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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, il est film* A partir de i'engle supArieur geuche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcesssire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. errata to pelure, in d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Section III., 1808. 3] Tbanb. R. 8. C. I. — ice Floods and Winter Navigation of the Lower St. Lawrence, PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO SECTION. By T. C. Keeker, C.M.(f., C.E. (Uciid May 25, IMW.) The winter ice floods of tho St. Lawrence are diHtinguisluMi from those produced by ice in other rivers more to the south, in that the latter are the direct result ot thaw and rain throwing increasedquantity of water into the stream while covered with ice, breaking this up and forming dams with it upon the river bottom ; whereas those of the St. Lawrence occur when there is the least water in tho river as well as less ice than at a later period of the winter. The s|)ring floods arc generally higher, but like tho winter ones are the direct result of ice, and are jiroduced in the same manner but usually with a greatei- cjuiintit}- both of ice and water. The St. Lawrence, flowing through such im|)0unding reservoirs as the Hve great lakes, is not exi)osed to overflow from any excess of rain- iV.'!. its range between high and low water being generally leas than one- tenth of that of the Ohio, although its low water discharge is nearly nineteen million cubic Teet per minute. Its ice floods only occur at three points below each of the great rapids above and bcOow Lake St. Francis, and below Lake St. Louis, and, with the exception of this last, are con- tined to a short secticm of the river. .Since 18.')2 water levels have been recorded at Montreal. Previous to that year the only floods, the heighth of which have been determined, are those of 1838, '40 and '41, The* earliest reference to this winter rise is thai; of Pcre Barthi'-lemy Vincent, S..)., in 1()4."). when Maisonne\ive, the founder of Montreal, on the threatened inundation of his newlv-erected canton- ment resorted to ])rayer and pilgrimage to avert a disaster. This rise was not near our flood level of to-day. From its expo.^ed position it must have surt'ered from ice shoves at a later date. Since this we have news- paper references to "floods" in 17!>1, '98, 1810, '2:i, ;«, "Mi, 'HH. '40, '4!, '48, '(!1, '<i5, '(!9, '73, of which the heights of all previous to 1838 are un- known. Few probably reached our flood level, and for the earlier ones there was little ex})osed to damage. The winter flood is the result of long-continued cold weather, which while it diminishes the land water coming in, manufactures ice in the greatest quantity, which a strong (turrent disposes of in such a way that, without forming a dam, the ice so obstructs the flow as to cause a rise of water which in some years becomes a flood. This occui-s in January, at the coldest season of tho year, and, though inferior in height and extent \l -T*!^- ■jttr.i' ^9f A'^6 4 KOYAL SOCIETY <»F CANADA to the April ones which occur on the dopurturo of the ico, is more di»trc9»- ing from the greater coldness both cf the weather iind the water. There is an am iial winter rise, seldom less than ten feet above summer level, at Montreal, but it does not becoiue a " Hood " until it exceeds twenty feet or more. The average rise on the taking over of the river in January is about twelve feet, and the average rise on the deparluiv of the ice in April is about fifteen feel, the increase in this average being due both to the all- winter accumulation of ice, and the spring inroad ol water. After floods in 1S38, 1840 and 1841 a revetment wall was constructed by the Royal Engineers in front of the {irincipal part of the city, the top of which was twenty-ono feet above summer level of harbour and wasHUjc posed to be one foot higher than the liighest flood — but since its construc- tion the river has gone over this eight times. The top of this wall is known as " flood level " because, until the river rose above it, there was no general inroad of water all along the line — although there were about ten miles of streets inside it, which were about four feet lower than the wall, and were flooded through the sewers. This condition continued until 1887 when, after three floods in succession, (the second of which, that of April, 1886, was the highest ever known), a temporary dyke was built, in that year, upon the top of this revetment wall, upon the recom mendation of a lioyal Commission which was appointed in 188(1 immedi- ately after the second flood. There has been no flood since until March of the present year, on which occasion this dyke prevented the flooding of many miles of streets, up<m some of which the water would have stood over six feet deep. In the last sixty years there have been four winter floods, ranging from one to two feet above flood level and eight spring floods — the last being the one of this year. The highest of the spring floods, that of 1886, went nearly six feet over the flood level, putting about ten feet of water on the lowest streets. While floods have occurred at an average ijiierval of five years, they have taken place as frequently as three years in suc- cession, or with only an interval of one year between them, Moreover, in this period of sixty years there have been intervals of eleven, twelve and thirteen years without any flood. Partly owing to these long exemp- tions no recent protection work was undertaken until the dyke was built in connection with efficient pumping stations for throwing the sewer and surface water over it, when all outlets into the river were closed. The duration of a flood may be a few hours, or a week, or more. The flood of 18;}8, which was the highest winter one i^corded, h>sted fourteen days, but was probably less than half of this time above the " flood level," which level was established by the revetment wall several yeai-s later. Previous to 1850 all the recorded floods were winter ones, and then followed an exemption from winter floods of thirty -eight years, until Janu- (krrfrk] PRKSIDKNTIAL AI>I>ltES8 ary. 188(5. when the last winter one took jduee. Moreover, there hnn never been a winter Hood recorded in December, althoutrh the river has been elosed in that montli, nor a sprinj; one in Mnreh until this year, jiltliouijh the rivor has been broken up and tlie ice has de|)arted in that month. There is a ditlei-enoe of ten to tifteen feet in the winter ri.se of tlift'er- «nt ye:irs. The flood in April, 188»i, njse 27 feet above the summer level of Montreal Harbour ; but there have been winters in whieh the jifieatest rise did not exceed 12 feet above that level. The hij^hest sprinjjf rise above ordinary low water was in Ajiril. 188(i, 27 feet. The lowest spring rise was in Mandi, 1860, 10 feet. The liii^host winter rise was in January, 1838. 2.*!^ feet. The lowest winter rise was in Jainiary, 1S73, 10^ feet. "Lowest water" has ^one four feot below "ordinary,' giving an extreme range in the harbour of 31 feet. The winter floods are caused '>y the accumulation of floating ice during continued severe weather extending fnMu November into the New Year. This ice descends the river until it is arrested b}' the ice bridge which forms with the first severe frost at Lake St. Peter, and some of it may come from many miles above Montreal, but after Lake St. Louis is closed above Lachine it is all produced in the river below. The winter level of Lake St. I'eter is four to five feet higher than the summer one, while the river below is open ; but when the liver is closed tlown to the Platon the lake is raised seven or eight feet above summer level. The ice "takes" in November in the bays and along shores and ox- tends outwards to the edge of the channel, which never freezes over (on account of the strength of its current), but remains open down to the ije bridge until it is covered over by the floating ice which extends the ice bridge u|i stream all the way to the Lachine Rapids. The bay and shore ice of varying width and thickness due to the weather and the stage of flow in the river, and often miles in length, is pried off from its shore attachment by the rising water caused by the packing which is going on at the ice bridge and swings out into the channel where it is carrieil down, as bridge material, and is broken up against the solid ice barrier, forced under and tilted on edge, giving a ragged outline to the bridge both in air and water. The sujiply of this bordage ice varies with the weatlier, and the bays and shores may furnish more than one crop of it before the ice bridge is completed. A mild week or two arrests the advance of the ice bridge for want of material, and new bordage ice may form on a higher level and be again dislodged and drawn into the channel. In 1886 the ice bridge took at Nicolet, the lower end of Lake St. Peter, on 4th of December, and the lake was covered to Stone Island (20 miles above) in thirty hours. It reached Sorel, .seven miles further on, on the 6th in fourteen hours ; Verchi^res, 23 miles above, on the IHh inst, in ^Zc^Hllt ROYAL S0( IKTY OK CANADA 78 hours. After five days' tlinw it rcftchccl V^an'mu-n on Kith, ninu niiluH in s«v«!n dnys. Tho upwunl inurch to I.on^uo Tointo, Hcvon niileH, wuh nmdclin two days of cold weather. Mihl weather lollowed and the next lour miles, to IIoclielajLja, was covered in eleven days, on the liDth. In the ne.xl two days tho channel was tilled up to the loot td' llie Laeliiiie Hapids, a distance of over ton niiles. Thus the whole of tho river channel, for 55 miles al)OVc Lake St. Peter, was covered over with drift ice in ahout three weeks. When the ice hrid^e isahove Lon^ue Pointe and ii|i)iroucliin^ Iloche- laga it requires more time and hn<l>^e material to huild up suHicient ohstruction so as to force uj) the- river level and flood out the rapids he- tween lloiholaf^a and the Laprairie hasin. which have ahout nine feet fall in three miles. This narrower and shallower section opposite Montreal cannot retain as much of the ice-pack as the sections ahove and below it, and therefore tlie current St. Mary (immediately helow Montreal harhour) and the Sault Nornuind (immediat«'ly aliove it) comhine their forces to drive all the ice they receive as far as possible below them until they have produced a pack, which by raising the river level will enlarge their own dimensions, wlien they become fjuieted down and covered over in common with slower sections of the river. It is in the strui,'gle to maintain sulH- cient water-way, in this quarter, above, opposite to, and below the city that those great convulsive otlorts of tho inver, commonl}- called " shoves,'" take place. These may drive some obstructing mass entirely out of the river, or force a greater one into the channel, suddeidy throttling its waterway and producing a rapid rise, which may become a Hood. The greater rise opposite Montreal is doubtless due to tho greater fall in the river hero than anywhere else below the Lachine Kapids, and to its otlorts to adjust itself to the winter conditions of slower current in a wiiler and deeper channel. The sjiring Hoods are |)roduced in the same manner as the winter ones, but owe their usually greater height to the greater (juantity of ico at the end of the winter and to the adtlilional quantity of water from the land. There is no ice gorge or dam resting on the bottom in either case, although there is enormous ice congestion above and below Motitreal and some )>artial dams in shoal water inshore may be temporaril} formed by one shove, and as rapidly ojecteil from their site by another. Large quantities of ice are driven ashore above the water line and there left be- hind by the river — which remain until melted in f-itu — or are thrown into the water where, as on the wharfs or elsewhere, they obstruct access to the river. The wonderful rapidity of the rise caused by a "shove " in a groat river like the St. Lawi-ence was shown in April, 1887. belbro the dyke was constructed, when the water, which stood one foot bolow flood level, rose 5 feet 5 inches in one hour and twenty minutes (G5 inches in 80 minutes). [kbbpkr] PRESIDKNTIAL ADDktESH about j^ incli per miniitu. A hUovu upon thu Huino day uhovi' tli(> Victoria Hridgu drove a Hhotit of ice upon tlio Blopin^ laaHomy nC tlif tihuttuunt, strikin^r toloj^raph wires which wtu'o placed seventy feet uliove low water mark. At Longueuil, where the water vose twenty feet ahovc suninier level, it poured into the village, carrying huge blocks of ice which dealt destruction to houses, telegraphs, fences, etc., and rose five feet in ton minutes in thi' waterworks station, Tht' most rapid rise recorded is that of April 14th, 185)(!. three feci in ten minutes — one foot in one and a-third minutes. Hefore the revetment wall was constructed these shoves drove the ice-fields u]* the sloping iteach to such a height beyond top bank that they broke by their own weight and jiilcd a mnipart of ice thiny H-et high in front ol'the buildings they could not reach and out ol which the territied inmates escaped (on this ice) by the third story windows. Un- protecteci stone Ituildings on the river bank were levelled to the ground, and in lH23a whole family of five were crushed to death in their chanty, upon which the ice piled fourteen I'eet high. l'i.x])oseil stone warehouses were simply and cheaply protected by stout poles slanting from them which Mirned the ice upward until it broke and pileil itself as a pnilcction wall in front. The illustrations of ice "shoves" in front of Montreal aic the more liberal because they have ceased since the completion of the guard pier — a long and narrow artiticial island placed in the middle of the river opposite the harbour, and is intended to allow the erection of permanent warehouses upon the wharfs. In this connection it is to be remembered that the temporary dyke was completed before the guard pier was com- menced. On the break-up and departure of the ice during the great t1nod of April, 18S(i, when the water in Montreal harbour rose twenty-seven feet above the summer level, the ice obstructions below Ilochelaga u:a\c way so suddenly before the pressure caused by this great head, that the ice- laden flood-wave, which started at twenty-seven feet, drojjped three feet in the first mile and to twenty feet at Longue Pointe, which elevation it maintained for a distance of thirty miles, and reached Sorel with a height of sixteen feet above summer level. This wave started from Montreal about noon and reached iSofcl (forty-tive miles distant) at 10.1(0 p.m. the same day, flooding in its course, with ice and water, the banks on both sides of the St. Lawrence wherever they were not above this flood- wave level. It was to the packing of these leagues of bordage ice covered often with snow, and always in evidence when passing down the channel, that the winter rise of the water wa.s attributed. Little attention was given to patches and streams of lead-coloured slush-ice almost even with the. sur- face and only visible near the shore which sometimes, especially in very •♦««... ROYAL HCK'IETY OF CANADA cold wuutiu')', waH puHHiti^ down ; utid was probably conmdorod only M ci'tnt'Utinjf niiitoi-iul for tho ice bridj^o. Moroovor, troni the lact tliul wlii'ii tho river attains itH hi^flioHt winter lovol (wliich is after it in completely ioe-covei-ed and alter a tinal ••Hhovo" or a flood) it alinoHt imiuediulely begins to tall, it was supposed that •herealtor no furtlier addition to the ice pack below the city did or could take phu-e The Lachine liapids an(i about five miles of the rivor above, as far as Lake St. Lcmis, are o|»en water throughout the winter. It was known that ill this tjuiirtcr large quantitioH of frazil and anchor ice wore pro- duced in tho coldest weatlier, and sent ovtM' tho rapids, but it was supposed that this material was arrested in the wide water below the rapIdH, whore ice dams wore known to form an<l '■ shoves" to take place ♦luring the winter. The Uoyal ('oniraission of lS8fi,' with n view to ascertain tho cause and. if possible, suggest a remedy for the fioo Is at Montreal, carried out an extensive and careful survey of tho ice. embracing two wintein, muns- uring the thickness of ice and depth of water over more than twenty miles below the Jiachine Rapids. They i'ound that while there was everywhere in the channel a varying quantity of water underneath tho ice, in many places there was a much greater depth of ice than water, and this Ibrm- ing no part of the solid covering of the river or broken liordage ice, but " frazil " or anchcjr ice clinging to the underside «d' the surface ice and extending downward in some cases nearly forty feet below the surface ol' tho river. These " dependencies " formed a series of inverted shoals which, without causing abrupt elevation at any ))oint, so reduced the waterway ami increased the friction in the closed channel as to comjiel a I'isc of tho rivei' all along the line in order to obtain greater velocity for its water and more room for its ice. This increased velocity extended tho range of travel of anchor ico under the surface covering. It was seen thi-ough air-holes in the ico passing down opposite Montreal, throughout the winter; having travei-sed the length of Laprairie ImMn without having been arrested by friction and frost, as sooner or later lakes place lower down. The Koyal Commission of 188(J established the lad that this anchor ice was not only the principal factor, but in their judgment the sole cause of the Hoods at Montreal ; that is, that while a winter rise of the river might be produced every 3'ear by the snow-laden solid ice float ed down, it would never reach flood dimensions without the aid of this anchor ice manufactured above the city and passing down into cold storage Iwlow it, where it is out of the reach of any change of temperature. ' This commission was compo.sed of tlie following ciiigin<-er.s ; Thos. C. Kcefer, Ottawii, chairiiian ; Henry F. Perley, Ottawa, cliief engineer Pultlic Works; Jolin Kennedy, Montreal, cliief engineer Harbour CommisHion ; Percival St. Ueorge, Montreal, citv engineer. [EBKKKKl rUKsIUKNTlAl- .M>I>UKSS 9 In tlio liii|iniinu luiHin, iiliovu Viftoriti liridi^o. tlu>r<> was roiiiiil iiiot-u nrK'lioi' ii-o tliiiti wutur. lU'low Montroul, hutWftMi IhIc Uoiidotiriil liOiif^iiu Poinio, th« quuntity wan oqual t<» tin* wuUt, wliilc Ik«1\vi>i>ii IhIo Itonilu ami tins Victoria Hiiiii,'c. wIhtc iluTf is a sumiiikt tall of iiiiw f«'t>( in tin' river. tliciT \va."« thirty \>vr icnl ol aiichoi' ire ami ."^I'venty per cfiil of wuttii'. ill ihoHi' iH'ivuiitage- no aicoiini i.n takon of tho sojiil Hurfuctt oovi'i-iiij; ol tin* rivor. Tlu' (Millie iiifaHtins of anchor ice in March wore : Ciilii"' YiiriN. Victoria HrKlni- III l,)uliln«' KapicU, iiiiilii»r iw 17l,:fJ><.Lll(l •■ Mf Hdiiii.'. '• " I:i.lll.:t.V. InIc Uiinili- III l.iiMKiit' I'oinlr. " " .. |.'i,li:t,tl7 Then" was tlircc tinicH a.s iiiiicli iiiuhor ice ahove Victoria Ilriiljje a.s between it uml LonjjiU' I'ointe. iail, ihoiiijh ahove the city, it may play a v«ry important part in the sprini; tlooil liy cornini;<lown upon a hlocku'lc below it. ami thus lorcc the river above llooil level. 'file primipal i>ncUim; of tlie ice cxtemls over iwi-nly mile> ol' river below the Luohine Jiapids, or as far as Vureiines. In this mileai^e the '• tield,' or solid surlace ice amounts to about one hundred million eubie yards, tiie frazil or anchor ice to ."iS^ million, while the clear water is 4iI7 millions of cubic Viinh. Tlu' anclior-icc. bein.tj more than double that ol any other kind, wairanis tlu' conclusion tiiat it i> ihe eau.se of the lloodH. The followim; are the lu-ighlH above U)w water at which the river stood when it closed in December. iSSd, and before it rose for the break- up in I he end of March, 1.S87 : — Sorel D.-u 1 ft. 10 '• 11 " 11 " ir, '• Hi " 9 " 2 in. .") " !) •' 11 '• I) " Ml s s il 11 10 ircl ft. 1 1 .') ill. Vercht'roH X^areiiMOH 1 " 5 '■ jlitc (1 " Iloeht'laga 2 " •' 4 " The rirto at Sord in face of the fall between it and Montreal Wii.-< due to an ice bridge at the l^latoii. That at La])rairiu was cuu.sed by winter flow of anchor-ice over tiij Lachine Rapitls. A.\(MioR Ice. Ice which can lir.st form ujion or attach itself to the bottom of a rivcr, sometimes to such an extent as to raise the surface level, and, when driven from this position by temperature changos, arise, move »lown and I lO KOYAL S01I/\Y OF CANADA pass out of HJght and there attach itself to the frozen top of the river where it can defy the winter changes of temperature and maintain it« position urrtil it is carried otf with its floating andiorage by the iireak-up in si>ring, is what lias to he roci<oned with as the chief factor in tlu' win- ter floods of the St. Lawrence. ' Much has been written about anciior ice. without settling the ques- tion as to how it forms upon, and why it arises from, a river bottom. Our Tninsactions contain three papers in which it is tlcalt witli. In Dr. Kobert Bell's paper, in Trans, of 188(i, Section 111., page 85. he describes it as " forming as a spongy mass in cold weather on the stones in the bottom " of open rajiids, in brooks and rivers, and sometimes under the open '• water which is often found at the outlet of lakes. In clear weather it " gathers abundantly aroinid the boulders, and when these rest on other " stones, and have only a narrow base of support, they are sometimes " buoyed u]» by their icy envelope and floated or rolled away bj- the " force of the current. Moulders of consitlerable weight have been known " to be lifted by these means." " When the weather becomes milder, ar flw sinj orcreast, the frazil " rises to the surface and floats off like a mixture of snow and water. '• Although the water may remain ojjen beneath bridges, or overhanging '• rocks and Ir.rge tir trees, frazil is not observed to form in such " situations.'' The late Dr. Sterry Hunt (he says) attrib<ited the fornuition to terres- trial radiation and as analogous to the formation of hoar frost in clear weather, and Dr. Bell continues : " In rapids the suiging and churning " motion would carr}' down the coldest water from the surface probably " charged with multitudes of fine ice crystals and throw it against the " stones on the bottom." The above description (without the italics) is. I believe, correct, and I would only supplement it in one or two ]iarticulars. 1. The greater formation of anchor-ice both in area and thickness is often in the deeper o]»en water above the rapids. In the shallower rapids it forms and rises more frequently, and in less severe frosts, probably be- cause radiation is more ra])id and sun })enetrati()n greater in shoal than in deep watei', and from the more rapid How of the ice-cold water chilling the stony bottom. In long-continued, extremely cold spells of several days' duration it nuiy grow, in a rapid, to a very considerable depth and form a dam, raising the whole water surface. When this gives way we are not able to say whether it has yielded before the increased head of water, or from the relaxation of its hold ujjon mother earth, which fol- lows a change of temperature. 2. It has been known to continue for days and nights on the bottom and attain great thickness, without a clear sky overhead, but with the thermometer always below zero. Fahr. [KBEFIi:!:] TKESIDENTIAL AODRESS 11 : 3. Tlio vorv liu'i^o houklors which iire pii-kod ott'tlie shoal« Itclow tlic ra])idHiui(l dropped in the shij) chaiuu'l lieU)\v Montreul arc lifted (I believe) by anehor-ieo lodj^ed under the surlaeo-ice. By the sudden, and ol'ten considerable, elevation of the tield-ico to which it is attached, (which may bo caused by a -shove'' before the river '' takes" in .laiuiary). the whole may l)0 driven u])on or over a boulder shoal, and settle down with the failin<r water eiivolopini^ a boulder with its saturated slush, out of whicli all water is e.Kprossed, by downwanl pressure ot the surface-ice, duriiiij the wintei' fall of river level, and thus form a solid mass. These icy •' islands'' are seen as •' hummocks " after the winter k>wcrin<i;of the river, when the compressed anchor-ice beneath holds u]> the surlace-ice much above the water level. When the wlude ticld is litlcd by thes|>rin<;- rise of water the boulder accom]ianii's it (a mere pebldc in pr<)|)ortion to the size and lilting ])0wer of acres of ice perhaps twenty feet thick in .some places) and is dropped as soon as warmer water in the river releases it from its icy matrix. 4. It is not only •' in the rajiids." but everywhere where there is open water in the river, that the colder surface water is carried to ilu; bottom. Anchor-ice has been found at least two feet in dejith on the bottom in over twenty feet of water in the river above the Lachine Rapids. This is only durini;; the severest weather. Although the temperature of the water may not descend perce]itibh' below the freezing |)ninl, whilu that of the air is over twenty below zero, it is undei' the.se circumstances this deep river bottom jiroduces anchor-ice, and when this ice rises, as it does in floes of considerable size, it tloes so with decided force fi'om such a depth, projecting its toji into the air and falling back wlih a hissing sound due to the ra])id drainage of its above-water portion. It is also known that at the time of this formation u])on the river bottom the flowing water is loaded with tine ice crystals (to the formation of which, 1 thiidv, the cold surface-air is a nei-cssary factor) and as these are carried to the bottom the presumption is that they are ))icked up by a condition of i-ivei- bottom which does not e.xist at other times which, if not actually frozen, has this power of attraction for these passing ci-ystals by which alone. I believe, anchor-ice is formed. Whether the river bottom is frozen by radiation into space or into an intensely cold atmosphere at the surface of the water, or whether this is produced by the continued friction of an icodaden current of the coldest }K)ssible water, the result is the same and is fortunately limited to short and infrequent periods of .severe winters. After the spring break-up, when large masses of ice are driven ashore by the final '"shove." ice floes have been found on the beach partly com- jiosed of several feet of anchor ice to the liottom of which frozen gravi'l was attached. In the last two volumes of the Transactions of tliis society an important contribution to this question was made by .Mr. Howard 12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA T. l^ariK'H. of Mcfiill Univorsity, whoso experiincrils in ilu^ I.;i(liiiii> Jtupids and clsewhi'ro, upon tlje teinpenitiirc of ainhoi- ice ami iis suiToiindiTijjjs with a (litfereiitial phitiiiiim tljorinoinctcr weiv ilio fir^t of their kind. Mr. Barnos aswrtainod that aiudior ice a|i|iarcntly grows upon dark-'-oloun-d rocks easier than upon liiflit -colon red ones. He adopts radiation as the cause of formation and siiow- iliat tiie tlicrnioinetor -'when loft undisturbed was cooled hy radiation iielow '• the teniperaturo of the surrounding; water, so that ice toi?ned on "the stem.'' but he considei-s it ••doubtful whetlier frazil could lie- '• come att^iched to the bottom ]irevious to the formation //( situ of ■' a layer of irrovmd ice. " If a pi-evious frozen bottom is conceded the doubt would be whether frazil would attach itself to ihi-^ — or oidy to ice previously formed in situ — that is. ice wliicdi has grown u])on the bottom as a subaqueous j)lant, to be increased in size by accretions from passing frazil, spicuhe, or crystals. If these spicuhc attach themselves to thcNtoiu-s of a rajiid. as they appear to do, the inference is that they lay the t'ounda- tion of the anchor ice and build it up in the deeper water whenever extreme weather (and jjrobably extreme radiation as the result nf it} brings the liottom into a sutticiently cold or •' mai;iu'tic ' condition to attract ami hold the passitig ice cry.stals. I have seen the river below the Lachine Rapids wlien the thermometer was twenty below zero so thick with ice spicuhe that their resistance to the paddle could be frit, and when this paddle was withdrawn, the needle-like spicida- sfoin/ out iit right itD'/lcs to it. attached only by the point, like iron tilings to a niagnet. In smaller shallow streams tlic growth is rapid and .someiinu's such as to drive the stream out of its banks. In Scottish Imrns it may be seen on the bottom in shallow water, except under the ar'hes of a bridge ; and a passing cloud has lieen known to cause it to rise, jiresumabiy by ar- resting radiation for tlie moment. But in the colder climate of Canada I have been prevented from re-crossing a stream which I had forded a few days before by its i)eing tille<l up with at K-ast four feet of anchor ice. There was no bridge in reach, and it would have been dangerous to have attemptetl to ride thrtuigh. It is (juite conceivable that anchor ice can drive a river out of its bet! — cause a winter overflow and the opening of a new cliaunel around a rapid. This possibility may account for some of the ••ancient channels," •• lost channels," and •'high water channels ' to be found in the immediate vicinity of some cataracts, chutes, and rapids. The accumulation, in the deeji water at the liead of Lake St. Louis, of iinchor-ice which is nuinufactured in the sixteen miles of rajiid wiiter between Lakes St. Krancis and St. Louis, attained in li-iS? a (ie|)th of eighty-tive feet below the surface-ice, forming a lianging dam, which in severe winters drives a ])ortion of the St. Lawrence water into the Lake of Two Mountains (a part of the Ottawa river), sending the blue-green water of the former to mix with, or rather disjjlace, the amber-brown of the latter in tlie branches of the Ottawa wiiich flow behind Montreal. [keefek] I'KK8II)KNTIAI> ADDRESS 13 ail fa of to Is. lis, of in iko 0011 of In January. 1857, tho St. Lawronco, above iho Lacliiiic liapiils. was raised four foot in a low iiours liy an aiiohor ici' dam upon tlioM' ra|pid>, and an anchor ico growlli of sovorai foot, in dupth on tlio bolloni in tlio open water above tlio raj)ids, when it overflowed tbe aquoduet of tbe •Montreal Water Worivs ; a few foot inoi-e would iiave overflowed all tbe river bank down to .Montreal. Tho lio^-al Coininission of 1^8(1 oaine to the eonelusion thai the only remedy for iee floods was by redueing the quantity of lee which descended below the Laehine Rajtids by moans of a boom su|)portod by ))iers across tbe foot of Lake St. Louis; or iiy I'otarding tlio formation of the ico bridge as long as possible, Imt as both would lie o.\ peri men ts tin v advisid as the only certain protection for Montreal tho construction of tho d\-ke which has been, this year, the means of preventing a flood. The cost of ])ior.s and boom for i^ake St. Louis was estimated at ?fTO,(IOO. This lake, after having been frozen over, sometimes breaks up in a winter thaw with an easterl}- gale, when all its ice may descend below ; it also ma\-. before it is closed in its channel, have its bordage ice broken off by wiml wnd sea and sent below Montreal. The value of a boom in ari'osting floating ico and in causing ice to take in a current whore freezing over would be ilelayed until the eoldo.st weather, or not fake place at all. has been proved by expoiience on the Ottawa Ifiver. where an ice bridge is formed b}' tho lumbermen with tho aid of a boom in jiositions where it could not otherwise be obtained. The fitting up of some harbour tugs as ice-breakers was authorized by the (lovornment, late in 1885, for tho purjioso of preventing the formation of the ico bridge, and passing the floating ice into tide water, but the tugs were frozen in before they could be {(repared for this winter work : and the third flood in succession hUving taken place after this, the dyke was constniofod as tho only certain protection before another winter could form an ice bridge or threaten a flood. Notwithstanding their rocoiiimen- dation of the temporary dyke, as securing protection, the Commissioners e.Kpros.sed the opinion that this experiment should yet be made on account of its bearing on the (|uostioii of tho pennaneiit dyke at .Montreal, as well as its effect on the parishes so often flooded below that city. An experiment was made in March, 1887, in view of a threatened flood (which took place in the following month) in order to asci-rtain tho po.ssibility of loosening an ico blocKade bj" means of ex})losives. ivght hundred holes were made and over two tons of explosives (chiefly dualine; were fired about ten feet below the surface. The experiment (wiiich cost nearly $2.5(10) was a failure, chiefly, us it is believed, in consequence of the great depth of frazil under the surface, cushioning and preventing the transmission of a blow to the surface iee. 14 ROYAL f?OtIETY OF CANADA Winter Naviuation. The recoinniendiUioii of the Flood Comlni^si()n in 18S6. whii-li was approved by the (iovornmetit of the day Imt could not then be curried out, was that the liarbour tugrt should be titled out as " ice-breakers" — at an estimated cost of about one thousand dollars each, and employed to prevent the formation of the ice bridge at Luke St. Peter, us long as pos- sible, or as long as necessary to reduce the ice pack below Montreal, and thus remove all danger of u flood, ilud it been carried out and |)roved successful u dyke might not have been considered necessary. The greater value of an open channel (if only for hall the winter) is that it would protect all the river below tlie Jjachine l{apids from boih winter and spring ice tloods— whereas tiie dyke is a local jirotection work the cost of which was unimportant in proportion to its value to Montreal. The winter open channel below Montreal was then suggested as a remedy for flood jjrotection onl}-, but was so important in the opinion of the Eoj'al Commission that, even after the completion of the dyke, they advised that this experiment should yet be made. No action has since been taken in this direction, but, as the temporary dyke is over ten year.-j old, and nothing bus yet been done toward a ]iermunent one in fi'ont of the harbour, — nor is probable before ut leust another year— it would be well worth the cost that such an experiment us that propo.sed and sanc- tioned in 188<) should be mude, in the coming winter, not only as an element of flood ])rotection but of winter navigation, or for extending the navigation season into the winter. It is in this view that 1 have devoted so nmcli space to the ice ])he- nomena in this section, There is every reason to believe that if the de- scending ice could pass freely into tide-vviiter, as it does over the Lachine Rapids, the channel from thence to Lake St. I'eter (or at least that jmrt of it below Victoria Bridge) would remuin as open and undergo as little change of level us the five miles between those rupids und Lake St. Louis. It has been shown that this channel below Montreal doe'> not freeze over as does the St. Lawrence above Prescott, but is covered with drift ice from above. That it would not freeze over if this drift ice passed on to tide- water we have a guarantee in the winter conditions where the St. Law- rence does not freeze over, and is not covered with dritt ice and vvheie the surface inclination and strength of current is less. The live miles above the Long Sault Rapids, between Dickinson Landini' and Furran's Point, is generally open water, although in severe winters it may be covered by drift ice from above, wliich may l)e stopped by an ice-bridge jjurposely floated out from the shore in order to reach Croil's Island. It has a rate of inclination of six-tenths of a foot in the whole distance, or one and one-tifth inch per mile. The surface inclination below Montreal is greater than this in tlie 5(» miles to Lake St. Peter, and therefore, if an [kuefer] PRESIDENII.M. ADDRESS 18 ico bridge were provontod from forming, and the descending ice from stojiping, an ojien cluinnel would be ihe result. In the winter of 1885-6 the ice did not stop in the channel anywhere below Three Rivers — and if the shij) channel through Lake St. Peter and the Sorel islands had then been kept open the descending ice woiihl most probably have all passed into tide-water. Apparently the only ditliculty would be in Lake St. Peter, where the broken ico might bo hold in by a strong wind for some time, but as there is a current of about one mile per hour through this channel it would tunm be emptied of its ico. if the lat- ter were kept broken. It would be necessary lo prevent the formation of an ice bridge below Q'hree liivers if the channel is to be kept ojien for navigation ; but this, on account of the tide, should lie a less difficult undertaking than with the channel in Lake St. Peter. The (iiand Trunk liailwaj- has for many yeare maintained a winter ferry at (Quebec, which has been occasionally interrujjted by an ice bridge, only, as I believe, for lack of any attempt to prevent the formation of one. Occupied with their constant service, they have been unable to pay attention to what bus been going on above or below thenx. It is a case of ' jinnripu's obsta '' ; to be stifled, like a tire, at the first inception. Ice I'illEAKERS. ThoStriiits of Mackinaw, Lake Michigan, and the f'ity of Duluth, Lake Superior, are in the same latitude as the St. Lawrence below Mont- real, and being farther from tide-water, have at least as severe a climate. Ice foruis three feet thick in the harbour of Duluth, and a channel ia broken and kejit ojien by a steel tug, SO feet long, 18 feet beam, with an engine 20 inches by 20 inches, and a cutaway forefoot to get on top of the ice and break it down. At the Straits of Mackinaw large and powerful steam car-ferry steamers, (^specially constructed for the service, maintain a railway ferry eight miles long from dock to dock throughout the winter. The ice here usually forms in Lake Michigan, and if- blown into the straitsand blocked against islands in Lake Huron — and closes the straits for about four months. The thickness of ice ranges from two to four feet, according to the amount of zero weather during the winter. The car-ferrj' steamer readily breaks through ice which is two feet thick at a speed of eight miles per hour ; and has to contend with " windrows '' of ice formed by floes driven in from the lake and ])iled upon each other, sometimes twenty live to thirty feet thick — which may also be grounded at the har- bour entrance. I'hese are worked through by the aid of a bow i)ropeller, which is reversed and throws a current from the wheel into the pack, tearing it apart. The ice is crushed by the spoon-shaped prow of the ^^a*«»' 16 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA boat riding uiioii it, and iH caught by tho current ol Ibrward wheel and [)a«scd under the side ice and boat, which breaks a cliannel ten feet wider than licrself. The forward screw forces the broken ice away from the bows of t lie boat, which is hold uji to this work by the stern propeller, which last has double the power of the forward one. The first ice-breaker wliich succeedetl in maintaining a car-ferry through the ice across the Straits of Mackinaw was tho '"St. Ignace," i)uilt in l.*^8II. Her dimensions are 2150 x 50 x 24, draught, light, 14^ feet, loaded Itih feet. Her engines are ;j,000 horse }iower. and she has two propellers. She carries ten forty-ton cars, and is 1.200 gross tons. The '• Ste. Marie" was atlded in 18l»3. She is 302 x 5U x 24. with 1,357 gross tons. Forwani propeller 10^ feel diameter, after one 12^ feet. The hulls of these are wood sheathed with .steel. The rear propeller has double the power of the forward one. There are other winter car-ferries on Lak* Michigan, one over fifty and another over sixty miles in length, which break their way in and out of harbours through ice over two feet tliick, and contend with windrowed ice five to ten feet thick in the open lake. The car-ferry steamer ••Pere Marquette." running across LakeMidn- gan, between Manitowoc and Lu(iiiigtf)n (f>',', miles) is 350 feet long by 56 feet wide, has four tracks, carrying thirty cars with 1,350 tons, besides 200 tons coal. She draws 14 feet and has twin screw 11 feet in diameter, giv- ing a speed of 13 knots per hour. Weight of stwl in her liull, 2,700 tons. Her horse power is 3,500. An ice-breaking steamer recently built for liussia, in Denmark, is re- ported to have gone at a rate of three knots per hour through ice from two to four feet thick ; she is intended for the harbour of Vladivostock. Eussia is now building, in England, a gigantic ice-crusher, at a cost of $875,000, for maintaining winter navigation from the 15altic to Cron- stadt and St. Petersburgh, and summer navigation in the Kara Sea in order to reach Northern Siberia. This boat will have 1(1,000 hoi-se- power, 5,000 tons coal capacity, double bottom and double skins, three feet apart, with four sets of engines working the forward and aft propellers. A winter ferry lias been maintained between Prince Edward Island and the mainland, with, for short j)eri()ds. more or less ditiiculty, and another winter ferry in the Gulf of St. Lawrence has connected the rail- way system of Newfoundland with that of Canada during the last winter by a boat built for tlie route in Scotland. It is at least doubtful if anywhere in the St. Lawrence greater diffi- culties would be encountered than those which have been so successfully overcome, for the last nine years, on Lakes Michigan and Superior, whi-re there is no assistance from current or tide to carry off the broken ice. [KKKKKli] I'RESIDKNIIAL ADDRESS 17 Tiio Mu.st vjiliuihli' whoat in tl.o world is grown npon the Ciuuuliun pniinos— |,i,t i,t 1 1,0 irivutost distance IVom its market, and is barely har- vested to escai.c the frost. It needs, therefore, from its remoteness the .i:reate.>t (cononi.v in transportation, and from its !ate arrival at .Montreal the lon<,'esi possible extension oi' navigation from that .seaport. The early eloMUg of the St. Lawrenee has been given as a reason why 75 jjercent of our Manitoba wheat was exported from Xew York last year and oidy 25 per eent from .Montreal. Whether this is eorreet or not, there can be no (litlerenee of opinion as to the importance to Canada of an e.xtension of the length of the .season of navigation, if oidy for one month, and also as to the value of the earliest po.s.^ible reopening of navigation in the spring, whieh W(mld iollow a diminished iee-pack. The winter navigation of the Lower St. Lawrence is, in these days of steel and quadiiiple expansion, practicable ; and we cannot say how soon It may be jtrotitable or necessary. It may be found more so than tho summer navigation of llud.son Strait.s, which we have been (and are still) investigating, and where a summer ice-tighter may bo as necessary as in the Kara Sea. An o])en channel in winter would prevent the flooding of i)arishes be- low .Montreal and would bo invaluable for defence, or in case of inter- rujition to transit from United States seaports. The experiment, if made at all, should be carried out with a sufficient number of ice-breakers and coal stations to secure a thorough test under the most unfavourable conditions of weather, so that with the experience gained the minimum number and the most efficient plan of boat for the purpose may be ascertained. Sec. III. 1898. 2 F ^ /, y. o [19] I .jmif X I w s [20] \',f i ^ [21 1 [22] f [23] ,jm9' -k: fit 1 ■I [24 [23] o 1. [26 r ■J^idm < [28] > ifmaa [29] ^*i»»!** !;■ T l> y ■t. > <^S A' ^^ \^ [3U] ®7". LAWRENOE. 'WO LAGHINE. <^MAS CHALONEB. osL'r. PLAN OF RIVER ST. LAWRENCE, POINTE DU LAC TO LACHINE, According to Admiralty Chart No. 2830 b. I S,oao 10,000 NitoTal Scale = 10,000 feet per inch EbSb^m^Bi^mSE 130,000 .V>,ooo -J 40,000 50,000 English iilirllllMr I iiUdii.ryi Prairies Rn^r* ,f "" Soundings in Fathoms reduced to tk* ordinaiy low waUr level of Summer. Figures on the land thtvi the height in feet above the river. NO TIDE. SHIP CHANNEL with mileage frcm Levis Graving Dock and elevations (abemt approximate mean ua level, determined by R. Steckel, at Quebec, 18S0 to 1SS2.) of the low water datum level, proposed for the reduction of soundings so as to indicate the minimum depths that may be safely counted on for navigation purposes in the ship channel-vindicated by heavy black line. \ ^3t./vND 4 T PLAN No. ■■RTHIBRVII <i«*m '^ ^* \ OONTRKOOIUR PROFILE OF SHIP CHANNEL. Minimum width, SOOfMt. Horizontal Scale, ' -gooob °' 3P'°°° f*** P^r inch. Vertical Ts- " 40 feet " '• f^^ ST. JOSEPH ^Vjj, ^e* •*" ■ ,.* \\e ^e Grace g|!!*L5iEane tSSSj|!^ m^*^ ^m^m^^^mcjtt %»^^ niwrm Jjpfj^l] Bijc; m^ ^ ^^s? ^Sk!' ^^%lki |W^' c? , # ' iKlj^ "^ '' " «» V #> jLlfc «» t» 1/'^**%^' •* t* ^ C «» %ifc. **^*'''''''''*'*»«^ »* t« »• ^^fct ^ift »%ll«, •• ca ^liHjjjjj,_i_^ »*" ^»s 'WaL ^ '"'^jljfflKN^ ^ ™V *» JlK!Snp5lflW)&|M^MV* "V V »► \ i^"''- '-C ""^ \ ^"*«»'— — ""WS"*^ Qeodetic Levelling, water levels river st. lawrence, QUEBEC TO MONTREAL AND LAOHINE. R. STECKEL. Engineer in Charqe. CHAS CHALONER. DEL't. '4t .m^: jj*- > iy>IY ';3j ''n M Mf Ideal Profile, from Gross Sections taken, shewing uniformity of free water way under all conditions of breadth and depth of River and disposition of its Frasil. Nuns Island LAOHINB RAPtDS Orrr Oxrum to Ft. om SiUL. • 60 Feet below City datum. lu 8 s O •Sfip r inuK.v ' t- mm ^m DIAGRAM SHOWiNQ DiSTRtBUTION OF FRASIL AND Ri Iff If? O • => J VICTORIA BRIDGE LONGITUDINAL HOOHELAGA 3EGTION LONi i I O ■III ■ "iiii !l || I M j i1 ■'"Wim .vlli I l!lli!li;i!>lll!:!!llir'>1 U I; Iiili!i|il1lj|ili!llllll!!ill L \SiL AND REMAININQ FREE WATER WAY. MARCH 15^»- 1887. yfiA ^ ■^(ff .<«»• ft ^^•: , ° « • .^ ^ >.. vriON LONQUE-POINTB POINTE'A UX-TREMBLES PLAN No. 2 V ^^m A^iiom ii %»:r.M^. SGALES OF DIAGRAM horizontal:— 4000 feet to an Inch. VERTICAL: — Cross sectional areas of Frasil and free water way are plotted under Ice at 200,000 Sg. ft. to an Inch. X-TREMBLEQ VARBNNE3 HORIZONTAL VERTICAL aOALES OF LONGITUDINAL SEOTIONS. 4000 feet to an Inch. 20 " " *' " / MONTREAL LITHO. CO.LTD. ISZ ^144 Mill II- iifwrMW -— 1 iMD^n m 1 1 1 1 90 9 2 9 4 9 r? t' T.:. ?* .:: r'^'v . . "" . " " " ■ aLj > "*i ■""?^*f' ' IPpaMMMMnk. St. LAMBERT MONTREi CROSS SECTION S LACHINE R Low water — At depth of I y ft. Canal, or ii ft. Montreal Flood Commission, SECTION SHOWING FRASIL, ICE AND SNO-W, LACHINE RAPIDS TO VICTORIA BRIDGE, "vvriiTTinie, of 1886-7. PL/\A SCA Low water — At the stage of assumed low water, there is a depth of 17 ft. on the lower sill of old Lock No. i Lachine Canal, or 11 ft. on the flats of Lake St. Peter. -mmom '4L I 41 - I I I 8 10 12 14- 16 16 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 X~^ 38 40~^ 4F 'LAN No. 5 6 a To 12 14- 16 fa 6 a Id 12 14- l€ 76 Jo 22 24 26 28 W 32 34 36 llll ^^Mmm^Mi Siii ■tftf^'i' '^Ir' « I H! ^w! ■1 * 1 1 ii mgWMM^u-mmtm lill «!ii , 1 ajfll B B Ifi^ wif pp taask2 T 5< """"^ 1 m w cite H L G llMlilj 1 4 2 4 4 46 4 « 6 s e I 4 5 6 5 d 60 62 64 6 6 6 d 7d /i? 74 7tf 32 34 as so 65 64 66 68" 82 84 86 88 S«5 92 94~ 96 98 100 102 104 106 lOB TlO 112 TU //B IIB ^^ :tid^ £{ G 74t 7» 'Js 355 ar 86 86 90 92 94 96 98 100 lOi 59 60 62 6^ 66 fO Ti 74- 76 J L 76 35 ^~SS 84 66 06 90 92 64 Mnmt ilittit mtnllr m^^MIih^mmm 1 il mSmM^m^MMiumWiMi III III HI 1 1 1 HI 1 fflfflMin™iliPlli|l"TinR?l^^ ilpil 1 fp"lTO'''i''''''-Ww JflvW/WJlwl' \m H HI ^B ■ 1 1 ftlUH 5 j,i!ill,lllll|'i;illl m jj;|[|)ipi iiiiiiiimu nil ^B U4il e tio t XI. )vai taken Marc^ lOtA.ff . it^ .1I87 30 3i 34 56 i 9 4 42 44 46 46 so d i 54 S6 da «o 6i B 4 66 1 ^H^B ^fe- 1 ^B 91 i H ' tSlftci! ■ 1 1 )£ W IS lake ch. [jjiip-' '■'-WJJiC '•"vT j^ iiliil^ 5" B frff iJill|||Pl|| 1 II n Maf lyiMiuj /B Ik •0 IS 2 /2 4 /^6 12 a 13 /3 2 rj ^ /3 6 / 9a 14 /" ^^ /44 /*6 / 48 160 I5« /54 156 / 90 92 94 56 9B 100 lOZ 104 lOB /OS TT^"^ 775 1 14- « 6* 66 SS 7i5~^ tJ 66 68 W 35 55 56 Tol TTo 775 z/-* 77e iia izo lez 124 1 26 12a i3o /32 134 t36 ^ 5/*' bflouf diUti^ 1st 154 tS6 156 /60 162 164 166 168 TtO /72 1 74 776 /TB lOO /fi2 (84 186 44 146 148 ISO Tsi 164 156 TSB 760 762 764 166 168 TfO TfZ 774 716 173 MONTBtAL LITHO.CDITD u \ n -^ Wt0S Low water — At the stage of assumed low water, there is a depth of 17ft. on the lower sill of old Lock No. i Lachine Canal or 11 ft. on the flats of Lake St. Peter. CROSS LONQUe FOIMTM ttOOHmiAQIk TO 12 IZ le 75" » »l Key Plan-Scale 6000 -i Montreal Flood Commission, CROSS SECTION SHOWING FRASIL, ICK AND SNOW, HOCHELAGA to LONGUE POINTE ^W^IIsTTEJie OF 1886-7. Seciion Y Z'was tak SNO>?V, Section ?5 ?2 W 46 Y Z^was taken Fei. 2Tst. & 23yd. iSSy H 6 10 -IT 7 MtiSSy s izket Apfil rpii./6\f/ TT IT 45- vr ,ii!ii': !i ! sr «4 S5" 5T HO MZ OMl Al ttr -^ PLAN No. 4 88 r HC RIZ CMT AL. vemiOAL 4 loa 4" ;i IV « ?* ts 7B zdi Jz MONTBEAL UTHO. C0.1.T0 f s?ll n "% i 8oALJra{ ^S SSSSsss^sss^i^ssBssssa i i i f I I ._ — - I Montreal Flood Commission, CROSS SECTION SHO^?VING FRASIL, ICE St SNOW, VARENNES TO VERCHERES- ■WINTTBm OB' 188e-S7. PLAJ\ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 10 t2 ^?? IB fa eSi'^M S6 ea 30 32 34 36 40 42^ 44 PLAN No. 6 V 90ALM9 ■ Hi >mn '.ON rjuA I BR r/0> \L S^S^^^^ mSiife'^WKtyyipiii:!:^^ arc 78 e^ iSr S? . '83? 40 42 44 46 49 SO Si 94 S8 53 60 «2 9* 66 68 70 72 74 76 74"^ 76 76 60 55 64 96 ^tS 90 92 04 90 96 100 lOt 104 106 lOB 110 MONTRCAL LITMO. CO.LTD «"••« ■MWa -^iSij^Siiiipiii^^^i*^ 1 ' i J 11 i t mmm Ft. to an inch It t» I* »» I I 1 1 sxs:4t> O AN INCH t ti «< /// •3M«7 //♦ 117 r ^omrm-ouut mrrn'MMm OHnrmMimuAV Montreal Flood LAKE ST. I MARCH, 16 G T 15 /a Scale, 12000 feet to an inch. iL Flood Commission, ^Xj jLNTi OK/OSS SEonoisrs. ^KE ST. LOUIS, MARCH. 1887. oaa £4C0 LONGITUDINA e^ffo 4&JfO yzjoo ASM //SifO /43if0 /674a' /9A40 OROSS ^<fXX9Jf-TiiMllL.ejfg,^ '45- St 54 57 50 03 66 69 7Z Ty- 79 01 ¥ ITUDINAL SECTION SGALe»i HORIZONTAL. 2000 Ft. TO AN INCH ^^^'-^^Wertioal 40 " " " jss:40 094,40 OSS SECTION SOALES{»ORiZONTAL 400 Ft. to an INCH ^^ <« <f M << 6f 84 97 "So 93 96 99 102 loS loa III 114- 117 ITAL 2000 FT. TO AN INCH AO «« tt «« «« PLANNo.6 ■■ iiilii aO,00 below tta. 7M jxs:4o 094.40 39o.ao 4mo 400 Ft. to an INCH 40 « <« «« «• «0/f. frelou^sill. /oa /// H4- 117 ISO 123 129 Its /3M MONTRCAL UTHO. CO.LTO. U '.^ ) PORTNEUF y^ V PLAN No. 7 Omumw » » e 7 a s ♦ a a J= I I I," I II t I , hiiiliiii 4 =1= Blue indicates the state Soundings are in black. Shore lines and soundinl LACHEVROTIERE 4 3 2 1 o I, I 4- 9 =1= 10 =1= mmAMiLm htdtcates the state of ice on the 8th. April, i88y. ings are in black. Depths are in feet at 'low water. I lines and soundings traced from Bayfield's charts. 12 .000 ft. Montreal Flood Commiss PROORESS DIAORAM CONDITION OP THE ICE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE, SPRING OF 1887. Commission lAORAM ^ THE ICE ■a W^RENCE 1887. PORTNEUF '> PORTNEUF