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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 1££ 
 
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 7^ 
 
 7: 
 
 
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 •7 
 
 Ov^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 \ 
 
 N? 
 
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 23 WIST MAIN STRliT 
 
 WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
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 t 
 
 : t 
 
 » 
 
 ■f ■ 
 
 ^ i 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 : ♦ . 
 
 f 
 
 t 
 
f 
 
 HOMES FOR MILLIONS 
 
 TtlE Rli: SOU IK JF.S 
 
 ^■■r 
 
 GRLAT ■■>'■ 
 
 CANADIAN 
 r ' NORTH-W^EST 
 
 «r 
 
 
 - i mw * IIK « ^i l i r ! «r ff\>H>^ 
 
 
 . -4 
 
 >Vf 
 
 
 --■■■'"■*'. ;«i 
 
 ^.,v' ■■'■ ^ 
 
 •o^'J 
 
 // 
 
4 
 
Shortt 
 
 F 
 ^060.55" 
 
 
 I 
 
HOMES FOR MILLIONS 
 
 tup: Ki^:s()iJiic^:s 
 
 
 'W 
 
 GREAT 
 
 CANADIAN 
 
 NORTH-^WEST 
 
 THi; ni:.\sip\> u II V 
 
 AriRicui/rrRE is nioi tpable tuuke 
 
 \M) WHY 
 
 FARMERS ARE PROSPEROUS AND INDEPENDENT 
 
 6^' 
 
 — '^2»'»--'^?*ii«te«^ - 
 
 
 
 
 '*''-.aau,-yr' 
 
 
 '■'iimm 
 
 '■XV'S^WVWlTiiT" N' .W^'^'C 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 Pl!!\' 
 
 18l»2 
 
 ^VTJi'" \^ ' 
 
 i«"Wrs«j, 
 
 OUVKRNMKNT PIMNTFNti lURl^r LlW?tA?tV 
 
 
 ••:.^. 
 
 
IMJI'IP'ACI' 
 
 -Q- 
 
 e4 
 
 
 n, 
 
 iiiii 
 
 if litis /iiiiniilili I It'll i I'll lilts It 
 
 inn iifrn 
 
 lin,ii'illhi<jl!l "II III!! I'lii'l II liilidtir nf li 
 
 iifr, IS lioiv 
 
 I 
 
 •iiiiily nnd mil 
 Iki/i/)!/ In s/ui, III 
 
 \' 
 
 <l. If il 
 
 mils, 
 
 hrn/t 
 
 Kill 'pi inns. In till llir lilv: 
 
 ills ill hriii'jiiti; null from I If r/nsr fiini/n iiliini . Ihf 
 il runt /III rill iff sliiri ri) iif nriririillii i nl lifi' in lln' lltri'r 
 
 litis li'niil liiis In iijfi'r I III in, 
 
 III. 
 
 <-k 
 
 il liinr ilr fill III In ii muss nf innlrriiil irliirli. 
 
 rfili in 
 
 rr llir siilijrrl 
 
 mnllrr nf ii, itnrihi lilrrnrii rlii'irnrli 
 
 irrls in Inrm en 
 
 Ifliliiliil In ri 
 
 -/ 
 
 int iililnr, is/iiriii 
 
 ll'.l 
 
 '•lin Itns iii'fir Inriil llir linrrilih- il rii il 'Jirii nf 
 
 rrrisinn fir llir /irrss. I will Innk Imrk ivilli In 
 
 III 
 
 riisiirr. III 
 
 III llr 
 
 l„r 
 
 sniisfiirlinn lliiin I sliniilii nil ii snrrrssj'nl niiliirr in /iillf lilrrill n ri 
 
 /nil 
 
 I In 
 ■hilo 
 
 ilrr h 
 
 il III. 
 
 llir. Iiinilf II liihlr nf rnitlriils irliifli 
 
 I, 
 
 I'.vlrnt nf Ihr rliii rnc.Irr nf nn inilr.v Inil nnli/ h 
 
 r.vli'lll sn Hull lir irlin irislirs In ii nilrrsliiiiil till iihnnl lltr farinnH 
 dislricis in lltr n'mil Ciiiiiiilinii A'nrllt- W'rsl liiiisl rr nl llf lilllr rnlitmr 
 
 I In 
 
 I (ill 
 
 '^ Tii-iliiji is lltr I. Hit iliii/ nf Orlnhrr. i'rnin. 111(1111/ /minis nil nrrr llir 
 firrni H'rsl rnmrs llir itrirs tlnit fnrti/-li rr. ft flu. f ft i/-Ji rr ii ml in nlir riisr 
 Jifti,/-ricllil liiisltrls nf irliriit In lltr. iirrr It 
 nmmrnl rrrrirril lltr fnllmriii'J Irlriirnm. : 
 
 h, 
 
 11 rr lirrii 
 
 III 
 
 <ltrd. I It. 
 
 lit. 
 
 X. /•'. Dn 
 
 M.I'., on it I 
 
 i; 
 
 II'. ('. Cull lint, .Vnrlli, nf i; 
 
 Ih 
 
 .V. W.r., Orlnlirr I.!, /.SHI. 
 ^Iiril j'nri !/-■ i i^ltl litislirls irltr.il 
 
 In nrrr ; .1. /:'. I'nIIrr, ,\fnnsr Jiiir, liiii Jhiir IlinnsfintI hlisltils trltrtil. 
 itrrrniJili'J nrrr lliirli/ In nrrr ; ,1 . it, liriil, Sniilli Alnnsr .lair, niir litiinlrrtl 
 
 l/llslirls mils In urn 
 
 Tin 
 
 i/ir/ii 
 
 s II rr II/ riitirsr r.vrr/. 
 
 lit^ 
 
 ••./. J. \-iir,vi:.-- 
 
 ll : lull irr 111111/ flirlij riiirlitilr Hull 
 
 Ihr Wrst irill Inirr an nrrriiije i/irlil nf lliiili/ liitsltrl\- nf irlirnl In llir 
 nrrr. irlirnl <JrniHn^ .W;. / llnrtl iinil nf lltr hinhrsl iiitnlili/. ,11 Ihr 
 W'iiini/ii'J . Inrirn/tii rill l'..\-hil>iHnii .Mr. Jlnlfnrd, n]' llir E.y/trrlinriilnl 
 
 liriliidnii , Innh li/i 11 Inindlnl nf irltrnl n'n 
 
 lln 
 
 mil rt 
 
 ■if Ihi 
 
 Trrrilnrirs, nnmrlii, in Ihr Rri^inn dislrirl. 
 
 ll drrlnrrd ihni llnil 
 
 the lirst ivhriil in Ihr K.vliihilinn . .Mr. MrKnij, nf liiilinn llind, nnnlr a 
 .•limilnr drrlnrnlinn . iiud it larnr i/nnnlili/ n/' Ihis ivhriil iriis fnrlhtrilh 
 liniujht fnr srrd . Frniii Ihis thr, iir^iinirnl is nnf Ihn.l lltr llrijinit Dislrirl 
 run, hrnt nllnr dislrirls. hill riilhrr Ihiil litis irlnitl is n snnt/j'r n/' irlntl 
 thr Trrriturirs fhrniinltnitt Ihr whoir W'hrttI Belt vim prndurr. ninl fnr 
 
11 
 
 I'llKFAUK. 
 
 rriisiiiis uriniUfiriillij rxplaiHfil hy my friniil ,!//• Miiiv ( srr /iii'^r 1^), in. 
 <t fulfil r li'/iirli, Ity rfusoii iif its f'iihii:i.s nf Icniiivhil 'if iiiiil liliiiiry finish, 
 ivdiilil hni'f rnrii'hi'il llir fiinjis of' Diir nf tlir Q'mi/ l',niili\li, ifitiirti'vlirs. 
 
 \ 
 
 Tim Cennus rr/iirn.s nlmiv llini in, Irn i/fiirs llif ,\'or/h- H'fs/ Trrrilorits 
 
 liniif inrri'iis4-il U!,y7(l fift rrtd. in- f)i>ftu.l<ilii 
 
 Thf- J^'of/h- >J 'r.sf, i.s 
 
 J'liiniuntlilr l<> Itirs^r f'nniil.ii'x, iinil the rkililrrn nrr ftlivnimicnally slrim^ 
 unit liriillliy. Tkr ilimitii' is akin In lliiil irliirli nn rl ii ml the wiirrior 
 liitriirs irlnt ln'riinir I hi- lirrnr iiml nltininli'ly llir ilrslmyiri nf Oic Uoinnn 
 Kinftivv, iinil ii'liosr niu^'uijlrrn/ ftlii/sii/iir lins In in ili-arribi il.lfy j^viiftliir 
 firns niiiilr omrr rloi/ui'n/ liy f'liir. 'I hr ininiic''"/'"it from the Jirilisli 
 /sirs is inrriiisitiii in rniinnr ; (lirnmns inr loniiii'^ in liir'Je nunil/irs 
 frnni Soiillnrn li'ns.sin ; in inn.sri/ainrr nj' llir ilrmr/iiuks nf Uiiknln, iinil 
 llir rifiiiil nf II' liirij'r ililr^iilion nf fimirrs irlin n nmr injn ri.siliil llir 
 ^'nrlli - Wisl , ixiiininiil .sirrrnl Inciili/irs, niiil, iviiil nnilli fmni liiiiinii, 
 Its f'lir lis I'rinrr .llhirt, silllrrs nrr finnriiiij in, frnln Hint Stntr ; imil 
 in till' nr.vt tin yrnrs tin- inrri'iisi' iniiy risi; to olK) ftrr nnt. nr innrr. ; 
 nnr irill it lir Inn 'J rrr ivr linrr ii inillinn in tlinsf rust fniilr firhls 
 
 H •<■// 
 
 iiri/iiiiin 
 
 till IIS I iini iritli llir Trrrilnrirs, I linvr I, 
 
 'irrii siirfirisri 
 
 I III 
 
 flu' liirijr iiilililinns iniiilr In nijl knniiilril !jr liiftlir fnllnwin<J fin: 
 ■isril rrrn nl llir intrrrst r.vritril liif irliiit li'iis In inr nil n.'it III 
 
 fir, 
 
 Hi 
 
 lull 
 
 I nir unit n 
 
 I'l/ rrililinii tlirsr sAr>rliis nf llir rnrinihs Inriitilirs, ilnnr 
 
 l.'ii rnfir nun/, irilliniil slirrinii 
 
 hitnrslly ns I run nrniirli , n innn Hi 
 
 from 
 
 Ills firrsiilr, tilinir iirrli riltrhj lUlit lllinitlrllf lli.r rlin riirl ' ri si ir.s n nil 
 
 rilftilhilitirs nf llir ,\'nrlli- Wist I rrri lorirs of' i'linilitil, iinilliil.l 
 
 •n, witrri'. 
 
 in'ilini! tn Ills I II sirs 
 
 mill linns, 
 
 J hi 1 1 
 
 itih 
 
 \. /•'. /;. 
 
 Ottawa, Orlrihrr J-ith, IS'Jl. 
 
 r r, 
 
 LC 
 
 
T A Br.E OF CONTJiliSj TS. 
 
 Active Spirits, a land ntily fm- 2(1 j 
 
 Agricultural Implements, ixsily oli- 
 t;iiiit«i r'.cryulirri' ill tin- Territories -nil 
 the Wl'iters witness lliis. 
 
 ALBERTA 7S to 107 
 
 ('mile raising' SI 
 
 t'liniute S2 
 
 Cciil 711, urn 
 
 ''iinimtTee 7S 
 
 llc.r>e iM-ei'dillK' 7'.l, Wl 
 
 h<iii lire 71* 
 
 Slieep i-a:sii)^: 7!> 
 
 Northern Alberta, lieserilied <M 
 
 Alhili timi:, til i-ettler S'.l 
 
 < 't\ ili/al inn III", aiUalK'ed , . . iHl 
 
 I'liiiiati, lieallhy ami altraetive, Ill 
 
 Southorn Alberta, .l.serilieil liHi lii7 
 
 Aurieultnn . numl fur Ktl 
 
 Cnal. aliilliilaiit 100 
 
 D.iirvinj,', p»«l Inr 101 
 
 Mixed lariniiii; 10" 
 
 Keionrees 100 
 
 Water, -.lilelididMllililv t.f |0| 
 
 ASSINIBOIA ■■i\ r-r 
 
 \.l>a;.la^-e^i.I 21, •-"-' 
 
 ( '. 1'. K'ailwav ruii> tlircm^'li . 
 
 llil,'hly eivilized •-".' 
 
 Kallellillt' iti li'l 
 
 Soi .ifiil 21 
 
 Wheat trriiwinj; land, lineal i[i the uurld.. . . 21 
 
 BANFF, health ivMirt SIJ 
 
 Miiuiilaili sei iier\- .S(l 
 
 Mix'-ii faniiiiiK' in neitihlmiirliuud Wl 
 
 IlaneliinK' I'aeilitieH K7 
 
 Siirintf-*, Ii'it S7 
 
 BATTLBFORD 
 
 |)i>lriit i<i Il."l Ii7 
 
 l!:',it'lel'i,nl H,nit',i I'lMhlishiVr at ' IV\TT1,K 
 
 I'dltl) 
 BATOCHE l!e«.iio s ill li;i 
 
 (;aiee 112 
 
 BUTTER Knll inforniatinn niven itiider eai li 
 head. 
 
 CANADA, wealth iif I 
 
 OALOARY DISTRICT s:i 
 
 A^rii ul'.nre, sintalile fur, west ut (lleielieli. . SU 
 
 Cattle rai^in^' SI) Hi) 
 
 Harvest iif ism, snivessflll 5 
 
 Sheeii farming;, well iidaiited fur in the 
 
 liurlh . . T S:! 
 
 Indian lni^<siiin S.'t 
 
 ri<-tnresc|ne, the S4 
 
 iSiHirt, idtnn laiiee of, espeeially tishinj; S,') 
 
 CALGARY, 'luwn of 
 
 lieaut>- and imiHirtatii^e of K4 
 
 ('alnar\j and Ivlniontun Uaihviiy S,"p 
 
 liii|Hirt,'itil .Station of N.W.M.r Kl 
 
 Siieial life Si'i 
 
 J{,i:,hnui\ Trihnu imlilisheil here. 
 
 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY 
 
 mils fruin ea»;:f to wi'st throti^h .VssiniUiiii. . 21 
 CAPITAL, Beope fur prolitivlile iisii of ill 
 N.W.T I 
 
 I'aKe. 
 
 CHEESE sneeessfiilly ni.innfaetnreil 4li 
 
 Churches The four ^rreat denoiniiiatioiiH aro 
 re|iresented everywhere thruui;liuuti thoTiT- 
 
 turies. 
 
 CLIMATE ...11,22,21 
 
 This siilijeet d'alt with under every head. 
 COAL HI, 40, 53, 7!J,.r>. '"•* 
 
 CROP, ilMlnellse, uf l.SOl .....-K. I 
 
 CUTS 21, 2-^, ;)2, Sli, IS, .M, (III, lil,,^^'JO, loii, lo'.l 
 
 DAIRYING 2.\87ftiid/"'.«-M 
 
 It niav 1m' said Kelierallv d.iirvin^j will siie- 
 ee.i'l in all thedi.strii'ts. 
 
 DUNMORE 
 
 Cii.il in almnd.inee .M 
 
 K.iiiihinir, ^riio,i eiiunrr> f'lr .'14 
 
 Siaiiun of t ialt liailwav ciinneetin^' with 
 
 l.eihliridv'e .M 
 
 EDMONTON, Town uf 117 
 
 Adv.int.i^'euus sitn.'it'un 117 
 
 ( 'iii|is raised in U7 
 
 Snrrunndin^-iunntiv !I4 
 
 C.itlle-raisin..' lit 
 
 l-'isli and K'alne Il.'t 
 
 (lul.l .Ml theSaskateheWiill ll."i 
 
 Miner.d resunrees of di^triet 115 
 
 I'liroleiim '.«) 
 
 Iliillitin imlilished here. 
 Edmonton Dist.-ict .Xttraciions fur -et- 
 
 tier- s; !I2 
 
 Enulishmen, Yoiiug lluw many f.iil, ._ i:t 
 
 FERTILE BELT, T!ie '.1.10,11 
 
 FLORA Indir eaeh head full infuiiiKil iuti 
 FROST Did nul alleit harvest uf lv.i| i,, 
 
 N. , nil-West u7 
 
 FRUITS ruder eaeh h. ad full infunimtiun. 
 
 GAME II, ly, ii7, li'.i, 107 
 
 GERMAN SETTLEMENTS im-piiuns 
 
 in N'urth Ke^diia 4.') 
 
 GOLD fiie.nd in the sands of the .Saskalehewall 
 
 near IMinuntiin ' •; 11.5 
 
 HARVEST of IS'.d nniilVeeted l.y frust 07 
 
 HUDSON BAY 
 
 ('umti.invuf 7 
 
 l>l-e<ixeryef 7 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS . .21, 'Js, ;i2, ;i'.i, LS .M. do, 
 (;i, 7". :i!i. 10,'), loo. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY... :< 
 
 KINISTINO ... - 117 111) 
 
 .splendid eumifiy fur mixed fjir'iiitif^. 
 
 LAW AND ORDER is 111 
 
 '■ LEADER," The, pnl.lished at UeKina 42 
 
 LETHBRIDGB loi 
 
 ni-tri'.iutliiK point fur Suiitherll .\llierta, 
 and si.'! ion I if d'alt liailway Cumpaiiy. . .102 
 LoUK Lake, nulth uf lienina, alH.inids ill 
 
 lish 44 
 
 MAPLE CREEK .Vi 
 
 l^limat.' h'i 
 
 I i.tiryiii^' ^rood Titi 
 
 Kaiiehinj,', facilities for, unsurpassed oli 
 
i 
 
 w 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 MACLEOD, lii.-trift \m 
 
 A^fricultuif. j,'(iiiil fill' 101 
 
 liuncliiii',', K'x"l till' I'll 
 
 Macleod. Town nf ; M>ii'ln»t Unzittr iml)- 
 li-lH'd \w\i- : NiirtliWi'st Mnmitfil I'olic.-i', 
 innMiiianl. statimi iif. 
 
 MEDICINE HAT, Distri.t of 5 
 
 ( 'liiiuitf atici rt-Kdiirct-H 51! 55 
 
 ('(ml alnilnlalit TiM 
 
 ( laiii*' 4 
 
 Medicine Hat, Town nf. vciv inrttv Wi 
 
 Mulinin H'll yVm..-. pnlili.slic-d liirr. 
 
 MOOSEJAW 47 ra 
 
 < rn|. i.r IS'.ll, ^;i-cat 5 
 
 W'lirat UTHWill^' llH)ht Slirt'CSuflll 41* 
 
 Slit't-p rai^ii'i.' il"i 4!) 
 
 Moosejaw.'I'dHiiivf. inittyjinil |iiii((iTs»ivi'. 47 
 M'oi.^1 iitt>' Tnn'A piililislit'il lit-rr. 
 
 MOOSOMIN, I )i»l I'ict L>4 
 
 S..i], iliiiiati-, Iniitfnliii'ti.s 24 25 
 
 1 »ail-yili^.', siiilalili* fnr 25 
 
 At ca^tciii L'at<- 'if A^sihilMiia ... - 24 
 
 MooBomiu Town, \i<*A markii : prus- 
 
 iit'lnM- : t\,>n-i- I- riuhli-ln il iiiri'. 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES 
 
 Ai-"iiiisiii(Hi i.f, liy < 'anatlu S 
 
 At,'T-icnlturt' iiii|ilVni('iitf* ran In* had i'vci-y- ' 
 wlit-rr. 
 
 V. V. Railway runs throu^li 21 
 
 Kxplni-atinn.s of, in lSi'>7 H 
 
 n.iniof ll! 
 
 Kiuit.s and vt'>;t'tat»Ii'.'* 11 
 
 * HMH-ral d('M'ri|itinn« of H 
 
 Harvest, ilninrnsi', in ISltl 57 
 
 l.au and nrdcr in IH I'.l 
 
 Mai'kt'ts ^.'immI rxcivuhcri'. 
 MiniTal « allli . ■ 15, II!, Hi, 711, !15, 1(W 
 
 Kcr'.ria attd I,<in^,' l,al<i- Uail\va>' cntnn-cts 
 Ktirnia witii I'riiur AII't>rt atni i'riti^rs tin* 
 lattiT tinis intn ci.inici'tinn witli (.'.I'.lf.. . 24 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 l''i>ntid neat Kdninntdii It5 
 
 Pioneers 2" 
 
 i'l.asnivs.pf lifiM.f, .to l(i.S 
 
 .VltMirtivi' I'Vi'ii til mill iif cnltmc KIM 
 
 PloUKlling '!'liiiioii(,'li, iii'ic'saiu'V tusiUTi'HS li 
 
 Preface i 
 
 PRINCE ALBERT DISTRICT 
 
 Cliniati' lii.M.uii.s 71 77 
 
 l-'ainiinj,' 71 
 
 ( 'r.i|)s snii '-sstiii in 5 
 
 Prince Albert 'rnwiiiif, 
 
 I'rini.- .Ul'iii TiM.f and t<uA,:Mi,m,,i 
 . ll.,:,UI |.ulili-li.d lull-. 
 '^QU'APPELLE. NORTH ;i5 ;t,>< 
 
 Port Qu' Appelle :«• 
 
 its iHiiuiy ;t5 
 
 ( 'rups ..f l.sill must siuvi'ssfiil 5 
 
 l'li'nl\ "f spiiii, .siuTiallv lisiiiiiK ;t.S 
 
 Vnl.i'l, pnlilisli,-d liiMi'. 
 QU' APPELLE, SOUTH 
 
 i'uiu d. ..iii.id ;w 41 
 
 Wi-ll »,»,.!,. I iv-uuivis :t,s 41 
 
 (ialllM plintiful II 
 
 /V.W1K.1 pnl.lishid al i.ir'AI'I'Kl.l.h; 
 ST.V'jjON. 
 
 RAILWAYS 
 
 'Mifiilrali .'t Uailuay in till' wiirld a wuild's 
 
 lli^dluuy .... 4 
 
 I'airi'iian I'acitir Railway fnitlii'i' di'Hci'ilii'd 17 
 llndsim 15av Rai1wa\' pii.ii'i-ti*d 17 
 
 RANCHING- COUlSTTRIBS, li(, 47, 111, ,5:t, 
 ■M. .v., .Ml, i;2. Ii5, (i.s, 72, ,Sii, >\\. x~. KKI, 10,5. 
 
 RED DBER 1(14 
 
 Cliinali', r.'st'nibU'.H tliat uf Ci'iiti-al l-airoiM'. .105 
 
 Cinps laip' 1(15 
 
 ( laiiit' all Hinds 1(17 
 
 Lands, alinndani'c of vacant lIMt 
 
 Riiiicliiiig, giMiil country for 105 
 
 I'a^'v. 
 
 RED PYPB - 
 
 WIlV Noltll-Wl'St pIdllllCCs till' llMSt ill till' 
 
 world 12 
 
 REGINA 
 
 'I'lir Capital of till' 'I'l'rritoriis 42 44 
 
 llasin of lirli in soil as tin- deposits of tin- 
 
 Nile 42 411 
 
 Crops in IKlll wonderful 5.57 
 
 (iimmI market for siirronndintr eomitrv 47 
 
 Ileadipiarters of the NortliWest ,\loiiiited 
 
 I'oliee 42 
 
 Ltntltr and Sltiii'furtt iiewspaiii-r.s jiuhlished 
 
 here, 
 
 Nortli ReKina District 
 
 A|,'rienltinal wealili of 44 
 
 Ram liilit,'anil mi\ed lanniiii,' also Hiiec-ssfn] 44 
 
 I'rospelons ( III Mian setllelnelits in 45 
 
 I'lospernlls lIlL'hland sett|en,,nt 45 
 
 South Resrina District 
 
 ( 'oal foniid in laiye seams at WoikI Mmiii- 
 
 taiii 411 
 
 I )eseril«'d 45 47 
 
 I''rnits and tlowers 47 
 
 ( tame almndant 4ti 
 
 Land Mm h aviiihihle for settlement .. . . 47 
 
 Raneliiii^^ l'!\eellent ran^res for 4f> 
 
 I.ar^'e sneeessfiil Hal^'nnie l-'anii, near lial- 
 
 k'onie .... 47 
 
 No frosted wlie.ii in either distriit in ISlil. 
 
 ROADS AND BRIDGES Well pne 
 wiled for thiMUKliout the whole Nortli 
 West 22 and i^t.t!<iiii 
 
 SASKATCHEWAN - 
 
 Distriit of. de.seriliiil r>,S (il 
 
 heaiitifnl tii\\ n sites ... .511 
 
 Prince Albert Capital of- heantifnl and 
 hi.stiiiiea! town site (in 
 
 ( 1 rent sheep re}.doll til 
 
 l{e^'iiia ,'iiid I'rinee Alhert Rv. connects 
 
 S. with C. 1'. R ' .'iH ()0 
 
 TimiK and Saskatchewan /!• rnhl pnlilishfil 
 here. 
 
 SCENERY Riantifnl in, i;i, liO, UK) 
 
 SCHOOLS 
 
 (i I sehools are everywhere provided for, 
 
 as w ill he seen. 
 
 SOURIS 25 
 
 .Vdapted for yrain ^rrou in^' and ilair\ ili^,'.. . . 2li 
 SHEEP FARMING 
 
 (lood iivion for -Jll, ."ill. Ill, S;t 
 
 Calpiry District well adapted for Ki 
 
 It will he f. Hind on reading: tiie >e\ei ,1 ac- 
 ciiimtstliat there isnut a part of the North- 
 
 We.l «hele sheep will not do well. 
 
 SUCCESSFUL MEN :til 
 
 SWIFT CURRENT Cood country for 
 
 si p . 57 
 
 WALLACE DISTRICT character of 
 
 country, n s.iun e.... etc ',VA 115 
 
 WHEAT 
 
 Charaiter of throinthont North West ... . lni 
 
 " l,adii^;a " Siiccesstii! esperiments with . 17 
 
 ^■ield 111 in Reirina Distill I. ls;ll i, .-,7 
 
 WHITEWOOI 
 
 Soil. I liiiiiLUrfWui"<i«JiMK« ■ .■^''•"1-. 211, 27 
 
 MiM-d iJlf«S\**m'''^'1r}.*. . 'V ■ • ■ • -' 
 
 Sli .(.'an' l,eJU'''?cVf-f^. fact.'irv.' . .' .' 'j,' .' . .' ' 411 
 
 n-Ar^ .'«^y 
 
 it^ll,V/l(I.Ml'll( 
 
 WILLC 
 
 WIN' 
 
 .s, \ 
 
 WOLSE 
 
 mull \ 
 
 of. 1:1 
 
 natter of 
 
 .211 ;t:t 
 
 Cheese M.oiufiuiuiedal I'linntive .Mi'tho- 
 
 nl'nu(Li5Llgj^i^^t^l^^^ 211 
 
 sejjfc^'^vi^' I'ayiiig 55 |icr ceiX. priitit 211 
 
 SheeiM' 
 
. \ 
 
 » I 
 
4 
 
 GEXKRAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NORTH-WEST 
 
 Dii CHARLES MAfh', Anihrn- nf 7W,(msd" ,iv., 
 
 ONE OF THE MEN OF '69. 
 
 Two hundred and Iwoiity years luivo eliijised since Cliailes I[. ceilod to tlio 
 Hudson's Hay ('onipany the enormous region now Unown to the tdvili/ed world 
 UH tlio Xortli-Wost Territories ot' (Janada. These territories were proliabiy tir>t 
 discovered under the auspices of i'lngland. The coast of rjal)rador had heen touciu'd 
 hv tiio eider Cahot. in 1497, but ills more adventurous son in all lilvcliliood entered 
 lludsoii's Ha}' in 1577, tiiouifji the evidence upon tins point is not clear. One of 
 the most eminent ol' American historians, Hancroft, pronounces in his favour, and 
 llie jjresumption rests mainly upon the Ljreal siilor's •' Discourse of Navigation, " in 
 wiiiidi the entrance to Hudson's Strait, according to Ortelius, is |)recisely laid down 
 " on a card drawn liy his own lumd." The discoveiy of tiie Bay itself and its -outh- 
 westcrn and weslein coasts is duo to Henry Ifudsoii, wlio, at the helicsl of a com- 
 pany of London niercliants. niudo ids third voyage lo that region in U)l((, and per- 
 islied, through a mutiny of Ids men, in tiie great inland sea wiiiidi imniorlalizos iiis 
 Hudson was followed by Hutton, and by .lames, who discovered the great 
 
 imnir. liiiMsun was loiniweii uy i>iiuon, juni oy .ianu?s, u no oiM'u\triuM mr l;m'ul 
 southern projection of Hudson's Hay, and by many other navigators. But down to 
 Henry Kelsey'> ailvenlu.'ous journey iii ItilH) it does not appear' tlial any Knglish- 
 mun evci- |ienetraied by way of the Bay into the prairie country. 
 
 According to this explorer's Journals he mailc a daring expedition inland, and 
 peiu'traled lo the Assiiuboino Uivor, and even beyond it,lo liu' region roamed by the 
 Sioux. Hut before this perioil it is claimoil that the Krench, by following the (Jieat 
 liakes, had fonml their way into the interior, and even to the shores of Hudson's 
 Bay. The Kreiudi rights of discovery rest u|ion Dablon's alleged Journey to the May 
 by way of Lake Winnipeg in l(i(!4, whore lie is said Inive buried the arms of I'rance, 
 engiaved upon copper "at tiu' root of a tree," and to have nuide other memorials of 
 his visit ; but more ]iarticularly upon the adventures, of two Krencli Huguenots, ijailis- 
 dier's, tht> latter of wiiom was married to a daughter of Aliraliam 
 
 son and (irosel 
 
 Martin, who gave his name lo the Plains ot' Abrahani. 
 
 These men, it would seem, pcneli'ated to llie liiiy from Lake Superior' in Ititi."), 
 ami upon their retui'ii, having made over'tures lo the merchants ol' (Quebec and to the 
 t'oiir't of Paris, wiiicli were rejected, wei'e astutely won over by tlie English .Minister- 
 at that ("oiii't, and sent to fjondon, whence they itccompanieil ('ajitain (iillam, a New 
 I'lnglandcr, on 'he notable voyugo which led to the formation of the Hudson's Buy 
 C(Mnpaiiy in lliVO. iJiit the most noteworthy an<l patrioli<' adventures into tli" 
 interior of the Xoi'th-West '.vcre made, not by i'"r'enclimeri, but by Kreiicli Canadians. 
 The elder' Verendryd and his I'cnowned >oii, known as the Chevalier, were men wlio.-e 
 utivenlures form one of the elmi'acterislic cliapters of Canadian histor'v iindei' lire old 
 r(?ginie; whilst the envy, the ingratituih' and shameless injustice which they met 
 with at the hands of their own r'ulers and countr'^-iucn, ai'e equally characteristic. 
 I'^illed with desii'e 'o ])enotrale to the Western Ocean by way ol the Saskatcliewaii, 
 he and his sons established, at their own cost, a chain of forts all the way from 
 Jiain}' liiiki" to ,he moulli of Ihal gr'eiit river, which was then callcil the PoslroitK-; 
 and, a few years lalci', the Chevalier', in pursuit of the .same object. I'an the gauiulct 
 of the wildest tribes on the eoritineiil in oi'dei' t" r'eacli the K ' •' ■ • 
 
 snowy [leaks, on New Yeai 
 
 ;o('ky .Moiinlaiiis wlio- 
 Hay, 17b'i, he anil his I wo companions were tln^ lirsl of 
 
Tin-: XORTH-WEfiT ItEVEALED. 
 
 wliile iiJiMi lo l)o)inl<l. NotwitliHtaiiilin^' llio fuel lliiit (lie liillicr luiil lliolirst t'oiinila- 
 tiiiM of Wiiiiiijicg liy Iniililiii,!,' Koi't [loiii^o, miuI ilitit tlio ClieviiliiT >iilise(|iu'iitly 
 cKtiililislioil ii |ii)st oil till' Sa.skatcliewim, whoiol'ritico AlluTt i> i.ciw rapiilly develop- 
 inj;' into n lily, yol noitlicr of iIiono [ilacoM Ijoars its just palroiiymic ; aii'l, in sjiiio of 
 liicir sorvict's, tin' nanies of Old ( 'ana<la'H two most iiitropiil ox|iliir('i's in tliu Nnrtli- 
 Wost liavc almost ilioil out of piililic memory. 
 
 In a |iul)lifalion of tlii.s kiiiil, wlni'h is meant for the eye of tlic iMli'inlini; set- 
 tlers, tlioic is not space to enter at tjrealor leiif,'tli into tlic early liislory of the 
 Nipi til-West, or to (lexrilio the endless wrangles of its rival traders. l''or many j-ears 
 tlie linal caimo of tiie Territories seemed to the outside world to he tlie |iroduction 
 of jieltries and liulfalo robes, ant! ,so little familia!' with the country were even ( 'an- 
 ailian ])ostmasters, ilown to the date of the transfer, that lari;e iiuiulpors of letters 
 directed to Hed Itiver Settlement wei'e returned from San f'rancisco to l'"orl (iari'v 
 as haviuf; heen '' missent ' lo that city. The furcomjianj- reiicned, and nolhiiin' could 
 exceed the tenacity with which it clun,i; to its mighty domain, or the ingenuily with 
 which it contrived to extend the impression that the entire country was a Imwling 
 waste of perennial snow. Various travellers, indeed, had penetrated to these su)i- 
 jiosed regions of eternal frost, and ascertained, much to their surprise, that large 
 portions of them were more than ordinarily fertile and salubrious. Hut their 
 rec(yrilcd observations seldoin foiiml their way into the hamlsofthe people oft.'anada, 
 who had the grealcst interest therein ; and the impression still remained that tlio 
 areas of llio Xorth-West were by nature more suited to nourish musUrats than to 
 support men. In 185" an attemjit was made to ))opularize the North-West Terri- 
 lorieH. An expedition was sent by the Canadian (iovernment under the control of 
 Professor Hind, which explored the country simultaneously with the Imperial 
 exjicdition under Captain I'allisor. These scientists collected a vast amount ot' infor- 
 mation of all kinds, which was published by llioir respective (iovernmcnts in the lorn, 
 of lilue-lioolis. The false imi)ressions of many who read these jiublications were, no 
 doubt, lenioved by I heir jierusal, anil numerous pamjihlcts were based upon them, 
 which did service in pioneering the truth. Hut Hluebooks, however valuable in 
 themselves, are not now-a-days the true and elfectivo nwdid of communication witli 
 the public. The paiiii)hlets based iijion them. too. were generally written in that 
 jaded scientitie style which, while afTecting to be practical, is, ol' all methods, the 
 least practical in its results. As a consemu'iiee, these (|uasi-si ientitie a|)])eals fell 
 dead from the press. The mind of the great agricultural community remained 
 unmoved, ami the ideas which nourished for a time in the busy brains id public men, 
 lacking the tap-root of ]io|)ular interest tonourish them, tadv'd away beli)re (pieslinns 
 of nai'iower but more immediate interest. At length came that great change in the 
 ]iolilical condition oi Hritish America, the union of the Provinces, whose formative 
 inslrument. The Hritish .Vorth America Act, provided for the inclusion of the Xorth- 
 West Territories, This at once became a ([uestion of jirime importance, and its 
 discussion by the tirst Parliament ol the IViminion resulteil in the niis>ion to Ijondon 
 of the lloiioiiiable William Macdougall and Sir George Ciirtier to treat with llio 
 Hudson's Hay Co.ipany for the transferof their territorial rights, Thiscommission, 
 together with numerous letters tVom Canadians, who, meanwhile, hail made their 
 Way into the Territories, and which had free circulation in the Canadian press, the 
 cession of the Teriitories to Canada and the French Half-breed insurrection, known 
 as the {•"irsi, or lied Jtiver Hebellion, which was its conseciuence, fairly arouseil the 
 ]iublic mind of ('anada, and soon there was scarcely- a man. woman or cliilil in the 
 eastern Provinces who had not .some notion, however vague, of "The North- West." 
 
 Subseipient developments — the coniieetion of Winnipeg with the American rail- 
 way system, the gi- at stream of immigration which began to (low into Manilidia in 
 18">^, and the subsequent construction of the Canadian I'acilic Hallway, have jilaccd 
 the Territories, at last, fairly in the world's oye, and now all Kuropc is becoming 
 consious of their importance, and of the almost lioiindless promise wliich they olfer 
 to ii> over-crowded ])o|nilation. 
 
u 
 
iUK I'EUTILK HKI.T. 
 
 liiil will 
 
 iiflitH, it is <litli('iilt to nil 
 
 |)ii'ciiitf tiio iiu'ii' f-izf (it IJK'M' Tori'i- 
 tiii'ioH, stritciiiiij; !is tlii'V do I'loiii ( )htiiiii', III! the I'iist, to tin" liocUy Mmmtiiiiw on 
 till' woHl, anil from tin' |puriilli'l ol'4'.i"tn ilinlsoiiV Hay ainltliii Nortlioiii t )ii'aii. Tiio 
 wicloiiiiif; of tlic c'oiitiiifiit iti itH tioi'ilicni tri'iiil aild- iimiu'iisi'ly, ol <'oiif-.f, to tlio 
 cxtoiit of(Janail». ami IIil- area ol tlm 'IVriiloricM lali'i>' licM liy tin' MimIhom's Hay 
 ('oinpany, iiinlor cliartor ami least' fiom the Ci'owti, may safely be osiimateil at not 
 less tlian two millions ol sqnaro miU's. Witiiiii tins vast domain, and occii|)yinK "" 
 almost contral ])ositioti on tliu majiof tlio continont, lies llie ;;i't'at liasin Icnown as 
 the •• F(Ttilo or Wheat lielt. " This tract of mixed plain, piairie and woodod (onntry, 
 it is n<i\v known, inchides not only the lied iiiver and Assiniboine areas, which 
 conxtittite the I'rovinco of Manitoha, hut the vaster re;;ion drained hy the 
 two .Saskal(dK'wans, and lar^e portions of tiie j;reai valle3'.s of the I'eaei- 
 
 l{iv(a' and the Tpper .Maekonzies, lorminj; in 
 
 idl 
 
 ■rtieiof* of Bomethintr lik 
 
 lion. mil) .snnari 
 
 elim 
 
 mil 
 
 es. much o 
 
 f whi<'li i.H 
 
 dmirahl}- adajited, both hy soil, and 
 
 lite, for settlement, and is watered hy rivers of the tir.'*t maj^nituile. 
 
 ■I'll 
 
 are. no don 
 
 hi. 
 
 eonsideralih 
 
 I'Uons of tin* North-West Toi'ritories external to the 
 
 Wheat Hell which are eapahle of prodneini; ecroals. Mut ihoso jiortions are 
 hriiken, ami suhjeet to jihysieal conditions which will make their seltleinont a slow 
 one, and one wlii(diwill depend lari;ely u|)on mininj;, Inniherini; and tishin;; interests 
 for support. It ' 
 
 )t into themlh;il the streams of immi^^iation will rniturallv 
 
 pour for many years to conic. 
 
 It 
 
 is 11 
 
 ;ieat central j)iaiiie land, extendini; in a 
 
 varynii; oxpans 
 
 f mo:e or less fertile soils from .Manitoba to the IJockv .Mountains 
 
 and trom the irreat jilains 
 
 nortl 
 
 iwards to the .'iltii dcL'rce north latitude, which 
 
 demands imin'duitr attention and development, wbicii oilers the most powcrlul 
 inducements and advantaf;es to the settlei', and wliieh is capable, throujjh airri- 
 ciillnrc alone, of siistainiiifr a |)opulalion of tbiriy millions of souls. The i,'eoloi,'ioal 
 leatures of this tract arc of the most inlercslinir (diaracler, but do not enter into the 
 scope of Ibis papei'. whoso ]mrpose is to i;ive the eastern reader some account and 
 idea of the su|)erticial features of the Territories, their climate, soil and partially 
 revealed resources. 'J'liu prairie country, then, may he described simply as a vast 
 jilateaii restin;,' ujioii silurian strata anil stietciiini; from Lake Winnipe;; to the 
 |{ocky Mountains, with a mean ascent westwaid of about il feet in the mile. The 
 slope of this irreat iilnteaii is not trradiial, however, but is broken hy three trreat 
 steppes or abrupt elevations of the prairies, boldly markiiii; three distinct 
 levels. These steppes are very irreirular in their outliiio, having; leceived their 
 present tbrin from erosion and denudation, and mark very prominently the ditVcrent 
 elevations of theeountry at ditVerent periods. The most recent of them includes the 
 old Province ol .Manitoba, and is liounded on tiie soiitli and west by Pembina Moun- 
 tain and its )irolonu;ation known as the Hiding;, Duck, and rorciipine .Mountains. 
 These so-culled '■mountains" are simply abrupt escarpments, which formed the 
 ancient headlands of a ^i^reat lake loverintc the entire liasin now known as the lirst 
 Sieppe. but which has within comparatively recent times dwindled into tlie narrow 
 limits ot' Jjakes Winni])oif, Winnipcuosis and Manitoha. The Province of Manitoba 
 has been so often described and the features of the lirst Sieppe are so well known 
 that little need bo said here with rcfrard to them. On Hod Hiver and the l,owcr 
 Assiniboine the soil is a heavy, tenacious clay, ofijreat ile|)tb, mainly devoid ot' sand 
 andditticult to work, hut exceedinij;ly |)roductive in wet seasons. Further west the 
 soil is mo;e loamy, and rests u|ion travel at depths varyinj; from i! to I'll feet. 
 It is larf^ely overlaid with orj^anic deposits in the shape of humus, vaiyinir from a 
 lew inches in depth to li and even s t'cet, and water is fjeneially found in tiiis 
 district by sinkini,' to the i;ravol. A considerable area of the .Steppe consists of marsh 
 land, or " miiskej;," as it is culled, but which is rapidly drying u]). Vast dc])osits 
 of mud are yearly made by the streams eiitcrini;' T/ake Winnipeg, and tlie.se with the 
 Constant deeponingof its oiulets into Hudson's Hay, arc speedily converlinj,' liquid 
 areas into dry land. 
 
 The second Step]ie which has 'I'oi- its eastern boundary the steep csrarpmeiit 
 already mentioned, includes the prairies of the Upper Assiniboine and ot ihe.Saskat- 
 
 J 
 
-a 
 
 I 
 
 
10 
 
 'ncrrnKsori-: r.\s[on.\L-i!.\.\'iii.\, 
 
 t'liowaii tVoiii Foit iV hi ('(Pi'iiH lo tliu I'llmw ot'tlio Smith Hniiiili, and to I'di'l Pill nn 
 tliu ihiiMli liniiic'li, 'I'lio iiliy«iiiil asiPi'cN (il'tliii t,'ii'iii ilivi>i(m arc I'liiiicly (lill'ci'i'iit. 
 iVoiii llidhi' mI'iIio lowi'i' U'vi'ls Jii.tt ilcsciihoil. I[i'i'o ari' rciiiinl iniillilii'lu'4 iil' iiKihln 
 
 iliii I 
 
 JHI'l' CM' VVdOill'i 
 
 I liill 
 
 ami .soils rich l>ui iiriahUMii iiaiiirc iiihI ({iialiiy. Oiii- 
 crops ol'saiiil allornalc wl' li \vl<lo areas nl' t'orlilu hind, and aikalint' ijoci Is, mih'H in 
 t'xti'iil, so|iaraU' iniiiicn-c irai'is nl' a iirodiiciivr (diaructor. .Should the lyc weary 
 of ihe sea-lilie |iruiiie, wilh ils all hut iiiiincaMiirahle slreh Ins ol' I'erlilily, eallinj,' up 
 vi^iinisol'vasl wheiM llolds. the Iniii^ini; tor lliopietnres(|neean Im> Liralilie I liy llu' most 
 varied seonory ; lln' landsea|ios ol'the (iir.V|i|ielli', nv more soiilherly. liu'diHliietsot' 
 CyproNK Mills and Wood .Mountain. .Nfore lo Ihe north ari' the 'roueiiwood and I'lincu- 
 .Mhort disliicls. Those last eonsj-t of an em Hess laliyriiith ol'piehin'S(|iii> hills e.xtiMid- 
 I in; in all direeiion^tora i;reat disttimo. These hills are no I steep, hul roll montly down 
 
 ■ ir wild tlowors 
 n hi 
 
 into svinini'l Ileal valleyn, w 
 
 siislaln intuimeralije tloeks of aoiiatie hinls 
 
 liiere little laUe^ frinu'ed willi r 
 
 eei 
 
 I). 
 
 i/.eiis ol IIu'so lakelels eaii he soeii 
 
 from Miini' of the c-minenees, and what, wiili Ihe niai;iiilieunl <doud seenery, Iho 
 heauliliil htdts of aspen erawliiii; evoiywheiv amoimsl the hills, and ihe sunny 
 
 ■<paei's ol j;i'eeli 
 
 <l het 
 
 ween, the souse 
 
 natural heaiitv is (diarmed and 
 
 salislied; where lloeUs and heitis and vistas 
 
 .ir 
 
 undiilaliiiL; ^'rain arc 
 
 d.ied 
 
 |o the lauilseape the world eannoi oiler a seeiio ol superior jiroinise, or of 
 liner pastoral sweetness and eonleiii. \ ^;real part cd'the iiorlhern portion and parti* 
 
 >l Ihe 
 
 inih of thi-- sii 
 I fi 
 
 'I" 
 
 are liinl)ered ; neailv ils eliliiu area is suited to the :;roWlh 
 
 il hard wheal and linin 
 Indian Head, Un A) 
 
 .Mc 
 
 Wesi, nr 
 
 mild liienlel 
 
 Wo Is 
 
 Mr. 
 
 .Ml 
 
 loseja 
 
 w. I 
 
 rinee 
 
 .\lhoit, Malllelord, Kdinoiitoll, 
 
 • Calitarv are sonie ot the tiiiesl wheat 1,'rowiiii; larni- in the world ; whiUl its wealth 
 ofnaliiral hay and il- j;eneiiilly lolline; idnirac'ler. make it a peculiarly favouralilo 
 reijion. not only to the horse hreeder and slockman. hul to the sheep and dairy 
 fai'Mier. 
 
 The easliTii c-carpment of the third i;ii'al sieppe, whi<di exlenijs to the lia-e o|' 
 llie lio( ky .Mounlaiiis, is IoiiiumI liy ihe (irand Colcaii, llio I'la^le and the Thi( kwoud 
 Hills, ISolh liranehes id' I lie Saskatchewan havi- their- source-, in this steppe, and ill 
 aneioni iliiys -'tliese hills formed simply Ihe headliinil-," says I'alliser, -of a i^reilt 
 iiiiy into which poured llic waters of the two Sa-kalehewan-, at that lime indepeii- 
 deiil rivers, dehouchiair were I hey now make the acu'e hends known as their clliowtt." 
 The plains ot' this steppe arc lariioly eomposeij of cietaeeoiis strata, with only a thin 
 coatiny: of drill, and their siiifaees are. in some loealilies, traversed liy proloiind 
 n-iils. resomlilini: Ihe valleys of f;real rivers, hul which, after iiinninLr for several 
 miles, aro ;;eiiei-.illy found to he closed at hoth ends. These rents are prohahly 
 caused hy winter frosts, ami the landslips, sc.Mi|)e I out liy Iho wind from the i;cntlo 
 slopes, and resolve ill (-OI11-SC of lime into lieautiful valleys. On the lower levels 
 these valleys are hroui;hl out hy the spiini; fieshcN. and eoiinccl with tlii' river 
 systoni, Ihoiiirh, in i^eneral, they are i|nile dry in suniiner. Theii' is no more iiolici'- 
 alile feature ol' the praiiie deposition evorywiiere than the ease with which il is 
 deiaehed and home away liy Water, l-'.ven Ihe siniillest streams liave made i;ii;antio 
 excavations in the prairie and, tlii-oiit;h this pei-uliarity, ycirly ehanire- take place 
 ill the courses of the river which, from tiie various terrace- which mark their excavu- 
 lion, must have heen at one time ot vastly i^realer volume than al present. 'I'liese 
 aiK-icnl terraces intrude i|iiite into tiie Hocks Mountains, and I'oini the various pas.ses 
 tlinnii;!! that j^'i-eat harrier, from the Atlialiasca down lo llie houiidarv, sometiiues 
 expandiiii^, as in the easi- ol tlie Kootanic I'lains, into extensive prairies. The linest 
 irrazini,' lands of the continent ]n-oliahly lie ainoiii: the looldiills of iju' .Moiinlains, 
 for here owin^ to the liiclil and epiienicral snowfall, horses and horned cattle lind 
 their own food all winter, whilst, owiiij,' lo tlie hijili laiitude, the lirmncss and 
 thivour of the heef remain unimpaired. Vast portions ot' this ste|ipe are eminenlly 
 
 invitiiii:. The southern port 
 
 ion IS 
 
 III the wheal-irr 
 
 owei 
 
 liiit 11 
 
 P 
 
 rhajis, more suited to the sum 
 
 stock 
 
 raiser iliaii 
 
 nortliern |ioriioii. radialini:' trom f.dnionion, is as a 
 
 ihiii 
 
 lantly supplied hy rainfall as tiie lower U'veK. It contains a hu'ije proportion of <;ood 
 and and, owini; to the depression ot'the Uocky chain in its northern trend, the severity 
 
 L. 
 
t 
 
< L IM.\ ri:—l.\lil.\ .V SI MMKU. 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 of wintiii' is iitlon ;;ri'iitly imiiiiu 
 
 uA I 
 
 )V Hit' 
 
 iiiiM winds t'ri>rii ilic- I'liciiic st'iilxiuiil, 
 
 It i« I'lirlliiT, 1)1' I'oiirMi', IVdmi llm I'lisii'i-n iniirkcts titiri tiif lower •.ii'iipcs, liiit ilio 
 ilcvcioiinii'iii 111 the iiiiliisti'ics 111' till' i^rcni iiuirilimi' iirnviru'c to the wi'-i nl' ii, itii>l 
 
 if till- miiimal anil liinlMtr ifsmiri'L'H tu ilio iicnlli will, oti' luni;, ii 
 
 arii;!' ilciiiiiii'U 
 
 liMHi its |H(i(liii'liiiiiH. Owiiif; Ik tjic iloitrossiiiii ot'liu' niniiiitiiiris rcl'iTi'ml in luilway 
 ■(iiislniotiiiii wcHlwanI is cMHici' in nnrilii'm tiian in r-imilicrn Alticrta. Tin' Yi'lUiw- 
 lli'aii I'asM iit (if rnodcraUi aliitn<li>, whilst on tin' Atlialia-ia I'ans wliicli is hIho 
 nnl'tli iif laliliulo '('i"-', tin' traveller, K/n'onw/oi/N/y attains ihi' Iii'IltIiI cm uhhI. 
 
 Aftoi' the forcjjiiinj; lirici' rf.-^umf of the Nii|i('rtkial featun's of ilic Kcrlili' licit, 
 llie cliiet' I'iiaracturiHtics of its clirnaU! iiml its primiiial rusoiirccs ami proiliU'tions 
 wilt now be toiichi'd upon. 
 
 CMMATK AMI ClIAIlACrKll ob' TIIK t'KltTII.K IIKI.T. 
 
 'flic niosi valualilc feature ot iln? (limatc of the i;reat prairie plaloau is the 
 
 woinierfnllv diieet norlh-western curves ot' the isoiheiini 
 
 or lines ol ei|n:i 
 
 teniperalnre, 
 
 I'hicdi not onlv li'end hiil improve n'ii'kh-we-<lwaril in ii nnmner 
 
 ;hly coniliieive lo health and eoml'orl. it miichi he ihoiiijlii punidoxicnl 
 
 decree west is heller than a <lei;ree >oiilh, Vel, ~o fn 
 
 lo say 
 ihe N'orth-Wost elinmt'e 
 
 IS cornel 
 
 riiiMJ, there is iriith in ihis, lor whilst ihc »oiilh 
 
 a region of enerva- 
 tion and olicii of peslilenec, the N'oilh-West i- a decided rcslorei- of weaUcni'il 
 t'llnction and wa-led lissiio. A pecniiar feature of the elimale is lis li:,'lilnesH 
 ami .... 
 
 <par 
 
 Till 
 .'lii(di 
 
 ihl a relish in it- 
 
 pure elher akin to tlio>e 
 
 rare vinliii;es wliudi i|UieUen iho cirenhition wuhoiit impairini; the sy-li 
 
 Tl 
 
 !tlmo«pheio Is highly piirilied, jovoiis n 
 
 nd 
 
 ar, and charged wilh o/.oiie — ihat, 
 
 eieiiicnl which is inysieriou>ly assoeialod with soiindiiess of mind and liody and 
 at war wilh their inorhid phenomena. .Surrounded hy this invi'-ihle iiitlueiice, ono 
 lives 11 t'liller and healthier life than in the di'iiser aliuosphcre of iho ea>t. The 
 eares of manhood press less heavily on the hrain, and the severest toil or e.\po-iire 
 finds ineieased capacity to endure it. What eUe, iinlecd. cnaMi's tin' human 
 orpinisiii lo move ahoiii freely in a winter tempeiatMre which sometimes Iree/.os 
 inerciiiy to slone'.' The thermometer may indicati- intense <olil; hut, it' tlio 
 weatlier is ealm, one I'ecis no serious incoiivcMicnce in a tempeiatiire which, in 
 the denser almosphcrc of Ihc Allaiitic .States, wouM send people sliivciiiiLr ti> 
 their stoves. |l pervades the entire animal cinnomy, increa-cs tlu' appetite, and 
 lioiirhlen> the mental ci|iiilihrium. ItsclVect isiioliccahle diirilii; pniloiiired exercist^ 
 in an uiKiuencliahlc and paint'ul thirst, 'i'his is not >imply a local cravinu'. il 
 mere thirst ot' the thioat and slomach. lull, arisiiii; from dry muscular atlrilion 
 and lieice coiuliiislion ofijie hlooil ; tiic whole hody thirsts, and cannot he sati-lied. 
 The juneliirc of sprim; and summer in the N'lUlh-West is not very marUcd. 
 Sprini; i^lidcs iiisensilily into summer, and the laltei' cMlminate- in torrid lieat 
 atiout inid-Aiiuust, after which Ihc weather suddenly changes, and in Septcmher 
 hroaks up in a ser-ics of hrisk i^ales ot wind accompanied hy rain and sometimes 
 hy snow. These are lollowed hy v:niMlile auliimn weather, somelinu's hrokcii, 
 hut i;encially clear, and then hy that prolonncil and divine alteiiiiath, tin' Indian 
 sumnu'r, which attains its true i;lory only in the N'oi'lh-Wcst. The ha/.ine-. and 
 di'.'amy fervour of Ihis mysterious season have often hcen altrihiitcd to tiie prairie 
 tires, which rauc over half a continent in the tali, and evolve an enormous amount 
 of Ileal ami smoke. *)liservalion seems favourable to this explanation, for thout;li 
 the oxidation and decay ot foliai;e may conliiliute soiiiewhai, yet iijion no other 
 inalerial irroiindK c.-in they he so t'lilly accounlcd for — standing otherwise alone, 
 and as inexplicahle as zodiacal light. Winter hrcaks up almost in the same 
 Week t'roin i{ed iiiver to Kort .Simpson on the .Mnckcn/.ic, in latitude 1)2' north. 
 In the iieighhourhood of large lakes, where the ice hlend^ its ciiilliness with the 
 warm air, the spring is coy; hut away trom them it opens like a flower, and 
 though fri'i|Uenlly checked by invasive frosts and brief snowstorms, upon the 
 whole advances rapidly. Irregular spring weather •-oinelinies begins in .NLaicli. 
 " I'iarly in .\pril the alders and willows are in hlooni, and the little jirairic anemone 
 
1 
 
 , I 
 
V2 
 
 Moisrrui: A.xf) irMin \viii:.\r. 
 
 covors tliu dry MPutln'rti oxpitsiiri's." Owiiii; tn il> leiiiilliy iluys llio suinmof lioat is 
 
 vcr\ jKiwi' 
 
 rl'iil, Iml iVdin llio drviicss :ii 
 
 ity 'if iln> :itiii(i>|ilici'i' il li:i> nut llial 
 
 cxliiiiistivc oIIl'iI u|Min llu' sy>lom ]i(c-uli!if lii llic iloij days in tln'casl, N'iglil iiiali 
 licavy rojirisalsaiid lowai'ds I'v 
 
 t'lmiir I'll airrooalilo cnu 
 
 diioss 
 
 cri'i'p-i inin ilioair. wliirli 
 
 IVi'c|iii'ntlv d 
 
 .■MS iiiti) ai-tiial cold. Tlu' ovoicoal is ('()iiM.'iiiu'iitly hdI al 
 
 tidiialdi' al liiiii's, and llio iilaid<('l is never taiicn 
 
 X()lMli-\\'e.-t lied il 
 
 -illje 
 
 I siiniMioi'. 
 
 As iniijlit he expeeted where tlie radialioii is sd ifreiit. tlio deposilii'ii of dew i- 
 
 ver\' lieav 
 
 (I in a coiintrv wliere tlio mean tall of ni n is rather under th 
 
 ver llie rei|nirenients ot' ai;rieiiltiiro tins is a feature nt the iii. 
 
 rhest 
 
 raue rainfall is iniieh less in the fertile helt than in eastern Canada, the showers 
 heiiin' froi|iienl '"" 'i"' ahiindanl. Nit;hlly. however, dnrinir the dryest summer- 
 the t;round i~ drenehod with dew, and the s|Mingy eai'tli takes sMtlieieiit i 
 stimulate anil maintain to a lar'ije extent, its jiowers of re|iroduetii)n. 
 
 eieiit moisture \> 
 
 :'or 
 
 tl 
 
 11- 
 
 >n. till 
 
 le prairie nr; 
 
 the well tilled tield, in a season of dioiilh, ot'teii exhihil- 
 
 :i iiiowth wliu h under the eireiinistimces is reallv won^ 
 
 lerfiil. On the North Sa 
 
 Uateliewan, ill the vast inea(hiws id' t ho Waseana and the .Moosejaw, in the .'souri 
 
 aiiil Wood .Mountain, and M: 
 
 pie (ri 
 
 III .Medieiiie Hat anil .MacT/eod distriil> 
 
 the irrasK, in fait, never tails, nor has there ever heen Known :i season when, 
 except tliroii<;li widesjiread tires or exceptional snow the Indian ]iony or butfalo 
 (•■'iild not lind its livinj; llieie, and turn up in i;oi,d condition in tin' spriiiii'. Hut 
 
 the i;real declini' ot temperatuio liy in 
 
 '111 in the Xortli-West summer inontli- 
 
 In t 
 
 an additional service to the a^^riculliiMst irrespective ol' drouth or raintiill. 
 
 re-sive than the davs. wheat uii- 
 
 le i'ii>t, where the sumni 
 
 er iiii;lits are ii 
 
 loie oiip 
 
 iihicdly inatiires more i|iii(d<ly than in the North-West, hut what it iiains in th 
 
 wav It loses 111 iiua 
 
 wheat ]ilaiit 
 cellence o| its \ 
 
 le iiijihtlj- clicciv which radiation j^ives to the f^rowinL 
 the Norlh-West is prohahlv due in a ureat measure the superior ex 
 
 litv. To tl 
 
 ielil. The ricli i,duteii which irives to the hard wheat o| .Manitohi 
 
 iiiid the 'leriitories its ine-timahle value as a tiiod can only, il would seem, he stored 
 lip in the ear 'jy a process of slow maluration, ami this process can attain peilection 
 solely in a climate which alternately stimulates it hy day and repii'-ses it hv iii;;ht. 
 If this he the case all successful ctt'orts to sjieed the process of riiieniiii; will proha- 
 hlv re-iilt in the jirodiiction of standi at llio expense ot ifluten, an end iiol to he de- 
 sired hy ihe NorlhWest, ivhieh, if it perseveres in the i;rowtii of hard wheal, will yc>l. 
 hy wide-pread I'liltivalion, jiostpoiie the dreaded Aiii;iist frost, and ulliinalely, iioi 
 only iiitorest, as at |ire-eiit, tlio eastern inarkels, hut command them. lAirliiiialelv 
 our farmers seareidy reiiiiire counsel in this respect. They are constantly advised 
 to turn their attention more to mixed liushaiidry and less to liiird wheat ; and mixed 
 hiishandry uoiild doiihtless he more ^eneralh" prolitahle than wheat ^'l■Ilwill^■ to a 
 few ihoiisand larmers in the midst ot'an immoiise and uiicultivaloil area such as most 
 id' the North West is al present, Saeh a sysieni in any event is sure to make head- 
 way, anil it is desirahle that it should. I!ut in the mcaiitime tin' instincl ot'ihe people 
 is riicht. it was the wheal ijrowiiiL;- lepulation ot the country whiidi liroiii;hi them 
 here. They have aimed al the liii;liest, aiul luirc imt ftiHeil. I'welve years ai;o the 
 hulk ot'ihe tloiir used in .Manitoha and the Territories was imported troiii .Minnesota, 
 and at tli.il time the Americans jierhaps thiniiilil thai they were master- of the 
 situation, tor he who ffcds his ncin'hhoiir is not tar from niliiii; him. liiil this very 
 year ( IsilMt) li;,(IUU farmeis, scattered tliroiij,rh the I'l-ovince and llieTerritorie-. have 
 piodiici'd twenty-live niillions of liiishel- ot' hard wheat for export willi ahiindar.re 
 In reserve for food and seed. This is tlio decisive aii-wer to our rivals who duhioii-lv 
 ask, Is wheal a success in the f'anadian Norlh-We-I '.' 
 
 To relurn to climate. I'lie i;reat heat of suniiiier is generally tem]iercil hy 
 the wind which is coiislaiilly slirriiii; on tlii' prairies. Il seldom hlou- trmii the 
 south nioro than a I'ew hour- continuously, which is forliinalc, tin- there is troiihle 
 in its hreatli, and anythiiijj; hut healiiiir in its wiiii^s. Thunder stoniis are t'rcipieiit. 
 The dreaded cyclone and the cyclone collar are iinknowu : hut vehement storms and 
 the hliz/.ard occasionally hurst upon the country in summer and winter. The latter 
 season tjencrally heyins with crisp, clear weather, whiidi urows increa-in^ly cold 
 
Il 
 
 ! I 
 
WISTJ-JK—ITS liEACTY AXD JiLlXy:ARDS 
 
 n. 
 
 mill clouilj-. Tlio wiiiil wheels to llio noi'tli(':i>t, ami ii I'liiinus stdi'in ol'siidw ^ot^iM, 
 whii'li soiiioliiiu's lasts for sovcral ilays. Tlic weather tlii'ii (■l('ar> up. ami for Sdine 
 tiiiu' coiitiiHii's fair tlimifili cold. F'\)r iniitiy wri'lcs the liiiavy luatlc'l vfi,'clatioii nf 
 tiie jiriiiries jircvcrits (liifliiii;, and liioir expanses gleam with a faint yellowish tinge 
 
 iirs in the Xoi 'li-West. 
 
 caused liy the inMiinieralilo grassy ])oints protnidinir from t 
 
 XothiTig can excel the purity and delieaey ot the 
 There is a warnUh of lint and a ton(di of spring in the fleecier clouds wh'ch it i^ 
 difficult to harmonize with the cdM and illimitalile expanse lieiieath ; whilst the 
 sky its(df hits a transliicency, a hoMiidless and serene dejith of Mne, whiidi taxes and 
 delights the eye. This tirinness aiid quality of colour in the sky adds great s(demnity 
 to the North West niglit, eii.phasizing the clear and separate heauty of the stars. 
 The prevailing winter sanset li.ie is orange, deepening towards the horizon, bin 
 fading zenithward into chromic yellows of tainter and tainter shades. Over these 
 floats a liroad rihhon of ainethysl, which slitfens at its iip])or edge, and blends with 
 the imperial liliie. The chill, tnwny re(l of an eastern wintoT Bnnset is no*^ so notice- 
 able here, nor that blotted or bleared aspect ot the night sky which frerj^uently makes 
 the winter evenings of tbi' eastern I'rovin<'es liistridess and didl. .raniiary is a keen 
 month, with occasional storms but not much snow, and this feature sometimes char- 
 acterizes the cat ly part of the succeeding month. The terror of tin' winter, so to 
 speak', begins in the latter part ot l-'ebruary, or in .Maridi, when th(! great blizzards 
 lak'c place. Occasionally- si whole winter may |iass witliout any protracti'd storm 
 of this kind, and as a niatier of liiet the blizzard is generally a rare visitor, lint 
 though this is the case il is unnecessary to conceal the fact that the ilepths ol' winter 
 are tiying everywhere throughout the Territories, not so much from the cold which 
 in calm weather is endurable for all, ami for meii of energetic temperaments even 
 <leliglitful, but from the prevalence of keen and biting winds. The sky is bright, 
 the snow sparkles beneath the sun, whieh turns a warm-looking generous face to 
 the earth. Viewed from within tloors the scene is en(diantinu- and inviting; but 
 it is all vanity and illusion. Outside and away from obstruction, a still, small wind 
 is blowing — a stream of intensely chilled air, noiseless, li([uid, incessant, and from 
 whi(di there is nn osciipe. Xothing withstands it successfully but fur; it jiierces an 
 orilinar\- wra]i I '<e si needle, iind no sjiecious .levice or cosy looking invention of' 
 the traseller can shiehi the most promiiuiit feature from attack- and disgrace. 
 Lui kil}' it does not chill one's bones. The moment a slndter is rcai heil its [jower is 
 over ; l{i(diard's himself again ; feeling thankful at last having battled the invisible 
 demon without. In spile of this annoyance the settler, with one exception, is 
 satislieil with the winter of the Xorih-\\ est, and becomes not only tolerant of, but 
 even delighted with it. 
 
 It must be admitted, however, that there is luie exception, and that exception 
 is founil wiiere one would searcelj- e,\-^iect to find it, in the raidvs of mi<ldle class 
 Knglishmen. In this ri'gard it is necessary to warn the reader who may purpose 
 emigraling, and who may have become prejudiced against the Canadian Xorth- 
 West by a class of' liteiature. if it can be called such, whicdi makes its strong point 
 against the Canadian North-West over this very question of winter. It is a pity 
 tliat it is true, but trui' it is Ihsit the young men most iinsuited by training, and 
 by judgment, for c(doiiial life are young I'lnglishiuen of midille class family. 
 I'Mucatcd young men of other naticuialities seek the colonies, and, as a rule, do well ; 
 but the young I'lnglishman ol'like condition, freiiueiitly does not prosper, and too often 
 goes utterly to the bad. There are exceptions all round, certainly, and many j'ouiig 
 I'lnglishmen arc not ;iverso Iromgriippling with the primitive coiulilions (tflifc in a new 
 eiumlry, or front copying the methods of successful natives and old colonists. Hut 
 the fiU't remains that large numbers of them come to Canada or go elsewhere, who 
 through lack of energy, selt-doniiil and comtmui sense, are utterly unfit for the life 
 whicdi is before them, h't'eiiuenlly these young men come with heavy purses, which 
 are soiui exhiiiisted in dissi|mtion, extravagant living and self-willed blunders. Their 
 last idea is to oni|uire into the condition of things, to gel useful intormatiiui, or to 
 go honestly and manfully to work. Such matters are put contemptuously asid e. 
 
14 
 
 THE YOUNG ENGLISHMAN— COAL. 
 
 nii'l, no otlicr exfitoincnts lieiiiff o])eii to tlioin, tlio liiir aii'l liilliiinl-rooin Ijocomes 
 
 tlie t 
 
 le tlii'iiiii' ol tlieir jiliyMi 
 
 ill ami iiiiollfctual aotivitv. 
 
 SiiiiH' of lliosi' you lit;' iiu'ii aro wo 
 
 11 tn 
 
 lineil, accoidiiii; to tlic iiloa> ol'iho avcruito 
 
 iMiylisli iiatoi't'amilias, ami are not without talent of ii coriain kimi, aiul sonii' are 
 
 )f a Hti'onn' literai'v turn. Tlio latter i\w ofton keen 
 
 si'rvcrs anil i|uit k to 
 
 I'ize the salient points ol every eharaetiT except their own. 'J'liey have a hroail 
 
 (la.sliin'; s(\-le, hrn-ot of a stinlv of si 
 
 In th 
 
 (sense of humour, tlui' 
 
 or even of somethin.ir hetli 
 
 their fellows), if they tjct liaek to Knu'land anil ean tim 
 
 n|i tlieii' ailventui' 
 
 " ( 'avuse and (,'ano 
 
 loi'lMiu' literature, 
 
 •aileni'O (for those fail in the Colonies Hi- 
 
 ])ulilislu 
 
 r. tl 
 
 lev work 
 
 es anil opinions into 
 
 u liook with a seiisaiiniial till 
 
 I rooper an 
 
 1 I! 
 
 ;in," for ihe oilitii-atiiin of the pnlilic. 
 
 Till' hook is irenerally a tlinp; at men ami thini(> in the wroteluvl I'limate ami eoloiiy 
 where, for a time, their miserahle lot was east. And this sort of tliinj; the i)Uhlie 
 
 m\s, and too olleii 
 
 hel 
 
 eves. 
 
 Ml 
 
 my prodiffals doulitless retiiin li 
 
 •jiifland, who. in 
 
 like Planner, attrihute their niisha|)s to overythini;' hut themselves, and thus thrir 
 Iiarents' vanily is sjiared tin' oek of diseoveriiii;- that Ihe failure of iheir sons is. in 
 almost every instanre. diir .■ injiidieiiius and misfi'uided training they reeeived 
 
 at homo. On the other haml. iliere are many exreptioiis to the ruh'. It i- needless 
 to say llial tiiere is no laek of I'lnt^lishmen in the Colonies, of scMiml culture and 
 sensililo mind, whn, like the true men wiio Imill up I'lnul'o. : •■ i^rcatness in tic ]iast, 
 and are sustaining- ii in tiie present, are in the Xortli-Wi • ..inl elsewhere lii\ .wj: the 
 foumhilioiis of .s|ll.^lMnlial fortunes, and conlrilMilinir in every honouraiile way to 
 advance the inlei'esis of their adnplcd conntry. When such nun fail they do not 
 leave Ihe eonntry with a eiirse. they profit hy ex)ierienee and try airain. 
 
 To sum up. The winteis of the Xorlh West arc, upon the whide. aureeahle 
 and sini;idarly steady, 'i'lie moccasin is dry and eomfortahle throiu'hoiil. and no 
 thaw, strictly s|)eakinL;\ takes jilaco until s])iini:-. no mailer how mild the weather 
 ma^' he. The snow, ihoiiLrh shallow, weais well anil ditler-s ^Teal ly from eastern 
 snow. The tiakc is dry and hard, and in its frilly consisleiice resemhlcs white, 
 slippery sand more than aii^-lhinu' else. (lonerally sjieakini;, tiie further west the 
 shallower Ihe snow, and this iiile ohtains e\en into the hea'l of the IJocky .Moun- 
 tains. In so lar as res;ards ihe animal economy, hiiile or human, it is eiioiiirh to 
 know that the winler is suiialde to it, and temperate enoiiirh lo conserve the hin'hest 
 development of the l""iiiopean, lie he Teuton or (.'ell. As for the siinimer of the 
 NorlliAVest nolhini; more need he said ; there is no hing to surpass it in America. 
 
 UKSoruCES AND PIIOIUCTS. 
 
 Ilavinj^ touched in .!;'eneral lerius upon the extent, scil and climate of ihe Terri- 
 tories, its principal resources and prodiiets will now he hiietly noliced. Chief amon^rst 
 the lornier is coal, a mineral which, in view of ihe scareity of wood, is ol immense 
 importance to a |irairie country. In Manitoha its first oulcroii is at 'J'lirtle .Mountain. 
 where it Ins recentlj- heen discovered, and on the S luris River, wdicrcan exposed hed 
 w s al one lime on lire, and smonldered awaj- for several j'ears. In the Territories 
 it exists at La Hoelie I'ercd in Assinihoia on tho eastern slojio of the Coteaii 3[is- 
 
 exist on ihe fminer hrancli, and on the Athahasea resting on limestone, which take 
 tire and hurn spontaneously. Coal, s.iysCol. Lefroy, exists in seams ahoiit ten miles 
 ahove I'ort Dunenan on one of the small trihiitaries ot' Tcare Hiver. It has also 
 been ohsorved hy Dr. Hector on Stinking Riv er. aiiiither trihiilary of Peace JJivei', 
 and has heen traced hy him on the Athahasea, MacLeod and I'emhina Rivers, all to 
 the north of Ldmonton. Two miles below Ivlmonton a heavy hed is exposed, and 
 neiirer the Fort tliore are two seams of considerahle width. On the o'>posite side 
 of the river soveral seams are exposed, the principal ot which is six feet in thick- 
 

 1 W 
 
IROX—(i OLD— a TOXK—S. I L T. 
 
 15 
 
 hcss, with ollicrs tliiiinor ami le^f ]mii'. Hcils of lii,'iiitc similar luihosu whifh occiir 
 (III the Atliiilmscii iiro oliservoil at various points on JJod liocr IJivcM', from Fort Atiia- 
 liasea uji to tlie J{ocky .Mount..;Ms. On tliu latter stroani aliovc tliu Jlaml Hills, llu' 
 coal forms IkmIs ot' twenty foci in lliickni'ss, ami at ono point is, or was, on tiro. 
 ■• h'or miles around tiio air is loinluil witli a sulpliurons and limy smell, and tlie 
 Indians say that, for as lonif as tlie,v can ronienibor, the lire at this plaee has never 
 hecn oxlinfjiiisliud, siimmero:' winter." 'riie^e aie sonio oftliuimdn ex|)osiire< which 
 have hoen ohserved hy exjilorers, not to speak of tlie eoal lieds of the Souris and 
 Woo 1 Mountair, (yViiinties, soutli of iioifina, nor of the eoal mines at Lelhliridf^e, In 
 soiithcin Alherla, whose daily onlput is now over s(M( Ions, or lo other Uiiown 
 workings, and from them it may ho safolv inlijrred thai all tlie Teirilorios are more 
 or loss of !i ooaMiearim; eharaoler, and that fiituic examiniitioiis will reveal its 
 oxlsleiieo in nnlirniled iiiiantities, and in looalitios eonvonient tor distrihiition and 
 ucneral use. Iron ore ranks in imjiorlanoe as a riatiiial resource with eoal. and this 
 mineral oxisis in .ureal ahiiridanee on oorlain islands in Lake Winuipoir. ll exists 
 as well tiir to the west of timt lake, and ferrufjinoiis sand has been Ibiind in various 
 parts of the prairie plateaux. In a country where eoal aljounds, the sni(lliiiir of 
 iron will, in lime, laki' its ))ropor pliioe amoiij^sl urowini; industries, and the linio 
 is cominir when the hlasl-furnace and I ho foundry will supply the communities of the 
 .\orl!i-\''esl with their stajilo eastings. 
 
 As a (iiioslioii of imiiio<liuto resiniici' the w led aroasof Iho'ferrilorios are iioxl 
 
 ill importance, iiouiiilaii inoonsidiTiiUdy calls the eircuinarctii' /.one of liniher, wliii i 
 sweeps lo the Norlh-WosJ from Lake Winnipeir to the linoky .Mountains, a worth' 
 liiiosl of spruce, scriili-|iine, hireli. willows and ]ioplar. This sl.-ilenieiil scaii ely 
 needs rclulalion. The wooded iireas of Manitidia arc now well known, are largely 
 iilili/.ed, Jind need not here he descrihed. Westward there can he no liouht that Imt 
 for ])eriodic tires the prtiirics would he ahiindanlly wooded. As it is, heaiitiliil 
 Uroves, or islands of timher dot them in many ]daces, and, in a coiintiy where the 
 growth is so ra]iid, planliiiLT iind |iroleetion would soiui make the scltU'r independent 
 .so far iis futd is concorned. West of the lirsl slc])]ie, the vast interior is niaiked 
 hy two well-detineil natural divisions. 
 
 Ia'I the settler understand disiiiictli/ that tlic • yreat jilains" and the prair- 
 ies, lliotii;h often confounded, are two widely different lliini;s. Otherwise he may 
 he led into seriou.s error, either tliioUi;h his own ignorance or the misleadinif ol 
 enthusiasts or iiilorestcd speculators. A certain extent ol the gretit ]ilains is ':f much 
 the same arid and desolate idiaracter iis tiie <i;real .Vmeriean desert to the south of 
 lliem in the I'liited States. They are Ji |)ioJeclion >t\' that frii;htful barren waste, 
 rounding into our territory like a Inline iiumj), j'et they are liy no means wculhless. 
 The utterly ruinous denudation seems to end (lose lo the boundary line, whence tiie 
 desert i^radiiates into the arenaceous daj's of the cretaciMnis sysleni, iiiid assumes as 
 it sweeps northward a loamv surface, and a richer voi;otable clothini^. 
 
 Kixel i^old will perlia])s he discovered in the North-West, aloiii; the eastern 
 slopes of the Rocky Moiinlaiim and placer dii;i;ini^s in the valleys of liie Athabasca 
 and I'eace F{ivcr. Kluetulont ij(dd i^xists in the ^'lavel undorlyiii,i; the (day of the 
 prairies all aloni; the Xortii >Sasl:atchewan, from Ivlmonlon to I'rince Albert, iind 
 at the former place, lias for many years been waslied lutt by miners t'rom tiio ordi- 
 nary sandbars alotii; the river, Tiio yiehl s satisfactoiy, but the setison is too short 
 to ifive a ])rolitable return, tlie water lisiiii^ in summer from the mountain fre 'lets, 
 !ind siibmciiiimx tiie bars, (May for brick-makini; •xists tilmost eveiywhere. and 
 this (dieiip subslitnle tor stone is comin,!^ into jfcner: se till over the Territories. 
 There arc however some tine (jiiarries in the prairie , .ileaux. the stone of which is 
 available for buildiiiiC liurpo.sos. About forty miles south of iio.iiina, on >ro\vat's 
 Katiche, is ti nood bed of stone, and not far from .Majde (."reek there is a ([uarry of 
 stone wiiicli cannot be surpiiss(Ml for Imildinf; iiurposes. Salt is widely ilistriliuteil 
 tliroiii;hout the North-West. The threat Stilt licit extends (iiai;onalfy ticross the 
 continent from Ononda,!,'u to the Maeken/.ie llivor, wiiero it crystallizes in such 
 (jimntities, ujionthe margin of the springs, that tons ofit can bo siiovelled into btigs. 
 
M 
 
Ifi 
 
 1100 TS—FL WE RS— FR Ul TS— WHF. I T. 
 
 mill rjiirii'il i>lT williimt fiiitlior jiri'iiaration. 'I'lic Allmliiihi'ii ii'tiioii Ims foi' many 
 vi'ai> sM|i|plifil ii^ell'iii this wiiv wiili salt lor ildincsiic use. 
 
 Coal is I'diiiiil ill Allialiasiii, iiini liiliiiniiimiH K|ii'iii;;H of iiiilii(nvii doplli-, aii'l 
 i{iOHt in'ospt'ctivc vaiiii'. Tlic liiiiiaiis of tlu' iioi'tli, mix liic liitiinutii willi i;rcasci 
 anil usd il for f;iiiiiiiiiiii.' ilioir imihics, Slutc is liiiinil in tln' viillcy of Kickiiii; llorsi- 
 liiviT. l>t'|iosils of |ii|M' lav arc rommoii near Ivlmonloii, wliorc, also, in tiic iiiiilillo 
 of tlio six-l'ool coal >cam, is .>iinil a layer of inaj^iicsian >lc:iiiic, \\liicli woi-ks ii|i 
 into a lallu'i' liko soap, and lias been iiscil in times pant for wa-liini;- lilankcts. Vollow 
 oclii'o is ilcpor^iloil over a ilistance of lorly miles, on tlic Nfortli Sii.skatclicwan, and 
 carlioliale of lime exists af dilfofent places. Sindi area lew of tlie known minor 
 I'eMiiirccs of the Terrilorios of iniieli value in the fill tire, and llielist mii,'lil lielartrely 
 o.Nlcndi'd. for exploralion is continually liiiiii;inf; lo liirlit, many olhcrs hitherlo 
 unknown, and coneealcd in the i;real sloredioiise of lli< Xort'i-V, .>st. 
 
 The tlora ot llie country is too cxtenKive a siiliiect lo h ■ more Ihaii i,'laiieei| at 
 here. Wild lliiwers alioiiiid in eiidloss mieeessioii from oiirK sju'lnj; ilie.vii to late tall. 
 It is unnecessary lo cultivate them for house ileconilii n in the country when a 
 lovtdy lMiiii|iict can he collected anywhere on the prairie.- in a few miiuite-. 
 
 The wild I'l nils of the 'reriiiories are delicious, -i rawherries lilerally carpel 
 the earth in many places, and ra»plierrios, the .SaHkatooii, or /»///•( ifooseherries, 
 choke (dierries, liliicherries, cranherries, .Viv, ahoiinil in their iiroper regions, and are 
 of exeelleiil i|uality, and i;eiurally ,-ii])erior to the wild friiils of the east. Apple 
 ciilliiro seem.s to he a failure in .NIanitolia. hut has yet io he tried in I he interior, 
 where in the loose friahle soils and -helter o|' the north, it may yet siiccoed. 
 
 \ o;;etal>los of all kinds allaiii complete maturity everywhere. The .N'orlhWcst 
 iiotnio is of the lie>l quality, lar,i;e and dry, entirely tree from rot or Minhl of any 
 kind, and yiidds a return so i;rcat as lo he almost incredihie. .Ml the cereals, except 
 maize, j'ield almndantly. The native hurley is very lino, hut the l'".ni,dish I'-rowed 
 variety, which is holler still for malliiif^ ])urpnsc>, lakes naturally to the soil and 
 climaie, anil will he larnely eiillivated, Oats };ive a prodiixal yield, and wheal- 
 jjrowiiif;, it is now needless to say, is ra])iill}' ilevel()])ini( into enormous |iroportioiis, 
 and promises in lime to >iipply the shorlaue> ot' I'very other eoiintr}- with uniin 
 superior to their own. This mattor has hoen already adverted to, hut a few words 
 may he added with iei,'ard to the history and pro>pccts ot' the wheal plant in the 
 Tenilories, The 1,'rcal cereal iani;es east and west throuiihout Iho entire I'ortilo 
 Jiell and northward the hoiindary hctween ("anaila and the Uniled .States to the lilind 
 deirree of north lalitii 
 
 took a 
 at l'"or 
 
 Wheat i;rown at lAut ("hippewvan, on Alhahasca l,ake, 
 
 liiiLMiri/e at the American Centennial in IST,"). It is i;rowii 
 
 roviileiico, no 
 
 rth of (i real Slave Lake, am 
 
 still further to ihe north. 
 
 And vet tlieri 
 
 app 
 
 ireheiision exists Ihuninthe n'lowlh of wheal, ei 
 
 I 
 wheal fields li 
 
 seen from M 
 
 i!is been ijrown at roll Simpson, 
 
 uhject on whi(di more popular mis- 
 
 i Iho loi^ie of facts — -I he leominLi; 
 
 ooMimin, 
 
 to the t;real Heyina basin and on to forty miles 
 
 west ol Moosejaw — seemiii:; insullicicnt to remove (he impres>ion that a severe 
 
 winter noccssariU i)reclu(le.> its cultivalion. 
 
 1 
 the Amerii'aii ( 'oni,'ri 
 throimh defective (dimilte, etc., was unsuited to the irrain urowei 
 
 reported Willi 
 
 all 
 
 >ome sixty years ai;o a committee o| 
 
 ■eriousness llial the Illinois territory, 
 
 le verv time 
 
 tl 
 
 lis 
 
 :ii;acioiis o|uiiioii was <;iveii wheal had been raised for years i 
 
 .Settlemeiil. tllHI milos north-west of Illinois, and sinei' then llie 
 
 At I 
 
 ill the lit'd lliver 
 wheat lines have 
 
 mi 
 
 ide several removes of 5ti|) miles each, and the ijiiality o| the yraiii has improved 
 
 with eaidi remove. It has loni; been larf^ely raised at I'rincc Albert and at Ivlnn 
 
 ton, d.')!! and '.KIO miles, re; 
 
 Lake, 500 miles 
 
 •livelv, noi'th-we'-l of Winiiii 
 
 id at All 
 
 irlli ol Ivlmoiiliui, wheal culture is a success. There 
 
 course, particular exposiiri 
 
 ^vl 
 
 iioii'hbouihood of the mountains, where 
 
 lerc its maturation is uneeriain, esiiecdally in llic 
 
 tir 
 
 n 
 
 ii'his are liable to invasive fio: 
 
 lant. 
 
 sutliciently severe lo injure the 
 fact that wheat not oiilv can lie, but 
 
 Hut it is III 
 
 slal 
 
 ilislieil as an iiiitisjiuta 
 
 Uro'vii siiccesst'ulK- I'rom east to west of tlii 
 
 Fertile Hell, and far 
 
 rth to the .Mclu 
 
 i; 
 
 ■r and iN tributarie.- 
 
 or manv 
 
 I'eai's tlie w 
 
 heats cultivated in the primitive sotlleiueiils ol'ihe interior were soil. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 h :| 
 
 ';ii 
 
 (.= r| 
 
LADOGA WHEAT. 
 
 17 
 
 Tlioy wore I'xci'llont vvla'nts oC their kind, iiml ^fcnoi'iiily iiialiirtMJ early i-noii^'li to 
 oscapo frost. l''i>i' this iummih ihoy wore picCuric i to tlio lianl wlieals, wiiirji worn 
 not brounlil into fxtcin^ivu ciiituro until rooonl n'mik. Hui. wiili liin advanco of 
 ea.-torn lienmnil liiu pressure in favour of the Keil iyfe, and nilier hard \vhe«l», 
 hocanie very i;reat ; and thir- pressure, hiicUed up hy the uiiihition n\' fanueis them- 
 selves to/xrowthe host, has now almost entirely dispiaicd the soji wheals, even in 
 the remote setlienu'iits. Al the same I imo, though the ;,'rowtli of Kyfe wheal has 
 Leon 11 success, it may he admitted lieely that it has huen, so far, a varying' sueeess, 
 and that very rarol)- lias the ( nliro eiop of hard wheat heen reaped willioiil hleniisii. 
 Jlore or less of it is annually 'caujjht.' t)l Into years, however, a (|uiet experiment 
 has hoen carried on by several advanced farmers at Prince Allien, Mooscjaw, {{e^'iim, 
 Mo'isomin, (iu'Appelle, which promises to lead to i,'ond resnlts. This experiment 
 Was an outcome of the Kxperimcnfal iMirm at Ottawa, ami if it provi's suceesH- 
 ful, as now soems |prol)iihlo, will fully jiistily the expense incurred in eslali- 
 lishin;^ that institution. A wheat Iviiown as '' Tho liiidof,'a " was iirocured 
 by this establishmuiil frotn a hx^U latitude in the itu^siaii llmpirc, somti 
 sami)lesol' which found their way, lour yem> Hfio. to I'rince Alhorl, and fprliimilely 
 tell into the haii'ls of .Mr. I'laxton, Mr. .Mclvay, Mr. (Irai:;, and a tew dlhcrs , t' the 
 best farmers in the settlement. .Mr. \V. ('. .Sanders, livin^x norlh of .Moosejaw, .Mr. 
 W. ('. Cullum, of Jicj,'ina, Mr. Joseph Youlll,^ of I'eiise, and other farnu'rs in .Vssiidboia 
 also recei veil some of thisf^rain. These inlcllif;ent men ^uve the sam|dc> roceivecj the 
 closest attention, and the results, alter fourvi'ars' culture, are most sal isfactcu'y. Mveiy 
 year, ami in the majority of cases, this wheat has matured earlier than the l''yfc f^rowii 
 aloniTsido ol' it, and has, when |)rom|)tl3' harvested, escaped I lie Irosl. It runs up to a 
 good weight. It yields very well; is nnitorm in I'olour and pile ; atid. as it raidis 
 al Mark Lano as a haul wheat ol tho best (|ualily, there can be little doubt that it' 
 it succeeds (dsowhere as it has done in sotiu' instances al I'rincc Albeit and in tho 
 Hegina basin, it will pi>rhaps displace all other varieties, and Mdvi' the wheat 
 problem in the the Territories for all tinn-. A sample ol' this Prime Albcrt-i;rown 
 " Ladoi;a, ' exhibited al Winnipeg in the lull of ISHtl, attr.'icted great atteiiticui, 
 and wa> pr<mounced by ( 'obuiel r'aiu', one of i he IJritish delegates and a leading agri- 
 culturist in Mngland, to be the tiiiest sample ot' wheal he had ever sci'ii IVom any 
 country. 
 
 With these rem:irli~, the '' liilroduclion " to this pamphlet might litliiigiy end, 
 for the various Teriitories, — Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Alhcrla.-iuust now ho 
 allowed to s|ioak eat h lor itself. The object of this pamphlet is nol only to roach 
 tho intending settler, pailicularly the fai'iucr, but to convey to him the truth, 
 not clothed in exaggeration, but as plaiidy put as experienced agricidtnri.-tsean who 
 sire now living and working in the Territories, and who liave no thoughl -ivc to 
 make the country known, and to attract tit men to a>sisi in its developmenl. 
 
 The ri'adcr may perha])s be pu/./.Ied by the appcaN made to him by each ni' the 
 districts herein rcprcsentcil, and may in coiwetiuonee feci inclined lo look upon llie 
 whole compilation as a mass ot' special pleading. Let him not fall into this error. 
 Kiich district is full ot' jiromise, aiul it is not surprising that practical and successful 
 men should consider their own particular region the best. Such evidence simplv 
 speaks well for the whole country. J,yl the reader earol'ully iierusc the pamphlet 
 froni cover to cover, and if he bring comiiarison and infoionco-drawing power to his 
 aid he can scarcelv tro astia\'. 
 
 K.VII.W.VYS. 
 
 In conclusion, ii piiragra))!! or two may be adiled with rclerence to routes anil 
 outlets, the condition ol the Teiritiuies as regarils law and order, and the class o|' 
 settlers retiuin'cl in ihe country and whose success is assured. I'erhaps no greater 
 boon was cvtM- conferred on any country than tlu' building of the ('anadian I'aeitie 
 Jiailway which, with its gretil bramdies already constructed .ir under construction, 
 is imdiiny the settlement of the .N'orth-Wesl iiossible. Hy this road anil its con- 
 nections the settler can now speedily iind with ease examine the whole extent 
 
1. ' 
 
 '1 
 
18 
 
 R.\n.W.\y.-i I'llEfiES'T AND PHOHPEfTI \'E. 
 
 of ciiiiiilrv liiMwc'cii ilu' iMiiiniliu'v mill till' N'tirih SiiMUiitrlicwmi in ii hjii^Ik nuihhici 
 
 llllll llllln lllllkc IiIk IiVVII I'llllictV \n Mil llllllul IIH Woll till' llic pI'lllllll'tM III' III 
 
 I 
 
 iMiiliiliy, il> uiii|i|i' ('i|iii|iiiii'iit |iliii'< 
 
 M ii in ilit> tViint riink nt'carriiMN. it Iiiih 
 
 Ini), to keep it In clifcU. in lln' Norllii'rn I'ncilir Hailwiiy wiiirli In iiImi nifililiiliiiic 
 fJtti'nNioh in nil iliifclimis, iiml if llii' Xoilli-Wot liiiit no iiianiriNliy >liorli'i' anil, 
 llioioloic, i'lii'a|M'i' loiiUi to l'!iii'o|i(' tlian ritlior III' tliuin, it iniuiit fairly niaki' up 
 ilM niinil to Im happy. It lia-., Iiowcvit, an inlinilcly nioii' iliiei't unite to Kiiropi> 
 liy wayol IIiiiIsoii'n Itay than liy way ol' Monlii'al, a roiiio wliiili will hooh ho inailo 
 tiHK of at an oiiili't I'or i^rain ami culilc. ami who-ic iinportanci' in tlio I'litrn'o Ih 
 incaliMilalili' a> a liaM'ot'Kiipply iinil an inipii'j;iialilo military hiyliway htitwrcn (li'oiit 
 Hl'itaJM ami tin' hoiniiuon liy iIiIh rmilo SasNalclu'wan anil A>f*inihiiia lU'i- 
 IIS ni'ai' liilcwatcr aH Onlariii Hy liiis ionic San Fiancihco is IKKI iniii's nrarrr tlio 
 spabiianl than hy way of (^hicairo — a saviiii; in ili^taiu'c, too. ciVi'i'lod in lami rariiairi', 
 vvlioHc roMt, as compai'i'il with ocean transport, is as tiflci'ii to one. I!y this nuite 
 Santa I'V, in Now -Mexico, is ,'l(lil miles maicr to ( 'hiiri'liill, on llmlson's l!ay, than 
 to New ^■ol•U. ami hy it the vast I'lniopean traileof the {'acitic seahoaiil ilowii to the 
 (iiilf lit CaliloriiKi. ami west ot tiie Siena .Maiire I!aii4;e, isilestineil to liii'l an oiillet. 
 These are economic facts who-e irinnipii is only a i|iiestion of time. l'",vont> uro 
 liuriyiii:; in llii- ilirection, lor the |)ciiple of Maniloha ami the Terrilories aro 
 liecoiniiii; impatient over the rimie, anil an increasiii.i; cry is lieiiii; raised for its 
 ilevelopiiieni Like wlieat-iriowin;.; in the Norih West, iIomIiIh have been cast hy 
 iealous interests upon tho sclieine. Not witlistamliiif; the most |)ateiit fads in tlio 
 liistoi'N of Polar ailvenliiie, a .icrouinlless iin|)rer.-'ioii ohlaiiis that the navij;alion of 
 Unison's Straits ami Hay is utlemleil with extreme ilitlic!illy ami peril. Hut 
 it is alisiiiil III ilescrilie as perilous a feat which, for the purposes of iliM'overy. 
 war or triule, lias heen snccc-^fiilly )iei'foriiR'il every siinimer, ami even in winter, 
 for over two hiiinlii'il years, hy sailinj; vessel- raiiLtiiii;' troin lil'ty to "itlll tons, and 
 which is still annually IraveiMd hy sealers, whalers, and merchanlinen. I'lilil recent 
 years the mails and sii|iplics for lied Itivcr Setlleinciit. now .Manitoha, were hroiii,dit 
 liy the May, and lhon;;li the route is disiiM'd at present for thai ]iuiposc mi nceonnl 
 oi' tin' niaiiy poriai;es in inland transport, aid the extension of the .Vinciicun lail- 
 wny system, the time is cumiiii; when the exports and iiii|Mirts liy wa}' of it will 
 rival I hose ot the .'si Lawrence. The open season on liiidson's Straits is variahiL', 
 lull will jirohalilv aveiani' live inonlhs, ami, perhaps, for lai'i.'e and |)owerliil steam 
 ve-sels, properly r.iiiimed. may prove praelicahle tiir the irroaler portion of theycar. 
 
 There are three I 'chanlnicii al )iresctit on the route, wliich leave London in .Itine, 
 
 and make the trip in ahoiil six weeks, aifiiiiisl a cniisiani headwind. The rcliiin 
 trip, aided li.\' a lair hice/.e, is made in some twenly days. Tlc-e vessels are of "ilHI 
 tons iei;islcr, lull eariy 8011 tons, and are slriini,'ly hiiill. Severe stoinis are lai'elj" 
 elicoiinii'ied on the voyai^e, the ehiel'dilllcully heinj^lhe passage ol tiio Strait'-, in 
 which, however, no ve-sel lia- heen lost tor _»eais. The Straits are narrow, and 
 both coasts are vi-iMc from the ship. They are lined with iechei'tjs. which are 
 ajriound, and hear a stiirllim: reset n Ida nee to lotly, em ha I tied towers and irreat cities. 
 Few icelh'if;- ate alloal in the Sirails, hut vast sheets of tloaliiii; ice are often set 
 toi{ether by the tide, breakini.c up when it turns, and Icavinir a free pas-aue for the 
 ships. Hut what Ihreo vessels can do, a tlioiisamt can do, and just as lai'ire fleets 
 visit (Quebec in s]iiiin; and ta" tor tiinher, >o lai'i;e tieels will visit Hudson's Hay for 
 wheat. The adoption of steam will reduce the passai^c to less than the lime of a 
 Montreal and Liverpool packet ; and the directnos o| this route will |ilaie a larj^e 
 portion of the .Norti-We--t, as reiianls Hrilish trade, in as taviuiiable a position as 
 ( )nlariii. 
 
 l..\W .\N|i oltliKll. 
 
 And now a word with rei;iird to order in 'he Territories, and tho safety ot' ]iro- 
 porty and jicrson. The law ahidinir condition d' the ("anadiaii Territories has heen 
 froiii lirst to lust a familiar and hiifhiv cieditalile feature in their history. It is a 
 faet that life and jiroperty are safer there than in any portion of the Ihiitcd Stales 
 
{ : . 
 
 i ;Vi 
 
 
.1 LA]v-ABii)ixa coryriiY. 
 
 19 
 
 or tho casUT Provincfs of tlif |)iniHiii()n. Tlio isoliitod scltlemonts in tho Nortli- 
 Went arc scattorcil ovcf an aroa almost <'(|iial to tho wliolo I'otitiiu'iit of Kiiropo. yet 
 1 lie most iin])i<>ti'('ti'(i |)i'i'.-oii of I'itlior SOX rati, ami oftoii does, travel alone in all 
 (lii'ootioMs with ])erfei't safety. Jn the most iinujiiareied settlements of the intoiiof tho 
 door is seldom fastened hy idi;ht, and theft ami roMiery is a rare oeeiirreiice ovor}-- 
 wliere. CJi'imes airainst the ]ieisoii aie almost unknown, and in one. at least, of the 
 Torritorio.s, murder has never heeii ooinmitted. I'lmjihatie testimonj' to the morality 
 of the country has lately Keen ^iveii liy one of the territorial Jiidj;es, Mr. Justice 
 .Mai^uire. In a spci'di at the reconi cclid>ration of the o|ienini;df the Rcftina and 
 I'lince Alhort IJailway ho spoke as follows: — " As ii citizen of the Territories, and 
 interested in tln'ir welfare, he was happy to lu' iddo to jioint out that trom the 
 statistics of crime pidili-ho I anmiallj' liy the Minister of Ai;riciilturo it a])peared 
 that the nnmher of oll'enccs in ]iroporlion to jiopiilation was much less in the Terri- 
 tories than in any other J'lovince of tho 1) 'iniidoii. In the iUiu'-hooks issued thi.s 
 summer the tiijurcs are ijivon tor the last ten years. J''rom these it ajipcars that, 
 taking the averaire for these years, the proportiiui ol Convicticms to jiopnlation was, 
 tor all Canada, 1 for cacdi 142, while for the Territories it was only 1 for every 1,T.'!.S. 
 Ti) come nearer home, in the District oi ,s;askatchowan, with its immense area, diir- 
 ini; the tour years of whi(di he could speak from porsoi\al knowlcil^e, there had not 
 come hefore him a siiii^lo serious olVonce, not one case of violence to tho )ierson. 
 This was a most creditalde thiui;'. a thiiii; of \vhich to ho honestly proud. In now 
 countries, in liordcr sottlcmenls, where the Judicial machinery is sometimes slow in 
 ;,jetlini; into jiropcr workint; order, the hope of immuiuty froTn punishment is an 
 inceiitivo to I'vil men to commit crime. Tho horiler States ot' the Keimhiic to tho 
 south of us, in tiieir early days, at any rate, hore an tinenviahlo ro]mtation in this 
 respect, l-'roijiienl I'ailiiros of' justice, and the want ot' contidence in tho adminis'ia- 
 lion of the law therehy crealod, temptoil men to take the jiunishmont of crime 
 into theii' own hands, hynch law, however, is a thin^: unheard of in our Canadian 
 west, and intendinu' settlors, trom whatever land they may come, may rely on tindinu; 
 here a community asordor-lovin;;, as law-ahidinfr and as honest as in any ]iortion of 
 the civilized world; where the weak as well as the strong may freely enjoy to the 
 full the inaliomihU^ rijfiits of lite, liherty and the pursuit ot happiness liy honest 
 toil." 
 
 These statements will meet with full endorsement hy every roadoi' who has any 
 knowledifo of the country. Outsicle opinion may |)erliaps lie coloured by the recent 
 Iieliclllon of tho l'"ri'nch .Metis on the ."Saskatchewan. Hut that insurrection was 
 purely ]iolitical. and was no proof of a malicious or disorderly sjiirit . From the 
 lii'st the natives and imnilurants in the Xorth-Wcsl hav(> lioeii sinf^iilarly ]icaceable, 
 orderly ami honest, and the only cases of riillianism known have been continod to 
 the south-west, wher" about the time of the transfer .Vmerican desperadoes crossed 
 the border, established whisky-posts, ami beifan a series of revoltinu: crimes upon 
 the Indians. 'I'licy were speedily driven out of the country in IST-lby the .Mounted 
 Police, a body \vhi(di was formed largely for that |iiirpose. and which has ever since 
 distiii,i,'uished itself for its i;ood conduct and dox'olion to iluty. Detachments ot' this 
 admiralile foice are stati(»nod at all important centres throuuhoul the Territories, 
 e.\ce])tin;j; Athabasca, and. wherever stati.ined, enjoy the contidence and tho cordial 
 res)ie( t and co opcivitioii of the community. 
 
 .V I IN.M. woiui. 
 
 The intenditiit settler will reconiiize in all the torejioiiif; facts no common 
 imlucement to make the Canadian jirairies his home. When he considers the ease 
 with wlihdi larmiiif; o]iei'ations may be carried on. the adaptcdiicss of the country 
 to ina(diinerv, the absence ot' slumps and stones, renderiiii,' the whole breaillh of 
 Biirt'aco available, the superior i|iKillty of the wheat produce(l ami ils prodijj;al yield 
 — and then bears in mini! that the comiiin' outlet by Hudson's Hay will reduce 
 railway transport to eastern conditions — he will (dearly appi'oclato how stroiii; an 
 influence these facts should exercise uimn his choice. To the crowded poiiulatioii 
 21, 
 
ill i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■{] 
 
 
 i' 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 : a 
 
 
 \\ 
 
20 
 
 A LAND FUR ACT I VE SPIRITS. 
 
 of tlio Mother (Jountry, tho proHpoct w an iiisi)iriiif< one ; fm- thoro, to quote the 
 ])r«'f,'niiiit words of J'rol'. Seuloy, " w a duiiso population (.'liimouiinf^ for land," 
 wliiUt liorc " in a lioundlcsH laiiil clainourinf; tiir population." Jiiit wliilKt our vast 
 jirnirii! country domaiidH population, aliovoall other thinj^H it requiroa an induHtrious 
 population. It donian<lH active and intolli^^enl men to pioneer it, not adventurers, 
 will) come simply " to fly kiteM," or (to boi'row an e.\pression from tho Talmud), to 
 'liuild liij; doors without any houses hehind them, 'i'heie is no room, even in the 
 North-West, for piiysieal inertia, or for minds hurien of all delinite or intelliiront 
 pui-poso. The hushandmaii ae(|uii('H inde|iendotiee in the Xorth-West under the 
 same eondilions as elsewhere — with this ditl'erenee, that his labour is not slavish, or, 
 nith(!r, need not be; for, of course, there are men of inordinate acquisitiveness, 
 aiiit such men will be slaves anywhere. The most imjiortunt ditforenco in condition 
 will be a mental one. The inteuse 'ahoui' which is re(|uired siiufdy to (dear a lot 
 of land, sa}' in the Ottawa Valley, would nial<e a farmei' comfortable in the Nortli- 
 AVest, and relieve him .Vom anxiety. IJut on tlie other hand, the ritdiest prairie 
 farm, if possessed by a thriltless sluu:f,'ard, who [^referred knittinj; and knottinic. and 
 haskiiij^ in thesun, to honest work, would ird'allibly see him sink year by year into 
 the bowels of debt and |iovertv. 'I'his is not what is '• waTiled immediately " in the 
 North-Wost, but intelliijent, industrious and ])atriolic settlers, no matter whence 
 llu^y come, so loni; as they are true to (Jaiuida. These have but to visit the \orth- 
 West, and lookupontheini^xhaustible resources sieepini; in the la|) <if a domain which 
 is boundless, to imai^ine the j)ossibililies of its future. It is the ((uality of suidi men 
 not oidy to conquer success, but to look beyond ineio materialism. For likt' other 
 Provinces, our Territories, to quote aijain. with some license, from Pi-ofossor Seelo}', 
 will be " somethinij more than wheat lields, than cattle runs or timber tijrests. Tlie 
 men who pruibicc will also lorm societies ■ • They will have churches and (iovern- 
 mcnls. I'ai liamenls, rniveisities and schools. Thoy will bo j;reat communities - 
 And there is no reason why the nanu' of (,'anada should not one day sound as 
 imjirossividy in ihe ears of men as the names of I'lngland or Fiance, Italy rtireecc." 
 Not only will the immitjrant. then, reap tiie material benetils which .lie country 
 assures to industry, but he will have tlu^ honour ol assistiiii;' in buildinj; up and 
 eoiisididatini; its tree institutions, inline, if brain work be earnest and truthful, 
 if handiwork e ili<u'ou;,'h and ciVeelive, a ijcneration of ('aniidians now alive may 
 yet see their ' ( i;:"try become a notable power in the tiiif^htiest i'lmiiire in the worlil. 
 To enter the Territories fioni the llasl we must boffin with Assiniboia. 
 
 -O- 
 
 ■HiiM'tlii.l.lirnu.- luiltrcl? 
 
 I 111 tln\ ilniiiii jiiiil I'liil their lt•^..^^n. \^l■;u■i^■^i, iiMc ilifif l.i-ymiil tin- stit.- 
 W'l taki' ii|) tilt' tii.sK t'i<-ni:i1, ami tln' liiinlni, anil tlir U'ssmi, 
 Piiiiiffrs 1 ( > PioiK'iM's ! 
 
 ■ .\1I till |ia-t Hi' li'Mvi' lii'luiul : 
 
 W 1' ili'ltiiiifii ii|iiiii a in-wtT. im^'litif!- uiirlil, varifd wurM : 
 l''ii'>li ami stiniin llii' vMiiliI wi' :<i'izi' wui'jd (if lalniiii', anil tin- maiuii, 
 Pioiii't'i's ! ( 1 I'iiim'i'i-s '." 
 
 fetS" 
 
I '• 
 
 \ I 
 
 'i ! 
 
GREAT WHEAT COUXTRY. 
 
 21 
 
 ASSf.vr/io/A. 
 
 AsMiiiibi)iiv is ii dislriot of tlio Xortli-Wcst Torritoi'ios, sli-olL'liirii,' tVoin Iho 
 wosli'iii bi)iiniliirv oftlio I'ruvince i)t' Manitoba, to the eiistoin boumlary of llio Torri- 
 torial District of Allierta; woiitii to tiio boimdurv ilividiim tiio Unitod States from 
 (Janada — tho ■HUh parallel of latitude — and north to the Saskatcbinvan. [t contains 
 !•■"), 1100 Ki|Uai'0 miles. 1 1 is larj;er by 20,000 square miles than British (iiiinea ami 
 by nearly 10,000 than Victoria in AiislPidia. There are ancient and renowned king- 
 doms in Hiiropo with less area and a fai' less area of frnitliil land. The kiM!;dom of 
 Itiily on the main land does not eonx! within four thousand square miles of it. It is 
 a fjood deal more than si.K times the size of Denmark. Four Prussias could lie carved 
 out ol it, If it wore a in'eal lake three kingdoms of (ireece could bo -iink in it, and 
 leave room for llor .Majesty's navy to sail round them. It is more than two and a 
 half times the size of Portugal. It is half the size ol Spain with horislauds thrown in. 
 It is nearly once and a half the size of the Turkish Kmpire iri I'lurope. anil nearly 
 half the size of I'rance. it is close on twicj the size of England, It is more than 
 once ami a half the size of Irelan<I and Scotland together and more than three times 
 the ^ize ot' either alone. 
 
 The greater poilion of this huge district is tit for airriculture. It is destined to 
 be the great win'at |iroilucer of the future. The |>opulation it is calculated to support 
 can be interred from tie' bdlowing facts. I'rus>ia east and we^t with 2'\.'!-'t Mjuare 
 mill's has a i)iipulalion of l!,.")00,000 ; (in>ece--a little larger — a i)0]udation of over 
 two milliiins; Denmark still le^s in area, a |iipiilation of L',l:;o.O00, one half of 
 which lives iiy agriculture. I'oi'tugal nourishes a jieople numbering nearly four and 
 II half millions, and Turkey in Murope, tour and three qUiirler millions. 
 
 This district has been open for seitK'n;ent, Inil a few years. It has had a rail- 
 way bringing it in communication with the east and west foi eight years. It |)os- 
 sesses alreaily most of the lealures ol an advanced eiviliztition — all the necessary 
 fe,;lures: Schools, eliiirchcs, municijial institution^, representation in the Doniiniiui 
 Parliament ; ropivsentaiion in the Teniloiial .Assembly whic b has most of the 
 powiu's of a provincial Parliament; jxislal and telegr.-iphic facilities wherever popu- 
 lation Would in the least justify their introduction; farmers, some of them in ad- 
 vanced prosperity ; raisers of horses and cattle, some large ranchers, others mixed 
 tiirmers, side by siile with tiie merchant, the doctor and the lav.-yer, the dentist, 
 the photogra]ilier ; livery-stables with tine horses and excellent vehicles; good 
 hotels some ot them com|iar;iblo as to table and bed rooms with .any hotels in the 
 world ; and although nominally a prnliibilory territory, what has been described by 
 a satirist as a sure sign of British civilization — the ])ublic-liouse — or if not the ]Mil)lie- 
 house, s(une equivalent lor it has made its ap])earanee ; so persistent are the grout 
 chaiacterislies of the superior I'acc^. 
 
 In the hi.'ilrict ol' Assiniboia aie the tinest lands in the world for wheat culti- 
 vation; lands that will pro luce all kinds of roots, not |)ossible to surpass, ddlicult 
 even tor some of the mosi liivoured countries to ajiproach ; areas s])ecially suited for 
 cattle an<l horses; lanchingall along its southern border right up for many miles, 
 varying here and there, as will be more particularly explained; coal mines at 
 Medicine Mat, in iiio country .south of Kegina, at Wood .Mountain, and in the cast, 
 in th.! Souris country. 
 
 North of the railway, all along the valley of the Qu'Ajipelle, south and noitli of 
 the railway in the valley of the Wascaiui, Ikm'scs invariably, cattle with some .slight 
 ilttention in over-severe winters, can llourish unhouseil the year i-ouud. In every 
 part sheep can, as wo say in the North-West. " lustle" for themsolves. 
 
 The writer has visited the homes of t'armers in every ])art of this ciumtry, ami 
 he never visited a house where ho ilid not lind plenty. Ilo Icnows t'armers inevery 
 
HIGHL y CI VILIZKD. 
 
 part will) liiivc iic(iuiro(l woiillli, iiinl all have acliiovi'il comtDit. He kiKiws men who 
 cunu' lioio with tivo or kIx dullai's, who liavo liii'ins ami stocl<. ami mil a few. Thei'o 
 arc parlft ot'tho world more pictiircHi|iie, lnit no spot ol new coiinUy on the glolio 
 wliere to farm iis so easy; the iatnl wlierevor wo turn is ready tor the |)loii;ili. It 
 lins heen said of a fniitf'ul land in the old world, '• tickle it and it laimh- into a 
 harvost." Hut Assjuilioia i.s ol' a rolmstei' type, and reipiires the viL;orourt will and 
 the vij;orouH arm ; it rcipiires a rude enihrace; it noods to ije thoroimhly cultivated ; 
 it needs thoroiifjh hroalcini;, and then the huinhiiii; harvest of the land referred to 
 is nothini; to the Imuntiful yield that awaits the etlbrts of the pioneer in Assinilmia. 
 The whole country is marked lij- i;reat divisions ; ranires markinj; distances of six 
 miles from east to west : township lines runnini; north and south at intervals of six 
 
 ti^ilit^ till, tjktifiih:liiii^ nil* ili\*iilitil iiijii t)iii>tt*-<.iiv k:i>i<fifkiic ftt' iitti, h;iiM<ii>it it^ilfi iniitlt 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 miles, the townshiji- 
 
 This jLjreat disi i ^.. , 
 
 ABscmhly, and two lor the Dominion House of Common 
 by askinjj; the memliers of the liocal House i|uostioii 
 
 ■liT divided into thii'ty-six sections of one s(piare mile eaidi. 
 IS divided |iolilieally into twelve constitueni'ies foi' the lioeal 
 I... i>.,,<^;r.;,,ii ii.oiuA ..r i ',,■..■.,/. t>^ it i...^ i,,,,,., «i,..,,,.i,i <i.,.f 
 
 It has licen thoiii^hl that 
 peetiim their districts we 
 
 n asKinij; ine memners (u ine uocai iiouse i|uosuons respeeiini^ ineir oistru'is we 
 lioulil in a convenient wa}' j^et at the character of each portion of this vast area, 
 riiey were asked to express themselves on sixteen heads under which searchini;' 
 (piestions wer'e ])lacO(l. 
 
 There are somt^ things on which all are eipial. All h .>'e tiie same advantaj^es 
 in the nnittor of schools. We have a most etlicient school system, fostereil hy a 
 liberal icrani from the iJoniinion (ioverninenl. Wherever a few children are found 
 a school-lioard may li(> lormeil ; a j^rant obtained ; and there is noditliculty in ^etliiiu; 
 a I'apahle S(diool leacluT who must have i|ualitieil by |)assinf; an examination. The 
 (iovernment pays trom (i5 to ",") per cent. of the salaries ot teaidiers. Ueiiinn has a 
 hii;h school in connection with the public school where education is ^iven free. 
 Teachers must hold proper eertiticates, and liiLch salaries ar" |",aid in order to 
 obtain the best talent. The desk,-., majis, books uTid other appliances equal, if not 
 sur])ass. anything of the kiml in Kni;l.ind to-day. 
 
 A,i.;ricultural societies exist all o\er Assiniboia, as do Hoards of Trade in all the 
 towns. 
 
 As to churc lies the moment a town is started four denominations at once choose 
 sites for their Churches, an<l the liberality with which money is subscribed would 
 astonish one fnsli from the Old Country. 
 
 There is no jiart (d' .\s>iniboia where stock cannot be -Mccessfully raised. 
 
 The ( liinate is much the same from Moosomiu to .Moosejaw, ihoun'h even at 
 .Moo-cjaw the elt'ect (d' the Cliinookw lie-ins ti be perceptibly fell. .More westerly 
 the winters are milder. The summer is hot, but there is always a breeze, Jind no 
 mailer how hoi the da j- the ni;i;lits are cool. \o z^-motic, epidemic or endemic 
 diseases exist, ari<l the climate is especially favourabb' to thosesutVcrin;; from asthma 
 Ol- ])ulmoiiary atVeciioiis. The winter is wonderfully attractive — cold, clear, dry, 
 bracini;, healthy, and the beauty otllio snowy prairies when the morniiiir sun's rays 
 
 " I Jo Ha-lunvr tt;mn*-v\i>f n't-r their fiiiiw y Wiixc?.. 
 * More ^'iirirtHius in tiifir ttri^'lit rniiniiink,'liiiir hues 
 
 Than cniniiiifrcst niyst'-r\' nf <.-«iI-)uis uiiaint 
 In oiti fatliitlral wiiulows, nht-cldiii^^ ^M'-iinl li^Hit 
 'riiiii' iiillur'il siliMit aisli'K," 
 
 it woulil be hard to exaiiiieratc. Sometimes the winters are very iniid, as for in- 
 stance this of I8!H)-9i. To-day tl ■ ,'!lst of .laniiary, ISiU, the sun shiniiiu; in 
 throuf^h my ollice is unpleasantly hot. and on the L'lith iiislani when I was at Maple 
 Creek, but that there was no vegetation you might have thoiiiiht it was a beautiful 
 sprini; day in Knj^land. 
 
 From .Moosomin to Swift Current and further west, es])ecially at .Maplo Crook, 
 ^rcdieine Hat and J)unmore, all the small fruits can be successfully cultivated. To 
 the tloral beaut}- of the jirairie it would be liar<l to do justice — a sea of j;raHSos and 
 tlowors, violets, daisies, lilies, orchids, harebells, aneinoiies, trailinjj; honey suckle, 
 whitethorn, gvoy bush willow, and like a queen amonj;' her odorous subjects, the 
 light ]iink rose. 
 
\/ 
 
24 
 
 MOOmMIX. 
 
 Ar to roiuls nnd l)ri(lges, ovciywluTf llic (invoinnu'iit li:w hImcoiI a hiiiii at tlio 
 ilihl)i)siil ol' the Ijdciil (iipvoniinont tiir tlioHt?, mi I mh u (•oii'-o'|iiimi(ii cvciywIit'iT iln'i'o 
 nn- (,'()(mI loiuiH mill luiilj^oM. Ak to u^'riciiltiinil iinplonuiiiH tlici-o in no iilacc wlicro 
 tluTo is not a I'i'ntio whi'io tliuy can iio oblaiiii'il. 
 
 I'osial anil tolof;ni]iliic fu(ili'i(.'» — tliosc woulil aNloni>li old world folk. Tlii' 
 nionu'iil a tow jieoplo arc ^utlH-i'cd in a HOllloinont a iioHi-ntncu is ^ivon th>>ni, and 
 tlio it'le),'ni|)li I'ollowH ilu' railway. 
 
 Tim Canadian I'acitic IJailwav runs from eaHt to wont tliroiif^h A <«iniliiiia, and 
 tVoiii Ki'uina, llio caiiiial of (lio Tt'rrilorii's, a railwaj' runs north to SanUaiidn'waii. 
 I'lvoiy town lia» its newsjiapfr. some, two; ('iirliiii; Cliilis, Sucial ("liilis, Youiii; Men's 
 t'lii'islian As-'ociations, iiol iionscs, and all tho anicuitlos of social life arc found. 
 'I'lii' latest im|provenicnts in wcionoo are utilized, liegiua and Moosejaw are 111 liy 
 elect lieil}'. 
 
 NroOSOMIN DISTJIICT. 
 J. R. Nkkk, \[. I,. A. 
 
 At tlit^ eastein iliile, so to s|)eal; of Assiniboia, stands llie town of >[oosoiiiin, the 
 capital ol' tlie .Moosoinin district. This district extends soiilli toTown-lii|i ten : ami 
 north as far as the .Montroal Colony, ot' whicdi hereafter, and ruMiiiiif,' west, rnu;;lily 
 spcakinj;, for throe rani^es — the whole coiinti'y is a lilulfy country ol rolling; inairie, 
 and Well suited for nii.No I fainiintj, Iml the alley of the (^iii'A|ijiell(!. here a^ else- 
 where, is not to ho sur|iass(^l Hw raiichini; purposes, 
 
 Tho soil is in ncneral a hlaidv loam witli hire and tliei'e Unnlls, hluc clay and 
 Nulisoil ; and Ihal it is adapted for all kinds of t;rain is i)rovid hy Ihoexri'lleiil crop^ 
 i,'rowii all over I he district. When the sloui,di8 arc dry an .ahiindant supply o| waler 
 can ho j;oi hy holing. Tho root crops attain an ininicn--o -i/e, anil ihcre is an aliun- 
 danl sujiply ot hay for fodder, '''he i'ipestono jiiver, ahuii six miles souili of 
 Moosoinin, is a heaulil'iil sireain of clear water. Too sieall for commercial purposes, 
 its fairly wooded lianUs add to the pictiircsiiucnoss ol the locality lhiMUi;h whiidi il 
 runs. l''urtlior south still is the liiver Souris, so that what with the ij'u'.Vppellc ami 
 ihcsi' two rivers lliis roifion i- well watered. These streams are rapid enou^'h to 
 olilain w;iicr |)ower, hy dammiri:;. I'cr milling )iurposos. To thenoi'ih — OHpcciallyal 
 the iuiicliire of the Cul-.\rm wiih the <^>ii'.\pp(dle — the scenery is wonderfully heau- 
 lilul ; ihore is an ahuiulancc of water and liniher, and tho soil of the liin'he^t ipialily 
 — like the rosi — a black loam. 
 
 The clinialo is as elsewhere, in the mind ot a north-wester, iierfocl ; cold and 
 hracin:;- in winter, warm in summer, but with cool niijhts. No trace of anylhinn' 
 niiasinalic, and, "^ the lives of younj; and old |iiove, execedini,'ly healthy, 
 
 Tlie avoriii,'*' tcniperalure in sununcr i^ almul sixty doifroes, and in winter il is 
 from ton to tiflcen doitrccs below zero. Spring opens about the l.')lli .March. Seed- 
 inj^ is usually a lorlnii^hl later. Harvest eommeiicts about the Ijlli AuuusI ; winU'r 
 generally sets in about tho \M\ Novemherand breaks ujiattlie beninniiii; oi .Mai'di. 
 The winter linu' is employed in atlendini,' to stock, workini; in llie woods, markclinj; 
 ,i;rain, lishiiii; and hunting. 
 
 This ohserv.ition about winter ap]>lios to all \Vc>Iern .\ssiniboia as far west as 
 tho woslern boiiidai'v. The winler is not so hard upon people as the iiie\pi'ricnce(l 
 would think. There is a brief siiell of iiiugh woallicr at limes, but hardly I'vor of a 
 I haraelcr lo delor people trom Ihcir own out-iloor work. 
 
 Wheat, oals and barley are largely j^rowii, and .Mr, Nolf, iho meniber lor the 
 dislriet in tlu^ Ijoeal House, assures us that the yield is from Iwenty-live to lifly 
 bushels of wheat, thirlj"-livo to sevonty-tivo of oals, anil barley corre^pondiiiLcly 
 largo. This, we boliove, is literally true, but tho incomiim settler may be well 
 content wlioii lie nets thirly-li\o bushels to the acre. 
 
 The who;. I is pliimii and hard, and commands tho highest price, as do tho oats 
 aiui barlo}'. All kinds of root crops are successfully grown. 
 
 ■k 
 
i I 
 
v.i HIE /» p no I) (rrrs—so i -nis 
 
 TIk'1'0 in ail aliuiiiliiiico of wilil hiiy. I'l'uso, oats iii>l voiccliiMiw yii'M larjjcly, 
 ami todilor can lie liail lit;- I'voiy kinil ot nlock. Tim wliolo cli^liicl. (■.s|)i'(i!illy in tlio 
 noiili, is woll Huitt'ij lor kIocIv raisiii;;, ami cattlt', hIioo|) ami 1iiiis(m llirivo, rtiniiinf; 
 (lilt all winter. In tlio ciimc nt'tlio i iitllo, liiirin;^ two nr ihrcu mun'.lis, it is iloHiialilf, 
 wliiTt' till' lijiill's 1110 not. Hiitllcii'iiily iluiiso, to liavo an opori slicil. Tliu raisinj{ of 
 Mtoi'k is alti'iiili'il, Mr. Xcll' Icijs us, ami wo know it to In- triio. with a lioml mtirniii 
 of profit. I'olli'il Aiiirns ami Diirliani liavo mostly lu'on laiHtil horc, but ovoiy kiml 
 of cat I lo thrive. So with hoisc-, Iml tho Ontario ami l''reiicli ( 'aiiailian are the liest. 
 In hIuh'|> Shiopsliire and .S lUllidown arc prcforii'd. 
 
 .\o coiinlry can he found more siiitahio lor cluiry fai'iniiiLt, as I'rofoKsor Jlohcrt- 
 Kon, the l)oiiiinion ( Jovcniiiicnt |)aiiy Comniissionor's (|uick and o.\p<'rionccd eye 
 Miiw, The ^rass is luxuriant and iiiit/itioiiH ; ahiindaiice of hay and, in most places, 
 l)lenty ol water. 
 
 Tho Canadian I'acilic IJailway furnishes a reiuly and fairl}' chea|) means of 
 tr.iiiHpiirlation, while in Wajielhi, and especially in .Mnosomin there is a i^ood home 
 iiiiirkel ; the toreii,'!! deiiiaii'l is hei,'inniii}; lo he alreaily fell. 
 
 The chief fuel supply in p iplar wood, of which there is an alHind;ince, and at 
 eonvenieiit distanetw. hui the Soiiris cual mines are hci;inniiii;' to he woi'ked, and the 
 " hiai'k diamond " I'loin these vast coal liihls of tho .--outh will soim siijipji'iucnt, if it 
 will not siippliinl the poplar. 
 
 liuildiii;^ is an import an I tliiii;^ for the set I lei'. Up to I ho pcsent, north o| the 
 (^ii'Appclle, a siillicieiil -iipply has hceii hail on tho prairie, and for some yeaiH yet 
 can he ohiaiiied fidiu llii^ sho.es id' the (^u'Appidle. All over the district there is 
 pio I stone, (iool hrick are made within a few miles ot Moosomiii, ami around 
 Wa])dla lime is maiiiilactured tVoiii the liiuosioiu', while coal is hciii;; worlccd Id 
 advaiilai;e Water can he olilaiiied at from iwcniy In fijiy feet, and i^encrally irootl. 
 
 .Moosoinin, Wapelhi, .Millwood and riaiii^cidmr;,' arc the home market. .\liio«o- 
 min. one of the mo-l ihriviiii; towns in the west, heiie.; the principal. At .MooT-omin 
 tlicro is a lari^e elevator and tloiir-mill, so that wheat need not ,!io ahejrj,'iiiji. I'riees 
 have recently ( I'slKti iiiledal SO cents p(M' hii>hel to:' wheat, .")it cents for oats, IM) 
 cents and SI for jiolalocs ; hulter Iroin lit cciit> to 15 cents and 20 cents ])er piiiml ; 
 ci^j-'s 1.") cents ; nor is the local demand likely to deline, as railway buildiiiij; is goin,i5 
 forward. The .Moosomiii Cuiiriv 
 
 TIr 
 
 )iiUilislicil liere. 
 ale heaiilv ot .N'orth-Wot tlowor.s strikes evor\ visiii 
 
 r, esiieciallv 
 
 tl 
 
 10 
 
 rose, croci 
 
 Is. tij^er lily, i on\ 
 
 liiMli iaiiee, as do all the small li'iiit. 
 
 illU' hcljs, lioiiev 
 
 SOU IMS, 
 
 III 
 
 ji'ow 111 trreat 
 
 South of the Ml 
 
 .1. fi.TiuiiifF, M.L.A. 
 histriet we have the Souiis, e.xtendiiitj from theiiollheri 
 
 loundarv of the United .Slal(5^ to town-.liip H, inclii-ive- 
 
 IV sixteen miles, and fidin 
 
 rani'o 1 to iaiii;e 7, lorU'-two miles. 
 
 This is an open prairie country — neither frost imr hush. 
 
 ii'oailiy spcaki 
 
 level from liorizou to iioriziui. It is well ada|ited tor i^raiii-icrowinir ami daii}' t'arni- 
 iiij;. It will always he a wheal-fiiowinij country, with cattle ranches to the north 
 in tho iiei;,diliourhood ol .Nlonsc ^lountain. 
 
 ii,'iiii; from two to three feel deep with a clav 
 
 liiver. The 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic soil IS a ricli liliu 
 
 siih-soil. The l.ind is well watered hy a line creek and the Soiins l!iv 
 slouiihs are verv numerous, 
 iii'.uTI'u avorai;e summer temperature runs from .'lO"-' to SO^' Fahrenhoit, some 
 
 iiislanei's it reach !'0° 
 
 '")" below, on the average, a 
 
 !I5 
 ml ii 
 
 Willi 
 
 iiilor temneralure reaches 
 
 fro I 
 
 II /.em down li 
 
 I some extreme iusiaiiees IJ.S'' and -Ul"' below zero. 
 .Si)riiig i^eiiorally opens about the end ot' March, and seed time cominenees from the 
 1st to the 7th <d A|iril. Harvest begins lor barl 
 
 ihout 1st, ot' Aiiiriist ; wl 
 
 leat, 
 
 lats, i*ic., from the 10th to 15th August. Winter .geiicrallj' makiv 
 
 11- 
 
 about the middle of X 
 
 ovemlier a 
 
 nd break; 
 
 M 
 
 ireli, sometimes 
 
 apiicaraneo 
 ulier. Tho 
 
 diinute in winter permits ot' out-dour work of every kiml. 
 
.-J.i. a J' M 'IWI iili i i l'W"'» ' ""SLI ..__ll- 
 
 in ^ i 
 
 1^ !« 
 
 I: 
 
 I 
 
2« 
 
 THE SEASOXS. 
 
 " Tilt' crops," wiys Mr. Tiiri'itV, " lliiit can ami have bei'ii ouliivali'cl lo adviiiitaijo 
 ai'i' wlieat, oats, liarlcy, pcaso, Iniiiifariaii and millet, also all kimls of mots ami voi;e- 
 talilos. Uiiriiii; I'avoiifablo seasons — tiie present, one (that of ISIKI) 1 will lake as a 
 Bam;)le — the avi'i'age j'ield of wheat would ho 2S to ;iij hiishels per acre ; oxlia care- 
 ful ciillivaliiMi can produce 4(1 liiishels per acre. Oats ini;,'lit safely he estimated 
 this year from .")") lo 70 hiishels ]ier acre, and harlcy ;i5 Imshels j)er acre." All 
 kinds of venotahles can he i;rown ,iiid yield enoinioiisly. Potatoes, luinips, man- 
 yolils, carrots, heets, eahhai;js, onioii.s, leeks. \c., t*tc. ; coi'n, tomatoes, melons and 
 the like reipiire atlentioii, hat can ho cullivuted to advanlairc 
 
 On ihe snhject of stoid<-rai>iiijj:, .Mr, Tiirrill' says: ''The i;roater |)arl of this 
 district is hi'lter adapted for jrrain urowiiii; ami dairy slock oidy. The alisciice of 
 natural sludlor, such us trees and hliitl's. which protect cattle from the le'al in siim- 
 mci and the storm in winter, renders it not ipiite so saitahle for ranching purposes. 
 Sheep do very woll, ami several nice llo(d;s are to he seen dotted over the (irairie. 
 liesi hreeils for caltio 1 would say Ayrshire, ((lalloway or l'ollo<l-An,!.;its) and I'ur- 
 ham ; sheep ami i^ood cross of the I'liijflish Downs, my pi'eforeneo every time wmild 
 bo 0.\foi(l Down. v)poM wooled sheep are decidedly a mistake." 
 
 He tells \is the ipood l;cneral•purpo^e Canadian horso is " thearticle thedoctois 
 order," and that u mimhoi' of settlers have been succossftll in breeding; hromho 
 mares to heavv Canadian horses. In ihi-- way one can wl horses suitable lor driv- 
 ing and t' '• :ifi:ht work on the farm. 
 
 This district is well adapted lor dairy farmimr. All the ri(di irrasses ol the 
 North-Wesi llonrish here in ahundanco. As a rule there is plenty of native hay. 
 lliiniTarian ami millet are easily cultivated and wesUM'ii coi'n. ■' The water, ' says 
 -Mr. TnriilV. " i;eirerally speakin;;' is ])ure and in mo>l places easily (ditained; some 
 have had dillicult\- in i;ellini^ waler, anil others arc Irouhled with alkali." 
 
 There is one creamery in Ihe north; the foreii;'ii demand for- dairy produce not 
 havinir yet developed t'oi' want of railway facilitiis ; but there are a number ot' 
 lirivale ilairies of considerable size throughout the disliicl. 
 
 As to frrid there is plenty of coal aloni; the .Soiri'is on the south, anil |ilenty of 
 wood, on Ihe mountains to the north. Scvend coal mines are at work. 
 
 IneomiiiLT seniors can i;el vacant land iir any |)art of the district, either to home- 
 stead or prill haso. The nearest point to the iirain line ot' railwnj' is tifty-tive milts. 
 The price o| hind varies Irom two and a-half dollars up, 
 
 Cor huililiiii;- ihere is plenty of stone. Of lime, whcneo conereto buililini;s may 
 be made, there is an inexhaustdile supply, r,oi;s are nettiii!,; scarce, rjumher can, 
 ol coiir-se, ho ^ol, bill it has to he hauled a lorij; dislancc. There are no malorials 
 for fencinir. Wire fences must he used where fences are iiceessarv. 
 
 On the subject of water- and wells Mr, Turilfsays: — 
 
 "A larifc number have l;o| |rood water in wells with very little troiihle, others 
 have had more ditlh rilly, while some have ,i;ol bad waler, tainted with alkali ; hut I 
 have no doubt there is ahrindancc of ijoo I waler if you happen to strike the iMLcht 
 place," 
 
 ,Minmlanee offish in lakes and creeks and f;anie ol'all kinds, 
 
 Moosiuiiin is the nearest marki'l, and it is as trood as any in the Xorih West 
 Territories, 
 
 The prospects of railway cinimunieiilion iit an early day are l'oo I. Since -Mr. 
 Turrilf wroto Ihe prospects have boeome certain ot' a railway within a vear. 
 
 All the small frail llonrish. 
 
 There has been very little fruit cultivation in nar-dens ; but enough has been 
 done to show that fr'iiit ciillivation would ln^ siicci ssfiil and prolitahlc. 
 
 Movinij west wo como lo 
 
 TIIK Wl[ITi:WOOD DISTIMCT, 
 
 voprcseiitod in our Local IIoiihu by Mr. A. (i. Thorbnrn.of Hroailview. It comprises 
 townships ten to I wenly inclusive, in riiiii;es ono tosix iin liisive, west of '2ml meridian, 
 makiiii;- sixty-six townships, ami covering 'J, li"il square miles. The Canadian Pacific 
 
!♦ 
 
FrEL ABi'XDAyr. 
 
 27 
 
 Eiiilwiiy riiti-i i1ii()U)l(1i it. Mr. Thorbiirn say.s. " In towiisliips IC nml 11, west i)t'i!iiiu;o 
 1, Hostile .M()OS(? Mouiitiiiii, ii si retell ot'liii^li wooiled liiiiil,\vitli i .lorvaisofrieli pnu'rie, 
 inters])oised with iiiiiiimeriiliie small lakes, poiiils and deep i,'iillies. Abiindaneo oi' 
 
 pi'Uirie ijrasM, toiost slie 
 
 prii 
 
 and vci;etal)ios. 
 
 Iter 
 
 L'h 1 
 
 d water make it very siiitablo for I'alilo I'aisiiii!;. Tiie 
 
 airie ))()rtii)ns ai'e a rieli loamy soil, titled to jiroiliue heavy crop: 
 
 ol 
 
 ■KOl.S 
 
 Xorlli of the mounlain lo the I'liiestoiie Crec 
 
 is open |iraii ie, purt lo\ol. part rollin. 
 
 Mea of sixteen Townships 
 
 1" 
 
 and crt 
 
 ith plonl3' of hay on llie lowei' siretehes; 
 
 .■re and I here make this pari wt 
 
 adaiiled lor mi.\e( 
 
 tarmiiiir. the soil i'an,t;ini; from luvivy lo liu;hl loar 
 
 Approaehini; tho I'ipeslone ("reek, which 
 
 rnns (liaifona 
 
 iyil 
 
 14, 
 
 15, 111, " Weed Hills'" po|)hir limboi' bceomes abunilant with breaks of (irairio. 
 Here llie soil is a free \^)rkiMn- loam, f^ood for larfi;e ci'ops of eereals and roots. Ho 
 tells as lha( lhroMi;honl ihe distriel water is had '' readily." Hpriiii^sshow all along 
 the banks ot Ihe Creek, and hay is ubnmlanl. Xorlh and aero>s the railway I" llio 
 QnWppelle liiver the land is eliietly prairie — for ihe most ])art rolling', enriehed by 
 ponds and bliiU's of poplar, i;ivini; yon a c 
 
 lunlrv well sailed for mixed t;irminu 
 
 ioyond the valley on I ho we>t v-e have prairie, on llie east [londs and bhilt-. Tin 
 soil varies from heavy to sandy loam, eii^lil lo tifleen inehes in depth ; sniisoil from 
 
 lioavv ela 
 
 V lhron"hoiM intei'inediate slaires It 
 
 dy ;r|. 
 
 Tl 
 
 iaiidv loam wilh fairlv heavv subsoil, eminenilv Miitablo for mixed fariiiiiiLr. 
 
 I !j;ood 
 
 Owinic lo hii;h land and timber forming windbreaks to ihe woslwaid and north 
 Ibis dislriet is tree from severe stormy wiiub., llie land irenerally lyin^- bii;h. and 
 
 rolluiir, IS well drained 
 in winler men eti 
 
 iplo3' themselves eullinij; tinibei' r 
 
 ails and tirewood, hanling 
 
 hay from meadows toslables, teaming grain, hay and wood lo market. 
 
 " With rare exeo])iions deej) ploughing and snminor fallowing jiroperly alien led 
 to, secure good crops. With comparalively poor eultivatirn whieli is here, the iiilo 
 rallior than ihe exeeplion. the average is Iwenly Inishels wheal, ibirly-tiv 
 thirt\- barley, one huiulied and 
 these returns may bo doubled. 
 
 sixty polaloe- 
 
 This dislriel is siiilable for mixed farm 
 
 inu 
 
 In 
 
 !•' 
 
 seasons of sullicieni rain fall, 
 
 exteiisivelv inl-o stoi k liavi mvaria 
 
 biy 
 
 iirmeis who have gone al a 
 
 II 
 
 done well, wbelher in raisini; bol^es, catlleor 
 
 leep 
 
 d'l 
 
 dislriel has from its tirst settlemenl. in ISS.'i, l)( 
 
 leeii siieeiallv no 
 
 ted f) 
 
 l)riiiie butler. Lallerly ihe pun. .tioii has been largi'r. bill ibe iiuulily ha-^ not kept 
 up, many rushing into careless making, because good and careful makers secured 
 fair jiriccs. The result has been oversUxdvs of poor and nicdiuin butler. 
 
 Tc 
 
 :,ly II 
 
 •rcamerv wasstai'ted last vcar at iJroadview succes>fullv as 
 
 lo the (|ualily made anil priee reeeivcd, This voar the cream of 4d0 cows is jiroiiuseil 
 to the creamery, and it i> intonded to run ii the lull season, the )iroprielor buying the 
 ^am al tho farmers' houses, gathering and lakiiii; it to the ereainerv, manufactur- 
 
 ing the biiile 
 
 Ii 
 
 r and shipping it as a private eiilerprize. 
 
 11 nearly every township there are vacant lamls fw liomcsleading. and land 
 may be |uir(diased al from S- and upwards. 
 
 lAir building everywhere prairie siirtiice stones arc found well suited for build- 
 ing bou>es, slables, milk-houses and the like. 
 
 T 
 
 n'le IS abundainc ol wood lor lenciiiij 
 
 Th 
 
 ere is no 
 
 il. gravel and lime wlieii" concrcle houses can be made. 
 
 limit to the suppiv of 
 land 
 
 ameslone is loum 
 
 kilns are easily- made 
 
 All 
 
 aro eiijoye 
 Mr. T 
 
 possible advaiila,gi's as lo sc 
 d. 
 
 liools 
 
 lor 
 
 burn hi 
 
 s and roligious servicer 
 
 Hon 
 
 >f all 
 
 denominations 
 
 lears evidence to Ihe excollonee ol the roails am 
 
 d bridge 
 
 )bl: 
 
 We need not say that all sorts ot iinplemonls, >eed grain, etc. 
 
 can he ea^il 
 
 There is a weekly 
 
 mail within easy 
 
 ,• disli: 
 
 ) - 
 
 I \ 
 
STOCK— CHEESE AND BUTTE It. 
 
 20 
 
 WOLSELEY DISTRICT. 
 
 Ml". B. P. Kielinrd.'oii icpresontH this district iti tiio Xcu'lli-W'est Lujjislalivo 
 Assembly. Wo know it piotty well, nn<l rccoij;nizo tite acciiriiry ut' iiis (losei'ii)tion : 
 
 " Tiio iiiH'ii of the \Vi)iKciey District is aiwut 24 hy oO miles, c<iii)|H'isinj;; Town- 
 BJiips 15 to 22 inclusive in i<anges 7, 8, 9, 1(1 west of the 2ii(l J'rincipal Meridian. 
 
 •• The district in jjently tindulatini;, and is watered by the I'ipestonc and Qii'- 
 A])iiollo livers. About one-third of the district is covered with timber of the 
 followiim; varieties, viz: white and black poplar, birch, willow, asli and soft maple. 
 
 '•The toil is a rich black clay loam on the surface, with a rich cliiy subsoil 
 containini; deposits of vof;etabli' matter and lime. Wheat, oats and barley are 
 chierty raised, ' retber with cattle, hoi'ses, sheep and swine. ' 
 
 '• Mixed tanning has been the most protitablo. Natural and artificial lakes are 
 numerous, and sevoial small creeks water the district." 
 
 The highest temperature in summer is 100°, and the lowest in winter .'55^ to 40° 
 below zero, but it very seldom goi's so low. 
 
 Spring opens about I5lh March; seeding begins about 1st .\|)ril, sometiiiios 
 earliei-. 
 
 Harvest begins about t!ie 20th of .\ugust. Winter sets in about C'hrisinias, but 
 it is selilom necessary to shelter stock until .rannary. The coldest weatbei' is in 
 February', and the winter breaks up in March. 
 
 Wheal is raised extensively ; oats and barley are also I'aised to a large extent, 
 and ])ease also aiu being raised with good success. 
 
 lioot crops and all kinds of vegetables grow luxuriantly. 
 
 The average yield per acie of wheat is 20 bushels; oats, .'!(); pease, '_'.'>; but 40 
 bushels ol wheat, ><\\ bushels of oats, and 40 bu>bels of barley is not uncommon. 
 
 Sto(d<-raising has been very successful. Hay can be procured in sutHciont 
 quantities for' stork, and owing to the many sheltereJ lortions ot' the district horses 
 do well out during the whole ot tlu^ winter. 
 
 Hands (if borves iiave wintered out in the noighbourhoiid of Wnlseley, (Treenfcll 
 and in tli- valley-- of tlu' Pipestone and Qu'Appclle, north and south of these places, 
 
 Shee|i are raised in large numbers, and do well, ])aying as much as ,j.") prr eeni, 
 |irolil, 'I'liere are about 10,00(1 sheep now in the dislricl. ( 'otswold, Snuthd iwn, 
 .Shropshire, llown, ete. 
 
 In Horses, the Clydsedale, and Shire horses are raised very sucecs.-.fuly lor 
 diaiighl — and the Knglish thorough-breil blood horses, fcir s]ieod and sale, for the 
 carriage and saddle. 
 
 The sires used, are lauierally imported from England, or I'^astern Canada, and 
 are crossed with Canadian and native mares. 
 
 The climate, shelter, abundaiue id luxuriant grasses, plenty ot puie wati'r, and 
 the cool nights make it a veiy doirablo portiiui of llie 'ferritories fo;- dairy I'arming, 
 
 A cheese factory is established in the I'i'imiiive .Methodist Colony, north nf the 
 Qu'Api)elle liiver, and on t'.ie line of the North-West t'entral J{ailway, 
 
 A cheese I'aclory also has been in iipe:ation at (.irenfell, on tln' line of the 
 Canadian I'ai ilic liailway, tor two years. 
 
 There is an unlimited market for cheese and butler in Urilish Columlna and 
 the Mocky -Moiin ains, at good prices. The price oblairied lor ehcese dui-ing 18S!), 
 was from 10 to 14 cents jier pound, at the tiictories. Multer in ISSll^ from 20 to 
 25 cenl>. I'nr ereami'ry and choice dairy. 
 
 Plenty of wood i> oblidiiable yet, al distances ol' one to .-ix miles, and the supply 
 is likely to be eiirnd to Ihr demand for tiflecn or twcniy years. In some pai'ts of 
 the disti'iil irear' the rivers, wood will be used for fuel for many years. Coal tVom 
 British Columbia and .Vlberla, ean be had here, at a reasonalile cost, which is likely 
 to be largely reduced when the mines to the south arc ojieiu'd, arrd eompetition 
 increased. 
 
 Free grant lands ean yet bo had, al troiu twelve lo lifteen miles from the rail- 
 ways, and a few homesteads perhaps nearer'. 
 
 
80 
 
 MLVED FARMING. 
 
 Thovo is ])loiity of the vory choicest land with anil witliout wood, to ho pur- 
 chiu-i'il, fidiii 8'-'. 50,' ii|i to glo.dil por ncnv 
 
 \V1 
 
 u'l'o lirnlii'i' is nciii', inniiy mho Io^s for liiiililiiijj, whore !;oiiii io^fs iiro tliHtiint, 
 
 the Kcltlcr cither iiso.-t lunilii'r, sloMO or conerele. Tlioro is suflieii'nl slmie aiul li 
 
 ni 
 
 for liiiiiijiim' loiiiidiil 
 
 loM-, and in many |) 
 
 aces, for llie erection ol' Imildini'c, 
 
 The ilisliiet is well Nii|ipliod witii water {^enorally, many ravines liave been 
 
 incd, thns <'reatinu; laif;o aitilicial laisos. 
 
 Tiic (^u'Appelli' Itivcr, and the I'ipestone. and iho I'hoasant ci'eokH in the north, 
 
 sap]ilj' a v'roat 
 
 )f water, iieiioraliy .atcr has hecii found at from IH to 50 
 
 feet, wliiU- some wells ate 80 feet, '{"he water is i;ii 
 
 t ii-enfei 
 
 \Vi 
 
 ■lev and Siininiheri 
 
 the (-anadian I'aeilie \i, 
 
 lent markets for all Uiii 
 
 iiiway, lire excel- 
 
 ol' farm produce 
 
 also MolVal at the Houlh, in raii;;e ten, 
 
 and Kllislioro, in (^a'Appellc X'alley, and l'ilea^ant Forks, alloi'd f^ood markets for 
 cverythiniT the settler can raisi-. (ireidcll and Wolscley, are even in Assinilioia, 
 rcmarkahle for the nnmliers aiul (luality of their settlements, anil liie whole district 
 will compare favoiiralily with any other district in the N'ortii-Wcst Territories for 
 intellii^ence, tliritt, enerj^y, physical and moral sunndne!- 
 
 I 
 
 ion the extension of the Norlh-West Central, Ihroiii;!. ,lic Primitive .Methodist 
 
 ('olonv, there will he better local markets llu're, hut at 
 
 !"• 
 
 csent, Liood market^ f. 
 
 the Colony are lonnd at Wolsejoy, {''ort Ijii Apptdle and tireiit'el 
 
 Schools eveivwhcic within ias\- 
 
 disti 
 
 rairie chieken. rahhits, ducks, yccsc. 
 
 tiirki 
 
 are |ilenlitul 
 
 ys, t'oxes, hadgcrs and n'opli 
 
 l-'isl 
 
 1 can lie olitaiiu'd in the livers, the jiriiicipal kinds beiiiir 
 
 white-tish and ]ii 
 
 Small fruits do rcmarkahly well. ImiiIi wild and cultivated. Ajiple Iroosaro l>ciniC 
 
 heltered pnrliiins of the district, hill tiio experiment has not been 
 
 ■e trait. Wild (dierries, saskatoon-berries, sirawbeiries, 
 
 riiiscit 111 tlic mole s 
 
 tried loiii' 
 
 eiioiiLt 
 
 h ti 
 
 ruspherrics, black-ciirraiits and ifoosebeirics. arc aliiindanl. 
 
 These I'luils when cullivatcil — either from the wild 
 
 remarkalilv w-cl 
 
 ir im| 
 
 ijiorled ti 
 
 Ho 
 
 and bridiies are n oil as a matter of course. 
 
 Ill our introiliictorv remarks we said 
 
 III 
 
 -In this District ol Wols 
 
 ;riciiltiiral societies exist all over Assini- 
 theie are threi — (Jrenhdl. WoUelcv and I'hcasant 
 
 Forks. This last heloiiirs to the 
 
 I'liiMiriVK MKriiiiiiisr Cm. onv 
 
 north of tlic (^iiWppelle ii\er and on the piojeeleil line nt the North-West Ccnti 
 
 Jiailv 
 
 •a nol'le trait ol land coii-isting of townslii|i 20, ranges ^, '.I and 10 and 
 
 townships 'I'l and 'i;{, ri 
 
 '1\ and -- arc ''ciierallv levt 
 
 8 and ii, wosi of the L'm 
 
 Mincipa! inei 
 
 idian. 'I'owiish 
 
 excr|itlllg the Mill 
 which is s 
 
 th-casi towiishi]) which cml 
 
 liraces 
 
 rtioii III' the I'licasaiit IlilN, and which is s.iincwhal rollini,^ and tairlv well wooded. 
 
 rowii'-liili I.'.! is considered rnllinir land. 
 
 Init IS not so 111 any jiieat extent. 
 
 TI 
 
 Th 
 
 lownshi|) i> liellcr adapted to lattle rai-in;;, than ^raiii !.;rowiiif;. Ihcre is some 
 excellciil land, hut portions of it arc somewhat i;ravclly. In moist seasons there is 
 an ahiindance of eia>s. sloiiifhs of various sizes are to he tininil in every part of it. 
 
 Townships L'l and 'I'J,, ran^'es as above (which are the best settled) are eipiul to 
 most parts of the North-West. Rich, black soil, reachiiif; to a depth of 18 inches or 
 2 feel in some |)laccs ])roduce ahundant vejretatioii, and lar;j;e crops of cereals are 
 f;rowii. Oats ejrmv luxuriantly in both these towiishiiis; while wheat seenin to be tl 
 surer crop on the hillH ji;enerally than on those parts lyinij; lower. 
 
 There are several creeks iiiterseclinfi the colon}- — the I'heasant Creek, and the 
 J'earl Creek, hciiii; the hiif^est. There are no rivers here, but there are several lake-s 
 or ponds. 
 
 Mixed farniiiiu; is the rule, and with slie;hl necessary adaptat 
 it will lie tiiund to ho the surest wav to success. 
 
 ion lo locali 
 
 ty, \c 
 
>s>.. 
 
 f.t.-,.-. ^ 
 
LH.-Vi,. 
 
 lUriTS AW) FLOWEHS. 
 
 :n 
 
 Scodirif; nentTiilly starts aliout tiio iiinldlo in' April, Imt In ISS'.i, soi'iliiiit wii- 
 genural in .AIuicli. 
 
 Harvot tiino ia ii»iially in Aiitfiist iiml Sf|)ti'tnlii!r. 
 
 in winter ttio n«ttk'r'; work at Icpf^Lfiiiix, inarUiMinu fiiain. an<l iMiiiilinn. 
 
 Tlui cidpH raiseil lioru aro wlieal, oal-*, iiarioy, liiiiii|,s, polulncs 'iml tlaxM'ciJ In 
 Mniall quaniilius. In unlinary ^t'*n;>, tin' av'^r«f,'i' (it'tlu^ wlioat (M'ii|is\vill have lii'i'n 
 
 from 20 (() U") Imslu'JH 
 Ml 
 
 acre. Some nl' llii> roots ;;ii)Wii 'lavi' Wi'ij^licd 10 llis. oacli. 
 'l-wiir/.t'l liL'ots, and carrots do wtdl. Some tino specimens of \r;;ctaiili' mar- 
 rows, citrons, iVc, iiavo bocn ijrown licri', and oidinarily ;;unlcn Irnck ol all kiml- 
 i;row hixiiriaritly ; potatoes lia\c yicldcil over 150 liiisiiels lo liie acre, and of mo^i 
 
 cxcelleii 
 
 t (pialily. 
 
 Oats seems to 1)0 tlie r-uro.-.l crop iimoiifjHl cerei 
 
 (1 Ml lin^ju'ls have lieen 
 
 Urown to tlio acre, the averai^e heiii;;' ahont 40 Ipu.slnds pMi-acre; hariey is nol much 
 ^rown; peiise liave not lieen a i^enerai eiop. 
 
 Tliis portion oil he \Voh>siey !)istriet upon llie w indo is liest adapted for mixed 
 liirmili^. As a rule there Is pienly of fjrass and liay t<i inake-tiKdv raisini; proliialile. 
 
 Ilorse--, cattle and slieep ol any ;;ood hreeil do Well here. Callle ate ludni; im- 
 proved liy ihe use of thoroui^li-hred Durliaiil hidls. 
 
 The northern porlions ol tliis district ;ire hesl adaplcil lor chiiryiii; 
 fttctorv is in course of ereclion, and will he In use this summer. 
 
 i\ eliee-e 
 
 'I'll 
 
 "irass Ol 
 
 the I'heasani Hills is in the hii;hest deiirce nutritious, hut all iiaits 
 
 I" 
 
 rodiu'e splendid feed. 
 
 Tl 
 
 •^1 
 
 le water su 
 
 I'I'ly 
 
 whol 
 
 e IS ifoiHl, am 
 
 I free li-'itn .'dkali.. A fjnnd y;eneral 
 
 store is kept i't Pheasant Forks, and we thus have a Iioulc market fo • dairy pri 
 duce, hut a dislaiu'c of ihirty miles hus, at present, to he travelled to rea(di a market 
 for irrain. A ecuisideraMe amount of hutter and ei^'ic^ have lieen sent t(j variou> 
 jioinls west. 
 
 There is a jilcntilul supply ol wood for fuel. 
 
 "There are several Ui'v homesteads llnoiiirlioul this distrii't, vet to hi' had. As 
 
 rule, lanil e:<.nno| hu houi;lit under $2 per acre. 
 
 L'l. I 
 
 |) to the present lime, 
 
 .'tilers liavi' hcen alile to ohtain 
 
 nl the Womi tor lillll 
 
 in;: purposes that has heeii re(iuired . hul the supply is now somewhat limited 
 
 h 
 
 some iilaces a co 
 
 nsiderahle amount of stone miirht he ohtaine '. 
 
 •to'l 
 
 ,\ III 
 
 lerally there is a plentiful supjily ol water. The averaLTC ileplh of welU will 
 id t' .• . . ■ 
 
 e more ihan .'JO led. and the watcM- is as a rule i;ood 
 
 W, 
 
 I he main marki 
 
 ly, Indian Head, Fort (^u'Apiielle ami (^aWppelle Station, have \" 
 
 Is for this neii'lihourhood. The nearest is tliirtv 
 
 milesilislant. 
 
 M.uiKKT I'liicKs — Will at, TO ceiii- 
 
 sliol ; hiitler, 14 cents per 
 
 and 
 
 I.- 
 
 oats, .)0 cents; potatoes. T.'" ci'iits per 
 
 cents per dozen. 
 
 ThetJreiit North-West ( 'cut ral liailwa}' is expccti'd to run throu;,di this iieinh- 
 lioiirhood liv m-xl fall, which will he a irreal ailvaiilaiic to hoth old and new settlers. 
 
 leri' are 
 
 Ihre 
 
 e oinani/.ed school districts in this nei 
 
 ;hhi 
 
 Jelii.'ious services a 
 
 re held at six dillerent point 
 
 tiamc |)lenlifiil. No lish. I'lenly ol |iiiiiric chickens, \c. There are a few 
 
 piairie wolves 
 
 K 
 
 foxes, hadners and sk 
 
 splierries, sliawhernes, I'urranis and nooselierrics ;;row here, and with culti- 
 
 vation do well. .Iiinchcrries. strawheriics and choke-cherr 
 
 The rose, the crocus, tin' cowslip, \c.. irrow in luxuriant heaiitv 
 
 It's i;row III si'veral parts 
 
 We havtt two mails )ht week, on Wednesdays ami Salii.days. 
 No lelei'rapli vet, hut when the ( i. N. W. Central ri .iclies 1 
 
 'I 
 service will aceom])any it. 
 
 lere the lele!j:rai)Ii 
 
 N'lutli of the MetlKKJist Colony is an area of cij;lil miles s(|iiai". ]iartl\ 
 
 v a 1 1 
 
 ml 
 
 coiinliy, and jiartly ope 
 
 n prairie; clay suhsoil. The I'lieasant Crei 
 
 '•uiis Ihroiiuh It. 
 
 Tl 
 liirniiii;;. 
 
 ly excellent sprinj;s of waters; it is eminently siiit.ihlo for inixi'c 
 
 All that has hcen said about climate, cr )|), etc., ajiplies to this piption of the 
 
 countrv. 
 
 I 
 
f 
 
A LAND OF PLENTY. 
 
 33 
 
 Tt is as j;i)ih1 iiH any otlior piirt of the North-Wont for roots, porhaps bottor, 
 sceirij^ that tlicro tlioy liavo raised ;j00bu8hol» of potatoes to tlic acre. As a matter 
 ot'cniirso it i> tjood tor ail Iciiids of Hloclf. 
 
 Wood tor fuel is plc^ntiful. Tlie homestead land is, as a rule, taken iij), but there 
 are syndicate lauds to bebousfht at a luodorato priee. 
 
 Tliny have stone and loj^s for biiildini^. The small fruits (louiish. There are 
 few more attractive parts of tlio North-Wust tlian this. 
 
 WALLACE. 
 
 S'.ill in the north, \vc next deal with the Electoral District of Wallace, belter 
 known as Yorkton, repiescnled in our Local Lei^isiature liy .^[r. Joel Ilcarnan. It 
 eovors ail area 1)1' about ."i.tXIO .-([uare miles; it is compose I of jj;ently undulating; 
 prairie, covered with ahundaiu'e of I'icdi an . luxurinus j^ras.ics, interspersed with 
 streams, sloU^hs ami lakes. The blutVs relieve the m<motony, md add beauty to the 
 scene, and are nseful as well as ornamental, supplyini; the pioinv-:' with fuel, build- 
 ini; material and fcncini;. The lands of this district nia\' be classed under four' 
 heads — 1>I. ;rrain-i;riiwiM^' ; 2nd, i;razinn- and dairvincr; ,'!ii|, mi.ved larniin;; : Itli, 
 timber and wond lands. The whole district isad:ipled to t;iain-yi\.win;j ; the soil is 
 for the most part a clay loam, with (day subsoil ; (icca'^ionally, howe\e:, there is to 
 be I'onnd soil of a sainij- loam with day subsoil. The Assinilioinc river is navij^alile 
 and could be ulilizcil for I'lanufaclurini; pui'poses. The same is true of the While 
 t^and Lakes. Ponds ami >loUi;lis are numerous. Climate dcliM'htful ; bli/./.ards un- 
 known ; snow as a rule falls to a depth of tVom six to eii^ht im lies. Winter bc_!;iiis 
 in last Week ot' neceiiilier ami lasts [t, the end of Alai( h. Spriiin' ojiens latter jiart 
 ofMarcdior 1st o| April, and seediii;^ comniences tirst week in April. .\s a ruh? 
 
 it rains in .Iiinc. Auluniii is pleasant, with occasional showers and 
 elimale," says .Mr. Iteaiiian, '' tlioujj;li slij^htly cidder in winter anil w 
 
 irost. 
 
 Tlio 
 
 liner in siiiii- 
 mor, is no more severe on the avoraije, than that of Ontario or Northern .Michii^an 
 or Wiscondn. 
 
 "The ero|is t;rown arc : — W heat, oats, barley, fla.x, pease and corn; these are 
 the only (.jraiiis which have been thrown here as yet; altlioui;li I am of the opinion 
 Ilia' all llie other cereals could bo i^rowii. from the tact that corn has lieen success- 
 t'ullv i^rowii and ripened. 
 
 " Roots and vei,'oiahles are very prolitie, and yield abundantly': especially pota- 
 toes and turnips, liarden veijetablcs — as onions, ])arsiiips, lieets, tomatoes, eiieuni- 
 her, celery, carrols, cahlpaire, caulillowcr, and in fact any vejj:elalile i;rown in Ontario 
 
 can lie j^rown lici 
 also do well. 
 
 ■' The averat 
 
 and will yield lietter returns for the same labour. ,Sinall t'riiits 
 per aero is — 
 
 . (iO 
 . TillO 
 
 Wheal 
 
 t)ats 
 
 ]!arley 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Turnips ,st(ii 
 
 Sujiiir lieets also do well, and yield about ;!5 tons to the acre in this district. 
 
 " h'or stocdf-raisiii},' the whole of this district is admirably suited, but more par- 
 ticularly so in the reijioiis aloii-j the While .Sand IJive'-. ami in the Devil's Lake 
 eountrv, where there is an alminlance ot' urasses ol a very superior quality, and 
 where Iho cattle and sloi k of all kinds winter out all winter, and conui out in 
 splendid eondition in I he spring. .Vnolher point in favour of this as a stock country 
 is that there is an abundance of {rood water. 
 
 " The breeds ol cattle that pay best, are either good grades fit' ihe largo or beef 
 classes of catlb', or those ot' the small breeds, best adajitcd for dairying. I have 
 seen twoyear-old steers turned oiil from tiie lanehcs of this district weigliing 700 to 
 000 lbs. dVessed. 
 3 
 
 .i 
 
34 
 
 KINtiltA E—IiA IL WA YS. 
 
 " IIorfii'N iilso (In wi'll, an also wliocp ; in fact any kind of stoclf pay well, as tlioy 
 •cost bill verj- iitdi', as hay can bo bought at 81 ])i'r ton, and has never been higher 
 than 82 ])er ton in this ilistrirt. 
 
 " The most siiilaiile jiart of this district for dairying, is that part Hurrounding 
 York I on ; niul from lliis fact a coin])!iiiy is being formed with a capital stock of 
 
 W.OOO wiili which to carry on a croaii 
 
 '■J' 
 
 on I ho most modern and improved 1)1 
 
 I'l 
 
 Tlic huildiiig is to bo of stone and titt(!(i with centrifugal cream separators, and 
 <i|)eralions will coniiiience early next spring, and tlie outlook for this industry is 
 very proinising, as this district is second lo none in the world as a dairying district. 
 Yorklon butter will be anxiously looked for by those wishing a first class article, 
 
 '• 'J'ho fiiciliiies arc :— Abiiiidancc of native hay, the great crop of roots which can 
 bo grown, the purity of water and cool nights. 
 
 Tiie markets are : — Isl. Hn 
 
 gO(J 
 
 ird. lirilish (/'oluinliia, fair. 
 
 me consiimpticin, mi 
 
 derate. 2iul. Uritish Columbia, 
 
 liailway facilities for shipping, Manitoba and Xorlli-West J{ailway. 
 
 " 1"ho fuel supply here is good, consisting entirelj-of wood, which is closoby and 
 within easy reach of all, and can be had at the usual government t'ee. 
 
 "Hut this dislriet will evontually be supplied with coal from Prince Albert, 
 which lies about 200 miles to theliorth-west, and, on the completion ol' the Mani- 
 
 toba and .\orlh-We>l Hail 
 
 way 
 
 will, no doubt, be laid down at Yorkt 
 
 on anil neiiirn- 
 
 boiiring statii.pns at reasonable rates. 
 
 Tl 
 
 leie IS a 
 
 bundanee of hind in this district both f.ir sale and to homestead, 
 
 suitable lor stock-raising, grain-growing or mixed farming, close to churchos, schools, 
 post ollicc, \c. Ijaiiil may be purchased at from §2 to 820 jicr acre. 
 
 " There is abundance of building material in this di--trict, not onlv of logs but of 
 
 stone. Ijime is 
 
 burned here. Sand is uIm) t'ound, am 
 
 in the north of the district 
 
 wo have a saw mill which supplies |)leiity of s]nuce lumlier. 
 
 ' (ioiMl water may be had at from Ui to;tO feet. In some localities nalural s])rings 
 
 exist, one of which mav 
 
 .seen at York ton. 
 
 The local markets are good for a new i)lace, anil farm iirodiice sells quite re; 
 
 at fair jinees 
 
 idily 
 
 Wheat ."ill.-, to i;ile. 
 
 lUsh 
 
 Oats 
 
 I'otatc 
 Hut tor 
 
 !•: 
 
 :iO 
 
 1(1 
 
 40 
 50 
 20e. pc 
 
 In. 
 
 lie. per doz. 
 
 '.Schools are within ea.-y reach nf all, and the advantages here are equal to those 
 
 >f Onlariii 
 
 "This district is sii])plied by resident ministers ot Presbyterian ai 
 ilonominalions, and a visiting clergyman ot'lho Roman C'atholie ("liiiich 
 
 id Mel 1 
 
 mdist 
 
 J-ak 
 
 Small . 
 , Hear', 
 
 :ame and water fowl are plenlitiil 
 
 l''i>li in .\s>inilii 
 
 leer, Willi, lox, beaver, mink, inuskral, 
 
 loin Uivcr a 
 ladner aiul utler. 
 
 ndJ)ev 
 
 tJi.V 
 
 duck, Sand Hill cianc, piairie chicken, plover, groii>e, snipe, \( 
 
 'Small fruit di 
 
 such as currants, \c. Native fiuits ai'i' .Saskauhi 
 
 ben 
 
 ies, cui'ranis, raspberries, strawberries and goo: 
 "" II. .... 
 
 ioberri 
 
 " rsativc lloweis are wilil |ija, clover, rose,i\e. 
 
 "This dislrici is very new, but roads and bridges are being pushed foiward as 
 rajiidly as posnible. 
 
 ■' No dilliculty in procuring implements for agricultural purposes, seed grain, iVc, 
 as the leadi'ig Canadian and Amer'can eomiianies are represented. 
 
 " I'ostid facilities are, comparatively speaking, good. Tlio telegrajih line is as 
 yet only lo iSallcoals, but it will be extended to Yorklon this summor." 
 
 KINHH.VK. 
 
 At the extreme south of this, the district around Ki librae, the land is rolling 
 piairie, with blutls of smilll and mcdiiiin-siy.cd timber, and is well adapted for mixed 
 farming. 'J'he tpiality of the land is good — loam, with clay sub-soil. J^ig Out-Ann 
 
 I ^:| 
 
THE LAKE COUXTBY. 
 
 ,!.") 
 
 Crook. whi(tli 1ms at all times plenty of water, is well ailapted for mills. There are 
 many lakes ami sloiij^hs On all the other heads the remarks made as to the district 
 generally apply hero. There is a plentiful supply of poplar wood for fuel. There 
 are in the southern portion of the district a number of homesteads not yet taken up, 
 well suited for mixed farminjj;. 
 
 The Manitoba and North-WeMtern Railway passes through the district at this 
 iioini, and the North-Wost Central is likely to pass through to tl-e south side of the 
 Manitoba and North-Western Kaihva\'. This portion of the district is well supplied 
 with water. Water is also obtained with cortuinty by well-digging at an average 
 depth of 30 feet. 
 
 There is a good market at Lnndonburg — wheat, 75c.; oats, .")0c. ; potatoes, 75c. ; 
 butter, 12Ac. 
 
 There are a number of first-class schools, and several more will be built this 
 MoasDn. 
 
 There is an abundant Hup])ly of all kinds of game in this southern part of the 
 district, excejjt fish ; — Geese, ducks, plover, snipe, prairie chicken, partridge, 
 &c. ; boars, wolves, woolvorine, foxes, badgers, skunks, mink, and other furbearing 
 animals, 
 
 NORTH QU'APPELLE. 
 W. Sutherland, M. L. A, 
 
 V Although the name Qu'Appello is now applied to a large district and politically 
 covers two constituencies, originally it belonged exclusivelj- to Fort Qu'Appolle and 
 its immediate neighbourhood. 
 
 Qu'A))polle — "Who calls?" — a name suggested by an echo to the early 
 voyageurs. 
 
 '•' >rt Qii'Ai)polle and its vicinity is one of tlio most beautiful portions of this 
 western laii<l. N'orth and south hills rise from two to three hundred feet, with strips 
 of timber at regularly recurring intervals. The I'iver coiinects a system of lakes, the 
 favourite haunts of water-fowl. Whitetish and other varieties abound in those waters. 
 Near the town gmuso and partridge may bo shot. 
 
 The electoral district of North Qu'Appolle extends thirty six miles from east to 
 west, embracing ranges 11 to Ki west of the 2nd Principal Meridian, Dominion Lands 
 Survey, I'rom north to south it extends ninety miles, embracing townshijis 20 to .'M. 
 The land is rolling ](i'airio, dotted with poplar blull's, which give it a i)ark-like appear- 
 ance. These bluffs servo as jtiotection during winter, and yield a sup]ilj' of logs for 
 buiMing, I'ails for fencing, anii an abundanco of fuel for domestic and manufacturing 
 pui [joses. Tho soil gener.'dly, tlu-oughout thodislrict, is of first class quality — a black 
 loam with a subsoil of clay. In some localities it is lighter than in others, and in 
 such ])laci's crops miituro earlier than in neighbourhoods of the heavier quality. The 
 principal rivor is the (}u'Ap]K'llc. which flows through the district from west to oast, 
 linking together a chain ol beautiful lakes. 
 
 Outdoor enii)loymont in winter is found in of hauling grain to inarkot, getting out 
 fencing and <'or<lwood, logs, I'^c, from the woods, hauling and selling hay. Duiing 
 ilic winfi'r months then is a limited amount of t'roighting. Outside work can be 
 carried on throughout the entire winter, with ilie exception of a very few days. 
 
 .Says .Mr. \V. Sutherland, M.Fj.A.: " Kor growing s])ring wheat it ivould be hard 
 indeed to surpass this district. The va-.icties of wheal raised here arc almost 
 ontirelj' the J{nd and White Fyf'e, No. 1 iiard, which have already made a name in 
 tho markets of the world for their superior (|ualities — a thin skinned, bright, flint\' 
 grain, full of gluten, unexcelled in any country. These so desirable properties arc 
 brougl'.t forth by two great factors, our soil and our climate. Tho soil contains, to a 
 large degree, all the necessaiy consiitutcnts ot' the wheat plant, being exceedingly 
 rich in lime, potash, nitrogen and ))liosphoric acid, all of which is largely helped by 
 tho action of the frost in winter rendering the land more fViablo. When, to these 
 factors, the irreat dryness of the atmosphere, and never tailing sunshine are added 
 
 i 
 
86 
 
 GATTLE AND CREAMERIES. 
 
 ihcy coinliiiic to make the Xortb-Wen( tlio <j;niin producer of tlu» t'liturc. A country 
 tluit CUM ])ro(liico f^raiii to Hiii'h port'cclion can bo inado to j^row almost anylliing. 
 Tlieso reirarkH a|)]ily with 0(iual force to other fjraiiiH, oats and liarloy (liotli white 
 ami l)hick), wliieli aie i;ro\vn exten.-'ively licrc, not forneltinp ])ease anil tlax seed, 
 which do equally well. The Qu'Aiipellu District is hy tar the earliest in the North- 
 Wost, and about a t'ortuight earlier 'han Manitoba — a fact well worthy of atten- 
 tion — and the aitual yields {ind avor»i;es made in it will speak volumes for tho 
 eaiiabilitics of tho country. 
 
 \ ■' Wlioat ]nnduees '1') bushels to ihe acro without any trouble. Thoro are some 
 enormous yiehls. huch as 1,(I(MI bushels on twenty acres, the ([uality beini; the tinost 
 hard niillinj^ wheal ]iroduced in Ihe world. The sample cannot bo sur]ia>sed by any 
 wheat-pio<liicini;- dislrlcl. The yicdd, however, as in :iMy other country de])ends so 
 entirely on the ravoiirableiiess of Ihe season that an avciane is dillicull to strike. 
 ;)alH yield lit bushels to the acre, and when f;ivon the same !itlentioii as wheat are a 
 sure and prolitic crop, liarley jiidduces ;iO bushels to Ihe acre; it is a sure crop, 
 and veiy hiri^e yields reward any etVorl at cultivation. l'ea>c arogrown successfully 
 and Ihe yield is lari^e, rei|uii in:;' lilllo attention. Ma.x is a safi' and lari;o <Top. 
 Potatoes yield frmn '1W\ to "iDD buslu'ls to the acre ; ihe}' are an unfailinj,' crop and 
 are very prolific with even lillle allention. Turmiis. maiii;olds, boots, and in fact all 
 root cro])> are sure and plenteous. Indian corn, tomatoes and other voirdables ripen 
 well and give good results. All gar'deii |iroduco repays allention given it and 
 attain large ])ro]ioi'lions. The average yield of a district is often lowerod by tho 
 amount of laud under haphazard ciillivalion, ami the number of I'arniors who sow- 
 largo aereiigcs on Ihe chance of a fa\ouiabh M^asiui and a big yield do nol lake the 
 necessary I rouble to ensure ^uccess. 
 
 Wild fruits, iiuluiling sirawberrio-, raspberries, gooseberries, Saskatoon berries, 
 red and black cherries, black curranls and cranberries nro abundant. Ila/el nuts 
 and wild hops of e.Ncollent (juality also grow in jirofusion. 
 
 i.ivh; stock. 
 
 Il is the consensus of opinion among those who know whereof ihey sjieak that 
 this district is exi'ep'ionally well suited to Ihe breeding and rearing of all sorl.s of 
 stocdv. Callle, horses and sheep thrivt" and gel fat with astonishing rapidily on ihe 
 eoiuinon ])asturagi' provided by Ihe open prairie. The prairiegrasses coiilain a large 
 pereenlage of saccharijir matter, and are gieiilly relished bycaltle. Iinjiorteil stock 
 in a short lime becnme accdimalized ami hardy. The nalui.al inciease in all kinds 
 o| slock compares favourably with olhei' counlrie- and in sheep it exceeds that of 
 Ontai'io. The ahseiiee ol brushwood is very lav rablo lo wool. The same ma}- be 
 said re^ peeling Ihe yield ol wool as has boi'ii pomteil out regai'di.ig natui'al increase. 
 The winlcrsdo nol ap|)eai' to .ii>preiialdy all'ecl stock in gi'iieral in this disi rid ; they 
 commonly graze oul up lo Chi islm.is. The ilryiu'ss of the cdiinale is well suited to 
 the care vil sheep. ImioI rol, moiilh disease, and llnkcs in shei'p, also foot and nn'iulh 
 disease in catllc arc unknown. So forward are slock in general in these parts, that 
 a two-year-old steer will eiinal in size ami weight a ihree-year old in England. 
 
 " Kor an m'dinary winter, provision need not l)c made to feed stock over two 
 and one-half nionlhs. I'igs and poultry also do well in this climate, Willi ordinary 
 lurf they can be abiindaiilly prolccted during the winter. Tho wild grasses of the 
 sloughs iuid low-lying land of ihe prairie, whenmown, make a lirst-class n]iland hay. 
 The yield Ihroiighoul ihe di-;ricl is t'aiily snllicienl for Ihe reiiuirenients of tho 
 settliM's. evi'ii wher.' they have gone in largely lor slock, 
 
 "The Touchwood llilb. district, and iiorih of it, is s])ecially ailaiilod for raising 
 slock. The settlers in that loealily make that their ]irineii)al oceiipalion. Tho dis- 
 trict is oipnilly well siiilod for eatile and horses. At present there are nol many 
 shee)) here. Those engaged in raising stock- have been very siiccosst'ul, and lind a 
 ready market for all tiio}' have for sale in supplying government contracts, and in 
 the southern portion of tho district. 
 
v 
 
SHOOT ry a axd FfSfrrxG. 
 
 n: 
 
 "The horwort niiHod iiru from imtivo imifcs uiid liorsos importoil from Kastern 
 Cunnciii. Tiiu cnttio ai'ogi'tulo Diu-lmin, with Hovorul poiligruo bulla, 
 
 DAIllYI.NO. 
 
 "Tho 'vholc ilintiiot is well Muitoil for dairy farininji;. Tlio lii.niily mil rioii.-s 
 natural f^rassos all'oid all tlio ri!(|iiisit(' fuddor for Ktoi'k. 'riinolliy ami clovor can lu,' 
 itrowti MUccfssfiilly, but at prosoni aro not ttrown to any cxtoul, llic natural sjrasst'M 
 jii-ovini; amply suiUclont. I'uri) waloi', entirely I'niu from alkali, is abundant, (len- 
 •■rally Hpcakinfitbo nif,'lilK arc cool. A creamery wasereelod at Korl (^u'Ai)pelioearly 
 n 1S!M) by a Joint wtock company coniposoil of citi/.en.s of thai town. Cream was 
 
 taken durin;' last season trom al 
 
 'I cows, and ll(l(( are iirorniseil for ne.\t season 
 
 Tl 
 
 le cream is 
 
 iliiered tlireo til, 
 
 (, 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 ar^^est haul bciiitj 12 mile- 
 
 Thc 
 
 lalrons are paid in cash ciiuivi'lr ii lo touts a pound of Inilter. The wlioli 
 
 last season's make was sold 
 Bi'ilisli (.'olumbia. The coinp 
 
 pound at (^u'Ap|)cllc lor sbipment to 
 111 Mid with its year's work, aiul will increu-'e 
 
 its operations as rapidly as ' • lev nomeiii of tho district will iiermit. 
 
 (•HE 
 
 .NDS, W.VTKU, KW. 
 
 " Tiie district contains Dojihii llmbor i|iiite sutlieieiit for all fuel purpose 
 litlK' I'ciinsvlvaiiia anlhiac coal is used and some bituminous coal from the Letl 
 
 bri.l 
 
 11 1 ire e 
 
 illierv in Albei I; 
 
 ■ I IS 
 
 |)lciiliful and so muidi (dicapcr tl 
 
 il 
 
 that it is the principal fuel. T.icre are abundant siipjilies of wood and stone for 
 building; |iiirposes, also i; 
 
 limestone lor makiii 
 
 T 
 
 icro IS a eonsiili'ralilc aiiio 
 
 nut of land open for free bomesteadin!.;, and laii^e 
 (luaiititics for sale by the Lan I ("ompanies at fmm 81 an acre miwards, accordiiij^ to 
 its ])roximity to settli'inenls. 
 
 The f 
 
 irmeis ordiiia: ilv iji 
 
 t tl 
 
 from the small si reams, lakes, lakciel- 
 
 l)l\- o( watei' bir si( 
 
 d ilomestic iiso 
 
 Tl 
 
 oUirbsdistributed Ihrou^iiout the dislrii't. 
 
 lese sources ol su|iply aic auy;menled lij- we 
 
 al depths vaiyini; from six to 
 
 fifty I'l'ct ; also by dams aeross couh'cs and sprin,:,'s. The siipjilj' is abumlant. Tl 
 (liialily of the water is |iurc. anil free I 
 
 rom 
 
 Tl 
 
 ;h: 
 
 aro ;;eiicra 
 
 surrounded li\- willows and 
 
 •ly 
 
 V. 
 
 Fori (^u'A|i]ielle stands lo its siirrouniliiii; district in the relation of a county 
 
 own to a county. The townsite of the town of jAirt Qii'Appelle is siliiated on a 
 
 peninsula forineil by two ot the I'ishini; r.akes. These lakes — live in number — are 
 
 coiiiiecled liy the t^ii A|)pelle luver, the latter emplyiiii; into llie Assiiiilniine, m 
 Manitoba. I'Vir beauty of local ion, suitability as a health and |)leasure rosoil, l-'ort 
 (iu'Appclle is far and favorably known. It is, however, from a business stand-point 
 that it is]iro|iosed lo speak of it at |)resenl. jjiiid out as a towiisilo in 1SS2, with 
 the (hvelopmeiil of the dist net, il has rapidly jjrown, and is now a ])lacO" oT imi>or- 
 tance with many and varied industries. It is the seat of tlie lirst rural municipality 
 erected in the Terrilories — the Muiiici|)alily ol Qii'Ap]ielli'. It is al.so the centre of 
 tho school district. I hue is held the annual exhibition of the Qii'Appelle ai,'iiciillural 
 society." 
 
 All kinds of business and |irol'e>sional enterprise are represented, — mill, bank, 
 stores, lelei;raph, hotels, nuwspa|iL'r, boat-builders, laW3crs and doctors, builders and 
 bakers ; you can i;et a s|)rinn- for your watch al the walehmakor's and a pill at the 
 drui;' store; 3-011 can insure your life or borrow money, have children eilucated, on 
 .Sunday' attend any one of ihree (diiiridics and, on weeks niichts, hear a lecture at tho 
 town hall. The M'dettt' is ])ublished here. 
 
 As an indication of the business of an agricultural district, it may bo stateil that 
 one blacksmith, at JMirt t^u'A|)pclle, last year turned out some forty odd vehiclos, 
 shod 1,.")00 horses, and did fjeneral work to the oxteiil of about 81,400. Tho Fort, 
 from il- f;eo;;ra])hical ])osilion, has been, and is still, a very important point in the 
 fur trade, I'or the last four years the total volume ot' trade here may bo computed 
 at an averaije of sjli00,000 a year. Sports, such as hoatim,', shooliiifr, tishinj;, cricket 
 and tennis liavo their respeetivo clubs. Thoro is also a i;ood mile track near tho town. 
 
 i 
 
 nS ^ 
 
L 
 
88 
 
 SPORT— .[ ItlJFF COUNTRY. 
 
 J''ull uUviiiilugo of tlio I'llui'iiiiDiiul Ny>ii'iii lias bicii tiikcii liy lln' sottluis In lliin 
 locnlity. 
 
 SI'iillT. 
 
 "Till' Fisliinif Lakos, Hitiiaifd in tho oiiiitrc ol' tlio Qii'.\|)|pi'llc distrii't, cnnsirii 
 of'u chain ol'nix lakcw tliri>iii;li wliicli riiiiH ilii^ (JirAp|i<i|lti liivcr. I!i'i,'iiinini; at tin- 
 oxtrcmc woNt and ,!<i'iii;i oast, lliov aio calli'il iivs|uM'tiv('ly Miisl<iij;n, \Vvci-\va-siinf;, 
 rawiiua, Qii'ApiK'llo, Mission and Ivatcpwa Lakes, 'I'lu'lr cxd'eini' liMii^lli is ulioiit, 
 tWL'iily miles, with a widlh ot'oi.r ;fnd a-i|Maiior mill's; and Hit! avi'iMn'o depth ot'llio 
 foui'lasl mentioned lal;es isnl-inl lifly feel. Tlie^lion's, with the cNeeplioji oI'IIiom' of 
 5Iilskai;o and Wyo-wasunj,', are made up ot'eluaii stone, gravel aii'l sand. The water 
 is eleai-, lirif;iit and sweet, and at all seasons oC (lie year til tor eidinary piirposos. 
 Almost anywliero around tho shores can I"' lonnd stroni; rnnnin^;' ^treain^ "fcold, 
 (*wcet water, ponririii from the hase of the hdls wliii h siirii>Hnd the lakes. All Ihcso 
 lakes are well stocked with lisli, ot' which a lar^'c amoant are taken caeii year. The 
 varieties of commercial value are two s|iecle-. of whileli^h,one of whiidi is the world 
 renowned whiteti-h ol'lho i,'real lakes, Imi is of a more delicale flavour ; pike, local 
 name jac' lish ; |)ickerel and lar;:;o yellow pendi. I'arties who lish for the market or 
 for the purpose of tradinj;, are rciiairod to take out a license, lait any ,''hcr person 
 can tisli with a net or otherwise for his own iiso without interference from any 
 per.^on, exceptinj; diirini; closo season, when all nets are reipiircd to he taken up. A 
 small 'XxW net of |(( leel ill loiij;th, if set twice a week, will supply any ordinary 
 fnmily with .iillicient larj,'e, delicious whitelish. 
 
 " Fjate in the autumn immeii-e niimhers of duck frc(|U<iit tho Kishinn' Lakes, 
 particularly .Muska},'o and Wyo ,va-siini;, which are both shallow, the former iiein;^a 
 MCC'ly, marshy jilace, wiiere, from the lii'u,iiiidiii; ot the sliootini; season until it 
 IVcc/es up, the lincsl shootinji l.;ii he had, hoth tli:,'ht and dci'oy, from lln' ditl'ercnt 
 poinlH, and 'jumping; Irom hoat.■^ ai.d canoes. The kinds of duck found in tho 
 greatest numhcis are mallards — hlue and green winircd teal, widgeon, pintail, can- 
 vas-hacks, 'edhcad-,' liiehills, golden eyes, and man,v other varieties. All ot these 
 hreed in tl sloughs and lakes of the district. .Slough shooting though considered 
 ratlier a tame sjiort, alVord> a never tiiiling supply of iluck foi- the settlers' lahles. 
 Wild geese resort to thcstulihli' tii'lds in the aulumii, and can he easily killed in their 
 jmnsage t'nuii there to tin' lake- niorning and evening. 
 
 '' The prairie chicken shooting of this disliict has hri'ii celchrated for \cars. 
 The chicken, or pinnatc'l grouse. The so-calh'd partiidge is a strong tlyer, and 
 iieavily tealhercd. and rci|uires a good shot and a slrong-sliooling gun to stoji him 
 in his light. They are in such numhers, however, that it rciiuircs hut litlh' to keep 
 tlie h.ider well sup]ilied. Although the ruttlcil grouse is not so plentiliil as the 
 prairie chicken, excellent s|ioit can he had with il al time.s in the coulees or ravines 
 idling the (iu'A|ipclle valley. The snipe grounds are too isolated to make gooil 
 sport, liul innumerahle varieties ot' plovi'r migi'ate along tho river and can he literally 
 mowed down. Tho rahhil, or hare, has he<'n ii staph' article ot' food with the whites 
 and Indians. What with the ducks in the sloiigiis and lakes, the )uairie ciiicki'ns 
 lui tlie plains, the partridge in the c<uilccs, the wild gee~e In the sliilihle lields, tho 
 jilover upon the shores of the lakes, or upon the plowed Kield, and the lish that 
 swarm in its lakes, tho incoming settler to tlie (Ja'Appelle valley need never want 
 for good nourishing fresh tish and game. !)eer are plentiful in the northein part ot' 
 the distrii'I and there are soiiio hears. " 
 
 SOUTH Qt'Al'l'HLLi;. 
 
 (r. S. D.WIDSON, .M. L, A. 
 
 Tiio capital of the . Smith (iu'Aitpelle Districi is '•(Jii'A|)pelle " as disliiiguishoil 
 from I-'ort (iu'Appelh'. This is a pretty town and in summer the surrounding trees 
 I make it piclurosipie. There are tine stores ; well Imilt chu'.'ches ; a private hank 
 I and two (irst class hotels; livery stahles, \c. It is the seal of the Mishop ot (}irA|)- 
 \ pello, and here is St. .fohn's College over which lie presides, ilore is piihlished tho 
 \rro(jr€s$. 
 
I 
 
 ^ 
 
40 
 
 Mr Alii) FARMIXa. 
 
 ;l 
 
 " Tlu' i'li!ci(/riil (liwirii'l ol'Soutli (iirAjipoUo is imiiiciliati'ly ^()ulh of tlie Norlli 
 (^ii'A])|M'llo (lislrii't, lioiiif,' llu) siiino distaiu'i! i'mm oast to west, as llio lattor, ami 
 ()ccii|iyifig tlio \vh')Io of llio country botwooii tlio laltur aii<l the international 
 lioMMiliii'v. It onihraix's raajfos 11 lo 1(! west of tlic 'ind Prinfipal Mcriiliaii, a 
 distance ol';!') inilcH tVoni cast to wot, and takes in townships 1 to lit, from Houtli to 
 north, a distance of lit miles. The inincipal portion of the district is rollinf^ prairie, 
 
 listiict is well ada] ted 
 Wheat, oats iiiid 
 
 Tl 
 
 le wliole ( 
 
 with hi^autfnl ])alc|ies of i)lull'aiid scrnli liinhor. 
 
 to mixed fai'minj;, which is undoiiliteilly the most ])rolitali 
 
 ill 
 
 ;ivc ifdod returns 
 
 Tl 
 
 hIacU 
 
 1" 
 
 il. th< 
 
 10 land is hcav\' learn with a tine jiri'i "riion of ri 
 
 e (iiihsoil lieniic clay ; hut in some ot the hif;h lyinii; laii' 
 
 verv little alkali in the district. Tiie eoiinlrv round tli 
 
 osUy and picliircs(|iie, a 
 
 nd 
 
 indeed, wc 
 
 wool I CI 
 
 Ntrinn' of liliitls alon;; the the line of the Canadian I'acitle 
 
 I. Th 
 liailwa 
 
 .' (^I'Ap- 
 ['onliiuial 
 
 IhiiMii; 
 
 h al 
 
 mosl 
 
 the whcdo width nf the (list 
 tlie\ extend for four nnles. 
 
 licl. moi'e |iarticiuai'ly on thi^ south side, '.\hci'c in places 
 
 Tic 
 
 le Soiirjs liivtT rises iii 
 
 di-lricl. 
 
 'f 
 
 lere are a 
 
 Iso several smallci' streaii 
 d !•'( 
 
 th. 
 dudi 
 
 Ultl 
 
 icrn iiortcMi of the 
 
 1/ 
 
 W 
 
 iscaiia, 
 Ih' 
 
 M 
 
 >h 
 
 iiitain, S(|u i-i'cl and i-ox Cnn'ks. Slounhs an^ plentiful lhro:ii;hoiit the whole 
 district. The hlulVs which are alioiit in several ])orlions of this district are a t;real 
 prolcelion from the cold in winter. There is a iii-ceze diiriiiii; the day ihroii^'h the 
 whole (it the siiniiner. !ind the id;;hts are always co(d and pleasant. SprinLJ opeiiK 
 and see(tinif commcneeH from tlie hei^iiiiiiiii; lo end of April, varyiii;.; eaidi season. 
 Oats and harlev may lie sown uj) to tlie end ol' .May. with cveiy prospect of rcapiiiir 
 a (^ooii crop Ka^inj; cumniences the lirst week in .Inly, and harvest eoinmcnces in 
 the middle of Aiiiju-I and continues till the latter end of Sept em her. Winter n'cncr- 
 ally sets in from the end ofOctolier to the middle of Xovcmlior and breaks iiji early 
 in Maridi. Ihirini; the winter the settlers cinphn" Ihenisclves in haiilini; wood, 
 brinuiiii; in liay and i;raiti to market, and in getting out fence rails and lirewoo(| for 
 use in the comiiii; months ot the year. 
 
 •' Wheat, oats and barley all do Wtdl here. Field peas were tried la-^t season and 
 did splendidly. Iioots and vej,'ctables it' all soi'tH do rein.'irkably well, and calibaiies. 
 caiilillowertt, carrots and onions [.jrow to an enorinous size. In fact, tlnMlistricI is as 
 jrood as can be iiminiiied for i;ro\vinj;- any vcyctablos for domestic use. The averan'c 
 yicM ot wheal in lavoiirable years may be put at l!."> biisluds to the acre; oats, 1,") to 
 T).") bushels to the acre, and barley, ,'!(> bushels lo tlio iicrc. i'otalocs vary accordiiiij; 
 to season U|) lo -(Ml bii>hcls per acre. 
 
 "This district is not adapted for raiiehiiiir, owini; to the ab.senee of lakes and 
 Hpriii:,'-. ; but stiiik-raisinLj such as is carried on in mixed fartnint; is very successful, 
 f^iass and ha}' beiiii;- abundant, and of a rich and tlesh-makini; iiualily. Horses of 
 every description do well, and thrive in the winter without 'icinj;' pul up, some bcini; 
 turned (Mit all winter as they sci'ape for I'odder under the snow. < )ne case was recent ly 
 brought to notice ot' a marc wliiidi was out all the winter and came bade in the 
 sju'lmc lo(diin,LC nil liie better for it, and with afoal al herside. |)uiliams, llerelord>. 
 llolsleins. Polled Anj^ils and llif,ddand eallle have been imported into Ibis district 
 and are doiiifr well, .'south l>o\vn shec)) do well here and are very pinlilic. 
 
 " Tlie whole of this district is well adajiled tor dairy farlHitii;-. The pasture is 
 liiMiriant and hay jjlenlifiil. Water is also scattered over the district, so that stock 
 have not to roam far to drink. A ijood many of the ravinc.s have been dammed 
 lately, ;ind in the s])rini; these dams till up. A sleampower creamery, workeil on 
 the cream i,MllicriiiL;- system, havint; a cajiacity Un- milk t'roni (IDI) cows, is worked 
 each summer. Al |iresent only lilKI cows are available to simply milk to it. Nearly 
 the wlnde of the output of liulliM- is shipped west aloiii; the Canadian I'acitic b'ail- 
 way, some of il f;"oinK '" Mritish Columbia. The projuietor of the eieamery sends 
 every other day 10 the farmers supplyiiii;- cri'aiii and collects il. lie also delivers 
 tlioir mail to them, thus >aviiin them a trip lo town. 
 
 "There is jilenty of wood for luel and domestic ]iiirposes within easy roaidi ot 
 settlers. The avciiii;e price is $'l:2.^i )ier cord. I'ermils can be obtained local W(iod 
 
 by those who prefer lo cut and draw for themselves. The coal used hero is bri!U!;ht 
 in over tlie Canadian I'licitic liailwav, and is hard anthracite from reiiiis\ Ivaiiii.aiid 
 
CfAME OF ALL KIXBS. 
 
 41 
 
 soft bituminous IVom Lt'tlii)ri(lf^i! rojliory, Albortii. Tlie wood for fuel niii}' be 
 described as white jioplar, biiick pojilai', asli-leafed maple. 
 
 "Ill liiis imiiiifipality tlieic aie 107,000 acrcH of free <j;rant land, or 045 farms of 
 IfiO acres eaidi. Tiu' main line of ibe (laiiadian Pacific Railway I'liiis from cast to 
 west lliroiiuli the centre of the nniniiiiialil^-. Qii'Ap]iolle slalion is in Ibo centre of 
 tlifc towiisitc. There are also stations at Sintahita, Indian Head and McLean, so that 
 produce can be easily shipped east or west. Other than i;overnmcnl land varies in 
 }ii'icc from SI to §8 jx'r acre, accordinfi to its nearness to town. 
 
 "There is a lumber merchant in the town of Qu'A|)pellc. who always has a 
 general stock of lunibi'r on hand which ho sells at marlcet i)rice. In several parts 
 ot Iho districi there is jib'iily of stone for liuildini;. Theie is a brick-yard a few 
 miles west, whence bri<d\ can be broMiiht at a reasonable rate. On some sections of 
 laiid there are jdcnly offence rails, whilst in other places there is some ditlb iilt^- in 
 oblaii'iDLC I hem. Tliere is a fairly <;-ood su])ply of water for stock and domestic pui'- 
 poses. Hvcry farm has one or two wells in addition to the sloughs. The digging of 
 wells is. as a rule, attended with success. In some places both hard and .suft water 
 are founil — the former is iin])iegnaleil with suli)hur ami iron; and the sloughs, as 
 well as some ot' the 'veils, cnntain a lillb' alkali. The average depth al which water 
 can be obtained is LT) feet. There are cxeellenl markets for iiirii) jiroduce of all kinds 
 at the various railway stations, especially at Inilian Head and (ihi'.Vppidle." 
 
 In regard to education, this di>lrlct has as good advantages as any district in 
 the Terriloiies. We have already riderred to the Anclican c(dlege, about two miles 
 t'roin (^u'Appclle. .\ttached lo ii is a school for boardersor day pupiU (boys), where 
 a <'lassical and liber.-il education, prejiaralory to university life, is giv<'n. The fees 
 are very moderate. This school is available foi' the s(mH of settlers who are desinuis 
 ol' obtaining a higher educalioii. Tin' school is under the (diarge of the J{ev. W. 
 W. Nicolls, and a million su|)erintends (he household depail iiieiit. There is also 
 an agiiculliii;il college where youiii; men froifi M.ngland and elsewhere are received, 
 and obtain inslruelioiis in practical larinin,n' on the college farm, wliicdi covers an 
 area of'iilO acres. AH is under ihc guidance ol the Hi-hop <if (.lii'A jipelle. 
 
 "The town of t^irAppille is widl supplied willi (diurches, I he four jjrincipal 
 denominations having ediliccs, and missionaries from each gip throULi'houi lhl'dl^tl■ict 
 lo hold .-.ervices. 
 
 '■ (iaine is plentiful, and is brought into (own by spoi'tsnien for their friends and 
 by others for inarkcl. While ti^li and y,\ck fish are brought into market from the 
 (iu'Appclle lakes. I»eer arc occasionally to In' -.IkiI round here, and rabbit.-: and 
 hares ail' at limes very numerous. Hadgers and skunks, loo. are often seen, as well 
 as fiixes and c'a\'oIes. Wild gi'cse, wavcys, sanddiiP cranes. diicl<s, prairie chicken, 
 jiarli idye, plover and snipe an' lo bo found ihioiighout the district. 
 
 " Friiil culture has not vcl been tried to any grciil exlonl. \ few farmers, how- 
 ever, have been sueccssliil in raising Mack, red and while ciirranis, gud-ebcrries, 
 -Irawbcj'ries and raspberries. The soil is, wifhoul iloiibl, well adajilcd to f'ruil 
 cullure. Wild • ,i »i,beriies, slrawberiies, currants, saskatoons and cherries abound, 
 hiiring ihe sprii g and early -uniiner the whole prairie is a ])eitecl tinwcr ganleii 
 When the pa"i|ue flower, which appears as soon as the snow clisa|>pears, has flowered 
 for a short lime, il is succei'ilcd by violets, after which every imaginable wild llower 
 — from the humble daisy (o the preleiilious tiger lily, mu forgetling orchids, hare 
 bells, anemonies, trailing Iioih'V suckle, the wbifcfhnrn bush and llie grey bush 
 willow. Ill whi( b we owe the sweelesi r-ceiit of' all — are lo lie fiuind everywhere. 
 
 "Tlicie is nothing left lo be ilesired in the mailer of roads, bridges ami frails; 
 the easy purchase of implemenls. si'cd grain, callle, etc. 'I'here is a ]ioslal delivi'ry 
 here six days a week from eaidi ilireclion, cast ami we-l. A mail leaves (^u'Ap|)eile 
 sfalion daily for Fort (Ju'Appelle. and one a week for ])laces fiirlber north. There 
 are several oilier ))o,st ofliees in the district. The Qu'Appelle post ofllce is also a 
 moii'^y order idllce. liesidcs the (', I'. I{. lelegraph, (he head otliee of the (iovern- 
 menl telegraph service is al i,iir.V|ipelle, and ils line runs fVcun here to Hatllef'inl, 
 I'rince Albert. Fdmonfon and \'ii'loria, with numerous intermediate stations, so Ihal 
 we are in cnrniuunicalion wilh the whole world. " 
 
42 
 
 THE CAPITAL. 
 
 JlKiUXA. 
 
 Kojiiiui, llio r;i])iliil of (ho Tcrritoi ios, is situiUod in :i iciitriil position on tho 
 liiinivs of lln^ Wa-ciina, iind iior projiross, ospocia!!}' witiiiii the lust two years, has 
 been sul)sliinlial ami strikiiii;. Soiilli and west of tho town Hows liio Wascana. Mr. 
 I>iin(an Mclntyro and ,\[i\ Annus, aflur visitiiiL; I'".iCypt, visited tlie i;reat tVuitfiil 
 lieicina plainand declared the soil ot the Ro/jina basin to be of tho same (diaraclor as 
 the soil iH'odiieed b}' tho ovortlowinj; of the Nile. Jieyond the Waseana, to the west, 
 are the headipiarters of tin? Mounted Police, where there are r.snall}' more than 200 
 of this I'oicc. Jlcro iheie is a line bairacUs and a luagnitieenl ridin;:; school for 
 '))ractieo in the winter. iteijina has two newspapers ; the Standard (eonser- 
 |vative), came into existence soinelbinif like a year au'o, the other, tiie fjealer, 
 jin almost coeval with the town, the lirst nninber havini; a|i|)cared on the 1st of 
 lAfareh, lS8,'i. The A(<((Av at once took a leading- position amoni; the new.-p!i])ers of 
 tho J)ominion which it nas held ever since, ll has always aimed at expressinjr 
 Xo^;ll-\Vc•^l opinion and is specially devoted to the interests of the farlner^. It is 
 conservative (|iialilied by this that on Xorth-\Vc>t (piotions it is independent, and 
 jilaces the interest of the Xorth-West aiiove its allegiance to ])arly. 
 
 As yon drive from tho liarracks to town you pass larf^e stable-^ and a oncsiuried 
 buildini; eoverinij; a larn'o area, with kitchen n'aiden to the west, tlowcr uarden 
 on the ea,-.t and hothouse to the south. This is ( iovernmeiit House, the seat of the 
 Lieutenant ( ioveriior ol'i he Territories. Asyoudrive on you see a nowand morc-~tately 
 ■-truciure (d' brick, and, on enquiry, h'arn that this is the now (iovermneiil House. 
 Something more than a ipiarter of a mile's drive liriiiiis y<in to the buildinj^s where 
 tile Leiiislalive Assembly of the Territories meets and wiieie tho Lieiii'-nant Governor 
 ami his stall' cany on the btisines:-. cf the eountiy. By their sidi', tw the ea>t, is 
 the rndian hepartinenl biiiMiiii;, v.herein the Indian Commissioner and a larue 
 si all' conduct the Imlian bu-inc-s of llie Territories. As you drive on. you pass an 
 elevator anil ii mill and the railway runnim; north to I'riiu'c Alber' .nd a tminberof 
 Well-built hoiiM's erected within the last two or three years i'or re'-K.oncos. (-ro.-.-ing 
 the Irv.'k ol the t-anadian I'acilie liailwiiy you arc sDon drivinj.; ea^t alonn' tho 
 prin<ipal business street in winch are some very lini' store-; .•!!; i two commoilious 
 hotels well built ot' brick, the Lansdowne and thePahcer. Xearitiir iboad Street yon 
 ai'o struck b\' the substantial (diaractcr oi' the buildin, >. In liroad .'street are three 
 
 some pretty residences One of these hoiels, the 
 asl side, makes, with llie two alreaiiy alluded to in 
 iiiiiTs, large, warn , ,--iibr.t:i;ilial, 'or the aceommoda- 
 tliat public is eateied for ast>. .islie.i visitoi> from the 
 Iind, in n town eiuhl years old. cooking as good as 
 • 'aimda, and till the comforts whiidi iclincmont 
 :riven down Broad Street so:nc vustance yon tnrn west 
 -ec some pretty residences around. What is that tine 
 building standing in an open sjiace'f' That is the sclniol house. A s(dioi I house, 
 large as it is, barely abb toiicciunmodate the children who hive a knack of becoming 
 more riumeious ever; .. ir. Having )iassi'd two siicets yoit emerge on Siuth 
 Street, in which tire s' le tino stores and a private bank well built of briek. Turn- 
 ing sonlh you nie soon at the post ollice, a snbslanli.il brick structure, ami pro- 
 ceeding farlhci' another siilwtantial building leads to cjupiiry and yoii learn it was 
 built by the ('anada Xofth West Land Company; thai ii conttiins the court I'oom 
 where the Supreme ( 'oiii' of the Ti'rritorics sits ; jinlges' ehiimbors ; clerks' cham- 
 bers, shoiill'.s ollices ; land ollice; that, moieover. its destiny is to be si Land (JiHee 
 and JJegistry ()llieo,atid that within a year or soa lit 'I'emple to Law will be I'vecled, 
 when judge and sherilf and clerk will migrate to more imposing quarters. Yon are 
 
 hotels, M'veral liiu' stores all' 
 Windsor, a little way ii|) on 
 South Itiiilway Street, tlii' 
 tioii of the public, and tie 
 l!asi, who are not piepai 
 in any hold in Ivisii 
 and care can givi'. Ha\ 
 lUi to Hleventh .Vvenuo 
 
 S' 
 
A PROGRESSIVE TOWy. 
 
 43 
 
 V 
 
 now in Ontario Street, and to tho south on several sti-eots arc seen liandsomo private 
 residences. In Victoi'ia Street is tho Banic of Jfontreal, a hirj^e timlior building, 
 whence, howfvcr, in loss thanayear the bank will jjo to a tine brioU edilico in course 
 of erection on Scartli Street. In Victoria Street is one of tho ])rliiiing oHicos; in 
 Broad Street another. At tho Lk.vdeu otflco in Victoria Street thousand-i of vohnncs 
 have been printed and bound. InScarlh Street is iheTown ITall, a lari;'o but not an 
 imposini; building, erected in tlm " early days,'' where ])ul)lic niootini;s are hold, 
 lectures delivorod, plays phiyod, concerts sung, balls given. Xoar it is \\w J'resby- 
 teriar. ("hurch, no longei'largo enough for an c.xpandingcongrogulion. From tho L'ost 
 ollico, looking south-east, you see a largo now brick building — the Motboilist Church 
 — and to tho west, the Ronian Calholje Church, and still farther west, the ( 'huidi "f 
 Englano. To the east of the .Mcthodi.st (,'hurch is a largo new timber building. 'I'liis 
 is the curling rinic, erected by a company. It contains two riidis, and the " roaring 
 game " is vorj' ]iopular. 
 
 Regiii.'i lias ;i ma_>or and council ; a Hoard of Trade ; a Hand ; a School Hoard, !ind 
 all tho iMstllulioris of a well orgaiu/.od town c.xce])t a ))olioeMian. The electric light 
 is used in stores, bolei.-, and many private lesidencos, and its --troels will soon bo 
 lit by e'eclrioily. Though tho town silo extends ni'rili (jf the railw.-iy tragic, the 
 town in the main still lies to the south. 
 
 .V pamphlet ot forty pages, profusely illiistralod, and with a map of .Vssiniboia 
 attached, has boon issued iiy tlio liogina Hoard ol Trade. It is entitled: "An 
 Unvarnished Talc ol Ifogiiui," kv., and .Mr, H. ,1. Steel, the Seorolary of the Hoard, 
 tells us : — 
 
 "The I'ublic S''' ■ 's arc a credit to the town, the building being ot' solid brick, 
 costing ??l'J,(lll(l, V 'c , Olios high, with a good basomi'iit, and a very otHoionI stalf 
 of six teachers, the .■■ .nl.-ir attendance ot' )nipils being WW): tho ooipoiate body is 
 oom]posed of a Mayor and six Coumillors; there is also a Hoard of Trade. 
 
 •' liogina is situated in i;,o centre of a gieat fertile belt, which is destined to 
 become at a very earl}' dale the greatest wlc'al giowing count ry in the world, and 
 the fact that the land is boing so ra]iiilly taken up and cidtivalod is a proof of iho 
 future greatness of this woslorn town. Tlio Hoard ol 'frade lias liooii the moans of 
 getting lands opened up for solllomoni, wliiidi had been held by speculators. To 
 give some iilea of the oxioiit of tho liogina district and tlit' strength of the soil it has 
 been computed that if the even nuiiiborod sections alone wore culliva'od with wheat 
 iind the yield >vas twenty bushels to the a^re (which is only a medium crop) tho 
 Camulian I'aeilio liailway would iioi be able to carry away the entire rrop in ono 
 year. 
 
 "The taol o- tjcgina occupying smdi a oi'iitral position in iliis immense countiy 
 assures its becoming the disiri Inning point for all kinds of farm and g.iideii pro I act 
 as well as live stock. .Since the immense immigration to Hritish (.'oliimiiia. that 
 Provinc(> lias been wholly unable to sup|ily the demand, and many car 
 raised in this countiy are being sent there annually. Another notable 
 regard to the slock ami grain growing in this districi i> the fad that 
 oblain the highest )irieo in 'bo markets of l".as(ern Canada." 
 
 .Vine hundred elcetiic lights are conslanlly in u-e. and sixty telephono- 
 
 loinl-^ of stock 
 feature with 
 I hoy always 
 
 ai'odis- 
 
 ^tribuled ihioU'di the 
 
 2,r)()0 •■— (w.' should 
 
 town 
 lavo 1 
 
 The populalion ot' Ito 
 laced it at 2,0011) and ho 
 
 riiiii, .Mr. Sleel says, is "about 
 gives a list of entorpiisos which 
 show that every braiuh ot business is represented. .Mr. L. O. Uogeis tells us that 
 that there is :in opening for a woollen factory, for a Ibix I'aclory, as there will be "an 
 unlimited deniiind I'or liinding twine." Tliei'o are openings for a Hoot and Shoe 
 Factoiy and Tannery combined ; a furniture factory ; a foundiy, and a idicose factory 
 anil creaiuory, 
 
 Mr, Danii'l .Mowat (ox-inayor) a merchant and ranclior, points out that 
 Assiniboiii, soul h ol the railway, " is peculiarly well adajilod for the I'aising of horses 
 and sheep from its I'ollir.g surface. South ot' Hegiiia I'or tucnly-tive miles wo have 
 ono of the best distriols for lai'ge farming that there is in llio Territories ; iheniicross 
 the Moose .law from that to the boundary is a vast territory where already are largo 
 
44 
 
 TJffC KIDNEY OF Tlfh: TK/Nl/TO/HMS. 
 
 bancis of lidiHc's and ciitllo." We liavo ourselves soon some (jT tlm tiiu'st rancliini^ 
 
 laml in tho world soiitli of the lino and extondinj; Ironi tlio Simris to the CypicHS 
 
 Ifills. Mr. {{oinhlcr Paul, tho I'i'osidont, jioints to ]daces where coal, iron oron, 
 gy|i-^iiiii, clays snitaMi' tor pottery, and slono are found. 
 
 XOHTII JIHOINA. 
 ]U;t'iiKsKNrKi) IN TiiK LocAT, JIoisK iiv i >. I''. .Iki.i.v, -M.fi.A. 
 
 The district of North IJei^ina runs oast and west from liinite 1" to I{;inM 2.'! 
 
 and north ami south lro:n 
 
 T. 
 
 ii|i IS to 
 
 !1 inclusive, I'overin^' 4,281 
 utticjent hush to 
 
 :iii 
 
 s(|uaii> niile-*, or IIS,"), 111 acres. Alioiit half the di>trict cont 
 
 furnish fuel, fcneinn anil luiildiiii; material, with ciioui;h of o|>cii |iriurie hctwecn 
 
 ':liilV> for cultivation. This part is widl adtipteij tor Mii.\cd liirmini;. There isample 
 
 means for w 
 
 taiinini!; <li-i i ul. 
 
 I'ci'iiiif stocU, and hay slouyiis in aliimdanci' ; in lact, tins is a j^reat 
 
 Th( 
 
 >il in this portion is j^ravel or sandy loam, ami lor i;io\vin>x all kinds of 
 tereals and root erojis cannot he surpasseil. 
 
 Till- olher half o]icn iimlulat iiij; prairie, every foot of \vhi(di can he ploui;'lied, 
 except tllo^c portions horderiiii; on streani> and rivers. These river holtonis are 
 s))coially adapted tor stindi I'aisiiij^, there lieiiii;' al'undaiii'c of excellent runniiiir 
 
 water, liav nu'iidows ;ind shelter for all k 
 
 )f stocdv. In these vail 
 
 ey 
 
 out the whole year, and do well without feeil of any kind except what ther 
 
 mrses run 
 
 oun- 
 
 teous and heauiitul valleys atVord. Cattle also run out nearly tlic whole winter. In 
 tho severe-it winters housing; ir, not necessary lor more than three months. 
 
 The (^aWppclK' Iiiver tlows across th(' whole district for soiui' eiirhty miles 
 
 throui;h a vallev whi di is one of the liiiesi in 
 
 the T. 
 
 ■rritories for stock raisin;; 
 
 Tie 
 
 Waseana Iiiver lias plenty of excellent water, t;-ood shelter, and on its hanks ahiind- 
 iinee of woiid, Uo;rf,'v Creek runs throiiijh tli 
 
 iiitliern iKU'tion of tho district, am 
 
 like its sister streams has ;;ood water, a wide valley, aihl is well timhered near its 
 mouth, where it cmplies into the (Ju'Appelle troni the souti 
 
 The I. 
 
 Ill ("n 
 
 I'ltlement is about tliirtv miles I'roiii I! 
 
 leiiM 
 
 vacant land not onlv awails hut invites settlement. Th 
 
 iattle Arm " ('reek, riinniii: 
 
 ltd \. 
 
 Lal< 
 
 eii'ina, wlieie jilcn 
 i> a iiio>i invitini; spot. 
 
 the West, is 
 
 avs 
 
 Mr 
 
 .lellv, a vei\' ilesir,-ib 
 
 e place for settlement, and there is 
 
 niv of land vacant theri 
 
 It is about thirty inib's disl;int tVotn l!ejj:iiia and borderinu' on the railroad between 
 
 I'rince .\lberl and lJei,'iii; 
 
 LoiilT Lake 
 is about iwenl\' miles t'l 
 
 The land is excidleiil lor mixed tarmiiijj 
 
 -ixty miles huit; and I "vo miles wide. Its soul hen i most ] mint 
 
 roMi Koicina, It is surromiilod \'y a line counlry for mixed 
 
 rarniilii^. Very litt'c of the land has as yet lieeii taken up. It will all'ord 
 
 lor tl 
 
 it >ottlerf 
 
 The li 
 
 ike iNelf IS a beautiful shcel ol waters, am 
 
 ainds in lish ol several kinds, its white'ish beiiii; very liiii' and delicate, tloiii;; 
 
 fuither Hint 
 
 1. onlv licie anil 
 
 th' 
 
 tind an odd settler wi 
 
 It tie. 
 
 " Spriiii; opens ahout the middle of .Maridi, and seediiii^ eommeiices the last weel 
 in March ; harvest takes ]i!a''e about the last of .Vutiust. 
 
 " Winter i^cnerallj- s^'ts in about .lanuary Isl, and hreaks up abimt March I'ltl 
 
 \e, T 
 
 he winter employments are LCeltini^out wi 
 
 1 1 for market, huntinir and tisliili;;-, 
 
 le winters aro the linest in the world, uenerally speakiiu;; the nii^lits are 
 
 iM'V cold, and tho davs bri.'lil and 
 
 iinnv. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic ehiel crops raised here arc wheat, oats, peas, barley, Indian coin, lapo, 
 
 turnips, main;olds carrots, cal 
 
 '1 
 
 to he named 
 
 tia^o, eaulitlowor, celerv and, in si 
 
 short. 
 
 il\ 
 
 Th 
 
 il and climate are suited to the tiiicst wheat raisiiiLi 
 
 I l'OOl> 
 
 id all 
 
 iitlier t^raiiis mentioned above do wel 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 avetiiije vie 
 
 Id 
 
 in ordiiiarv t'avouiabU 
 
 hei 
 
 jiotati 
 
 ;!llll. 
 
 15 bushels per aero; oats, Ht ; barley, 40, jieas, 2t) ; fbix, 2lJ 
 
 A 1,'reat portion of this district is well adapted to sto(d;-raisiiiif, tho irrass and 
 
 hav beiiii; rich and luxuriant, 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 orses do wel 
 
 lieavv Olios beiiin' ilioui;lit moat 
 
 desiiahlo. In cattle, .Sliorllioriis answer best, and in shoop perhaps tho Downs are 
 
FINE COLWTJiY FOJi HTUCK. 
 
 45 
 
 boHl ttuittiil. Till) vitlloyn wlioi'o BtroHMiK iii'o to lio t'lmiul aic |iiiiliiiiliirly miiti'il to 
 ilairv I'arniiiii;. tlioir ^rasHo.s Ijoiiig ahiiii'laiii and iiiilriliiuiN. .Nalivo hay i.s |iliiiiliriil. 
 Tilt' wattT supply i^ of tlio very best ami in ploiiiy. Tlio iii^liiH in' Mimincr ai'o 
 nlwayH cool. Tliei'd is a j^ooil lionu' niarkot lor biilioi'." 
 
 Xoi'tli itiid noi'tli I'ast ot' lli'iiiria ilioro aro somo most iiitoroHting sotlUmiriits, 
 
 TluTo is a (iiTinaii Hotlli'inoiil wlioio pi'ospciity ami pk'iity ii'ii;n — ^ooil 
 I'arins — i^txid houses — made liymon wliocamtiin willivory little hosidi's tlieii- si roii^' 
 arms, stendy pofsuverarice and liii,'li intelli^'eiice. Tlieii' lioiisos are very siilistaiitial 
 and ari' made o( a Kind olienuMit wliieli tliey enake tliemselves onl of Iho soil, 'I'lie 
 idea these settlors have Ibrmed of their " location," may he iinthi'ioil ti'om the name 
 they have iriveii their |iost olliee — I'ldeiiwahl. 
 
 Xearlhese is the settlement in the "Hliills" — the name impoi lini; thai it is 
 timli(Med aiouml tln^ slon>;hs. Mere yon may drive a whole day thinuj^di a lovely 
 park-like coiiniry. The settlers are eoinposed ol' l'.ni,'lish, Irisji, Scoleh and some 
 ol their lionu's are set in tloral lieanty. 
 
 .More westerly is a lliu'hlaml M'tth'inont where men and women with all the 
 nohlo (pialities of Jlif^hla riders aie laying' the foundations of prosperity. 
 
 I'"iirtliei' to the north — lyiiii; east ot' Loin; Lake, is a (iernian settlement, Strass- 
 1)1)111';,', in the midst of a lovely hhitV coiiiitiy — marked hy iniieh pro-perit^- and 
 progress. 
 
 Wild lloweiH of every kind alioiiiid, a^ do all the Hinall fruits in Xoi th J!ou;iim, 
 
 SOUTH RWilNA. 
 
 liKI'llKsKNTKD IIV .loll.V SkC0HI>, Q.C, .Nf.Ti.A. 
 
 •South l!e^;ina enmpii-es alioiit 1,^110 >(iiiaie miles in area. The south wej.teily 
 portion, taking' in Wooil .Mniintnin, is well wooded; lliore is almiidaiiee of water', ainl 
 this, with the rich icrass, makes it speeiiilly suited for' ranehirii; piirpo-es, Thi^ rest 
 of the district is well adajiled for- wheat tjrowiiif; and mi.xed farriiinjf. The soil is a 
 clay loam ot u:ieat depth and iiiexhaustililo fertility. It is watei'i'd hy theW'ascana 
 and Moose .law ('reeks in the North, and the lieail waters of Lorri; Creek and liii^ 
 .Miidily Creek in the South, hakes, |ioiids and slou^'li> .'ire riunu'roiis 
 
 Cattle and hcu'ses run out the year round with marked success. 
 
 Spring ojieirs ahout 1st of April, and seedin;; comiiienees nhoul a week later'. 
 Ilarvesi liei^iris ahout Auf^ii"-! 'Jtrth, and winter sels in IVcuii Xovemhii' I'lth to 
 •lanilary Isl. .Sometimes, as in the |ireserit winter, 181l(r-'.tl, yoii may ;;o on far into 
 •lanuary without havirit; Winli'ror'anylliint; like whai Winter is in the hiast. 'I'oday, 
 the imh ot .l.'iiiiiary, in i{ei;iiia, men i^o ahout without an ovei'-coat, and the air is 
 halmy. h'lrr'l her- Wi'st it will he milder still. Two days a;;'o 1 was in .Moose ,1a w, 
 and hut tor' the slii^hl snow on the ground, what with the softness of the air, tln^ 
 summor-liko hliie of the sky and the warm teeliiii; in the white eli>uils, yon would 
 fancy it was early summer. On that daylliey were playing; cricket at .Medicine Hal. 
 
 During Ihe winter, Siguier's haul hay and lir-ewood to market, and look attei' 
 stock ; tiny also haul stone ami other' hiiildini;' mater'ials to town. 
 
 '• Owiiii;'," says Mr'. .lolni Seeord. ''to lai'n'e cleniamls foi' hay, polatoes. oat> ami 
 other farm pi'odirce reiprired hy the .Moi'iited Police, who have their headiiuar'iers 
 at i{e!.'ina, ami tin' liherid jioliey of iho (iovernmeni wliieh restriiUs the 
 purchase of these ai'ticles in lai'M;e cpiantitics, preferririi;- to assist individual si'lllers 
 liv dividirnc thu purchase of the same among them. A j^ood mar'kel is provided at 
 fair prices, haiiily to the settlers." 
 
 "Our' land is specially adapted for' wheal-i^'rowiii;,'. crops nrnniriiC fi(un 2l) to 
 ■10 hushels to the acre, avcrai^iiii; in orilinririly laviair-ahle seasons, 'l'< hushcls. 
 Oats are a i^ood crop, usually riinnirri: fr'imi .'I,') to 1*) hushels pc" aer'c. 
 
 " Harley yields from 25 to ^5 hushels. and is a sur'c crop at any time. 
 
 " Potatoes tind other roots, with orilinary care, yiidd lar'tfoly. (iardeii stuIVs, as 
 cauliflower', eahhiiiie, I'huharh, cari'ots, beets, ite., are i;r'own with f^reat success, as 
 can he siiowii by ii visit to the market gardens in the vicinity of Kegina." 
 
^ .^r^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 ^A^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 
 .V4 
 
 ^ 
 
 <. ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 :a 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 IrilM IIM 
 
 U 11.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 7] 
 
 % 
 
 <T 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Coiporation 
 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716)S72-4503 
 
 ^^\ 
 ^ 
 

 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 <\ 
 
46 
 
 AGIUCVLTVRAL ANIJ RANCHING. 
 
 The southern portion of tliis district is well udajited foi' stock raising. Grass 
 grows luxuriantly in the foot hills, and liay can bogatherod by thousanlHof tons on 
 the j'ellow grass marsh. 
 
 '• Last winter, 1889-00 was a severe one, but notwithstanding that, one of our 
 largest horse ranches to the south, that of Mowat Brotiiers, lost but one yearling 
 folt, and the whole band ran out the entire season, finding their own tooil. 
 
 " Cattle and sheep i)ros])('r, and owing to the good market, and high piice of 
 labour they are principally grown for beef and mutton, but the facilities for dairy 
 cattle cannot be excelled, as anywhere along the creeks and hills is specially suitable 
 for dairy farming. At Willow Bunch a cliee.se factory has been in operation for 
 several years, and another has rocentlj' been started south east of JJegina." 
 
 As to the luxuriance and lichness of gi'asses, abundance of native hay for fodder, 
 the jjuriiy of water, the coolness of the night tenipei'ature, the gooil demand and 
 rea<ly maikel for all produce, ami a ready and fairly cheap moans of transportation, 
 " I can," says Mr. Secord '• attest." 
 
 "At present the settler has to largely de|)ond upon the ravines and valliys 
 for wood ~upply. Coal is to be found in large seams in the south of this district, 
 but owing to the distance from any railroad it is as yet undeveloped. This coal is 
 between tort}- and eighty miles from JJegina, and tested, has been pronounced good 
 lignite. 
 
 "There is ])lenly of good land still open for settlement, about seven or moie 
 miles from the lailway. Laml can be bought from %\\ to 810 jjcr aci'o, averaging 
 $5 in price. 
 
 In a small ])ortion of the district it has been found difficult to obtain water, 
 but in the larger portion water is obtained — good in quality — by digging fjom twenty 
 to eighty feet. 
 
 (iood markets are lound at Uegina, Penso and Balgonie for the sale of all kinds of 
 fuiiu jiioduce. Wheal is now (189(() quoted at 80 cents per bushel, oats at CO cents and 
 potatoes at 81.5". This latter high price is owing to last year's crop having been a 
 small one, as in average j'ears they sell atfrom 50 cents to 75 cenl« i)er bushel. Butter 
 sells readily at fiom L'tl cents to 25 cents per pound. Eggs at l!0 cents to 40 cents 
 per tbi/.en. 
 
 • ianie is abundant. Small fruits flourish, as do native and domestic plants. 
 
 The district is well opened liy means of roads and bridges. 
 
 As a mattt^r of course incoming settlers may obtain everything necessary to 
 commence farming with. 
 
 Speaking ot Halgonii. to the east, Mr. Secord says : — " The crops grown consist 
 chielly of v.dieat, oats, barley, ki\, and, in fairly favourable seasons, a good average 
 crop is sure, (.'onsideralili' drawdiacic in this district ha- been occasioned by the 
 neglect iin the part ol' the faimers to have theii' cultivated land summer tallowed 
 and ready for spring seeding. Any neglect ot' this necessaiy ]irecautlon lias been 
 attended with Inferior results, and the tarmers are beginning tn ]irotit by this expei- 
 it iH'c, and bcttt'r harvests may, in future, be ex|)ected. Flax is grown successfully, 
 so iiiiieli so that the Canada Agricultural (Joniiiany have decideil to erect tlax mills 
 and will maniifaclure the libre, ^o well satistied are the_v with experiments in that 
 crop. 
 
 "The avi'iagi' yiidd ol wheat in a favourable season may be estimated at about 
 twenty-live bushels to the ai're, oats from forty to sixty, bailey tbirty-tive bushels. 
 As tor roil! cro])s no jilaee can be found to compare with, or at least beat, ibis 
 distiiet. Wonderful crop-- ol'jiotatoes have lieen harvested, and the other varieties 
 are as sMcees'.ful. 
 
 " fhe southern jiart of tins district is very well adapted to stock-raising and 
 raiehiiig, theri^ being an exeellant range of pasture lands; hills siillicieiil to make 
 a good shelter during the stormy days in winter, and in summer there is a splendid 
 water siipjilv to be had in the numer(uis creeks which traverse that part of the dis- 
 trict. 
 
 " The (Canadian Agricultural Company of Balgonio wintered about thive bun- 
 
ANOTllEJi PJiOa RESTIVE T()\VX. 
 
 dred head ot'ciittlo within fifteon inilos of that viliiifjo this piiHt winter, ]88!t-!'0, iiinl 
 
 tliis Bprir.f^ they iiro in remarkably ^{ood Khape, notwitlislamiinif the v(M'y severe 
 
 winter liiey ])assod tliroiif^li, and the liiot tliat over two-lliirds of lliis band were with 
 
 calf (some oltiiem calving a-< early as March) and yet none of thcii' cows were lost. 
 
 South of Half^onio i» the j^reat farm of tiio ('. A. & (.'. fJmnpany inana^^ed by 
 
 Mr. Arthur Webb. .\ot far oil is a German settlement and a settlement niaiidy 
 
 composed of (iirmers from Victoria (Ontario) may soon be reached — that of " J>avin.' 
 
 Iloro will be found noble specimens of the Ontario farmer, all cntliusiiistic about 
 4t...: ^x t \.^ I}. ...I. r ..I ....: i /i.. .....:.. i*. *\ ^..t 
 
 liirmer settlement, 
 liuncli to the far 
 
 tlieir new countiy. On Ihick Lake aj^ain we iiavean Onlari „ , 
 
 prosperous and substantial, j;ood, wholesome ))i'ople. At Willow Uuncli to the far 
 south and more westerly is a settlement ot Metis and a few French Canadians, iidon;;- 
 '"■- • ""inont funiilios in Lower Camida and wlio have elected the IVee lile of th- 
 
 abl 
 
 ing to promt 
 rancbei'. 
 
 " Tlierc is a good sup|)ly of wood for fuel pur|)oses at small cost, a settler being 
 to procure a year's supply for the cutting at .')(! cents, the fiovernment cliiirire. 
 
 "Many good homesteads available within from four to six ndlcs nf the Cana- 
 dian Pacitic J{ailway at Ualgonie. a tliriving village on the main line, situaicd lill 
 miles west of Winnij)egand just littcen miles easlof IJegina. Laml may be 
 from 81.'. 50 to 87.50 an acre, according to location, iVc. 
 
 lit at 
 
 (Mil c'-.iio HI c<.i-»i' an ai I e, iRM'tMuiiii; nj i(fv.-aiiuii, tve. 
 
 " A mimber of abandoned homesteads are o]ien tiow (in this viciidly) for cancc!- 
 ion, belonging to (larties wlio, coming here in boom limes, todk iheni up with 
 lotives of s|)eculation, having no intention wliatever of fainting t be laml. I''ull 
 irticulars can bo had by communicating witli the postmaster at lialgonie, 
 
 '• Timber for fencing can be had with little or no ditlieiiltv, but none of any si/e 
 
 — Wlieal at TS 
 1..).; 11 to 18 
 
 at 
 
 "> I n - ■• ^■■■ 
 
 jiarticulars can bo had by communicating witli the postmaster at lialgc 
 
 • Timber for fencing can be had with little or no ditlieiilty, but no;.<^ ,., ....j .,„.>. 
 for building ]iiirposcs. In si/meparls the water supj)ly is not alt.igellier satisfactory, 
 while in others there is an adefimito supply all tiio year round. The depth at which 
 water is found, is usually Irom .'id to 80 feet. 
 
 ".\s a rule tiio tiirmer tiiiils a leady market for his surplus produce." 
 
 At piesent, tjio fall of 1S!1(», the market prices are as follows 
 cents and upwards; oats, 15 cents; potutoe*, 81 ])er biisln'l ; battel 
 cents pi'i- pound; and eggs from \'l to 17 tents per dozen. 
 
 All smaller fruits, gooseberries, currants, iV<-.. do well with mocicialecan'. Wild 
 lio))s grow in abundance and the native blade currants and .Saskatoon berries. 
 
 A tiiiiiier finds no diflicully in jirocuriiig all implomontts, seed-grain, cattle, Ac. 
 and on most liberal terms. 
 
 MOOSI-:,)A\V. 
 
 IjKl'KKSKNTKh IN LocAl. llolSE IIV .I.V.MES J{oSS, .M.Fj..\. 
 
 V Moosejaw is one of the jiiottiest towns in the Xortli-Wcst Territories. Frying 
 iinrtli of the railway the Moosejaw is seen to the south of the track and skirliiitr 
 the town on the east. The principal street runs straight ii|i from the track and the 
 
 splendid site for 
 
 houses will oni' dav iea( h ihe bill which risiliLT boldiv slll;nc^ts 
 
 ere are some very nice cliuiches ani 
 
 I the school house' is a 
 
 some civic structure. Tl 
 
 tine building. Wherever one stands in Moosejaw a picturesijue view can be secured. 
 
 •' The electoral disti ici of .Moose .law extends Irom the Inlernalioiial boundaiy to 
 the soulbein lioiindary of the provisional disliiet of Saskatchewan, and is included 
 between range "Ji!, west of the second Principal Meridian, and range (i, west of the 
 'I'hird .Meritlian. 
 
 The district is 'liW miles from north to south, and 78 miles from east to west. 
 Nearly the whole of this extensive district, says .Mr. Uoss, is adapted for mixed 
 tanning. The settled poilion consists of a strip ranging in width from 'M lo.'K) miles 
 along the line of the (!. 1'. Jtailway west to Caron station. A small ])ortion of the 
 district in the iiortb-weNi corner is covered with forest ; the reinain<ler rulling 
 jirairie; that in the south hilly. From townslii|i 14 to township .'{5 (he land 
 liarticiilarly well adapted for grain raisii 
 
 Old i 
 
 s (leserilieil in the surv 
 
 eyors notes 
 liist class." The well known ranches of iiiddell, tireen \ jjascelles, (Jageii iV 
 
 ii 
 
 ^ 
 
i 
 
WILLOW BUJSCU. 
 
 40 
 
 A'Couit, unci .1. L. Loffart?, uio in the Moobo Jnw tlistrict. The soil is ii rioli clay 
 loam on 1 flay suliHoil tVoin (1 to 10 feet in depth. The Boutheiii branch of the Sa«- 
 katchew ;in t'i()>ses iho liistrict in a north-eaHtoily direction. The two arms of tho 
 (^u'ApiiolU', line of whieli rnnn into Butl'ulo Lake, cross the district, and iinito in 
 towiishii) 1!), raiifje 24. 
 
 Lakes, ponds, and sloii;^h» are numerous. 
 
 The cliniate is liealthy ; endemic, and epidemic diseases are uidtnown. The 
 averai^e sunimer temperature is about 75^ V. That of winter 20° F. Cool nights, 
 abundant raiid'all, and the prevailing norlh-west winds modify tiie heat of summer, 
 while the cold of winter is moderated b^- Chinook winds. 
 
 Si)iiiig opens about 1st .Match, and seeding generally begins abont the end ot 
 March or beginning of April. Harvest commences aliout Sth August. Winter sots 
 in about l.'dh December, the e.xtiemoly cold weather extending from Ist January to 
 l.")th February. 
 
 Till' Moose .law district is one of the best wheat raising sections in the North- 
 West, !ind .Moose .Ta-v wheat is sought after I'V shijijiers and millers, and it com- 
 niiiiids the best inflrki't price. The average j-eild per acre for the past four seasons 
 has been almut 2.") bush, to the acre, and in some more favoured ca.ses a yield of 10 
 bush, has been reported. 
 ^ In the season of 1SS!», 12."),000 l.ushels of No. 1 hard wheat was shij)pecl from 
 
 Moose .law station, and the prospect at present is that this amount will bo very 
 largely increased this year. On the Chicjigo (irain E.xcli^'iige in ISK", Moose .law 
 wheal was pronounced to be the finest sample of that season in America. 
 
 While the whole of the Moose .law ciistrict is well suited for mixed farming 
 there aie sect ions of it specially suited tor stock raising and ranching. In tho northern 
 jiart are many choice locations, with all necessary wood, liay, water, shelter. \c. 
 Along the ljiu'.\|ipcllc \ alley ate a numl)er of tine ranges for horses and cattle, also 
 in the District Hills, south c)f the railway. 
 
 .Sheep raising has also proved a dccicled success, as shown by the experience of 
 ^lessrs. iJaidiridge aiicl .McLean, and ]{oss iind Turnliull. Horses and cattle live out 
 chiriiig the winter months, and thrive well on the t\fy grass which they are able to 
 |irociire, o:i account of tho very light snowfall. In the winier of ISSS a flock of 
 2.000 sheep were wintered within ii cou))le of miles of the town of Moose .law, 
 ai 1 were not ted any Iry whatever. As a shee]vriinching country, tho southern 
 portion ol'the ciistrict cannot be surpassed. 
 
 Dairy farming is an important industry in this district. 
 
 .Mr. .lean Legare, at Willow Huncli, has a cheese lactorj-, where the milk ot' 
 1100 cows is miiniifactured into cheese; and his experience, along with that of .Mr. [',. 
 N. Hopkins, an cxperieiccd cheese maker, is that the prairie gniss will ]iroduco 
 milk that will make the tine^t flavoured cheese. 
 
 The butter made b^- the farmers is also first-class. There are splendid o|ieinngs 
 in the district for the establishing of crciimeries and cheese factories, the prochictsof 
 whicli would find a iviidy market in the West. 
 
 " In the hills of the southeiii pcution of tiie cli-tricl. and in the ravines along 
 tho (jtu'.Vppelle river, is a limited su|iply of woocl, but the princijjal fuel used in the 
 town and in parts ot' the country is coal, from the Lethbridgo colliery. 
 
 "In the southern jiortion of the district are c\iensivo deposits of coal, the seams 
 of which may be seen projecting from the hill sides. It is oidy a matter of ii few 
 years until these will be opened up iind developed, and the settlers supplied witii 
 tiiel at a reasonable figure. 
 
 '• Xorlh of tho town and the (Janadian I'acitic liailway, as far west as Caron, for 
 a clistaiice of lifteen or twenty miles, idl the homestead lands are taken uj), excojit a 
 few scattered ciuarter-seclions. .South of the track the homesteads are netirly nil 
 taken uii as far as the Dirt Hills. Xorth-west cif Caron station are a large number 
 of good sections still untiiken. Very little Cantidian Pacitio Railway laiul has been 
 .sold in this district as vot. the company havini; still tho bulk of their land in the 
 4 
 
 .1 ; i 
 
50 
 
 rEKDiSd (iRoi'ND OF TJiE nmwLo. 
 
 miu'ki't for Kiilo, at pi ices rnn^iin^' (nun 82.5(1 to 810 an a<'iv, ati'didinK to location, 
 >*i('. LurnhtT ainl other Ijiiililiri:,' iiialfriiilH I'aii lie piociiroil liy tlicNottlors, at rcason- 
 al)lo |iric<'H, Two liiitilici' lirtns do |pii-ini'f,H in town, and a yaiil in wliitdi (irst-class 
 hrii'li j-i nianiiCacliiri'il lias ri'ciiiiiy liticii wlarlod. Hiiildiiii; Htono can also lie had 
 in aliiindanco in purlions of iln- (li^|[i■t. In addiiion to the coal deposits already 
 mentioned, ironoro has licen imind aiic ilio hills, leading to thu lieliet'lhat there 
 art! vast stores ot that inijioi lunt mineral existini; in I ho soul horn ])orlioii of iho 
 district. On section -S, township It, ran/^e -I. is a lafire i|iiaiiliiy of pottery clay, 
 wliich has hcon pronounced hy i^xporls to he 0(|iial to the lainoiis Bristol clay of 
 I'^igland, hilt itH distance trnm tlio railway has prcvenleil iis hoiiii,' worked ore tliiH. 
 
 " I>espiie all thai lias ln'cii rcporlod to the coiiirary, liie .Moose .law district is 
 fairly well -iipplied wiih water. Iioth for the Use of slock and domestic jiiirposos, 
 I'l.xccpt aloiiLj the rivers, the diifiiim; of wolls has heen atlciidcil with some uncer- 
 tainly, on account of the ureat ex|iense of siiikii i; them to a inopcr depth ; hut the 
 settlers have in u measuio solveil the water piohlem hy coiistriiclini; resci\oiis which 
 hold a supply of water for thi' u-o of sto(d{, \c. In sonic cascn waler has bi'cn si ruck 
 at a doptii ol from 111 to 211 tool, hut anain Inll feet has failed to tind water. 
 
 " Till' town ot Moose .law is cenlrally loiMlcd in the distiict, and oilers a splen- 
 did market for all kiiiils of faun piodiici'. Four irrain tirin.s liav(^ liiiyers on the 
 muiket, and prices ffeiicrally raiij^e within thri'oorfourcenlsof \Viiiiii]iOf^tpiolations, 
 at the Canadian I'acilic Railway sidiiiirs, at I lie Plain, l'a-.(|ua, Caron and Ituharm; 
 the (armcrs in the vicinity are allowed to load tlicir ;;raiii direct fiuiii their jjranariea 
 to tlu! I'ais, and realize the smnc prici' as could he ohlaincd liy haulinic it to the mar- 
 ket town. The .Moo-e .law market has alwiiys heen considered hy the fiiriners, one 
 of the hest West ol Hrandon. 
 
 The educational advanlai;es which tlii^ district otlers to settlers are aselscwhcre 
 of tin- lir^t order. In the tiiwii of Moose .law there is an excellent union school with 
 a liiijh sclinnl dc|iarlmcnt, the I'lincipal is a highly cultivated man and he has two 
 lady assislanls. In this liiLrh school cle])artinenl, sluilenls are prepared (iir teacher's 
 e.NaiiiinalJons and university matriculation. Ten ruial school districts are now in 
 active opera ion in the Moose Jaw district, and there is not a child in the district 
 shut out on account of distance from attendiiii; one of them. 
 
 There are tour cllUl(dl^^, and (our resilient ministeis in the town of Moose .law. 
 The Salvation Army hold niLtlitly meetings in their hariacks in town. The moral 
 tone ol the pcoph' folli of ihc town ainI district is hi^di. Crime is unknown. 
 
 The .N (io.»e .law disli'iel was, het'oie the advent of theselller, oiu' of the i^reat 
 resorts, and teeiiiiii; ,i;roiinds of the now almost extinct Hutl'alo; evidence of this is 
 seen in the niimeroiis trails and liuilalo wallows on the prairie; and the vast niimher 
 of hone- that lie whilcnini; on the broad expense. 
 
 "The principal wild animals reniainiiii.; in (ho iiiisctllcd portions are deer, 
 antelope, cayote, had^cr, (ox, rahhit and woll. There are no tisli in any of the rivers. 
 Water (owl, ducks and •,'eesc ajipear in (he sprint; and (all. in larire niiiiihers on 
 streams, ponds and lakes; ]iartridut', ]irairie (diickens, sand-hill cranes, wild turkeys, 
 kv., are also toiiiid in lar^^c niimhers. 
 
 Native 'Viiits are found in almiidaiice, as ra-plici ries, strawberries, gooseherries, 
 ciirianls, wild-clicrrics, saskatoon-berries, A:e,, can be tound in great quantities ill 
 many jiiirts of the district. 
 
 Hxcellcnt trails and roads have been constructed in every section of the settled 
 
 lortion o 
 
 ft Ik 
 
 strict, those made by the (iovernment being in every case on the 
 ivernment road allowance. As settlement increases, and population becomes denser, 
 
 ry — for the accomodation 
 
 (he (I 
 
 iovernmcii( roads become more used. Where iie( 
 
 V 
 
 o( the settlers — bridges have been constructed. Xo dilliciilty is experinccd by 
 coming settlers, in procuring the necessary outtits, such as agricultural implements, 
 seed-grain, cattle, iVc, 
 
 There are six post offices in the Moosejaw district, and every settler is within 
 easy access of an office. The mails are forwarded weekly, from the -Moo.sejaw otfico 
 to the outlying country offices. Caron and ['asijua are supplied from (he Canadian 
 
 si 
 
 ^ 
 
■ 
 
 lilii'' ■' 
 
 IJ. 
 
 4/ ''''i^''*' 
 
 '? ~ ■■•:,".'■ iiwii iff 
 
 iipii'iri'i; 
 
 I I 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I-; 
 
 *i 
 
 i 
 
GllEAT UANCIIiyci COryTL'Y. 
 
 Pacitic Hiiilwiiy. A monthly mail is carried from M'onsejnw to thp Willow Bunch 
 sottlonicnt and to WoikI Mountain post. 
 
 Tho Canadian Pacilif Hallway tolegrii]di system ^ivoH all the acciiniodaticin 
 reiiiiired hy settlers. A f^overnmont line runs smith from Moosejaw to Wood .Moun- 
 tain, near the international houndaiy. 
 
 MKDlCfNH JIAT. 
 
 ThomaH Tweed, Hsc)., Momhor in the Legislative Assemhly. 
 
 The electoral district of Medicino llat consists of that portion of the provisional 
 ilistriet of Assinihoia, lying west of the lino hetween ranges six and seven, west of 
 the Third Initial Meridian (in ihe Doniiiuon Ijands system of survey). It e.sMends 
 south til tho Uniii I .Suites houmlary line, and north to the IJcd Deer liiver, hut, 
 more pioperly s|h akiiig, what is K'nowii as the .Medicine Hat distiici, consists of, say, 
 fifty miles of the western |)ortion of the; said provisional district. 
 
 The town ol .Medicine Jlals oneof llicprctliosi on I he continent, is sitiialeil on iho 
 south hank of the South Saskatchewan, near its Junction with the .Seven Persons' 
 liiver, anil is sl.x hundrc(l and sixty miles west of Winnijieg, and ahout halfway 
 helwccn that city and Ihe Tacitic coast. 
 
 Jlediciiu' JIat lies in a Lend of the SasUalchewan river, and snirounded hy hills 
 is wondcitully ]iiclurrM|Ue. The ihurches aic vciy pretty and prettily situated. 
 On one (it the hills arc the hanacks of a detachment of the Mounted Police. The 
 Medicine Hat llosjiital is a nohlo huilding where sonie liist-ilass work in surgery 
 has heen done. It has all the furnishing neecled for sindi an institution. Tho 
 .Medicine Hat 'I'imiS is ]iulilished hero. 
 
 The .Medicine Hal ilisirict is composed of slightly rolling prairie, inlersiiersed 
 with light hush, and towards the south timhor ahounds. 
 
 " The district of .Medicine Hat, is noted throughout tho Norlh-West as possessing 
 the linest all yearrouml elimuto, hetween the Atlantic and Pacitic Oceans. and while 
 (ither |i(iilions of the Dominion nuiy have a liigher nn'an teintcratuie. this may he 
 accininted tor hy the tact that they have waiin nighls, while here Ihe eveinngs arc 
 always cool and pleasant. Tho climate is very heallhy, (|uilefi'ee tVom endemic and 
 cpideinii' diseases, and is known as a resort for ruiisumplive people. It may he 
 com|)ared to the climate ot Colorado. 
 
 'I'he average temperature all the year round. I give of ISSlt-ilO: — 
 
 1881)- 
 
 1800- 
 
 Mav o.'i'lT 
 
 .liilv lio'l.'i 
 
 .liiiic ti;{-7(t 
 
 Aiigusi (ir>,72 
 
 Seplemher 52'!l.") 
 
 Octoher I'.t'l;! 
 
 Xovemher ".'S-li") 
 
 Dci'emher I t-f).'! 
 
 .lanuary 7-St) 
 
 Kehrtiarv 0- 12 
 
 March..'. •.•.•.•r)4 
 
 A])ril 107I 
 
 Summer : SSG-t 
 
 Winter : 1(!-S1 
 NoTK.— January was ID de- 
 grees lower than average ol (i 
 previous years. 
 
 ' The summer heal is tem|ie''ed hy the waicis ot'the heautiful hroad Saskatche- 
 wan Hiver, fed hy Ihe How anil Klhow, lielly ai.d Little How Kivers, and the many 
 other triliiitaries whiidi rise in Iho Pocky .Mounlains, and tlowing into the Saskatche- 
 wan, coinhine to make it the gieiitest of XortliAVest rivers. 
 
 This river carrying as it does through our district, the icy water fioiu 
 
 the glaciers of the Pockies, has great etl'ect 
 Numei'ous cieeks and lakes ahound also. 
 
 idyling the heat of the summer. 
 
 ' Chinook winds ten 
 
 ipe 
 
 I's tho winter.' 
 
CL IMA TE—TIIE rinXOO KS. 
 
 53 
 
 Oats, wheat, bitrloy, iind all roots i^row lioro. Tlio Hoil ])i'ii(liico8 potutoos which 
 would (li'lifiht ail Irisliriiaii's lutarl, aiitl tho lino>l liarlcy in tiio woi'ld. 
 
 " Uiidi'i' l'avoural)lii I'irciinistaiiccs, a 3Moi<l of fiom 25 (d MJ biishtds of wiical 
 |)0i' aci'O can bo iiad, and about ')() or (>() biisiiolrt oi'oals. 
 
 '• Wlialovor diU'orcMco of opinion ma}' exist as to tlie caiiiibililiiM and losoui'cos 
 of tliis dislricl, one and all aj^ico thai tlii' world does not |)Osscss its I'cpial for stoidc 
 misinj;, especially the sonlbern li:u'l, wliero an .ibandance of nutritions irrass ami 
 luiy is to bo founil. (':illle, horses and shocp, ol any breed ran;;e out all winli'r. ami 
 rarely' do lliey rin'cive any foeil from the band of man. The lenijth of the suinnier 
 season and absence of summer lr<ists, ]iermil of the hay bein;; perfect!}' cured, which 
 tonelher with t he liirjii snow till I, and I'r<'i|iien1 melt inir' 'hi nook winds diirinL; tho win- 
 tor furnishes accessable fooil duririi; the winter moni hs, and accounts for the tine con- 
 diti(m animals are lounil in on this arrival of sprinif. Xevci failiui; streams of pure 
 water salisly their thirst; In a word, slock ranching can be. and in, made a u;rand 
 sucress tlirouirboiit the entire ilistrici ; an export trade is already bein;^ devidopod ; 
 and with proper atleiilioii paid to breediiii^ the best sidek. the hi;;liest prices will bo 
 commanded and as a consei|m'nce ranchinn' will pay, due rcijard beini; had to 
 economic and careful mana:ionieni. 
 
 '• The ahundaJice ol j^ood hay, and pure water, the cool i\iL;hls, the unlimited 
 demand for mimkI buller and id'oesc, lioth at home and abi'oad, combine to make this 
 district peculiarl}' adapted lor dairy-farming, the same as is the case with its twin 
 industry of callh -raisini::. 
 
 "The ])rineipal fuel used is coal, of whiidi thei'e is an unlimiteil sn]iply, and at 
 rcasomdilc prices ; the (juality of coal is between a liicnilc- and bituminous, Tho 
 mini!s are from three to six miles from .Medicine Hat, 'I'he Stair colliery beini;' six 
 miles from the lown, ha-- direct rail eommunieation with the Canadiaii i'aeilic I'ail- 
 road, and employs a l.irLCe number of miners, i*ic. Culleys mino is about three 
 miles triuii town. 
 
 " A lari^e i|Uiil.'ily of ( invernment land is still open for settlement. A homestead 
 entry can be oiitained on pavment of SlOtolbe t iovermuent. (iool land can be 
 puridiased oiitri^iit from the Canadiun Pacific J{ailway,or the (iovcriiment for 8U.5(( 
 an aero, and most of these laiid^ arc within easy nsich of the clill'crciit railways." 
 
 " I ill 111 her can 1 btaineil from the Cypress Hills, about liu miles south of .Medi- 
 
 (dne Hat; but the chief supply is imported from the fore-.! o| British (Jolainbia. 
 Good biiildiiii; stone has been lound in i|iiantities. 'I'lie Medicine Mat Ifospital — 
 posliiiL; about S".'(l,nil(l — a bandsomo and durable siriiclure, is buil' with this stone, 
 fire-clay is foiiiiil in dillerent parts o| the dist net, ainl a t;ood, hanl red buildini; 
 briidi is also inaniifacHiied. 
 
 The mineral resources of this dislricl have not as yet been thoroughly tested, 
 allhoiiirli it is tile opinion ot competent JiidLres that iron ore is larijely in ileposil. 
 
 An abundant supply i^f pure water is in eveiy part of the dislricl, ami when 
 dug foi' is tiiiind at from I'll to till feet. 
 
 .So tiir the towns and railway Innises ahuii; the lino all'ord a i;'ooi| niarkot tiir 
 lai'iii iind garJen |iroduce. At the present time, autumn of IS'.ii), ei;i;s are scllitiii; at 
 .'lO cents a dozen ; butter at .'!;') cen, cr ]iouiid ; potatoes §1 a biislud. The proba- 
 bility is that tor some lime these prie s will rule, as the ib'VelopinenI of railways 
 which brinu;s into the country niinihers of piodiicc eonsumeis will tend to maintain 
 the present prices. 
 
 The scIiooIh in tiic oloetoral districts are all that could be desired. 
 
 There are five churches in .Medicine llal, I'rosbyteriuti, Haptist. I'lpiscoiial, 
 Methodist ami Hoiiian Catholic, while visiting idergy atloiid to outlying and sparsely 
 settled parts id' the district. 
 
 Of game there is an ahiindanee. Anlolopi arc plentiful, and in the northern 
 |iart deer of various kinds. Wild i,'eese. ducks and prairie idiickens,i*ic,, arc numerous. 
 The Saskatchewan Kiver abounds in lish. |)riii(ipally pike, stiiigeon, pickerel and 
 gold-eyes. In certain streams whitelish is found. 
 
54 
 
 D UNMORE. 
 
 Fruit will do well in shoitored placos. Wild ciiiTiints, and strawberries fjjrow in 
 profusion; tomatoes ripen every year, and all kinds of f{ar<len Htuffs do w<;ll. 
 
 Tlio district is beiiif; j^radually jirovidod with roads and bri<li{eR. 
 
 Aj^rifultui'al iinplonients, seed -j; rain, horses and cattle ean bo piocured in the 
 district for farniiiif; |nnposori and at reasonable prices. 
 
 Our postal ami telegraphic facilities are verj' ^ood. 
 
 DUNMOIIK. 
 
 
 Turnini^ oast wo come to Dunmore, a town which is making great progress. 
 The area of the sub-ilistriet of Dunmore is about 1,200 siiuare miles, var^'iiig lron\ 
 rolling to hilly lands, traversed by well sheltered valleys, springs and creeks. 
 Along the southern boundary is ii range of hills dial abound in jack-pine and ])op- 
 lai'. The remainder is prairie. This wlinledistrlcl is well adapted for mixed farming, 
 and numerous lakes of gooil water are found, and hay meadows in fiiirl^' wol seasons. 
 
 The soil varies from light to dark sandy clay loam, S to 18 inches in depth. Tlio 
 sub-soil is cretaceous clay, soinciiines miNcd with gravel. 
 
 The Saskatchewan River is ubout six miles west of the western boundary, and 
 is navigable to its mouth. 
 
 The climate of this district is very healthy ami entirely free from all diseases. 
 
 The opening of spring, seeding time, harvest and closing in of winter, is much 
 the same as that described as of .Medicine Uat. In winter llie few cold spells are 
 tbllowed by Chinook w'lids from the I'aeilic. Owing to the dryness of the atinos- 
 jihere the thermnineler reading is hardly any indication of the feiding when outside. 
 There is no I'eeling ol' cdiilliness, .iiid the days are |ileasant and bracing. Our suin- 
 incrs arc long and warm, and would lie perfect if we htid more rain. The winter 
 occupations are looking after stock and general farm work, while at Dunmoro 
 numliersof nu'n lind ready work all winter in transferring coal from the mines to 
 the Canadian I'aeilic li.iilway cars. These men work out of iloois every day 
 tbrouiihoiit the I'ntirtt winter with no protection whatever. The principal local 
 demand is for oats and |)()taloes, this district being as yet somewhat ajiarl from any 
 populous centre. The soil in fairly 'vet seasons will grow roots, vegetables, oats, 
 wheat, barley and llax. Ituring i'air seasons oats will ylcM ]ir(dialily from forty to 
 sixt_v bushels, and wheat will run from thirty to t'orly bur-liels, but so far not much 
 has been attom])Ied in tliesi' lines. 
 
 ''The Uunmore farm of the Canadian Agricultural Company, situated here, did 
 their seeding on lu'w breakitig, and the season being an exceptionally dry one, little 
 could bo ex|iected, but the vicM on early sowing of oats was, under these di>ad 
 vantages, twenty liu>hels per acre. 
 
 Stoek-rai--ing is the nio.st .■iuecessfiil industiy of this district. The snow fall is 
 light, roiii the average temperature high. There is plenty ot'gra^s of moVt nutritious 
 (pnality, and whicdi grows luxuriantly in wet seasons. Those grasses seem to cure 
 uncut, and the liest hred hor.~es come tliri>ugh a winter in splendid order, if only 
 near some of the flowing springs, without otiier feeding. 
 
 Cattle of any breed do well, ("lieviot sheep being active and hardy. .;'.c, I 
 think, better than any of the howii breeds. 
 
 As yet no large developments have been made in dairying in this section, hut 
 with the increase ol' settlement and of daiiy cattle, there is nothing to prevent a 
 large industry of this kind, climate, fuel, water, \e., heing all that a daiiyman could 
 desire. The local demainl for butter, ^c.. is su|)]ilied by resident farmers, whose 
 products are as good as anything obtained in Ontario or tlie ('".astern Townships. 
 
 Underlying this whole country is found coal, hut asyet it is ui,develo|ied. It can 
 bo bought at I'unmore station at prices ranging from SI. ad up to §1 per ton. Pino 
 and poplar abound on the southern ]iortion of this district, along the slo|ie of the 
 Cy|)ress Hills,, 
 
 The districi extends fr(un about twelve miles north, to thirty miles south of the 
 Oaiuuliiui I'aeilic Uailway, and f'om niinmore station to about thirty miles oast of it. 
 
 I 
 
UNRI VA LL ED O ItA/.ING G RO I XP S. 
 
 M 
 
 sout 
 
 Lftiid ciui be purcliiiMod from the Ciinivlian Pacific Kailway nt from 82 to 83 an 
 acre, accordinj; to locution. 
 
 ■' Boiiijj; ill j^uMoral a prairie difitiict, wood in ratiior scarce. Sandstone, iiowovor, 
 is plentiful, cnippini( out in ravines ail over the country. 
 
 " Wells are coniparativoly niinierims, and wliere Judicioiw Helectioii is made in 
 location, no difliciilty appears in olitainin;^ j^oo I water, at from 25 to (JO feet. 
 
 " There are four school disticts in this section. 
 
 " Several Ivindo of deoi' are found here, and wild fowl, such iis curlew, snipe, 
 prairie clii(d<en, arc |)lontilul. 
 
 "The smaller fruits woidd douiitlcss do well ; as cherries, lilaclc currants, jroose- 
 herries and sirawlierries are native to the country. Tomatoes, melons and cucumbers 
 ri)ien well, and llowers bluom to ureal perfection, .is witness llie (MM>, yaideiis at 
 ailjoiiiiiifr .stations alonif the lino. At |)unmore ''iM year a resident commenced 
 diic^ioj; new |)otuloes and i^athered i;reeii pe;is on the I'th of .lune. Cahhane. celery, 
 cauliflower and other vcf,'elaliles when |)roperly attended to tlouiish. 
 
 " Itenardinif postal and lelej;iapliic (ommiiiiication. it may he ilescrihed us good. 
 
 MAPLK CRKKK, 
 
 That portion of tlie Cypress Hills which forms the base of >r.iplo Creek to the 
 
 h extends from .'iO miles west to 50 miles east ot' ^[a])le Creek and south lo the 
 international iioiindary lino. The rani;e of the Cypress [lilN inns cast and west 
 about 15(1 miles in extent. Thej' are full of deep and well-tinibercd ravines, out of 
 whiili run streams of water wideh the driest summer fails lo lower, and the hard- 
 est winter fails to I'ree/.e. Tl.iis is .•ilVonled iilmndani wa'er for callle jit all seasons. 
 In earlier times the favouriti' winter ijround ot bulValo, il oilers a raiiire eq\ially 
 suited t(U' domestic cattle, .'^itllalell in tlu^ Chinook hell the snow fall is lii;hl, the 
 winters shoit, anil never of siudi severity as to jireveni slock from riinnini; out all 
 winter. 
 
 " The timlier is conlined lo the hills and creek bottoms. There is any (piantity 
 for buililini; and fuel, and in no eas(^ more than a day's tiavel from any location 
 liable to he settled in the near lutiiic. 
 
 " We would not wish lo recommeinl this ilistriil tor urain-i^rowinii alone, for 
 those reasons: — The ( limate, like all thai portion of the idiilinent subject to the 
 iiilliience ofl!hinook winds, is dry, and crops cannot be depended upon iiidess irritra- 
 tion can bo resorted to. It is well adapted for mixed farmiiiii, oi' ralher ranchiiii;' 
 'in a small scale. A man who own- sunieieiil cattle to make il a payini; inveslment, 
 and keep them close, altemls lo them and firmini; sutlicient to feed the number of 
 calltio ho owns. It is especially adapted for rata hiiii,' — eipial lo any ]iart of the 
 \orth-\Vesi. 
 
 " I'lie sub-soil is e;cnerally a sandy loam, with clay and t;ravel. 
 
 "The hills are full ot Creeks, from three lo live miles ajiarl. 
 
 •'The climate is healOiy, beii.i; free from all diseases ot other countries, 
 
 ''The aveiajje snnimer ti'inperatur" is about till" above zero, and in u inter it is 
 about zero. 'I'he Chinook winds that blow in this district moderate the winter's 
 cold. 
 
 '■ Sprinu' opens about 1st oi' .Mar(di and seedini; bei^ins t'rom iniddU' of the same 
 nnlil April Isi. Harvest bi'i;ins about end of .luly. Winter sets in about the last of 
 December, and breaks up about the latter pari of I'ebrii.ary. Spring opens about 1st 
 of March and seediiif^ begins a ecuiple of weeks lali^r. 
 
 The principal crops raised in this district are oats and roots. Li the low lying 
 grounds other crops have been raised successfully. Oals yield from oO to -p) bushels ; 
 potatoes, 20O lo 250; while wheat has also yielded 25 and .'id bushels an acre; but 
 )wing to our situation it has nol been gone into extensively. In short grain grow- 
 
 r> — ."< 
 
 ing is not to any exieni allempled here 
 
 iii^ in II1M to iiii\ i-.\teiii aiieiiiiiieii iieie. 
 
 Tho hills are covered with nulrilioiis grasses and native bay in (|uantities so as 
 to make this district especially ada))ted for slock-raising. The cattle best suited for 
 range would be Texas cattle, crossed with some larger breed. Hereford being u 
 
66 
 
 A LAXD F(>/{ srncf'jp. 
 
 fiivoiiiitc. 'I'lii- Trxii^ ;iiiiiiiiil fcow) liuviiiL,' tlio hiiiililiond, :\iv\ llic niitnro ot ii 
 will! iiiiiiiial, will |iriil(ct her ciilt IVniii wnlvi's or ;iiiy iliiii;,'t'r, iiii'l luivini; llio Imrdi- 
 liodd 111 willisliiiiii tin- scvcril V lit' tlio wiiitiU', will live Uiroiinlini;! wIilTu imsIoi'II 
 
 cuttle will 
 
 Till' llorolonl or Diirlmiii will trivo size, so ms Io incioaso the 
 
 value of (lie aiiiiiiul I al>eil. 
 
 the s 
 
 iiiioii. t he aiiiiiial to lie rai- 
 
 line eorKlilion exists heri' as iloeH iii any o'hor pa 
 
 11 of the Do 
 
 •i| IS one to sill 
 
 I the eastoi'ii niarUel. 
 
 I'mi'Is o( ihis.lisi riel are o^peeiallv iiilir oil for 'lairviii 
 •hii 
 
 - The I 
 
 iDCiiliar liixiiriaiiei 
 
 ami neliiu'^s o|' the u-nissrs teml lo inis lir.;;.ch of fiiriiiini;; iiiiiiieroii 'stiouin^ ot |mre 
 wilier, ahiiiiilanec ot native hay, in.il ni^lils, eiisiii'o sucre>H, The |irL'soiit siip|)ly of 
 Imttei' i- no I ei|iial to i he home ilniiaiiil, hut soiiii' who h.ave I'oiiii.l an oiitsiile iiiarUel, 
 have nia'le Ihi- a |iaviii),j hii^iiiess, ihe reliinis t'rniii the veiiliu'e hein^; HUtHeienI lo 
 pay the hoiisehohi expenses. 
 
 Wooii and eoal can he oliiained in ahundaneo, in the Cypress Hills, ^vhile eoal is 
 
 hid'l III ll 
 
 vilhiiie of Maple C 
 
 at !i^>.'H per Ion. 
 
 iiiiileiials holh in liinherand liiiie-lone from tlu^ Cypress Hi 
 
 IS a I a rue -aw 
 
 mill at the ll 
 
 ead n| llii' iiioiin 
 
 lain, and a sale yard in Maple ( 
 
 reek. On 
 
 he various creclis coal eiops out and the settlers iilili/.e i 
 
 I for their own 
 
 The farnieis have no dilliciillx- in disposin;; of their prodiiei', and prices 
 
 exceeding' Maniloha c|iiolalii;ns. Wheal sells at ahoiit S(l cents, oats from T)!) eeiits 
 
 to "•> ceiii-, ])olaloi!s 
 
 liii:h as gl, while hiilterand e;; 
 
 run oO eeiils and .'i.'i cents 
 
 We have t;ooil schools in .Maple Cieek. 
 
 Ileru we have three ehiirehes, namely, Melhudisl. I!| 
 
 useonal alii 
 
 Ther 
 
 c is an aliundanee ot' i;ame on lakes iinrt creeks. Fish i 
 
 I liomanCalliolii 
 leii 
 
 s nil very ] 
 in alii 
 
 tiful. The water towl found here arc ijecse, ducks, hranl and er.ine ; aUo an aluiii- 
 duncc of prairie (diiekens, ralihils, and larfjer j;an»e, Biudi as antelope, deer, eoyoie, 
 tox, lynx, Wolf, anil a le^A' bears. 
 
 Fruit eiiltiiic has never heen tried hoie, hut we have native fruits of the smaller 
 vaiielies, hliielMriics, raspherries. Saslijitoon Htrawhorries, and others ; hut littlo 
 doiihl is fell that, if tried, other kinds miu;iit he successfiillj' ^'rown 
 
 Wit 
 
 I roads and hridtjes the disi riil is widl bupplied. ."^eed i^iain, an'ritMi 
 
 iltiiral 
 
 iiiiplemeiils, eallle, iVe.. can all he i>lilained easily, 
 
 In postal and telegraphic facilities, the aecommoilation is t;oud 
 daily mails and have direel comniiinication to all parts hy wire, 
 
 SWIFT CURHFNT. 
 
 W, 
 
 receive two 
 
 The di-triel of .Swift Current runs north .'JD miles to the South IJraneli, Saskat- 
 
 chewan river, anil runs -oiitli 2lt miles and oxtcnds from Rush Fj 
 • iull I/ike on the west, a dislanee of ahoiit (III miles. The land 
 
 :il<e on llie east lo 
 is I'lillini' prairie. 
 
 Bomewhat hilly, and i; holh adajited to coarse niaiii f^rowiiiLC and raiiehiiif;. The 
 soil varies; in parts it is of a riidi clay loam, and aLi'ain a lij;dit sandy loam, and the 
 ^*uhsoi| saii'ly elay and rich heavy clay. 
 
 The ."^wift Ciirreiil Creek runs north throUi;li this district, emptyiiii^ into the 
 Sniith Hranidi .Saskatchewan. 
 
 The valley alo!i<i Swill Current is lertile and well adapted to mixed farmimr. 
 The wh' le district is suitahle for cattle -raisini; Lakes, ponds and slou^lw are 
 very niiineioiis. 
 
 'I'lie aveniifo siimincr teinperatiiro is (it)° ; that of winter larely exceeds 2 helow 
 zero. The Chinook winds moderatiiifj the cold. 
 
 S|)riiii,' opens early and seeding heiiins ahoiit 1st April; liarvest takes place 
 about the 1st of Septemhcr ; winter sets in ahoiit l.jlli December and breaks up 1st 
 of March. 
 
 The settlors' winter employments are feneini;, hiiildiiii,', drawini' hay, iV:e. 
 
 Till 
 
 I'craiie yield of cats has been ,')() hiishels an acre; potatoes and other 
 
 vo.ijotables j'ield well and attaii 
 
 1 a tremendous size in irrowth. 
 
 (iood irraziiiLC iu ahiindaiiec makes Ihisdistrici one where all animals can thrive. 
 Shcu|i do well. .Vaiive hay is plonlifiil and water ditto. This goes to show that 
 
 ii iC 
 
 
I'EATiiiKS AM) rwrrs. 
 
 daii'vini; cnn be tnuilo ii niicccss. Ah, for i«xiiin])li'. from riirlit inmrl-* of oi'iliTuify 
 gniiiii cow'm milk uni' ihiiiihI of ImtliM' Iiiih licoii ^'ivcri. Tlii' Hiitunii'i' iiij^'lit^ mid cool, 
 and till' dciiiariil lor dairy proiiiici' i'Xci'lmIi* llii' |iii'7.oiit Hiipply. 
 
 Coal is Used ciilirclj-, as t'lii-l, and can liu ljoiii;lit at a loasoiiaiilo price. 
 
 A vi'iy small portion of land is as yet taken, h'lcc jiomc.stcads can lie had aloni; 
 llio (,'aiiadian I'acitic Itailway i uliiidi nins tliioii;;!! llic ctMitrc of iho disiriiM ), and 
 odil-niiniliorcd sect ion.-, may lie piircdiased at low rates, 
 
 l''encinf; limlicr can lie liad »onie twelve miles from Swill Current. HoUfili 
 stone. siMlalile lor liiuldiiiu; foundations, is to be had in many places, and limestone 
 is plentilid 
 
 ■Stion'' indications of co:d and iron aie foiiml at sbojl di«lanees IVom the rail 
 
 way. 
 
 District wells Mipply water foi' donie-lic n»e and for slock. Water is found, as 
 II rule, at a de|)lli of liO I'eel, and is of ;;ood c|iialily. 
 
 Til present mai ket i|iiolalions ( in llie aiiliinin of l"^!!!) ) arc : ( )als, "So.: Imlatoes, 
 
 81.00 ; imiicr, :;o- 
 
 '<'. ; ci;i,'s 
 
 )C. |ier do/. 
 
 There is a i;rcal aluinilaiice of i;amo. eonsi-tinn' of deer, antelope, lalibit-. i;ccse, 
 ducks, ^nipe, plover and prairie idiickens ; wbitcli-h and other s|ii'cies arc found in 
 plenty in I he rivers and lakes. 
 
 Wild friiils i;row all lliroin;h the valle\' in ureal almndancc ; idierrie>, slraw- 
 
 hcrrii 
 
 idjer 
 
 ries, \( 
 
 The I'oads anil liridt;es are iT' 
 
 Thus we have pas^<d from ihe prosperous .Moosomiii in the east to the pros- 
 ])er()ils and picturesiiuo -Medicine Hat in the west, and we have, under the i^liidance 
 of representative men, jjivon the reader some idea of the attractions otfered tr) the 
 settler h}' Assinihoia. As these sheets are passing lhroii;;h a tinal ri'vision (Sept. 
 18, IS'.M) \vc learn that all the crop lias liei'ii harvested, that (hut this seems to us 
 alnio-t ineredilile) not one ear ol'wheat has lieon Irozen in the k.ntihk Noiitii-\Vest, 
 and the Hoard of Trade of I?e:;iiia has issued tlie fidlowiui; circulai' : — 
 
 • I.M IMUJTA.XT : 
 
 •.'Pill'. NdlMIl W l>r fl'.IIKI l'nl;li:s (|,.Mli.iilaily .\ .■<.■< IN II !( I|.\ ■ ai. I 
 ' .\I.\NIT<)U.\ liaM' just (.'iiiiiircil {\w L'li'alcst mill tlic.v ever Imil. It i.s 
 ciiircnllv n|ii>rtc(l iliiit fmst lias alli'itcil ilic imp iniirt'iir less, iiinl in iT|Kvitiii^' 
 'I liriiaiii'iist (ivii the wurM laic liiis nut Im'i ii taken tn state plalnlv that 
 Mniiifithit ii/nii' lias snltcrt'it fr.un this cansf. 
 
 "(Mil 11I1.IKCT in this ciriiilar is.Mn the tiist plaic, tii iliaw \"iir attcntinii 
 til till' fact that the ),'i'eat I'mvlncc nf .Vssinilinia .stictclius \nsl nf M.iiiitnl<,i 
 //liu mi/''. Its eliniatc is thi'icfuiv nuu'li iiiihlii ainl freer finni foist. 
 
 " 'I'liis year, «e pimitively assert that up tu the present liale wi- lia\e 
 
 linil III. li,-l ^iijll It/ fi-ii^l 
 
 III. Hi 
 
 l>i~l,i.l, .Is 
 
 The teinUr 
 
 plants ami vine.s are still as jiieen iiml llirivin;; as they were in .liine. Threi 
 
 iinurteiM of the v'rai" in t'lis I>istriet is in .lay int ami is lieinj; staekeil 
 
 wheal yielilinj; fniiii .'tO tn 40 Imsliels. Iiailiy .ihuiil lid. ami nats fnuii lill t 
 inn liiishels per a. -re. 
 
 Kiii\.\, imli Si /,li ml,. I-. is:il 
 
 ■KKMIil.KU I'.M'I., 
 
 I',:.il.„l /,'. 
 
 Il„fi,-il .,/■ T, 
 
 fllos. ,1. M, NIKCK 
 
 'l',:.i,l.i,l .1- 
 
 ,7.., 
 
 ••If, 
 
 iilliiriil .SVi 
 
58 
 
 THE oyTAiifo or Tiih: xnnru. 
 
 '/'///■: niSTUlcT nF SAShWTcllEW AS 
 
 SiiNkntcliuwaii, lyiii^ noi'ili i^l' A-*Hinil)i>iii, is iho Iiii'l;*'-<i and moHt cuntral of tlio 
 
 t'ciiir I'loviKioiia 
 
 I Disii 
 
 I'liicli were ciirvcd oiii oi' ilKi'l'iTiitiirii'H hv tlio Doiiii 
 
 riion 
 
 I'iirliiimoiil in 1S82. Ilr* urea i» IdllJOO hiiiiiiii 
 
 II hliii|ic' It Is an ohlonir 
 
 |i:iiiill('liiniaiii, wliicli I'xii'iiils t'riiiii NcNdii liivcf, Liiko \Vitiiii|)Of{, itiul llio wi'^i 
 
 ipdiiiiilai'y of Maiiiliilia, (III tlm casl. tn tlio ll2lli dcj^i f woit loiiijitiiilo nii llio 
 
 west, iiml lii'-" iM'twci'ii, (ir, latlic'i'. slii;lilly iivc'rla|H, tin: ">2ii'l and 55(11 parallels of 
 iKii'lli laliliidi'. II is aliiiii-.l cciili-ally cjiviilcd liy iIk' main Siinkatclicwan liivef, 
 \vlii<'li is alto;;cllii'r williin llic distriit, ami liy its |piinci|ial hraii'li, llio Xnrlli 
 Saslialtdii'waii. iimsl nruliiisc> nav ii;ali!t' Iciiiilli liiw williiii ils IhiuiuIiii ios. It iindiidcH 
 in llu' soiilli a small |in)|Kprli(iii nf the i^rcal plains, and in its j;i'ni'i»l siipi'i'licial 
 
 loaliiieH iiiav 
 
 ilx 
 
 water and naliil'al liav, and w< 
 
 as a mixei 
 
 siiilei 
 
 I' 
 
 ' and wooiled reLtmii, alMiuiiclmi; m 
 lie and Nipjl loi' llio lai-iiiir nl' wheat. 
 
 orneij ealtli! ami sheep 
 
 It tnav, in I'ael, he ileserilied as the Onti 
 
 limlii 
 
 Its ni'all'le-. eiir 
 
 re^pondilli; In the eleai'eil poft i. ins of thai pIDvin 
 
 )l the N'nrth- 
 •e, wliil-l its 
 
 iiias 111 the miilh ^ive it a Idie value in 'he indilstiial I'liliil'e. It is the 
 
 wheal-uldwiiif; distl'iet, tiii 
 
 idiieh 
 
 its hniindaries liiav lie extended ikU'IIiw ard, so 
 
 nearest tn IIiiiIkuh's May; aiii|, like Onlii 
 
 a va-t en te 
 
 pi'ii I'l 
 eciii'es|M)lidini; III that n 
 called lili//aids, wliieh a 
 
 III make It a iiiaiilinie prnvinee, 
 
 ir mlerinr tfaile. 
 
 lis eliinale liiaV he liiielK 
 
 aniliilia, with the exeepliun 
 
 ii'i'iiieil as 
 >t the ^leal winter slnrms, 
 
 re iiiilvliiiW 
 
 lull 
 
 I'lleeli 
 
 II Ihriiiiiih'iiil a itroat pdi'tiiin iil'ils limits, Owi 
 
 ni; 
 
 it' the Canadian I'aeilie Kailwav Ihi^ !,'real rei,'iiin has remained 
 
 riimparatividy diirniaiit and iinknnwii sinee 
 
 iss-j 
 
 II |)reviiiiis years tin 
 
 proumpliiin was thai that ;,'real natimial lii;:hway wmild pass thrmiLcli it and heiiee 
 
 a iiiitnlier nf'si'lt lenient s were liinned mi Imtli hraiiclies ut the Sa skat ehe Wan, whi( 
 
 in spite (if rem iti'iiess frnin railway transpdrl, ciinslanlly tliruve. and im-rea^ed sulci}' 
 np'in inlernal sniirces, until (i\ eri^rnwlh made a lailwiy initlet and eoiiiiectinn with 
 the eastern markets a necessity, 'I'n meet the |iressini;' vaiils ut' these cnmmntiitics 
 the I iiiveinmcnt, in lss:i. eaiiie In the assistance nf i.ne uf the charleri'il railways, 
 wliiise iiiiijeeted line cxlelidi'd trnlii lie^ilia In Prince AUieil, a distance iifJ50 miles, 
 and by llie 1st uf Oclnher Is'.Hi tin' rails wen' laid. 
 
 vear llie mad was cmii 
 
 ilell 
 
 and III full wmkiiii; 
 
 lieliiro the cliiso "f tii 
 'tween these Iwn towns. 
 
 o 
 
 .Next year railway ciimmiinicatidn will jirohalilv he exlendcd to Itattli'tiird, thus 
 supply ini: all the exist ini,' cum muni tie- on the .Saskatchewan with an outlet. < Mlier 
 ;Creat reicioiis of iinhoiindcd fertility lie to the south and sniilh-cast of ihe .'s;iskat- 
 chew.in. however, rei^inns wdiieli wmild lon^ ai;o have heeii opened up tiir setlleineiil 
 
 .M 
 
 initiilia and Xorth-Wcslern Railway talleli at the tirst into the hands 
 
 an eni'r;;elic cninpany. 
 
 T 
 
 ii- roa 
 
 stalls from 
 
 I'orl 
 
 norlli-wes 
 
 lerly 
 
 llie la I rairio, and penetrates 
 
 I'lioii, liisectiiii; a mai;niticenl counli'V all the way to 
 
 I'riiice AlhtM't, which is its future terminus, rnfm tunatclv, Imwevor, 
 
 th 
 
 (iiiiy 
 ouirli it is 
 
 ahoul lion miles ot' this important line have been construcled, 
 one of the (ddcsl charters in the N'orlh-We^t, and thoiii;li u larito settlemont 
 
 on. 
 
 charter 
 
 if them is a scandal. 
 
 was lormed at ("arrot JJiver manv vearc ai^o on the faith ol its exieiisi 
 
 Tl 
 
 ob!ii;alioiis 
 
 lese 
 
 I'ltlerf 
 
 are now 
 
 if th 
 
 justly 
 
 iiisistiii'' uiioii the tullilineni ol 
 
 the 
 
 le comiiaiiv, whoso svslemalic violation i 
 
 Till 
 
 public interest beinu 
 
 iw aroused, then 
 
 Mibl that thoair lino con 
 
 ntclinn which the completion of tlii~ road will irive between Winnipei; and tin' 
 
 .Saskatchewan wil 
 will follow to lill III 
 
 an accom|ilished tact, and 
 
 1 that a 
 
 an 
 
 • lideol immiirration 
 
 d fructilv the irreat cminl rv wdiicli lies between Ihe 
 
 Albert .Scttlcmciils ami Maniiolia. Another j^rcat railway ]iriiicetiiin, which lo tjio 
 Territories is the most iniportanl ot all, is that of the line from Prince Albert to 
 
 s now becom- 
 
 Cliurc'hill, on Hudson s lia 
 
 Tho whole eastern and western world i 
 
IIEMTII'I'L T*>\\\\ SITES. 
 
 61) 
 
 itif^ coiisciiiiis, ii(pl only <il t.lio |)r('-.siiii; ncccsHily. Iml dl' IIk^ v;isl iiii|ii)il:in<'i' nl' IIijh 
 loiiil In Pill ii iiaili' anil riiililiiry ]iiiiiit dI' v.i(!\v. To ( iiciiL Mriliiiii il is !uiiiiti('i' i>t' linpc- 
 liul irilcroHl, Ibr wliilsl liolli llu^ Siiiv. Caiiiil ami (hi' (Jiiiiailiaii I'.-uilif Itailway Mii;,'lit 
 lio cahily ''lii^i'il liy an I'lii'Miy, lliu llnilsiin's Hay loiili' wmilil i^ivc her ai 
 
 1 iiii|ii'<)g- 
 rialilc niililaiy liifjliway, willinnly 1,7(10 mill's of lailway IVoiii hay (o riias(, all of 
 whicli wiiiilil ho sidiad' tur hcyiinil (ho AnioiiraM hininihiiy, ami in a ilcfciisilili) 
 ciiiind-y lyiiii^ norlh of (wo inimi'iiM' rivois. Mill, we iniis( pass iVoiii laihvays hiiill, 
 or |iroj('(^l('il (o olIiiT iiia'icis of inliTchl. 
 
 Till' |M'inri|ial (mvr s of (ho illH(i-i<r( aro I'liin'i' Alhi'i(. H.iKK'foi-.l. Slohai( , or 
 Dail; IjaUo, Sashadiori ami Kinislino. hack iiaki'. In (In' lialoi'ho cli'-(ii('(, is ahoul, 
 •1(1 liiilos \vi'r<( of I'rinio Allii'r(, amllios liclwi'on (ho iiordi ami soiidi hramhos of 
 
 (lio Saskad'hi'Wan, Imto ahoii( IS iriil 
 I 
 
 OS a|iai 
 
 (. 'V\ 
 
 lis riMiiiT (own IS 
 
 Mirroiiniloil 
 
 ly a niai;ni(ii'i'n( whoiK ;;io\viiii;' ooiintry, (ho prairios, |iar(ioiilaily (o iho \vi's(. of it, 
 hciiii; of i^ioaf ox(i'ii(, V(wy li'vi'i, lordli' anil oasily woi koil. I( issilnad'd iliroi'dy 
 on dio lino of llio Ito^iiia anil I'rinoo Allior( Nailway, wliioii has a si'o(ion in^ro, anil 
 pioiiiihi'H 111 lioooiiio an iinpordinl ffraiii ooiilio in (ho iii^ar fiidiio. Mr. Ilillianl 
 Mid'holl hiis his lar;.;o rani'hi' iioar (his (own, whoro aio lo ho soon a iinl.jo lirrii of 
 I'olloil Aii;riis oa((lo, ainl I iio only haml o| I'iyloos in Saska(oliowaii. Ilo ooiil liliiilon 
 III llii.4 piihlioalinn a ih'sci i|ilioii o| iho lladiolio ili>( riol. iiml midiiiii; nioio may ho 
 aililoil horo w ilh ri'L'aiil (o i(. 
 
 liiudi'foiil. die fol'inor oapilMJ of I ho 'i'orrilorios, is hoaiililiilly sidiad'il on (jut 
 lof( hank of tin' N'nrlh SasUaiihowaii, ITiO niilos wosi of Triiioo Alhoit. anil is a 
 stalion 111 Iho N'orih-Wi'sl Moiinloil I'olioo, ami a plaoo nf inoioasini; imporlaiioo. 
 drain is ^rnwiiii,' in ahiimlaiioo on ils siiirniinilinLr praii ios, limlior is plcnliliil in (ho 
 norih ami wosi, ami i;i isl ami saw mills (imi prohlalilo omplnyinonl in siipplyin:;- dm 
 nooilsnfa 1,'rowinL;' sollloinoiit. Tlio olilosl iiowspaporin Iho 'I'.rridnios, (ho HiiKlo- 
 liiiil //I'/'i'/i/, a \' ollcililoil shool, was s(artoil, ami still issiios horo, anil somo of Iho 
 lari^isl inipniiinL; hoii'-os of iho intorior liavo lluiir hi'aili|iiard',s in (his onloriirisiMj^ 
 town. 'I'ho loailor will poruso with inlorost (ho valiialilo infniinalhin i oyanlinf^ 
 Halllofonl ilisliici fiirnishoil for this paiiiplilol hy Mr. .laiiios Klinkskill, .M.L.A., 
 who is an oxtonsivo morohanl (horo, ami indmaloly aoi|iiain(i'il wilh (ho roiiimi !io 
 ilosorihoH, 
 
 Saskadmn, annlhor ion(ro of --odlotiionl in ( ho ili-( rio(, i- a oroal ion nl iho 'I'oni- 
 poranoo ('iiloni/.aliiinCiiinpans . Tlio railway sl.'ilinn has hoon plaooil upon ihooppo- 
 sid'ornordi hank of iho rivor, anil II is lil.oly that an ontorprisiiit; town will sprini; 
 np Ihi'ro. On Iho plains smith ol Saskalonn llioro aro sumo lari;o stook ranoho~. 
 
 Kiiiistiiio is ill its infaiioy, aii'l niiisl only ho spoki'ii of, as yo(, in I'onnorlion 
 widi (ho iinrivalloil ooiinliy aroiinil il. Il lios ahoiit III milo> south. I'ast, ot I'rinoo 
 Alhorl, ami from tho oro.ssiiiij ol' Iho South Ufa noli oast waul, .•mil i ml cod in :ill iliroo- 
 lions — from I'lnkahn In l''orl i\ la ( 'oriio, troni (ho Itiroli Hills, ( 'arml IJi\or ami Iho 
 Walorhoii Iiako to tho llooiloo ooiinlry ami hoyoml. i-. oni' vast oxpan^o nf rioh soil 
 luxuriant i^'rass an I oonvoiiiont tiinhor. 'I'lio oxtonsion of (ho .Manilnha ami .N'orlh- 
 Wosl {{ailway \vill yonvorl (his L;ioa( roi::ion into a niii iloii, ami (hoii Kinislinn will 
 Hjiooilily riso ind) iniporduii'o, anil lako ils plaoo wilh (ho l'or(ai;o la I'lairios anil 
 tho Hramlons of .Manilolni. 'Tho roailor is roforiod lo iho ilosoriplion of iho Kinislino 
 ili--lrirl (urnishoil hy Mr. .lainos llooy, iM.L..\., a farmoi' wlm has ro--i'loil (lu'io for 
 year-, ami who holiovos that il has a ;;roal fuliiro holnio il. 
 
 I'linoo .Mho It, iho |ii ini'ipal town ami oiipital ol Sask.itohowaii, is siliiatoil on Iho 
 rivor toi raoos, whioh oxloml honoalii a lofly liliilVoii iho lofl hank nf iho Nnrtli Saskal- 
 chowan ifivor, ami is in tho vorv hoart of tho fiiluro I'roviiuo. I mnunlialolv to tho 
 
 ortli lioijins tho foi'osl oi 
 
 iiintrv w 
 
 liioh roachos towanls liiiilson's It.'iy, hut, 
 
 'Isowhoro, is miri'iiiiinloil hy fun' nilliiii; prairios, ii 
 
 |iliioos homowhat 
 
 hilly ami iloMoil in all iliroolions with "islamls" of timlior, ami lakos or 
 potiils of I'rosli walor. 'I'ho Saskaloliowan was tiisl oxplorivl hy tho roiiownoil 
 Cliovaliof ilo la Voroiiilryt^ lowafils tho iiiii|illi< of tho last oonliiry, Il is said that ho 
 iisooniloil tlio rivor lo ils forks, ami Ihonoo fnllnwi'il uiilln' Nnrtli llramh (o (hoo.xist- 
 
 Hi(o of I'rinoo Alhorl, 
 
 whoro ho 
 
 I'slahlishoil 
 
 post plaoin>;' i( on niioof tliois 
 
 iiiiiIm 
 

fiO 
 
 FlilNCE ALJlEJiT—CUUl'S A.XJ) //.I/A IV'-DW. 
 
 oiipiisiii' ilic |iri'scnl town, iii-oljiilily for Hcciirily, aifiiinst altiiek liy llii! saviiges. 
 Niinicroiis old liiiliaii t;rav(.'.s atto>l thai tlic I'riiicc Allici-t Hat must in early davH 
 liavf lii't'ii a im^i'tinif ]ilaci: oC I lie iiiiliaiis, owini;. no i Ion I it, to its easy landin;;-- ami to 
 its lai'i;c area of caiuiiini; L^Tonnd, liiit more, |)crlia|is. to its coiitral situation, foi> tiic 
 Indians hail a korii oyo to fonvc'iiicnt't', iiiid ihcif aiiciriit fallyini^ jioints ai'i' invai'i- 
 ilhly Ihi^ sil(^> of while,' nion's cilios of to-day. Thfsc ji'aliircs comiTiended the spot 
 to ihc siiliscqiicnt foinidcr of tln^ .N[issii,)ii of I'riin'c AIIkti in ISiKi, tlu- lati- .Mr. 
 Nislictt, aid.ind whose farm hiis I'xtoiidod within rccciil years what is now the well 
 Unowii town of I'rince Alhert. Milliiii^ faeililics, the primary reipiisiles of every 
 new setlleinent, were; tiddod in ISV-t, and other mills followed, with ,o speedy an 
 ini-reas(! of po|iiilatioii and industries that had any oiilhM lie('n fiinusheu foi' surplus 
 ])ii"lni'lions, a larj:(^ export trade would havi' heen developed. liul railways lieiiiif 
 wilhledd, jirodnelion naturally laniiuished. ;ind was eoidined to ijie supply of loeal 
 demand. N'olhinij Imt the stimnhis of a ready market will indnee even i,'ood tarmors 
 to cull ivate largely : and thai even llie hare promise of a marki'! will si imulate ])ro- 
 iluetion wa-- .•iinpl}' shown at I'rinee Alherl in 1SS2, when a projreted railway set eveiy 
 farmer on the spur. The prodintioii of wheat inereased liuit told in a sinjj;le year. 
 Milt Ihi- i.ailway s(dieini^ Hdl t!iroUi;]i, ;ind with it the farmer's hopes. Hi- suiplus 
 ])ro\-ed to lie a liiirden rather tli.'in a lilessiiii;- ; and laek ot' siora;,'e and a market led 
 to the wasli' of muidi valualile f^iain. Sinee then pi'oduetion has done little moro 
 than to keep Jiaee with the loeal demand. Farmers haveturneil iheiratteiilion more 
 to stoek-raisini; than to wheat and until I Ids year, IS'.tK, noi a liuslud of .Saskalehewan 
 i^rain has ever found an eastern market. l''or even the local trade, eiiifeiidered hy 
 a lai'ije settlement, h:is lieenthe means of wonderful proi;ress. '{'he sell lersot' i'rinee 
 .Alherl are widl housed. .Seliools are estalili-.hei| in all direilions, and the lown has 
 i;rown to |;iri;e proporlioiis. .Many ple.ees depend upmi railways, either foi' their 
 oiie;in oi' advaneemenl. Hut I'rinee Alliert is a ntituial eeni re of trade and iiidiis- 
 try, and lhou;:h ."ilMI miles north-west ot' \\'inni]ief;, and denied a railway outlel until 
 ihiHVetir, has yet i;rown rapidly, and lias Imii; Keen a di-t riliuliiiir centre. It may 
 he ilewerilied as oeeupyim;' al oiiee the iniddli' distanei' f the tertile hell, and of a 
 i^reat eonlinenlal river — the Saskalidu'wan — outrivallii .„', as reirards tiie extent and 
 value of the country it drams, the St. liawrenee ilsell. It will, prohalilv. he tlie 
 jioint of departure from the Ul'eal wiieat hell foi- tidewaier; for thoiiuli ."lUII miles 
 iiorlh-wesi of \Vinni]ieir, it >•- yet nearer ( 'hui<iiill ihiii that city, and Chuiehill i.s'" 
 the true harhour ot liud-on's Hay. The lari^est oei'an ves-eis can sad directly inti> 
 the (hurcdiill iiiver, whiidi. hy a narrow enliiince, encloses as eomtnodious and safe 
 a harlmui' as St. .lohii's. .\o lie;literini; is reipiired, and this si^jnitieant fact will, 
 when impending- developments have taken ]daee. very speedily e.xtini;uish York 
 factory, l'o:l Nidson, and all other rivals on the western main as jioiiils of shipment 
 for the erain ot' the Saskaudiewan. ( )ne or moro eomparalively short lines of rail 
 will yet carry the iaiircsi proportion of wheal of Iho tertile hell from Prince Alher't 
 III Churchill, where it will he uidoaded direelly into the ocean sloainei's. -^ 
 
 The railway triun IJeeina to I'rinee .Vlhert is com|)leteii, and a- the attention 
 of the lOa-li'in world i- now largely diawn to tlie reirion, the intendini;- settlers 
 will he interested in kihiwin;^ what milling- and other husiness faeililies exist in the 
 town. 'I'hero ;iiv two lari;c tlour mills, one a rollini; mill in full workiiii; order and 
 ihi' othc^r in process of construetiiui. There are three saw mills, one of which e;in 
 work I ill' .'ID, (1(1(1 feel per diem, and the other two prohahly as mueh more, in eon- 
 neiiion with these are sash and door factories, so that all rei|uiremenls for Ihe 
 |uesenl are easily md. Two doelois and live lawyers lopresenl the Icii'al 'ind im'di- 
 cal professions. There are a hriek courthouse and uaol, a resident .liidije, .SheritV. 
 \e,, homirdon I, and .\e;ent, Crown Timher Au'cnt, Iloinestc'id liispeclor, and several 
 other olliidals ; and here, too, is a Hironu: <lela(diinent of liie .Mt)niited I'cdiee, wdiose 
 h.arr.-ieks occupy a commandinn' situation, and are the tinest, with the exeeplion ol 
 tho-.!' at lieii'ina, in Ihe Territories. 'I'here art' two newspapers, several hotids, two 
 piivate haidss, represenlalives of all the trades, and nearly a score ot' morehanis, 
 I'rinee Aliiort is iiicor|)orated and taxation is low, Huildinii lots have, so far, heen 
 

 ■:i.::-.,iiiiS5S^^g 
 
 
 ■!M& 
 
 
 
 
 "^^-m 
 
 
 SCKM: (IN Till.: SASI<AT('lli;\VAN. 
 
A llEdlOX FOR SHEEP 
 
 (il 
 
 Bold 111 very ri'iiHinmhlo riitcs, priceH viiryiii!; f'roiri %'l^t to 8100 oncli, acconlini;' to 
 nitimlioii. llt'wX fhliite \k vcrv lar;,'i'ly itiviili'd up, uiiil ahimst ovory (■itiy.uri owns 
 
 iiioro or loss of it, inott of llic ro-iilciits ln'iiii; 
 
 ocfiipiiiits ot tlioir 
 
 'U-ll 
 
 propoi'ty. 
 
 I'lU'C'liic lif^lil is aircudy ('oiiti'aclcil tor liy tln! town, and will f,'o into opuralion iioxt 
 
 siiinnicr. Ti'loi^rapliic conuniinication was otalilislu^d 
 
 tuli'i^ra))!] 
 
 )!! (Jovornincnt, and tin- li'l('])liono is in use in all llii' prinoi] 
 
 Imilt. 
 
 3'oars ai;o liy tlio 
 Allot Inn- 
 
 dlic 
 
 iIh^ IJci^ina and I'rinci^ Alliort liiiilwav, and is now in 
 
 )poralion as jiart of llirCanadian i'acitic Itailway ttdonrapli system. A lini' of larjfo 
 sicann'rs plies durini; the siiniiner season npon llie river, and there are lliiis eon- 
 cenlralod at I'rince Alheil all the applianees of modern civili/ation, where, hut a 
 few years ago, liie Indian ami the liison were inonaichs of the scone. 'I'ho dcs- 
 ciiiilion of tlio I'rinee Allieit distriet appended is tarnished hy .Mr. William 
 I'laxton, M.Ij.A., one of the hest |)raetieal tanners in Sa--lvatehewan. Tiiis i^enlle- 
 man has heen for years a jiainslakin^ and intellii;ont e.xpe.inionler in ihodislriel. 
 
 It 
 
 was he who proiliici 
 
 d til 
 
 e saniiilo o 
 
 I \iwWj. 
 
 idieat reterred to in the '' Introdi 
 
 lion lo this pamphlet, wliieii aroused so miieli intorost in 
 
 \Vi 
 
 should be 
 
 witli attention, as it is matter whi 
 
 ell IS eari 
 
 ipe- : 
 fully 
 
 gives ill plain terms tjie results o|' close observation and a lar;,'e experience, Tl 
 
 articde, too, on sheo|i-iaisini;, is wrillon by a geiilleni:in who lias a tl 
 
 i-li l< 
 
 ludgo of the siibjecl — .Mr. .lames MacArtliur, of I'rince Albert — the pioneer, il may 
 be said, of tlio large sheep industry in the district. Tlauigh not tho tirst to bring 
 slicop into it, lu! WHS the first to do so on an extoiisive scale, and to give thought and 
 
 iudginent to tho increase of hn 
 
 Ih 
 
 winch IS now the laiucst in NasKalchewan, 
 
 id indicates by its heallby and rapid increase tlio great future wdii(di is befoie the 
 industry. The opinion of liiis gentleman, hasod not only upon his own success but 
 tilion that of others who have followeil him, is distictly tiiis : That SasUatchewan 
 is a lirsi rate region lor sheep, and would intiillibly become a ricdi country through 
 tliis industry alone. The attention id' the reader is now directed to tln^ replies 
 
 given to s('rie.- 
 
 >f ex! 
 
 laiistive <|iiestioiis adi 
 
 bv the territorial executive, lo the 
 
 varioii> geiitlomen referred to in tho foiegoing |iaragiaph-. These c()rrespondi'ntM 
 
 are old settlors, and are wtdbknown, responsible men in t 
 two ol them farmei 
 
 listricl (d'Saskatche\ 
 
 111 all of llu'tii niembcrs of the ricgislative A-sembly ot' tho 
 'J'errilories. T'hose goiitlemon have conliiied their statements as much as iiossiblo 
 
 to bare facts, in order to mi'cl the limits of a iiiiblication 
 
 Ih 
 
 but all ot tl 
 
 lappy to answer any iiii|iiiries which may be adilressed to them by 
 
 upon points III wliuli the reader leels 
 receive more exioiidcd inlormalion. 
 
 interested ami about wliicl 
 
 I he woiilil 
 
 111 
 
 :e to 
 
 Th 
 
 eir correspondeiico, which refers, ot course 
 
 to th 
 
 prairie reguui, covers a 
 
 great portion of the ground. 
 
 sections 
 
 ^rouiied under beads with their respective sub- 
 
 SaNkati bewail is represenli'il in the I'ominioii Parliament by I). A. -Mai'dowall, 
 
 <\. 
 
 M.l'. 
 
 KJ.HCTOlJAL DISTRICT -OF HATOCIIK, SASK ATCIIKWAX. 
 Hy IIii.i.Y.vKii MrroiiEi.i., Msip, M.L.A. 
 
 .MU:.\ .\.\1) OK.NKU.M. liKSl'lUI'TIONS. 
 
 Area, \,1W1 s(|iiaro miles; well ailaplcd for agri' iiltiire and stock-raising. \.\\\ 
 
 mostly rolling prairio, with numerous siiia 
 
 il fresh 
 
 iter lakelets, 
 
 timi 
 
 till 
 
 Hoi 
 
 1 nranelies o 
 
 f llu 
 
 ler plohti- 
 
 Saskatchewaii I'iver run Ihroiigh it. The townships ir 
 
 1 to 2, west of iird Meridian, are niosth- bush, whilst all the I 
 
 owiiships trom 
 
 a.'tlothe South .Saskatchewan uio chiefly prairie, but there is still a groat deal of 
 
 siiiiill wood oil 
 
 n all of them. That iiorlion between the two rivers, as iiuleed aU.>«(ill 
 
 I 
 )f the North .Saskatchewan, is well adaiitod ti 
 iiswcrs well for mixed fariuing, and that iiorlion I}' 
 
 ;rain-growiiig. birt a great deal 
 ing in Townships i."), 4ii and 47, 
 iJaiiges I to 11, west lird Meridian, is well adajited t'or mixed farming and ranching. 
 Soil is generally a black, sandy loam, with cla^- and sand, and clay or sand sub-soil. 
 
<iU 
 
 /lA T<)( 'HE. 
 
 I liiivi' iilri'itily niiiiu'il llio rivi'tx whicli ilniin tliiM iliNtiici. Hdih an; aciiiptcil tn 
 coniniurco timl maiiiit'acliiiiii;; pui'KuitH. LakoH ami jxukIh aro t'i'('(|a'jni, Imt not ho 
 iiimicioHH UH to cut 'ii]) the (•oiiiitry. Ahimdanco ot'liay and wood tor all purposos. 
 
 CI.IMATK, KTr. 
 
 'I'l liiiiati' in iiiioorilic bo«l in llio woi'M — very liciilthy, I'liliidy iVof I'lom 
 
 unilcniii and opidoniic discuKcs. I know <it' no oltiur rcjimlry having a cliniato to 
 coMipai'd Willi iIiIh, Avoiujjc Mininiei' tt'inijoiatiii-c I think alioiit VD^ Falir. ; winter 
 llt^ — piolialily not so low. 
 
 Two livers and Kev(^ial lakes, sucji as |)iicU Lake, Miiskei; FiUko; a f^ood deal 
 ot" forest ; very slii;lit (diinooks in wintor. 
 
 Spring; ;,'enei'idly opens 2((tli Mareli lo 1st April; seedini^ lime lirst week in 
 April. JIurvest 1st Aiiniisl. Winter f^eiierally sets in alioiit end oC Xoveiulior nnd 
 hreaks up at end of Marcdi or lieL;inninLt of April. 
 
 Setlii'is may eii;;;ii;e ]irolilalily in luinheriMf^ in winter, also in tishiiii,'. freii,'lillni;- 
 and other outdoor work. (Jiir winters ]iermit of outdoor I'liiploymont. SettlerM 
 w<Hk every ilay where there is anytliiiii^ to do, and are never deterred hy eold. We 
 never have hliz/ards. Wo have severe cold, but only for a few days in a winter, 
 and -onie winter.s we never have very frreiit cold. 
 
 . cltol'S, KTC. 
 
 Only sjieak from oli>eavatioii ami informatioti. Wheitt ofall kimls, and oats ami 
 liarley ol all varielies, are raised here. I'ease, ])otatoes, roolH, ofall kinds, and olhei' 
 veijei allies, irrow lo ^I'eat perfect ion. Tlio soil is well adapted to raising all kinds of 
 crops, ami so is the climate. In ordinary favourable years the following would be 
 the yield per acre : — 
 
 Wheal .'iO to 40 buMhels. 
 
 Oats (ill to 80 do 
 
 Marlcv 40 to f!0 do 
 
 I'easi' 
 
 Potatoes 400 bushelN. 
 
 Turniiis COO ilo 
 
 Occasionally crops are injured in lociditios by frost, but 1 am convinced thai 
 with good farming siuh ilillicull}" can be obviated, as I know farmers who have 
 escaped Irost every year since l>!"il. 
 
 STolK-a.\ISIN(i, a.VNClIINO, ETC. 
 
 Parts of it aio well adajitcd to stock-raising. Sufficient grass and hay in gri'at 
 richness and luxuriance lo make sloidc-iaising a success. 
 
 I bidieve that l>urli,Mm Sliorthnriis and llighland cattle thrive host. All breeds 
 of horses do well, and the sami' may be said of sheep. The loss in winter, nil. I 
 never lose on aecoiint of the rigour of the climate, llor.-es t'requcntly winter out ; 
 <lo well, lliougli in the open and -oil-led. The snow is never very deep — not over 
 12 inches — and never becomes iiard or crusted, so that hiuses are always able to 
 get at the grass, ("attle also winter out and do well. 
 
 II.MIIY KAIl.MI.S'O, K.TC, 
 
 Laml is to be found in almo-t every Townsbi)) favourable to such jmrsuits, but 
 perhaps north of the North Saskatchewan and south of the South Saskatchewan 
 liivcr alVords the best litdd for such operations. There are no cheese or butter 
 factories in thi> distric. All grasses here are rich and luxuriant, nnd there is 
 abundance of native hay for winlei- foddi'r. Water pure generally; nights never 
 hut. lloino demand sufficient foi' the supply at present, 
 
 Ft.EI, SUl'l'I.V, El'C. 
 
 Supply chietly, if not altogether, ot wood, the most common kinds being 
 poplar, til', sj)ruce, taniarac and jack-pino. All these woods are within convenient 
 
(lEMillM. I KATIUES. 
 
 i'.\ 
 
 ruacli of all NcttliTH, iiml in hiitlicii-nt uliiiinlaiit'u ; pi'ico, 81.25 Ir) 82 Til I pur CMnj, 
 dtilivcrud. No coal iiiinrM aro workcMJ in tlio (iislrk'l, liiit ilieiu arc j,'ooi| proHpucu 
 
 tliut Coal vxiHtH, 
 
 VACANT LANDS, KTC 
 
 'riiuri' in viuaril laml in cvci'y towiiHliip in llio ilistrii't. Soil j^'ood liluck ioaru 
 and haniiy loam. < )nlv ono railway, liiil ininh L;oo<i land within \'l rnili'H of it on 
 I'illicr -ido, and niarki'lM liandy. J'U'nly of laini to hnnic-lcail or' piii(diano. I'l'ico 
 of wild land 82 to 83 jut acre, and ini|irovt'i| fnrni^ 81 to 8 Id iicr acii'. 
 
 IIL'II.KINII .MATEltlAI.H, KTC. 
 
 Aliiindant Hnpiily of Ntono, and almndanci^ of wood lor I'liiMiiii: and li'ni'in<^'. 
 
 .MINKIt.M. IIES'iCUCKS. 
 
 N: 
 
 ono Working;. 
 
 Cold 
 
 is foiinil 
 
 in ll 
 
 ic nvciH, a 
 
 nd 
 
 coal aii'l iron arc 
 
 li.'li 
 
 'd til 
 
 made Id ascertain it' in jiayaolc ([iiuililics or if 
 
 oxiwt, lint lit) cll'ort lias ever Lo 
 workalilc. 
 
 W.VTKll. WKI.I.S, KTC. 
 
 Water aliiindiint tin' every piiriio.se. l)ii:;,'in;; of wells attended wiili ii" iimor- 
 tainty. Averai,'(^ deplli to water alioiil twenty feel, t^iiiilily tirsl-class (generally, 
 sotnetiines inidiiied lo he alkaline, hill only in loealilie". 
 
 MAIIKKTS. I'ltlCKS, AI'l'llO.M'lllNll JtAII.WAVS. 
 
 Wo have not only railway facilities, hnl a hirite home demand as well. 
 
 Wheal, 81; oats, 81 ; iiolatoes tide,, hut at pre-ent 82 jn-r hii-hcl. Wheut i> 
 l^eliorally '.'Oc. ; oats, K(e. ; hlltter, 25e, to .'!."n'. per Ih. ; ei;i,'s, 2r)e. per do/.i'ii. 
 
 The llei^ina and I'riiiee Alhcrl road is now npon. ain! the .Miiniloha and N'orlli- 
 We-tern i- fast apiiroaehiii;;. The (i real \oilh-We>t t'eiiiial i- iiinler ((iiistriielion. 
 and we have i;ood proMpuets of a line to 1 In. I son ■- I Say in I lie near liiliiri', 
 
 KIHTATIoN, .scijool.s, KTC. 
 
 Schools are -nltii'icntly iniinerous to he within leasniiahle distance o| ihildron'i 
 homes. I'Miicalioii is i;oi of a sound naliire, ami at -mall eost to the tax-payer. 
 
 CIICRCIIKS. Krc. 
 
 Well supplied. Wi> have niimhers of visiting cleri,'ymen ainl of visiting or resi- 
 dt'iil laymen. 
 
 liAMK, KISII, KTC. 
 
 W.' have idniiidaiice of game, and fish in |)lenlifiil. i'.lk deer, hears, wolves. fo.\os 
 and other fiii-hearing animals ahoiiiid ; all kinds ot duck, geeso, grehes, plover, snipe, 
 grouse and numerous migratory songsleis an<l )nedaioiy hirds, ole., etc. 
 
 tItUIT CII.TI UK. H.ciWKliS, KTC. 
 
 'I'ho ilistriel is very ^vell adapted for fruit laisini.'. Native fruits are t^oosidjerry, 
 lasphirry, strawheriy, cranhcriy in three varieties, iSaskatoonherry, hlaek and red 
 tdierrics, currants in several variciies. Flowers arc in endless profusion. The 
 orders eomiiosittt'. criiciteiie, rosacea-, liliucie, etc., are well re])rescnied. 
 
 HOAIIS, IlKlli.lKS, KTC. 
 
 Our roads are all naturally good and do not leiiuiro much lahoiir on tliem, and 
 hridges an- hiiilt where they are required at a small eost. 
 
 AllllICII.rillt.M, I.Mt't.KMKNTS, SKKI) cIttAIN, CATTI.K. 
 
 Everything rcijuired can he had at reasonaMe |)ricc.s in the ilistriet. 
 
 I'O.STAI, ANti IKLKdllAl'llIC KACIMTIKS. 
 
 Siillieii'iit facilities for present reipiiremonls. 
 
:l 
 
 * -f 
 
I'lillTFrJ. AM) liEAITlFrij, 
 
 C.) 
 
 l';i,i:(T()KA[- DISTIMcr ok IIATTLKKoI!!), SASKATC 
 
 •;\VAX. 
 
 LVMKS Kl,INK> 
 
 Ksy., .M L.A. 
 
 •V 
 
 AUEA AM) OKXHllAI. liEJCIil I'TH IX. 
 
 10 ilirlrici is (.■c)in|)riso(l within IVdiii Riiiiifo 7, wcsl ot .'iivi I 
 
 niKn|)ul 
 
 Mc 
 
 lo l>!Uii;o h. wi'sl III mil I'niu'ipiil .Mcruliiiii. I'rom l(iwiislii|) ;jo to Townsliiii 4(1. 
 mIiouI (15,(1(111 si|iiiirf iiiiies, Aroa I'mi lai'i^o lor clt'scri|itioii in dotail. On soiitlioni 
 bodiidiirv i^ rolliiiic ])niiric wilii larirc iiikus ; not imii'li tinilicr. Within 25 iiiiloN ot' 
 Hiifllo liiviT liinlior in bliilt's comiiiiMicos, and is {oiiiiil ail aloiiii' ihe loui'si' of the 
 Halllo and SaHkalchowan I{ivci-s. 'rimhci' coiisistv or|io])li.i' and liircii and is licav\- 
 cnoiiuli lor all hiiildiiiLC |)iir|io-.os. Il is idcniil'iil, Imi uu{ in ^urii qiiaiililif- as To 
 intci'U'rc wilh iarniini;. IJ.-uvcon SasUakdiewan and Bfttllc itivers the land is of a 
 tiiif rolling- cliararler, witli many ciceUs and lalve>. N'orlh of.Saskatcdiewaii fiivor is 
 also rollinu, wilh jilcnty of tiinljer liir ;dl farm ]mr|ioses: also, water in aliiuid.iiife. 
 Alioiil twenty miles due norlli from the lown of i5aItlelord is wiial is known as the 
 Jaek-lisli l^ake eoimlry. <'eltdirated tor ils hay bottoms and watered liv eloar riiniiiii"- 
 iTeeks. 'I'ho supply otiiay in this ])art ofi'ho districl i- iinsiirpas>ud in iho whole 
 eoiinli-y. ami it is well supplied wilh hhills tor shelter for llu ealtle. 
 
 (irain has heen jrrnwii wilh sneeess in all parls of the dislriet, exeepi alony- the 
 soiilheni hoiindary, wiiero lliere is no settlement yet. All the settlements so far 
 have heiMi near liio two rivers. 'I'he soil varies from Mack loam to a sandy loam, 
 all suited for early matiirini,' of erops. The scenery of the parls aloiiu; the'river is 
 iinsiirpassi'd for heaiily of laiiilseape. Many knolls and verdant "lades are intci'- 
 >persed wilh i^leamiiii; rivers. 
 
 CM.M.M'K, VAX. 
 
 The elimale i.-- healthy and tree from endemic or epidemic diseases. It i- braeiiii;' 
 and saliiluioiis, and is nndoubledly the liiiesi elinnte on earth for constiintionally 
 heallhy peojilc. A vrrai,'e summer lemperalnre. !o mil (iO" ; winter, about 4^\ Tho 
 rcasiin ollhe eiiuabilily of llie leni]ieraliire in snninie. has nol yel been llioi-oiinhl\- 
 invest iffated, but llie water sIri'Udii's may be tixilid to .'eeoiinl for il. Tlir elfecl> of 
 idiinook winds are not fell to such an exieiil in winter as ici cause a thaw. 
 
 Sprini;- opens about beuinniiiu- ol Ajiril. Seedim; iionerally compleled bv 2tllh 
 .May. 'I'hird weidi in .\nfj;u>t is usually the lime when liarvesi bei;ins. Snow falls 
 early in Xovember and dues not iro till end of March. Duriiiu' winler solllers are 
 irenerally employed in u-eiiini;- onl rails for t'eneini;-, lo;r,, for biiildinu; piirpo-es and 
 fuel, and in atteiidin:; lo eallle and doiiii? work vvliieh eaiinol be undertaken diiriim' 
 busy seasims of spriiii;- or summer. (Duriiiir last winler, ISSIl-HO, which wa^ 
 exceptionally severe, a fai'mer here who had a wood contraci i'rom ihe \oi'tb-We>l 
 Moiinled I'olire |o>| mdy two days on aecoiinl of the wealher). 
 
 I'KOl'S. KTC. 
 
 Crops consist of wheal, nals, barley ,ind ])olatoes. Turnips and all kinds nf 
 vei;elables are raised Hiicces>fiilly. Normal yield of wheal (J{ed Fyfe), about ,'10 
 bushels lo Ihe acie in favourable seasons : I lo lA bushels sown to the acre. Oats 
 about (id bushels, from three sown toihc acre. Barley has nol heen ,i;rowii exleiisiv ol\-, 
 there beiiiir no demand for any i|naiilily o| this cereal in the disirici, but it 1ki> 
 always y:iveii a i;ood yield in favourable season^. 
 
 8TOCK-IIAISI.M1, llANOniNd, ?;TC. 
 
 This ilisi rici is well ada]>led fur slock-raisini;- on a nioderale scale, such as would 
 be >uilable for nii.\ed farmiiii;-. Callle must be fed, and should be shelu.red three 
 months lo four months every winler. Kor baiidsof from .'Kill lo .JttO il is iiiisurpassod. 
 Jforses winler out well, and can therefore be Ivcjil in large bands. 
 5 
 
66 
 
 DAJUY FARMI.Xi 
 
 Sli 
 
 ucj) iv(|iiir(' siinu" vnw ii^ imIiIc. ;,ihI iiro lu'tlcr 
 
 Mici'p jii-c rcciiinmtMKlcil, ilioir cciats ;ir 
 
 iliimiiuc arises from the n 
 
 (' Wiinii, mill 110 r-iiii fMllinir 
 
 ill sniail tlocjv-., Loii".wo.i| 
 
 iiiriials ijciliiii; wet and tl 
 
 lliilii sliorl-wool slicop, so llio loss'^iii W(»)l 
 ui'ii,''lit ofiinilloii. I)iaiif,'lit lioi-sos sell hcsl 
 
 t, ininiii; wintci- no 
 
 It'll riccy.iiiM-: i|iey wejirli more 
 
 iH moro llmii coiniKMisatcii f'oV li^- I'li,. extra 
 
 As (iairv I 
 
 are reeoiiimeiuied. 
 
 iriiiiiij; is considered liest fbi- ll 
 
 MM eoiinlry, cattle vieldii 
 
 i;': iiiosi bill tor 
 
 liAIIlV I Ali.MINi;, KTc, 
 
 Any |)ortion of tlijs district will 
 111 ami on the slojios of the Kaf,do II 
 
 iinswor all 1 1 
 
 le re(|iiireiiieiits for ihiirv fanning 
 or llio south ofSaskatcliowan wou'lil l,e most 
 
 ^, -...I 1 • .'.11 • " "" " ■"•sniiii-iiewa wo I he most 
 
 siiu ,1 le owiiiiT to the luMinance of the «ra.-s and ,,r..valenc.. of sprin-rs Vor h of 
 SasUalchewan (here is ahiiiHlaiice of i,n-ass i„ niaiiv iilaee- !,• tlc^l.o.h I 
 
 vicinity of. laeklish and Tiirtic M tain. Pi,,; willl^r in'aha,,! c '' ! vwhe ir 
 
 iNi- Its aro cool. Home demand has always escoedod the supply, so ,|,,t i.-v 
 P odi.c s have had to l,e imported. Want of ..ailway commimi'cl.tmn has ■ da, od 
 
 Kl Kl. SII'I'I.V. KTC 
 
 Kiiel coiisisis of w I which can he had in al,iii,dance in all parlsof the dis, ri,., 
 
 e.\ccpl 1,1 , he e.vlreiiic south. ' m-ii-uni, 
 
 <;nrdwood sells in town at (Vom §2.5(1 to S.'i.rxi a cord, acco,.diMi; to mialilv 
 ;|^. n,d,cat.o„s arc plentidil, l.iit 1,0 prospeclino. |,,s y^t l,eon made, owiiiu- ,„ 
 •il'i'iidaiiee ot wood liiel, and there are no facilities as yet (i.r e.Nportinj; coal. 
 
 VACANT l..\Mls. KTC. 
 
 Ahiindance of vacant lami in all part.., si.itod forarahle, mi.xo.l. or dairy farmin- 
 01 \.i(ant (ands lo he had troin <>ovei'nmoiit free. 
 
 Illll.niMi \I.\TKIU.\1.. KTC. 
 
 no 
 
 or 
 
 ■roestone is plonlifi.l; ,un he quarried without a„v dillieulty. Limcstor 
 
 ■1':m dul enoii^rh tor all re,|,i,remoiits of hurning is fouiKfin hmldeVs Wo, 1 f 
 
 hiiildiiii,' |,lentitiil and easily proeincd. "douk 
 
 MlNHIlAI. HKSoritCKS. 
 
 onlii^liislriT'""" '"" '"'"' "'"" '"'" ■■"• '•""'•'"""^ favourable in several parts 
 
 W.VTKI!, WKI.I.S, KTC. 
 
 Well sup. ..d with water. 0,1 surliu'c. Woll-dino-ino- ,,,.v and sucossfiil 
 vherovor no, , water hcinj; toand tVom nine to twenty feet. accVilin.- ,0 location 
 all ol excellent ipiality. ■ '-^'oi o. 
 
 MAIIKKTS, I'ltlcKS, KTC 
 
 Home iiiarkol lias always up to now ahsorhe.l all products; lu'icos have never 
 K-mo bolow the impo,t price wlii.di. on account of waK,i,'.m transport, ha.always boon 
 
 KIMCATION, SCHOOLS. KTC. 
 
 The district ha- jrood schools of both I'rotestanl and lioman C'atliolie dem 
 1 s 111 iliP sotti ll par(s. 
 
 inuiia- 
 
 Clll licilKS. KTl'. 
 
 We have Kpisfopal and i'resbytoriaii churches j also lioman Cnlholic Mission. 
 
h'lX/STJXi). 
 
 67 
 
 ilAMK, t'lHIl, KT(.', 
 
 MiKill j^iimo verj' iibiiniluiit, iils< 
 
 <i iMi. Tl 
 
 iiTO IS pro 
 
 Imlily more ftame (of tho 
 
 larf?or kind) in this lilsti'ict ihun in any in the Tiiritorics. Deer, ninose, ellc, hears 
 and unt(^i(ipo chief roprosuntativMis (if the iari^er <,Mnie. Diielcs, L'oe>e, swans, sand- 
 hill cranes, cliiciion, parlridj^e and raiihits arc ahnndant. 
 
 KKUIT (Jll/rl HE. KMlWKES, KTC. 
 
 All sorts of small fruits ifrow wild in i,'reat luxiiriaMce, as also ra- rries, straw- 
 hcrricH, hinh and low hush cranherrics, ;,'oosolii.'rrv, sarvice herrios, and others of les.-* 
 iinportance. 
 
 Natural flowers loo nunicjoiis to ctuimoraic. 
 
 RoAli; 
 
 ItllllHiKS. KTC. 
 
 The district is well developed liy roads anl hriil;;es; tlle^e are cnntintially heinj; 
 
 improved a 
 century. 
 
 nd 
 
 e.Mended 
 
 .Many oi tlu^ main trails have I 
 
 leen in uso 
 
 for half a 
 
 A<)IUrl!l.ri;i(.\I. IMI'I.KMKNTS 
 
 ■iKKiP OIIAIN. 
 
 lainunir imriioses 
 
 I difflcnity in proeiirini; all necossaiy siipplie- an^l implements for all 
 
 I'OSTAL .VNM) TKI.KiiKAI'll l- Ml I, ITI b> 
 
 Thed 
 
 )Vernmi'nt loleicrnph lino iroes riijh' iliroui;h the dislriet, ha', iny- stations 
 
 nil every "ill miles. Weekly mail at pie^eiit, wilh prospects of irreater facilities. 
 
 ELHrTOHAI, DI.STIMCT OF KIXISTIXO. 
 
 1! 
 
 V .lAMKS 
 
 lloK.V, K 
 
 .\I.I,.A. 
 
 Area -lii.TS-l xinare miles, more or lei 
 
 iH, liein;; at 
 
 mal 
 l>islriet of .Saskalcdii'uun lyin,::; south ofthe ;inl .Meridian and southol TowiiBhip 4" 
 
 that jiart of tho Vvi 
 
 d north ol Tl 
 
 II. 
 
 A hetter idea ot the area, whose leadini; features are forest, Imsh 
 
 ■an ho had from ^iirve^nrs' reports than from any other source. 
 
 Till 
 
 or prairie, 
 larl ol' the 
 
 <listrict lyiiii; easi of liani^e IS is for the most jiart foii'st. There is veiy little forest 
 we~tof that line, I'xeepI aloii^' the .'soutli SasUatcdiewaii Hiver and in the Mirch Hills. 
 Tho liirch Hills, Townships 40 to I,"), and l!ai|ires:il to 2(1. are pretty well envered with 
 
 hush. All tho rest of the district is level 
 
 piaine and tcrazini;' or hay land. 
 
 Nearly all of the district west ot Haii^:e IS is well ada]ited to grain-i;iowiii 
 and to mixed farmiiiL;. Township-' .'IS to 4.") and J{ani.;i's I'.t to 22, west of 2iid .Mei 
 
 ilian. are we 
 
 II .iiiited to lanehiiiir. Of eour>e wheat and other jir 
 
 am can no i;riiwn 
 
 in the same townsli 
 
 lanchini; iHid mi.xed tariiiini;. 
 
 ips, liiit there are portions of some townships Ihat are hetter for 
 '"" e soil is ijieiiorallv a lilack loam, hut in iilacos 
 
 sandy loan, wilh clay and sand subsoil. 
 
 The only river which runs lhroui;li tin- district is llio south branch (d' the .Sa 
 
 kaleli 
 
 ewan wliicli Iraver 
 
 ■ihips 45 and4il. Itannos 2t! ti>2S, west 2nd .^^eridian. 
 lit s suited tor purpose-, of navif^atiou. The Carrot River tlows north-easterly troiii 
 'I'ownship 4"), Hanj^e 21. west 2nil .Meridian, and may be utilized pari ofthe year tor 
 
 millinfj; |)Urposes; small lakes are 
 
 numerous. 
 
 \V 
 
 inilipei; on 
 
 th. 
 
 ist and pai 
 
 •t of L 
 
 The district is bounded by Jjako 
 
 lUe \Vinnipei;oo.-is lies in the i 
 
 th 
 
 listrict. Th 
 
 country is, ironerall}' speakiiiit. 'hit. The liinh Hills, before leferred to, rise to a 
 lieif^ht ot about IDII feet abovt^ the level of the prairie, and there are other hills ii 
 the castorn part olll 
 unknown. 
 
 lisirict, bill that part has not vet heoii siirveved and is a! 
 
 almost 
 
 I'l.l.MATK, KTC. 
 
 (.Miniate is very lionlthy and tree from all diseases. It is belter ihan the 
 climate of other countries, hut inoro nearly resembles Manitoba than any oihcr. 
 .Slimmer about "'>'•' Kahr,, winter 15° Fahr, Xumero" .siuall lakes, foresto. etc., but 
 5i 
 
'!8 
 
 UOOD IWRMIXd COC.XriiY. 
 
 no I'liiiKiok.", I'xcopt voiy h 
 
 lii-ht 
 
 Sprint 
 
 ■ris in Mmoli: sooilinic, 1st uf April 
 
 harvest, onil of, Filly !'■. Iicfiinni'iu; of Aiii;iist. Winter j^i'iioriilly nets in :il)i>iit llic 
 ond of Xovciiiln'r an I liroiiUs up alioiil liic liOtli of .March. 
 
 (Jiir winter ('irployinont is toiiinini; ami hiinliorjn;^;. It pcrniits many oiitilonr 
 
 piirHnits ; an 
 
 yth 
 
 tliat is to he iloiu' can l)o (h)ni^ witlioiit ilisconiforl from cliiuaii 
 
 CROPS, ETC. 
 
 Wli 
 
 iciil, oa's anil l)arlcy aro the principal Lorain crops licrotolbro raiseit, and the 
 soil unil cliin\(c are most suitable to raisiiii; them, as well as root crops of ail UiniU, 
 Voi;otahK'8 I'o well ami come to ureat pcricctinn. In an ordinarily tavoiirahle ycai- 
 wlieat yields ;i() bii-hels jici' acic harlev W to .'id, oats (50 to S(l. potatoes asliigh a- 
 400, turnip, as hi.i;h as (iOO. 
 
 'riierc is sonietinies danger of frost in Aiitciist, hut it •renorally comes too late ti> 
 do any ihim..;'e to grain, and witli irooil cultivation there need never he mi}' daim'cr 
 nil that scoro. ''".von in very dry sections tliore is sullicient moisture in tlic soil to 
 ensure a i^ood cro]). 
 
 SToCK-K.VISI.NU, ItA.NCllES, BTC. 
 
 Some ])orti()ns of tlie district art! admirably adapted forstock-raisinf^. Ahiindance 
 of grass and iiay of great richness jind luxuriance can be had at a trilling cost, and 
 there is jiU'iily of good water all )ver. Stock-raising has heen carried on in the di^- 
 tricl tor the jiast ten years, ami has proved an iinqiialilied success, and a most protil 
 able industry. Jlorses winter out 'mil do well ; tliere is never any loss to stock 
 through colli or wantof t'ood. Blizzards are unknown. Durham and Polled Angu^ 
 arc the breeds nfcattli' best suited to the climate; any breeil of horses and sheep di> 
 well, 
 
 IIAIRY K.VH.MlNl). KTC. 
 
 There are w> cheose and Imtter liictories in e.xistoiice, except a small cheese fac- 
 tory at Carrol liiver, Tnunshii) 4.'), Range :!1, west 'Jnd ileri<lian. These industries 
 Clin he carried on successfully in the i;rc;it majority ot' townslii)is west of Range !>'. 
 (irass is luxuriant and rich, and tliere is abundance ot' native hay l<>r winter toilder. 
 The water is pure and |)leiititiil and iiight> alway.s co >1. At present the home demand 
 is equal to the supply, N'ow that we have a railwivy we shall bo able to reach 
 any foreign market. 
 
 KIKI, SUPPLY, ETC. 
 
 There is abundance ol wood I'or t'uol within con\enient reach of settlers all 
 over; it costs about 8- per cord, but may be had otf (rovernment lands by ]>aying 
 25c. timber dues and drawing it hdine. There is no coal used. No coal mines are 
 worki'd, and it is not known whether any coal exists, but theic are signs that coal 
 underlies the district. Xo borings have been made. 
 
 V.\C.\NT LANDS 
 
 KTC, 
 
 Vacant lands are to be had in every Townshi]). Land open to sale may be pur 
 chased at S'J and S-.OO per acre from tlio (iovcrnment. Improved farms .ire held at 
 from 85 to 810 per acre. The (iu'Api)elle, Long Ijiike and Saskatchewan Uailway. 
 which is now built into I'rince Albert, runs up from Eegiiia through tl.e north- 
 wost eorner of the distiicl. I'rince Albert is our inarkol town, and is six miles 
 north of this district. 
 
 Bl'lLDINIi .MATKIllAL, KIT. 
 
 Wood, principally tamiirac. ])ine. spruce, lir, balm ot' gilcad, ]ioplnr and cedar. 
 J'lenty of it for all purposes and easy of access. 
 
 .MINERAL UE.SollUKS. 
 
 No minerals worked as yet, but coal is siippo.sed to exist in the eastern part 
 of the district, and lead is also believed to be there, as well as silver and gold. 
 
.si'()/rr—cj/r/,'cin-:s — ic/foo/.s. 
 
 <;!• 
 
 WATKK; WKLLS, KTC. 
 
 I>iyf,'iii.n' wcUw \H not iittc'tiiled will 
 leol. Ill iniisi jilacos wiitor can lie read 
 Wfi; water i,'oncrallv l'doiI. 
 
 1 iiiiccrlaiiily. Average di'ptli, >av i<ii 
 near tlio Hiiifaci'. Tlio (iiialit 
 
 |uality III thf 
 
 MAKKKT-i. I'KllK.S, KAII.WAVS, KTc 
 
 Till 
 
 ■(■ IS no town ill Ihf (listiifl yet. Wo ^o to Prince Albert, on th,^ .Vnrtli 
 ■Niskatcliewan, lor Mipplios. Wheat is now worth ilOe. per bush.'l, whieli is about 
 the avfiiifre priee. Oats soil uonorallv at lOo. : jiotatoes, ;t()c. ; butter .'So ■ eirirs 
 ■it)o. per dozen. ■ ' f^h > 
 
 The above wore tho jiricos in ISlKl. 
 
 (ijM'Appollo, Lonjr LaUc and Saslcatohowan Kailway has reaohod I'lini^o Albeit, 
 and the .Maiiiluba and Xorth-Westoin {{aihvay, when "coniplotod, will run tliniii..-li 
 the best part of ibis distriol. 
 
 KlllCAl'loN, SCHOOLS, KTC, 
 
 <U>od educational faoililies, and tho cost lolhe soltlor is small ; thet^ovoriunont 
 jiays most ofibo salary ol the toiudior if bo has a cerlilicalo. 
 
 CIIIRCIIKS, KTc, 
 
 There are seven or eight cbuiohes, and in oiit-of-tho-wav places there are 
 generally vLsiting or resident clergymen, or laymen, who hold service. 
 
 liAMK, hISII, KTC. 
 
 Abundance of feathered game, summer or winter, all over the district. Moose, 
 and doer, and boars, are also ipiite iilontiful, ospei ially in the Kaslern Townships' 
 (.ood supply of lish, chiotiy sturgeon, trout, whileli.-!i, jiiko, jaeklish, ole. Wolves, 
 bi.xes and other fur-bearing animals are becoming scarce. Water fowl plentiful, and 
 iiKdudes goose, four kinds, about twenty live kinds of ducks, snip.', plover, etc. 
 
 KiiiMT cri/ri;i{K, ktc. 
 
 Wild fiuil diM's well. Principal native fruits are strawborrv, goosborrv, rasp- 
 berry, liiicklebeiry. Saskatoon berries, high and low-busii cranberries, foiir'/ir live 
 species of currants, black or r<'d cherries, and wild plums, sand cherries, etc, Wild 
 flowers grow in groat ]irofusion. The cbief orders represented are com])ositao. convol- 
 vulocoae, siliaceae, criiciferriie, roseaeae, etc. Fiuils, I believe, would thrive well in 
 ibe district. Imiinrled currants do well. 
 
 UoAIlS, lilt I nil ES, KTC. 
 
 'Sos; the roads are good naturally, and tborc are ferries at evorv coiiveiiieni 
 crossing o'l the river. 
 
 A(iKICt!I.TII(AI, I.MI'I.K.MENTS, SKKIi ;liAlN, CATTLE, K I'C 
 
 Kveryihing that a larmer re(|uiros can be puiidiascd at Prince ilbert and in the 
 "listrict, at reasonable prices. 
 
 I'OST.VL AMI TLLElillAl'll f.VCI MTI KS. 
 
 Postal facilities are very thir, and are steadilv iiupr.iving. No teleu-raiih station 
 nearer than Prince Albert. " 
 
 i t 
 
 , 1 
 
 ! i 
 
THE SIIKLL RIVER rOr.XTIi'V. 
 
 IlLKOTOHAli DISTIUCT Ol-^ ]'1{IN<'H AI.IJKUT, SASRATOHEWAX. 
 Hv Wii.i.iA.M l't,AXTON, Ksg., M.r,.A. 
 
 Tlio ai'oii oi' I'liiifo Albert KU'clonil District will Ipc IouikI vo v ilillk'iilt to 
 ili'lino, us il omln'iicos a very largo trad north of tho north liranch of iho Sa^kati'Iu'- 
 wiiii Kivcr, niiirh of which is nticxi>lorcil, Iml the area will he nearly i,'iven hy the 
 Act lietiniiii; IIh lonnilarie^. 
 
 With the exc'eption of ■' Shell llivcr " eoi.iitry, all north of tiie river is coinposeil 
 of loresl, ami nnisi soon hecomo an iiniMonst> Ininheriiiir district. The Shell River 
 country is a larije |ir i rie, ami, to those who favour uirain-i^rowiiiLr. one of the timst 
 tracts in the woi'M. it has an almmlanee of holli hiiiMinu; I i in her ami lirewooij. To 
 tiie sonth of the ri\cr the count i\v is hilly, with niuneroiis lakes ami patches of 
 
 pop 
 
 Tl 
 
 iver llats on the lianks of the S;iskatchewaii are now well settled, hilt 
 
 to the soutii ol those is a larifc area of country thai is yet only sparsely settled. 
 Tiie lied l>eer t'i'eek runs troin west to east throiinh thi^ tract, and on its hanks are 
 alMindaiico of jiay meadows. This tiacl has a park like appearance, and, apart lioin 
 the nionnlains, i-, one ol' liiu most ])ietnresque in the ^rorlh-Wesl, 
 
 The .Shell IJiver couiitrj- i- iiinonu' the nios. ^'.loice in the Teri'itorio for u'rain- 
 i^rowini;. Tin' country north of the rivej' with thiscxception is adapted for luinlieriiii;, 
 and the connlrv scnith of the river is siiitahle for mixed farmiiiir. .Some of our 
 
 settlers are alreadv rancliiiii;, and the countrv is well adaplei 
 
 ti 
 
 for 1 1 
 
 lis 
 
 Some ol 
 
 lose settlers y-ii noil h ot the river, where there are lari;e liav meadows and stack 
 
 iiiinicnse i|uanlilics of hay tor winter fecd!i 'I'lie majoritj', however, lind sutlieient 
 
 iiaj' ill their own ncinhliourliood. The 
 
 soil is simi 
 
 ar to that ot the lied liiver vallc 
 
 .'itli this exception, that the siihsoil is litjhl. while thai of the Kcl liiver valley 
 
 lias ;i, lieavv cliiv sii 
 
 hsoil. 
 
 The Saskatchewan J{iver i- iiavii;al'lc diirinij: suiiuner, aud coniniiinicat ion is 
 lliereliy had willi i'Mmonton. iiiil tietbril, ( 'iimhorland. .Selkirk, Winnipi'n' and other 
 |)oints. Lakes, properly so called, are not as niinieroiis as ponds are sdiuh of tlr 
 river ami 
 
 the fii 
 
 ■-loiiyhs are found holh north and south. The hitler yield picniv of hay 
 
 rl.lM.VI'K, KTC 
 
 I'herc is no >nliie(i connecleil wiili our Xorlli-Wesi upon wliiili ea-'tcni pcop'o 
 
 and Kiiroiicans have more mistaken ronee|itioiis than that of our climati 
 
 Th. 
 
 lalioiir under the iin|iressioii thai we are soinewherc 
 
 the N'orlh I'oh 
 
 llie 
 am 
 
 hid is tiiat I' 
 
 Al 
 
 :>rt 
 
 the same latitude as i)iihliii, I 
 
 jiverpoi 
 
 land lierli 
 
 1 we are far sinilli of the soul hermost ))oinl in Scotland and some live hundred 
 les south of .S|,)(|J|o|iii uiid .S|. relersliiiri;'. This injurious impression is heiiiL;' 
 
 I'onlirmeil hy lliemaiinor in which prairie tires arc allowed to destroy our t'orcst 
 trees, and hy the iiialuilous adverti--iiii'.' of t'luits and j;rains t'rom Xorlherii Russia. 
 Tin' eliinale is an cxcecdinij;ly healthy one, and seems to he entirely i'l-ri.) I'roin 
 endemic diseases. ( 'oiisumptivcs thrive here; some settlers here are men who were 
 far n'one i,i consuinption helon' eomini; here. One case in parliciilar (h'scrves note. 
 .\ voiiiil;' man wluxe ease was proiioiiiieed hopeless tried a trip to Manitidia and the 
 Norlh-WesI, Willi the result Ihat an imiuediale chaiin'c set in and he is now i|iiiie 
 stronir. 
 
 The teiniicialure raiiij 
 
 ir. suminer iVoin t."i to '.ID in shai 
 
 winti'i- troin O'' 
 
 to ,)!)'" 
 
 i'onds 
 
 lis nio(lif\- eonsideraliK' ihe iieal of suminci 
 
 d wl 
 
 lerc soiilli- 
 
 nesl wii 
 
 ds prevail for a few da\s I heir elteci is i^a-iiv fell, e- 
 
 Winter ends in April 
 
 liarvi>sl licuins ahinil Isl Septe 
 
 pci'ially III winter. 
 
 Wiiitt 
 
 .U'allv sets in ahoiit the end of .\o\emliei 
 
 .Vll the ahle hodied n 
 
 williiiL; to Work readilv 
 
 tiiiij enipli 
 
 it. The sawmills of .Messrs. .Moore \ .Macdowall, 
 
 .S"iulerson i^ itallantyne, and (", Thompson, i;ivc eiii| 
 
 iiiiilovinent to a lart;e niiinl 
 
 men iri 
 
 ttin. 
 
 II loii's ill wiiiier. 
 
 n no ra-e 
 
 iiiowii men willni"- lo 
 
FARMING AND STOCK-JiAlSLXO. 
 
 WDik icinain lonjc idle cither in winter op summer. Tlie statement circuiuteil by 
 (Joldwiii Stiiilh in lieliiiii' of liio Toronto lal)oiii' associations to tiie ctl'ect tliat fai'm 
 lalioiirt'is coiikl not tind I'mploynicnt steadily in Manitoba and the Norlli-Wcst was 
 entirely wronji; as a|>|)lied to this district. Wages raiiye from S2II to §25 and board 
 |ier month, accordinjr to season and ability of men. 1 niysell' spent days trying to 
 engiigo a man last snMim»i', and could not get one until long alter 1 had no need for 
 liini. Some of those who coino here wisli to lind employment in town and will not 
 accept work in country; this class had better stay in countries where there are 
 
 |)(iorliouses. !'"irowood in large quantity for the town is also cut across the river, 
 .Sometimes the navigation companies get tlieir wood hero. The Police require hay 
 for from 7") to 511 horses the year around. Wood, beef, hay and other produce tind 
 a gooil market, so that anyone out of employment can get work on his own account. 
 Servant glils are in demand ; wages from $10 to 815 jier mon'h. Chore boys cannot 
 be had at any ]n-ice; wages would be from 8111 to 820. .iccurdingto age and stren '' 
 
 th. 
 
 CROPS, ETC. 
 
 ■ All the grains grown in Kasfern Canada are raiseil here without trouble. The 
 soil JH an alluvial deposit, and, of course, so tar has given good crops ; roots and 
 vegetables have fiourisheil. An imiiression ]irevails in the Kast that there is great 
 danger from frost. This bugbear is, in my opinion, nearly oxjiloded. If the land 
 is tall ploughed there is little danger. Late crops are nowhere in danger. Farmers 
 here trequently sow late crojis under the impressldn tliat if frozen it will he valuable 
 as green feed in winter, and cattle prefer it to hay. In my opinion the only serious 
 danger is tnun drought. With |)roper care the farmer will not he much the worse 
 for fiiist ; he will, I feel sure, gel nine crops out of ten. But drought, such as that 
 whiidi prevailed in .Manitoba last year and in Saskatchewan in 1SS4. cannot easily 
 be averted. Only the very early-sown crops make good headway in such years. 
 No lanil fairly pre))ared failed to give a good yield in any year yet. notwithslan<ling 
 either drought or frost. The farmers have not as yet ))lanted or sown large erojis 
 of roots, hut where tried, turnips, carrots, mangel wurzols ami ]>otatoes grow abund- 
 antly. The poorest potato crop which we have had since I came here was in 1882 
 
 and in 18Sli, and it would 
 yield of wheat won 
 iiu^heU ]ier aero, and liarley oO 
 harlev and rj'O art 
 
 ry to do so when, with little work, and 
 rair-e large crops here. We need not land 
 
 Is to ■ ■ ■ 
 
 have heen considered a good yield in Ontario. A tiili 
 
 from 20 to ;iO bushels per acre, of oats -tO to "(» 
 
 .•. ......vj u" to 50 bushels per aei'e ; llax, hlacdv or headless 
 
 all grown, Imt I do not know wliat the average yiehl would 
 be. tianlen vegetables grow well, and if a gootl market were ope svould jirove 
 profitable; hut as yet the vacant lots in town sup])ly the greater part ot its demands. 
 In this connection, I may say that I have sometimes wondered how farmers whoso 
 lan<l cost say §50 iier acre, and who must manure and fallow before croppinir, evoi 
 make both ends meet, or why they ;rv to do so " 
 almost no e.-cponse for land, they might 
 
 now to crop, but oatmeal ami grist mills to grind what we do raise. The advent 
 ot tile railway this summer removes all ilanger ot'a market failing us, 
 
 . SToCI<-l(AISIN(i. IIAMIIINO, VAT. 
 
 In this depart mem it is my opinion that Saskatchewan e.vcels. We have 
 abundance of grass. The hilly nature of the country is suited for ranging, while 
 the valleys supply hay. The animals seldom descend into the valleys, preierring 
 the hillsides, so that hay is not destrojed hj' their ))asturing. The oidy dilliculty 
 that we have to eonteml with as yet is thai farmers, in their anxiety to increase 
 thtur slock, seek to gather numiiers regardless ot' (laulily. the result being that 
 they have to keep, at the same ex)>ense for wintei' feeding, a herd not worth 
 more than half what a graded herd would he worth. It is i|uite usual for ))onies to 
 winter oul. and I have known eattlt> to come in in .lanuary in good shape iiom the 
 pi'airie. West Highland and lialloway callle would not need stabling in a well 
 shellereil locality, and this, with their shai;gy hiih's, shoidd make them more 
 valualile than any oilier cuttle. The l)iirham is, however, the breed principall}' kept 
 here, and they do well. Hides are now shipped to Winnipeg. 
 
n 
 
 * 
 
DM It y FA i,'M[ya—Fi -ei.. 
 
 SIhi'p iIo L'XL'c'iitioiially woll luid iiro lis yot riitlioi' scarce. Littef'eod is required 
 ill winter ; i^ood stiiMe^i life hiirti'iii mtliei' tlmii helpful. Oiio msin can attend to 
 iiliout 11 tliDUsiind slieeps, witli 11 little help duriiiir I ivini,^ time. Woollen clothini; 
 
 will iilwiiys l)e in dc 
 
 <l in llie country, hut woollen mills are needed, and in 
 
 thi 
 
 there is 11 ttrand opoidiij;' lor someone with sullicieni capital 
 
 Th 
 
 e only 
 
 lireeds intiodueed so t'ai' are Leicester, Shropshire, Southdown and Merino ^frade-'. 
 All of these succeed well, and multiply at a rate that will astonish the schoolboy in 
 i^eometrieal )irou;ression. Of these lirecds the tavourite seems to ho the Sliro|)shire. 
 however, and 1 thiidc that it will, )porhaps, provi^ the most )]rofitaljle. Ilorse- 
 lireedinu; is yot m its infancy, hut the country is uiuiuestionably well adajited for 
 
 the business 
 
 ew yoou liorse 
 
 )f any breed have yet been inti'oduced, but the 
 
 The only 
 or rreamcry. 
 be sujiported 
 
 luies likely to lind a read}' niiirket will be the larger roadster, ludmals that can 
 travel over our heavy roads at a ijooil rate, U'ld, at the sanu' time, prove themselves 
 serviceable in front of a reaper, mower or ploujrh. The Cleveland bay or IFackney 
 coach would e::actlj- till the bill, the ('leveland luiy especially. 
 
 llAIUV KARMIN(., KTf. 
 
 drawback- to ilairy farminji; here i- the want of a good cheoe faclory 
 There arc several ilistriets or settlements where a good factoiy could 
 All the open country would he suitable for- the imrpose. Abundance 
 if choice pasturage, bay and good water can be hail the year around. The nights 
 are always cool, even in the hottest weather, and settters let their cows suckle 
 their young ju^^t now, because we have oidy a local deinand for milk and butter. 
 The railway, however, will give us a ready market for butter. As yet cheese is 
 not manufactured to any extent. Anyone accustomed to cheese-making would tind 
 an abundance ot' milk of the best quality, and a ready market tor his produce. 
 An orilinary settler's herd now numbers Irom ten to thiitycows. and these will, in 
 a few years, he considerably increased. If, therefore, a factory were once started 
 the only drawback would be hired help to milk. Owing to our isolated position, a 
 large ])ortion of our trading lias been done in kiiul. Cash is a scurc(^ commodity, 
 and this alone prevents settlers from themselves starling factories on the eo- 
 operalive plan. Settlers do not live so (dosely together as in the Kast, but can keep 
 much larger herds. 
 
 Kl Kl. SCI'l'LY, ETC. 
 
 The fuel at ]U'esent used is wond. Those near the river cross it in winter and 
 draw spruce; but the settlers t'urther back use ])()i)lar, which is an exceedingly good 
 wood tor the purpose, (-oal is not known to a certainty to exist in this Electoral 
 |)istricl, but as there is an abundance ot' it at I'Mmonton. on the river baiilcs. it will 
 be ohtainable. and at a modei-.ite ]irice, whenever desired. It can be readily ship]ied 
 during the seas(ui ot navigation. .\t the present lime, however, there is an 
 abundance of wood, and no elfoi't has been made to import coal, 
 int'nrmed by Dr. Porter, cloes certainly exist about six miles below the 
 ipiantily, and only lU'cds a little capital to work it. 
 
 V.\e.\M' L.VMlS, KTC. 
 
 The Shell IJiver country, noith of this some "ill miles, is an immense Iract 
 ot' open i)raii'ie, and has as yet only three oi' four settlors. Homesteads can be 
 obtaine(| all through the settled (larts of tin- eountiy, however. Those are not 
 necessarily the culls that have been ]iassed over ly previcnis settlers, but are laiuls 
 abandoned by sjicculators or cancelled for non-fi Itilnient of settlement duties, and 
 are in some cases the best cliiims in the vicinity. Frauds can be purchased at trom 
 S2 to S4 |ier acre, and siuiie of these have ciuisiderable improvement. To those with 
 means it will bi' found (dieajier to bit}' improved t'arms than to homestead. 
 
 1I|:1I,|)1N() .MATh'.UIAI., inc. 
 
 I'lenty ot' wood !(>;■ all purposes. Any ([uantlly of stone can be had in either 
 the north or south brancli of the Saskatchewan, hut there is noite on the i)rairie. In 
 
 tJ.ial, I am 
 town in fair 
 
ALL ri VlLl/dNG Al'l'LlAyCES. 
 
 nil' parts, liuwevor, a^ in the lioil Dciu' Hill <lihli'iot, laiiic lumlilors of linioslnii,- 
 
 liavi^ bet"! t'oimil in almnilaniH'. Tiicse luc Mn(U'ri;i'oiiticl and 
 farm work. 
 
 not intcrleii' \v 
 
 itl. 
 
 MINEKAI. llKSolHCK.- 
 
 lion nni[iiostionably oxisls. A noiiililioiir, who iiniloi'slands wlioreuf he K|)eaU>, 
 iv|pori^ a niino near liore tliat would yield 7.") |Ji'r cent, of iron. Other niini^-als are 
 -njipo^ed to oxint north of tiio river, hut nothiiif; detinite i> known of the.se, (iold 
 ^ujiposi'd to have been washed from the mountains infound in the river in quanlilie-- 
 thai it is believed would y\v\A fail' workinj,' \v;iL;es, hut no real test has been made 
 olliei- than sucdi as mii;ht hi; done by vieitini; .Iners for experimental |)Ui])oses. A 
 large bed ot sul)ihate of soda about U to '1 feet thick and c<ivorini; several acres, has 
 boon discovered on tho both nidos of the river, but has not been develoited. 
 
 W.VTKll, WEI, I,; 
 
 KTi' 
 
 Abundance of lirslclass water everywhere. Wells 
 
 the crlainly that water will be obtained at I'm 
 lakoH anil ponils illter tliiouirh the sumlv siibsnil in 
 
 m 5 to M teel. 
 
 mU an^'wherc wilb 
 'I'lie water in ihc 
 
 ito tl 
 
 lose wells. 
 
 M.MIKKT IMilt'KS, KTi; 
 
 fionorall}- tair, but until this summer wo have been isolated from the outsi. 
 >ild, but expect a change with the advent of the I'ailway which has now reacbi 
 
 bed 
 
 us. 
 
 Ordmar' 
 
 I's ai'e : Wheat, 75c. to •*! ; oats, about the same as lialerv, vi/ 
 
 aOc. to 7 
 Lake IJailwa 
 
 lUtter. 
 
 Oitf^s, 
 
 .'Oc. to 5(te. In addit 
 
 ion 
 
 to the 1 
 
 lie^ina ano 
 
 It;' 
 
 v, which IS now 
 
 built to Prince Albert, wi 
 
 •hartc 
 
 l.ol 
 
 lied for 
 
 to extend this line to ccumect with the Hi 
 
 leadinn' this way, 
 
 lilt 
 
 ' not seem ti 
 
 1' 
 
 IS Hay 
 isbed ahead ■ 
 
 IJoad. The >[. \ X. W 
 apidly. The Xortheri 
 
 .\~ 
 
 acilic ('iiiiipany ;ire also understood lo bo piosjieclim.'; with a view In luiildini; 
 I'rinee Albert is the most im])ortaiit town in Saskatchewan 'rerritory, and is located 
 in the centre of it, it is likclv lo be the('a,,'ial of the futuie I'l'oviiieo of .Saskatchewan, 
 
 We are several hundred miles nearer ('limehill lb 
 will vet be the terminus of the IIuiImmi's Bav Kail' 
 
 Wi 
 
 ip. 
 
 id hojie that this 
 
 Kl.lr.VrioN, SI'Uool.S, KTC, 
 
 Wherever a few families are settled ihev can torin a school distilcl, 
 
 which inu~t 
 
 not be more than the miles siiuare, and start u school. The i iovernnient ij;raiil is 
 lai'i^e, and the expense to settlers is hardly felt, Tbeii there are two sections 
 reserved in every town»hip (six mile- s'|Uaio) for school |uirpo~es, which will in the 
 near- future provide a fund that will in all pi'oba hi lily make the scl 
 
 III 
 
 riiici' 
 
 started 
 
 ;'lf-siistainii 
 .Mboi'l there ate three I'liblie ijradeil --chools, and a hiuh scdiool is al 
 ■j'bct 
 111 tl 
 
 sveral de.ominational schools, In 
 (• country ilistricts nearly every part has now 
 
 Kiimaii (y'atholi 
 
 chool 
 
 .Many of the teachers are fiom I'lastcrii Canada, and are experiencod ban 
 
 111 ojiora'ii' 
 
 laws are lar; 
 
 :'lV Im 
 
 Ironi the older iirtivi 
 
 school svstfin on a solid foiinilal ion at onei 
 
 the school district in wiueh 
 
 teacher s sa 
 
 lari 
 
 live, composei 
 
 liiirii 
 1 of li,^ 
 
 nces, and, therelore, plac 
 
 Our 
 our 
 
 less than 
 
 Sll| 
 
 icr mo 
 
 nth 
 
 ii; the past season the expense in 
 si|uare miles, co.st tor a second- 
 
 5 eenis per (luarter section (Kin 
 
 acres) of land. This school puid .'#.jil ]ici' month of salary, tlio balance beiii;f paid 
 
 ( iovernnient, 
 
 I'lUIllrllKS, I'.'I'i', 
 
 In I'rince Aliert (Town) the followinu' denominations have churches : — Roma 
 
 t'alliolie. I'lpiscopalian, I'resb;. lorian and .Methodist, Chin 
 'ire scattered over the whole surroiindiiii;' eountrv. WI 
 
 >f these denominatii 
 lere chiirebes do not exist 
 
 service is iisiiallv hel I bv visitini; clcry-vinen in available biiilili 
 
 U.\MK. I'lSlI, KTI' 
 
 ( 'oiisidciablt small "'aii 
 
 ariie i;aine. 
 
 Set lie 
 
 A\ as duck, prairie chicken, partridge, etc,, but ii< 
 
 mid do well to briim' fowlin>f pieces, but revolvers and bowi 
 
UOABU— POST— TELEGRAPHS. 
 
 75 
 
 knivon aic of ni> use. Thoro i« ii ronwiilenible qimntify ni lisli irj tlu^ rivor, liui 
 Hettl('r» ilo not st'oin to tisli inucli. Some of tlio lakos to the iiortli iirts iilso well 
 stocked. Tin' jiriiicipnl kimls are stiirni^oii, trout, wliitotish ami golilcycs. l,!ii'i;o 
 giitiu", liciii' anil ik'iM', is also found in tiio iiiiML'tllod parts. 
 
 KHllT cm. TURK, KTC. 
 
 ThiMlisliic'l is well adopted to the' culture of small fruit, Iml lartce frui' has not 
 yet been tiiod. Strawliei'ries, currants, saskatoon. Iiiffli and low luisli c',anl)crrie», 
 ami ollior small truit i;row wild, and iirc beiii;; icradually inlrodnccd into <;arden~. 
 Durin;^ the summer months the prairie is one huf;c flower yai'den, but to name the 
 varieties of llowi^rs wouhl retpiiro a patro of this pjiper. Uosi's. lilies, violi-ts and 
 many others grow in profusion. 
 
 KO.MIS, lUllDUES, ETC. 
 
 Few liiidffes required, and leadinjr road> now ])retty well developeil, 
 
 AdltlcUl.riltAI. I.MI'I.EMENTS, SKKD liR.MN, KTC. 
 
 Tho-^0 iicciislomed to the country anil kiiowiMic what to brini; will do well in 
 hrin:,' materials. Others should brinj; houselioM i;oods, but jjcl other article- here. 
 There will he no ditliculty in i;ettiiif: j;raili. 
 
 I'OST.VI. .\NI> TKLKHR.MMIIC l-'ACII, irlES. 
 
 We have a hi- kly mail since the railway reached us. Tlu're is a tioverr- 
 
 ment tele!,'ra])h ollice. No dillicully is found in communieatini; with outside world. 
 
 It will he remembered by the reader that the foreu;oini; information refers in 
 
 ual to that of 
 )rlh and east is still 
 
 Jirairic rc^jions whicdi lie far apai-t in a di-lriel whose urea is almost cij 
 the IJiMteil Kin":di>ni. and that an immense coiintrv l<i ll 
 
 unexplored ; ainl 'hercfoic unliiiown. What knowledge we jhisscss is di'iiwn from 
 Indians, Halt-breeds, .Missionaries, Hudson's Bay ( 'ompany employes and the few 
 meaLcrc exploration- made by L;eoloi;isls and survcyoi- williin reccnl years. I'inoni;!!, 
 
 I'r, i> known of the trreat Saskalcho 
 
 wan rei'inn In i he noi 
 
 th and cast ol I'ri 
 
 Alliert to |ii>tify a lint unfavourable estimate of its capabilities and resources. T' 
 
 broad tacts are W( 
 
 slabli-hcd. vi/... that it is in many ]iarts timhcred. and that ii 
 i> a threat lake cniintry. but not a region of jireat rivers with tin' exception if the 
 
 .Saskatchewan, the 
 
 .M 
 
 l--issiii|ii or 
 
 ('hur 
 
 U 
 
 iver>. 
 
 onei 
 
 tl! 
 
 e caiine-rollle ot ll 
 
 liir conipan 
 
 ies to the .Maikenzie, ivim.; to the imitli of' it. .\iuie of the lakes 
 
 lie first or even of tl 
 
 le 
 
 md magnitude 
 
 ai 
 
 )f I 
 
 iii.iiiy ot them are very laige 
 while:i-h ami trout. The timber a^ain wlr 
 coii>ists main 
 
 ■k lakes lie hrvniid its liol'der-. Hill 
 
 id ihev all swarm with tish of I 
 
 le tuicsl (lUiilitv. viz. 
 
 known too.xisl. l.-« of value 1 
 
 loll 
 
 ly of 
 
 Milt spruce, to u>e a whist phra: 
 
 gl 
 
 I It 
 
 se. IS now 
 
 ' prnmoli 
 
 wood, the pine olthe cast bein^ nearly exhausted; and the tiill-Ljrown spruce of lie 
 
 Nnrth-Wcst attii 
 
 a large >\yk\ and is considered 
 
 hv carpciilcr- who 
 
 ave used Imlh. 
 
 ifler and better Wood to wnrk than the Iinnglas |iii 
 the Manksian pine. tngethiM' with tainarac and biri h, a 
 
 )f Briti-h ("nliimhia. 
 Is which nbl 
 
 It 
 
 d 
 
 re tlie woni 
 
 ain 111 
 
 the lake country, and much of them is of fair i|iialit3', and will j-el be an imporlaiit 
 source of supjily lor prairie demand if not for cxiiort. There is considerable mei- 
 
 I'hantablo limber ni ihe main Sasl<atclie\ 
 
 below the Forks ai 
 
 iiarticii 
 
 larh 
 
 T. 
 
 nl lllL- 
 
 1! 
 
 Furl I 
 
 III a heavy itrowth exists at I{ahbits ('reel 
 
 irhood of "The ('iit-nif. " near t" 
 
 f.aki 
 
 On I 
 
 le .sei'pa 
 
 nook. 
 
 iiimerous 
 
 rivers thai iiirii, that is in sav which flows in opiiosiie direction- 
 
 111 IIjc 
 one 
 
 accordinir to liu' stage of wafer, and which arc peculiar to the Nnwer .Sas 
 
 itchewan 
 
 region, there is said to bo a tine bndy of timber, and a deep tiirest -kirls th,' indented 
 
 sli. 
 
 I'S .if Mn 
 
 !ar the I'as .Mi 
 
 I, 
 
 :iUe wliic 
 
 h drains by >Siiinmerlierry Creek into the ."^askatchewat 
 .\ small variciv of cedar is found at Cedar liaki', but it i- a 
 
 shrill 
 
 1 rather than a tree, and has no economic; 
 
 Th 
 
 are other known tiiii- 
 
 bor resources on the main Saskatchewan, hut llicse mentioned arc the most impnr- 
 
 .llld consists of' 'sill ' deposited 
 levelop into arable land reseiii- 
 
 tant. 
 
 .Muc 
 
 if tl 
 
 lis count rv is in a formative state 
 
 bv the river, which in c,;urse of time will daubtles 
 
('i 
 
sifiiEP/uisfxa 
 
 hViUii Hii« I'ii'Ht Sl('](])fl. Littio iniiro ciiti bo said with roLraiil to tli(> limbor sii]>iily of 
 tliiil liiMti'ii'i, Id ilio oust. Tlio rtniMJi coiiiiliy, awiiy I'loni tliu cMiicio-routo to pdits 
 
 ami nusMoiis, is ,i 
 
 llMl): 
 
 \ a ttrra inrui/nita. Tim rjaurfiiliaii swci'ii- info this iii^ion 
 
 :niil whiTi! il has hci'ii cxplorod, various losmiiccs havo Ijocn nli-it'i'vc^ 
 
 it, is (litlicult 
 
 to say wlii'tlii'i- its lal<i> systetii drains inaiidy into tlir <"hiir(liili i>v into thr N'ldson 
 iiivcr. I'lvcry puiilishcil map ixliiliits i^ical confusion in lids ii'spccl, and |ir.jl)ali|y 
 the iiitt'rlocl<a,LC>' is of an inliinulc and wide-spread ciiaiiicli'r, and wali'i, idtlnT of 
 lakoH or streams, cnvcrs a lari;o portion of the eounlry. itul tiiei'o is also aialile 
 land, liarley, pdliiloL ■ atul ordinary vei;etal)los are raised at Slaniey, a (!liuieiiot 
 
 lMii;land .Mission 2(10 miles north of Prince Aihcrt, anil a few year 
 • 'alholio A[issi(Piuiry slated al I'rince Allien, that his rei^imi wheat had he 
 and had ripened f'i'i- from fmst, and that tiiero was " a very ijooil country ' in his 
 lerals, too, doulil less exist in the iKirlh and iiorhaiis in "real 
 
 ''(I 11 Hum; 
 
 en jirown 
 
 ncig 
 
 'hhourlr 
 
 Mi 
 
 aliiinilance, lor hevoiid the aiititdinai the countrv is rockv ilniuirli not moimtaiiicius. 
 
 ('iniial :ii' has hcen ohserved, as well as 
 
 'PI 
 
 )cr and iion, so thai a reirion whirli h 
 
 hilheiii) lieen lialiilahle solely tluiiiii^h its liir, tisli and ijame. may prove iipnn 
 cNaiiiination to |iiissoss many other resources of ecdiiomic value, the develipmenl df 
 which may yet support a eonsidcraiile popuhitioii. It lakes a ion;; lime lor ihe 
 easlein wiirlil td nel rid of its miscdiK'c|itidns, and Ihe inosi oiistinale df Ihom viz: 
 thai the NdrlhU'esI prairie cdiiiilrv is a trozen wilderness, is onlv now as we know 
 
 ri vise our opin- 
 and the lime may yet come when 
 
 1 
 
 dying Ihe death. In all likieliiKHl the progress of sell lemont will 
 idus with regard Id the climate iif ihe iiorl" 
 
 idvan 
 
 ced larmcrs w 
 
 ill 
 
 ifiilo ihe pessimists, and anionish Mark Lane with wdie.i 
 grown in llie neiglihdu IickmI of lludsdii's I!ay. Ills probable that an e.\ploialdry 
 survey df the regidii will be made al an early dale, lis proxiniily to Hudson's liay 
 :^ivcs it great public importance, and ils lopographie features and eennomie resources 
 will doiiblloss sddii be investigated and ilit^ result given to the world. 
 
 H1IEKI> llAI.SINil IS S.\SKAT('I!EWAN. 
 
 'I'his industry i» yel in ils intimey in this di.slricl. owing, no doubt, Id ihe laeL 
 that we liavodiily now got railway communication. The tirsi sheep inlidduceil here 
 about 18 years ago, we; e brought in by settlers IVdiu lied River, followed shortly all er- 
 warils by dihers iVdin Onlarid. In ilu' fall of ISSl Mr. ,1. .MaeArthur imporleci from 
 .Montana a Itock df r)(lll eues: he was folldwed in the tollowingyear by .Mr. ('. licdicrt- 
 sun, df t'aridt iiivi'r. In issti .Mr. Itielil, iifOarlton, went into this industrv. In I's'^T. 
 
 Mr. 1'. I'Vaser impoiled a lb) 
 
 trdin 
 
 .Mdnt;i 
 
 .1 Mt 
 
 M. Cii 
 
 M 
 
 one trom 
 
 ( inlarid, so that in the district ol' liorne in Ihe fall df 1SS7 there weri'bul ;!.000 sheep. 
 .\o heller pidol'di Ihe suitableness iif the cdunlry tdr sheep raising, and its prolilable- 
 iiess can be mentioned than llie fact that all those who went into Ihe iiuiu>lrv have 
 
 remained in it and added Id ihei 
 
 iioubled them and tl 
 
 lealli rate is 
 
 s])e 
 
 etive 
 
 disease ofanv 
 
 remarkably low (.)n the average Ihe sheep 
 are lurried out lo the grass the liisl week in April, mid remain oiil till ihe lirst 
 
 ennod up al niirlit 
 
 vf I>eoeinber, when owing id ihe sliiirlness of llie dav and bei 
 
 II 
 
 ley are fed Iho lirsl lialfof Decenibei 
 
 iig pe 
 
 itiU' hay nidriiingaiid evening, after which 
 
 bey remain in and are fed with hay until the spring. Hay is so |ilenlifiil and llie 
 
 season for hay-making so suitable ihat (he cost averaging 
 
 year with another, 
 iVtl 
 
 does iidt exceeil 81 per ton or S.'i cents a head. The experience of the ])asl six J'cars 
 goes to show llial the 1st of .Mav is Ihe most suitable time Id start lambinu 
 
 •oiniiiir witli the now grass. .\s a rule the month 
 
 Cd!, tinning triun diie 
 
 to Ih 
 
 ree day 
 
 laiMlis 
 if .May is always one ot storm, 
 .■rioiis Idss of lambs is liable to occur unless 
 
 gri-al 'are is taken. From all iiilbiniatidii to be gatliereil it may be stated Ihat the 
 
 average inci 
 
 rease is about 100 percent of ewes lainbin 
 
 l.')th .liiiii 
 Id li lbs. I 
 
 ( lippllli 
 
 begins about the 
 
 by that time the wool has nicely risen and the clip averages from 3^ 
 1' liable lo lie troiililesdine, but not if any care is 
 
 lie 
 
 .>heep ticl 
 
 ikcii and i( is Idund that by dipping the lambs abdut Ihe 1st ,luly. afler theshoe|) 
 ipped thai Ihe tloek can be kept in excellent conditidn as far as thai pest 
 
 .■rned. The natural 
 
 enemies dl sheep are here as elsewhere, the prairie Wdit 
 
St MMEli AxW WINTEH l-'»l>l>En. 
 
 77 
 
 or 
 
 ciiy 
 
 oto JH liitlili' to III' ti'ouliIoHomo, lint ilit> 
 
 iiwiHT iit'ii llcii U vi'fy 
 
 ill 
 
 w It aroiinii 
 
 iilii|ils \i vi^roi'iiiis mill ciVi'f'iiial i'i'iiit'<ly iilxn liuliiiii iIii<;h 
 soinutittifH ill) iliiiiiiiL,'r lull Itio lii«s(iH iViiiii liiiili ciiiiHcs it'aiiy ciiri' is lakcii an' very 
 iiiHi;,ri>ilicaiil. 
 
 Iiy past fXiiiTimonl ihiit tlii> i;roat ilistrict 
 
 It III 
 
 iiiiiloulitt'illv liooli iil'iivcri I 
 
 iil'Saskatrlu'waii is mil iiiily uliii' to curry lliiiiisaiiils Iml iiiiilioii^ of slu'op. Tlio 
 iniini'iiHc cxtoiii lit' ii|n'ii iiilliii.i,' jmiirii' I'Xli'iniiii^- soiilh ami wnsl truiii tln' soiiili 
 liriliicli of tlic SasNatclic'Waii liivor, ciin riiniisli ;;ra/;ini; I'lniii A|iiil to DocoiiiIht. 
 tiir iinliilil tliirks wliik" imrlli aii<l west nt' llii' nmlli Inanrli a liniiii'lli'ss (■.vtciil ut' 
 
 my 
 
 ill Inn 
 
 li llierii with wiiitor fiinil. 
 
 1' 
 
 'I'lii' Ivvi) tiiioniiiii;; |iai'anra|ilis aro liiriiisiu'il 
 
 Mil 
 
 rill II r, !•; 
 
 Ill 
 
 rii\('ii AlliiTi. wliiisi' cxiicrieiici' ami i)|iiiiiiiiis 
 
 will 
 
 sale giiiile I'nr lliuso win 
 
 inti'iiil III liillnw this iiiiliislry in Saskati'ln'Wiiii. Owiiii;' tu tlio iiliiiiiiluini' ofiialural 
 liny ami >Iii'1Iit all'iinli'il liy llic iinrllu'rii ]iiirliiiii uftlif ilislrifl, I'Voii lliu;;icat |ilaiiis 
 to llic -iiiiili may 111' lirmiu'lit. into |irolilalili' use tiir siimmiT ;:ra/.iii^'. Slni'|i ran 
 bi' driven in tlio tall to llio furini'r parts at siii 
 
 (lai 
 slio 
 
 I'P riiiinll'i 
 
 I'Xpi'ii-c ami willnmt l'is> ur 
 Tim nun'li siri'SM laiinol lie laiil mi tin- inipurtaiico nt Saskatcliwan an ii 
 
 I" 
 'I 111' climalt' is licallliv, llic animals sjilno ainl vii'M miillnii nt' tli 
 
 linusl i|uality ann ^ivo a heavy tu'oi 
 
 Alreaiiy the pinphocy iil' HiyanI i 
 that of the pn"-i'nl yeai' the tiile ol hiiiiiaii lilr wi 
 
 ih'' riillillt'il, ami with such harvests as 
 
 II tl 
 
 ow liver tlu' 
 
 ri'i 
 
 al West. 
 
 I'll. 
 
 nil. h. .I'll ti.M.. I.nuil'll.' 
 
 ut llir |l.'-.rl, llir> 
 
 "X' 
 
 I'll Hi I' 
 
 Ill-MM 
 
 iin.l l» 
 
 .1 li, 
 
 lltiflll, 
 
 l''.M vvllilll till 
 
 •III.' I'l 
 
 Anil iii>' lii'iii't .\M'IU, wliilt- till' ililiitril .i^lit 
 Tiiki's in till' I iinii liiik' ^ii^lni's.. I,i 
 
 I Ik'Im.IiI tli.'in liT till' til'.. 
 
 In fii 
 
 lililhltii 
 
 f:l 
 
 till 
 
 stnti'li 
 
 .\» il till' (l.i'iin, 
 
 St, ....I -ti 
 \ii.l 
 
 I, III h|. ^'I'li 
 
 tl.-t 
 
 III.' 
 
 \ith all lii" I'xitliili'.l l)ill.>\\> ti\i'il 
 
 t..r.'\.i. 
 
 tll.'V 
 
 M..ti..nl.' 
 
 S\M'i'|i .i\.'t' with ill. 
 
 .1 
 .liail..\ 
 
 iiHiiiii. 
 
 I'l N 
 
 ■I'll. 
 
 •.iii'fji 
 
 Dul'k ll.llln 
 
 1*1 Htii'tiiuti' 
 
 lillll, lil'lll'Utll, 
 
 till 
 
 •rill 
 
 iiiiii\ i'iilk'.'>. 
 
 .'Ill to :.'liil.' ali.nu' and rlii 
 
 'Still, till. ;;ri'at ...lltiliii- i. i|iiii'k Mltli lit'.' 
 
 \\\ 
 
 111- ..f 
 
 i.lv 
 
 till' II.. 
 
 rll.'V llllttrr i.M'l'. n.'lltl.' .|iia.|l';i|..'i|. 
 
 Anil l.ii'il" tlia.t s.ai' 
 
 h; 
 
 I. 'am. '.I till' f.-ai <.| ni.iii 
 
 An 
 
 III 
 
 I I .liiliiiK' 
 
 Staitlihjriv Liuiitifiil. Ti 
 
 ,.f tl,.. k- 
 , .'fill ,1,' 
 
 i;<.i 
 
 i,U t.. tl„ 
 
 .,1 at iiiy a|>| 
 
 \ n,..!'.' aih.'litiir'.U'. ,,.],,ni.t than liiali. 
 
 With «h,,ln hi' 
 
 ,.s tl,,' I'l; 
 
 .innal,. with hi. in, in,,. in 
 
 •n,.' I~ 
 
 in ii,'.'|i 
 
 An, I hiilr. hi. ..w 
 
 ,',t.. 
 
 Within thi' li.,ll,.» ...ik. 
 
 ill th. 
 I li.tin I. 
 
 ,hl,.ii 
 
 ■iiK 
 
 T,, III. il'.iiii'.tii' I, ,1111, and think I hr 
 
 •I'll. 
 Whi.h 
 
 "111,, I ..f th:it ad\,il,. iiik' nniltitilili' 
 
 .hall nil th. 
 
 .I.'..rl.. l''l'..|ll till' ;;t',.linil 
 
 ('.111,,'. ,l|. th.' lau^h ,.l .'hil.ll. 1 
 
 th. 
 
 ,.tt V.IIO 
 
 (If li,ai,l,'li' 
 
 al,.| th.' .w.'.t and ...hint, l,vi,,n 
 
 Of Sahhath H,.r.l,i|.|.i'i'.. 
 
 Th, 
 
 III. '11.1. with th,' ni.tlin^' ,,t' tin' Inaiy 
 llwr til.' ilatk lii'.iHii furrow.. .\ll at 
 A fi'i'»lii 
 And I ;i 
 
 i.f h.'i'.i. 
 «iain 
 
 III 
 
 l.v. anil ln'i-ak.. inv .Ir.'alii 
 
 lihn,. 
 
 aloii. 
 
 to-il 
 
 !'y 
 
 ill Ihe Icailiiii; Imvns of the .Vnrlh-West "the cliurch-g.iiiij 
 
 inl, ami lioaiitiful healthy chililren have spriim; ti]i liUe flowers 
 
i^ 
 
7S 
 
 AL/iERTA DESCRlliEl). 
 
 Thi 
 
 rllltm' 
 
 p 
 
 .lAA'A'y.'y.i. 
 
 iMiil (li^t^il•l 111' Alliortti, tlio u'reMi .sti)ck--riii>ini,'. ilairv t';iniiiiin'. iiicri- 
 
 il :init iiuiii'i'ii 
 
 I I'DiiMiiv. siiuiitoil lit ilu' llil^*ell^ ilu' KdoUv Mom 
 
 iliiiMs. iMnhr.'K'O^ 
 
 M\ arcii liii'jjor tliiin tliiit nf ImiuImiuI ami Walos tiiuollicr (nvcr 1(17,7(11) si|uafi' miles.') 
 liicli ill airrii'iiiliinii, miiu'rul, i;-ra/.iiii; and torost ivxxiri'i's. It iitloi-s rai'c iiiiiiiconvjiil> 
 111 llinso ill llic Olil ('iHiiitrv ami lOastoiii (^aiiailu, wlin coiiti'inpiato sii kiiii; now 
 
 Th.' 
 
 caiHlali.'-l, limiisl am 
 
 I iioullli seeker will tiiiii in Allierta a ciiiiiilrx 
 
 iiiissessiiiu 
 
 the essenlial 
 
 loi- 
 
 ititable 
 
 iiivesliiients of capital, eiiioyiiieiit ol' 
 
 -|iorl, ami rofii|)ei'aliiin nl' liealtli. To llio praclieal larmer aiwl stdckinan. il has 
 iiioveil 111 lio a verilalile lioleomla. 
 
 AIiIhhih-Ii IjuI \ei in ils iiilaiil veurs, llie laine ut Alliei'ta 
 
 exiemleil ti 
 
 rciiiiMe laml 
 
 III. 
 
 ilialiilaiils 111' Alliei'la are eiisiii(i))olitan in even sense. .Main 
 wliii liave eiiiiio dii; liii' a liiief'slav timi tiieniselves enticed liv llie all raclion^ of ii- 
 
 niaiiy and varied charms 
 
 Uriuhl, 
 
 imisi 
 
 lermis 
 
 •py 
 
 homes tliev shmild lie in lhi> 
 
 land ol'siinnv skies and I'ertiie aliiindanco. liiil litlle was Unovvn or heard ol' Ihe 
 
 iiiiintrv al ihe liase of the lincky Mountains 
 .■iiivenl of the ( 'aiiadian i'acilic iiailwp,}- in ISS.I 
 lieen llie walchwonl. Aiiil ihe rapid siri 
 
 now ilesii;nated Alliorta, iiiilil ih 
 
 il'adva 
 
 Since iheii steady |iioi;ress h:i> 
 
 incemenl made indevelopinir tin 
 
 rancliiiii; ami miner; 
 
 inlci'i sis ot II 
 
 >lricl are simiilv aslonishiiiij 
 
 I'p 111 ISSI! 
 
 A! 
 
 leria hail no iluecl conimii 
 
 nicatioii with Manilolia oc IIusUmii Canada. I'lio jioslal 
 •rvice wan tliiiniuh the United Stales. American money was in circulation, and 
 
 II II 
 
 le necessary siipiilies lor eonsiiinplion 
 
 wear came overland fron 
 
 on 
 
 lii^nton. 'I'l 
 
 ■^iruction of the Caii.adian I'aidtic Hailwav 
 
 in a new era. 
 
 and plain and v;ile re-cidmod to Ihe hum of indiistr; 
 
 Allieria i> 
 
 lioiini 
 
 led on the north hy ihe iirovisional districl of Arlhaliasca, lal. 
 
 the soiiili li\- the iiiternalioiml lunindiirv lino ; on tl 
 
 10 easi hv I ho iiri 
 
 \ isjonal ili>lricl of .Vssinilmia ; and on the west liy Ihe siimmil of iho l{ocl<y 
 .Mounlains, iinlil il iiilorscclH the IJdih degree of loiio;iiiido, ihen \.\\w norlli to lal. 
 
 ."i."i-7 Ihe oaslerii lioiindary of Iho I'lovinct) of Hrilish C'oliiinliia, 
 iiiil lnile^ from ea'-l to wc>l, and 50(1 iiiileH t'rom iiorlh li 
 
 \ lenjilli ol soinr 
 it includes in its 
 
 1(17. "(Ill siiiiaie miles every variely of forest and siroam, Lfrazinj; and ai;'ric(illiiral 
 land, mineral ami oil. in it are comprisod woiiie •t."),(IOO, 000 of aerosol' the mosi I'oilile 
 soil on the conliiionl and some of Amoricu's largest and host deposils of coal, molals 
 and polroleiim. 
 
 Alliorla i^ divided inio I wo Jiidioial districts, tlie norlhoin and soiilhern. 'I'he 
 norlherii disliici exlemls from 'he norlhorn hoiindarv ol .\lhoila lo .Mosiiiiiio ("reek. 
 
 mil' .lO mile.' 
 
 |i 
 illi ol Calirarv, iiml Ihe soiithoin disliict. includes Iho remain; 
 
 |iortiiin of Alliorta from Mos(|uilii (.^reok lo the international binindary lin 
 
 jii Iljo of the Snproine Coiirl presides over each dislricl. Over Iho northern Mr. 
 
 Iiislice Uoiiloaii I who resides al < 'alu'iiry), and who also has iiirisiliclion over the 
 
 All 
 
 lali.isca district. Jlr. .Iiislice Macloi 
 
 0' 
 
 Iv Colonol of the Xorlh-Wesi 
 
 ■Moiinlod I'olieo) is , Indite of the Soiilhern ni>lriel and lives al Maclood. 
 
 Allieila w: 
 
 iwover, previo 
 
 iisly divided into throe dislriols : the ivlnionli 
 
 t'aljitirv and .Maclood, and as smdi they are >lill lietter known. The Mdmonlun dis- 
 iriol eovoiodall that jiarl troni the norlhorn lioundary of .Vlheria to a |)iiint on the 
 
 l.'ed 
 
 trie 
 
 loor Iv'ivor, alio 
 
 nt 1(1(1 mil 
 
 rlh 111 the town of Califary. The Calvary di 
 
 t exlended from the sonlhorn lioiimlarv of llie norlliorii district on llu' norlh, to 
 
 .Mos(niilo Crook on tho sonlli 
 .>oiithorn judicial district. 
 
 the Maclood district was 11 
 
 COM.MEIU'K. 
 
 10 same as Ihe ])iesont 
 
 When the vat;l and varied resources of this woslorn counliy are considered: its 
 i mnionse forosls of inaj'niticeiit timher: its inoxhaiislalile coal lields ; its mines ot 
 
i'l 
 
MINING REaOi'RCES. 
 
 71) 
 
 iCnId, silver, iron, U'lid and copper; its ajrricultnriil iirodiictiim?., its yroat ada]>i- 
 aliility to the siiccossfu! raisinj^ of liorsi's, catllo, stiuo|) and hogs ; it does not loqiiire 
 af^i'eat stretch ot'iminagination to gras|) tlii^ gigantic nature of the conimercc which 
 must of necessity centre here. Every natural condition is happily hiciided to make 
 Alberta in tiio ncai' future, one of tiie ri(diest provinces in the Dominion — alliiougii 
 the work of developing tlie resources of the ])rovince can only ho said tn have com- 
 mrneeii, wiindcrful are the strides made during the past few years. The forests arc 
 
 lieing drawn on for the(M)mfort and pro<; 
 
 if the initial thousands of pi'oplo wh 
 
 iiavi' c)mc here. Saw-mills of big |)ropoitions iiave been erected at all the principal 
 towns and seltlemonls and the great desideratum of a |ilenti'ous supply of the finest 
 lumber in the world, is an accomplished liict. All along 'he western slojie of the 
 Uocky Mounlains, bordering All)erta on the wcsl, from lis extreme nortii to its 
 extreme soutli, it is tindier all the way, illimilabU', inoxiiauslable. And liere is the 
 -ource whence I lie settlers of these wide prairirs will draw their luinbeisup|)lies, build 
 
 1)1 a trade in that aiti 
 
 tide which will 
 
 evt 
 
 'iilually 
 
 ive cmiilovment to its tens of 
 
 thousands of wooilsinen, sawyers, Icamslers, and the hundreils of ditVi'i'etit hand> 
 through wliich tiie original Iri'c ])asses before it is ready to furnish manufaitured 
 nuiterial for the housi^ I'uridture or implcnu'iit of thesettler on tlu' easterti ]irairie. As 
 one turns from one natural ivsonici' to anotlier, lieun'Mdous commmer<'iid nossibili- 
 
 i)f tiie future of thi> district, till one with amazeiiU'iit. North 
 
 111'; 
 
 I'vervwlicrc 
 
 I' 
 
 south, (^ast. west. 
 
 have eoid mines been di- 
 
 At I'Miiicuiton, Red Deer, liosebud, I'an- 
 
 , Anthracite. (Jleiidicii, .SI 
 
 ("reek, IjCthbili 
 
 deposits arc l-iiown to « 
 
 i'xi>t, and in 
 
 id c; 
 
 ow III 
 
 Vc-t 
 
 idvantage, 
 
 Tho 
 
 icveial ))laces arc now being woiked to pro 
 
 ass, iiiimciise 
 itllablc 
 
 iiiiiio of Ijctlihridgc are now turning out ovi^r otic thousand 
 
 Ions per day, and the demand still exceeds the supply, 
 
 lie anthracite coal on the ("anai 
 
 lan 
 
 'aei 
 
 tic I{ 
 
 niway west of Calgarj" is said to 
 
 be lull}' e()ual to the best I'eii>ylvania arlieli' and it is impossible to form any true 
 
 I'-tiniale (d' the value of the billion 
 
 of tons of coal — anlhracitt 
 
 liiti'ininoiis- 
 
 ulueli iini 
 lb 
 
 lerlv this vast district. Lvii 
 
 almost 
 
 by side with the great coal 
 
 its of this region art? minerals id' nearly all kinds: g(dd, silver, lei 
 
 eo))per. 
 
 iron. etc.. in such abiindanee that there is little doubt that Alberta will some day 
 rival the most productive of the neighbouring Slates in its mineral out-put, !•' 
 
 years p 
 
 St lilacer luininn has been c'arricd on alonn' the banks of tlic Xorth Sas- 
 
 ;a:ehinvaii and its tributaries, und that rich placer diggings will be struck some day 
 
 in the mountains is lirmh' believei 
 
 by th 
 
 Alberta claims ti 
 
 lave an uncxliaustcd supp 
 
 old miners and prosiicctor! 
 
 TI 
 
 In iron, 
 le iron ore lies mostl\' ciuitiguous 
 
 to 
 
 coal deposits and is therefore in readiness for immediate use. In this coniliined 
 
 inm and coal industry alime a ^reat commerce must yet centre, and everyday briiiL 
 
 its development lu'are 
 
 II 
 
 <':inada will draw their supplier bir th 
 \ast and jU'oductivo county en 
 
 cro there ai'O mines from which the great provinces of 
 
 inerous r.ailways which will tray>'r>e this 
 ply in the wake of the liimber- 
 and mining interests uri' agricultural and stncl< interests, jind the commerce they 
 ire iiou crc'itintr Ih ot no small volume. 
 
 TI 
 
 lie sister 
 
 'royince of iirilish Columbia is drawinir (ui the market ol' Albert; 
 
 tor heel, mutton, oats, bark 
 
 potatoes 
 
 I'tc., etc, 
 
 to supply the miniiii 
 
 eaiiort 
 
 'ies and towns ot' that progressive Province, added to which are the annual exports 
 
 iif fat cattle to (ireat ISril; 
 < ii'eat Ib'itain is loud in iiral 
 
 attl,. I 
 them. 
 
 )o of such superior q 
 
 ualit\- ll-.at ll 
 
 le iiress id 
 
 he shipment of cavalry, earriag<' and draft 
 horses to the mark el soft he hlast and (ireat Hri lain will beeomnieiiced a I an early diile, 
 ;ind in this respect the horse breeders of' Alberta li;iveby the import at ion of i he licst 
 -lud animals (ifditleient classes an;icipated supplying Ihehorse market with superioi' 
 
 animals. Then the sheep — tl 
 niercial industry. Alread\' h 
 
 le wo( 
 
 ll and miilliiii industry- 
 
 Id to Albert; 
 
 heady heavy sliipments of million are beiiii;' made to Hritish 
 ( 'olumhia and .M;iiiiloba, and the large wool cliji tiiids a ready m;irkel in Toronto, 
 
 be maniilaclured in Albert;i :it an 
 
 Mm (real and elsowhen 
 
 That this wool 
 
 e;irly date is witiioiit i|iiostioii and that this too will liea great and protitahlo industry 
 is iisHured. Already a woollen mill has eomnieneed opeiations near Calgary, turn- 
 
*T 
 
 
80 
 
 HOUSE RAlSiyu. 
 
 ing out li!iuiki'tn, tweeds, fliiiinols, etc., of a superior (lualily. The 
 is also one which will soon Hjirinf^ into oxistoiico anil fiii'nish 
 hundrodM and create much commerce. The fjreat herds ui caltl 
 plains and fool hills of Allierta utt'ord tiiousands of hides to supp 
 lierios, and, as if nulure left nothini; wuntinjf, there is ])raclieally 
 supply of bai'k in the mountains neui' by. The <jrain i^iowini; 
 country too demand that tlourini;; and oat meal mills lie erected 
 towns an<l settlements. That the fului'e meat lra<le nf the couiitr 
 tinned loui; under the present system goes without ((ueslion. In: 
 cattle, sheej) and hogs alive to ports of Great liiitain, shiughte 
 estalilished throughout Alherta and the jirime meats of stock 
 meadows and hutValo grass jilateaus of Alherta will tind their way 
 Old (/'unaila and (ireat Britain in rofrigeiat'ig curs ami CDmpartiue 
 these resources in view, who can dciuiit the magnitude nf Alberta'^ 
 years ti) come. 
 
 IliiKSE IlRKEUI.NIi. 
 
 tanning industry 
 
 emploj'ment for 
 
 e ranging on the 
 
 ly the t'uturo tan- 
 
 an inoxhnustalile 
 
 resoui'ces of the 
 
 at the principal 
 
 y will not be con- 
 
 stead of shipping 
 
 r houses will b(^ 
 
 fed on i)ea vine 
 
 to the markets of 
 
 nts. Ivee])ing all 
 
 ^ commerce in the 
 
 That Allieria is a hor.-.c 
 
 without tiueslu 
 
 irceding countiy crj 
 
 II, tl li 
 
 any on trie coiitiiienl 
 
 Although but yet a young iiidii.lry (as all Alberta 
 
 are) daling from the lime when the Canadian Pacific JJailway reached the How 
 liiver country, it has already made womlcrfiil striilos, aiid the men wIk 
 liave put tlioir capital into horses, almost to a man have heen successful. In tli 
 
 .ft I 
 
 le countiv s lii^tiu'v the horses lound on the ran^e.-> were divided 
 
 1 inh 
 
 two classi's 
 
 liirht limbed lior?e of 
 
 ir lireeds if thev mav 
 
 called, I.e. tlic broncho or 
 
 large 
 
 bodi 
 
 ed breed, brought over from .Montana or (Jregoii, a horse 
 with wonderful powers of enduianco inherited from his .Mexican ancesMy ; 
 a horse with lots of '•go," but little .--tyle .r beauty ; and thoCa^use or Indian pony. 
 a mongrel of the first order, in-bred and mean looking, yet able at all seasons, with 
 no care, or other food than ])rairio grass, to cover distances of from 5(1 to SO miles 
 da\' for davs at a stretch. These were the horses of Alberta a t 
 
 ew }-ear 
 
 'J'. 
 
 day wo tind .'i. 'lill'erent breed and style of animal. The lar^e and wealthy catti 
 
 .ners an<l eiiter])rising lai iiiers saw in Alberta all that a horse bre 
 
 Oiler coulil a- 
 
 or desire in a ct)unlry. They went to the old country and the Kast and puichas 
 the best stallions 'hcv could procure ; thorough brcd>. standard trotte.s, Clydes, Pi 
 
 liippi 
 
 Sh 
 tlh 
 
 id .Hackneys. Tl 
 
 illoJ 
 
 ■ast to .Manitoba and kept the host lor br 
 
 gut till' jioorcst ol tlu' native mares ami 
 
 reeding purpose 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev Weill 
 
 t'urlhor; they shipped in and cinliiiiied to ship in from Ontario hrooil mares largely 
 half and ihree-quarlor bred ('lyde>; one company going further still, to secure a 
 
 ^r 
 
 id foundation li)r its liri'eding .stock and importing from Ireland some 250 sploml 
 
 III mares, which have thriven beviuid expcctatio 
 
 10 Jioek 
 
 That such enterprise has li 
 
 I" 
 brought it 
 
 the loot hills at Iho base ol 
 
 rewai'i 
 
 without savin 
 
 To-day it is estimated that there are some L'o.OOO head of hor>e> in Alberta tli 
 
 greater number of which aiv riinninit at 
 
 with no slieltt 
 and t()ol hills, 
 bands of horst 
 Will 
 
 arge iluring summer ai 
 
 winici- 
 
 or fiiod other than that which they tind for themselves on the ])rairie 
 Horsemen from the Ivist gaze with wonder and adniiralioii on the 
 which thi'v see on the ranges in the .MacLeod and ('algarv districts. 
 
 men 
 
 itli ])ari 
 t ol I 
 
 It the lircHlinir, svmmetry aiid devel 
 
 lb 
 
 lialile jiriile I lie rancher jimnts oi 
 young slock raised on native grass. rn--helterei| though Ihej 
 
 coals are as ; 
 
 dv and shining as the best grooiiied cily animals 
 
 the ])Ure water and the nutritious grasses of Alberta jiroduce an 
 
 ho clear light air. 
 
 ull of 
 
 il f 
 
 stamina and health, free from lung or bone disease. Willi all thi'se advantages and 
 
 with the cost of raisiii; 
 
 reduced to a minimiim, Albcrla must ore In 
 
 U 
 
 placed as one of the leading borso breeding emporiums of the world. Those wdio 
 have engaged in the business and secured good sires and mares are now commencing 
 
 to reap Iheir rewari 
 
 There are hundreds of thousands of acres of va 
 
 rcai 
 
 cant grass 
 walered and sbeltoied wasliny; for occupation. There is always a 
 el for a gi 
 
 horse and it costs as little, once 
 
 liaviii"' the stock to start 
 
i^ 
 
CATTLE BltEEDiyu. 
 
 81 
 
 with, to iiiiso a ifood animal iw it does to raise a scr 
 
 III 
 
 Tfuo it costs inoiv ami 
 
 ri'quircs inoiv capital to omiiark in horse bi'OLHlinir tliaii il <l(ii's in cattle or mix 
 
 I pi 
 
 omI 
 
 f'liiniiiij;, Im'. once fairly stiirled, Iho workislij^ht and the rcKid to coini>i'tencosiiri 
 
 ih 
 
 stall! 
 
 pn 
 
 ■d 
 
 ctical 
 
 inanani inoiit and 
 
 Jiidici 
 
 ous attention is icivoii 
 
 to tin 
 
 Any J'oimg man starting with fVoin .ill lo fit) 
 
 id nlal■o^ 
 
 a'K 
 
 I a well-hi'cd 
 
 )t' lif^hl or heavy broods, as the choice inuy he, should with ordinary snccess, 
 
 at llivj end of live 
 
 he in comfiirtaho ciicninstaiui 
 
 'I'lie selection ol "ood 
 
 raaros and sliid, and the .-.eciiiinj;; of good ranye is more than hal 
 
 f Ih 
 
 i;i'.t: 
 
 CATTLE EAISINQ. 
 
 Lookiiiff bac'c. some tifteen years, wo find Allierta (then belter Unown as tiio 
 
 ]{ow Jiiver Country) the haunt of vast herds of liutliilo. 'I'l 
 
 av the 
 
 hutlii 
 
 liinal of the past, the race ahnost cxtinet, and in this, his favourite wat<>riiii;- iani;e, 
 
 the SJK.rt Horn, the lie 
 
 •dand I'lilled Ai 
 
 1 have taken his iilace. Hiillalo hunt! 
 
 la^^t and 
 
 iiriii" 
 
 >ne, and cattle rancliiiii:' in full ^wi 
 
 ng 
 
 1) 
 
 induslrv <ir tin 
 
 ISSl, the roehrane Cattle Ranch, the ])ioneer of the ^'leal ranehini; 
 
 V 
 
 I'lit dav, was established, am; 
 
 liir^Ce band of cattle iiunhased 
 
 in 
 
 Montana, were ilriven into Canadian territorv and raii^feil in the vie 
 
 Calgary. Unfortunately the second drive ot' cattle in 1SS2 arrived late in 
 
 niiy ol 
 
 the 
 
 sea.-on an( 
 
 .■ill'' to a .-ueci'^sion ol ritornis the cattle drifted hadiv, and 
 
 111 
 
 till 
 
 attempt to return to their native range many were lost or perished frcnn exhaustion 
 or lack of foi./d. Tlu'se losses put a dam)ier on the cattle bu^ine^s tor a time, but 
 milder winters followed anil a number of compaines were formed, with the iibjeet ot' 
 
 Tigagiiig in breeding, and thousands o 
 
 f breeding aiiimal> were broim'ht in 
 
 fr 
 
 the 
 
 W 
 
 otern .^tali 
 
 In March, 1S81, it was 
 
 stimaled that the number of eatik 
 
 Allieita amounted to 40,(1110 hea 
 
 ilemand lor beet cattle was greater than the 
 
 nil t'roni the eoniineneeinent of the indiL-.try thi 
 
 Ind 
 
 ian l>e]iartment, the 
 
 'l)pl.\ 
 
 h'irsl. llie ioi-al niarkel. the 
 
 North-West .Mounted Police and the tlioii>aiiil 
 
 id men 
 
 employed in the constiiiclion of the Canadian I'acitie Railway, together with the 
 evi'r increasing numbers of incoming settlers, swelled the eonsumiilion to such an 
 e.\tenl a- to tax to the utmo: 
 
 d the beef su 
 
 ppl 
 
 if Albert: 
 
 Lai 
 
 er on came the 
 
 demand liom lii ilish ( 'ohinibia and the many mining towns and settlements along 
 the line of railway ; and later still tiie heavy shi|)inents of beeve-' to the cities of old 
 Canada .ind (iieat Hritain. l,a.~t fall .Senator Cmdirani 
 
 of steers and IilO head of siilaved heif 
 
 credited bvthi 
 Atl 
 
 P 
 
 be.-i lot of cattle ever brought across tl 
 
 Jlorn.s and Polled Angus, In the pink of condition. They stood the journey well and 
 
 intic 
 
 iped to Kngland SOO head 
 
 rilish i)res> with being the 
 
 les, lleret'ord-, Short- 
 
 lugli grai 
 
 averaged, for llii 
 
 steer? 
 
 .ClI 
 
 Od.-l^SSlI); 
 
 ir the iieifers. JCW Os. Od.— 
 
 (STO); oo^t c)f shipping, >ay ?,'>0, leaving a handsome prolit on cattle that never 
 
 ])raiiio from 
 
 Jul ol' feed oiher than prairii 
 
 receiveil a liani 
 
 their birth to maturity. M 
 
 date, to (ireat Brilaiii'lioo heed 
 
 :iiid roamed on tlu' 
 
 essis. Simpson iV ilarlt'oi'd also shipped, about the sail 
 
 ifdrv 
 
 cow- 
 
 Ax br 
 
 T 
 
 le success 
 
 d the ah. 
 
 ght CI 1 L's. n'd.— (STO.tiO). 
 
 sh'pnients has infused new life into the cattle bilsinei 
 
 md ere long il is aiitieiiiated that thousands ot the grass led cattle of Alberta will 
 
 mniialU' to Ihe 
 
 g centres of (ireat Hritain, not alive 
 
 heretolore. but slaughtered and prepared tor market at Calgaiy and .Marleod and 
 transhi|iped by refrigerator ears and steamers, thus avoiiling loss and shrinkage. It 
 
 IS eslimatei 
 the irreater i 
 
 tl 
 
 leie are now some ItiO.OOO head of range and domestic c.itle in Alberta, 
 
 Itered or fed at ar.v season. 
 
 The II 
 
 Ills do not exceed I'rom S to U 
 
 I'lit, and during inilu 
 
 iiuiiber of which are neither 
 during the most severe seasons do ne 
 seasons, lil;e the present, the losses are not caleulated n\. more than 1^ to Ih 
 per cent., a bagatelle, where it is conceded that the cost iit' rearing a four year old 
 steer ■ ... . 
 
 is computed by stockmen in ran.ge from 87. "lO to $\'l. During sever 
 
 It her. 
 
 riiiein.-dlv old cows and calvi 
 
 Steers 
 
 I'ldoin sutler much fro 
 
 rom Severe 
 
 ^s an instance 
 
 ifti 
 
 le nutrition o 
 
 f Al 
 
 leita urass it niav be stated that 
 
 during till" months of March, .\pril. May, IS'.HI, following the most severe winter 
 
 I'll in Alberta, train loads of fat steers were shipped a 
 
 6 
 
 Cah 
 
 ;aiy to 
 
 iW I 
 
/ 
 
 ( 
 
si'pehb climate. 
 
 liioiiiilil iilVtlio rai.;,'('s of Ilifili ni\t'r. As in liorso lireciliii;; in Allicilii, no in eiiltlti 
 Iprccilili;^, 111! C'ICiiit In Albl'ila stoclinu'li. Xo imins up t'X|ltMI^(' liils liccli ^<|lM■('ll Id 
 
 1iri'c(l ii|) to !i hifili standiirii : slock l)iiilM liavc Ijci'm ini|Mirioi| IVoiri (ircai l!iii:iiii .iihI 
 till' Ini'i'ilinti: lUiins ol' iOasloin t'aiiaila, ami tin' laiiiro caltln oC Allirita an' tn-day in 
 1)olnl of lu'i'iMliiii; and (|iiality si'iond to none on llio ('niiiinoiii of America. Tho 
 (iKliistiy is vi't vciy youiif^, not (luiUi ten years old ; that the connn;; years will seo 
 woriilorfnl progress is an asMirod fact. The sy-teni of inanai^enient !■< yeaily 
 lioeoiniiii; more jiractical ; and Mie cattle men f^Kiwinc; niori' ex|iei ieneed, and so 
 iivoidin^c losses, wliieh wore foiiiiorl}' due toeureloss inanaf^i'inent rather than loany 
 clinialic diawhacli. To those looUin!.;- for a couiitiy in which to cnifaire in cattle 
 ranching; we would say " Come to Allieila " and yoa will ho convincod that thai is the 
 lunge country jntr t'.'i'i7/rt(i't' of western Ainoiira. Tliert^ are million-' of acres of 
 gru/.iiij; lands yet unstocked, and room foi' thousands more to en^.'" ■■ in the hiisiness. 
 
 t'i.i.M.\rE. 
 
 The climate of Alherta cannot, lie sUl)las^ed, there hoii ' no y ■ |irid),'ihly 
 Ihroiij^dinut the worlil which enjoys so much hiijrht sunshine tl oari. . Indeed 
 this may he well called the land of sunshine. More particul., y e tio'ic.- this in 
 the iiutiimn and winter hy the strikiiij^ contrast it is to the '■ j es wln-re day 
 
 follows day with murky sky and dienchiiii; rain. Here from ,' > .,mlier to Apil 
 lain scld(Mn if over fall«. Occasionally the " ln'autifnl snow ' cai| (s tl." earth with 
 its whiteness, moi(*teniiif; and I'lirichinLT the native tjias-j- ujion whudi the r.inni^ 
 cattle live and fatten. 
 
 I)urin^ iho last three mimlhs of the yoai' the weather . ,.( 'rli; day alter d;iy, 
 week after wetdi ol clear liriijhl sunshine, and the nii;lits are scarcely les-. lovely thiin 
 the days — the cloudless sky studdeil with innumer:iMe ^tar>, the moon slieddini; u 
 l)ri>;hter liu'hl than in the I'lasr. Fre(|uently the mounlains, one hundnMl niih's dis- 
 ;anl. aie distinctly visihlo, their snowy ])eaks i;lisleMin;r in the calm moonlight. 
 Usually the winter weather sets in at the beginning of I lie new year and is e.Nlremely 
 cold tor tliree or four weei<s. liut the severity of tiio wi'athei' is not to he.judned hy 
 the Ihermometer; the air in Alheita is >o siimiilarly clear and tree I'lom moisture 
 that even when the thermoiiietcr tails to ,'!0° hidew ziMo, 'he c<ild is not so intense 
 ami far less discomforting; than when it stands at zero in ihe nioic humid climate of 
 the I'iast. Cold is Mddoiii ot Ion;; duration; at any time we may have the Chinook 
 wiiiils from till' I'acilic coast, drivinff away the icy hlasi and siihstiliitini; its own 
 Ktroiif; warm hrcaih, causinj; the snow to disappear us if hy maiiic. This mcltinj; of 
 the snow without its Usual accompaniment of sloet is a pleasant and peculiar teat lire 
 of the S])rinu' reason in Alherta. 
 
 Spriiiir is i^enerally early, the end ot' Fehritarv siunelimes (Inds farmers ]doUij;li- 
 iiiic iind seeiling. Of course, we have cidd snaps of a li'w days all throuu;li tlieSprinj; 
 and occasional snow storms up to the middle of May. Snow talliii;; so late in tho 
 season mav ap|H'.ir to straiiLTers to he a drawhack to the counliy. That is not so, 
 hut (|uilelho reverse. .Snow lakes ihe place of rain, only doini; a greater gooil, 
 nouri~hinir the ground much more. 
 
 Whili' wi' cannot say that we have any rainy season, tho month of June is most 
 fieiiuenily showery throughout. Atler that there is little rain save an occasional 
 thundeistorni. The harvest can he gathered in with hut very slight ilangor of injury 
 to it troiii that cause. 
 
 Summer I'lunmences the latter part ol' May. This is a veiy delightful season — 
 no intense heal ; while the sun is extremely hot in the day time yet it is never 
 suit ly and l!ie nights are always refreshingly cool. One does not experience here 
 that languid Iceling which conies with the siillry days of .Inly and .Viigiist in 
 Ontario. 
 
 Tho nio-t unpleasant t'caturo of this climate is the prevailing high winds; and 
 though they seldom do .any harm other than give ])ei-sonal discomfort — they are 
 disagrceahlo; Imt notwithstanding the wind storms this is a delightful cliinalo, ami 
 better still il is most healthful and invigorating. Tho atmosphere in .Vlhertii is at 
 

 
CkLaAUY i>isriiiri\ 
 
 nil liiiu'n s(p fieo from liuniiilily or vm|m)I' tlnit tlic clim;!!!' Htroiitfly rciDiiiMu'iKls 
 ilsi'll' Id pi'oplo MiiiVoriiin willi )iiilMiiiiiui'y or lnoiiiliial allcrliDiis. Ami (o keep 
 
 hi-althy man licalliiy. a noiiihI man >,i>iiiiil, lull (iC lili',uiR'r 
 Im Ml) climate like that nl' Allioiti; 
 
 ■j;y ami ili'lermliiatinii, lliei' 
 
 TIIK ('ALdAltV DISTHKT. 
 
 strictor CiMitial Alherlai-* lioiiiiik'il on llie mutli liy llieHoMllierii 
 Imontoii (li.Jtric'l. on llie mhiiIi l)y the moiiIutm lioiinilary of llie 
 Alacleoil (lisi lift, on the west bv the eastrrn Ijoiiinlarv of the Province ot Mi'itish 
 
 The V 
 
 lioiim 
 
 the I'! 
 
 Colli 
 
 mliia, anil on 
 
 till 
 
 ■ast liv tho western liounilaiv of the prov'^ional ilistric 
 
 .f 
 
 AMsiiiilioia, anil to some ir>() miles in lent'th liv almnt U' It) miles in lirea.lth. As th 
 
 nortliei'ii jioi'lion of tho diHtrict .■ lescri 
 
 an ai'tii'K' In this pamjihlel, iimlr 
 
 the heailini;<if JJi'd heer l)istiiel, it will only he ni'eessary to refer to that porlion 
 lyinU south of the IJt«l Deer eoiintry. 'J"he ilistriel may heileseriheil as liavini; three 
 ili.-tinel snrfaee features; to the west the IJoeky .Mountains, ever heaiililiil, awe- 
 ins|iirinif anil majeslic, i,;ratiil lievoml ile-ei'iplion in seenery, ami rich lieyonil con- 
 
 ception in its niinei'al ami liimhcr rcsoiii'ccs, the iinlolil wealth of wiiic 
 
 ■h i> 
 
 altractiiii;- the at lention ot' eastern capitalists ami the development of '.vhich will 
 assure the lature prosperity of this new west. JSem'alh and lyini;easl i>| the Moun- 
 tain ranii't^ are the loot iiills, the i;reat frrazinf;, coal and timlier lands of the we>l, 
 whose valleys and hillsido now le-ciliu tho rini; of || 
 pick and the softer music of tiie lowinj; herd and hleatinij; 
 the verdant prairie lani 
 
 u' wooilman « axe, the miner s 
 
 th' 
 
 lock ; tarther east .slil 
 le riidi river vallcvs md vast stretches of nrodiiotive 
 
 talile and down lands of this now famous ai;rieiiliiiral and ranchiiii,' country, which 
 was liie (dioico feediiii; urmiiid of tlic hutfalo less than 2(' year> a^o. 
 
 The northern portion of the district is well adapted fir sheepdarminj,' for 
 stock in small hands whose owners will provide siifflcienl hay to teed (l.-,'ni tliroiii;h 
 the winter; for occupation by men who will depend lari^cly on the raisini; of sheep. 
 
 cattle am 
 dow-~ are 
 
 iior- 
 
 md who will not <'iiltivatethe soil to aii\' irieal extent. 
 
 lla 
 
 plenli 
 
 lifid. 
 
 coal easily 
 
 Ivolit, 
 
 line 
 
 I and 
 
 wood is iilunr 
 
 mea- 
 nl In the norlli-east and 
 
 noilhwi'st. The Chinook winds do not exert an; ijicat intliiencc on the snow anc, 
 for this r 
 
 easoii the 
 iiitli ot the Canad 
 
 rv 
 
 winters are loni;i'r and iiiore severe than in the count 
 lan I'acilic llailwav, wdiere the oft reciiiriiii; chiiiook or south- 
 
 Ivinii 
 
 west wind> melt tho snow ai 
 
 d Si 
 
 .Most of the I 
 
 astern pi 
 
 I shorten the diiialion of >evere weaJier. 
 hell 
 
 lorllon is heller adai)lril for)iasiure tor sheep tarmini; and 
 
 summer icra/.ini; than lor c ultivalion. While llie soil over a lartje area is rich and 
 
 productive, the 
 shelU 
 
 of sullicieiit rain duiini' some seaMins and the want of winter 
 
 er does not make it as ile-iralile a jilace to settle as the more favouied ])a 
 
 f.f 
 
 ("eiilral Alliertii 
 
 At (I 
 
 livisioiial :ioint on the Canadian I'acilic Itailwav, 
 
 some 'id miles east of tlie town of Calj^ary, there is a rich hell ot' country well 
 suited for a,i;rieiiliiiral ])iirposes and where thon-amls of acres of tree (iovernment 
 lands nri' siilj dpcn for entry as homesteads. This rich belt extends north to the 
 Ro.seliiid country, and is a part ol the district wlii(di should attract setllement ; it 
 
 V 
 
 a fjor 
 
 'I' 
 
 ilv of 
 
 w.aler, wood a 
 
 I and 
 
 ay I'oiineclion with Cali,'ary, 
 
 West of (if' 
 
 iif the C.in.idian I'aeitic Hailwav at .N'amaka. Sh 
 
 and will ere loiii;, no doubt, h 
 .'11 and adjacent to the main lin 
 ard and l.aiii'don the soil is fci 
 
 til 
 
 ;rain ijrowinL; and i^oneral larmint; hav( 
 
 •n most suci 
 
 sfullv 
 
 iiroven 
 
 bv tl 
 
 larmers there ; more especially niiirhl lie mentioned extra tine crops of wheat that 
 have been i;rown there each year; a lai%'0 extent t)t' land is cillivated and the 
 
 settlers are cheerful and prospermis, they have an iinlimilcd supply of 
 
 heavy meadows aie evervwiiere 
 
 to bi 
 
 luinli 
 
 111 ,i;rass 
 
 ler can ho had 
 
 at a i\ 
 
 dc 
 
 |irice ; coal can be deliver 
 Hid country to the 
 
 od on the railroad, or else hauled from Hull llill or R 
 
 irlh, where there is no I'lid to the siipjily, and ihey have daily 
 cess to liie markets of Caltjary by railway. lyarge Ir.icis of this land are still 
 
 ai 
 iinoeciipieil 
 
 Leavini; the settleinonts of Xamaka, Sliephard and Laiiifdon beliiml and tollow- 
 iny the (MM?, westward, the traveller desconda into the valley ot the J5ow and on 
 
 63 
 
*l- 
 
84 
 
 .4 Risiya TOWS. 
 
 over tlic niHliiiiff mniintain ntr('iini>* llio Hmv atul Klhow, hi' fiiulu liim^clfiit Ciilfjnry 
 
 Hitiiiili-il alinii>t I'ciitral ol' tlui ilitttrii-l lieiiiiiii' iin iiaim 
 
 Tl 
 
 city 
 
 .re 
 
 H' iiiutj, or riiilicr ynuiif^ 
 
 l>;ary iio.'«lli's iti ii lovoly valluy 
 
 i: 
 
 >iliMis liaiiks anil alnin^t niiirii.iri( 
 
 led I 
 
 liaHiii, wallcil In on ciilirr siilf liy |)i'i'ci- 
 
 y Uvo raj)!!! s|iaiklin;;- iivci 
 
 till' Hiiw aii'l 
 
 Ihow, wlik'li tinil tlu'ii' C'Dnlliicnci' at llu' V,n>[ cml I'T IIioIhwii. IU' imt aina/,i'(l, yciii 
 caMlcrn Iravi^llor, ilynu tind ynnisoH'cnliaiiifil willi llic rialnral liuaiilir-i orilii' uni- 
 roiiiidinnH tinil hlai'lU'il at llic lMmiKl> of |iroi;n'>s wliicli pliii'k iiinl iMilcrpi Im' have ilo- 
 vl'1o|iim1 liiTc iliirih;; llio liaxt li'W yoai>. Xo ilmilil you will follow in I he I'oolsti'ps 
 (if IruvelliT^ from far Aiintralia, I'lnropc, (ln-al liiilain, Aniorica ami olil ("anaiia, 
 conio lo t'lijoy a lioliilay, Iml t'ml tlit'iiiHclvoH >o a>-'MH'il of CalffaryM ^roat fiiiiirc as 
 an aj;ri('iilliiial, mineral, manufacturing' and ilistriliuiin;,' cvniri', tliai llu'v invo^t 
 tlifir monoy in <'ali,(iry town pidptTty, rc^-lin;; bali-lii'il lliat tlu'ir capital in well 
 placed, 'riiev Jouiiuy on porcdianee to rutuiii soon and make llioir liomes in sunny 
 proj^ressive Allioila. 'i'ln' lover (d' nature can loa^t Id- eyes on lier lovtdincsH as ho 
 looks west ward and liidicdds the viudani tool hills carpeted with j;ra-scs, licdcckcd 
 ill thidr sea.-nn wdlh myriad tlowcrs, further still and yd apparently only a lew 
 iidles distant, wdiere the snow-capped pcak>ofthe i;iaiid old Itockie- piercinj; tho 
 liluo vault of ln'aven, their lleec\ whitene.-s da/./.liii}' in tljcsimlinht ; the heautiful ell- 
 
 ho, 
 
 ito liero lpraee>lhe tired system of the lla-le 
 
 riier. lillin 
 
 turn 
 
 with new life, new 
 
 II', new eneri'V. 
 
 I'rojr,. 
 
 ami success are waftei 
 
 III the mountain brec/e an 
 
 id all 
 
 animal life is t'ull of vim and exuhcrani 
 
 rmindin^'-, 
 
 everythini; 
 
 siiints. 
 
 Tl 
 
 iir, the sienerv, tho siir- 
 
 ho future piospecl-. are an invi^oratin;; lievond pidsaic de-eription 
 ; I ..I ('..I., I.... 1 ii.. .V.,.i -,.. \r.... 
 
 in and about (J.'il 
 
 ;ary 
 
 ik prosperity and pro^ros 
 
 M. 
 
 illMinl a-- if lite was woilh livini; and the -traiiL'or is at oneo struck witli tho wdiole 
 
 lieartcdncsr- with which people engage in their 
 
 lm-.i 
 
 Utiolls, 
 
 iiess ]iursuiis or pa>t:mo loerc- 
 
 Thc town of Calyary was estai)li>hed in the sprini; ol l^sf The IJailway Com- 
 pany took lipi acres, the site hcinj^ jilaccd on the in;irket in the early s|irinir ot that 
 year. Shortly after tht> llominioii (iovornment ^uh-dividcd another section of tIK) 
 Helen into town lots and otVered them tor sale. Since then a few annexes iiave lieeii 
 lidded to the town site. The oidi,'iii;il prices ol'lots varied from ^jj.'i.lll) to Sl.'iil.DO 
 jicr lot, wdiile to-day Imsinoss lots sell from 8-,>itlO to S'l.tlOl' jier lot and but IWr out- 
 
 side lots 
 
 re otTered at less than .ST'Liit' ea(di 
 
 id 
 
 ('ali,'ary history 
 
 IS one of sola 
 
 in voluni 
 
 e, aiid property in ai 
 
 d, i,'i'adii!il ad\ 
 tual va 
 
 jiriees are steadilv advatieiiii,'. 
 ;di V • ■ ' • ■ 
 
 vanccnient, caidi year hiisiness is ini'i-casiiij^ 
 
 Tl 
 
 ut tiMiil hill the amount of |>usi 
 
 le present population 
 
 d'C 
 
 iilnary is jiiit 
 
 ness iiausai 
 
 doiili 
 
 lo Its Jll 
 
 ulati 
 
 i>urii 
 
 and twenty li\t' tlenisand to thn 
 
 led is trreater t lian that oi'many towns ot' 
 the past four years sums yaryiiin from two huinli'eil 
 
 •d tl 
 
 ind di 
 
 ai's liave liecii oxpeii 
 
 ,ded 
 
 annually in Iniildint; operations, while it is estimateil that at least halt'a million dol- 
 lars will he expended this year ^^lS!tl) in liiiildini,'s and other improvi'iiients. 
 iJiiiini^ the year 1S:H) some three hundiod ami fifty thousand dollars worth ofCal- 
 j^ary real I'state e hammed hands. Alsoilurini; the past year a water sup]ily system and 
 ii ^owel•af;e system was constructed. t'alj;ary boasts of possessiiif; a lioti 1 eciiial to 
 any west of Toronto, has two chartor and two private banks ; aijcncies of several 
 lar^o loan companies are established here. ('aly;ary has two daily and three weekly 
 
 newnpaiiers, has telephone and 
 
 school I'ldlestant anil Uoman ("alholic jirivale sihools 
 
 two electric liu,lil systems, has a public air 
 las tive ehuichos 
 
 hi-h 
 mil a 
 
 ptibli 
 aiiil thr 
 
 The Norlh-West Mounted I'oli 
 
 pital 
 sistant Commissiiiner of the Force resides in this place. Th 
 
 have an important station hero. 
 
 ludt 
 
 Mtlr 
 
 Supreme i 'urt <if Xorthern Alberta, the Hon. ,1. .\. Louiiheed, Senator, tho super- 
 intendent ■ •• Domiidoii mines, the Dominion Ijand Airent, tho Canadian I'acitic llail- 
 
 moiils do business here. 
 
 reijistrar of land titles and the sheritf of Xorthern Alberta .Iiidi- 
 I'sido at Calgary. Lari;e ami coin|ilete stocks of niercliandise are 
 
 i;ents of various ai;ricultiirul impb: 
 
 way l.md aL.nl. the 
 
 cial I)i-triet, 
 
 carried by w liolesalo and retail merchants 
 
 T'he 
 
 e ineomingsettler will tind all Ins rL-iiuirementn 'Uppiiec 
 
 ut reasoi.uble cost. The lines of yoods carried are both extensive and conipieto, and 
 in poiut of ipiality largely tirst cliias. A sccniid class line of goods does not And an 
 
nUHINEHS AM) til'OUT. 
 
 appri'i'iiilivc niiirkct in the Wost. Tliofc ;iro a immlior dI' lumlior anil conl yards 
 iloini; biisiiios ami a largo saw-iiiili in oporalion. Slcps ui'o at ])i'osont heitiu; (alcun 
 Id incoi'iionilo f()iii])anio> lo oii'ct ami i>]ioralc tloiirini; mills, a moat caniuni; ostali- 
 li^limont, a laiiniTV ami Hovoral othor maiiiit'aotiir-ini; indiistrios, 'I'lio town lias a 
 
 )iilili(' inai 
 
 kol 
 
 ilaoo ami llio fariiiors of tlio district lind a rcadv sale lor thoir pro 
 
 duco at Calnarv. That tlio auii'ionllural intoro-'ls arc not t'oiniillon, it may bo stalivl 
 IIkiI iIic a^iriciilliiral lair gidumls — snnic '.Ml acres — ailjoiii tlio corpni'atioii.aml at tlio 
 recent anniial niccting a credit balance ot'over ei^hlocn tbdiisand dollars was shown 
 in favour of the Agriculliiral Society. Whih^ the populalioa ol Calgary is made np 
 of active business peoiilc. the social clenu'iit is not neirJcet.Ml during iho winter 
 
 ith 
 
 concerts, anietcur (healrical 
 
 liter; 
 
 rv entertainment 
 
 )iartics treiiiicnlly oecur 
 
 iiivato 
 
 fneiidn- ami 
 
 1m 
 
 'iiovoleni societies have lod 
 
 alcr- and curler-, have their separate rinUs, Iho various 
 ictics have lodges, and the people as a whole enjoy all the 
 ailvantages of social life. In llu^ summer season tishin^-, shooting, hunting, riding 
 and ]pic-iiic parties are in order, the new eoau'r will fiml himself agreeably disap- 
 iioiiitcd at llie elevated standard of social life in the fai'West. .\iio(hcr lliiiin' whiidi 
 
 surpriM's llie new ai 
 
 rival is the >olidity and costly architectural adorniiionts of the 
 Calgaiy liiiildings. .Not alone aio many of the business, religious and public Imild- 
 
 iiiiis built of .slonc ,'ind brick 
 
 II iiuitc a mimbcr of llie residences are of tir 
 
 iiiati'iial- ,'ind lilted up ii, the mo>i approved modern styles, showing that the men 
 
 who I 
 
 lave >uccec 
 
 ded in Calnarv are not doiilitful of its future, and build t 
 
 leir liomes 
 
 as subsl aid ia 11 V as did their lathers in older la nils. Tile const i"' el ion of tlu> Calgarv 
 
 id Ivimonioii li'ailwav from Calgarv North already comiiletei 
 
 and the contcmpl.a 
 
 teil 
 
 tar as 
 
 |)c 
 
 stniclion of a line south of Calgary to .Mcl.cod during the 
 jiresi'iit year is another progro-^ive slop, which adds lo Calgary's many advantages. 
 Situated in the midst of the riidu'st a''rieulliiral and ''rcali'>l slock coiintrv in the 
 
 hoiniiiioii, its vieinit\ to the Ljrcut mineral deposits of the 1 
 
 liocUv 
 
 -M 
 
 oiintaiiis. Us 
 
 iia 
 
 tuial advantages as a distributing and supply ceiilie for a vast and fertile eoiintry 
 
 added lo its attractions as a residential loi'ation, it promises bv its site 
 id' 
 
 one lo lie 
 
 osell w 
 
 licnevci' |ir;icticable as a home lor i he fill lire population of the district ami n 
 
 iiospi'roiis hisl.irv is assureil for it that mu>l be unrivalled in ihe Xorth-West. 
 
 .North 
 
 ifCalg; 
 
 irv the coiinlrv lor several miles is excellent tor mi.\ed larming, 
 
 argc iiiiinbcr ot settlers have taken up larms and aredoing well, indeed 
 
 Ins 
 
 lart of the district exiels in hav lands. There is much 
 
 oil land here still 
 
 'I" 
 
 lor selllemeni or for sale by the Canadian I'acilic Itailway Com]iaiiy, at reasonable 
 
 irice: 
 
 I* may be heif mentioned thai the Canadian I'acilic i.ailway own allernato 
 
 ^ieelions for 
 jiriccs ninn'ini 
 
 M mil 
 
 cs nort h and soiill 
 
 if 1 1 
 
 leir main line, which is ollered tin' sale al 
 
 fro I 
 
 11 ;?. 
 
 .Ill 
 
 ^11 
 
 icr acre 
 
 at easv terms ol 
 
 ivnient. 
 
 WksT ol' C.VI.iiAUV. 
 
 owiim' I lie 
 
 N'all. 
 
 \- ot the 
 
 iw and the I 'anadi 
 
 III! I'acitic Kail 
 
 wav, Ihe I rave 
 
 Her 
 
 liliils hiinsell 
 occiipie I by 
 head iipw'iri 
 
 ias..in;;- tliiougli a seru's o 
 
 f rich hot loin lands and ijrassv hills, larirelv 
 
 men owiiiiii 
 
 bam 
 
 if 
 
 heril: 
 
 if 
 
 iltle 
 
 niiiiilicruii' Iroiii ;)ll 
 
 T 
 
 lis district is U'lmirably suited lor this, as, indeed, it is for dair^' 
 
 aii'l 
 
 farmiii!', w 
 
 hid 
 
 I IS also c.arrieii on ciiictiy sou 
 
 th of the Ho 
 
 w. 
 
 Tl 
 
 .\tcnsive horse ranchc lill miles west of Cocli 
 
 ran. 
 
 and fiirlher west is [\\< 
 
 raiic 
 
 h known as the 
 
 Merino," owned by Mr. !•'. While, one of the most successful 
 
 liecp ranclicrs in 
 
 the Ti'rritorics. Soiiu> -l,") mil 
 
 si of Calga 
 
 is Morlevville, 
 
 e ol' the oldest Ncltlciiients in this portion of Alberta. 'I'hc -Mclloiigall family, the 
 ]iiiineers of .VIberta, reside here, ami the tourist and pleasure seeker will miss 
 much of the onjoymenl of his Western trip if he fails to stop oil' at Morleyville ami 
 make the aciiuaintancc of the .McD.iiigal! iirolhcrs. 'I'liey an- born sportsmen and 
 
 are rich in anecdoic o 
 
 if .Mberla in the ila\ 
 
 Vs when till 
 
 lale faces were few. iiiid when 
 
 tlic liiill'alo and other large uaiiie were niiineroiis. There is good shootingand tlshing 
 
 in ll 
 
 lis vicinil V. 
 
 Th' 
 
 le Stoiie\' Indian reserve is here an 
 
 (he siiperiiitcmlcnce o' 
 
 I the R 
 
 Ml 
 
 ill. 
 
 1 1 re 
 
 1 an liid 
 licet 
 
 laii orphanage, under 
 
 s much ( 
 
 red it 
 
 on this 
 
 inissionai'v familv that the Imlians among whom they have lahoiired aro advancoil 
 
86 
 
 PICrURESQCE HEALTH RESORT. 
 
 in civilization, are imlusfrious and nImoMt self Hiippiu'tin^', a strikini; contrast, to the 
 majority of North-Wont Indians. Thei'o is a thriving scltlomont in IIiIh district, 
 fettlcrs are in good circuniHtances, owners of hands of horses and herds of cattle. 
 The scenery is varied and charming, mountain and vale, forest and stream. As a 
 horse range the .Morley country is pre-eminent. Further west are the saw mills of 
 Kananasl<is, the semi-anthracite (^oal mines ol Cannioro, and the anthiacite coal 
 liiincB sitinited in the mountain pass (dose to the Canadian I'acitic Railway line. 
 
 BANFF. 
 
 Still fnrthei- on into the mountains, ami sonio 80 miles west of C'algarj-, is Hantf — 
 Canada's great, health resort — The iiocky .Mountain I'arU. A nuniher of hot 
 springs wore iliscovered lu^re during lS,^:i. and in ISS,") the Dominion (iovernment 
 6ot aside a large tract of country for |)ai'l< purposes, and since then have exiiondod 
 large sums ot' money in liuilding liridges, constructing drives and paths to the many 
 points of interest, and iiovif liantf is luio of the most inteicsling ])laces in Western 
 Canada. There are several holcds, including a magniticent one hiiilt hy the Canailian 
 I'acitic liailway, iind titled in the most moilern style. The Sanitarium Hole!, under 
 medical direction, all'ords the health seeker ai d t(]iirist every care .and I'omfort. In 
 itshygieiiicsurriuindings and unrivalledgiandeur HantVliasalready heen honoured hy 
 licing placed on e(|ual footing with that of any health resort on this continent. The 
 invalid who has ccnne to seek health, leaves exKdIini; ami tc>tifying to the healthful 
 and curative effects ol the waiters , while tlio>e who have come for pleasure or ri'st 
 are delighted and relVeslied hy the wonderful lieaiity and ufaudeur of its varied 
 scenery. Here are the lovely valleys of the Spiay and l^iw, the (.'aseade and Spriiy 
 Falls at ii little (listance. the t;iMdnating iK'vil's liake, and surrounding all tire the 
 magniticent moiinlains in who>e heights nestle wooil and lake, and down whose sides 
 are liuMiliiig >priiigs and ru,--hing toireiits. With such alluienu'iits Hanlf must 
 annually allraet more attention li(un the touri^i. health, and ]deasure seekt>r>, who 
 caniHil fail to enjoy a visit there. I>r. lireti, chairman of the Advisor^' Hoard nf the 
 
 North-W( 
 We.'., 
 
 .\f 
 
 ihly 
 
 It liaiitf. 
 
 if liantV the ('(Hint ry is a serii'^ <if mountain ranges containing forests of 
 
 sph'iidid timher and illimitahle depoNits of cojil. copper, silver ami iroi 
 
 1 oil', wliicli 
 
 wl 
 
 u'li (levelo 
 
 |ied will add to tli 
 
 illh, not of Allien a al"iu', I ml of the wli'de oflhis 
 
 iiiiiiiion o 
 
 f Canad.-i. 
 
 tt |)< 
 
 Soutli-wi'st of Calgarv, ah 
 
 united lor mixed tan 
 
 the I'Mliow River, the country is in eery w;iy 
 airy farming and for cattle and horse ranges. .Settlers 
 are fa^•t coiiiing in and and taking up land and bringing the soil under cultivation, 
 (iriis.s, water, tiinlierand coal are aliiind.-iiil. 
 
 To the coiinliy lying south ot Calgary wo would call the ^pecial attention of 
 fiie practical farmer who puriiose-- making lii> home in the West. It will well 
 
 tl 
 
 le newcomer to travel south lor. 
 
 !0 mile-, ihrough the >ettlemeiit- of Fish 
 Cri'ck, Pine Ciiok, .Sheep ("reek and High iiiver, over an undulating <'.iunlry, 
 thicdd)' settled with mixed tanners, where schools and churches are tiumeiou-i, where 
 
 for th 
 
 11' past eiLiht vears .siicces- 
 
 i 
 growii ami liave vie! 
 
 land 
 
 till 
 
 if wl 
 
 at, oats, harli' 
 
 \' and roots have In 
 
 heavy crops; where tens ol' thousands of acres of rie 
 are now under eiillivation and where humlreils of thousands ot' ferlil 
 
 await future settlemeni. .V ilistriet of gi 
 
 ().ul roail 
 
 ,f li 
 
 UKl 
 
 thickl 
 
 iiulritioii-i gra.^ 
 
 where sloe 
 ilvt 
 
 k of 
 
 rpi 
 
 il with 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 visitor Wll 
 
 rouiiil, where the only taxes are those lev 
 to from -S.") or S-0 per year to each farmer. 
 
 aide fanii-hoiises, well tilled granaries, and the high grade of the live stock ; every- 
 IV ami fiiiitful harvests. Farming is no longer an exjieri- 
 
 I'xcept milch eows r.nige mil the year 
 
 led for sehool purpo-es jiiid wliiidi amount 
 
 .iiriirisod at the comfort- 
 
 tl 
 
 ling iiidieales prosperi 
 meni here: its success is as assured as in any portion of Canada, and the new-eouier 
 
 lioiiiil consnler wi'l 
 
 I' fori 
 
 he leaves tlii' 
 
 where success is not so fiillv 
 
 irt of Alherla for 
 
 remote districts. 
 
 ired. The construction of a railwav through this 
 
 oountry iliiring the present yi'iir wil 
 
 an incenlive to the mon 
 
 .'Xteiisivi 
 
 iilti- 
 
 valors 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic generiuis viel 
 
 if past vears have 
 
 tilled the sett 
 
 CIS with pride u their 
 
^- 
 
FISH CREEK A?:D HlflH Itl VEIL 
 
 87 
 
 country ami willi energy which is bogot of success. The funner from the East may, 
 if lie choosos, lent or puiciiiisi! an iniprowil farm iiiui many liavo alroaily found it to 
 their ailvantane to ilo so ratiier tiian tai^e u]) wild lands. At Slieefi Creek, some 
 25 miles soutli of Calgary, a saw-mill is in operation and himhi'r is sold at <^algary 
 ])i'ices, viz: S 14 to §25 ])or thousand feet. Several coal mini's have lieon o])ened up 
 during tlio past fuw years, which sup|)ly not alone the farmini; cominiinily, but also 
 largely the town of Calgary, willi fuel. There is liul litlledoubt, that an im- 
 jiorlant town will spring up within the ne.xt few years, in the vicinity of Sliei'i) Creelc 
 or High Kivcr. The griat agricultural, cattle, liimhci' and coal interests full3- wari'ant 
 its Ijcing and its prosperity. 
 
 The west and •-outh-wc--t portion ol Central Alberta is a ranching country where 
 tl)ou>ands (if hor's«>> and tens of thousa.ids of cattle roani at will, never receiving 
 shelter or food other than they obtain for 'hemsidves on the luxuriant prairie lanils 
 and grassy font-bills of the IlocUios. 
 
 'i'he inlending settler will be hard to please indeed if he does not tind a siiilalile 
 location lor fiirmiiig or ranebing in the t^algary di-^triet, 'vhicdi. with its agricultural 
 ])roducliveiies-i, its precminenee for stock raising, its inexhaustible iv.ineral resnurces 
 and timber supply, is <\\' a (■I'rlalnty to become one of the ino>t pioirressive and 
 prosperous distriels in the wlnde Xorth-Wesl. 
 
 XOUTIIHIIX ALHKUTA. 
 
 Tlir. KI.KiTolt.M. DISTIilCT OF KH.Mo.NToN. 
 
 'uwjiilcd hi/ Frank Olirer, .l/". /.. .1. 
 
 The farmer who is eom|)olled to seek a new location fo:' himself and t'aiiiily, has 
 a Very serious (pies lion to face. The circunistaiiees com pel ling hi in to remove niiiy b" 
 of various kinds, lie may be cramped on too small a piece of land, or he may not 
 have enough capital with which to work the land he has, or he may not own his land, 
 and at the close of his lease must seek a now location, oi' he may lie desirous of 
 securing land lor his children and unabb to jnirtdiase il in the vicinity in which he 
 lives, or he may have iiou;;ht land at loo high a price and be unable to complete his 
 liaynienls. Any of these reasons m.iy In. sullicieiit to make if advisable for the 
 iarincr located in tlie Mast to seek a new home; to say nothing 
 sonal misfortunes or faults. Whalever may be Ihe reasons for 
 doubt thai Ihe remov.-il itselt'isa loss. The lime that is taken 
 place to anolhei', the travelling expenses, the losses and aeeiu 
 can be accommodated to the new surroundings and be got 
 make it most iieeessaiy that there should be as few I'cmoval 
 lifetime, if wealth is desired. Theretiire the person intendiii; 
 weigh well the permaneii! advanlanes of the several localitie- 
 before removing, so thai the one remove will aiiswei-all pui •' 
 What region produces those articles which are ol tlu' high, 
 commercial value? In what part of Ihe region ad.apted 
 articles can they be produced In the grcatesi aliiind.inee 
 
 .1 bad sea-on- or ))er- 
 
 ival, there is no 
 
 iioving from one 
 
 oelore everylhing 
 
 nig to ad van I age, 
 
 |i.issible in a man's 
 
 rcmov" re(iuires to 
 
 which lie has choice 
 
 ■ sos. He should ask: 
 
 airl most permanent 
 
 " pro luclion oi' these 
 
 I perfect ion, and with 
 
 the greatest avera:,'e cerlainly? in what part of that re::. .in is the soil best suited 
 by reason of the depths of its ferlility lo permanent In" keep up an almiidant yield ? 
 lias the region, olherwise suitable, a healthy climate, tending lo bodily and mental 
 vigor; for we.illh witboill healt'i toenjoy it orsuecessors lo use il is of little account? 
 \re there tiivoiiralle oppoitiiiiilies lor aci|iiiriiig land at a low rate in thai region? 
 Are Ihe natural eoiidilions favourable to a settle:' starling on a small capilal? 
 Are Ihe social coudiiions lliere of ordinary civilization- — is life and property 
 secure and are their educational and religious advantages axailable? A satisfactory 
 answer lo these ipu.stions is more imporlani to the thinking, work lug, saving farmer 
 — the man who is the producer of the wealth and is the back! ■' ol' the civilization 
 
88 
 
 WHERE TO SETTLE. 
 
 of both Canada and the United St!iten; wlio lias mndo [\wso couiitiU's wliat lliey aro 
 — than to tlio qiiestif>n» tliat aro (irdinarily tlii! tirst (ines iisUod. Is tliorc a nisli of 
 immigration, in the country ljoomin;f, is money ])lontifui, is land risiii>f in valiic, is 
 railwaj' Imiiding /J;"iiig on? With a cDntiruially incroasinif ])oiiulatioii, continually 
 fiookiiiff new homes, and with (apilal continually inci'oasini,' and as continually seek- 
 ing; invostmonl, if th(! natuial condilions of any section of this continent are desir- 
 ahle, immi/fration ' i--.--^ -;ii <'.. -i •> i,..c;,..,. i„„„ — i,.!.,,,, i :.,.i „.;m ,.,...,.. 
 
 partieulaily careful reijardini; any district that is booming, and should carefidly 
 
 bear in mind that the tiiel that il is lidoniing has no neccs>ary relation to its -.uit- 
 
 abilily as a ])lace for locating or investing capital in. As there was a lime when it 
 
 did not boom, so there is as certain to boa time when it will not Irioni. and when 
 
 the calculations that have been made on a boom basis will as certainly break those 
 
 who have made them as the boom it--elf will certainly break. The men who make 
 
 the money in a boom are the men who located belbre there was a boom, or before it 
 
 was tliouglit of. The men out of wliiuii they make the money arc the men who come 
 
 in after the boom is started and mi>tako the boom for permanent pro^ju'rily. Thcre- 
 «'. w ;» : .1... : i i.. i : ,i f — # i i i ': ;.. ...... 
 
 is siaru.'M :in'i iiiixiiKo me uooni loi* pei'inaneiit pro^|u.'rity. 1 hcie- 
 foio. if it is desircil to locate or invest, do nof go to u place where a boom !■> in pro- 
 gres.s, but to a place where there is no boom, wliere tin ' ''' ' 
 
 as to in^llre a lasting prosiierity as the resiill of im' 
 source of vvealtii, 
 
 1' 
 
 ral condilions .are smdi 
 wliicli is the only true 
 
 W1II;KK IioKS I'.Ml.MIMI 
 
 '.VY IIEST .' 
 
 In answer to the nue>uon. What region proiliices those articles which are 
 of the highest and most permanent coiumercial value? Tlui agricullural prodiicis, 
 which are of the bighesi ami most jiernianent value, are most universally ncce-sary 
 to the existence of civili/.cd man, for civilized man alone has the coinmeicial facili- 
 ties to give tliciii world-wide disti'ibulion, and he alone has money to jiay for them. 
 'Thesi' ]iroducls are wheat and callle in their maniif.icturod state ot' tloiir and lieet'. 
 It woidd lie jiossilile for the world to do witlnnit sugar, or tea, or cotfee. or tobacco, 
 or cotton allogetber for a time, or to reduce the consumption to suidi a degress as to 
 break everyone eiig;i!,'ed in growing llies(> pi'odiicts. Ven engaged in raising these 
 products may occ;i>iotially maki' larire ]'rotits easilj-, but iheyare sul)ject to as heavy 
 losses ti'oni low' markets, ll i- not possible tor the civilized woi Id to ilo without 
 flour or beef, nor is it possible tor consumption to be as greatly reduced on acccnint 
 of an increase of priee, art ill the ca>e ot'other ])roducts. A decrease of jiroduetjon 
 or an increase of demand increases the jirice of tlour tiiid beef according to the buy- 
 er's necessity, whiidi is nol under his control to the same cxlcnt as regarding itlior 
 products. Therefore iho farmer engaged in raising wheat ;ind lieof for export lias a 
 surer market for tdl lime than the tanner raising any (Uher article of produce. He 
 is not then sidijeet to the lo.-ses from low nniikets or fj-om lack of a market as those 
 who rtiise sugar, or colfee, or tobacco, or cotton are, and as a consequence the 
 farmers who depoiiil <ui rai-ing w heat ;ind cattle for ex)nut are, on an avi'ragc, more 
 prosperiuis. and the countiy which depends upon tlu'ir prosperity has more wealth 
 lliiiii the t'armers who ilepetid oil less staple articles, or the country which depi'tids 
 oti thi'in. The farmer who desires a permaneiil prosperity-, as the reward of imlus- 
 tiy, should locale in a wheat and cattle growing country, rather than in a sugar and 
 colfce, and tobacco and cotton country. It should lie remembered that the crops 
 and (irodiuis raiseii where wheat and callle thrive are second (udy in importance to 
 these articles themselves. These are the products of the Xorlliern .Slates and of 
 Canada, whih' the Southern States and West Indies produce sugar and cotlee antl 
 tobacco. 'J'here is double as much wealth per head in t^anaila and the Xorthern 
 
r 
 
BEtiT ItETUItyS l.\ CA\M>A. 
 
 811 
 
 United StatfH as in tin' Wost Imiics iiml liio Southern Uiiitcl Siiiiu-, ami ii is more 
 evenly iliviclod. 
 
 WIIKHE AIIK IIKTUUXS MOST CKHTAIN? 
 
 it' winMi ami cultlo arc llie pi'o liKtM ii|mn wiiirli tlio farnu'r may most safV'ly 
 (lopeiid tiir conliiuial iirosjx'rity, llie next ciuoslion is, in wlial |iarl nl' llic ri'icion 
 adaptt'd ti> llicir ^rowlli can llicy be prodaced in llic ifroatcsl iiorl'oction and almn- 
 dance — in its smillicrn or its nortlicrn part — in < 'anada or in the rniicd Slates ? It 
 is an estalilislied laet that all |>ri)diic'ts ean he hroMj^lit to the irreatest perttetion 
 near the northern limit of their Lcrowth. It is a well-eslahlished fact that thi' culti- 
 vated grains and domestic aniniii 
 
 ol' Eastern Canada attain a (greater perfection 
 than those of the States immediattdv adjoining; ti) the south, Ami it is also a well- 
 
 estuhlished fact ihal ailhonirh Ontario contains a verv nimdi larire 
 
 iiderior farmiii, 
 ' the imnicdiatolv ad 
 
 r proportion of 
 
 id, its \ield of uheai per acre is cnsideruiilv "'reatcr than that 
 
 |OL||ll 
 
 that of anv Stale of the I'nion. Ifenardinn- I 
 
 id verv fei'tile Stale of New Y< 
 
 and ffii'ater than 
 
 le siipci'jiiiity ot' its c|(pmestic arnmal 
 
 it need only lie ]iointcil ont that Canadian caltli' are ailniilted to ihc lirili~h market.- 
 without iiiiaiantine, while cattle from the I'ldti'd Statis are invariahU- iiuaraiitincd 
 
 as liciiii; more liahlc to he 
 
 lie rule rc<'arilii 
 
 :ilinmlant yii 
 
 . I' 
 nr the lii'tter ipialit v and more 
 
 if ;,'rain which applies as hctwecn Ivistcrn (.'anada and the I'liit 
 
 Slates appiic> eipKilly lietw<'cn \Vc--tern Canada and the I'niteil States. Manitoha 
 
 and the Xorlh-Wcst 'I'crrilories rai^c 
 
 more liiislu I 
 
 of wheat to the acre than Min 
 
 .Ota and Halvota, ami lln' wheat maU.'s a lu'ltcr i|ualily of tlour — I he hest.it is voi'lh 
 whili- reiMcmliei-injr. that the world atf<iid~. W'lial is tiaie rei;ardinir wheat is jast as 
 true rei^ariliiii; cattle. The more aliMiidant and ri(dier summer pa-luraLi'e, and the 
 ample supply ol' i;o(jd hay for the winter, where hay is reipiired, have their neces- 
 sary etlect in makiiiir the cattle raised in the Northwest si.perior in si/.e ami quality 
 to those raisc(l on Ihc less aluindant and less nutritive' urasses ot' the simtli. \\'li;il 
 is true retraidini:' the cattle ihem-elve is eipially true rcirardinu: their products, hiil- 
 tcr ami cheese, ami also rei,'iirdiiii; the other prodiii'ts of the farm. Thi- point of the 
 superior (|ualily of Nortliwi'st products is somethinn- that should he particularly Ucpt 
 in miml. tor while the w<irld niav comiirtc in laisini; wheat and caltl 
 
 ;if tl 
 
 ll tlic WOI 
 
 e. no other part 
 ■Id I'ai I compete with the Northwest in the i|'iality ot' t licse products; tlicie- 
 
 fore, whatcvi'r prices nia\- 
 
 the Noiihwest will alwavs ucl the liest. In avcran'e 
 
 laiiity of wheal prodiiciioii llu' Northwest in'cil not fear com|iarison with any 
 There have heen years ot lailuie, from uras-hoppci s ami other 
 
 cei 
 
 other new count i> 
 
 vcars partially Irom cirouth, Imt tf'o 
 
 m nolle o 
 
 fi 
 
 •e.iueiil or 
 
 severe in the Canadian North 
 
 f the-e causes have failure- heen 
 tl 
 
 lilt 
 
 ernational hound.-iry line. In the time of the ijrass 
 
 iwe-t as in the prairie .Stale- south of i hi 
 
 lioppers t 
 
 111' ]iests luvil and 
 
 ranjred for years over the prairie territories before comiim' into the (\aiiadiau nori 
 west. Their home is the plains, and they never ])enetraled the partly wooded 
 
 reition 
 
 alonij ihc Tpper Sa-katidicwan in Northern Alberta. .\ltlioUL;li further 
 
 norlli, lieinsr at a lower elevation iind sheltered to some extent fv the timhcred 
 
 counir\' 
 
 ol ll 
 
 le norlli, slraniic as it mav seem, it is neverthel 
 
 an established fact 
 
 the Canadian Northwest has not sulVered as severely from the trosi in the p:ist tell 
 j-ears as the prairie .States to the soiilli, and it is furtlu'r an established fiict that the 
 more northerly and more wooded parts of the Territories do not sutler so severely 
 as the hii^her ]daiiis lurlher south — that llu 
 
 'iian I'll It I 
 
 ■ frost aloiiii' the Sasl;at( 
 uitli. To u'o no further back than ISSS, frost was ^rom.^.i! :iiii| m-vcii 
 .M 
 
 in hakota and parts ol'.Southei n .Manitoba, while at Mdmontoii there w,is no fro>led 
 uraiii, and at other points on the Saskatchewan there was very little. In ISS;) there 
 was t'l'osl in ilie last of .May and early part of ,lune ihrouirhout Ontario, the Kasterii 
 and Western Slates, and ,iiisolutely none at h'. Imonton. l!eL;ardi'ii; the lirouth, the 
 advantaiie is plaiiil\ and allomcther on the side of the nortli-wi'st. Wiiere liinher 
 throws there is more moisture than where it does not yrow. and as the Canadian 
 north-west is eiilier actually limbereil. or is nearer timber than the prairie states, it 
 must have more moisture, and certainly has, than they. There have formerly been 
 
I 
 
00 
 
 .1 L.\\i> or i-i:imi.iry. 
 
 yi'iiiH oi'di'oiiili ill llio SliilcH, wlion tlic Ciiimiliaii N'mtliwcst oiijnyi'il >iillic'ii'iit nmiN- 
 liiic, liiit lii-t yi'iir llio ilroutli cxIiiiiU'il tn tlu' Xdilliwol, xi lli:it il \vii^> ii lo.tt yt'-.w. 
 At Ivlmoiiloii, iillliiiiiu'li till' M'iisoii Wiis very dry, llic yirld ol yniiii wn.-* ll'l liii-liclft 
 111 tlif iicrc iiC wlu'iil, nuts '1(\\ |pii>lii'ls, liiirli'y I'l luislicls, ii lii;;lu'r ii\fi-ii;,'i,' tlian 
 DnUiilii .slmws in it-> most tiivoiiri'il year. To i-iiiii up, in XiirlliiTii Allioi'la. wliicli 
 ciiMtiiiiiH liiiMiiosI iiirlliorly Koltloiiiriils in lliu Xiiilliwcsl, iluMr ii ))raclirally no 
 cliiiiiicr (pf 
 kola, wliil 
 
 lasslioppci's, ni> (ian>;i'i' (it'iinnilli, ami K'si ilaiiiici' lioiii t'i'i»l llian in Da- 
 llic otlicr wln'iit pi'Mts prcvaltMit in niDrc Hiiiilln'rn ialiliilis aro iiii- 
 Uncnvii, Owini; lo the I'loator nici'-liiii' in lliin part i>|' ilm ((iiinliy tliorc is a 
 licllcr u:iii\vtli d' rii'lifi' j^i'a!»s than oUowlnTf in tlin tiTrilnrio-'. lliiMctaro c'attio I'aii 
 
 w I'alscii nimo i'a»ily, clii'itpiy and ot'lu'lti'i' i|iiiiliiy tlian liiitin'i' 
 
 iiiiili. 
 
 'i'l 
 
 W sill lilfC III tl 
 
 'iiiinii'\' is t'cntlv iindiilaiiiii; and iIiimii!,'1i iIk^ ccnln^ nl the 
 
 di-tlici llif Sa-I<al(dunvaii IJivcf lli 
 
 in a hfd JOlt I'rrl h.dnw till' |(>vtd 
 
 On lop 
 
 a layer (i| IVoin one in llircc H-i'l ot' hiatdc vi';;('lalilo inoiild, wilji lilllc or iH' niixiiiro 
 of Hand or uravfl, ln'ariiin' a ;;ro\v!li of wild ve;;olalioii ol' a inxiirianco si-cii in no 
 oilier pari ot llii' li'rriloiios, and indeed seldom seen aiiywliere oiUside llie Iropies. 
 Il is peculiar lo lids M'ction of llie eoiinfry that llie lilaek nioiiM is deeper on llio 
 id ridu'es llian in llie hollows. 'I'lii' is aeeoiinted lor pai tly hy I he lael of 
 d lieiiiif Ihe direel re-iill of tlio deeoniposil ion of venetalioii Just wliin'o il 
 jfiew, and nol a deposit liroiiuhl Iroiii sunie oilier locality as in the ease willi llic 
 deep soil ol the Hod itiver valley; ami partly hy the tires which in I'Xl la dry Mcasoiirt 
 hiirneil awa.N' llie liirt in iIkp localities wliiidi on aecoiint of their heiiii; inoie dani|i, 
 
 Knolls a 
 the nioil 
 
 iwer, eonlained a iriealcr anioiinl of vei,'ela 
 
 mailer. 
 
 The M 
 
 iieU loam ol 
 
 Ontario, the result of iho deeomposiiion of forests lor eoiintless aj^e 
 
 was vorv rich 
 
 Imt it was li'ss than a foot in IhieUncss 
 
 Till 
 
 sii]ieri(ir teriiliiy ol tlui ri'LCion where 
 
 under parallel eireiimslanees three feel ol similar soil has hecii formed niiisl In 
 donl. With 
 
 II of 
 
 ucli depth and feililily il is not w 
 
 inderfiil thai in ordinari 
 
 ly 
 
 III seasons a yield of oats ol IIIO to I II weii;hed liiishels to llie acre has nol heon 
 
 iiricoiiimiiii, I 
 
 ilid that less than 11(1 IhisIicIm is i-oiisiderei 
 
 I iioor crop ; 
 
 that harlev will 
 
 yiidd lid hiisliels and wheal ovei' 10, and thai potatoes of from tlireip lo tour )ioiinils 
 weiuht are not a rarity. ( )t eoii;se, these .yields have nol heen attained every year 
 
 nor m any vear 
 
 hv every tiunier, lull they havi 
 
 ceil allained witlioiil exi raoi diiiary 
 
 exorlioiis, and prove ihal the caiiacily is in the soil if the lillai;e is i;iveii to hriiii; it 
 
 out. Ui 
 
 iiu'alli the mould lies whileish marley clay of a deiilli of alioiit t we 
 
 feot. This (lay, iiniiNe the siih; 
 IV iiiixliireof il wilh ihe lilacl 
 
 1" 
 'il ot (Jntario, contains iho elements of terlilil\', ami 
 
 k loam adds to the nrodiiciiveiie- 
 
 d tl 
 
 iatler in the 
 
 ca 
 
 ■eofwheat. Smdi a soil is not only ex('e|)lioiially ferlile to eommeneo with, hut 
 has practically an inexhaiislihle forlilily. Supposini; the lilaek mould lo he workei' 
 
 III iheie remains the twelve feet of marlev clay underneath, which 
 
 almost 
 
 eipially ferlile and can iievi>r he w 
 
 orUeii 
 
 oil 
 
 t. T 
 
 lis IS not to sav 
 
 ,• that Iho land is 
 
 not 
 
 the holt, r of 
 
 till 
 
 iije anil manure as wi 
 hest 
 
 lull It 
 
 to say that in: 
 
 lieiiii; a conliniied hallle as even in lliehesi parls o 
 
 )f Kiii'land or Out; 
 
 itead of I hero 
 io lo keep up 
 
 llie hr ilily of the soil, necessilatiiii; the lirint;iii,i; in ot manure from Ihe outside, 
 ihi.slanl I'an he kejil al llie highest pilch offerlilily forever merely hy i;ood cultiva- 
 
 tion am 
 
 1 ret I 
 
 lo it the refiiso ot what is taken I'roni il. 'i'ho dillereneo Ihal the 
 
 ayiiin' |iowers of ihe fertility of the soil makes to the far 
 
 iner eaiiiio 
 
 I hi 
 
 over csli- 
 
 It is the dilleieiue helween wealth and 
 
 inalei 
 
 one of iron |)yriles, helween a [ 
 
 farmer who settles on a farm ami in a re";iou where 
 
 poverty, helween a ;;o[d mine an 
 
 III 
 
 irolilalile and an iinprotilahle occupation. 
 
 Tl 
 
 111 
 
 aeus (lepl li may i 
 
 well for a time, hill as Ihe years no liy hi.s land alter fioiiii; up to a certain pilel 
 
 value inv.'iria 
 
 dy 
 
 ■line.' 
 
 t'arni HI 
 
 as It hecoines worked out, lor the simple reason that lliat 
 
 Till 
 
 ie a scriih pii; consumes loo niueli 
 
 irdilii: lo llu' iimouiil that it 
 
 iroiltii'cs. 
 
 le result is disappoinlmenl and loss 
 
 How many loealities can In 
 
 the eastern |irovinces where se 
 
 .■tller.- 
 
 licked out in 
 
 sp 
 
 ,<lll llie hest years of their lives in niaki 
 
 went in on lif^ht quick ])rodii(dnir lam 
 
 Mir their homes o: 
 
 ilv to tlnd that their lam 
 
 .d I 
 
 K'conie wo 
 
 rlhless ihrouifh exhaiisiion, and that therefore their lives had In 
 
 wasted, while others who went on deopor, hut more ditiienlt, land, found agolil mil 
 
 I'l 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 'V. 
 
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 ^^ /<^k^ 
 
 
 MP. 
 
 A 
 
 la 
 
 /a 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 lil 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 ■tlUU 
 
 12.5 
 122 
 
 M 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 .4 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIBSTER.N.Y. 14S80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■s$ 
 
 i\ 
 
 \ 
 
 'V 
 
 i^^:'^-^^ 
 
 
4r 
 
 

THE MOST UEALTllFUL CLIMATE. 
 
 whicli by koepitif^ ii]) its I'eitility, while wealth iitnl the eotivunioiices of civilization 
 inci'oasod aiouml it, and beciiiise of it, continually increased in value, and mado 
 wealthy the ownurs almost in spite of themselves. This is the kind of land that the 
 i'ldmonton dlHtrict has t.i ort'ei' to settlers to a de/^ree that no other paft of the ten-i- 
 tories lias. Wheic^ a man may take up a farm and ho satisfied that his (diil lien's 
 ehildien will tind it as fertile as he did. Where a man havin;.' onci' iliiveii his 
 stakes need never lequire to pull them up. 
 
 WIIKKE IS THE MOST HEAI/rllFLt, CI.IM.VTK? 
 
 One of the most importiint considerations to the tiirmer secdvini; a new home is 
 the climate in its etVect ii])on human health and pleasure, as well as upon iheijn wlh 
 of farm stixdc and |)l'odui'e. It is almost a lixed nih" thai the persmi who has 
 removed from an old to a new country must sull'er from ill health for a coiisiderahle 
 time until Ik^ hecomes acclimatized, and until increasini;- civilization ha- (diaiif^ed 
 the natural conditions of the country for 'he hetler. 'fhis is |)arliciilarly ihr case 
 where the country is level and the soil of irpiMlt ferlillly a-- distlni;uislicd Irom hilly, 
 ro(d<y or sandy tracts. Thai is to say a fertile country is more apt to he unhealthy 
 in its n.-itural condition than an infertile country, liiit in this particular, the rule 
 reuardinn' larm sto(dv and produce, whiidi reach their L'l'eatesi perfeclion near tlu^ 
 northorn limit of ihidr ijrowtli. applies ;is well to the human race. <inly in a i^reater 
 dej;ree. Tlu'refore it is found that the < 'aiiadiaii Xorth-Wcst iicnerall}-, oii account 
 of its more Morlhern latitude, if for no other reason, has a elima'e more enndiiclive 
 to health and viiroiir than tlu' country tiirther south in the United .'slates, •ind that 
 the new selllcr ill the Canadian Norlh-Wcsf has a i^realer eertainity of retaining 
 his health and streiii;lh in their fullest dei;reu — necessary aliove all lhiii<;s to the 
 |jioneer'- siiccos— than the settler south o| the line, I'lie Indians on the reserves, 
 owinu' to the radical chani^e in their method of life, do sillier from disease of various 
 kinds it is true, hut it is a simple fact that ainonirthe while settlers, ;ill'eclions dt'tlie 
 liinn- of oviui the lii,'lile-t kinds are almost unknown, the more severt; kinds, includ- 
 ing; consumption, areentiridy unknown, even epidemics siudi as the recent intlueiiza, 
 measles and scarlet lever, are very liuhl and very rare, and infant morl.aliiv. whi(di 
 makes up siudi a lar;;e proportion nl'thi' death rale in I'ln^land. iloes nol exist a.> a 
 ■^jieeial feature here. 
 
 |{e;,'ardini:: the ciunpar.-itivc amount of plea-ure to he deiiveil frniii existence 
 under llie many dilVereiil climates (if the World, there musi always he a very wide 
 di lie re nee (if npiniiui. hul it must he evii lent that thai (di male wlii(di ;;ivcs a person the 
 hest lu'allh aiul the irreate-l vii;or, has an advanla^e wlii(di canimt he coiinlerlialaiicecl 
 hy any I'ealure of a (dimate whirh deliaclslrom health and viu'our. Here the -now 
 iisualy disappears lielween the Island l.")lh of April, leaving very little water on 
 the ground. The weather ri'iuains cool at nights and warm durin.u' the day until 
 about the \')\\\ of .May, after wliiili dali' frosi is unusual. ;ind idanl growth begins 
 lo be rapid. Ifain begins |o fall early in .lune. and growth ccintiiiiies vciy rajiid 
 until about the middle of .\ugiist. Haying commences abcmt llie middle or eml of 
 .liily ; harvest from the middle or end ol August, and is completed in .Sepleinber. at'ter 
 whiidi growth generally cea-es aii<l the grass begins lo wither; it generally remains 
 |iarlly green, however, so that it is giMid |)asliire, until the ground freezes in the 
 early pari of November. T'here is seldom any rain after the 1st ot Augii-I. Snow 
 falls in Novemlx'r. but does nol get deep unlilafter New Vear's, nordoes the weather 
 beeoiiie severe until thi'ii. ,)anuary and I'VbruaiT are the months of cold aiicl snow. 
 In .Mar(di the weather becomes w.-irnn'r and the snow disappears. .Vs eom|iared with 
 the eliiiiale of .Manitoba, the winter season is not so long, m' stormy, or so sleadilv 
 sevcie, bill at limes the thermiMiieler goes as low as in .Manitcdja. The inlluenee of 
 the west or (diinook wind is whal shortens the winter, and from limb to lime rtdievcs 
 its severity by mild spells, while the abundance of timber scattered in clump- over 
 the district shelters from the severity of the north wind. 
 
 Till' weather is certainly stormy at limes, but on account ol' the aliiindance of 
 shelter and fuel nogreal ineoiivcnicnee isexperieiiced, there is no sull'eringand there 
 
I 
 
 \ 
 
Itli 
 
 PHENOMEXAL FE R TIL IT Y. 
 
 is no (Inntror. Thocli mate (iiff'ors from thatof Smithern Alberta in flint bcinfffurtlior 
 roinovoil tViini tliiMnoiinlainH tliocliinook isnotfell ashi rongly in wintor. Tiic wiiilor 
 Wfatiicr \* \wivv sioady, and tlioroforo |)ro])aiali()Msaio »!way-< niailo for it, anil Ihcro 
 is iiDiK' ol' tlio Idsh or sutlV'rini;' that occui'k in Moniana, U.S.A.. wlion the cliinook 
 that has hocn dcpcnilcd on tails to connect. To sum up, the weather of the lonj; dry 
 spring ami fall is the most onjoyahlo that can jiossihly be iniai;ined. Tlie winter is 
 cold, hill ealni, not disai;reeablc to anyone if jiroperly prcjiared for it, and the ino^t 
 eiiJKyable season nf all to many. The Hummer, with its luiiis and hoi siiiishiiio, 
 makes ii|i in luxuriance of ;^rowlli what it lacks in other ways. 
 
 This |)heni>nieiial ferlility of the soil and wonderful saliibrily of the climate nro 
 tlie giealcsl alliactioiis that any new country can jiossiliU- oll'or to the settler. 
 AVlicic these are touiid toj^ether the development of the rei^ion by railways anil it.s 
 oceu]iatiiiii fy capital ami loboiir can only bo a question oi' a short time; and when 
 they are nol. all the wealth of the world and all the appliances of civilization cannot 
 ])roviile theni. These are facts that the intendinij; settler would do well to consider 
 t'lilly liefore deciding on his pormiincnt location. 
 
 WIIKUK C.\N l-.^Nl) UK SKCUHEIl. 
 
 Anj- ]iosnible advantaf^o of soil or climate in any dist rid is of no avail to the 
 outsider if jiopiilalion is so crowdod, or land is liold at so hii;h a |irii'e as to )ireveiit 
 it beinu: 'iciiMired in siillicient quantity or at a reasonable rate. The Dominion 
 Lands Ad provides thai a settler may acquire Kill acr(^s ol' land as a homestead for 
 a ea-h iiaynient of ?in, acconijianiod iiy three years residence and a small amouni of 
 ciillivalion. This !i|qilies lo each altcrnati^ -quare mile or even numbered r-eelion^ 
 thri>ue;lioul tlioTcrri lories. The oilier alternate ^quareInill■o|■olld-nnnllle^ed scdion i-; 
 reserved for sale or to be i^ranled as :i bonus in aid of railways. In the southern 
 and eastern parts of the Territories the>e odd-niimbered sections are held at 82.. 'id 
 an acre, in the northern and we-tern portion at §2 an acre. The settler' must con- 
 sider, if he is unable lo purchase the remainder ol what land he re(|uircs from the 
 • iovcrnnient, in what part of' the Tei'riloiies will 1(!0 acres make si'tlicient farm and 
 the best farm ■.' 
 
 The set tier who eoines in now while settlement is still comparatively spai'se, has 
 the opporlunity to secure a location for nothini.f, havinic rejrard to its -.oil, sitiialion 
 ami -.urrondinirs, whiidi it would cost him many years of harl labour lo purchase if 
 he comes in a year or two hence. 
 
 UAII.W.VY roMMUNIeATIoX. 
 
 The one ohjeelion Hdt hy the selller to the I'Mmoiiton disliiel is tiial it is as yet 
 without railway eoinniunicaiion. 
 
 The Culinary and Ivliiionton Railway is now under eonstniction from the main 
 line iif the Canadian I'aeilic Hiiilway al ('ali;arv. One hundied miles I'loni Cali^ary 
 to ijed |»eer have lieeii built thi.-. year, and the reiuainiler of the distance to Ivlnion- 
 lon will be llnislii'd in lime lo take out the ISltl crop. The road will be o|)eraled hy 
 the Canadian I'aeilic Railway Company as a branidiof its system. The (ileal Xorth- 
 W'esi Cential line is now hciiiic bnill iVom lirandoii, JLanitoba. with Mdnionloii as its 
 oliji'elive point : lilty miles are already compleled Reiiardin^- the second objeclion, 
 thai if this had been the hest country the Canadian I'aeilic Railwaywould have come 
 this way; the answer is that the main line of the Canadi.'in I'aeilic Railway was 
 liiiill as a c.inip(^tini;' Irans-eonlinenlal line over thi.' shortest route, and that from the 
 llrsi it was intended to ilepend npun the liraiudi Hues for the dcvelopmeni of the hest 
 ai;riculluial ai-eas of ilie S'orlli-Wesl. In jn'oot Of this, it may beeitedthat from the 
 lirst the (^•ll:allian raeilic Railway providi'd that iheymiuhl rejoct the land aloin; 
 theii' main line if any were unlit for sell lenient. They have, a^ a inatlor of liid, 
 rejecli'd -ome land as unlit for seiilemenl, an 1 have selected part of their land suh- 
 -idy in N'orlhern .Mheria, adjoininff, and partly iiududed in llie Ivlmoiiton di>trict. 
 This shoiilil he .a ih'imiI posilive as to the exceileneo of the land in this reifioii. If 
 
 V 
 
^rPEltlORlTY OF THE WEST. 
 
 93 
 
 it jiays the niiUviiy <'()iii|)niiy, wliicli wiititH lo sell tlii' land, ti> i-cli'ci it lifit', it will 
 8iiri'ly ))ay tho settlor who waiitn to ll^o it to follow lliat oxamplc, II ^lioiiM ho 
 1,'oriii! in Miind that it was on the reputation of iIr' Ivlinonton ilir-tiict, as i'!.|ahii>lio(l 
 h}' the early missionario-^, tradeiH and Iravellci's, that llic npiitation of tho wholu 
 Norlh-Wcst as a liuld i'or sittk'incnt was t'oiindotl. 
 
 SOCIAL CoNliirioNS. 
 
 At'liT I'.ll (|iii'siion-i rctrardiMf^soil, cliniato, products, iireseiit (tonditions and future 
 ])fos))e(ts are answered, there still remain riuestions of irnpoi tanei', e(|Ual to, or 
 gi eater than any of these. Tho ]people are more important than the country. Had 
 iieij^'hliours, had laws or had i;ovei'nMU'nt, a h"d< of educ-ational facilities or relii;ious 
 ])rivdoL;cs cannot he made up to the law-ahidini;, indu.-trioiis, ihrifly, progressive 
 iind (iod-fearinLT man or woman hy tho most produclixe soil oi- mo.-t i^enial (dimate. 
 Jt is j;eiierally the diawhack ot 
 
 countries that the In 
 
 are weaUly cMlorcei 
 
 that tliore is a numerous lawless class, and that the man wdio goes into the wilder- 
 ness to luaUo a home for hinisidf inusi he content to see his chihiien ui'ow up in 
 ii^norance, and without the restraining; iMiluences of rcligicui which would he tell in 
 older and more densely |ieopleil ilist ricts. In these particulars the Canadian Xorth- 
 West is in com|)arahly >uper'ior to any othercountry in process of setllemenl in the 
 woild. Throuti'hout the lent;tli and hreadth ol these territories the law i> as riy:idly 
 erd'orced, the indusli ions man is proiecled in his peison and in tin' resultsof his 
 lahours as ihoi-oui;hly as in tho most populous rural distrirl of Ontario. Thert' is 
 no lawlos class, there is wojw of that deliance of law anil de-'Iruction (d'order that 
 is popularly sup|insed to he an outLcrowth of pioneer life. The Ivistern -etth-r c 'iniii;c 
 to the (.'anadian .Xorth-Wfsl linils himself amoiii; the jieople who are a.s deeply 
 impit's-ed with the necessity and advantano of mainlaininj; law and order as were 
 his neij^hhours in the Mast. Wheie population is scattered a> it neco-'sarily is in iho 
 lirst settlement ot a new country, it is, ofcourse, impo>sihle that edu<'ational tiieilities 
 should he as ahundant a> wheie there is a j^realcr corrcenlratiorr ol' |iopulalioii ami 
 wealth, hut as lar' as has heen |iossildo the adverse c'onditioiis e.\i>ling have heeii 
 made up for. (''orrr heads of families may form a sidi^ml ijistrict. aird when formed 
 the <iovei'nnienl pays from li.'i to 75 per cent, of the tcaidiei'ssalaiy, thei(diy rediieini; 
 theco>t on the ratepayer- loa iirerclj-noiuirial amount. Tliisi-. uniiue-tionahly the most 
 lihci'al provision lor- thorrpport ol school- in tho wordd. With a poprrlation ot' -oiue- 
 thini;over- lilt, 11(10, cxidiisiveot I rrdians, there are over 2ni) orijanized -chool di.-tr-ict.s 
 in the Xor-lh-\Vesl. .Matlei-s of rcliu:ion are as well attelideii to as lli<i>e of e i neat ion. 
 Thei'c is not a settlement irr the Tcri'itor'ies of any conscipicnco in whi(di religious 
 services are not held. In these pai-ticiihrrs tho I'Minoirlon district is not inferior- to 
 any olherin the Territories. A di\ i-ionof inorinted police, with head ([uar tei'sat Fort 
 Sa-katchewan and several outposts, ensrn-c ohed-icnee to the law. The supreme court 
 sits at I'ldrnonlon twice a yar- so that rodre>s for wr-orrg,-. done is readily availahle hy 
 process of civil l.-iw. Ther-e are twelve school districts within a radiu- of t wenty 
 mill's of l-lilmonton. There aie missionaries of the t'hurch of j-lrrulaiid, I'reshytciian, 
 Methodist and leuiian Catholic chrnchos stationed at Ivlmonton ; aird at Si. Alhert, 
 nine miles distirnt. is the ecclesiastii-al capital of tho I'omaii Catholic diocese of St. 
 Alhert, which includes the gr-eater- part of the Xorth-West 'I'crrilorie-. 
 
 rilK EDMONTON IllSTlilCT 
 
 occupies the irorthweslei-ii corner ol the I'cr-lile 
 upper portion ot' the gi-cat Saskattdiewan valley 
 
 lelt of Canada, and includes tho 
 It runs Irom the Fiaitle liiveron 
 till' south ahout l,")i) miles to tho .Vthahasea on the north, havini; the Saskatchewan 
 Jiivcr near- its centre, airil o.stends iVom the summit of the liocky .Mountains east- 
 ard alioril .'itlll nriles to the lllih .Meriilian. tlieeaster-n houndary of the provisiona 
 
 istrii-t ol' Alherta. The tr 
 
 if I'ldmorrtorr, a little south anil east of tho centre of 
 
 the district, is in latitmle vylil. the same as the (Jireen Charlotte Islands on the Pacific 
 coast — which is ahout -1(1(1 miles distant from the western boundary of tlio Ednuinton 
 district — as Diihlin in Ireland, liivperool and York in tiie northern part of Kngland 
 
\L 
 
94 
 
 KI)M()Xr()\ DISTint'T. 
 
 Ilolliiinl, ll:iiiiljiiri; in < Jcriimny — lifi'lin, (im iijaiiy, i-. a very lilllo mhiIIi of ,"),'{ — ami 
 (•oh>iiliT:ilp|y Miiilli III' llic cciilrc 1)1' l{ii~siu, hi-iiii; l,").'( miUi'h liirllior mhiIIi lliaii SI. 
 I'i'l('i>liiii'j;li, llii' ciipilal. I'lijiniiiitoii is liii'lhor mhiiIi llian any pail ol' Scotlaiiii, 
 J)oiiiiinrli, Niii'wiiy or Ssvcijoii. 
 
 ():ils ail' llic ?iio>l ccrliiiii ami lioavicsl, croii, liai'lcy aii'l wiii-al alioiil cfiiial. 
 'I'Im'-i' tlirci' i.'iaiiiiH have 1,'ivcii iicavii'i rcliiriii in tlii- ilisirii'l llian anywlicn; ul.su 
 in Noi'tli Ainuiica. I'cas liavc nol licfn liicil cxiciisivol}'. I'olaloi's, calilia^jc, 
 tui'iii|i^, iuM'ls, cari-olN, rclciy, iiiiilillowcr aii<l all lln' liai'ly vef^ctaliiu-i 
 hiinw a woniloiriil niiiwlh ami aii^ a r-iin' tro|). 'I'ln' ilclii-alc vi';.'clal)los I'an lio 
 f{i'()wn, lull nol |iroliiiilily. WiM slrawlifnie! , Jplack ciiiiiiMls, ra^plicnif-. ;;oo»e- 
 ItiTiii'N, cianln'ii it!-, Saskaloon lu'iricf. anil dioki' ln'iiiis ain aliuniianl, (.'iillivuteil 
 It'll ciiiianN f,frii\v rctiiai kalily well ami yii-M aliiiirlanlly. 'I'lic j^rowth of otiioi' 
 ciillivalfl variclii'- ol I'liiil lias nol |ias-.('i| tin' i'X|)cijiiu'nlal hlai:c. 
 
 I.ivi' Klock 111' all IviiiiU is lui-isil cxlcn-ivoly ami iloos well in tin' ivlmonton 
 (li^iliicl, iiirlinliii;; Ijoi'r-i',''- ofall ;4iailo~, rfoni Iiinivv ilniu;{lil lo ln<liaii ponii'.-, liornoil 
 
 callli', hi |i, piys ami pmilliy, ini'linliiivc liii'Ui'Vs. Nalivo Imi'si-. ilo wt'll on tlio 
 
 rnii,';i' all llio year roiiml. Iiiil noml sloek ol' what over kiml ri'ipiires ;;iiiii| ii-oalnu'iit 
 to lii'iiiLt il lo ilh lifsl, when il is most protilalile. In its clinialo aii'l faiililii's for 
 raising; /jooil eal lie, I hi- ilislriel leailn Ihe ie~l of llio 'i'oriiloi ies. There ii a more 
 ahiimlaiil, vaiieil ami niilrilive iiasliiiatte iltn in;,' a loiiirer .-eason in himinur; there 
 is a more almiiilaiil siijiply ol hay |iri.i'iirahlu for winter leeilinj;; there is a more 
 aliiiii'laiil ami uiiivei s'llly 'li^l rilniteil water supply ; there are less siiimnor or w inter 
 htorm-., anil nioie shelter hy meaiiMif womU from iho.-e whiih occur ; Imililini; tiiiiher 
 is Mioie ea>il\ proeilieil wilh which lo put up slaliU,"» I'oi' the winlur, heili:; nearer to 
 the I'licilie — I he source of t he ( 'hi nook. The winter climalo is lo>s severe than that 
 of Ihe ilislriels aloMi: iho SaskaU'howan further east. As a coiirUi|iU'neu. a heller 
 elas,-- iifeallle can he raiseil H.ore cheaply anil with less ilaiiiTer of lo>s in tills ilistriet 
 than anywhere el-e in the Terriliiiies, ami thereforo llieie i-i more money in the 
 hiisiiiess here. The ailvanla;;e-> which tell so heavily in favour of the ilistriet for 
 lal'le r;ii>iiii; tell a-- heavily in favour tor ilairyiii^. There is a lartter llow of richer 
 milk for a loiiLjer seasnii than elsewhere, ami the i|ualiiy of the hiitter inailo here is 
 uiisiirpasM'il. I''ri'-li Imtler i- put upon the niarket in tiie latt"i' emi of i''eliniary or 
 the early part of .March, ami the supply eoiiliniies until Xoveniher. .Sheep ilo well, 
 hut are not kept extensively, as cattle aie Ic-s troiilile ami more iirotitalile. The 
 aliiiii'lant yielii of eoar-e ;,'r,iin-~ ami root> make lioir raisiuLC a very prolitablo hrauch 
 of the farmer's husiiii'-s. I'millry thrive excellently, ami fre~h cj^ijs are ]ilentifiil 
 every yeai' early in .March. Turkeys were introiliieeil in ISSl, ami are now laiseil 
 in laii,'e niiinhers. .\n experiineiit in hee keepiiiij lias heeii carrieil mi iliirin^ the 
 iiast two ye.'U's. Twenty swarms, an increase from six, are heiiiir wintered thisyear. 
 TJie men w ho are now i'ni:a:,'eil in the expeiiinenl arc conliileiit llmt hee Icoepiiifjj 
 will he a f^reat suecesr. in this i'c;^iiin, owiiijr to the aliumlaneo of honey-hearing 
 llowers ami the lout; season of hloom. 
 
 The laiiicr wiM anim.'ils, such as innose ami hear, ami the sinallcr fur hearini.^ 
 animals, such as heaver, otter, fisher, (^Ic, aro niiineroiis in llie thickly wooileil 
 (listiiels, airl in the Rocky .Moiiiitaiiis the IiIlc horn shee|) ami inounlain goals aro a 
 great allraclion to spoil-men. In the ])ark rt'i,'iiin there aro iuiiiping ileer, a small 
 variety which yielil excelleiil sport ami lair venison. 
 
 Wolves ate the only wifl animals which are dangerous, ami tliey are very rare, 
 not running in packs as in the I'lasl. Coyotes, animals lictweeii the fox ami wolt. 
 are not ilangeroii- hut sometinies .steal chickens and laiiilis. liafbits heconie so 
 liunieriiiis every sevciil h year as to almost amoiiiil to heing a jicsl In winter, hut they 
 <|uickly decrease. The gopher, is almost unknuwii in the l-liimonton district, as lie 
 iloes mil like lo hurrow in such a depth of soft hlack mould. The gopher question 
 is one which the settler in the I'Miiionton disi riot has mil. to consider. 
 
 The numerous lakes and ponds of the district ahoiind in ducks aU summer, 
 furnishing excellent and never failing sport. The larger lakes, sucji as Heaver lake, 
 forty miles ea-l ol I'Miminlon, are visited liy immense llo;'ks of waveys, geese, swans, 
 
ai)Li)—f(>A/. --(>//.. 
 
 »5 
 
 ntc, in tlicir itiiiiii.il lli^'lils norlli iuhI Mnitli in ilio >|ii'iii;:' iiii>l Dill i'i'>|)t'('llvuly, iitiil 
 
 tlicHc tii'i' unit"! ill iMi'iTi' iiiiiiilioi>. I'rairjii I'lili'kciis i 
 
 iiiiiiiTiiMs in iiii' iiniini' 
 
 iicrs, mikI |i;irli'i'li:i'w in I lie W( 
 
 ('luiics, voiy liii';;!' and liaml-onK^ liinU which 
 tl't'iliii'iil till! ii|icn [iiaiiir. arc also liiiinii, Imt they iiri! iihI ho niinn'ioiw an on Iho 
 ^I'cai plain- 
 Sliiiifci 
 
 ill llii) SiiMkatL'Jicwai 
 
 1, ami whilcli-li II 
 
 I UK' lal'L!'!' 
 
 lak 
 
 in till- wc^li'in 
 
 anil iiiirihc'iii |)arl ol' the dlsli ict, ir« the |iriiiri|ial lir-li. 'i'lic lallcr arc |parliciilarly 
 aliiindaiit aii<l liiii' llavmiri'il, i'i|iial in an)' li^li in iIk' uurlil. 'I'licy arc miM ill 
 MilMiniiiiin ill winter 111 riom 8'> in SI" ncr Inirnlrcd li-li. Salinuii irmit nf larf(c >i/.c, 
 ])ikc, |iicl<i,Mi'l and i;oli| rye, arcllic only il-h taken with the liunk and liiii'. 
 
 Coal iil'cxccllcnt iiualily i^ loiin I alniD^l c\crywlu'r(' in the di.slrici, at a dc|iih 
 ol Iroin two to lliirty I'cci in lliicknc^.-s. 'I'lic coal l>iii iicd in the town of Ivlinontnii 
 Ih mined directly umler il. niiincl-- licin;; run in on the coal hcani- IVoin the laeu ot' 
 the river hank.-. l''oiir mines aro \vo;ked within the town limits, the c-oal is iiniver- 
 
 lack-Kmithiiii;', and i^ delivered 
 
 will,v Used lor licaliii;;. eookinir, slcam-raisini; aii<i 
 
 from llie mines at 8.'! a Ion. The .Sliii-ncon IJivcr -eti hrs ii-o coal taken Imni ll 
 
 ic 
 
 hankofa small tiihiilary of Iho Sturgeon In that seiilemcnt, and indeed cual is 
 c'li-ily accessihic in every jiarl of llie disirict where a slrcani riiis a dee|) ('iiniinh 
 vallcv lo e.\|io-e tlu^ seam. 
 
 (loll I is liiiind on the har- of I he Saskatehcuan, in tliu form ol liin 
 
 -I. Ilwi 
 
 discovered over ' entv vcars : 
 ovcrv vear -in 
 
 and has hc^eii worked lo a greater or less exieiil 
 ee. I>a-i season hcl ween Sl'i.H'MI. and •l^-lt.HlMI, worth was mined, eh icily 
 hy -Cillers livin;^ aloii.ic the hanks, who wo;kcd on the river diiriiiL;' the -lack season. 
 An illii-tral loll of wa-hini,' for i^idd is i^ivcii on ]iaire -\~. The oiiMil iiece-sary for 
 jiiiniiii; costs |ierlia|is SI'i and the pay is troin S- to .*."> a da,v. The depo-ils of pay 
 din are so e.xieii-ivi', that it is estimated thai iwciily years will he rc(|iiired to woi-k 
 ihi'iii out at the rate of last season. The .Maeleod river, in ihu iiorlli-wc-tcrn narl of 
 
 the di-lriel. al-o lias i;old in paying' i|iiantitii 
 
 Thc- 
 
 iire in fact what are calico 
 
 hilt t 
 
 I" 
 
 care iioi nch dii;L;lii;js ; they 
 'i'liev will iie\er make a man 
 
 icy may I'lisiiy iicl|i an iiuliisiiioii- p' 
 
 man alon 
 
 Sandslone unari ie- cxi-t in many places aloiii; the river. wlii(di i- navi^alile lor 
 
 siillic 
 
 steamers, and there are lar:;e i|iiahlitics of liinesicme IpoiiMer- on the hai 
 
 liir prc-elit Use, lint only oliu lilileslono (|ilurrv lias yet hecli di-CoVeriMJ, all hiuiiih 
 
 there IS no doilht that nlhcrs exist. 
 
 'I'laee- of pelroleiini have heeii found in various pari- ol'ihe di-irict, hiil no 
 
 sjili-laclory developments have hecn niadi', 
 
 A little over •Jilil mill'- north of Kdiiionti 
 
 III the Alhahasea r 
 
 iver, III a re^jioii wlio-e trade 
 
 is (lirocllv irihiitarv to I] Imonti 
 
 ■i;in- llie most c'Sti'ii-ive pel rolcmii deposit in the known wor 
 
 d. as e-lahlished hv 
 
 the survey of the <'anadiaii i,'o\eriimcnt i:eoloL;isis. I''iiiilier imrtli. on the 
 
 laiiie 
 
 waloiv 
 
 an immense -at 
 
 -alt deposit the product of whiidi has hecn ii-ei| for inaiiv 
 
 vear- throiiiihoal the .Mackeii/ic itivcr Hasin 
 
 Tic 
 
 •rv ot' the Ivlinonloii district is not its Ica-t alliaelive lealiire. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ,:.'cnlly indiilaSini; siirfaee -howine; prairie and woods (diarmiiiiily inter-poiscd, cut 
 deeply h^- the Saskatidiewan — a stream l.lioil loci wide al low water — and numerous 
 smaller Iriliiilarv sire; 
 
 and lak 
 
 tlio liorizon III 
 
 * anil erci'ks ; dotted with lari^e and small I'rc-li water jioiids 
 Hike 1 on all sicles hy low, heavily woo led hill-, wliii h suetn 
 covered with a hliie lia/e; clump- of spruce lii're and there i;ivii.j; a deeper colour in 
 |ilaees — the wli(de make- a |iictiiie of calm heaiity -ehlom .seen excejit on canvas, 
 and most rcfreshini; to the c3'c. 
 
 The Ivlmonton settlcmcnl islhciddest in i|ie Territories, and dale- troiii the 
 cstaMislinient of trad in ir |iosts hy the Hudson'- Hay and .N'orlh-\Ve-t trading; coiii- 
 jiaiiic- on the site of the present town of Ivlmonton. jirohahl.v hclore the heiiiiiniiii; 
 of the present century. ( )winf; to i;eo:;iapliical po-ition and other natiiial causes, it 
 was the mo-t imporlanl po-i owned hy the llinlson's Hay Company in what is now 
 llie N'orth-We-t Terrilorics. The lir-t pcrnianunt settlement- werccsiahlishcd, with 
 
 I'M 
 
 montoii as a central iioui 
 
 t, at l.ak 
 
 Su 
 
 nil, 
 
 L 
 
 :ic 
 
 a Jiische, Si. Alhert. Victoria, 
 
 Whitclish l,ake a 
 
 ml St. 
 
 I'fore the Iraiisfer of the Territories to (,'anadu in 
 
M 
 
 ATTHACII I7-; SCEXEUV. 
 
 1H7(), cliicMy liy miH?<i()niii'y i-ritfrprise, wlicrohy tlio Ifiilt'lu-iM'd-* anil liiiliiiiiM woio 
 f^iillii'iuil into «ptllril t'dininuniiioN. All ut' tluwc iin- hiill in oxistciii'c, fxcopt Si. 
 I'liiil. 'I'lic I'Miiioiiliiii st^ttlciiii'iit, siirroiiiKliiiir ami iiicliiilliii; the |iri'>c'iit tiiwii in 
 wliicli till' llm^oii Hay CcinipaiiyVi lorl i-< Hiliiai<M|, was iml curnmcmcil until alii-r 
 till' ti'aiisli'i' ill ls7(). Mvui'KiiR'O llial linn'tln'rc lian Ih'cm a coii^lantly iiH'ica-irin' 
 iMi|iiilati>)ii ile|ii'iMlunt iipnii airiiciilliiial |iiii'.siiilM tiir hii|i|iiii'I, TIio I'arly ( 'aiia<liaM 
 I'licilic Itailwiiy mirvcys tlir(Mij,'li tin' .la^pt'i' I'iins, for wliich IvliiiiiMtdii wa> llic iianr 
 dC Mipplics, liruiiijiil liio placu MUni'wliat pniinincntly licHiif llic i'la-tci'ii pnMii', ainl 
 ill IHSO uMil ISSI, wiicn it wa i tiually duciilcil id liiiilil iho line, tlu'io was a liux^' 
 inltiix orCaiiailiiiii ni'tlltTH, wIid cxpccU'cl llio railway ii> liilldw in a lew yoarf. Tlio 
 clian;:,- nf niiiii' |py way of tliu KiiUiiii; IJurhO I 'ass, wliidi canicil llic line 'JDU milos 
 wiiitli III' Ivlinmiliin, was a severe ili-a|ipiiinliin'nl in llieiii. XdI willislmiiliiiLC Ihis, 
 pDpiilaliiin and pios|ierily liave sleailily, lliiiiii.'li sluwly, increased, and llilniiinlun 
 sellleineni has spii'ad no as In inehide a trail ut (•oimtry almiil Iweiity-live niilcM 
 Inn;; Ky twenty miles wide, liaviiiLC a piipiilatinii of over .'!,0I)0 Within that aiea 
 tln^e are s(diiiuls and chiiiidies, htoies and hnlels, shups and mills, lelei;i'aph and 
 tolophcine, Just as in the mure populous M'lllenients ut' .Manitnha. 'I'heie are .'i, IIU 
 acres iindor cultivation, and II, ll l!( cattle, H.'i:! hoises, l,|s:i pi;;s, and "M" sheep am 
 iiwiied. itiitside llial area there in prail icall}' no seitlcmenl. althoiiirh ei|iial oppor- 
 lunilies .iwait the enterprising man, until the ciiitlyin^' Hcllleinenis inenlioned above 
 iiif real hcil. 
 
 [As this form lioes to press, the only ono not printed otf, wonl cdtiu's 
 I lint lit till' Wiiiiiipei,' Airfiitiltiiral Sliow, N'ortli-W'cst wheat lias hccii pro- 
 iidiiiuimI hy coiiiputeiit jiiil;^es tile iiiiost ever fiCeii. Tlio feiulcr will reineiiilier 
 what has heeii .saiil ahmit tile inaLtnitieoiit t'ueilitiea for slicop raising in Allieria 
 ami all over the Territories. Mr. Carrotliers of iiiuk Lake, South of Kegina, 
 took thirteen pri/.es tor Sheep. — V.V.] 
 
;■ i 
 
A FIM' I'll A DE OEyTBE. 
 
 97 
 
 77/A' yv^ir.v OF i-:DM(>XT()y 
 
 is sitiiatoil oliii'lly on (lie nnrili luiiik of the SasUiitt'liowan on tlu' 14lh base line, 
 ijotwi'oii lowiisliips Wl ami 5.'!, in raiiite 21, west ot tlio 4tii -Mi'ridian. and in 
 Hccliiins 2 anil .'! nf .'i,'!, and .'!_' and .'!:i of 52. Tho iiopulalion is a littU' ovoi' 500. 
 It I'onlaiiis llic Hudson's Hay Company's ostalilislmu'iit, wliiuii is llu' supply 
 de]iol of that conipanj' for ils various outlyinij posts in tlio I'ldrnonton distfict, 
 and tlio forwarding di'pot for llio IVaco. Alliahasta and Mackenzif J'ivor dis- 
 tri(^ts to till' nordi, wliicli incdmlo the wlmk' .Maidvun/.iu basin to tlio Arctic 
 Oooan and part of tlio Yukon as well; six inercantilo o>talilislinu'nts, whoso 
 stocks contain ovcrylliiiii;' frnni sides o|' bacon to ostrich |)lumcs; hardware, dru^rs, 
 jeuidlcry and slalionery, furnilnre and military stores, newsjiapor olliee, shoe sliuj), 
 liariiess shop, tailor shop, lour hhieksmilh shops, four carpenler shops, two butclior 
 shops, a ii.ikei'v. boat lniildini; and carriano repaiiinj; establish nu'nt, ])hotouTapli 
 gallery, four churidies, two schools, lour hotels, honiinion lamU agency, rciristiy 
 oHico, crown tiinlior iillice, ti'lc^raph idlice, po>t otllco with money or<lor facilities, 
 police station, an extensive leiephorie service, larj^o grist ani.1 saw mill, with all 
 kinds of wood dres>ini: luacdiinerv. and a brick yaiil. The .'supirinr Courl sits at 
 I'idnionton twice a year, ;uid i! is at present the head of steainboal navii;alion on the 
 river. 
 
 ot 
 
 At l'"ort Saskatidu'wan. eighteen miles further down the river, is the head(|uar(ers 
 I'thi' mounteil ])olicc divi>ion, two t;eneral stores, jiiist olliee, tidci^raph ollici', hole!, 
 blacksmith and carpenter sho|) and bakery. 'I'he Saskiilchewan is crossdl at both 
 Ivliiionton and l'"orl .Sa>kaiihewan by moans of large foiTy scows, which are sat'ely, 
 quickly and easily operate 1. 
 
 \\ .'St. .Mbei'l, nine njiles noilhwi'st of I'Mmonton, on the Stuiueon liiver, are 
 two ycneral sloros, blacksniii h and carpenter shops, post olliro and telejih.ine con- 
 noclion with I'Mnioiiiiui. 'I'lie cathedral (diui-ch of .St. Albert Roman Catholic- diocese 
 is situate I there, with the ri'sidence of the Bisho]), and a convent of si^ters ot' charity, 
 who conduct a hn-.piial and oi-phanai;e. There are also two hotels and a steam 
 lloiiriiiif mill. 
 
 At ("lover Bar, on the south side of tho .Sa-kalehewan, half way botween 
 
 All foui' post ollices nicii- 
 
 llit 
 
 I'.dmonton and I'orl Sa-kal(diewan. there is a post 
 lioi ed have a weiddy mail service from Cali;'aiy. 
 
 About forty miles we-t o| lldnionton, .Moore it ifacdowall and r/unoureu.x Bros, 
 have saw niilU. cipiipped with all maehinory for dies^iiiL; lumber. The foinierhavo 
 a lumberyard in Mdmonlon, and tho latter ilepiuid chielly <mi the Battlel'ord market, 
 which they rcndi hy rail imr down the river. 
 
 'IMie advanlai;es olsilnalion for the present and future enjoyed by Ivlmontcmas 
 a trade centre are: The nio--t fertile la rmiiitr country by whicdi it is eiitiridy sur- 
 i-ounded, suitable in the hiL;he^'.t denvee for protitablo stock raising; anil dairyini; as 
 well ; the eoal deposits which underlie the town extend t'or at least I,5t) miles 
 up the liver, which is lar.u'o enouj:;h to ]iermit light diauiclit steamers to bring tho 
 coal down and deliver it at points further down the river where there is no coal: 
 The su]iply of .sawing timber on the upper jiarl of the river and its tributaries, for' 
 which acoiiiin.'dly exiending market, will ho made by the sottloment of the more 
 ojien country furtln'i' down the river, ami of which IMmonton is and will he the 
 milling depol ; (he iiold washings of the river, which extend for a distance of about 
 So miles below and the same distance abovi' Kdiiionton, which will yield a small 
 revenue for many years ; the trade ot the .Mackenzie basin, an area of 1,200 miles 
 t'rimi north to south by , SOU from e.'ist to west, which embraces large agricultural 
 areas, valuable forests, immense lakes stock'cd with wliitelish, vast deposits of petro- 
 leum, salt and sulphur, and doubtless other niinorals of value, as it is believed by 
 geologists that the gold of the .Saskatchewan was brought by glacial action from the 
 part III the l.aiirenlian range which bounds tho .Mackenzie basin o\\ the oast — iho 
 whole oi' which trade is from natural reasons tributary to Kdmonton. It is tho fur 
 
98 
 
 riiF.sHX'i' I IMF. aooi) /•'()/{ sr.'iri.ixd 
 
 tifado of this VM'-I rcirinii wliicli iil llic pi'cHc'til litrn^ ^rivi'H fho I'Mtnonton fiirinitr u 
 licllci' Idi'mI iii:ii'k(U lliiiii iillicr M'l I Icriii'iits iilnriL; llii' SaNkuli'lii^wuii Iihvc, 'I'liis Ii-.kIi; 
 iUTCdslraini-i-.s — I III! AlliiiliJiM'u, I lid <ii-iili!iin(i iiiiil llii! \Vri;.'li-y, 
 
 ku 
 
 ()|is t!rii|)lipyi!'l I lii'cc 
 on I lilt wiiliTH olllic .M,iik()ii/.iit, :iiiil (-.•iii 
 
 inrici 
 
 tliii railway, which is 
 
 ihii lovttiiiKi ol' llii' (lisii'ii 1, 
 
 M's an inirndi!''!' aiMoiinl ol' fVciijIilin;^ from 
 |ially<loni; liy lln: Kilnionlon hiKldi'M anil aikls f^'icully lo 
 
 MKANS OK (oM.MILNK.'ATroN. 
 
 iMailH,liavrll"i'H, ami nine Irnlli-ol'llii! fioi^ihl now rcadi Ivlinonton hy trail of !!)(! 
 niili'Ht'roMi (lai^jMiv. 'I'hi' load is |ias>alili'at all -I'asoiiKof the year, and \- i^rncially ;jooi|. 
 Thrrit is vi-ry lit I Ir srlt liincnl alon^ I liii trail, so that in MiiMtnor slock can hu driven 
 fntcly, f^ra/.iiit; as they ^o, and tiii;.^ 
 
 liters' catt l(! and horses can j^ftd, enoii^'h to <;at. 
 
 iVi\ hoii-es alioiit (!veiy ten miles wdiero travellers 
 
 ■an he entertained, i^onerally i-omlortahly hiil not liixiirioiihly. and olVei'iiii; eonvcni- 
 
 wiihoiit heinj; staiiled. 'J"l 
 
 eiit 
 
 dier in ease of winter travellin),'. l''or si.xty mile 
 
 iiinlry Ih hare rollin;: 
 west. The partly wood 
 
 !• 
 
 the li 
 
 mountains showiiii; in 
 
 I'th of ( 'al;rary the 
 •andly lo tho 
 
 iiiniiy theriM'oinmenceH III the Lone I'liie and cunt inin" 
 lo (■Mliionlon. 'I'he lied Uecraiid lialtht liiveis and soveral lar;^e creok- are i-ro-sed, 
 
 hill I 
 
 importance are 
 
 hri 
 
 •\eopl the 
 
 Red J)ei!r, ujion 
 
 idi I Ik 
 
 when tli(! water is liif^h ciioiiliIi to peiniit it lo run. At othi'r limes the ford 
 
 Th 
 
 slat,'(t 
 
 ir(! is 815 to g-.Ti, and llic> I 
 
 trip is live days hy sta;;o and ei;^ 
 il can (!»--ily he made in foiii' day? 
 
 n'lL'ht rate one lo three cents a |)oiind 
 il to Iwtdve h\- fiei^^ht. When the roads ar 
 
 terry 
 
 1(1 "id. 
 
 The 
 
 a smart leam. 
 
 li 
 
 '1' 
 ivcr 
 
 lere IS water eomiiinnicai Ion with 
 
 W 
 
 inni 
 
 pe;^ hy niean> of Ihe Sa-katc| 
 
 [{ivcr and Lake \Vinni|)e^, mimI dnrini; \\n: past ten years from oik! to live -ti.'amors 
 liavo visited |-;dmonlon each year. eAcc|)t la--l, hrinj^inir passenirers and friMLrht from 
 Wiiiiiipei^. Ihil that rmile is so circuitous and uncertain, on aci^ount of had con- 
 nections and low water, that the o\erlalid roiittt hy way of ( 'al;,Mry iw |)rctern;d. 
 
 An nlroady Mtalod, tin; ('alicary and Ivlmonlon railwjiy will he in ojiei'alion in 
 IH'.M, and tin' transport at ion <iiicslion will thus ho practically holved. 
 
 wiiv i.ocx'rK vow? 
 
 TIr 
 
 in for the sell li'i 
 
 ocalinit at Ivlmontoii now, jiisl in advanci' of the 
 railway is, thai hy cdininiz to IMmonton he j;ets natiiiiil advantaj^cs whi(di do not 
 and can never exist in olhcr parts of l hi.' country ; he has a choice of local ion within 
 reach of schools, chiirche. nulls, stores and i;overnment olliii's which hu will not 
 
 have if \h' waits 
 
 id which he has not in anv other district of tho lorritorii; 
 
 inalliv how close the railway line ii.ayhu; he has the o|)portiinity to locate ni'ar 
 what irt now an important markel town, and the trade centre of a laiirer disti-id 
 than any oilier tow n or city in Canada ; ho has tlie fiillost opportunity lo cslahlish 
 
 hill 
 
 ill a ]iermaiicnt and conit'orlahle home, and ix-ai 
 
 ssiirance 
 
 that 
 
 III as he need- the railw.-iv il 
 Iv 
 
 dl 
 
 t his d 
 
 oor. 
 
 It 
 
 a well known lact that 
 
 wdion the railway is hein 
 
 IS when the farmer makes most monev. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ic settler 
 
 will) comes in hetore the railway, and hy liavin;^ a siir|ilus of cri)]i ami slock is jiie- 
 
 pared to lake advanlai^e of the teinporaiy 1 m caused hy construction, and the 
 
 c insenuent immiirralion, has hyjust so mmdi ihu advanta},'o over the settler wdio 
 come Ml after const ruction is com|ileted, when all choice locations aro taken either 
 hv sctii * or speculators when hay lands have hi'eii f^ohhlud and woods cut down, 
 and wdieii Ihe markets ten thousand miles away, less freii,'hl charjres and retail 
 dealers' and middlemen's jirolits irrevncahly rule price-. I5y comiiit; to the Kdnion- 
 toii district while there i- still pleniy of choice ol' locations, the new selller has the 
 
 advantaire not on 
 
 ly of 
 
 t ho a 
 
 p))liances ot' civilization, wliii h are the result of tl 
 
 enterprise of liiose who come hefoie him, hut also of their years of practic 
 experience, Ihroiii^h which the special adva 
 
 ntai;cs and drawhac 
 
 )f tl 
 
 le disti Id 
 
 leeii proven. It he {iocs to a section ot the country new iy opened iiji, he must 
 ,'et aloiif^ without thc~e a])pliaiices of civili/ation anil must experiment for him-elf, 
 iiid most likely sutler many losses and disap]ioiiitmeiit« hefore the various qualities 
 )f the soil and ihc many changes of the climate are thorougiily understooil. 
 
* 
 
•^•' l^.\ 
 
 T!^ 
 
 
 
 
li 
 
 \ 
 
10(1 
 
 THE PARADISE OF ItAXmiERH. 
 
 SOUTHKliX ALUKirPA. 
 
 TIIK Kr.KCTORAr, DlSTIllOT dl' MACI.KmIp. 
 
 Compiled bi/ F. IV. G. Ifuiillnin. M.n.A. 
 'I'lic .Muclrod clccloriil (lislricl i-(iiii|iriscs iill 'lial |i;ul ul' Allicrlii mhiIIi uI' lln 
 
 ('iilijiii'v clci-ioriil cii-irici, ami is iKmiidiHl im iIk! 
 
 liV lIlL' lil'lll I'.'isc line ill iIk 
 
 i>oiiiiiiiiiii hiiicU sy^l(■lll of Niirvf^-, (111 the (^iisl by llio wcslcrn linuiKhiry ol llic pru- 
 visidiiiil (lislri<l of A^^iiiilioiii, on llif soiidi liy ihc iMluriiiilioiijil lioiiinlaiy liiKi iiml 
 on ihc wosi liy I Im (•:l^tl■l■ll lioiiiiiliiry of llic rrovinco of iirili.-li Coliiinliia. Tiio 
 ))liyNii'iil rliiii'acMi'i-islics of llu' ilistrict iirc well nniikr'i. Inllic west, iilinij, liy rising; 
 iVoiii t|i(\ fiMiihili-. ami |irairi(' iiliili'iiii, for it is ditliiMill lo i|i-trrniinc wlicro tlic ono 
 omls and llic oIIiit lii';;'iiis, i^ llic i^niiid (diain of llit^ liockv .Mount 
 
 llli-^, whose aviT- 
 
 i:,'!' iduvalion niiiy hf idiiu'lily piacudat .'i.tllKHoi'l, and lia>e Icvid al l,;iiill feel, llioiiuh 
 
 many pail- art' M.ioli iii^lu'r. 
 a^aiiisl Ijic wcstt'rn liori/oti, 
 
 'I'l 
 
 inoiiiilaiiis loom up in liolM and sin 
 
 r.'liof 
 
 niijlily ranipait of limcsionc pcak^, llnir liases 
 clotlicil with pine, their siiminitM almost hare ro(dc, exrepl whore e'lvered by |)iren- 
 nial snow. 'I'ho IbolhilU extondinj,' ahoiit 20 m'ies east of the mountains are <;ene- 
 rally hare of trees, l.ul in sprint; aro sofi anil ,1,'iei'n with the verdure ol' inniimerahle 
 grasses; in siimiiier ;;iiy with hrillianl mosses and lloweis: and in aiiliinin riidily 
 
 tinted with a warm, luir 
 
 purple, lieatherlike glow. 
 II 
 
 A> 
 
 sort of aiine.N to the f'nithillH 
 
 iroper, are the Porcupine Hills, extendinir from llii^di liiver in ihe north to the Old 
 
 .Man liiver in the south, 
 
 orciii>ine Hills aie ahoiil 2t) miles in width 
 
 u'ts are covered with I>oii' 
 
 las piim and other timlier, in others Wilh a elosi 
 
 di i,'iowth of irrass. They are well watered hy 'rennessee, iii'aver, Ol-eii. Front, 
 
 .Meailow ainl 
 
 Wilh 
 
 eieeks, Irilmtaries ot the Old .M; 
 
 in, all clear 
 
 lore are also iiiiiiimeralile siiriiiij 
 
 ill 111 
 ihroiiohoiil th 
 
 sli cams, ahoiindiiit; in trout. 'I'l 
 
 liilN. These hills all'ord a manniticent winter rani';e for thousands of cattle, and their 
 
 I 
 
 farniiiiL 
 
 lumlieiless hroad and well sheltered vallevs oiler nniivalUd locations for nu.xed 
 
 On the east, the foothills ineri^c into the iindulat ions of the iirairii 
 
 The font 
 
 111 
 
 and jiraine are covorcd with the 
 
 atcaii. 
 
 and liiMiriant i;r'asses, iiieliidiiii;' the 
 
 iwri hutValo and hunch ,irrass, which, once the favourite food of the hiitlalo, 
 
 imw' as eaijerly soii^jht alter hy the calllo and hoises thai have taken their pl.-ici-. 
 
 The soil, lliroui;lioiil the district, nia^' he, ;;i'nerally s.'iid 
 
 lo he a I 
 
 lark 
 
 vciretalile nioiild 
 
 iivei I villi' u rr 
 
 h h 
 
 rown loam. 
 
 The plateau is traversed hy switt, ch'iir rivers and 
 -Ireanis, headiiii;' in the nioiintains and ciittin,!;- throimh the foot! ills wlier<' they are 
 
 III the south is the St. .Mary's I'iver, wilh its 
 jrowinir selllemeni, iiicliidiii,i; the 
 
 fed hy niimeroiis creidis and rivulet 
 t rdiiil.'iry I,i-es creek, where there i 
 cclehrali'd .Moriir 
 this iiart of the di-lriel. 
 
 a lartje am 
 
 doiiv. Mi.xed t'arminif and (h 
 
 iirymn' have | 
 
 roved a siicci 
 
 TIIK DlSTUlcr S UK.S01 IICKS. 
 
 Southern Alherta has Ion;,' been well Icnown as a slock-raisine- coiintrv. 
 
 C 
 
 iipital 
 
 id ent 
 
 er|irise early 
 
 iivailed themselves of its advanlaifcs, and 1(111,(1110 cattle ar 
 
 T.OOii horses, with a ,u'ooil local marki't. and a efadually increasin<; expint trade, 
 attest the succi'.--s of that industry and the importance lo whicdi it has risen. With 
 calth' ram liilifT on a lar,ge scale this ;irti(de will not allcin]il lo deal. Thai business 
 is well cstahlished, and only invites people with a very lary'c ca|iital, who are bound 
 lo find the country out without refereiiee lo inimigralion literaliue. The raiiires of 
 Southern Alberta eiiual, it' tlii'V do not oxcol, the liiiesi ura/.ine- lands of Montana, 
 Wvomlnn- .-iiid Te.xas in the liniltd Slates, and arc? still comparatively uiislocked. 
 rnloiliinalely for this district it has loiiiC been known only as a (■.■iltle-raiKdiinu; 
 eounlrv ; and Ihe iiniiression has n'oiie abroad, and has been imlusirioiisly fostered hy 
 interested persons that Southern .\lherla is a i)und,v raiudiiiiii' eounlrv and untilled 
 for aicriciilliiriil operalions. Another idi-taide lo selllenicnl in Ihis district has been 
 the i;eiierally leceivcd opinion that all the land is eoveri'd by grii/ini; leases. 
 
 \ 
 
4 
 
uooD ran AauicuLTuiiE. 
 
 lOl 
 
 Til I lie iiii'Mi'linj^ imini^'rant I would call attontioti to the toll.. wiiit; I'acli : 1. 
 That ti'ii ycaiN' «'X|u'i'ii'iico provi's lliat tiii' laml in all parts oC llic ilisti'icl laisos 
 iTcioii i;i'aiii and iiiiiitihlicciit fools. '1. 'i'liat in the Marlcnd distiict ami mil^idc the 
 (/rii;iiiii Lui.'ies thori' nit' Imiidrods of tlioiismids ot' aci'os of i^ood liiiid npiMi llir lioiiie- 
 stcadiii;;. .'>. Thai I'oi- slixdi raisiiii; ot all sorts tho disliii'l sci'iiis to havi' ln'cii 
 specially d(">ii;m'd liy iialiirr. l. Thai lor ilniryinj; in all ils liranidit's Ihc dislricl is 
 .^ln'cialiy siiih'cl oil ai'<'oiinl of its tini'Xi'idh'd ^rass, aliiiiidanl supply ot water and 
 
 I I sniM-'ief ni^'hls. f). Thai the whcde tlislriot is piveininenlly tidaplel lor mixed 
 
 faiininj, 
 
 (iood land in a well watered enunlry with plenty of I'nel ami liinluT wilhin 
 ea-y disiiinee invites ihi'setller tlil'oiii;hiiiit ihe Matdeod dislriel. In the I'inehef ( 'ieel< 
 ami Walei'lnii eoiinlry, ahiait Lee's Creek and liie St. .Mary'> lliver. in the I'oreiipine 
 
 Mill 
 
 and llie terlile 
 
 lands nil ilie Old .Man and liellv itiveis. in the lie:inlifiil Willow 
 
 ( 
 
 reek eoiinlrv, and al Ihe 
 
 Lolhl 
 
 iridi;e end (il thi' disl net, eattio and horse raismi', 
 
 ,'rain i;rowiiiLr. dairyini; and ernppiiii; of mots are lliliowed sueeessfiilly, 
 
 Tl 
 
 le ex IK 
 
 ru'iiee ot >eltlers in ll 
 
 dislriei [.< in favour (jf inixc^d I'arniini; and claiivin;. 
 
 (iri 
 
 and liay are ahiinikinl and mil rilioiis, umi water i^ plentiful an<l ot' i^oud i|inili!y. 
 Stock of all kinds do woll ihroiiirhoiil tho winter with no other provision or shelter 
 
 e coimtrv, the 
 
 than iliMi allorded hv iimii 
 
 Till' hillv and lirid<en character 
 
 if th 
 
 dry liraciiii,' air. and the hard dry soil, with deep cniilecs iiml t;r;ivi'lly ridiri's, all'oril 
 tho lie-t nalaral facilities lor prodiieini; tho hard hoof, widl developed 'oin iiml inii.--clo 
 
 and liiiiir iu'wor in horses. 
 
 ric I 
 
 lorso lirecdin^ interest is liccoiniiii;' a vciy iinpi 
 
 tant one, and a lari:e niitnbor of thoroiiyhhred and Clyde siros are laisiiii; the ^i; 
 aid lo a hij,'h dei,'ree of exc(dlcnco. 
 
 There is coal iinderlyiiiLj I lie wholo (list rict, and the river liotlonis are fairly well 
 limhei'cd. In the I'oreiipine Hills there aro niai;iiilicenl stretches of tiinher, while 
 
 coal mines are 
 
 the whole of iji,. Moiinlain ilistriet i> thickly wooded. The principal 
 at I,elhlpridi;e aid are descrilied elsewhoro in this hook. .Mines are 
 
 ire workc' 
 
 I'ineher Creek and on the W'titerton river, and coal can lie ohlaincd on anv of ihc 
 
 There is plenty of hmd open to homesleadini;, airl oilier (iovernmoni land is 
 
 sold at 81'. "HI 
 
 'I'hore aro saw mills at Mill ( 
 
 reek, near t inclit 
 
 r Creek, at 
 
 ilaeh'od and at Ijelhliridu'o. At I'ineher Crook and Lcthhridiic i;ood hnek is made 
 
 iind ll 
 
 lero IS i,'ooi 
 
 liver, near 
 
 LethI 
 
 I clay at .Ma<'leod. A ca])ilal hiiildinif stone is found on the Belly 
 
 II idi,'e, and there aro good stono <pi 
 
 (nnili 
 
 vtdo)ied I at many 
 
 points in the district. 
 
 has I 
 
 iiesides coal iniiiitii,' there has lieeti littlo other minintr in the district. 
 
 Tl 
 
 leen a certain amoiini ot' desultory ])ros| 
 
 I'ctinj; in the .Mountains hut no impor- 
 lani discoveries have liceii made except potniletiin. Near the Waloilon or Kootenai 
 
 L 
 
 likes very promising,' indicalioiis ol a large pi 
 
 'troleum Held have hcci 
 
 1 iliseiivereil 
 
 lier of ehiinis have licon secured liy a ]iowerful com])any, and elahoral 
 
 will ho tnailc within a 
 
 year. The )iros|ioct of u '.lilway throii 
 
 ;-h tho Ciow's Xest 
 
 'ass is slimiilaiiiii; the search for ininerals ; and the expected discovery of iron or 
 ipper, in eonjiiiiclioii with the eiiornioiis coal 8iip|)ly, suggest great possiliilities for 
 
 the district. 
 
 T 
 
 10 names .-ilono of the rivors in the district suggc 
 
 <t a siilendid sii]i]il v of wato 
 
 aiiil gooii wells ri 
 
 o oasilv olitainod in most iilaees at a dciilh varxin:; fr.ini ten t 
 
 feet. Tl 
 
 10 water is invaiialilv eoji 
 
 1" 
 id. Tho towns and seltlenicnls in the 
 
 district oll'or good niarkcls for dairy and farm iirodiiee. 
 
 Ahoiil central in ihcdislrict is the Town of jjethliridge, which occupies a unii|iio 
 position among the towns of W'cslern Caiiiida. it is not in any soiisi. iiopendent on 
 the weather or ciii|)s. Kain or shine tho increasing output of coal goes on. The 
 collieiy and raiK\ay gi\o etuploynionl to a large niimhcr ot' men who are promjiily 
 paid monthly, and asa consei|Uenco tho liusines.s done liy tho merchanls is practically 
 a cash one. Willi a present oiilpul of Sill) tons of coal a day tho company's jiay roll 
 is close on to SiKl.lliHI a nioiilh. liy l^t .laiuiary next, tho increased output will have 
 brought it up lo 8Stl,l)U0. Whom iho i)lhor tliroo shiifts aro developed, which will 
 
102 
 
 MACLAOD— BANFF— HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 Iio by tho niiiMlo of next siimmor, tho cftpncity of the cdUutv will lio 2,000 tons n 
 <luy, niH'cMnitatlnf; a pay inli of iIoho on to $150,000 ii moi\th. Tiiorc is no iloiilit tin- 
 output will l)i> up to thin (lni'inj^ next yi'ur, thii miirkot wliii'h Iuih now Iicimi hociind 
 hoiiiK piiicticiilly limited only iiy tliu I'litnpany's powi-r of in'oiluution. Tiio pri'rtcnl 
 jiopiilation of Li'tiihridfio in oloso on to 2,000. In a yoar'n ti?no, it in riM^otialiK' to 
 I'Xpi'cl, that it will liavo at least doiililoil. At ))i('S(>nt tho company piucliasfs 
 iliivi tly from tlio lucri'liaiits of the tlu- town to the extent ot' almut S'tJlilO a month, 
 
 Dwinj; to its central ponition and to its lailway facilities l/othliridi;e is tho dis- 
 Iriiiuliiif; point for Southern Alliiiia. Application has hoen made for a cljartor of 
 incoiporation as a town, which will douhlless he frraiilod at the session ot the fjciiis- 
 lativo Assemliiy to ho held at an early dale. Tho certainty of a lari,'o increase in 
 population hax caused considerahlo activity in real estate, lots in town havinu; 
 advanced c<pnsideralily in value. 
 
 Another place of coiisidei'ahle importance is tho Town of ^faclood, un the south 
 hank of Old .Man iiiver, .'10 miles west of Ijelhliridi^e. Sitiiiiled in the centre of 
 the famous ratudiin^ district which hears its name, it does a lari;e anil prolilahle 
 husiness. Maideod was Ibundeil in 1S".4 hy t'ol. Macleod, who, with a foice of 150 
 men — the pio''.eer troo|) ol the .Mounte<l I'nlice — made a meinDrahle inarch across the 
 jdains in search of whiskey ]ieddlers. Hero a foit was erected, and it was unani- 
 mously determined (o call it after its founder, tho name ot the harracks lieirii; after- 
 wards tiansfcried to the town itself, .\[aclood was then cut olV lium coMinuuiicaiiiin 
 with Camilla, and was reached hy way of .Missouri Uiver to Henton. thence hy stai,'e 
 jouiney ot' 2110 miles. At its iiu'cption such extensive linns as I. (i. liakcr \ Co. 
 and T. C. I'ower A; (\i. opened liranches and were soon followed hy other nicr< hauls. 
 In ls"i), t'arminir operati(Uis were inauj^urated, and a few years later the <'a|iahililies 
 of the country tiir cattle raislnj; lieinj^ appreciati^d, larije herds were lirnui;hl in, 
 and the venture ]iroviii,LC proliiaMe, a niimher of stock compaidos were ori;;ini/.ed, 
 and the cattle husinoss at once expanded into pretty larijie proiiorlions. 
 
 [The ('ompiler wishes to eX])rois his thanks to I)r. Kennedy ami .Nfessi's. 
 Mollison and Win. lilacdf, ot .Macdeod, and Mr. (\ C. .McCaul, Q.C., of Lcthhriil{,'e, 
 from all ol wdiom ho has hornnved lihorally.] 
 
 RKD DKER. 
 
 The histrict ot' " Ficil Deor" Hitiiatod about ninety miles north of Calvary 
 is one of the most inlcreslini^ ])aris of the North-West, and in the near 
 future is likely to attract the attention of a full share of tho incoinint; 
 settlers. " Ued IK'cr Town" at the crossing' of the J{ed Deer Iiiver ami 
 Calvary ami I'Mnionlon IJ.iilway, is safe to hecome one of the best af,'ricultural 
 centres of this district. Thoiij;h still in its infancy its natural advantaijes pre- 
 dict foi' it a iir-iperoas ami substantial future. The lesources of the district are well 
 aii<l triitht'ally described in a re|iort furnisheil by the Hev. Loo (Jaetz to the Com- 
 miltce on Colonization and A^iiculture, on tho 2ilth ['"obruary, 1880, at Ottawa, 
 which has been published in pamphlet lorin and can be obtained u])on applii'ation to 
 the Department of Aitriculture at Ottawa. 
 
 There is no doubt that Ihe Hod Deer .Settleinont will compare very favourably 
 with any other locality in Alberta as tho followinj^ article compiled by the Jiev. Loo 
 (iuel/.. will |ioint out : 
 
 The foUowinn' |ila(es are important centros : — 15unil', famous for its hoi mineral 
 sjirinijs, and the beauty and varielj- of its scenery — mountain and forest ami stream. 
 This is the (Janadian National Park, and the Canailian I'acilic Railway Hotel hero 
 one ol the linest on the continent, is lilted with every modern convenience and can 
 accoinmodale with ease about three hundred jiersons. Then there is the Sanitarium, 
 provided w'th all facilities for baths and a jjrivale hospital whei'o invalids can be 
 well looked after. Those hot mineral bathsare already cole tiratcd for their ellicacy 
 in cuiini; rheumatism, scrofulous alVoelions and all kinds of skin diseases. Tho 
 elimato, which during tho wdiolo year is serene and beautiful, attracts a largo number 
 
INKXIIMSTIHI.E <n)M. si rrLV. 
 
 108 
 
 ((IpiTNonr. (Vdiii till" I'M roiinlrios who iniVcr I'rnm |iiiliiinn;iry fi'Diihlci. Aniliriicifc, 
 will' 11' is iin Iiii'mIjiiiI'-i ilili' kuiiiiidI' |iiiiit Aitllinicilr rnulCiiiiiiiiiii', m <livi-'iiiiinl |Mi|iit nt 
 llic(';iiiiii|iiiii I 'mi lie liiillwuy. wliiTo lliciti urn iii>i> cipiil iniiii>«. Mniii'y.l lie oliji'nl tiiwii 
 ill AIImtIii, mill nut tin' li'iiHl intcn'Mlinj,', llic i'a|iilMl ul' u liiKi iiinrliiiii; ciiiiiili'y, 
 
 .!< 
 
 'iir wliiili is iliti i(">t'i'viiliini 111' till' .Slipiioy iniliiiii-- iinil iIkj rrhiiiciicc uT iIio It 
 
 Mr I). 
 
 iii^'iill, llii' (ililiT-t iiiis-iiiiiury III 
 
 111.. T 
 
 crnlnrit'H. 
 
 Kill hi't'i' hislrict <'\liMii|i 1111111 lliii hiiiiiinil III' till' liiirl<y MniiiiliiiiiH (lli 
 livjiliii;; liiii' lu'lwci'ii Hritish Ciiliiiiiliiii ami tin' N'm tli\Vi'-l 'I'ci rilmii'- ) iii-lwiiiil 
 
 IhiiiI 'Jiiii iinli'-< ami mirth aiiil miiiiIi iii'itilv llif sai 
 
 i^taiii'r. Within it^. Iiiiiinilar- 
 
 irs arn In he |iMitii| ti viiriuly iil iiilcrcHN, l-'ui'i)iiii^ aiiil itiiK'liin^ in what i" kiiuwii 
 
i. 
 
104 
 
 A GREAT MISSlOyAUY. 
 
 as tlu' I!im1 Di'or Country. JJiiiichiiii; in llio lool-hills alioiit .Morlcv. Tlio liimhiT 
 inlfii'sls III' Kariiiiiiibkis and tlicBuw Kivor Valley. The iniiiiiii; inloii'stn ol'Caimiciit^ 
 and .Vnllii'ai'ili", and the licaltli i^ivini; propoi'tio^ (iltlio Iml siil|iliur >|irinLr> id' H.inlV, 
 all I'oiitrilmto to niako J?i'd DeiT Diwtiict uno nl llio inn^l inqiorlani in tin' Xuitli- 
 \\\'>l 'IViTiloiii's, and (.'annul fail tn attract tlio attention of a full t-hare of llie t'oiniiiij 
 settlers. 
 
 Morloy, thirty miles west of Calijnry, is the liead iiiiarters of tlie Sti iiy Indian 
 Heserve. Tliis ^eetilln is iinsiirjiassed for heaiity as well as a raiieliirii; country. A 
 ride n\er these liree/.y hills, covered from hrow to valley with rich niilrilioiis irrasses 
 dolled everywhere with trees in parU like ,i;roves, here and there a spriiiLC "f water 
 a rivniet, a l.'ike, will leave an impression never to he I'ornolten. The linw Kiver 
 with its canyon like hanks and with man}' a graceful curve and sweep, tlnw- llii'iiiii;h 
 .•I pi tun, hilt soon the land on either side bej^iiis In rise and ri ill until, mi the one hand 
 hnttress like, they strcngthei\ and t;'raee the feet ot the Crested liockies, while on the 
 other will', neiitle sweep they hlend with the pr,airie. In these wooded valleys the 
 caltie lind shelter and ahiindant i)asttiraj;e, and come out in the spring- i"aily lor the 
 ni.'irkct. Miiiley is the homo of the Uev. .John .Mcl>iiiii,'al, the Siiperiiucn lent of 
 MiihiiilisI .Missions in the North-West, who is assiNled at this pnint hy the l{e\'. I']. H. 
 Siieiihiiiii, a cnllem' hied native Indian. While an oridKinaLie very inuch enlaricod 
 and improved this pa>t year is under the direction of .Mr. Vonians. 
 
 At i'iananaskis a saw mill with a capacity of l.'i.ddO t'eet in 12 hmirs. siriirs as it 
 lie VI nil's the moll main lir and spnico. .Inst heyond this point the loi'innniive enters the 
 iniLrhly iraleway ol the nioiinlaiiis with a shriek of tiiiimpii |)riiclaimini; that the 
 niaich olCivili/.alion cannot In successfully resisted even hy I heir ^iLiantic harrier. 
 
 Canmore, a ilivi>ional point mi the Caiiadian Pacific liailway. with round house 
 and stnnin slall'ol' railway ollicials, lias a future as a ininiiii; town. The coal has 
 heeii siicces>fiilly tested i i locomotives and on the war ships al \'ancouver, and when 
 the Cm liraiie Cnliipanv coni]ileles Iho lunnel and thu- strikes tiie coal seams mi tlu' 
 level they will he ahlo to piodiice a supply more cheaply and speedily. 
 
 I'as>ini,' Anthracite one can only regret that tlic>e prnnii.-ini; mines have hei'ii 
 idh' all year. 'I'lie )irospecl is, however, tliat the Cmiipany will losiime iiper,'ilimis 
 thi- -priiii:. The coal is imrc anthracite and practically inc.xhaustihle in ipianlity. 
 
 Itantl. hcaiitil'iil till' >ituatimi, has n')W a fame world-wide as a most charminif 
 and invigorating health resoj't. Time and space forhid an attempt to descrihe the 
 heautics of this mountain retreat : sullico it to say that every arrangement is made for 
 the roiivciiiencc and roiiifort of visitor.s. 
 
 i!HI) JM'',KR COU\TI{Y. 
 
 The K'rd jicer Cminty may he said to extend from dil miles north of Calgary lo 
 lid milc> north of the lied Ueer Jiiver, some SO miles in extent and extending east 
 and west of the Calgary and I'idmonton Railway from 10 to !,"> miles, coniaining oin' 
 and a ipiarier million ticres iiiiMirpasseil foi' fertility in the Xorth-West Territory. 
 
 'I'hc tiisi L'n miles of this >tretcli of country north and south, or from Scarletis 
 to ilir j.ori.' I'iiu' is iindiihiliiig ]iraii ie, free from hrtish and well U'lapU'd t'or the 
 growth of rciral.-. No heller wheal, oal." or harley land can Im dc-ircd. Iioots 
 wherever tried grow lo )ierfcclimi. Vvom the liOiie Pine iioilh t'or ill) miles, the 
 coiinlry is park like, dolled over with groves of spruce and poplar and intcr.'-persed 
 wit h nunicrmis rivers, creeks, lakes, jxmdsand li.'iy sloughs, piohafly the most |ierfei't 
 cminlry for mixed farming yet open to settlenienl. The principal ri\ers are the lied 
 |)eer, Liltle iied I'eer, Medicine and lili'idman rivei>. the lirsl a mmintain stream 
 of I"i0 yards average width and pure spring water. All the others originate In 
 spring lakes, along ihe line of the foothills, hut some distance east ol them, .Ml 
 all'ord magniticeni water power. 
 
 CI.I.M.VTK, KTC, 
 
 Tin' cliniale is remarkahly healthy and entirely free from endemics or epidemics. 
 
 Persons who were eonlirnu'd invaliils in some id' tlu' I'laslern |)rovinces from 
 various pulmonary all'ections have hero hocomo rohustj and nothing could iiidiico 
 them lo return to the east. 
 
CBOPS—CLIMA TE— STOCK. 
 
 105 
 
 The climate ix'scinblcK that of Coiitnil KMin|ic with the ('xec])liiiii of hi'in,i;ili;vi«r 
 iind less ciierviiliiii;. 
 
 Tlie aveiago teniporature for llio smiiiiicr inonth.s is ahoiit flO^ Fart'iiheit. of tiio 
 winter about '.W^ F. 
 
 Spriiif; o])eiis aiul seeding heiiiiis about the 1st of Al)iil. We have known tiio 
 seediMj; to be Hiiished \>y the 8lh of April, 'Jiouiih in oeeasional years not begun 
 before the 10th or inih of that month. 
 
 Harvest varies, aeeorditig to the amount of <iry hot weather-, from tiie- llitb to 
 the L'Oth of August. 
 
 Winter sets in fully about the 20th of Deeeiidjei' and breaks u]) aliout the begin- 
 iiii;' of ^[andi. 
 
 The winter atVonls o]i]iortunity for di'awing liay from the sloughs, wheie it is 
 made and stack<'d in sumniei-, and'gelling out timber for building into log houses 
 or to lie eut into'lumber for frame building. 
 
 Tiiere is not (ui an average 4 days in a winter when this work eannoi be 
 pursued witii jierfeet eomfnrt. 
 
 fill It's, I'.'l'r. 
 
 The ero])s gonerally raised are wheat, barley, oats, jieas, tla.N, turnips, jiola- 
 toes, carrots, beets rnd mangols, Hegarding grain growinir we give the average re- 
 sults of two years on three ililVeieiit tarnis laiily representing the oluiiaeter of the 
 soil throughout tills entire district. These faiiiis are situated near the cro-ing of 
 tiio lied Ueer river. One a river bottcun. another sandy loam beach, a thiril ehiy 
 
 loam beach. 
 
 l',i.,-li. I> \\>y |.. 1 
 
 \':iri. tv iriMuii -p. Mil |»T iiiiMMni.l 
 
 iicTe. liusliel. 
 
 Wheat, IK'fianeeand l.eloe;a VI fi;^ 
 
 Wiiite liarlev 55 5ii 
 
 Jilack barley .'iS 70 
 
 OatH, sandwich TO 4(1 
 
 Oats, white Kgyptian ii5 4S 
 
 Oats, new wcicome HO 4^ 
 
 IVas :iO M 
 
 Max ■^■> ''" 
 
 Potatoes too bushel ]h'v acri', luriups (iOO. 
 
 We have in exce|itional cases seen at the rate of T-i! bushels of pnlatoe- and 
 I'JOO bushels lit' ttiiiiips per acre. 
 
 STOCK ll.\ISIN(i .\Ml li.VMllIMI. 
 
 This .section of country is not what is properly known as raiudiing country. 
 'I'be snow olten falling to tlie dejitli of dS inches and rctnainini;' for weeks together 
 endangers stock that is left to de]iend solely on what they can )irocure ol themselves, 
 but for slotdv held in smdi numbers as can be boused or sheildcd and fed when occa- 
 sion reiiuires, it is urisuipassed on the lontinent. The grass is lich and abundant, 
 the water is plentiful and puie, the shelter is cheap and convenient. 
 
 The sto(d< that is here and known to siuceed well are Short Horn grade callle. 
 IV'reheidn erade horses. Leicester and Shio|isli:re shce]i. As line specimens of this 
 stock have been jiroduced here as are to be tdund in any pari of Canada. There arc 
 at jiresent splendid openings foi- tiie inveslmcnt of capital in |iure bred Durham 
 callle. Clyde or i'eridicron lioises, or Sliiopshire sheep, to suppl.v ]iurc bred sire-- to 
 ranciimen and farmers. No enterprise, if wisely handled, olVeis lictlcr pironiise of 
 substantial jirotit. 
 
 n.VlliV KAItMINli. 
 
 'i'his district lias frciiuently been spoken of as a paradise for dairymen and 
 not without reason. The practically illimitable Hti'ctches of jiastu'e lands contain- 
 8 
 
Kiii 
 
 ILLIM/TABLJ-: rASTfL'I-J LAWS. 
 
 ills;' lliu rk'hcst lioi'liiii,a', |ioii vino iiiiil votolic^ foiiiiil in uroiit iiliimdnn'c, in miditidii 
 to a i^i'cal varicly nf oilier li'iassrs, liuni-li llu; nio>| nillr-itivc ifi'a/.ini;- tiial can lie 
 (iusircd Wliilt) the pnie sprint,' walur, dry alnio-plicrc and rooi nii;lits snp|ily all 
 till! acc'Uh.-oi'y roi|uin'nioiiIs tor liiu ijroivtli and dcvLdopniont of this most iinporlaiit 
 and protilaliic industry. With llio lacilitics tlir transport now alt'oi'doil this district, 
 liy the liiiiidin:; of I lu- Calvary and Ivlinonloii H;ulroad and tlio rwr aiinnionlinir 
 niarkiis now oponini; in the nuniiiLT districts rii;lil at hand, it i- sat'ii to piodic that 
 in the near liilnrc the ilairyini;- imhislry will ho oik; of vast proportions and corres- 
 jiondiiit; piolii. 
 
 KIKI, sri'i'i.v. 
 
 The I'liel prcdileni is Solved hy the fact thai in addition to I his di--l riel lieinjj; 
 fairly well woodtsil in all parts, and the iippei- waters of all the rivers hein^ lined 
 with dense fore^ls extending liir up anions'' •■ foot-hills of the l{oeky >[oiintains, 
 the entile di>tricl i> icporled hythetien' . iSiirvoy lo he nmU'ilaid wiih coal 
 
 of excellent quality. Some hainis throiin-h winch tho river has cut its channel show- 
 in;; a depth liy adnal nieasiiremenl ol' 7>2 feet to the water's i'ili;-e and eonliimiiiu 
 mider the wafer. Though no cial is as yet operateil, partly from the Uu- that as 
 yel wood has heen soalmndanl. llieie is little don lit that the <'alirai-y am ::noiiton 
 Railroad will shortly develop these mines to siipjily the eoanlry south oi t!'. 
 
 V.M'.VNT T.ANIl.S. 
 
 'riiroii^h lilt this entire district there is yet iihundanl land oiion for homestead 
 within a few miles ol' the ri>int; town of liod I'cor, which will con-litiite a central 
 shippim; ]ioinl as well as llu' various stations alon;; the railway now in course of 
 con>tiiicii(in, makin:; a eonvenient market for the product^ of the country. The soil 
 is evervwhere of the hot quality, and the cliinalo otlcrin!; upon the whole no more 
 serious oli>iacle to successful agriculture than are to he found in some form or oilmr 
 in all ai;iicultiiral coiintiies old or new, ll is a suui;estivo faci that no improved 
 land is olVerinir, so thai a inarkt'l price is dilliciilt In lix, hut it may he put down 
 liom .^2 lo §,"> per acri' for uiiinipi ovcd and from 8"i lo .*:J0 lor improved lariii-. 
 
 Uni.lilMl .MATF.KIAl,. 
 
 There are vast sup|ilies of limher tor huildiii:;, femdnir, t^cc., in or ailjacent to 
 I he di--ti>ic|. Lumher of local manufacliire can he had from SU to S'-'O per thousand 
 tect rou'rh. and from S2L' to S-(i dressed. Shinf,'les, 8'i..")0 per thousand. Uidiinited 
 ■ piarries of splendid hiiildinic stone ( hliie and i^rey) ^and-lone all alonn' the jirincipal 
 rivers and ciecks. 
 
 WArKIl SIl'l'LV. 
 
 In not a solitary instance has there hcen a failuri' in ohiainiiiL; an ahuiidtint 
 supply of the ]iurest >prinj; water al an avera^v depth of 2.'! leet. 
 
 For hto(d< there arc numerous >mall lakes and creek--, and in many jilaces sprin;j;s 
 cro])pini; out on the side of hills, riiniiiiii;' a short dislame and disappoariiii;. 
 
 These, with the main rivers, constitute an ahundanl supply of water for stock 
 and domestic jiurposes. 
 
 MAUKKT lilU'KS. 
 
 heel", (i to Sc. ; 
 
 Wheal, §1; oats, ilo lo (!5c.; hurley, li.'i to TCc; potatoes. ilOc. 
 hiitter, 20 to .'trie. 
 
 The local demand, hy reason of influ.x of settlors; freiijlit tratHc on the northern 
 trail, staue line, and mounted police, has hcen sulli(dem to consiiino the |)roduets, 
 hilherlo as the seltlement of the ilistrict has only fairly hegiiii. hut the completion 
 of the (!alj,'ary and I'Mnionlon roads will o]ien the markets of southern territories 
 ot the mountain re<;ioii. hesides alVordiiij,' easy accessio the l'acitic(\)ast t'roin whence, 
 i;/(t O.IMJ. sleamtjrs, we may reach with our surplus pro luets, the vast Knuiires of 
 tlie Kasi. 
 
Pn()(lHJ:SS OF AJJSERTA. 
 
 107 
 
 ClIllllllKS. 
 
 Ill iidditioii til a ri'ai(l<Mil .Mi'lliii(ii>l iiiiiii>liT, at licil Doci- 'riiwii, vi.-itiii^' llio 
 iiullyiiii;- s^'ltlollU'lll^ ri'i,'iiliirly, tlic l'ro>l)ylofiaii rlmrcli !i|i|)oiiits u ^tU'leiil cliifiiii,' 
 the MiiiiiiiL'f mmitlis, ami tliu chin'cli of Kiiirlaml liavf cli'i-iryiiifii \isiliiii; at ic tain 
 limes, so lliat I'oc a iifW sotlli'ini'iit it wrll jiroviilfd witii io;,'uiar onliiMiirf-. 
 
 liAME ANIP I tSll. 
 
 < iaiiu' and lisii aic aliiiiidaiit ; hoar and t'li< ar>' now vimv faiv, Imt iiiin|iinL;- door 
 and lilaid; tail doer arc olioii m'imi. I'i'airio wolf, rod lox, orcasioiially_ a silver i^roy 
 fox. Haditer, lynx, iieavor aro found in all parts of liu' disli'ict. Wild ducks anil 
 jji'esc, iirairio < liiidxcn and partridi^i's arc almndaiit. 'rroiil. |iiUt'. piidicifl, f,'old eye, 
 .^c. art- in all rivfrs and in some lakos ; in this district inagniticent wliitolisli aliounil. 
 
 KIII'IT ift/nitK. 
 
 Ilaspjii'i'iy and strawdirrry, liliudc. wliite and rod currants liavoliocn trioil with a 
 i.'nnd incasiirc'of snci-fss. Yoiinn'appU' troos plantcil two years aijo have niado rapid 
 i;ro\vlii and u'ive irood promise though it is premature to prediet the result of the 
 experiment as yet. Wild friiils are foiiiiil in i,'reat ahiindaiice : jioiseherrie^i. cur- 
 rants, strawlierries, ras|)lierries and SasUatnon herries. 
 
 To name the wild flowers would rei|uiru an expert botanist. In summer the 
 wlicde country is a vast tlower garden. 
 
 no.Mis AND lIlUtlllES. 
 
 The ('ali;ai\- and KImonton trail is a beautiful natural road riinniiiL:' throii<j:h 
 the centre of this district for sii miles. The recent expenditiire ot' the Territorial 
 Assenililv ill bridu:in^' the stieains has made it a verv excellent tratHc road. 
 Mranehii'iic olV from this main road are iiiimeroiis trails, convenieni to any section ot' 
 the district, and the linn, smooth faci' o| the c.inntry allows the settler to make a 
 road with ease in any dircelion that siiiis his ronvenienii'. 
 
 AUIlll'rt.TIHAI, IMIM.KMKNTS, SKKIi, llHAtN ASH lAl'TI.K. 
 
 The ininiediale district is fairly well supplied with cattle and horses, which 
 mtiv he imridiased .-it reasonable |)rices. I'ows from Sol) lo Sl'i, uccordiiii; to quality. 
 Hoses lidiii ^fT.") to ,'si:i,") each. Ai;riciiltiiral implements ha\e been |)iirchased in 
 Caliraiy up to the present, but they can now be had at Red Deer town, on tlie 
 Calirarv^' Ivlmonton Railway. 
 
 I'OSTAt, AM) TKt.KlillAI'H F.\rl I.lTtES. 
 
 There is an cstahlislied post olfice at tiic Town of Hed Deer; also at I'ash C'it.v. 
 These facilities (^as well as the establishment of a tele„'rapii line) will be lireatly 
 iiH'ieased b,v means of the railway now in course ot conslriictioii. 
 
 Tiie nature ot' sub-soil varies from stitVilay to a firm mixture of sand and clay. 
 The soil everywhere is a black loam trom 10 inches to ;{ feet in ilh. 
 
 Alberta is represenieil in the l»iiuinion Parliament l>y D. \ l>avis. M.l". 
 
 =a#i>#i- 
 
108 
 
 l^LEA.iini'Js or njysriiicTiux. 
 
 \ 
 
 •P,,., „,,,.... l,:,s l„..n ..vri.Hl .....,• the .hole Torritoncunac, H. -uul- 
 
 1 th. snl,..,n..- .1- U. variuns .nt..s an. ..an...!, .uanl.^ _,on.^^ 
 
 .vh-n. ..n,h,Ma..i...l n.husias.n is .iusMii-a. 0,„v ,uo.v we 1.1 .l. 1 .u- 
 
 Mi'.u a. Ml Kaum I.Aimi iu:u t.. .■nicr and possess the land. 
 
 ,,,,„., ,,.,,,,,.,. .i,lH,M,.n,husiasu. and .1,1, a,.. ovj.am.ninu>.ination. 
 ,.„„,,,„. :.,„..,. .,,,n.. ,ha, hi,hlv...hu.a.,.d n.n and vvonu.. who have 
 
 t,,.,„selv.« h. the wildovness.- and - live away .n,n. e.vd.at.on. 1 lu, ImU 
 1. 
 
 U. ,he heautie. of that - wilde.ness." and we have seen that "cn-duat.m 
 
 l.,..,d,heNo..,h-WeM.idehy.idewi,h,hese,th.... No. are people whose 
 
 „„„,,„. i. ..:i.,ied hv attending halls and tive-o'eloek teas eapaMc ot 
 ,,,,n.in. -he senou- nohh. pleasnn. .d aidin, in Innldin, np a new e,.^^^^^^ 
 
 .„,„.,„,:. „,.. eon,>e ,„ the wovld aronnd. and etleet.ng souiethn,,' lo. > ou 
 ;,,,...:.„, All ,i..ehanns,lKnhelon,n,von,l,. hope ene.^v are, onnd 
 •„, ,„e Nor.h-\Ve.t. and the h,.a..in. intluenee of the new tree land on nnnd 
 and eharaete,. is very ,en,a,-kahh.. The C.n.avio .ann.. is a tine spe,.,nen 
 
 „nhev nan. hnt three years in the No,.th-AVe.tnuseshnn_s,dlh,uhe, 
 
 i„ u.e ^..le .,f ,„anhood-wl,lle a ,.onnn..n.uva,e in.proven.ent ,s notuvd m 
 
 ,„ ,.,,,.,. :u.d raees iVou, Knrope who hav n,e an.on.s, us. havn.g the 
 
 ;..„„ial ,uali,ies .deapa.ity tor work. per>evereuee. sohriety. uUelhgenee. 
 
^^ 
 
 
 
 "r-ii'k" 
 
 -..1^ 
 
 
 m^^Im . ■ 
 
 i;.\\\ i.inmin -> i;\Mii. m;\i; i \l.|;\l:^. \i.i;i;iiiA.