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Edin; D.V.i, McOUl, Dtan of the FacuUy of Ccmparativt Mtdieim and Veterinary Science, MoOiU University, Xontreal PUBLISHED BT AfiTHORITY OF THE MINISTER OP A6RICDLTURE OTTAWA AUQUST, 1898 i. 1 jx tr A. GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1898 Nar Inte Rep( : / - ■ ; I 1 c CONTENTS PART I. Narrative of trip with description of various institutions in Europe. PART II. Interviews with leading Veterinary Scientists and their views on contagious diseases of animals. PART III. Report on the methods of preserving and sterilizing milk in Germany and Denmark. \ PART I.. Hon. Sydney Fisher, Ministet of Agriculture, Ottawa. Sir, — I beg to submit the following report of my recent visit to Britain, France, Germany and Denmark, and to direct your attention to the suggestions deduced from a careful, though somewhat hurried study of various matters appertaining to health of animals ; and more especially to contagious disease affecting them, which I trust may be found useful in assisting the deliberations of the department in relation to these matters which are of such vital importance to agriculture. Arriving at Liverpool on the 30th December, I met, that evening, two of the Canadian Live Stock Agents, Messrs. Elliott and Rodgers, of Toronto, with whom I made an ar- rangement to visit the cattle sheds and lairages at Birkenhead next morning, where we met Mr. Williams, of Brampton, Ont., and Mr. Piers, of Toronto ; by the latter we were shown over the lairages. On the arrival at the ports in Great Britain, the st>, i.aships are docked at floating wharfs and the cattle landed, whence they are driven by runways to the large cattle sheds, which are divided into yards and alleyways. Those at Liverpool are several stories high and are similarly divided. The yards are furnished with feeding conveniences and are kept perfectly clean, ventilation and light are carefully provided for. In one part may be seen United States cattle, in another Argentine, and in another Canadian. They are consigned to agents who assume charge of them, see to their care and feeding and effect the sales. They may be sold privately or by auction. Under the existing regulations they must be slaughtered within ten days of their landing, and may be sold on foot or in quarters. The offal, hides, etc., are disposed of by the buyer or agent as the case may be. The agents have their offices on the grounds, and every facility for carrying on the trade is amply provided for. In the lairages we found'a consignment of fat cattle owned by J. W. Snell, which I presume were justly pronounced about the best bred and best finished lot of Canadian cattle which had landed there during the past shipping season. The gen- tleman who was showing us round, remarked : "What a pitv that all our Canadian cattle are not like these." This led to an assertion being made which substantiated the statement con- tained at the foot of page 4 of my annual report for 1897, viz.:— "It is evident to all interested observers that year by year Canadian cattle are failing to hold their own in quality, and the time has come when they must be improved by the importation of fresh blood from abroad." We were shown a large number of United States cattle evi- dently from the far west. They were good rough cattle, but capable of being much better finished. A consignment of Argen- tine Republic cattle was also shown us,and here I saw convincing evidences of the adaptability of that country for stock-raising. Owing to the climate, the cattle get no check on their growth. Their coats are as fine as those of groomed horses, they are large (over 1,400 pounds each), and show evidence of short horn crossing on long horned, probably Spanish cattle. It is well known that the Argentines have been the most extensive purchasers of thoroughbred cattle in Britain for years back and It IS quite evident that they can raise them much more cheaply and incur fewer losses than can be expected in the west of Canada or the United States, and, if we would derive the benefits of our nearness to British markets, as compared with them, we must produce cattle of the most improved and most profitable breeds. These in the estimation of men in the trade are Shorthorns (Scotch in preference). Polled Angus, Galloways, Hereford* and South Devons (which are larger than the North Devons) and Sussex. The hardy Scotch shorthorn is most favoured for Canauian purposes. At Glasgow I visited the market and was present at some of the sales of both horses and cattle. f I , and every dfor. attle owned jnced about :attle which . The gen- What a pity lis led to an ement con- )rt for 1897, at year by in quality, ved by the 5 cattle evl- I cattle, but itof Argen- convincing )ck-raising. eir growth. ;s, they are ce of short ittle. It is extensive ears back, nuch more cted in the )uld derive compared >roved and ihorthorns Herefords h Devons) Cana uiaa It some of The difference in the prices between inferiorly bred un- finished cattle as compared with well bred finished cattle was most marked-, n every instance, when a well bred heifer or s eer. „ j^d and m finished condition appeared in the ring J^^TnkT'^VT^'''''^^''''^' ^^'o-year-olds brought from £t4 to ^20 each. ($70 to »ioo) for beef purposes. MR. OGILVIB's IMPOKTATION OP AVRESHFRKS. When at Glasgow I was called on by the agent of Mr. W. W. Og.ly.e of Montreal, who was engaged in buying twenty five head of the best Ayrcshires procurable. All Mr Ognvie's importation were carefully tested before leaving Scotland and declared free from tuberculosis, and were shfpped fr^n Glasgow to St. John. N.B. where they are now in quarantine" An.r'bulh"" ^^T '""' "' '''' ''°'' "^ ^ ^^'^ °^ 334 Aberdeen Angus bulls, and .05 cows and heifers, held by Messrs. Mc Donald Fraser & Co., at their sale yards. This being The annual show and sale, the herds of the most noted breeders of this famous breed of Scotch cattle were represented. In accordance with your instructions I consulted the follow- ing gentlemen :-Professor J. McI. McCall. of Glasgow Pro- fessor McFadyean, Principal of the Royal Veterinary College ofThe'li .''T';';- ^"'"' '-^- Chief Veterinary AdviL; of the Board of Agricultu 0. and Messrs. Cope and Duguid he present veterinary officers of the board, on the question of the appomtment of veterinarians to mp'ce tuberculin tests of cattle being exported to Canada and to give certificates to be r coS 'r, '''"''"" ""''''' Q"^^^"*'- Off^--- As a result 1 confidently recommend the following list of veterinarians Ti h hlTonJ'-*'^ "f Commissioner'of Canada:lrLrdon; with the following explanatory letter :— 17 Victoria Street, London, S.W., 12th February, 1898. fK^L-'*'''""^" compliance with Instructions received from the Minister of Agriculture, who is desirous of meeting th^ tot!.r' " """^t,er of Canadian exporters of breeding ftock to make arrangements for the selection of a certain number of veterinarians in Great Britain, whose certificates of having applied the Tuberculin Test to anirials intended for expor- tation to Canada will be accepted in the Dominion without the animals being subjected again to the test in Canada, I beg to submit that, having consulted the Veterinary Ad- visers of the Hoard of Agriculture, and Professor McFadyean in London and Professor McCall in Glasgow, I would recom- mend the members of the veterinary profession whose names and addresses are given on the list herewith. I would suggest to your Lordship that when application ia made by an importer for the name of a veterinary surgeon who has been recommended as above, a letter be written to the veterinarian from your office, informing him of this arrange- ment, and at the same time explaining that it does not mean any appointment to the Canadian Government service, and that their remuneration for such tests will be paid by the parties on this side who employ them. The Minister suggests that the same scale of fees be charged by them as is charged by the members of the veterinary profession in Canada who test animals for exportation to the United States, viz.: for one animal £i, for the next nine animals 4s. each, for each animal in excess of ten, 2s. I would suggest that these men be informed that, on application to your office, they will be furnished with directions for the application of the Tuberculin Test as applied by the Govern- ment Veterinarians in Canada, and charts on which to set out the results of the test, and a certificate which must be signed by them giving their full qualifications and addresses. 1 have the honour to be- my Lord, Your Lordship's obedient servant, (Signed) Duncan McEachran, Chief Inspector of Stock for Canada, The Right Honourable Lord Strathcona and Mount Koval, G.C.M.G. List of Veterinary Surgeons in the United Kin^'-lom whose Tuberculin Test will be acci-ptcd by Canadian Cattle Ouarantinc Officers. Aberckn(Kkihire. CutthmmR . . , Cttiii))riilge«liire. Chi-Hter Cornwall CiiuilM*rlAnd . , Duiifi'ictHliiro . . DeiiliixliHhire. . . Dt^rliyHhiro lJ«voiiHhire, Tarviv JaiiiiHi Thoinwrti, Flour Mill Hrao, Alifrdtw-n. \V. Skiiiiif-r, M.K.C.V.S., Olilni. Irum for niid InvtTurit'. .lolin lU.ftiti.'. M.R.C.V.H., Iier. Ayl»-«l>ury. Bir U. Hini|iiio«, Winr. Alliert \Vliewtl.l)erta, Wrt'xhain. R. B. Aulton, Dtrge Burton, M.R.C. V.S. HamiMthire T. B. Go T ' terminated a most instructix^^^d enjoyab;; 4^^' ''"' "^ 16 VETERINARY COLLEGE AT DRESDEN. We paid a short visit to the Veterinary College at Dresden, which IS a commodious establishment, well equipped and liberally supported by the Government of Saxony. It is pre- sided over by Professor Johnne, who is recognized as a reliable authority, and trusted investigator. He is an active middle-aged man. LEIPSIC. of M.r1rn ""^ ^-^"^ '^^ P^^^'"''^ °f "^^^*'"g P'-^f^sor Mills of McG.ll University. Montreal, who is prosecuting studies in the laboratory of the great teacher of anatomy and physiology insd'utTons * "' ^"o^^Panied us to the various scientific We spent some hours at the Veterinary College, which is in reahty a department of the Agricultural College. We were very kindly received by the Director. Professor Zurn. who from being somewhat advanced in years, and infirm, was un- Kichard Kantbrorricz, a young man with lots of go in him. He showed us the large operating room and the controlling apparatus, the stables and patients under surgical and medical trea men . and dog rooms-in the latter they have two cells bu.lt of stone with iron door and fronts for rabid dogs. Rabies is not infrequently met with here. The dog cages are all made of strong wrought iron. Outside of the stable we were t7/. ' "^Tl ^""^'"^' hexagonal in form, thoroughly padded round the sloping walls and the floor coCered by tan^ bark, for the treatment of cerebral cases in horses. wifh^Lrron '"'"^ ^r"" ^°' '''"'"''^ '^^y ^^^^ ^ ^t^^'ght run with turf on one side, stone pavement in the middle and sand and gravel on the other side, so as to afford different degrees of concussion to the feet. "c^^iccb The museum which contains the collection of pathological specimens made during centuries, was replete with skeiefons bones, shoes, wax models of acarae and entozoa, gene aUv ^-ery correct but expensive and easily injured ^^"^'■^"y II i \i 16 The collection of horse and stable furniture, bits, saddles, harness, shoes, controlling devices, etc., in fact everything required in connection with horses, is most extensive, as are the models of the different races of horses and cattle, all of which proved most instructive. We were conducted to the Agricultural department adjoin- ing the veterinary, and were shown specimens of the different breeds of cattle, housed in a model byre, kept clean and neat. Here experiments are conducted for the benefit of the students to demonstrate the advantag;es of certain methods of feeding and treating dairy cattle. They keep a record of the weight and varieties of feed given to each animal. The milk is weighed and recorded. The milk is tested for butter fat every day, and the results of the experiments are published for the benefit of the students and farmers. We were shown a large collection of dairy utensils, centrifugal separators, etc. The Agricultural department is extensive and proves of great value to the agriculturists of the state, but as we were going to visit a still more extensive agricultural college the following day, we spent but a short time here. We paid a visit to the Uni/ersity and to the College of Anatomy where we mot Professor His and his assistant Held, and spent some time with Professor Mills in the laboratory examining microscopic slides of his work on the nervous system. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AT HALLE. Our visit to this college proved to be most interesting and instructive. Accompanied by Professor Mills, we called on Professor Kuhn, the founder and director. As it was his lecture hour he was obliged to hand us over to his assistant. Professor Paul Holdefleiss, Ph. D., who conducted us through the chemical and bacteriological laboratories and the experimental gardens, where they are engaged in investigating different soils ; the diseases of plants ; the animal and vegetable enemies of plants and how to overcome them. One experiment interested us 17 . ; very much, viz.: the crossing of European grape vines with American, producing a hybrid that is much less subject to the attacks of the phylloxera. The illustrations of soil formation and production of turf, etc., etc., were most interesting We were shown a collection of rocks, minerals, sand, soil, etc formmg a wall about twenty feet square in which not only are the different strata shown, but in the exact proportions as they are found in the earth's crust in the neighbourhood. This wa» a presentation by a number of former students as a mark of esteem to Professor Kuhn. Practical agriculture for profit is conducted on a farm three miles from Halle. We were next conducted through the Veterinary department. The hospital accommodation is excellent and the clinique is ample for teaching agricultural students comparative medicine. The Zoological department is a wonderful establishment which musi have cost enormous sums of money to procure and a large sum annually to maintain. It contains specimens of all breeds of horses and asses, with the result of crossing in every degree. It also contains nearly all kinds of cattle : Shorthorns, Polled Angus, Dcvons, Ayreshires, Kerry etc as. well as numerous native breeds, wild breeds. Yaks, Buffalo' etc., and the crosses resulting from mating experimentally.' Sterihty IS almost the rule in hybrid males, while the female will often breed. In twins the male is usually sterile, but the female breeds. /^j.— This class is very numerous, embracing specimens of every known wild pig, and every domestic breed. S/iee/>.— Sheep of every known breed are there, including the fat tails and big horns (Rocky Mountain sheep), lop eared, etc etc. There are also goats in great variety and the results of crossing them with sheep. Pou/try.~There are poultry of every kind, swans, geese, ducks, wild and domestic fowls of various breeds ; pigeons pheasants, and experimental crosses of these. We were shown the record book of the breeding operations, which IS very complete as to dates and results. 18 The bone room is interesting, containinjj specimens of all the different breeds of animals mounted from those which die, Unfortimately.the Buffalo bull died recently, his skeleton was however being prepared for mounting. The men who attend this college are mostly young men from the farms in Saxony. They take the course at the college in scientific agriculture and may go on to the degree of Ph. D. They also take the practical course at the farm. Ninety per cent of them return to work on the farms and by practical application of the scientific knowledge thus obtained they are enabled to make farming much more profitable, and they take a high social position in their districts. The other ten per cent become teachers i.n agricultural schools, and managers of large estates. The course is also taken by high school teachers who must teach elementary agriculture in the public schools. The result of this education is to make the farmer feel that he is following a scientific calling which enables him to make the soil more productive and thus in no small degree adds to the general prosperity of the country— such men become prominent members of agricultural societies, con- tribute to the agricultural press, and many distinguish them- selves as scientific agriculturists. There is so much to see and hear at this college that is useful as furnishing information to show what can be done to elevate the work of practical agriculture to the rank of a science and thus do much to keep the farmers' sons on the farms, that I am induced to append a few extracts from the calendar of the college, for the translation of which I am in- debted to Dr. Martin, of McGill University. Should the Government or any large-hearted benefactor of our universities desire to accomplish the greatest good to Canada, which is par excellence an agricultural country, it could not be better effected than by establishing and endowing an agricultural-biological and veterinary college, all combined in one. . Itf ,i. THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDYING AGRICULTURE IN THE UNI- VERSITY AT HALLE. (From the Calendar of the University of Halle.) By the foundation of the chair for agriculture in this uni- versity .n 1862 and its further extension in 1863. the universitv of Halle has been enabled to offer practically a complct'e course m every department of agriculture, to suit the practical farmer, the teacher of agriculture and the student of such sciences. In this university the studies of agriculture are earned out .n the buildings situated alongside of those where stud.ed The Agricultural Institute is an integral part of he university, precisely ,n the same manner as is the medica or natural science department. In the faculty for agriculture the lectures are included mainly under four general sections :- induded f '''' ""^^^ ""'^^' ^" ""'^ agricultural discipline, are History and general methods of agriculture. General considerations of land structures, vafionf ' ^°"^iderations of plants, fruit and garden culti- of animafs.'"'' '^"'''^ considerations as regards the breeding Considerations including dairy produce, etc. Section 2.-Technical considerations of cultivation of land • general laws of the subject. ' Measurement of land: hydraulics, drainage road and meadow building, etc. -^'nage, road and mineraro".v7nH''"'f ''''"''' '""'"^'"^ P^^^'^^' chemistry, mineralogy and geolocrv sdp ] hnfan,- ^ i , ^« I.- " '-o/» ^p^ ' Dotany, zuoJog-v, and com- parative anatomy. f,y. c»»u com- Sect^on 4.-Political economy and legal science. 20 ^ In each of these four departments not only are the theo- retical lectures thorough I v carried out, but in every respect practical exercises wiih experiments and demonstrations form a very essential portion of the course. Facilities are given in each department for this work, and each has special labor- atorieS' An interesting feature of the teaching is, too, the frequent excursions which are made to outlying districts in connection with the study of agriculture in its various manifestations. Considering the manifold features of a study such as this it will be readily seen how great is the advantage to students of haying their studies carried on directly in the university buildings. The agricultural collection is probably one of the most in- teresting features in the whole university. On account of the intimate association of agricultural studies with the other departments of the university, special stress is laid on the value of this collection for students in every department such as medicine, botany, zoology, etc., and noc only is this col- lection invaluable to the students of general subjects in the university, but on the other hand small analogous collections in the university are opened up to students of agriculture, an advantage to each which is quite obvious. The students in this way obtain a broader grasp of their subjects and are enabled to study more completely any special department of the work in which they may be interested. Among other interesting features of this collection may be mentioned incidentally the agricultural apparatus and machin- ery in its most complete developments with numerous models, and in.many cases the apparatus is in such a condition as to be made practical use of by the students, who can thus better understand their proper work. Further, there is a most important collection of seeds of all varieties of plant.s in normal conditions, with demonstrations of the tests for distinguishing the various means of detecting impurities and adulterations. The herbarium includes a large collection of most important plants, to which has been added ,.,. 21 a valuable series illustrating pathological conditions and microscopic preparations. Various a^rricultural products are likewise seen in this collection, which is most worthy of interest being principally the collection of wools, woods." dairy pro- duce, veterinary specimens, especially the collection of bone«i of domestic animals. The large and interesting series of insects with special reference to their bearing on agriculture, and ,n their vanojs developmental conditions is shown, with anno- tations, explaining their harm to agriculture. A very complete technical library is added for the .sake of students in .uiy branch of agriculture. Irj direct connection with the Agricultural Institute is a large garden which is kept in most excellent condition, and addiiur extremely to the beauty of the surroundings. It is especially constructed for the students of agriculture, and its main part IS divided into two sections, one for the study of plants, and the other for that of animals. Within fifteen minutes' walk of the institute buildings, is an experimental farm, to which the students of agriculture have full access. Bordering on the district devoted to domestic animals is a large machinery hall containing among other things numerous models, and a draught room, more especially in connection with measurements and aymg out of land. In the lowest flat are the larger agricul- tural machines, which are used particularly for demonstration purposes Many of the machines too are sent from distant parts to this institute for the sake of being tested, and in this way has been formed a .station for the testing of machinery in conjunction with the Agricultural Association at Halle So important is it that its influence extends over a very 'wide area, and its benefits are recognized on all sides by the students of agriculture. Not only are the newest machines constructed in the various factories sent to this department, but further mstrumcnts of any kind in this connection which are manu- factured even by private individuals are given a fair open test A further arrangement is so made that after testing the rcolkcUon''°"''' ^^^ P'-operty of the institute, and a part of The dairy buildings were built in 1883. adjacent to the machinery hall, and contain extensive room for the manu! u a, ^''.ffort '"' '"' "■■' °' ""'"'•■"■•' '■■'' '" '"•■• i"™'diat. vicinity Apart from the hospital itself th^ riini^ ,^ * • ..r, I I K'lrti iiscir me Clinic contains on^rit nn _.nU clcmons.rat.on rooms, as well a, a workroom forler Ws ml El/"''"""',''''"- '" '°""""°" -'"• this IhouM be me,, ,oned several ,m,,orta„t a,>d quite t.nusual feat,"re of (,'reat aclvantaKe to the university. „ ,he first ohce h . .c:;r'::rvt:;an' rr"-^ "- "-^ i^'^^^'s'::; The character o^.h" ""'''"\' »«'="*ng th. university here There is t; ws combined in this one citv of Ilall^ in . unusual manner practically every faci Itv fo H T"' •study of a,.ricultural science. The Jene ll .1 ' T'^'.^T university are ooened nn .« ["^ general (.apartments of the each labo^atory^n be madVf^n ut or^T^ '^"^' ''''''^ ^^ studying anim'als and Tel pld :e dal/ rnT^h'^T"^^^ and arboriculture ^r,. . • 1^'"""^^, aairy and horticulture re,.der "ts Mu " „^ere3"tr%rd K^ ^","'" "= ^"''' ^ '° student but lik'ev r'h? teacher a„d"t ""' °"'^ '° "" ...atter how high h. .t.on.'^^^T '"' "" ""'""g^or no copiNi.,,G.,N veterinakv college. Having mailed my letter of introduction to <;ir Ch^tl- S— ^I.n,s«r Ple„,poten.iary and Envoy Extraordinary t Gr^a.' * W * I 19 m) reception by the KovernnK-nt veterinarians. Sir Charles was extremely courteous In every way and at I iw ri-tcive us, and at once offered to do ail h.. ,-,>,, m THE ROVAL VETER.NARV AND AORrcULTURAL COLLEGE A. COPENHAGEN, DENMARK. Professor Banf,' very kindly invited us to vic or other animal into Canada, contrary to the provisions of any such order or regulation, shall incur a penalty not exceeding two hundred dollars, for every horse or other animal so imported or intro- duced, or attempted to be imported or introduced by him. 48-49 Vic, chapter 69, s. 39." While the smuggling of an individual animal on such por- tions of the boundary line as have farms adjoining, some even "partly in Canada and partly in the States, could not be said to be impossible, although attended by much risk and diffi- culty, I have no hesitation in affirming that such smuggling as is indicated by Proiessor Brown is absolutely impossible at any part of our frontier, from ocean to ocean, and the doubts in his mind cannot alter that fact." Professor Brown stated in reply to the above, that this report was made and assurances given after the schedule order was in force, and repeated, " had you or any authorized agent of Canada made these explanations or given before the schedule order was in force assurances that steps would be immediately taken to make it impossible for American cattle to enter Canada for export, the schedule would not at that time have been placed on Canadian cattle." At a subsequent interview Sir George repeated the above. In talking this over with Mr. Colrner, Secretary of the High Commissioner, he assured me that such explanations and assurances were given repeatedly. Evidently Professor Brown had not understood them. .• : discover whether contagious pleuro-pneumonia existed in Canada, but without success, for the sufficient reason that such disease never did exist in the Dominion except when imported from Britain to the quarantine at Quebec. I took occasion to explain, however, that owing to the opening of the United States markets by the removal of the international quarantine of ninety days between Canada and that country, our country was actually depleted of stockeis, that market absorbing all and more than we can produce. This had tended to greatly lessen, if not quite remove the feeling of irritation among our agricultural population, caused by the injustice of the embargo on our healthy cattle, but that my recent visit to Scotland convinced me that the Scotch feeders felt keenly the injustice done them in preventing them from obtaining healthy cattle, and would welcome the day when Canadian stockcrs were agam admitted freely to their markets. Asked if there was any prospect of this occurring now that it was clearly proven that contagious pleuro-pneu- monia did not exist in the Dominion, he replied, " I fear not ; the country would not stand it." He said nothing to indicate whether or not he supposed disease had existed in Canada. I fear from all I could learn that there is no prospect what- ever of this embargo being raised. Our action in removing the quarantine from the United States was not unfavourably commented upon. We are supposed to be capable of mana- ging our own affairs, and to do so in the interest of our people. 30 The following table may serve to show why the Scotch feeders prefer buying Canadian cattle to using their own or purchasing Irish cattle. It is extracted from the Dundee "Courier," February 2nd, 1894 :— <5AIN IN WKIOHT OF CANADIAN STOCKERS AS COMPARED WITH hCOTCIl AND IRISH CATTLE AFTER FIVE MONTHS FEEDING UNDER THE SAME FEED AND TREATMENT. i^i^^ui^G — 1st Month. 2nd Month. 3rd Month. 4th Month. 5th Month. Average Gain in Five Months. Irish Home-bred Canadian Lbs. 39? 5.59 Lljs, 42 87J Lbs. 50 'Mi Lbs. 49^ 84i % Lbs. 90 104 Lbs. 247? 370 408 Increase of Cana- dians over Home- breds Increase of Cana- dians over Irish.. 29J 30 45k 19J- 4(1? Hi 46J 8 37i COST AND RETURNS. Ni 6 Average Cost per Hejid. Honif-brt'd Irish... Canadian . £ 8, d. 10 10 10 10 3 6 Average Length of Keep. Mos. I lys. 5 5 24-5 5 2-5 Average Selling Price [x;r Head, £ 8. d. 18 4 17 19 20 6 6 Average Monthly Re- turn for Xeep. 1 12 9i 1 6 14 2 3 8 The results show that home-bred and Irish cattle were' far outstripped by the Canadians, both as regards gain in weight and mcrease in value. VV. Sutherland Peel, Dundee Courier, Feb. 2nd, '94. ,. * I » f ;, . 31 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. : In conversation with Messrs. Cope and Duguid, veterinary officers of the Board of Agriculture at London, I learned that while outbreaks of contagious pleuro-pneumonia have not occurred for some time, encysted lungs were now and then met with by the inspector of the abattoirs ; one such lung was shown me by Mr. Cope in the post-mortem room of the board, which had been received that morning. The herd from which the cow had come was traced up and every animal was slaughtered, but no other case of the disease was discovered. In my interview with Professor Nocard, of Paris, on the subject of this disease, he said: it exists in France but to a limited extent and only in the northern districts of the coun- try. Referring to the error of the British veterinarians, he said it was very satisfactory that all our subsequent search for it in Canada failed to discover it, and proved that both he and we in Canada were right in our opinion that it was a non- contagious form of pneumonia. In my interview with Professor Ostertag. of Berlin, he admitted that this disease exists in Germany. He does not believe in the Bacillus Uquifaciens Bovis which is claimed to produce the disease. Inoculation is practised in Germany, but the animals are prepared for slaughter and are not set free. The disease exists only in a small portion of the country, and it is well under control. The Professor remarked, "sometime ago a Canadian animal was landed in Scotland, said to be affected by contagious pleuro-pneumonia," and asked : " Have you contagious pleuro- pneumonia in Canada ?" I answered, " no ; search had been made throughout all Canada long before the landing of this animal, and yearly since, but no contagious pleuro-pneumonia can be found. None of the pathologists in either United States or Canada ever believed the disease affecting Canadian cattle to have beeu contagious pleuro-pneumonia. The ex- amination by Professor Adami and myself of a portion of lung sent to us from London satisfied us that it could not be con'^ tagious pleuro-pneumonia, differing as it did in many import- ant points from the lesions always found in contagious pleuro- 33 pneumonia. The total absence of even suspected contagion in Britain, and positive knowledge of its non-existence in Can- ada confirms this conclusion." What, then, was it, he asked ? "A pleuro-pneumonia induced by long railroad and ocean transportation which I have named transit pneumonia." Being asked what his views were ; he said he had not seen any portion of the above mentioned lung and could not give an opinion. Contagious pleuro-pneumunia is occasionally, but rarely, met with in Denmark. TUBERCULOSIS. FRANCE. Professor Nocard, of Paris, in our interview, regretted having to admit the somewhat extensive prevalence of tuberculosis in France. On my stating that it existed in Canada, but as compared to other countries to a very limited extent, and when asked if he thought that I was too sanguine in believing that if the government would back me with sufficient money, I could in five years eradicate the disease from Canada he very emphatically said : " Certainly not ; I have no doubt whatever that you can do so. I am certain that in eight years I could with similar assistance rid France of it completely." He highly approved of our idea of first educating the people and of our method of dealing with it in Canada which I explained to him, and he said : " I am sure you will succeed." We then discussed tuberculin, and when asked what he thought of those cases where reaction denoted tuberculosis, yet it could not be found on post-mortem, he said if thorough search was made it can be found, often as a very few small tubercles at the bifurcation of the trachea. It may possibly be in the bone, but it can be found in all cases. He agreed that there is a stage in the period of incubation when it was too early for the tubercle to have been formed, yet the reaction showed the presence of the disease, but it is ! *t* 83 impossible to define that stage. He then explained that in all bd"v: that" 't^'"; ^'^ "'•'^ ^'' ^'^"'-' ^"^ h^ ^oe no believe that milk is dangerous if the udder is not diseased to "be' dea,r'"r '*' T"""''' ''' °"^^ ^"^^^^ ^^'^h -et,' to be dealt with are those with diseased udders. He con- sidered that If the milk before being given out from the cream- st'eHHr.' '"r ' '° ''^ '^^"^^ ^^'^^•' '' --'^ be compTete^y sterilized He next stated that with regard to flesh of anf mals with advanced general tuberculosis^f it was squeezed" and the juice. njected into the peritoneal cavity of the guTnea mSh b7f d r^'t'^ P"'"^^ tuberculosis, yet the fnimal might be fed for a long time on the muscle and no tubercle would result; hence there was no danger to be apprehended from the ingestion of tuberculous flesh no matter how advanced the disease might be. He remarked the condi'i^n ('p^nSsT '^''''^'■'^'"''■''^ ^^''' ^^^^^ >« d'ffi^^lt to explain On being asked to make some suggestions as to what experiments we might make at the experimental staUon a Montreal, he suggested that we might dry sputum or tuber culous matter and pulverize it. then cause a^^, animaTto nhale t and tuberculosis would follow ; for another animal mix the tuberculous matter with the food and determine the result The contagiousness of tuberculosis was proved by the spread of the disease from cohabitation in buildings. It was of course, less easily contracted in the fields. In Professor Nocard's opinion, thirty days should be allowed between tuberculin tests and re-tests. -"owea He did not care to speak of his new tuberculin which was really a secret belonging to the government. GERMANY. Jr^Tu!" ^'^Z'^^' °^ ^''^'"' '■« ^ fi^n^ believer in tuberculin as a reliable test for tuberculosis. luoercuiin At present the German government can buy tuberculin p tnan .hey uan make it- but an extension of the Pro- 3 84 The Professor is not conducting any experiments on tuber- culosis at present. The government do not condemn the meat of all reacting animals, only when the di^sease is generalized, but they cause it all to be boiled and sold as tuberculous meat, and we were shown a photograph of crowds of people waiting the opening of the store to buy it. There is a good deal of testing done in Germany. It is not, however, obligatory, but voluntary. In Saxony a law has just been passed making testing com- pulsory and providing for ^ indemnity. * On my visit to the Imperial Health Off^e at Berlin, the Bacteriologist informed me that he had inoculated 250 guinea pigs by peritoneal injections with butter bacilli, cultivated from butter made from the milk of tuberculous cows, without any knowledge as to the clinicil condition of the cattle ; with positive results in every one of them, The Bacteriologist was not prepared to say whether or nc milk from tuberculous cows in which the udder was healthy, was infective. Asked his opinion of the relation of chicke* tuberculosis to bovine and human, he replied that he thought they were kin- dred but not identical, though intercommunicable ; for instance, he said, in Boerland, South Africa, tuberculosis is very common in chickens, but rare in cattle, in fact till two tuberculosis bulls were imported some years ago, they knew nothing practically of this disease in cattle : they actually have no name for it. He had heard of oxituberculiri, but could not say anything about it. Observing the large number of guinea pigs, young and old, which seemed in thriving condition, I inquired as to whether or not they had any trouble in rearing and keeping them. He replied that they have no difficulty whatever. They have never seen them die from infective diarrhoea or tuberculosis, as is often seen in laboratories elsewhere. They keep them somewhat crowded in cages. They are fed on cabbage, turnips, carrots or any fresh vegetables in the *4 I f } 80 morning. They get no water. In the afternoon they get oats and hay, and are kept warm with lots of straw, No feeding troughs are used in the cages, their food being simply placed on the bottoms of the cages. The rabbits are fed in the same manner.. The rats and mice get water till they are inoculated, but none after. DENMARK. (Professor Bang's views on Tuberculosis.) In my interview with Professor Bang, referred to in the first portion of this pamphlet, I explained to him that, having studied his methods of dealing with tuberculosis, by which he had accomplished so much for his native country, I was travelling in quest of information about animal diseases gen- erally, but tuberculosis in particular. I explained to him that live stock and their products were being rapidly developed in Canada, and were now very im- portant branches of the commerce of the country. That we had watched with great interest his method of dealing with tuberculosis, and I wished to discuss it with him so as to gain the fullest information to enable me in my report to make suggestions to the government that would be practicable in Canada. I beg to explain for the benefit of those who may read this report who are not familiar with Professor Bang's method of eradicating tuberculosis from the herds in Denmark, that it is briefly as follows : Supposing a herd to have been bred up by judicious crossing to a high state of improvement and increased value, should it be found to be tuberculous, and the slaughtering out method be employed, serious loss would be entailed of valuable im- proved cattle, the result of generations bred in lines of pure blood. To obviate this and preserve the benefits of improvement Professor Bang causes the herd to be tested with tuberculin. 3i 30 and all animals reacting are Isolated In a separate building —all showinij clinical symptoms are killed— the others are bred from, and their calves as soon as born, are removed before tbev suck the diseased mothers or are licked by them. The calves are placed in uninfected buildings and fed either on milk from tested cows or sterilized milk and not exposed in any way to direct or immediate contagion. It has been found that with few exceptions they grow up healthy. They are, however, termed twice a year and the reacting ones are re- moved. The cows are killed off as they show clinical symptoms or become fat. I stated that while I was u firm believer in his method, I found practical obstacles from the fact that farmers have often not sufficient means of isolation. He said that as our build- ings in Canada were built mostly of wood, they could be divided by close board partitions. He used them in Denmark. In some he even had doors in thena, but there was a risk in that, and it was better to have separate buildings if possible. He had encountered the same difficulty that I mentioned. Tuberculin testing is not compulsory but government supply tuberculin and furnish inspectors for the testing free of charge. Professor Bang makes all the tuberculin used in Denmark in his laboratory and it is supplied free to any applying for it. The government kill all cattle showing clinical symptoms, but do not prevent the farmers from disposing of reacting cattle which show no observable symptoms, and butter is per- mitted to be made from their milk. Many pasteurize the cream without lessening the quality or saleablenees of the butter. Cows with diseased udders are infective and dangerous, so are those with nasal, uterine or intestinal discharges. Pleuritic or mesenteric tuberculosis may not be dangerous. Symptoms of diseased udder.— Ht explained that the sym- ptoms were first hard swellings, especially in the posterior part of the quarter ; at first there was no change in the milk, except perhaps a few flakes, yet, if examined the bacillus would be found, and the milk would be thin and watery. *'V • i 87 Asked if he didn't think miMc was sometimes infective without the udder being diseased ? He replied, no doubt occasionally bacilli would find their way into the blood stream and thence into the milk in the udder, but such cases were rare. Asked if butter did not sometimes contain living bacilli and was infective ? He replied, yes ; but he does not agree with some persons who claim to find butter often infective. He had caused butter to be made from milk obtained from cows with diseased udders which he fed to rabbits and it produced mtestinal tuberculosis. Asked how long he thought tub-bacilli would live in cheese ? He answered, for many months. He referred to a Russian lady who was working in Germany, who had published an article in which she claimed that the bacillus found in butter was different from tubercle-bacillus. He said he could not agree with her on this point. Referring to the Massachusetts stamping out method he considered it unnecessarily severe and it had in consequence to be given up in Denmark. In Belgium they adopted a similarly severe method, but had to retract considerably. They enforced testing and killed all showing clinical symptoms, and gave the owner one year* to kill the remaining ones that had reacted. He considered this too severe, and many well bred valuable animals were thus sacrificed. With regard to heredity.'he stated that while evidences of hereditary transmission are not often met with, yet in ten years he had met with eighty-five calves born with tubercle. The returns of the German inspectors who reported finding so few diseased calves were not accurate, as they examine so many that they become indifferent ; whereas in Danish abat- toirs the inspectors had less to do and by his instructions they looked specially for such cases. Going to the post-mortem room he showed us two calves which the in«snprfnro Ur^A J.-f* 1. .•___£<; • j - - . . , , " v;;^ "'-• J'^^^ •■"="«■ »n aa affected at birth by tubercle. We at once made a post-mortem examination and discovered in both small tubercles in the bronchial glands and liver. He explained that in a cow with advanced tuberculosis 38 the bacilli could easily pass to the placenta, thence to the liver of the foetus and so into the general circulation. He stated that he had on several occasions seen tuberculosis of the placenta and often of the uterus. These were dangerous infective cases, the bacilli escaping in the uterine discharges. As was to be expected, the museum contained a complete collection of specimens of tuberculosis of nearly every organ in the bodies of different animals — cattle, horses, dogs, pigs and sheep. The udder specimens interested us especially. He believes that the tubercle bacillus dies if simply raised to Ss'' C, and that it is not necessary to keep it for any length of time at that temperature. Having submitted a copy of our " Farmers' Bulletin " on tuberculosis, for his consideration, we met again in the even- ing to discuss it. (, He took exception to the statement that calves reared from tuberculous cows are predisposed to tubercle. " If this," he said, " were true, it would upset my whole work." He was quite emphatic on this and said that unless exposed to con- tagion after birth they were no more predisposed to tubercle than to broken legs or other accidents. Referring to testing he believes that for practical purposes and saving of time, consequently expense, one or at most two temperatures taken previous to injection would be sufficient. He thinks it is too much to claim that in ninety-eight cases out of lOO the showing of the tuberculin test is absolutely reliable. He puts the maximum at eighty-seven per cent. He does not agree with Nocard who claims that tuberculin does not lie, and that in every case when tuberculin indicates undoubtedly tuberculosis it can be found if looked for with sufficient care. With these exceptions he endorses our bulletin. TUBERCULIN. All the tuberculin used in Denmark is prepared by Professor Bang and his assistant in his laboratory, to which we paid a visit. The culture room is separate from the laboratory 4 I 39 proper. He showed us his apparatus for crushing the bacilli (Koch's newest method), by its means the micro-organisms are crushed and destroyed — true, the spores and toxines escape, but are largely destroyed by sterilization. The culture room is automatically heated by gas ; two jets of which are passed abouv four inches into the open mouth of a four-inch iron pipe which is carried through the room to the cb'mney. Like similar rooms it is fitted up with numerous shelves with bottles of tuberculin in various stages and ages. The whole of the details were explained to us by the Pro- fessor and his assistant. Being asked if he considered that tube/cuHn deteriorated or became inert with age — he stated that he does not find that its value is affected by age in the least, provided it is kept in a coot dark place and air carefully excluded ; he has used it with good results when five years old. He said, however, he at one time thought otherwise. GLANDERS. GREAT BRITAIN. Glanders, including Farcy, continues to occur. During the month ending 19th February, 1898, there occurred in England and Wales seventy-one outbreaks, ninety-six horses being attacked, in Scotland one outbreak, thirteen horses being attacked. The disease is said to be occasionally discovered in horses from the United States, but so far no authentic case has been found in Canadian horses. Since the port inspection of horses previous to shipment from Canada has been inaugurated, they have arrived in Great Britain in very much better condition than previously. Occasionally ship fever of a non-specific character, with sore throat and nasal discharges, and sometimes cutaneous erup- tions develop on the voyage, and give rise to suspicion of glanders. rii-iTi[ — I 1 40 p. R^/^"' '"^''■"f °f_,I h^^e arranged with William Hunting. F.R.C V.S that should the disease be suspected in any horse from Canada he will, in addition to clinical examination, test the animal with mallein, and have cultures made from the discharges and inoculate guinea pigs to prove or disprove defin^ely whether or not it is glanders. Shippers of horses should not buy for export suspicious horses, or horses from any place where this disease is known to exist. FRANCE. Professor Nocard. of Paris, has great faith in mallein as a means of diagnosing glanders, and regards it as almost in- fallible, relating to us his experience with 12.000 horses, from which he had cleared out glanders by killing the reacting ones, isolating the others and working them in pairs-killing them as soon as clinical symptoms developed. It is his opinion that glanders i/i certain stages and con- ditions may be cured by the use of mallein. He has published a paper on this subject which has provoked much discussion and difference of opinion among veterinarians. DENMARK. Professor Bang, of Copenhagen, believes in mallein as he does m tubercu in, but does not go as far as M. Nocard in thinking it curative. GERMANY. (Professor Ostertag's views on Glanders.) cu^.lX^' ""!! ^^•'' ^-'^ ^- ^°"^'*^ •" ^^"^^'"g Slanders curab e by mallein injections-nor has he implicit confidence in mallein. In support of his views he produced for examin- ation the septum nasi of a horse with unquestionable glander chancres, as bad a case as I had ever seen ; yet he assured us that no reaction followed mallein injection. Being asked what he would do in dealing with an outbreak of this disease m a stable, he replied that he would kill all the horses giving reaction combined with clinical symptoms, the others he would rso.ate, but let tuein go on with their work, examine them once a week and destroy all showing symptoms. 41 .. SWINE FEVER (HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE). GREAT BRITAIN. This disease under the system followed by the officers of the Board of Agricuhure. decreased steadily fr^m 1804 tTl the end of 1897. as will be seen from the repL o"tie'chie vetermary officer, the number of outbreaks confirmed during 1897 bemg 2.155 as against 5,166 in 1896 and 6,305 in 1895 During the early months of the present year, however the number of outbreaks have rapidly increased."^ ConZ!Z' the aTyrih^B^Tf A^'^r^"^ ^"' '^'^^ --^ spent a^nu! ally by the Board of Agriculture in their efforts to get rid of the disease, the results are very disappointing. This is due ^o severa causes, among them the densify of the popu ation and the mildness and humidity of the climate which^avours the existence of the bacilli of this disease. In the towns, vniaVes and suburbs of cities large numbers of people occupy hfap houses with old stone outbuildings, many of the latter having been used as piggeries for a long period of time. Few of hf people occupying such houses and keeping pigs understand w^ k oVth'e ir'^' ')T 1;^^"'^^*'°"- ^^' -nsequence he work of the officers of the Board is surrounded by difficulties. mo^n?h'?f'i K^""'"' f^°^ '^^' '" ^'^^' B"t^'". during the accountof ^h T^ ' '^'"'' ''^'^ ^"'"^ "^^^ '^'"-d on account of this disease out of a total number of about 2,342- 302, while in Canada only 3,39s were killed in the last twdve months out of about an equal number. In Great Br an the disease is extending, while in Canada it is rapidly decreasing! This is to be accounted for by our dry atmosohere nnr bright sunlight (the best of all diLfectant's). ou^i^t %ca" ^ered population ; and also probably by our more eTer^^t^ ' mc.noas. especially the slaughtering of all exposed s^ine leaving none of the chronic infective animals which cause so many unexpected outbreaks. V ' 42 DENMARK. (Professor Bang's views on Hog Cholera.) This disease, he said, existed in Denmark but not extensively. He believed in Salmon's and Smith's views and endorses Welch as to the bacillus of swine plague being found in the throats and nostrils of pigs and calves. He did not consider it necessary to slaughter adult pigs which had recovered. Asked how he explained tlie reappear- ance of the disease on farms where such sows or boars were kept over, soon after young pigs were born, or when restock- ing was attempted, he said " it w.is probably due to imperfect diriinfection." In this our experience in Canada does not coincide. It is also the experience of others with whom I have discussed this Eubjecl that where the intestinal ulcers have formed, complete recovery very rarely does take place although cicatrization is often observed. The intestinal discharges continue to be tnore or less infective, and in the case of breeding sows, the disease attacks their young pigs as soon as they are old enough to roc c among the litter. The following extract from the report of the Departmental Committee of the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain ap- pointed to inquire into the etiology, pathology and morbid anatomy of swine fever, 1895, points to this chronic infective form as of frequent occurrence :— " There are also, and always have been, many cases of the obscure or chronic form of the disease, in which the morbid changes go on slowly for many weeks or months and finally attain an excessive state of development without being attended by any of the symptoms which are usually accepted as diagnostic of swine fever. " Some very important information in regard to the obfnure form of swine fever was obtained by the committee by the examination of ^wine which had been isolated for a period of two months on infected premises, at the end of the time they had been certified by a veterinary surgeon to be free from ■ • *' - 43 swine fever, and would in the ordinary course have been released. In several of these instances instead of being released the swine were, at the request of the committee, slaughtered and the organs sent for examination. In each set of specimens characteristic lesions of swine fever were detected." This view is also supported by the following extract from the Reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1895 and i8g6, page idj. " The chief carriers of the infection are the swine themselves. The disease having its chief seat in the intestines, a discharge of bacilli from the ulcers of chronic cases or of such as have survived an attack may take place long after the subsidence of an outbreak or after they have changed hands. Infection miy thus be carried over in the herd till a netu susceptible gener- ation of young swine appears to continue the losses. " Outbreaks occurring without any traceable importation of infection from without are very probably due to latent in- fect" jU in the herd itself." ACTINOMYCOSIS. GERMANY. (Views of Professor Ostertag.) He differs in his views on this disease from most patho. logists. He has never succeeded in reproducing it by inoculation, nor by feeding with diseased tissues. He questions its contagiousness ; the omycets he says are on the grasses, hay or straw and he states that in every case which he examined he found a spear or vegetable substance in the focus of infection. He instanced its occurrence on the udders of swine from specules of straw penetrating the abdominal skin and in this way introducing the omycets ; also its occur- rence in horses' shoulders, and showed a photograph of a tumor caused by the botryomyces. He called our attention sharp pointed spears of grass or straw will readily lodge and may be the means of introducing the fungi. Asked how he explained the frequency of this disease in cattle fed on 44 distillery swill which had been sterilized by boiling, he could only account for it by the cattle eating the hay or straw used for their bedding, and thus getting the spores introduced into the mouth. TEXAS FEVER. (Views of Professor Ostertag.) He mentioned that Texas fever was introduced into Ham- burg from the United States, and they feared its introduction into Germany. I gave my opinion that it was very improbable that It would cross the ocean, that the ticks died if exposed to a low temperature ; frost kills the ticks. Apart from these considerations the quarantine of the United States is so efficient under Dr. Salmon's administration, that it is not in the least likely that cattle suffering from this disease will be exoorted, and even if the disease should be introduced into Germany I believe the ticks would not live in the northern climate during winter. The Professor's idea, however, was that as the cattle would be kept in warm stables, the ticks might live and the germ would do so too. I replied that considering that such importations would be made for immediate slaughter the risks were very slight ; that in fact although Canada is separated only by an imaginary line from the United States, yet the full knowledge we have secured of the disease prevents our having the least fear of Its introduction into Canada. Our cold winters and the ad- mirable quarantine measures by which southern cattle are controlled in the United States minimize the danger. % RABIES. GREAT BRITAIN. This disease is reported to occur occasionally in dogs and other animals. As will be seen by reference to the official report for the month ending February 19th, 1898 there occurred in England and Wales two outbreaks in which sixty animals were destroyed. In Scotland there were none. In Ireland two outbreaks in dogs, two in othe- animals, and four were destroyed. 46 . ..,. GERMANY. , tound on the frontier of Russia and France. Professor Ostertag said that he never saw a case of rabies, although hi had occupied his pr,sent position for many years. blT"t7 °"'.'"Canada-my only acquaintance with it cuZ,'" T°™' '" ^"'"P' """"8 ""^ "'»"• This is a curious coincidence. The Professor asked me what I thought of reports of rabies " i^tm the";' "' 'f ^^\^'^^ -""'^ ' ^°- oc'cur in bJvt .•or;: heTeplied.'^""' '"" ""^" '' '°^^ ""^-^^^^ -^ ^'n- I asked him what risk we ran in Canada by allowing the importation of dogs from northern Europe to the Klond ke gold mines He didn't think that there was much r^rXhe disease would be discovered en route in all probability. In this I could not concur as the period of incubation in dogs IS variable, and it might not develop till long after their arrival at their destination. ^ ^ DENMARK. Rabies is unknown in this country. the^imnor^L^'"^.^''"^ ^!^'^ '^ ^'" ""''' J"«*'<^^d •" allowing the importation of dogs from northern Europe to the Klon- dike advised strongly against it : " the risk," he said. " is too great. SUMMARY. In concluding this report, I beg to submit the following dulTL't""'^".^''^^^^^^^^^^ -^ -^--ation obtal^ef during my hurried visit to Great Britain, France. Germany and Denmark with special reference to contagious and in'er^ communicable diseases of animals. GREAT BRITAIN. Cmiagious p/euro-pneum^nta still lingers as is shown by the discovery now and again of encysted lungs, although no out! breaks have beer reported recently ^ 46 » Foot-and-mouth disease does not at present exist there. Tuberculosis exists extensively. Swine fever (hog cholera and swine plague) not only exists but is increasing. Glanders and farcy continues to exist, especially in the larger cities. Rabies (hydrophobia) exists in England and Ireland but not in Scotland. Scab in sheep exists but in limited areas. ^ FRANCE. Contagious pleuro-pneutnonia exists in certain parts of France. Foot-and-mouth disease exists to a considerable -xtent. Tuberculosis prevails extensively. Glanders and farcjy Also exists somewhat extensively in the large cities and suburban towns. ( GERMANY. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia continues to exist. Foot-and-mouth disease is prevalent. Tuberculosis prevails extensively. Glanders exists also. Rabies is rarely met with except on the frontier. DENMARK. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia is occasionally met with. Foot-ana-mcuth disease does not exist. Rabies (hydrophobia) does not exist. Hog cholera exists but not extensively. Glanders exists but not extensively. It is evident therefore that it is necessary to maintain a strict quarantine for all classes of animals imported from Great Britain, France and Germany. For all except rabies in dogs the present quarantine regulations are sufficient. ] . . 1 sts ce. he . . 47 It is evident that our livv. stock are degenerating for want of change of blood, and something ought to be done to en- courage importation of pure bred bulls. There is no hope of the imperial embargo on Canadian stookers being removed. If we compare the state of health of animals in Canada and the United States with these European countries, we will find matter for congratulation. Thus— Contagious pleuro-pneiimonia. . , Foot and mouth disease Rabies Tuberculosis Crlanders Hog cholera None . . , None . . None . . Limited. Limited, Limited. United States. None. Ni)nt\ Doubtful. Extensive in certain states. Not extensive. Extensive. Rabies does not exist in Canada so far as is officially known, and when the importance of dogs to the inhabitants of the far north and North-west for travelling and freighting through the wilds is considered the question suggests itself, ought we to take any risk of importing dogs from countries where this horrible disease exists ? Professor Bang says emphatically that we should not, he considers the risk very great. In this I concur and would respectfully submit the point for your consideration. Foot-and-mouth disease which is very subtle and the infec- tion easily carried, existing as it does extensively in northern Europe, calls for consideration. I beg to point out the risk we run in allowing the importation of reindeer or other ruminants from infected countries, for even should the animals themselves be free from the disease, there is a risk that the infection may be conveyed in the clothing or other articles imported by the attendants. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, DUNCAN McEACHRAN, F.R.C.V.S., V.S., Edin., D.V.S., McGill, Chief Inspector for Canada. 48 PART III. REPORT ON THE METHODS OF PRESERVING AND STERILIZING MILK IN GERMANY AND DENMARK. Believing that a short account of my observations of how the milk supplies of Berlin and Copenhagen are managed may prove interesting, and may be suggestive of much needed improvements in our system of handling city milk supplies— I am induced to curtail in some respects this report so as to enable me to include a brief description of what I witnessed when visiting milk establishments in those cities to which I have added a few details gleaned from published bulletins ; for the translation of which I am indebted to Dr. C. F. Martini McGill University, Montreal. The indifference and want of method exhibited by those charged with public health in Canada , more especially in relation to that very important article of human food, milk, contrast very strikingly with European punctiliousness in every detail ; the weekly inspection of the cattle, the giving of exact directions for feeding them, the drainage, ventilation and sanitary environment of the animals supplying the milk ; the precautions enforced to prevent extraneous matters getting into it, such as the clipping of the quarters and udders, wash- ing of the teats, the cleanliness of the dress (white linen) of the milkers and every one handling the milk, the low temperature at which the milk is kept, the weighing, tasting and testing in the laboratories, filtration, sterilization and care in bottling, all for the purpose of furnishing the consumers of milk with an absolutely pure article unadulterated, free from germs of disease and, so prepared for sale that it will keep for an in- definite period of time without deteriorating. These establish- ments not only sell milk to the general consumer, but prepare and furnish it ready for the immediate use of infants and invalids. ,^ - ' , '•■' 7' -f ' r^ ) The whole system of such establishments displays a com- bination of philanthrophy and shrewd business sense. f 1 49 Ta&Ji«JL4l laundry, steam dryint room, carpenters' shop, paint shop, smiths* shop, ha^esb makers' shop,/erc., are all on the ises. The stab^i^ is Uarge and a mlbdel in its wa)^ the are of white tijis, tha floors of cement covered Ijyphfit mos^ and straw ; space, lig|^t and venti]|ation ate all provided for. Thfe following descriptionVextractei from a namp ilet with whicll we were presented on leaving *ill furnish\deti ils which will iitpress the reader with tie mag litude of this ii stitution. ThevGerman measure litrd is qu )ted, it is 1^ |than our quart— ^hus i quart = 40 fluiq ounces. j litre = 35 It may>|oe:'roughiy taken £» a ttuart. bla< pre wall and 2 drachmli ►* A kitbgrnnnre = about 2 pounifk ivbirdupois. ndk avc 53 Milk Institution^ Berlin, (Translated by Dr. C. F. Martin.) " In 1 88 1 tliW first steps were taken to provide Berlin with pure and cheap inilk as well as good dairy produce and a small building was ope\ed for that purpose with three sale wagons. In less than two J;ear3 this was found quite inadequate, the public sympathy beW so fully offered to the enterprise that it became necessary toVonstruct at once a central dairy on much larger dimensions. Tl^|ese buildings were gradually increased in size and the businessNdone became so extensive that in 1897 instead of three sale wa^ns being employed as at first, there were 159. " Regarding the distributlbn of milk itself at the end of the first yea.'s enterprise nearly Vvo millions and a half litres were supplied to the city, and in\i896 nearly twenty-six million litres. At present the daily qVantity, viz., 75,000 litres meets the needs of some 45,000 houfcholders, and is obtained from dairies containing in all 14,000 q iws. " In connection with the productlbn of this milk the following statistics may be of some interest. \For the proper working of the apparatus necessary for the cleVsing of the vessels con- taining the milk a daily quantity « from 12,000 to 14,000 kilograms of coal is employed. The jjkce is lighted by 1,600 incandescent and fifty-two arc lamps, a^ the power required includes three dynamos of over 1,000 amj^res. "In connection with the institution, thereXre 1,200 workmen, many of them specially employed and rl houses, such for example as locksmiths, ti etc.,. and a special printing house has likewise _ wagons and about 240 horses are required in or the work as at present. med in special iths, saddlers, en built. 180 to carry on " Not only do the wagons carry ordinary milk, b3 whey ; the best fresh milk for children, sterilized children, cream, skimmed milk, buttermilk, butter and . kinds of cheese, and arrangements are made whereby var kinds of fresh fruit are carried about on the same wagons iKcWise k for ious 64 'Having collected the milk from^bout 130 different sources, there are daily brought to the dairy about 75,000 litres. This having been tested as to its good condition, it is then for the most part filtered through gravel, and in this way is freed from kthe presence of a large number of micro-organisms, and is hen rapidly cooled and brought to the consumers in this Jrm. The second portion is centrifuged, thoroughly cleansed aiW divided into cream and skimmed milk. In this way cream IS i^uced to two different qualities, or is used for the manu- factike of butter (the yearly production of butter is 250,000 kilogi^is). The skim milk produced is very much favoured and is ^eap form of nutrition. About 10,000 litres of this are sent out^ily. A third portion serves for the manufacture of cheese m Vhich the soft cheese of the French variety occupies the most pJtominent place (Roquefort, Camembert, etc.). Two million litre\ of milk are employed in this way every year This cheese is\ent throughout Germany to all the larger cities of the Empire ^ere it is in great demand. " What is calledVhildren's milk, is that obtained from farms whose cattle have tflfe whole year been fed on dry food. The strictness with whichVierlin has thus provided for unadulter- ated milk has had mosVfavourable results in the quality of the milk, and the improveftaent of the milk in general has been niost marked, and has Vaulted in the diminution of the adulteration with water o\ from 14-1 per thousand in 1879 down to 3-6 per thousand in ?e86, as testified to by the official inspection. ^ "There is undoubtedly too another evidence of this benefit in the diminution of mortality in chiidren, whereas during the years of 1871 to 1880 thirty per centVf children died in the first year. In 1881 it was lowered to\wenty-seven per cent and in the present year down to 288 perScent. ' " While of course, undoubtedly, other facftors have played an important part in the improvement of m^tality, such as improved dwelling places, sewers, etc., nevertbeless the im- provement of the milk, which is almost the onli)Snourishment for children under 6ne year, must be recognized asliaving the greatest influence in this respect. ^ ;, 65 ** From the small developments mentioned above up to the great Increase in miik supply and analogous products, there has been aXfurther development as a result of this same enterprise. The byJproducts in the manufacture of cheese, etc., must be mentioned, such articles as lactic acid, salts of lactic acid, lacto^ and various preparations of casein, all of which find a market in Various parts of the country, as well as being ex- ported for iise in pharmacy, dye factories, paper, textile industries, etc\ So much has this become an essential feature of the dairy t^at special technical laboratories have been constructed. "The bacteriolo^cal study of milk and its products has become so importan\ in Berlin that it ha» been found neces- sary to ??*aulish a special experimental station in which ail the e > il scientific miestions concerning milk infection can be th. oughly worked 0^. Such, for example, is the effort to obtain in pure culture th^arious bacteria which render milk infectious, and in the sam^lace inoculation experiments upon the smaller domestic animaV as well as feeding experiments both upon the small and the l^ger animals, can be thoroughly carried out. V*- •• A special laboratory for the cnemical analysis of milk has likewise been erected. In 1896, 26^480 analyses were made. In consideration of these various featured the existing conditions of milk supply are the most favourab\ that can possibly be obtained ; formerly the various supplied of milk carried on a wholesale milk adulteration, at the pre^nt time as seen by analyses, this has been reduced to a minimum. To illustrate the importance of this analytical work it n^y be interesting to know that in 1881, 328 analyses were m^e ; in 1891 over i6,ocx), and in 1896 nearly 27,000. All in all uAto the end of the year 1896, there have been 202,533 analysekcarried out. Such a quantity of material as this and such a ibultitude of analyses Is unknown in any other institution in the\prld. In the various departments of this work which concerns the fMffifv of fHp nrilllr fH****^ o«»^ «yn«««rf-itio /%ffi/«Af*a «rt /*rf^«*'«-i X lie superintending of the health of all the cows concerned^n the milk supply is allotted to two veterinarians approved V by the state. X ^^^^d results of cxhibitidnB both at home "Space wihwt permit to dilate here in this report on the special arranget^S^te which the riianagement makes for itJ em- ployees. Suffice i^ay, that for those engaged in the work every assurance is ofiS^for their well-being. " Special savings banks, reJ^ants and schools are arranged in connection with the institutio1!\«well as smaller and larger the w^^f T 'T' °' '"°''^''' ^^^y ^-^- •« ^akenfor If'hot r^'T ^^''r.^'" *^^'" ^^^ ^^' the families of .hose who die during their term of serviceJn this institution " THE MILK SUPPLY COMPANY OF COPENHAGEN. In accordance with a suggestion made by Sir Charles Scott, when I visited h.m at the Embassy. 1 arranged with Professo^ Bang to accompany us to see the operations of the Milk Supply Company. The milk arrives about ten o'clock at night, so that was^e hour at which we made our visit. The company, while a pri^te one, is operated on philan- thropic pr.ncip.es. not for profit-all earning- over five per cent arc applied to reducing the price of milk, butter and cheese to poor people and supplying its patrons with absolutely pure sterilized milk at a slight advance, merely enough to cover the cost, as compared with other sources of supply. It is sold for SIX cents per litre. The following are the conditions which ktter -^^' """^^ "°* °"'^ ^^'^^ '"*' ''"' """"' ""^''^ °"* *° t'^e "(I.) The feed must be such that it does not affect the lerTrn'^n'rf l^^^'^'^^^ injuriously. The use of distil- lery slop and like substances for feed is absolutely .prohibited as well as the use of all feed that has been injured or is not wel preserved The u.e of turnips, kohlrabi, rutabagas, and the leaves of all kinds of root croos a« fnn^ f-. th- -**'- -- extent nf^'/f'^^-K ^IT^ '"^ "^^"^^^^ ^"^^y ^^ "«^«d"to^the the Ifn f / '^'^ P"' ^^^ *°^ ^''^^ ^^^' '^"t only when the grain feed given amounts to seven pounds per day. Cows 63 had been settled, the practical question before the investigators was how it would be possible to repress one class and encourage the other. Prof. Fjord had, in the meantime, perfected his pasteur- izing apparatus, which has been figured and described elsewhere. This was invented chiefly with a view to improve the keeping qualities of skim milk so that it might reach the patrons and other consumers in a fresh and sweet condition. This was accom- plished by heating it to a temperature of upwards of 150° F. It was found that this temperature destroyed enough of the bacteria which caused the milk to change to make it possible to keep it sv^eet from twelve to twenty-four hours longer than when it is not thus heated. The next step was to apply the same treatment to the cream, or to the sweet milk before it was separated, with the same results. Heated to a temperature of^i6o° F., it was found that the most active fonns of the bacteria were killed, and that by ^ain cooling the cream to about 75° or 80° F., ai which bacterial life becomes active, the cream could be inoculated by any desirable form of bacteria if these could be obtained from pure cultures, an J that the forms with which the cream was thus impregnated, meet- ing with no opposition from other forms, would develop rapidly in enormous numbers and give their peculiar characteristics to the butter. This is exactly what is now done in practice. The cream is not always pasteurized, because If there are no injurious bacteria present, or at least such numbers as to cause a deterioration of the product, there is no necessity for attempting to kill them, and the addition in sufficient quantity of a pure culture would at once give the latter the upper hand, and their peculiarities would become promment. A rather more thorough sterilization would be effected if the milk were raised to the boiling point; but a tempera- ture of nmch over i6o« F. gives the characteristic boiled taste to both nulk and cream, which is objectionable and must be avoided It ; found in practice that this temperature destroys nearly all the org niisms in active growth. The spores will survive this tern- perature, but it takes them longer to develop and by the time thev become ready the pure culture has the mastery. « As a higher degree of heat than that required for their normal development is destnictive to the bacteria, so in like manner a reduction of the tei. perature retards their growth. It does not destroy them, if not below the freezing point, but it stops their effecuve means in controlling bacterial life in the creat^e^." ison that e of the ng point herefore ry."