vr, 
 
 ^%.^'>^ 
 
 ^r^y:,. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 ,„„ y, ^ V^^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 m. 125 
 
 ij, 1^ 
 
 .».,. I£ 
 
 ^ US 
 
 2.0 
 
 IL25 III 1.4 
 
 II 
 
 6" 
 
 %.. 
 
 l 
 
 f 
 
 /: 
 
 .^ 
 
 i^j>>- 
 
 >> 
 
 ^^.jVV' 
 
 ^ 
 
 «v 
 
 7 
 
 y^ 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 'MEST MAIK srHECT 
 
 WCM^IR.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) e7f-4S03 
 
 

 ^0 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical ard Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 □ 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagde 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e 
 
 I I Cover title missing/ 
 
 D 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes g6ographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 Lareliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la mctrge intdrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 filmdes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la methods normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ 
 D 
 
 Q 
 Q 
 
 D 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul^es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages ddcolordes, tachet^es ou piqu6es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Quality indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Onf/ edition available/ 
 S ule Mition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. una pelure, 
 etc.. ont 6td filmdes d nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 
 10X 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X 
 
ails 
 
 du 
 
 difier 
 
 Line 
 
 lage 
 
 Th« copy ffilmsd her* ha* b««n raproducad thanks 
 to tha ganarosity of: 
 
 Library Division 
 
 Provincial Archives of British Columbia 
 
 Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality 
 poaaibia considaring tha condition and lagibiiity 
 of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha 
 filming contract spacif ications. 
 
 L'axamplaira filmA fut raprodult grice A la 
 gAnAroaitA da: 
 
 Library Division 
 
 Provincial Archives of British Columbia 
 
 Las imagas suivantas ont At* raproduitas avac la 
 plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at 
 da la nattatA da l'axamplaira film*, at an 
 conformity avac las conditions du contrat da 
 filmaga. 
 
 Original copias in printad paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printad 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant 
 par la premier plat at an terminant soit par la 
 derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autras exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmAs en commen^ant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning 'END "). 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 derni6re image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE '. le 
 symbols V wignifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many fra' as as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre 
 filmte A des taux de reduction diffArents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir 
 de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrant la mAthode. 
 
 rata 
 
 telure. 
 I A 
 
 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 4 5 6 
 

 Map of the Yukon River and District* 
 
 OVER THE CHILKOOT PASS TO THE YUKON 
 
 By Frederick Funston 
 
 T 
 
 'HE tourists who every 
 summer crowd the ex- 
 cursion steamers that 
 sail uji the long stretches of 
 the inland passage to Alaska 
 find their view to the north 
 and east everywhere limited 
 by a range of snowy peaks 
 silhouetted like card -board 
 against a sky as clear and 
 blue as that of California. 
 On the one side is a narrow 
 strip of main-land and on the 
 other a thousand islands, 
 large and small, that consti- 
 t u t e soutlieastern Alaska, 
 where are the busy mining 
 town of Juneau, and Sitka, the sleepy 
 old capital. This is the Alaska of the 
 tourist, famous for its great glaciers, its 
 beautiful fiords, and its Thlinket Indi- 
 ans and their totem poles. But beyond 
 the big white range is another and a to- 
 tally diflfereut country, the valley of the 
 Yukon, a great, lone land where winter 
 reigns supreme for nine months of every 
 year, and whose inhabitants are roving 
 Wnds of fur-clad savages. Over in the 
 British Northwest Territory, just across 
 the coast range from Dyea Inlet, Alaska, 
 is a chain of lakes surrounded by snowy 
 
 mountains and drained by a small 
 stream, which, now roaring between 
 gloomy canon- walls and now gliding 
 among birch-covered hills, bears away 
 to the northwest. On either hand it 
 receives numerous tributaries, some of 
 them of great size, and seven hundred 
 miles from its source leaves the Brit- 
 ish possessions and enters Alaska. 
 After winding for 1,400 miles across 
 this territory it pours its huge flood 
 into Behring Sea. On the lower half of 
 its course the river receives the waters 
 of the Porcupine, Tanana, Koyukuk, and 
 numerous smaller streams, until the lit- 
 tle brook, less than ten feet wide, drain- 
 ing Lake Linderman, has in the 2,100 
 miles of its course become one of the 
 mightiest rivers on the face of the earth 
 — three miles from bank to bank, thirty 
 feet deep, and with a current of five 
 miles an hour. 
 
 Four of us were landed with our ef- 
 fects at the head of Dyea Inlet, a hun- 
 dred miles north of Juneau, at day- 
 break on April 10, 1893. My three 
 companions were McConnell, a grizzly 
 old Canadian, Thompson, a miner from 
 Idaho, and Mattern, a good - natured 
 German, who had mined in half a dozen 
 Western States. I was the only one of 
 
C^n'ikivt Pass fri'iii t/ir Coast. 
 
 the paitv who had had any prc-vious the journey. Near our hiiidinof-iilace was 
 Ahiskan experience, but all had roi!u;hed a small Tiiliiiket Indian villaj^e ot'Dyea, 
 it in other countries, and we felt equal whose inhabitants turn an honest penny 
 to the much-vaunted tei'rors of Cliil- every sprin<j[ by assisting? miners bound 
 koot Pass, Miles CaTum, and the White for the interior in packin"' their sup- 
 Horse Kapids. McConnell. Thomi^son, plies to the summit of the pass. We 
 and Mattern were bound for the placer divided our jjoods into seven packs and 
 f^old-mininof camp of Forty Mile Creek, en^a^ed five men and two women to 
 at that time the only one on the Yukon, carry these loads to the summit of the 
 while I had a sort of rovin-^ commis- pass, a distance of fifteen miles, whei'e 
 sion from the United States Depart- they were to leave us to our own de- 
 ment of A^jriculture to make a botan- vices. The start from the villapfe was 
 ical collection, take weather observa- made on the morninj^ of the second 
 tions, and obtain anv other scientitic day after our arrival. The Indians 
 information possible, and eventually supported the loads on their backs 
 extended my journey to the Mackenzie by the aid of deerskin bands, passincf 
 River and tlie Arctic Ocean, and thence across the forehead. Several children 
 down the Yukon to its mouth, which I carriel on tlieir backs li^^'ht loads, 
 reached after a journey on foot and c(msistin« of food and cookinj^ uten- 
 in rowboat of more than 3,500 miles, sils for the use of the Indians, while 
 Our outfit consisted of two small tents, two of the dogs also wore packs, 
 a couple of hand-sleds, each ei^ht feet Our route lay up the valley of the Dyea 
 long, with steel-shod runners ; blankets. River, a small ci'eek which heads near 
 guns, ammunition ; a six-weeks' supply the foot of Chilkot)t Pass, and which 
 of tlour, bacon, and coffee ; a whip-saw, we were comi)elled to wade a mimber 
 axes, and other tools for boat-building, of times. Near sea-level the snow ha<l 
 and my collecting material and two nearly all disappeared, but a couple of 
 small cameras, the whole weighing miles up the canon tlie ground was 
 about a thousand pounds. Our plan covered, and from here on our progress 
 was to take the usual route of miners was much impeded by it. Every two 
 bound for the Yukon — to cross the or three hundred yards the entire par- 
 Chilkoot Pass and descend to the frozen ty stopped to rest. At one o'clock we 
 lakes on the other side — dragging our reached the forks of the river, seven 
 outfit on the hand-sleds across these miles from our starting - point, and 
 lakes until we reached a ponit where the Indians, throwing off their loads, 
 there were trees sufhciently large to said we would camp for the night, 
 build a small boat in which to continue They were completely exhausted l)y 
 Vol. XX -tio 
 
 fwwON In -^./a ^ l.. 
 
 n'/i^o;i. 
 
Ui 
 
 Jl/ar,/i//ii; uf> llii- Pass, 
 
 f'^.- 
 
 »■.; J life.- ^^R-;."- ■,■■»;■„ 
 
 
 ^tT^V. • . ^'W 
 
 floundering throufj^li the soft snow- 
 under their heavy packs. The snow 
 at this canij) was about two feet deep, 
 and much more fell during the night. 
 Half of the next day was spent in wad- 
 ing through snow from three to six feet 
 deep to the place known as Sheep ('amp, 
 only live miles beyond. Our camp ft)r 
 the second night was at the upper limit 
 of timber, at the foot of the dreaded 
 pass, and only twelve miles from the 
 coast that we had left two days before. 
 Snow had been falling and did not 
 cease luitil the morning of the next 
 day. Roused before daybreak, Ave 
 found the sky clear and the air frosty. 
 Below us was the scattering growth 
 of stunted si^ruce-trees and above the 
 great slopes of snow and ice. Looking 
 for a couple of miles up a large gorge 
 flanked by pi-ecipitous snow-covered 
 mountains, we could see at the summit, 
 tliousands of feet above, the little notch 
 known as the Chilkoot Pass, the gate 
 to the Yukon land. The seriousness of 
 the work at hand was now apparent. 
 Our picturesque retinue of children and 
 dogs was left in camp to await the re- 
 turn of the Indians, and having had 
 breakfast at eight o'clock, the seven Ind- 
 ians and ourselves began the toilsome 
 climb upward. On either hand were the 
 huge masses of the coast range, buried 
 in perpetual snow and ice, nobody 
 knows how deep. The Indians, strug- 
 gling under their heavy loads, stopped 
 for breath every few moments. We four 
 
 white men had the exasperating task of 
 dragging along the two empty sleds. 
 
 As we ascended, the snow, which at 
 lower altitudes had been soft, was found 
 to be hard and crusted, being on the 
 last part of the ascent more like ice 
 than snow. At eleven o'clock we had 
 reached the foot of the last and hard- 
 est part of tlie ascent. From here to 
 the summit is only half a mile, but 
 the angle of the slope is about forty- 
 tive degrees, and as we looked up that 
 long trougii of glistening ice and hard- 
 crusted snow, as steep as tlie roof of a 
 house, there was not one of us that did 
 not dread the remainder of the days 
 work As soon as the Indians ascer- 
 tained that the crust of the snow was 
 hard and unyielding they divided the 
 packs, leaving nearly half of their loads 
 at the foot of the ascent, intending to 
 make a second trip for them. The two 
 women who had accompanied us thus 
 far now returned to Sheep Camj), and 
 one of the men, jjroducing a strong 
 l)laited line of rawliide, about one hun- 
 dred feet long, whi(^h he had brouglit 
 with him. passed it under eveiy man's 
 belt, lashing the nine of us together 
 about ten feet apart. The man at the 
 head of tlie line cari'ied in his hands 
 cue of our hatchets, and as we advanced 
 cut footholds in the ice and hard-packed 
 snow. The slope being too steep for 
 direct ascent, we resorted to " zigzag- 
 ging " — thiit is, moving obliquely across 
 the bottom of the trough for about sixtv 
 
 I; 
 
A>i r««M/,, A-// r'Af/.r, 
 
 <; 
 
 r. 
 
 f 
 
 feet and then turning? at rit^ht angles in 
 the oi^posite <lirection. Our proj^ress 
 was painfully slow, as every step had to 
 be cut. It was no place to indulj^e in 
 conversation. There was no use in stcj)- 
 l)ing, as there was no ()p2)ortiinity to 
 sti'etch one's limbs and nothing to sit 
 down on, so that Ave kept jjegging away, 
 and the honrs seemed endless before we 
 stood on the narrow crest of snow and 
 ice that divides the valley of the Yukon 
 from the sea. It was six 
 and a half hours since we 
 had left Sheep Camp and 
 three since we had lashed 
 ourselves together at the 
 foot of the last ascent. On 
 the summit all threw them- 
 selves down on the snow 
 and remained motionless 
 for half an hour, when the 
 Indians started down to get 
 the remainder of their packs 
 that had been left at the 
 foot of the last portion of 
 the ascent. The trail having alread}' 
 been cut and not being hampered with 
 the sleds, tlipy v.ei« with us again in 
 less than two hours. We had by this 
 time taken in our surroundings. Be- 
 hind us and to the right and to the 
 left was a jumble of icy j^eaks, and be- 
 low the zigzag trail up which we had 
 labored so breathlessly. But these 
 things were now of small interest, and 
 our gaze was fixed ahead, where, stretch- 
 ing away in billows of spotless white, 
 
 was the valley of the great river of the 
 north. There was neither rock, nor tree, 
 nor shrub, nor any living thing to break 
 the monotony of that huge blanket of 
 snow, the wooded shores of the lakes 
 being concealed by a range of low hills. 
 The use of the two sleds tliat had been 
 brought along empty was now apjxirent, 
 and on to them was loaded and securely 
 strapped down the thousand jjounds of 
 stuff that the Indians had carried to the 
 summit. And down grade 
 we started on the nortliern 
 side of the range. For the 
 first half mile down the 
 glassy slope it was a wild 
 ride. All efforts to control 
 the sleds were fruitless, and 
 we concluded to simplify 
 matters by getting on board 
 and taking "pot luck" 
 with whatever rocks or otli- 
 er obstructions might be at 
 the bottom. Tlie route lay 
 down the bottom of a wide 
 gorge, so that we could not well get far 
 out of the way. The sleds, each with two 
 men in addition to its load of five hun- 
 dred i)ounds, flew down grade with the 
 speed of an express train. It was well 
 that they were of oak and the runners 
 shod with steel, for sometimes they 
 would clear the snow fcjr thirty feet at 
 a bound. No sooner had we got started 
 than we began to wonder liow we were 
 to stop. We found out. The sled ahead 
 of the one I was on struck an uneven 
 
 I 
 i 
 
/( Sii'alt l''ire which Siiii<hfil. 
 
 jiliu'C and went f»vpr ; its laslnno-s broke, 
 and for a few brief seconds the air was 
 filled with rolls of blankets, sid(>s of ba- 
 con, niinin<jf tools, and earnest, soulful 
 profiinitv. Our sled eoinin<if on to a oen- 
 tier slope and softer snow, was eventual- 
 ly stopped without disastei*. In half an 
 hour Thompson and jNIattern yot their 
 sled reloaded and joined ns. We were 
 now out of the fiforye and on a sort of 
 bench or flat covered Avith soft snow. 
 We ijjot into the harness and, i)ushin,y' 
 and pullinj^', ,stru;4<^lv d on in the hojje 
 of reachin<>' Lake Lindennan before 
 nif?ht. For several hours the wind had 
 been rising and was now cotnin<? down 
 from the nortli at a furicms rate, and 
 before darkness set in the air was so 
 full of tlyinj>' snow that one could not 
 see fifty feet. When night came we 
 were so exhausted and so Aveakened by 
 hunger that we decided to abandon the 
 sleds until the next day. In order to 
 mai'k the location a long-handled shovel 
 was stood on end in the snow, and 
 draped with a spare blanket. Then 
 taking each a blanket, Ave struck out 
 through the gathering darkness, down 
 a ravine Avhich Ave correctly judged 
 was the tributary of Lake Linderman. 
 After what seemed an endless struggle 
 through the hoAvling storm Ave reached, 
 at about eleven o'clock, a little clump 
 of dwai'fed sprace - trees, the upper 
 limit of timber. Collecting some dry 
 branches, Ave got on the lee side of a 
 clitt', and after manv fruitless efforts 
 
 stai'ted a small tire, Avhich smoked 
 and s]>luttered a great deal, but Avas 
 singularly dcA-oid of Avarnith. Wrapped 
 in blankets, Ave huddled together all 
 night, Aviiilo the Avind roared up the 
 canon Avails and i)iled the snoAv about 
 ns. When Ave stretched ourselves out 
 at daybreak the next morning the 
 storm had almost died away. We Avere 
 Aveak and ravenous from hunger and 
 thirst, for Ave had not had a mouthful 
 of food nor Avater since leaving Sheep 
 Camp. After a Aveary tramp of about 
 four miles, Avhich had taken us tiA-e 
 hours, Ave found the sleds entirely 
 buried, nothing but the blanket tied to 
 the shovel being visible above the sur- 
 face. We got out the one Avhicli con- 
 tained the cooking utensils and part of 
 the provisions, and all four taking hold, 
 <lragged it sloAvly, a hundred yards at 
 a time, toward tmr camp of the night 
 before. It Avas exasperating t ) liaA'e 
 Avith us provisions that Avere of no use, 
 as it Avas out of the question to eat raAV 
 beans and Hour. Thompson, in a fren- 
 zy of hunger, insisted on eating a raAV 
 l)iece of bacon, A\'ith disastrous results. 
 Dozens of times during the afternoon 
 Ave threAV ourselves down on the snoAV 
 from sheer exhaustion, but toward 
 CA-ening reached the remains of the 
 camp at the foot of the canon-Avall. As 
 soon as another tii'e could be built Ave 
 melted snow for Avater and prepared 
 a meal of flapjacks, bacon, and coffee, 
 breaking a fast of thirtv-seA-en hours, 
 
/../'<i- Hiinirlt 
 
 during which we had had not a wink 
 of sleep. Without troubling to put 
 up a tent or make any sort of camp, 
 we drew our blankets about us and 
 lay back in the snow for ten hours 
 of glorious sleep. The next day we 
 brought down the remaining sled, a 
 comparatively easy task, as the trail 
 had been opened the day before. Our 
 worst hardships for the time being 
 were now over. The sky was clear and 
 the air cold enough to make exercise 
 comfortable. On this day, only one hun- 
 dred yards below camp, I found a spring 
 feeding a small stream a few inches 
 deep, which was soon lost to sight in 
 the snow. It was the very beginning 
 of the mighty Yukon. Most of the 
 sixth day from the coast was spent in 
 recuperating our physical selves, but 
 befoi'e evening we dragged the two 
 sleds for a (^oujile of miles down the 
 ravine to Lake Liuderman, the first of 
 the chain of six lakes of the Upiier 
 Yukon. Lake Linderman is six miles 
 long and half a mile 'ide, and is shut 
 in by gla('ie)"-worn granite hills. Here 
 and there along its shores are a few 
 small spruce and black-pine trees. All 
 of these lakes remain frozen until early 
 in June. An exauiination proved that 
 the surface of the lake was in vei-y 
 good condition, and hitching ourselves 
 again in the sleds, w^e covered the entire 
 length of Lake Linderman and crossed 
 the short portage on to Lake Bennett, 
 twenty-six miles long, going into camp 
 
 for the night in a dump of s)>ruce on 
 the west shore, six miles from its head, 
 having dragged our half -ton of stuff 
 twelve miles. The following day was 
 mai'ked by a unique and successful ex- 
 periment. A strong wind was l)lowing 
 from the south, and in order to utilize 
 it we jDut on to the front of each of the 
 sleds a soit of V-shaped mast, on to 
 which was rigged a tent-tly. Then, with 
 a good wind astern, we went down the 
 lake at a lively trot. It was not neces- 
 sary to pull a i)ouiid. One man mere- 
 ly held on to the tongue of each sled 
 to guide it and keej) it from going too 
 fast. In that day we covered the re- 
 maining twenty miles of Lake Bennett 
 and followed the bank of a short river 
 connecting it with Lake Nares, where 
 we went into camp. Lake Xares is the 
 smallest of this system, being about 
 three miles long and two miles wide. 
 The general surface of the country was 
 quite broken, and to the east wert! lofty 
 mountains. Wherever there was soil 
 there were trees, mostly spruce, pine, 
 and poplar, but the largest not more 
 than a foot in diameter. The snow 
 throughout this region was al)out three 
 feet deep on the level. On going into 
 camp for the night on this journey 
 down the frozen lakes we would \)\\\\ 
 off from the ice to a grove of trees on 
 the lake shore, and after collecting a 
 quantity of dry wood l)uild a fire, and 
 then, preparing the usual rough, but 
 appetizing, camp-meal, would lie down 
 
C.iiii/i till I,,i/,, .\',ii 
 
 
 
 ^^gi 
 
 to sU/ep. Tlie tt-uts were not put up, 
 and usuallv the only attempt iit a l)ocl 
 was a (juantity of spnice-l)oun;lis strewn 
 on tlie snow. Two days of hard work, 
 in Avhich there was no wind to aid us, 
 took our litth' party over Lake Tajjfish 
 to the short river eonnectini,' it with 
 Lake Marsh. Tlie weatlier had heen 
 quite warm for two days and the snow 
 had beu;un to melt perceptibly, but we 
 were niueh surprised to find this stream 
 open in mid - ehannel. Followinj^ the 
 left-hand, or west, bank of this stream 
 for about four miles, we went into 
 camp f iiile above Lake Marsh. 
 
 On tlie other Ijank, directly opposite, 
 were the Ta^ish Houses. These build- 
 inj^s, two lojj; structures of the Thlinket 
 type, have no permanent occujiants, 
 but are the yearly ren<lezvous of bands 
 of natives who meet on neutral {j^round 
 to trade and indul<(e in their «,'reat an- 
 nual drunk, with the accompanyinof 
 feasts and dances. Here come not only 
 the Tagish Indians, who iive in the im- 
 mediate vicinity, but Thlinkets from 
 Chilkat, Dyea, and Taku River, and 
 Tinneh or fStick from as far away as 
 the mouth of Pelly River. The fact 
 that the snow was meltinii^ rajiidly, 
 makin<^ slechlin*^ extremely ditiicult, 
 impelled us to establish a camp here 
 for the purpose of lniildin<^ a boat in 
 which to continue the journey. There 
 was plenty of timber, some of the trees 
 being of fair size. The first day was 
 spent in constructing a *' saw-pit," a 
 
 scaffolding about eight feet high. Two 
 good, sti'aight spruce-trees were then 
 felled and a twenty-foot log cut from 
 each. These logs Avere about sixteen 
 inches in diameter, and after l)eing 
 rolled by means of skids on to the ])it, 
 were scpiared with the whip-saw and 
 gradually and lal)oriously worked up 
 into boards. We had barely settled down 
 into this new canii) before we were over- 
 taken by a party of a dozen men bound 
 for Forty INIile Creek, who had crossed 
 the Chilkoot Pass three days after we 
 did. These men went into camj) near us 
 for the purpose of building boats, and 
 every day, from sunrise until dark, the 
 woods rang with the sounds of whip- 
 saws, axes, and hammers. As several 
 of these new arrivals expected to pros- 
 pect along the bars of the upjier river 
 before going to Forty jNIile Creek, and 
 Thompson wished to join them, our 
 party was now reduced to three — 'Slc- 
 Connell, Mattern, and myself. The two 
 weeks sjient in this camp were not at 
 all unpleasant. We Avere up every 
 morning at daybreak, and after break- 
 fast went to work in the saw-pit, and, 
 with the exception of an hour at mid- 
 day, kept at it until nearly dark. The 
 whip-saw is an instrument with a blade 
 eight feet long and with a handle at 
 either end. One man on top of the 
 scaffoldiiig drew the saw up, while one 
 standing on the ground pulled it down. 
 The extra man busied himself planing 
 the boards and doing odd jobs about 
 
 ^-s 
 
I'i.rf ii.irss llii' ViiKon. 
 
 ' I 
 
 ■-+-, 
 
 the ciinii). Small <,'!iiii(' avhs ])lfiitifnl, 
 aud ill an liour's walk with the jifim ouf^ 
 could always l)riii<4- '" 'i day's supi)ly of 
 ffrouso, ducks, aud rabbits. The air 
 was alive with ^'ccsc and cranes on 
 their northward migration. Near us 
 were oani])ed a couple of families of 
 Ta<^ish Indians, and a boy about ten 
 years old spent most of his tinu' loalinjjj 
 about our camp and eatiny such scraps 
 of bacon and flapjacks as were thrown 
 to him. On account of this weakness 
 for the leavings of a rich man's table 
 lie was christened Lazarus. At the 
 end of a week we had a i)ile of clean, 
 straight boards, 20 feet long, 10 inches 
 wide, and ^ of an iiicli thick. A week 
 later the boat was completed. She was 
 a flat-bottomed skiti', 18 feet long, 20 
 inches wide at the bottom and 4 feet 
 at the top, and had two pairs of oarri 
 and a mast which could be rigged with 
 a scpiare sail made from a tent-tiy. Slu; 
 Avas very carefully put toj^ether, the 
 seams being tilled with wicking and 
 well pitched. Although built of green 
 lumber, this boat stood the long portage 
 of the frozen lakes and around the 
 AVhite Horse Rapids, ran ^Nliles Canon, 
 and collided with blocks of ice innu- 
 merable. The next year she carried me 
 on my long, lonely journey down the 
 l>ig river to the sea, 2.000 miles from 
 the camp on Tagisli liiver, where she 
 was built, and is now th<? iirojierty of 
 a Jesuit missionary, to whom I gave her. 
 There was no champagne at hand, so. 
 
 as the boal slid over the blocks of ice 
 on her initial plunge into tlie river, a 
 pailful of Yukon water was dashed over 
 her bow and she was christened Nancy 
 Hanks, in honor of the little trotter 
 that had accpiired fame the preceding 
 year. The nnners who had stopped 
 there for thepurjjose of building l)oats 
 com])leted their work at the same time, 
 so that we left in company. Our outfit 
 and provisions, the latter materially 
 reduced in bulk, we stowed away in 
 the boat, and on top were jiut the two 
 sleds, that would be needed in the port- 
 ages over Lakes Marsh and Lebarge. 
 
 The little fleet of boats, seven in all, 
 dropped down the river to the head of 
 Lake Marsh, which was still frozen, and 
 here the boats were dragged out of the 
 water on to the ice of the lake. Two 
 sleds wei'e ]nit underneath each boat, 
 one under the bow and one under the 
 stern, and our companions rigged large 
 blankets as sails on to their boats in 
 order to lighten the work of the twen- 
 ty-mile portage. Then, one pulling the 
 forward sled and 
 one pushing be- 
 hind, the six 
 boats started out 
 down the lake. 
 The small sails 
 aided Acry mate- 
 rially, there l)e- 
 ing a strong 
 breeze astern. 
 Before leaving 
 
Il'/ifp-f Ihf lU'als wfrc Hiii/t. 
 
 canip, M<'Ct)ini('ll, who was an injife- 
 nioiis fellow, had rijjjjed up a con- 
 trivance to cnaMc lis to avoid this 
 draft-horso work, and with astounding? 
 success. This was niereh" a li<;ht pole, 
 the nii(hlle of wiiich was fastened to 
 the bow of the boat and one end to the 
 tontine of the forward sled, the other 
 extendin<^' back nearly to the mast. A 
 man standing at the bow of the boat 
 could. l)v inovin<? this pole to the left 
 or rijjfht. control the forward sled i)er- 
 fectly. Two spars had been attached to 
 the iiiast, one at the top and the other 
 near the pumvivle of the boat, and 
 between them was stretched a tent-tly 
 ten feet stjuare. B\ means of a halyard 
 the upper spar could be lowered in- 
 stantly, thus shorteniu},' sail at will. 
 
 By the time that these elaborate prep- 
 arations were completed the miners 
 with their six boats had pot two miles 
 out on the ice. and now looked like a 
 few dark spots on the white surface. 
 Before leaving they had pood-naturedly 
 jeered at our " winded chariot." and 
 offered, if we were not over the lake in 
 a couple of days, to come back for us ; 
 but our time had come now. As the 
 sail tilled with the strong wind we gave 
 the Nancy Hanks a shove and jumped 
 on board. McConuell took the steer- 
 ing pole in the bow and away she went. 
 The novelty of the situation made it a 
 most exciting ride. Gradually we crept 
 up on the tile of men trudging along, 
 dragging and pushing their heavy loads, 
 
 and passed them, fairly skimming over 
 the ice. Tliey threw their hats in the 
 air and yelled, while a wild-eyed indi- 
 vi<lual. who called himself " Missouri 
 Bill," grasj)ed his Winchester and pro- 
 ceeded to i)uncture the atmosphere in all 
 directions. But even this was not glory 
 enough. No sooner had we passed these 
 men than we determined to niiike im- 
 provements. The sail was low<'red and 
 we came to a stop : the mast was taken 
 out and lengthened six feet by lashing 
 on to it an extra spar that we had in 
 the boat. Aci'os.s the end of this was 
 lashed one of the boat's oars, making a 
 spar eighteen feet above the ice. From 
 this there was suspende(^ i large double 
 blanket fourteen feet 1< iig, the lower 
 end fastened to the boat. Our speed 
 was materially increased, at one time 
 doiibtless reaching twelve miles an 
 hour — not half bad when one considers 
 that the boat and its load weighed more 
 than a ton. The great height of the 
 blanket sail above the surface made our 
 novel iceboat top heavy, however, and 
 more than once we came near going 
 over. As we approached the northern 
 end of the lake the ice became more 
 uneven, with occasional drifts of hard- 
 packed snow. Crossing several of these 
 successfully gave us overmuch confi- 
 dence and bi'ought us to grief at last. 
 I was steering at the time, and sight- 
 ed ahead of us a drift that extended 
 entirely across the lake. As we ap- 
 proached it seemed but little worse 
 
 r» 
 
/'■t3</lH' tit, M ill, < r 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 tlmii some that we liiul alreiulv crossed. 
 Slattern wanted to take in sail find ex- 
 amine it, but was voteil down two to 
 one. and we went at the obstruction full 
 tilt. Just befoi'e strikint? I saw that 
 the ice on the other side had a bijjf saj,', 
 and shouted to McConnell to cut the 
 halyards. It was too late ; the sleds 
 struck the drift and went over it beau- 
 tifnllv, 1);it as we went down on the 
 other side the boat turned quarterinpf 
 l<> the Avind, and over we went. I lai'd- 
 ed on all fours a dozen feet ahead of 
 the boat ; McConuell and Slattern were 
 thrown against the sail, while bajjfs of 
 tlour, boxes, ^uns, and tools Hew in 
 every direction. The bolster of the 
 forward sled and all the spars and the 
 mast were broken, while the boat itself 
 was badly wrenched. It required an 
 hour to overturn the boat and reload it. 
 We got up what nautical men would 
 call a "jury ricf," and limped over the 
 remaining mile to the foot of the lake. 
 It had taken three houi's and f(uty-two 
 minutes to run the twenty miles from 
 the head of the lake to wliere Ave wei'e 
 wrecked, exclusive of the half-hour lost 
 in putting up the additional sail. The 
 men whom we had distanced did not 
 overtake us, and but two of them 
 reached the foot of the lake before 
 dark. Between Lake Marsh and Lake 
 Lebarge, which is the last and largest 
 of the chain of lakes, there are tifty-tis'e 
 miles of river, but in this short space 
 are the two greatest obstructions to navi- 
 
 gation in the whole Yukon system — Miles 
 Cafion and the White Horse Kapids. 
 
 Tlie streajii was about three hundred 
 feet wide, from two to six feet deep, and 
 very switi Great <|uantities of ice 
 were piled up iiloiig the banks and in 
 some jtlaci's large blocks were grounded 
 on si; I low li.jrs. Tin se, with occasion- 
 al boulders nrnlc navigation exciting 
 work. Springhadnow so far advanced 
 that tlu' snow had neai'ly all disap- 
 peared and the weatlier Avas superl). 
 On arriving at the foot of Lake ]\[arsh 
 the boat Avas relaunched iind the sleds 
 placed on board instead of underneath, 
 and the next morning Ave Avere under 
 way doAvn the riA'er. At two o'clock 
 we passed the mouth of the Tahkeena 
 Ri\*er, coming in from the left, and at 
 tiA'e Avent into camp for the night. We 
 knew that A»'e nuist now be near ^liles 
 Cafion, a!id the next morning kej)t a 
 sharp lookout. We had gone scarcely a 
 mile Avhen Ave Avhirled around a bend 
 and saw ahead a low brown rocky ridge, 
 diA'ided by a slit less than thirty feet 
 wide, and at the same time heard the 
 roar of the river in its Avild rush 
 through the cafion. With one impulse 
 Ave pulled frantically for the bank and 
 got a line ashore and around a tree 
 just in the nick of time. Landinu', Ave 
 found in camp seven men Avith their 
 boats. These men had crossed the pass 
 a Aveek before Ave did and had built 
 their i)oats at the foot of Lake ^[arsh, 
 and Avere now engaged in portaging 
 
■^ 
 
 Thrauf^h Mitfi. Caflrn. 
 
 them around the canon. This canon 
 was named hy the late Lieiitei.r...t 
 Frederick Schwatka in honor of Cxcneral 
 Nelson A. Miles, who had l)een instru- 
 mental in sendinj? him ou his trip to 
 the Yukon in 1888. The river, which 
 has been about three hundred f. et 
 wide, suddenly contracts to about a 
 tenth of that width, and increasinfr its 
 velocity to twenty miles an hour, ruslies 
 with terrific force throui,'!! a canon with 
 absolutely perpendicular walls a hun- 
 dred feet high. The canon is only 
 three-quarters of a mile lono", and at its 
 lower end the river spreads out into a 
 series of rapidf>, culminating three miles 
 below in the White Horse. There are 
 two ways of passinjf this canon, one 
 by portaging over the hill on the east 
 bank and the other by boldly running 
 through. Some of the men whom we 
 found encamped there were utilizing 
 the former method. The boats were 
 unloaded and dragged out of the water, 
 and by means of a windlass hauled up 
 the hill-slope a hundred I'eet high, and 
 then pulled on wooden rollers for 
 three-quarters of a mile, being linally 
 slid down another hill to the river. The 
 contents of the boats were carried over 
 by the men on their backs. It is the 
 most slavish work imaginable, and uses 
 up the better part of four dfiys. 
 
 Among the party in cam]) here was a 
 man who had formerly been a Wis- 
 consin lumberman and who announced 
 iu lurid language that he was going to 
 
 run the canon. He liad set this morn- 
 ing for the attempt, so that wo were 
 just in time to witness the feat. The 
 men, dragging their boats up the hill- 
 side, stoi)ped work and joined us on 
 the cliff a short distance below the heud 
 of tlie canon. The old man steered his 
 little boat into the entrance of the 
 gorge, where it was caught by the swift 
 current, tlu'own up and down like a 
 cork, and in a few seconds was out 
 of sight around the first bend. As he 
 passed underneath we gave him a great 
 cheer, and in a couple of minutes heard 
 a ririe-shot, the prearranged signal that 
 he had jiassed through in safety. In 
 the meanti)ne a couple of young fel- 
 lows fi'om Colorado, whom we left on 
 Lake Marsh, came up, and after a half- 
 h(mr discussion made the attempt. 
 They narrowly escaped destruction, but 
 got ('(Hitrol of their boat again, and in a 
 short time we heard another faint rifie- 
 shot down the river. We had seen 
 both ways f.f i)assing Miles Canon, one 
 requiring four days and tlie other two 
 minutes. We three looked at each 
 other iu an inquii'ing sort of way, and 
 then without a word Avalked down to 
 where the Xancy Hanks was moored 
 against the bank. All took theirplaces, 
 kneelingand facing the bow, ^IcConnell 
 in the .storn, INIattern amidships, and I 
 forward. The oars were placed on })oard 
 and each of us used an ordinary canoe 
 paddle. I must confess that I never 
 felt sicker in mv life than as we shoved 
 
Shi'.'tiiit: "■////,■ //,.,■,,■,• A\///,/j. 
 
 this morn- 
 lit we were 
 
 feat. Tlie 
 up tlie liill- 
 iiied us on 
 )w the lieud 
 steered his 
 lice of the 
 )y the swift 
 own like a 
 s was out 
 k1. As lie 
 lini a <ireat 
 
 utes lieard 
 sij^nal that 
 safety. In 
 
 youni>' fel- 
 we left on 
 'ter a half- 
 atteiu2)t. 
 iction, Imt 
 n, and in a 
 
 faint ritle- 
 
 had seen 
 
 'anon, one 
 
 other two 
 I at eaeh 
 
 way, and 
 1 down to 
 ts niooi'ed 
 leir places, 
 kIcConnell 
 ips, and I 
 1 on board 
 
 ary canoe 
 I never 
 .ve shoved 
 
 away from shore and steered for the 
 enti'ance. It was all over so qiiifkly 
 that we hardly knew how it hapiiened. 
 Barely missiii}^ the bi«,' rock at the 
 mouth of the canon, the boat started on 
 its wild ri<le. The walls seemed to fairly 
 tly past us, and after startini^ we heard 
 a cheer from the rocks above, but did 
 not dare look \\\). By frantic paddlinj^; 
 Ave kept in the middle and olffrom the 
 canon walls. The sensation was akin to 
 that of I'idinjj; a buckiiifj broncho. There 
 was not a dry spot on one of us when we 
 ^ot tlirou^>h, and the boat had taken on 
 so much water that she nearly foun- 
 dered before we could bail her out. But 
 a j^reat weight was oit" our minds, for 
 Miles Canon, more than all other 
 things, is dreaded by Yukon travellei-s. 
 Including those lost in 1894, an even 
 dozen of men have had their boats 
 swamped or crushed lil.e eggshells 
 against the canon walls, and not one of 
 them has come alive out of that wild 
 maelstrom of water. Below the canon 
 the river spreads out to its normal 
 width, but is shallow and a succession 
 of rapids. We ran through these for 
 a mile, but after colli(bng with bowl- 
 ders and ice-cakes a d(<zen times found 
 it altogether too interesting, and so 
 " lined " the boat the remaining two 
 miles down lo the White Horse. Fast- 
 ening a line to the bow and one to the 
 st(>rn, we waded in shallow water near 
 shore, and so cimld control the speed of 
 the boat, as we could not otherwise do, 
 
 and prevent its being crushed. Arriv- 
 ing at the head of the White Horse, we 
 went into camp, landed all of our etTtects 
 and sjiread them out in the sun to dry, 
 and remained idle until the next morn- 
 ing. These rapids are half a mile long, 
 and the river has its usual width of three 
 luindred feet except in the lower jiart, 
 where the stream contracts to about 
 thirty feet, and drops through a chute 
 for forty yards. We looked the giound 
 over carefully and spent all of the day 
 after our arrival in carrying the con- 
 tents of the boat through the woods, 
 depositing them at the foot of the rajv 
 ids. We determined to run the now 
 em])ty boat through the rapids as far 
 as the chute, instead of lining it. Ideal- 
 izing that it would be very ditticult to 
 stop where we wanted to, ^IcConnell 
 took his station on the bank near the 
 head of the chute in order to take a 
 line, which we were to throw to him as 
 we passed. Everything work<'d smooth- 
 ly. Slattern and I steered the boat 
 through the ra])idH, and as we neared 
 McConnell I threw a line, which he 
 caught, and taking a hitch around the 
 bowlder, brought us to a rather sensa- 
 tional stop. In this ride I seated my- 
 self in the stern of the boat with the 
 kodak and tried to make a snap shot 
 of the rapids as we ran them, but was 
 so excited that three of the four ex- 
 ])()sures were on the sky, the surround- 
 ing scenery, and the bottom of the boat ; 
 but of the successful one I am not a 
 
I'orty M He Cnck. 
 
 little proud. The boat was (lniti'<>[e(l 
 out of the water on to the rock, around 
 the (lant>erou.s narrows, and we went 
 into eanip at the foot of the White 
 Horse. The next day we drifted down 
 the river twenty-tive miles to the head 
 of Lake Lebarge, wliicli was still frozen, 
 althouj^h the ice was beconiinfj^ <[uite 
 soft. This lake is thirty-two miles lonjjf 
 and eij>ht wide. Here we found in 
 camp Mark Russell, a well-known Alas- 
 kan jji'osjjecter, and three other men, 
 with two boats. After a <lelay of a day, 
 caused by a severe storm, we be«^an 
 our last and lonj^est portaj^e, Russell 
 and his party acconipanyin<< us. The 
 three boats were placed on sleds, as at 
 Lake Marsh, but no sail was raised, as 
 there was almost a dead calm. For 
 three lon^ days w(; pushed and pulled 
 over the sloppy ice; of the lake, and 
 finally, worn out, wet and bedra^jj^led, 
 aj^ain reac^hed open water. It was thir- 
 ty-three days since we had left tlie coast 
 at Dyea and we had covered biit two 
 hundred of the seven hundred miles to 
 Forty Mile Cieek. But we had left be- 
 hind Chilkoot Pass, the six frozen lakes, 
 Miles Canon, and the White Horse ; and 
 from here to its mouth, 1,000 miles, the 
 Yukon is unobstructed save by a few un- 
 important rapids, and the remainder of 
 our trip was to V)e a delij^htful excur- 
 sion. The next morning' we a^>ain took 
 our seats in the much-butt'eted Nancy. 
 
 For nine beautiful, cloudless days we 
 drifted down the river to the northwest, 
 
 rowing' only enough to break the mo- 
 notony of loun^in^- about in the boat. 
 This 2)art of the stream fi'oni Lake Le- 
 barji^e to the mouth of Pelly River is 
 often called by the minei's Lewes River, 
 although it is, as a matter of fact, a part 
 of the Yukon. Great (piantities of ice 
 remained alon<^" the rivei'-l)anks. and as 
 the current was stronj^", there was sure 
 to be an exciting' time whenever we at- 
 tempted to stop to go into camji. The 
 surface of the country was rolling and 
 hilly, backed by low mountains, and 
 was generally wooded in the valleys, 
 the uplands being bare. Caribou and 
 moose were occasionally seen, but we 
 did not succeed in killing any. We 
 passed the mouth of the Teslin or Hota- 
 lin(jua, and reached the mouth of Lit- 
 tle Salmon River, where Ave found a 
 small camp of Tinneh Indians, the first 
 of these people we had met. They were 
 a fine-looking lot of savages, dressed in 
 skins and guiltless of any knowledge of 
 English. In four days we reached the 
 mouth of Pelly River, the site of old 
 Fort Selkirk, burned and looted by Ind- 
 ians from the coast in 1H50. It is a 
 telling commentary on the intelligence 
 of makers of maps that this ()l)scui'e fui*- 
 trading post, abandoned nearly half a 
 century ago and whose only remains 
 are a blackened chimney, sliould still 
 be marked on every map of that I'cgion. 
 The same may be said of Fort Reliance 
 and Fort Yukon, farther down tlie river. 
 The river was now much larger, and 
 
 
Alaska and its Neighbors* 
 
 { 
 
 for some distance below the mouth of 
 the Pelly islands were niimerons. AVe 
 passed the mouth of "White River, the 
 great unexplored stream cominsr in 
 from the west, which, witli its milky 
 flood, discolors the Yukon for tive hun- 
 dred miles, and a short distance l)elow, 
 Stewart River, a large eastern tribiitarv. 
 The Yukon was now from half to three 
 quarters of a mile wide, deep antl swift, 
 the banks in some places huire cliffs 
 or palisades 1,000 feet hi}j;h. On the 
 morning of May 23d we passed the big 
 Indian village of Klonjek, but. despite 
 a vociferous greeting from the natives, 
 declined to stop. All day we were 
 swept along between towering cliffs of 
 red and brown rock, and at live o"cl«>ck, 
 rounding a bend, saw below us a group 
 of cabins, surrounding a big storehouse, 
 and in half an hour more were ashore 
 at Forty Mile Creek, the loneliest min- 
 ing camp on the face of the earth, 
 where it is midnight all winter and 
 daylight all summer, and where the 
 mail comes but once a year. AVe were 
 the first arrivals fronx the oiitside for 
 that spring, and brought the year's bud- 
 get of news to the three hundred white 
 men who, in addition to the Indians, at 
 that time foi'med the population of this 
 placer gohl - mining camp of the far 
 north. 
 
 The village is situated on the left 
 
 hand or west bank of the Yukon, at 
 
 the mouth of Forty Mile Creek. There 
 
 were all sorts of men among the miu- 
 
 VoL. XX.— 01 
 
 ers, who spent their summers in wash- 
 ing gold out of the gulches, and their 
 winters in playing jjoker and spinning 
 yams. 
 
 Gold was discovered in tlie bars 
 along the creek in 1H84, and subse- 
 quently in the gulches, and placer min- 
 ing has been successfully carried on 
 ever since. NeAV discoveries made in 
 1893 caused a considerable increase 
 in th*» population, so that there are now 
 more than a thousand men in the camp, 
 in addition to those at Circle City, the 
 recently discovered diggings two hun- 
 dred miles farther down the Yukon, 
 where that stream is intersected by the 
 Arctic circle. 
 
 We had been just forty-two days in 
 the journey from the coast. McConnell 
 and !Mattern went prospecting for gold, 
 and I never saw them again. The Nancy 
 Hanks had an easy time during the. 
 summer, and later in the season did 
 good service, when I pusheel on farther 
 to the north.