. Habitual sentiments of charity for the frailties, and of tenderness for the misfortunes of his fellow-beings. 3. An unshaken attachment to public liberty, and to Ihe person of the sovereign. 4. Persevering vigilance in the superintendance of every department of duty, taking nothing on trust, and leaving nothing to deputies. 6. An immoveable respect for principles, never com- promising them to gratify temporary prejudices or prac- tices. 6. Courage to resist the^lamours and Intrigues of those who profit by abusesr The details of duty are implied by the dutifs theo- selves I but those of primary importance are, 1. To vi^it the ^aois frcqueitii} , uud at unexpected seasons, unaccompanied by gaolers or turnkeys:, taking care that imprisonment includes no puiiibhment beyood safe custody. 8. To ameliorate the condition of the prisoners and their families, and to report to the executive governtnent those cases on which the law bears with uoreasooab* severity S. To take care that no punishment is increased owin^ t any popular prejudice against th« crialoal, and tb^ DDTIKS OF SllKRIKi'S. 21 wa in the lie privi- :-fold :- ts preseiiU- 11 y, elfec- n the per- lever com- es or prac- les of those iti^s them* I n expected ys, taking nt beyoad soneis and overnroent reasonab* Lsed owio^ and tb^ all the jtidgments of the lavr are executed in (endenie!»s and mercy. 4. To strike all juries in person, and to take especial care that the spirit of all the laws for striking juries id acted upon. 5. To guard against cabals, prejudices, intrigues^ and improper influence in juries, by calling each jury in a predetermined order, from at least three remote districts of the jurisdiction. i j ,. „ . ) 6. To summon grand-juries, in & similar rotation, from among the most intelligent and independent persons of everv district, taking care that there is a due mixture and balance of loc«il interests in every grand-jury. 7. To examine minutely and scrupulously every charge made against gaolers, turnkeys, bailiffs, and their fol- lowers; to visit lock-up houses, and beware thtit no ex- tortionate or vexatious practices take place in ejractiiur In a word, the security, under the law of our persons and properties, against oppression or mal -ad mini strati ob, is in the hands of the sheritf; and it depends greatly on his vigilance, whether the laws serve as a means ofyro- taction or annoyance. While the verdicts of Juries re- main a barrier against the caprices of judges, and the in- fluence of wealth and power, it is evidently of the highest importance that the sheriff summon them in the way which is most li'kely to secure an impartial and id* dependent decision, 'iP6i^ therein lies the essence of Eng- lish liberty. On the intelligence and uprightness of this executive officer depends, therefore, all that is desirable under the constitution of England, and all that renders this empire, in respect to civil liberty, superior to maoy •ther nations. I ; 312 ilPPE2fDIT4 SIR KICHABD PHILUPS'S GOLDEN RULES FOR JURYMEN. 1. The most grievous o( personal wrongs, and the most hopeless of social niiseries, being oppression and injustice, under the sanction and colour of Law, and the plausible forms of trial by jury ; the most important of social and to be innocent till he has clearly been proved to be guilty ; the onus of the proof of guilt lies, therefore, on the accuser; and as no accused person is bound, required, or expected to prove his own in* nocency, so no presumption ought to be raised against hii&f fMmded on his failing to prove a negative to the charge* BVLES FOR JORTMEN. 313 T. The accused ought to ei^oy the benefit of all doubts, and of all uncertainty in the evidence ; because it is better that a hundred guilty perrons should escape punishment* than that one innocent person should be unjustly convicted } the isaue of a criminal trial involving every thing dear to the accused, if he be found guilty, while his acquittal, though perchance he might be guilty, is comparatively un- important to the public. 8. Every juror should perform his duty in regard to the ac- cused, or decide between the plaintiff and defendant, as he would desire that those parties should act in regard to him- self, were their situations changed. This sentiment should direct the juryman's attention during the trial, his anxiety in considering the verdict, and his caution in determining npon it. 9. It is necessary for jurors to guard themselves againfiis; popular prejudices, against the insidious sophistry and dar* mg artifices of counsel, and against undue Influence in what- ever quarter it may arise; but they ought to divest their minds of all influence or prejudice, and decide on a consi- deration of the facts only, and on the valid evidenceof cre- dible witnesses. ^ ■ **"' 10. Unanimity is required in every verdict of a jury, be- cause universal concurrence is the only Testof truth ; while a true verdict must necessarily produce unanimity, because m every case there exists some Truth for the jury to detect and declare: such required unanimity servin?, at the same time, to render everyone of the jury ies(>onsible to hisowa conscience, to the public, and to the parties. ^ ' ' 11. Every juryman should be especially cautious, of con- victing persons on evidence merely presumptive and circum- etantial; the conviction and legal punishment are positive, and so, as far as possible, ought to be the proofs: no reason- ing, however ingenious, and no circumstances, however cor- responding, being equivalent to one pijsitive proof, either in behalf of, or against the accused. Ikiubt ought, in all cases» to produce a verdict of not guilty. 12. The jury should carefully consider how far the evi- dence sustains the charge of a criminal design in the ac- cused ; no act whatever which has not been committed with a proven, or obvious criminal mind or intention, involving •ny guilt, or any penal responsibility. Thus no man ought 914 APPENDIX. to bs convicted of a crime fur any act committed in the m- ercise of his lawful business. 13. A careful juror should commit the material points to wiiting, and compare from his notes the evidence on both sides, deciding on his intuitive perceptions of right and wrong, and maintaining a vigilant caution against the pre- judices or misconception of witnesses and prosecutors, who, oy desire of the jury, ought never to be allowed to be exa- mined in the hearing of one another. 14. No man being responsible for the crime or act of an- other, no prejudice whatever should lie against an accused person, because some one has committed a crime, huwever enormous; and the jury before they convict any accused person, should take care that the charge has been brought home by distinct and unequivocal testimony, as well in re< gard to personal identity to the fact, and to the criminal in- tention. 15. Juries must be governed in framing their verdict by the precise letter and fair construction of the law, as well as by the facts of the case. It is not their province to sup- ply defects in the law, or to stretch its meaning, lest anjr crime should go unpunished. Thus no mar ought to be con- victed of murder, unless the unlawful int^.fltion to kill be made palpable; and no man ought to be convicted of /or- gtrjft unless he has imitated or adopted another man's sig- nature, with a manifest intention to defraud; for, if the law has not provided for the punishment of every case of homicide, and of frauds which are not actual forgeries, it is not incumbent on juries to supply the deficiency, no man being accountable to the law for any act not unlawful at the time it was committed. 16. The punishment inflicted by the court being generally founded on the abstract fact of the jury's conviction, with little or no regard t« any peculiar features of each case; and the laws themselves being made generally for extreme cases of turpitude, the jury ought to recommend the guilty to mercy, as often as circumstances afford a justifiable rea- son for ameliorating the legal punishment. 17. Every jury man, before he consents to a verdict, should reflect that the decision is conclusive of the hopes and fate of the party or parlies implicated. The laws of England having provided no Couri of Appeal aaainst erroneous de- RULES FOR JVRYMRN. 21& cifiom of juries, tlvew oiiKhl never to flecide on presump- tions or probabilities, but their verdict ought to be as much matter of certainty as its (UMisequences are certam and in- evitablo in regard to the parties. |8. Th-cHigh persons convided of crimes may sometimes obtain the royal pardon, yt?t the verdict of the jury is usu- ally made an insuperable obstacle; and though in civil cases verdicts are sometimes set asidr, yot the expenoet are ruinous to the parties. In sentences passed by courts of law, and in all ulterior proceedings, it is pertinaciously and gravely assumed that twelve honest men have severally agreed on the verdict, not in a careless, hasty, or inconsi- derate manner, but carefully, conscientiously, and delibe- rately. All the consequences of legal murders, oppression!, and wrongs, rest therefore solely on the head of every man who has consented to an unjust verdict. 19. Honest and independent )urors should beware of being made the tools of any practised jurors, who, under the name of Special Jurymen, sometimes make a trade of the office, and for the purpose of retaining a profitable employment, endeavour, as often as possible, to hnd a verdict m accord- ance with the wishes of the court. Such men are syco- phants to promote their sinister views, while too many others are sycophants of power from habit. Both classes are equally dangerous in the jury-box, and every upright juror should avoid becoming their dupe, however speciouif artful, or overbearing, may be their conduct 20. Jurors should view with jealousy all charges against accused persons who appear to have been deprived of any privileges to which they are entitled by the usages of the constitution, and a due respect to the ends of justice: thuf no accused person ought to have been committed for trial except on the oath oft at least, onie credible witness; or called on to plead unless on the indictment of twelve of a Grand Jury; or arraigned on trial unless he has been supplied with a copy of the same, in time sufficient to summon wit- nesses; and has enjoyed, during his previous confinement, the free access of his friends to concert measures for bit defence. 21. As Grand Juries examine witnesses only against the "jccuspd, every case, so unopposed by any defence, ought to N completely and unequivocally made out at to the faoti^ 216 APPENDIX. ,tbie evil intention, and the application of the ]t% ; and the exercise of a scrupulous ana jealous caution against un- founded, malicious, and irrelevant charges, can be attended filth little danger or injury t duction of soldiery ; and also to confer impunity on any juit resistance made against unwarranted acts which may have been attempted under colour of law, or by any improper as< sumption or authority. 23. In trying charges of libe], sedition, or treason, the jury should be jealously on their guard against party preju- dices and the influence of the administration for t tie time being ; and they should bear in mind, that it is chiefly in iuch cases, that juries are so eminently the barriers of pub. lie liberty, and the guardibns of their fellow-citizens against abuses or power. 94. In trying libiel causes, jurors ought never to lose sight of the important services rendered to mankind, by the sa« cred right of freely discussing public topics, and the public oonduct of public men; and of examining, asserting, and |>rinting the Truth on all subjects of general interest : and lis the Law of Libel has, in effect, forbidden them to find a .^Terdict of guilty, on mere proof of publication, so in the absence of all positive proof of criminp.i intention, t|)ey are warranted by that law in finding a general verdict of wt guilty, : ••* A few years ago an Act of Parliament gave full powen to the jury to decide by a general verdict on the fact, the in- VKNDOXS, and the caiMiMAL intention; so that if the three are not satisfactorily proved, failure in proving either, justifies in law a general verdict of not guilty. This law is given at length, as it expresses the duty both of judge and jury. It is entitled—" An Act to rtniove Doubts respecting the Functions of Juries in Cases of J Abel," and is commonly called Fox's hiBii BiI'L, from its being brought into Parliament by the illustrious litatesman of that name. " Whereas doubts have arisen whether, on the trial of an in. dictmeat or information for the making or publishing any libel, ftVI.lt FOB #URTMBN. liiMt Ai# JqIm04 btCWMtiM sir eriMMt AM joBna i m i mn i— Mm MM 0m d«fend«nt or d«fe»d» nU, on tb« plM of Not OvUtj |Miii«ijl be competent to the jury Impannelled to try tilt tune, to «▼• their verdict npon the whole matter in issue t be U th«r«fom declared and enacted, that, on every such trial, the inry sworn to try the issue may give a generat verdict of Onilty or Not Guilty upon the whole matter put in issue upon snoh iodkU ment or information ; and shall not be reouired or directed bjr the Court or Judge before whom such indictment or Informix tion shall be tried, to find the defendant or defendants Ouiltjr merely on the proof of the publication bv such defendant or defendants of the paper charged to be a libel, and of the seme ascribed lo the same in such indictment or information. " Provided always, that, on every such trial, the Court or Judge before whom such indictment or information shall b« tried, shall, according to their or his discretion, give their or his opinion and directions to the Jury on the matter in is«ue between the king and the defendant or defendants, in lik* manner as in other criminal cases." 25. In deciding on political qnesttons in general^ cTerjr upright juror should respect the fundamental laws of the realm as laid down in Magna Charta, the Petition of Right* and the Bill of Rights; and should carefully avoid becom- ing the dupe of the sophistry of any obsequious authoritiei^ or being made an instrument to give eneci, to temporary laws passed by overbearing factions, in contravention of the laws of Ood and right reason, of the just rights of thepeo* gle, and of the fundamental principles and practices of^tha ritish Constitution. 26. The Foreman should ascertain and equally respect every opinion in the jury $ and the verdict, after every mem« ber of thejurv has been consulted, and it has been unani- mously agreed upon, should be solemnly delivered; no va- riation being permitted to take place, on the suggestion or dictation of any one, unless the jury, before their decision ia recorded, choose to retire again and formally sanction such proposed variation by their own new verdict. ^7. Previous to declaring their verdict, every juror should give the accused the fair benefit of those distinctions in the time, quantity, and quality of offences, which have been explained foy the judge or counsel; and he should anxiously consider, whether the accused has been identified, whether the fact charged has been brought home to him, whether th- crime alleged is within the meaning and cognizance of tho law, founding the verdict on his combined view of proved not presum^ve facts* and tstaoRthed, not coostrucliTelaw* 218 APPENDIX. 28. It being the sole object of the proceedings in every trial to enable the jury to acquire correct views of the facti which bear on the questions at issue ; it is the duty of every jurymaii to ask pertinent questions for his own satisfaction ; to protect timid, inexperienced, and embarrassed witnesses ; to receive with caution the testimony of others, who are under the influence of fear, hatred, or expected reward; and to require the production of any species of evidence which is tendered or attainable, and which appears to him to ho necessary. 29. It is the delicate, but sacred duty of jurymen to guard against the undue interference or mistaken views of judges, or presiding magistrates, who often take on themselves to direct and dictate to juries, and in bad times have presumed to reprimand them for honest verdicts, or bully them into dishonest ones. The judge is authorised to expound the law, and if the jury cannot write, or have neglected to take down the evidence, it is necessary he should recaptflilate the substance of his notes, but he is never warranted in die> tating and overruling the decision. He should be respected by the jury, but not be implicitly obeyed, 30. Every juryman should recollect that while in the jury- box he is neting for his country ; that, in regard to cases brought before him, he is the uncontrouled arbiter of jus tice; that he is the constitutional protector of suitors ana accused persons, against legal quibbles and oppressions; that he is the living guardian for his posterity of those sa- cred powers of juries, transmitted to him by hiS forefathers; and that the preservation of justice and liberty depends on every firm and upright man doing his duty in every jury* GOLDEN RULES FOR ELECTORS. »Y THE SAME. 1. By the admirable plan of the British constitution, the House of Commons was designed to represent the People, express their voice, and support their interests, in making laws, in controuling ministers, and in levying taxes; conce- quently. its members ought to be freely and fairly elected by the people, and to be independent of the other estates of parliament, of the king's ministers, and of the produce of the ta;^es; or they cease, for thtir important constitutional purposes, to be genuine representatives of the people. 2. The property, liberty, happiness, and life, of tTtry .!■>» RULES FOR ELECTORS. 'it'217 one of the British people, depending essentially and siib- itantially on the incorruptibility, independence, and public spirit of their representsitives, every elector is bound to scrutinize the < harcicter and pretensions of all persons who offer themselves as candidates, to express his voice, and support his interests in the parliament of the nation. 3. As Guardians of tbe public purse, it is evident that members of the House of Commons should possess, at least, the ordinary qualifications of upright stewards^ and should not appropriate to their own benefit those national resources with which they are entrusted;, nor in any manner identify themselves with the servants of the state, whose expenditure they are appointed to examine and restrain. 4. As Guardians of the rights of the people against en- croachments of the prerogatives of the Crown and the privileges of the nobility, and as conservators of public liberty, it is evident that members of the House of Com- mons should not consist either of servants of the Crown, ur of dependants of the nobility. 5. As Controllers of the political measures of the state, it is evident, that the members of the House of Commons ought to possess unquestionable integrity and undaunted public spirit ; and, as to co-legislators, ought to be men of liberal education, mature age, and practi- cal experience. 6. Of course it depends, in all cases, on the inde- pendence, intelligence, and energy of electors, whoever they may be, whether the persons whom they choose to represent them, are worthy or unworthy, are competent or incompetent, or are traitors or friends to the rights, privileges, and interests of the people. 7. It should never be lost sight of by electors, and by t!i9 connections of electors, that, at the Hustings, every elector takes, or is required by law to take, the fol« owing solemn oath : — " I swear that I have not received, *' or had, by myself or any person whatsoever for me, ** or for my use or benefit, directly or indirectly, any " sum or sums of money, office, place, or employment, gift, or reward, or aov pro'nlse or seci^rity for any t( 218* APPENDIX. money, office^ employment, or rifl. In or4er Co df* " my vote at this election." * 8. But if tbe perpetration of the crime of perjury lerve as no check on the conscience of an unprincipled elector, it should be known, that to give, to offer, or to accept any bribe, or the promise of any bribe, in any direct or indirect manner, is held by law to be a crime whicn subjects the convicted party to infamous disabili- ties, and renders him liable to heavy fines and imprison- ments. 9. In like manner any threat or intimidation with a view to influence an elector in the conscientious discharge '^f his duty. Is held in law to be equivalent in criminality to an actual bribe; and the infliction [of an injury on an elector, in resentment of his conscientious vote, is punish- able by law as a high crime and misdemeanor. 10. As the liberties of the people, and the prosperity of the empire, depend so intimately on the integrity and independence of electors, a corrupt or parasite vote is by consequence an act of social treason to the country, and a crime against every citizen, which it is the duty of all to expose and endeavour to punish. 11. To inform becomes meritorious when such great public interests are in danger of being compromised; and the public-spirited citizen, who is the means of ex- posing and punishing bribery at an election, is, there- fore, well entitled to receive the legal penalty of Five HufVDRBD Pounds, and also tbe thanks of his co-electori and country, 13. Those electors who sell their votes for money, or for any other private benefit, must expect to repay io taxes the price of their corruption with heavy interest, and to find that they have borrowed even on worse terms than spend-thrifts borrow of usurers. Having been Ijtpught, they must expect to be sold again with a profit; for no man buys but in the expectation of selling again, and such as are the represented, so is likely to be the representative. 13. Corrupt electors, In returning anprincipled mem- hen not only injure themselves, but become the means hy vhicb kiiBvei are enabled to deprive their fellow<«ttb- RULES FOR ELECTORS. 219 lerjury kcipled r, or to in any % crime iisabili- iprisoD- tiaview large '^f lality to f on an punish- osperity ;rity and t vote is country, ^ duty of ch great omised ; s of ex- , there- of Fl?B elector! iney, or [epay in linlerest, se terms ig been profit J again, \o be the >d mem- |e meani jects of their property, their happiness, and their liber- ties: the man, therefore, who sells or barters bis vote at an election for his share of the 8000^ which is said to be the market price of two seats, is a public robber, who ought to be held more infamous among his neighbours than those guilty of any smaller species of felonies, _ 14. The power of excluding all improper and equivo- cal characters from Parliament being in the hands of elec- tors, a due respect to their own honour and wisdom ought to prompt every separate body of them to be care- ful that they are represented in the great council of the nation by men who will not disgrace their choice, or render nugatory the virtuous exertions of other repre- sentatives. 15. Every elector, before he votes, should examine himself in the following points: — Whether he entertains a disinterested and dispassionate belief that his favourite candidate is the most deserving of the candidates ? Whe- ther he has no other motive for his preference than such conviction ? Whether he has no lurking self-interest which he purposes to serve? And whether his vote is ^ivenas uprightly and scrupulously as that of the candi- date ought to be, while performing his duties in Parlia* ment ? 16. An honest elector will have no reason to doubt in his choice, if the candidate, having already sat in Parlia- ment, has rendered known benefits to the community, — if he has opposed wars entered into for sinister purposes, or to gratify bad passions, — if he has steadily upheld the rights and liberties of the people, — if he has supported justice in transactions with foreign nations, — if he has resisted oppressive taxes, — if he has voted for the re- form of notorious abuses, — and if he has assisted in im- pearning mal-administration wherever it may have ap- peared to exist. i1. ^very honest elector should withhold his support from a late member, if his voice has never been heard in Parliament in defence of any popular interest, of public justice, or of public liberty | if his silent votes have served only to swell ministerial majorities | and if his present recommendations are hia iuiuence with the .>'• 2eo APPENDIX. grt ifl itgi, hU ofldal emptoyiiiRitt or bf§ ImproTtnf fir- tuoet mt c^kurt : under sach clrcaiastaocei the candidate •hoald be considered ai a wolf in sheep's clothing, and as whelly aBftito represent honest eleotors in their House of Parliament. 18. In regard to candidates, whase real designs and priaciples have been tried by th« teiit of experieaee, it •hanld be considered by electors, that hutytrs are geae- rally unfit, from their viewsjof professional interest, to be entrusted with the powers of representatiTes ; and that, as they are accustomed to plead in any cause for hire, 8« they frequently become the most pliable instruments ef the minister, greatly augmenting the ordinary mischiefs of corruption, by their ready sophistry and habits «f ap- plication. 19. Contractors, and money-jobbers, whose god is gold, we always ineapable of lerriog their country in Parlia* ment, their sole object being to sell themseWes to the niBister for uny profitable job or speculation. M. Tonog men who are devoid of (Experience, and commonly the tlaves of their passions, however wealthy, kowever showy their talents, or however powerfully connected. Are nnfitico perform the onerous duties of le- gislators, and ought never to be supported by discreet and patriotic electors. 81 The profligate in private life, and the desperate in pecuniary circumstances, are as unable as they are un- likely, to resist the overtures of any ambitious factioo in Parliament, or the insiduous and overwhelming corray- tion of the ministers of the crown, and ought therefore never to be entrusted with the representative functions. 83. Solemn orders of the House of Commons declare it to be a high crime for any Peer to interfere in any manner in any election ; while on the part of electors, except in extraordinary instances of unequivocal patriotism, it it an act of political suicide to return the palpable depend- ant of any Peer of Parliament, or to elect the heirs of noble houses, thereby converting the House of Commoni Into a mere seminary of education for the junior nobility. 8S. Those candidate! whom independent electoriari bound to put in noniaatiooi support, and return, tn RULBS rOR ELBCTOR0. 291 Irled meii, whose principlei have resifted the fempts- (ions of power; or worthy aod independent neighboun, whether land-proprietori, merchants, bankers, or ma- nufacturers, whose principles, public spirit, and inde- pendence are known to the electors ; and, ether circum- stances alike, a candidate whose talents and energies have raised him to distinction, ought to be preferred to a wealthy heir, who, never having had occasion to think for himself, is incapable of thinking with advantage for the public. 24. As it is one of the most valuable privileges of Bri- tons to exercise their elective franchises at the return of any new Parliament, or as often as any vacancy occurs, it is the duty of att intelligent electors to resent every attempt to deprive them of their power of choosing, by base compromises under the crafty unconstitutional pre- text of preserving the peace of the place. Every new candidate, who affords electors an oppojrtnnity of exer- cising their chief constitutional right, ought to have his other pretensions viewed with favour, and to be preferred to any other candidate, who has sought to nullify the rights of the electors. " S5. No dependant of the crown or the minister, what- ever be hi^ general reputation, ought to be considered, by independant electors, as entitled to their preference over less equivocal candidates; and all bodies of electors should be on the^ guard against appeals to their feelings or interests, made by successful military or naval com- manders, by specious lawyers, wealthy contractors, or powerful placemen, none of whom ought to be suffered to enjoy the opportunity of bartering their votes in Par- liament, in exchange for their personal aggrandizement or pecuniary advantage. 26. In regard to placemen, pensioners, and depend- ants of the crown, generally, it should never be forgot- ten, that the solemn compact between the rergning dy- nasty and the nation has provided in express terms, *'That *' no person who has an office, or place of profit, under ' the King, or virfao receives a pension from the Crown, '' shall be capable of serving as a member of the House ** of Commonti" and although thig bulwark of liberty •,A. 222 APPENDIX., hat been dispensed with by the forms of a subsequent Act of Parliament, and re-election is now considered by the House of Commons as a means of qualif3fing the dis- qualified, yet it should be understood that no law can compel the people themselves to violate the constitution; consequently the re-election of placemen lies entirely in their own discretion; and tlieyare still, in tliis important point, the uncontrouled and competent guardians of their owp rights. . HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. BY THE SAME^ % • f^ • The absolute rights, or liberties, of the natives of this country, are founded not only in custom, but in nature liind reason. They are also coeval with our form of go* vernment; and, accoiding to the ancient doctrine of (he common law, as well as by special acts of parliament, have been declared to be ** the birthright of the people of England." .. Here follows an enumeration, or, perhaps, more pro* perly, a recognition of these rights, claims, and privi- leges, in due order, admitted and recorded subsequently to the Conquest. Henry I. (A.D.I 100.) — The Normans having intro- duced all the severities of the feudal system, with its burdensome and oppressive train of grievances; all these were promised to be redressed by this prince, while his crown was in jeopardy. But although he did not fulfil all his engagements, yet he moderated many of the rigorous customs imposed by his father and brother. This was evident in respect to reliefs, which were fines paid by the heir, on succeeding to his paternal estate: he also permitted his vassals* children to be freely disposed of in marriage, provided they were not betrothed to his e.iemies. As to voardships, or the care of the offspring during their minority, he committed those of his minor THB BKOLISH OOKSTrrOTIOM. 2S3 lubsequent isidered by ng the dis- lo law can nstitution; entirely in important iniians of 'UTION. ves of this t in nature ortn of go- rine of the irlianiient, he people nore pro- nd privi- sequently ing intro- with its ices { all prince, h he did many of brother, ere fines state : he disppsed ed to his offspring is minor te^tfotifo (heir oearett kindred, Instead of lelling, or bestowing them, as heretofore. He even restored the Saxon law of descentg, and permitted the alienation of lands. STBPQEif, (1135.)^Swore before a parliament assem- bled at Oxford, to sue none for trespassing in his forests; that he would disaforest all such lands as bad been con- verted to that purpose by the late kingi and that he wou)d abolish the rdioos tax of DanegeU^or money levied under pretextof invasion, when none actually existed. RicuABD I. (1189.)—- Tbii prince, being reduced lo great straits by his warlike expeditions, was Induced to regrant, by way of ^rchase, many of the franchisei which had appertained to them in the Saxon times, td certain cities, towns, and boroughs. It ought also to be observed, to the credit of the monareb, that although a sportsman and a soldier, he repealed many of the cruel forest laws, imposing t>e penalties of mutilation, loss of eyes, &c. on such as transgressed in hunting. John, (1199.)— This proved the second monarch who professed openly to rule b^y arbitrary power : William Rufus was the first. He exacted extravagant reliefs ; wasted his wards* property i levied exorbitant scotages, seized lands and tenements at his will and pleasure ; im- prisoned whomsoever be pleased, and violated all tho privileges of the subject. The Great Charter, obtained by them in 1915, redress- ed every species of grievance then known, and contri- buted not a little to soften at first, and finally to annul all the severities of the feudal system, s . - .; I. The persoual liberty of the subject was protected. 8. His property secured* S. Exile, and outlawry, were prohibited. Edward I. (1872.)— Notwithstanding the Great Char- ter was so solemnly and so frequently confirmed, yet it had not as yet been recognised as the common law. This, however, was at length achieved, during the twenty^ fifth year of the reign of this powerful prince, by the S24 THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. itatute called Confirmatio Cartarum, He also establiib. ed, confirmed, and settled, the charter of the forests, and abolished ail taxes levied without tHe consent of the na tional council. •' Charles I. (1625.)— During the third year of the reign of this monarch 0^38), a parliamentary declara- tion of the liberties of the people, under the name of the Petition op Right, was assented to by him, and thus converted into a positive statute.* It recites the Great Charter, the act of Kint; Edward I. called StatU' turn de talUago non concetfendo; those of. the 85th and S8th of Edward III. respecting forced loans, outlawry* exile, and illegal dispossesbiou, and is partly .decJara* tory, partly enactive. • ^ . '-,).!■ rbi^«? .', By it, '. ■ '^ :t-iw 1. All charges, or impositions, called benevolences^ 9ft put down, as well as unwarrantable oaths, illegal impri- sonment, and the appointment of commissioners for tlie assessment of forced loans against reason and. the frao- chises of the subject. 2. Confinement without cause, certified by due proceii of law, is deemed illegal. S. The quartering of soldiers, or mariners, on the in- habitants in different parts of the kingdom, against their consent, is forbidden. 4. The punishment of soldiers, and other offenders, by martial law, on account of civil offences. This act was penned by Lord Chief Justice Coke. Charles II. (1649.)~The Habeas Corpus Act, pass- ed in the Slat of this reign (1680), is another great con* ^titutional bulwark ; but as to its principles, it is merely declaratory oT the Great Chapter, the 5th £d. III., 25th Ed. III., 28th £d. III.; the Petition of Right, 3d Car. I. and 16th Car. I. c. 10. On the other hand, it became strictly remedial, and therefore eminently bene* ficial, as the judges had unjustly annexed a condition ot finding securities, and recurred to a variety of legal sub- tleties to prevent the enlargement of the prisoner. By this famous statute, it is ordained, that the Lord • Statutes at large, vol. IK p. 109^ .?«tryiH ^4 ; APPENDIX. ^^11 \M 225 Chancellor, or any of the tweWe judges in vacation, or the judges in their respective courts in term time, shall, on motion made, issue a Habeat Corpus in all cases, those of treason, petit-treason, and felony excepted, on sight of the warrant of commitment, or oath that the same is « refused } under penalty of forfeiting the sum of 500L to the party aggrieved. During the reign of Charles II. the abolition of sla* vlsh tenures, and the prerogatives of purveyance, and pre-emption also took place. William and Mart, (1689.)— The king and queen (then Prince and Princess of Orange), previously to the offer made them of the crown (Feb. IS, 1689,) by the Conven^on Parliament, assented to the Declaration ov Rights. In the preamble to this act, the misgovern-^ ment of James il. is recited and exemplified i the abdi- cation of the government proclaimed, and the throne declared vacant, in consequence of his having, '* by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges, and minis ters," endeavoured to subvert the Protestant religioo, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom, by the exetm. cise of a power of dispensing with and suspending the laws, ScCr, As the Declaration of Rights took place in the first year of the reign of King William, bo the Act of Sit* tuiiENT was passed in the IStb and ISth. ^ .^^ •*e These are given at length, at p. 195, &c. sH .1 J* • f ON THE DUTIES OF A PARISH PRlttST. BT THE SAME. 1. The institution of Parochial Instructors of the peo. pie in the duties of Morality, and in the doctrines of Re- velation, is so eminently wise and beneficial, that it may be adduced as collateral evidence of the divine origin of that religion by which it was formed and established. 2. It K an establishment so essential to a moral and spiritual influence over the people, and it gives so per- manent and operative an effect to vital religion that Pa • .'/ 336 DUTIES or A PARISH FRIBST, riih Prieifi, find thoie anihorillei which ■ppotat Mi ■uperlntend them, hecome important and necenarj hranchei of the Christian Church. S. Efery Pariih Priest is therefore an integ^l hrancb •f the spiritual goTernment of society i hence arises the •vangelical character of the Priesthood i hence the re- spect which it claimsamong Christians i and hence all the obligations of personal duty and example in its members. 4. The Parish Priest is bound by the nature of his functions, and the object of his office, to reside among the people whom it is his duty to instruct by his precept and condoct, and whom it shonid be his constant labour to prepare for the immortality annottnced in the gospel. 5. He is the moral guardian of his flock, and conse- quently bound to preserve them in unity, in mutual lore, and in good offices one towards another. He should be their impartial umpire in matters of dispute, should allay their violent and selfish passions, and preserve the social affections among kindred. 6. He should constantly assist and advise the overseen of the poor in the discharge of their delicate and inte resting duties; and should draw strong distinctions be- tween the virtuous and the vicious poor, taking care (• reclaim the latter by gentle means, by forbearance and charity, and by extending the rewards of virtue to sadi of them as afford indications of amendment. 7. As ignorance is ihe parent of vice, as knowledge ii the parent of civilization, and as the unlettered can haTe little conception of *he nature of moral obligation, or of the evidences and doctrines of that gospel which they are vnable to peruse, it is his duty to establish and maiatiin, by his influence and example, all institutions which have for thei:* object the decent education of the children of the poor. 8. Whatever be his income, he should live within it, and become a pattern of moderation, temperance, and conteDtment, to those who are expected to curb their own passions by nis example, and who will be likely to respect his precepts so far only as their efficacy is de« monstrated by their influence on his own conduct* •• Ue should know eaouftf of the art of medicine to ▲fPUlDIX. 227 be ib1« (0 wAiiAwlkUi relief Ib omm wbfch <• m4 MttH •f delay i and he ihoald be proTided witb • ibmII itock of limple galeoicali, Ike effect of which, in particvlar diiordf n, majr ha?e been well iMcertaloed. 10. He ihould apply bit superior edncatioB to remove vulgar erron and lupentifion of all kinds i he shoald promote intellectual improTement among those who de- sire it; he should lend books, and give adtice in the choice of others I be should also recommend the adoptioa of all improvements in the arts of life, which are conse- quent on the labours of men of science. 1 1. He should bear with charity the occasional here- sies, or Tariances of opinion, which, owing to the free- dom of thought, may honestly and conscientiously be cherished by any of his parishioners. If they cannot be corrected by gentle means, they will be confirmed io tlieir erron, if violence or denunciation be resorted to i and, above all things, he shquld be forbearing towarde sectaries and sceptics, and tolerant towards enthosiaili and Tisionariet. 12. He should be punctual in the honn of divine ser* vice, and should perform 'all the rites of religion with devotional feeling and unvarying solemnity. Nothing in bis conduct should be indifferent % and even at a feast he should remember that he it looked upon as the minister of a holy religion i and that his levities or sensualitief will sanction greater vices in those who reverence hit character, and quote him as their example. 13. He will find little difficulty in collecting his duet and tythes, if he has succeeded in impressing his pa- rishioners with a well-founded respect for his office and personal character; bat, in all casetof dispute, he should convince them before he attempts to controul them, and appeal to arbitration rather tliaa to law. M-. Ho should rendef himself the organ of the benevo- lence of his parishionen, by recommending frequent collections for particnlar objects of compassion, and by superintending their distribution. He should, io per- forming this doty, increase the comfort and the number sf independant cottagers; encourage habits of cleanli- Pi MbcMty, andiadaiUyi crwtt proviiiOkJ for the V / 228 DUTIES OF A PARISH PRIEST. tick and Bged I and signal i se induitry and Tirtne in the humbleit stations, even after death. 15. He should guard himself ai^nlnst becoming the tool of those in power, or flatterer of persons of rank, merely as such ; and be modest and reserved in his advances to them, lest he be considered ns a hunter after preferment, thereby frustrating his just ambition, exposing himself to ridicule, and degrading the religion of self-denial and humility. 16. He should never interfere in the political parties of the state; and in elections, or local questions of a mere political tendency, he should avoid committing tlrs infallibility of his sacred character, by joining in the errors and passionate ebullitions of politicians. He ought in such matters to vrithhold his interference i and he ought never to become a party, except when evident virtue is opposed to, or oppressed by notorious vice. 17. His station, employment, and independent pro vision, render him an object of admiration among otifer classes of society, and qualify him to pass through life with respect, usefulness, and happiness; and there is no locial condition which unites so much placid enjoyment, and so many objects for the gratification of those pas- iions which lead to self-satisfaction, with so permanent a prospect of competency and comfort, and so high a probability of preserving health, and attaining long life and felicity, at tbat of a cooscientiouf and exemplary Ftfifh Priest. ■• •• -? r -..i. i; , ' -) . -i '*. .. I , ^-lii"^ ;i«' ■ \ > ■ K ■ I !> ' > '.' ' .'. S29 STATEMENT ExHiBiTinotha Counties of ENGLAND arranged in Order of Auricultcral Populatiun with NOjOf refercucQ to their order of Total Population, fay Shewing iu Oolaran. No. I Tlie No. of Pamilibv cinpluyM in Agriculture in each Co. 2 '^he Territorial Extent of each County in Statuts AoRIf, dcUucud from the Trignotnetricnl Surveyi. 8 The Proportion in a State of Tillage 4 Do. Do. Pasturr. 5 Annual Rental of the Land, accor65 15f536 15/180 \AjMA 144)26 14,821 14,760 14,582 13,558 13,485 13,028 11,567 11,297 10,754 9,427 9,393 6,435 6,020 S,096 2^10 74,225 847,957 1,650,560 1,338,880 1,758,720 980,480 1,568,000 1,050,880 083,630 979,200 882,560 1,041 920 803,840 1,171,8-10 936,320 840,280 648,880 858,210 734,720 673,280 577,280 1,311,187 477 600| 485,280 549,120 819,200 485,120 466, 'J60 643,200 483,840 656,640 535 680 556,400 337,920 514,560 1,197,440 945,920 296,820 679,040 180,480 236,800 318,720 488,320 05,360 4,752,000 37,084/100 13O,7Q0ll^Bi{MMW No. 4 •400 730 . 400 380 350 330 400 250 150 380 300 450 280 250 290 300 500 200 200 273 353 150 140 150 80 200 250 260 100 200 300 225 65 150 40 300 40 100 100 80 900 •800 263 1,100 520 700 534 200 500 250 620 450 350 345 255 235 500 [100 450 300 596 170 230 160 350 400 150 230 120 400 100 250 50 450 650 16S 200 100 60 315 130 2,^ 11,100 10,800 10 47a,8« No. ft 1,217,547 93134S 1 581,040 904,615 1,555,608 1,355,108 868,188 694,078 810,627 594,020 805,133 1,270,314 549,950 566,471 696,637 738,495 756,635 670,864 645,139 1,056,010 498,677 497,625 453,215 500,000 369,900 516,203 480,025 405,150 C21,69S 534,993 453,607 342,350 702,402 906,789 469,250 372,621 506 063 349,143 202,076 203,570 221,556 09,174 1,586496 220 SrATBMENT fihewlnf the Number of PBR80N8 In each County of GREAT BRITAIN according to the Retorns made to Faklia. MINT at each of the three Periods 1801, 1811, & 1821, the Counties of ENGLAND arranged in Alphabetical Order witj^ Nos. of refe- renoe in Colnmn — r No. 1 To their Order rf TOTAL > pnvTTf atthm 2 Do. Do. AGRICULTURAL J ^"^^*^T*"N- 3 4 & 6 Nos. of Persons in 1801, 1811, &182I. 6 Increase ^ Cent, in 1821 on ttie No. in 1811. 7 Proportion of the No. in 1821 Under 10 Years of Age. 1^ The Nos. Under 10 Years of Age will be seen to be very irreg* ular tthen compared with the Total Population, the reason is, that several Parishes failed to make returns relating to the 4geStYide'SQie COUNTIKS 1 2 of ENGLAND. Bedfoiti 38 Berks 34 Buckingham •• 33 Cambridge •• 30 Chester 16 Cornwall .... 17 Cnmberland ••30 Derby SO Devon •••••• 4 31 SI 11 10 3r 35 41 5 2 30 28 21 23 IS 14 35 29 1 27 37 4 11 31 32 39 7 12 33 3 3i 40 2 15 Dorset Durham •••• Esscix Gloucester ... Hereford .... Hertford ••• Hnntingden • Kent , Lancaster.... Leicester.... 28 Lincoln ..•••• 13 Middlesex .... 1 Ifonmoatfa .• 39 Norfolk .... 8 Northampton 29 _ Northumberland 23 34 Nottingham .. 25 30 Oxford 32 Rutland 42 Salop 22 Somerset .... 7 Southampton 12 Stafford y Suffolk 15 Surrey Sussex 18 Warwick .... 14 Wesunoreland 40 « Wilts 19 Worcester .... 28 Tork,B Biding 2t «-r-.NpffthDow37 — »WMI Do. « 22 42 16 6 10 17 8 25 13 19 41 9 26 24 20 9 1801 63,393 100,215 107,444 89,346 191>751 188,269 117,230 161,142 313,001 115,819 160,36L 226,437 2£i0,S09 89,191 97,557 37,568 307,624 672,731 131,081 208,557 818,120 45,582 273,371 131,757 157,101 140,350 109,620 16,356 167,639 273,750 '219,056 239,153 210/431 269,043 159,311 208,190 41,617 185,107 139,333 138|433 166^06 1811 70,213 118,277 117,65U 101,109 227,031 216^7 133/44 t85,487 393,30S 124,693 177,625 252,473 280,514 94,073 111,654 42,208 373,095 828,309 150,419 a37yS91 953,276 62,127 291,099 141,353 172,161 162,900 119,191 16,380 194,298 303,180 245,080 295,153 234,211 3fia,851 190,083 228,735 45,922 193,828 160,946 167,353 105^06 091^910 1821 83,716 131,977 134,068 121,009 270,098 257,147 156,124 213,333 430,040 144,499 207,673 289,421 335,843 103,231 129,714 48,771 426,016 1,052,859 174,571 283,058 1,144,531 71,833 344,368 163,483 198,965 186,873 134,327 18,487 206,256 355,314 282-203 341,824 270,242 398,658 232,907 274,392 51,359 222,157 184,424 190,709 183;6»I m^jmnfi 8 18 10 13 19 17 IT 15 13 13 14 15 13 16 8 15 14 13 25 15 17 19 13 16 13 14 13 13 11 5 16 14 14 14 22 21 18 10 13 13 12 10 No.» 32,663 33,960 36,396 31,759 80,114 68,777 42,301 59,475 117,290 37,330 44,100 79,120 64,791 26,475 35,430 13,209 103,739 269,301 47,889 76,188 219,044 18,625 92,559 40,979 33,961 42,704 34,001 4,895 50,c29 86,594 79.827 78,405 75,p04 74,036 63,051 45,971 14,149 58/133 44,842 51,756 39,412 b074533 231 County Counties . of refe- ION. ry irregr eason is, g to the No.f COUNTIES of WALES & SCOTLAND. No. of Pbksons 6 4 4 4 ii 8 3 3 2 32,063 33,960 36,390 31,759 80,114 68,777 42,301 59,475 117,290 37,330 44,100 79,120 64,791 26,475 35,430 13,209 103,739 269,391 47,989 76,1S8 219,041 18,625 92,559 40,979 33,961 42,704 34,001 4,805 50,c20 86.594 79.827 78,405 76,004 74,036 63,051 45,971 14,149 58/133 44,842 51,756 39,412 W«&33 in "Anglcfea .*•.. Brecon .... .. Cardigan Caermartben . . Caernarvon ... Denbigh Flint .... . • . Glamorgan ..., Merionetb .... Montgomery ., Pembroke.... Radnor , 1801 03 Aberdeen .... Arg>il Ayr BanflF Berwick .DUlc •••• •••• Caithness ...... Clackmanan .. Damburton .... Dumfries Edinburgh .... Elgin Fife Foifar ...... Haddington .... Inverness Kincardine .... Kinross Kircudbright .. Lanark Linlithgow .... I Nairn I Orkney & Shetd. Peebles Perth Renfrew.... Ross &Cromarty Roxburgh .... Selkirk .... Stirling Sutherland.... .Wigtoun .... Scotland Walks Englakd GreatBritain Army & Navy 33,806 31,633 42,956 67,317 41,521 60,352 39,622 71,525 29,506 4f,978 56,280 1^,050 123,082 71,859 84,306 35,807 30,621 11,791 22,600 10,858 20,710 54,597 122,954 26,705 93,743 99,127 29,986 74,292 26,349 6,725 29,211 146,699 17,844 8,257 46,824 8,735 12^,366 78,056 55,343 33,682 5,070 50,825 23,117 22,918 1,599,008 541,546 8,331,434 GRAND TOTAL |l0,942,M6 10,472,048 470,598 1811 37,054 37,335 50,260 77,217 49,336 64,240 46,518 85,067 30,924 51,931 60,615 20,900 135,075 85,585 103,954 36,668 «0,779 12,033 23,419 12,010 24,189 62,960 148,607 28,108 101,272 107,264 31,164 78,336 27,439 7,245 33,684 191,752 19,451 8,251 46,193 9,935 135,093 92,596 60,853 37,230 5,889 58,171 23,629 26,8ai 1821 1,805,688 611,788 9,538,827 ll,05t},303 640,500 12.596303 45,063 43,613 67,311 90,239 57,958 76,511 63,784 10 1,737 33,900 59399 71,309 23,073 155,141 96,165 127,299 43^61 33,385 13,797 30,238 13,263 27,317 70,878 191,514 31,162 114,556 113,430 35,127 90,157 29,118 7,782 38,903 244,387 22,685 9,006 53,12'] 10,046 139,050 112,175 68,828 40,893 6,637 65,331 23,840 33,240 6 20 14 13 15 16 18 14 18 9 14 20 8 il 12 21 17 7 13 27 9 11 11 27 9 12 4 11 14 5 6 14 26 15 8 14 3 19 12 8 11 11 22 No. 7 12,633 11,129 16,493 25,966 16,071 21,199 14,062 26,556 -8349 15,244 21,070 6,289 36,380 28,277 35,720 0,886 8,939 3,520 7,341 2,247 6,460 19,661 49,139 I 7,419 30,779 17,665 9,602 18,093 6,608 1889 10,933 60,789 6,461 2,081 7,118 2,750 33,017 32,769 14,728 11,276 1,954 14,217 6,000 9,396 2,092,014 717,108 11,260,555 14,069,677 310,000 14,371»,677 16 I 18 2, 14i 518,418 195,280 747,303 3,401,000 232 JSTATEMENT|ih€wlng the Total Nnmberof FAMiLin tneaeh Conot* of GREAT BRITAIN in 1821, according to the retoros made to Parli^. ment in tliat Year, distingnishing the proportion retnruod aa chiefly etn< ployed in Agriculture ; Do. in Trade, Manufactures or Handicraft and, tliirdly, the Nnmber not included in either of the two preceding ClaHses, and thewini also, tlic Number of HOUSES Inhabited, the No. Builditig, woAWk^lHo. Un- Inhabited \n\%2\, in each County. The Connties armngcd in Alphabetical order, with the Number of Members returned to PARLIAMENT, from each County. COUNTIES of •ENGLAND Bedford 4 Bcrlcs 9 Bnclcingham.. 14 Cambridge .... Q Chester 4 Cornwall 44 Cumberland .... 6 Derby 4 Devon 30 Dorset 20 Durham 4 Baaez 8 Olonoester * 8 Hereford • 8 gertford 6 untingdon .... 4 Kent 18 Lancaster .... I4 LeiceBtcr 4 Lincoln ...... 12 Middlesex .... 8 Munmouth .... 3 Norfollc ....... 12 Northampton .. 9 Northumberland 8 Nottingham .... 8 Oxford 9 Rutland 2 Salop 12 Somerset .... 18 Southampton 26 Stafford 10 Saffoik 16 Surrey 14 Sussex 28 Warwick .... 6 Westmoreland 4 Wilts 34 Worcester .... Tork,E Rlding.lO ^JNorth Do. 10 »^— rVcat Do. 10 No. of FAMILIES in 1S21 No. of HOUSES chiefly employed in f « rt'O Agri- Trade Unpro- In- 9 Q lis culture. Ma. &c. ductive Total. habited 105 10,r54 4,827 1,792 17,373 15,412 202 14,769 8,773 4,154 27,700 24,705 154 622 1«,640 8,318 3,909 28,867 24376 148 549 15,536 6,964 3,103 25,603 29369 217 247 18,120 27,105 6,799 52,024 47,094 414 1212 19,302 15,543 16,357 61,202 43,873 635 1820 11,297 13,146 7,361 31304 27,246 155 90S 14,582 30,505 7,317 «2,404. 40,064 805 1073 37,037 33,984 19,692 90,714 71,486 766 3082 14,821 10,8U 4,680 30,312 36,926 378 766 ^ 9,427 30,212 16,301 45,940 32,793 357 960 33,206 17,160 0,263 69,629 49,978 296 1164 23,170 35,907 13,079 72,166 60381 705 2555 13,558 5,633 2,726 21317 30,002 132 8M 13,485 7,935 4,750 36,170 23,17ft 172 509 6,435 2,967 1,025 10,397 837» 46 16S 30,869 30J8G 24390 85,399 70,507 610 3186 22,723 15'A271 28,179 203,173 176,449 1735 5750 13,027 20,297 3,481 36,806 34,775 335 1141 34,900 15345 8,015 68,760 53313 302 970 9,393 161,356 91,122 261,871 152,969 2879 7327 6,020 6,147 1,955 14,112 13,210 166 520 36,364 26,200 11,928 74,497 62,274 525 1266 18,974 11,695 43!»3 35,552 32,503 179 527 11,567 20,565 10396 43,128 31,526 190 1160 13,664 21,832 3,107 38,603 35,022 288 859 15,965 8,972 3,905 28,840 25,594 245 530 2,410 1,034 492 3,936 3,589 25 60 18,414 17,485 5,737 41,636 38,663 179 1012 31,418 27,132 14,957 73,637 61,852 850 1074 24,303 19,810 13329 57,942 49,516 287 1943 18,285 42,435 8,060 68,780 63,319 429 2326 30,795 17,418 6,851 55,064 42,773 270 656 14,944 46,810 27,052 88,806 64,790 1096 2741 21,920 15,463 6,182 43,565 36,283 576 1272 16,779 39,189 4,15S 60,123 55,082 403 2408 5,096 3,802 1,540 10,434 9,243 113 303 24,972 16,982 6,730 47,684 41,702 294 1125 14,926 18,566 6,514 39,006 34,738 232 9S0 15,480 16,637 8,382 40/199 34,390 190 127? 16,737 11,570 10,4241 38,732 35,765 148 839 8I/)I3 106^843 nm I«1|I0O 1H9N 1370 7280 Ik l>^ COUN of WAL SCOTI 'Anglese Brecon Cardiga Caerraai Caernar Denbigi Flint .. Giamorj Merione Montgoi Pembro Radnor Aberdee Argyll . Ayr..,. Batff .. Berwick Bute... Caithnes Ciackma .Daabari Dumfrie Edinbnri Elgin Fife ., Forfar Haddingi Invernes Kincardi Kinross Kircadbr Uoark , Linlithgc Nairn .. Orkney i Peebles Perth .. Renfrew, Row&Ci Roxbnrir Selkirk Stirling Sutherlai Wigtoun ScOTLi Wal Enou GrutBi iGaernst Jersey Man/,, 233 1 Conoty :o Farlisk. iefly em> ndicraft trecediDf !, the No. nty. The Members OUSES 1 e* I a 105 202 154 622 148 549 217 247 414 1212 635 1820 155 008 305 1072 756 3082 S78 766 257 966 296 1164 705 2555 132 804 172 609 40 168 510 3186 735 5750 225 1141 302 979 879 7327 166 520 525 1266 179 527 190 1166 288 859 245 530 25 60 179 1012 850 1974 287 1943 429 2326 270 656 096 2741 676 1272 403 2408 113 302 294 1125 232 980 190 1277 14t ) 839 wt 1 jm COUNTIES of WALES & SCOTLAND No. of PAMILIBS In 1821. chiefly employeA in Ai;ri- i Trade Unprc culture I Mh. &c. fductive Anglesea ...... Brecou Cardigan Cxrniarthen . . . Caernarvon ... Denbigh Flint . • . • . • • I Glamorgan .... Merioneth .... Montgomery . , Pembroke.... Radnor < r Aberdeen .... Argyll Ayr . . Batff .... Berwick ..u . Bate ...» ..!< Caithness •••••• Clackmanan •• Dambarton .... Dumfries Edinbarg^ .... Elgin Fife Forfar Haddington .... Inverness ...... Kincardine ..•• Kinross ». Kircudbright .. Lanark Linlithgow.... Naim Orkney & Shetd. Peebles Perth Renfrew.... Row &Cromarty Roxburgh .... Selkirk .... Stirling ...,,, Sutherland.... Wigtoon .... Scotland Walks England 6,187 4,039 6,312 9,628 6,890 8,625 4,422 7,126 3,570 6,594 7,650 3,182 13,775 8,989 6,207 4,150 3^34 1,314 3,052 434 1,168 4,340 4,830 2At76 •>260 5,114 3,000 10,216 3,026 446 3,047 4,883 1,224 799 6,604 837 7,774 2,725 7,947 3,613 420 2,600 3,362 3,626 i GrbatBritain r Guernsey .... Iliif'ey 130,699 74,225 773,732 1,702 3,703 2,502 4,823 2,649 4,399 3,530 8,336 1,434 3,882 3,780 940 .16,029 3,468 16,008 2,939 1,923 730 3,188 1,418 2,602^ 4,706 18,700 S,330 13,748 16,348 2,947 2>447 8,300 736 12,238 29i776 1,817 429 1,524 650 12,523 15,780 3,356 2,822 409 6,640 642 2,08d 190,264 41,980 1,114,295 1,936 1,280 3,258 3,942 1,939 2,653 2,659 4,852 2,375 1,580 3,772 658 6,897 6,852 6,430 2,796 1,098 ■ 812 704 1,029 1,670 6/112 10fi39 3,320 9,740 6,256 1,078 6.662 1,359 646 2,627 16338 1,924 903 2,355 474 10,673 5,472 3,203 2,204 542 4,192 820 1,160 978,656 1,350,239 1,676 ' 2,175 2,310 2,756 3,620j 3j864 126,997 Mj|801 464,690 Total 612,488 '447 747 1^474 No. of HOUSES habited I « 9,825 0,022 12,070 18,392 11,478 15,677 10,610 20,314 7,279 12,056 15,202 4,779 35,700 18,309 26,646 0,886 7,165 3,865 6,944 3,880 6,340 14,468 40,469 7,327 35,749 26,718 7,934 18,324 6,686 1,827 7,912 61,497 4,966 2,130 10,483 1,962 30,970 23,977 14,506 8,639 1,372 13,733 4,822 6,774 657,940 146.706 2,346,717 8,737 8,426 11,304 16,402 10,932 14,772 0,973 19,396 6,925 10,706 14,491 4,120 27,579 16,059 17,842 8,970 6,803 2,206 6,310 3,146 3,636 12,248 10,077 6,668 18,044 16,812 6,230 17,065 6.894 1,420 6,440 47,016 3,302 2,012 9,176 1,750 26,720 10,490 13,638 6,587 1,080 8.984 ^•.54 6,820 2,941,383 .4,298 6,813 7,868 341,474 136,183 1,951,973 2,420,630 3,083 4,053 327 73 63 77 107 90 117 33 160 23 50 163 10 186 06 87 120 42 17 68 12 18 86 200 113 105 112 14 83 60 11 67 323 15 15 38 2 113 55 146 27 1 66 60 60 i3 fl.tS 2405 985 18289 174 468 220 339 216 379 147 646 230 194 603 148 096 1273 4oa 310 87a 30 SO <» 78 385 1163 162 627 670 370 413 213 34 190 2413 96 64 04 62 960 646 346 242 35 338 22 liO 12657 3G52 66055 21679 22 '28 49 82364 107 42 370 234 o oi li ^« h^ ^ bC !/i O cS "si H «« 55 «* c» CA 5 w o a; c « 12 o Q^riOOb-<3^COTHOS^iOi» • o "3 ^ K fc-* oJ d >r; i: oi 'I w ®j jH M O en H a fa ©5 rH CO CO d CO ^ ^ "5 ^ « 1^ ® COiSGOOOOO • o ^v*>-;v^*^'^cooo^o»'*Oi thOtHOCOO'H^O'^CO'^*^*^ 6. § o a < s? IS a fa 13 TfooTHe^cooooo°?«>:®2 rtiG^OCft'O(3^C0«^inS^'*iC • o T-l 00C0CT>C0O^tH ..•/M_jilj • o tH • 2: • • 8 o iH } ^ . i ^ o o' r^ \ • • s 6' '^. • m Q o o ^ tH 1 • • o O o ■H 1 4 • o o •H • X •>^ 'O ea > ^ ! *^ o B II O «« o 5 •M (- 9 •O o o S2 CO Ok s o 's'i.a £" s « V . O V 4> > ctt ed •Hfl ^, 50 5 O ggc o o;^ 4 00 I CO I 00 •0 el. o 00 92 tiqi joj lujiit -9J •({ini papnp •III 1011 jai|jj )fui •AiMaj tuotaaiJ jo' ja(|aiiiu Ai(j^ ^ 'nonuindo'l ^ «|oqM aqijo uoiijind Q^ liadned 3qi'|i3i;«|!q ^ luojj j ..o V3 Si o «fi 00 C CO •r; 'O 00 O Q •o c 3 ^ ftt \o -? •^ •« CO ^ if5 CO O 00 «0 CO CO «5* o o 00 ▼H CO 2 o 5^ o a . >— >» •^ ■♦-» Z3 r- © C« v c« a> >• S > 0) B ^ PS ps; o 09 tat . ^^ "2 ^^ S Q RJ ^ 5 &: u 3 o o V 0) <^ o fi > 21 fl) s -^ M .55 o ® ciS bc 00 o cj a u V O c5 o H o S )XM .^ «^ w > (« O fi^ ^ .^ -a fccg l;-^ o s o; ;3 S aj t> —■ ^^ Ql V^ ^-^ a. 'I' So? X 2 Q ••H 4-* s s -^ > h;4 00 00 CO 00 CO CO *-• <-* — J V; TS iS rr. CO .2 o s .2 s en O (A V &. O o o 236 STATEMENT of Am Nnmb«f of Persoira Id eadi Cbnhty of IREIiiifNB at each of the two periods 1813 and 18*2I» and also the No. of House* ki each County at each period, according to a return made to Parlifti meat tai the Session of 1*22. PRO- VIN- CES. No. of PERSONS t S «3 n CO ps5,P « S GOUNTIESi Antrim 2 Armairh I + Carrickfergus To, 1 Cavau + ^Donegal + ^Down 2 + Fermanagti 1 Londonderry 2 + .. Monagliaa Tyrone 1 + Galway + +....*. Do, Town 1 Leitrim 'Mayo + Roscommon + .. Siigol Carlow 1 Drogheda Town 1 Dublin Do. City4,Uni,3+ Kiidare + Kilkenny no. City I 1813. WW^ ^King's County 1 o 03 - si Longford Louth 1 & Drogheda Meath + Queen's County + . . Westmeath Athlone Wexford 2 -f- Wicklow Clare Ennis 1 + . . . Cork4+ ■Do. City2+ Kerry Tralee 1 ^Limerick Do. Cityl + Tipperary 2 Waterford Dungar. 1 Do. City 1 + . 231^49 121,449 6,136 no retur. Do. 287,290 111,250 186,181 140,443 250,746 140,995 24,684 94,095 237,371 158,110 69,566 16,123 110,437 176,610 85,133 134^664 113,226 95,917 142,479 113,857 1821. 83,109 160,603 523,936 64,394 178,622 103,365 290,531 119,457 25,467 261,601 196,577 8,255 194,330 249,483 329,348 130,399 194,099 178,183 259,691 286,921 27,927 105,976 297,538 207,777 127,879 81,287 18,118 160,274 186,276 101,715 157.097 23,230 132,319 107,702 101,070 174,716 129,391 129,042 169,304 115,165 209,595 702,000 100,535 205,037 214,286 66,042 353,402 127,679 26,787 N-O. of HOUSES 1813. 42,258 21,944 1,166 no retur. Do. 53,310 19,291 31,287 27,066 46,213 21,122 3,353 17,899 43,702 30,254 12,090 3,086 16,633 15,104 14,564 23,414 19,705 16.348 25,921 19,932 13,445 29,301 91,447 7,652 31,749 17,897 50,224 19,342 3,581 1621. •47,000 37,714 1,444 84,744 46,000 62,425 22,912 33,913 33,197 •47,000 51,4S4 4,185 19,123 534)40 38,299 24,240 13,854 3,463 21,987 16.005 15,875 26,479 4,321 23,032 17,320 17,428 30,432 23,067 23,478 29,513 18,410 36,312 •130,000 12,170 34,613 36,089 6,268 60,200 21,493 4,052 ♦♦• The total Number of Persons in IRELAND in 1821, according to the above Statement was 6,846,950 and the Number of Houses 1,185,490. From the Counties in blank in \%\^ there was no retumt consequently, the aggregate increase cannot be stated. The returns also which have been made, although they do not afford any very Just ground for believing, but that the Total Number stated in 1821, is a near approximation to correctnes, the details are obvU ously very erroneous, as a reference to the Counties of Galway 8c Limerick will si{ffi.ce to shew, ^ Each County of Ireland returns two Members to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the Not, affixedto some of the Counties, imply the No, returned from Boroughs, and -t- denotes a Bishojtrlc within the County, SUM 9 fl.H ^ O H S CU.2 s 5r «> o<4 9 iS mPs en aw fl 0) c — "W a !«.a ®^ .« 3 « « '^ i. si* •2SS.2 . of House* e to ParllA. 23Y SUAIMAR Y of the POPULATION of IRELAND SEX. OCCUPATION. EDUCATION HOUSES •47,000 37,714 1,444 84,744 46,000 62,425 22,912 33,013 33,197 •47,000 51,4S4 4,185 19,123 534)40 38,2S9 24,246 13,854 3,463 21,987 16.005 15,875 26,479 4,321 23,032 17,320 17,428 30432 23,067 23,478 29,513 18,419 36,312 •130,000 ]2,i7d 34,613 36,089 8,2SS 60,200 21,493 4,052 according of Houses \no returttf Vhe returns \d any very stated in \s are obvU Galway Sc id returns 1, and the \rnedfrpm ^ o « C o o 9 fl.H '■^> s P o « - — o •i.,y « £ *? S< '^3 c9 hi j: S |«.2 a u « 3§ S S^-o ^ g « S his ■ £ a "^ a o a o _- 'O OS en a^H > a * » 8 S^fc » 'a tn n .ij '<*» ^ V a CO S B "^"^ 2 « V S (u rS »a o fcj) 'c s o 2 a o « :^' '^J5 « £ « g « « +3 ^ S ** ^^ « [5^3 ^ii i5 s a 1.5 .M'^ -- .a S •^ ®> S> ri Q < CO En CO »H T^ tH lO 00 « tH CO lH f* ^ CO CO tH ^ io a> th ,380 ,105 ,486 ,459 r S* 00 o H ®< 55;s:8^ -H a» ^ ifS CO (N ^ «^ «?» fH io*o ©* ®< ^ JCES of Munster, (O ^ 99 00 O* Q) 0» K 0»^ to ^ Is. iO ^ O iO CO . o» ^ o> ©* K a» 'o CO O^ 9) CO rH -^ o o> o o •* * rv •% «i<^.n^^ b. 00 i> o> o^ o CO *H lo CO CO o ^ ^ (O ©» t*. 2 § r\ •% •^t #\ •% ^ #« •« •« •t CN ^ #\ o» 00 o» 0» N. C^ »C CO tH is T-t fc* Tj4 »0 00 -* o io t> .- iO o^ b. CO rH C< CO e< 00 00 d '3^ T^ ^ iH i: 2J z:^ z:^ o^ O O O GO T-4 CO VO CO GO b* 00 00 O S» '^ CO O 'J 3J "T CO fc* .^ b« 00 00 04 *4 «K •% <=e.^^ b. tH 00 t> « r> r\ «> -"^ ©* fc<. ®» r\ >N «\ •> f2 o o> o» 00 o CO ■* «o to Oi »o -^ »o C: o» ^ 00 CO « 00 Tj* iO to CO o ®« CO CO CO *0 tH O^ tH -rt . ^. '..iXaO^A*.'^' « 2% POPVZJkTION of i*He UNITED KINGDOM i>f G9EAT BRITAIN 8i IRELAND i in thirteen Gradations of Ages* a5fS •0 "^ ^ '^ o * « ® c «} o S 'C Q 00 t> 0> i-< rfi fc* ^ o ^ O Ut A o P o (4 S ©Si's CO <») cr» -^ K (O ^ 94 fc« 00 fe* Q 00 (O^CO (X O^ ^ M 00 «0 M Ok rv^« rs«^ ^0^ #K^ »^ ^ ^ Q©fc*00iCO-^00»OiC«^ ■^co<3^ooo^H o^ooooT-tt^^-^p^ CO «0 Ok ri i I o> o> ?5opv5oo^ooispP2 di'5rH'§b?OiddT-4C00000fc*»O^iOb.»«O>C0O»^>O O^ COr<0>OOCOTHOaOVOfc*<0 « Vf5C000QC0iCO^C0»O"^»O 00 ®) 9< «< 91 CO ei i-« i-« iHi-4G4C0'<^iO^t«'00O «-^ e u •- a o s fM4 • K O hoc ;«o ^ 00OT-<0iOC000lN0>« T-< T-l tH iH ,-t .r4 CO b. Ot^'C'^vCK^COitOOO VP C -H CO CO o> ^O -^ (N ©* b- tH .co«5 CO CO so b» ri ^ ^ 34 i« ^ -Tjt CO • • • • •••• ..'O-^a. CONOCO iO«OiHt-icO— ioorj i-H 00 a. th GO ®< ©1 •rt«0©»00C>OO 1-1 -H WOOOOOOOOOOO-j tH I .a ee Pt3 73 o •c s S3 240 BTATRMENT of the Quantity of MERCHANDIZE Impuited into all the Purts of GREAT BRITAIN from all parts uf the World (except Irkland )accur(lin|; to the Official Katei) of Va- luation ; distingiunhhif; the articles imported from the Kast He West Indiea & the tjnhery. The Proportion of each Article Ru exported and the Amount of Customn Duty paid on the proportion rt-tatiied for Home Consumption in the Year 1823. t^ The articles circuni flexed with the Fishery are partly, and those noted with a * are wholly Colonial. Articles. 4) 1 m • • • • • I Tea Indigo Piece-Goods Pepper ^Cassia Lignea Cinnamon Cloves •• % Mace ^ Nutmegs j Saltpetre Sugar Cotfee Cocoa xvuni ••••.• •*.•.. Pimento Dye- Woods Fish, Cod.&c Oil, Whale Cotton - Wool Rioe .Silk, Raw -.- — Thrown Ashes, Pot & Pearl Bfualla Cochineal Cortex Feruvianus Corn, Grain, & Flour. . . . Currants ....*. Flax Hemp Hides Iron Linens Oil, Olive Raisins Skins & Furs Spirits, Brandy &Geneva Tobacco Wines Im- ported. 2,»04,688 0.')7,208 441<251 100,213 20,780 180,160 90,035 2,983 2,9f»2 08,476 6,477,419 2,754,861 32,010 428,208 63,320 220,032 15,134 541,637 0,241,561 04,085 1,067,265 i 431,570 380,005 202,630 315,615 10,862 41,000 103,411 1,082,554 542,845 675,528 131,272 24,030 114,800 136,893 259,830 360,080 328,322 Re. exported. 74,002 633,771 1,020,801 270,554 26,055 104,580 28,000 33,430 32,108 09,641 728,184 1,871,042 26,792 551,467 53,827 123,498 14,896 8,417 707,312 78,596 13,801 13,700 823 02,256 7,519 257,958 15,238 21,007 9,221 71,072 37,823 2,586 39,208 4,078 32,824 231,760 107,431 . 148|886 Duty. vide Exc. 40,237 30,582 vide Exc. 3,568 1,618 6,277 2,180 14,302 4,091 4,022,782 vide Excise, 130,031 11.103 11,108 11,130 320,365 34,516 711,491 26/130 *Rh 160,778 Seed 0,049 >Shiir 4,782 »Smal 10,310 'i';,lJo 208,040 1 Ti/ub 12,003 —- 1 247,372 Ti)rpu 40,818 Wax, 68,004 ♦Wha 25,022 Wool, 60,098 Uiiem 170,777 A 37,580 127,307 ^ vide Exc. w^m 1^ -%^ ^u ♦ -• 0- 77*6 Re - exportntlons of the following Articles are not enu* meratrd, being Imported chUjiy for Home Consumption, the ventre dotiimn is therefore here appropriated to the value of the Imports in the preceding Year. Articles, Continued. Alniomls Annotto Hark Oak & Qucrcitrun. ♦Horax Hriinstonu Kiifttles HiUter *Ciunphor ............ Cheese .,.•.. Cork •ElipljantsTeetU *Guins, ]iae,&c.,*,..a Senega), Ace,* • • • • • iHiiij^lass ...••• ..•.•• j«ii(ip •••••« •••••• Juniper -Berrici .••••• fiemonH&OrangcB •• Liileu Yarn ....»» •• Li(|iiorice Juice « Madders & Mad.Rootf. •Mahogany , •Molasses .•.•«.•••••• •Oil, Castor *Palm ..,, Pitch & Tar Quicksilver , ivaga ...,«, •••••• •Rhubarb Seeds of all Sort* Shnmac ...♦♦» , Smalts •«•••• Tallow ....♦, ,.♦,,, Timber, Pine, &c - — DealsJDeai £nJs,&c liirpentine Wax, Bees .,,,. ♦Whalebone , Wool, Sheep &Lanib. Unenumcrated ) .1822, Articles. ( 1823. S K.^ 1833. 22. . 21. ^ 1820. Id. IS. Impurtki). 1823 I 1822 14,1U2 7,382 223,317 81,165 75,427 32.052 168,001 4,98tf 138,530 33,727 1»,569 9,451 IM),703 47,886 31,182 5,853 24,183 57,590 317,242 3t,099 475,053 115,744 126,342 . 10,869 66,493 122,091 78 32,756 38,388 204,681 30,977 9,950 849,550 482,447 199,758 141,521 33,713 153,141 678.524 1,650,064 34,544,246 29,401,408 29,724,174 31,484,109 26,655,095 354Bl9«79i 17,023 11,214 139,225 25,268 42,232 3i7,121 103,187 165 111,292 33,082 12,235 9,910 59,153 i 28,754 21,459 4,728 10,718 52,119 229,325 22,712 541,855 141,893 50,826 20,935 63,853 116,921 92,934 32,523 36,653 198,297 16,166 13,494 8S8,731 416313 192,337 95,104 24,665 72,128 695,725 1,163,579 1,043,853 8,588,990 9,211,928 10,602,090 10,525,026 9,879,236 I0^35j800 Duty. 13,396 1,686 32,549 1,720 20,701 24,350 121,613 1,001 48,4&1 14,370 8,616 15^50 38,025 4,657 3,883 6,108 98,572 2,751 21,254 47,058 80,082 80,380 8,003 8,832 14,197 10,107 11>022 4,3ir 85,54r 6,840 14^35 113,473 607,722 840,128 58,074 12,615 2,351 457,729 190,859 10,854,768 9,732,197 9,403,613 8,856,929 9.481,135 I0j053,931 242 An account of all Mkackandisi Imported into IRELAND, in the .Year 1833, didtiDguishing tlie Prupurtion Imported from GRKAT BRITAIN, from tbe proportion Imported from ali otiivr parts of the Wcrld, and also the Amount of Cttsiom.f Duty paid on cucli Article Imported in each of tiie three Years, IH21 - 3. Articles. JmporttU from Great Britain er parts Appurcl Asiies Pot & Pearl Barrilla Bark, Oak Beer & Ale Blankets Books Brass Ware Cab.&Uphol.^are Carpeting I Coacliea I Coali I CottonSfCalicoes .. i Mnslins f Stockings..*, it AliOttiers ....j) Drapery,Old New .... Eartlienvrare Fish, Herrings .... Glass, Bottles All other Sorts.... Haberdashery .... Hats Hides & Skins .... Hops A &p€sr« ••• ••••••• Plata & Jewellery .. Sidlery... dftiC ••••It* ■••••• ^ ^ Ribbands ^ f Trimmings, &c. h) ^Mix'dMrilhCott, oS 3 Do. Worsted Stockings, Worsted Tin Platesjron & > Hardware 3 Sugar & Molasses . . Refined Cocoa & Coffee .... Pepper Tea Tobacco SPIRITS, Rum .. Brandy Geneva Arrack, &c 152,483 28,766 11,106 I AUoth. Custvms liutih u,wn 466,436 110,080 40,407 621,074 108380 40,021 92,171 93,474 45,2101 57,51'» 49,206 31,532 201,584 220,616 240,546 339,016 322,720 115,068 1,030 -£• — 122,102 25^5 .i 82 '4 ■4 . ^ ■ s 09 352 V. i:;- 11,160 15,929 5,185 •76 396,297 6,127 4i977< 1821. — £ — 3,5«7 1,245 30,6,9^ «0 'M\ S30 mi 365 808 058 8T2 4,357 9,305 4,983 1138 .1,561 , 617 113 708 172 54,378 534 360 1,075 2,779 2370G 6,47.4 3^10 837| 314 1,103 2,5» 4i774 2,441 1,900 766 \^n 35S 450 66,870 13,118 \^ 904 8,875 39*^ 5,136 12,795 384,137 75» 12,318 17,579 440,139 ir7,3(rt 11,534 13,9J4 rjm 336 Win*'* Skc(I. Fl:ix,6kC Tallow .., 'ilMitKR.Fir&Oak Di!iils ^ EikU .... All otli«r sorts.. .. Mithugaiiy [ineuta Watches &, Move- Yarn, Cotton & Twist Flax Hemp ^Silk Wool, Cotton Sheep'St ^c. Other Articles of Do. Articles of Lux. CI. C Do.ofFancy&Ta. D Spices vide Class F Drugs Do. Do. G Unenumerated Artie. | 1.271,484 1.1426 120,120 2!i,i»(M 2,^188 125 1,641 12,057 132,536 500 4,925 15,858 04,115 • • 46,233 l«)i),3.'S5 81,11.1 83,.'}5rl 16,222 4,746 20,388 10,180 93,201) 102,748 200,007 10.101 9,11S 32,03.) 75,3(MJ 6,320 10,686 4,832 3:t 8,7S0 24,840 8,265 •/91 17,430 18,813 7,062 2,7.') I 5,750 0,122 iHS.oir I0,77i 7, .".2(1 ^^,l03 59,105 7,9U 6,027 93 ,135 2i4J3 6,768 340 23,102 16..567 6,924 3,134 5,480 13,653 180,76.1 8,5 lU 7,:i53 28,003 63,127 7,467 13,400 4,742 23 14,440 21,(if5 9,31*1 u6 as 68 18,422 7,857 S,04« 8,8t: The following are the TOTALS of Imports, CtJSTOMS Duties, & Ex PORTS, irteacAo/f Ac Ten Years, 1814 — 23, distinguishing the proportion Imported from GREAT BRITAIN, from the pro- portion Imported from ail other parts of the VVorla. Years, 1814 15 16 17 18 19 1320 1 2 3 Great Britain Imported from 5,553,239 4,471,774 3,643,126 4,754,839 6,065,060 6,302,726 4,242,650 6,479,807 5,509,200 4,813,532 all oth- er parts 1,134,493 1,165,343 1,070,619 880,336 1,033,660 1,093,247 954,542 1,068,708 1,098,287 1,207,443 TOTAL 6,687,732 5,637,117 4,693,745 5,&14,175 6,098,720 6,395,973 6,197,200 6,548,520 6,607,444 6,020,976 Customs Duties — i*— Exports Official Value, 2,009,677 2,104,739 2,000,658 1,670,552 2,017,695 1,992, -J)3 1,711,770 6,114,879 6,360,200 6,642,261 6,412,892 i;.! 36,950 o'yf 08,583 7,089,442 7,703,858 6,772,000 8,091,060 "/« addition to the commercial interest, which the above State* ^i^nt, may be considered as possessing, it will serve also as an ample elucidatio?i of the miseries of the Irish people ; whilst the imports indicate a decrease, the Exports will ')e seen to indicate a considerable Increase. On referring to the following Statement % EXPORTS, it will be teen, that, like the Cotton Fabrics of ^nsflandf as the quantity JSotyported has increased, the Values have progressively decreased, and the products of IRELAND, being to a great extent Exportbd/ot the benefit of an extemive Uflw.9 of Non-Resident Proprietors, and other Incumbents of fixed Money Incomes, as the Value of the products decrease, a greater quantity is, of course requtredjo sustain the Jixe4 Mo- ^^y demands. i 2U An aecount tjftht ?ROliV0T8»in\ Afmufactures, of IRELAND, Exported from theiictt» to nil parts of the Worldi in thts Year 1823. ditiiin- M Tiitt Prupurilou Kxportud CAtthtOJficialliuttsofVa suiahlnK f to (riiuAT Bhiya .m j tuatlon, which on a ctunua- ■ Uoi. Cz~ inCt To all other partti. J rlson of one year with uiuu K wnbcr^ 3 TOTAL ' ( thvr dcnoU QUA NTIT Y. 4 The Real Value of the aanie, computed at the Average Current Prices, Articles, •s"?^ No. 1 No. 'i No. 3 B ") Wheat C >Outs .. O 3 Barley 'i (Wheat SsJOat .. i3 1 Butter .2 Bacon •J Beef .. £ > Bread £ I Pork X I Tongues CA J Hogs- Lard 1 Oxen&Cows .... VHogs Sheep l* New .,., Glass. Oaudles Soap... Spirits . ^ 5 I S :« Flax Feathera Sheeps Wool.... Calf Skius ►Hides Rape Seed Kelp Tallow Copper-Ore All other ) Articles, > TOTALS. Do of S33 Native .... Forcitj;u. .... 61,036 M,3()'i 77,795 89,7H0 61,883 84,078 150,502 16 I6$,86i> la 170,577 14 475,370 1823 22 21 20 10 18 17 655,rs« 026,((55 18,132 344,948 29,474 015,713 472,'29H 111,HU 360 116,920 830 82,670 22^,420 76,420 50,0i0 2,054,665 21,274 347,607 73,730 15,866 3,187 253 330 111,303 50,008 26^147 46,418 7,878 37,423 4,266 4,193 1,427 0,498 201,3.73 46,727 7,377,934 6,132,203 7,1 17,200 6,670,817 5,186,255 5,760,635 5,668,493 5,233,260 5,327,750 5,375,413 2,705 1,097 723 8,625 876 107,163 2,992 25,005 7,«»53 49,21H> 616 0i970 WS 4 106 103,0.13 04 100,458 3,302 155 0,894 17,477 7,980 255 206 320 47 1,202 67 ^ 246 .^5,469 14,908 674,817 603,706 664,452 600,406 584,210 78 50,274 20,767 46,418 7,J«6 38,625 4,266 4 '560 1,672 0,408 376,822 61,636 8,152,750 0,825,909 7,781,653 7,170,223 5,770,465 6,521,020 6,563,454 6,208,123 6,531,860 6,500,240 No. 4 032,345 23,0/3 324,431 63,018 1,022,007 65«,4;{7 lOO.OJ? l-^.rjjio 302,1«7 3,70'i 00,316 2P1,17» 133,849 08,138 2,876,030 24,1)81 204,(M8 71,347 Vim 10,394 24,U(i2 8,805 lOi),l05 115,729 7.'),'2rtfl 65,074 11,()38 45,505 6,0(i9 \\,m 2,340 25,010 473,4'20 01,U36 9,757,.'507 7,925,539 0,985,852 10,308,495 0,800,069 1,800,038 0,670,887 8,076,840 11,502,230 13,006,U6S ELAND, iH'ia. \tes of Fa- I a comyu- wUh uno' NTITV. e Averagt No. 4 ~ 032,345 2;j,u/3 324,4:M ca,uirt 1,922,907 11»(),»17 302,l»r a,7(i'i 0U,316 5M>1,I7» 133,849 58,138 2,876,050 24,081 204,648 71.347 13380 10,394 24,U(J2 8,805 10D,lo5 115,720 7.'),2rt6 i;5,074 11,038 45,505 ((,009 11,530 2,340 25,010 473,4*20 6]»036 1 1"^ ilV) 0,757 ,r)07 7,1>25,539 9,985,852 10,398,495 9,809,(H5!> 11,860,938 10,670,887 8,070,840 11,502,230 13|096,06S ArtkUs. 1 2 8 4 A 6 7 Cottons WouMonn Tiiuvns Silkii Cotton Yurii Iron 6c Stciul [factureg BraiR ik GopptT Mmhu- 8 Tin Unwroii(;lit [ware Tin PlatiiS 6l Pevter- 10 Hurdwareaft Cutlery 11 Plate Jtiwellury & 12 Leather [Watchea 13 — SudltT^ & Hurn«HH 14 Earthenware Glass Ware ... Lead & Shut , B'acon & Hams Beef & Pork. SaUed\ IDBeci&Ale 20 Bread 8c Biscait .... 21 Batter & Cheese .... 22 Corn Meal it F onr . . 23 Fish, Herrings, &c. . . 24 OWt Whale,,,. 25 Coals 26 Salt 27 Alam .. [holstrry 28 Cabinet-W art's & Up. 29 Haberdashery it Mil. SO Stati«nery«,of all sorts 31 Musical instruments 32 Hats, Beaver 6l Felt 83 . Sllk,&c Id 10 17 18 34 Soap 8c Candles .... 35 Ho|js & Heeds ...... 36 Whalebone 37 Tobacco Manufactared 38 Cordage 39 Saltpetre, Refined . . 40 Molasses 41 llefined-Sugar . .... 42 Uncnumeratcd Articls 1H14. U\^. iH'i.l. 10,533,529 4,031,(VI7 1,524,157 173,.M3 1,119,850 897,0!U» 80,570 211,932 280,413 158,074 158,427 7fl,»03 78-195 154.105 84,833 51,509 128,752 82,912 100,980 56,909 219,215 232,276 45,087 144.035 352,734 9,365 107,475 32,691 189,732 55,124 226,997 l4'i,13B 124,499 11,165 29,035 1,554 81,826 23,178 77,27' 1,513,805 2,276,764 21,480,791 7,122,571 1,990,074 224,873 808.853 950,423 059,919 87,0.)i) 805,207 809.914 252,931 158,364 122,014 127,1S4 213,727 152,152 51,170 121,tt:*7 05,369 61,168 60,466 281,000 253,049 20,540 106,354 330,708 10,038 128,480 37,083 197,352 72,175 240,002 84,792 188,090 14,733 9,162 620 06,019 9,793 05,128 1,588,253 2,409,578 Total Bri. Pro. & Mann. 33,280,580 41,712,802 Colvniul& Foreign 19,157,818 15,708,434 Grand Total of Exports. 152.359,808 157,428,436 •#• The annexed is the quantity and^ 1822 Value of Bri. Pra. 4 Man nfacture 2 1 Bxporti'd in each of the five Years >1820 1818 - 2tt,/#r Colonial ^ For. Pro. \ 19 Kc-exyoried, Vide Stat, of Imports) 18 24,117,519 5,537,440 2,05^,0»8 140,321 2,425,410 I 203,872 557,1)14 94,059 229,129 527,227 203,807 126,980 88,230 02,004 143,822 117,447 28,830 07,534 65,057 fi7,702 64,8»' |i!0;5f3 262,274 20,504 216,694 260,303 7,5^6 71,187 21,227 150,916 48,408 205,320 13,170 167,523 28,958 15,227 1,058 74,002 75,432 225 1,125,787 1,755,540 43,144,466 8,588,696 Kual Viii. € 13,751,415" 5,031,659 2,095',574 350,880 2,025,947 87Hi91H 543,018 127,775 231,121» 1,074,084 210,031 301,022 88,230 398,438 604,030 247,884 28380 125,143 238,510 63,325 152,780 62,800 237,085 83,310 100,504 182,207 4.780 71,187 272,610 158,010 48.40^ 2tt3,532 19,417 183,130 19,064 I 23,163 13,875 145,180 33,000 321 886,910 2,207,500 34,091,124 Jri,733,l63 43,558,490 4(),194;893 37,818,036 32,923,575 H,063;527 141,188,240 36,176,867 35,826,082 35,508,670 14,248,495 '246 STATEMENT of Uie Quantity of MERCHANDlZi: Imported into all the Ports of CKKAT HIUTAIN, from all parts of the World (except Ireland) in eacli Year since 1791 ; di9tina;uishing the Proportion Import- ed in each Year, from the East Indies 66 China, and the West Indies ; according to the Oiiicial Kates of Valua- tion of the Hoard of Customs ; adopted in 1G94. ^ Year!* 17i)2 S 4 5 6 7 a 9 1800 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 1810 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1820 1 2 31 Ji'axf [lutie i^ China. '2,701, .517 3,499,0i24 4,4.58,473 .5,760,810 3,.*>72,689 3,94!^,384 7,6t>6,9,'K) \4,284,«0;) 4,9!^4,'276 .5,424,J4!2 .5,794,907 6,348,887 5,314,620 6,072,160 3,746,771 3,401,509 5,848,649 3,363,025 4,708,413 4,106,251 5,602,320 British JV. Indies. 4,182,066 4,392,158 4,782,616 4.099,291 3,940,345 4,270,888 5,411,962 6.149,514 7,352,510 8,418,153 8,471,327 6,010,062' 7,595,5.S0 6,636,668 8,739,085 7,919,988 8,716,918 7,(i07,693 8,166,046 8,346,911 7,189 936 The Accounts all destro 7,000,000 7,000,000 7,500,000 7,687,278 7,337,690 7,537,563 7,662,648 6,233,571 5,106,401 8,200,50r) 8,371,193 7,428,617 8,026,927 8,347,2.'U> 7,887,669 8,011,335 8,067,477 7,719,764 All Other Parts, 12,774,735 11,365,536 13,047,803 12,876,788 15,874,286 12,800,685 14,818,998 16,403,113 18,275,820 18,956,605 17,143,764 15,606,902 16,397,631 17,636,783 16,.355,004 17,487,342 15,067,608 22,798,767 28,256,096 16,178,160 15,804.907 yed by Fire in ' 17,420,234 16450,860 14,446,303 13,902,115 20,124,862 14,229,668 15,943,908 15,413,126 16,575,126 TOTAL. 19,659,358 19,256,718 22,288,894 22,736,889 23,187,320 21,013,957 27,857,890 26,837,432 30.570,606 32,799,800 I 31,409,998 27,995,856 29,207,782 30,345,611 28,840,860 28,807,839 29,633,165 33,769,558 41,130,555 28,631,322 28,597,163 this Year. 32,620,740 31,822,0.53 26,374,920 29,91 6,.'320 35,819,798 29,654,900 31,517,891 29,724,174 29,401,807 34,544,246 I'' 'J\7 rHB/ollowingisaSTA7"MENTo/the Quantity of GRAIN « FLOUR, which fiyrmc i vjrt of the Int/yorta into alt tfte Ports of GREAT BRITAIN from all the other parts aa stated in the 3«i . Column of the preceding Statement, in each Vear since I7lii. dis- tinguishing the proportion of ^i heat from all other Grain: and the Average price of Wheat on the l.vf. of January and the 1st, of July in each Year, f:^ In IHW ali Foreign Grain J^ Flour tvat prohibited Importation, for Home i'on.sumptlon, until the Quar- terly Average Prices should exceed the Rates as stated below. f Quarters of IVheat, Qrs. of all Oth, Grain. Cuts, of Flour, t A VKRAGE PRICES. Jan. 1. JulyV YuarH 18,931 623,667 7,767 415,736 673,405 211,588 316,086 650,162 13,013 274,522 389,417 124,329 820,381 749,996 238,132 420,414 369,910 % 2,785 378,740 515,279 1,734 430,274 223,660 64,234 1,174,523 863,242 343,870 1,186,237 901,387 1.123,714 470,698 280,306 252,736 224,055 283,429 309,569 386,194 639,561 17,072 821,164 344,108 54,566 136,763 187,493 248,927 215,776 108,480 504,213 35,780 70,971 19,919 245,774 385,463 498,747 1,304,577 248,652 475,998 179,645 85,968 32,581 115,811 128,021 53,038 340,846 123,368 5,262 900,601 331,848 81,745 134,462 136,000 207,368 202,305 106,120 25,726 716,515 753,665 1,114,379 1,410,075 1.939,843 604,823 *4*The Importation of Grain Sf flour in 1819 4; 20 was considerable : vide specification of the Official Value of Imports 1814 - 1823. But there has been no authentic Return of theQuan tity of Grain 4 Flour more in detail. The prohibitory rate for Home Con 42 47 49 55 89 55 51 49 139 75 57 52 86 75 76 69 90 102 94 106 119 76 65 53 104 85 79 64 53 45 39 55 4 2 8 7 10 9 5 2 7 6 1 3 2 11 9 5 4 6 7 7 10 7 8 7 10 4 5 1 11 11 11 2 sumption has been 80*; W Qr.for Wheat, and other Grain 39 51 51 77 81 49 50 64 134 129 67 60 52 89 81 73 81 88 113 86 140 116 67 67 73 109 84 78 69 51 42 60 61 2 3 8 2 5 8 4 4 5 8 5 4 1 10 5 1 1 4 11 9 9 10 8 1 4 10 6 10 6 2 6 1792 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1800 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 1810 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1820 1 - 2 3 1824 in pro* 248 fEXPOSlTIOJTortlie Commerce of the United Kivgu I Great Britain and Ireland, during; the six Years 1817 — i ; I with ASIA, AFliICA, and North ^ South AMERICA. fi^ tf a o ^ tiJ ,H © 53 H o ^ CD w {^ .S ..'^. o »2 sr! ^ Ol o iO «> rH (M 0^ OV 0) o o .2 2 oo«^ t; th o ^ g.sa 5Zi? 0) a s 1 o o> ^ ®< VU$UO[} CO 00 CO c> (yi c-t T-H Tj^ '-0 O -H ©< O^ i-i b- c> ifi t* ^ i> 00 CO C4 O^ 00 r-t 0> CO rH 1*0 a ■H 0% VO O O -H a» N CO 00 ■«** f^lg 00 00 GO i<0 vo •* OO -^ iO O CO O l> CO T-l '■O en in o 09 O Srt +J ^~ ^ -«?• ^ (?» GO lO ©» CO ^O tH CNCO00t-IN.U0»OCC00 »HrH CO ^iCT-*ir5'<:j<0> VOO^0000«Oi>.O^C» ©*C0C0fc*t^^t>© rH <0 r}» rH ^ ri ^l>®*TH00^^COiO '^'^00O>Oi COGOGOCOOOOr^OOO CO^OiVOXOS^liOOON COi>^TH©»XOr}»0000 C0C000^'Hts.(3^ co^*OT-l1-lcoo>^T^ ©Q^00OC0T^t>iCT}« N. e< CO in 00 i» «o — GO ^ 0> CO 00 o , ... _ l> <3* CO CO -^ O rH -. O 00 ©^ nO>Tf*if5rHC0 c^Got^oo^OiOinco <0<0©*-HCOiO «0 rH ^ 00 tH tH ^ 00 Ok ■^^Ob-O^OOGDiHCOOO iOincocoi>.-^©»o>co . •« ^ •> •> •> •* t\ N> GO 00 in t« 1-4 H CO •H u o • 03 • 4) • s • ? • B :< • a ir! *- s US en a c. a CO! 01 o © s CO , 00 0> OS' ft 00 IN <* o •t 00 u . cog a a. . 1^ 0% rH rH rH O C is Oi OC N l> O rH 3^ VC in o oc -fj* to "^ '^ d KivQ;u. 8 1817^-^] CO iO th ^O 05 CO 'O ^ o> "^ ^ o O^ CO ^ CO if5 a> ^ ■»}< OO O) Oi ^ ^ #1 r-t 00 O lO 00 N * 00 03 c ^ fe ®< ^ ^ rH b* iO tP O © tH ;o o 00 M O) -^ 5 T-( GO 5 io CO 00 Oi -J op 00 f^ O^ CO ifl 249 EX'pOSITION of the Commerce of the UniteA Kingdom o/ Great Britain and Ireland with EUROPE, during the six Fear* 1817 — 1822. \ ^ m CO 00 f» CO o» CO CO e t CO ^ e* CO R €N O O CO 00 GO o 00 O to <0 GO ^ T-t ©J t» a» Tt< th io •\ •« «s «% ^ O 00 o tJ* CO ^ -4 to o o "* ifi o th e« ®« ©« wo (JO s o ./■w\^. ./^w^«^. OiT-trHOOa»GOiOO^'*^Cb.O(MiCtO i-(OO'»-i00OrH(N^©*"^t>tOl>©^'H N.OiOOO®*C>00»b.COO>i>a>OOOOOv Nb»00©)«0'^(N'HT^'«*r^-^(MiOO> rH3OOi©«©O»CG0G^*^oocao C> iO i* to K GO -^ Oi ^ b- VTi to C?^ Ci 1/5 O^ CO O 00 IlO e< "* -^ ®* ©^ »0 ©« tH T-< tH 0>C0Ot0fc*"*C0 1H ©<3^tOG0 9<'*00T}<-H00 OTHiOOOTftGOOO-HO^-HN-GOe^OrHtO cotoa>N.fc*ooo>o^tooooGOOT-^t^(^(ooc^<^^cot•tot*a>T}^to iOtO00'^G0iC©T^ •HC0T}.Otf5 COtOW tOrJHCOtO THr^tOCOiO^a. jc ifsi^n o^ g©< i> to to >H 00 C\ CO 00 lO N tH to 0> iO h- O 00 to o> so tH tH CO to 00 to CO tH N. 00 to 00 o» ^ rt •« «s to ©* to o O 'sJ* O N. to T-l to ift ^KtOOOb-GOO©* OGO'itOOOOiCiOOi vO-^tO(N©tob.»Haicococo »o 0> 0^ ©) OO tH 0J| CO ^ o CO 00 5M (N 00 lO to ^ CO wo 00 GO 00 GO ©^ 00 i^ ;s •~ r^ « -r « .'^ ^ ^ 5 8 s » ^ s ^ ^o ^^-^ I ill 'I ft as e ♦- S 230 STATEMENT shewing the progrefysive increase in the Quantity of British Produce 6c Manufactures Exported, in each Year since 1797, and their progres- give Depreciation in Money Vahie since 1807, at the Ex pence of the Labourer and Artizan, in a Reduction ot their Wages without any corresponding Equivalent. British Produce and Manufactures /Exported. Years. Quantity Real Value. £ 33,148,682 1798 19,672,503 1799 24,084,213 38,912,498 1800 24,304,284 39,471,203 1 25,719,930 41,770,354 2 27,012,108 48,500,683 3 22,252,102 40,100.870 4 23,934,292 40,349,642 5 28,003,308 41,068,942 6 27,403,653 43,242,176 7 25,190,762 40,479,766 8 26,292,288 40,881,671 9 35,107,429 50,242,671 1810 34,940,550 49,975,634 11 24,109,931 34,917,281 12 31,243,363 43,657,864 13 32,000,000 43,000,000 14 33,200,580 43,447,372 15 41,712,002 49,653,245 16 34,774,520 40,328,940 17 39,235,397 40,337,118 18 41,963,527 45,188,250 19 32,923,575 34,248,495 1820 37,818,036 35,568,670 1 40,194,893 35,826,082 2 43,558,490 36,176,897 3 43,144,466 34,691,124 Value which the Quantities^ should have obtained ■£' Annual Depreciation in Value. ♦j,* Although tiie remanera- tiou for labour was reduc ed one half during these 10 Years, there was no mate- rial alteration in the value of their products, the red- uction having been trans- ferred to profits : The Qua ntity exported annually av eragcs £24,357,271. and the Value £ 40,707,491. up on which data the calcula tions below are founded. 44,977,204 59,156,950 58,875,740 40,625,864 52,645,882 54,000,000 55,943,845 70,285,814 58,595,975 66,112,670 70,709,640 55,477,084 63,724,380 67,729,446 72,500,192 71,811,077 4,095,533 8,914,688 8,900,106 5,708,583 8,988,018 11,000,000 12,496,473 20,632,569 18,267,035 25,775,562 25,521,391 21,228,600 28,155,710 31,903,364 36,323,295 37,119,953 Aggfegate Depreciation iw the'lQ Years 1908 — 22 on comparison with the average Value of the \ £ 293,482,192 previous 10 Years 1798 — 1807. 3 Do. Do. compared with tlie Value cf the Yrs. 1802-3 365,031,337 ^ There was no authentic return of Real Value prior to 1798, the fatal system of despoilment from the fair reward for labour however com- menced in 1793.— Vide Report of the Select Committee of Artieans appointed to enquire into the causes which have led to the extreme rediution in the remuneration for labour and the calamitoa3 distreM • consequent thercupun. 2d[ STATEMENT shewing the Total Quantity, in tes. vfiigbt of Raw Sc Thrown Silk, Sheep & Lamb's Wool, & COTTON WOOL, and Cu)f#. of SUGAR, Imported hito all the Ports of GRFAT BRITAIN trom all parts of the W orld, in each of the Twenty -four Years 18(X)--1823. Haiv 4; Thr&ivn Years. 1800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1810 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1820 1 2 3 SVicep^ Lamb^s' SILK. 1 Woo:^ tbs. — lbs. 1,0S>4,588 960,751 939,030 1,206,350 1,414,478 1,616,416 1,300,984 1,130,095 717,843 1,014,529 1,703,382 604,638 2,022,104 1,904,002 2,113,095 1,725,534 1,096,923 1,103,757 2,234,680 1,536,085 2,301,265 2,455,390 2,745,803 2,460,000 8,609,38 7,369,993 7,622,970 5,889,834 7,909,552 8,079,964 6,763,622 11,473,660 2,279,956 6,782,620 10,931,667 4,732,546 6,992,984 *8,500,000 15,490,200 13,634,522 7,517,487 14,051,788 24,720,139 16,095,000 9,770,103 16 630,306 19,048,879 Cotton Wool -lbs. 77,393,600 59,922,000 70,506,355 72,229,537 75,157,630 86,206,870 2.2,676,740 117,775,430 136,570 735 91,602,435 63,027,570 49,820,530 59,745,373 96,720,370 94,140,332 125,132,230 177 ?o/,375 150,735,728 143,637,325 128,573,275 139,797,735 180,233,795 3,641,309 3,753,485 4,001,200 4,808,663 3,917,543 3,763,423 ♦4,000,000 4,035,328 3,987,782 3,760,548 3,795,430 3,965,940 4,077,009 4,062,540 4,200,856 3,623,122 18,000,000 **• Jn addition to the quantity of Raw Material exhibited in the above STATEMENT, there has also been Im.portku on an Aver age of several years past about 50,000,000%s. weight of FLAX annuxzlly, and the internal growth oS Shkep'sWool maybe estimated at about 120,000,000 Bis. weight ^ Annum, making an aggregate (quan- tity of Raw Material of about 340,000,000 tt^. annually worked into Cloths and Stuffs, of every texture and quality, in Great Bri- tain alone, from whence they are distributed over every part of the Habitable Globe. This unparalleled extent of Mechanical Opeka- TiON within so narrow a space, in all its various and ramified combination,; of Sco^\ BRING, Carding, Spinning, Twisting, Dyeing, Weaving, Bleaching, Staining, Packing, &:c &:c. is effected by the manual labour of lejss than 2,500,000 Persons. The STEAM and other artificial Power employed in the epera- tioiipting equal to the manual labour of about 35,000,0.06 Persons. 252 STATEMENT of the Qunntitv of ail kinds of G RAIN, jLINSEED, malt & flour hroii^it to the LON- DON Market in each of the Twelve Veais, 1812-23. QUAttTEKS of 8 Busheh, or al)oiit I 450 ILs. of Tears. I Wheats 1812 13 14 16 Id 17 18 19 1820 1 3 lOlS 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1820 1 2 3 480,140 656,426 768,021 471,840 511,697 681 ,495 1,001,370 443,433 636,517 529,004 471,852 377.567 390 U>s.o/ 320 lis. qf Oats. i'00,173 29'J,578 282,805 230,592 311,695 597,028 755.639 725,009 842,572 838,133 716,689 of It ye. I Jieans. 544,893 [1,232,767 383,786 f 887,705 253,459 242,070 251,457 1,150,833 748,045 801,079 168,361) 856,809 33,582 12,978 3,415 2,259 3,094 17,201 13,689 5,021 1,063 2,312 81,692 76,644 91,767 106,616 109,951 93,176 145,941 159,388 74,633 106,688 450 fts. of Peas. 2,128 104,250 820 1 77,965 FLOUR, 36,492 46,726 44,007 62,016 47,398 61,614 73,794 48,102 50,223 52,653 55,771 61,920 350 lbs. 0/ soofbt. 1 Sacks Barrels Linseed. I of Malt. 1 0/280 lbs. 0/ 106 ft 108,868 134,334 289,902 75,874 164,840 388,955 103,136 171,987 399,502 59,298 177,804 362,828 • 33,602 146,125 338,049 97,781 151,123 319,480 102,841 129,104 183,964 369,733 18,347 64,860 162,406 381,986 13,200 87,054 193,966 406,849 43.124 66,101 216,220 447,759 9,734 79,H2 241,393 440,991 2,530 78,038 212,239 489,973 6,226 *^* By the above Statement the Supply of Wheat appears to have been considerably less in 1823, than in any of the Eleven preceding Years, notw'*kstanding an increase in the No. of Consumers since l&ll. as 1274 ?o 1050. The supply o/TFloub however appears to have increased, though not in proportion to the increased No. of Consumers, with reference to which, and in conjunction with the Supply of Animal Food in the fol- lowing Page, and of Malt & Tea, in a succeeding Page ; the whole seem to deserve the most set ious consideration, on the part of every friend to Humanity, in so far, as amid the most unqualified and reit 1799 — 1802,/or a Population of 900,000 was J 123,293 Do. 1818— 1822 /or £fo. of 1,264,000 {138,076 Quantity required by increase of Population 1 174,037 J *nual privation of Supply in proportion to Do. f^ { WfiQl \ Sheep, 786,7311 1,061,709 1,114,370 «2,«6* . ■ ■»*' ■» Coinpar.'itlvc Vicv of the Importation and Coiisunn) lion ol' VV i.\ E, 1 »01 — 3, willi lb 19 — '^'i o 9i GO 00 00 o CO c ^ 00 'P5 ^ Q Ci »0 C C^ ^ 'P5 ^ Q Ci «0 V5 t'. rH O O ;?< ^ fr- C^ *0 3>< GO Xfi »H CO '-I <^>0 v: (N t^ O ■«!*< 00 ^ (N 't05Q» ®< lO 0'' JOtHQfHOOK^OC'HTi •fi o^ •« ^ if5 if >ft T^ O ^ Tf 'O w\ v% v^ v^ a^ v« v« »^ ^ A % ooa>®^'ticp»o o^oo^'n«"*^® 3^ 00 o CM rH 03 T-l a> tH O »0 ■^ O fc^ 0> 00 <0 00 CO <0 0> 00 00 tH ©» ,^ ^•» _•» •» #» ^ •* ^ 0> O^ rt« M XO GO 00 >0 'O h. CO 00 'O O ^O ©< ^ T^ ©* 0> 00 !N O 00 GO >fs »o »f5 O K ri CO ^ O ®< rj* VO CO 6- a> CO >0 fc* ^ ^_^^ •S ^ ^ 0S 9^ 0^ OOO^^ON^OOOifSr^ O^O^COO^OOCOtHGO iO O^is CO CO ^ «N vO"«*aioooov o t* eo 1^ "«* iC) t. CO TH 91 ^ v-i CO CO Q lO COT-ifc^if5(MCO«OiOOO ^ t^ -^ CO o 00 00 lO CO O^ VO GO ^O OS <7* '<^ ^ •<}* <«Jt Q^ ^ - 3J ^ o ^o o 00 O ©-» is 9< ©^ |^> rJH *0 •« *i «^ * C <0 lOlft ^ '-0 N a> 00 ic 'O •^ rH ^ a> Tf* O »« O CO &* iO CO b*' ^VN «t 4h «t ^ o »c >o »0 CO -T* Tl >n ys C> iO Oi »M OC GO CO r< K CO 0> © (N O ^ »f> XO Q* ^O CO O •^ •> •» O O O COffi© C0T-trH«*tO00KVO OOO-^GO'OOOOrH 0^ GO -H iJi tH •»f5 CO CO GO OOCCOKK'^COCO t^ |> ifS 3<( CO 0> (3^ GO ^IO^O^t-IVOtHCO (N ©> Crj CO IN tH ©< 'O <3^ «0 •s ^ ^."*rH^CO00^»0 tH0000K.O^»O ©< 00 O ^ 00 Tj4 00 •s •* ** •* a» rH fc» •ha ■♦<»••« >» ?c rn ""^ pH «0 5 i> e< 00 ^'^ ^ S5 ^o CO ^ •* *» ,^ -* 00 Q i2 <=^ ^ s a g c . o «<9 Average 22,346,2593 24,535,155 f 22,542,000 28,697,057 22,656,822 25,151,508 23,912,044 * By documents of an earlier period than those from which the abav and two preceding statements' have been compiled it appears, that the unnuai average Consumption of Mail during the fifty Years 1703— 1753. frai 96,365,460 Quarfer« «W«/fA«r(^iir<0r« 1713— 17M »i«i37,^8 JJo. 9i6 STATEMENT of the No. and Tonnage of Vesselk, Built and Reoisterki> In all the Ports of the BritishEmpirb in each of the Ten Years, 1814 — 1023, and of the No. and Tonnage with the No. of Men Navigating the same, belonging thereto on the 30th. day of September in each of those Years, according to the Accounts Annually pre. scnted to }*arliament. Vessels built and Registered in each. Year. Total hi' lone hi s to BRITISH EMPIRE. on the 30th. of Sep. in each Year, Years. No. 7b«t. No. 17,102 Tonnage. 2,088,214 Men, > England 524 69 539 131,112 a Scotland 156 14,563 2,783 241,578 17,933 M • Ireland 46 1,973 1,183 61,769 5,712 VGuernsy. 1 32 65 6,928 529 CO Jersey 1 34 62 6,794 ]643 Man 25 739 325 8,897 2,217 > Colonies 131 11,069 2'868 202,795 14,729 Tntnl* in 1814 864 97,949 24,432 2,616,965 172,785 15 1,183 128,543 24,863 2,681,276 177,327 16 1.274 117,403 25,801 2,783,943 178,827 17 1,082 104,429 25,346 2,664,986 171,035 18 1,059 104,366 25,507 2,674,468 173,633 19 1,125 112,173 25,482 2,666,396 174,375 1820 883 84,582 25,374 2,648,593 174,592 1 872 74,847 25,036 2,560,202 160,719 2 723 62,534 24,642 2,519,044 166,333 5 792 78,467 64,068 24,642 16,188 2,506,700 1,935,583 165,474 ^ England 468 120,850 fl Scotland 92 7,418 3,007 270.718 19,622 »H Ii-eland 34. 1,665 1,378 69,614 6,586 CO ^Guernsy 4 261 68 8,288 571 CO Jersey 2 216 114 11,261 1,062 Man 4 160 287 7,319 2,047 ^ Colonies 188 14,679 3,500 203.893 14,376 ♦♦* JJv the above Statement it appea »•* ) r that the Total No. & Tonnage oj f V No. 24,408 Ton*. 2,616,965 Vessels on the .30iA. of Sept. 1814. was J And that the No, Built in the 10 iUwaU »'857 065,288 from Jan 5, 1814 to the 5th. Jan.li Making a Total of 34,275 ^ 3,582,253 instead of which the No.& Tonna the SOth. of September, 1823, was Msking tb« Amt, lostdc broke up in I OE OH \ „ only i 2. he 10 Yrs. l,:42 • «,506,760 • 1,075,401 9,733 (^ . ' ^A ■ 'Si CO ^2.>7 STATEMENT uf the No. and Tonnag^e of Vc«•<^l)l, with the No. of Men einployml in iS'nvlgultng iljo Banic, which i'Uaml Outwardx, au«l Entered Innards f iron yll the Voru of (he United KinLdom of GllKAT BRITAIN JL (RICLAND, to ami trom h1! parts of the kVorld, (exclusive of the Interconrse htfueeu Crtiit Britain^ Ireland) in Mich of the fen Yian 1H14 — iH'i.'), (iiatln(;tiiBiiiiig the pioportinn of Foreign, from the Unfltk Sf, Irish, according to thu accounts annnally prcscntud to I'urtiiime'it, Cleared Outwards I I Entered Inwards Pi 55 C o Years No. 1814 8,620 15 8,7 9i 16 9,044 17 10,713 > 18 11,442 19 10,250 1820 10,102 1 9,797 2 10,023 J 3 9,666 1 1914 4,622 15 4,701 10 2,579 17 2,905 1 19 r >9 5,400 3,795 1820 2,969 1 2,626 2 2,843 J 3 3,437 Tonuuge. Men. No. 1,271,952 84,100 8,975 1,381,011 h8,5H6 8 880 1,310,277 86,651 9,744 1,558,336 07,362 11,255 1,715,560 106,610 13,006 1,562,802 97,267 11,974 1,5;U,.j08 95,849 11.285 1,^88,6 ^ 93,377 10,805 I,5:i9,2(i0 95,998 11,087 1,546,976 95,596 11,271 602,941 34,828 6,280 751,377 40,956 5,411 399,160 23,481 3,116 440,622 25,270 3,398 734,571 -40,191 0,230 556,041 30,333 4,215 433,326 24,545 .'J,472 Sti3,78fl 22,162 3,261 457,542 25,394 3,389 563,571 29-323 4,069 Tonnage. 1,290,248 1,372,108 1,415,723 1,625,121 1,986,394 1,809,12* 1,668,060 1,599,423 1,663,627 1,740,859 699,287 764,502 379,400 445,011 762,457 542,684 447,611 396,107 469,151 632,990 I Men. 83,793 86,390 90,11» »7,27S 111,880 107,55a 100.325 97,485 98,f80 112;^44 ar,37ff 44,000 25,345 27,04r 43,936 32,032 27,093 20,043 28,421 33,828 i^ The following Statement shews the proportion q/" Tonnage cleared Outwards, to each respective ConJitry,from all the Ports of GREAT BRITAIN, in the Year 1822, the Countries divided into ttvo Classes \st. Those with which the intercourse is maintained exclusively by British- Bri. North America British West ludies East Indies & China Whale Fishery ».,. South America .... Foreign West Indie Italy Gibraltar Africa Malta Turlcey Ionian Isles Total Tonnage 309,708 192,275 80,912 49,700 61,510 14,100 41,570 20,133 18,729 6,099 6,368 435 796,251 2nd. Those with wiiich the intereogrse is maintained both by British fy Foreign, Russia Germany France Belgium Portugal Spain Prussia Denmark Sw c; c5 5 CO « CO JO § ^ p^ >0 3J ?0 ^ t6 3D © t>. TO M M (N TO »n S M 'i!i tc »-< '55 sp h. C<»Ch.>,0C^5'-O5©fO0«O'N-"'~'^" ■~'^ "^ -^ e6 ^ « QD »o K o i-i 5^ "^ .an?c««ai5««'yi icoao»-r »-•?>» 'o^r)©(^^^t^.»'> M ^ nK fQ Ct >^ e* 9< CO (N »-« OD CO fO 00 o^ „ o ?o o ©cs«o«rt©« WiJOTSJasaMao n CO 1-4 r4<^® W "H "^ M 3K. «e ^' K « CC < ©*»OOM>3fO» «> 4g CO « # ^ flr©rt«fflK©!>?(Nt»(N?0O M * N fo ir* ■ .^ © 3- « fo CO o ^V M ^ «« ^* •i^ M A «> •« VN n •*«««•* OS c '^ t^ i^ flfi oo to lU^^CP .2:.- 3:2 SJ 1 3 « -1^ O CJ » S !.•? l-< l-< -« l"3 s to g2 IT f: ,_ II- Appropriation, and Expencc of Collecti(m of Excise Ue venue In each of the 7 Years 1 BIT -23 s u '3 9i ■c •a o > ^ %^ ^ bC Q) sc^: < a s »^ © ® t '\ i 1."; 'JS >-4 «^ — 0> ct . :>> c; M5 -T r} ro »>• •\ •v ^ < Ci o ) -o o It »\ #N I rt 1(^ .n QD fN ~4 O (N .-'5 ?< <=* o '= S •-« p ro C rs .■:» IN o 2} M 'O O §J ei t N- ■TO 45^ C? l.'^ !-< O 1-1 •■« '••J 00 o 00 CD ^3 05 S c- 1^ o or; »-. —' (7* irT »■ irf ^ 'N fg »2 »0 •-< 00 M rf (N 0^ 05 !>. © CJ^ -^ s ^ C5 >."5 O T 'C Oi C- »>• »f5 n M 7< Oj fO >0 'O OS FiN *t« a {>. c'i « *1 1-1 © -<• © O © © (O (M CO >."5 ifl T 'C Oi C-- »~» »*. C« rf< ""I 1" o (r» t> i-< h- C« rf< ""I f © C< .^ o •-« 'T © "I* •N Vt M *« 0> 'N t? OD C< (N iyJi © f-i U3 )» ;o •\ •% ^ n r-« Jt —« 1-* ^ . O CO O O »-< 1.-5 K. © 2 -• CO oD b. «r •N CO 'o © t^ J< CTv (?• 'N -< -f b. Ci "^ •O U 00 ?t »>. © '^ t^ »0 O •CT >< .> o n< o CO o t-l-TtoCC©©©!)^©* t^«Ci'^©©©io© to 7 ' 00 OJ i s? O i-i I-* (N ♦- :n rf O t? « u^ CO C5 rf fS rt M «s »\ o -< o 3" O GO O A © t^ 05^0 C5 « oi ^ -* -r © i» CD X 'H o; to ct re "-^ T©f5«H.-0't'«J^C0 w a K->OfO'M©©00>© "^^•-•^©roeoco (N>-»Oit©©0»*© « (N 7^ ;I CO 'N 00 I* O -» •V ** •* ^« I* »" »0 CC a CO ?« (?l 1" T © T ft a CO irt 00 »>. co'trp'raoTe©'-! CQ h." © .'O O N» «3* «* CO CO T}<'Nrt^^©«0'-OCO L'^C3a^©©©'T«^ QBf»C?(art?Jg©(^fN b. o © © c» j*© (£ © (JJI .-H © eo 05 >C O O >* O .-4 ^^ f^ f* gfi CO ^>o o©pM©co<^2''' 05 'T CO 10 CO flO ^ _ CO © «>• (N © 3g eo f- 5^ 54 © "T en »« 00 CO K iM © w. , •- CO i-« a> CO CO 1" t^ CO to >-4 T 94 N. CO "ii CO « 1-4 to n* ■-« 10 ©94 *1< • f,' CO CO © •f CO -T C CO t» O 1^ Oi SCO ^ »ft no floi-* *\ «\ «v m K 1^ © en o s ©o>'tc>»cr;o-45« rf OO n K W (N OO MC0C0i- ts »! *\ t% «^ h, oi K 5< "t; ^-^ •» CO 00 12 = ?2S®®©c^co c^ooco ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ v^ Ah ^ ^ a^ L #^ CO VI s *» -f CO ® o «9 <*ca^.«'!t' uo 1-4 rf ^ i-i CO a JO o 35 o> IN ^4 ^* © CO CO 1^ l-< « l-t CO i>4 w^ © 04 0S5 — "^ o«t< ,, "J rt 0-.5 « -3 -* o N > g gpo>-5eufcaj ^a'- >^ ^^ «<2i§gs^!« -So * P spoo*) uo <5 « '-S ^ ^ *^ •— ii «" - « £ *-Y7 c! ^ c c OJ ^li-^ tl -JLODS SEN §^3 260 STAMP DUTIES in GREAT BRITAIN in each of the Seven Years j 817 — 1823. 5 tt « s ^ t1 <" — « So «^ O O 0) • J* 02 u. o 55 Wis? _ ^_( '^ ©c "-' cc O *a GO o s U^ CO Ci^fi^ •5 N. t3 ^ 2 Ss s o «^'"^ I'- 0> «(N «D -f 10 '.•; CD «^ 05 c^ ir? iM n? f>. »rj 05 Oi i— (M © CO Ifl „, w N 1" -N 2J "^ c= (» CO a: -N •\ »% •\ ^ « '^< o ~ i-H IN r-i »• © «0 ««« (JO « o 10 so o IN cj -H g; — f 05 OR "T h» -N lO Of 1 S -N •> as ^ «\ vt ^ O ■'^ cc »^ 00 iN CO o — < Si CO '■ ©O."0i^5U>«00©«ON. C5 -f ^» t>. o -* -H irs C5 o •I" M OB Oft »r> N O »0 h. © -.r,o— »,-<«soo© *<»H(N •'' 52 3f '^ CO « JO c< p^ O C5 IN 05 o* .-0 OS (N >« C. 'O © ro T — t (o CI 10 o !C ».': *^ •» •^ •% •* © ".'5 f h. £i -N a . ai o © ic on k •« v\ «^ M •» « C5 CO -f CO «0 M (C C5 Ci o t*. O t-^ eo Oi»>.n<-tto©cc^3— •© -<©arM'T'©!NOO0D M'N'N0C©r»3". rfh--^ « — -HNi-lM03! (O M -N IN (» 9) o r» >c •x wv •^ •■ •^ ^ © 'T M 01 « © A © »^ cs 50 q< -J ^ , h. OC CO © 'X (N 01 ■* «i< >.1 ro »0 -N 00 N •-O -O OS © K'X»C»rtOClN'-« — 'TOS©f>.'Mt^aOM«i— ' aD**?!NC5f. N.t©©cs«ioi-i«oesN i-t <# i-iac!003©'*'-t'OK-f CD m n c\ — 00 N. CO ?» t -H "O *» ff» r,»>.lOlrt*f — OSCCMi©.-'5©(Nt»t»-'5'^"-'' ^ ,M«COt>.irt"*M'Nn''^©©'t"«^-t<-f'-»M © ' a6©fo©'r<'-j'-i-^'n^QD©MOj^'^cor|fl c"ao">n i^oTrCo'eT fCtCoo c? Ot>.C^M©OOfO-«'-OfO asQM (N C*aDt«it»?f i-t Tfl ^ ^, •^< © O FN O I CO >* 00 t^ (N W5 or 00 eo -r 10 (N ?0 » 00 rs f-i CO 00 oo Si «0 COM©©'?»©©'N-faC?0©»r5©O5-<0<»« h.-Haoo;0'riN-*©?»t^'^'NiN»fl'i<— 'CD ©|>.ifth»CVJ»>.©-r>-.ifth,CVJ»>.©-r>--«-r©»f0©O'N ©«trO (N CO X b- 00 iN M >-< CO iN IN »-t (N* © CO 'N O N M r^ IN © in CO fO »f ^ c © cT© cT CO rf (N M CO" 5< to bi) a •o v r3 a> CJT3 no U 0) . ifl O 0) d§£q .-So* tn u a CJ o.-:5 V J CO (. U V 0) S 5 m a _ .-. tS J* to SI Do JQ O ._ 00 • — rA ^ t« - O CO 1-4 © c . -.- ^ •ft r. N 1^ % ^■0 K ^ !>. CO N ^ N W e M w u . CJ ^ M •=44 .B — ' • fj 1.1 •• • « .a 01 IS ■0 to •■i « =; P a f^« r a ¥1 261 Apprcpnuilon of STAMP DUTIES and ex- pence of Collecting' tJie tame 1817 — liiTii. o O 'A CO 5«f ^ ^ in tf) K — ' « » IN Ci 52 M »-» rr Ob o t^ •* l«« DC Fi C )>. CO o ^ M ^ «- -t o 1" '^^ OS •\ *t r\ r« CS 'S* (3D •» p-i -^ C t; ?0 © -f O rtS CS M — < "^i* ^ I CC O — Oi ^ ^ '-C ?J C5 ?^ 5^ O 'O '•■^ '-T OO o >.-5©LiCi — -<— TQ'N'-n'Oo-r-j in in«3(NXO>nMNO« (r5«3rt»-»* O (N CO «1< X 00 35 «* F-i(N o'Q'^r! rt 1-4 ♦>. 9< "H c< CO I c M a5tt>'Ot©Mf^CO'0©(NiNN.K-^ ttC'NiNiMiftor, ©t^i-4eo t>.»0QC;O (N « ^ a> £2 i:^ ^ IH CC *i KX « ?e : 5 2 e s; ™ ;: ■CI '^ ^ "C r-" "> s >j ""^ -cj! aD' or* fe? -r O 'T' £ XI o in M r) o m « fO b. ^ 0> 0< CC CO CC © 00 -H M o © JO r-! o o* . b" a. t. ,* •'S •> ~ r •> ^r- _•> ^ -T ■» S ^ >». ^ i' o ■'* rf CJ O <-< M CJ O — « © o »^ © •\ •N •S •* to -O ^ 00 h. © 'f © M5 1-1 "T op P5 CO «0 CO ^ CD 00 ^ SI CO ^HH W © CO iN h. K •=. ■i2iN*;^-!3 (N OJ © © N. ►>. O ^f i-H m CO CO ©1-1 CO (J" © »>. © (N (O t» W C5 t, )n tn (S !«. ifl M © O) CO M» CO O A CO ^ © »o M 5^ O © O CO CO OJ #« ^ #\ *s © IJ C< CO h. -?* i-< © ^ O <* (N .-id! : ft 8 « cog fO cS S kTm ^ o CO e o o »o CO" 0) •J S" o a U ^ V -• -.-» '*-! '*^ Cw lA ^ ^ o =* c ( '^- ,"5 ^ ^ fiODUKAVoiiY ^.iKiuaiu ^ ^ ^■ CL. - S 5 « ?• C S ?5, '^ o o o do • ■ <« iz u c/2 C3 ?n:i)i:MPTioN of land tax LAND, HOUSE, and WINJ)OW DUTV iii oacli of tlie three Veais lb21^iB2:). f^ n C3 3 CU PS m 3 o « S ^ ♦- ♦^ 5 o Q S "> C3 P. li) -o V.' T3 a &> e en C3^ R. bc-^ o J^ o O fl fl « >- «c 4) 0) Ij;^ x: .a >j ^O c> tt^ -* a CO iO O b» > .2 k» 3 O 1 < 55 »> •£*."3 05 S «^:2^ »"3Si •r ^ «i 5?.'^^ :^«l 5=^ I Wog ^ ;;:£C^ 3.0 '^ 5 K O ^ O si "^ jv CO ^ (3^ 00 ^ 03 2 ;i O* ~» a'^o^^^'5 OfiP •^^ <5^ CO a ^ 00 t;w 2 « CO ^^ss«coa*^'tjo^'»«j»^^^fl'c:fi^ <%j ss tfl ;S"I*^.^ ■^ i;j a '<^ CO o -jS .< "a ^^T^^^si "^i^ o^CQ c ^/j CO '^ "^ "^ o S» <>*i li,^*^-^^^ 5 H:S ?j bi)t: o a a "S to <4) 5i 05 .-. fe o J-b ■aj tS-^ ^ « 1^ "^ O '^ ^ 12 > ■*» 3 g'n "> 2 "s '=>>■' a a 5^/-5 5g.^e.^^ii^^ris^^S"2 w^^^'^^'^ci-^ i^§.* • « Ki «0 00 o i-i v^v,^' ■* N <£ ^ GO d 60 l> Tji 10 "H K CO ■n 0< • • 4 « • 1 • • 4 • • 4 * * -N'* tH . V . ^ rt •<^ b R ^ ^ •s* (% L Co a ^ C ^ T,. VNM ■W u ^ . H U f. Ci ^ W U ^63 NiimlHJr, Aflflesment/ and Duly of each Item ot Aescsment cndcr the Atscssed TAXES lo 1821 and DUTY in 1822 and 1823. 00 8 )> O o -? o ^c 3 J t* <» O^ O^ 'O '-O O^ ^s^ -t<" oT oC o» (Jt rt< CO CO O^ ^ Ok o CO 00 O S3 no CO 00 iH 1(0 >o c< o^ "I* o T-1 r>. •< " ^ *> CO O^ Ti CO t^ :f «s« vi #^ CO "* CO CO T-1 i-i l-H V*v/'V^#»y<^^ \^^m/ iv^v^/ (>. 'O o »o O CO c^ >o — ' ^-^ ^ — " _»■ -^ ~. _- ^^ .- _u ^ ,^. . "*« '^ "* CO C? ^ i<0 o ';o a> 0» 0^ ■t-l rHXOOOK'1*'i*'3^"^ CO . . ,. ._ , , >. .. iiO tN. --f 3Tf"a»3^rHCOCOa>t^O»COCO'1»r5-^:N»oo^iHTHT-t "^ -" ~ ^^ CO J (0 CO tH »0 CO -^ CO wH CO ■»-< ^ N. <£) Tfi en (N K '-O CO «0 <0 t^ CO (>» a> o> CO 'O 0_ ^^^ 1^ Tjl oTgoco « (N O* CO CO CO O b* C-J 00 CO K ' Q rj< C^ O -t O^ Oi 0-? »?^ CO CO Oi to -I* 00 'O O (M f- (N !>. Oi C^) OO Ti >., -H l^ CO J CO 0^ G-* CO Oi »f5 'O *> rft COOOCi'i^iHKts.T-iCOCTi ^ '*■:*< TfcOOr-ivO cO"^K.oo' i>H 0» tH (NO^OiH-Hir^cnKK OCOS^OCO T-t'O'^ 00Ci'OrH<^» O^G^tH <0 6- CO P-4 ^ 0» ri« tH Tt^ CO G< .CO CO • O A «5 CO o o o CO 'O c?> S! PS 03 0) en O O O rt rj •^ o « ^<0 •c3 2 ''J 1^^ 23 t s 3 OQ Pi CO X/i o o o i:6i STATEMENT of the HKVESVK of the POST OFFICE of the UNITED KINGDOM of GHBAT KRITAIN & IRELAND. in eaoh ofth« Seven Yuars 1817-~182ab 1 5? o 0.3 W "" 4* s i « §2« i-5'^>-? — T^"* a*-' ?i— '■ ^v ^^ ^^ *^ ^^ w ^ ^^Z ^ ^^ >_^ " S a -i^i ^ a OS ^ «,"o §*. cfi' V5 'Jo*' — 4) a S 'a* £."25 > a3 ^ ^ 5i O ' t-O S"? FFICB a <« w "«S 111 w ^ A,^ ^ 5 Ph -tJ R S "! *' ^Ci> 265 CTIiargcs (»f Manafr«m«nt nnrt Neft. I^-ococdJi of (lie POST OFFICE HEVKiMJKiiiiUr UNllKD KINGDOM Of Cr (n O 0.3 o '' •fSh.G>'-.oo«»f»oic©h.-i'aiiN-i' S©ii^*«M-;OiC»9MOS1'"^«h.WVciaKO»»00 i-HP-0»f oO O 5» 0> K ©^0» C< QOt*®"* ? rfa M OO S 54 K p^ W ^ « -< « K •* "T © » op "O S> © ® © IN w © «q« >* « » »- 00 © « © uft oD . cs ^4 P4 !»-• »t IP» K ^ O © O h»ior»t» CD ©**«» « l> «P ^ * T J2 I CO h. qD I « ft ^ CO ro "s ^. «f) r *- o . . " ® 3 i» fl 2 o^.^;^ c «3 !iJ ©*5! 266 LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES Of REMARKABLE PLACES, CALCULATED FROM THE MERIDIAN OF GREENWICH. Lofl|[r< 9«» 57' Aberdeen . . • . . Bath ...., Berry Head, Torbay Brighthelmstone Bridgewater .,,. Bristul Berwick .... Bury St. Edmund's Brecknock .... Cambridge ... Uantf rbury Cardiff Caerinarthen Caernarvon Chichester • . . . Cork ...... Deal Devizes Dorchester . . . . Dover .... Durham Dublin Edinburgh Exeter Falmouth .... Frome Greenwich .... Guildford .... Halifax .... .. Hastings . . . . Horebam . . . . Ipswich .... Lat. 67<» 6' n. 51 60 50 51 51 65 52 51 52 51 51 92 53 50 51 51 51 60 51 51 53 55 50 50 51 51 50 60 50 51 5;^ 22 n. 24 n. 49 n. 7n. 28 n. 45 n. 22 n. 54 n. 12 n. 18 n. 22 n, J2n. 8 n. 50 n. 54 n. 13 n. 21 n. 43 n. 7n. 28 u. 22 n. 56 n. 44 n. 8 n. 13 n. 28 n. 67 n. 52 n. 62 n. 3 n. 8u. 2 3 2 2 i 3 1 3 4 4 8 1 2 2 1 2 6 S 3 5 2 21 w. 28 w. 12 w 59 w. 35 w. 58 w 46 e. 22 w 4e. 5 e. 12 w 23 w 20 w 46 V7. 28 w. 24 c. 68 w 25 w, 19 e. 2?J w. 17 w. 12 w 34 w 3 w IS w 45 e. 63 w 41 e. 19 w ^■••r,. -f enr\ APPBNDIX. 867 DES CH. 57' o. 81 w. 28 w. 12 w 59 w. S5 vr, 68 w 46 e. 22 w 4e, 5 e. 12 w 23 w 20 w 46 w. 28 w. 24 c. 68 w 26 wr, 19 e. 2?{ w. 17 vr, 12 or 34 w S w IS w 45 e. 53 w 4! e. 19 w laonceston Leeds • Leicester Liverpool LondoD Londonderry Halden Manchester Marlborough Monmouth Newcastle on Tyne Norwich •••• Northampton Nottingham Oxford . • . • Plymouth •••. Portsmouth Peterborough Ramsgale . • Romney R>e Salisbury Sandwich Shoreham Shrewsbury 8outham]^ton Stafford Swansea Taunton Tenby Wakeael4 Warwick Wend over Winchelsea Windsor Woburn Woodstock Yftrmouth • • • • » ' Lat. 50« S8'o. 63 62 63 61 64 62 63 60 61 64 62 62 62 61 60 60 62 61 60 50 51 51 60 62 60 62 61 60 51 53 62 61 60 51 51 61 62 47 n. 38 n. 22 o. 30 n. 69 D. In. 26 n. Un. 49 n. 67 n. 40 n. 11 n. 68 u. 45 n. 22 n. 47 n. 80 n. 19 n. 59 n. 67 n. 3 n. 16 n. 60 n. 43 n. 64 n. 48 n. 37 n. 69 n. 44 n. 41 n. 16 n. 45 n. 55 n. 29 n. 69 n. 60 n. 38 n. Long. 4* SO*! 1 1 8 T 2 3 2 1 1 1 I 1 4 1 I 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 I 38 w. 8 w. 66 w. 6 w. 14 w. 27 w. 15 w. 48 w. 46 w. 14 w. 20 e. 11 w. 2 w. 15 w. 12 w. 6 w. 4 w. 24 e. 66 e. 44 e. 47 w, 20 e. 16 w. 41 w. 24 e. 4 w. 66 w. 17 w. 40 w. 35 w. 35 w, 46 w. 42 e. 36 w. 87 w. 24 w. 45 e. 268 APPENDIX. I PO Population of the Citie PULATION. » and Totcns in Great Britain, in 1 1821, (ontdining above 1000 Jnhabitants, ivith the Dis- tanvcs from London and Edinburgh^ and the Market Days^ together with the Population of the Counties in which the Proportion of Army and Navy is added to the resident Population, ENGLAND. PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist. Inhub PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist. Inhah J, 499 BEDFORDSHIRE . • 83,710 Stoney Stratford F. 52 Bed lord . • 7'.*, 50 6,466 VVcMdover . . T. 35 1,602 Bi^gU'Swade • • IV* 45 8,778 Woobuni . * F. 26 1,831 Dunstable . • IV. 33 1,831 Wycombe, High • F. 29 5,599 Kiilon Socou • • 55 2,039 CAMBRIDGESHIRE . 121909 LcigUton . • . T. 41 4,121 Cambridge • W,S. 50 14,142 Luioii •• • • M» 31 4,529 Chatteris • • 75 3,283 Wobnrn • • F. 41 1,650 Doddington • •70 5,899 BERKSHIRE • • • 131977 Bly . . . 1*. 67 5,079 AbiiiRdon • • M. 56 6,470 Littleport • . • 72 «,364 Vanin(i;don ♦ • 2'. 68 2,784 Marcli • • • F. 85 3,850 Huin^evford . . JF. 04 4; ,025 Newmarket • • T. 61 2,514 Laniboursi • • JP. 65 2,291) Thorn ey • . TJI. 81 1,970 Mjiideiihead • • TV. 26 3,159 Whittlesey ... 77 5,276 Newuury • • I'M. 66 5,347 VVisbcach . . S, 93 7,877 Oakinghain • • T. 31 2,810 CHESHIRE . . . •270098 Reading . • IF,S. 38 13,113 Acton . • .170 3,767 Speen • • • •57 2,392 AUrincham • T. 179 2,3«a Thatcham • . • 53 3,677 Astbury • • .160 10,383 Wallirgford • T.F. 46 2,093 Audi cm • • . 16i 3,085 Wantage • • •" 60 3,250 Budworth, Gt. • 177 14,346 Windsor . . ^. 22 5,098 Cheadle . • .146 0,508 j.UCKINGHAMSHIRE 134'J68 Chester • fV.S. 183 19,949 Ani«;rsham . • T. 26 2,61*2 Cong le ton • . A'. 162 6,405 Aylesbury • • A'. 38 4,400 Daveniiam • • 172 S,470 Beaconsfield • TF. 23 1,736 Frodsham • 77/. 191 5,451 Buckingham • ♦ «S. 55 3 405 Knutsford • . S. 172 3,.'J35 Cheshain • • W. 27 5,032 Macclesfield • M. 1G7 l-,74fl Eton .... 22 2,475 Mai pas . • W. 1615 6,426 Mariow, Great • S, 31 3,763 Middlewich . T. 167 4,350 Newport PagncU .V. 50 3,103 Nantwich • . iS*. 164 6,633 Olney • • M. 55 2,339 Neston, Great • . 194 3,216 Hisbciough • • S. S7 1,958 Northwich . . F. 174 1,490 itainf in the Dis- Market mnlies in cd to the U'^ rjl POPULATION. m ist. 52 35 26 29 I I • 50 75 701 67 72 83 61 81 77 93 170 179 l(iO 16;^ 177 146 183 162 172 191 172 107 !») Ifi7 164 194 Hi Inhah J, 499 1,602 1,831 121900 14.143 3,283 5.899 5,079 3,364 3,8.'50 2,514 1,970 5,276 7,877 •270098 3,767 2,303 10,383 3,085 14,340 0,S08 19,949 6,405 3,470 6,451 3,r,35 r,74d 5,426 4,350 5,633 3/216 l}4d0 PLACES. Mkt.D. Dist. Runcorn • • Sand bach • Tff. Stockport • • A'. Tarporiey • • 77/. Tarvin • • • Wilmslow • • A*. CORNWALL . • Austell, St. . F. Bodmin • • A'. CallinBtoa . • If. Ciitnborne • Camel lord • /'. Colomb, St. . TJI. Falmouth . 77/. Fowey • • S, Germain», St. • F. Helsloue - • • S. Ives, St. • • .y. Launccston • • S. Liskeard • • S. Mawes, St. • • Padstow • • »y. Penryn . W.F.S. Penzance • • TH. Redruth . • F. Saltash • • .9. Tregoney • • .9. Truro • • JV,S. CUMBERLAND • Aldstone • • .V. Brampton • • 2'. Carlisle • • •¥. Cockermoulh • M. CiossthwaJte • Egnemont • • rS. Holme Cultrani • Keswick • • S. Kirk Andrewii • • Longtown • TH. Maryport • • F. Penrith . » 7*. Whitehaven • 7'. "Wis'con • • 3". Workinprton • f1>^, DERBYSHIRE • Alfreton » » F. Ashborne • • S. Bakewell • . M. Belper • • • 18S 162 176 1 78 182 J 75 • 215 V.J.') 210 260 2i8 251 269 239 227 27^ 277 211 225 262 243 £65 280 263 220 253 257 • • 272 211 301 305 291 293 310 291 313 310 311 283 291 304 305 • 139 139 153 134 (ohab. 7,738 6,369 44,057 2,123 3.485 3,927 •257447 6,!75 ,"»,i.78 1,321 6,219 1 ,256 2,493 6,374 1,455 2,404 2.671 3,526 2,183 .1,519 1,648 1,700 2,933 5^24 6>i07 1,548 1,035 2,712 LOOr^l 5,099 2,921 15,476 3,790 4,087 1,741 2,772 1,901 2,23.'> 1,812 3,514 6,385 12,433 5,466 7,188 213333 4,689 4,708 9,162 7,235 PLACES. Mkt. D. Dist Iniiab, .9. S. S. F. Chapel en le . TJL 167 Chesterlield • S. 150 Derby .../''. 126 Dronfield • • TH> 150 Duffield • • • 131 Matlock • • •144 TidcHwell . . IV. 160 Wirkftworth • 7'. 140 DEVONSHIRE Aflhburton • Axmin*«ter • Banipton ' Barnstap! . - Iteer Fern. • Bidetoid • • Brixham • • Buckl'ustleigh Cliudleigh • Colhimutun Cfllyton • Crediton • Dartmouth Dawlish • EXETBR • Hartlaiid • Honiton Ilfracombe • Lillleliam • Mod bury » • Morton Hamps. Oakhampton • Ottery St. Mary T. IMymoulh • M.TH, Plympton, St. M. • Plymstock • • • Sidmoiitli • • S. South Molton . H. Tavistock • • A'. T. S. . S. . TH. . S. • • F. w'.F.S. • A. . S. • • »v. 102 147 161 192 215 201 201 194 182 16(1 149 180 203 186 164 214 148 202 . . 167 TH. 208 • A. 185 -S. 195 161 216 212 218 158 178 207 Teignmouth E & W 189 Tiverton • . 7". l62 Topsham • • A'. 170 Torrington, Gt. • A'. 194 Totness • • • A'. 196 DORSETSHIRE • . Beanunsier • TH. 141 Blandford ForumA'. 103 Bridport . • W.S. 135 Corfe Castle . TH. 116 Cranborue • TH. oa 3,234 0,190 17,423 3,680 13,800 2,920 2,066 7,315 439040 3,403 2,74« 1,63.S 5,079 2,198 4,003 4,.503 2,240 2,093 3,410 1=945 5,515 4,485 2,700 23,479 1,068 3,296 2,622 2,S4I 2,194 1 ,932 2 0"3 3,532 61,212 2,044 2,735 2,747 3,314 5,483 3,980 8,631 3,156 2,538 3,128 144499 2,800 2,6 W 3,742 1,465 1,828 ii IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ^1^ 1^ 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" - ► V] <^ /2 ^. ^w J^t O ^, 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 072-4503 870 APPENDIX. PLACES. Mkt. D.Dist. Dorchester • W,S. Gilliiigbain • Lyme Regis • « S. Melcombe R. • T.F. Poole . . M,TIL Portland Isle liber. Shaftsbury • • S. ^ Sherborne • • A'. • Sturminster • TH. 8wanage • • Warelmm • » S, , Weymouth • T.F. ' Wimborne Min. F, DURH4M • Auckland, West • Darnard Castle W, Bp. Auckland • TH. Bp. Wearmouth • ' Chester-le-St. • • • Darlington • • M, Durham • • S. I Gateshead • • ' Houghton le S. • • Monk-Wearm • • Sedgeiield • • F. Shields, South * TV. Stanhope • • F. Stockton on T. IV. Sunderland • /'. Walsingham • 7\ ESSEX • • . Barking ' • S, Bocking • • • Braintree • • W. Chelmsford • F. Coggeshall, Gt. • S, Colchester • W.S. pun mow. Great • S, Epping • • F. Halstead • • F, Ham,West • • Harlow • • S. ; Harwich • T F. Hedingham Sible • Hornchurch • • ILeyton, Low • • Maldon • • S, Prittlcweli& Milton 119 105 I4.'l 127 1U5 133 101 117 109 122 112 128 100 • 245 246 248 268 265 241 258 472 266 2fi8 251 278 £62 241 2(38 256 • 7 41 40 29 44 61 38 17 46 6 23 71 iS 14 6 87 80 Inhab. PLACES Mkt. D. Dist- Inhabii 2,743 3,059 2,i.'(in 4,252 6,390 2,254 2,903 3,622 1,612 1,607 1,931 2,370 3,563 207673 8,223 3,581 2,180 11,542 13,936 6,551 9,822 1J,767 12,550 7,644 1,955 8,885 7,341 5,184 14725 2,197 289424 6,374 2,786 2,983 4,994 2,896 14,016 2,409 2,146 3,858 9,753 1,928 4,010 2,060 3,374 3,198 Romford . - IV. Saffron VValden A'. South Weild T.II, Thaxted • . /'. Waltliam Abbey T. Watihamstow • Witham . • T. Woodford • • Wriltle . . GLOUCESTERSHIRE Berkeley • • W. 114 Bisley . . TH. Bristol • W.F.S. Cheltenham . TH. Cirencester • M.F. Clifton ... Cnleford . . F. Dean Forest Ext. • 12 42 18 44 12 6 38 7 26 Diirsley • • TH. Fairford • . TH. George, St. Gloucssteb Henbury • Horsley • Mangotsfield Minchinhamp Newent Newland • Painswick • Stapleton • Stroud • Tetbury • Tewkesbury Thornbury • Uley • • . . Westbury on T. Winchcombe • Wintei bourne • • Wotton und. Ed.F. HEREFORDSHIRE Bromyard • • M. Hereford W.F.S. Kington • • IV. Ledbury • • T, Leominster • J^. Ross • • TH. HERTFORDSHIRB |lala')ck • • Tff» W.S. T. F. • • . T. • « . F. . W. W.S. . S. s. m 114 »4 89 116 124 120 109 80 111 104 117 102 111 99 112 1-25 106 112 100 99 103 122 105 116 99 109 109 125 135 155 120 137 120 V 3,77/ 4,154 2,/>5ft 2,046 3,982 4,304 «,57» S,69ft 2,1 Of 335843 3,835 5,421 76,297 13,396 4,987 8,811 1,804 5,500 3,186 1,547 5,334 9,744 2,2S3 3,50:5 3,179 7,843 2,660 3,383 4,044 2,i3r 7,09' 2,734 4,96t 3,76a 2,655 3,721 2,249 2,627 5,0M 10324S 2,767 9,000 2,813 3,476 4,640 2,957 129714 l,K9 .,:. 26 3,77/ 4,154 2,.'}5» 2,04tf .3,982 4,304 8,57» 2,699 2,100 335843 3,835 5,421 l:i,3U(s 4,087 8,811 1,804 5,500 3,18a 1^47 5,334 9,744 2,283 3,502 3,179 7,843 2,660 3,383 4,044 2,[3r 7,09- 2,734 4,96» 3,760 2,655 3,721 2,240 2,627 5,CH I0324X 2,767 9,099 2,813 3,47ft 4,64a 2,957 [29714 l,S69 POPULATION. 271 PLACES. Mkt.D.Dist. fnhab. Burnet, Chipp ingAf. 11 1,755 Berkhamstead • .y. 26 2,310 Bps. Stortfoid I TH. 80 3,358 Cheshunt • • • 13 4.370 Hatfield • 'TH. 19 3,215 Heinel Hempst TH, 23 6,193 Hertford • . .9. 21 4,265 Hitchin • • T. 34 4^86 Hoddesdon • TH. 17 1,888 Rickmansworth S. 19 3,940 Saw bridge worth fV, 25 2,071 St. Albans * . s. 20 4,472 Standon • • F, 27 2,135 Tring . F, 31 3,286 Ware • . T. 21 3,844 Watford • • r. 15 4,713 HUNTINGDON . » 48,771 Godmanchester • 58 1,953 Huntingdon . .9. 59 2,806 Ramsey . W, 69 2,814 St. Ives • » M, 59 2,777 St. Neots • TH. 56 2,272 KENT . . • • 426dl6 Aihford • • a. 53 2,773 Bex ley • B rem fey • • 13 £,311 TH. 10 3,147 Canterbury W,S. 55 12,746 Chatham • . S, 30 15,268 Cranbrooke . s. 48 3,683 Cray ford • • T. 13 1,866 Dartford • . S. 15 3,593 Deal • • TH, 74 6,811 Deptford • * • 4 20,818 Dover W.S, 71 10,327 Eltham • • 8 1,977 Faversham • w,s. 47 4,208 Folkstone • *TH. 70 4,541 Goudhurst • W, 43 2,579 Gravesend • W.S. 22 3,814 Greenwich • w.s. 5 20,712 Hythe ^ • TH. 05 2,181 Lenham • . T. 44 1,959 Lewisham • • • 5 8,185 Lydd . • TH. 70 1,437 Maidstone • TH. 34 12,508 Margate • W.S, 71 7,843 Milton next Grav. • 22 2,769 Milton next S . 'S, 39 %fii% PLACES. Mkt.D.Dist. Northfleet Peter's St. Ramsgate • ROCHESTBR Sandwich • Seven Oaks Sittingbourne • Speldhurst • Stroud • • Tenterdeu • Tun bridge • Woolwich • Wrotham • LANCASHIRE A8hton-uj[> Bury • • Cartmell • Chorley • Cli:heroe • « Colne • • Dalton • « Garstang • • Halsall • • Haslingden • Hawkehead • Kirkby-Irelcth Kirkham . Lancaster Leigh • • Liverpool Manchester Melling, • Middieton • • / 10,(i!)(! b?,l!»S 3(5 ,8 1 h 7,101 174571 4,227 s,5m 6,706 30,1*25 7,404 2,102 2,677 1,873 2,900 1,422 2.0S0 283058 2,406 10,373 2,24-2 2,113 1,9«1 1,038 1,763 6,761 6,077 .-^,064 3,6^1 3,058 10,307 6,055 1,900 2,090 2,220 5,207 6,0.')0 1,690 2.130 ll44.'J31 1,020 45,070 2 036 26.860 4;^ja 9jm 8 11 8 M»W.F. iionton • ilnii* Id . I''im hley • Fill hum Hackney • Hammersmith Hampsiead ilaiupton • Harrow • litndon • H fusion • Hillingdon < Kornsey • lHl«*worih • Islington • Kensington Limehouse London • Luke's, St. Mary, St. Le-Bone ' Pa dington • • Pancras, St« • • SiKadwcll • • Slioreditch • • Staines • • F, Stepney • • • Stoke Newington • Stratford-le-Bow • Tottenham • • Twickenham • • Uxbridge . T.W. VVapping • • • Westminstbr* • Whitechapel • • MONMOUTHSHIRE Abergavenny • T, Aberystwlth • M.S. Cliepstow • Monmouth Trevethan • NORFOLK Altleburgh Ay I sham , • Dereham « Diss • • Downham Market POPULATION. 273 loliab. 18 11 a 7,900 8,2*27 . i,U9 15,301 31 2-2,404 " 8,H09 7,203 3,549 3.017 3,100 , 2,810 5,039 4,122 5,209 «2,4ir 14.428 0,805 1 25434 1 40,870 CO .040 «,476 71,838 »,55r 52,966 1,057 40,163 2,670 2,349 5,812 4,206 2,750 3,078 18*2085 29,407 71,833 3,502 4,059 3,008 4,164 3.931 34436S 1,059 1 853 3,273 2,764 2,044 12,253 50,288 31,836 PLACES. Mkt.D. Di)tt.|Inliab Thctloid • • .V. 80 WulslmmNorthr//. 125 Wells, iif xt Sea • S. 120 WynioiKihaiii • /'. lOu Ytirinouth • • A\ l':4 NOllTHAMPTONSH. Brackley Daveiitry • Kettering • Nortliainpton Oundle Fbtbrborouoh • iV. Rothweli To wc ester • W. 72 /'. 74 > s. m S. 78 81 M. 78 2'. 60 "Weilingborouph ?r. 67 NOHTHUMBKllLAND Alnwick • • .S. 308 Bertvickon • W.S, 337 Cor bridge • • 277 Elsdon • • 7. 304 Goslorth • • .277 Haltwhistle • T. 285 He'iham • T.S. 279 Morpeth . • PV. 289 Newcastle on Ty»c • . . • T.S. 274 Shields, North • fF. 279 Tynemouth • • 277 Wooler . . TH. 320 NOITINGHAMSHIRB Bingham • • TH, 124 Blyth • • JV, 151 Mansfield • TH, 138 Newark • • W, 12A Nottingham W.F,S, 124 Retford, East • S. 145 Southwell • • .7. 132 Worksop. . W, 146 OXFORDSHIRE Adderbury, East • 72 Bampton • , W. 7\ Banbury • • TH, 71 Bicester • • F. 54 Burford • • .y. 72 Charlbury • • F. 73 Chipping Norton ftr. 73 Dtiddington* • T. 69 Heuley on Thame* • % . TH, 981 2,922 2,30:1 2,J>50 4,7 OH iH.OiO 1021h;j l,H.';l 3,;520 3,0(S8 10,79.1 2,*279 4,5»H 1,840 2,554 4,4.54 198965 5,927 8,723 2,037 1,848 3,295 1^583 5,4.16 4,292 35,181 8,205 24,820 1,830 180873 1,574 3,456 7,861 8,081 40,415 2,465 3,051 4,567 136971 2,277 2,304 5,247 2,544 1.680 2,877 €,640 1,647 V LACES. Mkt. D. Dist. Inhatk. Oxford • • W.S, riiaiue • • . 7\ Wiiiuy . . TH. WtxHl.stock . 3'. UUiLANDSHIRB • OakliHin • • S, U|»piii;iham . W. SHROPSHIRE . liisliop'.s Castle • F. Brid|;ii(>rili • S. Bros* ley • • W. Cleobury • W. Drayton • • W. Ellfsmere • • T. HalesrOwen • M, Ludlow • • M. Madeley • • F, Newport • • »V. Oswestry • W,S. Pontesbury • • Siiiiriial . ' F. Shrewsbury W,F.S. Wellington • TH. W-m . . 7'H. We 11 lock . • M. Westbury , • F, Whitchurch • F, Worthen -; • SOMERSETSHIRE Bath • . W.S. Bridgewa. T.TH,S, Bruton Castle Cary • Chard ■ • Crewkerne • KaHton Gordano Frome Selwood Glastonbury • Ilminster • • S. T. M. S, W. T. S. Keynsham • TH, Milborne-Port • • Milverton • F. Minehead • • W, Petherton, North S. Shepton Mallet F, Somerton • * T, Taunton • W.S, Wellington • TH, TV BLL* • WJ9. 54 44 65 62 » 05 89 159 139 140 137 154 K'D 117 142 139 142 171 161 135 153 142 103 148 162 163 165 » 106 139 109 113 140 132 123 103 124 133 114 114 149 163 141 116 123 141 142 120 16,364 2,470 4,784 1,627 18,487 1,364 1,630 '206153 1,880 4,345 4,814 1,002 4,426 6,050 10,946 4,820 5,370 2,343 7,523 2,458 4,411 10,603 8,390 3,608 2,200 2,153 5,489 *2,116 355314 36,811 6,155 2,076 1,627 3,106 3,434 2,100 12.411 2,213 2,156 1,761 1,440 1,030 1,230 3,001 5,021 1,643 8,534 4,170 274 APPENDIX. PLACES Mkt. D. Dist. lAhab, Wincanton • W^. 108i Wiveliscombe S. 153 Yeovil •- . F. 122 SOUTHAMPTON or) HAMPSHIRE . i Alton •. • S. Alverstoke • Andover Basingstoke S. W. Bishop Waltham S. — ■ ■ .M, Christchurch Eiing • • Fare ham • • W, Fordingbridge • S. Goiiport • • TH. Havant • » S. Kingsclerc • • T. Lymingtoii ' S, Newchurch • Newport • W.S. Odiham • • A\ Peterslield • S. Portsmouth TH.S. Ring wood • W. Rooisev • • aS. Sonlhanopt. T,TII.S. Whitchurch . F, Winchester W.A\ STAFFORDSHIRE Bilston • , • Brewood • • T Bromwich, West • Bnrslem - M.S. iBurton on T. • TH. Cheadle • • S. ,Darlaston • • Eccleshall * F. Ijongton • • Leek . • W. Lichfield • T.F, Newcastle up. L. M. Pfuk ridge . 2'. Rugclcy . • T. Staflurd • . S. Stoke upon T. • Stone . . T. Taniworth » • S. TelteuJbali 47 73 63 45 65 100 79 73 88 7y «6 54 88 94 90 40 54 72 91 73 74 56 62 • 120 132 114 151 125 14G 142 148 153 154 119 150 131 V2l> 141 140 141 115 2,143 2,791 4,()55 283298 2,499 10,972 4,219 3,165 2,126 4,644 4,314 3,f)77 2,602 6, J 84 2,099 2,695 3,164 3,94* 4,059 2,988 1,752 45,648 3,804 5,128 13,353 1,434 7,739 341040 12,003 2,762 9,505 10,176 6,700 3,862 5,585 4,227 7,100 4,855 6,075 7,031 2,641 2,677 5,736 29,223 7,251 7.185 2,4/d P LACES. Mkt. D. Dist. lahab Trentham • Uttoxeter • . FT. Walsall . . 3'. Wednesbury • JV, VVolslantoD • • Wolverhampton • SUFFOLK . • Aldeburgh • S» Beccles • • S. Brandon * • F, Bungay • . TH. Bury Sl.Edm.lFF.5. Eye ■ . . A\ Frainlingham • S, Gorleston • • Hadleigh • M.S. Halesworth • TH. Ipswich . W.F.S. Lavenhain • T. Lowestoft • W. Mel ford, Long • T. Mildenhall • F. N^market • T. Or ford • • M. Souiliwold . TH. Slowniarket • TH. Sudbury • • S, Wood bridge • IV, SURREY • Battersea • • Bermondsey • • Bletchingly * • Camber well • • Chertsey . W» Ciapham • • Croydon * • S. Doiking . . TH. Eg ham • • Epsom • . F. Farnham • TH. Godahning . W. GuiUlfoid . . .y. Kingston on T. • «y. Lambeth . Mitcham t Morilake • Newington • • Putney • • 146 135 114 117 150 123 * 94 109 78 106 71 89 87 122 64 100 69 61 114 58 70 61 90 105 69 54 77 • 4 1 21 3 19 4 9 23 18 14 38 33 29 10 1 8 7 4 2,303 4,658 11,914 6,471 8,572 36,838 270542 1,212 3,493 1,770 3,290 9,999 1,882 2,327 2,967 2,920 2,160 17,180 1,898 3,675 2,288 2,974 2,514 1,119 1,670 2,252 3,950 4,060 398658 4,992 25,235 1,187 17,876 4,279 7,151 9,254 3,812 3,616 2,890 5,413 4,098 3,161 6,091 57,638 4,453 2,484 3S,qf7 POPULATION. 275 f9t.|lah«i> 2,S03 4,658 iJ,9l4 6,471 8,fi72 36,838 270542 1,212 3,493 1,770 3,290 0,099 1,882 2,327 2,907 2,020 2,lfi(J 17,18« 1,898 3,075 2,288 2,974 2,5J4 1,110 1,676 2,252 3,050 4,060 308G58 4,003 25,235 1,187 17,87a 4,270 7,151 0,254 3,812 3,6J6 2,890 5,413 4,rt9» 3,Jdl 6.091 57,638 4,453 \ 2.484 3S.<l 7,50i< r,375 •4(* ^' 276 APPENDIX. PLACES. MHt.D. Dist. Bridlington Culteiiek • • Diirtoii • • l)(>ncaster • DrilUcld, Great Kusiiigwould Gig^lcswick • Gilliiig • • Gisburn • .' Guilsliorough Halifax • • Harewood • Ilelmsley • Howdeti • * lluddersfield Hull Keighley • Kildwick • • Kirk by Moors Knaresburu' Leeds • • Mai ton, N. .» Mkti Welghton M'lsham • • North Allerton Otley • • • Pcnistone • Pickering • Pocklington Pouiefract • Richmond • Ripon • • Rochdale Roniald Kirk • Rotherham • Sandall, Great S. Til. F. • s, . T. T.S. IV. . fV. fV. T.S. T.S. W, T. W. F. TH. 175 • M. 226 S. 212 S. 177 S, 233 TH. 212 200 228 175 Kjr. 21.'i 235 217 224 245 197 199 222 180 189 J 74 206 S12 228 202 189 217 192 223 225 205 Inliab, M. Scarboro' Sculcoates Sedberg Selby .. , Sheffield Sherbum Skipton Snaith • SpofForth Stokesiey < Tadcaster Thirsk • 198 251 159 184 TH.S. 217 . 174 W. 265 T. . F. 181 162 183 S, 216 TH. 173 • 194 S. 238 FT. 192 M. 217 5,034 2,78S 2,l7«i 9.117 2,47! 2,352 2,817 2,002 2,530 2,180 92,850 2,348 3,458 4,443 24,220 28,591 9,223 0,595 2,003 0,101 83,796 4,005 2,093 2,767 4,431 0,358 5,042 3,555 2,163 8,824 3,546 13,096 61,011 2,461 0,633 2,692 8,533 10,449 4,483 4,097 62,105 2,916 5,479 5,909 3,044 2,290 2,811 3,502 PLACES Mkt. D. Dist. Thome . • W. 16« Topcliire . • . 212 Wiikelicl.l W.TH.F. 182 VValh on Dearn • \M Wtiglilou Mkt W. 192 Wonsley • • • 230 Whitby . • S. 236 York . T.TH.S. 109 East Riding North (Liding t West Hiding • , • WALES. ANGLESEY, ISLE Amlwch Beaumaris Holyhead BRECON. Brecon • 260 W.S. 251 • S. 258 W.F.S. 171 luhab. CARDIGANSHIRE Aberygtwith • M.S. 208 G|}.rdigan • • 5. 239 CARMARTHENSHIRE Abergwilly > • 216 Carmarthen W.S. 218 Laugharne • S. 245 Llandilo Fawr • S. 202 Llandovery • S, 191 Llanelly • TH.S. 217 Llancadock • TH. 195 CARNARVONSHIRE Bangor • <• W. 236 Liandegai • • 235 DENBIGHSHIRE . • Abergele • • .5. 220 Denbigh . IV.S. 205 Henllan • « • 205 Llan-gollen • • S, 184 Llanrhaiadr>yn-M • 202 Llanrwst • • 7*. 218 Wrexham . M.TH. 179 FLINTSHIRE Flint .... 200 Hawarden • iS'. 105 Holywell • • F. 203 Hope • • • .108 Mold • » ' S. 191 Northop . • S, 1971 3,46S 2,540 22,307 5,812 2,093 2,182 12,331 20,7b7 190449 1R3381 799357 45,063 5,298 2,205 4,071 43,613 4,103 57,784 3,556 2,397 90,239 2,183 8,900 1,953 4,468 1,299 5,649 2,484 57,058 .^,579 2,341 76,511 2,317 3,195 2,455 3,535 2,229 2,639 11,081 53,784 1,61) 5,059 8,30» 2,498 7,320 2,894 POPULATION. 277 Iiihab. 3,46S 2,540 2V,307 d,812 2,003 2,182 12,331 20,7H7 I0U449 183381 799357 45,063 a,29a 2,205 4,071 43,613 4,193 57,784 3,556 2,397 90,239 2,183 8,906 1,953 4,468 1,299 5,649 2,484 57,958 3,579 S,34I 76,511 2,317 3,I9.'> 2,455 3,535 2,229 2,639 11,081 53,784 1,61) 5.059 8,30» 2,498 7,320 2,894 PLACES. Mkt. D.Dist. St. Asaph • • .V. 208 glam6iiganshirk Card ill' • • H .S. 160 Cowbiidge • T. 173 Lluiitrissaint • F. 171 Margum • • S. 187 MerUiyr TydvilirA' 171 Neath • . fF..V. 198 Swansea • W.S. 206 MERIONETHSHIRE Bala ... 5'. 194 Dolgelly . TuS'. 208 Towyn • • • 217 MONTGOMERYSHIRE 172 230 179 190 205 168 175 171 . S. Til, .y. . w. TH. T. M. Inhab. I PLACES, Mkt. D. Diit. Kerry LI an fair • Llanfyllin « Llanidloes Machynlleth Montgomery Kewton • Pool • PEMBROKESHIRE Fishguard • TH. 257 Haverford, W. T.S. 251 Narberth . TH. 255 Pembroke • W,S, 264 fit. David's • • 273 Tenby • • ^^.5". 261 RADNORSHIRE . . Presteigne * 3, 151 Radnor • • ' • 159 SCOTLAND, With Distance from Edinburgh, ABERDEENSHIRE • 2,765 101737 3,521 1,107 2,585 2,047 17,404 2,823 11,236 34,382 1,163 3,588 2,3f)9 59,899 2,0.W 2,514 1,706 3,145 2,303 1,062 3,4h6 4,255 74,009 1,837 4,055 2,295 4,925 2,240 1,554 22,459 1,941 2,810 Aberdeen Gruden • Deer, New Deer, Old * Ellon Forgue Fraserburgh Huntley Kin lore • Longside • Inverurie TH. 122 147 150 149 138 148 164 140 134 159 137 155387 44,796 2,258 3,211 4,841 2,150 2,000 2,831 3,349 1,057 2.357 1,120 Newhills • • Peterhead Tarves . • . I'lineir . . ARGYLLSHIRE Appin • . Ardnamurchan . Campbeltown • Dunoon 8c Kilmun Inverary • . Killean & Killche Torosay • • AYRSHIRE . Ardrossan • * Ayr • • 1 ■ • . Ballantrae - • . Beith . • , Cumnock, Old " Dailly • • Dalrey • • Dundonald Gal stun • • Girvan ^ • • Irvine * • • Kilmarnock . • Kilwinning . Kirkmichael • ■ Largs • . • Loudoun • / . Mauchline • May bole « • ' Muirkirk . • Newton upon Ayr Quivox, St. • Sorn • Stevenston • Stewarton • Torbolton . BANFFSHIRE Banff • • Cullen • ' . ; Fordyce • • Gamrie * • Inveraven • Keith Marnoch . Mortlach • Ruthven SA 127 154 139 155 • 133 155 177 73 115 180 180 • 77 76 110 62 61 90 67 69 62 97 69 65 65 84 80 58 63 85 51 77 74 63 72 61 67 • 165 170 169 154 146 150 158 140 170 Inhab 2,141 6,31.1 2,093 2,406 97,316 2,465 5,422 9,010 2,177 1,137 3,306 2,288 127299 3,105 7,455 1,280 4,472 2,343 2,161 3,313 2,482 3,442 4,490 7,007 12,769 3,696 2,235 2,479 3,741 2,057 5,204 2,687 4,027 5,392 3,865 3,538 3,656 2,175 43,561 3,859 1,453 3,245 3,71« 2,481 3,926 2,210 2,044 5,364 278 APPENDIX. PLACES. Mkt.U. Dist. Inhub. »KIIWICKSHIRE GoidinRhaiii • • 45 CoWistreain • • 40 Uiinse • • . 41 Kccles • • • 12 Lauder • • • U5 BUI'ESUIRE . Kill bride • • • 95 Kilmory ... of) Kotlicsay • • 8J) CAITHNESSHIRB - Canisbay • • • 200 Halkirk • • 973 Latheruu • • • 203 Reay • • •271 Tliurgo • . F. 270 Wick . . * F. 270 CLACKMANNANSH. Alloa • • W.A\ 31 Clackmannan • • 20 Dollar • • • 28 Logic • • • F. 35 DUMRARTONSUIHE Bonhill • • • 58 Cnrdross • • • 61 Cumbernauld • • 32 Dumbarton • • 58 Kilpatrick, Old .. • 51 Kiikintilloch • . 40 DUMFRIESSHIRE Annan • ^^ • • Dumfries • • Glencairu Johnstone • • Langholm • • Lochmaben • Moft'at . • • Sanquhar • • EDINBURGHSHIRE Daiheith < • • Edinourgu . t Invercsk • • • ijHSvvade • • • Leith • • • Libhrrtiui • • Newion • • • I'ennycnick • • KLtilN . . . 4Uernetliy • • 130 70 72 64 58 70 65 50 56 • 6 5 7 2 £ 4 9 33.385 2,075 2, HO I 3,773 1,000 2,845 13,707 2,714 3,827 4,107 30,238 2,128 2,610 6,575 3,815 4,045 6,713 13,263 6,577 4,050 1,205 2,015 27,317 3,003 3,105 2,(10 » 3,481 3,602 4,580 70,878 4,486 11,052 1,881 1,170 2,404 2,651 8,218 3,026 101514 5,160 138235 7,836 4,186 26,000 4,276 2,150 1,058 31,162 1,068 PLACES. Mitt. D. Dl«. Hellio • • • 100 UnlTus • • •172 l<:iBiil ..•/'. 107 FuriOH • • . 167 FIPESHIRB . . . AbbotHlinll • . IS Auntrulher Easter • .SO Auclilcrmutchy • 28 Burntisland • • Ceres • • • 87 Crail • • • . 30 Cupar • • •30 Dunfermline • • 16 Dysart . • . 14 Fii lit land • • • 24 Invcrkeithing • • 13 Kettle • . . 27 Kilrenny • • • 30 Kin)>iiorn • • • Kirkaldy • • 12 Largo • • •25 Lc»ii(j • • •20 Mvirkinch • • 10 Newburgh • . 40 Pittenwcem • • 34 Seonie • • '23 St. Andre^v's • • so Weniyfts • • • 16 FORFARSHIRE . Arbroatli • • 58 Brechin • • • 66 Dundee • • • 41 Forfar • • • 70 Glammis • • « 52 Kirriemuir • • 66 LifTand Benvie • 46 Monifieth • • 47 Montrose • • i^, 70 Vigeans, St. • • 50 HADDINGTONSHIRE Berwick, North • 22 Dunbar • • 77f. 28 Haddington • F. 16 Preston Pans W»A\ 8 Tranent • • • 10 INVERNESSHIRE > • Boleskine • • 170 Cromdale • • 130 Gleuelg • • .180 liihab. 2,23i 1.040 5,308 3,540 114550 3,267 1,000 2,754 2,136 2,810 1,851 5,892 13.081 «,52tt 2,459 2,512 2.046 1,404 ^,413 4,452 2,310 2,200 4.fl61 2,100 1.200 2,0^2 4,800 4.157 113430 8,07» 5,006 30,57.1 5,897 2,009 5,056 2,585 2,107 10,338 5,583 35,127 l,C94 5,272 5,-i55 2,055 3,.'ie6 90,157 2,096 2,897 2,807 poptrttkTioir. S7t Hit. 100 172 1M7| 167 riihak. PLACES. Mkt. D. Diit. IS 30 28 87 30 30 10 U 24 i;» 27 30 12 2/) 20 1& 40 34 23 SO 10 58 60 41 70 52 60 40 47 2.23i 1,040 5,308 3.540 114550 3,e«7 1,000 2,754 2,130 2,810 1,851 5,H92 13,081 «,a2» 2,45() 2.512 2,04(t 1,4D4 V^413 4,452 2,310 2,200 4,«01 2,100 1,200 2,042 4,809 4.157 113430 8,071 5,000 30,575 5,80r 2,000 5,056 «,585 2,107 70 10,3.38 59 3,583 IK 35,127 1,004 22 28 10 8 10 • 170 130 m 5,272 5,US 2,055 3,300 90, J 57 2,0Mfl 2,«f)7 2,807 Inverness Kilniiillie • Kiinianivaig Rilmornck Kiltaility • KinffiiHttie PiMtiee • Urquhart 150 130 13(M 103 103 112 S25 14.'} KINCARDINESHIRE Banchory Davun . Bcrvie • . • Felteresso • • Forduun • . • KINUUSSHIRB . KinroHs • • • Orwell • KIRKCUDBRIGHT Kelton • • • Kirkcudbright . • Minniguff • • • Troqueer • • Urr • . . . LANARKSHIRE . Avendale Blantyre • • Botliwcll • • Curnbuslang • . CambuAiielhain • Carllike • • Carwoath . . . Crawford • • Dalscrir . • . Douglas • • Glasgow • IF» Govan • • • Hamilton • • Kilbride • Lanark • • • Lesmahagow . • Monkland, Nevr • Monklaiid, Old • Hutherglcn • Sliotts . « . Stonfhouse • LINLITHGOWSHIRE iJathgate • • 18 B' rrowstoncss • I§ Kirkliston • • LmliUigow • y. 17 118 83 100 60 • 2.1 27 80 00 QH 7': 84 • 44 41 40 45 30 30 25 80 40 41 43 40 38 40 82 38 83 30 40 20 40 (ohab. 12,264 5,527 V:,8I2 2,802 S,420 2,004 3,174 2,780 20,118 2,232 1,002 4,483 2,375 7,702 2,503 2,520 38,003 8,410 3,377 1,023 4,301 2,80 • 201 Vrquhart • • 177 Urray . • 171 ROXBUROSHIRB • Caalleton . • 07 Hawick TU. 47 Jedburgh . M. 45 Kelso • /'• 42 Melrose . H. 35 Wilton . • 46 SliLKIRKSHIRE . Selkirk . T» 36 STIRLINGSHIRE . iialfron • 60 Cauipsie . . 45 Denny . • 301 Ji,262 2,04(3 08,B2U 1,030 2,040 2,031 1,571 4,110 2,801 2,822 2,731 40,8»« 2,038 4,387 S,251 4,800 3,467 J, 661 0,637 2,728 65,376 2,041 4,027 3^364 PLACES llkt.D. DitCnTuhab. Falkirk . TH. 24 Kilsyth • . 80 Kippen • • 44 Lnrbert • •27 NinianV, St. • 34 Polmont . • 22 Stirling . F. 86 SUTHERLANDSH. Assint . . 240 Dornoch . ■ • sio Loth . ^ , •238 Ropart . > 235 WIGTOWNSHIRE Gleolace . . • 114 Inch . . 124 Kirkmaiden • 141 Leswait . • 1S8 Penninghara • lOU Port Patrick • 132 Stoneykirk • 127 Stranraer • 120 Whithorn . • 110 Wigtown . . 105 ISLANDS. GUERNSEY ISLAND 20,362 Andreas >. • St. Peter . • 11,173 Castletown . . HERM ISLAND* • 28 Douglas, Town JERSEY ISLAND • 28,600 Kirk Christ St. Helier . • 10,118 Kirk Slalew . St. Ouen . • 8,081 Kirk Patrick Trinity . • 2,048 Lezayre JETHOU ISLAND • 9 SCILLY ISLANDS . ISLE OF MAN • 40,081 SERK ISLAND METROPOLIS. 11,510 4,200 2, .29 3,491 8,274 2,171 7,314 23,840 2,803 3,100 2,008 1,086 33,240 1,9W 2,386 2,210 2,:^32 3,000 1,H18 3,133 S,46| 2,30i 2,04a 2,229 2,036 6,054 2,568 2,640 2,031 2,20» 2,(il4 488 City within the walls 56,174 City without the walls, not including the Bo- rough . • 69,260 City of Westminster and Liberties . 182,085 Out-parishes of Middle- sex and Surrey, with, in the Bills of Morta* tality . . 702,533 Paiishes not within the " Bills of Mortality . 215,642 1^225,094 POPULATION. 281 >i»t.jTuh«b. 24 ll,5lfl 8A 44 27 34 32 30 • 240 SIO 238 235 114 124 I4i Ii8 lOU 132 127 120 110 105/ 4/iflO 2,»21» 3,191 8,274 2,171 7,314 23,840 2,803 3,100 2,008 1,080 33,240 1.957 2,380 2,210 2,.'»32 3,000 1,H18 3,133 8,461 a,3o: 2,042 2,229 2,030 6,054 2,508 2,640 2.03* 2,-209 2,014 4fi8 (h. ta* he 702,533 • 215,042 1,225,094 ^sci.ftaifud Population of Toums in Ireland, Inhabit. | ] [nhablt. ' Carlow • 0,140 Ciirrickbeg 8,875 Nnas • s,ei8 Carrickfergas 6,130 Amy . a,ioi Droght'da 16,123 lit in{|{ ford 3,002 (Inlway 24,684 Grauuifl 2,425 Cork » • 04,304; Fart of the town of > 2,024 i Dublin 170.010 Loiittf«trtl i Limerick 00,043 . Rolls Town • 3,341 Belfast 35,084 part of the town of > : .2,560 Yonghall 8,804 Athlone CH5heU 5,009 Ba/le • • 2,272 Call en 5,050 Waterford • 25,407 Tullamorc 5,501' Tullow • 2,258 Rirr • 5,429 Dun gar von • 4,030 STATISTICAL TABLES; Or, Results of the Inquiries regarding the Geographical^ Agricultural, and Political State of Scotland. — 1817. BY SIR John' SINCLAIR, BART. Extent. Land. Lakes. Totals. Main- Land of Scotland .... Hebrides 26,520 2,800 425 855 494 104 15 25 26,014 2,904 Orkney Islands 440 Zetland Isles 880 Square mi lei.. 29,600 638 30,23d Climate. -^East Coat. Average number of days of rain and snow Fair weather , , , 2 a3 262 APPENDIX. CHmate,^^West Coast. Average nnmber of days of rain and mow Fair weather * Winds, — East Coast, From the north North-east East South-east South South-west . . . West North-west . . . West Coast, Points from east to west by north From west to souths •• From south to east ...«...« 365 State of Property, Number of Proprietors. Large properties, or estates above 2000?. of valued rent, or 2500/. sterling of real rent . . 396 Middling properties, or estates from SOOO/. to 500/. of valued rent, or from 2500/. to 625/. of real rent 1077 Small properties, or estates under 500/. of valued rent, or 625/. of real rent 6181 Estates belonj;ing to corporate bodies • 144 Total number of proprietors in Scotland TtOs" Proportion of Soil cultivated and uncultivated, Eng. Acres. Number of acres fully or partially cultivated 5,043,050 Acre? uncultivated, including woods and plantations 13,900 ,550 Total cjttf nt of Scotland iu English acrei 18,942,600 25 29 |62 14 9 05 02 19 STATISTICS. — SCOTLAND. 283 ^ 1 ! — Extent of Woods and Plantations, Eng. Acres Extent of plantations 412,226 — ■ natural woods 501,469 Total 913,695 Nature of the productioe Soils in Scotland. Sandy Soil 263,771 Gravel 681,862 Improved mossy soils 411,096 Cold or inferior clays 510,265 Rich clays 987,070 Loams 1,869,193 Alluvial, haugh orcarseland 320,193 6,043,450 ; > ' I ■ ' '■ Acres under the different Crops^ or in Fallow, Acres. Grass, (in hay and posture) 2,489,725 Wheat 1 40,095 Barley 280, 193 Oats 1,260,362 Rye .c... 600 Beans and peas 118,000 Potatoes 80,000 Turnips 407,125 Flax 16,500 Fallow 218,950 Gardens and orchards 32,000 6,013,450 j^ Live Stockf and their Produce, Horses.. 243,489 Cattle 1 ,047 , 1 42 Sheep 2,850,867 Hogs...,. 500,000 4,641,498 // rj*^--;' SS4 APPENDIX. Mineral State^^CoaL Extent of the great Coal-field. ..aerea 600,000 Annual consamption 179 Quantity annually consumed . . . *tons 8,500,000 Value of the coal annually consumed, at an average of 65. 8d» per ton «g8d3,333 Expense of labour^ bs, lOd. pertoD 729,166 10 Rent to the proprietor, lOd. pertoD 104,060 10 Jron» Number of blast furnaces 21 Quantity annually produced «.«••• S3,760 Value at 7^ per ton ^229,320 Numberof persons annually employed 7,650 Lead, Number of bars of lead anniially prodQced •^•••. 65,000 Annual value at 21, per bar «$1SO,000 Value of Mineral Productions. Coal • ^833,333 Lime I 375,000 Iron • 229,320 Lead 130,000 Various articles. 30,000 % <£!, 597,653 Manufactures of Scotland. Value of raw material. Woollen £300,000 Linen 634,149 Cotton 1,832,124 loferiorbranches 1,300,000 Expense of labour and profit. 450,000 1,775,000 6,964,486 5,000,000 £4fim)msi 14,189,486 Total Value 0/ manufactured articles. 150,000 940,851 5,132,362 3,700,000 9,92^«&S ^c^: '''■' ■' •■//?«. STATISTICS. — SCOTLAND. S85 17$ Ecclesiastical State of Scotland, Number of synods 16 Number of presbyteries 78 Number of parishes 893 Number of estabiished clergy men .« 938 Religious Persuasions, Established Presbyterian Church .. 1,408,388 Seceders from the Established Church, of various de^i^riptions, but all holding Pre8byi?rian principles . • 256,000 Total Presby teriani .... 1 ,664,388 Separatists of various persuasions, as Baptists, Bereans, Glassltes 50,000 Roman Catholics 50,000 Scotch Episcopalians •••••• S8,000 Methodists..... 9,000 Church of England ."; 4,000 Quakers* 300 141,300 1,805,688 Scotland possesses only 1,804,864 sonis, or about one* third part of the supposed population of Ireland, and yet in the year 1813, the people paid 4,204,097/. Is. 9d. of net revenue, exclusively of the expense of manage- ment and drawbacks. This comparatively immense sum amounts to within about half a million of the net revenue of Ireland, and it exhibits, most clearly, this important fact, namely, that the people of Scotland are able t# bear a rate of taxation^ exceeding that of Ireland, in the proportion of three to one; or, in plain language, a Scotchman pays three pounds to the state, for every one paid by an Irishman'— and, by the same rule, Ireland, instead of paying only 4,822,264/. I3s. U^d. of net re- venue, which was the amount in the year I81Sj ought, on this account alone, to afford 14,466,798/. Is, lO^d, an- nually, without burdening the p^opje more heavily tbaa f/ 286 APPBNDIIC. they are in Scotland. But Ireland enjoys local advan- tages gnperioi* to those of Caledonia, in as far as her soil and climate are more favourable to Che productions of the earth. But, in comparing the circumstances of the two coun- tries, there is another consideration of the utmost import- ance that bears upon the question. The total extent of Scotland includes nearly nineteen millions of Eng- lish acres, of which only 6,043,000 are fully or par- tially cultivated. The total extent of Ireland may be estimated at more than twenty millions of English acres, of which 15,000,000 are fully or partially cultivated. Here we find that the people of the latter country have the superiority over those of the former, in the propor- tion of nearly three to one, in all that relates to the pro- ducts of the soil, which are, In fact, the primary source of national wealth. In regard to the quality of soil and climate, Ireland possesses an advantage over Scotland that may be esti- mated in the proportion of thr^e to two— 'in reference to her capabilities for manufactures, she may be supposed equal ; but in relation to facilities for commerce she again has the superiority; and, without calculating minutely, it may be fairly stated, that the resources of Ireland ex- ceed those of Scotland, as three to one, in calculating from population — as three to one in extent of productive soil — and as three to two in the quality of that soil. It, therefore, follows, that if the capabilities of Ireland were equally well brought into action as those of the sif- ter country, the revenue of the former should amount to about six times the revenue of the latter, or to something ipbout twenty-five millions sterling, without the people of Ireland being more heavily loaded with taxes than those of Scotland ; and, at the same time, they ought to enjoy a similar degree of comfort and happineiis, which is not the case. Without, however, carrying the state- ment to the full amount it might seem to bear, we shall renounce a great part of the sum, and say, that Ireland could have afiorded from twelve to fifteen millions of net revenue, if her moral and physical resources bad been properly employed. i ! -.I" CTUOUITS JURISDICTTONS. TATEMENT Exhibiting tlw Connfioi* of F.N(JLAND Sc WALES, ar- MiiRcd in or(\craihe\rjr/HlSfJ/VTr01V,v/ltU tl)« No. of Division, at MietlnRS or Vh:vTX Skssions, and of actiiij; MAGISTRATES in each County. CO ft o s COUNTIES <«" in V5 MIDDLESEX 13 ' Hertford 12 Essex {Chelmsford) 14 Ki!ut (Maidstone ) 11 Snaavx* fJlors/iitm) 1(5 Sunt'yt (Kingston J 1 1 Berks tC/ifcac/ini'-; li Oxford l.} Worcester l.J Startord m Salop (Shrewsbury) 1 1 Hereford 1*2 Motiniouth 10 Glyiiccstcr 18 f Northampton 9 Rutland (Oakham) 1 Lincoln & City .... lo 2 J Nottingham dcTowv lo fi 1 Derby fl Leicester &IJ{)Roi;(}H City of Cuvontry Warwick 1 1 'Hants (Winchester) 11 Wilts (Salisbury) KJ Dorset (Dorchester ) Q :-< Devon riFaf ^^r J & City Cornwall $ Jjaunceston City of Bristol Somerset tf' Taunton Jl Q Cfi O (fl dl 200 95 14S 108 1.11 Kir* 03 (iZ 109 33d 31) 179 79 7 110 85 54 62 10 51 110 91 fi.J 1(57 99 130 \4 o O 'A Buckiiiyhainll .... 10 Hediord fl Uu):tinG;(lou 3 C.unbri(i}^e 11 iHleof Klyr/'-Vy; N()rfolk^[ ('J'hcfJord)B3 ^Huiiolk (Jinry St. E.)10 fYoik&CiTY .... .W Diuliam 16 Northumberland ^'<.( Newcastle) &T on , (US ja 0.1 ('iimberland (Carlisle^ ^ Wc^tmovG\.( Aypleby)^ ^ Lancaster 10 CHESTER 8 Flint r^oWj 7 Montgomery ( W. Pool) DenbiKh (JiuihinJ 8 Pembroke 7 CiiMinartlicn 8 Town of Haverford. ^ C Cardigan ....«<%.... 9 e r Glamorgan (Cardiff) 9 u } Brecon o ^ \^^ACinoY(Prcisteigin) Q £ 2 C X^\\:\^^^cA( Beaumaris "I "^ < Ciiruarvon 5 '^|i5 (. Mcrion-jth f 2/tf ^a^ 6 130 41 2*i 83 151 119 251 74 43 32 100 79 24 37 39 46 07 39 77 43 21 22 31 23 IV Where the County, in the ahove Statement, simply is expressed, the Assizes are held at the TV< WNof the same name as the County. In the other Counties, the Assizes are held at the places inserted, in (Italics) except in those marked with the following Notations, at which the LENT Assizes in April only are held, and the SUMMER Assizes in August at the places mentioned below. Viz. * SUSSEX at Lewes t SOMERSET alternately at t SURREY alternately at Jiridgewater S( Wells. Guildford S^ Croydon. \\ BUCKINGHAM at the Town X BERKS at Abingdon of Buckingham I CORNWALL at Bedmin f NORFOLK at the City oj Norwich, m 2b # ■ft } 288 ST/VTRMENT of t%e Diocks vn Jurisdictions of K N GLAN I) A£ Wj\ LKS, shewing in Colnmn o No. 1 The No. of Pakish Chi.uciiks j/t c/rcA iJioctse 2 J}o. Lenejivvs in the Pa t n o n a g k q/ the Diocesan 3 Do. Do. Do. of the Dcon ^ Chapter 4 The Amount at which each Diocese is Hated for First Fruits in the Hook of Tenths. DIOCESE Camtkkbury Bath &, WM» Bristol Cliichester Ely Exeter .... Gloncester Hereford . - Litchheld & JURISDICTION i part of A^ent Somersetshire Bristol, Dorse!:, and \ part of Gloucesters. Sussex (Jamhriifseshire . . Cornwall <^; Dcvonsh. Glouce^tersh. [Salop Hereford S(, part of 5 Stafford, Derby, and Lincoln . .. ., !? Coventry | parts of fi'^arw.S^Sal. § C Lincoln, Leicester, 1 r £ London .. Norwich .. Oxford .... Peterborongh Rochester Salisbury . . Winchester Worc^er .. • 'Bangor Landaff 0j St. Asaph St. Daivd is York.. Durham Carlisle Chester < Bedford, Buckingh. V (. 4: liertfordshires. j ( Essex, Middlesex, 4 ' i part of Hampshire Norfolk 4 Suffolk Oxfordshire .... Northampton ^ Rut. part of Kenk [land. j ff'ilts & Berkshires I Surrey Hants tk. Jer. C Worcester, and part f I of Warwickshire • XAnglesea, Carmart- i hen & Merioneihsh. 5 Glamorgan, Monmo- > I th, Brecon & Radnor S \ Flint Denbigh & > \ Montgomeryshire 3 I Pembroke, Cardigan ) ( 4 Carmarthenskire. J S greater part of York 5 \ & Nottinghamshires. 3 ( Durham, and > ( Norlhti?nberla7id. j § parts of Cumberland ) (and Westmoreland. 3 J Ch€shire,Lancash ire 1 ^ parts of York, Cum- > -?. j 257 3.SS 23G /50 141 604 267 213 557 1247 No. 2 623 1121 195 293 98 248 362 241 107 177 121 308 581 135 93 256 157 28 13 31 83 48 23 27 25 61 84 40 11 11 19 57 66 22 78 11 106 114 70 46 36 34 Mo. 31 No. 4 -£- 2682 533 45 47 26 37 22 55 19 35 31 98 52 42 no 6 30 61 34 40 27 6 27 87 24 26 13 383 677 2134 500 3U 78b 70S 124} 1000 834 38t 414 358 1421 3193 1032 134 154 181 463 1610 1821 531 420 ( be r land Westmorld. _, • Although then; appears to be only 9284 Parish Chusohes there •re 1 1,563 Benefices, 1290 of which, arc in the Patronage of the Diocesans, lOOr) in the Dean & Chapters, 103 in the live Collegiate Churches ot Manchester, Rtpjwn, Sjuthwell, Westminster, & Windsor, 583 in the Universities & Colleges of Oxford & Cam- BRiDOK, Eton and Winchester, 1015 in the KING, Prince of Wales, & Duke of Lancaster, leaving 75W in the Patronage of Lay liMPROPRIATURS. ISTATEMI KAMILl ding to into 28 der of ] heads: ^ uiifactur , 1^ 1 2 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 SO 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13, 10/ 8J 6 5 5 VintJ diapensel 289 IsTATEMENT Hhewing tho Gross Annual Incomes, or tlw 2,941,383 I KAMILIKS, composing the Poi'ULatiuh vf GREAT. BRri'A.lN, accor- I ding to tlu> ruturu made to Pailianiont, iu 18:21 ; the Families divided iutu 28 Classes, shewing the Annual Income uf each Clastf, and 'n» or« der of Expenditure or Application, under eacli ot° the tour following heads: yh.. — for Agricultural or Natural Production; Artificial or Ma* uufactured Production; Taxes, Pauper Uat(!8, Titlic;*, &:c. and Surplus. 3 , 1 2 Families. — No. — 1,000,000 600,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 Rate of Incomk l^ Annum. £ iJi.^|)i>nai (<1 iNt;u.>iii. Ayricul- (nral or Natural Product. £ — 21,000 17,500 16,500 16,500 16,500 Aiiiiicial or Manu- factured Product. £ 3,500 2,000 3.000 3,000 3,000 i'axts. Pauper Rates, &. Tithes. — £— 500 500 500 500 600 Surplus £— .is. ^ s i fe " 2 I a» « — S !*» Total. — £ 25,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 mn 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 13 14) 100,000 200 12,500 6,000 1,500 1,000 66,666 300 10,000 7,000 2,000 1,000 60,000 400 9,000 7 000 3,000 1,000 40,000 600 7,000 8,000 4,000 1,000 33,333 600 6,500 8,500 4,000 1,000 28,570 700 6,000i 8,000 5,000 1,000 25,000 800 S'OOO 8,000 5,000 1,000 22,222 900 6,000 8,000 5,000 2,000 20,000 1,000 6,000 8,000 5,000 2,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,00o 20,000 20,000 15 13,333 16 10,000 17 8,000 18 6 666 19 6,710 20 5,000 21 3,000 1,500 5,000 9,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 9,000 4,000 2,000 2,500 5,000 10,000 4,000 1,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 4>000 1,000 3,500 5,000 i 11,000 3,000 1,000 4,000 4,000 12,000 3,000 1,000 6,000 2,500 9,000 2,500 i,oooJ 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 S3 2S 24 25 26 27 28 2,000 [ 1,000 500 200 100 . 50 33 2,941,383 7,500 15,000 24,000 30,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 l,500f 1,000 1,000 500 300 150 100 10,250 11,250 9,500 4,500 3,900 :^000 2,600 ^163] 240,000! 147 ,000 ^68,000 2,500 2,000 1,000 500 300 100 100 750 750 500 500 500 500 500 15,000 15,000 12,000 6,000 5,000 3,750 3,300 25,000 480,000 Gross Produce of Soil : 40,000,000 Acres at £ #" Acre £ 240.000,000 *♦* In the 5 right hand Cohunns, the three last places of figures have been '■■ dispensed with, for the sake of abridgment, therefore read MilUor I e* t ''J »>. O 9< h. — » lO C O IT' 3" 'T^J ri (N ja 'S» t*i!o©(N'2«M'-j Sis'* 012 CO o — ^ |a— ^: c5 cis-^ a " « oi* 2g«2l^ IS " ,-4 *" S 2" S « 05*0 FH OS ., « fa|W O (A PC V. > • ^- 10 ., § s 00 ^ .re- Cjh ^ w 6 e-b^ja ...A noH08|ioo JO flaSacqa ^i^uauiXBj JaqiO . ,-«*f* 29 1 * ■tr fd Other Ifatn, in 1823. »; K ^ ^ •* .•-•5 .let Ik i« A 10 V V luO |« »*«eo© - ^^' c r> 5! *9 ^ '-J « « 15 ** "* + 1 + + + + + + + + I I ++ I + + + I I I + I ++ ( + + 9i NN re w ►'^"^ *^ **^ rt . . '2M09 ■ Axcdge iJerlnj . . . . 1751 I Beacons of Urocknock JJrtron ... . 2802 ■ Black Comb i'uinhcrlatid ... . 1!)10 W Black Haiiiblutou Down York ... . 1210 m Bleasilalo Fon-tit Jjunraster . . . . 1709 J^ Boulsvvorth Hill JJo. . 1689 Bolton Head or Grctulioc } ork . . . . MH3 Bow Fill i'umberlatul ... . 2911 V Bradlield Point Yur/c ... . 1216 Brenin Vaur Pembroke . . . . 1285 Brown Clay Hill >S'alop ... . 1805 Brown Willy Cornnall ... . 13G8 Buttcrton Hill Jhvon .... 1203 B wlch Mawr ('(ft no r von .... 1673 Cieder Ferwyu Merioaetk .... 2563 Caederldris Do. 2914 , 2.596 Cappelante J)o. 2394 2245 Carned David CaTnarvon .... 3427 Canicd Lewe!^yn , JJo 3469 Carraton Hill Cornwall .... 1208 Cawsand Beacon . . Devon .... 1793 Cheviot North umber laid .... 2658 Collier Law JJurhcm .... itw-s Coniston Fell Lanrnstcr .... 2577 Cradle Mountain .*••«•..<• jUrccon 2545 Cross Fell ,„,*.Cvtnbcrl(tnd ... Cyrn y Brain Mountain ...«* IJeribigh .... Dunkerry Beacon, (Exuiore) ....*• Somerset .... 2!)02 1852 1665 Bwggan, («.:iar Builth) ..* Br ... is^** ... 2270 ... 2893 ... 2463 .... "M .... 2163 .... 1549 .... 1966 .... 1545 •••• ^"^ .... 1308 •••• *^S •••• ^ .... 316J .... 2329 1407 .... 3022 2004 .... 141T . 1852 .. 2596 .. 1747 .. 2186 .. 2384 .. 2263 .. loij ... 1320 *i^ i «ts-s?s=SSsl3Ss KENT Allington Kmll • Castle 329 469 r)75 251 122 ^S.to« Ton-Gatc . , .J- .«. A.nf.HUl 240 463 Gowthurst ^ ;;,atory ..214 HoUinghournjnii .. • ^^^ Paddiesuurv.'- ^^^ Shooter's niij'''.'r^^ J 330 Swing field Steeple ( lopj Sw^xkot Heath'. •• • ^^q Bansteud . . liotleyUill Hind Head Hundred Acres .. •• IjPitli Hill j\,'oru^ood 8S0 923 .443 993 389 Tentcrden Do.^^^ W^hbeach -' •• ".."eao 761) ■* ff r -^j ! 1 ETYMOLOGIES Of common Names of Places in the British Islanit, AB, it frequently a contrac* Erne, Eron, • pUct. (ion of Abbot, implying ttiHt the fliic« bel iii(;eil to a monastery. Al, Attle, AdU, aro corrup- tion! of jEtkel, noble, famous* At, Aid, from tlie Saxon Eald, old or ancient. Ey, ea, ee, fron Ig, %n iiUi^ or Ea, water, a river. Fleet, Flcot, Flotf from 01% Saxoa Flcot, * bay, estuary, or river Grave, from Ora^f (in Savon,) Al, H*l, from llealle, a halli a grove, Rrave, or cave. X or place. Ask, Ash, or As, from ^c, aa aih-tree. Bam, or Beam, imply a woody situation, as Barrvw, a grove. Brad, broad, spacious. ' Brig, a ftiidge. Bran, Brati, Brown, Bourn, Burn, a stream, river, or brook. Burrow, Burrough, Burk, Burg, Burgh, a city, town, 'pwer, or castle. Bi/e, Bee, a dwelling. Car, Char, from the British C»er, a city. Castor, Chester, from Ccaster, a city, town, or castle, from the Roman Castrum. Chip, Cheap, Chipping, from the Saxon Ceapan, to buy, im<. fly a market. Comb or Comp, from the Bri tish Cum, a valley, low situa* tion. Cot, Cote, Coat, from Cot, a cottage. Crag, in the British, means a 'teeprock. j^ Den is a valley. ^ Dcz, from Deor, a wild beast, or if the place stand on a river, from Dxr (in th) British lan- guage,) water. JEr, in the middle of a name, nay be conkraeted from Wara, dwellers. Hum, a house or abode. Holme, Horvme, from Holm, ^a river-island, or plain sur« rounded by water ; also a hill or mountain. Holt, a wood. Hyrst, Hnrst, Herat, a grove, Ing, or Inge, a meadow. Lade, a stream or channel, the source of a river. Lay, Lee, Ley, a field, or pas- ture. La^e, a hill, heap, or barrow. Marsh, Merse, a fen. Mez, Meze, a pool, or lake. Over, sometiroet derived from Of re, a bank ; sometimes, where tliere are two places, *t meant upper Pres, Prest, a priest. ' "i Kig, Ridge, tlie slope of a hill^ Sted, Stead, a place. Stoke, or Stoc!c, the trunk of a tree, wood. Stow, or Stowe, a piace. Thr.rp, Throp, Trap, or Trep, a vil!ai;e, or hamlet. Tom, Turn, a town. Weald, or Walt,viooA or wold, Werth, IVeorth, Worth, a farm, court, village, or streot. Wic, Wich, a village, bay, creek, or castle. Win, from the Snxon Win, war, implies the s'lte of a battle. Wold, somerimut wood, an4 sometimes a pl»co clear of wood* X 291 ■/X- QUESTIONS FOR THE EXERCISE OF TIfB PUPIL. ON CHAPTERS I. and II. , '' 1. From wlmt nations are the people of the British Islands descended } 2. Enumerate the circumstancei of a country which arc essential to commerce. S. Why is the Britibh Empire the envy of the world ? 4. Describe the House of liords. 5. Describe the forms on. introducing and passing a new law. r 6. Describe the several courts of law. 7. What are the duties of a justice of the peace? 8. What are the kinds of law in use in England ? 9. Of how many members do the houses of parliament consist? 10. What is the population of the British islands ? — See also the App*incUx* 11. What arc the sheet-anchors of public liberty io England ? 12. What are the functions and duties of grand and petit juries? 13. What are the titles of the three chief judges? 14. Who has the power of levying taxes in England? 15. How long will the English continue free? 16. What said Charles II. of ihe climate of England ? 17. What are the powers and restrictions of tihe kings of England ? 18. What are the duties of justices, coroners, and constables ? 19. What are the peculiar sources of the wealth of Britain ? 20. How do the judges adiulifister the laws through thf kingdom? 21. Who forms the cabinet-council, and what are tbeif duties? .1^__ ■'*■■■ *•",.. // »«,■*>; 292 APPENDIX. 22. nrscribc the privilo,«;cs of peers and commoners. 23. Describe the kindly oHicc, the oath, revenue, powers, motto, ;nui aitns. 24. What does the soil of Uritain produce? 25. What \h a sheritt', and what are his duties ? 26. Ily what instrument and means are cities and bo- roughs governed ? 27. Recapitulate the acres of which the British Em- pire consists. 28. How do the laws of England ;;rotect the liberty of the subject ? 29. What punishments do the laws of Enjriand inilict? 30. On whose judgment does a juryman give liis ver- dict? Si, What is blended with tiie naval power of Britain, as a means of extending her inUuence? 32. Specify the number of peers and persons of rank. 33. How many acres are there in Great Britain, and how are they divided ? .S4. Describe tiie f n disco- s of the pnt? I? Uiority d wiiat endinj^ of the Wales 47. What numbf officer"! of the navy ? 72. How many ships bolong to the government ? 73. What is the sinking-fund, and what has it done I It. Whftt is the produce of the merckwit^s vessels? 2i > > I 294 viVprNDn:. 75. IIow are supplies raised for (lie sovcrnmcnt ex* ppiises ? 76. JIow much jjol'J, silver, and jewels, are therein the United Ivingdoin ? 77. What .'ire the exports of the kinaidoin ? 78. Specify the number of houses in the two islands. 79. Of how many ships consist the royal navy ? 80. What ifl depoj^ited in a million of sliops and ware- houses, and what is it worth ? 81. State the diilerent kinds of stock. 82. What is the number of the poor, and how much does it cost to maintain them r 82. Who directs the army, and who the navy ? 84. What is the value of the houses in both islands? 85. Describe the commerce of the Empire. 86. What is the number of our soldiers and sailors ? 87. What does government raise annually by direct taxation ? 88. What is meant by stock being at par ? 89. Wiiat is the value of all the clothing and miscella- neous articles ? ON CHAPTiiR V. 90. What portion of the population are secedersfroni the church ? 01. What has led to dissention in Ireland? 92. For what purpo«es are the kingdoms divided intt parishes? 93. How many bishops and archdeacons are there ? 94. How many Universities are there in the British Llands ? 95. Name the principal dissenters. 96. Which is the most ancient University in Euri)pe ? 97. What were Locke, Mead, Hume, and Arnc ? 98. Mention the principal British poets. 99. What are the physical advantages of the British islands on account of being surrounded by the sea? 100. Mention the colleges and halls at Oxford. 101. Of what standing must be a Doctor of Divinity? 102. Who have been the greatest English philosophers and painters? A QUESTIONS. 295 rnmcnt ex* in» there io n islands. ivy ? s tiiul ware- how much vy ? 1 islands ? i sailors ? y by direct nd raiscella- ;e coders from ? divided intt Lre there ? n the British in Europe ? id Arnc ? of the British the sea? xford. of Divinity? I philosophers 109. In what does tho British empire excel ? 104. Who oiipht never to be chosen as arbitrators ? 105. What proportion of the population of Ireland are attached to popery ? 106. How lj? the An;;llcan church governed ? 107. Wha^ are synonymous to churchwarden and over* 8cer? 108. How is the Anglican-church governed in Ireland ? 109. What is the origin of the various religious sects ? 110. To what cause do we owe the universality of education ? 111. What universities are there in Scotland and Ire- land ? 112. Recite the names of the English historians, di- vines, and orators. ON CHAPTER VI. ^ 113. What mark the decay of empires, and what is the state of private virtue in England ? 114. What is the general character of the Irish ? 115. In what respects is the face of the country im- proved ? 116. What are the names of the principal rivers in England ? 117. What is the annual average height of the thermo- meter in Great Britain ? |, 118. What canals are there in Ireland ? 119. What are the kinds of antiquities found in the British islands ? 120. What has civilization efTected for Britain ? 121. What are the characteristics of the Scotch ? 122. What are the British islands rich In ? '' 123. Mention the principal lakes in England aod Wales. 124. What remarkable takes place respecting the soil ? 125. Where are salt, black-lead, tin, coal, and copper, chiefly produced ; and what of the mineral waters? 126. What are the English famous for ? 127* What are the British and the Catholic antiquities? / l-v 296 APPENDIX. • ^ .. 128. What are the geoeral intenial improTemeott of (he United Kingdom ? 129. How do we distinsjuish the remains of antiquity]? 130. Which are the principal hills in England ? 131. Which are the hottest, and nhich the coldest months of the year | and where does the mercury be« come solid ? 132. What has lowered the national character? 133. What have you to remark of the winds ? ON CHAPTER VII. to End of MIDLAND CIRCUIT. 134. Which is the most distant from London ; York, Chester, Manchester, Hull, or Leeds ? 135. What are the peculiar trades of Sheffield, Man- chester, Birmingham, and Leeds ? 136. Are Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumber- land, larger than Yorkshire ? 137. Mention the seven kingdoms of the Saxon hep*' tarchy ? 138. In which Roman diTisicitp were Durham, Wanr wickshire, and Sussex ? 139. Which is the most northern of the English coun< ties ? 140. For what purposes has every county a sheriff, a lord-lieutenant, and justices ? 141. How many members does Northumberland send to parliament ? 142. For what is Westmoreland famous ? 143. For what is Yorkshire famous ? 144. Of what do the manufactures of Lancashire cod- iist ? 145. What occasions the great rains in Lancashire ? 146. What are the peculiar characteristics of Liver- pool ? 147. For what is Cheshire famous ? 148. What are the characteristics of the three Ridingi ©f Yorkshire ? 149. What do towns consist of? IdO. W^ho divided tiie kingdom into conntiet i T.5» ? -^j* ■» %:\ k QVeSTIONi. 997 151. What 18 Newcastle famoui for? 153. How many inhabitants are there (o a square mil* in the counties of the Northern Circuit ? 153. For what is Warwickshire celebrated? 154. How many inhabitants are there to a square milo in the counties of the Midland Circuit ? 155. What are the names of the circuits ? ; 156. For ^hat is Leicestershire famous ? 157. What are the trades of Leicester and Nottingham } 158. For what is Derbyshire remarkable? 159. Describe the county of Cheshire ? 160. Describe the government of a county, 161. How are the manufactures of Lancashire con- veyed away ? 162. Which is the largest county of the Midland Cir- •cuit? 163. What part of all England const! totet the smallest county ? 164. With what IS Birmingham filled ? 165. What are the manufactures of Derby, Coventry, and Northampton ? T CHAPTER VII. to End of NORFOLK CIRCUIT 166. What rich vales are there in Backinghamshireand Worcestershire ? 1167. What is the manufacturing district of Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Worcestershire ? 168. Which is the largest county in the Oxford Circuit? 169. How many members does Staffordshire return to parliament, there being two for the county ? 170. How much per annum had the benevolent man of Ross? 171. What county is famous for cyder ? What for malt J and flour? 172. What county ^s distinguished for its Royal Resi- dence, and its University ? 173. What are the manufactures of Norwich and Worcester ? 174. In what counties are the Usk, Ibis, Yare, and Colne ? 298 APPENDIX. 175. In what counties are Dunstable, Thetford, Eye, Stroud, and Wenlock ? 178. Which is the most distant from London: Litch- field, Worcester, Hereford, or Yarmouth? 177. Which comity of the Norfolk Circuit contains the greatest number of parishes ? 178. What cities are there in the Norfolk Circuit ? 179. How many members does Buckinghamshire re- turn to parliament? • 180. In what counties are Wobnrn, Wantage, "Wood- stock, Kiddv rminster, and Stoney Stratford ? 181. Which is the most populous county in the Oxford Circuit? 182. What is the chief characteristic of Cambridge ? 183. Through what counties of those circuits does the Thames run ? • 184. Which counties are fenny ? 185. What rivers are in Sufl'olk ? 186. Where are Newmarket, Blenheim, King's Col- lege Chapel, and Stroud Bottoms? 187. Where are the Malvtrn Hills, the Chiltern Hills, and the Chalk Hills? 188. What towns carry on a trade in corn and flour ? 189. Where is the Bodleian Library, Trinity College Library, Univcisity College, and King's College? 190. Which county of the Oxford and Norfolk Circuits has the gieatest number of inhabitants to a square mile i CHAPTER VII. to End of ENGLAND. 191. In what countieii are Horsham, Devizes, and Taunton ? 19*2. In what counties are the Parrat, the Rother, the Med way, and the Black water? 193. Which are Cinque-ports? 194. From what objects was Britain called Albion? 195. How many members does Sussex return, count- ing, as usual, two for the county, and two for each cin- que-port? 196. Which is nearest to London | Dover, Portsmouth, or Brighton? I QtresTioNs; 299 5ye, Itch- the ? the 197. What is the population of London on (he stonei, or as a compact town I 198. Why is not London included In the Home Cir- cuit? 199. What part of London is its sea-port? 200. What docs Waterloo-bridge afford ? 801. IIow many houses, churches, chapels, and meet- ing-housps, are there in London ? 202. What towns arc united at Portsmourh ? 203. What sea-port was the summer resort of King George III.? 204. Where are the vale of Taunton, Exmoor, Stone- henge, the Sound, and Salisbury Plain ? 205. IIow many sacks of flour are consumed every week in London? ^ 206. How many one-horse chaises and carts are kept in and near London ? 207. How many persons come iind go, to and from London, every 24 hours, at the rate of four to every ve- hicle? 208. What will it cost a family of 12 persons for bread only, in London, in 1812? 209. How are the houses of London distributed through the town ? 210. In what part of London is the city situated ? 211. What famous sea-bathing place is situated in Sussex ? 212. Where are Epsom, Chatham, Pevensey Level, the New Forest, and the Mendip Hills? 213. For what was Silbury Hill, near Marlborouglii iraised ? 214. For what is Bath famous? 215. Where is cyder the common beverage? 216. For what was St. Michael's Mount famous ? 217. AVhat cathedral has the most lofty spire in £ng« Isnd? ;« 218. What was the design of Stoneheuge? r219. Who built Winchester-castle? .] 220. What did Westminster-bridge cost building? 221. What grand bridge has lately been constructed? ] 222. What gives feature and beau^ jr to Middlesex I 300 APPENDIX. 223. For wliat wm the cathedral of Canterbury fa^ luons? 224. Wh.it is peculiar to Dover? 225. Where are the rivers Lea, Dart, Kennett, and Mole? 226. What does the Isle of Wight resemble? 227. How many acres are there in Salisibury Plain and Marlborough Downs? 228. What is the character of the country roiind Bath I 229. What are tise innnufartures of Devonshire? 2.S(). How many visitors has Cath in the season? 231. Wlrat are tiie sources of the wraith of Cornwall ? 2S9. What are the names of (he chief streets in London? 233. Whut is the character of the Cornish boroughs? 234. How is Plymouth Scund divided? 235 In what coisntiei are the Isles of Wight and Scilly ? 23<3. What is the i^eneral character of Surry, Kent^ Essex, and Socr^crsctshire? in CHAPTER ^III. : ' 02V WALES. \ 237. What are the na«&ies of the mountains and riren in Wales ? 238. Which is the largest of the Welsh counties? 239. Whn subdued Wales, and who was the first Eng* lish Prince of Wales ? 240. Which is the most populous of the Welsh coun« ties? 241. In what do the natural characteristics ofWalet differ from England ? 242. What are the remarkably rich vales in Wales? 248. Which are the fashionable watering-places In Wales? 244. In what county lies the highest of the Welsh mountains ? 245. What flourishing niauufacturiig dittrict ii there in North Wales? r QUESTIONS. 301 I. ,46. HOW -.any count.s ..- c.cuU. a,e the. •..- ^^V'w..atfl«»r-..h-.ngn,anufactur-.„.dUtV.ct.s.Ucre in South Wales ? parishes and people to a ^oiQ Where is the large&i ci^'V , . ^^ packets ? '%r W..ati.Caaeriar-.. and what WSw.n.eaf.- n^sZ-What U the present language of n.ao, counties in ^r^lNvhere - ^-^^^l^t "a\"'^^^^^^ In acre,. 255 What arc the lengui, ^^;Whereisthefine.tharbourlnthe.orld? i CHAPTER IX. seoTLAND. m. What is the fanlt m Scot s»J L„„d„„} 1^: WhatisMinb«r|h^"c^^^^^ ^„„„,„„, 262. What is the neigu i„ Scotland J j^,„, ,f the .nion of Scotland 263. What were ""^ and England ? -haracteristics «f Glasgow ? 264. What ate the «"*™"„,^ s.„.„i, literature ? It What is t"!=;^'»X:„"; nundee noted J . fei- aris'Jherr:fof%cotla„d.a„d its produet.ve •'"s'Ss ''fU what are the Highlanae.-;^^^^^^ I^^: What are the art.oies of xpo^^_^ ^^^ ^^^^.^ „, ' 270. What public bentui .»i Scotland? % V'- 302 APPENDIX* 271. What are (ne ports of Edinbnrgh and Glaij^ow ? 273* Which are the three most populous, and the threa neYt populous of (he Scotish counties? 27.S. How happened England and Scotland to be united under one sovereign ? 274. What is there peculiar in the old city and new toivn of Edinburgh ? 275. Why was Thomsoo not strictly and properly a ificotchknan ? 276. What is the population of Scotland ? 277. Which are the largest of the 8cotish counties? 278. What invention was ascribed to a Scotchman ? 279. Of what do the natural curlositiei of Scotland consist? 280. What are the extent and boundaricB of the Highi* lands? ia CHAPTERS X. and XI. IRELAND AND iSLANDS, 281. What was the cause of the bogs in Ireland ? 282. How is the government of Ireland administer^t! '^ 283. What is the effect of the moist cliniate of Ireland ? 284. What is the population of the four largest towni in Ireland ? 285. Who have been distinguished for genius in lie- land? 286. What are civil divisions of Ireland? 287. Describe the dinensions and population of the Norman Islands. 288. When was Ireland known to the Greeks, and what are the records of the Irish historians ? 289. What are the dimensions, population, and chief towns of the Isle of Man ? 290. How are the Irish people represented in the united legislature? 291. What are the numbers, names, and population of the Hebrides ? 292. Why does it raio more in Ireland tbao els»* where ? row? ihrcQ 10 be new Is? ? ftland Qt/E8TI0NS. 903 I ^r C99. What are the names and nositions of the iilaudi iiatety taken from the Danes? 294. What is a great diiKidvantn;;c to Irelr.nd ? '295. What are the ecclesiaiitical divisions of Ireland ? 296. What is the dilterence of latitude and longitude between London and Edinburgh, Dublin, Jcr&ey, and the Shetland Islands? 297. At what periods was Ireland subjugated by the English? 298. What is the nnmber, population, and chief towni, of the Orkneys and Shctlands? 299. What are the stale and language of the commoa Irivh? 800. What are the size, area, and population of Ire- land ? 301. What is the Grant's Causeway, its size, &c. ? 302. What are the names of the rivers and Jakes of Ireland ? 303. What are the chief towns of Ireland ? S04. What is the religion of Ireland, and what are itf effects ? y 305. What are the staple manufactures of Ireland } o CHAPTERS XII. a\id XIII. AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. 306. What was the first land discovered by Columbus? 307. What are the dimensions and population of Ja- maica ? 308. How are the winters in Canada? 309. What do the Caribbee Islands take their name from ? 310. What are the objects of colonization ? 311. What is the trade of New Brunswick, Nova Sco- tia, and Newfoundland ? 312. How are the plantations cultivated ? 313. What do the West Indies export besides the four •taple articles? 314. What ii the object of settlement in Newfouai- laod? 304 APPENDIX. 315. Describe Canada, Quebec, Nova-Scotia, HalU fax, and Newfoundland, and nay vrtiicii are provincet, wiiicii islands, and which townn. 316. lluw many \vere the annual victimi of the iDfer- nal slave-trade ? 317. What an* the length, breadth, and population of the Ijritish Caribbees ? 318. What is the poimlation of the Canadas, what Is Cape Broton, and what doe^ Newfoundland furnish ? 319. Describe the po|)uIation and climate of Jamaica. 320. Which was the first land discovered by the lingiitih in America ? ^ 321. Why do Nova-Scotia and the Canadas continue under the British p)vernment? 322. What distance are the Caribbees from England ? 323. What are the names and extent of the British co- lonies of the coast of South America? 324. What is the extent of British territory in Aae* rica / 325. Describe the West Indies. ""' 326. What do the West India islands furnish to Euro- peans, particularly to the Britishr? 327. What is the condition of the native Americans? 328. What divides the British dominions from the Unitttd States? 329. Name the Enf^lish Islands. 330. Describe the Bermudas and Bahamas. 331. What does the soil of Jamaica produce? 332. Into what is Canada divided, and what does Nova-Scotia produce? 333. What couFue do ships sail, in going to, and com- ing from, the West Indies ? 3S4. What is remarkable of the St, Lawrence? 335. When and how did Canada coa:e into possession of the Ensliih? 336. Describe the varieties of heat in Jamaica? 3^7. What is the empire of Hay ti? - -^ 338. What do the great Lakes separate ? 339. Wiiat was theiirst land discovered by Colambuf ? 340. What are the exports from the Canadas, and what is a singular feature of the couu^r^ ^ QUESTIONS. 305 S41. l¥hat kindof ref^inns are Lnhrndor? 842. What arc the settUMticnts in Hudson's Bay? 343. What name do the Hindoos give to the Deity, and his three chief nctrib« iPS? 344. What Is the true policy of Britain relative tc Continental India ? 345. Which are the chief Spice Islands ? 346. For what is Valette distinguished ? 347. To what is the Englibh nation indebted for id {[greatness, power, and importance? 348. Where is the Bread-fruit-tree used as a substi- tute for rice ? 349. How large is the Island of Bombay, and what is its population? 350. What are the names, size, and population of the British dominions in the Ganges? 361. What is the public value of the Cape of Good Bope? 353. What military establishment do the British keep in India? 353. What is the charaCcter of a part of the Hindoos? 854. What quantity of nutmegs and cloves have beeo imported from the Spice Islands ? 355. Sum up all the characteristics of the Biitigh £m« fire? 356. For what is Madeira famous ? 367. For what is Gibraltar famous ? 358. For what is New South Wales distinguished ? 359. What is the present African trade? 360. What are the objects of Bencoolen and Penang ? 361. For what is Ceylon famous? 86S. What are the dependencies of Madras ? 863. How are the Hindoos divided ? 364. What are the oames of the chief casts of the Hindoos } 366. What are the five great powers of India? 366. Where and what are Sierra Leone, the Mauritius, Md the Sircars ? 367. What are the manufactures of India ? S6&. T^bat is the population of Calcutta, Cape Tow% latavia, and Bombay ? 2c ^ ■i^; •yy ■■ 306 APPENDIX. I n I,) ft ^ \v- 369. What arc the moral duties of Britain to deserve the protection of Providence? 370. In which climates li'e the ColonicR of England ? 871. What is it in the power of Uritons to do by their example, &c. ? 372. Where does the tallipot grow ? 373. In what consists tiie coaiuicrce of Bengal, Ceylon', Bencoolen, and Banda? MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 374. By the scale and compasses, what are the length of Great Britain and Ireland, the greatest breadth of Ireland, and the greatest and least breadth of Great Britain ? 375. What are the highest and lowest latitudes oi Great Britain? 376. What are the length and greatest and least breadth of the Irish Channel ? 377. How many miles is it round Great Britain, taken coastwise? 378. How many mile'< is it round Ireland, measured by the compasses, coastwise ? .9r9. How many miles are saved by a c