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Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover pnd ending on the last page with a printed or !.''\ r t \- r,r, \'' i:if> *■< s. >/^?3 vO^J .V ^>^l \ V »>K / V .' /; X. V- V ;,#^HnI»' •/. ■^%v \y >. ~,^ L/ Cb X^v'"^. / / VI \^ N / N.^J<, 4'-" »r^^. >N^ ii'-A. X'*Mi? '*««. V.>^ r/» %; '^. "*^ -/-,. i; ^^ - •'^^^^Ti^ *'^ ^u 1^^ r/ / ^,\-. lor 100/ 95/ 90/ 85/ SHEWING THE EXTENT AND SITUATION OE ITS ALSO ITS GEOGRAPHICAL RELATION TO THE >v IVtbHslied W order of .^^^ '^^^ itfrniSTBH o» -^^^ . s^' PHOIO IITH Br THE BURLAHtl U^H rn MONTREAU i I 1 { 11 I \ A View frorr\ ttie Platfornq, looking dowq ll^o St. Lawreqce, fronr\ tlie Citadel, Quebec. ASkotoh by U.U.U, llM in-luuusii Louiei M. Dominion of Canada A Guide Rook QONTAININQ mym-yf Information for Intending Settlers WITH I LLUSTRATIOiXS F*iit>listiecl ^^y ttie Government of Canada SIXTH EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED TO DATE OITAWA THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1S85 L T G ABLE OF ( ONTENTS. Chapteb I.— introductory. PAOB Motives to Emigrate 1 Emigration from Europe 2 Classes who should Emigrate 2 Position and Extent of Canada ^ 3 Chapter II.— FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. System of Government. Federal Government 5 Provincial Government 6 Municipal Government .^ 6 Education 6 Social Position 6 Heligion 7 Administration of Justice. The Courts 7 Police 8 Militia System 8 Naturalization Laws 8 'Climate of Canada 9 Land System 10 Selling and System of Conveying Lauds 11 Farms for Sale 12 Post Office and Telegraphs. Postal System 12 Telegraphs 14 Newspaper Press 14 MoNETf, Banks and Banking. Bills and Coins 14 Banking 14 Denominations of Money. 15 \ "J. 1.05t VI TABLE OP CONTENT^. Chapter III.— PEODUCTIONS OF CANADA. PAGE Farminp and Stock-Breeding jg Dairy Farniing -.^ Market-Gardening, Poultry -Raising, and Bee-Keeping 19 Fruit-Grovving " " ^^ Forest Products .^^ Products of the Mine 20 20 Chapter IV.— PUBLIC WORKS. Canadian Canal and Inland Navigation System 23 Canadian Railways „ . Chapter V.- -PICTURESQUE AND SPORTINvl ATTRACTION. The Tourist and the Artist The Sportsman and the Angler 27 31 Chapter VI.— CANADA AS SHOWN BY FIGURES. 35 36 Area of Provinces and Territory „_ Population of the Dominion ' * ' ' ' ^ Trade of the Dominion " ' Imports and Exports [ Canadian Fisheries ' ' ' " Revenue of the Dominion of Debt and Assets of the Dominion ^ Banking ^ 3ft Chapter VII.— PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION. Province of Ontario. Extent and Position Population, Occupations and Cities Resources, n iid Demands for Labour Prosperil Immigrants in Ontario " " oo Climate and Productions " ' " " ^ I\Ieans of Education Farms and Lands Free Grant Lands , ^ Conditions of Successful Settlement on Free Grants! ^ Advantages for Persons with Means. . . *„ ■ 40 Province op Quebec. Extent and General Capabilities River St. Lawrence '*^ Chief Cities .........[[.......]'..'. ^^ Lands and Surveys ^^ Climate .............[....... ^^ Soil and Productions Population and Tndiistries ^ Territorial Divisions and Municipal Institutions . . " " f o 4o 37 37 38 38 39 t Genera Climati TABLE OF CONTENTS. VU PAGE . 16 . 19 . 19 19 . 20 , 20 23 24 27 31 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42. 43 PAGK Means of Coninmnication 4^^ Minerals and Fisheries .• 43 Education 43 Religious and Charitable Institutions 44 Farms for Sale, and Prioes of Government i ands 44 Valley of the Saguenay 45 Valley of St. Maurice 45 Valley of the Matawan 45 Ottawa Valley 45 Below Quebec , 45 Free Grants and Exemptions 40 Titles to Lands 46 The Eastern Townships. Climate and Productions 47 Soil and Features 47 Settlement on Land, and Purchase of Improved Farms 47 Productions and Minerals 47 Communications and Markets 48 Suitability for Immigrants 48 Province of New Brunswick. General Features 48 Ri\ers 49 Climate "^^ Products ^^ Fisheries ^■'• Ediication *''■ Social Life, and Adaptability for Settlers from Great Britain 51 Province of Nova Scotia. General Features '^^ Climate '^f Soil and the Productions thereof 52 Peat Lands ^^ Production of the Sea and Rivers ''3 AVoods and Forests ^ Game f^ Mines and Minerals '^^ Crown Lands ''4 Education ^ Trade and Commerce ^^ Internal Communication "** Time to Immigrate _ Halifax Harbour ^^ Province of Prince Edward Island. General Features— Climate, Industries, etc 56 Province of Manitoba, t General Features "" Climate, Soil and Productions 57 VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS. V M « ,-, . PAGE Yields of Grain ^^ Fruits, and what may be Grown q^ Cattle and Stock Raising q^ Communications and Markets qi System of Survey, and Directions for Taking up Farms 63 Free Grants and Pre-emptions qa Directions respecting Lands gj What Capital to begin with q^ Hints for Settlers in Manitoba q^ What to take to Manitoba qq Routes, and when to go /jr. Canadian Pacific Railway Lands Qg Hudson Bay Company's La.ids ^q School Lands ^„ Lands at Private Sale gq Province of British Columbia. General Features ^Q Har!)onrs i-^ Climate i-. Mineral Wealth— Immense Gold and Coal Deposits " ' " 72 Forests r-^ Fisheries -.„ Agriculture and Fruit-Growing m. Manufactures and Exports r.- Population ' -- Land Regulations n- Chapter VIII.— the NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. General Features 70 Provisional Districts. District of Assiniboia Census of 1881. Religions of the People 125 Origins of the People 125 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Birth Plaeos of tlie People 12^ IiuTciiisc ])ei- cent, in Population 120 J^jpulution of Cities find Town:; liaving over o.OlH) inliabitants compared 127 ExroUTK AND iMrORTS. Sununary of Exports in 18.S4 128 Value of Fislieries of tli« Dominion | 129 Railways. List of Canadian Ilailways 13q Banking. Banlv Statement for December, 1HS.3— 1884 131 Government Circulation, lUst December, 1>S>^1 ' ' " 133 Amount of Deposits in Savings Banks \ 132 Goveriiinent Savings Banks, ;«)tli December, iaS4 132 Post Oftlce Savings Bank I3.) City and District Savings Bank of Montreal .....' 132 Caisse d'Econoniie do Quebec I3.? Canadun Canals. St. Lawrence System 13jj Ottawa Canals igo St. Lawrence and New York I33 Trent Riv^r Navigation 1^3 St. Peter's Canal 133^ Distances. Quebec to Liverpool via Straits of Belle Isle and Maliu Head 134 Quebec to Liverpool via Cape Race and Malin Head I34 Great Circle or Air Line Distances 131^ Analysis oi" Manitoba Soil. Auiilysis of Sample of Manitoba Soil I35 Natcualization. United States Naturalization Law 13(5 Declaratory Statement of a United States Citizen .......!'. 136 Final Obligation of a United States Citizen 13G Canadian Naturalization and Passports 137 I -^^^^ ■^^fi^>^!Zf^^ I'AOE . 1-M . 126 . 127 . 128 . 129 . 130 131 133 132 132 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 13a 134 134 134 135 13tJ 136 136 1.37 I I ^fMS3^^mif PauK Froxtispii;ck. A View at Quebec. Parliament House, Ottawa ** Departmental Buildinps, Ottawa (East Block) "^ Departmental Buildings, Ottawa (West Block) 10 Post Office, Ottawa ^'^ Products of Field and Orchard 1' Wolfe's Cove : a View above Quebec 2o Part of the Lower Ramparts : a View at Quebec ^*^ View from Governor-General's Quarters, Citadel, Quebec 3* Ditch and Ramjjarts : a View at Quebec 32 Interior of the Citadel, Quebec 33 Citadel, Quebec, and a River Steamer '11 City of Montreal, from the Harbour 13 City -jf Halifax ^f Winnipeg in 1871 ^ Winnipeg in 1883 • • • • • °^ 62 A Prairie Scene Homestead Farm at Kildonan, near Winnipeg 67 City of Victoria, Vancouver Island, B.C 70, 71 Logging Scene in British Columbia '^^ " Bell Farm," Indian Head Station, C.P.R 80 Sulky Ploughs on the "Bell Farm "' 82 Twenty-Three Reapers at work on the "Bell Farm " 83 Approaching the Rocky Mountains. Bow River 86 \ Peep at the Rockies, from near Padmore 88 * on A View in the North-West • »•' A Rocky Mountain View in the District of Alberta 120 Port Arthur, Lake Superior Medicine Hat, 600 miles west of Winnipeg 139 DOMINION OF CANADA. IIVAFORMATION FOR INTENDING SETTLERS. Published by the Government of Canada. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. MOTIVES TO EMIGRATE. ^4 HE first question whicli a man who thinks of emigrating should ask himself is, "Why siiould I do so?" And this is perhaps the most important practical question of his life. It means the breaking up of all the old ties and associa- tions of his childhood, and beginning life afresh in a new country, where every- thing will at flrpfc seem new and strange to him. He will, however, in a very short time become familiar with his new surroundings, and the general experience is, that when an immigrant has lived for a few years in Canada, he is not willing to leave. It has happened in many cases, where the oid home feeling was very strong, that men who have gone back to the Old Country with the intention of staying, have soon returned to Canada. It is true that emigration has led to many cases of individual hardship, but these are the exceptions to the rule ; and it is a fact that they have nearly always come from the unfitness to emigrate at all of the persons who have sufifered. The object of this book is to furnish such information as will assist in forming a decision upon the question, " Why should I emigrate? " The greatest care will be taken to make no statement not based upon well ascertained facts and figures, or which is not within tlie actual knowledge of the author. When a man is doing well at home, and sees his way to continue to do so, it may be a safe rule for him to let well alone. But a man may be doing well himself, who has a family to bring up; and it will very often happen that such a man may do equally well in Canada, and lind a far better chance for educating and advantageously placing his family, than he could find among the crowded and constantly increasing population of the Mother Country. An intending emigrant should have above all things good health, and be stout-hearted, A man who comes to work should be prepared to do anything at first that comes to his hand; and he should try to adapt himself to the ways of the new country in which he has placed his lot. He may have many things to unlearn, and also to learn, and especially he should learn to follow the practices proved to be wise, by the experience of the new country to which he goes, rather than make any attempt to push them aside by the use of the practices of the old country which he has left. This is a truth which men always in the end come to find out, and many have done so through disappointments which might have been avoided. The condition of success in Canada is, honest work ; and none should come seeking to make a living who have not made up thei- minds to work. Canada is no place for the DOMINION or CANADA. idle or the diHsipated, and none of this claas flhonld think of comiiiR, But men of families who liavo eveu Bmull moana to live on, may do ho cheaply and with comfort in Canada ami educate and settle their children with tiio henl prospects. The ijreBent MiuiBter of A^jriculture (the Hon. J. 11. I'ope) stated in a Memorandum to the Colonial Secretary, which has been before quoted, but which cannot be too often rettd, that " There are yery many thoummds of persons throughout the Dominion who came to this country aa iabourors, without any means, in fact almost in a state of pauperism and tenant farmers with very little means, who have attained a state of comparative indenend ence, being proprietors of their own farms, and having laid by sufficient mearia for their declining years, while they have educated their children and settled them in conditions of ease and plenty. "In fact, the inducements to immigrate to Canada are not simply good wages and «ood living among kindred people under the same Hag, in a naturally ricii countrv nos sessmg a pleasant and healthy climate, but the confident prospect which the poorest mav Jiayo of becoimng a proprietor of the soil, earning competence for himself, and oomfortablV settling liiB childre ." > These are facts which many thousands— not only poor men, but men with families who are now themselves getting good livings in the Old Country -may profitablj j.oiider. EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE. .,, T'lf, continuous stream of emigration from the old settled countries of Europe has ;withm the last fifty years, constituted an e.xodus which is one of the most remarkable' features of modern history, and there is very little sign of its abatement. On the con- trary those who have settled in new countries are constantly inducing their friends to join them, and so the current becomes wider and deeper. Jthas in fact built up great and i^pulous communities in Australasia, and on the continent of America. ' About two millions and a half of people have emigrated from and through Great Buti' m alone during the last twelve years ; and the movement, as already stated, does not begm to show any signs of exhaustion. During the years 18,s2 and 18H3 it was larger than ever before, us well from the United Kingdom as from Germany and other parts^of i-urope. It appears, however, that even in the face of this outflow there is crowding in the labour markets, and a very large amount of pfiiiperism. Emigration relieves both ^of tlirearth" ' "^ prosperous and happy communities in hitherto waste places One feature of this emigration is that very large amounts of money are sent home by the immigrants wit im one year after their arrival, to prepay the passages of their friends 11 order to enable them also to emigrate. The Irish and tiie Gernians have been partku nnnnnfL"^'""r'i"/ '""f "'^' ^.'-•^.»"?"*^y fo^ tl^^^ P^irpose. No accurate statistics of the amounts can be obtained; but It is known that the sum sent to the United Kin^'dom done in one year reached over » 10,000,000 (or over £2,000,000 sterling); and itisabS known thaniany thousand Germans and other immigrants come annually in the class known as ' prepaids," that is, by money sent by friends%vho had come before to t fs con hZt ° '"*' """" ^'"""^ °^" ''^° l^'^'V^'-^^y "f the immigrants in their n^w It is to show reasons why a large portion of this emigra.ii.g i.uovement should be directed to the Dommiou of Canada, that this book is pubK-boi^ CLASSES WHO SHOULD EMIGFfATE. of ,.pT«n??l?* ^V'^'^iT/"*"!^ "^'•■.'*^ '" ""Portantto point out with distinctness the classes of persons who should be advised to emigrate to Canada in,ln«?^?, J?fn ^'""f 'l?"'"""^ '' *"' LAnouuERS of all kinds. Agriculture being a leading ind istry of Canada there is a very great and steady demand for all labourers who wS the Oh .T^;V""^truct.onof numerous railways, including the Pacific Railway across the c- , tcKUit, makes a very large demand for men to work on them rho ((.■ land for both these classes of labourers will probably continue to be ereater than the supply for some time to come. ^ ^^nimue 1,0 oe greater Next in extent of denv,,,.! is that for Female Dojiestic Servants. Very large numbers <)f these would find immediate employment and good wages in all parts of the DoSiom 1 I GUIDK imOK FOR HKTTLKUri. 3 n of familiea ; in Canada, 'emorandum be too often vlio came to iljerisni, and ^e independ- na for their ionditions of I wages and ountry, pos- poorest may comfortably ith familios iblj j)0!ider. Europe has, remarkable 3n the con- r friends to and on the ough Great id, does not was larger ler parts of rowding in lieves both aste places it home by eir friends, an particu- itics of the I Kingdom d it is also n the class o this con- i thuir new should be the classes ; a leading who work rvay across be greater e numbers Dominion. Mkchanus AM) AuTisANs, flkillod in what may be called the common trades (such list » irponterH, joinern, bricklayers, etc.). in view of the tluctuatioiis of demand for their lajKnir, would do wt'll to take special infornialioii relative to their reMpoctivo tradt'» before utarting, unless tiieir intention is lo change their callings and become agriculturistH. The goiicral prosperity of tiie country, and tic nunierous and extensive railway works now being pushed forward, lead to the erection oi a very large number of buildings of all sorts, and men are recjuiretl to do this work. Children of either sex, watched over on their arrival by the parties who bring them out, nuiy be absorbed in very considerable numbers. The various numufactories which are in a«;tive operation, and springing up in all partH of the Dominion, make a demand for immigrant labour. The getting out of timber from the forest, anil its manufacture, form a leading industry of the Dominion ; and the tisheries of (Canada, both on the Atlantic and I'acitic coasts, which are almost of unlimited extent, afford a field for the particular kind of labour adapted to them. The mineral resources of the Dominion, of almost every kind, ara of vast extent, and these are constantlv affording an enlarged field for mining labour. JVofessional and literary men, and clerks seeking cmi)loyment in offices and shops, should not be advised to come to Canada, unless in pursuance of previous engagen)ents, for the reason that there is a tendency to over-supply in these callings from within the J">oniiniou itself. The children of immigrants of the working classes, to a large extent, seek, as they grow u\>, these pursuits. The deniand in Canada for immigrants is constantly increasing, and the opening up of the ^ ast and fertile territory of the North-West has begun to attract a largo immigrant move fut, not only from Europe, but from different parts of the continent of America, ■which luia already assumed very large proportions. The (juestions of wages, cost of living, care of immigrants, and directions as to what they should do, will bo treated of in detail in another part of this book. POSITION AND EXTENT OF CANADA. In the next place, it is proper that the intending emigrant should have definite in- formation afforded to him of the nature, extent and position on the globe of the country to which he proposes to move. Tlio Dominion of Canada occupies the northern half of the continent of North America. It lias a territory of about the extent of Europe, and larger than that of the T'nited States without Alaska. The southern frontier of Manitoba and the North-West Territory, if extended across the Atlantic Ocean, would strike the continent of Europe a little above the latitude of Paris ; while the southern point of the Province of Ontario is lis far south as the latitude of Komo. Canada is therefore the physical equivalent on the continent of America of the great empires and kingdoms of Italy, France, Belgium, Ger- many, Austria, the British Islands, Russia in Europe, and Sweden and Norway. This vast territory comprises an area in round numbers of 3,.')00,000 S(]uare miles. From east to west it stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the southern latitudes above stated Uj the Arctic circle. Very large portions of this great territory are cultivable ; and those portions not 'cultivable are rich in mineral wealth. The proportion of cultivable land in tlie Dominion, suited to the productions of the temperate zones, is quite as large as that in the ITnitcd States. It possesses the largest extent of land yet o])ened for settlement adapted to the growth of the grasses, cereals, and other product 'ona of the temperate climates, not only ou the continent, but in the world. It has many thousands of square miles of the finest forests on the continent, and many thousands" of S(]uaro miles of the most fertile prairie land. its rivers and lakes form one of the most remarkr.ble physical features of the con- tinent. This water system furnishes important facilities for communioaticm ; and the course (.f the St. Lawrence is in the line of the shortest sailing circle across tho Atlantic. The same favourable condition prevails on the west coast from the terminus of the Pacific liaihvav, now well advanced in construction, across the Pacific Ocean to the markets of ?i shipping in one or two of the sea ports. There is no more peaceful country under the sun, and no more law-abiding, steady and industrious people than the Canadians. The county jail is often vuioccupied by prisoners for months together. THE MILITIA SYSTEM. The militia force of Canada, which is not relatively very large, is entirely composed of volunteers. The citizen soldiers, in camp and on parade, sliow how thoroughly ihey have learnt their duties. They serve at once for the nucleus of an army, should t!ie services of such ever be required, and give assurance of stability for the support of the laws. Forced service is practically unknown among the people, and could only come into play when the security of the State was seriously threatened. The volunteer soldiers are not by any portion of the people looked on as engines of oppression, but, on the contrary, as the guardians of librrty. The people of Canada are attached to their country and its institutions, and their loyalty is as unbounded as their prosperity. NATURALIZATION LAWS. Foreigners who may desire to emigrate to Canada, should be informed of the nature of the Naturalization Laws. These are marked by a spirit of great liberality. A foreigner can transact any business and hold real estate in Canada, without being naturalized. By residing three years, and taking the oath of allegiance, he becomes a naturalized British subject. The oath requii-ed to be taken is of simple allegiance, and does not require any offensive renunciation. Naturalization confers political and all other rights of a British subject in Canada. There has long been a questioii as to the status which a person naturalized in Canada, say a German, would have on returning home to Germany. This has, however, at length been determined by a Circular Despatch from the Imperial Government, dated in May, 1882, and which is published at length in the Appendix to this book. It appears from this that aliens, naturalized in Canada, are placed on the same foot- ing, as regards their claim to British protection out of the Queen's Dominions, as aliens naturalized in the United Kingdom. The point of reservation, however, is, that an alien is held to be subject to any duty he owed his Government at the time he left. Precisely the same rule prevails as regards all Gormang who go to the United States; the United States and Canada being placed on au equal footing in this respect. It is of interest for persons who contjemplate emigrating from the United Kingdom to the American Continent, to consider wliat they will find in, and what is implied by, the Naturalization Laws of America, if they should be asked to choose the United States rather than the Nortliern or British half of the continent. It is required of every person from the British Islands, who desires to become an American citizen, that he ta'ce two oaths— one of intention, and one of facts, the latter after five years' residence. These oaths are not simply of allegiance to the Constitution and Laws of the United States ; but also of special renunciation of the status of a British subject. In other words, in effect, by two solemn oaths, the emigrant is made to renounce his British birthright, and in the event of war to become an enemy of Great Britain. The exact forms of these oaths are published in the Appendix to this book; and intending British emigrants to America would do well t.<-> consider them. In some of the States, the great State of New York, for instance, a British subject could not hold real estate without taking such oaths ; and he could not in any of the States exercise any of the political rights of American citizenship. '^f. i GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. y ire Stipen- Y also have en of cities tices of the ses as may n are as a fully made ystem, and naintained ping in one ing, steady jcupied by ' composed ughly ihey should the port of the come into oldiers are 3 contrary, untry and the nature L foreigner lized. By ;ed British equire any : a British n Canada, ', at length id in May, same foot- !, as aliens it an alien Precisely ihe United I Kingdom nplied by, ted States 3ry person e ta'ce two :e. These ed States ; • words, in right, and hese oaths America York, for s; and he itizenship. THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. There is no more important question for an intending emigrant than the nature of the climate of the country to which he proposes to go. The climate of Canada has been already incidentally spoken of as having great variety -from the arctic to that of the most southern of the temperate zones. It is more misconceived abroad than any other fact pertaining to the country. Perfectly absurd ideas prevail respecting the rigours of Canadian winters. It is true the winters are decided, and snow, in many parts, covers the (-round to the depth of two or three feet; but there are great advantages in this— the snow is perfectlv dry and packs under foot, making the best roads, and forming a warm coverinti for the 'earth. In addition to this, it has an important manunal influence on the around The dry winter atmosphere is bracing ar.-^. pleasant. The sun shines brightly bv day, and the 'moon and stars by night, during by far the greater part nf the time. And besides being pleasant, there is no healthier climate under the sun. ihere are no endemic diseases in Canada. The sensation of cold is far more unpleasant m Canada during the damp and milder days (such as mark the winters in England) than when the winter regularly sets in, , , , , . . . i • ™ The summers, like the winters, are also of decided character, being m the mam warm and bright; and fruits and vegetables which cannot be ripened m the open^ir in Eng- land suSh as the grape and the tomato, will here ripen to perfection. The summers are much more favourable for the horticulturist and the agriculturist than those of England, with the single exception of length of time in which outdoor work can be done. Canada has the latitudes of Italy, France, Germany, Austria, the British Islands, Russia, and Sweden and Norway; and has as many varieties of climates as have those countries There is greater cold in winter in many of the latitudes of Canada than in corresponding latitudes in Europe. The summer suns, however, are about the same. The summer temperatures of England are from 60° to 62°; those of Central Ibmois, Missouri and Kansas, 75^0 78°; London (the summer months from July to August) has 61°; Liverpool, 57° 6'; Edinburgh, 57° 1'; Dublin, 60°; the Central Counties of England 62° ; the Northern Provinces of Prussia, 62° ; the Central Provinces of Prussia, 6fi° ; Berlin, 64° 5' ; Denmark (Central), 62° 7' ; but the Central part of Illinois, 7o ; Kansas and Missouri higher still, 77° to 78°. . t. , ;, ;i .i These latter temperatures are 15° to 18° higher than those of England and the Northern Provinces of Prussia, and at least 10° to 15" higher than the best climates for grains e.nd grasses. The summer temperatures of Montreal are from 65° to 69°, and those cf Manitoba from 62° to 64°. . .,,,•■> ^.i But high temperatures and a burning sun are not the only enemies with which the emi-'rant going so far south has to contend. The want of rain is another and even more grievous defect in the climate in those parts of the United States ; for high summer temperatures, with heavy rains, are conditions of climate favouring tropical plants ; but hi«li temperatures, without rain, are destructive of all vegetation ; and high temperatures wiUi an iiisufficiency of rain, give only imperfect crops. Those parts of the States just named verv much resemble Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Syi'ia, and Independent Tartary. Both regions are similarly situated on the continents; both are m the zones of the summer drou^'hts, high temperatures, arid winds and rapid evaporation; but with this important featare in favour of the Asiatic countries— they lie nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Soa, which renders the atmosphere more humid and modifies the droughts. The most southern part of Canada is on the same parallel as Rome in Italy, Corsica in the Mediterranean, and the northern part of Spain— farther south than France, Lom- bardy Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake Huron are in the latitude of Cent'ral France, and \>!.st territories not yet surveyed, embracing many million acres of land of good quality, lie south of the parallel of the northern shores of Lake Huron, where tlie climates are favourable for all the great staples of the temperate zones. It may be interesting to look at the climate of Canada in the light of its productions,, and with this view some qaotationa will be made from Mr. Marshall's recent work on Canada because his opinions tve those of a well informed stranger, and one who tells us that he entered Canada withou\; prepossessions in its favour, meaning, as we infer, that he was prepossessed unfavourabiv towards the country, having come into it through the States, and, like many Englishmen, received his first impression of Canada, both before he left England and afterwards, from Americans. ^ j ^i, Mr. Marshall visited an agricultural show which, however, only represented the country around London, Ontario. Of t-iis ho Bnys ; , ,, i "The tine display of produce surpri>-ed me. Wheat, barley, oats and other cereals, were well represented. Maize shows excellent samples. The roots and vegetables were 1^ 10 DOMINION OF CANADA. Departmental Buildings, Ottawa.— West Block. surprisingly fine A field pumpkin whicli I measured was four feet ten inches in circum- ference ; a squash eight feet three inches, weighing 150 lbs. [We have seen them 350 lbs., open air growth. No better illustration could be given of a summer, semi-tropical in heat and of great duration, than the maturing of the pumpkins and squash of such great sizel. The potatoes were the finest I have ever seen; there were a great number of varieties. Citrons, melons, marrows and tomatoes, were also exceptionally large and fine " " It 13 difficult to speak of the returns of grain commonly yielded to the farmer in this country. _ I liave seen some fields that yielded forty bushels to the acre, others not far distant giving but fifteen. [No doubt, in a new country where many tiirn farmers not before acquainted with it, the average yield gives a poor idea of the capabilities of the soil] I remarked one morning a particularly poor looking crop of Indian corn. On the Sunday, in the same county, I walked through a field of forty acres of this splendid plant, growing to a height of eighteen to twenty feet, and yielding thirty-seven tons to the acre as tood tor cattle. I plucked an ear nearly ripe, eighteen inches long, and counted six hundred grainson it " (p. 79). Usually there are two ears, sometimes three on one tock or stem— not, of course, all so large. ;; Upwards of a hundred varieties of apples were exhibited. For cooking there were nv^r fiS',^*"? M ' A1 t^^''^'^t>--"»"'=? I'.'PPin- an imposing fruit, measuring sometimes over fifteen inches; the Alexander, of glorious crimson, the red Astrachan, Snow apples, so named from the whiteness of the pulp, the Gravenstein, Baldwin, and many others lor dessert there were the Fameuse, the streaked St. Lawrence, the Spitzenberg, the eSeni"' (ir5) ^ ^^" '^^^^ ''"^^'" tJ^^adian apple is the standard of "Even in Galifornia, the orchard of the Union, the superiority of the Canadian apple was, to my surprise coiifessed-vast quantities are exported to England, and sold as American, their nationality being lost" (p. 77.) " Fruit and vegetables grow generoush voi!!?/'"? t'""'^^"«r' ^T^'^'i"r,^^">' '"^"^ *''*^ 1^°**^*°' 1"-^'^- t»™iP. an^l the rest of the W . / T"'" ;? J';""'l'^'^'|- Tlie g'-ape thrives well. Raspberries, strawberries, black- berries (or brambles , cnuiberries, cherries and other fruits, currants, plums, grapes, apples, etc., grow wild. Orchards evervwhere thrive." ,fe 1"», These facts suggest some practical thoughts worthy the consideration of emigrants. LAND SYSTEM. Ah regards the land sj^tem uf the pununiun, it may be stated that in the Provinces Of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and British GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 11 Columbia, v ith the exception of a tract in the last named Province, ceded to the Dom- inion for the purpose of the Pacific Railway, the lands are held by the several Provincial Governments: In several of the Provinces, free grants are given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which Government land is for sale, it is offered at prices which are merely nominal, and which really only amount to settlement duties. It may also be stated that partially cleared farms, with the necessary buildings erected thereon, may be purchased in almost any part of the Dominion, at very moderate prices, and on very easy terms of pavment. This arises from a disposition very common all over America, on the P'lrt of favniers, to sell out old settlements, and take up more extensive nevv ones. Ihe facilities thus afforded are particularly advantageous to tenant farmers or farmers pos- sessin^' small capital who come to Canada, as from their previous training they are not so weil adapted for the settlement of wild lands as persons brought up in this country. The lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North- \\ est Territories are held by the Dominion Government, which gives a free grant of IGO acres to every settler on the condition of three years' residence, and the payment of an_ office or entry fee of $10.00 (£2 ste.) The free homesteader may also pre-empt the adjoining quarter-section ot 100 acres, which, in a good locality, he can buy at. *2.50 (or 10s. stg.) per acre; or «2 (Ss. stg.) per acre. See Land Regulations published in Appendix. , , xi n * The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has received a grant from the Government of 25 000,000 acres in alternate sections (this company's lands are the odd-numbered sec- tions'), which they offer for sale at »2.50 (or 10s. stg.) an acre, and upwards, the prices varying with position. On the lands at «2.50 per acre, a rebate of *1.2o (or 5s. stg.) is made on every acre cultivated within four years. Lands are also for sale without any reciuired conditions of cultivation. The great object of this company being to secure settlement, to bring traffic for their railway, they offer their valuable lands for sale at prices which are merely nominal. The Hudson Bay Company has yet to dispose of nearly 7,000,000 acres of land in the fertile belt, which it acquired at the cession of this territory to the Dominion. Ihia company sells its lands at prices varying from $.->.00 to $10.00 (or £1 to £2 stg.) per acre, its interest being simply to obtain fair market values. How to Obtain Lands. More pa-ticular details respecting the public lands of the Province and of the Dom- inion, the prices and modes of obtaining them, will be given under their appropriate heads in another part of this book, the object of these linos being to afford a general explanation of the Canadian land system. 6 SELLING AND SYSTEM OF CONVEYING LANDS IN CANADA. i Lands are bought and sold as readily in Canada as any kind of merchandise, and the system of conveying them is not much more intricate or expensive than that ot making out bills of parcels. This extreme simplicity and conciseness in conveyancing very frequently excites the astonishment of those who have been accustomed to the skins of parchment, and long and dreary nomenclature common in such instruments in the Mother Country. , , ., ■, , » ^ In Manitoba, for instance, a parcel of ground may be described by a few figures, namely, the number of the section or part of a section, the number of the township, and the number of the range. These three ligures afford an instant and absolute description of any land in the surveyed portions of the North-West. The words " sell and assign, for so much money, cover the transfer. This i signed before a notary or a commissioner, the deed is registered, and the transaction is complete. In the other Provinces the torms are very little different and very little longer, although the dehnitions of property cannot be simi)ly exiJressed by the numbers of the section, township and range. This simple svstoin does not give rise to any ambiguity or doubtfulness of title; raid the people who have bijoomo used to these concise and convenient forms would not endure *^"^ There is a question before the Legislature of making titles, as registered, final, thereby preventing any necessity on the occasion of transfers, of searches of titles and curing all defects the "ame as lin's been the nractice in Australia and elsewhere, hucli a systein, in addition to the simplicity of transfers, would render very much more certain any deal- ings in real estate. 12 DOmi^ION OF CANADA. FARMS FOR SALE. What are called "improved farms" may be purchased on reasonable terms in all the older Provinces. By the term "improved farms " is meant farms either wholly or partially cleared of woods and having fences, farm-houses, out-buildings, barns, etc • in short, every appliance with which to be<.in at onoo the life of a farmer It has been sometimes asked : If fanning ia the main industry of the countrv. and the farmers are prosperous, why can farms be so readily purchased? The answer is simple. Ihere la a tendency spreading over a large part of the continent of North America for farmers coinfortably settled in the east to move to the west, and again com- mav'nit'hf !hl '• i^ ^'"•"^^l^^'ho ^« brought up a family of sons on the old homestead J^ Ihi 1 • ' P?'"^,T'' ^"^ ''"y o">e>^ land near, on terms within his means, on which Inrwith ihj!X' •^"'.•ifi^^y/'" '"' ^^'1'"*? ^"'•' *° ^"'"' ^ considerable sum of money, l^i7ni^il T^^"-""- '*'" ^r^^^ ^T^ *°'* '"'""'^^^ ""''^ 1"« ««"« i" the newer or less settled parts of the Dominion. There is also a sort of fascination in this sort of pioneer life for many men who have once had experience of it. ^ f^r.J^n^T^^'^T'''^ °^ ?v'^ tendency many thousands of persons have left comfortable farms and residences, selling a 1 out and proceeding to Manitoba or elsewhere in the west. within thelast few years. This kind of movement is, in fact, a sort of fever at the prrsent time and it'-^ exactly similar to that which prevailed in the Eastern States a few years sfat^Slk^Vlt^^^^^^^^ and population in some of the EaLrn ♦T,n i.^o^''^'^^"^ !i" many cases, in fact almost as a rule, that immigrants accustomed to J?u,-^„ /if ^"^ '^"'''^. i'^^ °* *" "^"^ ^°""try, would feel themselves more at home in n.al.?i J ^^T '"^^IT^ f^™^« in the older Provinces than in attempting pioneer He n the b i nr'V°^"^°* *^?' '°"",*-7- ^' * ""'"' '^'^°' °l'.!°''?''°°" Pnbli'hed aevoSrr4r=?Kiss;\3s;^^ MONEY, BANKS AND BANKING. Bills and Coins. The money used in Canada consists of banlt bills "old nn,1 a{}^c.r. „«• j, u an smge cents. The bank bilk h.-r in«+p,.+i.,\l IT,, ■ . sjlver corns, and bronze Mencethev everywhere cLn and nra^^^^^^^^^^ and from the con- more portable and easily hanJled ' P'^^'*'''^"^ ^^^^P^^^^ Sold from the circulation; being bani:^^ n^r;;n^: airSl^r^r^^:^^ l^ denominations up to .4.00, the therefore happens that a large portion of t^e mner monpv h "''^?- '" "^^" ^^■^^- ^'' the hands of the people is governuaent curSncr T p h!''^^ ' ^"'^"l^tion and actually in prevent the possibility of loss to tl ^ olS S b'^nk n^^^^^^ "' ^'V ^'"'^'''^ ''^ *« crisis the public conMence in these is not i^ripahJd. ' "^ '""" "' ^'""^^ °* «^^^^^«<^ : Banking. <^^^l^S^'lr:ZrSS:.^:.^,:'l^S,J'^S:'r °^ tl. baukm, operations in to the country in which he is^abSto l^ke "p Ms abode ^■' '" '''' ''''^'''''''' ^''' '"^^^'-^ and al^^v:th%hr^?Jflr^S;ni!S"S'KTl w^htl^ regular chartered banks, these Savings Banks obta^xfrLri to fo Depositors in to making their permanent investments inm™^^^ theirmoney. Previous in one of these banks on their aS Jtl ^cSn v "'i^,^'^'''''''^ ^o deposit their money about them and become thornn^hlv J,! ,,. Sf^T ith nU F f ^,^l«°/^5^vised to look well to do so, before venturing on tluAmpo^lnt Sei! olt^^S'^^^^^^lStJSS:!^ ''''^ It may Cents, althoi •VBtem of D lings and P nomcnclatur will at once Stfrh st( hi. id. la. £1 For sme Bor arriving be counted a W GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 15 i chartered by J^ortli- Western and Dominion : tlie extent of ion, and 17,042 re not counted, ;nt at tliia rate 18 cheap as 25 ipaper reports riiia Company ides this great omo telegraph Canada; and niilea of wire ' village in the veral. These y are supplied .va that trans- ; and, in fact, at five o'clock • It happens ire published ible that this , but all, with ly periodicals I, and bronze om the con- dation; being to $4.00, the m $0.00. It d actually in framed as to 3s of severest Denominations of Money. It may be explained that the denominations of money in Canada are Dollars ;ind Oents, although tiie denominations of Pounds, Shillings and Pence are legal. IJiit the •VBtein (jf Dollars and Cents being decimal, is much more convenient tlnm I'ounds, Kliil- luigs and Pence; and, moreover, being in use all over the continent of America, that nomenclature is used in tliis publication. A comparison witli sterling is Kuhjoiiied, which will at once enable the reader to luiderstantl in Hterling, values stated in doUitrs and cents Sterling into Dollnr-i and Ccntn. Ad. id. Is. £1 sterling is ft cts. 01 02 24 ■1 H7 DoUiirs and Cmiti into Sti'rli>i:i 1 cent is 1 dollar is 4 dollars are 1 s. d. {) OS 1 H ill H '■'■i For small change, the half-penny sterling is 1 cent, and the penny sterling 2 cents. Bor arriving rouglily at the approximate value of larger ligures, the Pound sterling may be counted at Five Dollars. This sign f is used to indicate tlie dollar. irv^^Jj^-^;-^ - perations in fact relating tered banks, epositors in y. Previous their money to look Weil Sicient time nents. CHAPTER III. PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA. IHE object of this chapter in lens to yivo a aetailed account of the productions (,f Caiuula. whicli would bo inij'osHible in a book of this leviect\on ; yet, as a rule, he is a happier, a more hX ^ 'f r "'°'° ""lepeudent man. His land is his own absolutely. His taxes are iunc nnnf^^^ *^'^? ' ^^ '^ *''^ ^'1"'^^ ^" every respect (not unfrequently the supei 1 o. ) of the most successful persons in the towns near by. i J' ^ "° /'^""''.f ' f'lrnier coming to Canada, particularly to the older Provinces, will find a «c leral sunilarity m work and conditions to those he left in England. The products are the same and the nature of the work very little different. As a rule, machinery s more gonendly used in Canada, and farming t. ,1s are lighter and handier. The more S orgmiir'laboui-"" ™^«l""e^y naturally arises from the greater dearness and difficulty Pn.-lMl!,^/'l'''ri'" '« 9"'''^'^ ^annot ^o the same kind of field work in the winter as in „ r/ n ' '^«.*i"'^'^ e"""«'i to do, and there are ample compensations. The clims.ce is nleismfc?n']17 in ""T'> ^'''} r"'*^^/ "' '^"'*^"' ^""^ '^ '^ ^1«^^«^' ^"S^ter and more pleasant to luo m; and, it is believed, more healthy. The great maiority of English En!'luh 7 ° '""• ' *° ^^•^"'"}^ 'A''^^ "^^ ^'''^^y t"^ "^^ ^'•"^h of these statemSits.^ AgS the i;Sv f mm !!«'o1d r''"'"7 *? ^T'^'^f ' '^'^' ^^'""^ ^' ^^^ "°* g°"« ^ three-months' journey away loin his old homo, but only about nine days, ^ 1 he field crops that are produced are wheat, oats, barley, rye, Indian corn, potatoes lil'ir'to 'ilf f ^^7if ''' l^'^^;^' buckwheat, flax.etc. The gar5ei7f;uits and veg^ab es are :;rg?i.^i^ftTieSpen';ScXi;^*'^* *°"^^^°^^' "^^°"^' ^-^^^' ^^" -"^ -p- -^ romf^rf,.?:ir?'''''°T'' "^ Canada go into a farming district, and call at the first large, ra Hn f 1 "'^ ^'1 "f'^ '"''''* '^'"'' surrounded with well-tilled fields, herds of sleek the ow r4 o""" •''"'^ e-^tensi ve stables, all showing evidence of prosperity Upon asking fiom Old r;^!"f "«K'" "V'^ '^r ' °"* "^ *''"' **»« ^^Ply t« this would be that he cam? n his ea i d^: v„ 1 ^^1 i'f "' ^^^^''^^ ^^^^''^y-^'^^ Y^ars ago, with an empty pocket ; that ucceL afd Xm!fi'l to struggle with difficulties; but found his labours^-eward^i by success, and ultimately crowned with independence. Paying no rent, and owning no Suons\lTthSLlr''Tr''^''*t'^^"' f'"'^i^"" around him^in equally fa^ourTEon ?1 oZn^i ;vi '''v ■^IV'' '^ ""?* r '^""^^^^^ ^'^^^S it i« the experience of hundreds and housands of men. For the agricultural labourer who comes to Canada, the question is o simply what wages he may earn, but to what i-osition of independence he can Sain Ih. Id 1^"'"^' °^ ^Yf ^!^" ■' ^", "°"ti-ast to that possible goal in the Mother Country. S he t^hould become unable to work with his a-customed vigour-tho workhouse ^ has sensiX"HL"L''' • successful carrvuig on of the export of cattle trade with England iLLn r ^ ^^^i\""'"y''''^^^'the character of the farming in Canada • and this 18 well, for farmers had begun to overcrop the soil, in so constantly producing cereals 1-nrt +„i???^"'""^ Canada's present stantiing as a stock-breeding country with her stand- S'^i. » UT"'' ^'"' ''" ^"'^- ^^'''^}'^' P^'^g''^^^ i" this direction has been Lost remarkable Jrm .' It lo^cS/ y^,^;^^'"'^^ the first herd of English thoroughbred short-Cns was , .yr n T ^'''"^^^: I'revious to that time very little attention had been paid to stock raising. In many instances cattle were allowed to look after themselves and for mnrkJ^ purposes they added but little to the settler's income. It waa t erfi [on ofm^^^^^ in those days that stock-breeding could never be successfully cSd on in C^SS The nu'mW ^ff f "'" ^^'\ ^^ y""^'' «^^°^« that that opinion^ wa7S error SoSgh^he c i isnotl^reat'fV'^r I'T r"*"''^^°" the experiment of stock-breeding, ^^alarS and ;,a?t of t^ « m;. -'fn.^^ •^''" "'"!,* thorough and complete in both Ontario, Quebec, ana part ot tlie Maritime Provinces, and the result satisfactory. brecdiH'^f.yrn?7nf p'*"*f ^'^^ Confidence that the collection of cattle at the great stock- brcod.ug farms of Canada is among the most valuable in the world It is made un of tbA o'miret.^ ;« • °fi *''° ^^J'"^ aristocracy of England. Not many yeai ago the?e were , no pure herds m the country, except the small species of cow in the French mrt of L^wer tVA 7'"^l\r°'-« brought in chiei^y from Bretagne, and possess the mikfug character istics of thoAlderneys To-day, there are in Canada many herds of the ES^^^^^^ breeds,_with a pure and unbroken record extending back manVgeilerations! ^ nnu/J '" "n "* established beyond all doubt, that the fan.ous short-horns of England nof cm • V i' '" ?'T^'''- ''"* ^'''^t the character of the stock actually improves^K^^^^ GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 19 happier, a more '. His taxes are -infrequently the mnces, will find . The products le, machinery is lier. The more S !ss and difficulty he winter as in The clims.ce is ghter and more )rityof English nts. Again, the Bonths' journey 1 corn, potatoes, d vegetables are will ripen and I the first large, , herds of sleek ■. Upon asking )e that he came )ty pocket ; that irs rewarded by and owning no favourable con- f hundreds and the question is e he can attain ' Country, if he e with England nada ; and this cing cereals, with her stand- ost remarkable, hort-horna was 1 paid to stock and for market f many porsons Canada. The ■• Though the ing, on a large ntario, Quebec, he great stock- made up of the age there were I part of Lower iing character- 3 best English jf England not ves in the new „ ^land has been J ale in England id six liundred iial and other isters. Within the last few months as much energy and capital have been expended in introducing the class of Polled Angus into the country as at the beginning of the great shorthorn movement, and some of the best blood of Scotland in this class of cattle is now- established in Canada. At the last Paris Exhibition, and at three or four recent shows in England, especially the Smithfield shows, it was proved that the Polled Angus were superior to other breeds for fattening purposes ; and especially the grades of this blood, when mixed with other breeds, produced very remarkable effects. So soon as this fact was perceived by Canadian farmers and breeders, they at once put that knowledge into practice, and the result will probably be a marked improvement in the cattle exported from Canada. Devons, AjTshires, Alderneys and other breeds are found in all the old Provinces marked with a degree of perfection which would command respect anywhere. The best varieties of English sheep and pigs have also been largely imported, and are becoming generally spread. DAIRY FARMING. Great progress has been made in dairy farming in Canada, and the tendency is towards improvement and economy of labour. Tlie factory system has been latterly introduced in the older Provinces. There are factories for the manufacture of cheese, and creameries for the manufacture of superior butter. These works relieve the farm house, and especially the female portion of the inmates, of a great deal of labour, and not only this, but the products arising from the application of scientific processes and highly-skilled labour, produce results more excellent than wati possible under the old systems. "American" cheese, as it is called, is well known in England; but very few people are aware of the fact that the best "American" cheese is made in Canada. In the window of a cheesemonger's shop in Ludgate Hill, London, Canadian Stilton and Canadian Cheddar are constantly exhibited, and so well do they suit the palates of Englishmen tliat many persons prefer them to the English articles after which lihey are named. The Canadian cheese is, in fact, the very best made on the American continent. The cattle are of the very best breeds, the pasture is excellent, and the work is cleanly and carefully done. Both of the industries of butter and cheese making are largely carried on in Canada, and the exports of both products are very considerable. r.-.ARl'wT-GARaENINQ, POULTRY-RAISING, AND BEE-KEEPING. Near the large towns, market gardening is profitably carried on. A comparatively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, backed up by experience, a good income is assured. Poultry-raising is only beginning to be much looked after in Canada, probably because poultry is so cheap. In course of time, however, as the market extends, and as means are found of exporting fowls, geese and turkeys to England, henneries on a large scale will be established. The exportation has already begun. Bee-keeping is profitably carried on in many parts of the Dominion. These few points sliow that what may be termed the smaller branches of farming are not neglected by the Canadian husbandman. Still much remains to be done in this respect. FRUIT-GROWING. The growing of fruit, as well for home consumption as for exportation, is a very important industry in Canada, and one which excites the wonder of many new-comers. People who have been accustomed to think of Canada, as described in the words of the French king before the cession, as " a few acres of snow," are at first incredulous as to th'^ extent and excellence of the fruits produced in a country which has the summer skies of italy and France. There are vineyards in the Province of Ontario of fifty or sixty acres in extent ; peach orchards of similar extent ; and apple orchards, almost innumer- able. Strawberries are raised as a field crop. Plums, pears, gooseberries, currants and raspberries, are everywhere pi'oduced in the greatest abundance. The tomato ripens in the open air, and such is the profusion of this fruit that it is very often cheaper on the •Yj^virpf thp.n Mntatoes.sellina at 50 cent" (2s, stfl), and sometimes less, per bushel. Melons ripen m the open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold at very ciieap prices in the markets. >0 DOMINION OF CANADA. Wine of excellent quality is now largely manufactured from the grapes, and this fruit IS so cheap as to be within the everyday reach of the poorest. It may be mentioned that in the county of Essex, on the shores of Lake Erie, the vine is verv largely grown for the purpose of wine-making, and both the growing of the vines and the making of the wines are systematically carried on by French viticulturists, by French methods and processes, with very great success. Frenchmen engaged in this work have declared the conditions lor growing the vine are more favourable in Essex than in the east of France, while the wine which is made is of a superior quality. The great wealth of Canada in fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to the intending settler as an industry, but as a climatic fact, the country in this particular ibeing much before the United Kingdom. It is especiailv interesting to the intending •settler as a consumer, in that he can always obtain a supply of the healthful luxury of delicious fruits. The apples of Canada are especially very highly prized, and find their way in very large quantities to the markets of the United Kingdom ; and it may be mentioned here that at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia the Americans honestly admitted themselves tc have been fairly beaten by this Canadian product. A New York illustrated paper, on that occasion, stated that the finest show of fruits at that great Exhibition was " made by the Fruit-Growers' Association of Ontario, Canada ; a Society which has done much to promote and encourage the cultivation of fruits in North America." FOREST PRODUCTS. The forest pro. acts of Canada constitute one of her lost important sources of wealth. They find their way to all parts of the world ; to the United States ; to the Jnited .V igdom; and to our antipodes, the Australian colonies. The Canadian saw- mills I ' . at once among the most extensive and best appointed in the world. It excites the wonder of a stranger to see a log taken out of the water by an automatic process, placed in position under the saws, and reduced to inch boards in a few seconds. An American naturalist, at a recent meeting of the Scientific Association, stated that thia summary process of reducing in a few seconds a giant pine to boards for the uses of man contrasted strangely with the period of more than a century required for its growth. This industry in all its stages employs large numbers of men, as well as affording freight to railways and shipping. The forests of Canada are rich with a great variety of noble trees, which are useful to man for lumber of many kinds; for building purposes, for furniture; and, in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are the maple (hard and soft), elm, hickory, iron wood, pine, spruce, cedar, hemlock, walnut , oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, rowan, willow, black and white birch, and many more. These forest trees add a singular beauty to the landscape in many parts of the country, and also exercise a very beneficial influence on the climate in affordin<' shelter and attracting nun-fall. The beauty of the tints and the brilliancy of colour of the Canadian forest-trees m autumn require to be seen in the clear, bright atmosphere of the Canadian autumn to be understood. Some statistics of the export of Canadian lumber, over and above the immense quantities manufactured for domestic use in Canada, will be found in the Appendix to this Guide Book. ■ PRODUCTS OF THE MINE. The mineral resources of Canada are among its great attractions, and their develop- ment in the immediate future will constitute one of the greatest sources of wealth for the Dominion. On this subject we quote the following from a recently published work • " The possession of metals is of vital importance to every countrv, and nature has been extremely prolific in giving Canada, in its varied geological formations, many of tlie ordinary metals and ores. To quote the words of Lanman, a well-known American writer, 'to particularize the undeveloped wealth of this northern land would require volumes. The Atlantic coast embraces a large area of the oldest known formation the l^aurentian, which brings up from the bowels of the earth, either in its rocks or accom- panviuf' them, iisivrly all t)^- !n,own minerals. Thv Pacific coast, over an area of several hundred tliousand square miles, is composed of rocks similar to those of Colorado and Nevada— the bonanza-bearing rocks. The district between the great lakes, while appa- GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 21 and this fruit entioned that grown for the : of the wines nd processes, he conditions ce, while the esting to the is particular he intending ful luxury of • way in very ntioned here tly admitted rk illustrated Jiibition was ich has done it sources of iates ; to the nadian saw- 1. It excites atic process, leconds. An ied that this uses of man its growth, rding freight h. are useful nd, in many 1 soft), elm, vood, poplar, parts of the •ding shelter Dlour of the phere of the lie immense Appendix to leir develop- 3alth for the . work : nature has nany of tlie n American mid require •mation, the ts or accom- la of bhjverai jlorado and while appa- rently without the precious metals, furnishes no small amount of other minerals, of which also the prairie regions contribute their share. " The attention of capitalists, both iiative and foreign, which has within the last fev/ years been attracted hither, has had the effect of eliciting facts which prove beyond a doubt that Canada is destined eventviaily to rank as cnc of the finest mining districts in the world. The impetus ."ately given to prospecting by inquiries constantly being made has caused the discovery of important deposits of economic minerals of vast extent, and of so varied and useful a character- the existence of which in Oanada was previously unknown, or, at least, known only to the geologist and man of scientific pursuits—as in many cases to lead to the rapid development of new sources of industry. The system of scientific exploration and analysis afforded by tlit annual progress of the Governnu:nt r Geological Survey is gradually unfolding the hit den wealth of the mines, and private I enterprise is doing much toward this end. The drawback hitherto experienced has been in the fact that sufficient capital has not been applied to the development of the general mineral wealth to make it productive, and it has not unfrequently happened that many mining operations were only of a speculative character, the effect of which was to throw doubts on all mining schemes. But foreign capital is now being brought in, and has wrought a wondrous change. As the mineral resources of this country become developed, its agricultural capabilities will be fully brought out, manufactures and commerce will increase, and a numerous and thriving population will find ready employment in the various branches of trade. " Metals and their Ores. — Under this head are the following : Iron, which exists as bog ore, hematite, magnetic and specular ore and magnetic iron sand ; lead, copper, sulphurets and native ; nickel and cobalt, zinc, silver, gold and platinum. " Minerals oppUcable to Chemical Manufactures. — Iron ores and chromic iron, sulphate of bary tes, molybdenite, cobaltif eroua and arsenical pyrites, bismuth, antimony, manganese, dolomite, magnesite, phosphate of lime and calcareous tufa. Of the above, iron ores and sulphates of barytes, chromic iron, bismuth and others are used as pigments and in the manufacture of paints ; molybdcixite and manganese for bleaching and decolorizing; pyrites for the manufacture of copperas, sulphur and sulphuric acid; dolomite and n agnesite for medicinal purposes; phosphate of linio and calcareous tufa for artificial manures. " Minerals applicable to Construction. — Under this head are limestones and sandstones for building purposes ; the former is also used to prepare lime and hydraulic cement ; gneiss; syenite and granite for paving purposes ; marbles, found in great variety, white, blaok, red, veined, dark and light green, brown, grey, mottled, etc., for pillars, mantel- pieces and decorative purposes and sculpture; slates for roofing ; flagstones; clays, various colours, for bricks and tiles. " Minerals for Grinding and Polishing. — Whetstones, hones, grindstones, millstones and emery powder. " Refractor!/ Minerals. — Asbestos, or amianthus ; mica ; soapstone, or steatite ; plum- bago, or graphite ; and clay for fire bricks. ^'Minerals applicable to Fine Arts. — Lithographic stones, agates, jaspers, crystals, amethysts. " Miscellaneous Minerals. — Coal, lignite, rock salt, petroleum, or rock oil, feldspar, bituminous shale." Gold mines have been worked in Nova Scotia, in Quebec and Ontario, and laigely in British Columbia, where there are yet immense fields to open up. Silver mines have been worked in Ontario; and that at Silver Islet, Thunder Bay, is the richest which has yet been discovere'l on the continent. Iron ore , s found all over the Dominion, and many mines have been successfully worked. Some of the Canadian iron ores are among the most valuable in the world. Copper has been mined to a considerable extent, both in Quebec and Ontario ; and the deposits of the ore are of great extent. There are very large coal deposits in Nova Scotia ; and many mines are profitably worked. This coal is sent up by the River St. Lawrence and by rail into the interior. The coast of British Columbia is very rich in coal of a quality wliich commands a prefer- ence in the markets (A San Francisco, notwithstanding the United States coal duty. Tests made by officers of the United States Government showed the liritish Columbia coal to excel that of California, Washington Territory or Oregon, by one-fourth in sLeam-raaking power. As regards the North- West Territory, coal is known to exist over a vast region to the east of tlie Rocky Mountains. Tliis region stretches from 100 to '200 miles east of the mountains, and north from the frontier for about a thousand miles. In places where the seams have been examined, they are found to be of great thickness and of excellent •V) UOMINION OF CANADA. nf 1 ,n,;„ T \ * n"' '"^'''"'"O''^ '••o^l J»ive been fourd. There are also lar-e nuantitit. of hgnite, uluch will prove to be very useful fuel. It ocuirs in consider'ible nu^nt t along the Valley of the Souris Eiver near the frontier, not verv- fa "wtto^^^^^^^ The coal under the Rocky Mountains may be floated down both branches of the SaskS' c lewan to Vnuupeg; and the construction of the Canadian Pacilic llailwav wilU,^^^^^^ Kl;:r^ni^^li;Sr^ '^^^ *^ those places on tl. praises where ItL^r^lS hanU^nf.L^rff ."'''' these valuable coal beds have been found cropping out on the banks of the Saskatchewan, near to the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway: This fact IS of great nnpoitance, b )th for the railway and the country, ^ Specially among the minerals which are used for agvicultural purposes may be men- le. ^he mcreasnig demand for this valuable material has tinned apatite pliojiphate of lime. if ihJ '\ZT "'^''"'''"^ i'\ P'-»J."ction,, both fo"r"home"use rnd"expoTtatron: Last year if mln nL'Vrn ^•^P°''ted 'igamst 15,000 the year before that: and this year theJork o minu g has be^n much more active. Tlie percentage of purity of native Canadia hospha e ranges from 70 to 95 per cent. It produces valuable results wl en anp ied To land in its raw state, reduced to a fine powder. But the conditions for nm Saclurhi it nito super.phosphate are very favourable in Canada. This raw phosphXof Hie com mands a price of «2.5.50 cts. (about i^o 2s. stg.) per ton in Liven^oofas appe rs bv a recent market quotation. Phosphate of lime is found in large and easily workable beds W^ tt: QuSerS. °^ ^"'"^^'•^' "^ ''- ^**-- ''^''^y- '^^^ ^-^-^ beds have bet Petroleum is known to exist in several parts of the Dominion, but the wells have been profitably worked m Ontario alone. The production from them is verv large and appreciably adds to the wealth of the Dominion.' Very extensive bedro petroleum have Cradriadfic" ^^''^•"^-^^'^^*' '"^^ ^ -il--y - l--0jected to connect Ihem wSh Se TSinn'iT/,""/"^ '" ?".*,''"?V ''"'^- ^* ^^°^^erich there are exlensiVe salt works. 1..-11 f l^'".'^!"^' atones of the Dominion are valuable. Marble is found, which takes a S?i^s\'!^l;-ked. ''''''"'• '''"'^'*''"' '"^'^ ^'^'' '''''y be mentioned among the chief nnfn^^"'^\'''''^'''■ ^^*o""^,/" .g^-e=^t abundance in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and proved" £ t°;i;^S*',w',';U'' "" "" ''""""'' ■• '""' "- »1»"™°" ™a!c::'-1;. of the American continent. The Canadian railway system connects with that o' I'j Western States, as well as those of the Eastern and Middle States; and the same ivr. o k applies to the system of canal and lake navigation. These facts account for the laige number of emigrants who go to the United States by way of the St. Lawrence; and it is certain that the number of these will increase as the advantages of the route become more and more known in Europe. It has been represented in certain quarters that these passengers are immigrants who have left Canada to go to the United States ; but nothing can be more absurdly untrue. The fact of the large use made of this route is simply a tribute paid to its superiority. CANADIAN RAILWAYS. In the particular of the construction of railways, the progress of the Dominion of Canada has been very rapid since Confederation ; and great efforts are being made at the present moment to extend and complete the system. In the Appendix to this book a statistical view of the railways of Canada is givtii, from 1876 to 1884, inclusive, with a list of the railways in operation, taken from the OfKcial Report. The leading facts may be thus summarized : At the end of the fiscal year of June, 1884, the total amount of paid-up capital expended in railways in Canada, was #557,()14,40t) ; the number of miles in operation was <),57o ; passengers carried during the year, 9,982,358 ; tons of freight carried during the year, 13,712,2()9 ; earnings during the year, $33,442,404; and working expenses, «25,o9;";,332. There are of course additions to these figures from the date stated, but they are the latest available. The track of the Pacific Railway is now laid as far as the first crossing of the Colum- bia River, between the Rocky Mountain and Selkirk ranges, and trains are regularly run- nmg, according to a published time table of the Company, as far as Stephen, (K'll miles west of Wmnipeg, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The length of the main line of the Canadian Pacific between Callander and the Pacific Ocean is 2,550 miles, and at the 31st December, 1884, the road was graded for a total distance between these pointo of 2,294 miles, upon which the rails have been laid for a total distance of 2,070 miles leaving It-om the date mentioned 256 miles of grading and 480 miles of track-laying to be executed. 1 he total distance ballasted at that date was \,mO miles, leaving 670 to be done The portions of incompleted work are being proceeded with, with unabated speed. The Com- pany confidently expect that the whole line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, including trunk line and branches (3,956 miles in all)" will be completed this year; that is five years earlier than tlie time specified in their contract. More miles of railway track have been laid by its workmen iu one day than ever before on the continent of America. The natural and physical advantages for the construction of a trans-continental railw-ay are very much greater in Canada than at any other point in North America, llie Canadian line in the first place, passes through that portion of the continent known A? TM ^^"^^Y^ ^'^'t' "i«tead of over arid or salt plains. The liighest pass, according to Mr. Ileming 3 report on the line selected by him, was 3,372 feet above the level of the sea; while the hue of railway having its terminus at San Francisco has to scale an elevation of 7,534 feet. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, however, have found a more southern and shorter pass through the Rocky Mountains than that which was sur- veyed by the engineers under Mr. Fleming and selected by him. But the gradients of the Kicking Horse Pass are not so favourable as the Tete Jaune. The gain in distance is expected to be from fifty to one hundred miles. The following further statements are extracted from Mr. Fleming's report : "Viewing the Canadian Pacific Railway as a 'through' route between ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the comparative profile of altitudes as above given illustrates I^lfe's COYl "% '-,* iciative slu'tches the view from pposite town of the left shore, rence — she says an ever-varying let, and, follow- 1 Wolfe's Cove,, Canada to see. the most direct nadian railway 16 Eastern and ake navigation. Jnited States by increase as the een represented anada to go to f the large use le Dominion of ng made at the mada is given, ;aken from the id of the fiscal ^ays in Canada. I carried during 2ai"nings during )urse additions g of the Colum- i regularly run- )hen, (K'll miles f the main line 10 miles, and at these pointo of D miles, leaving to be executed, be done. The ed. The Com- my, connecting 56 miles in all), 3cified in their one day than ms-continental orth America, ntinent known s, accoi'ding to lie level of the as to scale an , have found a vhich was sur- [radients of the in distance is statements are n ports on the iven illustrates 1|pLFE's Cove ; a View above Quebec, lookiuo up the St. Lawrencs. Bx H.B>S. XHE Pbii^csss Lodis» 26 DOMINION OF CANADA. ♦he remarkable engineering advantages which it possesses over flio TT.,;^,, t> •« t, -, ing railway through the United States Canadian soil than by the exist- .on.ideration, it is evident tlmt the cS°m P^cS^E^.t" f f ? '° "? '"''" '"'o tifon for thetl,r„„sl,tmffic between the Iwo Si"„, wn^ML", S a v^rl ',°'r ?'"'•''- the essential elements for sncccss " possess m a very high degree iHipSilu'iit'e'S.'" """ ""' "" '""""^"'" ^"'''" «''"™y >■" "»' only Canadian but worth;„7S,^s j,r£?„"crfrZ"!^™i7hi,fro?ztr "r'^ i""'™^. " » Liverpool is from 1,000 to 1 200 miles Ip^V wVi n i AMantic coast generally to PaciflS Railway, irreference l"?!^ P "nt 'l4o7 Mau^^^^^^^ by the Un^ion winds place Vancouver's Island on tL w^v sido nf fW ' ^^' '^^^^^^^^^^ *'''^; !<-ft behind him in the lower St, Lawrence, it is still verv beautiful and enjovable c.:i a fine summer's evening. If he prefers the rail, he can 01(1 poplars that adorn the lower riunparts, Iniilc on the site of those which defeiulocl the city in 175!). The walls have been neg- lected, but are now being restored to their original condition by the Dominion Governm3nt. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 29 ^-. i ,«?d m y^&A PARTS. . H. THE leave at night, enter what is called a " sleeping car," and be at Montreal on awakening the next morning. -i i « Uur traveller has now arrived at liie commercial capital, over a thousand miles from the ocean. Montreal has a population in round numbers of l^COOO inhabitants within its somewhat narrow city limits. These figures would be largely increased if the adjacent 1 illai'es which virtually form part of the city, were taken in. Montreal is a handsome, well-built city, and a place of large commerce and great wealth. It is rapidly increasing, and probably in the immediate future will fill the whole island of Montreal. In addition to its commercial facilities, being the head of ocean navigation, it is a railway centre, and has very favourable manufacturing facilities. The population is mixed English and French speaKing, each contributing to the city's progress. The Victoria Bridge, crosBing the river, about two miles wide at this place, is one of the features of Montreal. 1 he city is beautifully situated, and the view from the Mountain Park overlooking it is one of the most charming to be found in any country. ,,,,«,, , r. + Proceedin" west, the tourist mav call at Ottawa* the seat of the federal Government ; which he may'reach bvthe choice of three railways, or by the steamers on the Ottawa, a river having a course of more than 700 miles in length, yet itself but an affluent v.f the ^''^^Otttwa^hasTpopulation of about 28,000. The Parliament Buildings form the most prominent feature of attraction to the tourist, from their architecture (Renaissance Gothic) and commanding situation. They stand on the south bank of the Ottawa, on high and auacious grounds, of about twelve acres in extent, and are visible for miles around. An eminent writer has well said of them that they " are among the glories of the architecture ^ ^ Proceedinc westward, the pleasant city of Kingston, the former capital of the two old Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and situated at the foot of Lake Ontario, is next reached ; and further west, at the head of the Lake, the tourist will come to the large and beautiful city of Toronto, claimed by its inhabitants to be the " Queen City of Western ^" Tli^ city of Toronto had a population of 80,415 when the Dominion census was taken in 1881 But now, according to a municipal census taken in October, 1884, its population is upwards of 102,27(5. Its streets are beautifully laid out, and it has many handsome buildings. It is surrounded by a rich and pleasant fanning country. Many lines of railway centre in this city, opening up large portions of the Dominion tributary to it. If the to'urist should make Toronto a point at which to stop, and from which to see the Province of Ontario in detail, he may visit Hamilton, St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Ouelph, London and numerous other thriving and prorperous towns, situated in a rich farming country, where tho numerous pleasant homesteads, with ^elds, orchards, flocks and herds give everywhere the impression of agricultural contentment anu success. If the tourist should continue on his journey westward, and go to Thunder Bay, near the head of Lake Superior, he will again have gone more than a thousand mi es, as the crow flies, from his last stopping-place ; or 2,500 miles froni the ocean. In other words he will have travelled as far from the Atlantic Ocean as from Liverpool to the city of Quebec The upper lakes have been not inaptly termed " inland seas ; ana Lake Superior is at once the largest and most remarkable sheet of fresh water in the known world. The scenery Is very beautiful, particularly about Thunder Bay, the lake terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where stands the town of Port Arthur, and where undoubt- edly in the near future a great city will arise. IT.. TV, The tourist can now take the Canadian Pacific Railway, and proceed direct to Win- nipe" Measured on the map in a straight line, the distance is about 400 miles ; but the meanderings of the railway in the rugged and highly picturesque country it passes through would make that distance longer. It might be worth while to stop at a place called Rat Portage, a point at which the Lake of the Woods-a large and beautiful sheet of water literally studded with wooded islands, in the same way as the Thousand Islands below Kingston-falls over a ledge of rocks into Winnipeg River ; the vvaters ot which now runTiortherly into Lake Winnipeg; a lake which is over 240 miles long. Jl^^e scenery here is very beautiful; and the immense water-power will probably induce the building of a large manufacturing city -the Minneapolis of the Canadian ^orth-^\ est Proceeding on his westward way, the city of \\ innipeg, situated on the Red River, at the confluence of the Assiniboine, would surely give him a surprise Within the years that maybe counted on the lingers of one hand, Winnipeg w;a8 almost naked prairie B\ i e c"nsus of April, 1381, it had a population of about 8.000; since which t,n,e it has flteadily increased, and is now estimated at over 80,000. There has been a rush to it 30 DO.MIMUN OF CANADA. " It Is nlwnys uuderslooil to bo one of tlio liiicst viowt" in tho world, nn cvcr-varjinp ticeucof iM'uuty. On the ri^ht Itauk of t)i(> river is I'oiiit I.ovis, unwed 'ittorllu' f,'iilliint I-rcucli ki'Iht- al, Miircniis do i.evis. At tliis niile. bolow Hio City of Q,a>bec Tl Vhiiil I . f """'' '""■■"'"' '»^''^"«' nii,''"?" '''1 '^''"^'^^^^ in view of the vast territories that nmst be tdE a ' to W nip^ tlult it wiiul """°"' the near future one of the great cities of the wo.-lrl |' '"l"^-' '^'^"'t it wdl become in depicted on the faces of the peopfe'.!,^ S S^e tSlun -^ gS,d cSwllin "'"" "^ ""^ Main Street, Winnipeg, remind one of State Street. Chicago/ ^ clo^vdlng on parts of After having travelled about three thousand miles fi-om fbp nn^n^ it. * ■ ^ ^ now arrived at the centre of the continent of Nortl Wnica andl^^^^^^^ ""^ on the prairie region of the great North-West of thri)oiSion'of cUv if ^Z^ ''''"'''^ drive over the plains, directhig his course bv the points of tbP.nrT tie may now as on the ocean; and proc^ding west fo? "^^^S^ Sn^^S^^^acSl'SruJ^^J GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 31 10 Cnnadinn cistreum, sia rrimnges." — [SK. :or all in- }>i'iinitive vind were Viniiipet,'; ed, which ohe, larj,'o ?e already d reason, )ecome in ■ms to be 11 parts of lurist has y entered may now same way le llocky Mountains. The Ciinadian racilic Railway in 1Hh4 had pushed '.It.O nideH west of \Vinnii)e«, and pasHed tlio Buninut of the RocUv Mounl.unH. Here the Kccnery ihh a. crandeur whioh worda lail to describe. The Kev. Dr. McGre;!or, m a paper contributed to the Contemporan/ /iVnV.r, Bays : "Ourtirst uHnipse of that l.m^' and nia^nmcent line of nil-antic peaks and nii(,'htv niasses— a broken mountain wall of j;httenn« snow some hundred milea away— was a vision of «lory never to be forgotten. On our ascendm>^ from a«reat IndUin pow-wow on the Bow River to the upper level, they looked m the clear morning air like a lonji series of sharp-cut white pyramids buUt upon the prairie; then the«reat do','.toothed line rose higher; then the loiiK serrated range of jagged peaks and twisted masses, seen under sunshine almost tropical in its heat and purity, stood out in all its splendour, sharp and distinct as if only a few miles away, their sides blue in shadow, while their peaks and faces were a glittering snow-white down to the yellow prairie leve ""t of which they seemed to rise. When forty-live miles distant from them, I noted as special features the straightness of the range from the two extreme points of vision, and that, though broken into every variety of form, the pyramidal peak pre- dominating, the summit line was pretty uniform, like a deep and irregularly toothed saw.. I suppose that nowhere ekj on earth is there such an ocean of verdure Ijounded by such. His E.xcellency the Marquis of Lome, on the occasion of his visit to British Columbia, made a speech in the autumn of 1HH2, in which he referred to the impovlance of culti- vating tho attractions held out by the scenery of this Province. He said : " I would strongly advise you to cultivate the attractions held out to the^ travelling, public bv the magnificence of your scenery. Let this country become what Switzerland is for Europe in the matter of good roads to places which may be famed for their beautv, and let gocjd and clean hotels attract the tourist to visit the grand valleys and marvellous mountain ranges. Choose some district, and there are many from which vou can choose, where trout and salmon abound, and where sport may be found among, the deer and with the wild fowl. Select some portion of your territory where pmes and firs shroud in their greatest richness the giant slopes and swarm upwards to glacier, snow field, and craggy "peak, and wherein tlie autumn the maples seem as though they wished to mimic in hanging gardens the glowing tints of the lava that must have streamed down the precipices of these old volcanoes. Wherever you find these beauties in greatest perfectifni, and where the river torrents urge their currents most impetuously through the Alpine gorges, there I would counsel you to set apart a region which shall be kept as a national park." . . ,, -r. i at l ■ Considerable portions of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rocky Mountain region are undertaken and far advanced, and during the present year it is believed perfect railway connection will be made to the tide waters of the Pacific Ocean from the Eastern Provinces. ,t -n -i. t v ^ Such are the merest outlines of a trip which any person from the Lnited Kingdom can undertake at moderate expense, within a few weeks, and which may be varied with almost infinite detail and interest in any part of the Dominion. It is suggested is a varia- tion from the now old round of the European watering placc;^. THE SPORTSMAN AND THE ANGLER Foremost among the attractions for sportsmen may be placed buffalo hunting on the vast prairies of the North-West, although, unforliiuately, this noble game is beginning to disappear. Travelling via the Canadian Pacific Railway west of Winnipeg, which may be taken as a point of departure, sportsmen may there procure caini)ing requisites, and may hireex^jert guides with trained horses; but it is best before concluding arrangements to consuU with some skilled person on the spot. These guides, or " plain hunters," ar most expert, and, as a rule, trustworthy, honest and respectful. In the forests of New Brunswick and (^lebec, moose are abundant; but the chase, if exciting, is most arduous, and experienced guides should be engaged. The best are the Canadian, French and Indian half-breeds, who are active, hardy, shrewd and skillful both in killing and caring for the game. They are more cleanly than the fuli-blooded Indians, and better cooks. . Those wl . have time and means to push on to the Rocky Mountains may find grizzly bears; and the forests of Britisli Columbia teem with many kinds of large game. For less ambitious sportsmen, there is a range in the older Provinces from deer shooting to bagging squirrels;' including bearu, foxes, wolves, otter, mink, pine, marten, sable, hares, raccoons, etc. 32 DOMINION OF CANADA. DrrcH ANM. Iiuu.AKxs. A ViKw AT Qhebec. Bv H.R.H. the Pkixcess Louise. Canada, and it is unadviBable to brinSSS^^^^^^^ O" -rival ij lakes tluct al.o„„d in every Pro^'nceT A o Lt"": JT'So'l!,]"" '''""''I^i *'^« ^"^^" wliero anu.le a.x.omnac.dation is afforded, ove v 'i.^lnc^udc 1 f^ r^^^^^^ n""''"^^* l'"*'^^^' 8hill.n«« per duy. Wild -oese are freqaentlv Jdlle ^h thi^^e ak . H "i ^°"' ''""^ ^'^^'^ mif,o-ato further north. Prairie chickens mJy be baied ^fo nm^^ a rule they tlMJse are very line {,'(ime. "^ "'iot,t.a ni anj number on the plains, and P, Jllf iS':!!;;^^ « J-i-;^^-ine and inland, a. probably unrivalled in the world .Sootiaan.Ke.fou;Sti:f— =--=^^ 0UI8K. sport only arrival iu lii, plover, and such r.-sliooting. the small 31)t hotels, and eight I rule they )laina, and he world, 1 of Nova ihe una'ur- o 1^ .a § m s - is p '^ *> o O S H^ S a 0. » 2 e *3 fM Si % « a5 »5 1— 1 * -r: *> ".1 £ u « ,5 2 S -a » S ») <4 ^ fc 'C ■2 34 DOMINION OF CANADA. passed salmon and trout-flshing. Many other kinds of fish ahnnnri ti.» i^ 4. 1 streams are in Nova Scotia, Ne^ Brunswick, QuebeTand British Columb a ^""' '"''"°" Breedmg astabhshments are carried on by Government officers Tb^ ft.h. ■ closed during the breeding season. Some of the salmon rS on thl fowe qf tt ^™ flm arH rfhl^, Kf,T''°''- ,^Y ",* '»"•'''" "" ''»"> <"" »» "™n Pound, in woSi bv'the hi? brS„%T\" "=»■'» ,»l>o..W be engafied. Tl„ lish taken c»n be so 111 c„"S naviji Belle flcial theC ston. Law Pete: Littl r tion. the I katcl the 1 whic strut Ocea meal Eive Live than Atla is f n may I .'4 late luivi whi( impi Been e best salmon I. le fisheries are St. Lawrence week's fishing iQ Nipigon, on ■a much sport, ids in weight ; imp furniture e, on the way so well cured te-fish, perch- CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC WORKS. CANADIAN CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION SYSTEM. The canals of Canada were constructed to overcome the obstructions of the natural navigation of rivers, and between rivers and the great lakes. , o. -j. < The St. Lawrence Canal system affords uninterrupted navigation from the btraits of Belle Isle to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,38-4 miles ; of which 71J are arti- ficial or canal navigation. „ , ^ , , ni- i. i j Another canal system overcomes the difficulties of the Ottawa, between Montreal and ^ the City of Ottawa \ and a further system opens navigation between Ottawa and Kmg- A still further system connects Lake Champlaiu wiUi the navigation of the St. Lawrence. ' „ , , . ., i.- oi. In Nova Scotia the St. Peter's Canal crosses an isthmus of half a mile, connecting bt. Peter's Bav, on the southern coast of the Island of Cape Breton, with the Great and Little Bras D'Or Lakes, possessing a natural outlet into the Atlantic. The river system of the North-West Territory affords thousands of miles of naviga- tion. At present a steamboat can ply from Winnipeg to Edmonton, almost to the foot of the Kooky Mountains— a distance of more than a thousand miles, and on the South Sas- katchewan from above Medicine Hat to its mouth. This immense inland navigation may be connected with the St. Lawrence system at the head of the great lakes, by canals which will be comparatively easy of construction, which are quite witliin the means of the dominion, and which will undoubtedly be con- structed at no distant date, to bear the pi'oduce of that immense territory to the Atlantic Ocean. The industrial development which must be the consequence of opening such means of communication is almost too great for imagination. It is worthy of remark that when the produce of the west has floated down the great Eiver St. Lawrence, it is then in the arc of the shortest sailing line across the Atlantic to Liverpool. n t i • ifto -i The distance from Liverpool to Quebec by the Straits of Belle Isle is 478 miles less than that from Liverpool to New York. The shortest sailing circle across the North Atlantic, having relation to the present populated parts of the North American continent, is from Liverpool to Quebec, via the Straits of Belle Isle. Thecomparative distances between Liverpool and Quebec, and New iorkand Boston, may be stated as follow : — '' JIILKS. Liverpool to Quel^ec via the Straits of Belle Isle ^/t&i Portland '^<^'>0 Halifax 2,480 „ New ^ork 2,980 Boston 2,895 The route of steamers is by the Straits of Belle Isle, except in very early spring or late fall. By this route, it is further to be remarked, there are only 1,8'2;5 miles of ocean navigation. The remainder of the distance, S'I'j miles, is inland or river navigation, which very much enhances the interest as well as the smoothncas of tlio voyage, an important consideration for those who suffer from sea-sickness. The St. Lawrence scenery is very beautiful. 36 DOMINION OF CANADA. 1883-4, »91..40(5,irt6.OO. In 1868 the total mno,'.tiv!i«7.f-?.°'*.' '^^'"^ «57,567,888.00 ; in 043.00. The t^tal trade behig in ISfiS »m oS^ 54^0!/ '^i'*^-^^"?^ ' ^" 1883-4, »116..397,- andtheamountof duties collected was rloisf^^^^^ ''"'^ "' ^^^^-^' »207,803,53i).00 ; Amoii<,' tlie exports, the value of animals and tli'pir i.rr^^„ .„ n • was »24,lo2,lH4.00; agricultural products SHlinfin Off (^<^'ng Products of Canada) »27,296,C83.00; of the mine, #3.442 4')1 00 \ fd of fifi^? ' «o' . P''"*^"^*^ ^^ ^he forest. Exports and Imports in Appemitrto thi^fcaide Bo^k f ' «8,609,341.00. (See table of The total value of the Canadian Fisheriei. in 7RH^ wnc, fti-? q>.-i -to, «^ however, a co„,iae™bl. co,„„„,„.i™ rf 'oXi,', aJSonn^o!:"'''"'^- '"""" "" '»^"- of C.„.da o„ first July 1884 ™r»242 4I0 416 frnTjiflt ■ "'"''"' ""' ""'""« Debt the Dominic, for Sinkin, Funl etc arlloantStolSJjU r^YS^°°"^''■'''^•=^^^ by .ICSSS""-""""' ''"'«"^-' »"«''•■"" ^0—' 1"-'..«t.,e ..me year' amounted to SI1?omSS,^"-"<«-^ - "■'» Guide-SioTftv'i'S IfZTZ BL^rfsSteSfof .>ow?Lffirpa5::'^l'.t!isir;r«°/u,5ni^^^^^^^^^ °-"^ - ^ p-ious,y •:;^ Ik r n. At the end ',567,888.00; in eS-4, fll6.397,- *207,803,53i).00 ; lets of Canada) of tlie forest, (See table of tainst #14,499,- i'e ligures show )u is consumed mine, that the here has been, !'1.42, and the aynients from represent the nfunded Debt A.sset8 held by a Net Debt of Consolidated amounted to ionfederation. ion, was $28,- f Deposits in to »101,657,- >tatements of in previously CHAPTER VII. PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. EXTENT AND POSITION. Ontario is the most populous and wealthy province of the Dominion of Canada, and its growth has been exceedingly rapid. The area within its old limits, as taken from the census districts, is 101 ,733 square miles ; but if we compute this area from simple measurement of the map, inchiding rivers and lakes, its extent would be increased by about 20,000 square miles. It is further to be stated that the territory recently in dispute has been declared to belong to Ontario by a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and this adds about 80,000 square miles to the Province, making altogether a total of about 200,000 square miles. The Province of Ontario reaches the most southern point of the Dominion, namely, to the latitude of Home in Italy ; and being in a large measure surrounded by the Great Lakes of the Continent of North America, its climate is much modified by their influ- ence. The principal source of its wealth is agriculture, and it may be said to take the lead in the farming operations of the Dominion. The number of acres of land surveyed in this Province is about 31,000,000 ; and the number of acres already granted and sold is about 22,000,000. POPULATION, OCCUPATIONS AND CITIES. r The population of Ontario is 1,923,228, as shown by the Census of 1881 ; and, as already stated, agriculture forms the principal occupation of the inhabitants, although lumbering in the rich forests, mining in the bountiful deposits, commerce, and sea-faring occupations on the Great Lakes, attract a portion of the labour of the energetic people of the Province. Toronto, the seat of the Provincial Government, had a population of 80,415 by the census of 18H1 ; but it appears, from a municipal census recently taken, its population is 102.27C ; it is a city of which any country might be proud, and it is very rapidly con- tinuing to grow, both in wealth and population. There ai'c also other cities of considerable extent. Ottawa has a popnlatioii of over 28,000 ; it is the seat of the Dominion Government, and here are erected the Houses of Parliament and Departmental Buildings. TViese constitute three of the linest edifices on the Continent of America, and excite the admira- tif^.i of all beholders. Among the other large cities of the Province may be mentioned Hamilton, with a population of about 36.000 ; London, with a population of over 19,000 ; Kingston, witli a populalKju oi' about Io,000 ; and lliere are juuneruus ulluU' wealthy and really beautiful cities and towns of loss population. 37 38 DOMINION OF CANADA. RESOURCES AND DEMANDS FOR LABOUR. and horticultural purposes, incluS the growing TA^ f f« t-^ Y^y,^^^. for agricultural in the temperate LJ; its^pecSi LdapL?r?o^he iow^^^^^^^ ^^f ^ ^°"."«h It-r Stl"™™^^ "'"^ r ^\*h^ modffying'influ^ee^of Th Great Lakes"^ '''°''''^ '^^ systJ^,:T4rvrT;x*rXr:^^^ r::iirS£^t^^'zr-it°^^- w salt, etc. ItsnuiSurforestsof pirtiSr^T;«^'^''',T' ^'°^'^' "^'^^•''^^' Petroleum, OntaSstoTS ^:S ?f.nU'ZrST^^^ in the first place. But as welt Is wi S^ requires men to build its houses, to nmke fun ture nTl ffi f , n''"'^ cultivate its soil, it communication from one part of the cSuntrv to « nnf^ ! household goods, and to open up railways. ^ ^ country to another by the construction of roads and nio-tives), cotlon faVt7He^"^TOol^en WfArf//''^^^"' ™"™^'^ rolHng stock (including .u.o- ordinary iron and hardware wo k m, e fakS^^^ ^'^*°"'^«' «ax fvorks, bountiful water supply in Ontario Fs Sd [n Ihese ^^«7?'^'' ^^-oo^^e^-^vare, etc. The motive power. ^ no in usea in these manufactures, as is also steam, for makers,niillinersandseamstresse^ allorw miohtnf, r'V ^''° "i ^"'"^"^^^ Tor dress- But, as has been elsewhere stat-^d in °* ''^1?^" o'^*^"" good wagen in Ontario. pressed upon intendSinmn fiti ts the dmicS f:"^'\''f '?^""?*^ ^' ^«° ^^rongly im- clerhs,and for women above the closes imcatP.l Z P°^''^^'°"l^l ^"^n, book-keepers, persons should notbe advised to emigr^^: ^te^^^^^^Si^iS^^^:^, -'^^^ PROSPERITY OF IMMIGRANTS IN ONTARIO. f^^^is^r:sit:i^Z!i '-^ fon- ^-^ -^^ -^"-^ tion, they generally become cnn.lovSs o Kii^^ period of greater or less dura^ of rising in the social scale, ^vlW«l^pn;K" It is this moral certaintv hopes and stimulates the exeVtions of the^prrcsrsSei "™P^°>'^^' ^^'^^^ '^^-igl^tens the ances^oHSm^i^r ^u^cSSiSn SlSrt^r!" ^'V^ «--elves surrounded bv appli. means of educating their childm nwir a I v dSii "d -'lU''^' ^"^^ '''-l''^ ^^"^ ^^'''^ ' »- tically the same ; the old natural feelin r fo L il n nf ff ''«'■'"« I'" vileges almost iden- and an easy means of intercourse, ho Ky ^teLm an i t l.^^'i T ^^''"-^ cherished ; the great British Empire, of which Canadians nr« T *,"'5 "'M^'i- witli the central heart o no inconsiderable part Canadians are proud to boast that their country forn?a CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. f^^^^^rl^Si::^ further mentioned greater dryness of atmosphere than irLudS the^^^^^^ l^"Sland. Owing to the oppressive; while in the winter the c ear tkv and L„n? .«'^mmer is not found to be greater part of that season ix^ider it nhfoSir^ """^ '"1"'='' ^'"'''''^'^ during the he year. The frosts of winterhave k poweXX^ "'""''^^ "'V""^* Pl^'^^^^t of the operations of the husbandman, wliHe ?he snow , , .L f "/."^ *''^ "'^'^''^"^ *hu« aiding and sun of the early spring, and then rneUi f fi Is tl e soU wi^^' ^"°""'^ ^^°'" "»« ^^'"^1^ the wells with an abundant supply of wa e " ^^' moisture and replenislies The prodnntfAn' of Onfn )•;-->.- • •, . , GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 39 h. It varies in for agricultural is which flourish sing favoured as 3S. Lawrence River isurpassed. Its t of any part of •ble, petroleum, ed any descrip- of immigrants industry, stand tivate its soil, it and to open up )u of roads and oming a manu- 1 of agricultural including loco- es, liax works, i'aro, etc. The also steam, for e, both in the and lov dress- ;ario. o strongly ini- book-keepers, rio; and such engaged. i and willing or less dura- )ral certainty brightens the Jed by appli. )ld land ; the almost iden. ly cherished ; itral heart of ountry forma ir mentioned )wing to the found to be 1 during the t pleasant of thus aiding a the winds replenislies reals, fruits, An Agricultural Return, collected by the Bureau of Industries for the Province of Ontario, and published by the Government of that Province, gives the following average production of field crops per acre for" the whole Province of Ontario in 1883 : — Fall Wheat, bush 10.5 Spring Wheat " , " jgy Barley " '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 2i.i37 Oats " gij Rye " .........'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 16. Peas " jf) g Corn, in ear " 64.9 Buckwheat " 25.2 Beans " 2o!7 Potatoes " !..!..!!!.!!!!.. 9g!27 Mangolds " .SOI." Carrots ' " .349. Turnips " !...!... 298^ Hay and Clover, tons [ l'j5 65,642,524 ; Rye, 3,005,720 ; Peas, 10,720,450. Hemp, tobacco and the sugar beet are profitable crops. Maize or Indian corn and tomatoes ripen well, w hile in the greater part of the Province peaches and grapes come to perfection in the open air. The growth of such products forms an unerring index to the character of the climate. It is stated in another part of this Guide Book, in referring to the general products of the Dominion, that peach orchards of fifty or sixty acres, and vineyards of equal extent, are found in the Province of Ontario, while apple orchards are almost innumerable ; the export of apples having become one of the staples of the Pro- vince. There are also all sorts of other fruits, which grow within the limits of the temper- ate zone. MEANS OF EDUCATION. One of the chief features of the Irovince of Ontario, as also one of its chief attrac- tions as a home for settlers, is its admirable system of Public Education. This has been brought to its present perfection by much care and study ; the systems in the most advanced countries of Europe having been carefully studied, and their best points appropriated. The public schools are non-sectarian. The cliildren of all denominations are admitted without distinction. Provision is, however, made to allow the Roman Catholics to have separate schools. The school funds are derived from four different sources. 1. The sale of lands set apart for school purposes, from the proceeds of which sale is paid the legislative grant, which is apportioned among the schools, according to school population, and is used for the payment of teachers' salaries ; 2. Municipal assessment— each city, town or countv is to raise by assessment an amount ecjual at least to the legislative grant'; 3. Money received from the Clergy Reserve Fund and other sources ; 4. Trustees' school assessment. The schools are [overned by trustees elected from and by the ratepayers of the dis- trict ; and it is imperative on the trustees of each school to levy a tax' on the ratable property within their respective sections sufficient to supply any deficiency that mav be required after obtaining the legislative and municipal grants. FARMS AND LANDS. Uncleared land varies in price from 2s. to 40s. an acre, according to situation and soil. Cleared and improved farms can be bought at prices ranging from £4 to £10 an acre. The money cr!! nearly always be paid in instalments, covering sevei-al years. The leasing of farms is an exception to the general rule, as most men desire to own the land they cultivate. Emigrants possessing means would do well not to be in haste to purchase, but to get some experience before taking so important a step. Agricultural labourers would study their own interests by accepting employment as it maybe offered on arrival, and they wiii soon learn how to improve pt^rmanently their conditions. Persons accus- tomed to the use of mechanical tools, who intend turning their hands to farming, will often find such an acquisition of great convenience and value. 40 DOMINION OF CANADA. FREE GRANT LANDS. altogetlier about G,710,000 acres o fie^f, t'lSr ofl p" '^'"\«0'«"C acres ; making as railways and colonization roads are ™L'"<''^ • ^^^ '^^ ^'7?«*"1'.« ^"U be opened np the Canadian Pacific lUilway will L ts • n ' ?" *'"" C^f^ortrian Bay Brancli of Ontario that will be open to settlers ,'; free fIraS'"' ^''''" ""'°"^'' townships in of a f^nitTS^n^Sl^::^^^^;:;^^ -I^J^on of settlement, by every head years of age can obtain a free grant cff 100 LS on c^^^^^^ '";;'i ""^^'^^ °^"«^' "ig'^^en are protected from seizure for aav debt incurred ,pW- ^'^^ '^"^"t- I'liese lands twenty years after its issue by a -R^J^S^^^nt^^' "' '^'' P^^^"*' ^"'^ for CONDITIONS OF SUCCESSFUL SETTLEMENT ON THE FREE GRANTS. the i^a^ts ts:Ksf^;SoSiLruf ::5r"^*'^'' ^r ?^^ ^^--'^ '-- ^^t Book, It would be an act of wisdom on the mrt^f' '^^"'^^^'^'^^^ ^^^ vised in this Guide country to deposit their money irrSivia«^S.,l "V""^''f "" ?' their arrival in the interest, and go out for a year as a"ricultur"n 1 W ' ' '''%\* '™"''^ '^'"^^^ ^^^^ per cent, will far more\han conipen^sate for tl eti S^ experience thus Lquired new comers. A house, such as is recui red bv the A, f ?' S'"'' '"''^'^^'^ ^^^^^^^^ *« help from £5 to £8 ; but with the assistance wlch the tetA^^ n ^^'^f «,^\by contract fo? his neighbours, it might be erected foi eve L The £^^^^^ certa^ly receive from free grant is the month of September, after harVestvorllnt ''"",? *'l!, ^"'^^ *° «° °» ^ There is time to put up a hoiise and Z\ L„f , li . V\*'^® ^'^^ settlements is over and during the winter the ^^olo^ciSXTliTo}'^^ "'^^^'^ ^"^"^''^ *'^« ^'^"te^ ^etsTn putting in the iirst crop is a very simple one PlnT"" • '''' ^" °"- ^^e operation of unnecessary. The land is light and Hch III ifneldi?^ i^. ft once impracticable and face to cover the seed. This is done w'th a drafor bnr^n ^'" ^^'^^tching on the sur- rough, primitive implement-a natural crotch vvith 1 wT" Z^'^^\!^^y be either a very fully made and well finished *^ * ^"""^ *^^*h i" it-or it may be care- ADVANTAGES FOR PERSONS WITH MEANS. cent., and sometimes more, can easily be obtThLl f • ^. " Ontario, where seven per Add to this, that living andeducatSare ctapei thTn^^^^^ '^''^''^'^^^ ^^^""t^- at once obvious how great are the advaSaSntar^ o^^^^^^^ Old Country, and it will be especially those with families. "^'^^^^'^ges Ontario offers to this class of persons, and farme^w^^^^^^^^^ inducements are tenant holders. Improved farms can be bou^ft in Ontar o for th.' ^^^^^'^"l^^^rs to that of free- to carry on a leased farm in Great Bri?aSthu« SwnlT"""* ?/ ""^^'^^^ necessary position of mdependence. ^ruain, thus placing the well-to-do farmer in a THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. EXTENT AND GENERAL CAPABILITIES. Tbe Province of Quebec has an area of IHSfiss ^, „n i districts, but if the r;^^p is nieasured hacludiS the CtJrs""'^ T ^^'^'^ ^^^"^ «^« ««'"«"« this Province, the area may be stated kt 210,?oi\quare iSlL^^ T '°Tl'"^ ,^ i^"^*^"" ^^ of this immense area is exceedingly fertile, a^id cambL n bi^l ^^^^"'1°^ ^ large portion grasses, root crops, andmanv of the fruits of the temn^ „t ^ cultivation. The cereals, perfection. In the southern parts of he Province fmtnnr'' ^'"^7" abundance and to ripens. Tomatoes grow in profusion, and rSi a. ?'^'r " "' ^ ^'""^'^ '^^J^' »"miiH of 7 and II, cap.ible of attendinj^ school. There are annually allowed to poor nnini- (Mpalities fS,000. Primary schools are placed under the control of Commissioners elected l>y tho ratepayers of each municipality. In inunicipalities where there exist different reliKioua denominations the School Commissioners of the nuijority fjovcrn. If the minority are not satisfied with their raaiiat,'ement as it concerns them specially, they may sif,'nify their dissent to the President of tho School Commissioners, and elect Trustees to direct tlieir own schools. Thus the minority, be it Catholic or Protestant, has no fear of beinf^ ojjpressed. There are special schools, called Normal Schools, supported by the State, wherein school teachers are trained. There are three in Quebec, two Catholic and one Protestant. There are to-day in Quebec close upon 1,000 Prinuiry Schools, wherein elementary instruction is f?iven to fully 200,000 pupils; and nearly 300 Secondary and Model Schools, attended by at least 40,000 pupils. These schools are maintained at a joint cost of »1,0()0,()00. Inspectors connected with the Education Department visit the schools of the district to which they are appointed to assure themselves of the competency of the teachers, and the efficiency of their management. Besides these schools of primary instruction, there are Special Schools, Lyceums, Commercial Schools, and Schools of Agriculture. These number about li30, and are attended by 3,000 pupils. There are, besides those wherein the classics are mainly taught, twenty-six Superior Schools in the Province. Eighteen are Catholic and eight Protestant. The Catholic colleges owe their existence to the generosity of the clergy. In the majority of cases the Professors are ecclesiastics, who follow their course of theology while they act as teachers ami are content to receive a remuneration of UO per annum, besides board and lodging. Ihis explains the low rates jiaid l)y pupils for tuition and board, which does not reach the sum ot SlOO per year. Hundreds of young men, devoid of means, have been, and are, educated gnituitously in these schools. Owing to these facilities, education of a very superior order is very widely extended in this Province. Seminary of Quebec whicli spent in the undertaking «;J00,000, and^iiow mai*ntainrit"at its own expense, without State aid. RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. These institutions form one of the chief features of Quebec. With the earlier missionaries came t)ie Sanirs Hospitalieres to care for the sick, and tho Ursulincs and the Sisteis of the Congregation followed to attend to the educating of the rising generation and a,ssis in civilizing the Indians. These institutions, endowed by the State or by private individuals, have gone on multiplying and meeting the requirements of progress. My the side of tlie Catholic institutions have grown up and prospered those of otl-er religious communities, betvveen which and the Catholic institutions no rivalry exists, except in doing good. The Government of the Province devotes a considerable portion of its revenues, about #100,000 a year, to the support of charitable institutions. FARMS FOR SALE AND PRICES OF GOVERNMENT LANDS. imnrovP^lrnfu^^^'^f/'T *'■'' 01'\Country may find freqiu3nt opportunities to purchase TfZlZlr'' F''°V"''^'^f Q^^^bec at very reasonable prices; from M stg. to £6 Sfn^mr icnln ll r ?r^^"'^'-''^"r' ^''^^^^^^^^i^^ '^'"^ ^ncing. Farms of this descrip- EaKTownshii^ emigrants from the United Kingdom, may be found in the the CoJ-rnntenf''!'?'^^ ^^^^f^ ^^'""^ ^^'°"* 6,000,000 acres of land have been surveyed by tne l.iO\ eminent, lor sale and free "rants. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 45 Lands purchased from tho Government are to be paid for in the following manner: one-fifth of tha purcliuHo money 'h reciuired to be paid tlie day of tho Bale, and the remainder in four uipuil yearly instidnieiitH, boariiij,' interent at six per cent. But the price at which ♦^^he landB are sold ia so low, that ia from '20 cts. to (iO cts. per aero (l;)d. to 2s. 5Ad, sterling), these conditions are not very burdensome. In fact, it is equivaltnt to the same thing as giving them away in the wilderness form; for tho price at which they are sold barely covers the cost of making tho survey and making roads. The purchaser is refpiired to take possession of the laud sold witliin six months of the date of the sale, and to occupy it within two years. He must clear in the course of ten years, ten acres for every hundred held by him, and erect a habitable houMo of tlie dimen- sions of at least 1« ft. by 20 ft. The Letters Patent are isHUid free of charge. On eight of the great colonization roads «4,0.-)0 acres are set apart for free grants, and in lota of 100 acres each. Any person over 18 years may demand a permit of occupation from any Crown Lands Agent; and if at the end of four years ho has cleared twelve acres and built a house, he may take out Letters Patent free 'f charge. The parts of the Province of Quebec now inviting colonization are tlie valleys or uio Saguenay, St. Maurico and the Ottawa ; the Eastern Townships ; the Lower St. Lawrence; and Gaspe. VALLEY OF THE 8AQUENAY. The settlement of the Valley of the Saguenay is much higher in latitude than Quebec sttni. I here are also Government savings' banks where a depositor may obtain 4 per tu.t for his money with the most perfect security. Those who settle in Quebec will settle THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS, Piv.Pi*;^'! '"*'"'■" Townships comprise a portion of tlie Province of Quebec, south of the Ri er St. Lawrence and adjoining the frontier of the United States Tlie^ call for par tic larniention. It has happened, from the fact of these townships Iving^oS ide of the have'n'-y ITn'rf Y''"'^ *''°'" V^" ^ "'^'^'^ ^"^«'^""^ ^« ">« ''^'^ ^^ «^« Dominion at tlly have nut hitherto been so much sought out as other parts of the Dominion bv settlers rhey yet offer particular advantages which are worthy of notice. These townshfps are he most Lnghsh part of the Province of Quebec, haVing been originally settled by the rimliS' aiTwf'fT'" '^'' ""i^"^"^* ^'"'^^^ ^'^'^ ^' ^'^ "'- of f5ieL sepaStLit C thafmn; f il /^'^^^^^^^^ enormous sacrifices to preserve their allegiance. I ror tliat root, tl e spirit of loyalty has continued to grow and spread. The original stock fr 1 Z B^i-T\'f Y '" ?f'^ to by immigrants from the United Kingdom ; ad people rrom the British Inlands will here find themselves amont! a com/enial people The>-e .are , •'" "^'^"y I'l'enc i-Canadian settlers in the townships, who live in the" most perfect harmony with their brethren who speak the English tongue. ^ GUIDE BOOK FOn SETTLERS. 47 ; up of several ColoDizatioii jrming an area haleurs. It is ons which are taoeoua in the The Govern- 3r acre (lOd. to e taken within lur years. The s to any person ighteen. And Drtgage should y for any debt 3 following the exempt from vea and forks, ales for family )r the support ulture.' Cer- contr acted in ■/ strong of the se provisions, ,tion societies, subsidized by 'succession or 3 same way as m of registra- e rest, Quebec and telegraph ' obtain 4 per bee will settle nong a most south of the call for par- outside of the ion, that they II by settlers, ownships are settled by the sir separation jir allegiance, ariginal stock 1 ; and people J. There .are most perfect CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS. The Eastern Townships form the most souilr lu part nf tlie Province of Quebec, tlie frontier being on the line of ii)" north latitude, wliich corresponds in Europe with that of the south of France. This condition gives a decided warmth in summer, sufficient to make Indian corn one of the chief and most profitable crops. It is known that where Indian corn is ripened, tomatoes, grapes, and other delicate fruits, as well as tobacco, may also be ripened in the open air. Apples and all ordinary small fruits not only grow .^n great abundance, but the conditions of the country are especially adapted to their production. The same remark may be made with respect to the ordinary cereals, such as wheat, oats, barley, etc. The average yield of spring wheat is eighteen bushels to the acre. Grazing and stock- raising have, however, been special features of the township industries, for the reason of particular adaptation. They are favourably situated for feeding and fattening and sending stock to the markets of the United Kingdom. Cheese factories and creameries for the manufacture of butter are carried on with success; as are also several kinds of manufactures. In the winter the climate is the same as in other parts of the Province of Quebec, and needs no more particular description than that elsewhere given. SOIL AND FEATURES. The soil of the Eastern Townships is very fertile, and susceptible of the highest cul- tivation. It is generally a light loam, buL it varies in different localities. The features of the country are rolling or hilly, and in some parts these hills rise into little mountains. They are all, however, clothed with ,i rich growth of forest. Before the country was set- tled, it was wholly covered with forests, the valleyi as well as the hills ; ^^-^ trees being of those varieties which are known in America to be a sign of a naturally drained soil of great fertility. Among these varieties may be mentioned maple, hard and soft, birch, elm, ash, spruce, basswocd, butternut, hickory, cedar, hemlock, etc. The townships are well watered, and contiguous to the forests are numerous water- powers, many of which are already utilized for manufactures. The whole country is in fact literally intersected with streams and rivulets, the waters of which are clear and cold, and almost everywhere, before the saw mill is erected, the home of the red trout. There are many lakes of great iiatural beauty, and one of them, Lake Memphremagog, even exceeds Loch Lomoud in loveliness of scenery. These lakes, as well as the streams, are rich in valuable fish. In a word, for natural beauty of landscape, the Eastern Townships are conspicuous. SETTLEMENT ON LAND AND PURCHASE OF IMPROVED FARMS. The settler in the Eastern Townships has the choice between taking vip wild or forest land and settling on an improved farm. It should be, however, explained that settling on wild land implies a great deal of hard work, and special adaptation to ensure success. As a rule men who have been brought up in Canada and accustomed to the use of the axe from vouth, are the most successful and skillful, while on the other hand new comers from the British Islands are better adapted to carry on and still further improve already improved farms. Of course, it will cost as much labour m the first place to clear the forest as would buy an im7>roved farm; but thousands of men whose means were limited have found their toil sweetened in their struggle for independence by seeing this condition crow from day to day under the work of their hands. , ,„„ „^^ u -u * ^ The Government of the Province of Quebec has about 900,000 acres of wild or forest land for sale in the Eastern Townships. These lands are sold at from ti ty to sixty cents (2b m to 38 stg.) per acre, on condition of settlement. There are also lands held by the British Land Company. Improved farms may be bought in the Eastern Townships on very favoumble terms? in many cases as cheaply as the rent of a good farr. in England, PRODUCTIONS AND MINERA' 8. \s already stated, agriculture and dairying form the principal industries of the Eastern Townships The butter, for instance, produced there, is remarkable for its special ^fcellence tT^^^^^^ the hilUidos and clear '-^tronmH being most favourable for ^S ng The '^od miality of the cheese is as marked as that of butter. In point of stock- 48 DOMINION OF CANADA. raising there are cattle in the Eastern Townships, both Shorthorns and Polls, which would compete with any in the world. There are also fine Herefords and other varieties. Sheep do well in the townships, and they will probably become more profitable with the further openina up of the export trade to England. • ,x i • , The manufactures comprise woollens, carnages, ironware, agricultural implements, furniture, manufactures of cotton, beet-root sugar, etc. COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETS. The Eastern Townships are now thoroughly opened up in every direction. The Grand Trunk Railway connects Richmond, Sherbrooke and Compton with Montreal and Portland on the Atlantic coast. The Central Vermont Railway connects another portion of the townships with the cities of Montreal and Boston. The South-Eastern Railway connects still another portion with the same cities. The Quebec Central Railway connects Sherbrooke with Quebec, as well as the western portions of the townships. The Inter- national, connecting with the Grand Trunk at Sherbrooke, opens up a valuable tract of counti-y for settlement, and is being rapidly pushed on so as to form a through line ronnec'ting with the ports of St. John and St. Andrew, in New Brunswick, making the shortest possible line between Montreal and the Atlantic sea-board. The St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain Railway, the Montreal, Portland and Boston Railway, the Massawippi Valley Railway, severally open up other portions of the townships ; and there are other railways. Besides these, there are many good carriage roads. SUITABILITY FOR EMIGRANTS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. The settler from the United Kingdom may find good society ; ample means for the education of his children, from the Primary Schools to the University ; churches of all denominations; and congenial social conditions. On the shores of Lake Memphremagog, and in many other parts of the Eastern Town- ships, very handsome residences have been erected in situations of almost unexampled natural beauty, coupled with very favourable climatic conditions. Comparatively small means would enable a man to obtain an estate in the Eastern Townships in which he might find conditions of comfort and natural beauty which even a large fortune would not enable him to secure in the Old Country. There is, moreover, the fact that society is much more free and open than in England ; and it therefore happens that the conditions are particularly favourable for the settlement and retirement of men who have themselves acquired competence, in the walks of commerce or manufacturing industry, in the Mother Country. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. GENERAL FEATURES. The next Province to the east of Quebec is New lirunswick. This, with Nova Scotia, is nearer to Europe than any of the populated portions of the Continent of America. It is larger than both Belgium and Holland united, and nearly two-thirds as largo as J'^ng- land." It is '210 miles in length, and 180 miles in breadth; having a coast line of about 500 miles, indented with spacious bays and inlets; and it is intt'rsected in every direction by large navigable rivers. The surface of the country is generally vei'y undulating, and on its west coast, from the Bay of Ghaleurs to the boundary of Nova Scotia, there is scarcely a hill exceeding 300 feet in height. There are elevated lands skirting the Bay of Fundy and the River St. .John, but the only section of a mountainous character is that bordering on the Province of Quebec on the north, while the country is beautifully divorsifievincial Secretary, and pub- y? f AJ^^ltyjy^hnvitv oi His Houour the Lieutenaut-Govemor and the Executive hshed under the authont^^ ^^. ^,^^ provincial Government, Council It 18 ^P H° ^^^p^> ^",^^,3 'o ' ophiion that the information therein contained is :^^S^r^e^^^^^^^-^^^ to intending emigi-ants." The following extracts are, therefore, taken from this pamphlet: GENERAL FEATURES, o 4.- • „ ,,».,i,.anln Ivins between 43" and 40° North latitude, and 61° and ^'^"^T?efeTno"lL°r Sei7t'o b^^ America than in many parts of Nova "Ihere is no nner sctueiy i^ small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty Scotia; there is a great ^'^"'^ J, ^V^^^l afford rarming studies for an artist. The laiid-lo"k«d inlets of the sea, which would anora onainui.g t„a;„,, -ummnr lun g'o'riousiy brVght tints of our autumn forest scenery, wanned U an Indian .ummcr sun, connot be surpassed anywhere." 52 DOMINION OF CANADA. CLIMATE. " It is not generally known outside the Province that the climate of Nova Scotia is more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion; but such is the fact. The extreme cold which is experienced in winter in other parts of America is not felt here owing, perhaps, to the fact that the Province is almost completely surrounded by the sea. ^ " The climate is extremely healthy ; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from the British military stations place this Province in the first class! Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the population, and requires tlieir services less than any other part of America. The inhabitants live to a good old age. There are many people now in this Province who have passed their hundredth year." SOIL, AND THE PRODUCTIONS THEREOF. " The fertility of the soil in the agricultural districts is unsurpassed, as is evidenced by the fact that, in quantity and quality, the productions of our farms are equal, and in many cases superior, to those of Great Britain ; for instance, our orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of the world. " All the small fruits, such as currants, goosebei'ries, strawberries, raspberries, black- berries, blueberries, huckleberries, etc., are very abundant, both in a wild state and cultivated. Our wild strawberries, although small, are remarkably rich and high -flavoured • indeed, they are far more delicious than any of the cultivated sorts. Probably no country m the world produces a greater variety or abundance of wild berries. " Our grain and root crops are also excellent, the average production of which in the Western counties is, as nearly as it is possible to come at it, as follows : Wheat per acre 18 bushels; rye, 21 do.; barley, 35 do.; oats, 31 do.; buckwheat, 33 do.; Indian corn (maize), 42 do.; turnips, 420 do.; potatoes, 2u0 do. ; mangel-wurzel, 500 do.; beans, 22 do • and hay, 2 tons. "' " The above is a general average of the crops in three counties ; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishing. For mstance, m King's County, a few years ago, I knew a farmer who in one season raised on a little less than one acre of land four hundred and three bushels of potatoes; and in Anna- polis County, I have frequently seen sixty bushels of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester County forty-six bushels of outs have been produced per acre. Mr. James E Eathbone, of Lower Horton, in the County of Kings, cut, last summer, five and one-half tons of hay (two crops) from one and one-eighth acres of land ; and in 1870 he raised on the same piece of ground seventy-four biisheln of barley. • '' ^^.*'®*f ' can-ots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons, tomatoes, etc., are raised in large quantities. We sometimes ccc p^uash at our agricultural exhibitions weighing from 100 to 150 lbs. each. "Broom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco have been successfully grown, a proci- of the warmth of the climate and fertility of the soil. ''The crops of hay, timothy and clover and coarse '"salt grass,' that are raised on the dyked lands and marshes in the Counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland are sometimes almost incredible. ' "I liave Bten four tons of 2,240 lbs. of timothy and clover taken off a single acre besides a light second crop late in the season. ' " Hemp can be raised here in perfection, but none is grown. By way of experiment however, it was tried in 1868 by several farmers, and the experiment was remarkably successiul. •' " Evo^ry farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are seldom taken proper care of A number of thorough-bred shepherds, who would introduce the best breeds of sheei) both for wool producing and for mutton, would, in a few years, make a small fortune There IS a great deal of land suitable for the purpose in every county, and even among "the wild lands there are large tracts of open, rough pastu) e, that migli't be made capable of main- taining vast Hocks of sheep at very little expense. ''Tobacco might be successfully and profitably cultivated in the Counties of Kings and AnnapuJis. Hops may be easily raised, ifi the soil is well adapted for the growth of the plant. A number of English hopgronoia would do well, as there is a good home market for tiie article, ^ " Dairy farming might be extensively and profitably prosecuted in this Province. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. :;3 " Farmers in Nova Scotia raise a goou deal of pork for their own use and for market, and many of the farmers' wives obtain considerable pocket money by the sale of poultry and eggs. They also make a great deal of yarr., which they knit and weave mto socka and warm clothes for their own wear and for sale." PEAT LANDS. •an many parts of tl"^ Pro nee there are large tracts of peat lands or bogs; but they are not made available in any way. Peat is not required for fuel in Nova Scotia, because at present there is plenty of coal and wood." THE PRODUCTION OF THE SEA AND RIVERS. "The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated, and indeed they are so valuable that the protection of them has caused a great deal of dispute between the Governments of Great Britain and the United States. The Americans, who have no valuable dieries on their own coasts, are constantly encroaching on ours. " In some Bt:..sons our bays and harbours teem with fish of various kinds—mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, shad, smelt, perch, eels, etc. Lobsters are abundant, and are usually sold in the Halifax market at about one shillmg per dozen. "'Good sport is afforded in spearing lobsters at night by torch-hght. We have a plentiful supply of shell-lish, viz., oysters, scallops, clams, quahuags, mussels, etc. Indeed 1 country in the world can produce a greater variety of sea fash or in greater abundance. Our rivers and lukes afford salmon, trout and grayling; and we have no kck of the disciples of Isaac Walton. Any boy ^.ith a beau pole, a half dozen yards of twine wl\h a hook ... the oud of it, and a few angle-worins °[, S-^aSr'L'sor^e in the mornin.* and kill as many trout as will do a large faniily i<>, breakfast, in some iiXv are^iuite large, and are taken as heavy as four or five pounds In other akea they are small, seldom weighing more than one pound, ^he 1 ttle ,irook trout is an excellent pan fish : the prince of all the trout tribe is the sea trout. This fish is taken m large numbers at the mouths of rivers emptying mto the Atlantic. WOODS AND FORESTS. "Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for ship- building and for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. Millions of feet of pine Smce hemlock and hardwood! deals, scantling, etc., are amiual y shipped from the "'*'^- The san of the rock maple tree is inufactured into sugar and syrup. The former, of whilh somrtons wet'ht arE annually made and sold, is used chiedy as confectioner, ; the latter is used as treacle Bottih^ ^^^ ^^^^^,^^ ^^^^ ,,, •;rXS t^li£^:X^^Sl bSlSi^in liS^ ^^ Ma^, cannot be surpassed in delicate beauty and fragrance.' GAME. in order to preserve it from total destruction. uhitvm. No true " In the proper season, all ijersoiis arc allowed to hunt anr. sno..., aa....i sportsman would do bo at any other time. \ -^1 5i DOMINION OF CANADA. MIN^S AND MINERALS. The Province contains very xaluablc mines of coal, ^'ol.l. an.l iron, which are wo-krrT by rnvato companies; of these the coal mines are tlie ni7.st importan; r.,.A f^,, inmea we have in fourteen districts about fifty-ei^ht mines in working, order : of these the Montague mines are the most prolific ^\orlung " Although wo liave iron ore in inexhaustible quantity ahnost all over the Province we have but one iron mine m operation, namely, that of the Acadia Companv at LoSm' derry, in Co Chester County. The quality of the iron of their mines Zri^i^jud.id of bv the price in the Juighsh market as compared with English iron Tl p IntLr ;» ■ -^ u-orth an average of £4 stg. perton, wlu/e Nova Scotii; i^^n t^^ £7 Eillbhffion \n-.- or f';r'slT T^ '^^^ l,er ton. There is but one Swedish iron whSKconl^^ireS ..,ip nor toi steel. All Nova Scotia bar iron is used for this purpose. .aercut^.'Saba^: ^^SV^;;' ^^""' "^ ^^^^ '''''''' ^^^P^'^^' '^^^^' --' *-' --g-ese, namelv ^ 'onal'^Inn!^'; ^■'^^^■"'If >' f "'I ornamental purposes, several kinds have been found cXiv ^ ' ^ ' '^"^'^^•'>'^^' fe"^-^"^^- cairngorm, agate, jasper, heliotrope and Xk mmmmmmmm " il//neraZ Waters.-Ot these we have salt springs in several counties." CROWN LANDS. *^'^" Sr CrosskSl-^ '^^^^ °^?''^•^•^■^ ^^ ^^^^t:^ i^^o^^^:^^' '^^ '^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ ^' '' not gen;nZt oiUe^ Ith'l^^^^^ ''"'" '''V''' Government of Nova Scotia does bougS^af :^ "reasL Se";^eS'r J ^Lv^^^il^^^f ^ "nde(cultivation which may be once possess a good Zi comf orHb o hnni ?i *'"™'"' '^'"' '^ ^'""^'l '^'^P^t^l^ ^'^V at make for hiniseTa fo r u^a nc ^ 's t^^^^^ N ^•^j^'T'^'-' '"<^"^*^">' ^"^^ enterprise may could not obtain in a iKime in GmSiSah.' ' ^'"'•'' '" " '"^'^ ^'^^ >-^'^^^' ^^^^^ ^ 1^« EDUCATION. children to educate. There is a Provincial Norn m^ hi * ^f°\"^«.e where there are There are also academies, colleges an^comnC^^^^^^ °^ ie^chet^. schools are under the control of tl e Lv "nrent S '^^^ '=°'"'"°° have nearly sixteen hundred nnbH • «,o.?«y«if ' ^ *"^ colleges are sectarian. We one hundred thoi^aild pu'l^fdlil^^^^^^^^^^ ^" the Province, having nearly in different parts of the country, and amonJ thL ^nn""" ''"' n''°. "''"'X Private schools young ladies. ^' "^ *^®°^ ^^^^^ excellent boarding schools for " Ow ing to our excellent svstem of free schonla +>io ,^^« i GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 55 lich are worked lies in working !r the Province, my, at London- be judged of by itter, in pif,'s, is inglish bar iron ill is considered in, manganese, kve been found, rope and chal- tone (or sand- f ul varieties of irely composed 3 Breton. We 1 for common anted lands, a on ; but there •eally valuable y near present No distinction cost of survey :res as for one the rate of 44 City of Halifax. Now the child of the poorest individual is placed on a level with the rich man's son in respect to general or common school education ; and the wealthy classes who require for their sons a classical education, have every facility afforded them in the numerous colleges, where young men may be fitted for any profession, occupation or station in life.' TRADE AND COMMERCE. " The trade and commerce of the Province have wonderfully increased within a few vc'irs Twentv years ago our exports and imports were very little more than half as tuuch as they'are now. Our imports from foreign countries and the other Provinces amount to about $12,000,000, and our exports to about ^9,000,000. ^.t c *• " Our ship[)ing has in the same time doubled in number and tonnage. JNova hcotia owns more shipping in proportion to the population than any other country." INTERNAL COMMUNICATION. " We have now nearlv 2r>0 miles of railroad already in operation. Several new lines are now being surveyed. "Where there are no railroads there is good conveyance by stage noaches or by steamboats." THE TIME TO IMMIGRATE. " The best season in the vear to come to Nova Scotia is early in April, as we have then line spring weather, and farming operations maybe commenced almost immediately on arrival in this country. Mechanics may, however, come at any season ; but I tliiuk it would hardly be advisable to come out here in the middle of winter. ' HALIFAX HARBOUR. " The harbour of Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best in the world. It is six miles lone bv on an average, a mile wide, and capable of floating alongside the harvTsvessek^f'the largest size"! There is excellent anchorage in every part o it with room for all the navies of the world. The city and harbon-- of Halifax are prot.y eleven different fortifications." 50 DOMINION OF CANADA. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. This Province was the last to enter the Confederation of the Dominion of Canada, which it did in 187H. It is the smallest of the Canadian Provinces, but it possesses many features of -u-^t interest and also of special advantage to the settler. It is situated on the south si.io .>i l.hc irnU of St. Lawrence, between Now Brunswick and Cape Breton, bein- sepaiH ted iron- thoni by the Northumberland Strait, which is from nine to thirty miles wide. Thu L^huid is 180 miles long from east to west, by about 34 miles wide, with an area of 2,133 square miles. . • j i i.- The Island is generally very rich in agricultural resources. The surface is undulating, ar, I presents a charming aspect of hill and dale. It is well watered with numerous springs and rivers. There are numerous bays around the coast, two of which nearly divide the Island into three parts. It has numerous harbours. ,.,.„. ^^ . .. , , Its chief industries nre agriculture, fishing and ship-building. It is particularly famous for its oyst, that the Island contained deposits of mussel mud in the rivers, which is used by the farmers as a manure. This mud was obtained by a dredging machine, worked by horse-power, on the ice over the beds ot nearly all the rivers where there are oyster and mussel deposits. He added that these deposits are from ten to thirty feet deep, composed of oysters, mussels, decayed hsh and sea-weed. This material is put upon the land as a fertilizer, where it "tells at once, and acts like a charm, the shells as they decompose also enriching the land. Large crops of hay are obtained where this fertilizer is used. The conditions are favourable for the keeping of cattle, sheep and horses on tlu- Island, and there is a considerable export of these animals to other parts of Canada ami the New I<:ngland States. , , ^ , , . ■-, ^ ■, j x. The climate is temperate and healthy, and the Island is said to be one ot the most pleasant places to live in on the Continent. Improved farms can be bought there, accord i>i.' to the testimony of Mr. Pope, for about «20 (£4 stg,) per acre. There is one railway on the Island, the property of the Dominion Government, by which it is worked, 1!)8;V miles long. There is also a submarine telegraph between the I-iland and New Brunswick. Steamers piv between the ports of the Island and those of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the United States. _ The navigation is, however, inter riii)ted during part of the winter bv accumulations of ice in the Straits. Charlottetown is the chief city of the Island, having a population of 11,500 inhabitants The people of the Island are generally very prosperous and well to do; the total popu lation by the census of 1881 was 108,81)1. Ikeystone of lAtlantic to tl: Ithe magnitu( I material mig The Brit lierefore hav I lakes an indi The settl JTlie social c 1 Civilized soc ] knowledge oi up of a comi I luges have i I lUilway. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA GENERAL FEATURES. The Province of Manitoba is situated in the very centre of the Continent, being mid- way between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on the east and west, and the Arctic Oceau and Gulf of Mexico on the north and south. -, ^, ,• . • The southern frontier of Manitoba is about the latitude of Pans, and the line beini; continued would pass through the south of Germany. Manitoba has the same summer suns as that favoured portion of Europe above this line. The contiguous territor>, including the great Saskatchewan and Peace Kiver regions, is the equivalent ot both tlu; EmpiresofRutsia and Germany on the Continent of Europe. , Lord Dufferin, on tlio ocnaaion of his visit in 1877. said in o. speech at Winnipei.', when the Province was beginning to be settled: "Manitoba may bo regarded as tli-; GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. ion of Canada, jossesses many situated on the 3 Breton, beinu to thirty miles i wide, with an ) is undulatino, merous springs arly divide the is particularly dredged in its growth of the stated, in his tained deposits This mud was er the beds of ded that theso cayed fish and 'tells at once." i. Large crops horses on thf of Canada and :)ne of the most it there, accord government, by ph between the nd and those of however, inter 500 inhabitants the total popu ,„.„to„. o, t„«t mighty arch o. -I'^'^T^Z^'tZZ^ >T^'^^'^^ I therefore have the satisfaction of feeling that, in ««*""'" y\''\!^'- kes an individual part in building a great nation of tlief^^^^^^^^^^^ kindred society. The settler in Manitoba will find «f °«1«' ^°"^f ,"; "^^^^^^^^ to be desired. The social conditions where ^^^^^^^^^l]' ^^^'^^^^^ the ac. ^j ^^^ t been sufficieutly demon- wlnnipeg, and ha has measurably ^"'^^.^^-.tJ'.t ^^^^^ i" Manitoba There is strated that the apple, at east °" ,^°'^;i\^"\ne^^^^ higher latitudes in Russia, and ^^"itU is. that all kinds of horticulture and tree culture are yet in their infancy """^t, grows wild, with great luxuriance. Elax is adapted to the soil and climate. ROOTS AND VEGETABLES. • o ->.o.-v liioh decree, adapted for the Both the soil and climate of ^I'^^^o ja are, m ^^^^^^.^ potatoes yield very .rowSof the ordinary roots and vegetal es of tlct^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^^^.^ Targe crops with the simplest «"^^^" ^^ Jjlf^ut The same remark may be made of tm- surprise to vi-itors ^ncl th^ auaUt i. exceUeut ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,„,^ to monster size, nips, beets, mangels and other roots. «-aDDa„ CATTLE AND STOCK RAISING. T-, t .„Hlo industries. Cows from che Eastern Manitoba is particularly favourable ^ ^^.^'^^^ ':^;',"\^j^ i ',■ ,„ners are beginning to pay Provinces thrive and grow fat on the "j^^^^^.f ^ .t-^i d siries. The very great profu- more attention to stock rai-»f "j.^"^^^ ."^^ ^gi'^.. lu.s suggested the Vro^^>;^^^^^^l DOMINION OF CANADA. A Praikik Scene. do the same from New York, Boston or Portland ; and further, the Canadian Pacific Railway, as elsewhere stated, is now com))leted 9()0 miles west of Winnipeg?, and Has already pierced far into the Rocky Mountains, on the east side; while tlio branch from the Pacilic tide water, on the west side, is approachinj^ completion. Tlie branch from Thunder Bay, on Lake Bupei-ior, to Winnipeg, a distance of over 400 miles, is already completed. Other railways are chartered, and it is believed will soonbe constructed. A portioi\ of the Manitoba and South-Western has already teen opened. The section of the Canadian Pacific Railway now open to Port Arthur pluces the •cereals and other produce of Manitoba in connection with Lake Su[)erior, whence it can be cheaply floated down the .tireat water system of the St. La^reuce and lakes to the ocean stcamsliips in tlie ports of IMontreal and Quebec ; wlule the radway system affords connection as well with tlie markets of the okler provinces as with those of tho United States. The Canadian Pacific; Railway, wliicli is now so i-apidly ajtiiroachini^ completion, as elsewliere stated in this Guide Booic, will bo by far the slnn-test line, with the easiest. gradients, and tho fewest and easiest curves between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and will constitute the shortest and, in many respects, the best line for travel and com- merce between Creat Britain and China and .Japan. This line of railwav, passin" through the fertile instead of the desert ])ortion of the Continent of America, will consti- tute one of the most important of the highways of tlie world. Tlie river system of INIaiiitoba and the Nortli- West is a striking feature of the country. A steamer can leave Winnipeg and proceed 7'ia the Saskatc) .'wan to Edmonton, near the base of the Rooky Mountains, a distance of 1,500 miles ; and steamers are now ])lying for a distance of more than H20 miles on the Assiniboine, an aflluent of the Red River, which it joins at the city of Winnipeg. The Red River is navigable for steamers from Moorliead, in theTTnited States, where it is crossed by the Northern Pacific Railway, to Lake Winnipeg, a distance of over 400 miles. Lake Winnipeg is about 280 miles in length, affording an important navigation. The Saskatchewan, whicli takes its rise in tha lioclxv IMountains, enters this lake at the northern end, and has a steamboat navigation as fnr as l'\)rt I'Mmonton, affording vast connnercial facilities for tlio'^e great areas of fertile lands. The water system between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg may be ini])roved and rendered n.avigable at modei-ate cost compared with tlie great itonuncreia! interests wh.ich will, ill the near future, ea!l for it. GUIDE BOOK FOR. SETTLERS. GS ^ i;;ve.ent,avesB"Zna"yloadat the raihvay te-i-^;':^^^^ Anlm^aud p^ce^JjU tih ^x5^:n;^^^:'Sirs r ^^s.s. a.. .. Vopeuo. ..u " ^"^;;h the present arran^erneut. .^eatl^ b-^^ for 30 cents a bushel, whence It can be ^''^'^'y^^^^^^^^^ p^ot t for 50 cents a Snts more. It is calculated tha tlusw^^^^^^^^ g- ^^„ts (/. .. bushel, thus making a P^^^l^J^y o delivenn^ vvhcat u 1^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^ ^^ trtM:-pr?ee!'£Jt fhe twot!ke°L£merts o^th andt^Wn't are within the hgures "•^^"Se farming interests of Manitoba and the No;.h-^^^^^ L'Je'^ry^SoS W S wheat. Large stock interests jebein, rapidly d v op d^ he. e^ai^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ Mountains, neat cattle in the newly started • ranches .n ■^'"^^'■^^ , Iready shipped from Tht progress -ade in them is giving e..tjres^^^^^^ to'EngSnd with iSsSt^^i'vS' r^l^^^S.^ ^s c^nection with the American railway system, in ^^ ^^^^SiS^. which a settler in Manitoba and the Apart from the magnihcentcommerciataca^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^ ^ splendid Northt^West will P0««««« * ^"^ f ^'^1^;;'^^"%^ i\T tl at a f imier can raise, in supplying the struction of the Canadian Pacific Radway. SYSTEM OF SURVEY AND DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING UP FARMS. The system of survey or of laying out ^je W iii ^oba^ i-^^sh^^^ ^ery township is about siynilessqiaie and IS dwm^^^^ difference from this exact area being acres) each, more or less, the scarcely ap^^^^^^^ meridians forming the eastern and the result of the convergenc^e or d er^en^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^,^^1^^.^ baselinesof ^^l^^^^^S^:^^:'^'^^^^ and the North-West Territories of the Dominion. ,. ,, j^^jout twentv-four mile . apart, "^'"tL townships are laulout Xft't^ townSps hkh' . the north and to the south running east and west, to tlie depth of t^ townsn I j^ f,^„, different base lines E r^erS^^CSm '£:^^:S iiSn -^« '^^ ^--^^^^ °^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^■ ^^"'^ho townships are arranged in tiers running /."om south to --{1. and ^arUng^ the so thS fi'.Ftier, which is the Intmrnfonal ^^''i^-^^^,U., on the Inter- r4e map w:th o^^-ary m.meni - tl^^ , -^ Township 2 would national boundary or pr-vmce ti nt u w uc ^^^_ be six miles further nori:!i •, lowuslup .1 fgin ^i^ nVe railed -rar.-es" east and west, from ^ 'The to. .ships are farther nunib<.^^ui - - ai^^o^le I ^^^^^^^, ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ .^^ ^,^^^^^^^^ HnP. called " principal mendums. llHse nun ^n.ejii:, th^s: I "h., HL, IV.^e^. ^ ,„i„t on the luternati; nal boundaiy line T},^ fir ■^ principal ineri lian "tarls uom 1 ^^^ regular .umbers to the uhm "t 1 n miles west of Emerson, -^l'^ ^^^*^t \7'>^eb , ., , ,{ ^hat meridian, ^'i- ..s^ .?^at meridian ; and the eas ra ge^ ^^^J^^^t ,^. of Uie boundary liiu, tLus; Township ;Uiange III., west, w.^^^^^^^^^^ ind three townships west of tU*^ l.ru.c.p n^ 1 J - , ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ j, H in tl -• same way, three townshps mi tii ^ township in Manitoba or any v,e with this simple di^c-ti"^^ 'i' '^j^] ^f ,^tsS the number nm v^ - the Interna lor^ 1 othe: ,iart of the North-Wes Im o - > ^ ^^^^ ^^,^„^^,, „f u e range or tier of town- bourdarv o- first lja«e line might l.e^ivt. ....jnciiial meudians on the map. An> ." ,1 east or west of the firs^^ ''ST^ ! unnbLr<.u the diagram of the mai- ; and tlie sec k>n of a township can be tound by \^^^ '_^",5 i,, \,,e numbers run. can instantly put "S by looking at this and --enig th^e say^u.^vs lu^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ „ ,,,^^ ,Knmdar.es of these his iingi .-■ on any section ot an\ . 64 DOMINION OF CANADA. sections bein" all laid out on the cardinal points of the compass, east, west, north and sSh the "action is divided into east half and west half, or north half and south half, wMchever way the dividing lino is run. These half sections are again divided into quarter sections, such as north-east quarter, north-west quarter, south-east quarter, south-west quarter ; these quarters may again be divided in the same way ; and these terms as before stated are le"al or statutory definitions of land in Manitoba and the North-West Territory. Under this very simple, but scientific method of arrangement, any township, or section, or subdivision of a section, can be instantly and unerringly described. ^ A trans- fer or conveyance of property may likewise be made by deed in as few worus as any ordinary bill of parcels, and that with perfect accuracy and absoluteness of definition. The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomenclature of this sys- tem of survey a little new and strange ; but he will, on slight acquaintance with it, become charmed with its simplicity. ,.,,,. -i i.i. i • j f The surveyed lines are marked on the ground itself by iron and other kinds of monu- ments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions; u d, so soon as the settler makes himself acquainted with these, he will instantly understand the position and extent of his own farm on the prairie, or of any other in the country. Or, when travelling in any part of the country, these posts will tell him at a glance exactly where he is, so that he cannot get lost in any surveyed district. _ ^. ,1, Distances on the map, in miles, may be ascertained approximately by counting the townships to be passed over and multiplying the number by six. The unit of the town- ships' surveys is the statute mile or section of 640 acres, all the townships being made six statute miles or sections square, as nearly as it is possible to make a series of squares on the face of a globe. FREE GRANTS AND PRE-EMPTIONS. A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on even-numbered sections, on condition of three years' residence and cultivation, and payment of an office fee amount- ing to ^10 (£2 stg.) ; and he may obtain the adjoining portions of sections by " pre- emption" or otherwise, at the rate of »2.00 (8s. stg.) or $2.50 (10s. stg.) per acre. The privilege of pre-emption, however, will cease after January 1st, 1887. All intending settlers should take notice that they are entitled to enter at the nearest Government Lands Office for a free grant of a quarter section in any even-numbered unoccupied land in Manitoba or the North-West ; whether or not such even-numbered section is near a railway, or comes within the reserves of any of the Colonization Com- panies. DIRECTIONS RESPECTING LANDS. A settler should obtain from the Local Dominion Lands Agent general information ay to lands open for settlement. The marks on the map show certain lands taken up, and therefore not available for settlement. Of course, other lands may have been taken up since those marked taken on the map. Exact information can, therefore, only be obtained at the Local Land Offices, which are shown on the map. A list of these is also published as an Appendix to this Guide Book. All even-numbered sections (except 8 and three-quarters of 26, which are Hudson Bay Company's Lands) are open for entry as free homesteads, or as pre-emptions, unless already taken up by settlers. Odd-numbered sections (with the exception of 11 and 29, which are School Lands) for •24 miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Eailway, may he generally stated to be Railway Lands, purchasable from the Company, and not open for homestead and pre- emption. There are also other Eailway Lands, which have been appropriated in aid of similar undertakings. (See Land Regulations in the Appendix to this Guide Book). Beyond the limits of the land granted to such enterprises odd-numbered sections may, if surveyed, be purchased direct from the Government, on terms stated in the regulations referred to. WHAT CAPITAL TO BEGIN WITH. A settler in Manitoba may commence on comparatively small capital ; that is, enough to build one of the inexpensive houses of the country, to buy a yoke of oxen and a plough, his seed grain, and sufficient provisions to enable him to live for one year, or until his first crop comes in. Willi a- little endurance at first, from this pnint, ho may attain to a position of plenty and independence. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 65 lorth and Duth half, ;o quarter )uth-west , as before rerritory. nship, or A trans- is as any nition. : this sys- it, become of monu- )on as the i position Or, when tly where mting the the town- made six if squares ctions, on 3 amount- by " pre- cre. The ae nearest numbered numbered tion Corn- formation taken up, >een taken •e, only be ese is also is, enough I a plough, tii his first ,ttain to a Ontheotherhand,asettlermaytake.^^ tories considerable .capita .a"d ^vest ^t ;" -^ablyXa Zy profitable, growing or stock raising, bo*!^ o™";^^ ^^! V^_f^^ ^^ f^ke of oxen, a waggon or a cart a ^ The settler requires either a ^^^''\f^^°J^^^y^lJy^g etc., which he can obtain for nlough and harrow, chains, axes, shovels, stoves, ^f '^^^^^^^'/r ^^^ for £30 more. The ffi $300, or £60- stg.. A P"-^^- ^^-^^.^if ^e^^^^^^^ cost of these cost of necessary provisions for a fami.^^^^^^^ ^^^^ j^^^^ the prices being several items may vary with "^'Xlflwa^'fac^^^^^^ but a settler who goes on his farm reasons above stated. ^^ ^^ ^ farmer to start in better style Of course, a capital of £200 (or fJ-'"""^,^"",'^^;.,- j^„ci^ lesg, and are now well otf. Ire to-day very prosperous, ^^^/^'^^^^^«^,^\*^^„^p° 'd vSh live stock. ^ , , they export the seed. They are also ^ ell «"P1'^'^^J;\^^ „,, consisted of one yoke of ^TheMennoniteoutht of one ff^^^y'^fij^^'cSokhigstove-the whole obtained at a oxen, one cow, one plough, one w^^'^«"' ^'^"^^^"^^ to use one cost of 1270.00, or £54. In the case of the poorer two nu ^^^^ ^^^^^^ outfi? The cost of provisions for ^^^^^^^^f Jf^l"; '^oS and bins. No money was the provisions consisting .^l"\o^VTwL^t lived These consisted for the first year of expended on the buildings m ^l^^^^hey first In^ i ^^^, .^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ,i^^,, ^'T!"Z brU, laid sloping on poles and cover^^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^ . but, seeing that tho small a beginning a settler may s'lccesstui y siaiu ^ ^ probably few settlers ?S or frame house of the country ^^"J',^^",^^* ^^^J^'artho Mennonites did. Many a man ?Sm the United Kingdom would be ^^^ll "| *° ^^e,^,\, a^d find both his labour and his viU, however, make a hard strugg'efoi independency^ ^^^ .^^^^.^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ hardships sweetened by the Donscio-isness ot ^^, ® '''"'^ „\here will be railways and public it may further be mentioned that, for some yea 9 to come t^i^J^ w ^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^^ voX'ia progress, on which the poorer jettl-B nu^y.--f^^ ^^ P^^^^^^^,^ ,^^ ,,i,l, ,,o,o wages, and so obtain means to tide ov.r tiie ni ,,, • ^, y, to ^^™S;?the Amendment to, tl^Don^nionLai^^^^ have /erformed his honiestead duties l^e ha^ been * ., ^^^^^^ ^^^^ o two miles from his homestead. But witiun tiie ^^^,^^ ^^ ^^^^ homestead he must have broken and prepared ^^^^ J;^ i'^lese ten acres, and broken and prepared WithiJ the second year he must l^^^^^f.^f .Sin- i all twenty-five acres under crop for crop not less than fifteen acres additional, maRnii ^^.^^ broken and prepared n th^'hird year; and also not less t^ian f^ - ^ --^^.J^ef ore applying f- hispa ent for crop for the next yf^f- „;V'i hisTu m^stead, and resided in it. The settlei must not tZ ?^:£^^ ^-^moie than six months in any one year. HINTS FOR SETTLERS IN MANITOBA. purpose of this paper. 66 D0:M1NI0N Or CANADA. and in a few weeks the soci is pertectly rotten, ivir. jjaiey, near j>iy«uuiie wu.v, vicinity of Bijistone Lake, sowed ten acres of oats in this way. He pixt two bnshels peck to an acre. In the fall he harvested 426 bushels of oats, which he found to be enough to pay for the " breakin-,' " and give him )^16 besides. This is a practical, rej with a rank vef,'etable growth, and the (lu-^stion is how to subdue this, and so make the land available for farming purposes. Experience has proved that the best way is to plough not deeper tlian two inches, and turn over a furrow from twelve to sixteen inches ^^' ^it is especially desirable for the farmer who enters early in the spring to put in a crop of oats on the first "breaking." It is found by experience that the sod pulverizes and decomposes under tlie intiuence of a growing crop quite as effectually, if not more so, than when simply turned and left by itself for that purpose. There are also fewer weeds, which is of very gi-eat importance, as it freciuently happens that the weeds which grow soon after breaking are as difficult to subdue as the sod itself. Large crops of oats are obtahiedfrom sowing on the first breaking, and thus not only is the cost defrayed, but there is a profit It is also of great importance to a settler with limited means to get this, crop the first year. One mode of this kind of planting is to scatter the oats on the grass, aiul then turn a thin sod over them. The grain thus buried quickly finds its way through, and in a few weeks the sod is perfectly rotten. Mr. Daley, near Bigstone City, in the ■ " ■ He put two bushels and a 'be worth reported experience ' Tliere is also testimony from other farmers to similar effect. Flax is a good crop to put in on the first breaking. It yields well, pays well, and rapidly subdues the turned sod. A practice which has been followed by other settlers, and which experience has proved to be successful, is to turn tlie sod two inches deep, and then by the device of removing one farrow and ploughing up from the bed it occupied a sufiiciency of earth to make a covering of the ploughed sods, an admirable seed bed is obtained. The settler should plant potatoes the first year for his family use, and do other little things of that kind. Potatoes mav be put in as late as June the 20th. All that is required is toturn over a furrow, put the potatoes on the ground, and then turn another furrow to cover them, the face of the grass being placed directly on the seed. No hoeing or further cultivation is required except to cut oiT any weeds that may grow. Very heavy crops of fine potatoes have been grown in this way. ^ i, i -i. Before the prairie is broken the sod is very tough, and requires great force to break it; but after it has once been turned the subseciuent ploughings are very easy from tlie friability of the soil, and gang ploughs may easily be used. On account of the great force reijuired to break the prairie in the first instance, many prefer oxen to horses. There is a liabilitv of horses becoming sick in Manitoba when first taken there from the older parts of the Continent, until they become accustomed to the new feed and the country, especially if they are worked hard and have not sufficient It is for this reason that oxen, which are not liable to the same casualties as horses, are better suited for breaking the prairie. A pair of oxen will break an acre and a half a dav with very little expense for feed. Mules have been found to do very well, and they are considered well adapted f.jr prairie work. On the larger farms steam is beginning to be used, but the ciuestion of steam cultivation is not yet settled. WHAT TO TAKE TO MANITOBA. The settler in going to Manitoba from the Old Countiy sliould be cautioned against burdening himself with verv heavy luggage. The weight which he is allowed to carry without paving extra on an ordinary emigrant ticket is 150 lbs. Freight charges for lug- gage over this weight are higli. Tools and implements, stoves, tables or bedsteads, or heavy, clumsy things of that description, can ])e bought in Miinitoba more cheaply than they can be carried. Tools and implements specially adapted to the country can be pur- chased cheaply in Manitoba, but artisans or mechanics having special tools for their handicrafts wi'll, of course, take them with them. The e.xception to this general direction is that parties may sometimes hire a car for their effects, and thus take their whole stock and furniture with them more cheaply than they can be rephiced ; but the adaptation of any implement to Manitoba should be well ascertained before it is taken. All clothing, also bedclothing, and cases or covers of beds, should be taken to be filled after arriving in Manitoba. ROUTES, AND WHEN TO GO, The intending settler iKiin the TTnited Kingdom or the Continent of Eni'uijc may hwy ticket direct to Winnipeg, or almost any part of Manitoba, at the offices of the steamship lake the ay is to 11 inches in a crop izes and BO, than r weeds, ich grow oats are Lyed, but ) get tliia he grass, through, ;y, in the els and a be worth reported is a good )dnes the sperience device of E earth to iher little i required f virrow to ir further y crops of i break it ; from tlie ace, many when iirst led to the sufficient as horses, d a half a and they ginning to ed against I to carry 08 for lug- isteads, or eaply than in be pur- 8 for their II direction /hole stock il)tation of II clothing, arriving in ie may buj' ! steamship It' DOMINION OF CANADA. 68 , TT * r».,=Kn^ nn,i thence bv wav of the Great Lakes to Thunder Bay, lines. He may go to Quebec, antyhence by ^,«'^ » . , shortest, and wholly within where he will take the railway to Winnipeg ,^,^f_^'^^Vi8 free from the inconvenience of Canadian territory, and the settlor who t^^es this route is tree iro^^^ entering all CuHtomsexaminations^^^^^^^^^^^ q,,,,, ,,f, ?.Tal an^S PauUo wliin peg ' The distance by this route is longer, but.it is contin- Clucago and St. i>aul to vvinn pe^^ .^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ f^^m at anvof the Canadian Government agencies or steamship agencies. ,| '^^y have Deen fixed It prices soTow, under arrangement with the Government, as really to constitute *" 'vtrl-ouralTe rates are afforded for immigrants' and settlers' f ects., a the Cana- dian iSSailway from Port Arthur, Thunder Bay .They will be taken by t- car oad, containing a weight of 20,000 lbs., for a distance of 1,000 miles for »90 (£18 Js- 10i«- f^-h Anv less weight will be taken in the same proportion. These cheap rates of freight from Sie head of lake navigation will be found to be of great advantage to immigrants. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LANDS. In view of the fact that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company have obtained from the G^ernment of Canada a grant of 2r,,000,000 acres of land to assist m the bmlding of the CanadTn Pacific llaihvay, it becomes important for the settler to understand the terms on which they offer their lands for sale. ,.,,,, i.- fn * Is aheady stated, the odd-numbered sections of townships i^-f^}^f,f^^^'l^ "^H and 29 which are School Lands) for twenty-four miles on each side of the railway, may eenera ly be stated to be Railway Lands. The Company will have lands apportioned to theS other portions of the North-West, which will be made known from tune to time. SerthekXriised regulations they offer their land at r2.50 (10s stg.) an acre, and upwards with conditions requiring cuUivation. Lands will also be sold by the Company 7uimaeonditiom of cultivaUon. The purchaser, by paying cash, may get a deed of con- veyance at the tirneof purchase; or he may pay one-sixth m cash, and the balance in five annual instalments, with interest at 6 per cent. Or payment may be made in Land Grant Bonds, which will be accepted at 10 per cent, premiuin'on their par value and accrued interest ^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^^^^_ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ .^ ^ j^^ bough on 3tions of cuftivation. This rebate is from I^L.o to «3 50 (os. to 14s stg.) per acre. See Land Regulations of this Company hi the Appendix to this Guide Book. It follows from these regulations that if a settler buys land from this Company at 82 50 (10s. stg.) per acre, and gets a rebate of $1.25 (5s. stg.) per acre he is in exactly the same positioS in the case of a purchase of a half section, as if he obtained a free grant from the Government of 160 acres, and paid for the other quarter section a pre-emption ^^ ^These'^nrices! the' intending settler should understand, are very cheap. The lands so sold bv the Company are probably worth ftlO.OO or »20.U0 (£2 or £i stg.) per acre, and more in many cases. But the interest of the Company is less to seal at high prices, and which might be held for speculation, than to attract settlers; who, by affording passenger tralfic and freight from the produce of their cultivated farms, are very much more im- portant for the Com])any than simply high prices for lands in the absence ot settlement. The great interest of the Company is to obtain settlers, and to content them by affording them every possible facility. „ , ^ ,. t. -n -r> -i It will appear from a comparison of the conditions of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company with the Dominion Land Regulations, that if a family of four adults desire to settle together thev may obtain a really large estate on very moderate terms, lor instance,''each of the four members of the family may settle on the four free homesteads, of 160 acres each, in any even-numbered unoccupied section. Each may then purchase another 160 acres at $2'.50 (10s. stg.) per acre from the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany in the aajoming uau uuinDeivu. -^cotiuiin. i no oC.ttkt-, .vsuk. --wi „ —- --— — *--; steads and making cultivation thereon, would be able within the time mentioned also to GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 69 foe for entering Governmeut homesteads is >10 (^ J ^t^-); of probablv the richest wheat way, in four years obtain a l^^ge estate of l,2«0acie3ot^l^^^^^^ ^^.^^^ not only Jewing land in the world at a merely nonuimlpu^^^^^^ ^.^^1 ^^vantage b?ESs'o^t:fcSl^^^^^^^^^^^^ neighbourhood in settling *n'n"ases where it is an object for families with i^ans to take up andjarm^more extensive tracts of land, tne regulations ^\o^'';;.^^^^,^^,^;;'";;ectiu^^^^^^ any Government f others might take up a. free li«»'«f «^'^%^.^^'' '\V fobtlSa whole sectio^^ tands and pre-emptthe other ]- q«-te-ec.tions tj^ ^^^^ ^^., ^ ■Lcres^ for their homesteads and pre-emptions, xn^y , n ^ ^^^^3 obtain be- eachi 'lie four adjoining odd-numbered !5f^'^«.°f,,'^^;7odd sections and getting the tween them a large estate of a-200 acre^ fy^j ;if ^^.^emte terms. The actual settler rebate, this estate could ^.'^ P^^-^,^^^^^.^ " I'^t'fof S to choose from. The arrangement ,y t^^SiSSJilic^RSySt^;:?^?^-- -^--^ "^ -- - ^^^' ^-^^"^" '' North America. ^^^^^^ ^^^ COMPANY'S LANDS. . F u^ntim-i No 20 in the greater number of town- Section No. 8 and three-quarters o^^^^^'^JHll settlers must be careful not to enter ships' are Hudson Bay Company's ^'J"^}^' ^"^^^^^^^^^ The prices vary accora- upin them --l-^ «-y,^^r F^^^K i the Wl 'oniSsioner of the Company. His u\a to locality. Mr. C. J. Br>dges is t e ^'■'^'' . ^^ j^adc to him. Ucial residence is at Whmipeg, Man ad ajH^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^.^^^^j t^ „„e. Under agreement with the (-'I^^^ "•*';?, f^thiiated at about sev^n millions of acres, twentieth of the lands of X^'l^'iovL Ws oT this Company. Their object is to No prices can be quoted heie toi ine obtain for them fair, current market prices. SCHOOL LANDS. section. No,. U an. .» in eve,,- ^^«'«S':^^^,^:"^,:^:iJ:::^lii:^ "' Ihei. sal ° are to be aK.lied to the »;W°""/„^'£Srietition it auction Ml«inat,e« .vivate Bale. When fi^^:^ «„''' "^ ,"<..' llS^ the idee they brinj, by anct.on »hen LANDS AT PRIVATE SALE. .he settic, „»y »-tin,e. f ^J ^t -^i- ^^ ^^^^^Si^i^Z^'S^ l:SfeX'o'Sar\Srte1S;:^°in .Uta^^ PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. GENERAL FEATURES. an area of 341,305 square ""\^,^: ^'^^^jfi^^irbe said to be the Great Britain and California climate and great mineral wealth, it mi^nt of the Dominion . ■ — ' » In every aUU towashii^ ''le -Ji;^^W^^^^;;^^ri^^^^i^^«°^^ section of '26. 70 DOMINION OF CANADA. City oi' Victoria, T1.P Province 13 (livided into two parts-the Island of Vancouver and the mainland TheTlraS^.Xut'sOO mUes in len.tl, with an average breadth of 60 miles, containing an area of about 20,000 sciuare miles. HARBOURS. °™"ThS»r":,ui;;f;~u.StVe B„,™-a Inlet, Howe Scrnl, B„l.: Inlet, Millbank ''""li;;SCkt™llrSl,er nom,. i» ,u,TO„mled will, lotty mountain,, .ncl receive, -|iE!EMSSr^l^^^^^^^ "^^^^Ei^Sltii^l^SSiS by steam vessels from Nanaimo. and is one of the ^°^*?i°E"e?NLtl'Sltt"S^ north, is near the frontier of Alaska. It has been 111 wass, a luue 1 tv'entv'five mil««. It is believed that the region it rS^t H^h in'Sl^" >:Sth It'LnJtWSkeeiia are valuable for the tisheries. GUIDE BOOK LOR SETTLKUS. »___ UF VlCTOHIA, e mainland. 3, containing 'acitio Ocean iles from the i-y deep, and ilet.Millbank Westminster, ade is chiedy /enient depth ,nd, and com- , and receives id Vancouver, ir as the gold I is one of the , It has been the region it •ies. VaNCOUVEU ISLANI), B.C. CLIMATE. '■""^JA. author h» livca .0. „.«« «»'v™,Ca;^s "s Ktr;;i ;«;i°;r| ?rom the evening to early i""^-""^,^-^^^^^*,,^'^ 'the ground for more than two or thiee days , uncomfortable ; the snow rarely lenai. on c ^^^_^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ the author has never seen .t more ^1- -J;"^,, J,, b.A., the following farther extract ,« From a pamphlet by Mr. E. Uranam ^ pa , . ly '>" 88 ^"^^^llihe rain-fall at Esqunnault Yjm^^ '?S ^^e^nLlnS^^'w^^.^S^e^ inches; the average would be ^bouti^^m^^^^^^ it -o-/-\t-i^foVr I'^^n'Snu^r^^^^ rmomeiei vtti,>»"6--^ — .- ,, colony compares "^ost favom ably^Nvit'^.^^^^^^ .^^ ^.^^.^^^ j^^^,„j,3. ilie Atlantic side ot tnc ..nn-n wmmmw *- "^ nOi ^>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ & ' i^4^ ^/Ic m i/.x A. 1.0 I.I £ us ■f-IM IM |2£ 1.8 1.25 U IIIIII.6 / <^ /a *> %>? ... "^Z '■'^» ^-.. -m'^ »>*.'^ / Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. .4580 (716) 872-4503 1 V iV -^ \ :\ % .V V) ci^ wmmtm^ ,Vl^ 'p.< 72 DOMINION OF CANADA. mine:7al wealth-immense gold and coal deposits. First amour; tlie resources of Britisli Columbia may be classed its mineral wealth. The exploratory surwys in connection with the Canadian Pacitic Eailway have estab- lished the existence of tiold over the whole extent of the Province. Large values have already been taken from the gold mines which have been worked. This precious metai is found all along the Fraser and Thompson Kivers; again in the north along the Peace and Ominica ll?vers and on the Germansen Creek; and on Vancouver Island. Want of roads to reach them and want of capital seem to have been the obstacles in the way of ^noro generally working the gold mines in the past. These obstacles £,re, how- ever, in the way of being overcome. Even with these insufficient means of working, the yield of gold in iJritish Columbia from 1H58 to 187t5 v.-as 889,!)oH,(ilS, the average earnings per man being %iV^ per year. It is confidently expected that nun-e gold will be taken out of the mines of British Columbia than would l)uild the Pacific Hallway. It is found along a north-west line of more than ten degrees of latitude. Copper io found in abundance in Bi-itish Columbia, and silver mines have been foun([ in the Fraser Valley. Further explorations will undoubtedly develoji more mineral wealth. The coal mines of British Columbia are probably even more valuable than its gold mines. Bituminous coal is found in Vancouver Island in several places, and anthracite coal of very excellent quality on Queen Charlotte's Island. This is said to be superior to Pennsylvania anthracite, and although coal is found in California, that which is mined in British Columbia commands the highest price in San Francisco. His Excellency the Mar<]uis of Lome said respecting it, in a speech U Victoria, British Columbia : " The coal fiom the Nanaimo mines now leads the market at San Francisco. Nowhere else in these countries is such coal to bo found, and it is now being worked with an energy that bids fair to inake Nanaimo one of the chief mining stations on the Continent. It is of incal- culable importance, not only to this Province of the Dominion, but also to the interests of the ]']mpire, thiit our fleets and mercantile marine, as well as the coutineutal markets, should be supplied from this source." Speaking of tlio quality of the coal of British Columbia, Dr. Dawson, a competent authority on the subject, made the following statement: "It is true bituminous coal of very excellent quality. It was tested by tlie War Department of the United States, some years ago, to find out which fuole gave the best results for steam-raising purposes on the western coast, and it was foi'ud that, to ]n'oduce a given quantity of steaiu, it took 1,800 lbs. of Nanaimo coal to 2,100 lbs. of Seattle coal, 2,(100 lbs. of Coos Bay coal, Oregon, and 2,(;00 lbs. of Monte Diablo coal, California, showing that, as far as the Pacific^oast is concerned, the coal of Nanaimo has a marked supei-ioritv over all the others. In 1882 the coal raised hrnn the Nanaimo mines was 282, IHU tcjns, which is equal to about one-fifth tlie coal product of Nova Scotia, though that Province has been so much longer a coal producing region. Of this 151,800 tons were sold in San Francisco, the retail price bein^ about «12 a ton." ^ The imi)ortance of the coal supply of British Columbia is pointed out by Sir Charles Dilke, one of the present Ministers of the Crown in England, in his book entitled " Greater Britain," as follows : coal fields, but they he ' the wrong way ' for trade; on the other hand, the California coal at Monte Duiblo, San Diego and Monterey, lies well, but is oad in qualitv. Tasmania has good coal, but m no great quantity, and the beds nearest to the coast are-formed of inferior anthracite. The three countries of the Pacitic which must for a time at least rise to nianufacturing greatness are Japan, Vancouver Island and New South Wales; but which of these will become M-ealthiest and most powerful depends mainly on the amount of coal which they respectively possess, so situated as to be cheaply raised. The dearness of labour under which Vancouver suffers will be removed by the opening of the Pacific Hall- way, but for the present New South Wales has the cheapest labour, and upon her shores at Newcastle are abundant stores of coal of good quality for uiamifacturing purjioses, although for sea use it burns 'dirtdy' and too fast. . . . The future of the Pacific shores 18 inevitably brilliant, but it is not New Zealand, the centre of the water hemi- sphere, which will occuiiy the position that England has taken on the Atlantic, but some country such as Japan or Vancouver,juttingout in^J the ocean from Asia or from America, as England juts out from Europe," GUIDE BOOK roil BETTLEKS. The impnrtaiice of these consiclerations will become nior^ apparent to those readers of this Guide Book who have taken note of the enormous resources of the vast region— aAvicultural, industrial and commercial— throuj^h which the Canadian Pacilic Eailwny passes, with its favourable grades, and j^reat saving in distances. Those greatly important facts, affecting the considerations of empire, are fully set forth in the work fioni which Ihe above extract is taken. FORESTS. The forest lands are of great extent, and the timber most vaiuablo. They are found throiighout nearly the whole extent of the Province. The principal trees are the Douglas pine, Menzies lir, vellow iir, balsam, hemlock, white pine, yellow pine, cedar, yellow- cypress, arbor vitte, yew, oak, white maple, arbiitu-,, alder, dogwood, aspen, cherry, crabapple, willow and cotton wood. The Douglas pine is almost universal on the sea coast, and up to tlie Cascade range. It preponderates at the southern end of Vancouver, and along its east and west coast, the finest being found in the valley and low grounds along the west coast, and on the coast of British Columbia. It yields spars I'rom UO to 100 feet in length, can often be obtained loO feet free from knots, and has squared forty-tive inches for miiety feet. It is thought to be the strongest pine, or fir, in existence. Broken in a gale, tlie stem is splintered to a height of at least twenty feet, and it is astonishing to see how small a portion of the trunk will withstand the leverage of the whole tree. The timber contains a great deal of rosin, and is exceedingly durable. The bark resembles cork, is often eight or nine inches thick, and makes splendid fuel. ^ „ ^, _^ . . ^ _„ On the banks of tlxe Nitniat Islet and els-where, forests of the Menzies pine ocsin suitable in si/.e for first-class spars, and the wood works beautifully, il'^ white pine is common evervwhere. The Scotch tir is found on the bottom lands with the wiIIonn and Cottonwood. "The cedar abounds in all parts of the country, and attains an enormous growth. Hemlock spruce is very common. The maple is umversa ^verywheive. The Tirbutus grows very large, and the wood in colour and texture resembles box. Iheie a e vo k lufs of oak, much of it of good size and .juality There are few lumbering estab- lishments, the tr;ule being hardly developed. The value of timber exports in l.s«l Nsas ^^''"■^The Fraser River and its tributaries, with the numerous lakes communicating with them uniish -'reat facilities for the conveyance of timber. The Lower 1 raser country especially \s densely wooded. Snutllcr streams and the numerous inlets and arms of the sea furnish facilities for the region further nortii. -, , i • . vi ,f^.;a . His Excellencv the Jlarquis of Lome said in a speech made by him at \ ictoria : "Every St ck in these wonderful forests, which so amply and generously clothe the Sierras from he Cascade range to the dista,>t Rocky Mountams, wd be of value as rmnmunicition opens up. The great arch of timber lands beginning on the west of Luke M 1 it^cSes^r . . to Edmonton, comes down along the mountams, so as to include the vhole of ^V^^^^^^^^^^ l^opl^^i- ^1""«' f"^- "^^^"y y'""''^' '"""' be he staple wood o e u ds to the sout of the Saskatchewan, and your great opportunity lies in this, that vouc nlnN^thes^^^^^^^^^^^ the whole of that region as much of the linest timber m the vo Id as lhercSde4e,while your cordwood cargoes will compete with the coal ot FISHERIES. . , . 1 .KU, Mio ricbe*t ill the world. Whales and seals abound in the The fisheries are r»-'>b'^ y ' ; ' ', ^f, "he rivers and estuaries of iiritish Columbia. 7 4 DOMINION OF CANADA. aalmon bej^in to arrive in March or early iu April, and last till the end of June. The average weight is from four to twenty-five lbs., but they hi: ve been caught weighing over seventy. The second kind are caught from June to August, and are considered the finest. Their a-, rage size is only five to six lbs. The third, coming in August, average seven lbs., and are^n excellent fish. The noan, or humpback salmon, comes every second year, lasting from Augu.st till winter, weighing from six to fourteen lbs. The hookbill arrives in September and remains till winter, weighing from twelve to fifteen, and even forty-five lbs. Salmon is sold at Victoria at five cents per lb., and there appears to be no limit to the catch. , -,,»•, i i- • The oulachans, a small fish like a sprat, appearmg at the end of April, are a delicious fish, fresh, salted or smoked, and yield an oil of a line and excellent quality. They enter the river in millions, and those caught at the north are said to be so full of oil that they will burn like a candle. ,..,,. -, , , „ , • a^ i Several species of cod are found, and it is believed that there are extensive cod oanks in the Gulf of Georgia. -, i. .u j; i ;i Herring also abound during the winter months, and are largely used, both fresh and smoked, and are of good quality. , . , ■^.^ Anchovies are only second to the oulachans in abundance, and may be taken with great case during the autumn. Haddock is caught in the winter months. , . , , -, ^i -i Dogfish can be taken with great facility in any of the bays and inlets, and the oil extracted from these is of great value. . , . , ,, Exo3llent trout are found in most of the lakes and streams, weighing from three to " Oysters are found in all parts of the Province. They are small but of fine quality. AGRICULTURE AND FRUIT GROWING. The Province of British Columbia cannot be called an agricultural country through- out its whole extent. But it yet possesses very great agricultural resources, especially in view of its mineral and other sources of wealth, as well as its position. It possesses tracts of arable land of very great extent. A portion of these, however, requires artificial irrigation This is easily obtained and not expensive, and lands so irrigated are of very groat fertility. Land 1,700 feet above the level of the sea, thus irrigated, yielded last year as iiigli as foVty bushels of wheat per acre. The tracts of land suitable for grazing purposes are of almost endless extent, and the cl invite very favourable, shelter being only required for sheep, and even this not m (u-dinary seasons. On the Cariboo road there is a plain loO miles long, and 60 or 80 vide and between the Thompson and Fraser Rivers there is an immense tract of arab e 'lud <''r:izin>' land. The hills and plains are covered with bunch grass, on which the cattle and horses'live all winter, and its nutritive qualities are said to exceed the celebrated blue grass and clover of Virginia. . ,.,.,» • ■ i n i- i At the north-east corner of British Columbia there is a district of prairie land, which is thus «iioken of l)y Dr. Dawson in his evidence before the Parliamentary Committee : " I li'ive spoken of the whole district, because that part in British Columbia— between f) 000 and tJ.OOO sciuare miles of agricultural land— is similar. I speak only of that part of the Peace River country south of the 5i»th parallel. I do not refer to that to the^north, because I have never been there myself, and could only speak of it from report, ^o give some idea of the value of the region as an agricultural country, taking the area 1 have given, and supposing as a measure of its capacity-merely, of course, as an empirical ^inposition for the purpose of estimating its value-that the who e were sown in wheat, ac twenty bushels to the acre, itwould produce over 470,000,000 bushels of wheat annually. I believe that the whole of this area will eventually be cultivated. I am not quite_ sure tliat over c%erv part of it wheat will ripen and be a sure crop, but as far as we can ]udge of the climate, it is as good as or better than that of Edmonton, on the Saskatchexs-an River • and where wheat has been tried in the Peace River district, as a matter of tact it succeeds, as well as ot'.ier crops, such as oats and barley. We have, therefore, every reason to believe that over the greater part of this area wheat will be a satisfactory and sure crop. If onlv the estimated prairie area be taken as immediately susceptible ot cultivation, its yield, at the rate above estimated, would be 3^,100,000 bushels. _ Dr. Dawsoii stated that summer frosts, which sometimes occur in this reg'on, were not sutticientlv intonse to iirevent the rii)ening of wheat and other grains.^ -^'"f /^^ ^'^'■'^' was a fact wilhiii \n. ov.u knowledge. He was asked whether the season in which he was GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 75 there was not more favourable than usual; on the nontrary, he said, it waw an unusually severe season, but yet the frost did not alfect the wheat crop. He added : " I collected excellent specimens of wheat from the Hudson Ijay post. In fact, the crops this year were later than usual, on account of a period of wtt weatlier just before harvest, which delayed the ripening of the ^'rain." His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, in a speech at Victoria, made the following; remarks: „ . , n , ^ . « • Throughout the interior it will probably pay well in the future to Jiave flocks of sheep. The demand for wool "iid woollen goods will always be very large among the people now crowding in such mnnbers to those regions which our official world hk yet calls the North-Wt...., but which is the Noi • h-East and east to you. There is no reason why British Columbia should not be for this portion of our territory what California is to the States in the supply afforded of fruits. The perfection attained by small fruits is unri- valled, and it is only with the Peninsula of Ontario that you would have to compete for the supplies of grapes, peaches, pears, apples, cherries, plums, apricots and currants." His Excellency further said: "For men possessing from £200 to £000, I can conceive no more attractive occupation than the care of cattle or a cereal farm within your borders. Wherever there is open land the wheat crops rival the best grown elsewhere, while there is nowhere any dearth of ample provision of fuel and lumber fw the winter, As you get vour colonization roads pushed and the dykes along the Eraser Riv^r built, you will have a lar^^er available acreage, for there are quiet straths and valleys hidden away among the rich forests which would provide comfortable farms. As in the North- West last year, so this vear. I have taken down the evidence of settlers, and this has been wonderfully favourable. To say the truth, I was rather hunting for grumblers, and found only one.^ He was a young man of super-sensitiveness from one of our comfortable Ontario cities. MANUFACTURES AND EXFORTP The manufactories of British Columbia have been hitherto comparatively few in number: but water power is everywhere abundant. Those manufactures which are at p?eTent being carried on are in a prosperous state. The exports from the Province are &ready considerable, and will undoubcedly in the near future be largely developed. Besfdes th^ large number of vessels that visit the ports of British Columbia, there are ftfamers p1yin^"between Victoria and New Westminster, and on the Fraser River as far as Yale; and there are also others. POPULATION. The total population of British Columbia was 40,459 by the census of 1881. But since that date there has been a large influx of Chinese, and a so of whites, in connection with thfworks of the Canadian Pacific Railway. There is a arge disproportion between the r^^en and the wonVen in the Province, the men being greatly in excess. The disproportion wfn however probably be remedied by the progress of Tirindi'ans of British Columbia are remarkable for their peaceable disposition. On this pihit HisXcelTency the Marquis of Lome made the following appropriate remarks at Victoria: ^^ ^,^^^^ every tribe throughout the Dominion, 1 believe i ^^^^f °'^^" ' , trustworthy in regard to conduct, so willing to and nowhere can >^u fi"J^f V ^^ ° ^;f„ '° independent and anxious to learn the secret of assist the white settlers ^Y «XeltSre ai e S demands for assistance, your the white man's power, ^^yii;'^^!'^ f ^ the nterviews given to the chiefs, their whole Indians have never asked for a > , J "/ " ^^^^^^ i„ ,?eplv to questions as to whether desire seemed to ^^^;^^^'i:^:^:r:;S\n^S^ioni they\.variably replied that they would assist themselves 11 secuim j ^ ^^ aesived that some of the they would be glad o P'^X f["^ ^^^^^ :„,S be giv^to provide them fully with schools, in funds apportioned for I^^)' \f " .""'.fj,''^,,*^ o,tant item. But we must not do injustice whichindustrialeduca ion mayfoimim^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ j^^^^.^^^^^_ ^j^^ to the wilder tribes. Iheir case is toun> m it . ^^^^^ ^^.^^^_ ,^^^^ buffalo was everyt nng to t^l>e no nad^ ,1 ^w n '. He e, on the contrary, the advent of the disappearance of tins amm.l o t "^^^^^Y^- 1,. „f ^,, ,,„tive. He has game in abun- ^dlite men has never 'Innuu.hod tht oo,! si 1 ^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^.^ ^^j, ^j,,,,,, ,,o dance, for the deer are as ^^^^^^^"^^^ZuS^tSlt vou have taught him have given knows what to Oo vntli a d the k..n,^m ^^ .^. ^^^^.^,^^„ lum a source vt loua rupi'i.- <-'- "I ■4 3 •Ji •J •J O -1 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. i t His Excellency further pointed out that poimlation will como to British Columbia sa. soon as the Pacit.c Railway is pushed throu<,'li. Its isolated position, and the expense and difficulty of reachin:^ it, have hitherto stood in the way of immigration. His Excel- lency eloquently said : " There is no reason idtimately to doubt that the population attracted to you, as soon as yon have a line thiMUf^h the mountains, will he the population which we most desire to have— a people like that of the old Imperial Islands, drawn from the strongest races of Northern Europe— one that with English, American, Irish, German, French, and Scandi- navian blood shall be a worthy son of the old Mother of Nations." LAND REGULATIONS. The public lands of British Columbia are vested in the Provincial Government with the exception of the 20 nule Railway Belt (so-called, that is, a belt on each side of the railwav), which was made over to the Dominion Government as a set-off for railway works 'within the Province. The Provincial lands are under the management of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Victoria, who has ofticial assistants in the districts. -r, ■.• , , • i. Any head of a family, widow, or single man over 18 years of age, a British subject, or an alien declaring his'lntention to become such, may record any surveyed or unsurveyed Crown lands not already occupied or recorded, as either a " homestead " or " pre-emp- tion." The quantity of such land not to exceed H20 acres nortl; o,nd east of tlie Cascade or coast range of mountains, or 100 in any other part of the Province. The price to be one dollar per acre, payable in four annual instalments, the hrst instalment to be paid one vear from the date of record. . Application to be made in writing to the Lund Commissioner, in duplicate, with descriotion and plan of the land, and declaration under oath that the land is properly subiect to settlement, and the applicant '2 miles, and the averatje heifjlit about 800 feet above the Boa ; at the boundary line it is about 1,000 feet. This first plateau lie'3 entirely within the Province of Mauitol)a, and is estinuited to contain about 7,000 K(|uare miles of the best whent ^'rowiuj^ laud on the Continent or in the world. The second plateau or steppe has an avera-^'o altitude of l.tiOO feet, having; a width of about "i'lO miles on the National boundary line, and an area of about 105,000 scjuare miles. The rich, undulating,', park-like country lies in this re^'ion. This section is specially favourable for settlement, and includes the Assiniboine and Qu"Appclle districts. The Bell Farm is situated in the Qu'Api)cll2 district. The third plateau or ste))pe bej^ins on the bouiidary line at the 104th meridian, where it has an elevation of about 2,000 feet, and extends west for 4(5') miles to the foot of the Koeky ^louutains, where it has an altitude of about I, '200 feet, makin.s^ an averaj,'e hei^jht uhove the sea of about 3,000 feet. Generally speakinv', the first two stepjies are those which are most favourable for a^'riculture, and the third for tirazinj,'. Settlement is pro- ceeding in the first two at a very rapid rate; and in the third jjlateau it is beginning, while numerous and prosperous cattle ranches have been established. PROVISIONAL DISTRICTS. The Dominion Government, by Order-in-Council, has formed out of this territory, for postal purposes and for the convenience of settlers, four provisional districts, named respectively AKxiiiiboiit, Suskntcliciritii, Allnrtc. and Atliahii^rii. DISTRICT OF ASSINIBOIA. This district comprises an area of about il^.OOO s(]uare miles. It is bounded on the south by the International boundary line, on the east by the western boundary of Mani- toba, on the north bv the o o X o 35 a 3 O a. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLEPS. 87 o o n o » o OS a H > o M u o 35 3 a. It may further bo remarked in this place that the country along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from Moose Jaw to Calgary, had been commonly said to be a desert, incapable of growing crops. It is true that at certain seasons the aspect of these plains is not very inviting. Bn' it has also been demonstrated to be true, that the theory advanced by Prof. Macoun, the botanist of the exploratory surveys of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has proved to be quite correct. These plains in their natural state, as the summer advances, have a baked and in some places cracked appearance ; but when the surface of this crust is broken in the spring, it absorbs the rain-fall, and has Bufficient moisture for vegetation, in place of shedding it, and offering the conditions of rapid evaporation, and these combined causes producing apparent aridity. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company during the past season (1884) caused a series of experimental farms to be tried without any special selection of site, the places being chosen for convenience near the railway stations, which are placed at certain fixed distances from each other. The result of these experiments in every case, without exception, was luxuriant crops of wheat and other grains, and vegetables of every kind put down. Mr. Mackenzie, the late Premier of Canada, who was one of those who were sceptical as to the capa-bility of those plains for cultivation, visited these farms during the summer, and expressed himself astonished at the favourable results he saw. He found oats to be so luxuriant that he might hide himself among them walking «P"ght. The uniform success of these experimental farms at so many different points settled the question as to the adaptability for cultivation of the formerly so-called "arid plains of the third steppe of the Continent of America, in the North-West Territory of Canada And with respect to those portions of these North-West plains of Canada in which alkali is found. Prof. Macoun declares that these will become the most valuable ot the -wheat lands as settlement progresses, the alkali being converted into a valuable fertilizer by the admixture of barn yard manure. The Professor further contends that these alka- line plains will become the great wheat fields of the Americau Continent long alter the now fertile prairies and fields to the east shall have become exhausted. . ^ „ ^ . . , It is not, however, only in agricultural resources that the District of Alberta is rich. There are in it the greatest extent of coal fields known in the world, Ihe Kocky Mountains and their foot-hills contain a world of minerals yet to explore, comprising iron, gold, silver, galena and copper. Large petroleum deposits are known to exist. Immense supplies of timber may also be mentioned among the riches of Alberta, and these are found in such positions as to be easily workable in the valleys along the numer- ous streams flowing through the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains into the great Sas- katchewan. It is needless to say that resources such as these in North America, now that they are pierced by the Canadian Transcontinental Railway, will not remain long ^'^^AMol-diiig to" the competent testimony of Dr. Dawson, the quantity of coal already proved to exist is very great. Approximate estimates underlying a square mile of country in several localities have been made, with the following results: Main Seam, in vicinity of Coal Banks, Belly River. Coal underlymg one square mile, ^''^^^Gr^sfmand, Bow River (continuation of Belly River Main Seam). Coal underlying one square mile, over 5,000,000 tons. ., i ann nnn i^y^a Horseslwe Bend, Bow River. Coal underlying one square mile, 4,900,000 tons. TalkZtCrLlnn. Workable coal seam as exposed on Bow River. Underlying one '^"ThSe^'thusTnd^r^ne square mile of territory a sufficiency of coal for a large population in the North-West to last for a generation of men; and whether these coal fiehis are continuous or not, there are at least many thousands of square miles of *^'^"The ooal-boaring rocks developed so extensively on the Bow and Belly Rivers and their tributaries ai-e known to exteid far to the north and west, though, up to the present t me ft hi been mpSb examine them at more than a few points. On the North Skkfchi^4rS^ T&^:^^^^^^ It i"of excknt qualiV.Umuch resembles the " "t>S':S;;SeSha: Sr£ul;..a near the Pacifl. Railway, at the point of iU entrance in the Rocky Mountains. i A Peep at the Eockies, FR05t near pAPMonE. Enokaved rnoxr A Piiotooraph. B8 GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 89 The climate of Alberta has features peculiarly its own. It is in the winter liable to remarkable alternations. When the wind blows from the Pacific Ocean, and this is the prevailing wind, the weather becomes mild, and the snow rapidly disappears. When, however, the wind blows from the north over the plains, the weather becomes very cold, the thermometer sometimes going down to 30' below zero, this being the lowest point reached in 1883, on November 28th. In the summer there are liabilities to frosts. These do not, however, seem to injure vegetation. The summer of 1883 was reported especially unfavourable from this cause. There were yet the fine farm crops before alluded to as seen by the writer, in October, near Calgairy. Calgary is the chief town in Alberta. It is beautifully situated at the confluence of the Bow and the Elbow Rivers. It is very thriving, and already does a large business. It commands a beautiful view of the Rocky Mountains, and is undoubtedly destined in the near future to become a large city. DISTRICT OF ATHABASCA. This district comprises an area of about 122,000 square miles, bounded on the south by the District of Alberta ; on the east by the line between the 10th and 11th Ranges of the Dominion Lands Townships before mentioned, until in proceeding northwards that line intersects the Athabasca River ; then by that river and the Athabasca Lake and Slave River to the intersection of this with the northern boundary of the district which is to be the 32nd Correction line of the Dominion Lands Township System, and is very near the 60th parallel of north latitude ; and westward by the Province of British Columbia. This district has also vast resources, but being yet, from its northern position, out of the range of immediate settlement, a more detailed description of it is deferred. i A View in the North- West. :H ;'f ■ I CHAPTER IX. TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS, TRAVELLERS, DELEGATES AND EMINENT MEN. The Earl of Duffetin.—Vfhen Lord Dufferin visited the North-West in 1877, travelling over large stretches and camping out for several weeks together, after observation of its resources and conversations with settlers, he declared in a speech of great eloquence at Winnipeg, that when the Dominion of Canada came to these vast regions she was no longer " a mere settler along the banks of a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possessions, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on earth." Hi's Sxcellency the Marquis of Lome. — His Excellency the Marquis of Lome, late Governor-General of Canada, m'^ le an extensive tour in the North-West in 1881, crossing the plains in vaggons until he r xme in sight of the Eocky Mountains, and spending his nights under canvas. He also made a speech at Winnipeg, in which he described with great eloquence the impressions he had received of the territory over which he had travelled. The following are extracts : " Beautiful as ai-e the numberless lakes and illimitable forests of Keewatin — the land of tlae north wind to the east of you — yet it was pleasant to ' get behind the north wind ' and to reach your open plains. The contrast is gren t between the utterly silent and shadowy solitudes of the pine and fir forests, i iid the sunlit and breezy ocean of meadowland, voiceful with the music of birds, which stretches onward from the neighbourhood of your city. In Keewatin the lumber industry and mining enterprise can alone be looked for, and here it is impossible to imagine any kind of work which shall not produce i-esults equal to those attained in any of the great cities in the world. Unknown a few years ago except for some differences which had arisen amongst its people, we see Winnipeg now with a population unanimously joining in happy concord, and rapidly lifting it to the front rank amongst the commercial centres of the Continent. We may look in vain elsewhere for a situation so favourable and so commanding, mat j' as are the fair regions of which we can boast. "Novvhere can you find a situation whose natural advantages promise so great a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to Winnipeg, the heart city of our Dominion. The measureless meadows which commence here stretch without interruption of their good soil westward to your boundary. The Province is a green sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich grasses and flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and there that a yellow patch shows some gigantic wheat field. " Like a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when the prairie fires are more care- ' fully guarded against, will, wherever they are wanted, still further adorn the landscape. The meshes of this wood netting are never further than twenty or thirty miles apart. Little hay swamps and sparkling lakelets teeming with wild fowl are always close at hand, and if the surface water in some of these has alkali, excellent water can always be had in others, and by the simple process of digging for it a short distance beneath the sod with a spade, the soil being so devoid of stones that it is not even necessary to use a pick. No wonder that under these circumstances we hear no croaking. " Tl:ere was not one person who had manfully faced the first difficulties — always far Jess than those to be encountered in the older Provinces — but said that he was getting on well and he was glad he had come, and he generally added that he believed his bit of the country must be the best, and that he only wished his friends could have the same good fortune, for his expectations were more than realized. It is well to remember that the men who will succeed here, as in every young community, are usually the able-bodied. GUIDE BOOK FOR SETTLERS. 91 see «' Favourable testimony as to the climate was everywhere given. The heavy night dews throughout the North-West keep the country green when everything is burned to the south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds formidable when registered by the thermometer, is universally said to be far less trying than the cold to be encountered at the old English Puritan city of Boston, in Massachusetts. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which makes cold tell, and the Englishman who, with the thermometer at zero, would in his moist atmosphere be shivering, would here find one flannel shirt sufli- cient clothing while working. . . . . • • • • " With the fear of Ontario before my eyes, I would never venture to compare a winter here to those of our greatest Province, but I am bound to mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a party of sixteen Ontario men who had settled in the western portion of Manitoba as to the comparative merits of the cold season of the two provinces, fourteen of them voted for the Manitoba climate, and only two elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto. . . •,,,.' ., * * x- ' j ^v,;^v, +A " You have a country whose value it would be insanity to question, and which, to iudc'e from the emigration taking place from the older provinces, will be indissolubly linked with them. It must support a vast population. If we may calculate from the ■oroeress we have already made in comparison with our neighbours, we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new areas now open to us. Exclusive of Newfoundland, we have now four million four hundred thousand people, and these, with the exception of the comparatively small numbers as yet in this Province, are restricted in the old area. Yet for the last ten years our increase has been over 18 per cent. , whereas during the same period all the New England States taken together have shown an increase only of 15 per cent. In the last thirty years in Ohio the increase has been 61 per cent.; Ontario has had during that space of time 101 per cent, of increase, while Quebec has increased 52 per cent. Manitoba in ten years has increased 28