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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Hy t ,v .( .1 .1 ■'-. ,< THE JESUIT ORDEF^, 1- OR An infallible Pope, wlio " being dead, speaketh" about the Jesuits. A REPLY By the Ro v.' J. J. Roy, K.A., 11. ctor of Sf George's Church, Winnipeg, Manitol;a to Father Di'innnioad, oi" the Jesuit Order at St. Boniface Ci*llo"e, Maii- icolia CONTEXTS : lOtli, Free G 1. Sermon by Rev. J. J, Roy, Marcli 18S9. 2. Father Drummond's letter to the Pres.s' of Feb. 26th, IHSO, 3. The Brief of CJeinent XIV.: " Dominu.s ac Redeniptor Noster,"' published July 21,st. 1773, .supproHsuig the Jesuit Or- der in perpetuity, 4. An AvticJe — by Profes.sor Bertolini — From an article in the Nuova Anto- logia of Rome, Italy, Nov., 188(1 5 An Array tif facts about the Jesuits, from th*y h<(d Hpnivg up, which not only distracted its members, but led them to set themselves tip affairist the other religious orders, against the secu- lar clergy, the universities, the' colleges, the ptihlic schools, and agaimst the very sover- eigns who had welcomed and admitted them into their territories, and that these strifes and divisions were stirred up: some- times about the nature ftnd character of the vows, the season for auinitting the novices to take these vows, the power of dismissing them, or of conferring on them holy orders without a title and without having made solemn vows,wliich is contrary to the decisions of the Council of Trent and of Pius v., our predecessor ; sometimes, about the absolute jiower the (ieneral arro- gated to himself and other matters con- cerning the government of the Society ; and sometimes, about various doctrinal points, exemptions and privileges, which the bishops and other persons in authority deemed to interfere with their jurisdiction and legitimate rights. In a word, there was hardly aw accusation of the most ser- and the salutary prtjject which he had da- vised vanished away and was not carried into execution. Gregory XIV., of blessed memory, had but ascended the Pontitical throne, when he gave ane^^^ by his Imll of June 28th, 1591, un()ualitied approval to the institu- tion of the .society. He ratified fl.nd con- firmed all the privileges which had been granted to it by his predecessors, and in particular that of excluding and dismissing the members of this Order without any judicial foi-m, that is to say without pre- viously instituting any inquiry, without drawing up any act, without observing any judiciary rule, nor granting any ciety. As the request and the zeal of Philip seemed to be based on justice and equity, Sixtus V. acceded to it,andnominatedasapo,s- tolic visitor a bishop generally known for his prudence, his virtue and his scholarship. Besides this, he designated a congregation i crees published in the 5th general of cardinals who were to settle these affairs | gation, and inserted word for word in his with the utmost care and vigilance. But I bull issuec? Sepo. 14th, IGOO. a pretnature deatli carried off Sixtus V., I These decrees declare ^^xpressly that the up* should be added, retrenched, or altered. But all these precautions could not allay the clamors raised against the Society, n^r remove the complaints made about it; on the contrary, tliere arose, in almost the whole world, the sharpe.st discussions, con- cerning the doctrines of this Order, which doctrines many claimed to be entirely opposed to Orthodox Fait It and to Souiul •Morals. The very bosom of the Society of Jesus itself was torn to pieces bj' internal and external dissensions; and, among the many charges brought against ' that Society, there was the charce of seeking with too luaeh eager'ness and avid.ity, after tits riches oj this n'orld. Such was the source of these troubles, which, alas ! are but too well known, and which have caused so much pain and giief tyill that the terms of* these be considered as fully and sirfficiently ex- pressed by this present document as if the text of them were here produced, notwith- standing any clause or fornmla which might be contrary to them, and whatever may be the decrees and the other obliga- tions by which they are supported. Therefore, we declare every species of authority, whether temporal or spiritual^ of the General, of the 'provincials, of the Visitors, annulled for ever and entirely ex- tinct j and we transfer absolutely and with- out any rastriction the sutne authority and the sanio jurisdiction to tho local bishops, occonlinf^ to circumstances and ptirsons, and undi;r ctirtain forms and conditions, to bo lieroinai'tor explained ; and we forbid Iry thrsr'priu'erwn fl(Jev('rh<'hi',vce.' fortk received into thin Society or admitted to the novitiate or to memherxliip. We equally forbid to admit, in any way, those who alr(;ady have been received to takt; simple or solemn vows, under poir.lty of the nullity of their admission or profession, and other punishments at our discretion. Moreover, we will, we ordtir, we enjoin, that those who arc at ]iresent novices be at once, on the spot, inunecliately and really sent away ; and we forbid that those who have only taken simple vows and have not yet 1)creHsi(.m. of the Orch.r ; and in cofisoquence, it is our will that these ban- ished Jesuits, even though raised to holy orders, if they have not entered another religious order, should, from this moment, have no other profession but that of clei'ks and secular priests, and should be entirely, subject to the local bishops. If the aforesaid bishops find that those who in virtue of the present brief have pa? Je: me ma ere ;av ''iv ab th passed fronj the Institute of the Society of JemiH to tho state of secular priestH, are men of Dflucfttion anrl jrood character, they limy {^rant to them, or refuse, at their dis- cretion, permission to hear eonfessicm and ])reach, and witiiout tliis authuri/.i4i<>n, given in writing, not one of them shall hi- able to exercise these functions. However, thf bishops or local ordinancs shall never t^rnnt this permission, with resp»,'Ct to out- sidere, to those who shall live in houses or colleges proviously belonj^dng to the So- ciety, and eons(!(iuently we forbid them to preach or administer to outsiders the sacra- ment of penance, even as C-iregory X., our predecessor, forbade it in the General Coini- cil above mentioned. Especially do we hereby hold the bishops !'{>sponsible for tho execution of all these measures, advis- ing thera constantly to bear in mind the strict account that tliey one day nnist ren- (Urr to God of the sheep committed to tlieir care, and the terrible judgment with which the Judge of the living and the dead threatens those who rule over others. Further, if among those who were mem- I'orsofthe Society, there be found some who were entrusted with the education of the young, or who exercised the functions of professortj in different colleges and schools, it is our will that they be absolutely degnuUd from all direction, tuhmnistra- tion, or authoriiy and forbidden to con- tinue in these functions, unless there be hope that they may do useful work, and unless they seem to be far removed from all these discussions, and fi-om all those points of doctrine, the laxity and futility of which only occasion and engender in- conveniences and fatal contestations ; and we order that these functions be forever interdicted to those who could not stren- uously endeavor to preserve peace in the schools and public tranquillity, and that if any such were actually in charge they should be deprived of them. As to the missions, it is our will that they be equally included in all that we have en- acted concerning the suppression of the Society, and we reserve to ourselves the faculty of taking the proper measures for effecting, the conversion of the infidels, in the, easiest and surest way, and for causing all disputes to cease. Now, after having totally annulled, and abrogated, as aforesaid, all the privileges and statutes of this order, we declare all those of its members, who will have left their houses and colleges, and taken the position of secular clerks, to be fit for, and capable of, obtaining, conformably to the de- crees of the Holy Canons and Apostolic Constitution, any kind of benefice, whether simple or with the cure of souls, office, dig- nity, personnat and others, from which they would Jiavp been aV)solutely excluded in the Society by the brief of Gregory XIII.. issued September 10, 158-1, winch begins by these words: Hati» HU^perque. We furthif allow them to receivt; r*etri- bution for the celebration of nia.ss, which also, was forbiddon them and to enjoy all those gratuities ami favours of which they were forever diprived as regular clerks of the Society of Jc^sus. We likewise abrogate all tho permissions they had obtained from the general and the other sui)eriors, in virtue! of privileges granted by sovei'eign Pontiffs, such as those of reading heretical books, and oihui-s, pro- hibited and condemned by the Holy See ; of nut obnervi'n;/ fdnf daijK and not ah- Htainivg frani forbirlden ineatK on these name days; of advanciny or retarding the liours fixed for reciting the Breviary and all others of the .same kind, which we for- bid them to avail themselvt s of in future under the heaviest penalties; for, our in- tention is that, like secular priests, they shall live in accordairce with the common rule. After the publication of this brief, we forbid any person soever,. to dare to sus- pend the execution of it, even under color, title or pretext, of demand, appeal, re- course, declaration or con.sultation of any doubts that might arise, or any other pretext foreseen or unforeseen ; for it ie our will that the aupjiressiov and abrogation of the whole Society as%veU as of all its oncers, shotdd from this moment and immedi- ately, fally and entirely take effect, in the form and manner that we have herein above prescribed, under penalty of major excommunication, ipso facto, and resei'ved to us and the Popes our successors, of who- soever should dare to jilace the slightest obstacle, impediment, or delay in the way of the execution of this present brief Further, we command, and in virtue of holy obedience, we forbid all and every regular and secular ecclesiastic, whatever be their grade, dignity, quality or condition, and especially those who have hitherto be- longed to the Society and were members of it, to oppose this suppression, to attack it, to v)rite against it, or even to speak about it, or its cause or its motives, or about the institute, th'^ rules, the constitution, and the discipline of the extinct Society, or any other thing relative to this matter without express permission from the Sover- eign Pontiff. We forbid all and every one, under penalty also of excommunication, reserved to us and our successors, to dare to attack and insult, on account of this suppresion, either in secret or in public, viva voce or in writing, by disputes, inju- rie», insultN, or any other kind of Hcorn, any person NO(>v»'r, and loiwl of all those who wore formerly members of tho said ord(>r. Wo entreat all tho Christinn princcH, of whose attuchment and respect to the Holy See we are well aware, to txecittf- thin hruf fully (111(1 (iitirely, tjivhixj to itn execution ail l/if ze(tl, (ul the care, the force, the axdhoritij ovd the pmcr r tht^y liave received from on high, so »us to defend and iirotect the Holy Honvan Church; we further en- treat them t.o adhere to all the articles on- taineil in the brief ; to issue find publish Hituilar decrees, and to see that the execu- tion of our present will excite no '{uarrels, contestpe is dead, and thai thou^n dead, remains st. 11 infallib'e. " We teach and define that it iu a dogm-i divinely revealed ; that the Rcnen PontUi, when he speaks ex cathedra, tha'. is, when in discharge of the office of pastor and ilo ;- tor ol all Christians,by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, ho defines a doct'ine I'egarding faith or morals to be held by the universal church, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessM Peter, is pos- sessed of that infallibility with which the Divine Redeemer willed that His church should be endowed for defining doctrine regarding faith or mcaals ; and that there- fore, such definitions of the Roman Pontiff are irreformable of themselves, and not from the consent of the church. " But if any one — which may Gud avert — presume to contradict this our defini- tion: LET HIM BE ANATHEMA. " Given at Rome in public session .solemn- ly held in the Vatican Basilica, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, on the ?ighteenth day of July, in the 26th year of our Pontificate." (Quoted from Archbishop Manning: Petri Priveligium, London, 1871. THE DEAD LECTURING THE LIVING. The pope though "being dead yet speak- eth;" and, speaketh with infallible authori- ty. He does more than speak, nay he lec- inma. Hear, then, a dead irifaUihk pi^pe giving a lertnre to a Uviruj Jesuit : ON LOYALTV. Your loyalty! My rebellious 8ou, after having suppres.sod you for ever, how comes it that you poao a.s a groat patriot in. Winnipeg when so many "clamors and complaints' have bet^n raised about youi" disloyalty ? It was your continued opj)08ition and disloyalty to sovereigns that forced me to suppiess your Order, and you have l)laee(i yourself to-duy in the awkward predicament of having to deny my in- fallibility, to get rid of the diMiculty ! ! ON OATH OF SECRECY. Your oath of secrecy ' You sneer at the idea of having such an oath. How can you / Your constitutions are ratified by oath and your Order was " established by its sainted founder for the conversion of the heretics," and aro you not bound, under oath, to obey your General, as Gold a license niit to observe the days of fasting, not to abstain from for- bidden iiiep*'s iml not to recite your prayers at tliecanonical h>'urs;toadvanceort )retard the loading of your breviary ? and by j'our license you thus mako life more easy. And one of tne reasons, as given in my brief of duly 21, 1773, for suppressing your Order in perpetuity, is it not, "Your seeking after the riches of this world with too much eagtir- ness and avidity?" And everybody knows of your commercial transactions in Para- guay and the infamous bankrupt'/ of Father Lavellette. And w! at is all this fuss that I hear is going on in Canada ? One who has just aniveil ir Paradise from that country, informs me t' at your Order in Quebec has offered their souls for sale to one of my Knights of St. Gregory for $2,- 000,000, theii for $990,000, then for $400,- 000 in addition to the Laprairie Common, to commemorate the event ; then for $50,- 000, to be got through a libel suit in the courts of Queen Victoria ! ON PARTIAL SUPPBESvSION. Your partial suppression! You speaks in a letter to the Free Press, of a partial suppression of your order. Whata^misrepresentation! See where your rebellion lands you. Have I not said in my w d ! n I ^ I orief ihat your Order was " totally an- nulled and abrogated"? And did I not forbid any one soever to dare to suspend the execution of ray brief, and was it not my will that the suppression and abroga- tion of the whole Society, as well as of all its officers, should from this moment and immediately, fully and entirely take effect? And have I not declared all the Jesuits who may have been banished from any country whatevC' to be eciixally included in this suppression of the Order ? And besides, was not your Order .suppressed in Canada in 1774 by a royal decree of the Imperial heretical Parliament of Great Britain ? And is it not in 1887 only that you obtained powers of incorporation from the Legislature of Quebec, tlirougb one of my Knights of St. Gregory ? How dare you speak of a partial suppression and lead my people in Canada to think that you have a right to exist there as a cor])orate body ? ON EDUCATION. You claim to have done nuich valuable .work in teaching ! ! ! How dare you ! Read my brief and re- fresh your memory ! " In the bosom of your Society, scarcely out of its cradle yet, various germs of discord and jealousy had sprung up,' which led them to set them- selves up against the universities, the col- legei and the i)ublic schools." There is hardly an accusation of the most serious nature that was not brought up again.st your Order. ON RELIGION. Your devotion and zeal for religion ! You have written in black and white that your " whole lives arc devoted to religion, and religion is the bulwark of society." But, my rebellious son, which religion do you mean ? That of our blessed Lord Jesus Christ, or that of the Order of Jesus? Have you forgotten the troubles concern- ing the practice of certain heathen cere- monies, which you tolerated and admitted in many places, whilst you excluded those approved by the church universal ? Or concerning those maxims, which the Holy See has proscribed as scandalous, and ob- viously detrimental to sound morals ? Or concerning other matteris of the greatest importance and absolutely necessary to E reserve, pure and intact, the Christian •ogmas ? If the religion of Christ is the " bulwark of society," that religion is cer- tainly not your own. ON PATRIOTISM. Your claim to be " the sons of well known Canadians, sprung from families famous for their loyalty ! ! !" But mind you claim that your order was "re-established, not re-created after a partial suppression." Therefore your Or- der of to-day is the very same order as in my days and the days of my predecessors the Sovereign Pontiffs, of blessed memory. And the following description given of the Order of Jesus in the " Imago primi saeculi Sociotatis Jesu," published vvith the permission of your general Mutio Vitelleschi, 1640, must equally apply to you, and be true also of you, a member of the present Order of Jesus : " The members of this Society are dis- persed into every corner of the globe, and distributed among as many nations and kingdoms, as there are boundaries on the earth. This diversity, however, is only in dis- tance of locality, but not in sentiments ; in difference of language but not of affection ; in dissimilarity of face but not of morals. In this family the Roman thinks like the Greek, the Portuguese like the Brazilian, the Irishman like the Sarmatian; the Span- iard like the Frenchman ; the Englishman like the Flemming; and in such a diversity of human species, no discussion, no conten- tion, not a thing occurs that would lead you to think that they are more than one. Their birthplace offers them no motive of personal interest. The same end, the same method, the same vow, which like the mar- ' riago vow binds them one to another. At the slightest signal, a single man turns round the whole society; and determines the revolution of so great a body ; it is easy to move; but difficult to skake." ON JESUITICAL INNOCENCE. Your innocence ! You claim that your Order " needs no defence !" But I have stamped the character of your Order with an indelible seal in my brief : " Dominus ac Redemptor Noster," which, I have every reason to believe, I have written with the presence and in- spiration of the Holy Ghost. You are very self-righteous it seems, and show no sign of repentance whatever ; and if you have not been converted, you must teach now what the Order ever taught before. And the tloctrines of the Order to-day must be the vi.ry same as were these doctrines, the day I suppressed you, and, as they have been gi beloved "Arr6t du Parlement de Paris," dated 5th March, 1702, as follows : "Doctrines, the result of which would tend to destroy natural law, that code of morals which God himself has implanted in the heart of man, and consequently to bx'eak all the bonds of civil society: author- ^en to the whole world by my S(m, the King of Frauf^e, in his u your izing theft, falsehood, perjury, immorality, and, generally speaking, overy passion and crime, by teaching occult compensation, equivocation, mental reservation, probabi- lism, and philosophical sin ; doctrines which would tend also to destroy all instincts of humanity among men, by favoring hommi- ciile, parricide, to destroy all royal author- ity, etc., etc. (Quoted from Paul Beit La Moraledes Jesuites, Paris, 1881.) A USELESS "SECRET SOCIETY." The Society of the Order of Jesus, we are told, " is not a useless secret society whose only purpose is to ' brag and blus- ter.' " But, the Jesuit Order is a " secret so- ciety," In the time of Pope Clement XIV. there was, in the very heart of the Catholic Church and nations, much"brag and bluster," which, according to this Pope, was stirred up by the " Secret Society " of Jesus. And the Pope himself, at that time, among his own people in the very bosom of his Mother Church, could not stop the " brag and bluster " without suppressing the " Secret Society " of Jesus. Peace and tranquility will not be re- stored to our Dominion, and the " brag and bluster " will not cease until Pope Clem- ent's remedy be applied by Her Majesty's Prot(sstant subjects. AN ADVICE. We have been advised to study history better, and if wo do so the, Jesuit Order we are told, will "need no defence." An hon- est and sincere Jesuit, who thus ventures to s])eak, .shows that he must have read the history of the Jesuits, as written by them- selves only. But, as we are all blind to our ownfaultH and never see ourselves, as others see ua, I would strongly advise Father Diummond, before he again lectures the general public on the study of history, to widen the range of his readings ind see how impartial, trustworthy ! nay intlallible writers, have written the history of the Company of Jesus ! !" A WORD-OF WARNING. The Order of Jesus was too much for a pope. Extinguished it revived again. To- day, the order is too much for the bishops, who are afraid of it. Romanism is now synonymous with Jesuitism. Jesuit leaven, has leavened the whole lump. The suppression of the Order of Jesus by Clement XIV. was but temporary, as it was not followed, by a radical refoim of the Roman church. The Order of Jesus is born of the spirit that animates that church ; and not till that church is regenerated. will she cease to give birth to like crea- tures, though disguised under other dames. ' The Roman hierarchy cannot, now, control the Jesuits. The Jesuits, are masters; the bishops and the pope, servants. If a suppression of the order is to come, it will not be effected, by the pope and bishops ; but, by the combined efforts of the liber- aiiy-minded Roman Catholic laity, and the whole Putestant population of the Domin- ion and the United States of America. A change must come. A change will Your rights must not, your rights come. cannot be thus trampled upon. It in im- possible, that in a Province of the Protest- ant Empireof Great Britain, on the contin- ent of America, in the presence of forty mil- lions of Protestants, you should be governed by a handful of unscrupulous politicians, headed by a Knight of St. Gregory, whose conscience is so very delicate, that it forces him to give to the Jesuits though not "legally but only jnorally bound" the sum of $400,000, and which amount, the deli- cate conscience of the Knight, will not shrink to extort from your own pockets ! ! ! QUIS CUSTODIET IPSOS CUSTODES ? »«><<- CLEMENT XIV. AND The Suppression of the Jesuits. BY PROFESSOR BERTOLINI. [From an article in tlie Nuovo Antologia of Rome, Italy, NovemJm; 1886.] Fully to understand the great act of Clement XIV., one must go back to the pontificate of Clement XIII., under whom the Je.suit question caused such exaspera- tion as to produce n complete rupture be- tween the Western courts and the papacy. The battle was begun by Portugal. This country more than any other had suffered from the pernicious influence of the .Com- pany of Josu.s. It had therefore, the right to raise a cry of alarm against a corporation which, holding in its hand the empire over consciences, disdained all authority and justice. A French diplomat, an ex-Jesuit (Georgel), thu.s describes the omnipotence of the Jesuits at the court of Lisbon. " They were," he writes, " not only the directors of the consciences and conduct of all the princes and princesses of the royal family, but the king and his ministers asked their advice evep i:i questions of the greatest pub- lic importance. No resolution was taken in the government of Church or State with- out having had their prev ious approbation." How did they lose this influence ? The 12 story is told in a letter that the King.Joseph I., wrote December 5, 1767, to Clement XIII. in answer to the brief in which he was requested by that Pope to restore the har- tQony between his court and the Holy See, disturbed on account of the Jesuits who had been expelled from Portucijal. " It is Hot to me that is to be ascribed the blame, if an order of monks lias for its end the conquest of the world, for its method tlie assassination of sovereigns and the sedition of their. people, and if in the very court oi your Holiness it has established the centre ' of its government, to hatch wickedness and lay snares for me even within my own palace. It is not from my side that so many plots and snares come, by moans of which, notwithstanding the justice and ten- derness of your most religious sentiments, the heads of this abominable conspiracy have found, even to this day, in the very court of your Holiness, a scandalous pro- tection for their gatherings, througli which they have commenced, and still continue, to disturb the public peace of my kingdom and of \he states subject to my dominion, not only by their acts, but also by their writings published in all Europe with uni- versal scandal." Pope Clement XIII., a weak man and in- tluenced by the Jesuits, who represented to him that the war started in Portugal against the order was a signal of a great war of extermination plotted against Catholicism by philosophy, did not listen to the accusa- tion of King Joseph. The rupture, there- fore, between Portugal and the Holy See instead of being healed, became worse and continued until the death of Clement XIII. The initiative taken l)y Portugal in the war against the Jesuits brought about a general uprising against the abhorred order. After Portugal came France. A scan- dalous cause tried before the French Pai-- liament, piepared public opinion for the great struggle which government and par- liament were disposerl to undertake aoainst the powi^rful corporation. The Jesuit Lavel- lette, head of the order in a province of America, having become a trader, had accu- mulated an immiense capital, with which he carried on a large trade with the j)rincipal maritime places in Europe. The older was associated in his speculations, furnishing him with money and backing him with its own credit. The business was prosperous until the war which broke out in 1775 be- tween Fra,nce and England, brought lipon Lavellette a great leverse in fortune. Sev- eral French commercial establishments wet"c thrown into bankruptcy, and had recourse to the tribunals, asking that the order should indemnify them for their losses. The complaint was brought before the French Parliament, which condemned the order to pay the entire debt of Lavel- lette, amounting to ab<.iut two and a half million of francs. But the material loss was nothing in comparison with the moral detriment and loss of prestige caused to the corporation by this trial. Ihe Pope's nuncio at Paris, Prince Col- onna, sent an account of it to the Secretary of State, Torregiani, which represented clearly the state of the public mind as fol- lows : The sensation produced iu Paris by this affair is incredible. Whilst it was being agitated in the Parliament and the lavnrers of both parties con- tended and pleaded, the Jesuits suffered the greatest insults and abuse ; an innumerable multitude was present at these discussions. Last Friday they beaeiged the doors of the Parliament to learn the decision, and after it was pronounced, great joy was manifested and very noisy apjjlause was heard. This matter ought to have been adjusted any way, or the entire amount paid, rather than bring such things to the knowledge f)f the public, who have drawn from this trial the moat lamentable conclu- sions, not only against the Jesuits, but even against the whole body of the ecclesiastics, and especially against the regular clergy ; and it munt be admitte.^ that the complicated course of this trial has given every justification for these conclusions. Besides, the decree will carry with it the saddest conse- quences for the Jesuits, not only in this kuigdom, but in all other countries, the more so as the Parlia- ment intends to examine next mouth the constitu- tions of the order, and it is much to be feared that these magistrates, the greater part of whom are already by nature and principles hostile to the Jesuits, will resoit to extreme men.-^ures regarding the constitution and even the existence of the order, at which I should not be surprised, and in this case no help or protection can he expected from the courSr In another letter the same nuncio wrote: The animosity against the society of the Jesuits is general in the "kingdom. The king soon felt impotent to resist the public opinion which demanded the expul- sion of the order, although in August, 1T61, Louis XV. made a final effort to save it. He prorogued Parlianieat for a year, and ordered the Jesuits to consign to the royal council tlie charter of their nouses in Franco within six mouths. In this supreme mo- ment, in which the question of their exist- ence was debated, the Jesuits of France performed an inconsiderate act which -has- tened tlieir ruin. To gain the favor of tlie French episcopate, in which they had many adver.saries because they were suspected to lie dangerous to the power of the bishops and to that of the king, they subsciibed to the four celebrated Gallican propositions of 1682 as follows: First: To the Pope and to the Church is granted by God power over all matters which are spiritual and pertaining to eternal happiness, but not over temporal and civil matters, which are under the _ exclusive power of kings and princes. get 18 i the xpul- 761, l^e it. and oyul aiice mo- xist- auce •1ms- tlie Qfuiy 1 to hops (i to s of Second: The canon of the Council of Constance, which places the authority of an ecumenicial council above that of the Pope in ecclesiastical matters, remains firm and immutable. Third : The Pope is obliged to observe the canon law. Fourth : In matters of faith the Pope has a vote of superiority, but his judgment is not irrevocable until he has obtained the sanction of the Church. These propositions they declared they would observe even in spite of the opposi- tion of their general " That if, God forbid," said the act, " It might happen that our general should command something con- trary to the present declaration, persuaded that we should not agree without sin, we .shall regard these orders illegal, null and void." This act was signed by the Provin- (;ial of Paris, Stefano de la Ci'oix, December 10, 1761. There is no record that the general of the Jesuits protested a^jainst this semi-rebellion of his French Jesuits. Perhaps it was all a scheme contrived between them to avert the approaching tempest. But this time, the greatest astuteness was not that shown on the part of the Jesuits. I'ho I'oyal council proposed that there should be given to the order a vicar general, who was to be a Frenclnuf/n, selected by the general of the order, to reside in France, juid exorcise over the J(3suits of the kingdom the same power enjoyed by the general (.>ver the entire order. As was to be ex- ))ected, the general and his council rejected tins proposition, and the Pope ratified their iefusal, saying that it was incompatible with the spirit and existence of the order. Then throughout France there was an ex- plosion of wrath against the corporation. The Parliament of Paris, which already had made an auto-da-fe of the works of the principal Jesuits canonists and moralists, which works has been declared by a com- iiiis.sion of theologians to be crammed full I )f errors and false doctrines, now com])iled a memorial entitled "Extracts of danger- I'.js and pernicious assertions of every kind, w Inch tlie so-called Jesuits have always and j>crseveiiiigly sustained, taught and pub- lished." They sent it to all the bi.shops iind magistrates of the kingdom. After that nothing more remained but to suppress the Older, which Parliament did with the de- cree o£ August 6, 1762. The kii% seconded the policy of the Parliament and accom- ])lished the work, first by confiscating in behalf of the state the property of the Jes- uits, June 14, 1763, and then by suppressing Mie institution in all its states, November, 1764. A he Jesuits did not admit that they were vanquished. To the authority of the King of France they opposed that of the Pope — and profiting by his weakness of character, dictated to him a constitution, which pro- claimed, January 7, 1765, in the presence of Christendom, the sanctity and innocence of the order. Contrary to the usual custom, this con- stitution was issued without the knowledge of the Sacred College. The Secretary of State, Torregiani, who was the most intimate friend of the Pope, first heard of it on the day <^n which it was signed and went to pi'ess— therefore Clem- ent XIV. was right in saying that this apostolic letter had been extorted rather than demanded from his predecessoi-. And thus the Catholic world regarded it. So this, instead of benefiting the order, ag- gravated its condition, arousing against it those states which had remained until now passive spectators of the war waged again,st it in Portugal and in France. The papal constitution was interdicted in all the Catholic countries, and the powers took occasion from this act, which they justly regarded as a provocation, to fortify them- seh'cs by energetic measures against any assault which it was the purpose of the Holy See to make upon their independence and absolute sovereignty. All the deliberations of the Roman court, including indulgences and marriage licenses, were subjected to the royal jdacet, and the free communication of the bishops and of the faithful with Rome was likewise sur- rounrled with a thousand difiicultie,s, and subjected to a severe surveillance of the police. The papacy had constituted itself the paladin of the Jesuits at the time when the universal conscience of Christend(»m was aroused against the order, and it now reaped the well-merited fruit of the odious compact. In the meantime the tide I'ose. King Charles III. of Spain issued on the 2n(l of April, 17G7, a pragmatic sanction as fol- lows : "The Pope defended them, let him have them." With this he suppressed the Company of Jesus, and ordered the expul- sion of its members from his dominion, arranging that they should be sent into the Papal States. . Clement XIII. tried to remove from his mouth the bitter cup, declaring to the Catholic king that he would never allow the exiled Jesuits to enter his states. But Charles III. was ready to frustrate the design, answering to the nuncio that if His Hoi mess really persisted in his refusal he would know where to send the exiles, after making a public protest in all the ports of the Pontifical States. n 14 France did not wish to be behind Spain. A decree of the Paris Parliament, dated May 9, 1767, expelled the Jesuits from all France, and ordered them to leave the country within fifteen days. The king of the Two Sicilies followed. A decree of November, 1767, expelled the Jesuits from the whole realm, so those be- longing to the south of Italy were thrown Upon the Roman frontier, and the Pope was obligedj to receive all these guests — unwel- come, although protected by him. • The general war started against the order and the measures adopted by Spain and the Two Sicilies to banish the exiles to the Pontifical States put into the inirifl of the friends of the Jesuits the thought that the only way to relieve *^hem from their present embarrassment w^s their secular- ization. This wox'd which was a softened synonym of supp7'ession, pronounced first sotto voce by the diplomatic corps of Rome, penetrated soon into the Sacred College, and became the object of discussion in a congregation of cardinals held before the Pope— Dec. 30, 1767. But Clement XIII. still stood firm in the policy followed up to that that time ; and, untaught by experience, he rejected the course which had been proposed to him by those tery counsellors whose advice he had been accustomed to take. The warning of the Genei-al of the Jesu- its, that, by the secularization of the order, he would compromise his conscience, and even his eternal salvation, impressed the feeble mind of the Pontitf more than argu- ments. A political incident supervened to in- crease the tension of the relations between the Catholic powers and the Roman See. The young Duke of Parma, Ferdinand, In- fante of Spain, encouraged by the example of his relations, the greater sovereigns, an- nulled, with a pragmatic sanction, the juris- diction and the immunities which the Church enjoyed in his small state. The Pope opposed to the ducal decree one of his briefs — January 30, 1768 — with which he cancelled all the innovations prejudicial to the Church introduced by the Duke, and threatened him and his min- isters with ecclesiastical censure if they persevered in their attempts. But the duke found powerful defendei-.s. The Bourbon courts of Versailles, Madrid, and Naples remonstrated against the ofi'ence committed by the Pope against the temporal sovereignty of a prince who was connected with them by ties of blood. With a collective note they requested the Pope to revoke the brief, threatening him, in case of refusal, to occupy the dominions which the Holy See possessed in France (Avignon and Venusia) and in the tv/o Sicilies (Benevento and Pontecorvo). Clement, who thought that the threat was not serious, refused, and the threatened occupation followed. Matters having reached this crisis, the three Bourbon sovereigns struck a decisive blow for the overthrow of the Jesuits. They sent to the Pope a collective memo- rial formally demanding of him the sup- pression of the order, January 18, 1769 ; and this was the coup ch grace for this Pontiff! A few days afterward (Feb. 1) he died, distressed by the effect of his insane policy, but without repenting of his errors. Hf left to his successor a tremendous responsibility. The matter of the Jesuits hail assumed universal importance, and upon the way in which the new Pope should decide this question depended the maintenance or the rupture of the unity of the Church. Parties in the conclave were named ac- cording to the existing circumstances. On one side were the adversaries of the Jesuits, on the other their protectors ; and because the first supported that of the Catholic courts their party was called that of the Crowns, while the other was called that of the Zealots or of the Fanatics. Between the two parties the struggle was intense. At the head of the Zealots were the Cardinals Reszonico and Albani. Orsini headed the party of the Crowns. At the commencement the Zealots pre- vailed because the foreign cardinals belong- ing to the opposite party did not, until late in the session, enter the conclave. By chance the two chiefs of the Zealots did not agree in the selection of the Pope, and .this discord neutralized the preponderance of that side. Moreover, even without this, they would not have dared to elect the Poi)e before tl\e arrival of the foreign cai- diuals. Owing to the strained relations of the Church with the Catholic courts a schism would undoubtedly have arisen from such an abuse. But the ambaspadors of the three Bourbon courts, in the expec- tation that this might be done, had mutu- ally agreed in such an event to leave Rome. This threat had accjuired more weight after the conversion of the court of Vienna to the policy of the other courts. Maria Theresa and Joseph II., who during the struggle between the Western courts and Clement XIII. had remained passive, now openly made known their decision declar- ing that, in the interests of the Church, the Company of Jesus ought to be suppressed. Sperges, the intimate adviser of Maria Theresa, signified this sentiment of the sov- lireign to the nuncio at Vienna, saying that 1^ tho change of the pontificate ought to have as an inevitable consequence the suppies- sion of the Jesuits. Joseph II. said tho same without circtimlocution to the very general of the order. When he went to visit the Chapel of St. Ignatius in Rome he asked this general whether he did not think it time to abandon that garment. He also said it to the cardinal Zealots when he went to visit the conclave, requesting thoni to elect a Pope who would comprehend the motto : Ne quid nimw ! and who would know how to treat the sovereigns with proper consideration and politeness. With such sentiments at the court of Vienna, the threat that three ambassadors would leave Rome in case the Zealots should select a Pope before the arrival of the foreign cardinals acquired such weight that it would have been mere insanity not to recognize or appreciate it. And that the Zealots acknowledged this is shown by the fact that in the first two and a half months of conclave (Feb. 15 to April 27), the bal- lots showed a great scattering of votes, while the serious ballots, based on previous agreements, did not commence until after the arrival of the Spanish cardinals. Then a name, which in the preceding' ballots ap- peared with only two or thi-ee votes, began to come to the front ; but its progress was slow and difficult. After having received five votes in the .session of the 27ih of April (the first ses- sion at which the Spanish cardinals were present) by the 8th of May it fell to four, oil the 9th it descended to three, to return (in the 10th of May to four, and to retake, on the 11th, the five' votes of the 27th of April. Then it rose to six, and on the 1 4th of May to ten, on the ISth to nineteen; finally, on the 19th of May, it received a unanimous vote. Who was this Pope, Clement XIV., se- lected after so difficult a candidature ? It caugelo, in Romagna, and a Franciscan friar. was Lorenzo Gungauelli, a native of Santar- The French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Duke de Choiseul, persisted in holding that cardinal was the best for the papacy, and this defended him agai^xst those who thought differently. To the Spanish gov- tniment, by which Ganganelli was con- .sidered a Zealot, Choiseul answers : " He who wrote to Spain that Ganganelli is a Jesuit, is grossly deceived. It is a well- known fact that he is, and always has been, a Franciscan." This decisive affirmation of the French minister dispelled the doubts entertained at the court of Madrid con- cmning Ganganelli, and from that time he was able to count upon the aid of all three courts. The assistance of these courts de- cided his election. Of the two great questions which the new Pontiff" was called upon to solve, that concerning Parma waa speedily decided. The Duke — Ferdinand I., was betrothed to Maria Amelia, the younger daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa. Clement XIV. granted a dispensation permitting the marriage, thus annulling implicitly what had been done by his predecessor. Har- 'mony being thus restored, the Pope de- manded, frOm the courts of France and the Two Sicilies, the restitution of Avignon and Benevento. The courts, howevtr, re- fused this until full satisfaction was given in the question of the Jesuits —by the gen- eral suppression of the order. Much time elapsed, however, before Clement XIV. decided to take -the coui'.se, and it may safely be said ' that if he had nut been pressed by the serious threats of the three Bourbon courts, he would never have done it. Tliere was a moment in which it seemed that the old rupture might be renewed, and the Jesuits succeed equally well with Gan- ganelli as with Clement XIII. The Gen- eral of the Order, in fact, had obtained from Clement XIV. a brief, July 12, 17G9, which renewed, for seven years, the privi- leges of their missionaries. This brief nearly kindled a conflagra- tion. The Jesuits boasted a great deal of the victory, and published the brief all over the Catholic world, presenting it as documentary proof of the favor which they enjoyed with tho new Pontiff The Bouibon courts complained, anil re- sumed toward Clement XIV. tho same threatening language which they had used towai'd his predecessor. The ambassadors of the three powers in Rome, by neans of Cardinal Bernis, the French ambassador, presented to the Poi^e a memorial, demanding, in the name of their sovereigns, the immediate su|iprea sion of the society. " Without scrutinizing here the grave accusations made against the Jesuits," said the memorial, "\vhat can be answered to the following objections : An order of plain monks has been formid- able, in all times and in all countries, to other monks, to the secular clergy, to the magnates, monarchs, bishops, and even to the sovereign Pontiffs, upon whom this society is entirely dependent. To-day, when it is almost annihilated, it still in- spires terror." Let us hear, from Bernis, how the Pope replied to the demand. " Concerning the suppression of the Jesuits," wrote Bernis to the Duke do Choiseul, "the Holy Father spoke to me once very plainly and frank- ly, saying that ho must preserve his con- science and his honor; on the one hand by TT observing the canons and following the ex- ample of his predecessors in similar cases ; on the other hand by not sacrificing too lightly the consideration which he owed to the Emperor, to the Empress, to the Re- public of Poland, to the King of Sardinia, to the Venetians, Genoese and to the King of Prus«ia, who did not demand the sup- pression ; that although he had been threatened and made to fear, even for his life, it certainly was not fear which hin- dered him from giving satisfaction at once to the sovereigns ot the House of France : but that he know the laws and his duties, and that oo human consideration could compel him to violate them ; that he prom- ised in advance to the three uionarchs to approve what they had done in their States, concerning the Jesuits, and that they should be hindered from evtr re-en- tering those countries ; that he would ask the council of the clergy of those three kingdoms, and when he felt himself sup- ported by the clergy of France, Spain, Naples and Portugal, then he might be able to woi'k honorably and with some ground to stand upon." From this letter it can be inferred tiiat Clement XIV., in tlie eaily part of his pon- tificate, was quite averse to the suppres- sion of the Jesuits, and that he hoped to arrange everything by sanctioning the measures, taken by the three powers, against the order. But the three courts did not permit him to I'emain for a long time under the influ- ence of this pleasing delusion. The ambas- sadors had taken occasion from the brief of July 12 to demand of the Pope their sup- pression, and the French government availed itself of this opportunity to let the Pope know thet the three courts would not be satisfied with half measures, and that they were not at all dispose^l to grant him what had been refused to his prede- cessor. The language used by the Duke de Choiseul with the Nuncio at Paris, had a severity that was alarming. Let us hear this language from the Nuncio himself. The subject of the discourse was the cele- brated brief of the 12th of July, concern- ing which the Duke de Choiseul asked an explanation. Not being satisfied with that given him by the Nuncio, he threw off all restraint and uttered threats which made thtj poor Nuncio tremble. "Then," he writes, "assuming that ministerial tone which at the present time is not unknown to your Eminence, he declared to me that the kings of France and Spain and the other princes of the house of Bourbon were not people to be trifled with; that after having led them to hope for the speedy suppression of a society which disturbed the peace and quiet of the two sovereigns and which even compromised religion, no favor ought to be conceded to them ; that His Majesty was tired of these temporiz- ings, and m consequence had resolved to renew publicly through his ambassadors at Rome, his pi'cssing solicitation that^,the Holy Father would totally suppress the company ; and if he did not obtain it in six weeks to ask his passports, abandon the embassy and break relations openly ; adding that even i^' the ministers of the other JBourbon courts, for want of instruc- tions, would not join him in this deter- mination, he would alone carry it out, ad literam." The instructions sent to the ambassadors at Rome were of the same date (Aug. 7) as that of the letter of the Nuncio, recounting the discourse held between him and the French minister. The solicitation which Cardinal Bemis was to make to the Pope was really an announcement in the name of his king. "You will say," the Duke de Cljoiseul wrote him, "that His Majesty has allowed the first moments of the pontifi- cate to pass before renewing the demand that was made of Pope Clement XIII. for the abolition of the Jesuits; that he knew his excellent personal disposition to secure tranquillity for himself, for his State, and for religion ; that the existence of this so- ciety of monks imperilled these objects ; that all the States of the House of Bour- bon are in the same situation , that His: Holiness could not fail to regard the ])rinces of this house as the strongest supporters of the Catholic religion, and it was just and reasonable that they should obtain from an enlightened Pope, whose good disposition they could not doubt, a satisfaction so essential to the happiness of theii king- dom." In his instructions, Bernis was directed to insist that the Pope should give to the king the most positive promises concerning this matter.' The time which the King of France con- ceded to the Pope for the suppression of the Jesuits was two months ; if the sup- pression was not accomplished within that time, the ambassador was to ask for his passports. This intimation had been made in Au- gust, 1769, that is to say, in the first day of the Pontificate of Clement XIV.; the sup- pression of the Jesuits was not efiected un- til four years after ! Before arriving at the final act the Pope had, however, by a series of acts, reassured the three courts as to his good disposition. He had said very frankly to Bernis that overhaste would not enter into the principles of his conduct, and that no one would ever obtain anything of him by vio- lence and force, and he would always yield to the wishes of the most Christian King then this sovereign did not exact of him the renunciation of his character as "Su- preme Pontiff" and common "Father of the Faithful." While he said these things, his actions demonstrated that, after the demands of France, with which country both Spain and Naples were anxious to associate them- selves, he had lost every hope of being able to save the Jesuits. He therefore made preparations so that the suppression of the Jesuits might take place quietly. But for this, time was needed. It was neces- sary, therefore, to calm the fury of the court of France and to demonstrate that the two months accorded to him were not .sufficient for the drawing up of a bull stat- ing the grounds for his action. Clement XIV. thereupon wrote witli his own hand a letter to King Louis. It was written in French, because his scanty knowledge of this language enabled him to say with a certain obscurity, that whi^h he hail not got the courage to say openly — that he was going to suppress the Jesuits. 'I'he letter, however, satisfied the king, who wrote in reply ; It remains with your Holiness to decide the iji-m which may seem to you the most suitable to manifest to the Christian world what may be your judgment concerning an affair so essential to the lepose of the Chur6h of the Catholic States, and to the personal glory of your Holiness. The Jccjuits and their supporters soon per- ceived the importance of the Pontiff's action. This is proved by an apocryphal document first published in the Gazette of Florence, and from this in all the principal journals of Europe. The authorship of the letter was attributed to the Pope, and it pui-pox i^ed to be addressed to the King of France, and urged reasons for protecting the Jesuits. Instead, however, of attaining the desired end, the falsifiers obtained the opposite re- sult. The Pope, indignant at so ranch infamy, and wishing to unmask the fraud at once, availed himself of the new pressure brought to bear again.st the Jesuits by the court of Spain, officially to announce his intention to suppress the order, in a letter written by his own hand, November 30, 1769, to Ctiarles III., King of Spain. The die was cast ; it was not possible to withdraw without creating a schism. Con- tidence, therefore, is restored in the three courts, who assist at the preparations for the great blow, \vithout claiming any fixed day for its infliction. From this moment the direction of the negotiations passed, with the approval of the French court, to the court of Spain. The slownesff with which the difficult to^k was conducted frequently shocked the con- fidence of the courts in the fidelity of the Pope's pi'omises But the Pope no longer allowed himself to be threatened ; nay, he became aggressive himselt, threatening those who instigated him to put an end to the Jesuits speedily, to abdicate the Pon- tifical throne, and to retire into Castle Sant' Angelo there to end his days. The question of the suppression of the Jesuits, practically considered, presented difficulties which did not appear at first sight. In the hands of that order was the direction of the semina- ries, missions and many other ecclesiastical institutions ; therefore it was necessary to take the requisite precautions that confu- sion and disorder might not result. On the other hand the courts had tangible proof that every new delay created danger for them. At Lisl)on occurs an attempt against the sovereign ;^at Madrid, popular tumults; whose fault is it? Perhaps the Jesuits had nothing to do with it ; but in the existing state of things, we could not condemn the courts of Porfugal and Spain, if they suspected them, and if they took occasion to ask the Pope to hasten their suppression. Clement XIV. could not save himself from doing something. On the 12th of February, 1770, the direction of the Seminary of Frascati, was taken from the Jesuits, and given to the secular priests. In the following year a congregation of cardinals were created to examine the eco- nomical condition of the Roman Seminary, to find remedies for the decline of theological studies, and for several abuses which had been introduced in the direction of the students. The Jesuits had introduced an innovation in the form of the OATH taken by the students of foreign pontifical col- leges. To the obligation assumed by the alumni, returning to the missions of their respective countries, to depend on the Holy See, the Propaganda, and their respective bishops, they added, "and on« the Gen- eral of the Society of Jesuits." The Pope suppressed this addition, and also took away another abuse created by the Jesuits, namely, the obligation laid upon the alumni to confess to the Jesuits only. The Pope, after having communicated to the courts his resolution, isolated himself, and completed, all by himself, the great event. On the 21st of July, 1773, the brief " Dominns ac Redemptor noster " was signed. Only after it was transmitted to all the bishops of the Catholic world, and when it began to be executed, was official notice given to the anibassadois of the event. Following up what he had pre- viously done, the Pope conferred upon the principal bishops of the Papal States 18 the right, with full powers, of visiting the houses of the Jesuits situated in their respeciiv ,. dioceses. The first to receive this power was Cardinal Malvizzi, Arch- hishop of Bologna. • The rector of the College of Sapta Lucia having refused to obey tlie orders of the Holy See, and to publi.sli to the students the prescripts of the Pontiff, Malvizzi was obliged to resort to force. The lector was led away from the college by soldiers, and was expelled from the Ecclesiastical States, and the students who wished also to resist were transferred to the country house of the Bolognese Seminary to await their rel- atives to take them to their homes. • When^ the Pope learned these facts, he commissioned the Legate of Pesaro and Urbino and the Bishop of Montalto to take^ possession of the property of the Jesuits situated in their respective territo- ries, and ordered that seals should be affixed upon the archives of the novitiate of the society in Rome. A few days after he signed the brief of suppression, and cre- ated a congregation of cardinals " concern- ing the alfairs of the extinct Society of Jesus." For twenty-eight days the Pope k«pt thfi act of suppression secret, and dur- ing all that time he observed toward the ambassadors that reserved and mysterious demeanor which he had assumed with them since he first secluded himself. On the evening of August 18 the mystery was solved. The Pope by his prelates published contemporaneously to the General and to the rectors of all the colleges possessed by the Jesuits in Rome the brief of suppression and immediately took possession of their houses. The following day Clement XIV. promulgated the brief to all the apostolic nuncios, and on the 20th of August the doc- ument was freely circulated. On the 22nd the Pope finally granted to the ambassadors the ardently desired audience. By this proceeding, justly observed Theiner, Clement XIV. deiiionstrated over- abundantly that in all this affair he had acted freely and independently of every in- fluence of ministers and courts. Thereupon the act of suppression acquired a value and importance which ought to have guaranteed that it snould be observed* and respected as long as the Roman Church lasted. AN ARRAY OF f ACTS BY -PROF. aOLDWIN SMITH. " For dishonest foes, an array of facts would only irritate them."— Father Druininond, Free Press, Feb. 36, 18S9, ENDOWMENT OF JESUITISM. T say the " endowment " of Jesuitism, because it is obvious that the [)retence of restoring Jesuit property it is a mere sub- terfuge. Neither under the French gov- ernment which had suppressed it, nor under the British government which had recog- nized it only for present purposes, could the order be the holder of any property at all. Scarcely less certain is it that the en- dowment, though it may come ostensibly from the province, will come really, though indirectly, from the Dominion, which will be made by the pressure of the French screw to compensate the province by a grant of some kind, so that the responsibil- ity for this measure will extend to the whole country. Refuse incorporation to Orangeism, and then endow Jesuitism out of the public funds ! If this is justice, what is iniquity ? If Jesuitism were like the other monas- tic orders, a religious brotherhood, to endow it out of public funds would still be a flag- rant breach of the fundamental principles of our polity. But it is not a religious brotherhood. It is, and has been from the beginning, a conspiracy against civil society ' and government. There is no record iri history approaching in criminality to that of the Jesuit. On him rests the guilt of the bloody extermination of Protestantism in Bohemia, of thirty years' war in Germany, of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and the murderous proscription of the French Protestants which ensued, of the countless religious murders committed by the Spaniards in the Low Countries. When- ever I hear of the Jesuit I think of Mot- ley's description of the poor servant girl in the Netherlands who, because she would not renounce her faith, was led out between two Jesuits to be buried alive. Jesuit doc- tors preached tyrannicide, and in the back- ground of each great crime, the murder of William the Silent, the murder of Henry of Valois, the murder of Henry IV., the Gunpowder Plot, appears the figure of the Jesuit. With political plotting the Sons of Loyola in time mingled financial cupidity ; and the scandalous bankruptcy of a mer- cantile house connected with them, in the last century, filled the cup of public indig- nation against them and was one of the immediate causes of theif fall, 10 It is not on Protestant evidenco alone that the charges against the JesUits rest. The Catholic powers of Europe united in demanding the suppression of the order as the enemy of civil society and government. No Catholic ever was more devout than Paacal, who by exposing the infamous tam- pering of Je«uitisui with the principles of morality gave it tlie wound that has never healed. Jesuitism is n()t merely immoral ; it is founded on immorality ; since its funda- mental principle is the prostrate submission of the individual conscience to the objects of the order and the commands, however equivocal, of its superiors. The Jesuit is bound to be " a living corpS(\" without will or conscience of his own, iu the hands of the chiefs of the conspiracy. In modern times Jesuitism has changed neither its spirit nor its aims, but only its methods. Power having passed from thi* monarch to tlie people, it is not with kings and their favorites or ministers, but with political parties, that the Jesuit now usually intrigues. He intrigues in Switzerland till he Itrings the confederation to the verge and beyond the verge of civil war and guts himself sent over the frontier for Ilia pains. In the empress of the French, however, at once jealous and devout, lie found a titting instrument of the old.and to him more congenial kind. Through her he brought on a detwlly war between France and Germany, though his promises to the French Emperoi' o\' treasonable aid amcjng the Roman Catholics of Southern Germany, patriotism at the last moment having pre- vailed over sectarianism, remained unful- filled to the utter discomfiture of their dupe. For these and similar machinations against the public weal one Catholic country after another has cast out the brotherhood of intrigue which Protestant Canada now takew to her bosom and furnishes with the means of subverting her civil and social peace. Far from having a claim to endowment, Jesuitism has no more claim to legal pro- tection than Thuggism. Nor was the sac- rifice of human victims to Bowaunce by the cord of the Thug more wicked than the sacrifice of human victims by the fire of the Auto da fe or the sword of Jesuit wars to the power of cruelty and perfidy which the sons of Loyola worship as God. The Jesuit is absolutely without nation- ality or bond of patriotic duty : he has no ^ country but his order ; he is a plotter in all communities and a citizen of none. To allow him to enjoy corporate privileges or have corporate property anywhereis against the plainest policy of the state. When this . concession is coupled with the refusal of in- corporation to the Orange order, it displays the power of the Catholic vote with a ven- geance. Already Jesuit a.scendancy in Quebec is bearing its fruits. Tlie old French church of Canada, as a daughter of the national, chuieh of France, had always been quiet and unaggressive ; it produced the usual ettccts of Romanism on national industry and prosperity, but it respected the rights of the state. The Jesuit comes; having the reigning influences at Rome in his favor, he conquers ; and at once there is trouble between the church and the state. In the American Republic, the Ultramontane spirit, of which the Jesuit is the organ and largelj the author, is likewise at work and is preparing for an attack on the public scho<;l, which will probably form the first battlefield of the coming conflict. Much has been said, and will very likely bo now said again, by the defenders ot Jesuitism, about Jesuit activity in educa- tion. Active in education the Jesuits has always been, not, however, for the purpose of opening and emancipating, but for that of narrowing and conti-acting the under- standing. To clap the padlock on the mind of the youth of the governing class, was the object, which it must be owned, was in its way, ver^'^ skilfully pursued.. Of jjopular education the Jesuit never was the friend. Much again has been said, and will very likely be .said again, about Jesuit missions. What has become of the fniits of those missions ? Over those in the east, especially those in (^'hina, dark suspicions of Jesuit dishonesty hang. Paraguay was much more a kingdom of the Jesuit than of Christ. Of the Canadian mi.ssions, what do we know except what is told us by the Jesuits themselves ? If the Jesuits gave Christendom a few Indian converts of doubtful character, they also gave it Vol- taire, who, bred in one of their semin- aries, learned to abhor Christianity in them. By the majority of the Catholic clergy themselves the Jesuit intriguer is mistrust- ed, by not a few he is detested. In firmly resi:-iting his aggression we shall have all the moderate Catholics on our side. Protestantism and the British element in Quebec are now almost at their last gasp. They are being fast shouldered out of every part of the province except the Eng- lish quarter of Montreal. Even thei'C, their commerce is being attacked by the plunder- ing hostility of the French Catholic legisla- ture, just as the commerce of Belfast would be by an Irish Catholic legislature in Ire- land. Nor is the advancing tide of aggres- sion confined to Quebec. Eastern Ontario is being rapidly overflowed. The subserviency of Canadian politicians 20 to tho Catholic vote dishonors tho British race. Its displays sonietiines art; revolting. A speaker of tho Senate goes on his knees to a cardinal. A Presbyterian politician is seen in a conspicuous place at the gencx'al msrss of the archbishop, to whom he had bowed for support ; thereby, it" he believes his own creed, not only assisting at an er- roneous worship, but countenancing a false miracle for the sake of votes. The same politician has, manifestly from the same motive, lent himself to the extension of tho system of separate schools under which young Canadian citizens are brought up, not as members of tlio commonwealth, but as liegemen of the priest. A simihu' ten- dency was shown in the miserable intrigue with the Rielites, wliich at the hist election brought the opposition to deserved ruin, and in their alliance with their Mr. Mercior, the meet recipient of I'ajial decorations. I^ is difficult to assign limits either to tSie ambition of Roman Catholicism oi' to the servility of the politicians who are playing into its hands. The leader of tho Conserv- ative opposition in Ontario will do nothing to stem aggression or avert the danger be- cause his party must act in subordination to the game of a party and a goverumt.'nt at Ottawa which rests upon the French Catholic vote in Quebec. On the great issue of to-day the Conservative party in Ontario is a cypher. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS ON JESUITISM. ♦ Encyclop/Edia BiiirrANNicA. — Vol. XIII., Art, Jesuit, by R. F. Littledale, L.L. D., D.C.L., author of "Plain Rea- sons against joining tho Church of Rome.' 2. Jesuitism. — Its rise, progress, and In- sidious workings, by the Rev. J. A. Wylie, L.LD., with an introduction by the Rev. E. Oarbett, M.A., Vicar of Christ Church, Surbiton, London, Cassell, Petter & Oalpin. 3. La LiHEBTf: Relioieuse En Europe. — By tho well known historian, Dr. E. De Pressens6, Paris, Saudoz et Fisch- bacher, 1874. Tho fii*st chapter es- pecially, entitled : La wSociet6 de J^su.s, son historie, son influence d'apr6s de Nouveaux documents. 4. La Mouale i>e.s Jesuites, — Pai' Paul Bert, r^roft'ssenr k la Facultft des Soi(mces, Paris. G. (jlmrpentior, 1381. 5. Leh Jesuites. — Par J. Huber, Profeisweur de Th6ologio Catholicjue, a I'Univer- site de .Mvinich, tradirit par Alfred ' Marchand, Pa)i.s, Sandoz and Fisch- lasher, 1S75. 6. De« Jehuites. — Pa.r M. M. Michelet ct Quinet, Paris, Hachetto, 1843. 7. Lettres Ecrites a un Provincial, par Blaise Pascal — Paris — Firinin Didot freres, 1857 8. Clement XIV. brief: "Dominus »ic Re- demptor Nostci-." — As given by Crdtineau Joly — Histoire Rcligieuse, Politique et Litt^ruire de la Coni- pagnic de Jesus, composde sur les documents in6dits et authentiques — Paris, Jacques Lecoflre & Cie. — Vol. V. p.p. 295-310. Numbers 1, 2, 3 are written by Protes- tants, 4 by a libre penseur, and 5, 6, 7, 8 by Roman Catholics. Father Drummond has here his choice. I hope, however, he will not only study the heretical authors, but also those of his own church. Then he may come to think as everybody else about the Jesuit Order. I recommend him specially the papal brief. SI RESOLUTIONS AND PETHION TO THE GOVERNOU-OENEUAl,- IN-COUNOIL RE JESUITS ESTATE ACT. Al a nieetihg of the Evangelicjil Alliance of the Dominion of Canada held in Mont- real Oct. 22nd to 2oth, 1888, the following j'esohitions wore parsed : 1. " The EvangelicaJ Alliance in confor- once assembled, repre.senting the various Prote«toses, cordially sympathizes with our brethren of the Province of Que- bec, who distinctly repudiate, as a part of this an angement with the Society of Jesus, the appropriation of sixty thousand dollars to tlio Protestant Committee of Public In- .struction. 5. "This Alliance would also strongly protest against those provisions of the Jesuits' pjstates Act which niake the dli- tribution of the public money of the Prov- nce dope ndent upon the will of the Pope, and agreements of th#» government with any soci(;ty under the Queen's government subject to his ratification. 6. " The Evangelical Alliance hereby re- mits to its Executive Committee to take such steps in the premises, at its earliest convenience, and as to its wisdom may seem meet, in order to give practical effect to the foregoing deliverance.' PETITION To His Excellency the Right Honorable Frederick A. Stanley, Baron Stanley of Preston, G. C. B., Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, in Council. / The Petition of tlie Undersiijned Humbly SJieweth : That Whereas, at a- meeting of the Evangelical Alliance for THE Dominion of Canada, held in the City of Montreal in the month of October, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, certain matters touching the interests of the several Pro- testant Churches were taken into serious 'consideration, among which was " The Act Respecting the Jesuits' Estates," passed by the Legis- lature of the Province of Quebec, and assented to on the 12th of July, 1888,^— now lying before Your Excellency in Council for consideration ; And Whereas, " the estates of that [the Jesuit] Order were origin- ally granted by the King of France for the purpose of educating the natives of the country," and the Jesuits were merely depositaries there- of for the purposes of the education of the youth of the Province ; " And Whereas, the Order of the Jesuits was suppressed in France in 1761, and its property taken by the King for the purposes of education ; And Whereas, the Royal instructions to the Governor-General of Canada in 1774 directed " that the Society of the Jesuits should be sup- pressed and dissolved, and no longer continue a Body corporate and poli- tic, and that all their rights, privfleges, and property should be vested in the Crown ;" ' •.f 98 And Wubrkak, tho Houae of ARReinbly for the Province of Quebec ropeatodly peiitionod the King or hi.s KopreHontative that the naid EstiitoN mi;^nt be devoted " acconiinj^f to their primitivo destination, for the eiiucation of the youth of this country," and Ih) placed at tlio dispoBal of tho Le^diilature for tliat purpoHO ; And Wheueas, on the 7th of July, 1831, liord Oodorich, then Sec rotary for the ("Colonies to King William IV., addrcsned a despatch to Hin MajeHty's Rcpresentiitivo in Quebec, in which he stated that " tho Jesuit Estates were, on the dis8olutif)n of that Order, appropriated to tho education of the people," and further, " that the revenue which might result from that property nhould be regarded as inviolably and exdusively applical)le to the object," and moreover " that tho King, cheerfully and without reserve, contidod the duty of the application of those funds for the purposes of education to the Provincial Legislature ; " And Wherkas, tlie diHposal of the said Estates has been from time to time impeded by the " energetic representations " of the authorities •of the Roman Catholic Church asserting a claim to their " ownership ; " And Whereas, the Govornmei't of the Province of Quebec in tho negotiations with the Representative of the present Order of the Jesuits in the Province of Quebec, forming the basis of the Jesuits' Estates Act, of 188$, expressly declared ' it did not recognize any civil obligation, but merely a moral obligation, in this respect; " and proceeded to treat on the amilint and tonus of '• a compensation in money," on condition of receiving a full renunciation of all furtlier claims on the said Estates ; And Whereas, by the said Jfcsuits Estates Act of 1888, the Lieut(jn- ant Governor in Council is authorized to pay the sum of four hundred tliousand dollars " out of any public money at his disposal," for the pur- ose of such compensation, " to remain as a special deposit until the Pope has ratified the said sottieiiient, and made known his wishes specting the distribution of such amount in this country ; " And Whereas, the said Jesuits' Estates Act recognises powers in tho Holy See that are perilous to the supremacy of tho Queen, in thus re- (juiring its consent to legislation within her dominions and the applica- cation of public funds, and in accepting such tenns as — " The Pope allows the Government to retain the proceeds of tho sale' of the Jesuits' Estates as a special deposit to be disposed of with the sanction of the Holy iSee ; " And Whereas, your petitioners contend that not even a " moral ob" ligation " exists to make " compensation " for property duly and law" fully taken by the Crown to the extinction of all " civil obligation ; " And Whereas, from the whole tenor of the negotiations on this matter, it is to be surely expected that the Holy See will apportion at least a large share of the afore-mentioned ^400,000 to the Order of the Jesuits, which does not represent the Roman Catholic Church or popu- lation of Quebec as a whole, but ftself alone, and is confined by law to two Archdioceses and one Diocese ; ** And Whereas, no stipulation is made that the said S400,000 shall be devoted to Public Education, or any account be rendered to the Government of the use made of such public money ; And Whereas, any further proceeds of the sale of the Jesuits' Estates are not secured for the purposes of education, but passed into the general revenue of the Province ; And WherbTas, finally, the appropriation in the said Jesuits' Estates Act of the sum of sixty thousand dollars to be invested by the Protest- ant Committee of the Council of Public Instruction for the benefit of Protestant Institutions of supenor education, though urgently needed and justly due, though unlike the $400,000 available for the entiiepopu- lation of one oIms nliko, — and though, by oontnwt affftin, to be odmlnis- terod under public accountability, — is liable, novertnelojw. to l)o inter- preted as roaking the Pn)t«'st«uit community '"onsenting and approving parties to that appropriation of the $400,000, to which the grave ohjec- tionH above recited have to be made ; TiiEiiEFOiiE, that your PetitionorH, being duly authorized on thia l)o- half by the at'orosaid Evanj^rolical Ailianct;, do enter their sulunin pro- test against the Act in ijuestion lioiiig carried into effect, And humbly I'KAV that it may l)e disai-lowed by your Excellency in Council as provided by the Britiah North America Act of 1807. Signed on behalf of tho EvANOEMOAj. Alliance of the Dominion OK Canada, JOHN MACDONALD, l'renident. WILLIAM JACKSON, Seitrdary. ' January 10th. 1889. NOTE.' The Rev. J. J. Roy will .supply any number ot copies of this pu))lication, for general dis.semination, to any one applying to him for it, at the cost price of printing and postage. A