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1 2 3

FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROY A L SOCIETY OF CANADA
SECOND SERIES— 1895.96

VOLUME I. SECTION IV.

QEOLOOICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Practical Entomology

By JAMES FLETCHER, F.L.S., F.R.S.C.

POR SALE BY

JOHN DURIE ft SON, OTTAWA ; THE COPP-CLARK CO., TORONTO

BERNARD QUARITCH. LONDON, ENGLAND

I 9'

t i

1895

't:-:.

AddressQS idjo ii

Sbchon IV., 1895.

[3]

TKAWd. R.ac.

{.—Prmdential Addreas : Practical Entomoloyy.
By .Tam»8 Flktoiiib, F.L.S.

(KoHil May 15, IHIk\)
I.NTRODICTuKV.

UndoulttiKlly a notkraliK' It'utuiv <»f llif la^t .Inmlc lius Ihh'ii tliu
^fiii-rul iHHo^nition of tlif valiu- of s»i»*ii» .•.— tliat is, uccumt*' know-
Kslg, — ill (ttiTyiiijj: on all tlu- onlinmy o«<u|»ati(»iiK of WU-. The fooliHli
i<lou8 that Miieiite is u Hort of \voii<K'rluU(l, not to U- viiU'iiij cxiopt l>y u
favoumi few, or that stionii' a« a study inuKt not Ik- |M)|niluii/,,..| for four
of (lej^rading it, atv now only held l.y the iirnorant or liiom' who aiv
unwilling to learn. SeieiueiH. meivly, luriirate knowledgi- in all InanrheHof
stuily, and the iioinilai'izina: of heienee means only the reiideiiiiir of sueh
knowlwlge so minple oi- aeeesuihle as to Im" availalde to all who wish to
learn.

Stn'nuous ettbrls aiv now iK'ing made l>y the K-ading thinkei-s in all
lines of study, to give their investigations a |»raeti«nl applieation to the
every-day atfaii-s of life. In no diivetion have- ti'»'«e ettorts Ufii attended
with so niueh sueeess as in what aix' ealU'd the natural seienees. Heeent
developments in the applieation of ele«triei(y may well U" said to have
ivvolutioniaHl the whole systems of transportation and e<»miiiunieation.
as well as the lighting of eities and individual huildings, and otier a most
attractive Held for diseussion Ity any seientitic iioily. Perhaps I iiiH-d not
crave your indulgence for <lniwing your attention to a few instances
showing how the agricultuiv of to-<lay isU'nefited l>y the investigations of
scientific workei-s. The chemist is now thoroughly iveognized Ity the
agricultural classes as the magician who can unlock to them hidden
seci-ets as to the true value of various crops ; can tell them which ai-e the
best to grow for stock, to provide food, or as feitilizi'is of the soil ;
can tell them, after analysis, what constituents of a soil ait- lacking, and
advise them as to the most wonomical way of ivplacing the ivciuiitsd
elements. The skill of the practical botanist is now U'ing chiefly diix-ctefl
to the examination of parasitic fungi, with the ohject of devising suitable
ivmedies for those spt^cies which attack cultivati^l vegetation, or of pro-
pagating the parasitic forms which destroy insect life. In the closely
allied branches of horticultuiv and agricultuiv. numld'rless exix'rimonts
ait) lieing carried on daily with the object of discovering and originating
by selection and hybridization new varieties of flowei-s, fruits, tfrains and.
vegetables ; the best methods of propagation and cultivation, tlie best
treatment of tbe soil and the most effectual and economical fertilizei-s.
Hero also, in passing, ivferonce may be made to the cai-e, improvement

♦ H( )Y A L 60C1 ETY OF (A N A 1*A

anil tivittincnt in honltli aiitl (linoawj oriill farm H(ock. AH i»f the above
work tonu'8 under th« lieati of Htii'Utiric HKncultuiv — piinitliMl tliat it is
clono HcoumU'ly — nnd Ih of incalcalahjc value to tlio oountiy at Iai'K«. In
no lininch of nutunil wrifnct', how«'ver, I U'llfvo, have hqcIi important
n'»uit8 kvn obtainnl, wlit-n /yCHngt**! by tlu'ir effirt upon tlit' ivvenue of
thf country, ms in that branch of zoology whicli tivats of inwHrts and
th«'ir dcpnubitions on the crops of tlio onhaitl, the garden, and the farm.

II18TOR10AI..

I'ractiial or economic entomology may still lie ilescinlte*! as a new
study, and in no part of the world can it l»e 8ai<l to have l»een developd with
such marked good ivsults as in Nortli America, whei-'.* the work was only
begun in 1841 by the publication of Dr. T. W. Harris's classical ivporton
the injurious insects of Massachusetts. This remarkable liuiiding up in
America of a new and moiv important bm'nch of an old science, has Ihh'u
mainly due to the great knowlwlge and special abilities of Prof. ('. V.
Riley, for many yeai-s Unitetl StaU^s Kntomologist at Washington, and
his very able successor, Mr. L. O. Ilowaitl. A history of the science
«)f entomology would probably be «»f intoivst, but would Ik- out of phuv
ben'. A few landmarks, however, may be pointed out. There is an
excellent concise history of the pi-ogress of entomology by Mr, S. J. CapptM-
in his presidential midress to the Lancashiiv and Theshire Entomological
Society, 1892. He says : " The most ancient refeivnces to Entomology aiv
in the works of the great Aristotle, who was born in Greece, B.C. 384.
Pliny the Elder, who died A.D. 79, wrote many tivatisi's on Natural
Histoiy in which refei-cces to bees and other insects occur. It was not
till the IGth ami 17th centuries that much attention was paid to the
lives and habits of insects, when the ' Theatrum Inaectorum ' of Thomos
Muffet was published at Lomlon, A.D. 1634. This was the rtrst work
ever issued as a separate volume on all oitlers of insects, and was u most
Ctti-oful work, referring to eveiything that had over appearetl upon ento-
mological matters up to that time. More advance took place in the 17th
century, John Ray and Francis Willughby being important figures. But
the popular value placed on the study of insects at that day may be shown
from the fact that the will of Lady Glunville was disputetl on the ground
of insanity because she was known to collect and study insects. Moses
Harris in his • Aurelian,' published in 1779, says ' The Fly Melitoea
Qinxia, the Glanville Fritillary, took its name from the ingenious Lady
Glanville M'hose memory had like to have suffered from her curiosity ?
i-.-.mfi re!RT!Of!g «h5H wos^ ii]SRppOini.eu i/y ner win, uttouiptcii to set it
aside by acts of lunacy, for they suggested that ribne but those who were
deprived of their senses would go in pursuit of butterflies. Her relations
and legatees subpa^naeil Dr. Sloan, the founder of the British Museum,

^ddrofise I895 n

[KLVn-IIRR]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDUI-iSS

hikI Mr. Joliii Hay. to H(i|>|M»rt her clinriulfr. Tlu' latter wvnt lo KxctiT
and at tin* ti-iiil Hatit^Hoil tlu- Ju«l«f and jury (.f thf lady h laiidaliltt iiKiuiiy
into the wonderful wni-k« oftn-ation, and ostaMiMlicd Hit will. "

III thf ISlii ci-ntury tlie «ivat LinnuiiN, 17»7-177H, shines out as
a hrij(ht luminary and may l»o drawn attfution to ht-re as tho tii-st
et'onomio entomolojjist, t«)r his advancement and opportunities t«» do hin
mugniflcent /.(lolo^ical and hotaniial work wti-e. it is saiil, lar;;flydue to
hiH wisdom in riH-oramendimr that tin- spars to l»e umd as masts for the
navy, which were lyinij in the royal dockyard at Stockh«dm. siiouhl k'
sunk in water to protect them from wowl-horinitr insects. iWaumur, born
in France in HJ83, the inventor of the thermometer which l»eai-s his name,
jtubjished U'twecn 1734 and 1742 his ii-markaMe work " Mtfmoii-cs pour
Bcrvir 4 I'liistoiiv natuivlle dcH insectcs,' in which aiv detailed many
oHijinal and accurate observations. JI»> died in 1757.

Fabricius, 1745-1808,in Denmark, an.l Latreill. . 17621833, in France,
alModid monumental work. In Kn^'land, ( 'urtis, the author of "Farm
Inm'cts," and Prof. Wcstwood, a most learned and voluminous writer,
but best kn(»wn by his •• MiMlern ("lassitication id' Insects," wx'w upholdinj^'
the honour of their count ry.

In the article above ivfern-d to, Mr. < 'apper says : " In the bei^inniriji,'
of the li»th century. Curtis's lranslati«Hi of • Fundanienta Kntomoloj,'ia' '
published in 1772, Yeates's ' Institutions of Kntomolof,'y,' which appeaivd
the year after, and Barbut's MJenera Insi'ctorum,' 1781, wen* the only
elementary woiks on entomolo^ry." Convinced that this fact was the
chief obstacle to the spn-ail ofentoiw,» igy in Britain, Mossi-s. Kirby and
Spence ivsolved to do what they could to iimedy the deticiency, and the
publication in 1815 of the Introduction to the Stmly of Kntomolo^'y di<l
moiv to attract popular attention to entomoloi,'y than any book befoiv
or since published. The chaptei-s devoted to insects benertciul and injur-
ious to mankind, with the best means then known for the encouragement
of the one and the destruction of the other, were the tii-st steps in the
direction of economic entomology, the study of which hajj to-day become
so important.

The Royal Agricultural Society of Kngland was founded in 1840.
and John Curtis, ahvady well known as a writer on injurious insects, was
invited to pivpai*e each year a report on the injurious insects of crops.
These reports ran from 1841 to 1857. They were afterwanls consolidated
and, with other matter added, formed his standard work on F'arm Insects
which apjH'ai-ed in 1800. By far the most imjwrtant work which has
been done in economic entomology in FiUgland, has In-en that of Miss
Eleanor A. Orirjerod., . publjc-spirite'! woiniin who mu'.'l>. !1!<!4m! \<v her
sister, Af iss Georgina Ormerotl, has given up the whole of her time to the
oollmaion of data and publishing at her own ex|)enseaserie8of illustrate«l
reports, now scventwn in number, which aiv of inestimable value to the

6 ROYAL SCK'IETY OF CANADA

t'lirniont of Grout Rritnin. SpenkinK of Miiw Ornu'itxl, in hiH uiinual
mUlrewt iiH pnfiitltnt of the AHN«)<-iution of Kfonoiiiic KntonioloftistH. Mr.
Jlowanl MiyH : " She hm Hhowii herwtlf iiiKciiiouH, can'ful niid ivi-eptivu
to n (lugree, and at the Hume time ]io8iMm8u<i nf an onthuHiiMm and an
unlimittMl pcraevorancc wliich aiv caleuhitetl to oveix-nmv all nImtacluH.
She has studitHi many of tlif Kn^liMh crop (tnomioH de tiovo, Hhu has popu-
hirinnl the work of oth«>r Kn^^linh cntomolo^iHtH, and han made accoKhihlo
to the agricultural fiass th«' work of John CurtiM and l'r«)f We»tw«»od,
and has adopte<l and Htnm^ly advocate*! the adoption of mcasurcH found
to be succeHNfui in otiier countries, particuhirly in America. The k«hnI
which Miss Onnerod lias aceomplishetl, can hardly Ik> estimated at the
present time, hot she will deserve, at the hands of posterity, canonization
as the patron saint of economic entomology in England."

In atldition to Miss Ormero<r.s work, .i senos of reports an<l hullctins
has apiN>ai'ed from the pen of Mr. ('. Whitehead, a practical farmer who
also holdK the ]>osition of technical advi^4M■ to the Board of Agnculture.

As stated alxtve, great advance has heen made on this continent,
which is certainly due to the practical tendency of the majority of the
pi'ople of North Ameiica to im-ognise what is useful when laid plainly
i»efon' them ; hut also to the excellent natuiv of the work which has
been done. It would be entirely out of the question to mention even the
names of the many eminent economic entomologists of the United States,
and only such will lie cited now as are neccssaiy in speaking of the few
instances which I propose to lay Itefore you. to illustrate a few of the
heads of subjects embraee<l in a consideration of thn practical use of the
study of entomology.

In Canada, outside of the work done by the Dominion Kntomologist's
De])artment at Ottawa, foundwl in 1884, the develo]>ment of economic
entomology has l)een most intimately connectwl with that of the Ento-
mological Soi'iety ol Ontario, which issued its first n'jwrt on injurious
infH^ctB in 1870. Since that year these valuable ri'jwrts have apix'aretl
regularly, and have supplii><l the farmers of Ontario with much inform-
ation of incalculable value, which has certainly savwl the country a
givat deal of unnecessary, loss.

Special mention must U* ma<le of the classic work on '• Insects
Injurit)us to Fruits,' by our fellow- member, PiH)f W. Saunders, llt^ anu
the Rev. Dr. Betbune,the pn'sent able editor of the ''Canadian Ento-
mologist," wen* Itoth original memliersof the Entoiuological Society of
Ontario, and have Itorne the brunt of the work of building up that
thriving and useful organization which is now i)re8ided over by my
esteemed colleague and co-worker, Mr. W. H. Harrington, who is now so
well known in scientilic circles all the world over for the car;', accuracy
and thoroughness of his work. The late Abl)4 Provainohei- published

AddrotSAB 18^3 2

[KLrraim]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

much and <li*l t>x(i«lKint work, liut it wuh clticfly oi' u HcifiitiHt' niid
dowriptivo nntun^

In th«' curriculum of tlic OntHrio A^riculturiil College at <iu*'i|>li.
practical entomology in iuclu<lc4|, n\u\ Prof. .1. H. Piniton not only Icc-
turcH on tliiH sulijcct to the BtwIcntH, hut Iuih almi puhlinhcil N4-vcriil timely
bullctinit on injuriouH inwctw lor the use of fanners. B«'fti<le« the alMtve,
then* have ap|H'are<l nome uaeful articles iiy Pn»f A. H. Miickay in the
" K<lucational Monthly" of St. John, N.B.. iinil tin excellent article on
the Flour Moth hy Dr. Bryce of Toronto. I'm-ful notes on the occur-
renct! of injurious insects have also apiH'ared in the n'port of the statis-
tician of the D(>partment of Af^rieulturi' of British Columliia. In 18!U
an InsjK'ctorof Kruit-|H>stH was appointe<l for British Columhiain the
person of Mr. K. M. Palmer, anti Uouhtless goo<l ivsults will follow this
stej),

A fttct which shouhl 'leverlte lost slight of, in consitlerin^; tlu- piit<;ii'.ts
an<l iH'arin^H t»f practical entomology in Canada, is the enormous ixlvan-
ta^es we enjoy from having so near t«» us the United States, with its
army of traine<! entomologists and other otticials at Washington and at
the state colleges and a^riuulturd ex|M'riinent stations. Most of th«'
insect enemies which aiv injurious in Canada tucur also in some of the
States of the Union, anil it is mutually advantageous to entomoloi^ists
here and in the Unittnl States to U' ahlc to study top'ther, under sliithtly
(liH'erent circumstances, any new |K'stH which may occur. In addition to
this, of cours(% many of the inw^cts which ap^H-ar in Canada have iilii>a*ly
been studied out cari'fully in the Ihiittnl States Is'ton- they n-ach our
boriU;i:>, and we have the lieneHt of all the exiK'rieiice of our neii;hl)ours
to ^uide and help us in counteracting their attacks. In the ca«> of some
insi^cts practical and effective rt'meilies have Urn discoveretl liefore the
insects invaded our bonlers. Notable instances of such inwcts an' found
In the Cattle Horn-fly, the Pear-ler.f Blister-mite, and the Pear-tree Psylla.

(rENKKAI, PRINCIPLES.

It does not i-equire much observation to see that the annual losses due
to insects are very ^reat, and nogooti object wouhl l»e Si'rvinl by attempting
here to give in figun^s the estimate<l amount of such losses; but it may
certainly be stattnl that at least one-tenth of all crops grown is annuailly
destroyed by insects. Further than this, the life-histories of many ol" the
species causing this loss have Iteen so carefully worked out that thei-e is
no doubt that a large proportion of that jwn-entage may lie savetl by
Mrsiet.jH!R" some of the simple cheap and effective I'eniedies which have
lieen recommendeil by entomologists. I hope it may not seciui too
redundant if I briefly draw your attention to some of the general prin-
ciples, which probably to most of you ai-e well known, by which the

8 KOYAL HOCIETY OF CANADA

iittarkH ol' injurious inmx'tM uro met. All ivine<lii'A iin* <luviiH><i with
n*uanl to tiiu nutiin* or lialiitN ol' tliu itiMi'i-tH t<> U* cuiilfolltMl. IniMTtK
(•till Im- ilividcHi into,two Jarf^o <-Iiihih*h by tli«< nutuii' of tlu'ii' mouth purlH :
(I) MuixlilMiltitH, or Biting inMM'tH, and (2) tfauMtfllata, or Sucking iiirwu-tH-
Till* tli'Ht of thi>m^ PUD Ik) (le8tm"«jd by pluoiiiK active poiHoiiH on their
too«l-|ilaiitK, HO ili!iil«><l HI* to lie innoxiouH to the plHiit, Imt at the miiue
time siitHciently powerful to dentniy the innectM. Kor the WM-ond ehiMH.
inf««>eti(-ideH which kill l>y mere lontaet with their iHHiit'H. an* neeesHary.
We have n(»w standard aetivo r< ineiliuM wliieh anHWer for ImUIi of these
ilafWf*. and, in addition, many preventive meaHuroH may he taken by
M'hich injury is wanled oH" All thene n>ethotls, together with the neees-
sary apparatus, have lH>eM treated of with eonsidorable detail in Mulletin
11 of the Central Kx|MTimental Farm series, copitw of which are still
available for all who apply for them ; and I now propom-, under a few
heads, to speak as brietl}' as possible of some instances of good entomo-
logical work which demttnstrate the practical value t>f a knowledge of
economic entomology.

CONTKOLLINU BY Rr.UEIMKS.

lieverting now to the two classes of injurious insects — Biting insects
and Sucking insects, — I will draw your attention to the value of the two
standaiil i-emedics for these classes : 1. I'aris green, which is an ai*senitc
of copiK-r containing altout sixty per cent of arsenic, is almost an ideal
material for tlic purposes to which it is applied by entomologists. Its
characti'Hstic green colour advertiaea its poisonous nature, and prevents
many accitlents which might arise from caivlessness ; its insolubility in
water and under most conditions to which it is likely to Ix' exposcil
iK'fore it is appliwi, renders its use very simple, its tine state of division
makes its dilution, either with liquids or dry powders, very convenient.
Moivover, its exti-eme virulence as a poison makes it possible to dilute it
very much indeetl without destroying its efficacy as an insecticide. The
recent discovery that the admixture of an equal weight of fresh lime
with the arsenite neutraliaes its caustic effect upon vegetation, has
n-moved the last drawback to the use of this material. This has also
simplitied immensely the question of the most suitable remedy for Mandi-
bulate insects. Now. a standard strength of one pouml of Paris green,
oue pound of quick-lime and two hundi'etl gallons of water, may lie
recommendeil for use on all kinds of vegetation. Three yeai-s ago 1 had
the honour of laying befoi-e this eection some of the remarkably satis-
factory results which hatl been obtained by spraying fruit-trees with
Paris given to protect them against insec-t injury. Since that time 1 have
lost no opportunity to bring this matter officially before the farmers of
Canada, and to-day there is more spniying Ijeing done throughout the

itddrosfitf- lti35 11

[rurrci.nt]

PRh>IDENTIAI, ADDRF»8

eounlry tliiui luw tsvor Ihhmj i»ivviou»ly tlm ruMC nvor an I'qiiul «ivu of it»r-
ritory, hiuI <!uriiiK tlie pn-Hi'iit Hjtriiiy tlion- in cortaiiily an fnornnnH
Inori'HHt' in tho nuniU'r of fruit-xrowccH mul farnuTx who an* ailo|itini;
tliiH UHofnl nu'tlMMl of pi-otfclin:; tlieir iropH fi-oni injury. Tlii« \h t<» u
lurgu niya-^niv tlno to un »• <rlU'nt m-ru'H of t'X|H'rimuntF« earriiil on liy niy
coll«aj^ut', Mr. John Craijj;. IIorticnltnriMt of ihr Cmiral Kx|H-riniciital
Farm, in tlio frnit orcliaiilti of woHtoni Unturio IhhI yt-ar I liavc
n«» doubt at all that tlu' fruit irroworn of <'ana<la will n-ap a rirli
Iiurvu8t for their pninH, which will intu-li niort' than ivpay them for
the extra outlay and lalM»ur. The question ot the <i>nihinatioii of
fun^iciileH and inHeetieides, tir^«t proininuntly brought forwanl l>y J'rof.
('larenco M. Weed of New llantpshiiv, in now '^own to Ikj an important
one, an<l many of the a^rieultural experiment statiouH have issued spray*
in^^ calendars in which this dtnd tivatment is universally reco, amended.

2. Kei-osene emulsion, the sfandani ivme<ly for Suckini; insects, is
simply an emulsion made hychurninj; for five minutes two gallons of coal
oil with one gallon of hot soap-suds containing; half a pound of .soap. This
f»lve» the stock emulsion, which may In' ivduc«'d with water to any
de^ret< of weakness, and which may lie usi>d on most foliaj^e with im-
punity, if mixed with nine times its volume of water. Moivov»'r, it is a
most effective destntyer of all in^-cts upon which it may l«' sprayed. It
is particularly elt'ective a^'do^t scale insects, u class of insects which ai-e
very ditfiuult to treat. In tiie effort to eradicate the i»ernicious San Jos4
scale, recently detected in the eastern States, this was found to Ije u use-
ful remeily. The occuri'ence of that .scale cast of California, and the
vigorous, prompt measuivs adopted by the Unileil States Kntomolo^ist,
have obtaineil for that otHcer givat credit among the truit-growei*9 of
America,

Another of -Mr. Howai-ds triumphs was the working out of the full
lifo-history of the Cattle Horn-fly, a jK'st of horned stock, which of
recent years has lieen the cause of much K)88 to dairymen. 1 happenal
to be in Washington at the time its fii-st occurrence was announced in
Virginia, and had the opportunity of going with Mr. Ilowanl to the
infested district, whei-e he ct)llected the first eggs of the fly, from which
he successfully worked out the complete life-history, and pmvetl that
the maggots bixnl entirely and only in fresh cattle droppings. This
indicate<l at once two remedies : one preventive, for protecting the cattle
from the bites of the flies, for which kerosene emulsion, with a little car-
bolic acitl added, is one of the best; and the treatment of the droppings
so as to render them unfit breeiling-places for the maggots.

One of the most remarkable instances of widespread Ixmetit to a
large district from the carefully thought-out plans of a competent ento-
mologist is the celebi*ated case of the introduction into California by

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

Prof. Riley of tlie smuU Australian Latly-hinl lieelle ( Vedalia cardinalis),
with the object of (lestroying an injurious scale insect, which waH work-
ing great havoc in the ('alifornia orange-groves. The Flute<l .Scale,
otherwise known as the "White" or 'M'ottony-cushion Scale" (Iceryia
fpurchasi, Maskell), is, for its family, a large sjiecies, which was probably
introduceil into southern California al)OUt 1868, and, having reached
the groves of citrus fruits, spread rapidly and incrcaswl so enormously
that at the end of twenty yeai-s it not only had atti-aote<l univei-sal
notice by the extent of its injuries, but was the cauKi of givat alarm.
All efforts to control this insect seeminl ineffectual, owing chiefly to ita
power both of living on a great variety of food-plants and of surviving
for long iJcriotls without any foo<l at all. I'l-of Riley in 1886 diivcttni
his attention especially to the subjtntt of discovering a practical ivmedy
for this insect, and, having convinced himself that it was indigenous to
Australia, and having als<j observtnl that it only occurred there in uumI-
erate numliera, he concluded that there mpst be in its original home some
natural parasite which was keeping it in check there and preventing it
from multiplying to the injurious extent to which it was occurring in
('Hiifornia. A recognize<l rule in practical entomology is that when a
foreign insect is introduced into a new home and increases exceswively,
this is due lot only to the suitable conditions it finds in its new home,
but particuiarly to the fact that its own sjwcial pai-asiles are not as a rule
imported with it. It is true that frequently the parasites of allied species
of insects gradually acquire the habit of depi-edating upon the newcomer,
but this takes some yeai-s, and may lie only partially effective or not take
place at all. It was noticed that some of the native pi-eilaceous Califor-
nian insects were attacking the Flutetl Scale to some extent, but Prof.
Riley urged that greater success would Ihj secui-ed by importing from
Australia its own natural enemies. After much trouble, this plan was
satisfactorily carried out, through the skill of Mr. Albert Koeliele. who
was sent to Australia by Prof Riley in 1888, and succeeded in sending
home safely to Califoi'nia several consignments of parasitic and ]ii*eila-
ceous enemies of the Fluted Scale. One of these, known as Vedalia car-
dinalis, a small Lady-biixl beetle, has more than answei-etl all the cxiJect-
ations of its introducei*s ; for, in the short spai;e of one year and a-half
from its tiret introduction, it has practically cleared out the injurious
Fluted Scale throughout the infested region. It increases with surprising
rapidity, taking only a month from the time the eggs are laid until the
perfect beetles appear. . The females lay a large number of eggs, and, a«
far as is known, it feeds exclusively on the Fluted Scale. Prof Riley, in
relating the history of this experiment, says : ' The expression of two
well-known people may be quoted here to illustrate the general vei-dict.
Prof W. A. Henry, director of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment
Station, who visited ('alifomia in 1889. reportwl that the work of Vedalia

/addresses 1395 i

[FLmVHHR]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

was the tiiicst illuHtnitioii possililo of tlif valui' of tin- <l«'|uirtiiu'iit (o j;ivi>
the people aid in time of di^ti-ess, and the distiVHw was very i;ii'at iiidtvd."
Mr. William F. (^haiiniii^. of I'assadena. wrote, two yeaiis later: -We
owe to the Agrieultural IX'partntent tlie ivneue of our oraii^'e eultuiv hy
the introduetion of the Australian Lady-hinl, Vedalia cardinalis. Tiie
White Scales wen' inerustinj; our oraiifje-tives with a hideous lepiosy.
They spivad with wonderful rapidity, and would have made citrus jyrowth
on the whole North American continent impossijde within a few yeai-s.
It took the Vedalia, when introduced, only a few weeks al»s<»lutely to
clean out the White Scale. The deliverance was nioiv like a miracle than
anything I have ever seen. In the spring of 188!> I had ahandoned my
y(»ung Washington Navel orange-tiws as invcoverahle. Those same titvs
hoiv froi wo to thitHj Itoxes of onmges ai>iece at the end of the siason
(or winter and spring of 1890). The conwquence of the deliv»'ranie is
that nmnj' hundivds of thousands of orange-ti-ees of the Hmst varieties
have htHin nvl out in southern California this last spring."

In other wonis, the victory over the scale was complete and will
l>ractically ivmain so. The history of the introduction of this |K*st. its
spread for upwawls of twenty yeai-s and the discouragement which
ivsulted, the numerous exiKMnments which weiv made to oveivome the
insect and its tinal induction to unimportant numliei-s hy means of an
aj)parently insignificant little lieetle imported for the i>urpose from
Australia, will always remain one of the most inteivsting stones in the
i-ecoi-ds of ])ractical entomology." The ivsults of all this may Ik- sum-
mari/A'd as follows : — An exjx'riment. the cost of which was limited to
$2,000. has rendered the cultivation of oranges, lemons, limes and other
citrus fruits possihie in California, wheivas but for this expei-iment the
whole of that important and lucrative industiy would incvitahly have
lieen entiivly wiixnl out, thus involving the loss of hundmls of thousamis
of dollai-s. The .same satisfactory ivsults have also followed the inti-o-
duction of the Vedalia into Cajn? Colony and Kgypt.

OONTBOLLINO BY VEGETABLE PaRAS1T«8.

C'losely allie<l with the subject of the utilization of the insect parasites
of insects is the propagation and disti-ibution. Avhen ivquinnl. of the con-
tagious diseases of insects of a bacterial or fungous nature. In this dir-
ection cai-eful investigations and extensive exiieinments have l»een carrie<l
on in Kansas by Prof. Snow, in Illinois by Prof Fork's, and in Massa-
chusetts by Prof. Koland Thaxter.

Prof. ForUs has nconlcd (' Insect Life/ V.. p. 68) that seveml t.f the
plant parasites of insect feed gi-etnlily on very common substances, and
may consequently Ije kept in stock or made to multiply on occasion with
enormous rapidity, and so scatteiinl broadcast wheiv and when most

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

lurdinl. Tliis is true of all tho ItHi'tunal f^erms of insi'ct diwast! tlius far
studii'<l. ami alwo of certain hijjlier fungi infesting insects.

Kxtensive work has lnim done in France l»y Monsieur Alfn-d Giard
on a species which lie calls Tsana densa (Botrytia tenella of Prillieux and
Delaci-oix), a fungus partic-ularly destructive to species of White-grubs
{Lachnosterna), and tulx's containing the spoivs have Wvn extensively
advertised in Europe. In this country the fungus most extensively used
in this work is known as Sporotrichum globuliferum. This has Irhmi care-
fully cultivated and much used as a means of checking the enormous
hordes of the injurious chinch-hug which yearly do so much harm in the
western States. A long ar i inteivsting account of Prof Snow's work
in this connection will be tound in the Annual Keport of the Kntomologi-
cal Society of Ontario for 18!t2. Prof. Forlx^s descril»ed the pairasite as
follows: — "This fungus, which springs from minute white spoivs or so-
called conidia. penetrates the living inst^ct and finally imlx'(ls the dead
body of its host in a thick felt of white fibres which becomes coveivd with
myriads of white or slightly yellowish spores collected in globular heads.
It dfH's not form ivsting spores. l)olonging in fact to an oi-der of fungi in
which such spores have never Ikhmi found, but it may nevertheless be
preserve<l in a living state for many months— certainly over the winter —
by simply drying out the rii'H^ conidia. We have so presen-ed it in fact
for an entire year, and have found by exjieriment that the vitality of its
conidia is proof against at least ordinary winter temperatures and summer
heat of 104 degives F." " The fungus may l)e cultivated in large quanti-
ties very readily in disinfectwl fruit JaiN on corn meal soake<l with beef
broth, the growth forming a thick layer of dust-like spores on thesuiface.
which may U* brushed or scraped off and prewsrvcil for use in homeopa-
thic vials plugged with cotton. This parasite is by no means uncommon
in Canada and occui-s upon st^veral insects. The most remarkable epide-
mic of it which has come under n»y notice was in 1891 in Vancouver
Island. For some yeai-s previous to 1891 the oaks on Vancouver Island
had be<>n annually defoliatwl in the spring by myriads of caterpillai-s of a
moth known as Ellopia somniaria. In 1891 many diseased caterpillai-s
were st^nt to me by Mr. W. H. Danby, of Victona, and were found on
examination to be infested with this fungus. The following year and up
to the present time, tlie caterpillars have been so scarce that a single
sjx^cimen can only be found with difficulty. It is true there were parasi-
tic insects also at work,; but I consider that the chief cause of diminution
of the caterpillars was due to this disease.

Other fungi of interest which frequently do good work ai'e the pecu-
liar parasite of the White grub (fiordyceps melotont/ue) and an Empusa
(E. aphidis), frequently abundant and destructive not only to myriads of
the injurious plant-lie^, but also to numerous other insects.

Addresses 1895 ii

[ri.ETCHHK]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

AOKfCULTURAL TkbaTMENT.

A most nt'ct's.sary jiart (>tja;o«Ml aijiiciillun- wliicli atti-cts ('iit(niio|..<fy.
anil which thfivfoir an entomologist must study, is a comiMvliiMsion of
the in-incii»k's iv<j;ulating the rotation of erops. l»y means of which any
Insect attraetnl to a locality by a certain fo(»(l-i»lant lH'in<< irrtnvu there,
will not have the Hame loo<l-i)lant to kril u))on the next year. It some-
times iH'comeH necesaaiy to chunj^e the time of i)lantin«; <»r ivai>in<r ci-ops,
so as to present it to its insect enemies, at their ivjrnlar time of apiH'ar.
ing, in a condition in which it cannot he injured, or even to ^rjve u)» the
cultivation of a crop for a lem^th of time altogether, so as to .starve the
insects out. For the etieetive application of this latter ivmedy ^jvat care
must \n: taken to have all hedj^es. waste lands and fence corners ke|)t
clean from wmls. Occasionally, the planting of a snnill strip of a moiv'
attractive food-i)lant round the outside of a tiekl has had the ett'ect of
drawing oft' insects from the nntin ci-op. It is a common practice with
some ganlenei-s to plant a few ratlishes amongst their seedling eauli-
flowei-s ill order to concentrate the attacks of root maggots ; and in the
same way mustanl is planted with turnips in order to tittract the flea-
beetles : as mustanl germinates sooner than turnips, the Ix'etles aiv
Attracted to it, and then destroyeil hy dusting the i>lantswith Paris green.
Lately Prof. Howard K. Weed has practist'd this hait-trap method with
mustanl in oi-der to collect the exceedingly injurious Harlequin plant-
bug, which destroys cabbages in Mi-ssissippi and other southern States.
When the strip of mustanl has attracted the bugs, it is sprayed heavily
with a strong kerosene emulsion.

As an instance of kwn perception and usi'ful gnisp of a subject in
this line. 1 will draw your attention to the n-med}- tirst suggested bj- Mr.
L. O. HowanI for the Clover-seed Midge, which every year so materially
lessens the output of an important crop in ( 'anada. In my report for
1885 to the Honouralde Minister of Agriculture, I stated as follows :
"Ontario in 1881 produced a crop of clover-seetl worth $648,600. Since
that time the Clover-seed Midge has made its appearance, and its injuries
have been so considerable that, instead of Canada exporting large quan-
tities of this valuable see<l, our farmei-s have now to import seed to sow
their fields." 1 usetl eveiy effort to make known widely the following
treatment, which was ailopted in many districts with most satisfactory
results, and gradually the production of Canadian clover-seed has increj^^sd
year by year.

Instead of cutting the fii-st crop of clover at the end of Juno and
leaving the second crop for seed !■ the fall, pastuiv the ili-st crop until
the itiiddle or up to the 20th June, or cut it befoi-e the latter date, and
then iet the clover grow for the fall crop of seetl ; thus the grubs of this
first brood (the eggs of which were deposited on the growing clover as

14 BOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA

soon as the heads formetl) an> desti-oyed hy the cattle eating them, or
they dry up witli tlie elover hay which has been cut l)efore they wei-e
mature enough to leave the heads of clover and go into the ground to
complete their stages. By leaving the clover standing in the fields till
the end of June u sufficient time elapses for this latter process to take
place, and the perfect flies emerge again just in time to lay their eggs in
the opening flowei-s of the second crop. In this way, the seed of the
second crop is destroyed as well as the first. The discovery of this prac-
tical remedy 1 formerly attributed to a ('anadian farmer ; but I find
it, together with many other suggestions of great value in economic ento-
mology, was undoubtedly first suggested by Mr. Howard.

Systematic Co-opbration.

Finally, let mo bring before your notice one instance exemplifying
how combined systematic effort may work^ wonders even in an apparently
hopeless case.

01 the many injurious insects introduced at vaiious times from the
old world, not one has, in as short a time, attracted so much attention,
been so great a cause of anxiety, or has l^en so systematically fought as
the Gypsy Moth, since it appeared in vast numbers in the state of Massa-
chusetts in 1889. As a practical object lesson of the value of scientifically
diivcted efibrt to overcome an insect enemy which had been alloweti to
increase unnoticed until it had assumed almost overwhelming proportions,
the campaign which has been so successfully carried on for the last four
years by the Gypsy Moth Department of the State Board of Agriculture
of Massachusetts, is of very great interest to all economic entomologists.

Mr. li. O. Howard, the United States Entomologist, one of the best
qualified to expivss an opinion, says, in his recent address as president of
the Association of Economic Entomologists, as follows : " The work
upon the Gypsy Moth which has been done by the State of Massachusetts
since 1889, is one of the most remarkable pieces of work, judging by
results, which has yet been done in economic entomology. The opera-
tions have been carried on by a committee of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and the means have been furnished by large appropriations by the
State Legislature. Three hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars
have already been apprnriated. A territory comprising something over
100 square miles was infested by the insects, which occurred in such extra-
ordinary nuraber-s as to destroy many trees, and almost to threaten the
ultimate extinction of living vegetation, not only within the infested
territory, but in all localities to which it might spread. The infested
territory has been reduced by one-half, and within the districts in which
the Gypsy moth at present exists, it is, practically speaking, a compara-
tively rare species. The future of the insect is, however, problematical.

Ldd^osstL 1895 t

[flbtchbr]

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

The contimmncu of Huffleiently larju'e appropriations fi-om the Stute Log-
ishvtuii) to enable the work to lie earned on, on its present scale, is douht-
f'ul. and yet those in charge believe that still larger appropi-iations are
necessary to bring about extermination. They are confident, however,
that with sultioient means, the insect can Ije absolutely exterminated fi-om
the State of ^Massachusetts.'

The few instances which I have given, will, I believe, show the great
economic value of the study of entomology, and, as I have already taken
up as much of your valuable time as is permissible on this occasion, I will
not cite any more of the numlxu'less cases which might be brought for-
ward ; but. in conclusion, let me state that, notwithstanding the enormous
numbei-sof insects in the world, those particular kinds which generally
every year attack farm crops, ai-e comparatively few in numl)er— not
more than one hundi-ed species.

The life-histories of most of these have been so well worked out that
I think it is not too much to claim that, upon application to a competent
entomologist, information is now available with regard to most of them,
which will enable those inquiring for it, to lesson, mitigate or avert
altogether the injurj- from injurious insects.